STANDARD WORKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Dr. WEBSTER’S DICTIONARY 
 
 OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 
 
 Note. — The only authorized Editions of the above celebrated 
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 WEBSTER’S GUINEA DICTIONARY 
 
 OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Thoroughly revised and improved 
 by Chauncey A. Goodrich, D.D., LL.D., and Noah Porter, D.D., 
 of Yale College. 
 
 The peculiar features of this volume, 
 
 Dictionary for general reference extant, 
 
 books ever published, are as follows : — 
 
 1. Completeness. — It contains 114,000 
 words— more by 10,000 than any other 
 Dictionary; and these are, for the most 
 part, unusual or technical terms, for the 
 explanation of which a Dictionary is most 
 wanted. 
 
 2. Accuracy of Definition. — In this 
 
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 8. The Synonyms. — These are sub- 
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 9 The Illustrations, which exceed 3000, 
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 A Brief History of the English Lan- 
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 Principles of Pronunciation. By 
 
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 M.A. 
 
 A Short Treatise on Orthography. 
 
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 Vocabulary of the Names of Noted Fic- 
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 Pronouncing Vocabularies of Modern 
 
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 A Pronouncing Vocabulary of Com- 
 
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 A Dictionary of Quotations. Selected 
 
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 Important Phrases, with Explanations. 
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 Orthography. 
 
 Pronunciation. 
 
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 WEBSTER’S DICTIONARY. 
 
 From the Quaktekly Keview, Oct . , 1873 . 
 
 “ Seventy years passed before Johnson was followed by Webster, an 
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 “ His laborious comparison of twenty languages, though never pub- 
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 Professor Goodrich’s edition of 1847 is not much more than enlarged 
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1 
 
THE 
 
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 WITH 
 
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LONDON : 
 
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 AND CHARING CROSS. 
 
COINS FROM MAXIMUS TO BALBINUS. 
 
 353 
 
 MAXIMUS, GORDIANUS AFRICANUS, GORDIANUS AFRICANUS 
 
 JUNIOR, BALBINUS, PUPIENUS, AND GORDIANUS PIUS, 
 
 AND PHILIP THE ARABIAN (FROM 218 TO 249 A.D.). 
 
 The extent of this work and the great similarity which 
 pervades the coins of these emperors prevent the possibility 
 of describing examples of each reign, especially as the style 
 of art falls off very rapidly after Septimus, and a dry, hard 
 maimer of execution becomes general.* These princes all 
 died untimely deaths after reigns of a few months each, 
 the last two only excepted, who reigned respectively nearly 
 five years. 
 
 Of Maximus, the son of Maximus, slain with his father, 
 there are coins, though rare, of nearly every class except 
 those of the Alexandrian mint. The denarii and the large 
 and middle bronze are the most common, but all are rare. 
 
 Marcus Antonius G-ordianus was a descendant of the 
 ancient race of the Gracchi, and by his mother, Ulpia 
 G-ordiana, of the Emperor Trajan : he was proclaimed emperor 
 at Carthage ; but in the contest which ensued with 
 Maximinus both he and his son were slain, a.d. 238, after 
 a reign of five weeks. There are coins both of himself and 
 his son, with the inscription IMP. CAES. MANT. GORDIAN VS 
 AFR. AVG., and it is difficult to distinguish one from the 
 other, except by the style of the portraits. Those of the 
 younger Gordian are extremely rare. 
 
 Balbinus was of ancient Eoman family, being descended 
 from Cornelius Balbus Theophanes, a friend of Pompey 
 the Great, while Pupienus was the son of a poor 
 mechanic, and had raised himself to an eminent position 
 entirely by his own merit. These two personages were 
 elected co-emperors by the senate in opposition to 
 Maximinus; but the death of Maximinus, which almost 
 immediately followed, removed all opposition to the sena- 
 torial choice. The Praetorian guard, who considered it 
 an interference with their own election of Maximinus, 
 broke into the palace and murdered both emperors, in the 
 year 238 a.d., after a reign of three months. 
 
 * See Chapter on types, weight*, values, &c., of the Roman coinage, p. 37 A 
 
 £ 
 
 A A 
 
354 • COINS OF MARCUS ANTONIUS GORDIANUS. 
 
 The coins of Balbinus are rare, and have generally on the 
 obverse the inscription IMP. CAES. D. CAEL. BALBINVS AVG. 
 (Imperator Caesar Decimus Caelius Balbinus Augustus), 
 and on some reverses VICTORIA AVGG. (Victoria Augus- 
 torum) . A large brass coin of Balbinus bears on the obverse 
 his laurelled profile, it exhibits a deep double chin, with 
 the inscription iMP(erator) CAES(ar) D(ecimus) CAEL(ius) 
 BALBINVS. AVG(ustus). The type of the obverse is, three 
 togated figures on curule chairs on a. suggestum, superin- 
 tending a donation to the people. In this ceremony they 
 are assisted by a military officer. Before them is a statue 
 of Liberality, with the legend, LIBERALITAS. AVGVSTORVM: 
 “the liberality of the Caesars.” These three figures represent 
 Balbinus, Pupienus, and the young Gordian between the 
 two, whom the people already wished to see emperor, 
 regretting the untimely fate of his grandfather. 
 
 The coins of Pupienus are more rare than those of 
 Balbinus, and the name and titles generally stand IMP. CAES. 
 M. CLOD. PVPIENVS AVG. (Imperator Marcus Clodius 
 Pupienus Augustus), and the reverses have sometimes 
 Providentia Deorum , intimating that the senate were 
 directed by the gods in the happy selection of the two 
 emperors whose reigns unfortunately terminated so 
 suddenly. 
 
 Marcus Antonius Gordianus, surnamed Pius, was a 
 grandson of Gordianus Africanus, Senior, whose death, 
 with that of his son, was deeply regretted both by senate 
 and people, and an emperor of the same family being 
 clamoured for by all parties this prince was elected on the 
 death of Balbinus and Pupienus, though only sixteen years 
 of age at the time. lie prosecuted with vigour the war 
 against Sapor, King of Persia, who had overrun the Boman 
 dominions in the East ; but was assassinated in the midst of 
 his career on the frontier of Persia by the intrigues of 
 Philip, the Arabian, in the year 244 a.d. There are coins 
 of this emperor in all metals and sizes except small brass. 
 There are also coins of his wife Tranquillina ; but those of 
 Boman mintage are of excessive rarity. Those of the 
 Greek Imperial mints are also rare ; the small base metal or 
 potin coins of Alexandria being the most easily procured. 
 A Greek Imperial coin of large brass, struck at the important 
 
COINS or PHILIP, THE ABABIAN, AND OF HIS SON. 355 
 
 town of Singara, in Mesopotamia, has the portraits of Tran- 
 quillina and Gordianus facing each other, with the inscrip- 
 tion, ATTOK. K. M. ANT. TOPAIANOC. CAB. TPANKTAAEINA. CEB. 
 (the Emperor Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus, Sabina 
 Tranquillina Augusta). The reverse has symbols relating 
 to the town of Singara, which was a Roman colony. 
 
 Philip, the Arabian, originally a predatory chieftain, 
 eventually obtained high rank in the Roman armies, and, 
 by the murder of his patron, the youthful Gordianus Pius 
 was enabled to declare himself emperor. He was defeated 
 by Decius in 249, after which he and his son were both put 
 to death by the partisans of the conqueror. 
 
 His coins are numerous in all metals, and of all classes, 
 except small bronze ; and those relating to the secular games 
 are peculiar, in having the numerals from I to vi. accom- 
 panying various animals, apparently to show the order in 
 which the animals were exhibited. The secular games 
 performed in this reign celebrated the millennium of the 
 foundation of the city, and the coin, more minutely 
 described below, of the first bronze series, is a monument of 
 that event, and consequently a remarkable historical record. 
 
 It bears a portrait of his wife Octavia on the obverse, 
 with MARCIA • OCTAVIA * AVG(usta). 
 
 The reverse bears a good representation of a hippopo- 
 tamus, with SAECVLARES • AVGG, “ the secular games of 
 the Augusti.” On the exergue is S. S. This reverse is 
 stamped witli the numerals mi., signifying that it was the 
 fourth curious animal brought to Rome for the grand 
 secular grimes celebrated by the emperor, in the year that 
 Rome attained to the age of 1000 years. 
 
 Some of the coins relating to this event have the in- 
 scription MILLIARIVM SAECVLVM. 
 
 The animals exhibited at these games, which lasted three 
 days and nights without interruption, were those collected 
 by Gordianus for his Persian triumph. There were thirty- 
 two elephants, ten tigers, ten elks, sixty lions, thirty leopards, 
 ten hyaenas, one hippopotamus, one rhinoceros, forty wild 
 horses, ten camelopards, &c., besides 2000 gladiators 
 engaged in mortal combat. 
 
 The son of Philip, known as Philip Junior, was associated 
 by his father in the empire, in 247, and consequently coins 
 
 AA 2 
 
356 COINS OF THE REIGN OF DECIUS. 
 
 were struck bearing his portrait, &c. They are very plen- 
 tiful in every metal and size, and only valuable when of* rare 
 reverses. Those with JPrinceps Juventutis are among the 
 most prized, and some have exactly the same types and 
 inscriptions as those of his father, from which they are only 
 distinguished by the youthful portrait. 
 
 MARINUS JOTAPIANUS, PACATIANUS, AND SPONSIANUS, 
 PRETENDERS (BETWEEN 248 AND 250 A.D.). 
 
 No coins of Roman mintage exist of these pretenders ; but 
 in mixed cabinets, when it is desired above all things 
 to complete the series of names and portraits, coins struck 
 by them in remote provinces are sought to fill the gap, 
 though some of such are of doubtful genuineness. 
 
 DECIUS, FROM 249 TO 251 A.D. 
 
 Caius Messius Quintus Trajanus Decius was bom of 
 illustrious parents at Babalia, near Sirmium, in Pannonia. 
 Being chosen by Philip the last emperor to quell a revolt 
 in Moesia and his native province, Pannonia, he no sooner 
 arrived on the scene of rebellion than he was chosen 
 emperor by the troops, defeated his rival in a pitched battle, 
 and ascended the throne in the year 249 a.d. After a reign 
 of two years and a half, he was slain, with his two sons and 
 greater part of his army, in a morass during a sanguinary 
 engagement with the Goths, 251 a.d. 
 
 The coinage of Decius is plentiful in all metals and sizes, 
 but the size of the sestertius had fallen so much below 
 its original weight in his reign, that he caused double 
 sestertii to be coined, which are not larger, and not 
 much heavier than the single sestertii of the earlier 
 periods. The art displayed on these coins is of that » 
 severe but poor character which now characterises all the | 
 works of the Roman mint till the Byzantine feeling begins 
 to predominate. 
 
 The types of the first bronze series described below appear / 
 to relate to the Illyrian legions, by whom he was elected 
 emperor. 
 
 The obverse bears a laureated profile of Decius, with old 
 
COINS OF THE REIGN OF TREBONIANUS GALLUS. 357 
 
 features, and the inscription IMP(erator) c(aius) M(essius) 
 Q(uintius) TRAIANVS. DECIVS AVG(ustus). 
 
 The type of the reverse is the standing figure of a 
 man with a cornucopia, and the sacred patera. It has 
 the legend GEN(ius) ILLYRICI. “The Genius of Illyria.” 
 Decius struck this coin in honour of the Illyrian soldiers, to 
 whom he thus declared that he owed his crown, as it was 
 by them that he was unanimously elected when he went into 
 Mcesia. 
 
 There are coins also of Etruscilla, who is believed to have 
 been the wife of Decius, though not mentioned in history, 
 and of Herennius, one of his sons ; but they are scarce, 
 especially the gold, as are those of his brother, Hostilianus. 
 
 TREBONIANUS GALLUS, FROM 252 TO 254 A.D. 
 
 This emperor’s life, reign, and death, form a reflex of 
 those of his predecessors. He led a soldier’s life till middle 
 age, was then chosen Emperor by his legions, and eventually 
 murdered by them after a reign of two years, in a.d. 254, 
 when advancing against the rebel iEmilianus. There was a 
 large coinage in this reign in Rome, Greece, Egypt, and the 
 colonies ; of the Latin, or Roman mintage, the silver and 
 large brass are common. 
 
 The example of the first bronze of this reign described 
 below was apparently struck on the occasion of a great plague, 
 said to have travelled from Ethiopia, and which raged for 
 fifteen years, when the altars of Apollo, in the character of 
 the god of health and disease, were besieged with votive 
 offerings for the staying of the pestilence, as alluded to by the 
 figure and inscription on the reverse. The obverse bears a 
 laurelled profile of the emperor, with the inscription 
 IMP(erator) CAES(ar) c(aius) VIBIYS • TREBONIANVS • GAL- 
 LVS • AVG(ustus) . On the reverse is a toleraby well executed 
 figure of Apollo, with a lyre in his left hand, and a branch 
 of laurel in the other, with the inscription APOLL(ini) 
 SALVTARI : “to the Apollo the guardian of health.” Pesti- 
 lence or famine were ascribed by the Romans to Apollo, and 
 more especially sudden death, especially that caused by 
 what is termed a sun-stroke. 
 
 There are coins of Yolusianus, the son of Gallus, which 
 
358 COINS OF iEMILIANUS, AND OF YALERIANUS. 
 
 much resemble those of his father, and are of about the 
 same degree of rarity ; of the latter, those of silver, and 
 the large and middle bronze, are the most common. 
 
 JEMIL 1ANUS. (DECLARED EMPEROR A.D. 254, AND ASSAS- 
 SINATED THE SAME YEAR.) 
 
 A Roman mintage took place in honour of this ephemeral 
 emperor, in each of the metals and all the sizes ; for there 
 are even assaria with the S. C. But they are, together with 
 the Greek Imperial and colonial, of great rarity. 
 
 Those of his wife Caia, or Cnea Cornelia Supera, are still 
 more rare and of Roman mintage, and restricted to silver 
 and small bronze. 
 
 VALERI ANUS, FROM 254 TO 263 A.D. 
 
 Publius Licinius Yalerianus was born in 190. He was 
 unanimously appointed censor in 251, and was chosen Em- 
 peror by his soldiers when marching against JEmilianus. 
 Having overcome that leader, he established himself firmly 
 on the throne. In 258 a.d., while repelling one of the 
 repeated invasions of the Persians under Sapor, he was 
 unfortunately taken prisoner by that barbarian, by whom he 
 was put to cruel torments, and eventually to death about 
 the year 263. He was much regretted for his many fine 
 qualities by all but his infamous son, Gallienus. 
 
 The coins of Valerian are found in every form and metal, 
 the most common being middle bronze and silver. The 
 sestertii, or large bronze, have generally common reverses of 
 the usual style of the period, such as Apollo, Salus, Tides, 
 Concordia, &c. ; one of the most sought by the curious in mere 
 rarities is that with DEO VOLKANO, “ to the lame god.” 
 The large bronze coin described below was probably minted 
 early in 254 a.d., and refers to the attachment of the army to 
 the emperor, a most important circumstance at this critical 
 period of the empire, when the barbarians began to press 
 the Roman armies closely on all sides, and the formidable 
 Pranks made their first appearance on the scene of history. 
 As usual, the obverse bears a head of the sovereign, with 
 his name and title. The type of the reverse is a figure 
 
COINS or THE REIGN OF GALLIENUS. 359 
 
 of a Roman matron, standing in the middle of a field, and 
 holding in each hand an ensign, from which are suspended 
 small bucklers. It has the legend FIDES • MILITVM, “ the 
 fidelity of the soldiers.” 
 
 Coins exist of this period bearing a female portrait with 
 beautiful features, and the inscription, DIVAE MARINIANAE. 
 She wears a veil, the type of deification. These are evidently 
 the coins struck after her death, at the time of her conse- 
 cration. She is supposed to have been the wife of Valerian. 
 The reverse is a peacock, with, CONSECRATIO. 
 
 GALLIENUS, FROM 263 TO 268 A.D. 
 
 The degenerate son of Valerian was associated with his 
 father in the empire on his accession, and he became sole 
 emperor in 263. On his first accession to this dignity he 
 gained several important victories over the Goths, Alemanni, 
 Tranks, and Burgundians, but soon after showed himself 
 unequal to the difficult task of repressing the increasing 
 hordes of barbarians, and was assassinated in 268 a.d. 
 
 There exist abundant examples of the profuse coinage of 
 this reign, of every class. On account of the continuance of 
 the fearful pestilence, all the deities of the Pantheon were 
 invoked, and an incredible quantity of denarii and assaria were 
 struck in honour of Jupiter, Apollo, ^Esculapius, Hercules, 
 Janus, &c., &c. Gallienus also restored the consecrationary 
 coins of Augustus, Vespasian, Titus, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, 
 Antoninus Pius, Aurelius, Severus and Alexander, but they 
 were struck in base metai, on billon , as it is sometimes termed. 
 A great number of different animals are found on the small 
 brass series of this reign, being such as were sacred to the 
 various divinities sought to be propitiated on account of the 
 pestilence. 
 
 The specimen of the large brass described below is of a 
 peculiar class ; and not having the usual S C, is supposed 
 to have been struck by the independent order of the 
 emperor, on some alterations being effected in the admi- 
 nistration of the mint. The symbols used, a divine superin- 
 tendence of the mint, are not altogether appropriate, when 
 it is considered that the debasement of the purity of the 
 coinage was carried to a shameful extent in this reign. 
 
360 
 
 COINS OF THE THIRTY TYRANTS. 
 
 The obverse has a head of Gallienus, with his name and 
 the titles IMP (erat or) GALLIENVS p(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus). 
 The reverse bears three figures, apparently deities of the 
 mint, with a cornucopia, to signify that money supplies 
 everything, and scales to denote that equity is required in 
 money transactions. At the feet of each of these three 
 figures is a lump of the respective metals, gold, silver, and 
 brass. It has the inscription MONETA. AVGG(ustorum), 
 “the money of the Augustus’s.” 
 
 There are coins in honour of Cornelia Salonina, the wife of 
 Gallienus, and also of his son, Publius Licinius Cornelius 
 Saloninus Valerianus Gallienus. The inscriptions on the 
 latter coins stand, p(ublius) c(omelius) S(aloninus) VALE- 
 RI AN VS CAES(ar). He was murdered by the revolted 
 legions at Colonia Agrippina. The coins struck after his 
 death have on the reverse a stately rogus, or mausoleum, 
 of five stories, surmounted by a quadriga bearing a statue 
 of the deceased prince, and the usual legend CONSECRATIO. 
 
 "With the reign of Gallienus the noble series of Koman 
 sestertii, or coinage of the class termed by collectors “first 
 bronze ,” ceases, as does also, with few exceptions, the colo- 
 nial and Greek Imperial mintage; while the Egyptian series 
 struck in Alexandria continue still in billon , or debased silver. 
 Indeed, the series of Koman coins as a succession of works 
 of monetary art may be said to cease with the reign of 
 Gallienus, and I shall therefore treat the remainder of the 
 series very briefly. Historians have already agreed to 
 establish a grand division upon this epoch, the subsequent 
 existence of Koman power in the West being termed the 
 lower empire. 
 
 THE THIRTY TYRANTS. 
 
 Between the great dramas of the upper and lower empire, 
 a pausing place or interregnum is formed by a period of con- 
 fusion immediately preceding and following the death of 
 Gallienus. Almost every leader of a provincial army de- 
 clared himself independent, and exercising supreme power in 
 his own province, aimed at extending it over the whole empire. 
 These pretenders have been termed the Thirty Tyrants, 
 though only nineteen can be enumerated. They may be 
 classed numerically as those of whom coins are known of 
 
COINS OF T1IE LOWER EMPIRE. 
 
 361 
 
 undoubted genuineness, those whose coins are doubtful, 
 and those of whom no coins are known, which is the method 
 Captain Smith has adopted for dismissing the subject briefly 
 in his excellent catalogue. 
 
 Those whose Coins are 
 Genuine. 
 
 Postumus 
 
 Ladianus 
 
 Victorinus 
 
 Marius 
 
 Tetricus 
 
 Macrianus 
 
 Quietus 
 
 Regalianus 
 
 Alex. iEmilianus 
 
 Aureolus 
 
 Sulpitius Antoninus 
 
 Those of whom no Coins 
 exist. 
 
 Valens 
 
 Balista 
 
 Saturninus 
 
 Trebellianus 
 
 Those whose Coins are 
 Doubtful. 
 
 Cyriades 
 Ingenuus 
 Celsus 
 Piso Frugi 
 
 Among these may be classed also Odenathus, husband of 
 Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, whose bravery prevented the 
 Persians from subduing the whole of the Roman empire in 
 the East, and who, but for his base assassination, would have 
 completely humbled that barbaric power, the then most 
 formidable enemy of Rome. Coins of Odenathus, as well 
 as Zenobia, exist, though somewhat rare. 
 
 CHAPTER XXY. 
 
 THE ROMAN COINAGE. 
 
 COINS OF THE LOWER EMPIRE, FROM THE REIGN OF CLAUDIU8 
 GOTHICUS (268 a.d.) TO THE DISSOLUTION OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE 
 UNDER ROMULUS AUGUSTULUS (476 a.d.); WITH A DESCRIPTION OF 
 THE MONEY CIRCULATING IN ITALY AFTER THAT EPOCH, AND A 
 SKETCH OF THE COINAGE OF THE EASTERN EMPIRE TILL ITS 
 DISSOLUTION. 
 
 After the period of confusion which, following the capture 
 of Yalerianus by Sapor King of Persia, lasted till some 
 time after the death of his son Grallienus, such was the 
 apparent tendency to dismemberment in all the extremities 
 
3G2 COINS OF THE LOWER EMPIRE. 
 
 of the paralysed empire, that it3 immediate fall appeared 
 inevitable, when, as though called into existence by the 
 urgency of the occasion, a succession of such men as 
 Claudius Gothicus, Aurelianus Tacitus and Probus ap-. 
 peared, who, by vast energy and talent, cemented the 
 crumbling fragments, and gave such renewed vigour to the 
 whole political system, that the prestige of the Roman 
 name was, for a time, re-established on all the wide-spread 
 frontiers of the empire, which, thus invigorated, endured in 
 nearly all its integrity for two centuries longer. Claudius 
 Gothicus first restored order, and drove back the presump- 
 tuous and daring barbarians along the whole northern and 
 western frontier; while his successor undertook the well- 
 known expedition to the East, by which the suddenly ac- 
 quired power of the Queen of Palmyra was crushed, and the 
 eastern frontier of the Roman world reconquered, and in 
 some respects extended. 
 
 But the ancient glory of the coinage was never restored ; 
 art never revived in the Roman world (unless the Byzantine 
 style may be called a partial revival). The coinage under 
 Claudius Gothicus, who never recovered Spain and Gaul 
 from Tetricus, is not remarkable, but the money of billon, 
 a mixture of tin and silver, disappeared, and was replaced by 
 copper silvered over, or plated. The bronze coinage is 
 confined to the second and lesser bronze, and not remark- 
 able. The best examples of the monetary art of this reign 
 are medallions, which do not come within the scope ot 
 this work. 
 
 In the reign of Aurelianus, the celebrated revolt of the 
 workmen of the mint took place at Rome. To these 
 artisans and their officers, who probably took advantage 
 of the public troubles to defraud the mint, the Roman 
 empire was perhaps indebted, more than to the govern- 
 ment, for the debased coin which had been put forth since 
 Septimus Severus, when the standard first began to decline. 
 Upon the attempt of Aurelian, who was active and 
 determined in every department of reform, to remove the 
 abuses of the vast establishment which had coined the 
 money of the whole civilised world, the entire body of 
 money ers, headed by Felicissimus, one of their officers, 
 took up arms to defend with their lives the abuses upon 
 
COINS OF THE LOWER EMPIRE. 
 
 303 
 
 which they had thriven so long at the expense of their 
 fellow-citizens. Their numbers must have been very great, 
 as seven thousand soldiers are said to have perished before 
 the rebels were subdued. 
 
 The gold coins of Aurelius are good examples of the 
 hard and peculiar style # of the period. His portrait is 
 clad in the mail armour become general since the time of 
 Gallienus. The radiated crown of the East also became 
 general in the late reigns. 
 
 Tacitus, Elorianus, Probus, Carus, Carinus, Numerianus. 
 Dioclesianus, and Maximianus ; Galerius, Valerius Maxi- 
 mus, Constantius Chloru3, the father of Constantine the 
 Great, and the independent emperors of Britain, Carausius, 
 and Allectus, occupy the time between the years 275 and 
 305 a.d., and the coinage offers no important features which 
 require dwelling upon in a work of this nature. Some 
 of the coins are, however, of interesting character, especially 
 those of the profuse coinage of Probus for instance, on 
 which he appears -with his empress, one profile over the 
 other, and with the three figures referring to the coinage on 
 the reverse, similar to the type described on the coins of 
 Gallienus. The varieties of type on the coins of Probus 
 may be reckoned by hundreds. 
 
 A coin of Maximianus Herculeanus, the colleague of 
 Dioelesian, is remarkable as exhibiting the emperor in a lion 
 skin head-dress, after the manner of the coins of Alexander 
 the Great. On the reverse of this coin the two emperors 
 appear in the characters of the surnames they had assumed, 
 Dioelesian as Jupiter, and Maximian as Hercules, with the 
 inscription, MONETA JOVI ET HERCULIS AUGG, “ money of 
 the Jovian and Herculean Augustus’s.” The second G 
 denoting the plural. 
 
 On the coins of the subordinate Caesars, appointed by 
 Dioelesian, the inscriptions have a character new to the 
 Koman coinage. On those of Valerius Severus, for instance, 
 the title assumed is, SEVERUS NOBILIS CAESAR, (the noble 
 Severus Caesar), and on the reverse VIRTUS AUGUSTORUM 
 ET C-'ESARUM NOSTRUM, (the virtue of our Augustus’s 
 and Caesars), expressing the difference between the supreme 
 power of the Augustus’s, and the limited power of the 
 Caesars, by the precedence given to the title “ Augustus.” 
 
3G4 
 
 COINS OF THE LOWER EMPIRE. 
 
 The coins of Carausius, the independent Emperor of 
 Britain, and his successor Allectus, are very numerous, and 
 interesting to Englishmen, as virtually forming part of the 
 national series, for Carausius issued his coinage quite inde- 
 pendently of that of Borne. The coin engraved in Plate VII. 
 is from the fine aureus of Carausius in the British Museum. 
 
 The coins of Constantine the Great mark a new epoch in 
 the Boman coinage. A new metropolitan mint was esta- 
 blished at Constantinople, and the Byzantine style of art 
 began from that time to influence more or less the whole 
 Boman coinage ; besides which, the size and character of 
 many of the coins were changed, as well as their names, as will 
 be found detailed at some length in the chapter on weights, 
 values, &c., of the Boman coinage. The coins of Constantine 
 and his colleague for a time, Licinius, are very abundant 
 in silver and gold, and common in the smaller sizes of 
 bronze. After Constantine became sole emperor in 324 a.d., 
 he removed the seat of empire to Byzantium, under the new 
 name of Constantinople, and from thence great numbers 
 of coins were issued, as also from the mints of a number 
 of western provincial cities which appear about this time, 
 such as those of Treves, Lyons, and perhaps London ; for the 
 usurpers had been put down in Britain, and that island 
 formed again an integral portion of the great Boman Empire. 
 The p. LON on coins of Constantine, found abundantly in this 
 island, may probably be read p(ecunia LON(dinensis) like 
 the “ Pecunia Treveris” of the money minted at Treves. 
 
 We seek in vain for Christian emblems on the coinage of 
 the first Christian Emperor, who does not appear to have 
 given much thought to the subject of his conversion as it is 
 called, except in matters of political expediency. 
 
 The ordinary coins of Constantine are of various types, 
 and those minted at Constantinople have sometimes the 
 letters CORNOB., which have puzzled numismatists from the 
 time of the venerable Du Pois to the present time. One of 
 the most probable interpretation appears to be CO.(onstan- 
 tinopoli) R.(omae) N.(ovae) O.(fficina) II. The B standing 
 according to the Greek mode of numeration for 2. This 
 inscription may be translated as, “ (money) of Constanti- 
 nople, New Borne, of the second department of the mint.” 
 
 Many of the copper coins of Constantine have a Boman 
 
COINS OF THE LOWER EMPIRE. 
 
 365 
 
 soldier on the reverse, holding in one hand a trophy, and in 
 the other a standard, the inscription being Victus exercitu 
 Romanorum , “ Conquered by the army of the Romans.” 
 
 The common gold coin, or aureus, of Constantine, (in the 
 latter period of the Empire, termed the solidus,) is a neatly- 
 executed coin, and was issued with various devices. 
 
 His copper consists of second and third bronze, corres- 
 ponding about, in size and value, to our modern halfpence and 
 farthings. 
 
 On the coinage of his son Constantius, who became 
 emperor in 353, and reigned till 361, Christian emblems 
 first begin to appear. The principal one being the labarum, 
 or sacred banner, bearing the monogram of Christ, which is 
 held in the right hand of the emperor. The inscriptions do 
 not refer to the Christian symbol, but are such as, Trium- 
 fator Gentium barbarorum (The conqueror of the barba- 
 rians), or Gloria Romanorum, (The glory of the Romans). 
 The legend respecting the labarum bearing the monogram of 
 Christ, is that it was presented to Constantine on the eve of 
 his great battle with Maxentius, and that by its influence he 
 gained the victory which gave him the domination of the 
 Roman world. Doubtless some circumstance of the kind 
 forms the real foundation of the fable which caused Con- 
 stantius and the immediate successors of Constantine to 
 place the banner bearing that symbol upon their coinage, as 
 a token of victory ; for there is pretty good evidence that 
 it was not from any deep convictions concerning Christianity. 
 
 The successors of Constantius placed the monogram alone 
 on the reverse of the middle bronze coinage, where it occu- 
 pies the whole field; the angles formed by the letter x 
 are being occupied by the first and last letters of the Greek 
 alphabet — the Alpha and Omega — an allusion, perhaps, to 
 the declaration of Christ, referred to in the 22nd chapter of 
 Revelations, “ I am the Alpha and Omega, the beginning and 
 the end, the first and the last.” As in the former example, 
 the inscription does not refer to the type. It. exhibits, 
 however, the different style of title adopted a little before 
 the time of Constantius. The inscription on the coin under 
 description stands thus — SALVS • DD • NN • AVGG-, for Salus 
 Dominorum Nostrorum Augustorum , (The health of our lords, 
 the Augustus’s), alluding to the associated emperors, the 
 
366 COINS OF THE LOWER EMPIRE. 
 
 plural being expressed by two terminal letters instead ot 
 one, as AVGG for Auguatorum, or Augusti ; or D • D- for 
 Domini, or Dominorum. 
 
 On the coins of Constantine, the inscription round the 
 portrait frequently runs thus — D * N • CONST ANTI NVS ■ MAX., 
 for Dominus Noster Const antinus Maximus. 
 
 On another coin belonging to the period immediately 
 following that of Constantine — a third bronze — a Homan 
 soldier is represented in a galley, holding the sacred labarum 
 in his left hand, and in his right what appears to be a dove, 
 with its head surrounded by a Nimbus, or Glory, while an 
 angel steers the galley. The dove, however, is generally 
 termed by numismatists a phoenix, and the angel a Victory. 
 This type belongs to the mintage of Treves, as may be seen 
 by the letters TRSin the exergue, for TR(everis), s(ignata). 
 On the coins of the reign of Julian the Apostate, from 355 
 to 363 a.I)., the Christian emblems of course disappear. He 
 was the last of the Flavian family (that of Constantine), 
 and his name and titles as they appear on the coinage, gene- 
 rally run, FL(avius) CL(audius) IVLIANTS. p(ater p(atrise) 
 AVG(ustus). His coins are principally third bronze, even 
 the second class having now nearly disappeared. The gold 
 and silver are less deteriorated at this period. 
 
 During the reigns of Jovian, Valentinian, Valens, and 
 Gratian, which occupy the period between 363 and 383 a.d., 
 the copper money became altogether insignificant, both in 
 dimension, types, and execution; but the gold and silver 
 still.maintained some of the characteristics of the Constantine 
 period. The medallions, however, not coined for circulation, 
 and therefore beyond the limits of this volume, are as good, 
 or nearly so, as those of the reign of Constantine. 
 
 A peculiarity of the inscriptions of this period is, that the 
 word “ Roma” is again placed upon the coinage, which had 
 disappeared since the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius, and, 
 in fact, since the close of the Republic, except in a few 
 unusual instances in the reigns of the first emperors. 
 
 In the great days of the Empire, when all provincial and 
 colonial coins bore the name of their place of mintage, 
 those of Rome alone had no such indication of the place of 
 their issue, as all without such provincial stamp were at once 
 known to be issued from the great metropolis of the world. 
 
COINS OF THE LOWER EMPIRE. 
 
 367 
 
 In the reign of Theodosius, sole emperor from 379 to 395 
 a.d., one naturally expects to find some renewed vigour in the 
 management of the Imperial coinage ; but such was not the 
 case. His gold and silver are much the same in execution 
 as those of his immediate predecessors, while the copper is 
 perhaps still more neglected. Coins in each metal are 
 found of this reign, and are abundant ; but they hardly 
 repay the trouble of collection, certainly not as works of art 
 but as historical monuxnents they are valuable. The coins of 
 the pretender who assumed regal power in Britain and 
 Gaul are not very rare, nor are the coins of the sons of 
 Theodosius, Arcadius and Honorius, between whom he 
 divided the empire, Arcadius taking the East, and Honorius 
 the West: they are found either in gold, silver, or small 
 copper ; but all are very poor. 
 
 The occasional division of the Empire into East and West 
 had occurred as early as Dioclesian, but the permanent 
 division may be said to have taken place after the death 
 of Theodosius the Great, and at that period, I must at 
 present leave the Eastern emperors to follow the coinage of 
 the Western empire to its close. 
 
 During the weak reign of Honorius, as is well known, 
 the barbarians who had been kept in check by the vigour 
 and talents of Theodosius, suddenly broke into the Homan 
 frontiers with renewed fury, and the hordes under Alaric 
 actually captured the great capital itself, while the weak 
 emperor was sheltering himself in Eavenna. But this was 
 not the final blow. The enemy, after the death of Alaric, 
 gave way, and a number of ephemeral emperors filled the 
 Imperial throne of the West, from 425 to 476 a.d. These 
 were Valentinian III., Maximus, Avitus, Majorian, Eicimer, 
 Anthemius, Olybrius, Julius Nepos, Glycerius, and finally 
 Augustulus Eomulus, who occupied, in rapid succession, the 
 chief power in the gradually crumbling empire of the W est. 
 
 Coins in gold, silver, and copper, the latter of very 
 wretched workmanship, mark the reigns of these last native 
 rulers of Eome. Those of Eomulus Augustulus, expelled 
 by Odoacer, King of the Heruli, who was proclaimed King of 
 Italy, are the most rare, and are marked in catalogues “ as 
 gold, rare in the fourth degree ; copper being even of the 
 eighth degree of rarity,” while no silver are known. The 
 
3G8 
 
 COINS OF THE LOWER EMPIRE. 
 
 conquest of Borne by Odoacer was followed by the establish- 
 ment of a Gothic kingdom in Italy, which was firmly cemented 
 and ably administered by Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, who sub- 
 dued Odoacer, and who, emulating the manners and refine- 
 ments of the emperors of the great epochs of Boman power, 
 wished especially to do so in his coinage, as we learn from 
 the records of his secretary, Cassiodorus, who makes 
 Theodoric say, at a public distribution of money after the 
 manner of the ancient liberalities, “ With the assistance of 
 coins you teach posterity the events of my reign.” From 
 this passage it might be imagined that he had caused the 
 victories and conquests to be represented on his coins as on 
 those of Trajan and other Boman emperors; but if such 
 coins were issued in the reign of Theodoric, they have been 
 destroyed or lost, for none have reached our time except 
 wretchedly executed silver of small dimensions, and still 
 more w r retched copper of the smallest class. 
 
 Theodahatus, Athalaricus, Witiges, and other barbarian 
 priuces, now assumed the supreme power over the whole or 
 different parts of Italy, issuing small copper coins of less than 
 half the size of a modern farthing, and with no device beyond 
 the name of the chief, and sometimes the title of rex. 
 
 Justinian, now firmly established in the East, determined 
 to attempt the recovery of Italy, and, sending an army under 
 the command of Belisarius in the year 536 a.d., defeated 
 AVitiges, and for a time held the whole of Italy in subjection ; 
 but at the same time Gaul was acknowledged an independent 
 Frankish kingdom, under Childeric, the grandson of Clovis, 
 to whom similar privileges had been granted by Anastasius, 
 a.d. 510, though not ratified by treaty. This acknowledgment 
 of the independence of Childeric included the power to coin 
 money, and all other rights and immunities of an independent 
 sovereign ; while similar concessions were made to Amalric, 
 the Gothic king of Spain. Britain had been given up even 
 in the reign of Honorius, and the Saxons, at the time of 
 which we are speaking, (say the end of the career of Witiges, 
 540 a.d.,) were firmly established in possession of that 
 island, so that the series of ancient coinages in the West 
 may be said to have ceased, and those of the modern king- 
 doms of Europe to have commenced about that time ; or 
 probably, the accurate time to commence the modern series is 
 
COINS OE THE EASTERN EMPIRE. 
 
 3G9 
 
 the year 537 a.d., when the independence formerly conceded 
 to Clovis, was finally acknowledged by treaty in the reign 
 of Childeric, his grandson, with the privilege to coin money 
 as before stated. 
 
 The coins of the Gothic princes of Italy are frequently 
 found with the head of Justinian on one side and the name 
 and title of the Gothic king by whom they were issued, on 
 the reverse, as on those of Witiges and others. On those of 
 Witiges the name and title stand D. N. WITIGES REX, within 
 a small wreath of foliage. This, with the suppression of thq 
 late Roman form, the D. N. “Dominus Noster,” became the 
 simple style of the names and titles on all the coinages of 
 the early kings of the different countries of modern Europe. 
 
 There are gold coins of the late Roman emperors of the 
 West, even to Romulus Augustus ; but of the Gothic kings 
 only silver and copper are known, of which a list will be 
 found in the Appendix, as well as of those of the Vandal 
 princes, who conquered the Roman possessions in Africa. 
 
 COINS OF THE EMPERORS OF THE EAST, FROM THE SEPA- 
 RATION OF THE EASTERN AND WESTERN EMPIRES TO 
 THE TIME OF THE TAKING OF CONSTANTINOPLE IN 
 1453 BY MAHOMET II. 
 
 The coinage of the eastern empire after the death of 
 Justinian, and commencing with the reign of Justin II. in 
 565 a.d., may be said to belong, strictly speaking, to modern 
 history, as it extends to the recent date of 1453, when this 
 last portion of the Roman world, or rather its capital, which 
 had for some time been nearly all that remained of the 
 Eastern empire, fell before the furious onslaught of the 
 Turkish conqueror, Mahomed II. ; but as the Byzantine 
 coins are of a distinct class from those of the kingdoms of 
 modern Europe, and closely allied to those of the lower 
 Roman empire of the West, it appears better to allude to 
 them here, before proceeding strictly to the modern portion 
 of the subject. 
 
 The series of Greco-Roman emperors, from Anastasius, 
 518 a. d., to Constantine Paleologus, 1453, are only 
 interrupted by the Erench emperors as they are termed 
 who held the city from 1205 to 1261 a.d., who occupied 
 
370 
 
 COINS OF THE EASTERN EMPIRE. 
 
 but little more of the territory that then remained to 
 the Greco-Roman empire, than the city of Constantinople 
 and its immediate dependencies. These usurpers, Baldwin 
 and his successors, had reduced Constantinople by means 
 of the crusading armies of Europe ; but Michael VIII., 
 Paleologus, who, with several predecessors, had made Nicea, 
 in Bithynia, the seat of government during the Erench occu- 
 pation of Constantinople, and coined money there, having 
 re-conquered Constantinople, again established the seat of 
 government in the ancient capital, and the coinage of the 
 remaining emperors was minted there. 
 
 The monetary system of the Roman empire in the East 
 appears to have undergone a thorough reform in the reign 
 of Anastasius, and it is consequently with that emperor that 
 De Saulcy commences his study of the Byzantine series. 
 Indeed, that period, when the Western empire was extin- 
 guished, while the Eastern portion still to a great extent 
 remained intact, appears the proper one to commence the 
 Eastern series of Roman coins as a separate series. 
 
 The gold money of Anastasius is the solidus and the 
 triens, or third of the solidus ; which, in the countries of the 
 
 West, became known as Bezants or (Byzantiums). They 
 formed the model of the gold triens of the Merovingian 
 princes of France, the only sovereigns of the new barbaric 
 kingdoms, with the exception of the Gothic princes of Spain, 
 who issued gold money at that early period. 
 
 The copper also was reformed in the reign of Anastasius, 
 and an attempt made to issue a large coinage similar to the 
 
COINS OF THE EASTERN EMPIRE. 
 
 371 
 
 old Eoman sestertius, as will be seen by the annexed 
 engraving of a copper coin of this reign. 
 
 This copper coinage is considered to be a re-issue of tho 
 follis* increased in size. The large M, the monetary index 
 placed beneath the cross, is thought by some to be the Greek 
 numeral 40, expressing the value of the piece as that of forty 
 Koumia ; the CON is the abbreviation of Constantinople, and 
 the other types are moneyer’s marks. Money continued to 
 be struck in several Greek cities in the reign of Phocas, such 
 as Carthage, Nicomedia, Cyzicus, &c., but the workmanship 
 is very barbarous. On the copper, the large M of the 
 coinage of Anastasius and his immediate successors, disap- 
 pears in the reign uf Phocas, and is replaced by the Italic 
 numerals XXXX. On the obverse of these coins the emperor 
 holds a purse or scroll, and a cross. 
 
 The name and titles of the emperor are, at this period, 
 still in Eoman letters, and in succeeding reigns the large M 
 reappears on the copper, and the letters expressing the place 
 of mintage are also generally Greek, except those of the 
 Imperial mint at Constantinople. The gold solidus and 
 triens continue the best coins of the Eastern empire. 
 
 Eventually the Latin inscriptions become partially Greek 
 and the titles also are Grecianised, as on the coins of Leo 
 the Wise, on which the legend stands, LEOn EnXco EVSEbES 
 bASILEVS ROmAIcon; on some LEOn En ©EO bASILEVS 
 ROmEwN ; and on others, IhSVS XRISTV nICA, with the 
 head of Christ. 
 
 On the reverse of one gold coin of this reign, 886 to 911, 
 the head of the Virgin Mary appears, with MARIA, and 
 M-R — 0u, which appears to be a strange jumble of Latin and 
 Greek, both in letters and language, and seems to be in- 
 tended for M(ate)R. e(rj)v. 
 
 The emperor Andronicus, a son of Michael Paleologus, 
 changed the type of the Byzantine gold, making the reverse 
 represent a plan of Constantinople with its fortifications. In 
 the centre of w hich a figure of the Virgin Mary is generally 
 ■jc I found. 
 
 On the obverse the emperor is seen kneeling to St. Michael. 
 The titles of Basileus — autocrator, or despotos — w ere, to- 
 wards the close of the series, generally assumed instead of 
 
 3 2 
 
 as, 
 
 the 
 
 * See next Chapter. 
 
COINS OF THE EASTERN EMPIRE. 
 
 Caesar or Augustus ; and the coins engraved below will con- 
 vey a good general idea of the style of types, and the treat- 
 ment, ol the head of Christ, a frequent type on those coins. 
 
 The later inscriptions on this series of coins are in a strange 
 jumble of Greek and Latin characters and terms, being 
 sometimes all Greek. 
 
 Gold coin of Michal Ducas. 
 
 The last two emperors died bravely, as became the last 
 representatives of the great Eoman empire, defending the 
 walls of Constantinople, and the last one has left coins ; but 
 the last of his line, Constantine Paleologus, foreseeing his 
 inevitable doom, refused to exercise the privileges of sove- 
 reignty, except in dying as became an emperor, resisting to 
 the death his relentless enemy. 
 
 Copper coin of Constantine XI. 
 
 A coin of Mahomet II., struck after the taking of Con- 
 stantinople, appropriately closes the series of the Imperial 
 coinage of the Eastern dominions of Eome. 
 
 The inscription — a strange mixture of Turkish and Greek, 
 as those of the later Greek sovereigns had been of Greek 
 and Latin, both in the letters and the language — stands, 
 om mhaikic iiachc phmac kai anatoaaec : (the sovereign 
 

 WEIGHTS, VALUES, ETC., OF ROMAN COINS. 373 
 
 of all Greece and Anatolia, Mahomet). The coin is counter- 
 marked in Arabic characters. 
 
 A list of the Eastern emperors who coined money, with 
 the comparative rarity of the coins, will be found in the 
 Appendix. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 ON THE WEIGHTS, METALS, VALUES, TYPES, INSCRIPTIONS,- ETC., 
 
 OF THE ROMAN COINAGE. 
 
 THE WEIGHTS, VALUES, AND DENOMINATIONS OP ROMAN METALS, 
 
 COPPER OR BRONZE. 
 
 I have endeavoured to trace, in my article on first Roman 
 copper money, its origin, devices, &c. ; it remains, therefore, 
 in this place, only to sum up, in few words, the principal 
 points connected with the adoption of copper as the standard 
 of the Roman coinage. It appears from many detached 
 passages of ancient authors, that the early people of Italy 
 (the Romans among the number) had, like other races in a 
 primitive or barbarous state, used pieces of wood, leather, or 
 shells, as a sort of money. We find the next step to be the 
 adoption of pieces of metal passed by weight , and with the 
 Romans this metal appears to have been copper * which 
 must have been abundant in Italy and Sicily, as its export 
 from those countries is even mentioned by Homer, while 
 copper mines exist at the present day in the neighbourhood of 
 Mount yEtna, which till very lately were still worked. Some 
 confusion exists with respect to the Roman copper coinage, 
 in regard to values, sizes, weights, &c., &c., partly in con- 
 sequence of the undefined terms, brass, copper , and bronze. 
 What the ancients called orichalcum, was similar to the 
 mixed metal now termed bronze. JEs, the term from which 
 the name of the first Roman coin was derived, was given to 
 the mixed metal of which these coins were formed. The 
 modern Italian term, ottone , ramie, the French airain, and 
 the English brass, have been long used to express this metal, 
 oat are all incorrect, brass being composed of copper anc 
 
 * Not, as among the Greeks, silver. 
 
374 WEIGHTS, VALUES, ETC., OF ROMAN COINS. 
 
 tin. As no tin is contained in. the Homan JEs, bronze is 
 now the term generally given by numismatists to this metal, 
 brass being incorrect, as applied to it; and as regards 
 Koman coins, Dr. W. Smith formally recommends the term 
 bronze , instead of brass, in order to prevent confusion.* 
 
 The ancients were acquainted with several distinct mixtures 
 or bronzes ; there were the AEs Corinthiacum, the iEs 
 Delicum, the JEs iEginiticum, the iEs Hepotizon, and many 
 others. Most of these were considered by the ancients, as 
 appears from Procopius, much more valuable than the red or 
 Cyprian copper (^Es Cyprium), and he goes so far as to say, 
 speaking of a statue of J ustinian, that “ bronze , inferior in 
 colour to gold, is almost equal in value to silver.” But this 
 is strangely at variance with the fact, that four sestertii, 
 which are nearly always of the yellow copper, and weighing 
 each one ounce and a half, w r ere only equal to a silver 
 denarius weighing fifty-eight grains. It is, however, main- 
 tained by modem authorities upon the subject, that yellow 
 copper (which with the Romans was a natural product), 
 being a rare and singular combination of copper with Lapis 
 calaminaris, was of twice the value of the red copper ; and 
 hence they infer that the yellow and red copper coinages 
 were kept as separate as those of gold and silver ; and it is 
 stated that pieces of the same size, the assarius, or third 
 copper, for instance, which was always coined in red copper, 
 are — if in yellow copper, or brass as it is commonly termed 
 — not assaria but dupondii, + in other words, of double the 
 value of the red copper pieces. It is stated, also, that they 
 are of finer workmanship than the red copper assarius, and 
 thus it would appear that the sertertius, or quarter denarius, 
 
 * It is still, however, the custom of many numismatists to term this metal 
 brass, and term the sestertius first brass, &c. &c., but recent investigations 
 appear to show that the term bronze is more appropriate. 
 
 + The best authority upon this point, except the monuments themselves, 
 is the passage of Pliny, in which he says, “ The greatest glory of bronze is 
 now due to the Marian, also called that of Cordova : this, after the Livinian, 
 most absorbs the lapis calaminaris , and intimates the goodness of native 
 orichalcum in our sestertii and dupondii , the ases being contented with 
 their own Cyprian copper.” The Livian mine here mentioned is thought to 
 have received its name from Livia, the wife of Augustus, and those of her coins 
 of the beautiful yellow bronze are probably of that mine. The Cordova mines 
 were early worked by the Romans. 
 
WEIGHTS, YALUES, ETC., OF HOMAN COINS. 375 
 
 and tlie half sertertius, or dupondius, and the assarins, or As, 
 which are technically termed the first, second, and third 
 brass, must receive their names, not by their size, but by 
 their metal. The imperial As, or assarius (the third bronze), 
 is said to have been invariably made of red copper till Gallienus, 
 after which it was made of the yellow copper. At which time 
 it weighed only one-eightn of an ounce. 
 
 The first step of the Romans towards a coinage appears to 
 have been the adoption of the libra, or pound, as the standard 
 weight of their copper pieces ; which pound appears, according 
 to Mr. Hussey, to have corresponded to about eleven ounces 
 and three-quarters avoidupois.* A piece of copper adjusted to 
 this weight was called an iES or AS, a term which afterwards 
 was used either to express the coin, a pound weight, or the 
 material, bronze . It appears also that a fool measure received 
 the same name, holding the same standard relation to other 
 measures, as the pound did to other weights. The first 
 pieces, which were no doubt square, were without impress, 
 and it is recorded that Servius Tullius first added the impress 
 of an ox, sheep, or swine.f Square pieces, bearing such 
 types, but still passing by weight, were in use till about the 
 time when the Romans, after the conquest of the Greek 
 cities of the south of Italy, copied the style of their coinage, 
 giving to their unwieldy copper ingots the circular form of 
 Greek coins, and at which period the types were changed, 
 and the As was divided into the following parts :■ — 
 
 1st. The As or unit, which, was distinguised by the head 
 of Janus on the obverse, and on the reverse by the prow of 
 a ship, and the mark L or I, for one pound. 
 
 2nd. The Semis (half the As), with the head of Jupiter, 
 and the mark S, for Semis , half. 
 
 3rd. The Triens (one-third of the As), with the head of 
 Minerva, and four globules, to mark the number of ounces. 
 
 * It seems probable that both the name of the weight, and the uncial 
 coinage, may have been derived from Sicily. The Roman libra, and the 
 Sicilian litra, having many points of analogy : and there are early copper 
 pieces of Syracuse, bearing a head of Minerva, that have a strong resemblance 
 to this class of money, on which the Sicilians, as well as the Romans, used 
 dots to mark the weight ; and the Sicilian names, trixas, dixas, &c., further 
 support the analogy, the trixas of Sicily corresponding to the teruncius of the 
 Romans. f See page 255. 
 
376 THE SESTERTIUS, OR FIRST BRONZE. 
 
 4th. The Quadrans (one-fourth of the As), with the head 
 of Hercules, and three globules, for three ounces. 
 
 5th. The Sextans (one-sixth of the As), with the head of 
 Mercury, with two globules for two ounces. 
 
 6th. The Uncia (one- twelfth), with the head of Minerva, 
 or Borne, and one globule, for one ounce. 
 
 There was also the Semuncia, or half-ounce. 
 
 All these pieces have the national device, of the prow of a 
 ship, for reverse. Some of the obverses have the marks of 
 quantity as well as the reverses, but not always, as the club 
 sometimes occupies their place under the head of Hercules 
 on the quadrans. When the As was reduced in weight, 
 pieces were struck called dussis, or dupondius, tressis, qua- 
 drussis, and decussis, which were pieces of two, three, four, 
 and ten As’s, and it is said that these pieces, up to centusses, 
 one hundred As’s, were coined, though none have as yet been 
 discovered. There was also the deunx, of eleven ounces ; 
 dodrans, of nine ounces; septunx, of seven ounces; and 
 quincunx, of five ounces. 
 
 The As appears to have gradually decreased from its 
 original weight of one pound, at the following periods : * — 
 About 300 b.c. it weighed only ten ounces ; about 290, eight 
 ounces ; about 280, six ounces ; about 270 four ounces ; 
 about 260 two ounces ; and about 175 b.c. it was reduced by 
 the Papyrian law to half an ounce, when it was sometimes 
 termed a libella. These dates are not all fully to be depended 
 on, but coins exist in great numbers of the As and its parts 
 of all intermediate weights between the highest and the 
 lowest, except those of the full pound, none of which have 
 reached us, the heaviest being about nine and a half ounces. 
 The pieces of the heavier period were most probably of the 
 square or ingot form. 
 
 THE SESTERTIUS, OR FIRST BRONZE. 
 
 Sestertius is a term originally belonging to the Boman 
 silver coinage, in which series it was a quarter of the denarius ; 
 but the silver coins of this small size being found incon- 
 
 * Ascertained, by comparison of the records of Pliny and other authors, 
 with the apparent date of the coins themselves, from workmanship, &c. &c. 
 
THE SESTERTIUS, OR FIRST BRONZE. 377 
 
 venient, no doubt suggested the idea of coining it in copper. 
 In this metal, as in silver, it represented two and a half 
 Ases, as its name imports, being an abbreviation of semister- 
 tius, that is, two and half the third, the word two being 
 understood. It is in writing, expressed by the symbol II. S., 
 or IIS., both of which represents two-and-a-half, being II. 
 in Roman numerals, and S, for semis (half) ; sometimes it 
 is found as LLS, which is libra libra semis (two pounds 
 and a half) ; pondus was a hundred weight ; sestertium 
 pondus, two hundredweight and a half. When the denarius 
 was declared worth sixteen Ases, instead of ten, then the 
 sertertius became worth four ases, but still retained its 
 original name. After the general acceptance of the sester- 
 tius as the standard copper coin, and consequently the 
 standard national coin, as the Roman currency was founded 
 upon a copper standard ; the Romans made all their calcu- 
 lations in sestertii , and not, as might be supposed, in the 
 principal silver coin, the denarius. 
 
 The manner of expressing different sums in sestertii was 
 rather complicated, but which, by reference to ancient autho- 
 rities, we find thus explained — 
 
 When sestertius is in the masculine, as trecenti sestertii , 
 it expresses directly the number named — 300 sesterces. 
 
 If in the neuter gender and plural number, as trecenta 
 sestertia, the number must be multiplied by 1000, making 
 300,000 sesterces. 
 
 If the word sestertius is in the neuter gender of the 
 singular number, and preceded by an adverb ending in ies , 
 as decies sestertium, then the number must be multiplied by 
 100,000, making the ten sesterces into a million. 
 
 In writing, such amounts were thus expressed — IIS. 
 trecenti, IIS. trecenta, IIS decies ; but if the number of 
 sesterces was only expressed by Roman numerals, it became 
 often difficult to guess the number meant. If, for example, 
 we find IIS. CCC., one may read it either as sestertii tre- 
 centi, sestertia trecenta, or sestertium trecenties ; and upon 
 this variety of meaning was grounded the fraud by which 
 the Emperor Tiberius obtained from Galba a large sum, in 
 the following manner : — Livia, the wife of Augustus, wrote 
 in her will, “ Galba shall receive IIS. D.,” by which she 
 intended IIS. quingenties ; but her son and heir, Tiberius, 
 
37S 
 
 SECOND AND THIRD BRONZE. 
 
 chose to read it “ sestertia quingena,” giving to G-alba only 
 500,000 sesterces, instead of fifty millions. 
 
 The absolute ancient value of the sestertius cannot be 
 accurately ascertained, as we do not strictly know the relative 
 value of copper to silver and silver to gold in those times ; 
 but, says Eckhel, we can come to its approximate value in 
 relation to the modem value of silver. As a denarius is 
 worth 16 Austrian kreutzers, so, as a sestertius is the fourth 
 part, it i3 worth 4 kreutzers — rather more than tw r opence 
 English. By this valuation we can sufficiently under- 
 stand the value of different sums we find occasionally named 
 in ancient authorities, as when Grellius says that “Alexander’s 
 horse, Bucephalus, cost sestertia trecenta duodecim,” or when 
 Suetonius says of Julius Caesar, that “ he bought a pearle for 
 sexagies sestertium,” or when Tacitus says of Nero, that “ he 
 had given in presents, bis et vicies millies sestertium.” 
 
 SECOND AND THIRD BRONZE. 
 
 The second and third bronze as they are termed, are 
 rather parts of the As than of the sestertius ; but this is a 
 point to which archaeologists have not given much attention, 
 it appears to stand thus : — The sestertius was originally 
 2 ases and a-half, but when reckoned as a quarter dena- 
 rius it became worth four ases ; the second bronze, which 
 was called the dupondius , or double as, was really founded 
 upon the true existing value of two ases of copper, and was 
 therefore, though in fact founded upon a different standard, 
 exactly half the sestertius. The third brass w r as called 
 the Assarius, an ancient name of the As.* The assarius 
 was, therefore, half the dupondius, so that the second and 
 third brouze were, though in fact reduced forms of the 
 double and single as, the half and the quarter of the sester- 
 tius. Even during the reigns of the early emperors a 
 minute copper coinage existed, the pieces of which are by 
 some termed minimi , but they were, doubtless, more strictly 
 speaking, uncice, or twelfth parts of the as. In addition 
 to the new forms of the dupondius and the assarius, the As 
 
 * In Greek called Assarion. At the time of its introduction the Roman 
 Assarius was worth half a Greek obolus. 
 
SECOND AND THIRD BRONZE. 
 
 370 
 
 itself, with its ancient types, was still coined during the 
 reigns of Nero and Domitian, at the reduced weight of half 
 an ounce, the nncice , then called minimi, as I have stated, 
 being only the twenty-fourth part of an ounce. 
 
 The sestertius sustained no material decrease in weight 
 till the reign of S. Severus, when it was coined one-third 
 lighter ; it was still further reduced in the time of Trajanus 
 Deems, but who at the same time, as if wishing to pre- 
 serve the noble dimension of the early sestertian coinage, 
 coined double-double sestertii, or quinarii, which were about 
 the size of the sestertii of the first twelve Caesars. From 
 the time of Treboniue Gallus, to Gallienus, when the first 
 bronze or sestertius, in its original form ceases, the sester- 
 tius does not weigh above one-third of an ounce. 
 
 After Dioclesian even the second bronze was no longer 
 coined, and the third was diminished to the twentietli part 
 of an ounce, only twenty-four grains. But this emperor, 
 having restored the purity of the silver coinage of denarii, 
 established a new copper coin, the follis, of somewhat more 
 than half an ounce in weight. Constantine reformed this 
 coinage, issuing the follis of half an ounce exactly, twenty- 
 four of them going to his silver coin called the milliarensis. 
 The word follis signifies a purse , in which sense we find 
 it sometimes mentioned in Byzantine history. Dioclesian’ s 
 follis, from his time till shortly after Constantine, occupied 
 the place of the departed second brouze, but then disap- 
 peared in its turn. After Julian, the last of the family of 
 Constantine, even the third bronze is no longer found, and 
 a reduced form of the follis of Dioclesian becomes merged 
 in other small coins. The small copper coin of the last 
 emperors was the lepton , a small piece of twenty grains, by 
 some thought to be the uncia, or minimus, of *the early 
 emperors ; but it is, in fact, the extreme point of reduction 
 of the Imperial assarius. It forms the principal copper cur- 
 rency after Julian, and there was also the noumia* of only 
 ten grains ; the sestertius had long disappeared. After this 
 period little or no silver or gold was coined in the Western 
 portion of the empire ; so that a fraction of the As, the first 
 graii d coin of the Herculean infancy of the great republic, 
 
 * But few of these small pieces are found ; for their comparative rarity, see 
 Appendix. 
 
380 ROMAN SILVER, ITS WEIGHTS, VALUES, ETC. 
 
 was in the degenerate forms of the lepton and noumia, the 
 fast money of the expiring Empire. In the East, however, 
 an attempt was made to restore a large copper coin- 
 age — a fact I have referred to in the chapter on the 
 Byzantine coinage. This coinage appears to be the follis 
 in an increased size, and the M which forms its type is 
 thought by some to be the Greek numeral forty, expressing 
 its value as that of forty noumia. 
 
 METALS. — ROMAN SILVER, ITS WEIGHTS, VALUES, AND 
 DENOMINATIONS. 
 
 The first silver betiring Roman types were in fact Greek 
 drachmae ; but these pieces coined with Roman types by newly 
 subjected Greek states in the south of Italy disappeared 
 after the issue of the national denarius. It was not, how- 
 ever, till the conquest of Tarentum, about 281 b.c., that the 
 Romans acquired sufficient wealth of silver to adopt an ex- 
 tensive silver coinage of their own. At that time the As was 
 reduced to such a scale of weights and values as rendered 
 its parts not very dissimilar to the copper money used as small 
 change for silver among the Greek states of southern Italy. 
 This change in the copper coinage, about the time of the 
 adoption of silver, appears to have been effected in the follow- 
 ing manner. The vast influx' of foreign silver coin caused 
 an apparent rise in the value of produce — that is to say, for 
 instance, a portion of wheat which could previously be 
 obtained for a piece of copper, could now only be obtained 
 for one of silver, so that a money of copper of large 
 dimensions became useless, and a national coinage of silver 
 was consequently introduced. 
 
 The Denarius was first coined by the Romans of the 
 value of ten Ases ; from which it received its name (which 
 means ten bronzes)* As the As decreased in weight while 
 the denarius continued to retain more nearly its original 
 dimensions, sixteen Assaria or Ases were, in the time of 
 Augustus, ordered to go to the silver denarius. The dena- 
 rius, like the victoriatus which had preceded it, and which 
 was in fact a Greek drachma, was also known as a quadri - 
 
 * The term denarius is from Denaeris ; there is also the term inilleaeris and 
 deciesaeris, respectively 10,000 and 100,000 Ases. 
 
ROMAN SILYER, ITS WEIGHTS, VALUES, ETC. 381 
 
 gains , from its car with four horses, or quadriga, and the 
 quinarius or half sestertius as a bigatus , from the two-horse 
 ear, which formed its chief type. The denarius eventually 
 decreased in weight, but originally eighty four were coined 
 out of a pound of silver. Its individual weight about the 
 beginning of the Empire was about sixty grains, and towards 
 the middle of the Imperial period about fifty-eight grains, 
 making it worth eightpence-half-penny of our money at the 
 first period, and seven-pence-halfpenny at the second. The 
 parts of the denarius mentioned by historians are the 
 following, though I have seen none but the quinarius or half. 
 
 Teruncius 
 
 Sembella 
 
 Libella 
 
 Sestertius 
 
 Quinarius 
 
 Denarius 
 
 In our money. Pence. 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 Farming's. 
 
 . 3-3125 
 . 1-0625 
 
 . 2T25 
 . 0*5 
 . 1 
 . 2 
 
 The weight of the denarius went on gradually decreasing, 
 and in the time of Caracalla it was struck of two sizes, the 
 largest being called an argenteus , the smaller one a minutus , 
 which last appears to have been the old denarius reduced, 
 whilst the former was a new coin. 
 
 About the time of Yalerian and Gallienus, we find such 
 coins mentioned as the denarii seris (copper denarii) ; of 
 these there were two sizes, one being of the usual (nominal) 
 value of sixteen assaria, or four sestertii ; the other being 
 declared worth twenty-four assaria. Examples of these coins 
 exist in modern cabinets. Some class them with silver, as they 
 bear the name of a silver coin, and are, in fact, washed over 
 with tin or silver, or made of a combination of base metals. 
 Of base money of this description we have many modern 
 examples — the ten-centime piece of Napoleon, for instance, 
 being of copper washed with silver ; and a little farther 
 back the shillings of our Henry VIII., which, issued by the 
 mint at 12c?., were eventually called in at 4 \d. Some of the 
 base shillings issued by Edward VI. were three-fourths alloy, 
 and were called in during the reign of Elizabeth at 2 \d., 
 realising a very good profit to the Crown, but by means that 
 can scarcely be called respectable. The base shillings of 
 
382 ROMA^ SILVER, ITS WEIGHTS, VALUES, ETC. 
 
 Henry VIII. had a full face of the king, a very good like- 
 ness, but the end of the nose, being the most prominent part 
 of the coin, soon began to show the base metal ; and from 
 this circumstance he received his well-known soubriquet, 
 “ copper nose.” All these were pretended silver coins ; while 
 the billon money, or black money, of the fourteenth and 
 fifteenth centuries, forms a close parallel to bronze denarii of 
 the Roman emperors. 
 
 Goertz, minister of Charles XII. of Sweden, made a trial 
 of base money. He thought, like many finance ministers 
 of his time, that a debasement of the currency was a panacea 
 for financial distress ; but instead of paper, or adulterated 
 silver, he endeavoured to give a higher and fictitious value 
 to copper, and to these new copper coins, which were to pass 
 for more than their intrinsic value, he sought to give impor- 
 tance by naming them after classical divinities. There was 
 the J upiter, the Saturn, &c. &c. But eventually the unhappy 
 minister paid the penalty of his experiment with his life. 
 
 Under Gallienus the argenteus eventually took the place of 
 the denarius, but its name still lingered about the principal 
 silver money. At a late period it was worth sixty of the small 
 copper of the last emperors (assaria). Constantine intro- 
 duced the milliarensis (or thousander as Pinkerton terms it, 
 in consequence of a thousand of them going to the pound 
 weight), these he caused to pass for twenty-four of the 
 brass coin of Dioclesian, called the follis. The term follis, 
 given to his new copper coin by Dioclesian, was also applied 
 to silver in the time of Constantine, and the follis, or purse 
 of silver, then meant 250 milliarenses, just as sestertimn 
 meant 250 denarii, equal, as previously stated,* to 1000 
 sestertii. This mode of calculation, and the term (purse), 
 is preserved even to the present day in Constantinople and 
 the Turkish states, where they still occasionally compute 
 values by purses, in the mode established in the time of 
 Constantine. Denarii, under various names, but of continu- 
 ally decreasing w r eight,w r ere struck till the time of the Eastern 
 emperor Heraclius, at which time they only weighed ten 
 grains ; so that this silver coin, originating in the republic at 
 the weight of ninety grains, being in the reign of Augustus 
 
 See article on Roman copper. 
 
HOMAN GOLD, ITS WEIGHTS, VALUES, ETC, 383 
 
 sixty, and in the mid-empire fifty-eight, was eventually reduced 
 to ten. It is the parent not only of the French denier , hut 
 also of the Anglo-Saxon silver penny, which at its best time 
 weighed twenty-four grains, and which preserves to this day 
 the initial of the name of its parent in the H. which iistin- 
 guishes it in our £ s. d. 
 
 METALS. — HOMAN GOLD — ITS WEIGHTS, VALUES, AND 
 DENOMINATIONS. 
 
 The first gold coinage in Rome, according to Pliny, was in 
 the year 207 b.c. He must have alluded to the scrupular 
 coinage, which lasted but for a short time. The coins, as 
 previously described and engraved at a previous page, are of 
 beautiful Greek art, and are very rare.* The aureus was the 
 first truly national gold coin of the Romans ; at first they were 
 made at the rate of forty out of the pound weight of gold, 
 about 130 grains to each piece. The value of the aureus of 
 the reign of Claudius was (its weight being then 120 grains) 
 about £1 Is. Id. of our money ; but according to the relative 
 values of gold and silver in Rome, where it passed for twenty- 
 five denarii, it was only worth 17s. 8 ^d. of our money, the 
 value of gold at that time being about twelve times greater 
 than silver. 
 
 Alexander Severus coined pieces of one-half and one-third 
 of the aureus, called semisses and tremisses. 
 
 At the time of Constantine the principal gold piece was 
 called the solidus. These new aurei of Constantine were 
 seventy-two the pound weight of gold, at which standard 
 they remained till the end of the Eastern empire ; and in 
 later times W'ere known in Western Europe as Bezants 
 (Byzantiums) as coming from Constantinople. No other 
 European gold coin existing at that time except the gold 
 triens of the Merovingian princes of Gaul, and the Gothic 
 kings of Spain. 
 
 * This gold has the head of Mars on the obverse, and an eagle on the 
 reverse, and it is marked with the numerals XX., which confirm Pliny’s 
 account that it went for twenty sesterces (or quarter denarii). There is also 
 the double, marked XXXX., and the treble, marked ¥X. 
 
384 
 
 TYPES OF T11E ROMAN COINAGE. 
 
 TYPES OF THE ROMAN COINAGE. 
 
 In speaking of the types of the Greek coinage, I thought 
 it necessary to give a short introduction to the subject, in 
 the form of a few observations on their original religious 
 character ; I intend to pursue the same course in speaking 
 of Roman types, of which the most striking feature is the 
 dual or twofold character of the principal emblems, especially 
 that of J anus. This idea, or myth, appears to be founded on 
 that of antagonist powers, producing the fruitfulness of all 
 things, as light and darkness, youth and age, male and 
 female, &c. The myth of all germinating powers being dual 
 or double, is reproduced in a number of forms by the 
 ancients ; we even find the four elements added to the 
 double nature of Janus, under the figure of the four- 
 fronted Janus, or Quadrifons. The Penates, or household 
 gods, were also a dual or double myth. 
 
 The Dioscuri, or Castor and Pollux, the hero twins, who 
 are accompanied by two stars, generally placed above the 
 heads,* to denote their celestial influence, were one of the 
 earliest and most favourite types of the Roman coinage; 
 they are a form of the dual myth, representing perhaps 
 youth and courage. Castor and Pollux were the sons of 
 Jupiter and Leda, and the birth of the twins in an egg is the 
 reason of representing them in the peculiar cap which they 
 always wear, evidently the half of an egg-shell. Castor 
 shared with Pollux the immortality conferred upon him by 
 Jupiter, so that they lived and died alternately. The term 
 Dioscuri expresses “ Sons of Jupiter.” Occasionally their 
 heads only are represented, as two profiles joined at the 
 back, with a star over each. 
 
 Whether the double heads on the early Roman gold and 
 silver are Janus young, or Castor and Pollux, or the youth- 
 ful Jupiter worshipped at Anxur, is doubtful ; they, how- 
 ever, have no stars, which nearly always accompany Castor 
 and Pollux, who were, according to the fable, transformed 
 into stars, in which character they occupy a place among the 
 
 * Sometimes they each wear a cap surmounted by a star, and sometime* 
 they are symbolised by these caps alone. 
 
TYPES OE THE HOMAN COINAGE. 
 
 385 
 
 signs of the zodiac ; nevertheless, they sometimes appear on 
 the coins without the usual accompaniment of the two 
 stars. Of the types founded upon the fable of the Dioscuri, 
 there are, as I have said in anotner place, several ; there 
 is a reverse of the Posthumian family, with three horsemen 
 galloping over an enemy on foot, the caps of the Dioscuri 
 flying before them, signifying the irresistible charge of the 
 Roman cavalry, when associated with their aid. # When 
 riding at full gallop wdth levelled spears, they are supposed 
 to be in the act of charging in the battle near Lake Regillus; 
 when represented on prancing horses in different directions, 
 they are triumphing after the victory ;f w r hen watering 
 their horses at the fountain near the Temple of Yesta, by 
 moonlight, they illustrate another part of the elegant fable 
 related by Dionysius of Halicarnassus ; this subject is found 
 on an interesting early denarius of the family series (see 
 article on the Family Coins). 
 
 On the early Roman As we sometimes find a double headj 
 formed of Janus and Jupiter joined, the As being the com- 
 plete or dual form of the Roman measure of value, w hilst on 
 the Semis, or half As, we have the head of Jupiter alone, as 
 denoting an incomplete instead of a perfect unity, the 
 double-unity alone being complete. The myth of Romulus 
 and Remus beneath the wolf is another form of this myth, 
 which we find placed on the coins of other ancient nations 
 than the Roman. Another form of this device is the head of 
 the two-fronted Janus beneath the ram. Matter and motion 
 form an essential figure of duality, expressing the principle, 
 that the earth standing still would revert to Chaos ; a form of 
 duality which we find personified by the Earth and Mercury, 
 in whom motion is typified by the winged helmet or cap, 
 These combinations are generally accompanied by some 
 emblem of germination, such as a plant shooting up, or a 
 young branch budding into leaf, &c. The sacredness of these 
 emblems is sometimes denoted by special emblems of a divine 
 pow er, such as a lance, which represents the Roman Mars 
 (Quirinus) ; X sometimes we have a two-headed axe, the axe 
 
 * See passage in Florus, “ Apud Regilli lacuna dimicatur commilitonibvM 
 deis.” — Lib. 1., chap. 2. + See woodcut at page 139. 
 
 J See Michelet, “ La Republique Romaine.” 
 
 cc 
 
386 
 
 TYPES OF THE ROMAN COINAGE. 
 
 being a well-known emblem of divinity in the early hiero- 
 glyphic writing of the Egyptians, where the idea of God was 
 expressed by an axe, an idea to which the Italic symbolism 
 gave a dual character. In the sacred writings of the Israelites 
 we find a flaming or two-e dged sword similarly expressing 
 the idea of divine power. The myths of the Romans were 
 nearly all imported, and modified to suit the peculiar nature 
 of the country, and the genius of the people.* In the 
 island of Tenedos two sacred axes were objects of worship, 
 and on their coins we find the double-headed Janus or 
 Jupiter, while on the reverse of the same coins a double- 
 headed axe is found. The Eoman cult of Mutunus, a name 
 under which they worshipped the garden god, or god of 
 fruitfulness, was derived from Lampsacus, the principal seat 
 of this worship. But it is impossible in the space of this 
 small volume to attempt the dissection of the pages, nay 
 volumes, weary volumes, that laborious investigators have 
 printed on the myths, or religious doctrines, of ancient 
 nations : suffice it to say, that even on the coins of some of 
 the later Roman emperors, this idea of duality is still found 
 as an emblem implying mysterious connections, such as 
 body and spirit, humanity and divinity, or some other such 
 combination On a coin of the Emperor Commodus, for 
 instance, a head of this description is found, which M. Le 
 Normand describes as Janus, but if so, it is evidently Janus 
 in the features of the emperor, as we find Hercules repre- 
 sented on the coins of Alexander the Great, &c. : it appears 
 more probable, however, that it refers to the deification of 
 the emperor, the head, on one side, representing the features 
 of Jupiter, on the other, those of Commodus, — that is, on 
 one side divinity, and on the other imperial power. As 
 no person, except when deified, could be placed upon the 
 public coins ( sacra moncta ), this would appear an ingenious 
 manner of expressing the idea of deification, through the 
 medium of one of the most ancient and sacred myths of the 
 national religion. Among the myths of a dual, or double, 
 or antagonistic form, that of Hermaphrodite is not the least 
 singular. 
 
 The early republican money long preserved the antique 
 
 * See Michelet , (t La Republique Romaine.” 
 
TYPES OF THE HOMAN COINAGE; 3S7 
 
 Italic myth of dual character, either in the form of Janus, 
 or the Dioscuri; but both these eventually gave way, or 
 became secondary, to types connected with the national 
 triumphs ; first, in republican times, to such as were con- 
 nected with the families holding office in the public mint, 
 and afterwards to the personal triumphs, real or assumed, of 
 the emperors. The series of coins which were at*one time 
 termed consular , and thought to be issued by successive 
 consuls, are now known to bear, not the name of the consuls, 
 but those of the monetary triumviri * of their time. 
 
 From the foregoing remarks it will be perceived that the 
 first Roman types were of a mythic or religious character, 
 like those of the Greeks; and that in the series of types 
 of the “family coins,” + an original and truly national and 
 historical class of types begins to appear, which was carried 
 out with greater effect on the superb copper coinage of the 
 empire. The types of the imperial coinage of Rome form at 
 once the most striking, most interesting, and most histori- 
 cally valuable series of types ever engraved on a national 
 coinage. I had almost added the most beautiful, which might 
 also be said, but for the exquisite art with which the Greeks 
 found means to invest, with exquisite symmetry, even a 
 dolphin, or vine leaf. 
 
 A volume has yet to be produced, arranging chrono- 
 logically all the most beautiful types found on Roman coins, 
 with suitable explanatory descriptions ; but I have only 
 space to allude here to a few of the most striking of these 
 types, and in that I shall not attempt chronological order, 
 as occupying too much space, but merely attempt to show 
 the general principles upon which they were adopted. Some 
 of the most interesting are those recording such well-known 
 historical events as that celebrated on the coins of Vespasian 
 and Titus, w'hich bear the inscription Judcea Capta , as de- 
 scribed in the chapter on the imperial copper, or, the con- 
 quest of Egypt, of Dacia, of Parthia, &c., which are recorded 
 on the Roman coinage in a similar manner to that of Judaea. 
 Equally interesting are the records of public buildings now 
 
 • The monetary triumvirs were three associated mint-masters, who directed 
 • the operations respectively of the gold, the silver, and the copper coinage. 
 
 See coins of the Roman Republic. 
 
 CC 2 
 
38S 
 
 TYPES OF THE ROMAN COINAGE. 
 
 no longer in existence, the appearance of which has been pre- 
 served on this interesting series of coins. The manner in 
 which qualities, virtues, privileges, &c., are represented, such 
 as Piety, Beneficence, Liberty, &c., is also highly charac- 
 teristic and pictorial, as the following few examples will 
 testify. 
 
 Fax, or Peace holds an olive-branch, and a horn of plenty; 
 or sometimes, is beautifully expressed by a similar figure 
 extinguishing the torch of war, against a pile of arms. 
 
 Frovidentia — is a figure holding a wand or rod of protec- 
 tion over a globe, and bearing a horn of plenty, &c. Some- 
 times the gate of a Praetorian camp has a star over it, 
 symbolising the protection of Heaven, providentia being the 
 inscription. 
 
 Fietas, (piety) — is an exquisite figure, full of expression, 
 in the act of sacrificing at an altar. On other coins pon- 
 tifical instruments of sacrifice alone represent Piety. 
 
 Fecunditas , (fruitfulness) — is a finely-designed female 
 figure, surrounded by children. 
 
 JEqititas , the equity type, is a figure with a horn of 
 plenty in one hand, and a pair of scales in the other; 
 expressing, very ingeniously, that the distribution of public 
 protection is to be awarded by the scales of justice. 
 
 Clemency , is a favourite type, equally well expressed; 
 and also Concord , which is expressed by two figures joining 
 hands. 
 
 A number of other sentiments and moral virtues, too 
 numerous to mention, are expressed "with equal felicity, 
 and accompanied by concise and appropriate inscriptions ; 
 in fact, examples of this kind might be multiplied ad infi- 
 nitum ; but I must proceed at once to give a selection of 
 Roman types, of different character. 
 
 Conservator Augusti. (the preserver of the emperor.) The 
 types accompanying this inscription are various ; on a coin 
 of Elagabalus, the stone god, El Gabal, guarded by an eagle, 
 is drawn in a quadriga, above which is a star, indicating 
 the celestial origin of the protective pow r er. Sometimes a 
 figure of Jupiter is the principal object; beneath whose 
 extended arm is a small figure of the emperor. 
 
 The Decursio type, (literally course or excursion,) alludes 
 to a military expedition, and represents the emperor 
 
TYPES OF TIIE EOMAN COINAGE. 
 
 3S9 
 
 on horseback, armed, and accompanied by one or more 
 attendants. 
 
 Concordia Militwm (the concord of the soldiers), is repre- 
 sented by a female holding two standards, or sometimes 
 by two clasped hands only. 
 
 The Adlocutio type represents the emperor addressing the 
 legions. 
 
 The Advent us type (the coming of the emperor), is gene- 
 rally an equestrian figure of the emperor represented in 
 various ways ; sometimes with a lance turned downward in 
 token of cessation of hostilities, after victories, the other hand 
 stretched forward with an amicable and protective action. 
 The emperor is sometimes accompanied by a female figure 
 bearing a cornucopia, expressing that he not only comes 
 accompanied by victory and peace, but also by beneficence 
 and plenty. 
 
 Fides Militum , alludes to the fidelity of the soldiers, and 
 is ingeniously expressed in various w r ays. 
 
 Genius Exercitus , the genius of the army, and Genio 
 Populi Pomani , are also neatly expressed by appropriate 
 figures and symbols. 
 
 Moneta , the goddess superintending the public coinage 
 holds a horn of plenty and a pair of scales, beneath which 
 is a heap of coin or metal. On later coins three such 
 figures are sometimes represented, as presiding over the 
 three metals, copper, silver, and gold ; as did the three 
 chiefs of the mint, the triumviri monetales. 
 
 j Rector Orbis (the governor of the earth) : beneath this 
 inscription the Roman emperor is represented holding the 
 globe in his hand. 
 
 Fortune, is accompanied by the prow of a vessel, or an oar, 
 and bears a comucopiae; she is also represented in other 
 manners. 
 
 The different types on coins struck in commemoration 
 of emperors or empresses are very various. On some, a 
 statue of the deceased is borne in a magnificent biga or 
 quadriga. Claudius ordered that there should be a quadriga 
 drawn by elephants in the funeral procession of his grand- 
 mother Livia. On other coins is a tomb, the door of which 
 is partially open, as just having received another tenant; 
 sometimes the type is a magnificent funereal pile. 
 
390 
 
 TYPES OF THE ROMAN COINAGE. 
 
 The Apotheosis types are also various : sometimes we see 
 an empress borne to heaven by an eagle, the bird of 
 Jupiter, as in the case of those struck by Hadrian in com- 
 memoration of Sabina ; sometimes the figure of the deceased 
 empress appears in a car drawn by peacocks, symbolic of the 
 protection of J uno. 
 
 The Annona type appears on coins struck on the peri- 
 odical distribution of corn and other similar occasions ; it is 
 generally a female figure, holding a cornucopiae, and ears of 
 corn. Other types of a similar class record the periods of 
 celebrated national games. Both these types are frequent, 
 and form curious records of the craving of the Bom an 
 populace for “ panem et Circenses ” (bread and games 
 of the circus), which was frequently their only cry in 
 seditious risings. 
 
 Libertas, liberty, is a female figure holding the cap of 
 Liberty and a sword. 
 
 Liberalitas : this inscription is accompanied generally by 
 the representation of the emperor in the act of distributing 
 the periodical liberalities, a sort of maundy money upon a 
 large scale. 
 
 Britannia : the so-called Britannia, onBoman coins, beneath 
 the inscription BRITANNIA, is not Britannia, but the goddess 
 Boma , seated on a rock symbolising the subjected pro- 
 vince. A similar figure appears on coins recording other 
 conquests. 
 
 Securitas Beipublicce, is represented by a bull, as one ot 
 the symbols of Italy, with two stars above, most probably 
 those of the Dioscuri. 
 
 Victoria : the figure of Victory is very variously and beau- 
 tifully represented, sometimes holding trophies of arms, or 
 standards, or erecting a trophy, or drawn in a triumphal 
 quadriga, or holding laurel crowns, &c. 
 
 Vota Publica , a public offering or sacrifice, represented 
 by a very pictorial group, in the act of sacrificing. 
 
 On late coins, after Constantine, the initials of Christ are 
 the most conspicuous type.* 
 
 Boma Besurges , on the coins of some of the late emperors, 
 expresses that Borne shall recover her ancient glory, by 
 
 See reign of Constantine in coinage of Roman empire. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS ON THE ROMAN COINAGE. 
 
 391 
 
 meanj of the emperor, whose figure, under the protection of 
 Minerva, raises up the fallen figure of Rome. 
 
 Not the least interesting of Roman types are the portraits 
 of the emperors, empresses, and other members of the 
 imperial family ; the whole series including above three 
 hundred authentic portraits, the great majority of them 
 being of fine and highly characteristic execution. 
 
 Such are a few of the types found on the noble series 
 of Roman imperial coins ; but the present list can but 
 suggest the great variety and number of these interesting 
 records of the great career of Rome ; for a collection of 
 the whole of the types, even of the reigns of Trajan and 
 Hadrian, would half* fill my volume. 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS ON THE ROMAN COINAGE. 
 
 The inscriptions of Roman coins are more interesting, 
 than those of the Greek series, inasmuch as they are not 
 confined to the name of a town, a magistrate, a prince, or 
 the inflated titles of the latter, found upon the later series 
 of Greek regal coins, but refer to a great variety of subjects 
 connected with the government of the Roman empire, its 
 historical events, &c. Some of the elder numismatists, not 
 content with these legitimate sources of interest, sought 
 further excitement in “ blundered* inscriptions,” or partially 
 obliterated ones, w r hich they prized as greater rarities than 
 perfect coins ; seeking to give overstrained interpretations 
 to such accidental mistakes, many of which were ridiculous 
 enough. On a coin of Carausius, for instance, it was 
 thought that the name of his wife had been discovered, the 
 inscription being made out, “ F. Oriuna Aug.,” while the 
 simple fact is that a crack in the coin separated the F from 
 the rest of the word, and an imperfect T was converted into 
 an I to aid the supposed discovery ; the real inscription 
 being FORTVNA AVG(usti), the fortune of Augustus, a 
 very common inscription on late Roman coins. Another 
 similar example is of one of the common coins of Faustina) 
 on which the name was blundered as SOVSTI, instead of 
 
 * Inscriptions, blundered by the die engraver, are frequently found both on 
 the coins of classical antiquity, and of the middle ages. 
 
392 INSCRIPTIONS ON THE ROMAN COINAGE. 
 
 Fausti, a usual abbreviation. But SOVSTI afforded the 
 German cognoscenti an excellent opportunity for racking 
 their brains in a delightful agony of doubts and absurd 
 suppositions respecting its interpretation, until Klotz ridi- 
 culed them out of their learned investigations by proposing 
 the following satirical interpretation : “ Sine Omne Utilitate 
 Sectamini Tanti Ineptias.” Such a morbid kind of enthu- 
 siasm in this delightful science is much less common now ; 
 but still, in this, as in other branches of archaeology, things 
 possessing no value but that of rarity, are sometimes more 
 highly prized than those having real interest and real beauty 
 to give them a lasting and legitimate value. 
 
 In the republican period it has been shown that the mone- 
 tary inscriptions of the Homans were at first very brief, the 
 earliest being merely the name of the city, ROMA. To this 
 was eventually added the name of the mint-master by whom 
 the coin was struck, and eventually the name also of any 
 one of his ancestors, whose deeds, if of a national character, 
 he appears to have had the right of placing upon the coinage 
 as types. About the time of Sulla, the names of eminent 
 iiving personages, not connected with the mint, were placed 
 upon the coinage — a custom which continued to the end of 
 the republic.* 
 
 Of the various kinds of inscriptions which distinguish the 
 coins of the empire, those relating to the titles of the emperor 
 ought perhaps to be mentioned first, as being most common. 
 Augustus, when he permanently adopted the title of 
 Imperator, affected to receive it only for a certain period, 
 at the end of which it was to be renewed or withheld by the 
 senate, this renewal being well understood to be merely 
 ceremonial. This form was long continued, and accounts 
 for the inscriptions iMP(erator) II. or III., as imperator, for 
 the second or third time, &c. The title of Augustus, which 
 he assumed, became greater than that of imperator and 
 w'as frequently used without the former title ; it is almost 
 invariably expressed by AVG., though sometimes by A alone. 
 AVG. on the coins of Antony, before the title of Augustus 
 was established, expresses Augur, an office held by that 
 triumvir. AVGGG. is found on coins of associated emperors, 
 
 See family coins, and coins of the Social War. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS ON THE ROMAN COINAGE. 
 
 393 
 
 expressing three Augustuses, as CC express two Caesars. 
 On some of the coins of the sons of Constantine we find 
 the Greek title basiaets (king), assumed in addition to 
 that of Augustus. 
 
 During the empire the consulate was an office of mere 
 form, accepted by wealthy citizens for the sake of the 
 inaugural procession, and other empty pageantries con- 
 nected with it ; but it was continued to the end of the 
 empire, consuls being elected every year, as in the time 
 of the Eepublic, of whom an interesting list of names has 
 been preserved by historians, with scarcely a single omission. 
 The emperor himself was frequently one of these honorary 
 consuls, and we generally find the number of times of his 
 consulship recorded on the coinage, as COS. I., or YIII., or 
 X., as the case might be. Proconsul is generally expressed 
 byPROC. The office of tribune, or as it was termed in 
 imperial times, the “ tribunitian power,” was also conferred 
 on the emperors ; for few of the ancient republican offices 
 were obliterated during the empire, but superadded to the 
 dignity of the emperor. The investiture with the tribunitian 
 power was renewed periodically, like that of imperator, but 
 more frequently and regularly, and is generally expressed by 
 the letters TRIB(unitia) POT(estate), or TR. P., or sometimes 
 only T. P., generally with the numerals I. II. or X., as the 
 case required. 
 
 Pontifex Maximus, or high pontiff, was another of the 
 important public offices, and is one which has even outlived 
 the empire, the title being found at the present day on the 
 coins of the Popes,* who succeeded the Emperors in the 
 sovereignty of the eternal city. Pontifex Maximus, is 
 generally abbreviated as PONT. MAX., or p. M. All these 
 titles are found together in the following inscription on a 
 coin of Claudius, thus written: — Tl(berius) CLAVD(ius) 
 CAESAR AVG(ustus) P(ontifex) M(aximus) TR(ibunitia) 
 p(otestate) VI (for sextum) iMP(erator) XI (for undecimum) ; 
 which may be Englished, Tiberius Claudius Caesar, Augustus, 
 high pontiff, holding the tribunitian power for the sixth 
 time, and imperator for the eleventh time. It will be 
 
 * On a coin of Pope Gregory XVI., now before me, it stands, “ Gregorius 
 XVI. PON. MAX. A. IV. ROMA, 1834.” 
 
394 INSCRIPTIONS ON THE ROMAN COINAGE. 
 
 understood that the smaller letters, within brackets, are 
 added to supply the abbreviations, the capital letters alone 
 appearing in the inscription on the coin : nearly all Eoman 
 monetary inscriptions are abbreviated in a similar manner. 
 The title of Prince of the Eoman youth, “ princeps juven- 
 tutis,” was, at an early period of the empire, conferred upon 
 the Caesar or heir apparent to the throne, the term Caesar 
 becoming subordinate to that of Augustus. It sometimes 
 appears on the coinage abbreviated, as PRIN. IVVENT. 
 The p.p. of Eoman monetary inscriptions expresses PATER 
 PATRIJE (father of the country), a title frequently assumed 
 by the emperor, or conferred by a servile senate. DIV VS is 
 found on the coins of deified emperors, sometimes written 
 at full length and sometimes DV. The characters n. vir. 
 or in vir. express Duum-vir or Trium-vir. On the coins 
 ef the later Caesars, N. C. sometimes expresses N(obilissimus) 
 c(aesar). On the coins of the last emperors the word 
 Imperator appears to be superseded by Dominus, or Lord, 
 generally written DN., as on a coin of Valens, DN. VALENS 
 p(ater) p(atriae) AVG(ustus). D. N. is sometimes read 
 D(ominus) N(oster), as Our Lord Valens, &c. 
 
 The letters s. C. invariably express, Senatus Consulto, by 
 consent, or decree of the senate ; and S. P. Q. R. S(enatus) 
 p(opulus) Q(ue) R(omanus), The Eoman senate and people. 
 
 Inscriptions referring to the coinage and places of coining 
 are expressed in the follovzing manner : — 
 
 A. A. A. F. F. A(auro) A(rgento) ^E(re) F(lando) F(eriundo), 
 allusive to the treble coinage of gold, silver, and copper. 
 
 A. P. F. A(rgentes) p{ublico) F(eriundo). — RO. P. S. is 
 RO(ma) p(ecunia) s(ignata) : money struck at Eome. 
 
 S. M. R. s(ignata) M(oneta) R(omae). — S. CONST, s(ignata) 
 C(onstantinopoli) : money struck at Constantinople. 
 
 After money began to be coined at Constantinople, 
 inscriptions relating to the place of mintage are always 
 placed in the lower portion of the coin, termed the exergue. 
 Many abbreviated forms of inscriptions occur which have 
 not all been, as yet, satisfactorily explained. The following 
 are a few of them, with the suggested interpretations : — 
 CONOB. may be CO(nstantinopoli) OB(signata). CORNOB. 
 is, perhaps, CO(nstantinopoli) R(omae) n(ov8b) OB(signata) ; 
 and COMOB. CO(nstantinopoli) M(oneta) OB(signata). 
 
INSCRIPTIONS ON TI1E ROMAN COINAGE. 395 
 
 Some of the late Byzantine medallions have S. M. N., which 
 may he S(ignata) M(oneta) N(obilis), which, if so, would 
 prove the medallions to be a large class of coin so termed, 
 and not merely medals , as is generally supposed. 
 
 Inscriptions relating to great triumphs are generally in 
 full, as that on the coins of Trajan, recording the subjection 
 of the Parthians, and the placing a new king upon the throne, 
 which stands REX PARTHIS DATVS (a king given to the 
 Parthians) ; or on those of Vespasian, recording the reduc- 
 tion of Judea, JVD^EA CAPTA (Judaea taken). 
 
 Por further particulars of the inscriptions found on 
 Roman coins the reader is referred to the Appendix, where 
 a great number of inscriptions are given, with the transla- 
 tions. 
 
 The student may think the system of abbreviation adopted 
 on the Roman money rather complicated and confusing, but 
 it is nothing to some modern examples, of which I will only 
 cite one. On a half-crown of George I. the inscription 
 stands, “BRVN. ET. L. DYX. S. R. I. A. TH. ET. EL.” # It 
 is quite certain that, if the explanation of this inscription 
 should be lost, it will form an exquisite puzzle for future 
 numismatists, and help some future Klotz to a satire against 
 the wild interpretations that enthusiastic archaeologists would 
 doubtless suggest. But, fortunately, Mr. Hawkins has 
 recorded the proper interpretation in a valuable work that is 
 likely to exist as long as the coins themselves. It is as 
 follows : — “ BRVN (svicencis) ET. L(unenbergensis) DYX 
 S(acri) R(omani) i(mperii) A(rchi) TH(esaurarius) ET. 
 EL(ector) Duke of Brunswick and Lunenberg, and 
 Archtreasurer and Elector of the Holy Roman empire. 
 
 The word Rome does not occur, as I have Btated, on 
 Roman imperial coins, struck in Rome, till a late period of 
 the empire ; whilst the name of other cities where the money 
 was struck by the Romans was placed beneath the principal 
 device, in what is called the exergue. On those of Antioch is, 
 ANT. A. for Antioch, of the first mint, &c. ; or p. TR. (pecunia 
 Treveris), on money of Treves. The absence of such a name, 
 says the Encyclopedic , was sufficient to denote that the coins 
 were struck in the capital of the known universe (V uni vers 
 
 * Humphrey's l< Coins of England," p. 105. 
 
396 
 
 AET DISPLAYED ON EOMAN COINAGE. 
 
 connii) ; just as urbs , the city, was fully understood to mean 
 none other than Koine. 
 
 Occasionally, fantastic variations of well-known inscrip- 
 tions occur, and it is supposed that the coins on which they 
 are found were struck by the slaves employed in the mint 
 during the Saturnalia. On a coin of Gallientfs, which has 
 been described as a Saturnalian coin, the inscription stands 
 “ Galliena Augusta ; ” thus placing his name and title in 
 the feminine gender, in allusion to his unmanly neglect of 
 his father Valerianus, when taken prisoner by Sapor. We 
 have similar modern examples of medallic caricatures, among 
 which may be mentioned those of Cromwell, struck, no 
 doubt, by the Royalist party at the latter part of the civil 
 war, or immediately after the Restoration. 
 
 The s. C. on these Roman Saturnalian coins must be 
 understood, not as “ Senatus Consulto,” but as “ Saturni 
 Consulto ” in ridicule of the senate ; for neither emperor nor 
 senate were spared in the lazzi of that orgie ; of which the 
 vivid reminiscence still exists in the modern Carnival. Much 
 more might be said in this place on the interesting subject 
 of Roman monetary inscriptions, but in an elementary work 
 like the present, it is impossible to extend the treatment of 
 any single subject beyond a very confined limit. 
 
 Greek inscriptions on coins struck in the Grecian States 
 under the domination of Rome, w T ill be found briefly described 
 at p. 303. 
 
 THE AET DISPLAYED ON THE EOMAN COINAGE. 
 
 The art displayed upon the Roman coinage is not of so 
 high a character as that of Grecian money of the finest 
 period ; but it possesses characteristics of its own, of 
 great and peculiar beauty, which give it, in the history of 
 art, a place almost as important as that of the monetary art 
 of Greece. 
 
 The Roman mode of producing the earliest copper coinage 
 of ingots was no doubt an art, learned of their more polished 
 neighbours the Etrurians, whose skill in working copper is 
 mentioned by ancient authors. 
 
 Etrurian skill in painted vases, in sculpture in marble, or 
 in architecture, is not mentioned ; but their skill in working 
 
ART DISPLAYED ON ROMAN COINAGE. 
 
 397 
 
 the abundant national metal, copper, is frequently alluded to; 
 and the bronze candelabra of Etrurian workmanship were 
 celebrated at Athens in the time of Pericles* Their know- 
 ledge of art was originally derived from the Greeks, but 
 working upon an abundant native material — the Italian 
 copper — they created a national and original branch of art, 
 which soon displayed characteristics entirely its own. Just 
 as the occurrence of an unusually abundant supply of coal, 
 and iron stone, both in the same locality, in our midland 
 counties, have led to the immense superiority of English 
 cutlery, and its celebrity all over the world. 
 
 It is now the general opinion, that the arts of Etruria 
 were originally derived from Greece, even the earliest and 
 most grotesque styles of Etrurian art, finding their proto- 
 types in undoubted Grecian works. Of this the grotesque 
 vases found at Corinth are a proof, which have the four- 
 winged Genii, subsequently found on the earlier Etrurian 
 works, and recently discovered on the sculptures of Nineveh. 
 Etruria, colonised by Tyrrhenians, may have been influenced 
 by Greek art, at a much earlier period than the Greek 
 colonisation of Magna-Grsecia and Sicily ; and in course of 
 time, its arts must have taken a direction partially their own, 
 to be influenced, however, a second time by those of Greece, 
 when the south of Italy was peopled by Greeks who left the 
 mother country, when Hellenic civilisation w'as in a more 
 advanced period of its growth. Etrurian artisans most likely 
 cast the first Homan stips, or square pieces, when distinctive 
 types were first adopted ; whilst about the time of the issue 
 of the great circular copper money, the types and style of 
 art were influenced in their treatment by the employment of 
 Greek artists from the south. There is a fine rugged grandeur 
 about the great copper pieces of this latter epoch, which is 
 not entirely Greek, and no doubt exhibits a reminiscence of 
 Etrurian character. t High finish could not be attained in 
 the mode by which this massive money was produced, that 
 of casting, and particularly in the wholesale manner in 
 
 * See Micali’s engraving of a fine bronze Etrurian candelabrum in hii 
 Monumenti inediti. 
 
 f See engraving of As, plate vii. The early gold and silver, though m 
 a more finished manner, exhibit a similar combination of styles. 
 
398 
 
 ART DISPLAYED ON ROMAN COINAGE. 
 
 which the w r ork appears to have been carried on, several 
 being cast at once, as is proved by curious specimens in the 
 British Museum, several of which are stuck together, just as 
 they came out of the mould, above two thousand years ago. 
 
 The grandeur and high relief of the style displayed on the 
 uncial copper, gradually gave way, towards the close of the 
 issue of that class of money, to one diametrically opposite ; 
 of which an exceedingly low relief, but of more refined and 
 careful outline, were the characteristics. The art displayed 
 on the As and its divisions, in this style, is well exemplified 
 by the head of Mercury on the Sextans or sixth of the 
 As, of a period just previous to the reign of Augustus. 
 The same manner, but inferior in treatment, appears on 
 coins struck by Augustus bearing the portrait of Julius 
 Caesar.* This, however, marks a period when certain 
 ; proportions were assumed in monetary portraits, which 
 distinguish it from Greek art of a similar class. The intro- 
 duction of more of the neck, which w r as generally made 
 somewhat long and thin in proportion to the head on the 
 early imperial coinage, caused the head to occupy much less 
 of the field of the coin than it does on Greek money ; as 
 may be exemplified by comparing the monetary portraits 
 of Augustus, or of Trajan, with the head of Alexander the 
 Great on his coins ; in the latter case no neck being shown, 
 while the head itself nearly fills the circle. It is this 
 different proportion of the size of the head, in relation to 
 the dimensions of* the coin, that creates upon the eye the 
 first sensation of dissimilarity between the Greek and Roman 
 styles of monetary portraiture. 
 
 The coinage of Nero exhibits Roman art in its highest 
 form, as far as portraiture is concerned ; and his decursio 
 type is, perhaps, the most favourable specimen of pictorial 
 composition on the Roman coinage. It should be compared 
 with the gallopping quadriga on Syracusan medallions, and 
 although it cannot preiend to the almost Phidian magnifi- 
 cence of those compositions, it yet possesses a character of 
 its own, artistically skilful, and very agreeable, which is far 
 from being devoid of grandeur, though not of that high 
 and ideal quality which distinguishes Greek w r ork. It is 
 
 * Sec plate vii. 
 
ART DISPLAYED ON ROMAN COINAGE. 
 
 399 
 
 more real, and therein consists its inferiority. The same pecu- 
 liarity of proportion may be observed in the decursio, as in the 
 portraits; the field of the Roman coin is but sparingly occu- 
 pied with the subject, while in the Greek coin with which it 
 has been compared, the quadriga nearly covers the entire field. 
 
 Certain coins of Trajan exhibit the same style of composi- 
 tion as the decursio, but of a period when Roman art had lost 
 the peculiar grandeur of the epoch of Nero and Claudius, 
 having gained a refinement and finish that scarcely replace it. 
 
 The monetary artists of the period of the Antonines 
 sought to restore the high and bold relief of the earlier 
 epochs, and in some respects very successfully. This remark 
 applies more especially to the medallions of Antoninus Pius. 
 The relief of the subjects upon these pieces is bolder, and 
 the composition more intricate, than on the coins of Trajan, 
 while the field is more amply and richly filled, after the 
 Greek manner, and to Roman, and less poetic feelings, the 
 work might appear to surpass even Greek art in interest, 
 as being more real. But on reference again to the Greek 
 quadriga, it will be acknowledged that however attractive 
 the Roman work may be, with its neat yet bold execution, 
 and its interesting and accurate details of costume, manipu- 
 lated with that exquisite artistic skill which attracted even 
 the admiration of the classical Winkelmann, who notices 
 especially the medallions of Commodus, yet the rounded 
 and flowing Roman forms will not bear critical comparison 
 with the nervous angularity, full of energy, action, and ideal 
 grandeur, which characterises the Grecian work. Roman 
 artists, nevertheless, produced many w r orks of high merit in 
 other branches of art at this epoch, and had nothing re- 
 mained to us but the colossal busts of Lucius Yerus and 
 Antoninus, in the Louvre, they alone would be sufficient to 
 stamp it with a character of great excellence. 
 
 The last period of art worthy of note on the Roman coinage 
 is that of the Byzantine period, beginning with the age of 
 Constantine, when, in the renovated Byzantium, raised to the 
 rank of the eastern capital of the Roman world under the 
 name of Constantinople, a curious blending of Roman and 
 Greek art produced that singular style, termed Byzantine, 
 which, with all its stiffness, possesses a certain indefinable 
 charm, and even grandeur, which is very fascinating. It is 
 
400 CLASSIFICATION OF GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 the style which influenced the feeling of the early arts of the 
 middle ages all over Europe. It is the style we see glittering 
 in a blaze of gold in the massive illuminated gospels of the 
 early centuries of the Christian era ; such as Mr. Curzon, 
 in exploring the monasteries of the Levant, found sparkling 
 in the gilded pages of vellum, that were serving as knee- 
 rests to the monks on the dank stone pavements. It is the 
 style which still lends its peculiar and mystic character to the 
 painted saints, dimly frowning from their gleaming golden 
 back-grounds in the old churches of Russia ; and such as 
 M. Papeti found the monks of Mount Athos still practising 
 in the decoration of their convent walls, in the middle of the 
 nineteenth century. The peculiarities of this style may be 
 studied in the coins of Constantine and his successors, 
 which are of the most decided Byzantine character. The rigid 
 but careful and numerous folds of the drapery, the studied 
 and yet stiff position of the figures, and the careful finish of 
 the minor bead-like decorations, borders of pearls, &c., are 
 just such features as we find in the carved ivory diptycs, the 
 illuminated gospels, and jewelled reliquaries from the sixth or 
 seventh to the tenth century. In some parts of the Levant, 
 and in Russia, as I have stated, this style is practised even to 
 the present day, so deeply did Roman art, even in its latest 
 and fallen form, influence that of the barbaric kingdoms that 
 rose upon the ruins of the empire. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF A CABINET OF GREEK AND ROMAN 
 COINS. OF THE SELECTION OF SOME PARTICULAR CLASS OF 
 COINS AS TIIE SUBJECT OF A SMALL COLLECTION. AND ON 
 THE FORGERIES AND IMITATIONS OF ANCIENT COINS. 
 
 The student who has found sufficient interest in the pre- 
 ceding pages to read them carefully, will already have 
 perceived the nature of the general system of classification 
 of ancient coins, now found most convenient in a cabinet. 
 He will at once perceive the advantage of the first grand 
 division into Greek and Roman. The Greek, he will have 
 

 CLASSIFICATION OF GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 401 
 
 seen may be divided into two grand sections ; the first con- 
 sisting of autonomous coins, or those coined by independent 
 cities or republican states ; the second, of those coined by 
 princes. The autonomous class may be advantageously 
 collected into groups, each group containing the coins of all 
 the cities and petty states within a certain well-defined 
 tract, kingdom, or province ; such as Caria, Bceotia, 
 Macedonia, Sicily, &c. The coins of towns, &c., within 
 each great district, might be arranged either alphabetically 
 or numerically, the name of the district being placed in large 
 characters on each drawer of the cabinet, and that of the 
 towns in smaller letters. A certain chronological order may 
 be preserved, by making the upper drawers of a cabinet 
 contain the coins of those states which were the earliest 
 to coin money; the next most ancient coining district 
 being placed next in succession ; for instance, the Lydian 
 drawer might be the first, and other Asiatic early coining 
 states next ; then the Angina drawer, the Boeotian, the 
 Argian, the Macedonian, &c. In each grand district or 
 division, those places, the coins of which exhibit the most 
 ancient character, should come first ; and of each individual 
 city, the most ancient coins should take precedence, de- 
 scending gradually to the most recent. 
 
 In the Sicilian, African, and some Asiatic districts, the 
 coins with inscriptions in the Phoenician or Pimic characters 
 may be classed into separate subdivisions, though probably 
 in many instances the work of the same artists as those with 
 the Greek characters ; for it appears pretty certain that the 
 Carthaginians nearly always employed Greek artists to 
 execute their money, and there is reason to believe the same 
 of other Phoenician races. A similar order may be observed 
 with respect to the Greek regal coins (that is to say, those 
 bearing the names or portraits of sovereign princes) ; in this 
 division the most ancient coining kingdoms coming first, &c., 
 as just detailed in the arrangement of the autonomous coins; 
 such series as those of the Arsacidae and Sassanidae of course 
 coming last; which, though comparatively speaking, barbarian 
 in character, are yet linked on to the Greek series by dynastic 
 succession, by the use of the Greek character in inscriptions, 
 or other chains of association. 
 
 The Homan series may be separated into three grand 
 
402 
 
 COINS FOB A SMALL COLLECTION. 
 
 divisions — the Republican, the Imperial, and the Imperial 
 Greek. The republican division would comprise the early 
 uncial money of copper, that is to say, the As and its sub- 
 divisions ; the early silver and gold of mixed Greek character ; 
 and the series termed consular, or family coins, each arranged 
 chronologically, as far as practicable. The chronological 
 arrangement of the imperial series, with a subdivision for 
 colonial and provincial coins is very simple, the succession 
 of emperors affording certain indices for the preservation of 
 chronological order. The Imperial Greek, or those coins 
 struck in the Grecian dependencies of Home, both in Europe 
 and Asia, which have a partially Greek character, with Greek 
 inscriptions, &c. &c., may be appended to each reign, or may 
 be arranged, like the Autonomous Greek, in grand divisions 
 of districts, such as Syria, Macedonia, the Greek islands, &c., 
 with subdivisions for the few cities still coining autonomously 
 during the reigns of successive emperors. The Alexandrian 
 series of Imperial Greek is of a somewhat distinct class, 
 which merits, perhaps, an entirely distinct division. But 1 
 should prefer arranging both the Imperial Greek and the 
 colonial coinage of Borne along with the coins of Roman 
 mintage of each successive reign, as forming part of the 
 great imperial coinage of Rome; and in this maimer the 
 state of art in various parts of the Empire would be exhi- 
 bited in a more instructive manner than if the coinage was 
 broken up in a cabinet into distinct classes. 
 
 OF THE SELECTION OF SOME PABTICULAB CLASS OF COINS 
 AS THE SUBJECT OF A SMALL COLLECTION. 
 
 The accumulation of a tolerably complete collection of 
 ancient coins, embracing the whole subject, would, as the 
 student must by this time have perceived, require both 
 opportunities and means within the reach of but few. In 
 most cases it will therefore be desirable to look to a small selec- 
 tion from each class, formed upon the plan of the one made 
 for the illustration of this volume, as being just sufficient 
 to illustrate the subject generally ; and then, the student 
 may devote his collecting energies to some especial class 
 
COINS FOR A SMALL COLLECTION. 
 
 403 
 
 occupying moderate limits, which may, by occupying solely 
 the attention of his leisure, be made more rich and complete 
 than even the same especial class in many of the greatest 
 public collections. 
 
 The Macedonian regal series is admirably adapted for this 
 purpose, as it includes the earliest regal coin known, bearing 
 a name, and thus exhibits nearly all the successive peculia- 
 rities of the various phases of the Greek coinage, from nearly 
 the earliest period, to the subjection of the country to Rome ; 
 and would consequently form a most interesting cabinet in 
 itself. 
 
 Or, a more compact series, and one extending over the 
 fine period of the art only, would be that of the Seleucidan 
 dynasty of Syria ; or that of the Ptolemies, occupying 
 about the same period ; the completion of either of which, 
 would sufficiently occupy the attention of an enthusiast, 
 a portion only of whose leisure could be devoted to the 
 pursuit. 
 
 Some have suggested that a complete collection of the 
 coins of Chios would exhibit specimens of every period of 
 the art better than those of any other single state. 
 
 The coinage of Sicily, or even those of Syracuse alone, 
 would afford ample scope for furnishing a most exquisite 
 cabinet, exhibiting coins from nearly the earliest infancy of 
 the art to its most splendid development. 
 
 Some districts of Magna- Graecia also afford ample scope 
 as separate and distinct fields of study and collection ; as 
 Tarentum, and Neapolis. 
 
 If the student prefers the Roman series, as more historically 
 instructive, a very complete cabinet may be formed of the 
 coins of the Empire, those of nearly every emperor being in 
 existence, in several classes of coins. Some have made col- 
 lections of Roman imperial gold ; others, of silver. The most 
 splendid Roman series, however, in an artistic point of view, 
 is, undoubtedly, that of the large bronze. But as that ceases 
 with Gallienus, a collector may form a more complete series 
 of the copper coins of the Roman emperors by taking the 
 second bronze, which will be, at the same time, more econo- 
 mical, few of that class bringing anything like the prices of 
 the larger series. 
 
 p d 2 
 
404 
 
 FORGED COINS. 
 
 OF FORGED COINS* 
 
 In forming a collection of ancient coins the amateur must 
 make himself acquainted with the aspect of forged coins, 
 which are of two distinct classes ; first, those which are the 
 works of ancient forgers, against whose base imitations of 
 the public money severe laws existed as early as the time of 
 Solon ; and, secondly, those modern imitations of ancient 
 coins produced by the ingenuity of unscrupulous artists who, 
 ever since the fifteenth century, when ancient coins first 
 began to attract the attention of the curious, have been 
 engaged in this fraudulent branch of manufacture, reaping a 
 rich harvest from the unwary or uninformed collector. 
 
 Human ingenuity is so prone to evil, that scarcely had the 
 art of coinage been developed, and money of that convenient 
 form put in circulation, than the labours of forgers com- 
 menced ; and their productions are frequently of execution 
 quite equal to the real coin, and much more ingenious in 
 fabric ; for the base metal is so skilfully plated with its thin 
 coating of gold or silver, that even at the present day pieces 
 are continually found still perfect ; and I myself, very recently 
 discovered a beautiful silver coin, which had long been the 
 pride of a fine collection, to be an ancient forgery, as ancient 
 as the true coins themselves. Its value is of course decreased 
 by this discovery, but its beauty is un diminished, and it must 
 still form a very interesting monument both of the artistic 
 and manufacturing skill of the period. Indeed, so beautiful 
 were some of these fraudulent imitations of the coin, that 
 they were, as specimens became rare, highly prized by the 
 ancients themselves. 
 
 There are ancient forgeries existing even of the early 
 coins of HSgina ; and Herodotus mentions other forgeries of 
 coin as a common offence, but does not appear to believe in 
 the wholesale forgery of gold money attributed to Poly crates, 
 who is said to have defrauded the Spartans by a large pay- 
 ment of base gold coin. There are, however, existing 
 forgeries of the early Lydianf gold coins, bearing the fore 
 
 * Beauvais and Pinkerton have both interesting remarks on forgeries of 
 ancient coins. + Numismatic Chronicle, vi. 61. 
 
FORGED COINS. 
 
 405 
 
 part of a bull and a lion, which were in circulation in many 
 parts of Greece at that time, and which may have formed 
 part of the very pieces with which the crafty Polycrates 
 cheated the rugged Spartans, less accustomed to the inter- 
 change of money. 
 
 Roman forgers were less skilful than the Greeks ; and 
 most of their forged money is merely cast. On a recent 
 excavation in France, a complete set of Roman forging 
 implements was discovered, consisting of clay moulds, &c. 
 It is thought that in some instances the Roman cast money 
 of the late periods of the empire is not forged ; but that this 
 mode of fabric was adopted in some of the military expe- 
 ditions, or sudden changes of government, when a more rapid 
 mode of producing money than the usual one was desirable. 
 Such casts, however, whether the works of the state or of 
 forgers, are worthless to a collector, unless they bear some 
 rare type, or have some special ground of interest. 
 
 Of modern imitations of ancient coins, those of the Paduan 
 forgers are the most celebrated ; but long before that time 
 the trade had commenced. Guillaume du Choul, a French 
 writer, and one of the first who studied and wrote upon the 
 long-neglected monuments of Greece and Rome, caused 
 two medals to be engraved in his work, as illustrations of 
 the Roman coinage, which have since been proved to be 
 modern forgeries. Antoine le Pois, also, w T ho wrote about 
 the same time, and whose book is a fine monument of the 
 typography of the period, cites, as antique, several coins, 
 which were evidently of modern fabrication. 
 
 The most skilful of modern forgers were Jean Cavino 
 and Alessandro Bassiano, whose productions are generally 
 described as the Paduan forgeries, Padua being the city 
 where these skilful engravers exercised their profession. In 
 the beginning, they had probably no intention of deceiving, 
 but merely intended to reproduce beautiful copies of things 
 so rare ; but the opportunities of gain, by selling their 
 work as really antique, Tvas too tempting, and these two 
 engravers became associated in the trade of forgery about 
 1540. 
 
 The common forgeries, now all termed Paduans, are ob- 
 vious cheats enough ; but those of Cavino and Bassiano 
 are too well done to render detection easy; one of the 
 
4QG 
 
 FOBGED COINS. 
 
 only inodes of detecting them being through the means 
 of the inscriptions, the letters of which are generally 
 squatter than in the originals. These Paduan forgers were 
 very careful in taking for their subjects rare reverses, and 
 vjhey even invented others, taking their subjects from the 
 best known historical events, or fables of antiquity. 
 
 Michael Hervieu, a Frenchman, afterwards established 
 himself at Florence, where he very successfully counterfeited 
 all kinds of ancient coins ; but took up more especially the 
 department of Homan copper, and found the manufacture a 
 very profitable trade. 
 
 Carteron, in Holland, produced beautiful forgeries, which 
 frequently pass for Paduan. 
 
 Oongornier afterwards appeared at Lyons. This forger 
 restricted his inventions to coins of the thirty tyrants ; 
 finding that single branch of the business sufficiently 
 profitable for his purpose. The greater portion of his 
 forgeries of these coins were pure inventions, for those 
 known to be genuine are but few ; only eighteen of even 
 the names of these thirty tyrants being mentioned by 
 historians. 
 
 Laroch, of Grenoble, made copies of some of the most 
 rare coins of the Pellerin cabinet, which he sold as originals. 
 
 In Madrid, a great number of imitations of this descrip- 
 tion were struck ; a portion of which were purchased 
 and deposited as real, in the cabinet of the Infant Hon 
 Gabriel. In the great period of numismatic furore for 
 ancient coins, wffiich w r as at its height from the middle of 
 the seventeenth to the middle of the eighteenth century, 
 JStutgardt had its workshops, and Venice her ateliers, where 
 denarii and quinarii of the Homan emperors and empresses 
 were fabricated by the thousand. They may be generally 
 known by a thin and flat appearance. 
 
 Galli, at Home, struck quinarii of the emperors of the 
 East; and Becker, who died at Hamburg as recently as 
 1 830, engraved a vast number of false rare coins, of various 
 sizes. He struck even the curious incused coins of Magna- 
 Grsecia ; and not content with imitating, he invented 
 ad libitum ; some of his inventions being very curious, 
 though the most easily detected. But though the scientific 
 skill of a few experienced collectors was not to be imposed 
 
TOBGED COINS. 
 
 407 
 
 upon, the ignorance of the great bulk of amateurs furnished 
 Becker with plentiful purchasers. A catalogue of this 
 ingenious artist’s disgraceful forgeries was published by 
 Sestini in 1826, and completed by M. Clouet, of Verdun, in 
 1827. This catalogue will be very useful to collectors who 
 have not confidence in their own judgment ; for M. Becker 
 was a very industrious gentleman. 
 
 As the taste for Greek coins grew up and strengthened, a 
 person named Caprera established a manufactory for them 
 at Smyrna, and his productions, when ready for circulation, 
 were buried in likely localities in the neighbourhood, to be 
 afterwards accidentally dug up by innocent little boys, who 
 disposed of them, at good prices, to unwary strangers, asto- 
 nished and delighted to see these beautiful monuments of 
 antiquity deterre under their own eyes. 
 
 A person named Saintot, at Paris, struck recently some 
 excellent imitations of denarii, only, it is said, for amuse- 
 ment ; but several manufactories of the same description, 
 though on a small scale, exist at this moment in Paris, 
 complaining sadly of the bad times. A complete list of 
 Paduan forgeries is published in “ Le Cabinet de 1’ Amateur 
 et de l’Antiquaire.” — Paris, 1842. 
 
 An ingenious mode of imposition is also known, by which 
 rare, in fact unique coins, are produced without forgery at 
 all ; it is effected by sawing two moderately-fine coins in 
 two, longitudinally, and then soldering the reverse ; say, of 
 the Nero, to the back of the Antoninus, and of the Antoninus 
 to the Nero ; so producing, at one operation, two rare coins, 
 a Nero, and an Antoninus, both with reverses, never seen 
 by the most experienced numismatist. 
 
 With these cautions to the amateur I close my attempted 
 account of the Greek and Roman coinages ; trusting, that 
 however imperfect the work, it may convey much useful 
 information to the student, and induce him to exhaust 
 more completely the mines of interesting and delightful 
 knowledge, which I have done little more than suggest to 
 him. 
 
403 
 
 THE COINAGE OE MODERN EUROPE. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 THE COINAGE OF MODERN EUROPE, ILLUSTRATED BY 
 THE PROGRESS OF THE ART IN GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 THE COINS OF ENGLAND, AFTER THE DEPARTURE OF THE ROMANS, TO 
 THE INVASION OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR. 
 
 I have already spoken of the class of coins circulating in 
 Spain, Gaul, and Britain, previous to their subjection to the 
 Romans. The Roman coinage circulating in Britain was of 
 the same character as that of the rest of the western portion 
 of the empire ; and of Roman coins, bearing types referring 
 especially to the British portion of the empire, I have 
 spoken, in treating of the coinage of the reigns in which 
 they were issued. 
 
 At the time of the final fall of the Western Empire, the 
 Roman coinage had dwindled, as stated in another place, to 
 a scanty issue of most wretched copper, or rather bronze, of 
 the smallest dimensions ; and on the establishment of the 
 new kingdoms on the ruins of the fallen empire, no improve- 
 ment took place, and apparently very little new coin was 
 struck, — with the exception of the gold trientes of the first 
 Gothic kings of Spain, and those of the Merovingian race of 
 Frankish kings, — till the beginning of the seventh century, 
 when the silver pennies, and still smaller pieces, of modern 
 Europe appear. These were long the only coins known, till 
 gradually, and after several centuries, the groats were issued, 
 then larger pieces ; and, in the beginning of the sixteenth 
 century, the crowns and half-crowns of silver first made their 
 appearance. The first gold appeared in the thirteenth cen- 
 tury, and the first genuine copper coin of modern Europe 
 not until much later. 
 
 With this brief outline of the general course of modem 
 coinages, I may at once proceed to describe that of tha 
 
THE COINAGE OF MODERN EUROPE. 
 
 400 
 
 United Kingdom, where the silver pennies were preceded by 
 stycas , a small coin of mixed metal, peculiar to the north of 
 England, and the Saxon skeattae of silver, much smaller than 
 the silver pennies. 
 
 Skeatta of Ethelbert I. 
 
 The departure of the Koman legions about 414 a.d., left 
 the inhabitants of South Britain an easy prey to the hi st 
 bold invaders. But before the Saxon occupation of the 
 island it may be presumed that some sort of coinage, in 
 imitation of the Koman, to which the people had been long 
 accustomed, must have been adopted, and traces of it exist 
 in rude pieces of the Koman style, which are very scarce, as 
 they have hitherto been rejected by cabinets as bad specimens, 
 or forgeries of Koman coin. 
 
 The next sort of money we find in use is of a totally 
 different character, bearing not the slightest resemblance to 
 the Koman, with the exception of one or two devices, copied 
 perhaps from some of the coin of Constantine or his imme- 
 diate successors ; and it appears, therefore, that this money 
 must have been brought by the Saxons, with a new set of 
 weights, values, and denominations. 
 
 The new coins alluded to are called Skeattse (Latinised 
 scata), a term which Kuding derives from a Saxon word, mean- 
 ing a portion, and supposes that these coins were a portion 
 of some merely nominal sum by which large amounts were 
 calculated. They remained partially in use probably long 
 after the general adoption of the Saxon silver penny, as they 
 are mentioned in the laws of Athelstan, where it is stated 
 that 30,000 skeattse are equal to 120 1., which would make 
 them in value about one twenty-fifth part less than a 
 penny. 
 
 The skeatta is probably, in form and value, an imitation, 
 by the Saxons, of some Byzantine coin, finding its way, in 
 gradually debasing forms, from Constantinople through the 
 
410 
 
 THE COINAGE OF MODERN EUROPE. 
 
 east and north of Germany.* It is thought by some that the 
 Saxons also derived their weight, called Colonia (Cologne) 
 weight, from the Greeks of the lower empire. It was only 
 used by them for their money, and afterwards in England 
 called Tower weight, in consequence of the principal mint 
 being in the Tower. Troy weight, so called from being first 
 used in France, at Troyes, is {three quarters of an ounce more 
 than Tower weight ; so that in coining, the prince, or other 
 privileged person, gained considerably upon every pound 
 weight of metal coined, which at last induced frequent 
 re-coinages ; to obtain the discontinuance of which custom, 
 the people agreed to a tax called moneyage. Such impositions 
 formed part of what was in Norman times called seignorage, 
 or, the profit of the sovereign. The skeattae vary from twelve 
 to twenty grains in their weight, and it is therefore difficult 
 to ascertain their current value. The specimens about to 
 be described, and indeed most of the skeattae, are of very 
 debased art, and the production, probably, of several distinct 
 invading colonies in different parts of the island, and some, 
 perhaps, of foreign importation. The art displayed on them 
 became gradually worse after their first appearance ; and one 
 case may be mentioned, in which a head, tolerably distinct 
 at first, became gradually so barbarous as to be mistaken by 
 some for a distinctly different type — the wolf and twins ; 
 the whole connecting series may be seen in the British 
 Museum, showing the gradual but well-connected links of 
 decadence. Ruding and Clarke have stated that the art 
 exhibited on coins, up to the eighth century, was not better 
 on the continent than in England, but I could point out 
 several examples of far superior art of a Roman character in 
 France during that period. Many skeattae are without 
 inscription at all, others unintelligible — some without 
 Christian emblems, others with ; but the following are a few 
 of the most striking types, which will serve to give a general 
 idea of the whole : — first, a profile surrounded by a pretty 
 interlaced band ; the reverse, the Christian emblems of the 
 dove and cross. Another has curious but unintelligibly orna- 
 
 * A work has been published (by Mr. Till), with a view to trace the 
 direct descent of the English silver penny from the Roman denarius, througn 
 the coins of the lower empire and the skeattae. 
 
COINS OF THE SAXON HEPTARCHY. 
 
 411 
 
 merited devices on both sides. Another type is a decided 
 copy of a common coin of Constantine, showing Romulus 
 and Remus suckled by the wolf. The one engraved above 
 (page 409) is an interesting specimen, bearing a name, and 
 supposed to be one of Ethelbert the First, king of Kent, 
 which would place it in the sixth century, and before the 
 introduction of Christianity ; indeed, it bears no Christian 
 emblem ; and the debased form of a head on the obverse is 
 so rude, that few would be able to recognise it as such. 
 
 COINS OF THE SAXON HEPTARCHY— THE SERIES 
 OF SILVER PENNIES. 
 
 (See Plate IX.) 
 
 KINGS OF KENT. 
 
 With the coins of the heptarchy commences the interesting 
 series of silver pennies, which formed the only money of the 
 country (with occasional halfpennies) up to the reign of 
 Edward III. The word penny is variously spelt, as peneg, 
 peninc, &c., and some derive it from the Latin word pendo, 
 to weigh : others consider that pecunia is the parent word. 
 It was intended that a pound, Tower, should make 240 
 pennies, giving 24 grains each, but this weight w r as gradually 
 decreased by the successive princes ; 22% grains being after- 
 wards deemed full weight, and twenty grains w r as about the 
 average weight in the reign of Henry III. : their standard 
 purity seems to have been 11 oz. 2 dwts. fine, and 11 dwts. 
 alloy. The name of the moneyer, or mint master of the dis- 
 trict in which the piece w r as coined, w r as now generally placed 
 on the reverse, w r ith some ornament. The long series of coins 
 of the heptarchy are perhaps the most interesting of any 
 monuments of the period, remaining to us. Of those of the 
 kings of Kent, the silver skeatta of Ethelbert the First, 
 previously alluded to, is the earliest example which, having 
 no symbol of the cross in any part, is presumed to have been 
 coined before 606 a.d., the period of the introduction of Chris- 
 tianity. It has on one side ETHILID, surrounded with three 
 circles of beading, and on the other the debased head, 
 formerly supposed to be a “ bird ” or “ wolf.” Only a few 
 
KINGS OF MERCIA. 
 
 + 12 
 
 impressions of this rare coin are known : the British Museum 
 has one. No other well authenticated Kentish coin occurs 
 till after 725 a.d., Ethelbert II. A coin of his exists, 
 supposed to be a penny — if so, it is the first known silver 
 penny ; the inscription is ETHILBERHT II., but its genuine- 
 ness has been doubted. The next existing Kentish coins 
 are the silver pennies of Eadbert, from 794 to 798 a.d., the 
 earliest known, with the exception of the previous doubtful 
 coin. One of the Eadbert pennies has the king’s name and 
 title REX in three lines, and on the reverse the money er’s 
 name, with an ornament. Its authenticity is undoubted. 
 The pennies of Eadbert have the name of the moneyer 
 IAENRERHT on the reverse. 
 
 The coins of Cuthred, from 798 to 805 a.d., have the 
 king’s bust, and Cudred Bex Cant., for Cantlx (Kent) ; 
 reverse, a cross, with a small wedge in each angle, and the 
 moneyer’ s name. All the coins of Cuthred are pennies, and 
 there are four types of them, all rare, except those with the 
 head, the style of which has evidently been suggested by 
 debased Roman coins. 
 
 The coins of Baldred, the last king of Kent, who was 
 subdued by Egbert, 823 a.d., have the king’s bust rudely 
 done, and Baldred Bex. Cant. : the reverse, in the centre, 
 has DRVR. CITS, for Dorovernia Civitas (Canterbury), this 
 being the earliest known example of a Saxon coin with the 
 place of mintage upon it. There are other types of the 
 coins of this king, but all rare. 
 
 A gold triens has been found, with the inscription 
 DOROVERNIS CIVITA, which, from the spelling, is thought 
 to be of the seventh century, and if geuine, is a proof that 
 the triens of the Merovingian princes of France was imitated 
 in Kent, though, perhaps, very few were issued. 
 
 KINGS OF MERCIA. 
 
 Of the South and West Saxons no well authenticated 
 coins have been found, but of the kings of Mercia a fine 
 series exists, all silver pennies. 
 
 There are coins of Eadwald (716 a.d.), supposed by some 
 to be the same as Ethelwald. The silver pennies of 
 Offa (757 a.d.) are among the most interesting and 
 
KINGS OF MERCIA. 
 
 413 
 
 beautiful in the Saxon series ; the heads are much better 
 executed, with some attention to variety of relief : and the 
 designs on the reverses very elegant and various for the 
 period. It is supposed that his residence at Rome, in the 
 pontificate of Adrian, possibly bringing back Italian artists, 
 may account for this superiority. The inscriptions generally 
 read, OfFa Rex Merciorum. The different moneyers’ names 
 on his coins amount to above 40. There are also silver 
 pennies, but rare, supposed to be of Cynethryth, the queen 
 of Offa, having Cynethryth Regina on the reverses. They 
 are evidently of the same period as those of Offa. On the 
 coins of Offa the money er’s name sometimes occupies the 
 obverse, but the king is then transferred to the reverse, and 
 never omitted. Egbert, the son of Offa, 796 a.d., survived 
 his father only six months, yet there are pennies with his 
 name having the same moneyers’ names as those of his father. 
 
 Coenwlf, 796 to 818 a.d. The pennies of this king 
 present a great variety of types, evidently copied from those 
 of Offa, but becoming gradually more and more rude in 
 execution. Ceolwlf, 819 a.d., succeeded, and reigned only 
 a year. There is great difficulty in separating his coins 
 from those of Ciolwf, 874 a.d. Of Beornvvulf, who reigned 
 from 820 to 824, a few pennies are known, but they are very 
 rare. Of Ludica, from 824 to 825, and Wiglaf, from 825 to 
 839, the coins are very barbarous, and those of Wiglaf 
 extremely rare; the specimen in the Museum was once sold for 
 Yll. Those of Berthulf, 839 to 852 a.d., which are much in 
 the same style as those of Wiglaf, are not so rare ; and those 
 of Burgred, 852 to 874 a.d., the last of the Mercian princes, 
 who reigned two-and-twenty years, are more numerous than 
 any of his predecessors. When driven from his dominions 
 by the Danes he escaped to the continent, and retired to 
 Rome, where he died, and was interred in St. Mary’s church 
 belonging to the English school there. The coins of Mercia 
 had gradually declined from the reign of Offa, and Burgred’ s 
 are the most rude of the series. 
 
 On the expulsion of Burgred, his minister Ciolwf seized 
 the reigns of government, but held them but for a short 
 time, when his expulsion terminated the independence of 
 Mercia. Nevertheless, he struck coins, which I have alluded 
 to as being confounded with those of Ceolwlf, but, with the 
 
KINGS OF THE EAST ANGLES. 
 
 *14 
 
 exception of the name, they resemble much more those of 
 Burgred. 
 
 All these silver pennies are intended to weigh about 22£ 
 grains. 
 
 The discovery of an Arabic marcus, with the name of Offa 
 in addition to the Arabic legends, would seem to prove that 
 in his reign the Arabic gold of Spain circulated in England, 
 and was occasionally copied, with only the addition of the 
 name of the English prince. The Arabic inscription runs, 
 “ In the name of God this dinar was coined in the year 
 657 in the centre is “ Mahomet is the apostle of God,” 
 written in three lines, between which are the words Offa Bex. 
 The coin is possibly a copy, by a workman of Offa, of an Arabic 
 marcus. Offa promised the Pope’s Legate 396 gold marcuses 
 every year — this coin maybe one of the so promised marcuses. 
 
 KINGS OF THE EAST ANGLES. 
 
 The earliest coins of the East Angles are those of Beonna, 
 about a.d. 750, contemporary with Offa, King of Mercia : his 
 coins were of the form, size, and appearance of skeattae, and 
 the King’s name is sometimes written in Koman and some- 
 times in Kunic characters. They read Beonna Bex ; on the 
 reverse is the name of Efe, the moneyer. There is a coin in 
 the Museum with the name of Beonna on one side, and that 
 of Ethelred, who succeeded him, on the other ; from which 
 it would seem that he had previously occupied the throne 
 conjointly with Beonna. The history of the East Angles, in 
 the early part of the ninth century, is very obscure, but 
 there appears some ground for considering Ethelweard,* of 
 whom some coins exist, to have been a prince of this dis- 
 trict : there is also a unique coin of Beorthric, a prince of 
 whom no record exists, and who is probably one of the 
 unknown kings of the East Angles. Eadmund, 855 to 
 870 a.d., was murdered by the Danes, aud afterwards 
 honoured with canonisation, and is commonly called St. 
 Eadmund. He is generally styled Bex, or Bex A. or An., 
 and eighteen of his money ers’ names are known. One of 
 
 * Hawkins’ “ Silver Coins of England,” vol. i. p. 34. 
 
KINGS OF NORTHUMBERLAND — THE STYCAS. 415 
 
 his coins has the name of Eadmund with the title of Rex, 
 and an A in the centre, and on the reverse the moneyer’p 
 name and a cross, &c., &c. 
 
 After the death of Eadmund, Guthram, (a Dane) was 
 placed on the throne, who being converted to Christianity, 
 was baptised by the name of Ethelstan, 878 a.d. His name 
 is generally found on his coins without title, but sometimes 
 with lie or Rex ; on one coin, which is very rare, Rex Ang. 
 (for Angliae) appears on the reverse, instead of the money er’s 
 name, which is the first time the title of “ King of England’* 
 appears on a coin (unless St. Eadmund’ s Rex A. may be 
 also so interpreted) : for though Egbert, King of the West 
 Saxons, subdued nearly the whole of South Britain between 
 800 and 837 a.d., and gave the name of England to his 
 territories, it does not appear on his coins. 
 
 Only one prince, Eohrie, succeeded Ethelstan in East 
 Anglia, and there are no coins known of his reign ; he was 
 expelled by his subjects, and his dominions added to those 
 of Eadward the elder, the son of iElfred the Great. 
 
 KINGS OE NORTHUMBERLAND — THE STYCAS. 
 
 The principal distinctive feature in the Northumbrian coins 
 is their metal ; it is commonly termed copper, but is in fact 
 a composition, whether accidental or intentional is unknown, 
 containing in 100 parts, 60 to 70 of copper, 20 to 25 of zinc, 
 5 to 11 of silver, with minute portions both of gold, lead, and 
 tin. These coins were termed stycas, a name supposed to be 
 derived from the Saxon sticce , “a minute part,” two being 
 
 Styca of Alchred. 
 
 equal to one farthing ; small money must have been wanted 
 everywhere in times when an ox was sold for thirty pennies, 
 and a sheep for one shilling, as was the case in the reign of 
 
THE STTCAS. 
 
 416 
 
 uEthelstan ; yet it appears that these stycas were confined to 
 Northumberland, where, however, they formed the great 
 hulk of the early coinage, but there were also skeattac of the 
 usual purity of silver, and eventually silver pennies of the 
 same weight and purity as the Saxon money of the other 
 parts of the island. One would expect in this, then 
 remote region, to find a greater degree of barbarism in the 
 execution of the coins, but in the earlier portion of the 
 period during which coins exist, which extends from 670 to 
 945 a.d., some of them are quite equal to those of more 
 southern districts, with the sole exception of the coins of 
 Offa ; and perhaps we need not be surprised, when we 
 consider the monastic establishments of the period in that 
 part of the island, within the walls of which, great artistic 
 skill was exhibited as early as the seventh century in such 
 wonderful works of illumination as those contained in the 
 magnificent MS. known as the “ Durham Book.” A series 
 of Northumbrian coins exists, occupying a great portion of 
 the period above named, but to some of them, from the 
 blundering in the writing of the names on the coins, and 
 other difficulties, it is not easy to assign a proper place. 
 
 The earliest known coin of this series is a styca of 
 Ecgfrith, who reigned from 670 to 685 a.d., and was cele- 
 brated for his patronage of the Church, and religious estab- 
 lishments for desseminating the light of truth, a character- 
 istic of his reign which seems to have been symbolised on 
 this remarkable coin, which bears a cross, surrounded by 
 “Ecgfrid Rex,” whilst the reverse has another cross from 
 w'hicli emanate rays of light surrounded by the word “ Lux ” 
 (light). Aldfrid reigned from 685 to 705 a.d., and there 
 are tw T o coins, one a skeatta of silver, and the other a styca, 
 which are supposed to be of his coinage. 
 
 Of Eadbert, from 737 to 758 a.d., coins are now known, 
 which were formerly assigned to Ecgberht, King of Kent. 
 
 Of Alchred, 765 to 774, there is a supposed coin, and in 
 the list of Northumbrian kings the name of Elfwald occurs, 
 between 779 and 788, to whom Mr. Hawkins is induced 
 to attribute three coins of different readings, all evidently 
 corrupt and blundered (as is frequently the case on coins of 
 this period). One is in the collection of Mr. Cuff, and 
 '•eads EqFVAqD; the L’s are reversed, but by turning them 
 
THE STYCAS. 
 
 417 
 
 we obtain “ Elfvald.” The other is in the possession of 
 Mr. Brummel, and reads VALDFELA : one-half of this word 
 has the F upside down, and reads backwards : it* we read 
 from right to left, first correcting the F, we get ALFE, 
 and then taking the other half of the word, from left 
 to right, we obtain, by the double process, ALEFVALD. 
 The engravers of the dies, or rather punches, could not, 
 most likely, either read or write, but copied the cha- 
 racters mechanically. The engraving having to be made 
 backward, as on a seal, in order that the impression may be 
 read forward , and by workmen ignorant of their meaning, 
 such blunders may be easily accounted for. The coin bearing 
 this curiously blundered inscription is a styca. 
 
 Heardulf reigned from 794 to 806 a.d., but no coins of 
 his were found till 1833, when a hoard of (8000) Northum- 
 brian coins was discovered in digging an unusually deep 
 grave in Hexham churchyard, Durham. They were con- 
 tained in a bronze vessel, and were all stycas, consisting of 
 2000 of Eadred, 2000 of Ethelred, 100 of Eedulph, 100 
 Archbishop Eanbald, 800 Archbishop Yigmund, a few of 
 Heardulf, and about 3000 more which were dispersed with- 
 out examination. It seems probable that they were buried 
 not later than 844, as there were no coins of later date, 
 unless those unintelligible ones, which some have supposed, 
 without much ground, to be of Aella. 
 
 Alfwold succeeded Heardulf. but we have no coins of his 
 reign : he was succeeded by Eanred, from 808 to 840 a.d., 
 of whom the stycas are numerous, presenting sixty or 
 seventy moneyers’ names. There is also a silver penny, by 
 some attributed to him, but Mr. Hawkins wishes on several 
 grounds to assign it to some other prince of the same name. 
 
 Of Ethelred, from 840 to 848 a.d., there are stycas 
 differing slightly in the disposition of the minor ornaments 
 from those of his predecessors. These principally occur in 
 conjunction with the name of the moneyer Leofdegn, who 
 seems to have aimed at a little more embellishment than his 
 predecessors and cotemporaries. There was in the collection 
 of Mr. Brummel before it was dispersed, a coin of fine silver 
 of this king, in all other respects resembling his usual 
 stycas ; but such pieces, of which there are examples of 
 different styles and periods, can only be regarded as essays 
 
 E E 
 
418 
 
 tfHE STYCAS. 
 
 or caprices of some one engaged in the Mint, and not aa 
 forming part of the general currency. 
 
 Of Redulf, who usurped the throne for a few months only, 
 during the reign of iEthelred, there are some coins in 
 existence of the usual character. Of Osbercht, 848 to 
 867, a.d., who succeeded JEthelred, there are a few stycas, 
 but very rare. 
 
 Of Aella, who reigned about this period, there are no 
 coins, unless those unintelligible ones found among the 
 Hexham hoard before-mentioned should prove to be his. 
 
 Regnald landed in Northumbria, 912 a.d, and being 
 successful in establishing himself, reigned till 944. His 
 coins are very rare, and interesting on account of the 
 Roman title rex being abandoned by him for the Saxon 
 cununc. The one in the collection of the Dean of 
 St. Patrick’s, being broken, shows only Reg, the nald being 
 broken away, but the word cununc is perfect. The reverse 
 shows a trefoil or triple knot, perhaps an early symbol of 
 the Trinity ; it is of the size and form of the Saxon 
 penny. 
 
 Anlaf (called king of Ireland) next invaded Northumbria 
 in 937, and, though at first defeated, eventually established 
 his power, being elected in 942 ; he was overthrown 
 and defeated by Edmund in 945. His coins are silver 
 pennies, and very rare ; some of them have the Danish 
 raven, the badge of their enchanted standard, and cn the 
 reverse a small cross, and may perhaps be considered 
 one of the earliest examples of an approach to an heraldic 
 cognizance.* 
 
 In 927, Eric, the son of Harold Norway, had been placed 
 by Athelstan (grandson of Alfred the Great) as his feudatory 
 king in Northumberland, but his authority was not acknow- 
 ledged till elected by the Northumbrians themselves in 949, 
 and in two years afterwards he was expelled and slain, and 
 is considered the last king of Northumbria, Eadred having 
 succeeded in finally adding that district to his dominions. 
 The coins of Eric are silver pennies : he is styled Eric Rex, 
 with sometimes N for Northumbria, and a sword like that 
 on the coins of St. Peter, next described. 
 
 * Hawkins’ British Silver Coins. 
 
COINS OF DIGNITARIES OF THE CHURCH. 
 
 419 
 
 COINS OF SAINTS. 
 
 This seems to be the proper place to speak of the coins 
 of saints, or rather coins bearing their names, which were 
 struck by particular abbots in virtue of authority granted 
 for that purpose. Those of St. Peter have been called Peter 
 pence, and erroneously supposed to have been coined for the 
 purpose of paying to Rome the tribute which bore that 
 name. The coins bearing the name of St. Peter are silver 
 pennies, and were coined at York, as the legend on the 
 reverse is always Eboraci (York) more or less abbreviated. 
 The style and execution of the sword on the obverse being 
 precisely similar to that on the coins of Eric, refers these 
 coins at once to that period. 
 
 Those of St. Martin are similar, with the exception of 
 having “ Lincoia civit” (city of Lincoln) on the reverse : 
 they are undoubtedly of the same period. 
 
 Those of St. Edmund have no place of mintage : they are 
 evidently earlier than the time of Edward the Confessor, and 
 must be placed at latest with those of St. Peter and St. 
 Martin, and possibly refer to St. Eadmund Rex, of the East 
 Angles, 855 to 870, a. d. 
 
 COINS OF DIGNITARIES OF THE CHURCH. 
 
 The archbishops, bishops, and abbots, had authority, soon 
 after the firm establishment of Christianity in the island, to 
 strike money and enjoy the profits of mintage. But arch- 
 bishops alone had the privilege of stamping the coins with 
 their portraits and names ; a privilege withdrawn by Athelstan 
 in 924. The ecclesiastical coinage after this period is only 
 distinguished from the royal by peculiar mint marks, and 
 even these terminated in the reign of Henry VIII. The coins 
 of the Archbishops of Canterbury are pennies. 
 
 The pennies of Jaenbert, who held the see of Canterbury 
 from 763 to 790, have a flower surrounded by IAENBRHT. 
 AREP., and on the reverse Offa Rex, from which it would 
 appear that they had in some way joint jurisdictions. 
 
 £ £ 2 
 
120 
 
 COINS OE THE MONARCHS OE ENGLAND. 
 
 A coin of Ceolnoth, who held the see of Canterbury from 
 830 to 870, has the front face of the Archbishop, with his 
 name, and on the reverse a cross with “ civitas” in the 
 angles; the legend, DOROVERNIA* (Canterbury). 
 
 The coins of the Archbishops of York were stycas + till 
 they became by the edict of Athelstan assimilated to the 
 coins of the realm ; those of Ulphere or Yulphere, who held 
 this see from 854 to 892, are the last of the episcopal mint 
 which bear the name of the archbishop. 
 
 CHAPTEB XXIX. 
 
 COINS OF THE SOLE MONARCHS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 FROM EGBERT TO EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. 
 
 The first sole monarch, as Egbert (Ecgbeorght) has been 
 termed, became king of the W est Saxons in the year 800, 
 and gradually subduing nearly the whole of South Britain, 
 gave the name of England to his territories. But Burgred, 
 king of Mercia, reigned as late as 874, in the time of Alfred 
 the Great. Ethelstan was also king of the East Angles 
 late in the reign of Alfred — as late as 890 ; and Eric, king 
 of Northumberland, though tributary to the grandson of 
 Alfred in 951, might even till then be considered as holding 
 separate jurisdiction; and it was not till Eadred, another 
 grandson of Alfred, who succeeded his brothers Athelstan 
 and Eadmund, that Northumbria was annexed, and not till 
 Edgar that the whole kingdom may be said to have been 
 firmly united under one monarch. But having already 
 spoken of the kings of the heptarchy separately, I may 
 henceforth, for the sake of convenience of arrangement, 
 treat of the coins of Egbert and his successors, as those 
 of sole monarchs of England. 
 
 The coins of Egbert do not differ in general from those ot 
 the kings of the heptarchy; some have the king’s profile 
 
 * There are also coins of Vulfred, 803 to 830; Plegmund, 891 to 923 
 and Ethered, 871 to 890. 
 
 *t There are also stycas of Eanbald, 796 ; and Vigmund, 851. 
 
COINS OF THE HONARCIIS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 421 
 
 with his name, as “ Ecgbeorht Kex,” with a cross and the 
 moneyer’s name on the reverse ; others have a cross with 
 his name and title, and on the reverse a different cross with 
 the moneyer’s name ; some have a monogram supposed to 
 be “Dorob. C.” (city of Canterbury), and others “ Saxo” 
 or “ Saxon,” with the king’s name and title as legend. 
 
 Ethelwfl (837 to 856) succeeded his father 837 a.d. ; but 
 his brother, iEthelstan, took a part of the territory ; namely, 
 Kent, Essex, Sussex, and Surrey. On his death they reverted 
 to Ethelwfl ; so that some of his coins exhibit the legend, Kex. 
 Cant. Saxoniorum, and sometimes Occidentalium Saxoniorum. 
 Canterbury is the only mint named on the coins of this king. 
 His portrait is generally surrounded with “Edelwfl Kex,” and 
 the reverse of the coins has a double cross, with the 
 moneyer’s name. But there are many varieties, in 
 which the small crosses are of a different design, &c. ; 
 and some have the monogram of Christ in the centre 
 of the reverse. 
 
 Ethelbald (855 to 860). A coin of this king is said to 
 have been in existence, and there is an engraving of it, 
 made under doubtful authority. But Dr. Coombe affirmed, 
 that the coin really was once in the collection of Mr. Austin. 
 
 Ethelbearht, second son of Ethelwfl (856 to 866) . Sixty 
 varieties of the moneyers’ names upon his coins are known. 
 Coins of this king, have his bust, with the legend “ Edel- 
 bearht Kex,” and on the reverse the letters of the moneyer’s 
 name, arranged in the angles of a cross. 
 
 Ethelred (866 to 871) deprived ^Ethelbearht’ s children 
 of their inheritance, and ascended the throne himself. His 
 coins are generally light, and of impure silver, and somewhat 
 resemble those of Burgred, king of Mercia. * 
 
 Aelfred the Great (871to 901) was the younger brother 
 of ^Ethelred, and succeeded him. His portrait is very rudely 
 executed on his first coins, and in the same style as those 
 of his predecessors ; but others of later date have the 
 portrait in a somewhat improved style, and on the reverse a 
 large monogram of “London,” occupying the whole field. 
 On some the word “ Ornsnaford,” for Oxford, occurs, 
 forming, with the king’s name, three lines. There is also a 
 
 Hawkins’ British Silver Coins. 
 
422 
 
 COINS OF THE MONARCHS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Bmali com of his, appearing to be a half-penny. A very 
 peculiar piece is also in existence, weighing 162 grains, 
 instead of about 20 grains, the average weight of his pennies. 
 It must, however, be rather considered in the light of a 
 medal than a coin* 
 
 Silver Penny of ASlfred the Great. 
 
 Edward the elder (901 to 925) succeeded hi3 father, 
 jElfred. His coins are very numerous, exhibiting above 
 eighty varieties of moneyers’ names ; both pennies and half- 
 pennies of his reign occur; the latter, however, seldom 
 weigh more than from seven to nine grains. His head 
 appears on his coin in a rude but somewhat Roman style, 
 and the reverses are very various, some with a building, of 
 too coarse execution to be interesting as a record of any 
 period of architecture, and others with a large hand ex- 
 pressed by raised outlines. Some have a hand issuing from 
 a cloud, with “ Eadweard Rex,” and a small cross in the 
 centre, or “ Eborace, cv.” (city of York). The buildings on 
 the reverses of these coins are very much in the style of 
 some that are found on late Roman coins, particularly those 
 of Constantine, thought to be English, from having p. LON. 
 on the reverse, which may perhaps he read “ Pecunia 
 Londiniensis.” 
 
 A£thelsta:n (925 to 941) succeeded his father (see Plate 
 IX). He paid considerable attention to his coinage, deter- 
 mining, among other regulations made at a grand synod, at 
 which Wulfhelme, archbishop of Canterbury, and all the wise 
 and powerful of the kingdom were assembled, that the whole 
 coinage of the realm should be alike, and therefore withdrew 
 from archbishops, or others, the privilege of having their por- 
 traits or names on the coins which they minted ; and he also 
 
 • In the possession of Mr. Garland. 
 
COINS OF THE MONARCHS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 423 
 
 established places of coinage at a number of the then principal 
 towns. The ecclesiastical and royal mints have, from this 
 period, no distinctive mark till about Edward I., when those 
 privileged to mint adopted mint marks, such as initial letters 
 or badges, by which their coins can be distinguished as late 
 as the time of Henry VIII. Atbelstan, how T ever, did not 
 interfere with the money er's name, which still continued on the 
 reverses of the coins, and from this period more frequently 
 accompanied by the name of the place of mintage, occa- 
 sionally preceded by the word “ Urbs,” instead of “ Civitas.” 
 He is generally styled Rex, sometimes Rex Saxorum, but 
 frequently Rex totius Britanniae ; showung that Egbert and 
 his descendants have not only been styled sole “ monarchs 
 of all Britain” by subsequent historians, but, that it was a 
 title of their own assumption : indeed, so great an event was 
 the consolidation of the heptarchy considered, that more 
 than one of the British monarchs had thoughts of assuming 
 the title of emperor (imperator), but abandoned the idea in 
 deference to a contrary wish of the Pope. There are found 
 on the coins of Athelstan about sixty variations of names of 
 mints, and full one hundred of monevers’ names, and the 
 reverses of some have rude buildings, like those of his father. 
 Some little confusion occurs as to some coins formerly 
 attributed to Athelstan, the (self-styled) sole monarch, which 
 Mr. Hawkins is inclined to attribute to Athelstan of the East 
 Angles. 
 
 Eadmund (941 to 946). His coins are similar in general 
 character to those of his brother Athelstan, but none have 
 been found having buildings on the reverses, like those of 
 his two predecessors. His portrait has sometimes a helmet, 
 and sometimes a crown. The place of mintage is generally 
 omitted on his coins ; some of them have been mistaken for 
 those of St. Edmund. 
 
 Eadred (946 to 955), another brother of Athelstan. The 
 types of his coins are similar to those of his immediate 
 predecessor. They have “ Eadred Rex;” and on the reverse 
 the moneyer’s name. Norwich is the only ascertained place 
 of mintage in this reign. 
 
 Eadwig (955 to 959). The son of Eadmund succeeded 
 his uncle : his portraits have the name and title with 
 “Eadwig Rex the reverses have only the moneyer’s name 
 
124 
 
 COINS OF THE MONARCHS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 and a small cross. The heads on the coinage of this reign 
 approach the style of the continental art of the period more 
 nearly than any other specimens of the series. 
 
 Eadgar (958 to 975) had been elected to, or rather had 
 usurped, during his brother’s life, a portion of the country, 
 and on his death became sole monarch ; the first Saxon king 
 who has a real claim to that title. He renewed the edict of 
 H£thelstan respecting the uniformity of the coinage, and 
 also enacted, in addition, that none should refuse it, an edict 
 rendered necessary by the clipping of the pennies, which 
 had reduced them to half their value. St. Duns tan refused 
 to celebrate mass on Whitsunday, until three money ers, who 
 had falsified the coin, had undergone their punishment — 
 loss of the right hand. The coins of Eadgar present few 
 distinctive characters from those of his predecessors, and he 
 is styled simply “ Rex” but sometimes the letters TO. BI. 
 occur, which may be “Totius Britanniae.” His coins are 
 numerous ; the money er’s name frequently occurs without 
 the place of mintage. 
 
 Edweard the Martyr (975 to 978), son of Edgar, after 
 reigning three years, was murdered at the age of 17, by 
 command of his step-mother, Elfrida. Notwithstanding his 
 early death and short reign, his coins are common, but they 
 appear somewhat ruder in execution than those of his 
 father. He is styled “Rex Anglorum,” the title being 
 more or less abbreviated on the coins. 
 
 iExHELRED, the son of Elfrida (978 to 1016). This weak 
 prince succeeded to the throne at the early age of 10, and 
 the improvement in the coinage must probably be attributed 
 to Dunstan, who, tired of the political intrigues wdiich had 
 occupied too much of his earlier career, devoted himself in 
 his declining years to those arts in which he is known to 
 have been a great proficient. On the coins of this reign 
 the king is represented in a sort of mailed armour peculiar 
 to the period, and wearing a crowned helmet, partially 
 of mail, but protected by a longitudinal ornamented bar ; 
 the whole sufficiently well executed to form an interesting 
 record of the arms of the period. The reverse is one of 
 the first examples of the voided cross, which, with the addition 
 of the martlet in the angles, formed subsequently the device 
 of some of the coins of Edward the Confessor, and con- 
 
COINS OF THE MONAECHS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 425 
 
 sidered b) r some to be his armorial bearings. A sceptre also 
 appears for the first time, on some of the coins of Ethelred, 
 in front of the profile, which in subsequent reigns became 
 general. There is much controversy respecting some coins 
 bearing this king’s name, which have a strong resemblance 
 to some early Irish coins, and they are consequently supposed 
 to have been coined by .Ethelred, but in Dublin, his father 
 having possessed himself of a large portion of Ireland. 
 
 Edmund Ironside, the son of ^Ethelred (1016 to 1017). 
 On the death of his father this prince found the kingdom in 
 the greatest confusion from the contest with the Danes, who 
 had landed in 1013, under Sweyn, and whose son, the 
 youthful Cnut, now disputed the kingdom with the successor 
 of .Ethelred. It was eventually agreed to divide it ; but 
 Edmund dying in 1017, Cnut became sole monarch. Of 
 Edmund Ironside no coins have been discovered. 
 
 Cnut (1017 to 1035). His coins are very numerous, 
 above 340 variations of money ers’ names being known, and 
 they beat the names of more places of mintage than the 
 coins of any other reign. They resemble, in execution, those 
 of .Ethelred, and some are supposed to commemorate the 
 peace established with Edmund Ironside in 1016 having the 
 word “ Pacx ” (peace) in the angles of a voided cross on the 
 reverse. Coins have been found, but they are very rare, 
 on which Cnut is described as “ Rex Danorum,” but they 
 were of course coined in Denmark. There are coins of his, 
 also, which have the name of Dublin on the reverse ; wdiich 
 proves that he also held in subjection a portion of Ireland. 
 
 Harold 1. (1035 to 1040). His coins resemble closely 
 those of his father, and those of .Ethelred. They have his 
 portrait in a sort of mail armour, wdth a sceptre, and 
 “ Harold Rex the reverse being the voided cross, &c. 
 
 Harthacnut (1040 to 1042) was elected king of England 
 on the death of his brother. English and Danish coins 
 (both rare) of this king are found, and it is difficult to 
 separate them, as there wns a place of mintage in Denmark, 
 the name of which cannot be distinguished from London. 
 The reverse has sometimes a cross formed of four ovals, 
 similar to crosses on some of the coins of his father. He is 
 merely styled “ Rex,” without any reference to Denmark or 
 England. 
 
426 
 
 COINS OE THE MONARCHS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Edward the Confessor (1042 to 1066). On the death of 
 Harthacnut, who perished from excess of gluttonp; thoroughly 
 detested for his cruelty by the whole nation, the Saxon line 
 was restored ; and the throne reverted to Eadward, the 
 surviving son of iEthelred. His coins are very various ; on 
 some of them the head is bearded, possibly as intimating his 
 coming to the throne at a late period of life — a somewhat 
 unusual circumstance in those times, or possibly from his 
 wearing a beard, in fulfilment of some vow or penance 
 connected with his well-known devotional character, to which 
 he owed the cognomen of “ Confessor.” His pennies vary 
 exceedingly in size, from half an inch to an inch, but appear 
 to have been all of the same nominal value, every intermediate 
 gradation occurring without any regularity.* It appears that 
 halfpence and farthings were formed at this time by cutting 
 the pennies into two or four, as parcels of coins have been 
 found so cut, which had evidently never been in circulation, 
 seeming to prove that they were so issued from the Mint. 
 The coins of this king exhibit, for the first time on the 
 Anglo-Saxon coinage, a full figure of the sovereign, seated 
 on a throne, holding the orb and sceptre ; this device is 
 surrounded with EADPRD. REX ANGLO , for “ Eadward Hex 
 Anglorum,” the Saxon p being used for W in Edward. The 
 reverse bears the voided cross with martlets in the angels, 
 called the Confessor’s arms. On coins with more usual 
 style of portrait the head is generally bearded, with a 
 helmet ; and on these there is a voided cross, and the place 
 of mintage, on the reverse. In a communication, by Sir II. 
 Ellis, to the Numismatic Society, a halfpenny also of his 
 reign is mentioned. Edward is supposed to have first 
 introduced from Normandy, where he had long resided in 
 exile, the oppressive custom of frequent re-coinages, each 
 alteration causing a great loss to the nation and great gain 
 to the prince ; a practice abundantly abused by the first 
 sovereigns after the Norman Conquest. 
 
 There is a gold coin of this period termed a gold penny, 
 now in the cabinet of Mr. Spurrier, which is considered 
 genuine ; and which may prove that, although silver pennies 
 formed the bulk of the coins, yet a few gold coins were 
 
 * Hawkins. 
 
COINS OF THE MONARCHS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 427 
 
 possibly issued, and if so, they are the last gold issued in 
 Western Europe, till the reign of Henry III. 
 
 Harold II. (1066). A son of the powerful Earl Godwin, 
 whose daughter the late king had married, now usurped the 
 throne. His father had married a daughter of Cnut, so that 
 he had some pretension to the crown through the Danish 
 line, and, overlooking the claim of the infant Edgar Atheling, 
 he assumed the title of king. His reign terminated nine 
 months after his accession, in the battle-field of Hastings ; 
 hut though he reigned only nine months, there are coins that 
 may undoubtedly be ascribed to him, as they have been 
 discovered in parcels which contained no others except those 
 of William the Conqueror and Edward the Confessor ; 
 otherwise they might have been attributed to Harold I. 
 They exhibit the profile of the king, with a double-arched 
 crown (like that on some of the coins of his predecessors), 
 and a sceptre. The reverses have the word “ Pax,” the 
 meaning of which is thus explained by Ruding, (quoting 
 North, who states that the same word occurs on a coin of 
 Edward the Confessor, struck, he thinks, in commemoration 
 of a peace, or compact, made with Earl Godwin (Harold’s 
 father), by which that family was to succeed to the throne — 
 the word was also adopted, in rivalry, by William of Normandy, 
 in token of his own alleged compact with Edward, for his 
 succession to the throne. It was continued by Rufus, 
 probably with the same feeling. The portrait of Harold is 
 represented bearded, like that of Edward the Confessor ; 
 imitated, possibly, to convey an idea of his being the adopted 
 successor, as beards were not worn generally at the period, 
 but merely a moustache on the upper lip, which the imme- 
 diately succeeding Norman coins represent very clearly. 
 The coins of Harold close the Anglo-Saxon series. 
 
428 
 
 COINS OF THE ANGLO-NORMAN KINGS. 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 COINS OF THE ANGLO-NORMAN KINGS. 
 
 (See Plate IX.) 
 
 The great political changes following the Norman conquest 
 might be expected greatly to affect the coinage in some 
 way — probably by the introduction of gold coins, as used, 
 though sparingly, by continental nations. But such was 
 not the case. In Anglo-Saxon times the gold bezants 
 (j Byzantiums) of Constantinople circulated in the country, 
 but no attempt had been made to supplant them by a 
 national coin, unless in a few isolated and unimportant 
 experiments, as referred to in the reign of Edward the 
 Confessor. The only changes now made were those affecting 
 imaginary coins {money of account') or rather, denominate 
 for certain sums, of which no positive coin existed: such uo 
 the mark, &c., &c., and the mancus, which was also a nominal 
 sum rather than coin, though we have seen that the Arabic 
 mancus was positively imitated by Offa, but the imitation 
 soon disappeared, leaving merely its name and value, as a 
 means of defining larger sums than it was convenient to 
 estimate by the small silver coin of the land. The mancus 
 expressed a value equal to thirty pennies, or six shillings of 
 five pence each ; the then value of the shilling. 
 
 The shilling — the Saxon scil, or scilling — was equally an 
 imaginary coin. By this term, the Saxons at one time 
 intended five pennies, and at another four. William I. 
 settled the Saxon shilling at four pennies, but also esta- 
 blished the Norman shilling at twelve pennies, the value 
 which eventually prevailed; yet no positive coin of that 
 denomination and value appeared till the reign of Henry 
 VII. The term shilling has been favoured with many 
 derivations ; some trace it to the Latin sicilicus, which 
 signified a quarter of an ounce ; others to a Saxon word 
 meaning a scale, or measure. 
 
 The mark was a Danish term of computation, introduced 
 
COINS OF THE ANGLO-NORMAN KINGS. 
 
 429 
 
 about the time of Alfred ; it was then valued at 100 pennies, 
 but, on the coming of the Normans, when their shilling of 
 twelve pennies was introduced, the mark was valued at 
 160 pennies. 
 
 The pound was also what might be termed an imaginary 
 coin, but referred principally to weight. The pounds were 
 of gold or silver, each meaning a nominal value in money 
 according to the current coin that could be made of the 
 pound weight of either metal. 
 
 These imaginary coins are termed “ moneys of account,” 
 and it was possibly to represent such imaginary sums, when 
 larger than easily represented by current coin, that the 
 Chinese invented their paper-money, alluded to by Mande- 
 ville in his travels in the 14th century. Sterling is another 
 term early connected with our coinage, which soon became a 
 name by winch to distinguish English money on the continent. 
 Walter de Pinchbeck, a monk of St. Edmondbury, in the 
 time of Edward I., derives it from Easterling, a name given 
 to persons who periodically examined the mint and regu- 
 lated the coinage — possibly at Easter; so that the term 
 means money true according to the last examination: as, 
 one hundred pennies, or pounds, Easterling, or sterling. 
 
 With this short introduction, we may proceed to examine 
 the actual coins of William the Conqueror and his imme- 
 diate successors, wffiich, how r ever, like those of their Saxon 
 predecessors, consist entirely of silver pennies ; for, with 
 the Saxon era, copper entirely disappears for a long period. 
 
 William I. (1066 to 1087). There is much difficulty in 
 assigning the coins (all silver pennies) of the first two 
 Williams to their respective issuers; and as there is a great 
 variety of types of each, it would be impossible, in the com- 
 pass of this work, to point out all the different characteristics, 
 with the various reasons for attributing them to the one or 
 the other William. Earthings and half pennies, as under 
 Edward the Confessor, were formed by cutting the pennies 
 in two or four, on the pennies of William I. Willem Rex 
 is spelt “ Pillem Rex,” with the Saxon P instead of W, and 
 the portrait is generally a profile, wearing a helmet, the nose 
 sharp, and a moustache on the upper lip (Plate IX.). 
 
 William Rufus (1087 to 1100). The portraits on hia 
 coins have generally a full face, crowmed, with PILLEM REX, 
 
430 
 
 COINS Or THE ANGLO-NORMAN KINGS. 
 
 as in the coins of his predecessor. The number of coins of 
 these kings discovered together at Bearworth, in Hampshire, 
 in 1833, exceeded 12,000 ; so that one or two of their types 
 which before that time were rare, have become amongst the 
 most common of our early coins. 
 
 Henry I. (1100 to li35). It is on record that this 
 king enacted especial regulations with regard to the 
 coinage, but of what precise nature, numismatists are 
 not agreed. He, however, abolished the oppressive tax 
 called moneyage, alluded to at the close of the Saxon coinage ; 
 and to prevent falsification of money, grown excessive, 
 enacted that, in addition to the loss of the right hand, the 
 guilty party should suffer also loss of sight, and even 
 further mutilations. It seems pretty clear, however, from the 
 evidence of the coins themselves, that, although surnamed 
 Beauclerk, from his learning and accomplishments, he did 
 not interest himself greatly in the art bestowed upon his 
 moneys, for they are, if anything, rather more rude than 
 those of his immediate predecessors. Some little disagreement 
 exists as to the distinction between the coins of different 
 Henry s ; but, as connected with the present king, that 
 difficulty can only exist with reference to those of his reign 
 and those of Henry II. and Henry III. ; and in most cases 
 this difficulty does not appear very great, for the general 
 features of the coins of Henry I. place them at once nearest 
 to those of the two Williams. Another distinction appears 
 to be, that the crown ornamented with the fleur-de-lis was 
 not generally adopted till the reign of Stephen, and even then 
 not perfectly defined ; but in the next reign (Henry II.) it 
 became much better developed, and in Henry III. nearly 
 perfect; whilst on the coins of his son it assumed that 
 complete and decisive design, which continued on all the 
 silver coins through a long succession of reigns, even to 
 Henry VII. If I am right in this conjecture, some coins 
 may be removed from Henry I. to Henry II. Some have 
 the inscription HNRE REX I. ; others have the name Henri, 
 and some Henricus, but these latter are rare. The portrait 
 is generally a front face, with a moustache. 
 
 Stephen (1135 to 1154). It has been said that Stephen, 
 and especially some of his barons (who during the civil wars 
 of his reign assumed the privilege of coining money) 
 
COINS OF THE ANGLO-NORMAN ZINGS. 
 
 431 
 
 debased the coin to a very great extent ; but these charges 
 are not borne out by existing coins, either against the king 
 himself, or his barons, of whose coins any specimens exist. 
 
 One of the most common of his coins shows the flower- 
 de-luced crown before spoken of, and has a flag instead of 
 sceptre, and, for legend, “StifneRex,” which is, however, very 
 variously spelt on different coins. A remarkable coin of his, 
 struck at Derby, has “ Stephanus Rex.” . The head is pecu- 
 liarly barbarous ; but on the reverse, the device (called the 
 arms of the Confessor) is pretty well executed. Some have 
 the name spelt “ Steine.” Of the money struck by influen- 
 tial persons, who during his reign assumed the privilege of 
 coining money bearing their own effigy, the best known is 
 that of Henry, Bishop of Winchester, the king’s brother ; 
 it shows the bishop’s head crowned, and accompanied by a 
 crozier, with the legend “ Henricus Epc.” Another specimen 
 is one supposed to be a coin of Robert of Gloucester, the 
 illegitimate son of Henry I. It is the earliest example of 
 an English coin with a figure on horseback, which is rather 
 expressively though quaintly executed ; it has the legend 
 “Robertus . . St.t.” The reverse much resembles those on the 
 coins of the king, and is curious on account of the ornament 
 between the letters of the legend. Another coin of this class is 
 one of Eustace, the son of Stephen, coined by him at York. It 
 has a figure in a sort of mail armour, holding a sword, with a 
 conical helmet, with the nose-piece. The legend is simply 
 “Eustacius.” The reverse has the place of mintage — 
 Eboraci (York), &c. Another coin of Eustace has what 
 has been termed a “lion passant” to the right, which, if 
 it be so, is very interesting, as an extremely early example 
 of a true heraldic device on a coin of the English series — the 
 earliest positive examples being, I believe, a i florin of 
 gold of Edward III., which has a helmet, surmounted by a 
 lion passant, guardant, and the subsequent noble of the same 
 reign, with the royal arms complete. Another interesting 
 coin of the reign of Stephen is one with two full figures, 
 formerly supposed to be Stephen and Henry, and struck 
 in commemoration of the treaty of peace concluded between 
 them in 1153 ; but Mr. Hawkins considers the figures to be 
 Stephen and Matilda his queen, struck when she commanded 
 the army by which his liberation was effected. These two 
 
432 
 
 COINS OF THE ANGLO-NORMAN KINGS. 
 
 figures, though rude, are yet interesting relics of such art as 
 was bestowed upon the coinage of the period. 
 
 Henry II., (1154 to 1189), on ascending the throne 
 after the death of Stephen, found himself perhaps the most 
 powerful monarch of Europe. He had previously inherited 
 from his father, Touraine and Anjou ; from his mother, 
 Normandy and Maine. With his wife he received the great 
 duchy of Aquitaine, comprising a large portion of the 
 south of Erance. So that the extent of his territories in 
 Europe, without conquest or aggression, was greater than 
 that of any succeeding English monarch, with the exception 
 of the Henrys V. and VI., during the short and illusory 
 possession of the Erench monarchy. His first coins were very 
 badly executed, as appears by those found at Royston, 
 in 1721, and a large parcel (5700) found at Tealby, Lincoln, 
 in 1807, which were as fresh as if just issued from the Mine. 
 But in a subsequent coinage he procured a foreign artist, 
 Philip Aymary, of Tours, and the execution, though still 
 not good, was much better than the first coinage. The head 
 has a full face, and the crown presents the fleur-de-lis pattern 
 pretty perfectly defined. The first coinage has “ Henri Bex 
 Angl.,” the “Bex. Angl.” variously abbreviated ; the type of 
 the reverse is an ornamental cross, with crosses in the angles. 
 The second coinage has the legend “ Henricus Bex.” Coins 
 of this reign have been discovered bearing the moneyer’s 
 names, Achetil and Lantier, — names which occur in the 
 record called the “ Chancellor’s roll,” of the 11th Henry II., 
 as money ers at Wilton ; which decides positively these coins 
 to be of this reign, and not of Henrys I. and III., and 
 proves Buding and Combe to have been right in their appro- 
 priation of the coins of those reigns. 
 
 Bichard I. (1189 to 1199) and John (1199 to 1216). 
 Bichard I., during a reign of ten years, only passed four 
 months in England, and those employed in oppression and 
 extortion ; whilst his rival, Philip Augustus of Erance, 
 whose fame has been unfairly eclipsed by the barbaric 
 valour of Bichard, was busily employed in reforming the 
 Erench coinage, which in his reign moved a good two 
 centuries in advance of that of England. There are no 
 English coins of the reign of Richard in existence, and 
 possibly none were struck ; but some of his continental 
 
COINS OF THE ANGLO-NORMAN KINGS. 
 
 433 
 
 pieces, describing him as Duke of Aquitaine, bear also his 
 title of King of England. Of the disgraceful reign of John 
 we have some coins struck in Ireland, but no English ones, 
 though records exist proving that coinages took place in his 
 reign. He had, in his father’s life, received the title of 
 Lord of Ireland, and probably struck coins there under that 
 authority. 
 
 Henry III. (1216 to 1272). His silver pennies have the 
 king’s head, with front face, and “ Henricus Terci,” or III., 
 which fully distinguishes them from Henry II. The flower-de- 
 luced crown, too, has become more perfect, and only requires 
 to be thrown into perspective, by lowering the flowers at 
 the sides, and causing their exterior limbs to disappear, to 
 make it, in all respects, like the fully developed crown of 
 this style, of the next reign. The king’s head is a front 
 face, bearded, with the crown, and also exhibits, for the first 
 time, the waving hair which afterwards became general. 
 The reverse has a cross botone (that is to say, -with double 
 limbs, each terminating in a pellet), and the old ornament 
 of the three pellets renewed in the angles ; a reverse which, 
 with the exception of the cross being made simple, now 
 became the type of all the silver money up to the reign of 
 Henry VII., and did not finally disappear till the end of 
 James I., 400 years after its adoption by Henry III. Nearly 
 all the coins of the reigns recently described have still the 
 money er’s name and place of mintage on the reverse. Euding 
 supposes that this prince issued a coinage of halfpennies and 
 farthings, which were afterwards recalled. 
 
 Henry III. also issued a gold coinage, called gold pennies, 
 which, however, circulated but a short time. They are of 
 very superior style to the silver coins, and represent the 
 king sitting on a throne, ornamented with mosaic work. 
 
 Ending describes the gold issue of Henry III. as one 
 called gold pennies, weighing two sterlings, and being 
 coined for twenty pennies of silver ; but that the gold penny 
 afterwards passed for twenty-four of silver, or two shillings 
 of twelve pence. He says, this piece, properly a royal, was 
 the first of the sort coined in Europe ; but he must have 
 overlooked the celebrated gold coinage of the Florentines, 
 which, though bearing a different name, was a coin of the 
 same class. 
 
 F F 
 
434 
 
 COINS OF THE KINGS OE ENGLAND. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 COINS OF THE KINGS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 PROM EDWARD THE FIRST TO RICHARD THE THIRD. 
 
 EDWARD I.. 1272 to 1307. 
 
 (See Plate ix.) 
 
 The coins of Edward I. exhibit the head of the king, 
 designed, for the first time, in a style and manner (slightly 
 indicated in the previous reign) that was to continue without 
 alteration for eight successive reigns, including the com- 
 mencement of Henry VII. ; no difference being made in the 
 face with any view to the individual likeness of the respective 
 sovereigns : it was, in fact, a merely conventional king’s head. 
 The reverse adopted at the same time, with the simple cross, 
 continued, for the same period as the head, to be the only 
 device on our silver coins, and remained in use on some of 
 them even until the comparatively recent reign of James I. 
 
 The similarity above alluded to has been the cause of 
 much difficulty in assigning the proper coins to kings of the 
 same name, especially the Edwards I., II., III., as their 
 coins have no numerals after the name. Numismatists 
 have, nevertheless, suggested many ingenious methods of 
 effecting the separation. 
 
 One test is afforded by the coins struck at Durham by the 
 bishops, whose personal mint-marks distinguish the coins 
 of each. Bishop Beck’s coins (during the last twenty-four 
 years of Edward I. and the first three of Edward II.) have 
 a small cross moline for mint-mark; therefore his early 
 coins, if they can be ascertained, are undoubtably of the 
 reign of Edward I. Bishop Kellow held the see from 1313 
 fco 1316, in the reign of Edward II., and therefore all 
 having his mint-mark — a small cross, with one limb bent in 
 the form of a crosier, — are undoubtedly of the reign of 
 Edward II. Bishop Beaumont held the see during the last 
 two years of Edward II. and the first three of Edw'ard III., 
 and his coins are marked with a lion rampant. 
 
 By comparing the coins of these prelates with other coins 
 
COINS OF THE KINGS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 435 
 
 of the realm, which were precisely similar, with the exception 
 of the mint-mark, an approximation to a proper separation 
 of the coin of these three reigns may be arrived at ; and 
 this examination has suggested as a general, though not an 
 unvarying rule, that the coins upon which the name is 
 expressed by EDW. belong to Edward I. ; that those with 
 ED WARD VS at full belong to Edward III., and all 
 intermediate modes to Edward II.* 
 
 It is generally supposed that Edward I. coined the first 
 groats, or fourpenny pieces ; if so, very few were put in 
 circulation, and the specimens known are probably merely 
 patterns, and not current pieces, as all that are known vary 
 so considerably in weight (from 80 to 138 grains) as to 
 preclude the possibility of their having been current coins. 
 They have the king’s front face, or rather the front face of a 
 king, crowned with the perfect form of the flower-de-luced 
 or crown, crown fleurie, and the draperies at the neck fastened 
 with a rosette. The whole bust is enclosed in a quatre-foil 
 compartment, surrounded by the legend, “ Edwardus di gra 
 Rex. Angl. ;” the reverse has an ornamented cross ( fleuri ) 
 with the three pellets in the angles, extending to the edge 
 of the coin. Immediately round the pellets are the words, 
 “ Londonia civi and the exterior legend is « DNS HIBNIE. 
 DVX. AQVI.” (Lord of Ireland and Duke of Aquitaine). 
 Some authors have ascribed these groats to Edward III., 
 when the first extensive issue of them took place, and the 
 name at full length seems somewhat to justify this view; 
 but the drapery about the neck appears to distinguish them 
 from the last named groats, as the neck is invariably bare 
 on those coins of Edward III., which seems to favour the first 
 hypothesis. 
 
 The pennies of this reign have the head without the 
 quatre-foil ornament, and the legend, “Edw. R.” or “Rex 
 Angl. Dns. Hyb. ;” the reverse of the specimen has the 
 cross and pellets, with “ Civitas London.,” some have 
 “ Villa,” as villa Berewici (Berwick). 
 
 Some of the pennies of this reign show the head in a 
 triangle, like the Irish coins of John. Halfpennies and 
 farthings are, for the first time, found pretty plentifully in this 
 
 * See Hawking’ Silver Coins, 
 
 FT 2 
 
436 COINS OF THE KINGS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 reign. The farthing was the same as the penny, with the 
 exception of the omission of the circle of beading round the 
 head. Up to this period it is supposed, as before mentioned, 
 that halfpennies and farthings were formed by cutting the 
 pennies into two or four, an operation performed at the 
 Mint, coins having been found in quantities so cut, that had 
 evidently been circulated. 
 
 EDWAED ii., 1307 to 1327. 
 
 The coinage remained of the same weight and standard as 
 in the previous reign. There is no record of the coinage of 
 groats, but the penny has the same types as those of the 
 preceding reign, and has for legend EDWAR. R. ANG. DNS. 
 HYB., and on the reverse “ Civitas London.” 
 
 EDWAED III., 1327 to 1377. 
 
 (See Plate ix.) 
 
 The silver coinage of this reign consists of groats and half 
 groats, pennies, half-pennies, and farthings. It will be seen 
 that the title of King of France is assumed on groats of this 
 king, and this, with other peculiarities, go to prove that the 
 groat previously mentioned must either have been an essay 
 or pattern made very early in the reign before the assump- 
 tion of that title, or, which is most probable, that it really 
 belongs to the reign of his grandfather. The groat of this 
 reign begins to exhibit, permanently, those characters of the 
 art of the period which had been fir^t shown in the supposed 
 groat of Edward I. ; but in this and in the succeeding reigns 
 the head is enclosed in a compartment formed by a tressure 
 of nine small arches instead of four, terminating at their 
 junction in a trefoil exactly in the same feeling of ornament 
 as much of the decorative portion of the architecture of the 
 same period. It is an ornament, however, though new 
 to the English coinage, that had previously appeared on that 
 of France. The words “Dei Gratia” were adopted for the 
 first time on English coins in this reign ; first on the gold 
 coin, and afterwards on the groats, though it had appeared 
 
COINS OF THE KINGS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 437 
 
 oil the great seal since William I., and on the coins of 
 Trance, with more or less variation, since the time of 
 Charlemagne, who seems to have adopted “ Christianity” as 
 his watchword. For on the reverse of his coins the words 
 “ Christiana religio ,” appear, and on others he was styled 
 “ Karolus Augustus a Deo coronatus ,” &c. Some of his 
 successors adopted “ Misericordia Dei,” &c. ; but “ Dei 
 Gratia” became general on the Trench coins long before it 
 was introduced into England. 
 
 Groats. — The legend on the groat of Edward III. stands 
 “Edward D. G. Eex Angl. z. France. D. Hyb. ;” the title 
 of King of France having been assumed in 1339. The 
 reverse of this groat of Edward III. has the plain cross 
 extending to the edge of the coin, w r ith the three pellets in 
 the angles, and exhibiting, for the first time, the motto 
 “ posui Deum ajutorem meum,” slightly abbreviated; in 
 an inner circle is “London civitas.” The half groat 
 is the same, with the omission of France in the legend 
 of the obverse. The coinages of some towns have their 
 mint-mark in one angle of the cross, instead of the three 
 pellets. 
 
 Pennies. — The weight of the silver coinage was 
 seriously reduced in this reign ; first, from the previous 
 general average of about 22, or 22} grains, to 20i, then to 
 20, and eventually to 18. The motto is generally “ Edwardus 
 Eex Angli,” and the reverse, “ Civitas Eboraci” (York) ; 
 the halfpence and farthings are similar to the pennies, but 
 having the legends shortened to suit the space ; some have 
 only “ Edwardus Eex.” 
 
 The gold coinage. — The great feature in the coinage of this 
 reign is the noble gold issue, said by English writers to be 
 superior to any of the contemporary gold coins of Europe. 
 It may be considered our first gold coinage, as the attempt 
 in the reign of Henry III. was too partial to take the first 
 rank away from the extensive and beautiful issue now effected. 
 It was first determined, after much deliberation, that three 
 monies of gold were to be made, to be current as 6s., 3s., and 
 Is. 6d. The first was to have two leopards,* the second a 
 
 * These leopards were lions, but so termed in continental heraldry. See 
 Ruding, Yol. ii. p. 163 ; 
 
138 
 
 COINS OF THE KINGS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 snantle, with the arms of England and France, and the small 
 one a helmet, &c.; being called florins, half florins, and quarter 
 florins, a name derived from an early gold coin of Florence , 
 which had been copied, and its name adopted, in several 
 countries of Europe, thus bequeathing the name of its parent 
 city to the gold coins of other states, the name being still 
 continued long after its original value and devices had 
 disappeared. Indeed, though Edward III. adopted the 
 name,* the devices and value were original and national. 
 It was afterwards found that this first gold coinage was 
 rated too high, and it was therefore soon recalled ; specimens 
 are consequently very rare. 
 
 Another gold coinage was then determined upon (the 
 famous one of the Nobles), and the coins then produced were 
 not named after a place of mintage, like most of the gold coins 
 of other nations, but, it is supposed by an old writer, after the 
 noble metal of which they w'ere composed ; or from their supe- 
 rior execution, weight, and purity ; being said to be superior 
 to any gold coins of the period in Europe ; but this remark 
 must only apply to their weight and purity, and not their 
 workmanship. The pieces were called nobles, half nobles, and 
 quarter nobles ; the nobles passing as 6s. 8c?. It appears 
 singular that they did not derive their popular name from 
 ihe ship forming a part of their device, then not in use on any 
 other European coins. Some imagine that this type must, 
 from its singularity, have been adopted in commemoration of 
 the great naval victory of Midsummer eve (1340), when two 
 French admirals and 30,000 men were slain, and 230 of their 
 large ships taken, with small loss on the part of the English. 
 But the ship i3 the well-known Roman symbol of “ the 
 State and it seems possible that the king at the helm of 
 the State may have been intended in this striking device — 
 for striking it is, both in design and execution, and is the 
 first example of anything like the best contemporaneous art 
 being applied to the English coinage. There are other 
 conjectures respecting this device too numerous to describe ; 
 one, however, as a very ancient one, may be mentioned, 
 though evidently incorrect. Edward claimed sovereignty of 
 
 * Edward II. had previously coined forty-three out of the silver before 
 used for forty. 
 
C0IN3 OF THE KINGS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 439 
 
 the seas in 1359, fifteen years subsequent to the issue of 
 these coins, and yet the old poet sings :* — 
 
 But king Edward made a siege royall, 
 
 And wonne the town, and in speciall 
 The sea was kept, and thereof he was lord ; 
 
 Thus made he nobles coins of record. 
 
 The legend is, “Edward Dei Gra. Kex Anglo, et Franc. D. 
 Hyb. the reverse a rich cross fleurie,t with lions under 
 crowns in the angles ; and the legend, “ lhc autem transiens 
 p. medium illorum iba.” (Jesus autem transiens per medium 
 illorum ibat). These words J had been used as a talisman 
 of preservation in battle, and also as a spell against thieves, 
 says the learned editor of the Canterbury Tales ; “ it was 
 the most serviceable, if not the most elegant inscription that 
 could be put upon gold coins.” There are varieties of the 
 noble, having the title of Duke of Aquitaine, after Ireland, 
 and others with a flag at the stern of the ship, bearing St. 
 George’s cross ; others, struck at the treaty of Bretigny, in 
 1360, when Edward renounced his claim to France, omitting 
 “ France” in the titles. 
 
 The half nobles have the king, ship, &c. like the nobles ; 
 but the reverse in some has the motto, “Domine ne in 
 furore tuo arguas me;” on one of which, in the British 
 Museum, the sense of the motto from the sixth Psalm is 
 entirely changed by the accidental omission of the word 
 “ ne ;” reading “ Domine in furore tuo arguas me.” Others 
 have “ Exaltabitur in gloria.” § 
 
 The first grand coinage of nobles proved so valuable, that 
 they were secretly exported for profit, and a lighter coinage 
 was made, causing, however, some unreasonable discontent. 
 The Commons afterwards petitioned for gold coins of the 
 value of 10 or 12 pennies, but there is no record of such 
 an issue. 
 
 * Selden, reign of Henry VI. 
 
 + Copied from the “ ecus d’or,” or “ royal ” of his rival, Philip of Valois, 
 whose several gold coins were finely executed, especially the florin George, 
 where the figure is much finer than even that on the George Noble of Henry 
 VIII., executed nearly 200 years later. J Luke, ch. iv. ver. 30. 
 
 § Which some have supposed to be an allusion to his claim to the crown o f 
 France. 
 
440 
 
 COINS OF THE KINGS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 To Edward the Black Prince his father granted the prin- 
 cipality of Aquitaine and Gascony, to hold during his life, 
 and that prince coined money there, which, however, does 
 not strictly belong to the English coinage, but is classed as 
 Anglo-Gallic money : one of the coins, the device of which 
 is the prince on a throne, is interesting, on account of the 
 detached feathers on the field, so placed in commemoration 
 of his having deplumed the helmet of the King of Bohemia. 
 The Anglo- Gallic coins from this period to the reign of 
 Henry VI. form a very interesting series in themselves, and 
 are better executed than the coins minted in England during 
 the same period. 
 
 BICHABD ii., 1377 to 1399. 
 
 The silver coins of Bichard (groats, half-groats, pennies, 
 halfpence, and farthings) are precisely similar to those of 
 his grandfather, Edward III. : the motto is “ Bicard. Di. 
 Gra. Bex Angl. z. Francia.” The reverse has the same 
 legend as the preceding reign. His gold coins are also 
 precisely similar to those of his predecessor. 
 
 HENBY IV., 1399 to 1413. 
 
 The coins of the four Henries, who now succeeded each 
 other, are very difficult to distinguish. These princes 
 issued coins of precisely the same type, without any numerals 
 after the name, till Henry VII., in the eighteenth year 
 of his reign, added the “ VII.” in the legend. There 
 is, however, a tolerably secure guide for determining the 
 pennies of Henry IY. In the early part of his reign they 
 were of the weight of those of his two predecessors ; namely, 
 18 grs. ; but in the thirteenth year of his reign they were 
 reduced to 15, and the other silver coins in proportion : any 
 penny of 18 grains, therefore, of the proper type, is pretty 
 certainly of Henry IY. The groats may also be tested by a 
 proportionate rule. Halfpence and farthings were also 
 coined in this reign ; but as their weight was never very 
 carefully adjusted, it is difficult to separate those belonging 
 to the first thirteen years of this king. On specimens of 
 
COINS OF THE KINGS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 441 
 
 hi 3 heavy money the legend is, “ Henric Di. G-ra. Bex Ang 
 D. H.” — the reverse remains as preceding reign. Hiv' 
 gold coins are nobles, half nobles, and quarter nobles, which 
 do not differ from those of his predecessors, but may be 
 distinguished from those of his successors, by the arms of 
 France, seme of fleurs-de-lis, instead of being charged with 
 three only, as was afterwards the custom. 
 
 HENET V., 1413 TO 1422, AND HENET VI., 1422 TO 1461. 
 
 The coins of these reigns, both of gold and silver, are 
 tolerably plentiful, but most of them must be attributed to 
 the very extensive coinage at the beginning of the reign 
 of Henry VI. It appears extraordinary that the regent 
 Bedford, whose taste for the fine aids is exhibited in the 
 magnificently illuminated books executed for him, and of 
 which several are in existence and in beautiful preservation, 
 should not have attempted some further improvement in the 
 style of the coinage. He did not, however, turn his taste 
 for the arts in that direction, but followed exactly the old 
 ■types. This appears the more extraordinary, as the coins 
 struck in France during this reign, after the king’s coronation 
 as sovereign of both countries, are quite equal to those of 
 the previous and immediately succeeding French kings ; 
 especially the “ Franc d'or” having the king on horseback, 
 beautifully executed on the obverse. The silver pieces, too, 
 struck in France, where the silver coinage had not been 
 latterly much in advance of our own, was now much 
 improved ; and on the “ grand blanc ” two shields appeared, 
 the one bearing the arms of France, the other those of 
 France and England ; being nearly a century earlier than 
 the epoch of w r hich the royal arms appeared on English 
 silver coins. 
 
 The English coins of Henry V. and VI. are quite 
 indistinguishable, notwithstanding certain very ingenious 
 suggestions for their separation. Some groats, however, 
 have a “ V” after “Bex,” which cause them to be assigned 
 to Henry V. There were half groats, pennies, halfpennies, 
 and farthings of these two reigns. The gold coins are. as 
 before, nobles, half nobles, and gold farthings (or quarter 
 
442 
 
 COINS OF THE KINGS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 nobles). They are scarcely distinguishable from those of 
 their predecessors and successors. Their Anglo- Gallic coins 
 of the respective reigns are better ascertained. Henry YI. 
 did not coin angels till during his short restoration, and they 
 were in close imitation of those of Edward IY. 
 
 In the reign of Henry VI. the restrictions on the freedom 
 of commerce, with the view of keeping the bullion in the 
 country, were rendered very stringent ; the foreign merchant 
 was compelled to reside during his stay with a person 
 appointed, who took notes of all his bargains, causing him 
 to outlay all monies received in British products, and 
 receiving by way of salary a tax of twopence in the pound 
 upon all bargains so made. 
 
 edwaed iy., 1461 to 1483. 
 
 The silver coins of this king are much like those of the 
 several preceding reigns, with the exception, in some cases, 
 of some marks or letters in the field, or on the breast of the 
 portrait. The groat has a quatre-foil on each side of the 
 neck, a crescent on the breast, and an annulet preceding, 
 and a rose terminating the legend, “ Edward Hi. G-ra. liex: 
 Angl. z. Eranc.” The reverse has, as in the previous 
 reigns, “ Posui,” &c. Edward IY. reduced the weight of 
 the penny, after his fourteenth year, to 12 grains. A great 
 variety of his coins of different mints exist, but all of one 
 type, only varying in mint-marks and names of places of 
 mintage. 
 
 On account of several changes that took place in the gold 
 coinage of this reign, it is more interesting than any since 
 Edward III. In the first gold coinage it was established 
 that the nobles should pass at 8.?. 4 d . ; by which it will be 
 easily perceived that the value of the precious metals was now 
 rapidly rising ; less gold and silver was put into coins, the 
 nominal of which remained the same ; or, as in the case 
 of the nobles above mentioned, the nominal value of the 
 coin was increased in accordance with the raised price of the 
 metal. 
 
 In another coinage a better price was given for bullion at 
 the Mint, to ensure a supply, for it had become scarce : and 
 the weak king had recourse, about 1455, to the assistance 
 
COINS OF THE KINGS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 443 
 
 of the alchymists, and announced with confidence, that he 
 soon should be able to pay his debts with gold and silver pro- 
 duced by “ the stone.” The additional price offered at the 
 Mint, however, produced gold faster than “the stone,” and 
 a new issue of nobles took place, fifty being made out of 
 the pound weight. Shortly afterw ards this proportion was 
 changed, and only forty-five were coined out of the pound, 
 but they were to pass for 10s., and to be called rials , 
 to distinguish them from the old nobles — a name borrowed 
 from the French, who had coins called rials (royals), in con- 
 sequence of their bearing the effigy of the king in his royal 
 robes. In the case of the English coins the name was less 
 applicable, as they bore the same device, or nearly so, as the 
 old nobles. 
 
 The angels and half angels of this reign were new gold coins, 
 and were called angels from their type — the archangel Michael 
 piercing a dragon with a spear. The reverse is a ship, with 
 a large cross for the mast ; the letter E on the right side, 
 and a rose on the left ; against the ship is a shield with the 
 usual arms. The motto on the reverse of the half angel 
 was, 0 crux ave spes unica. This coin was probablyintended 
 to replace the old noble, superseded by the rial. The nobles 
 and rials differ but slightly from the nobles of previous 
 reigns, with the exception of having the central portion of 
 the cross-fleurie of the reverse replaced by a sun, the badge 
 of the king. Great encroachments were perpetrated in this 
 reign against the liberty of both the foreign and British 
 merchant, principally with a view' to prevent the exportation 
 of coin. 
 
 Edwabd Y. (no coins known). 
 
 bichabd in., 1483 to 1485. 
 
 In the two years of his brief but energetic reign 
 this prince contrived to issue a considerable coinage ; but 
 his coins are, nevertheless, more or less rare. Their 
 types are precisely similar to those of his predecessors, and 
 the proportion of 12 grains to the silver penny was the 
 standard of weight. The obverse of the groat has “ Bicard. 
 Di. Gra. Bex. Angl. z. Franc.” with his crest (the boar’s 
 head) for the London mint mark. The reverse as before, 
 
444 
 
 COINS OF THE ENGLISII SOVEREIGNS. 
 
 with the motto “ Posui,” &c. He issued groats, half groats, 
 pennies, and halfpence ; no farthings have yet been found. 
 His gold coins are precisely similar to those of Edward ; it 
 is therefore unnecessary to describe them. Angelets, or 
 half angelets, have sometimes the mint mark of a boar’s head, 
 like the groat. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 COINS OF THE ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS 
 
 FROM HENRY VII. TO MARY. 
 
 Henry VII., 1485 to 1509. The groats, pennies, &c. 
 of the first portion of this reign continued the same as 
 in the previous one, and have all till recently been con- 
 founded with those of Henry VI. The sagacious ingenuity 
 of a numismatist,* by referring carefully to the episcopal 
 mint marks, has at last solved the difficulty by discover- 
 ing on a York penny, the mark of Thomas Rotherham, 
 who did not possess the see of York till 1480, while 
 Henry VI. died in 1461. The mark is T. on the one side 
 of the neck, and a key on the other. The pennies with that 
 mark are therefore indubitably those of Henry VII. The 
 reverse of the groat is exactly similar to those of the 
 previous reigns, and the weight is forty-eight grains. The 
 pennies of Henry VI. were only reduced to twelve grains 
 during the very short period of his restoration, and it is 
 very improbable that all the groats corresponding to that 
 weight should belong to that short period, and therefore 
 some coins of that weight are assigned to Henry VII. 
 
 In the second style of coinage of this reign, the design ot 
 the crown is changed from the open crown of fleur-de-lis, of 
 his own previous coins, and of those of so many of his 
 predecessors, to an arched crown, sometimes called an 
 imperial crown. It has also been stated that there is some 
 
 * Mr. Cuff. 
 
PI,. 11 
 
 C(03HS ®IF THE IHSilSB SEMIS 
 
 S.LVER PENNY OFWM.LIAM I lveb pENNV Qr c6wARD 
 
 SILVER PENNY OF/£THELSTAN 
 
 SIXPENCE OF THE 
 COMMONWEALTH 
 
 FIRST ENGLISH SHILLI NGfHENRY Vll) 
 
 GOLD NOBLE OF EDWARD 
 
 (the famous petition crown) 
 
COINS OF THE ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 
 
 445 
 
 attempt at a portrait in the full face ; but this I am not able 
 to discover. This coinage is of course easily distinguished 
 from those of the previous reigns. The motto is the usual 
 one, but the bordering tressure is enriched with small roses 
 in the angles or spandrils. The reverse is precisely as 
 before. Other groats of this kind vary in the number and 
 richness of the tressures which surround the head, and also 
 in the style of the crown, though always arched. The 
 reverses still continued to be of the old type. 
 
 The later pennies have also the arched crown, and in the 
 motto, France is omitted. The reverses of the pennies also 
 were still of the old type, or nearly so. Folkes mentions a 
 piece of this period (at Cambridge), which appears to have 
 been a trial for a twenty-penny piece. 
 
 The eighteenth year of his reign (1503) was marked by an 
 entirely new coinage, in which the silver coins for the first 
 time received some attention as to their artistic execution ; 
 a positive portrait profile being attempted, and very fairly 
 executed. The shield with the royal arms was now first 
 adopted for the reverse ; and in short, the model, of which 
 the types of the coinage of our own times have been but a 
 modification, was now' first adopted. 
 
 The most remarkable feature in the new silver coinage 
 v'as the shilling ; first coined about the eighteenth year of 
 this reign. The shilling now, for the first time, became a 
 real coin, and had at last “a local habitation” as w r ell as 
 “ name for before, as has been stated, the term shilling 
 had been one of “ money of account,” and not that of a real 
 coin. The legend of the shilling was “ Henric. VII. Di. 
 Grra. Rex. Angl. Z. Fr.,” round a well-executed portrait 
 in profile ; the reverse has the arms, &c. (See plate 9.) 
 
 Of groats, half groats, and pennies (but no halfpennies 
 or farthings), there was also an issue on this new coinage, 
 and the first instance of numerals following the name 
 occurs on these coins since Henry III., which form a 
 nearly solitary instance of its occurrence in the earlier 
 periods. Sometimes this coinage has Sept, instead of VII. 
 The half-groat exactly resembles the groats and shillings, 
 except in the absence of the numerals or “ Sept.” after the 
 name. 
 
 Some pennies have the king seated on a throne, as on the 
 
446 COINS OF THE ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 
 
 gold double rials or sovereigns, with simply “ Henric. Di. 
 Gra. Rex. the reverse having the arms, &c. The pennies 
 that appear with this device are of the ecclesiastical mints, 
 and those of Durham have the initials of Dunelmensis, 
 Sherwood, the bishop, and have the upper limb of the cross 
 turned into a crozier. 
 
 The name of the place of mintage was omitted in the 
 third coinage of this reign, in the inner circle of the reverse 
 of the shilling, groats, and half-groats, but continued as the 
 legend on the reverse of the smaller pieces. 
 
 The great feature of the gold coins of this reign is, that 
 Henry VII. first coined the double rial (or royal). Twenty- 
 two and a half such pieces to be coined out of the pound 
 weight tower. On this piece the king is represented in the 
 royal robes as on the rials of France, and it thus might 
 receive the name more legitimately than those of Edward 
 IV. ; but to distinguish it from the previous rial, it was 
 determined to call it a “ sovereign,” a term which disap- 
 peared after a few reigns, not to be again adopted till the 
 great modern coinage of 1817. The title on the obverse is, 
 “ Henricus Dei Gracia Rex Anglie et Francie, Dns Ibar.” 
 
 On the reverse of the sovereign the last trace of the old 
 cross-fleurie of the nobles of Edward III. disappears, and a 
 tressure of ten arches encloses the heraldic rose, in the 
 centre of which is placed a shield with the arms. There are 
 other varieties of this reverse, some having the shield 
 surmounted by a crown, in which case the rose occupies the 
 whole field, to the exclusion of the tressures ; in another 
 case, the rose, though larger than in our specimen, is some- 
 what less than the last mentioned, and differently arranged. 
 The half-sovereign is peculiar from having only the arms of 
 France. The obverse has the king in a ship with two flags, 
 one bearing the letter H, and the other the English dragon. 
 The obverse and reverse of the half-angel of this reign differ 
 little from those of Edward IV. 
 
 The avarice of the king caused much light money to be 
 made during his reign, and many pieces also got clipped, so 
 that there were great complaints. This business was recti- 
 fied in a rather summary manner, for it was enacted, “ that 
 no person should refuse the king’s coin, if good gold and 
 silver, on account of thinness , on pain of imprisonment oi 
 
COINS OF THE ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 
 
 447 
 
 death” By the year 1509 the king had, through this mode 
 of working the coinage, and by imposing extravagant fines 
 and other extortions, collected greater riches than had ever 
 before been possessed by an English king. The last of the 
 stringent commercial regulations referring to the bullion 
 was passed in this reign, which referred to the “royal 
 exchangers persons through whose hands all bills of 
 exchange were compelled to pass for adjustment. 
 
 henry viii., 1509 to 1547. 
 
 The silver coinage of this reign may be divided into fire 
 classes : the first exactly resembles the third coinage of his 
 father, even the head being the same ; for the numerals 
 alone were altered from YII. to VIII. The farthings of 
 this coinage are very rare. 
 
 The second coinage has a likeness of the king in profile, 
 which may easily be distinguished, as he appears both 
 younger and fatter than his father, the reverse remaining 
 the same. The half-groats are similar ; but those of York 
 have "YVolsey’s initials, and the cardinal’s hat on the reverse. 
 The pennies have the king on the throne, with the motto 
 “Rosa sine spina.” The halfpennies have still the old cross 
 and pellets, and the farthings, like those of his first coinage, 
 have the portcullis, which for the first time appears on the 
 coins in this reign. There are other varieties of the coinage 
 of this epoch, but more rare. 
 
 On the third coinage of this reign the weight of the penny 
 was reduced to 10 grains, and other silver coins in pro- 
 portion, and a great increase of alloy (2 oz. in 12) was used ; 
 but the execution of this issue was bold and striking : it 
 consisted of shillings, pence and halfpence — groats and half- 
 groats. On these coins the king is represented in front or 
 three-quarter face, an excellent likeness, especially on the 
 shillings, or testoons as they were named. The reverse of 
 these was a large rose and a crown, a very handsome device ; 
 the old motto “ Posui,” &c., being still preserved. The 
 groats and smaller pieces have the old reverses, the half- 
 pennies still preserving the ancient type of the cross and 
 pellets. 
 
448 
 
 COINS OF THE ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 
 
 The types continued the same on the fourth coinage, but 
 an infamous degree of debasement took place ;* the pennies 
 being of the same weight (10 grains), but the alloy increased 
 to the amount of half copper to half silver. The fifth coinage, 
 in the following year, was still more debased, and the motto 
 on the groats was changed to “ Eedde cuique quod suum 
 est ; ” a motto rather singularly chosen for such an 
 occasion. 
 
 On the shilling or testoon of the third coinage, with 
 the full face, the portrait appears in the ordinary dress of 
 the time, but wearing the crown, with the legend “ Henric. 
 8 D. G. Angl. Franc. Z. Hib. Rex.” The reverse is a well- 
 executed rose and crown, with H. R. crowned, and the old 
 motto “ Posui,” &c. It is supposed that the testoon was so 
 named from a French coin of similar value, t so called in 
 France ( teston ), on account of the large portrait head when 
 used for the first time. This term did not continue long 
 attached to the English coin, and the old national term, 
 shilling, soon resumed its place. The groats, and half- 
 groats were similar, but with the face not quite so full. 
 
 The initials and hat of Wolsey, placed upon his coins, 
 were mentioned among the frivolous charges brought against 
 him on his fall. The passage is cited by Lord Coke — “ Alsc 
 the said Lord Cardinal, of his further pompous and pre 
 sumptuous mind, hath enterprised to join and imprint the 
 cardinal’s hat under your arms in your coins of groats, made 
 at your City of York, which like deed hath not been seen to 
 have been done by any subject within your realm before this 
 time.” It is very true that a cardinal’s hat had not been 
 used before as a mint mark, but many other symbols both 
 of family arms and ecclesiastical title had been used before — 
 as fleurs-de-lis, and the crozier, and mitre ; by which it will 
 be seen that this charge was frivolous and ridiculous : but 
 his fall being resolved on, such charges, or less, would have 
 been all-sufficient. 
 
 * These base coins having the full face of the king, soon began to show the 
 inferior metal at the end of the nose, the most prominent part and hence the 
 soubriquet, “Old Copper Nose,” bestowed by his loyal subjects on this 
 monarch. 
 
 + Rather teston, or great head ; as salle, an apartment, is, when used to 
 express a great apartment, made salon } our saloon — hence teston and testoon. 
 
COINS OF THE ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 
 
 419 
 
 There are groats of this king struck at Tournay with 
 “ Civitas Tornaei,” which are classed with Anglo- Gallic 
 coins. On his Irish coins the initials of his queens occur in 
 succession, and the harp first appeared upon the Irish 
 coinage in this reign. 
 
 The gold coins issued by Henry VIII. display the quaint 
 characteristic feeling of the German style of art of the 
 period, which, through the works of Albert Durer, Lucas 
 von Leyden, &c., influenced the whole of northern and 
 central Europe. This peculiar style was more firmly esta- 
 blished in England by the residence of Holbein, and may be 
 especially traced in the angular folds of the king’s robes in 
 the obverse of the sovereign. The gold coinage was debased, 
 as well as the silver, to make it accord in value with the 
 certain debased coins of the continent. The first sovereigns 
 had the reverse formed of the large rose with the arms in the 
 centre, but afterwards the royal arms surmounted by the 
 crown, and supported by a lion and dragon ; the first 
 example of heraldic supporters on our coins. There were 
 half sovereigns of both sorts, and there was also the old 
 noble, now called the “rose noble,”* to distinguish it from 
 the George noble which had been newly issued. On this 
 last coin appeared St. George and the dragon for the first 
 time, but the device was not repeated in any subsequent 
 reign till adopted in that of George III. as the reverse 
 of the silver five shilling pieces and sovereigns. The angel 
 was still coined as before, but crowns and half-crowns of 
 gold were now added for the first time, one type having for 
 reverse the crown and rose, similar to the testoon or shilling, 
 the other a cross-fleurie, with a large rose in the middle : 
 both had the arms crowned for obverse. 
 
 The sovereign of this reign has the king seated on his 
 throne, with “ Henric Di. Gra. Ang. Eranc. Z. Hib. Eex. ; ” 
 the reverse having the royal arms, surmounted by the 
 crown, and supported by the lion and dragon. 
 
 The George noble has St. George on horseback, in the 
 costume of the time, about to transfix the dragon, with the 
 motto “ Tali dicatt sig. mes fluctuari neqt.” more or less 
 abbreviated, and the reverse, a ship with three crosses for 
 
 * It is singular that Folkes has no figure of this common coin. 
 
 0 <* 
 
450 
 
 COINS OF THE ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 
 
 masts, and a rose on the centre mast, with the motto 
 “ Iienricus D. G.,” &c. 
 
 The angel closely resembles those of the previous reigns ; 
 the motto on the reverse is “ Per cruce tua salva nos. X . Re 
 rede” more or less abbreviated. 
 
 Some of the gold crowns differ from the half-crown next • 
 described. 
 
 The most usual gold half-crowns have the rose and crown, 
 with IT. H. in the field, and the legend “ Henric. Dei. 
 Ora.,” &c. on the obverse ; and on the reverse “ Henric. 
 VIII. rutilans rosa sine spin.” 
 
 In this reign the pound troy superseded the pound tower in 
 the Mint, and the standard of gold was settled, which has, how- 
 ever, ever since been termed crown gold. It was in the latter 
 years of the reign more debased, but the standard which has 
 since been called crown gold, was 22 carats fine, and two 
 carats alloy. The excessive debasement of the silver coin in 
 the reign of Henry VIII. was, unintentionally, the first blow 
 struck against the oppressive regulations passed in previous 
 reigns, with a view to prevent the export of coin ; for it 
 caused foreigners to prefer merchandise or bills of exchange, 
 which thus at once rendered the whole oppressive machinery 
 useless, except the office of royal exchanger ; against whose 
 interference the elder Gresham* pleaded so wisely and so 
 boldly, that the stern Tudor listened, and refrained, and the 
 office became nearly a dead letter. 
 
 Edward vi., 1547 to 1553. 
 
 This prince was little more than nine years of age, when 
 he ascended the throne ; but in the journal which he kept, 
 in his own handwriting, and which is still preserved in the 
 British Museum, he makes several entries respecting the 
 coinage, which show that he had been taught to appreciate 
 the subject. It was determined that the base state in which 
 Henry VIII. had left the coinage should be remedied ; but 
 an honest way of going about it does not appear to have 
 occurred either to the youthful king or his ministers. The 
 first silver coinage he issued was of the same low standard as 
 
 Father of the builder of the Royal Exchange. 
 
COINS OE THE ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 
 
 451 
 
 the last of the previous reign ; viz., 4 oz. of silver to 8 oz. of 
 alloy, and the penny was only of 10 grains. 
 
 Of this issue there were also testoons, groats, half-groats, 
 pennies, halfpennies, and farthings ; but groats, half-groats, 
 and pennies, only are known. They have a w ell-executed 
 profile of the king, and the reverses being the arms traversed 
 by a cross ; the motto as before. The penny has the legend 
 “E. D. Gr. rosa sine spina” variously abbreviated. In the 
 third year of the reign there was an attempt to improve the 
 coinage byjssuing shillings of 5 to 6 oz. alloy. They have 
 the king’s profile, crowned, not very different from the pre- 
 vious groats, but in the legend they have the Roman numerals 
 VI. instead of the Arabic 6, as in the groats, and the reverse 
 has, for the first time, an oval shield without a cross, 
 decorated in a style of ornament which then began to super- 
 sede the (so called) Gothic feeling, a further modification of 
 which has since been termed “Elizabethan.” The motto was 
 “Timor Domini fons vite;”* MDXL1V round the head, 
 and the name and titles on the reverse ; but some had the 
 name and titles round the head, and “ Inimicos ejus induam 
 confusione,” (Psalm cxxxii. 19). The date being now intro- 
 duced for the first time on an English coin. 
 
 This issue seems rather to have added to the confusion. 
 Testoons were cried down to ninepence, other coins in pro- 
 portion ; robbing the public to the amount of one-fourth of 
 the original value of the silver coinage : subsequently the 
 shillings were cried down to sixpence, and eventually, in the 
 reign of Elizabeth, these base shillings were marked with a 
 particular Mint-mark (a portcullis in some cases), and 
 ordered to pass for fourpence halfpenny; so that, in the 
 end, a public fraud of three-fourths of the amount of the 
 base coinage was effected. 
 
 The confusion in the value of the precious metals at this 
 time appears to have been extreme, silver being rated at 12s. 
 the ounce, and gold at only 60s., so that gold w r as only 
 rated as five times more valuable than silver ; and in the 
 third year of the reign, gold was rated at 48s., only four 
 times the value of pure silver. There could, it would 
 appear, have been no freedom in the exchanges, or the value 
 
 * From Proverbs, xiv. verse 27. 
 
 G Q 2 
 
452 
 
 COINS OF THE ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 
 
 of gold in England must have been eleven times greater 
 than that of silver, as on the continent. Stowe tells us 
 that “this base monie caused the old sterling monies to 
 be hoarded up, so that he had himself seen 21s. given for 
 an old angel to guild withall .” * 
 
 It seems scarcely credible, that after the crying down of 
 the shillings to ninepence (and those, in fact, only worth 
 4£d.), that a still baser coinage was issued ; and to ascertain 
 with what view, let us see the king’s own journal : — “ It was 
 appointed to make 20,000 pound weight somewhat baser , to 
 get gains 15,000/. clear, by which,” &c. <fcc., the coin was to 
 be amended ! ! The silver now issued had 9 ounces of alloy 
 to 3 ounces of silver. These shillings bear the same types 
 as the preceding ones : in the reign of Elizabeth they were 
 stamped with a greyhound, and ordered to pass for 2 \d. 
 They were alluded to by Bishop Latimer, + in a remarkable 
 passage in one of his sermons : — “ W e have now a pretty little 
 shilling, a very pretty shilling,” &c., but “ the fineness of the 
 silver I cannot see, yet thereon is printed a fine sentence, 
 ‘Timor Domini fons vitae, vel sapientiae;’ ‘The fear of the 
 Lord is the fountain of life, or w isdom.’ I w^ould to Grod this 
 sentence w r as always printed in the heart of the king.” In 
 another place, speaking of the baseness of the coinage, he 
 says, applying a text of Isaiah, “ Argentum tuum versum est 
 in scoriam : thy silver is turned into — what ? into testions ? 
 — Scoriam ! into dross!” These passages both occurred in 
 sermons preached before the king. Such allusions were 
 spoken of as seditious, to which Latimer replied, in a subse- 
 quent discourse, alluding to the passage in Isaiah : — “ Thus 
 
 they burdened me ever with sedition, &c but I have 
 
 now gotten one fellow more a companion in sedition, and w ot 
 you who is my fellowe ? — Esay J the prophet.” 
 
 One of the remarkable monetary events of this reign is 
 the first issue of crowns and half-crowns of silver, very soon 
 after similar pieces first appeared on the continent. In 
 1551, crowns, half-erowms, shillings, sixpences, and three- 
 pences were issued of silver — 11 oz. 1 dw r t. fine, to 19 dwt. 
 of alloy, being only 1 dwt. worse than the ancient 
 
 * The angel ought to have been current for 6s. 8d. 
 
 + Folkcs. 1 Isaiah. 
 
COINS OF T1IE ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 453 
 
 standard ; and five shillings in silver became worth five in 
 gold. The silver, in the indentures respecting this coinage, 
 made no doubt upon correct but too tardy information upon 
 the subject, was rated at os. 5d. the oz., while gold was at 
 GOs. : showing that the proper value of gold, with reference to 
 silver, was as really 11 to 1. Notwithstanding this excellent 
 advance in the right direction, groats were afterwards issued, 
 as well as pennies and halfpennies, of base metal, by which 
 the government still sought dishonest gain. It was at this 
 time (1551) agreed, that the “ stamp on the shilling and 
 sixpence should be on one side a king, painted to the 
 shoulders in parliament robes, with the collar of the Order,” 
 &c. That on the five shillings and half five shillings, to be 
 a “king on horseback,” &c. Also that the fine monies 
 should be coined in the Tower, and in Southwark ; and 
 the smaller pieces of baser metal, at Canterbury and 
 
 The crown and half-crown of the fine coinage of 1551 
 have the king crowned, and in the armour of the period, on 
 horseback ; the horse, the housings, and the figure of the 
 king, better executed, as to correct drawing, than the 
 devices of any previous British coins. It likewise has the 
 peculiarity of the date, now newly used on the coins ; the 
 title appears, as on previous coinages, on the reverse. The 
 oval shield of the reverse of former coins of the reign is 
 abandoned, and the arms traversed by the cross, again used, 
 and the old motto, “ Posui,” &c. 
 
 The sixpence of this coinage, of which the same types 
 appeared on the shillings and threepenny pieces, have a 
 nearly full face of the king, in parliament robes, with the 
 collar of the Garter, and the numerals VI. in the field, to 
 denote its value — the shillings having XII., and the three- 
 penny pieces III. ; it being the first time that the value of 
 the coins was so marked. The reverse, bore the arms, with 
 the cross and the motto, “ Posui,” &c. 
 
 The London pennies of baser silver, coined at this time, 
 had the king on a throne, with “ E. D. G. Rosa sine Sp. ;” 
 and, on the reverse, the arms, with “ Civitas, London.” 
 The York pennies had a simple rose, with “Rosa,” &c. 
 The reverse like the London ones, but with “ Civitas 
 Eboraci.” 
 
154 
 
 COINS OF THE ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 
 
 The whole of the coins had various mint marks — the tun, 
 the rose, a swan, &c. 
 
 Of the gold coinage of this reign it may be said, that our 
 gold had never been so much debased. It was remarkable, 
 however, in the later issues, for its improvement in execution, 
 and the complete disappearance of the Gothic feeling of art. 
 The earlier issue of double sovereigns, sovereigns, and angels, 
 closely resembled the sovereigns and angels of the previous 
 reign; too closely to render minute description necessary, 
 yet distinguished easily by the name, &c. In the subse- 
 quent coinages the gold coins assumed a new, and, 
 artistically considered, superior character, if not quite so 
 picturesque. 
 
 Different standards of gold continued to be used after the 
 reform of the coinage : for instance, a pound weight of gold, 
 of 28 carats fine to 1 carat alloy, was coined into twenty-four 
 sovereigns of 30 shillings, equal to 36 sovereigns of 20 
 shillings each ; while a pound weight of gold, of 22 carats 
 fine to 2 carats alloy, was coined into 33 sovereigns of 20 
 shillings each. 
 
 A treble sovereign w^as coined also, having the king 
 enthroned (the Gothic character having quite disappeared), 
 with the usual name and title, the reverse having the arms, 
 supported by a lion and a dragon standing on a scrolled 
 ornament, in the new style, with the letters E. B., the 
 motto being still the old one of Edward III. — “ Jesus 
 autem,” &c. 
 
 There is a sovereign of a later coinage, of the pattern of 
 which, sovereigns, half-sovereigns, five-shilling pieces, and two- 
 shilling-and-sixpenny pieces were coined ; the sovereigns of 
 this coinage have supporters like the previous sovereigns ; 
 the other pieces, having the arms only, with E. B. on either 
 side. The mottos on these sovereigns and half-sovereigns are 
 “ Jesus autem,” &c. ; and on the crown, “ Scutum fidei 
 proteget eum and on the half-crown the same, abbreviated.* 
 The obverses have the three-quarter figure of the king, in 
 embossed armour ; it is of very elegant execution, and rather 
 in the Italian style of art of the period, — a feeling which is 
 confined to this reign, and does not re-appear. 
 
 The crown, having the king’s bust in armour, and bare- 
 headed, on the obverse, has on the reverse the crowned 
 
COINAGE OE ENGLAND. 
 
 455 
 
 rose. The half-crown of this type had the rose, without 
 stalk. There are also sovereigns, half-sovereigns, crowns, 
 and half-crowns with the same bust, which vary in having 
 the oval shield (like the first shillings) on the reverse. 
 There is also another series, like the last-mentioned, which 
 varies in having the head crowned, instead of bare. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 FROM MARY TO THE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 mart, 1553 to 1558. 
 
 On her accession, she declared her intention of restoring 
 the old standard in the silver coinage, namely, 11 oz., 2 dwt. 
 fine to 18 dwt. alloy ; but, instead of that, the new coinage 
 fell 1 dwt. lower than the last coinages of Edward VI. On 
 her first coins she is represented in profile, and crowned, 
 and styled “ Maria D. Gr. Ang. Era. Z Hib. Regi ; ” and the 
 motto of the reverse is frequently “Veritas Temporis filia” 
 — “ Truth is the daughter of Time ” — suggested, possibly, by 
 the Romish priesthood, in allusion to the restoration of the 
 Roman Catholic faith, after its suppression during two reigns. 
 On her first coins, after her marriage with Philip of Spain, 
 the queen’s head appears crowned as before, with the legend 
 “ Philip Z Maria D. Gr. Rex et Regina.” Soon afterwards, 
 nowever, a coinage was issued, partly, no doubt, from the 
 treasure brought over by Philip, and sent with so much 
 ostentation to the Tower, on which the bust of Philip appears 
 facing her own : to which Butler alludes in the lines — 
 
 “ Still amorous, fond and billing, 
 
 Like Philip and Mary upon a shilling.” 
 
 'The legend on these coins stands “ Philip et Maria D. Gr. 
 Ang. Er. Neap. Pr. Ilisp.” and on the reverse, the old motto, 
 “ Posui,” &c., was changed to the plural, as “ Posuiwws 
 Ileum, adjutorem nostrum .” 
 
450 
 
 COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 There is another pattern shilling, having the king’s head 
 on one side, and the queen’s on the other, with “ Philippus 
 Dei G-. B. Ang. Fr. Neap. Pr. Hisp.” on one side, and 
 “Maria,” with the same titles, on the other; this coin has 
 the date 1554, and the earliest of the above-described have 
 the same date ; others are dated 1557. 
 
 After Philip became King of Spain, by the abdication of 
 his father, the titles Princes of Spain became inconsistent, 
 and all allusion to foreign dominion was omitted, the legend 
 standing “ Philip et Maria D. Gr. Eex et Eegina Ang.” 
 
 The motto of the reverse remained the same, and the 
 Spanish arms were impaled on the right side, and the 
 English on the left. 
 
 There were also coined pennies of strongly-alloyed silver, 
 some with the queen’s profile, some with the rose; both 
 having the motto, “Kosa sine spina” on the obverse, and 
 the place of mintage on the reverse. 
 
 The gold of this reign did not follow out the improvement 
 of style commenced by her predecessor. There were issued 
 sovereigns, to be current at 30 shillings ; half-sovereigns, to 
 be called the royal or rial of gold, for 15 shillings ; the angel, 
 to be current at 10 shillings ; and the half- royal, at 5 shillings. 
 It is singular that no traces of Philip appear on the gold 
 coins, except in the inscriptions. 
 
 The sovereign of this reign is a return to the precise style 
 of art of those of Henry VII. and VIII. The rial of gold, 
 or half-sovereign, has the old ship, with the figure holding 
 the shield and sword, transformed to a female, with the 
 reverse similar to those of the same coins of Edward IV. ; 
 while the angels have precisely the ancient type, rather 
 more coarsely done, as have also the angelet or half-angel. 
 It was, probably, with a strong Eoman Catholic feeling, of 
 reducing all things to the state and form they occupied 
 previous to the Eeformation, that this retrograde movement 
 was applied to the coinage, took place. 
 
 This reign and that of Elizabeth left legislative interference 
 with the import and export of coin in a sort of transition 
 state, most of the acts remaining in force, but inactive ; and 
 yet the prejudices of the commercial interest of the country 
 were, from sheer habit, favourable to their retention. It 
 may save trouble to mention, at once, that in the reign ol 
 
COINAGE OE ENGLAND. 
 
 457 
 
 James I. the last part of this machinery, that of the office of 
 royal exchanger, was swept away, after the Burleighs had 
 long held it as a sinecure ; for public opinion had changed, 
 and the mischievous as well as troublesome tendency of the 
 office became evident to all. 
 
 ELIZABETH, 1558 TO 1602. 
 
 The complete restoration of the integrity of the currency 
 is justly ascribed to Elizabeth, although she only gave the 
 finishing hand to what had been already commenced by 
 her brother. She ascertained the amount of silver in 
 the base money, and caused it to be stamped and pass for 
 its true value (a course which involved loss to the nation 
 and gain to the government, -which received back as 2 \d. 
 that which it had issued at 12c?., and for which, perhaps, we 
 do not owe her much gratitude*), but she likewise produced 
 a coinage scrupulously corresponding in weight and purity 
 with its nominal value — with the exception, of course, of a 
 deduction for that rate of profit or seignorage which had 
 always been considered the fair profit of the sovereign. It 
 would appear, however, from the discovery of letters, &c. &c., 
 in the State-paper Officef, that we are chiefly indebted for 
 the originating and carrying out of this great measure to a 
 London merchant — the same illustrious G-resham to whom 
 the City owes its Boyal Exchange and other useful institu- 
 tions. It would appear that some difficulties occurred as to 
 the mode of refining the base metal of which the existing 
 silver coinage was composed ; and Gresham, during his resi- 
 dence in Antwerp, effected arrangements with a great firm 
 in that city for refining the whole for the remuneration of 
 £ oz. per pound of silver, for all the silver refined, and also 
 the whole of the copper contained in it. But the queen was 
 quick to perceive the popularity that would accrue to her 
 from connection with such a measure of reform, and there- 
 fore made herself as conspicuous in it as possible, even going 
 
 * The calling in of the base money was, m fact, unpopular at the time, 
 and no wonder, from the mode of carrying it into execution, by compelling 
 every man to give up for 2ld. the shilling for which be had given 12d. 
 
 + Discovered by Mr. Burgon, 
 
458 
 
 COINAGE OE ENGLAND. 
 
 to the Tower and coining pieces of fine money with her own 
 hand, which she graciously distributed to those immediately 
 around her. A medal was struck to commemorate the 
 restoration of the coinage, on which all the merit is ascribed 
 to Elizabeth ; the efforts of Edward VI., and the great 
 assistance derived from the intelligence of Gresham, being 
 passed sub silentio. 
 
 The coinage of the first three years of this reign consisted 
 of shillings, groats, half-groats, and pennies, which were of 
 the same fineness as the last of the preceding reign. But 
 inconvenience being felt for want of small money, she soon 
 after issued a coinage of sixpences, threepences, three-half- 
 pences, and three farthings, of the full old English standard 
 of 11 oz. 2 dwts. fine silver, to 18 dwts. alloy. 
 
 Of these coins of three-halfpence and three-farthings, 
 none were issued in previous or subsequent reigns ; and yet 
 Shakspeare, with that disregard of anachronism in such 
 matters common to writers of that age, finding them current 
 in his time, speaks of them as if they were current in the 
 reign of John, where Eaulconbridge, ridiculing the leanness 
 of his legitimate elder brother, first likens him to a “ half- 
 faced groat ” — referring to the new-made groats — which 
 had a profile instead of a full face ;* and then, referring to 
 the rose on one side of the three-farthing pieces, he says, he 
 would not own 
 
 “ a face so thin 
 
 That in mine ear I durst not stick a rose, 
 
 Lest men should say, look where three-farthings goes.” 
 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, in “ The Scornful Lady,” also 
 refer to these three-farthings, which had a rose like the 
 sixpences, threepences, and three-half-pences of this issue, at 
 the side of the head, the erasure of which made them look 
 something like the penny of the earliest coinage of the 
 reign. The passage occurs when speaking of a culprit who 
 should be “ whipped, and then cropt, for washing out the 
 roses in three-far things, to make them pence.' 1 ' 
 
 In the year 1582, these three-farthing and three-halfpenny 
 
 * It is well known that no groats of any description were executed in the 
 days of John. 
 
COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 459 
 
 pieces were discontinued, and shillings, half-groats, and pence 
 were revived, of similar types. Upon the whole of this 
 coinage the date was placed, and seldom omitted on English 
 coins afterwards. The small coins of this reign were the 
 last that bore the place of mintage, as “ Civitas London,” &c. 
 
 But the great event in the coinage of this reign was the 
 partial introduction of the mill and screw, instead of the 
 hammer and punch principle ; by which reformation in their 
 mechanical production, coins of a much more workmanlike 
 and regular appearance were produced. Indeed, the regu- 
 larity of this process, combined with the placing of the dates 
 on the coins, -were, together, the cause of the ultimate 
 discontinuance of mint marks, previously rendered necessary 
 in order that irregularities in weight, execution, &c., should 
 be attributed to the proper mint and mintage. 
 
 As in speaking of the money of this reign in particular 
 I have had frequent occasion to mention the mint marks, or 
 privy marks, as they have usually been called in the mint, it 
 may be necessary to say a word of the use and nature of 
 those marks. I may therefore observe, that it had long 
 been usual to oblige the masters and workers of the mint, in 
 the indentures' made with them, “to mark a privy mark in 
 all the money that they made, as well of gold as of silver, so 
 that at another time they might know, if need w r ere, which 
 moneys of gold and silver, among other moneys, were of 
 their own making, and which not.” And whereas after 
 every trial of the pix (periodical courts of inquiry into the 
 state of the different mints), at Westminster, the masters 
 and workers of the mints, having there proved their moneys 
 to be lawful and good, were “ immediately entitled to receive 
 their quietus under the great seal, and to be discharged from 
 all suits or actions concerning those moneys it was then 
 usual for the said masters or workers to change the privy 
 mark before used, for another, “that so the money from 
 which they were not yet discharged might be distinguished 
 from those for which they had already received their quietus: 
 which new mark they then continued to stamp upon all their 
 moneys, until another trial of the pix also gave them their 
 quietus concerning those.” 
 
 The pix is a strong case with three locks, the keys of which 
 are respectively kept by the warden, master, and comptroller 
 
4G0 
 
 COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 of the mint ; and in which are deposited, sealed up in several 
 parcels, certain pieces taken at random out of every journey, as 
 it is called, that i3, out of every fifteen pounds weight of gold, 
 and sixty pounds weight of silver. And this pix is from time 
 to time, by the King’s command, opened at Westminster in 
 the presence of the Lord Chancellor, the Lords of the Council, 
 the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury, the Justices ot 
 several Benches, and the Barons of the Exchequer, before 
 whom a trial is made, by a jury of goldsmiths empanelled 
 and sworn for that purpose,' of the collective weights of 
 certain pieces of gold and silver taken at random from those 
 taken from the pix. After which, those parcels being 
 severally melted down, assays are made of the bullion of 
 gold and silver so produced, by the melting certain small 
 quantities of the same against equal weights taken from the 
 respective trial pieces of gold ard silver that are deposited 
 and kept in the exchequer for that use. This is called the 
 trial of the pix ; the report made by the jury upon that trial 
 is called the verdict of the pix for the time. 
 
 But to return to the milled money. Eolkes says, “The 
 maker of this milled money is reported to have been one 
 Philip Mastrelle, a Frenchman, who eventually, however, fell 
 into the practice of coining counterfeit money, and was con- 
 victed, and executed at Tyburn on the 27th of January, 
 1569.” Mr. Hawkins does not place any reliance upon this 
 statement, and asserts that the name of the introducer of this 
 process is unknown, and the whole history of its employment 
 involved in obscurity. The principal feature in the new 
 method was the power of ornamenting the edges of the coins ; 
 but- the whole appearance of the money so produced was 
 more workmanlike. Most of the milled coins in this reign 
 may be distinguished by a star of five points at the end of 
 the legend. Some patterns of half-crowns exist of the coinage 
 between 1561 and 1575, but none were issued till 1601 and 
 1602, which are very handsome coins, and the first large 
 silver that had been coined since the death of Edward VI. 
 There are also shillings, sixpences, half-groats, pennies, and 
 halfpennies of this coinage. It was in 1601 that silver coin 
 was again reduced in weight, and, as Folkes tells us, the 
 same standard of value was then adopted which has been 
 ever since retained. 
 
COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 461 
 
 On some of the coins of Elizabeth are found stamped the 
 arms of Zealand ; others have H. for Holland ; both which 
 are supposed to have been so stamped for subsidies taken to 
 the Low Countries by Leicester. 
 
 The East India merchants were also allowed to coin what 
 have been called crowns, half-crowns , and shillings , for cir- 
 culation in their foreign dealings. These were, in fact, of 
 a different weight to the English crown, being struck to 
 accord with the weight of the Spanish piastre, the half, the 
 quarter, and the half-quarter of the same. These coins have 
 been called the portcullis money, from a large portcullis 
 occupying the whole of the reverse. They are handsome 
 pieces, but do not come under the head of English coins of 
 the realm. 
 
 The first, or hammered shillings of this reign, have the 
 profile young-looking, and crowned, with Elizab. D. G-. Ang. 
 Er. et Hib. Eegi., and on the reverse the arms traversed by 
 the cross, with the old motto, “ Posui,” &c. : the oval shield 
 introduced by Edward VI., without the cross, not appearing 
 on any of the coins of this reign. 
 
 The three-halfpenny and three-farthing pieces have the 
 rose behind the head, with “ E. Gr. D. rosa sine spina the 
 reverse, with arms like her other coins, has also the date 
 (for the first time on small pieces), and “ Civitas London.” 
 The threepence is exactly the same, but the sixpence has 
 the queen’s titles round the head. 
 
 The milled shillings may be distinguished by the much 
 greater breadth of the cross traversing the arms. 
 
 The five-shilling or crown piece is a very handsome coin, 
 and the bust of the queen an excellent portrait in the 
 costume of the time. 
 
 It will appear extraordinary that, notwithstanding the 
 restoration of the English coinage, base money was still 
 coined for Ireland ; as though unfairness and oppression 
 towards that unfortunate country had really formed part of 
 a positive system with the English government at all periods. 
 
 The gold coins of this reign do not vary much from those 
 of Mary. There was the double rial with the queen on the 
 throne, and the rose reverse, with the arms in the centre. 
 The rial with the queen in the ship, and the reverse still 
 like the old noble. 
 
402 
 
 COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 There were two standards of gold: one called the old 
 standard, 23^ carats fine to half a carat alloy, one pound 
 weight of which was to be coined into 24 sovereigns of 30s. 
 (equal to 36 of 20s.). Another standard of 22 carats fine, 
 to two carats of alloy (crown gold), of which the pound 
 weight was to be coined into only 33 sovereigns of 20s. 
 Afterwards, about 10s. more was made from the pound of 
 each standard. 
 
 The angels, half-angels, and quarter-angels, were similar 
 to those of Mary and her predecessors, but rather better 
 executed than those of Mary. The only new artistic 
 feature of the gold coinage of this reign being sovereigns, 
 half-sovereigns, quarter-sovereigns, half-quarter sovereigns, 
 of a new type, having the profile of the queen crowned, with 
 “Elizabeth, D. G-. F. Ang. Fra. et Hib. regina the reverse 
 being the royal arms surmounted with a crown, which has 
 the arch indented in the centre, like the modern crown, 
 with E. B. on either side, and the motto “ Scutum fidei 
 proteget earn.” There are several varieties of this type ; 
 some having the line and beading within the legend, others 
 with different forms of the crown, and in some the queen 
 wearing an er mined robe. 
 
 The rial has the device of the old nobles — the ship, &c . — 
 the reverse being that of Edward IV., in which the sun 
 supersedes the cross in the centre. It was the handsomest 
 coin of this type that had appeared. 
 
 During this reign there was coined, of silver, including 
 the base silver of Ireland, 4,718,5792. 2 s. 8] \d . ; of gold, 
 440,552 1. 8s. 9 Id. 
 
 james i., 1602 to 1625. 
 
 The first silver coins issued by this king, soon after his 
 accession, were crowns, half-crowns, shillings, half-shillings, 
 pieces of two pennies, pennies, and halfpennies. 
 
 On the crowns and half-crowns is a figure of the king on 
 horseback, in a similar style to those of Edward VI. : the 
 titles read — “ Jacobus D. Gk Ang. Sco. Fran, et Hib. Bex.” 
 
 On the reverse are the arms on a garnished shield, but in 
 the usual form (not oval, like some of Edward and Mary), 
 and having the motto, “ Exurgat Deus, dissipentur inimici.” 
 
COINAGE OE ENGLAND. 
 
 463 
 
 The arms of Scotland, and also Ireland, were, for the 
 first time, quartered with those of England and France. 
 The shillings and sixpences had the king’s bust in profile, 
 crowned, in armour; the legend as on the crowns, and 
 having respectively XII. and VI. behind the head, to 
 denote the value. The twopenny pieces and pennies were 
 the same, with the exception that they had the motto, 
 “Rosa sine spina,” and the numerals II. and I. respec- 
 tively ; the reverse having the arms without motto. The 
 halfpennies were like those of Elizabeth, with a cross on 
 one side, and a portcullis on the other. Shillings and 
 sixpences 9 oz. fine, were now coined for Ireland. 
 
 On the second coinage the words Mag. Brit, instead of 
 Ang. Sco., were used, and on the reverses a new and appro- 
 priate motto, allusive to the union of the crowns, was used — 
 “ Quae Deus conjunxit nemo separet.” The shillings were 
 the same as the half-crowns and crowns, with the exception 
 of having the king’s bust only, instead of the figure on 
 horseback. The twopenny pieces have a rose on one side, and 
 a thistle on the other, crowned, with the mottoes “I. D. Gr. rosa 
 sine spina” on one side, and “Tueatur unita Deus.” The 
 pennies had the rose and thistle uncrowned, with the same 
 legends ; and the halfpennies the simple rose and thistle 
 without mottoes. These several pieces now continued to 
 be minted without alteration till the end of the reign. 
 There are no dates on the coins of this reign, except on 
 sixpences, a caprice in their favour difficult to explain ; but 
 the succession of mint marks is so complete, that every 
 issue is easily distinguished by connoisseurs. Up to 
 June 20, 1605, the fleur-de-lis is the mint mark; up to 
 July 10, 1606, another mark ; till June 30, 1607, the 
 escallop shell, and so on, through almost every remaining 
 year of the reign, a different mark ; such as the bunch of 
 grapes, the tower, the tun, the half-moon, &c. 
 
 Silver was exceedingly scarce during a part of the reign, 
 and the issue of a light coinage was seriously contemplated, 
 but the scheme was happily abandoned. A good deal of 
 silver was refined from the lead mines of Wales, aud coins 
 made from this silver always bore for mint mark the Welsh 
 feathers to denote the origin of the metal. 
 
 On the suggestions of James, many good regulations were 
 
464 
 
 COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 / 
 
 made to prevent clipping and other modes of debasing the 
 coinage, and the charges of mintage were reduced, in order 
 to tempt merchants and others to bring bullion more readily 
 to be coined. 
 
 The half-crowns have the new motto, “ Quae Deus,” &c. ; 
 and those coined from the Welsh silver have the mint mark 
 of the Prince of Wales’ feathers. 
 
 In subsequent coinages little change was made in the types 
 of the shilling ; they have the king’s bust, in armour, crowned, 
 and on the sixpences the date 1603 (others 1622), occurs on 
 the reverse, above the arms. The crowned profile head on the 
 obverse, and the arms on the reverse, are types common 
 to all the silver, from a shilling down to twopence ; hut 
 the silver pence and halfpence vary, some having a rose on the 
 obverse and a thistle on the reverse, the respective symbols 
 of England and Scotland. Other pennies have an I. B., 
 crowned with a rose and thistle on either side, and a crowned 
 portcullis for reverse, the halfpence of the same coinage 
 having a simple portcullis for obverse, and a cross w r ith the 
 old device of three pellets in the angles for the reverse. 
 The crowns and half-crowns have the king on horseback in 
 armour. 
 
 The first attempt at a modern copper coinage was made 
 in this reign, though it had been adopted at a much earlier 
 period on the continent, and even in Scotland.* But this 
 English copper was confined to an issue of farthings, which 
 were unpopular, and soon discontinued. 
 
 The first gold coins of James I. consisted of sovereigns and 
 half-sovereigns, having the king in armour holding the orb 
 and sceptre. The reverse, having the arms of England and 
 Erance with Scotland and Ireland quartered, and the motto, 
 “ Exurgat Deus, dissipentur inimici.” After the coining of 
 the units — coins of similar value — these pieces were some- 
 times called sceptre units. The late sovereigns of the above 
 types had the more appropriate motto, “ Eaciam eos in gen- 
 tem unam.” The doub .e-crown of 10$. is like the half- 
 sovereign, but has on the reverse, “ Henricus rosas Begna 
 Jacobus.” The British crowm of 5s. was similar. The thistle 
 crown of 4s. has the rose of England on one side, and the 
 
 See Coinage of Scotland. 
 
COINAGE OE ENGLAND. 
 
 465 
 
 thistle of Scotland on the other, both crowned, the titles round 
 the rose, with “ Tueatur unita Deus ’ ’ round the thistle. There 
 was also a 2s. Qd. piece, with the king’s head and “J. I), 
 rosa sine spina,” and on the reverse the arms, and the same 
 motto as the last : also a crown and half-crown similar, but 
 with the motto “tueatur,” &c. 
 
 The pieces coined in Scotland only differed by the arms of 
 Scotland occupying the first place. In the pieces without 
 arms there was no distinction, except the mint mark ; but in 
 small silver pieces the thistle appears without the rose. 
 
 The pound weight of gold, 23£ carats fine, and ^ carat 
 alloy, was next coined into 27 rose rials at 30 shillings each, 
 or 54 spur rials at 15 shillings each ; or it was made into 
 81 angels at 10 shillings each. The spur rial has the king 
 standing between the fore and mizen masts of a ship, in 
 armour, crowned, and holding a sword, and on his left arm 
 a large shield, with his arms, &c. &c. ; the reverse is the 
 device of the old noble of Edward III., with the exception 
 of the blazing sun substituted for part of the cross by 
 Edward IV., and which was now termed a spur royal, from 
 the resemblance of the rays to the rowels of a spur. 
 
 The rose rial of 30 shillings was similar to those of the 
 preceding reigns, except that the king appears in the regular 
 parliamentary robes. The motto on the reverse of the rose 
 rial and spur rial is “A. Dno. factum est istud et est 
 mirabile.” The angels of this issue were very nearly of the 
 old device. English gold coins being in this reign above the 
 standard value of those of the continent, their value was 
 raised by proclamation as follows : — sovereign, 20 to 22 
 shillings ; double crown, 10 to 11 shillings, and so on in 
 proportion. At the same time regulations were made as to 
 the rates at which foreign gold, and silver, in coin and in the 
 ingot, should be purchased. It was next arranged that the 
 pound weight of gold of the old standard of 23^ carats fine, 
 should now be coined into 44 l. 
 
 It being found that the irregular sums at which the gold 
 coins were now rated was extremely inconvenient, a new 
 gold coinage was determined on. These coins were to be 
 of the highest standard, now termed angel gold. Eirst, a 
 thirty shilling piece, having the king in his parliament robes 
 (still called a rial), the figure finely executed in a new style, 
 
466 
 
 COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 but the mottoes the same ; the reverse of the old rose rial, 
 however, being abandoned for the royal arms. 2nd, a fifteen 
 shilling piece of new device, having a lion holding a shield, 
 with the numerals XV., and the titles ; and on the reverse 
 the old device of the noble, with the sun of Edward IV., with 
 “A Dno.,” &c. — 3rd, a ten-shilling piece, or angel, with the 
 old devices of the angel and ship greatly improved, and 
 having the royal arms on the sail, and another pattern having 
 the ship scooped out to receive a large shield with the arms. 
 Of crown gold new units were made, having the King’s head 
 laureated in the Eoman style — for the first time on modern 
 English coins, and for the reverse, the royal arms, crowned, 
 and the mottoes as on the first-mentioned units. These pieces 
 were soon called “laurels.” There was a ten-shilling and a 
 five-shilling piece of the same pattern. Standard, or angel 
 gold, was now coined into 44 1. 10s., and crown gold into 41/. 
 
 The units which preceded those with the laurelled por- 
 traits, have the king crowned, in armour, and holding the 
 orb and sceptre ; these were, as before stated, called 
 sceptred units. 
 
 The thistle crown of 4 shillings had a crowned thistle on 
 one side, and a crowned rose on the other. 
 
 The first gold coinage of James was of the same standard 
 as those of the last of Elizabeth — namely, the pound weight 
 of gold of 22 carats fine, and 2 alloy, to make 33 sovereigns 
 and a half at 20 shillings each ; next, the pound- weight of 
 the same gold was coined into 37 units at 20 shillings each, 
 and a thistle crown of four shillings ; it having been found 
 that the English gold coin had long been of more value than 
 those of other nations, and had, therefore, been exported for 
 melting. A state of things arising from the fact that the 
 true proportion of the relative values of gold and silver had 
 not been properly understood in England. 
 
 CHABLES I., 1625 TO 1649. 
 
 The silver coinage of this disturbed reign is the most 
 numerous and various of any in the English annals, and it 
 is remarkable that, during the gradual waste of the prince’s 
 resources in the civil wars, no debasement in the coinage 
 
COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 467 
 
 took place ; the very rudest of those coins which are termed 
 siege pieces, being of the proper purity and weight. 
 
 The first silver coins of this reign were of the same value 
 and denomination as those of James. Crowns, half-crowns, 
 shillings, half shillings, twopennies, pennies, and halfpennies : 
 the four large pieces had “ Carolus D. Gr. Mag. Brit. Fra. et 
 Hib. Bex.” round a well-executed bust of the king, and the 
 reverse the royal arms, as in the last reign, but with the 
 motto, “ Cristo, auspice, regno.” Pennies and half-pennies 
 were like those of James, except that they had the rose on 
 both sides, with “ C. D. Gr. Bosa sine spina” on the obverse, 
 and “ Jus. Thronum firmat” on the reverse. But these 
 pennies and twopenny pieces were soon followed by others 
 having the king’s bust, and the numerals II. and I. ; and on 
 the reverse the oval shield, first introduced by Edward VI., 
 with “ Justitia Thronum firmat” for motto. The oval shield, 
 somewhat ornamented, was soon after adopted for the larger 
 pieces also, with sometimes C. B. on either side. The 
 shillings and sixpences represent the king in the dress of the 
 day, and three changes of fashion may be traced in them. 
 He is first seen in the stiff ruff, much like that of the reigns 
 of Elizabeth and James, then in a limber or falling one, and, 
 lastly, in a simple falling collar, edged with lace, as we 
 see him in most of his portraits by Vandyke. On some of 
 these pieces of his early coinages he appears in his parlia- 
 mentary robes, but eventually both these styles disappeared, 
 and he was constantly represented in armour, but with the 
 falling lace collar. The crowns and half-crowns have the 
 king constantly on horseback, in armour. But the whole 
 coinage of the reign necessarily became, towards its close, 
 extremely irregular both in design and execution, and an 
 immense number of trifling variations occur — far too nume- 
 rous to allude to in detail within the limits of this volume. 
 
 None of the pieces coined in the Tower were dated, 
 but the mint marks afford sure indications of the dates. To 
 January 1625 they are marked with the trefoil ; to January 
 1626 with the fleur-de-lis, and so on. This refers especially 
 to the London coinage ; but in this reign there were exten- 
 sive coinages of silver in various parts of the kingdom, even 
 before the troubles. Those of the York mint are very 
 beautifully executed, and have a lion passant guardant for mint 
 
 h h 2 
 
468 
 
 COINAGE OE ENGLAND. 
 
 mark, also the word “ Ebor” (York). It is supposed that the 
 York mint was re-established when Strafford was president of 
 the north, and some were probably coined when the king was 
 at Y ork, during his magnificent progress to Scotland. There 
 was also established a permanent mint in his thirteenth year 
 at Aberystwith, for refining and coining the silver produced 
 from the Welsh lead mines. The coins of this mint may be 
 known by the Welsh feathers. Several coins of this reign 
 appear to have been produced by the mill and screw, under 
 the direction, it is supposed, of Nicolas Briot, who had been 
 chief engraver of the French moneys. His coins may be 
 known by having the letter B upon them, but their superi- 
 ority consists chiefly in their mechanical execution, for the 
 engravings of other artists of the time are more spirited. 
 Mr. Le Blanc, author of the “ Traite historique des Monnoyes 
 de France” says, speaking of Briot’ s residence in England, 
 — “ On ne manqua pas de se servir de ses machines, et de 
 faire par son moyen les plus belles monnoyes du monde.” 
 He afterwards returned to France, where certain regulations 
 were altered which had caused him to leave in disgust. His 
 return to France probably prevented the permanent esta- 
 blishment of the mill and screw in England at that time. 
 He, however, prepared many patterns, which never came into 
 circulation, and these are much prized in cabinets from their 
 rarity. 
 
 In the year 1642, when the king was at Nottingham, just 
 about the breaking out of the civil war, he received as a loan 
 from the universities nearly all their plate, which was to be 
 repaid at so much per oz. for the white silver, and so much 
 extra for the gilt silver. Some of this was paid out in its 
 original form to be sold for the pay of the troops ; and so 
 much of it as was coined, says Mr. Folkes, was minted 
 probably at York. The king soon after removed to Shrews- 
 bury, where the master of the Welsh mint, Mr. Bushell, was 
 ordered to join the king, and money was coined there, but 
 with what particular mark is unknown — probably the W elsh 
 feathers. Little, however, was done, for Clarendon says, 
 “it was indeed more for reputation than use, as in the 
 absence of sufficient workmen and instruments, they could 
 not coin a thousand pounds a week.” 
 
 After the defeat of Edgehill, the king removed the mint 
 
COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 469 
 
 of Aberystwith to Oxford, to coin there, in the New Inn 
 Hall, under the direction of Mr. Bushell and Sir William 
 Parkhurst, all the remaining plate of the colleges. In this 
 mint there appears to have been coined a large quantity of 
 money, both of gold and silver, and as it was still considered 
 the Welsh mint, although removed, the Welsh mark of 
 the feathers was continued. Of the money now coined at 
 Oxford, there are several varieties and types, and a great 
 variety of degrees of excellence in the execution ; some being 
 of very mean workmanship, and others very excellent. The 
 silver 20 shilling and 10 shilling pieces are peculiar to 
 this mint, and to this period, for no other such pieces occur 
 in the annals of the English coinage. The best executed of 
 these 20 shilling pieces is a very noble coin, having the 
 king on horseback, crowned, and in armour, the horse 
 trampling upon arms and armour, surrounded by the usual 
 titles; the reverse has the motto, “Exurgat Deus,” &c., 
 and on a scroll “Belig. Prot. Leg. Ang. Liber. Par.,” dated 
 1644 ; alluding to his declaration at the breaking out of the 
 war, that he would protect “ the protestant religion , the laics 
 and liberties of his subjects , and the privileges of parliament.” 
 There is also a very beautiful crown of this mint, with a view 
 of the city, and the word “Oxon” above it, seen beneath 
 the horse. The smaller pieces coined at Oxford had the king’s 
 head as previously, but the reverses were like those of the 
 great 20 shilling piece described above. Some of the half- 
 shillings and groats have an open book as mint mark. 
 
 This coining down of the plate of the colleges caused 
 the barbarous destruction of many rare and interesting 
 relics of the highest antiquity ; but such are the inevitable 
 consequences of civil war, for in 1644, the Commons house 
 of parliament, with equal recklessness, ordered all the king’s 
 plate in the Tower to be melted dowm and coined, notwith- 
 standing a remonstrance from the lords, alleging that the 
 curious workmanship of these ancient monuments was worth 
 more than the metal. 
 
 On many occasions during the most disastrous fortunes 
 of the king in the latter part of the civil war, his partisans 
 were under the necessity of striking money in a rude 
 manner, by coining down their own plate for the relief of 
 their men. By which course as many magnificent family 
 
470 
 
 COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 monuments perished, as national ones had done by the 
 sacrifices at Oxford and at the Tower. The first of this 
 sort of money, since called siege pieces, was coined at 
 
 Dublin ; it consisted merely of 
 weighed pieces of plate simply 
 stamped with numerals, to denote 
 their current value. Some had 
 also a C. It. under a crown. 
 
 In 1645, when Carlisle was 
 defended by Sir Thomas Grlemham 
 for the king, he coined down 
 plate into shillings, &c., with the 
 king’s head very rudely done. 
 
 Some of these siege pieces are 
 stamped with a castle, and nu- 
 merals to denote the value; for 
 instance, those struck during the 
 siege of the castle of Scarborough. Others have a very 
 ruinous castle, with “ Carolus fortuna resurgam.” 
 
 During the defence of Pontefract Castle, the coin stamped 
 there had the motto, “ Dum spiro spero.” This place was 
 still defended by Colonel John Morris seven weeks after the 
 execution of the king ; and after that event this staunch 
 royalist struck the coins he issued in the name of Charles II. 
 The shillings so struck were of an octagonal shape, with 
 “ Carolus secundus, 1648,” round the figure of the castle, and 
 the reverse had “ Post mortem patris pro filio.” 
 
 Of these irregular coins, or siege pieces, there is a great 
 variety both of gold and silver. Some have doubted the 
 authenticity cf this money, on account of the silence of 
 cotemporary documents. But of the pieces of Pontefract, 
 Sir H. Ellis has recently discovered the cotemporary notice 
 required. It is contained in a newspaper of the time, — 
 “ The Kingdom’s faithful and Impartial! Scout,” February 5, 
 1648 ; in which some of the square Pontefract shillings, 
 found on a royalist prisoner by the republicans, are described 
 as being stamped on one side with a castle, and the letters 
 P. O., and on the other with a crown, having C. K. on each 
 side of it : a perfectly correct description, with the exception 
 of mistaking the C for O, which does, in fact, in some 
 specimens appear nearly round. 
 
 Newark Siege Piece. 
 
COINAGE OE ENGLAND. 
 
 471 
 
 In this reign were coined also pieces for circulation in 
 New England by Lord Baltimore, who was privileged to 
 strike money with his own portrait. 
 
 The early half-crowns of this reign, show the horse clothed 
 in rich heavy housings, similar to those shown on the crowns 
 of Edward VI. and James I., which were abandoned for a 
 merely decorative saddle-cloth on the later coins of Charles. 
 
 There are specimens of a half-crown, dated 1645, on 
 which the arms are enclosed in the garter, and supported by 
 the lion and the unicorn, a device which has doubtless formed 
 the model of some of our recent money. 
 
 The early twopenny pieces had the crowned roses previously 
 mentioned. 
 
 On the Oxford 20 shilling silver piece, the horse is without 
 the housings in which he is clothed in the earlier pieces ; as 
 also on the Oxford crown, with the view of the city. 
 
 The gold coinage of Charles I. is not so various as the 
 silver. The fine old sovereigns, or rials, with the king 
 enthroned, as also the nobles, were finally abandoned after 
 the beginning of the reign ; but a small coinage of angels 
 was issued, similar to those of James I. with the arms on 
 the sail. 
 
 The principal gold coins in the early part of the reign 
 were — the unit, or broad-piece (20 shillings), with its half 
 and quarter ; first having for reverse the old shield gar- 
 nished, and subsequently the oval shield ; some having on 
 the reverse the motto, “Elorent Concordia Regna;” others, 
 “ Cultores sui Deus protegit.” On the obverse, the largest 
 of these pieces had XX. behind the head ; the next X., and 
 the smallest V., to indicate their value. The portrait is 
 crowned, and sometimes in a plain dress, with a falling 
 laced collar, and sometimes in parliamentary robes. 
 
 The gold pieces struck at Oxford were three pounds, 
 pounds, and ten shilling pieces, having a head of the king 
 very meanly executed, holding the olive branch as well as 
 the sword ; and having on the reverse the motto, “ Exurgat,” 
 &c., and “Relig. Pro.” &c. The large piece of three pounds 
 had the numerals III. on the reverse, the lesser pieces XX. 
 and X. respectively, behind the head. The 10 shilling pieces 
 are without the olive branch and sword of the larger ones. 
 The Oxford pieces, with the inscription Relig., &c., on a 
 
472 
 
 COINAGE OP ENGLAND. 
 
 scroll, were called the exurgat money, the principal legend 
 being, as stated, “Exurgat Deus, dissipentur inimici.” 
 
 The coinage of copper farthings was again attempted in 
 this reign, and new proclamations were issued against private 
 farthing tokens ox copper or lead, but no good remedy was 
 applied to the inconvenience which called them into existence, 
 while the privilege of making the authorised farthings was 
 granted to the Duchess of Richmond and others for different 
 periods, for their own profit. The farthings under these 
 patents, being of course below their intrinsic value, caused 
 endless discontent and disturbance. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 THE COMMONWEALTH TO CHARLES II. 
 
 The Commonwealth, 1648 to 1660. The Common- 
 wealth, with the energetic Cromwell as its directing 
 genius, proceeded at once to effect great changes in the 
 coinage. The royal arms and Latin mottoes were thrown 
 aside, and the simple cross of St. George, as the suitable 
 badge of Puritanical England, was adopted, which was 
 placed within a palm and an olive branch, and had for 
 legend, in good plain English, “ The Commonwealth of 
 England.” On the reverse were two joined shields, one 
 bearing the cross of St. George, the other the harp of Ire- 
 land, and the motto, also in English, “ God with us,” and 
 the date ; that of the first being 1649. Sir Robert Harley 
 who had formerly been master of the mint for the late king, 
 though he had accepted a re-appointment from the parlia- 
 ment, yet refused to carry into effect this innovation in the 
 types of the coins, and Aaron Guerdain, doctor of physic, 
 was appointed in his place, under whose direction the 
 change was effected. 
 
 The issue consisted of crowns, half-crowns, shillings, and 
 half-shillings, and pieces of two-pence, a penny, and a half- 
 
COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 473 
 
 penny. The larger pieces all bore the same devices, with 
 the exception of being marked with Homan numerals, to 
 indicate their value. The smaller pieces had no mottoes, 
 and the halfpenny had simply the cross on one side, and the 
 harp on the other. 
 
 On the perfect restoration of tranquillity, and the cooling 
 down of the national mind from the turmoil and excitement 
 of the civil war, towards 1651, Cromwell resolved to avail 
 himself of all the most recent improvements in coining, 
 already adopted by several continental nations. It was 
 determined that in beauty of mechanical execution the coins 
 of this nation should not be behind any in the world, and 
 a celebrated artist, Pierre Blondeau, a Frenchman, who had 
 carried to perfection the most approved modes of stamping 
 coin by the mill and screw, was invited to England. 
 
 On his arrival, he produced patterns of half-crowns, 
 shillings, and half-shillings, coined by the new mill and screw, 
 by which means a legend was impressed for the first time 
 upon the edge. 
 
 One half-crown bore on the edge “ Truth and peace, 1651, 
 Petrus Blondeus another, “ In the third yeare of freedome 
 by God’s blessing restored.” The shillings and sixpences 
 were beautifully grained on the edges, and the pieces were 
 brought to their true weight with the utmost exactness. 
 An engagement was entered into with Blondeau to work 
 these pieces, which bore the usual device of the Common- 
 wealth. But no issue was ever made of them ; they can 
 therefore only be considered as patterns, and are very rare. 
 The established workers of the mint also sent in fresh rival 
 patterns, one of wnich had the double shield, supported by 
 winged figures, with motto, “ Guarded by angels.” In the 
 end the opposition of the existing functionaries in the mint 
 frustrated the schemes of Blondeau, who was prevented 
 from carrying into effect his projected reforms. An interest- 
 ing paper on this subject will be found in the Transactions 
 of the Numismatic Society, vol. vi., p. 261. The screw pro- 
 cess was, however, eventually adopted, though without the 
 immediate aid of Blondeau, who appears to have been 
 ill-used. 
 
 In the latter part of his protectorate, after his second 
 solemn investiture, Cromwell caused coins to be executed 
 
474 
 
 COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 bearing bis own bust, but it is supposed that few, if any, 
 were issued, as coins of the old type of the same date are 
 much more numerous ; they must therefore possibly be 
 regarded as patterns. They are exceedingly well-executed, 
 by the mill process, and have the laureated bust of the 
 Protector, with “ Olivar. D. G. E. P. Ang. Sco. et Hib. &c. 
 Pro.” assuming the title of Protector of the Eepublic of 
 England, Scotland, and Ireland, but substituting “ &c.” for 
 Prance. The bust is the work of the celebrated Simon, and 
 most beautifully executed, in a manner far superior in point 
 of art to anything that had ever been seen upon an English 
 coin before. The crowns and half-crowns are indeed most 
 remarkable medals, as regards both the engraver’s and the 
 coiner’s art. The reverse of these pieces has a crowned 
 shield, with the republican arms of England (the cross of 
 St. George) ; and those of Ireland and Scotland with the 
 legend “ Pax quaeritur bello.” 
 
 The crowns and half-crowns of the Commonwealth have 
 letters beautifully impressed on the edge, the shillings and 
 sixpences being very neatly grained. They were the best 
 executed coins that had up to that period issued from the 
 English, or perhaps any other mint. The silver standard 
 adopted by the Commonwealth was 11 oz. 2 dwts. fine, and 
 18 dwts. alloy. 
 
 The gold coins bore the same devices and mottoes as the 
 silver ones, and were simply twenty- shilling, ten-shillling, 
 and five-shilling pieces : the twenty-shilling pieces contain 
 3 dwts. 20 grs. of 22 carats gold. The later twenty- 
 shilling pieces have the bust of the Protector, which is not 
 near so good a likeness or so well executed as on the silver 
 pieces. On the gold coin the bust is represented without 
 drapery, a distinction subsequently adopted in succeeding 
 coinages up to George III., with the exception of those of 
 Queen Anne, who somewhat fastidiously objected on the 
 score of delicacy. Some few of her gold coins nevertheless 
 exist without the drapery, but they are probably only 
 suppressed patterns. The twenty-shilling piece of the Pro- 
 tector, with the portrait, appears much smaller than the 
 previous pieces, but it is much thicker, the milled pieces 
 becoming generally smaller and thicker than the 'previous 
 hammered ones. 
 
COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 475 
 
 Trials of copper farthings, similar to those which had 
 been attempted in James I. and Charles I., were again 
 repeated during the Commonwealth, but it is supposed 
 never issued. The patterns for this issue of farthings 
 exhibit several very interesting reverses. The legend round 
 the head was, like all the Commonwealth coins, in English 
 it reads, “ Oliver Pro. Ing. Sco. et Ire.,” and the reverses 
 had “ Convenient change.” One, with the type of a ship, 
 has “And God direct our course.” Another, with three 
 columns, bearing the badges of England, Scotland, and Ire- 
 land, united by a twisted band, has the motto, “Thus united 
 invincible” ; another has “Charity and change.” The only 
 mint during the Commonwealth and Protectorate was that 
 of the Tower of London. 
 
 CHAELES II., 1660 to 1684. 
 
 (See Plate IX.) 
 
 On his accession, in the year 1660, there were issued silver 
 coins, from half-crowns downwards, with the exception of 
 groats and quarter-shillings, which were soon after added. 
 They were, with a view perhaps of returning to the extreme 
 of orthodoxy, much like the earliest of his father’s coins, 
 with the old shield traversed by the cross fleurie, and the 
 same mottoes. The new improvements of the mill and screw 
 were also abandoned, and the coins were again produced by 
 the old hammering process. 
 
 The first issue was without numerals indicating the value, 
 and without the line and beading within the legend ; a second 
 issue had the numerals, but still no inner circle of line and 
 beading. In 1661 the respective values were ordered to be 
 stamped on each, and these new coins had also the inner 
 circle, or line and beading, within the legend, absent in the 
 first. These first silver coins of Charles II. may be said to 
 be the last of our series which represent the sovereign in the 
 costume of the day. Some have the lace collar over armour, 
 and others over an ermine robe, and all are crowmed also for 
 the last time, as no subsequent English coin bears a crowmed 
 portrait. 
 
 In 1662 the previously mentioned Peter Blondeau was 
 formally re-engaged to direct the mint, upon the new' prin 
 
476 
 
 COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 ciple of mill and screw, and a competition for engraving the 
 dies w'as entered into between the celebrated {Simon, who 
 had engraved the dies for the Protector’s last coins, and 
 John Koeter of Antwerp, which was unfairly decided in 
 favour of Roeter. Simon aftewards produced a pattern 
 crown, most exquisitely engraved, which is considered quite 
 a model of the art of that or even any period, and very 
 superior to any cotemporary work of the class, if we except 
 his own previous works, the busts of Cromwell on the crowns 
 and half-crowns On the edge of this famous coin is in- 
 scribed his petition to the king against the previous unjust 
 decision, which was of course unheeded. The petition runs, 
 “ Thomas Simon most humbly prays your Majesty to com- 
 pare this his tryal piece with the Dutch, and if more truly 
 drawn and embossed, more gracefully ordered, and more 
 accurately engraven, to relieve him.”* 
 
 In 1663 the first issue of the improved milled coinage took 
 place, consisting of crowns, half-crowns, and half-shillings, 
 very handsomely aud well executed, having the king’s head 
 laureated, and the shoulders mantled in the conventional 
 Roman style, looking to the left , contrary to the preceding 
 coins, t with the legend “ Carolus II. Dei Gratia.” On the 
 reverse are four shields, forming a cross, having the arms of 
 England, Scotland, and Ireland ; there are linked C’s in the 
 angles, the Star of the Garter in the centre, and around, the 
 king’s titles, and the date. The crowns and half-crowns 
 have “Decus et tutamen” on the edge — an inscription 
 on the edge having been adopted like the milled notching 
 or graining, to prevent clipping : this motto, Evelyn 
 says, was suggested by himself to the maker, to intimate 
 that it was at once an ornament and a protection to the 
 coin.J; The shillings and sixpences were milled at the 
 edge, at first by an upright notching, and afterwards by 
 an oblique one. Some of the larger pieces have on the edge 
 
 * Simon had been several years one of the chief engravers of the Mint, and 
 prepared some of the first money, but it is conjectured that he was discharged 
 after this trial. 
 
 *f* Now began the custom of placing the king’s head on his coin in a 
 direction contrary to that of his predecessor, suggested perhaps, in the firs 
 instance, by a feeling of aversion to the memory of Cromwell, on who.* 
 effigy the king probably wished that his own should turn its back. 
 
 X Hawkins. 
 
COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 477 
 
 the year of the reign in numerals, as “Anno Regni XVIII.” ; 
 others written, as “ Tricesimo sexto” (36) : by which num- 
 bers it will be seen that the reign was calculated from the 
 death of Charles I., leaving out the Commonwealth. The 
 character of the new designs was evidently suggested by the 
 designs of Simon, who had previously introduced it in the 
 busts of the Protector. This conventional Roman style was 
 introduced in France about the reign of Louis XIII., and in 
 matters of taste France began very sensibly, though slowly, 
 to influence the taste in England. 
 
 The disposition of the four shields, on the reverse, in the 
 form of a cross, is that extremely pleasing device which 
 continued to George III., and was also, I have no doubt, an 
 idea of Simon’s, as even in early patterns of his it is imper- 
 fectly shadowed out, while on the petition crown it is perfect, 
 fine copies of which sell for from 150 to 200Z. (See plate 9). 
 
 The smaller coins also of this issue were milled, but they 
 retained the old types. Soon after, however, the small coins 
 were assimilated in style to the large silver, the groat being 
 distinguished by four linked C’s, the threepenny piece by 
 three, the twopenny piece by two, and the penny by a 
 single C, while silver half-pennies were no longer coined. 
 
 The coins below sixpence, after this introduction of the 
 mill, were only struck for Maundy money, in order to con- 
 form to the old custom of distributing the royal bounty on 
 Holy or Maundy Thursday, on which day a white bag was 
 given to a certain number of poor persons containing as 
 many coins as the king numbered years. 
 
 The gold coins of this reign were not various ; the first 
 had the head laureated in the Roman style, and on the 
 reverse the old shield. The next had a similar head, but the 
 oval shield on the reverse. The reverses of both had the 
 motto “ Florent concordia regna.” There were pieces of 
 twenty shillings, ten, and five. In 1664, a gold coinage by 
 the new process was issued, having the bust undraped, as in 
 the Cromwell gold pieces, and on the reverse, four crowned 
 shields, bearing the arms of England, &c., with sceptres in 
 the angles : this coinage consisted of five pound pieces, forty 
 shilling pieces, and twenty shilling pieces, the latter being 
 for the first time called guineas, from being made from the 
 gold brought from Guinea by the African Company : there 
 
478 
 
 COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 were also half-guineas. The coins made of the gold im- 
 ported by the African Company had, in their honour, a small 
 elephant under the bust of the king ; done, as it is said, to 
 encourage the importation of gold. The term guinea, for a 
 twenty shilling piece, afterwards continued to the reign of 
 George III., without reference to the source of the gold. 
 
 It was determined at the beginning of this reign, the 
 English gold coins being still above the value of those of 
 other nations, to increase their nominal value, and the old 
 unit of 20 shillings was therefore raised to 22 shillings, and 
 other coins in proportion, the new coinage being made to 
 correspond ; that is to say, the pound weight of gold was 
 coined into as many more pieces of 20 shillings and 10 
 shillings respectively as should make them of the same 
 relative value as the raised units, &c. In 1670 the weight 
 of the gold coins was again reduced, the pound of gold 
 (22 carats fine) being coined into 447 10s. At the end of 
 this reign an act was passed, with the view of encouraging 
 the bringing of bullion to the mint, by removing all charges 
 upon coinage, for private individuals ; the state undertaking 
 to be at the whole expense, and the full weight of bullion 
 was to be returned in coin without any reduction. But to 
 defray the expenses incurred, a duty on foreign wines, 
 vinegar, &c., was levied. 
 
 The money of our colonies and dependencies now became 
 interesting ; but as it does not come within the bounds of 
 this work, I confine myself upon the subject to the relation 
 of an anecdote. 
 
 It is said that Charles II. was much displeased with the 
 colonists in Massachusetts on account of their coining 
 money, which he considered a breach of his prerogative, and 
 threatened to Sir Thomas Temple that they should be 
 punished. Upon which Sir Thomas took some of the pieces 
 from his pocket to show the king, on the reverse of one of 
 which was a pine tree, one of that species of pine common in 
 the colony, that grows flat and bushy at the top, like the 
 Italian pine. The king asked what tree it was ? upon which 
 Sir Thomas Temple told him that of course it was the 
 Royal Oak, which had preserved his Majesty’s life : upon 
 which the king said no more of punishment, but laughing, 
 called them “ honest dogs.” 
 
COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 479 
 
 The Copper Coinage. — Copper being first used in bulk 
 m this reign, this appears the proper place to give a sketch 
 of the events which led to its adoption. As early as the 
 reign of TIenrys VII. and VIII., we learn from an incidental 
 passage in Erasmus, that leaden tokens of low value were in 
 use, though whether sanctioned by the government or not is 
 unknown. Similar tokens were, however, in use without 
 the sanction of government in the reign of Elizabeth. 
 They were called pledges or tokens, passing as halfpennies 
 and farthings, being issued for convenience, by grocers, 
 vintners, &c. who felt the great want of small change. It 
 appears singular that some sort of copper coinage was 
 not attempted at that time, as it had long existed, and 
 been found advantageous, not only on the continent but even 
 in Scotland. 
 
 The matter was taken into consideration by Elizabeth, who 
 decreed that copper or leaden tokens should henceforward 
 only be made at the royal mint, and only of pure copper, 
 and that the halfpenny should weigh 14 grs. and the farthing 
 7 grs. Neither, however, were issued, though patterns exist. 
 It was probably on the failure of this scheme that the queen 
 granted to the city of Bristol the privilege to coin tokens to 
 circulate in that city and ten miles round. 
 
 James again abolished (nominally) all leaden tokens of 
 private traders, and issued a small quantity of copper 
 farthings, of his own mint ; but there was no second issue, 
 and the private tokens again prevailed ; and in the troubled 
 reign of his son they doubtless increased, as they were a 
 source of large profit to the small and greedy trader. 
 
 During the time of the Commonwealth, Cromwell endea- 
 voured to put down this fraudulent money, by an efficient 
 coinage of copper ; he died, however, before carrying out his 
 purpose, so that the excellent devices for his projected 
 coinage of farthings remain as mere patterns, and it was not 
 till long after the Restoration that copper was first issued in 
 bulk. At first a patent was granted to Sir Thomas Arm- 
 strong, to coin farthings of copper for twenty-one years. 
 Eor this privilege he was to pay the sum of 16Z. 13s. 4 d. per 
 annum. He was to issue twenty-one shillings of farthings, 
 being only of the value of twenty shillings of silver, and 
 take them back at the same rate. 
 
480 
 
 COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 In 1665, halfpence of the royal mint were issued in small 
 quantities ; some say only patterns were done. They have 
 the king’s head, and “ Carolus a Carolo the reverse being 
 Britannia, with Quatuor maria vindico , alluding to the empire 
 of the sea, so often claimed by our sovereigns. The figure of 
 Britannia is very graceful, is beautifully executed, and is said 
 to be a portrait of the beautiful Frances Stuart. The general 
 character of the device was, however, suggested by the figure 
 called Britannia on some of the Roman coins relating to 
 Britain, but it has a character of its own, and all the details 
 of face, figure, and drapery, are quite original, and in a 
 modern feeling. The figure on the farthing is not quite so 
 elegant as that on the halfpenny, and has one leg bare. 
 These farthings were called Lord Lucas’s farthings, from 
 the circumstance of his making a speech against the state of 
 the currency in the presence of the king, in which he alluded 
 to the total disappearance of the Commonwealth coins, 
 which, from the form of the two joining shields, were called 
 Breeches; “a fit name,” he says, “for the coins of the 
 Rump.” He then proceeded to state, that he saw no pro- 
 bability of their being replaced, “ unless it be by copper 
 farthings , and this is the metal, according to the inscription 
 on it,” he says, “which is to vindicate the dominion of the 
 four seas” The halfpence and farthings positively issued in 
 1665, the first real copper coinage, were the same as the 
 patterns above alluded to, with the exception of having the 
 simple motto “Britannia” on the reverse, instead of the 
 one ridiculed by Lord Lucas ; and these coins being of the 
 intrinsic value for which they were issued, at once nearly super- 
 seded the private tokens, which no law had been able to put 
 down. But so great was their convenience and the profit 
 upon their issue, that they were still continued for some 
 time, notwithstanding stringent enactments against them. 
 Tin farthings, with a stud of copper in them, to render their 
 imitation difficult, were also issued at the end of this reign, 
 having on the edge Nummorum famulus . 
 
COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 481 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 FROM JAMES II. TO GEORGE III. 
 
 James II., 1684 to 1688. On the coinage of this reign 
 the head of the king is turned to the left, the reverse 
 of that of his predecessor, — a custom that we shall now 
 find constantly adhered to. The coins were in other 
 respects similar to the last of Charles II., having the 
 bust and name on one side, and the arms and titles on 
 the other, with no other motto. The arms are formed of 
 four shields, arranged as a cross, but without linked letters 
 in the angles : the inscriptions on the edges are “ Anno 
 regni secundo,” &c. The shillings and sixpences are milled 
 with oblique lines, and the lesser pieces, or Maundy money, 
 are marked IIII to I, with a crown above. The five shilling 
 pieces, in fine condition, of this king, are rare ; that of 1688, 
 very perfect, sold at Edmonds’s sale for 1Z. 11s. 6d., and 
 would fetch more now. 
 
 The gold coinage of this reign differs only in types from 
 the last, in having the head turned the other way. The 
 guineas and half-guineas — names now established for all 
 twenty-shilling and ten-shilling pieces — have the same devices 
 as the larger pieces. 
 
 Of copper money, very little appeared in the reign of 
 James II., the halfpennies and farthings being of tin, with a 
 copper plug. The reverses are the same as those of his pre- 
 decessor, but they are not quite so well executed ; both half- 
 pennies and farthings have “ Famulus nummorum ” on the 
 edge. The tin half-pennies have the legend “Jacobus 
 secundus.” 
 
 WILLIAM AND MART, AND W1LLTAM III., 1688 TO 1702. 
 
 The same style of coinage in its general appearance, fine- 
 ness, and weight, was continued at the commencement of 
 these reigns. The profiles of the king and queen are shown 
 
182 
 
 COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 one over the other on the obverse of all the coins, surrounded 
 with “ Gulielmus et Maria, Dei Gratia,” and are "well 
 executed. Most of them have four shields arranged as a 
 cross on the reverse, with the Nassau arms in the centre, 
 and “W. & M.” interlaced, in the angles; but some have a 
 simple crowned shield, with the arms, those of Nassau, appear- 
 ing on an escutcheon of pretence. The Maundy money has 
 the profiles of the king and queen, with short hair, without 
 drapery, and numerals on the reverses, as previously. The 
 latter small coins, after 1692, are not so well executed, and 
 it is supposed that the Roeters, who still worked for the 
 mint, engraved the first, but not these latter specimens. 
 
 Notwithstanding these issues, the general coinage had 
 fallen into a bad state, and much old hammered money (still 
 in circulation) had become thin, and was counterfeited. 
 These circumstances called down the attack of Fleet wood, 
 bishop of Ely, as a similar state of things in the reign of 
 Edward VI. had excited the indignation of Latimer. Fleet- 
 wood exclaimed, in a sermon preached before the Lord 
 Mayor, at Guildhall, “ The cry will be like that of Egypt, 
 loud and universal ; for every family will be a loser ; but it 
 will fall severest upon the poor, who from a little can spare 
 none.” And another preacher, seeking a simile between 
 the debased coinage and religious contentions, said, “ Our 
 divisions have been to our religion what the shears have 
 been to our money.” 
 
 After the death of the queen, in 1695, the king, who con- 
 tinued to reign by the title of William III., determined on 
 taking into consideration the bad state of the coinage, 
 (partly owing, as has been stated, to much of the old 
 hammered money being still in circulation, which being 
 w r orn and clipped, was now below half its value), and restore 
 its general character. A tax was therefore laid upon 
 dwelling-houses, to raise the sum of 1,200,000/., to supply 
 the deficiency of the clipped money ; and in order that there 
 might be as little delay as possible in carrying a complete 
 new coinage into effect, mints were established at York, 
 Bristol, Norwich, Exeter, and Chester, the coins of each 
 mint being respectively marked with the initial letter of the 
 name of the place. 
 
 By means of the assistance of these country mints, the 
 
COINAGE OP ENGLAND. 
 
 483 
 
 new coinage was completed in two years. The high feeling 
 of the king upon this subject, and his determination to 
 obtain the best opinion and guidance in the matter, are 
 strongly exemplified by the fact of his appointment of the 
 illustrious Newton to the post of the master of the mint, 
 which took place in 1697. Nearly 7,000,000 of silver moneys 
 were coined during the years 1696 and 1697 ; by far the 
 greatest portion of which was minted at the Tower. Besides 
 the letters indicating the places of mintage, some of the 
 coins have marks, such as the rose , indicating that the silver 
 came from the w^est of England; the plumes, for Welsh 
 silver ; and the elephant and castle , indicating metal from 
 the African Company. These marks were generally placed 
 in the angles between the shields. 
 
 Bat the silver coinage was still insufficient, and continued 
 so for twenty years afterwards ; for in 1717, in the reign of 
 George I., Sir Isaac Newton, who was still in office, said, in 
 his report, “ if silver money become a little scarcer, people 
 will, in a little time, refuse to make payments in silver 
 without a premium.” 
 
 On the new coinage, after the death of the queen, the 
 king’s bust appears alone, surrounded by “ Gulielmus III. 
 Dei Gratia the reverse has the four shields as before, but 
 without W. or M. in the angles, and all the pieces are alike, 
 with the exception of mint marks. The Maundy money 
 was as before, with the obvious exception of the king’s bust 
 being alone. 
 
 There are a few varieties in collections, which, it is sup- 
 posed, were only patterns. The shillings and sixpences 
 varied slightly towards the close of the reign, in having the 
 features of the bust a little more strongly marked, and 
 having the hair more upright on the forehead. The year of 
 the reign was marked on the edges of the larger pieces. 
 
 The gold coins of William and Mary and William III. 
 consisted of five-pound pieces, two-pound pieces, guineas, 
 and half-guineas. 
 
 The two-pound pieces of William and Mary have the 
 single crowned shield on the reverse, and the guineas and 
 half-guineas were of the same pattern; while those of 
 William III. have on the reverse the four shields as a cross, 
 with sceptres in the angles, as on those of Charles II., a 
 
COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 184 
 
 device now continued through the next two reigns. The five- 
 pound pieces, guineas, and half-guineas, were of the same 
 pattern. 
 
 The most absurd enactments were passed about this 
 period, with a view to remedy the scarcity of gold. In this 
 reign it was enacted that “ no gold was to be worn as orna- 
 ments during the war,” &c. ; while in the reign of Charles II. 
 it had been enacted, that no gold should be used in gilding 
 carriages. 
 
 The guineas at one time rose in this reign to the value of 
 thirty shillings, though pieces of equal weight and fineness 
 could be purchased in Holland for twenty-two shillings ; but 
 an act of Parliament reduced their value to twenty-six 
 shillings, and afterwards to twenty-two shillings. These 
 mere arbitrary enactments caused the greatest confusion, 
 and it being eventually found that, on the continent, gold 
 bore a value as 15 to 1 of that of silver, it followed, that to 
 preserve something like that proportion, twenty-one shillings 
 and sixpence was sufficient for the guinea, and it afterwards 
 passed at that price. This measure, to a small degree, 
 prevented the great export of silver for the purchase of 
 gold. 
 
 The copper or tin coinage of these reigns did not vary 
 much in character from those of Charles and James ; but 
 the halfpence of William III. (1690) show the Britannia, 
 with the right leg crossed, like that on the farthings of 
 Charles I. ; except that in this case the leg is draped, and 
 not bare. The tin halfpennies and farthings have a plug of 
 copper in them. In 1593, Andrew Corbel obtained a patent 
 for making copper halfpence and farthings, for payment of 
 1000Z. per annum, upon which it appears the patentee 
 would have had a profit of 18,000Z. in the nine years of his 
 patent, but the patent was taken from him in the following 
 
 year. 
 
 In some of the patterns preserved, which were essays for 
 the copper of these reigns, we find the queen’s head on one 
 side, with “ Maria II. Dei Gratia and on the other side 
 the king’s head, with “ Gulielmus III. Dei Gra.” Others 
 had the queen’s head, and “ Maria II. Dei Gra.” on the 
 obverse; and on the reverse a rose, with “Ex candore 
 Decus.” Of William III. there is a pattern farthing, half- 
 
COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 4S5 
 
 brass, with a sun on the reverse, and “ Non devio.” These 
 half-brass patterns look like the half of a sovereign and the 
 half of a farthing stuck together, showing half the face red 
 and half vellow. 
 
 •f 
 
 ANNE, 1702 TO 1714. 
 
 The coins of this reign are of the same fineness, weight, 
 and denomination as those of the last. The devices are also 
 the same, with trifling variations : the bust of the Queen, on 
 the obverse, is turned to the right ; the hair is simply bound 
 by a fillet, and the shoulders clothed in a light drapery, 
 fastened in front with a stud or rosette : the legend is, 
 “Anna Dei Gratia:” the reverse has the shields arranged 
 as a cross, with a star of the Garter in the centre, instead of 
 the arms of Nassau of the last reign. The titles stand 
 “ MAG. BR. F. R. ET HIB. REG,” with the date. 
 
 The slight variations alluded to are the marks denoting 
 the sources from which the silver was derived, some having 
 the plumes, for the silver of Welsh mines, and some the roses 
 for west of England silver ; also some with both marks, 
 denoting that the silver was mixed. Others have the word 
 “ Vigo ” under the Queen’s head, in commemoration of the 
 capture of Vigo and the Spanish galleons, from the treasure 
 of which, the silver of those coins was derived. In some, 
 the fillet in the hair is rather differently arranged. This 
 trifling change took place in the coins issued after the legis- 
 lative union with Scotland, from which time the coinage of 
 the two countries was assimilated in every respect, and the 
 separate Scottish coinage, with distinct national emblems, 
 which had continued from James I. to this time, was 
 abolished. The only distinction, now, of the Scottish coins, 
 was the letter E., for the Edinburgh mint, under the Queen’s 
 head. Those coins with the E. were the last coins produced 
 away from the Tower of London. The arms of the reverses 
 were slightly changed at this time, and those of England and 
 Scotland, instead of being on separate shields, were impaled 
 together on the first and third shields, those of Erance and 
 Ireland occupying the second and fourth. The larger pieces 
 have the year of the reign on the edge — as “ Anno regni 
 Quinto,” “ Sexto,” &c. 
 
m 
 
 COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 The Maundy money has the bust like the larger pieces, 
 and crowned numerals on the reverse. 
 
 Of the coins of the short but prosperous reign of Anne, it 
 may be said that they mark another epoch in the improve- 
 ment of English money. Charles I., by his natural taste for 
 art, had done much for the design and execution of the coin ; 
 the spirited conduct of the Commonwealth and Cromwell 
 had imported foreign skill, and with its aid carried the 
 coinage of the country in perfection of execution even 
 beyond that of neighbouring nations ; while in the reign of 
 Queen Anne, great attention was again paid to the execution 
 of the coins, and great public interest seemed to be roused 
 to the importance of those national monuments ; as will be 
 seen from the following suggestions, offered to the govern- 
 ment of the time, by Dean Swift. He proposed that the 
 halfpence and farthings, after the union with Scotland and 
 the perfect assimilating of the two countries, should be 
 entirely recoined, and that, “ 1st. They should bear devices 
 and inscriptions, alluding to the most remarkable events of 
 her Majesty’s reign. 2d. That there be a society established 
 for finding out proper subjects, inscriptions, and devices,” 
 &c., with other excellent suggestions and remarks. - * “ By 
 this means,” he said, “ medals that are at present only a dead 
 treasure, or mere curiosities, will perpetuate the glories of 
 her Majesty’s reign, and keep alive a gratitude for great 
 public services, and excite the emulation of posterity.” To 
 these generous purposes nothing can contribute in so lasting 
 a manner as medals of this kind, for they are of undoubted 
 authority, not perishable by time, nor confined, like other 
 monuments, to a certain place, but circulating throughout 
 the realm : the combination of these properties is certainly 
 not to be found in books, statues, pictures, buildings, or any 
 other records of illustrious actions. The great interest of 
 such records on coins is fully shown by the coins of the 
 Bomans, who so fully appreciated this mode of commemo- 
 rating great events. Nothing, however, was done upon 
 these useful suggestions, though they were warmly enter- 
 
 * The interference of Swift was, however, rather factious than sincere ; for 
 afterwards, in the affair of Wood’s copper coinage, he, out of mere opposition, 
 prevented a beneficial improvement which had received the sanction of Sir Isaac 
 Newton. 
 
COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 487 
 
 cained for a time, and some patterns actually struck. “ But 
 if,” observes Ending, “ the Dean’s project had been carried 
 out, it would have ennobled our coinage, and have elevated it 
 far above the rank of a mere medium of commerce.” 
 
 The gold coins of the reign of Anne were pieces of five 
 pounds, two pounds, guineas, and half-guineas : the devices 
 are the same as those on the silver coins, with the exception 
 of the sceptres in the angles of the cross formed by the four 
 shields. 
 
 The queen’s fastidious modesty in insisting upon the 
 drapery about the bust, caused her gold coins so closely to 
 resemble the silver, that shillings and sixpences were gilt 
 and passed for guineas and half-guineas ; the only means of 
 detecting them being the absence of the lock of hair 
 proceeding from the nape of the neck, and lying over 
 the right shoulder on the right breast, which is found on 
 all the gold coins. Another mark, by which these false 
 guineas might be detected, was, of course, the sceptres on 
 the reverse. 
 
 Of copper, none at all was issued during the reign ; and 
 the Queen Anne farthings, of w T hich so much has been said, 
 were only patterns, and never issued; they are, however, 
 not excessively rare, the one with sunk letters being the 
 most scarce. 
 
 Among the patterns of farthings is a fine one with the 
 bust well executed, and Anna Augusta for the obverse, and 
 Victory in a war chariot, with the motto “ Pax missa per 
 orbem,” a motto borrowed > from a well known Eoman 
 coin, on the reverse (1713), probably struck with a view 
 to commemorate the general peace. Others have the figure 
 of Britannia, like that on the farthings of Charles II., 
 but placed in a decorated niche. This is called the 
 canopy pattern. Some of these patterns were struck in 
 gold. 
 
 A specimen of a copper halfpenny exists, probably exe* 
 cuted with the view of celebrating the union with Scotland, 
 ns it has on the reverse a rose and thistle on the same stem 
 crowned with a single crown. 
 
 There is another pattern halfpenny, having on the reverse 
 a small Britannia, holding a sprig of rose and thistle on the 
 same stem, and above the figure a large crown. 
 
488 
 
 COINAGE OE ENGLAND. 
 
 GEORGE I., 1714 TO 1727. 
 
 The coinage of this reign remained the same in weight 
 and value as in the preceding : the bust of the king was 
 executed in the conventional style of the time, with Roman 
 mantle and armour, and is turned to the left. The legend 
 on the obverse contains the titles as well as the name, with 
 (for the first time, as a permanent addition) “ defender of 
 the faith, Fidei Defensor ,” abbreviated like the rest, as 
 “GEORGIUS D. G. M. BR. FR. ET HIB. REX F. D.” On 
 the reverse, his German titles appear, as “ Brunsvicensis 
 et Lunenbergensis Dux Sacri Romani Imperii, Archi- 
 thesaurius et Elector,” abbreviated as “BRUN. ET L. DUX. S. 
 R. I. A. TH. ET EL.” His own arms are not placed in the 
 centre like those of William III., but occupy the fourth 
 shield. The marks indicating the source from which the 
 silver was derived are continued as in preceding reigns ; 
 some having also S. S. C. for that received from the South 
 Sea Company, and some a plume and linked C’s, for a 
 Welsh Copper Company. The large pieces have on the 
 edge, their date and that of the year of the reign, as, 
 “ 1718, Quinto ,” &c. 
 
 The Maundy money has the bust, with “ Gfeorgius Dei 
 Gra.,” and on the reverse a crowned numeral with the 
 king’s English titles only. It is a rather disgraceful fact to 
 English skill, that in this reign the coins executed in the 
 petty state of Brunswick for circulation in the king’s foreign 
 dominions are of far better execution than the English ones. 
 They are of similar device. 
 
 Of the scarcity of silver in this reign much has been said, 
 and it was certainly insufficient for the circulation required. 
 Many distinguished men were consulted on this and other 
 matters connected with the coinage, and in 1717, Sir Isaac 
 Newton,* still Master of the Mint, in his report, previously 
 alluded to, stated that “ if silver money should become a 
 little scarcer, people would refuse to make payments in 
 silver without a premium.” 
 
 * He was appointed Master of the Mint in 1699, in the reign of William III 
 ■ — Snelling. 
 
COINAGE or ENGLAND. 
 
 4S9 
 
 The crowns, shillings, and sixpences have the same 
 devices. 
 
 The guinea, minted in the Tower as twenty shillings, was 
 reduced from its current rate of twenty-two shillings to 
 twenty-one shillings. The gold coins of the realm were five- 
 pound pieces, two-pound pieces, guineas, half-guineas, and 
 for the first time (by that name) quarter guineas. They had 
 the same devices as those of the silver coins, with the 
 exception of the omission of drapery on the bust, and the 
 addition of the sceptres in the angles of the cross on the 
 reverses. 
 
 The copper coinage was much extended in this reign ; 
 above 46,000Z. worth was coined in 1717, the pound 
 avoirdupois being coined into twenty-eight pence. 
 
 The Britannia on the halfpenny now became more like that 
 of the Homan coin from which the figure w’as originally 
 taken. Some patterns dated 1724 have Britannia leaning 
 upon a harp instead of a shield, probably a pattern for an 
 Irish coinage. 
 
 GEOEGE ii., 1729 to 1760. 
 
 The coinage during this reign exhibits no change in its 
 weight, value, &c. The king’s head w r as again reversed, as 
 had now become customary, and his bust consequently 
 turns to the right, the legend being simply “ GEORGIUS II. 
 DEI GRATIA.” On the reverse a slight alteration took 
 place in the arrangement of the title, which stands thus : — 
 “ M. B. F. ET H. REX F. D. B. ET L. D. S. R. I. A. T. ET E.” 
 being merely a new abbreviation of the English titles, 
 followed by a still more close abbreviation of the German 
 ones, as will be explained by referring to the last reign for a 
 description and translation. In this reign the pattern of the 
 milling at the edges of shillings, sixpences, &c., was also 
 slightly changed to prevent falsification, for although the 
 milled edge had put a stop to the old clipping system, filing 
 was now resorted to for robbing the coin ; by which means, 
 after a portion of the edge had been removed, the upright or 
 diagonal lines might be restored by the file. To remedy 
 this evil, a serpentine line, very difficult to imitate by the 
 file, was adopted about 1740. In addition to the previous 
 
490 
 
 COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 marks indicating the different sources of the metal, the 
 word Lima occurs on those of coins of George II. minted 
 from the silver captured either by Lord Anson, in the great 
 Acapulco Galleon, or, as some think, by the Prince Frederic 
 and Duke privateers. Some have an elephant for the silver 
 imported by the African Company. The Roman armour at 
 the shoulder differs from that of his father in having a lion’s 
 head for ornament. The large silver pieces have their 
 date and that of the reign on the edge — as “ 1741, Decimo 
 quarto,” &c. &c. 
 
 Of the now usual gold coins, the quarter guinea was 
 omitted in this reign. 
 
 Up to this time a number of the old hammered coins of 
 James I., Charles I., and Charles II. were still in circulation, 
 and called broad pieces, an appropriate name for the old thin 
 rials and angels. They were now called in and their circu- 
 lation forbidden by enactment. 
 
 The principal gold coins minted were guineas and half- 
 guineas, only a few five-pound and two-pound pieces being 
 struck. The guinea was, by proclamation, in 1737, raised 
 to 22«. 9 d., and foreign gold coins passing in this country, 
 principally Portuguese, settled at proportionate rates. The 
 designs of the reverses of the gold coins were changed in 
 this reign, and the old garnished shield, somewhat varied, 
 again adopted in place of the four shields disposed as a cross. 
 The disposition which was thus abandoned on the gold, was, 
 however, continued on the silver coins. 
 
 The first coinage of copper halfpence and farthings in 
 this reign was under warrant of Queen Caroline (in 1738), 
 for the time guardian of the realm. There were forty-six 
 halfpence coined out of the pound avoirdupois. Though 
 the false coining of gold or silver had been made high 
 treason, the coining of copper money was only deemed a 
 misdemeanor, and the increased penalty of this reign only 
 made the punishment two years’ imprisonment ; which slight 
 punishment, in comparison to that respecting gold and silver 
 coins, was perhaps one cause of the great quantity of false 
 copper money now sent in circulation. Birmingham was 
 the chief seat of these illegal mints, though destined after- 
 wards to become the legitimate spot where the whole copper 
 coinage of the country was to be for a time carried on. 
 
COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 491 
 
 Up to this time, however, the copper coinage appears to 
 have been still a temporary expedient only. 
 
 No monies were worked in this reign but at the Tower 
 and in the king’s German dominions. 
 
 The copper coinage of George II. presents no remarkable 
 feature : the halfpenny has still for reverse, Britannia, very 
 like that of the Homan coins, but very stiff, and poor in style. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 FROM GEORGE III. TO VICTORIA. 
 
 George III., 1760 to 1820. This prince, on succeeding 
 to the throne of his grandfather, did not meddle with 
 the silver coinage, although the currency was scanty in 
 amount, and of decreased value, from excessive weai 
 and filing, which all the precautions of the last reign 
 had not been able effectually to prevent. In 1762 and 
 1763, a small amount of coin (5791Z.) was issued, but of 
 what denomination is not stated. In this coinage, and till 
 1787, one pound of silver of 11 ozs. 2 dwts. fine, to 18 dwts. 
 alloy, was coined into 62 shillings. But Mr. Hawkins 
 supposes it was not from dies of George III., as no coinage 
 (except the Maundy money) was issued with his portrait,* 
 before 1763, when shillings to the amount of 100Z. ! were 
 struck for distribution to the populace of Dublin, when the 
 Earl of Northumberland became Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. 
 A coinage, however, was in contemplation, as evinced by the 
 pattern shilling of 1764. In 1780, a proposal was made, 
 but without success, to take the coinage out of the hands of 
 the sovereign, abolishing the Mint establishment, and vesting 
 the power of coining in the Bank of England. No serious 
 issue of silver money took place, which seems almost 
 
 * Very poorly done on the Maundy money, till the issue (or patterns) of 
 1798, called the wire money, from the delicate lines of the numerals, on 
 which the head is very beautifully executed in low relief. 
 
492 
 
 COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 incredible, till 1787, twenty-seven years after the acces- 
 sion of the king, more than the average length of a long 
 reign. In 1772, the bad state of the coinage offered such 
 temptations to forgery, that 113GZ. was granted over and 
 above the 600Z. per year allowed in George II. for prose- 
 cuting forgers. The year 1787 was marked by an issue 
 of 55,459 Z. in shillings and sixpences, the king’s bust ap- 
 pearing much in the same modern Horn an style as that of 
 his predecessor, but stiff and less bold in execution, though 
 an improvement on the shillings of 1763. These shillings 
 resemble, on the reverse, both in type and legend, those of 
 George II., except that in the last-mentioned, the crowns 
 are between the shields, instead of over them. As the silver 
 pieces in circulation in this country at the time were all 
 light, and worn quite smooth, the new issue soon found its 
 way to the melting-pot, being worth considerably more than 
 the coin in circulation. In 1768 sixpences had been issued 
 exactly like the shillings : but all these small batches of 
 new coins soon disappeared, and the currency became gra- 
 dually more and more scanty and depreciated, without 
 any great effort on the part of the government to remedy 
 the evil. 
 
 In 1798, Messrs. Dorrien and Magen endeavoured to remedy 
 the great scarcity of silver money to some extent, by sending a 
 quantity of bullion to the Tower to be coined on their own 
 account, according to the act of Charles II., upon payment 
 of certain dues. But after it was coined, the government of 
 this unfortunate period, destined ever to be obstructive, 
 caused it to be all melted down, on the plea that a coinage 
 could not be lawful without a proclamation ; so that this 
 attempt on the part of the public to right the grievance 
 themselves, w r as rendered unavailing by the government. 
 These shillings, of which a very few specimens escaped the 
 crucible, w r ere, with the exception of the date, exactly like 
 those of 1787. 
 
 A small issue of shillings, sixpences, and Maundy money, 
 took place in 1797 and 1798, the heads on wdiich are very 
 much more beautifully executed than those of any other 
 coins of the reign. Some consider them to have been only 
 patterns : they are known among collectors as the ivire 
 money, from the very slender numerals on the Maundy 
 
COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 493 
 
 pieces ; and in 1797 a very considerable issue of copper coins 
 was made, coined by Messrs. Boulton and Watt. 
 
 Inconceivable as it may appear, this state of things was 
 allowed to go on, getting gradually worse and worse, till the 
 year 1803, when it was attempted to patch up the grievance 
 by stamping Spanish dollars,* for circulation, with a mark 
 lie that used at Goldsmiths’ Hall for the stamping silver 
 plate. In the following year this stamp was changed for a 
 small octagon containing the king’s head ; and about the 
 same time an arrangement was made with Mr. Boulton, of 
 Soho, near Birmingham, to stamp the entire face of the 
 dollar with a device, by means of machinery, the result of 
 the great inventions in the application of steam power, 
 recently rendered practical by Watt. 
 
 It was not till 1816, during the Regency of the Prince of 
 Wales, that it was determined to meet the difficulties of an 
 entirely new coinage. This event was, perhaps, more owing 
 to the activity and energy of Messrs. Boulton and Watt, 
 than to any initiative feeling on the part of the government ; 
 those gentlemen had, in the copper coinage confided to them 
 in 1797, proved the efficacy of their vast machinery, and had 
 scientifically considered all the principles upon which the 
 coinage of a great nation ought to be conducted, especially 
 as regards its protection from the clipper and filer, and from 
 the effect of legitimate wear and tear. The first safeguard 
 was obtained by such further improvements in the milling of 
 the edges as rendered manual imitation almost impossible : 
 and the second, the protection of the impress, by preventing 
 it from rubbing against other coins, was to a great extent 
 effected by a rim round the extreme edge being raised some- 
 what higher than the relief of the device. Many beautiful 
 and successful specimens were produced ; and at length, by 
 these facilities, and the arrival of the grievance at an insup- 
 portable height, the government was stimulated to meet the 
 difficulty. 
 
 Messrs. Boulton and Watt erected machinery in the 
 Tower similar to their own at the Soho, and a new coinage 
 began in earnest. The recent revolution in Prance had 
 
 * The ancient Greeks also stamped the coins of another town or state, 
 when they accepted them for public circulation, as described in the early 
 chapters of this work. 
 
494 
 
 COINAGE OE ENGLAND. 
 
 worked great changes, not only in politics, but in art, in all 
 Europe ; and the new coinage was consequently in a totally 
 different style of design to all previous ones. 
 
 The Parisian school, founded by David and his followers, 
 had thrown off the fluttering pomposity of the modern 
 Homan style, and aimed at copying even nature through the 
 artistic medium of the statuesque simplicity of Greek 
 models ; and, however full of exaggeration in itself, the new 
 style led the way to a better and more natural school of art 
 than that which sprung up about the period of Louis XIII., 
 and had been growing feebly worse till the revolution of 
 1784 ; even more characterless in England than on the 
 Continent. The dies w^ere executed for the new coinage by 
 Wyon, and, influenced by the general new feeling in art, he* 
 abandoned the conventional Roman armour and mantle, and 
 produced a simple laureated bust, founded upon the style of 
 antique models : those of Greece now furnishing the feeling 
 rather than those of Rome, which, in the previous phase of 
 art, had been filtered down to the most insipid conventional 
 mannerism ; while the new school, with all its defects, set 
 forward under new and more invigorating influences. The 
 design adopted was a laureated head ; the bust un draped ; 
 too familiar to require description. The reverse also was 
 changed, and the old disposition of the four shields as a 
 cross finally abandoned. In February, 1817, the issue of 
 the new half-crowns, shillings, and sixpences, took place, and 
 all who recollect that event, can bear witness to the agree- 
 able impression it produced, and the extraordinary beauty 
 the coins appeared to possess, after the flat, bent, and bat- 
 tered bits of silver, of half their nominal value,* that had 
 been so long made to pass current as the coin of the realm. 
 The new coins were, indeed, in mechanical execution, the 
 finest that had ever been issued in Europe, and the artistic 
 merit of the devices was very considerable. 
 
 One of the principal defects was a coarse, or perhaps 
 brutal expression in the king’s portrait. Crown pieces 
 were soon after issued, having on the reverse a device similar 
 to that of the George noble of Henry VIII., but in the 
 
 * The old shillings were about one-quarter, and the sixpences or e-third 
 less than their proper value. 
 
COINAGE OE ENGLAND. 
 
 495 
 
 new school of art ; the knight in armour being superseded 
 by a classical naked figure in a Greek helmet. This attempt 
 to exhibit on the coin some work of art of a class superior 
 to the trivialities of heraldic blazonry, was made by 
 Pistrucci, whose work did not, however, give the satisfac- 
 tion it deserved, and was over severely criticised. This 
 figure, it is said, of St. George and the Dragon, is nearly a 
 copy from a figure in a battle-piece on an antique gem in 
 the Orleans collection; but several Greek coins 1 could 
 point out, might equally well have furnished the model. It 
 is on the whole a spirited performance ; but the improve- 
 ment it might have effected in the style of art display ed on 
 our coinage, was completely swamped by the petty jealousies 
 and bickerings, caused by the introduction of Pistrucci (as a 
 foreigner) to the Mint. He had previously engraved a similar 
 figure upon the twenty-shilling gold coin of the new issue, now 
 again termed a sovereign after a lapse of three centuries. 
 Notwithstanding the contemporary criticisms on Pistrucci’ s 
 St. George and Dragon, this handome reverse, now that it is 
 getting scarce, is better appreciated than at the time of its 
 issue, and collectors give from twenty to thirty shillings for 
 well preserved specimens of the silver crowns of George III. 
 
 On the half-crowns, engraved by Wyon, the armorial bear- 
 ings are displayed on a simple shield, with the arms of 
 Hanover on an escutcheon of pretence ; they have on the 
 reverse, “ Britanniarum Bex, Fid. Def. in the garniture 
 of the shield are the letters W. W. P., for William Wel- 
 lesley Pole, Master of the Mint, and W. -for Wyon, the 
 engraver ; the edge is milled with a peculiar notching, and 
 not lettered, as the half-crowns of previous reigns. 
 
 The shillings were engraved by W yon, from a bust cut in 
 jasper by Pistrucci. 
 
 The Maundy money has the new bust, but the crowned 
 numerals as before. 
 
 On the issue of this new money, individuals received in 
 exchange for old coins, new ones equal in amount to the 
 nominal value of the old, the loss falling upon the general 
 revenue. Twenty stations were established in different parts 
 of London for effecting the exchange, which, with the assist- 
 ance of the bankers, was carried through m an incredibly 
 short space of time. 
 

 496 COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 The gold coinage of this reign was not quite so long 
 neglected as that of silver. But, nevertheless, the issues 
 were scanty and insufficient. In the year of the king’s 
 accession, a gold coinage took place, and there are guineas 
 of this type with the date of almost every year between 1761 
 and 1774. These coinages were principally of guineas and 
 naif-guineas, some larger pieces being merely struck as 
 medals. In the second year of the reign, quarter guineas 
 were again struck as in the reign of G-eorge I. In the gold 
 coinage which took place in 1770, 44 guineas and a half 
 were coined out of every pound weight of gold, 22 carats 
 fine to 2 carats of alloy (crown gold) ; seven shilling pieces 
 were also added to the quarter guineas in this coinage * 
 
 In 1774, the head on the guineas was changed for one 
 resembling, though in poorer relief, a beautiful pattern 
 afterwards referred to. 
 
 In 1787, a new gold coinage took place, and the guineas, 
 known as spade guineas, appeared ; they were so called from 
 the shield on the reverse, which was quite simple, and of the 
 form of a pointed spade. The latest date I have seen on 
 guineas of this pattern is 1799. 
 
 Then comes the last guinea , that of 1813. It has the 
 head in a more modern style, and the reverse is also of a 
 totally new character, having the arms in a small circle 
 enclosed as a “garter.” The half-guineas followed nearly 
 the same course as the guineas, the improved head was 
 adopted about 1774, and the spade pattern about 1787 ; 
 but half-guineas, with the arms enclosed in a garter, were 
 issued before the guineas of that type, and appeared as 
 early as 1801, and there are specimens with the date of 
 each year up to 1813 ; guineas of this type were probably 
 prepared at the same time, but I have only seen them of 
 the date of 1813.f 
 
 The seven-shilling pieces have on the reverse, a crown, but 
 without a lion, as on the pattern to be referred to; the 
 
 * In 1793, the gold coinage had become so deteriorated that it was found 
 necessary to obtain a grant of 230,000£, to cover the cost of calling in the 
 light gold ; which, however, w r as a step in the right direction. 
 
 + I should state that these notes on the guineas of George III. are made 
 from the collection in the British Museum, which I have since been informed 
 is far from complete. 
 
COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 407 
 
 head on the early ones is very bad, hut in 1804 it was 
 changed for one similar to that on the half-guineas. Next 
 came the 20s. piece of 1817, now again termed a sovereign , 
 as in the reign of Henry VIII., while the term guinea, 
 which first came into use in the reign of Charles II., finally 
 disappeared. 
 
 The wretched state of the coinage throughout the greater 
 part of this reign, though it did not till the eleventh hour 
 stimulate the government to any effectual remedy, yet pro- 
 duced a certain extent of activity in the preparation of 
 patterns,* and other such preliminary steps; some of the 
 results of which may be mentioned with advantage here. 
 The most remarkable gold patterns prepared are as follows : — 
 
 First, a finely executed piece, dated 1772, the head of 
 which is superior to that on any gold coin really issued up 
 to 1817, though a copy of it appeared on the guineas from 
 1774 to 1787. 
 
 Secondly, a curious pattern, called Mahon’s, or Lord 
 Stanhope’s pattern : the head is very poor, and executed in 
 a wretchedly wiry manner, which it is said his Lordship 
 considered a style likely to wear well. This pattern has a 
 curious border or edging by which it is easily distinguished. 
 
 In 1798, a pattern guinea was proposed by Messrs. Boulton 
 and Watt, of the same design as the large penny they coined 
 for the government in 1797, with the raised rim and sunk 
 letters, which looks very well in gold. 
 
 There is also a pattern seven-shilling piece of 1775, with 
 the rose, shamrock, and thistle, crowned, for reverse ; and a 
 pattern half-guinea, having, with a view to durability, the 
 portrait sunk instead of raised — an approach to the incavo- 
 relievo style of the Egyptians, recommended for the new 
 coinage of the present reign by Mr. Bonomi. 
 
 The copper coinage received no more attention in the 
 enrly part, of this reign than the silver. The following are 
 the only remarkable events connected with it. In 1770, 
 the sovereignty of the Isle of Man was purchased of the 
 Duke and Duchess of Athol for 70,0002., when copper was 
 struck for circulation in the island, having for its device the 
 
 * In speaking of patterns , such pieces as were never executed in quantity 
 and never issued, are alluded to. 
 
 K K 
 
493 
 
 COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 three legs, the armorial device of Man. This was the first 
 step towards a general new coinage, which was in such a 
 state about 1784, that private tokens were again tolerated. 
 The tradesmen’s tokens began with the Anglesea penny, 
 and continued to spread in great variety, forming in them- 
 selves an interesting collection of medals, till suppressed by 
 the state coinage of 1797 ; in the July of which year a 
 contract was entered into with Mr. Boulton, of Soho, near 
 Birmingham, for coining 500 tons of copper in pence only. 
 
 The result of this contract was the production of the large, 
 boldly executed pennies, so abundantly current for some 
 time afterwards. And so much better were such under- 
 takings conducted at Soho than by the government, that, 
 though Mr. Boulton included many things not mentioned in 
 Mint estimates, he coined more cheaply than the officials of 
 the Tower, and yet gained a large profit* Indeed, so con- 
 vinced was the government of his more acute views in the 
 management of the undertaking, that they were glad to 
 allow him to find his own copper for a subsequent coinage. 
 
 GEORGE iv., 1820 to 1830. 
 
 Of this reign the silver coins continued of the same value 
 and denomination as the recent coinage in the previous 
 reign. Most of the pieces have the initials of Pistrucci 
 (B. P.), who engraved all the first dies. The George and 
 Dragon was slightly altered for the crowns, being also some- 
 what larger. In 1824, the king disapproved of the likeness 
 on the coins, and his bust by Chantrey being just completed, 
 Pistrucci was directed to copy it in a series of new dies ; 
 but he declined imitating the work of another artist, and 
 the dies made after Chantrey’s bust, were consequently 
 executed by AVyon : since which time Pistrucci lias enjoyed 
 a sinecure in his appointment in the Mint. In these coins 
 after Chantrey, which is a highly flattered likeness, the 
 
 * This penny has the inscription sunk in the raised rim, with a view to its 
 long preservation. The whole pattern was thought so striking, that a pattern 
 guinea was made from the same design. The die for this penny was executed 
 by a German artist, in the employ of Messrs. Boulton and a K exists on some 
 of the coins — the initial letter of his name, ( Kughler ). 
 
COINAGE OP ENGLAND. 
 
 499 
 
 king is represented without the laurel, which, as an emblem 
 of victory, was considered inappropriate, no war having 
 taken place in his reign. It is a symbol that will most 
 likely not be renewed. These pieces, with the reverse 
 engraved by Merlin, are very beautiful ; and a great 
 improvement on the last coins was effected in the armorial 
 bearings, by leaving out the lines indicative of the colour of 
 the respective fields, which rather confused the effect of the 
 designs of 1817 and succeeding years. 
 
 A reverse for the shilling was adopted in 1825, consisting 
 of a sprig of rose, thistle, and shamrock, united under a 
 crown. It had been proposed for gold seven-shilling pieces 
 in 1775, but only patterns were struck. 
 
 The Maundy money has the bust like the early issues of 
 this reign, the new bust never being adopted for these small 
 coins; the reverses have the numerals, crowned, between 
 branches, and the date. Particulars respecting the slight 
 differences of each separate issue appear superfluous in this 
 place, particularly as most of the coins are still in common 
 circulation. 
 
 The gold underwent similar reforms as to the head of the 
 king, the flat laureated head by Pistrucci giving place to 
 the Chantrey head by Wyon; and there are double sove- 
 reigns, sovereigns, and half-sovereigns of this type. The 
 double sovereigns are most beautiful coin, the head is in bold 
 relief, and very simple and grand in effect. Larger pieces 
 were struck, but not for general circulation. 
 
 The copper coins underwent similar alterations ; the old 
 Britannia becoming a more Minerva-like figure, with a 
 Greek helmet, and the Chantrey bust without laurel was 
 adopted on the later pennies, halfpennies, and farthings. 
 
 william iv., 1830 to 1837. 
 
 The Duke of Clarence ascended the throne on the death 
 of his brother, and arrangements were made for a new 
 coinage, exactly on the same principles as those of the last 
 coins of the preceding reign. 
 
 Pattern crowns, issued only in small number for the 
 cabinets of collectors, had the arms on the reverse, in a plain 
 
 EE 2 
 
500 
 
 COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 shield displayed on a mantle of ermine. The half-crowns of 
 the same pattern, with slight exceptions, were issued for 
 currency. 
 
 The shillings were issued with no armorial device, but 
 with simply “ One Shilling ” on the reverse between a 
 branch of oak and one of laurel, — a device affording, perhaps, 
 still less scope for the talent of the artist than even the 
 armorial bearings. But as long as the office of Master of 
 the Mint is conferred upon some political adherent, without 
 regard to his fitness for its duties, little reform in the style 
 of art adapted to the coinage can be expected. * The Maundy 
 money of this reign has the numerals, between similar 
 branches of oak and laurel to those of the shillings. 
 
 The groat, or fourpenny piece, was once more issued for 
 currency in this reign, and proved a very useful coin. The 
 reverse is similar to that on the recent copper coins, being a 
 Britannia helmeted, and holding a trident. The legend is 
 “ Four Pence.” 
 
 The gold coins for circulation were like the last pieces of 
 George IV., having the head without a laurel wTeath, and 
 very beautifully executed by Wyon ; indeed, a perfectly new 
 impression of one of the sovereigns of this reign is a very 
 beautiful memorial of the art of the period. There were 
 only sovereigns and half-sovereigns, the five pounds and 
 double sovereigns being only coined in small numbers, and 
 principally issued among collectors. 
 
 The copper coins continued to be pennies, halfpennies, and 
 farthings, and w r ere modelled after those of silver and gold — 
 the head being like those of George IV., without the laurel ; 
 the reverses have the figure of Britannia, like those of the 
 last reign. 
 
 * Mr. Hawkins, in his excellent work, refers to these Disappointments in 
 a spirited and eloquent manner. 
 
COINAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 501 
 
 CHAPTEK XXXVII. 
 
 VICTORIA ASCENDED THE THRONE, 1837. 
 
 The half-crowns, shillings, and sixpences of this reign 
 are in the same style as those of the preceding one. 
 The Maundy money has the portrait, like the groat (or 
 fourpenny piece), but the reverses have the crowned nume- 
 rals as previously. The groat, re-established in the last 
 reign, is still coined for circulation, having the same figure of 
 Britannia on the reverse. The gold coins are only sovereigns 
 and half-sovereigns, with a simple portrait head by Wyon 
 on the obverse, and the arms on the reverse. The larger pieces 
 were only struck as medals, which may be procured by the 
 curious on application at the Mint. A pattern has, however, 
 just been issued of a five-pound piece, which it is said is 
 intended for circulation. It has a fine head of the queen on 
 the obverse, and on the reverse, as a step towards a greater 
 display of art, a beautiful symbolic figure of Una and the 
 lion. This idea, however, appears somewhat far-fetched, and 
 but little appropriate. 
 
 The issue of the silver florin, or two-shilling piece, is 
 another recent experiment made in the present reign, with 
 the view to establish the decimal principle in the coinage. 
 But, however laudable the intention, the issue of this coin 
 has been defeated by some petty errors of detail, such as 
 the omission of the old Dei Gratia before the name, 
 and other minor matters connected with the internal 
 administration of the affairs of the Mint in the Tower.* 
 It was also from difficulties of the latter class that a 
 coinage of the beautiful crown piece, prepared by Wyon, 
 was abandoned ; which is, however, scarcely to be regretted, 
 as the mediaeval character of the letters, and some other 
 features, placed the design out of the pale of the true 
 
 * While this work is passing through the press, a fresh proclamation has 
 announced the positive issue of the florin, or tenth of the pound, in an 
 improved form. 
 
502 
 
 COINAGE OF SCOTLAND. 
 
 sympathies of the age, which are not of a retrograde character, 
 however much a taste for the beauties and peculiarities of 
 mediaeval art may have led some too far in that direction. 
 
 The placing of the crown upon the head was another 
 objectionable feature, which had no more recent example 
 than the coinage of Charles II., a period with which little 
 sympathy can be expected at the present epoch. 
 
 The copper coinage is continued upon the same principles 
 as in the two preceding reigns, with the exception of the 
 addition of the half-farthing — a very pretty little coin, not 
 yet issued in sufficient numbers to test its convenience, 
 especially to the poor, in the purchase of small portions of 
 cheap articles of food, &c. — a source of utility demonstrated 
 by the extensive use of cents , and other small copper money 
 of neighbouring nations. 
 
 A sketch of the Scottish and Irish coinages will be found 
 in the ensuing chapter. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVIII. 
 
 THE COINS OF SCOTLAND AND IRELAND. 
 
 Having treated at some length, and in considerable detail, 
 of the coins of England from the fall of the Roman empire 
 to the present time, it will be unnecessary to give more than 
 a mere outline of the progress of the coinage in Ireland and 
 Scotland, as in the former country, it became, at an early 
 period, with few exceptions, the same as that of England, 
 and in the latter its progress and development is so similar, 
 with the exception of the Scottish copper, that an account 
 of the one gives a tolerably accurate idea of the nature of 
 the other. 
 
 THE SCOTCH SILVER COINAGE. 
 
 The coinage of this northern portion of the great island of 
 Britain is of much more recent date than the south. The 
 Irish colonies of the extreme north, the ancestors of the 
 Scottish islanders, were more civilised than the Piets of that 
 portion of Scotland, but were by that barbaric race cut off from 
 
COINAGE OF SCOTLAND. 
 
 503 
 
 communication with the southern portions of Britain, and 
 thus excluded from participation in the progressive civilisa- 
 tion there introduced, for which they were better prepared 
 than their Pictish conquerors. The consequence is, that we 
 find no authentic Scottish coinage till long after the complete 
 establishment of that of England, and when the silver 
 pennies had long formed a steady and abundant circulating 
 medium ; the earliest Scottish coins that can be assigned with 
 certainty being those of Alexander I., who died in 1124, 
 and was contemporary with the Anglo-Norman Henry I. 
 
 Coins can be assigned with tolerable certainty to his 
 successor, David, who reigned from 1124 to 1155 ; but none 
 are known of Malcolm IV., while those of the long reign of 
 William, from 11G3 to 1214, are very numerous, and their 
 attribution is certain. These last have the* inscription, 
 LE . REI . WILAM, or WILAM . RI. or RE. The last word 
 is Scandinavian ; but when found on the Scottish coin it is 
 more probably an abbreviation of the old French rei.* 
 
 A large number of the silver pennies of William were 
 found together near Inverness in 1780. Some of them have 
 a moneyer’s name, and some the names of the places of 
 mintage : among the moneyers’ names occurs that of Hue 
 Walter, and the places of mintage are frequently ED or 
 EDINBV (for Edinburgh), PERT (Perth), ROCESBY (Rox- 
 burgh), &c. 
 
 The money of Scotland 
 
 David II., 1355, whose ransom paid to Edward III. is said 
 to have exhausted the country of coin, and the little left was 
 reduced in size. The money of Scotland and England had, 
 up to this time, circulated in either country indifferently ; 
 and after the diminution of the Scotch coins by David II., in 
 order that it might continue to do so, Edward caused the coin 
 of England to be reduced in a similar manner, in order that the 
 convenience of the pre-existing par might not be disturbed. 
 Notwithstanding this attempt on the part of England to 
 maintain the equality of the two coinages, that of Scotland 
 continued to decrease, and in the first year of the reign ot 
 Robert III. it passed only for half its nominal value in 
 
 class and denomination 
 
 Similar to the Spanish rey. 
 
504 
 
 COINAGE OP SCOTLAND. 
 
 England. In 1393, Bichard II. enacted that it should only 
 pass for the weight of pure silver it contained. 
 
 The depreciation of the Scottish coin still continued with- 
 out interruption, and in 1600 it was only worth in England 
 one-twelfth part of its nominal value in reference to English 
 coin of the same denomination, and it did not recover anything 
 like a corresponding value even up to the time of the Union. 
 
 The silver penny was the only Scottish coin until Edward I. 
 of England, during his temporary subjugation of the coun- 
 try, coined halfpence and farthings, which were afterwards 
 continued by the Scottish sovereign. David II. (1329 to 
 1371) introduced the groat of fourpence and the half-groat 
 of twopence. After James II. (1437 to 1460) the terms 
 groat and penny, as applied to the silver coins, no longer 
 expressed the same value as in England, the groat being 
 eightpence Scottish and the penny twopence. In the reign 
 of Mary (1542 to 1587) the silver groats and pennies ceased, 
 in consequence of the scarcity of silver, and their place 
 was supplied by billon coins of four parts copper and one 
 silver. 
 
 About 1553, shillings, or testoons, and half testoons, were 
 first coined, bearing the bust of the queen, and the arms 
 of Scotland and France. These coins were of the same 
 intrinsic value as the English shillings, and were worth more 
 than four shillings Scottish, the half testoon being in the 
 same proportion. Marks of thirteen shillings Scottish were 
 also struck in that reign worth 3 s. 4id. English. 
 
 In 1565 the silver crown was first struck in Scotland. 
 It weighed 1 ounce, and went for 30 shillings Scottish. 
 Smaller pieces of 20 shillings and 10 shillings Scottish 
 were struck at the same time. These pieces have the marks 
 XXX. XX., upon them, which represents the number of 
 Scottish shillings for which they passed ; while in English 
 money they represented about 5s., 3 s. 4 d., and Is. 8 d. They 
 had on the reverse a palm-tree, which, being mistaken for a 
 noted yew at Cruikston, near Glasgow, the residence of 
 Darnley, caused them to be called Cruikston dollars. 
 
 In the early part of the reign of James VI., 1571, new 
 marks and half-marks Scottish were struck, being worth 
 about 22 pence, and 11 pence English. 
 
 In 1578 the famous NEMO ME IMPVNE LACESSET first 
 
COINAGE OF SCOTLAND. 
 
 505 
 
 occurs upon the coin ; and in 1582, in consequence of 
 a contract previously entered into between the Earl of 
 Morton, Governor of Scotland, and Atkinson, the Master of 
 the Mint, 40 shillings Scottish were made to go to the 
 crown of an ounce, which were in consequence marked XL., 
 and in 1597 this was increased to L. In 1601 the last and 
 highest mark of the Scottish crown occurs, which is LX. 
 
 Before quitting the subject of the early and separate silver 
 coinage of Scotland, some further remarks of detail are per- 
 haps required, in order to assist a collector in distinguishing 
 the coins of the different reigns. 
 
 Those of Alexander I., David I., and Alexander II., have 
 all names of moneyers on the reverse. Alexander III. and 
 David II. have REX SCOTORYM. Robert I. appears with a 
 profile, as on his seal. The groats of the third James are 
 distinguished principally by their size ; those of James I. 
 are small, being reduced to the value of 4 Scottish pence, 
 and ha vejleur-de-lis on the reverse, and TRACIA for GRACIA. 
 Of James II., the groats are as large as the English 
 shilling, and are worth 12 pence Scots. The first coinage 
 of James III. has mullets ; the second, bushy flowing hair, 
 in the style of those of Henry VII. of England ; but, in 
 the reign of James IV., the old style was resumed. Those 
 of James III. have the motto DNS PROTECTOR, while those 
 of James IV. have SALVVM. FAC. ; they are also known by 
 their QT. IIII., &c. ; while those of James V. are marked 5. 
 
 In England silver had only tripled in value since the reign 
 of William the Conqueror, while in Scotland its value had 
 apparently become 36 times greater. A similar relative 
 change occurs in the value of the early and late coins in 
 continental nations ; the denier of Charlemagne being 
 worth 40 modern denier s ; while in England the ancient 
 silver penny is scarcely worth 3 modern ones — a monetary 
 position in which England stands nearly alone among 
 modern nations. 
 
 The Scottish money struck after the union of the crowns, 
 may be briefly described. Charles I. struck half-marks, 
 
 and pieces of 40 and 20 pennies marked respectively XL. 
 
 and XX. behind the head. Charles II. issued pieces of 
 similar character. In 1675, Scottish dollars of 56 shilliugs 
 
506 
 
 COINAGE OF SCOTLAND. 
 
 Scottish (4 s. 8 d. English) were issued, with their halves and 
 quarters of 28 and 14 shillings, &c., &c. James VII. of 
 Scotland, and II. of England, issued coins of 60, 40, 20, 10, 
 and 5 shillings Scottish, but only the 40 and 10-shilling are 
 known. William and Mary continued the same coins ; and 
 in the reign of Anne we find only the pieces of 10 and 5 
 shillings issued ; while, in this reign, after the Union, all the 
 national Scottish money was called in, and recoined with the 
 same types as the rest of the United Kingdom, those which 
 were struck at the Edinburgh mint being marked with an E, 
 the last trace of a Scottish coinage ; for, after this time, all 
 the money of Great Britain was minted at the Tower of 
 London. 
 
 The art displayed upon the silver coinage of Scotland is, 
 in the later periods, superior to that found upon the English, 
 but in the earlier periods much the same ; for instance, 
 the same head which serves for a portrait on the coins of 
 David II. (1329 to 1371) serves also for the coinage of his 
 successor, Robert II. (1371 to 1390), the same thing 
 occurring later on the English coinage on the accession of 
 Henry VIII. 
 
 The coin of James V. of Scotland is much better executed 
 than that of his cotemporary, Henry VIII., while those of 
 Mary are exceedingly good, especially the testoons, dated 
 1553, which bear her portrait ; while the crown piece, 
 with the heads of Mary and Darnley, is a remarkably fine 
 coin ; but so rare that few collectors can hope to possess 
 a specimen. 
 
 The Gold Coinage oe Scotland, like the silver, in its 
 beginnings, consists of imitations of the English. The Eng- 
 lish gold nobles appeared in 1344, and thirty years afterwards 
 those of Robert II. of Scotland were issued. The gold 
 of Scotland is, however, upon a smaller scale than that of 
 England. The first pieces w'ere called St. Andrews, from 
 the figure of that saint, which occupies the obverse, as that 
 of St. John the Baptist on the Italian florins, from which 
 the coinage of Scotland was more directly copied than from 
 the nobles of England. The reverse of these coins w^as the 
 Scottish arms, in which particular they w'ere more directly 
 copied from the French coins de la couronne, and were some- 
 times called “lions.” In a similar manner the gold coins of 
 
COINAGE OE SCOTLAND. 
 
 507 
 
 James III. were called unicorns, while those of James Y. 
 were called bonnet pieces, from the small cap belonging to 
 the costume of the time, which, about this time, began to be 
 faithfully represented on national coin of nearly all the 
 countries of Europe. These bonnet pieces of James V. are 
 very fine coins, and are much thicker, in proportion to their 
 size, than the English money of this period, an improvement 
 adopted by the Scots in imitation of the coinage of France — 
 a step which was not finally taken by the English till the time 
 of Cromwell, when Simon first contracted the size of the 
 old broad pieces, as they began to be termed, and executed the 
 20 s. piece, which afterwards became the model for the guinea, 
 and its present representative, the modern sovereign. 
 
 The gold coinage of Scotland fell, in ideal value, in nearly 
 the same proportion as the silver, notwithstanding the effort 
 of James I. of England to establish the par. 
 
 The lion of Mary with her cypher weighs 78 grs., and the 
 golden ryal of 1555, with her bust, 115 grs., being the same 
 as the ryals of Elizabeth. 
 
 Of the types, it may be said, as a general rule, that they 
 continued like the first gold of Robert II., the St. Andrew, 
 and the arms of Scotland, up to James III., who introduced 
 the unicorn type; and with James V., on the bonnet-pieces, 
 the regal portraits begin to exhibit the costume of the 
 successive periods. 
 
 In evidence that the form of the gold coinage of Scotland 
 was in no way copied from the English, it may here be 
 stated that the Andrew of Robert II. weighs but 38 grains, 
 while the English noble weighs 107 ; so that the first forms 
 no division of the latter. That of Robert III. appears to 
 be the double of that of Robert II. on a slightly reduced scale, 
 as it weighed 60 grains. That of James I. weighs only 
 53 or 54 grains, and being thus the half of the English 
 noble, came to be called a Demy. The St. Andrew or Lion 
 of James II. is of equal weight. The largest coin of that 
 prince weighs 60 grains, and its double, the bonnet-piece of 
 J ames Y. 90, with a smaller piece of 60. 
 
 The last gold coinage of Scotland is the pistole and half- 
 pistole, coined by William III., in 1701. 
 
 The Coppeb, Coinage oe Scotland is of older date than 
 the modern copper of England. Modern copper money was 
 
508 
 
 COINAGE OF SCOTLAND. 
 
 first coined in France in the reign of Henry III., about 
 1580, and this French coinage was soon imitated in 
 Scotland. 
 
 The billon or black money being merely debased silver, 
 must not be confounded with a true copper coinage, as it 
 has sometimes been ; for that species of money first appeared 
 as early as 1466, in the reign of James III., when it began 
 to appear in many states of Europe. The billon coins of 
 James III. were called black farthings, and had the king’s 
 head, crowned, on the obverse, and on the reverse a cross 
 with pellets, and VILLA EDINBVRGI ; of James IV. and V. 
 There are billon pennies, halfpennies, and farthings. The 
 billon money of Mary must not be confounded with copper, 
 especially those of the size of the bodle or twopenny piece, so 
 called after Bothwell, under whose auspices it was issued, and 
 which have a crowned thistle on the obverse, with M. R. and 
 MARIA D. G. REGINA . SCOTORVM., and on the reverse two 
 sceptres, crossed with a fleur-de-lis in the centre, and a 
 fleuron at each side, with OPPIDVM • EDINBVRGI. These 
 last, it is true, are simple copper ; but were issued as billon , 
 being washed with silver, which has now, in most cases, 
 disappeared. 
 
 It was during the reign of James VI. that the copper 
 coinage really began. The first copper penny has upon one 
 side i. R. under a crown, with IACOBVS. D. G. R. SCO. ; and 
 on the reverse a lion rampant, with VILLA EDINBVRG. 
 These coins decreased rapidly in size, till they assumed the 
 proportions of the French Hard. 
 
 The billon pieces which were of the lowest class of billon , 
 called by the French bas-billon, or bas-pieces, were now struck 
 in copper, and the corrupted Scotch pronunciation of the last 
 term, bawbee, became the popular name of the piece, which 
 was worth sixpence Scotch. The bawbee, though sixpence 
 Scotch, corresponds only to the half-sous of the French, and 
 the English halfpenny; the Scotch penny corresponding 
 with the French denier and being one-twelfth of the English 
 penny. 
 
 The copper struck under the Mint-master, Atkinson, and 
 the Earl of Morton, were termed Atkinsons , and were also 
 bawbees, but one-third larger, and declared the value of 
 eightpence Scotch. Fynes Morison mentions among the 
 
COINAGE OF IltirB attD. 
 
 509 
 
 names given to the billon money, th e placJcs* or billon groats, 
 and the hard-heads of three pennies Scotch, a corruption of 
 the French hardie , or black money, struck in Guienne, and 
 supposed to have been first struck by Philip le Hardie (1285 
 to 1314). 
 
 The Scotch copper penny has a little dot behind the lion. 
 The hodle , also called the turner , has two dots. A portion 
 of the copper coins, especially the penny and the bodle, 
 continued to be minted under Charles I. and II. ; but those 
 of the former prince are the rarest of any. The hodle of 
 James VI. has the lion on one side, and the thistle on the 
 other. The bawbee of that prince has the royal portrait on the 
 obverse : and they were issued in similar style in all the 
 reigns down to Anne, those of the Charleses having only 
 C. R. and C. R. II. They circulated in England as halfpence, 
 though they are not much above half the size, while the 
 Scotch copper pennies of the same period do not weigh 
 above ten grains. It is to be remarked of the Scottish 
 coinage that no ecclesiastical coins occur, though they are 
 found in almost every other mediaeval coinage of Europe. 
 
 COINAGE OF IRELAND. 
 
 It appears to be the general opinion, that a Spanish, or 
 Iberian, colonisation of a part of Ireland has no foundation 
 but in the similarity of the name Hyberni and Iberi ; whilst 
 it appears clear the most ancient inhabitants of Hybernia 
 were a Celtic nation subsequently subdued by the Scythse, 
 or Scotti, a Germanic race, who afterwards, from Ireland, 
 colonised the north of Scotland, to which they gave their 
 name, which superseded the ancient one, the Caledonia of 
 the Romans, or the Pickland, used by the Anglo-Saxons till 
 after 1020. That an ancient and peculiar form of civilisation 
 existed in Ireland, which in the fifth, sixth, and seventh 
 centuries -was far in advance of that of Eo gland, is shown by 
 the beautiful illuminated MSS. of those early periods which 
 exist, exhibiting an elaborate style of art afterwards partially 
 
 * The placque and placquette were common coins in Belgium previous t« 
 the new coiuage after the Revolution of 1830. 
 
510 
 
 COINAGE OF IEELAND. 
 
 imitated by the Anglo-Saxons. At the same time their wealth 
 is shown by the abundance of the gold ring money, torques, 
 and other ornaments belonging to those and earlier epochs ; 
 while the writings of Bede, an Irishman, are superior to any 
 other literary production of his era. 
 
 No coins, however, are known till the eighth century, and 
 those appear to have been struck by the Danes, who had then 
 subdued portions of Ireland as well as England. These coins 
 are very rude, and are apparently copies of Anglo-Saxon 
 coins of the period, executed by workmen who did not under- 
 stand the letters which they have imitated by a series of 
 simple strokes, IIIIIIII. This supposed Danish coinage was 
 improved in the ninth century, and there are coins of native 
 kings, who appear to have imitated them about the same time, 
 as those of Anlaf (930 a.d.), and Sithric (994 a.d.), which are 
 considered native Irish coins rather than Danish ones. They 
 have the legend 0 N . DVFLI, or ON . DYFLI., Dyflin, or Duflin, 
 being the ancient name of D ublin. Coins attributed to Donald 
 O’Neal (996) have been published by Simon ; and a coin is 
 mentioned as one being in the collection of Mr. Dummer, 
 which has the legend DOMNALDVS . REX . MONAGH. There 
 are also other coins of Danish and Irish kings of a similar 
 kind, for an account of which I have no space. 
 
 A portion of Ireland was already subject to England 
 under the Anglo-Saxon race of kings, and there are coins of 
 Ethelred (886) struck at Dublin, and also of Edred (948), 
 and Edgar (959). Those of Canute, struck at Dublin, are 
 good coins for the period, having a crowned profile, with a 
 quatrefoil ornament on the obverse, with GNVT . REX 
 ANGLORV(m), and on the reverse a voided cross with 
 FERENN . MO . DIF., that is, Eerenn, moneyer, Dublin. 
 
 After the period of the Norman conquest no Irish coins 
 are described with certainty till the complete subjuga- 
 tion by Henry II. in 1172, after which those of John 
 appear, which are easily distinguished by the triangle 
 within which the portrait is placed — a form supposed by 
 some to allude to the Irish national symbol, the harp — a 
 conjecture scarcely tenable, as it is found on the coins of 
 other countries at about the same period. This type continued 
 in use on the Anglo-Irish coinage from J ohn to Henry V. 
 
 Till the time of Henry VIII. little variety occurs in the 
 
COINAGE OE IRELAND. 
 
 511 
 
 Anglo-Irish coinage. This prince coined sixpences for Ireland, 
 worth only fourpence in England, and on his Anglo-Irish 
 coinage the initials of his successive Queens are found — a 
 peculiarity which has caused collections of them to be made 
 by the curious in such details. 
 
 Mary issued base shillings and groats for Ireland ; and that 
 Elizabeth, while she was restoring the purity of the English 
 coinage, still farther debased that of Ireland, is notorious. 
 
 A copper coinage was also issued for Ireland in the reign 
 of Elizabeth, which thus precedes the English copper by half 
 a century. This coinage consists of pence and halfpence. 
 
 The injustice systematically meted out to Ireland by the 
 dominant country is as well exemplified in the progress of 
 the coinage as in *my other governmental department ; as an 
 instance of which it may be stated here, that when James I. 
 made the experiment of an issue of copper farthings, they 
 were made of two sizes, in order that if they failed in 
 England, they might be sent to Ireland as pence and 
 halfpence. 
 
 In 1G35 a mint was established in Dublin, by Charles I. ; 
 but the unhappy events which followed prevented the inten- 
 tion from being carried out, and the attempt was not 
 resumed. 
 
 After the massacre of 1641, the Roman Catholics, in a 
 time of general confusion, struck what have been termed the 
 St. Patrick halfpence and farthings, known by the legends 
 FLORE AT REX., and on the other side, ECCE GREX. The 
 farthings have QYIESCA PLEBS. 
 
 In Cromwell’s time the people sought, as in England, to 
 remedy the inconvenience caused by a want of small coins ; 
 and a number of tokens were struck by different towns and 
 tradesmen. 
 
 In 1680, halfpence and farthings were coined by royal 
 authority, with the national symbol (the harp) and the date. 
 
 The next peculiarity to be noticed with regard to the 
 Irish coinage is the base silver money struck there by 
 James II., in 1689, in his last struggle for the throne from 
 which he had been expelled. These coins were struck prin- 
 cipally from some brass cannon, from which they took the 
 name of gun-money ; but they were composed of a mixture 
 of metals, in which silver formed a small proportion. 
 
512 
 
 COINAGE OF IRELAND. 
 
 The half-crowns of the gun-money gradually diminished in 
 size, as the metal began to fail ; and, as the date of the 
 month was placed upon them, the gradual decrease can be 
 traced through all its phases. This occurred from June 
 1689 to July 1690. In 1690, the white metal crowns were 
 issued, and other crowns of gun-metal in the same year, 
 which were reduced to the size of the original half-crowns, 
 from which they are only distinguished by having no month 
 mark upon them. 
 
 The crowns of white metal are very scarce. The types 
 are James on horseback on the obverse, and the arms on the 
 reverse ; on the obverse the legend contains the regal titles 
 he had lost ; and the reverse has CHRISTO • VICTORE • TRI- 
 VMPHO * ; and on the edge, MELIORIS • TESSERA • FATI • 
 ANNO • REGNI • SEXTO * 
 
 He issued, at the same time, pence and halfpence of lead 
 mixed with tin ; and after his defeat, and escape from 
 Ireland, a few halfpence were struck by his adherents in 
 Limerick, which were, from the type of the reverse, called 
 Hibernias. 
 
 The patent granted to William Wood, in 1772, for coining 
 halfpence and farthings for Ireland, excited great discontent, 
 as he coined them much smaller than the size stipulated for 
 in the patent. The coins are, however, of very good execu- 
 tion, and bear a better portrait of Greorge I. than any found 
 upon the English copper coinage. 
 
 In the reign of George II., in 1737, Irish halfpence and 
 farthings were issued, of the same size and weight as the 
 English copper, with the harp on the reverse, and the 
 portrait as principal type, with the same titles as on the 
 English coinage. 
 
 In 1760, coins being very scarce, a company of gentlemen 
 obtained leave to issue a coinage of halfpence, upon which 
 the legend “Voce Populi ” appeared round the head of the 
 Sovereign, which, it is said, was, in fact, a portrait of the 
 Pretender, though done in the usual manner of the portraits 
 of the King. 
 
 No gold or silver was coined in Ireland since the aboliticn 
 cf the mint, established by Charles I. in 1640. 
 
COINAGE OF FOREIGN STATES. 
 
 513 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 
 THE COINAGE OF THE FOREIGN STATES OF MODERN 
 EUROPE, ASIA, AND AMERICA. 
 
 COINS OF MODERN ITALY. 
 
 We have seen how the coinage of Italy became gradually 
 depreciated as the Western Empire of Rome crumbled 
 beneath the repeated barbaric invasions ; and also how the 
 privilege of independent coinage was conferred upon Gaul 
 and Spain by the emperors of the East. 
 
 In Italy, after the extinction of the race of Gothic kings, 
 the coins of the exarchs of Ravenna appear as viceroys of 
 the emperors of the East. These coins are only small copper, 
 and generally bear the inscription FELIX RAVENNA. 
 
 The gold and silver of the eastern empire were found to 
 form a sufficient circulation in those metals for Italy. 
 
 The Lombards, who subdued the north of Italy, 5*72, a.d., 
 and occupied it for two centuries, have left no coinage to 
 record their rule ; and we find no Italian coin belonging pro- 
 perly to the modern series till the issues of Charlemagne, at 
 Milan, about 780. He also struck coins at Rome. His 
 Milanese coins have a cross, and on the reverse the mono- 
 gram of Carolus, with MEDIOL. These types of Milanese 
 coins are found of successive German emperors, till the 
 13th century. 
 
 About the period of Charlemagne, the modern Italian 
 coinage of silver pennies commences, founded, like that of 
 France, Spain, and England, on the old Roman denarius, 
 and bearing corruptions of that name in the two first-named 
 countries, as well as Italy, while in England, and the 
 northern countries, other denominations were ultimately 
 adopted. 
 
 Soon after the time of Charlemagne, the counts or local 
 governors of towns and provinces became more or less inde- 
 pendent, and their offices very generally hereditary. These 
 
 L L 
 
COINAGE OF MODERN ITALY. 
 
 petty governors all issued coin, and a detailed account, 
 therefore, or even an outline of the progress of all the 
 various coinages of modern Europe, would occupy mail}' 
 ponderous volumes ; a few examples only, can therefore be 
 glanced at. 
 
 The modern independent coinage of the city of Eome, 
 under the popes, began, like most others, with a series 
 of silver pennies, the first being those of Pope Hadrian, 
 from 771 to 795, a. t., who received the privilege from 
 Charlemagne. This modern Boman series has generally the 
 name of the pope on one side, and SCVS • PETRVS on the 
 other. Some few have rude portraits, such as those of 
 Benedict II., Sergius III., John X., Agapetus II., &c., &c. 
 
 For above a century, from 975 to 1099, there are no coins 
 except those of Leo IX. From Paschal II. to Benedict XI., 
 1303, the Popes having no power in Borne, the pennies are 
 of the Boman people, bearing on one side a rude figure of 
 St. Peter, with ROMAN • PRINCIPE, and on the other SEN AT • 
 POPYL • Q • R •, accompanied by the name in succession of the 
 chief senator, who was then governor of the city of Borne. 
 Some have also the arms of this personage, as on the coins 
 of Brancaleo, 1253, which have a lion on one side, with 
 BRACALEO S • P ■ Q • R • ; and on the other side, a female figure, 
 with a crown, a globe, and a palm-branch, and the legend, 
 ROMA • CAPVT • MVNDI ’, &c., &c. Charles of Anjou, when 
 elected Senator of Borne, issued coins with the inscription 
 CAROLYS REX . SENATOR YRBIS- 
 
 Coin of Charles of Anjou, as Senator of Rome. 
 
 A few of the Popes issued patrimonial coins, with 
 TATRIMONIYM ; but in general the coinage of the Popes, up 
 
COINAGE OF FOREIGN STATES. 
 
 515 
 
 to a very recent period, may be considered as that of a series 
 of bishops, like that of the Bishops of Metz, Liege, &c., &c. ; 
 or even those of the Archbishops of York and Canterbury, 
 in Saxon times. 
 
 Of Clement V., there are groats, with his portrait, three- 
 quarters length, as of nearly all his successors, till Sextus IV., 
 in 1470, — with whose coinage the profile portraits begin, as 
 they do in England with his contemporary, Henry VII. The 
 first gold coinage of modern Home is of the reign of 
 John XXII., 1316. After this period the coinage of the 
 Eternal City begins to improve rapidly in excellence of 
 execution, the money of the infamous Alexander VI., the 
 luxurious Julius II., and the politic Leo X., being as 
 remarkable for fine execution as any of the period. The 
 larger silver, the scudi, &c. — equivalent to our crowns, — and 
 the German thalers, first appear in those reigns. 
 
 In Milan, the first remarkable coins, after the series of the 
 German emperors, are those of the Visconti, the independent 
 dukes of Milan. The first are those of Azo, 1330. Ludovico 
 il Mauro lias on his coinage the legend LVDOVICYS • M • SF • 
 ANGLYS • DVX • MLI • , the meaning of ANGLYS has not as 
 yet been satisfactorily explained. 
 
 The coinage of Florence is celebrated as being the first to 
 introduce the general use of gold, which commenced as 
 early as 1252, a century earlier than the famous issue of 
 gold nobles in this country. These gold pieces, which 
 bore on one side the Florentine lily for principal type, 
 and on the other a figure of St. John the Baptist, the 
 patron saint of the city, were imitated first by the 
 French, and the Popes, then by the Germans and English, 
 and were the first gold coins issued in Europe after the 
 eighth century.* 
 
 The first copies of the Florentine gold not only 
 bore the name of Florins, from that of the city where they 
 were first issued, but also their types; nothing but the 
 legend or inscription being changed. At a later period, 
 however, though the name florin was still preserved, the 
 national types of the countries in which they were issued 
 
 * The gold triens of the Merovingian kings of Gaul and the Gotlrc kings 
 of Spain is the gold money alluded to, as preceding the florin in modern Ei rope. 
 
 L L 2 
 
516 
 
 COINAGE or MODERN ITALY. 
 
 gradually superseded those of Florence. These Florentine 
 gold coins bore around the standing figure of St. John the 
 legend s • TOHANNES • B *, and round the large and elegantly 
 designed fleur-de-lis, the legend FLORENTIA. 
 
 It is thought the national arms of France originated in 
 the copying of these Italian coins, as those flowers do not 
 appear as a national badge till the reign of Philip le Hardi, 
 about 1270. These celebrated coins weigh one drachm, and 
 are no less than 24 carats fine, being intrinsically worth 
 about twelve shillings English. 
 
 The modern coinage of Venice begins with silver of the 
 tenth century, marked Venici; and one of the earliest with 
 a name is that of Enrico Dandolo, doge in 1280. Silver 
 groats of Venice appear as early as 1192, and copper about 
 1471 ; while the gold followed close upon that of Florence, 
 and appeared in 1280. I have, in speaking of the ancient 
 coinage of Cyzicus, mentioned that the gold of that ancient 
 Greek state, was the forerunner of that of Venice, from 
 which the modern name, Zecchino, Anglice Sequin, was 
 derived ; and it is probable that the coined gold of Cyzicus 
 was in circulation till late in the eastern empire; and 
 especially at Venice, at the time of the issue by Florence of 
 her new gold coinage, upon which Venice, in emulation, also 
 issued a national gold coinage, but founded upon the value 
 and preserving the name of the ancient Cyzicenes. 
 
 Among the earliest modern coins of Genoa are those of 
 the Emperor Conrad, 1129, DVX IANVAE. ; and those of the 
 Dukes of Savoy begin in the same century. 
 
 The Patriarchs of Aquileia issued coins from 1204 to 
 1440, and Ferrara has coins of its Marchesi from 1380 ; 
 while several free towns issued their own money with 
 peculiar types, those of Mantua being honoured by the 
 effigy of Virgil, the modern Mantuans not forgetting that 
 their city was the birth-place of the great bard of the 
 Augustan age. 
 
 The Neapolitan series begins as early as Duke Sergius, a.d. 
 880, with which are classed the coins of the powerful Dukes 
 of Benevento forming a fine early series, and those of Roger I., 
 of Sicily, Roger II., William I. and II., and Tancred, belong 
 to the Neapolitan series in collections ; as also those of 
 Sicily under the Normans. In 1194, Naples and Sicily were 
 
COINAGE OF FOREIGN STATES. 
 
 517 
 
 subdued by the German emperors, whose Neapolitan coins 
 are extant. Those of Manfred next appear, in 1225; and 
 those of Charles of Provence, in 1266 ; then those of the 
 celebrated Queen Jeanne, followed by those of the 
 House of Arragon, and the later series, which begin to 
 improve like other modern series towards the close of 
 the fifteenth century ; and after that period assume a 
 strong family likeness to those of the rest of modern 
 Europe. 
 
 COINS OF MODERN SPAIN. 
 
 It has been seen that on the ruins of Roman power in 
 Italy, a number of petty independent states assumed the 
 privilege of issuing independent coinages. Spain, on the 
 contrary, formed, till the irruption of the Moors, in 714, 
 one compact and powerful kingdom, to the princes of which 
 the privilege of coining gold had been very early conceded 
 by the emperors of the East, who no longer recognised the 
 possibility of seeing Spain or Gaul again under the old 
 imperial dominion. The consequence of this recognised 
 independence of Spain was the issue of a gold coinage of 
 great interest, consisting of trientes, or thirds of the 
 Byzantine solidus, which, under the name of Bezants, long 
 circulated in the west and north of Europe. These trientes 
 of the Gotho-Iberian princes occur, of Leirva, 567 ; 
 Liuvigild, 573; Weteric, 603; Gundemar, 610; Seseburt, 
 612 ; Svinthila, 621 ; Sisemond, 631 ; Chintila, 636 ; Tulga, 
 640; Chindasvint, 642; Recesvint, 653; Womba, 672; 
 Ervigo, 680 ; Egica or Egiza, 687 ; Witiza, 700 ; and Rudric 
 or Roderic, the last of the Goths, the hero of Southey’s 
 celebrated poem, in 711. 
 
 After Amalric, who was the first acknowled King of Spain 
 by the emperors of the East, the kingdom became elective ; 
 the power of election residing chiefly in the bishops. The 
 coins above alluded to, however, bear the portraits of the 
 kings as of hereditary sovereigns, accompanied by their names, 
 the reverse having a cross with the name of the place of 
 mintage, generally in the province of Baetica, where Roman 
 colonies had been most abundant. 
 
 On the subjection of the country by the Arabs, an 
 oriental coinage was issued, which, as the Mohammedan 
 
518 
 
 COINAGE OF MODERN SPAIN. 
 
 creed forbad the imitation of the human figure, present 
 only Arabic inscriptions, generally sentences from the 
 Koran. 
 
 The generic term of the Arabs for a coin is marJcush , from 
 which the term marcus , common in monetary statements 
 of the period, is derived ; payment of so many gold marcuses 
 being often stipulated, which no doubt referred to these coins 
 of the Spanish Arabs,* which not only circulated amongst, 
 but were imitated in facsimile by, other nations, who did 
 not understand the Arabic characters, or with the 
 good staunch Christian bigotry of the time, they would 
 scarcely have copied and re-issued sentences of the Koran, 
 however excellent their import. One of these imitations of 
 the Arabian marJcush is known, which is supposed to have 
 been issued by our Saxon Ofia, King of Kent, which 
 bears his name in addition to the Arabic legends, which 
 piece, with one or two more exceptions, forms the 
 only gold coin attributed to England before the time of 
 Henry III. 
 
 The Gothic inhabitants of Spain, driven into the fastnesses 
 of the Asturian mountains, step by step recovered their 
 territories from their oriental invaders; and in the tenth 
 century, when the kingdoms of Arragon and Navarre were 
 thus founded, coins were issued by the sovereigns of those 
 states, closely resembling the silver pennies of the rest of 
 Europe at that period. The kingdom of Castille was next 
 founded, and the Moors were finally expelled from their 
 last stronghold, Granada, and the whole Iberian peninsula 
 (1492) in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, who, as heirs 
 of the kingdoms of Castille and Arragon, which had previously 
 absorbed all the lesser states, became sovereigns of the w'hole 
 of Spain. 
 
 Since the re-establishment of the Christian states, the 
 Spanish coinage had taken the course of that of the rest of 
 Europe, gradually increasing in excellence from the middle 
 to the end of the fifteenth century, at which period the gold 
 coins of Ferdinand and Isabella,! convey a lair idea of the 
 general style of the Spanish coinage. 
 
 * For some account of the Arabic coinage of Spain, see Museum Cuficum 
 Borgianum. — Adler. The Cufic is the ancient Arabic language. 
 
 -f From a fine coin in the possession of H. G. Bohn, Esq. 
 
COINAGE OF FOREIGN STATES. 
 
 510 
 
 After this period, the discovery of America, and the vast 
 influx of gold and silver from the mines of Mexico and 
 Peru, caused the coinage of Spain to become, for a time, 
 the most abundant of Europe, dollars and half dollars of 
 silver being coined in amazing numbers, which were for 
 a time the only European coin accepted in India, China, 
 and other oriental nations where European commerce was 
 now fast spreading. The more recent Spanish series is too 
 well known to require any description. 
 
 The coinage of Portugal, founded as a separate kingdom 
 in 1126, followed a very similar course to that of Spain. 
 
 COINAGES OF MODERN GERMANY. 
 
 Germany, after the time of Charlemagne, exhibits an 
 immense number of small independent states, each coining 
 money on its own account, a description of all of which 
 would be an endless task, even if the space for so doing was 
 unlimited. About the year 920 the Emperor Henry the 
 Falconer, conferred independent privileges on many German 
 cities, and from about that period the independent issues of 
 coin commenced at Augsburg, Hamburg, Frankfort, Stras- 
 burg*, &c., which may be regarded as true republics in the heart 
 of the empire. The coins of Nuremberg generally surpass 
 those of the emperors of corresponding dates in both execu- 
 tion and purity, while they are equalled by many of those of 
 the bishops, the electoral princes, and many petty sovereigns. 
 As examples of the coinage of the small states of Germany, 
 as well as those of France, those of the city of Metz, the 
 County of Bar and of the Dukes of Lorraine, will form 
 as good examples as could be selected, and the following 
 notice will be found to explain their character pretty 
 clearly. 
 
 MONEY OF THE COUNTS AND COUNT DUKES OF BAR. 
 
 Frederic of the Ardennes, the first Count of Bar, was a son 
 of Wiegeric, Count of the Palace, under Charles the Simple. 
 He married Beatrice, a daughter of Hugh Capet, in the year 
 951 ; and the Emperor Otho, in consequence of the marriage, 
 conceded to him the County of Bar. His dynasty remained 
 
520 
 
 COINAGE OE THE COUNTS OF BAR. 
 
 in hereditary possession till the death of Frederic II., in 
 1034 ; when his daughter Sophie married the Count of 
 Monteon and Montbelliard, and lived till 1093 ; and her 
 son, Theodoric II., succeeded her. The authors of “ L’ Art 
 de verifier les Dates ” state that he was the first who bore 
 upon his state-seal two bars, a kind of native fish, in allusion 
 to the name of the district. 
 
 There is no money of Bar known, either of the first 
 dynasty, or of the one of Montbelliard, which succeeded it, 
 nor until after the reign of Thibault II., who died in 1297. 
 
 The coins of his son, Henry III., who married Alienor, a 
 daughter of Edward III. of England, are the earliest known 
 of Bar, though M. de Saulci considers that much earlier 
 coins will yet be found, as it is scarcely probable that the 
 money of France formed the sole money of that independent 
 state, at all events to so late a period. 
 
 Henry III. invaded Champagne, where he was defeated, 
 
 Coin of Henry III., Count of Bar. 
 
 portion of Bar, to 
 
 and forced to acknowledge the sovereignty of France over a 
 ^ ^ J which M. Saulci thinks the fleurs-de-lis 
 on the reverse of the coin engraved 
 above may allude. The two “bars,’ f 
 with a star, form the device of the ob- 
 verse, and a cross, with fleurs-de-lis 
 in two of the quarters, the reverse. 
 
 The money of Henry I Y., who began 
 to reign in 1337, and reigned till 1344, 
 shows a great advance. The shield 
 on the obverse bears the arms of Bar, 
 in good heraldic style ; and the reverse 
 has NOMEN DOMINI SIT BENEDICT!. 1, 
 &c. It is silver, and weighs thirty-eight grains. It was 
 struck at Mousson, a town built by Thibault II., on the left 
 
 Coin of Henry IV., Count 
 of Bur. 
 
COINAGE OF FOREIGN STATES. 
 
 521 
 
 bank of the Moselle, in 1260, the mark of which town it 
 bears. 
 
 In the reign of Edward I., predecessor of Henry IV., 
 Bolandin, the moneyer of Mousson, was arrested for having 
 coined base money, which he had given to a varlet, to get 
 changed at Metz. 
 
 In 1342, John, the blind king of Bohemia, and Duke of 
 Luxemburg, afterwards killed at the battle of Cressy, and 
 Henry IV., Count of Bar, concluded a treaty, by which 
 they agreed to strike money for the common currency of 
 both their dominions, more especially in Luxemburg. 
 Their coinage, struck under this engagement (the original 
 ■written document concerning which is still in existence), 
 bears the inscription ^ IOHANNES : REX : ET : HENRICVS • 
 COMI- on a shield; on the obverse the arms of Bar and 
 Luxemburg are quartered; and on the reverse, MONETA 
 SOCIORVM, &c. 
 
 There are silver pieces described by De Saulci, of 68, 24, 
 15, and 19 grains ; and of billon of 90 grains. 
 
 Some of the money of Bar, soon after this period, closely 
 resembles in type that of the kings of Trance, especially 
 the gros Tournois. Coins bearing the arms of Bar and 
 Luxemburg quartered were also issued, under Kobert of Bar, 
 and John Duke of Luxemburg, between 1378 and 1380. 
 
 The same Duke Eobert appears to have struck gold 
 florins , the first gold in this series, 'which are copies, except 
 the name of the prince, of those of Charles V. of France ; 
 and have for device of the obverse original Florentine type 
 the figure of St. John the Baptist, 
 with s • IOHANNES • B-, and on the re- 
 verse, the well-known Florentine lily, 
 with ROBERTVS DVX ; while those of 
 the kings of France have KAROL VS 
 REX ; both being, in other respects, 
 facsimiles of the original coins of 
 Florence. 
 
 Bene of Anjou succeeded to the 
 Duchy of Bar, in 1419, and reigned 
 till 1431 ; and during his reign some 
 very excellent money was struck. He 
 married the daughter of the Duke of Lorraine ; and thus 
 
 Coin of Charles II., Duke 
 of Lorraine, as Regent ot the 
 Compte of liar. 
 
522 
 
 COINAGE OF LORRAINE. 
 
 the arms of Lorraine, of Bar, and of the kingdom of 
 Jerusalem appear on the very handsome coins issued in Bar 
 at this time. 
 
 The Duke Charles II. of Lorraine, who was regent of the 
 Compte, appears to have issued the money in his name, as will 
 be seen by the interesting coin (See p. 521), with the legend 
 KAROLVS • DYX • LOTHOR • Z • M • The portrait of the duke 
 is full-length and wears a chaplet of roses, and the belt bears 
 the martlets of Lorraine. This piece is silver, and weighs 
 49 grains. On the reverse are the arms of Naples, Jerusalem, 
 Bar, and Lorraine, with SIT • NOME • DMI • BENEDIC-TVM. 
 
 After this period the Compte of Bar becomes merged in 
 the Duchy of Lorraine, — German and French Duchies and 
 Comptes were, at their foundation, only conceded for life, so 
 that the first Comptes and Dukes of Bar and Lorraine 
 were in fact only governors, as will be seen in the short 
 account which follows, of the coins of Lorraine. 
 
 MONEY OF LORRAINE. 
 
 The two first Dukes of Lorraine were only holders of the 
 titles and privileges for life ; but on the death of Gozelon, the 
 second duke, the emperor, Henry III., having given the 
 duchy to Gerard, Duke of Alsace, instead of Godfrey, son 
 of Gozelon, Godfrey caused the Duke Gerard to be assassi- 
 nated ; but the emperor, nevertheless, persisted in carrying 
 out his views, and appointed Albert, the nephew of Gerard, 
 to the duchy, at the same time making the office hereditary 
 in his family, in order effectually to shut out the claims of 
 Godfrey : and thus commenced the hereditary power of the 
 House of Lorraine, which endured for seven centuries ; issuing 
 a series of money little inferior to that of the great European 
 monarchies. The style of the earlier pieces may be conceived 
 by examination of those of Bar, given above ; but the later 
 coins afford specimens of a much more advanced state 
 of art. 
 
 In comparison with contemporary silver coinage in 
 England, a double denier of silver of Thibault II., who 
 reigned from 1303 to 1312, will show the immense supe- 
 riority of the money of the Continent, in execution, even 
 
COINAGE OE FOEEIGN STATES. 
 
 523 
 
 in secondary states, to that of the contemporary reign of 
 Edward II. 
 
 Coin of Thibault II., Duke of Lorraine. 
 
 The sword on the reverse alludes to the dignity of J Larchis, 
 which the Dukes of Lorraine considered a high honour and 
 privilege. 
 
 The money of Earri IY., who succeeded, is still better 
 executed, — a standing figure of a warrior being better than 
 anything on the English silver coinage till after the reign of 
 
 Henry VIII. 
 
 Of Jean or John I., taken prisoner by the Black Prince, 
 at the battle of Poitiers, and carried to England with John 
 of Prance, a few coins are known, similar in art, though not 
 in type, to the Anglo- Gallic coins, struck by the Black 
 Prince and Henry Y. in France. 
 
 Ih'ne II., from 1471 to 1508, carried on a war against 
 Charles the Bald, Duke of Burgundy, and issued silver 
 money on which his arm appeared issuing from a cloud, and 
 holding a sword, with the inscription, ADJUVA NOS DEUS 
 SALVTARIS NOSTER, or, FECIT POTENTIAM IN BRACHIS 
 SVO. ; in allusion to the greatness of his cause. 
 
 Gold money first appears in this reign ; and the florins 
 have for type a full figure of St. Nicholas in episcopal robes, 
 at whose feet is a vessel containing three children ; on the 
 other side are the arms of Hungary, Naples, Jerusalem, 
 Arragon, Nancy, and Bar, all alluding to territories or 
 alliances of the reigning family. 
 
 The ducat of gold was also issued, the principal types 
 beii g a ducal effigy, in front of which is a shield with the 
 arms of Bar and Lorraine, with “ S. Georgius,” and “ 1492 ” 
 — cne of the earliest examples of a date on a coin of a sove- 
 reign prince. Some of the silver coins of this reign are of 
 large dimensions. 
 
524 
 
 YALUE AND PRICE OF FOREIGN COIN. 
 
 Tlie following tariff, issued by tbe duke’s authority, on 
 the 11th of November 1511, will convey a good idea of the 
 names and values of the coins most common in central 
 Europe at that time : — 
 
 TARIFF OF THE VALUE AND PRICE OF FOREIGN COIN. 
 GOLD. 
 
 Names of the Pieces. 
 
 Weighing 
 
 Shall Pass for 
 
 Rose-noble (the English coin of this j 
 
 
 Deniers. Grs. 
 
 Francs. 
 
 Gra. 
 
 name, which from its purity was ] 
 much sought on the Continent) j 
 
 f 
 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 Henricus 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 
 Burgundian 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 Half-noble of Flanders . . . . 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 
 32 
 
 Ducats of Venice, Florence, Genoa, 1 
 
 L 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 
 34 
 
 and Hungary . . . . J 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 Papal Ducat 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 
 33 
 
 Alphonsin (1 Ducat) .... 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 Angelo 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 The old Esca 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 Reaux francs (on foot and on horseback) 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 
 
 35 
 
 Ridde 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 
 34 
 
 Salute 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 
 34 
 
 Lion 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 $>\in-Ecus ...... 
 
 2 
 
 17! 
 
 
 33 
 
 Crown-Acws 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 32 
 
 New Sun-^cus of Germany, Savoy,] 
 
 
 2 
 
 17# 
 
 
 33 
 
 Italy, (except those of the king) J 
 
 Gold florin of the Rhine of the mint- 1 
 
 L 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 
 age of the princes or electors . J 
 
 r 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 Guiilelmus 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 Florins of Burgundy, Philip and Charles 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 20 
 
 Florins of Metz 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 
 25 
 
 „ Treves .... 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 
 21 
 
 „ the Archduke Philip, Charles 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 
 22 
 
 „ Denmark, Juliers, Cleves, 1 
 
 L 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 
 21 
 
 Orlemond, Breme . j 
 
 r 
 
 Is 
 
 
 „ Liege, Vheslalm, and Fries- ] 
 
 L 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 
 20 
 
 land, and Germingen J 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 „ Gueldres and Celuden in j 
 
 Friesland 
 
 f 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 
 20 
 
 „ Hungary 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
COINAGE OF FOREIGN STATES. 
 
 525 
 
 SILVER. 
 
 Names of the Pieces. 
 
 Shall Pass for. 
 
 Testoons of Milan, Genoa, and all similar ones 
 
 of' 
 
 l 
 
 8 
 
 Grs. 
 
 good alloy, without fleur-de-lis beyond the cross 
 
 f 
 
 „ Genoa, with two fleur-de-lis . 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 W 
 
 „ Savoy 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 „ 
 
 „ Metz 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 „ 
 
 Carolus of Burgundy 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 99 
 
 Double Gros of Flanders, Philippus and Carolus 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 99 
 
 Single ones 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Double Gros of Malines 
 
 
 
 7 Blancs. 
 
 The Single 
 
 
 
 14 Deniers. 
 
 Double Patards of Flanders, except of Cambrai 
 
 
 
 7 Blancs. 
 
 Single ones 
 
 
 
 14 Denial's. 
 
 Treizons of France 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 Carolus 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 99 
 
 Grand-blancs of France 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 99 
 
 Buis pernal, with the wheel 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 99 
 
 Bugnes of Metz 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 Baboylres 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 99 
 
 Coutzols of Austria (with one head) . 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 99 
 
 „ „ (with two heads) . 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 99 
 
 Liards and a quarter, of Savoy .... 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 99 
 
 Doubles of France 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 99 
 
 Blaspars of Strasbourg 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 99 
 
 Quartrains of Strasbourg .... 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 99 
 
 Deniers of Strasbourg 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 99 
 
 Blaspars of Basle (old) 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Grs. 
 
 New Blaspars of Basle, Colombier, Tanne, and the 
 like 
 
 f 
 
 14 
 
 Deniers. 
 
 Gi'and-blancs of Savoy and Bourbon 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 99 
 
 All the coin of Old and New Lorraine, at the current 
 
 
 
 prices. 
 
 
 
 
 
 All other moneys of gold or silver not mentioned in the present Tariff, 
 shall have no course, and shall not be received by the changers. 
 
 The transition from the mediaeval style of art to the modern 
 took place in Lorraine in the long reign of Charles III., who 
 began to reign in 1545, and reigned till 1608. The later coins 
 are of finer execution than any English coins of the end of 
 the reign of Elizabeth, or beginning of James I. The portrait 
 is found on the early coins of Charles III., in extreme youth. 
 
52 6 
 
 COINAGE OF HOLLAND AND BOHEMIA. 
 
 and resembles some of those of Edward VI. ; and the larger 
 pieces correspond in size to the crowns and half-crowns of 
 that English reign. They are dated 1557, and have for 
 reverse seven small shields arranged in a circle, with different 
 arms ; and in the centre, with an inner circle of beading, a 
 somewhat larger shield bears the arms of Lorraine. There 
 is no legend on this side of the coin. 
 
 A magnificent ecu , or crown, was struck 
 towards the close of this reign (1603), the style 
 of which is similar (but finer) to those of Henry 
 IV. of France. 
 
 The marginal cut shows the form of the cross 
 of Lorraine, forming the type of some of the 
 coins of this series. 
 
 Francis III. the heir of Lorraine becoming 
 Emperor of Germany, the series of Lorraine 
 coins ends with Charles III. In this last reign 
 the coinage of Lorraine was equal to any in Europe. 
 
 Cross of 
 Lorraine. 
 
 COINAGES OF HOLLAND, BOHEMIA, &C. 
 
 The coinage of the Counts of Holland and Flanders 
 followed much the same course as that of Bar or Lorraine. 
 In the east of Europe the coinage of the Slavonic races was 
 even somewhat more imbued with the style of the Byzantine 
 coinage of the still existing eastern empire of Borne. 
 
 Bohemia, the most westerly of the purely Slavonic states, 
 has the earliest coinage ; it commences with that of Duke 
 Boleslaus, in the year 909, the coins bearing both his portrait 
 and name. These are followed by coins of Bocelaus II. 
 and his wife Emence, about 970. Bocelaus III. in 1002; 
 Jaromin, 1020 ; Udalrich, 1030 ; Bracislaus I. and Spiti- 
 heneus. Wralislaus, the first king, in 1060 issued coins 
 with the regal title, and then follow those of Wadislaus, 
 &c. &c., which space does not allow me to particularise. 
 
 The Bracteate* money, however, of Ottocar, issued about 
 1197, must not be passed over, as it is the type of a peculiar 
 class issued about that time in several parts of Europe. 
 
 * A late kind of Byzantian base money, in cup-like form, with figures only 
 it the concave side, seems to have been the oiigin of the llracteate money. 
 
COINAGE OE FOREIGN STATES. 
 
 527 
 
 This species of coin is of very thin silver, and only impressed 
 with a type on one side, the back having the hollow indent 
 of the same form. These coins form a modern variety, some- 
 what analogous to the ancient incused money of Magna 
 G-raecia, but they are much thinner, and of course greatly 
 inferior in execution and totally different in the style of 
 types. This kind of money was struck in the greatest 
 quantity about the twelfth century, and bears various types, 
 the cross being the most common ; but the heraldic badges, 
 of different states, such as the lion, &c., &c., are found upon 
 the hr act eat es of different countries. 
 
 The coinage of Hungary belongs to a similar class to 
 that of Bohemia. 
 
 The coinage of Poland is that of an allied race, and conse- 
 quently follows a similar course in its development and 
 progress to that of Bohemia. 
 
 COINAGE OE RUSSIA. 
 
 In Russia, when Vladimir, or Volodemir I., Duke of 
 Russia, in 981, married the daughter of the Byzantine 
 emperor, art first began to dawn on Russia. The Tartar 
 conquest of 1238 interrupted the course of civilisation for a 
 long period, and not till 1462, w T hen the foreign yoke was 
 thrown off, can the modern race of sovereigns be said to 
 commence. The capital was anciently Kiof, but the custom 
 of dividing the territory among all the sons of the duke, 
 caused many independent states to arise, so that there are 
 also coins of the Princes of Twer, Rostovia, Tchernigor, 
 Suenigorod, Mojaiski, Pleskow, Riazin, and Caschin. The 
 most ancient money bears the names of princes, without 
 dates, and as many of the same name were reigning 
 in different districts, renders it exceedingly difficult to 
 classify the Russian money of the early epochs ; but it 
 may be fairly stated that no Russian money exists much 
 earlier than the thirteenth century. The earliest coins of 
 that country have generally a man standing with a bow, or 
 spear, for principal type, somewhat similar to the coins of the 
 {Scythian dynasties, who subdued the north of India ;* and on 
 the reverse rude figures of different animals. Some have 
 
 # See chapter on Bactrian and Indian coins after the time of Ah tajur 
 
528 
 
 COINAGE OF PRUSSIA AND DENMARK. 
 
 St. George and the Dragon. These are nearly all Jcopecs, or 
 silver pennies. 
 
 Under Ivan, or John, in 1547, the Russian dollar, or 
 rouble, commences, and also its half. Those of the Pretender 
 Demetrius are very scarce. 
 
 The recent coins of Russia are too well known to require 
 notice. 
 
 COINAQE OE PRUSSIA. 
 
 The first Prussia silver pennies were coined by the Teutonic 
 Order at Culm. In the next century the rulers of Prussia 
 coined schellings , groats , and schots, the latter being the 
 largest and consequently the most scarce. The types were 
 generally an eagle surmounting a cross, with a scalloped 
 border, forming a quatrefoil or cinque foil, with the legend 
 MONET A DOMI NORUM . PRYSSIE. The reverse is a cross fleurie 
 with a similar border, with HONOR . MAGISTRI . IVSTITIAM . 
 DILIGIT. In the same century the first gold was struck. 
 
 In 1466 Poland acquired the eastern portion of Prussia, and 
 the Teutonic knights became vassals to that crown for the rest. 
 
 Albert, Marquis of Brandenburgh, was the last master of 
 the Teutonic Order, and in 1525 was made Duke of Eastern 
 Prussia, to be held as a fief of Poland. At this period the 
 money was so debased that thirteen current marks were only 
 worth one mark of pure silver. In 1657 Eastern Prussia was 
 declared free from vassalage to Poland, and the princes of the 
 House of Brandenburgh assumed the title of Kings of Prussia, 
 since which period the coins of Prussia are well known. 
 
 COINAGE OF DENMARK AND THE NORTHERN STATES. 
 
 Of the northern states of Europe, Denmark, Sweden, and 
 Norway, the progress of the coinages resembles that of the 
 English monarchy. Of the Danes, the earliest coins* known 
 are those which were struck in England and Scotland, 
 spoken of in the English series. After Canute the Great 
 the national Danish series may be said to commence. 
 
 Those of Magnus Bonus, 1041, have a half-length figure 
 of the king, with Runic reverses, and are of neat execution. 
 
 * Except some rude pieces, with Runic letter, which are not well 
 authenticated. 
 
COINAGE OF FOREIGN STATES. 
 
 529 
 
 On those of Sweno II. the portrait has an arched crown ; 
 and the reverses have curious ornaments of a tesselated form 
 running across the field, with a series of mill’s on either 
 side, apparently an imitation of Eoman letters, not under- 
 stood. The coins of Harald II., 1074, have generally two 
 heads, the throne being contested by his brother, and the 
 moneyers being apparently anxious to keep in w T ith both 
 claimants for supreme power. 
 
 The coins of Canute or Cnut, the Saint, have CNVT R. 
 for CNVT. REX., and on the reverse SIVORD. I. ROCL, 
 {Bos child) then the name of the Danish capital. 
 
 The coins of King Nicholas, called in Danish Niel, are 
 very rude, as are those of Waldemar and his successors, 
 including those of the celebrated Margaret, whose coins 
 have no legend. The coins of Olaf (1376) have a full-faced 
 portrait, with a crowned 0 for the reverse. 
 
 Eric (1426), after his return from the Holy Land, issued 
 billon coins, that is, of base silver, which is the “black 
 money ” spoken of by the chroniclers of various states about 
 this time. 
 
 The later coinage of Denmark is similar to that of the 
 rest of Europe. 
 
 The earliest coins of Sweden appear to be those of Biorno, 
 about 818, which resemble those of Charlemagne, having a 
 cross for principal type, though it would appear that Biorno 
 was not a Christian. 
 
 The next well authenticated Swedish coins do not occur 
 till those which are probably of Olaf Skolkonung, in 1019, 
 with the legend OLVF. REX. SVEVORVM., and those of 
 Anund, 1026, with ANVND. REX., and on the reverse, 
 THORMOD. OK SIHTY. Sihtu being Signuta,the ancient capital 
 of Sweden. On the coins of Hacon, 1067, the name 
 reads AACYNE. A similar series brings the Swedish coinage 
 to 1387, when we have those of Margaret, Queen of Den- 
 mark and Sweden, but all very rude, Brenner’s plates 
 conveying the notion of very much better coins. 
 
 From this period to that of Gustavus Vasa, Sweden was 
 subject to Denmark, and the coinage of that country super- 
 seded the national one. The Danish types being only 
 distinguished from those struck in Denmark by legends 
 Moneta StocJcol , or Arosiensis, or Lundensis, &c. Dano- 
 
 M M 
 
630 
 
 COINAGE OE FOREIGN STATES. 
 
 Swedish coins of this class continue to the reign of 
 Christian, 1550, during which time coins struck by Danish 
 governors appear, as those of Cnutson, Steno Sture, Swanto 
 Sture, Steno Sture II., &c. &c. 
 
 Till 1470 there are only silver pennies in the Swedish 
 series ; after that year there are halfpennies also ; and 
 Gustavus Vasa, on re-establishing the national independence, 
 greatly improved the coinage, issuing, in addition to the 
 pennies and halfpennies of former periods, a larger class of 
 silver coins, similar to those then beginning to appear in 
 other European states. In 1634 gold ducats were coined, 
 with the head of Gustavus Adolphus, though he was killed 
 in 1632 ; for his only child, Christina, being an infant at the 
 time of his death, the portrait of the deceased king, the glory 
 of the Swedish annals, was continued upon the coinage.* 
 
 In the reign of Charles XII. such was the waste of the 
 national wealth, caused by the insane mania for military glory 
 of this prince, that the Baron Goertz endeavoured to supply 
 the deficiency by issuing copper coins, bearing the heads of 
 Saturn, Jupiter, &c., which were ordered to pass for dollars, 
 a political experiment for which the unfortunate but loyal 
 projector was eventually brought to the block. 
 
 The coins of Norway begin with those of Olaf, in 1066, 
 and bear the legend ONLAF REX NOR. Some Norwegian 
 coins have on the reverse the letters NI. for Nidaros, 
 Nidrosen, or Nidsen, now Drontheim, the capital. On the 
 coinage the heirs-apparent to the crown were termed Dukes 
 of Norway, and among the coins bearing the title of Duke are 
 those of the Duke Philip, with PHILIPPVS.. DUX. NORWEGIiE, 
 which have on the reverse MONETA. EASLOENS- Those of 
 King Eric, 1280, and those of Hacon, 1309, which are good 
 of the period, have also this title, and the legend on the last- 
 named reads HAQVINVS. DVX. NORV- Copper coins of 
 Magnus Smek occur as early as 1343. The last Norwegian 
 coins are those of another Hacon, 1379. After which 
 period Norway was united with Denmark. Of Sweden, 
 Denmark, and Norway, there are also coins of Bishops, 
 as in France, Germany, and England, those of Sweden and 
 Denmark being more numerous than those of Norway. 
 
 * For some interesting particulars of this period see Geijcr’s “ History of 
 Sweden.” 
 
COINAGE OF THE FRENCH MONARCHY. 
 
 531 
 
 As an example, the following may be cited : — Olaws Arch- 
 bishop Drontheim. On the obverse are the titles of the 
 king, SANCTVS OLAWS • REX. NORVEG, and on the reverse 
 the name and title of the Archbishop, OLAWS • DEI • GRA • 
 ARCEP • NID’SEN, for Nidrosicnsis , referring to Nidsen or 
 Nidrosen, now Drontheim. 
 
 COINS OF THE FRENCH MONARCHY. 
 
 I have deferred speaking of the coins of France till the 
 last, as being most interesting in their parallel course with 
 those of England. 
 
 The earliest coins of the Frankish monarchy are those 
 coined after permission to strike gold money was conceded 
 by the Eastern Emperors to Clovis, or his immediate suc- 
 cessors, about the time that a similar right was granted to 
 Amalric, the Gothic King of Spain. The series of gold 
 trientes , coined by these two states for upwards of two 
 centuries, form one of the most remarkable features of the 
 early history of the coinage of modern Europe, especially 
 when it is considered that this issue of modern gold took 
 place at a period when all the other emancipated portions 
 of the Western Empire were in a most barbarous condition 
 as regards the coinage. 
 
 This discrepancy is partially explained when we consider 
 the different position of these two great provinces, on the 
 dissolution of the Empire. In Spain, Ataulf, by marrying 
 the sister of Honorius, and acknowledging a nominal depend- 
 ance on the sinking Empire, secured quiet possession of that 
 fine country, without utterly destroying the Roman civilisa- 
 tion which existed in her rich and numerous cities, the 
 greater number Roman colonies ; while in Gaul the Franks 
 obtained at once such a firm footing, in the reign of Clovis, 
 that Roman institutions were far less overturned in that 
 province than in Italy, where the spoil of the great metro- 
 polis tempted host after host of savage barbarians to the 
 feast of plunder. 
 
 After the remarkable gold coinage of the first race of 
 Frankish kings— the Merovingian dynasty — the gold coin- 
 age disappears. The trientes were of the value of one-third 
 of the Byzantine solidus ; and there were also coined a few 
 
 mm2 
 
532 
 
 COINAGE OF THE F HE VC 11 MONVHOHV. 
 
 semisses, or halves of the same coin. They have generally 
 a small, and not ill-executed head of the king, with his name, 
 though sometimes the name is that of the moneyer. On 
 the reverse is a cross, with the name of the city where the 
 £oin was minted. 
 
 With Pepin commence the coins of the Carlo vingian race, 
 w'hich are as remarkable for barbarous workmanship as those 
 of the preceding dynasty for good execution. Those of 
 Charlemagne have generally merely the name of CAROLVS, 
 without a portrait, only a few struck in Some having a rude 
 bust of the emperor. The reverse has generally r . f., for 
 Bex Francorum, or some such brief inscription. 
 
 The coins of Louis Le Debonnaire are, however, much 
 better executed, and seem to show, by their Boman style of 
 treatment, that there yet existed Boman mints in Gaul, or 
 rather France, w here the ancient skill in coining money w'as 
 still lingering. 
 
 The coins of the third race, commencing wdth Hugh 
 Capet remain; inferior in the art of coinage, with few 
 exceptions ; and in the reign of Philip I., cotemporary with 
 William the Conqueror, a species of money was issued 
 formed of a piece of leather, with a silver nail fixed in the 
 centre. It is not till the reign of St. Louis, 1226, that 
 the French coinage greatly improves, and that the groat 
 appears. This coin, of the value of four pennies, appeared 
 first in Italy, w r here it was known as the grosso , or large 
 coin; and in France it became the gros ; in Germany 
 the groote ; in England the groat ; w T here, however, it did 
 not appear permanently till the reign of Edward III., nearly 
 a century later than its first appearance in France. 
 
 Gold did not reappear in France till a considerable period 
 had elapsed after the issue of the Italian florin, as the gold 
 florins, given byLe Blanc to Philip Augustus and Louis VIII. 
 belong evidently to Philip the Bold, or Philip the Fair, and 
 Louis X. Under Philip of Valois ; — from 1328 to 1350 — no 
 less than ten kinds of gold coins are enumerated, by French 
 numismatists, among which are la chaise , being such as exhibit 
 the sovereign seated in a chair of state, or throne ; the lion , 
 having a figure of a lion for principal type; the lamb, 
 (l’agneau), &c. &c. 
 
 The difficulties which ensued about this period, conse- 
 
COINAGE OF TILE FRENCH MONARCHY. 
 
 533 
 
 quent upon the English invasions, caused great deterioration 
 in the French mintage, and base coin of all kinds got into 
 circulation in the epoch of confusion and distress which 
 ensued. 
 
 In the time of St. Louis, black coin had been issued, that 
 is billon, or bad silver. Of these there was the Hard, or 
 liardi , which was equal to three denier s, or silver pennies ; 
 and the maille , or obole, half the denier ; with the bour- 
 geoise, or pite , of one-quarter of the denier. 
 
 The blancs , or billon groats were also issued about this 
 time, but received the name of blancs , from being silvered 
 over to hide the baseness of their metal. 
 
 The celebrated French gold of the period of Charles VII., 
 called the ecus a, la couronne , or crowns of gold, were so 
 called from the crown, which formed the type of the reverse, 
 and gave us the term crown , which in France was first 
 applied to gold, though it afterwards became the denomina- 
 tion of a silver coin. The ecus a la coronne continued to be 
 issued by succeeding French sovereigns ; those struck by 
 Anne of Brittany, after the death of her first husband, are 
 remarkable for their elegant workmanship. 
 
 In the reign of Louis XII., the new silver, of about the 
 value of a modern franc, issued with the large portrait of the 
 king, were termed testons, or great heads , a term afterwards 
 applied to the shillings of Henri VIII., in the anglicised 
 form of testoon. 
 
 In the reign of Henri II., the elegant piece, called the 
 Henri , was issued, which has for type a personification of Gaul 
 sitting on a group of arms, with a Victory in her hand, with 
 optimo principi , and Gallia ; evidently suggested by ancient 
 Homan coins, which now began to be studied, — the celebrated 
 Budee having written his treatise on the Homan coinage in 
 the reign of Francis I. There are other coins, of the Car- 
 dinal Bourbon, who, at the time of the League, was put 
 forward under the title of Charles X. 
 
 The silver crown and its half had now commenced in 
 France, as in other countries ; and on subsequent crowns of 
 Louis XIII., the title of Catalonice princeps is assumed. 
 
 The first louis d’or appeared about 1640, after which 
 period the coinage of France is almost as familiar to English 
 readers as it is to Frenchmen. 
 
534 MODERN COINS OF ASIA, AFRICA, AND AMERICA. 
 
 MODERN COINS OF ASIA, AFRICA, AND AMERICA. 
 
 It has been seen, in the early chapters of this work, that 
 the art of coining was carried far into the East by the 
 Greeks, under Alexander the Great, and remained established 
 in Bactria and India for many centuries, where money was 
 long coined with Greek inscriptions ; the relics of the 
 Arsacidae of Armenia, and the Sassanidae of Persia, bringing 
 the ancient style of coins in central Asia down to a com- 
 paratively modern period, while the Byzantine series carried 
 the ancient Bo man coinage even into the 15 th century, in 
 Constantinople. 
 
 The subversion of the power of the Sassanidae in Asia, 
 and that of the Byzantine princes in the north of Africa, by 
 the Arabs, under the successors of Mahomet, in the 7th 
 century, swept away the last vestiges of the ancient style of 
 coinage in those countries, and replaced it with money only 
 marked with Arabic inscriptions covering the whole surface, 
 generally sentences from the Koran ; and this kind of 
 coinage extended, Europe being established by the con- 
 quering Mahomedans both in Sicily and Arabic Spain. 
 
 Some of the coins of the Caliphs of Bagdad are singular, 
 having on one side a copy of the obverse of some coin of a 
 Roman emperor, or king of Syria, taken at random ; and the 
 usual Arabic sentences from the Koran on tne reverse. 
 The later coins of the series are free from this absurdity, 
 and have the names of the Caliphs on the obverse, instead of 
 the stolen types of Borne or Syria ; but the 'portrait of the 
 Caliph never appears. 
 
 In the north of Asia coinage appears to be a modern 
 introduction, not earlier than the era of Yengis Khan, and 
 the money of that part of Asia is still very rude, and 
 uninteresting. 
 
 The recent coins of India are principally the pagoda, a 
 gold coin worth about six shillings ; the rupee , a silver coin, 
 worth two shillings ; and the cash , a copper coin from which 
 some derive the well-known English word, which does not, 
 in fact, appear to be older than our connection with India. 
 
 The gold mohur of Calcutta is worth 16 rupees of two 
 shillings. 
 
MODERN COINS OF ASIA., AFRICA, AND AMERICA. 535 
 
 These coins have most commonly no other device than 
 short sentences in the Persian character. They are very 
 thick in proportion to their width, like the Roman series 
 struck in Egypt. 
 
 Spanish dollars circulated throughout India after the estab- 
 lishment of the Portuguese settlements ; and most of the 
 European states, as they acquired a footing in India, issued 
 coins with Latin inscriptions on one side, and Persian on 
 the other. There are English rupees, and cash, of this 
 description, of the reigns of Elizabeth, and Charles II., and 
 other reigns. 
 
 On the restoration of Persian independence, in the 10th 
 century, the Arab coinage ceased, and the arms of Persia 
 (the sun and lion^ are found on the reverse of the copper 
 coinage, while inscriptions from the Koran occupy the other 
 side ; and on the gold and silver coins they still occupy 
 both sides. 
 
 The Turkish coins have merely inscriptions on both sides. 
 Those of the emperors of Morocco, of the Beys of Eez, 
 Tripoli, Algiers, &c., are of similar character. 
 
 The coinage of China appears to be of modern date, and 
 now consists only of copper — small copper pieces, with 
 a square hole in the middle, for stringing. The inscription, 
 in Chinese characters, does not express the name of the 
 reigning prince, but the year of his reign, distinguished 
 as “the happy year,” “the illustrious year,” &c. 
 
 The coins of Japan are also of comparatively modern date, 
 they consist of large thin plates of gold or silver, and are of an 
 oval form, with small ornamental characters stamped upon 
 them. 
 
 In the interior of Africa it would seem that the ring- 
 money — passing by weight — of the most ancient times is 
 still in circulation; as it is occasionally brought down to 
 the western coast, and metal made in that form is taken by 
 their trading tribes from English merchants, which is manu- 
 factured in Birmingham and other places for this trade. 
 
 The money of America does not date further back than 
 the European discovery and occupation, in the 16th century, 
 when the Spanish, Portuguese, English, &c., coined money 
 there for their colonies ; in all cases very similar in character 
 to that of the mother country. 
 
536 
 
 PRESENT PRICES OF ANCIENT COINS. 
 
 The independent money since coined by the newly-formed 
 republics of North and South America is of too recent date 
 to require description here. 
 
 CHAPTER XL. 
 
 APPROXIMATIVE TABLES OF THE PRESENT PRICES OF ANCIENT 
 AND MODERN COINS. 
 
 Unusually fine preservation, or some other accidental 
 circumstance, will often carry the prices of coins far beyond 
 those of the scale here given, which can necessarily be 
 merely an approximation to their ever-fluctuating value. E or 
 instance, a coin may be unique at the present time, and 
 worth the highest price at which a coin can possibly be 
 estimated ; in a single month, the accidental discovery of a 
 great number of the very same type will reduce its price to 
 nearly the mere intrinsic value of the metal. Fashion, 
 again, has a decided influence on the price of coins ; sometimes 
 one class, and sometimes another, being most sought ; those 
 of the fashionable series for the moment realising greater 
 proportionate prices than others. Such ancient coins as are 
 termed common are not worth, when of silver or gold, 
 above double their intrinsic value as metal ; while copper 
 coins, though common, if of good preservation, and inte- 
 resting types, are worth from twelve times to twenty- 
 four times their intrinsic value as metal. But in all cases 
 where rarity, beauty, fine preservation, and historic interest 
 combine, the price rises rapidly, and a Greek stater of gold 
 becomes worth 20 1., 40Z., or 60Z., according to circum- 
 stances. The same may be said of silver and copper. 
 
 The following is a scale of prices at which Greek autono- 
 mous and regal coins may generally be purchased ; followed 
 by a similar scale of Imperial Greek coins, or such as were 
 struck in Greece and her dependencies after their subjuga- 
 tion to Rome. These scales are followed by three others, 
 relating to different epochs of the Roman coinage. C. 
 expresses common, and the degrees of rarity are expressed by 
 
PRESENT PRICES OE ANCIENT COINS. 537 
 
 R l to R 3 . Such pieces as tetradrachms and decadracbms 
 of gold are proportionately above the scale. 
 
 Scale of Prices of Greek Coins of Cities and Princes. 
 
 Size of Coins. 
 
 C 
 
 R 1 
 
 R2 
 
 R3 
 
 R“ 
 
 R5 
 
 R6 
 
 R7 
 
 R8 1 
 
 Geld. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 £ 8. 
 
 £ 
 
 8. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 £ 
 
 8. 
 
 1 £ 
 
 8. 
 
 Double Stater . 
 
 3 0 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 6 0 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 17 0 
 
 30 0 
 
 50 0 
 
 75 
 
 0 
 
 100 
 
 0 
 
 Stater . . . . 
 
 1 10 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 10 
 
 6 0 
 
 10 0 
 
 15 0 
 
 27 
 
 0 
 
 1 30 
 
 0 
 
 Hemistater 
 
 0 10 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 2 2 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 5 0 
 
 6 0 
 
 7 0 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 12 10 
 
 Electrum. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stater . . . . 
 
 1 0 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 1 10 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 3 0 
 
 5 0 
 
 7 10 
 
 11 
 
 0 
 
 15 
 
 0 
 
 Hemistater 
 
 0 10 
 
 0 12 
 
 0 15 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 1 10 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 15 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 Silver. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 Larger than the > 
 Tetradrachm . / 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 4 0 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 3 0 
 
 12 10 
 
 20 0 
 
 30 
 
 0 
 
 40 
 
 0 
 
 Tetradrachm 
 
 1 0 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 2 0 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 4 0 
 
 6 0 
 
 9 0 
 
 12 10 
 
 17 
 
 0 
 
 Didrachma or Tri- ) 
 drachma . . ) 
 
 0 10 
 
 0 
 
 15 
 
 1 0 
 
 1 10 
 
 2 5 
 
 3 10 
 
 5 0 
 
 7 10 
 
 20 
 
 0 
 
 Drachma . 
 
 0 3 
 
 0 
 
 6 
 
 0 10 
 
 0 15 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 15 
 
 2 10 
 
 12 10 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 Copper {bronze). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 First bronze . . • 
 
 0 5 
 
 0 
 
 7 
 
 0 10 
 
 0 15 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 15 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 10 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 Second bronze . 
 
 0 3 
 
 0 
 
 5 
 
 0 3 
 
 0 10 
 
 0 15 
 
 1 5 
 
 2 0 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 j Third bronze . * 
 
 0 2 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 0 5 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 0 12 
 
 0 18 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 2 10 
 
 Lead. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Different sizes . 
 
 1 . 
 
 0 2 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 0 5 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 0 12 
 
 1 0 
 
 1 10 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 Scale of Prices of the Imperial Greek Coinage . 
 
 Size of Coins. 
 
 C. 
 
 Ri 
 
 R2 
 
 R3 
 
 R 4 
 
 R5 
 
 R6 
 
 R? 
 
 R8 
 
 Gold. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 £ 8. 
 
 £ a. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 £ 8. 
 
 Different sizes 
 
 1 10 
 
 1 15 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 15 
 
 6 0 
 
 10 0 
 
 15 0 
 
 22 10 
 
 30 0 
 
 Electrum. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Different sizes . . 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 10 
 
 2 0 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 15 
 
 6 0 
 
 10 0 
 
 15 0 
 
 20 0 
 
 Silver. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tetradrachm . 
 
 0 10 
 
 0 15 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 15 
 
 3 0 
 
 5 0 
 
 7 10 
 
 11 0 
 
 15 0 
 
 Smaller sizes . . 
 
 0 5 
 
 0 8 
 
 0 12 
 
 1 0 
 
 1 10 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 15 
 
 5 0 
 
 7 10 
 
 Potin or Billon. 
 Tetradrachm . 
 
 0 5 
 
 0 12 
 
 1 0 
 
 1 10 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 15 
 
 5 0 
 
 7 10 
 
 10 0 
 
 Smaller sizes . . 
 
 0 3 
 
 0 6 
 
 0 8 
 
 0 10 
 
 0 15 
 
 1 15 
 
 2 0 
 
 3 0 
 
 4 0 
 
 Copper {bronze). 
 First bronze . 
 
 0 10 
 
 0 15 
 
 1 0 
 
 1 10 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 10 
 
 5 0 
 
 7 10 
 
 10 0 
 
 Second bronze . . 
 
 0 5 
 
 0 17 
 
 0 10 
 
 0 15 
 
 1 15 
 
 1 15 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 10 
 
 5 0 
 
 Third bronze . 
 
 0 2 
 
 0 13 
 
 0 5 
 
 0 8 
 
 0 12 
 
 0 18 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 5 
 
 2 10 
 
 . This Table may be applied also to the coins of the eastern 
 empire, to the fall of Constantinople. 
 
538 
 
 P TIE SENT PRICES OF ANCIENT COINS. 
 
 Approximative Table of the Value of the Early Uncial Copper of Rome, 
 the As and its sub-divisions. 
 
 The large square pieces are excessively rare, and few ever 
 appear in the market ; the finest collection being that of the 
 Kirchenan Museum, at Borne ; hut still, if the type is very 
 much worn, and, in fact, the piece is not a very good specimen, 
 the price is not extravagant, and varies also by degrees of 
 rarity. Several of the Italic ases, even of the circular 
 period, are of extreme rarity, — those of Hatria and Iguvium 
 being worth 5 1. each, and upwards. 
 
 Scale of Prices of the Roman As and its Subdivisions. 
 
 Character and size of 
 Coins. 
 
 
 c 
 
 Ri 
 
 R 2 
 
 R3 
 
 R« 
 
 R 5 
 
 R6 
 
 R7 
 
 R" 
 
 Copper Bronze, 
 square period, 
 
 
 £ 8. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 £ 8. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 £ 8. 
 
 £ 8. 
 
 £ *. 
 
 according to size 
 and type and 
 preservation 
 
 
 2 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 0 
 
 20. 0 
 
 50 0 
 
 Round period. De- " 
 cussis . . J 
 
 r 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 6 
 
 15 0 
 
 As, of nine or ten ( 
 ounces . . • 
 
 0 3 
 
 0 10 
 
 0 15 
 
 1 0 
 
 1 10 
 
 2 10 
 
 2 15 
 
 5 0 
 
 7 10 
 
 Parts of tlie As, ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 according to size 
 and preservation ; 
 
 ! 
 
 0 1 
 
 0 2 
 
 0 4 
 
 0 7 
 
 0 10 
 
 0 15 
 
 1 9 
 
 1 8 
 
 2 0 
 
 The quadrussis, or pieces of four ases, Mionnet values, if 
 good, at about 10Z. ; the tripondius (three ases) at 21 . ; and 
 the dupondius, or double, at 11. 10s. 
 
 Approximative Table of the Value of Series of Roman Republican Coins, 
 commonly called the Family Series, which are principally Silver 
 Denarii. 
 
 Scale of Prices of the Roman Consular, or Family Coins. 
 
 Size of the Coins, &c. 
 
 C 
 
 
 R> 
 
 R 2 
 
 R3 
 
 R< 
 
 R 5 
 
 R6 
 
 R7 
 
 R8 
 
 Gold. 
 
 £ 
 
 8. 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 £ 8. 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 £ 8. 
 
 £ a. 
 
 £ 
 
 8 . 
 
 £ 
 
 8. 
 
 £ 8 . 
 
 The usual size 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 4 0 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 7 10 
 
 10 0 
 
 15 
 
 0 
 
 22 
 
 0 
 
 30 0 
 
 Silver. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The usual size . . 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 0 10 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 2 0 
 
 3 0 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 7 
 
 0 
 
 10 0 
 
 Sesterce . 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 0 5 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 0 12 
 
 0 15 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 2 10 
 
 Copper-bronze. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 First bronze . . 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 4 
 
 0 10 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 2 0 
 
 3 0 
 
 4 10 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 7 10 ' 
 
 Second bronze 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 0 5 
 
 0 10 
 
 1 0 
 
 1 10 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 4 0 1 
 
 Third bronze . . 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 0 3 
 
 0 
 
 5 
 
 0 10 
 
 0 15 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 2 0 j 
 ) 
 
.REMARKS ON THE PRICES OF ENGLISH COINS. 539 
 
 Those which form part of the as, with the old types, and 
 only the addition of the family name, may range better 
 with that series on the previous table. 
 
 Scale of Prices of the Principal Coins of the Roman Emperors. 
 
 Size of Coins, &c. 
 
 C 
 
 R 1 
 
 R« 
 
 R3 
 
 R< 
 
 R5 
 
 R6 
 
 R7 
 
 R» 
 
 Gold. 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 £ a. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 Large (medallion) . 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 10 0 
 
 15 0 
 
 20 0 
 
 25 
 
 0 
 
 35 
 
 0 
 
 45 
 
 0 
 
 GO 
 
 0 
 
 [For very large 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ones it is ne- 
 cessary to add 
 their intrinsic 
 value.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The usual size (de- > 
 narius) . . ) 
 
 Small (quinarius) . 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 3 0 
 
 5 0 
 
 7 10 
 
 13 
 
 0 
 
 17 
 
 0 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 1 10 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 15 
 
 6 10 
 
 8 15 
 
 11 
 
 0 
 
 15 
 
 0 
 
 Silver. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Large (medallion) . 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 15 
 
 5 10 
 
 3 10 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 0 
 
 20 
 
 0 
 
 Usual size (denarius) 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 6 
 
 0 15 
 
 1 10 
 
 3 0 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 8 15 
 
 11 
 
 0 
 
 15 
 
 0 
 
 Small (quinarius) . 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 0 8 
 
 0 15 
 
 1 10 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 5 11 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 Billon. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Usual size 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 0 8 
 
 0 15 
 
 1 10 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 5 10 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 Bronze. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Very large (medal- \ 
 lion) . . / 
 
 First bronze . 
 
 0 
 
 6 
 
 0 10 
 
 1 0 
 
 2 0 
 
 4 0 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 15 
 
 0 
 
 20 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 6 
 
 0 15 
 
 1 10 
 
 3 0 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 n 
 
 0 
 
 15 
 
 0 
 
 Second bronze . . 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 6 
 
 0 6 
 
 0 10 
 
 1 0 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 Third bronze . 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 0 3 
 
 0 6 
 
 0 8 
 
 0 12 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 ! l 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 The relative degrees of rarity of almost any com of this 
 series, as w r ell as the Greek and Imperial Greek, will be 
 found in the Appendices of this work. 
 
 REMARKS ON THE PRICES OF ENGLISH AND SCOTTISH 
 COINS. 
 
 No strict rule can be laid down for a scale of prices of 
 this series, as the relative scarcity, in consequence of new 
 discoveries, is continually changing ; but it may be taken 
 as a rule that most of the silver pennies after the Norman 
 Conquest, if tolerably common, may be at from Is. to 2s. 
 each ; and the groats from 2s. to 3s, ; while the larger and 
 more recent pieces, if tolerably common, are seldom pur- 
 
540 EEMARKS ON THE PRICES OF ENGLISH COINS. 
 
 chased worth more than from one-third to double their 
 intrinsic value as silver ; and the same may be said of the 
 gold. While, on the other hand, rarity, or unusually fine 
 preservation, rapidly increases their value. 
 
 Silver pennies of Baldred, King of Kent, brought recently as 
 much as 5Z., and others, of the series of Anglo-Saxon pennies, 
 10/., and few of the series are to be had under 51. Some 
 of those of Alfred the Great range from 21. to 8/. The 
 large recent pieces vary to the same extent, — the famous 
 petition crown of Charles having been recently sold for 
 155/. : Cromwell half-crowns sometimes bring 11. to 21., 
 and even double those sums, while others are scarcely worth 
 more than their value in silver, though fine pieces, and in 
 good preservation. 
 
 Some of the pattern copper of Anne and Charles II. 
 have brought as much as 1Z. and 21. each piece ; and many 
 samples of English copper, though all recent, are worth 
 from 5s. to 10s. 
 
 The Anglo-Gallic coins are all scarce, and realise good 
 prices ; especially those of the Black Prince, except the 
 salute, which is common. The gold coin of that prince, 
 called the chaise, from the chair of state on which he is 
 represented, was sold as high as 2 51. 14s. Qd. at a public sale, 
 in the year 1766, while at the Durrant sale in 1847, a similar 
 chaise was sold for 21. 7 s. 
 
 The value of the Scottish coins varies in a similar manner. 
 The silver pennies of Alexander I. have been sold as high 
 as 10/., while those of Alexander II. are only worth 2s. 
 
 The first gold of Robert II., the St. Andrew , is worth 51 . ; 
 the gold lion, a larger coin, only 21 . ; the gold bonnet, a still 
 larger, and much finer coin, 21. 
 
 The fine shillings of Mary Queen of Scotland, with 
 her portrait, are worth 1Z. 10s., while the inferior gold rial, 
 with only her cipher, is only worth 1Z. 
 
 The coinage of Ireland is valued at similar rates. The 
 gun-money of James II. is all common, except the white 
 crown, which is sometimes, if w r ell preserved, worth 1Z. 
 
 In conclusion, it may be stated, that no scale of prices, how- 
 ever skilfully framed, can convey an exact idea of the exist- 
 ing state of prices in any particular year, except one made 
 for that especial year. The young collector should there- 
 
REMARKS ON THE PRICES OF ENGLISH COINS. 541 
 
 lore, before expending any considerable sums in coins, make 
 it his business to attend a few good sales, and carefully 
 mark the price of every coin sold, taking care to ascertain, 
 in case of apparently low price for a scarce coin, whether it 
 is considered genuine by those thoroughly versed in the 
 matter. A few days thus devoted will give the collector 
 more information upon the present value of coins than all 
 the most elaborate tables upon the subject ever published. 
 
 A copious list of prices, of Greek, Roman, and British 
 coins, will be found in the Appendix, founded upon prices 
 recently realised by them at public sales, especially those of 
 the celebrated Pembroke and Thomas collections. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS ON GREEK COINS, 
 
 TRANSLATED AND EXPLAINED. 
 
 A Athens, Argos, Au- 
 
 lus, Asylum. (The 
 letter A sometimes 
 stands for First , 
 as, Ecpecrtoov A. 
 Acrias — “Of the 
 Ephesians, the first 
 people of Asia.”) 
 Abbassus, Abdera, 
 Abydus on the 
 Hellespont. Am- 
 bracia, Arcadia, or 
 Aeginum. Atna. 
 
 . . . . 
 
 . Abydus in Egypt. 
 
 ABAK. . . . 
 
 . Abacaenum. 
 
 ABT . . . 
 
 . Abydus on the Hel- 
 lespont. 
 
 AA 
 
 . Addada. 
 
 A0, A0E 
 
 • Athens. 
 
 A0PIB . . . 
 
 . Athribites. 
 
 AI, Air . . 
 
 • Aegina. 
 
 Airo^no 
 
 . Aegospotamus. 
 
 AIA .... 
 
 . Aelius, Aelia Capito- 
 lina. 
 
 AIN . . . 
 
 . Aenos. 
 
 Arm . . . 
 
 . Aetolia. 
 
 AX, AKPATAN 
 
 . Agrigentum. 
 
 AXAN . . . 
 
 . Acanthus. 
 
 AKI .... 
 
 . Acilium. 
 
 AKT . . . 
 
 . Actium. 
 
 AAE, AAEHAN 
 
 . Alexandria. 
 
 AAEE* TOT- N* 
 
 . Alexander, son of 
 Neoptolemus. 
 
 AAT. . . . 
 
 . Alysia, Alvona. 
 
 AM ... . 
 
 . Amyntas, Amphipo- 
 lis, Amorgus. 
 
 AMBF . . . 
 
 , Ainbracia. 
 
 AM«f>I . . 
 
 • . Amphilochia. 
 
 AN . . . 
 
 
 ANA . . 
 
 . . Anactoria. 
 
 ANAEr 
 
 . . Andegaei. 
 
 AN0. (Audwarop) Proconsul. 
 
 AN0H . . 
 
 • . Anthedon. 
 
 ANT, ANTI 
 
 . . Antium. 
 
 ANT . . 
 
 • . Antoninus, or An. 
 
 
 tioch. 
 
 ANTAIO . 
 
 . . Antiopolis. 
 
 ANTHI 
 
 . . Antipolis. 
 
 ANTI2 . . 
 
 . . Antissa. 
 
 ana . . 
 
 . . Anolis. 
 
 AE. . . . 
 
 
 AON . . 
 
 . * Aonitae. 
 
 An . . . 
 
 . . Appius. 
 
 AnA . . 
 
 . . Apamea. 
 
 Ano . . 
 
 . . Apollonia. 
 
 AnOA . . 
 
 . . Apollonopolis. 
 
 AnT., AnTA. 
 
 . . Aptara. 
 
 AP 
 
 . . Aradus, Harma. 
 
 Apr . . 
 
 . . Argos. 
 
 AprE . . 
 
 . . Argennos. 
 
 API . . . 
 
 . . Aricanda. 
 
 APIM . . 
 
 . . Ariminum. 
 
 APIS . . 
 
 . . Arisbas, (king of 
 
 
 Epirus.) 
 
 APK . . 
 
 . . Arconensus. 
 
 APKA . . 
 
 . . Arcadia. 
 
 AP2I . . 
 
 . . Arsinofc. 
 
 APT . . . 
 
 . . Aryca. 
 
 APX. . . 
 
 . . Arxata. 
 
 APX. (Apxiepevs High priest or ma< 
 
 or Apxov) 
 
 . . gistrate. 
 
 A. 2. (riporoi 2u- 
 pias) • . . . 
 
 AMBF 
 
 First of Syria. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS ON GREEK COINS 
 
 513 
 
 A2 Ascalon, Assylura, 
 
 Axus in Crete. 
 
 A2I Asinium. 
 
 A2IAPX . . . Asiarchae. Presi- 
 dents of the games 
 
 of Asia. 
 
 A2K .... Ascalon. 
 
 AT Atabyrium. 
 
 ATAP .... Atarnae. 
 
 AT., ATT. (Ai/to- 
 
 icparop) . . . Emperor. 
 
 ATT .... Augustus. 
 
 ATA .... Audoleon. 
 
 ATE .... Avcnio. 
 
 ATPHA . . . Aurelius. 
 
 ATTON. (Avtovo- Enjoying their own 
 HOi.) .... laws. 
 
 ATTfl .... Automale. 
 
 A<f> . ... Aphrodisias. 
 
 A4»I Aphyta. 
 
 A4>P Africanus. 
 
 AX Achaia, Acheens, 
 
 Achaii. 
 
 AXI Acilium. 
 
 B. (BouArjs) . 
 
 . Council, Berytus, 
 Bythinia. 
 
 BA 
 
 . Battus. 
 
 BAP. . . . 
 
 . Bare, Bargoda. 
 
 BATH A AO 
 
 . Bagadaonia. 
 
 BH .... 
 
 . Berytus. 
 
 BIAT . . . 
 
 . Biatci, (an unknown 
 king.) 
 
 BIZT . . . 
 
 . Bysia. 
 
 BITON . . . 
 
 . Bitontum. 
 
 BO, BOI . . 
 
 . Boeotia. 
 
 BPTN . . . 
 
 . Brundusium. 
 
 BT, BT2A2 . 
 
 . Byzantium. 
 
 BTT. . . . 
 
 . Buthrotum. 
 
 r 
 
 . Gains, (foi Caius). 
 
 r., rp., rPAM . 
 
 . Grammaticus, (or 
 Keeper of the Re- 
 cords.) 
 
 r (TvwppLOV.) 
 
 . Illustrious. 
 
 TA. Gallus, Galerius, or 
 
 Gallienus. 
 
 TAM .... Gambrum. 
 
 TAP .... Gargara. 
 
 TEA .... Gelas. 
 
 TEP .... Germanicus. 
 
 TN Gneius. 
 
 TOPTT .... Gortyna. 
 
 rPA Gravisca. 
 
 TPT .... Grumentum. 
 
 A. . 
 
 AA . 
 AAK . 
 AAM. 
 AAP 
 AE . 
 AEK 
 AEP 
 AH. 
 
 (A tihos) 
 
 . Decimus, Dymae. 
 
 . Daorii. 
 
 . Dacicus. 
 
 . Damascus. 
 
 . Dardanum. 
 
 . Decelia. 
 
 . Decius. 
 
 . Derbe, in Lycaonia. 
 . The People. 
 
 AH Delos. 
 
 AHMAPX- EHOT2 With Tribunician 
 Power. 
 
 AI . 
 AIO . 
 AIOKAI 
 AI02 
 APE 
 ATP . 
 
 . Diospolis. 
 
 . Diotus. 
 
 . Diocaesarea. 
 
 . Diospolis. 
 
 . Drepanum. 
 
 . Dyrrachium. 
 
 E Eryce. 
 
 E., EPE2 • . . Eresus. 
 
 EIP Eresus, Erythrae, 
 
 Eretna. 
 
 EA Elea, Elatea. 
 
 EAET .... Eleusis. 
 
 EAET0. (EAevfle- 
 poi.) .... Free. 
 
 EN . - . . Enna, Entherna, 
 
 Entella, Encbeli. 
 Eli., EIII. . . . Epidaurus. 
 
 EPI Eriza in Caria. 
 
 EPMO .... Hermopolis, 
 
 EPT .... Erythia. 
 
ABBBEVIATIONS OX GBEEK COINS, 
 
 544 
 
 EPX . . . 
 
 . Erchia. 
 
 E2 .... 
 
 . Eppindus 
 
 ET . . . . 
 
 • Etenna in Pam- 
 phylia. 
 
 ET., ETO. (Etovs) A year. 
 
 ET., ETBO 
 
 . Euboea. 
 
 ETA . . . 
 
 . Eva. 
 
 ET2. (Euaefiris) 
 
 . Pious. 
 
 ETT. (Eur v X ys) 
 
 . Happy. 
 
 E4>., E4>E . 
 
 . Ephesus. 
 
 EX. (E xovaia.) 
 
 . Power. 
 
 Za 
 
 . Zacvnthus, (thenSa- 
 lamis, now Zan- 
 thus.) 
 
 ZANKA. . . 
 
 . Zancle, (afterwards 
 Messana.) 
 
 H 
 
 . Elium. 
 
 HAAP . . . 
 
 . Hadrumentum. 
 
 HAT . . . 
 
 . Atua. 
 
 HT. (H yefiovos) 
 
 . President. 
 
 HAIOn. . . 
 
 . Heliopolis. 
 
 HP 
 
 . Heracleia. 
 
 HPAK . . . 
 
 . Heracleiopolis. 
 
 H<I>AI . . . 
 
 . Ephaestia. 
 
 0A 
 
 . Thasus. 
 
 0E .... 
 
 . Thespiae. 
 
 0E., 0HB . . 
 
 Thebae. 
 
 ©E2 . . . 
 
 . Thessalonica. 
 
 0P 
 
 . Thera. 
 
 ©T 
 
 . Thurium. 
 
 I 
 
 . Iasus. 
 
 I., IEP. (Upas) 
 
 . Sacred. 
 
 lEPAirr. . . 
 
 • Hierapythia. 
 
 I0A .... 
 
 . Ithaca. 
 
 IKAP . . . 
 
 . Hiccara, Icarius. 
 
 IA .... 
 
 • Ilisium. 
 
 IAI . ' . . . 
 
 . Illium. 
 
 .OT .... 
 
 . Julius, (meaning a 
 
 city,) or Julius, (a 
 man’s name.) 
 
 IOTA 
 
 • . . . Julia. 
 
 HIA 
 
 . . . . Hippana. 
 
 IP. . 
 
 . . . Irene. 
 
 IPP . 
 
 
 12. . 
 
 . . . . Isus, Istiaca. 
 
 I2IN 
 
 . . . . Isindus. 
 
 m . 
 
 . . . . Ipsus. 
 
 K. . . . 
 
 
 . Caristus, Cyrere, 
 
 Cyzicus, Callatea, 
 Corcyra, Caiue (a 
 man’s name). 
 
 K. (K ovivros) 
 
 . Quintus. 
 
 K. KAI2. 
 
 . 
 
 . Caesar. 
 
 K. K. (K oivov KtAi- Community of Ci- 
 
 Kias) . . 
 
 
 • licia. 
 
 KA . . . 
 
 
 . Carystus, Catana, 
 Chalcis. 
 
 KAIA . . 
 
 
 . Caelius. 
 
 KAA . . 
 
 
 . Chalcedon. 
 
 KAAAI . . 
 
 
 . Calliopolis. 
 
 KAMA . . 
 
 
 . Camara. 
 
 KAN . . 
 
 
 . Canata. 
 
 KAn . . 
 
 
 . Capua. 
 
 KAnn . . 
 
 
 . Cappadocia. 
 
 KAP, KAPP 
 
 
 . Carrhae. 
 
 KAPT . . 
 
 
 . Carthage. 
 
 KANO) . . 
 
 
 . Canopus. 
 
 KA2T . . 
 
 
 . Castulo. 
 
 KAT., KATA. 
 
 
 . Caulonia. 
 
 KE. . . . 
 
 
 . Ceos. 
 
 KE . . . 
 
 
 . Cenchrae, Cepha- 
 lenia, Cephalonia. 
 
 KEA . . 
 
 
 . Celenderis. 
 
 KEP . . 
 
 
 . Chersonesus. 
 
 KE4>, KE$AA 
 
 • 
 
 . Cephalaedis. 
 
 KI. . . . 
 
 
 . Ciamus, Cibaeum. 
 
 KI0. . . 
 
 • 
 
 . Cithaeron. 
 
 KIA. . . 
 
 
 • Cilbrani. 
 
 KI2 . . . 
 
 
 . Cistena. 
 
 KA. . . . 
 
 
 . Cleonae, Claudio*. 
 
 KAA. . . 
 
 
 . Clazomene. 
 
 KAATAIO 
 
 
 . Ciaudiopolis. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS OF GREEK COINS, 
 
 545 
 
 KNil 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 . Cnopus. 
 
 M. . . . 
 
 
 KNI. 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . Cnidus. 
 
 
 name), Melos, Ma- 
 
 KO 
 
 . . 
 
 
 . Colophon, Corcyra. 
 
 
 ronea, Malea, Me- 
 
 KO, KOP . 
 
 . 
 
 . Corinth. 
 
 
 galopolis, Mazaka, 
 
 KOIN. 
 
 (K oivov 
 
 ) . A community. 
 
 M., MHTPO 
 
 . . Metropolis. 
 
 KOA. 
 
 (KoXovias) Colony, Colophon. 
 
 MA ... 
 
 
 KOM. 
 
 
 
 . Commodus. 
 
 
 tus, Maronea, Mas- 
 
 KOP. 
 
 
 
 . Corcyra. 
 
 
 silia, Macedonia. 
 
 KP. . 
 
 
 
 . Cragus in Lycia. 
 
 MAT . . 
 
 . . Magnesia. 
 
 KPA. 
 
 • • 
 
 
 . Cranos. 
 
 MA0T . . 
 
 . . Mathyma. 
 
 KPH 
 
 • • 
 
 
 . Crete. 
 
 MAKPO , 
 
 . . Macrocephali. 
 
 KPO 
 
 
 
 . Crotona. 
 
 MAA . . 
 
 . . Mallus. 
 
 KTH 
 
 • • 
 
 
 . Ctemenae. 
 
 MAM . . 
 
 . . Mamertini. 
 
 KT . 
 
 
 
 . Cydna, Cuma, Cyme, 
 
 MAN . . 
 
 . . Mantinea. 
 
 
 
 
 Cyrene, Cyzicus, 
 
 MAS. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cytholus, Cydo- 
 
 MASS . . 
 
 . . Massilia. 
 
 
 
 
 nium, Cyon, 
 
 ME. . . . 
 
 . Menelais, on Syrian 
 
 KTAfl 
 
 . . 
 
 . 
 
 . Cydon. 
 
 
 regal coins. 
 
 KT0 
 
 • , 
 
 . 
 
 . Cythnus. 
 
 ME. . . f 
 
 . . Messina, Metapon- 
 
 Km 
 
 
 
 . Cyprua. 
 
 
 tum, Melite. 
 
 KTP 
 
 
 # 
 
 . Cyrene. 
 
 ME., MET. 
 
 . . Megara, Megalopo- 
 
 
 
 
 
 lis, Megarsus. 
 
 
 
 
 
 MET. (Me 7 <tA.os) Great. 
 
 A. . 
 
 
 
 
 MENA . . 
 
 • Mendes. 
 
 
 
 
 cris, Leucas. 
 
 MENE . . 
 
 • Menelaus. 
 
 AA . 
 
 
 
 
 MENEK . 
 
 . Menecrates. 
 
 
 
 
 sacus, Larymna, 
 
 MES . . 
 
 . Messana, Messenia. 
 
 
 
 
 Larissa. 
 
 META . . 
 
 . Metapontum. 
 
 AAAA 
 
 • • 
 
 
 . Lalassa. 
 
 MI. . . . 
 
 
 AAM . 
 
 • • 
 
 
 . Lamea, Lampsacus. 
 
 MIN. . . 
 
 . Minde. 
 
 AAMn 
 
 • • 
 
 
 . Lampsacus. 
 
 MK., MASAK. 
 
 . Mazaka, of Cappa- 
 
 AAP 
 
 • • 
 
 
 •• Larissa. 
 
 
 docia, on coins of 
 
 AAPI 
 
 • • 
 
 
 . Larinum. 
 
 
 Mithridates VI. 
 
 AE., AET. 
 
 
 . Leucas. 
 
 MOP . . 
 
 . Morgantia. 
 
 AEB. 
 
 
 
 . Lebinus. 
 
 MT . . 
 
 
 AEON 
 
 
 
 . Leontium. 
 
 MTKO . . 
 
 . Mycone. 
 
 AHM. 
 
 
 
 . Lemnos. 
 
 MTA . . 
 
 . Mylasa. 
 
 Ain. 
 
 
 
 . Lipara. 
 
 MTNT , . 
 
 . Minya. 
 
 AITI. 
 
 
 
 . Liviopolis. 
 
 MTP. . . 
 
 
 AO., AHK. 
 
 
 . Locri. 
 
 MTTI. . . 
 
 
 Aor 
 
 • • 
 
 
 . Longone. 
 
 
 
 AT. . 
 
 
 
 
 N., NAT . 
 
 . Naupactos. 
 
 ATI\, ATK 
 
 
 . Lyctus. 
 
 N. NEHK. 
 
 . Neocori. 
 
 ATSI 
 
 • • 
 
 
 . Lysmachia. 
 
 NA . . . 
 
 . Naxos, Nape. 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAHA 
 
 . Nagidus. 
 
 N N 
 
546 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON GREEK COINS, 
 
 
 
 
 NAH 
 
 . . . Naxos. 
 
 nAPI 
 
 
 
 . Paros. 
 
 NATAPX. 
 
 (Nav- 
 
 IIE . 
 
 
 
 . Pelinna. 
 
 apx‘5ot.) 
 
 . . Enjoying a seaport. 
 
 nE . 
 
 
 
 . Perinthus. 
 
 NE. . . 
 
 
 nEA 
 
 
 
 . Pella. 
 
 NEAN . 
 
 . . . Neandria. 
 
 IIEP 
 
 
 
 . Pergus. 
 
 NEOn . 
 
 , • . Neopolis. 
 
 nEPr 
 
 
 
 . Pergamus. 
 
 NEP. 
 
 . . . Nerva. 
 
 nEPT 
 
 
 
 . Pertinax. 
 
 NIK. 
 
 . . . Nicaeum, Nicome- 
 
 I1E2K 
 
 
 
 . Pescennius. 
 
 
 dia. 
 
 m. . 
 
 
 
 
 NT. . . 
 
 
 niN. 
 
 
 
 . Pinamytae. 
 
 NTS. . 
 
 . . * Nysaei, on coins of 
 
 niNA 
 
 
 
 . Pinamus. 
 
 
 Scythopolis. 
 
 nAA. 
 
 
 
 . Plateae. 
 
 
 
 no. . 
 
 
 
 
 £. • . 
 
 
 nOAT 
 
 
 
 . Polyrrhenum. 
 
 
 
 nos. nosEi . 
 
 . Posidonia. 
 
 0. . . . 
 
 
 np.,npES. (npeo-- 
 
 
 01. . . . 
 
 
 j8eos) . 
 
 . . . 
 
 Legate. 
 
 OABIO . . 
 
 . . Olbiopolis. 
 
 np, npo 
 
 
 Pronos. 
 
 OAT . . 
 
 . . Olympus. 
 
 npAi. . 
 
 
 Praesus. 
 
 ON. (0 vros) 
 
 . . being. 
 
 npAS . 
 
 . . . 
 
 Prassus. 
 
 onEA 
 
 . . Opelius. 
 
 npo 
 
 
 Proconnesus. 
 
 on . . . 
 
 
 npocn 
 
 
 Prosopis. 
 
 OPT . . 
 
 . . Orycus. 
 
 nPOAI. (npofiiKOs) Curator. 
 
 OPX . . 
 
 . . Orchomenu8. 
 
 nT. . . 
 
 
 Ptolemais. 
 
 OTn or Tn. 
 
 (Ou- 
 
 nT. . . 
 
 
 Pylos. 
 
 tto~qs or Yttolt os) Consul. 
 
 nT. . . 
 
 
 Pythopolis. 
 
 0<f>PT . . 
 
 . . Ophrynium. 
 
 nTA 
 
 • 
 
 Pylos. 
 
 
 
 nT©o . 
 
 • . . 
 
 Pithopolis. 
 
 n. . . . 
 
 
 nTP 
 
 
 Pyrnus. 
 
 
 paeum, Panormus. 
 
 
 
 
 n. »'napo, npos) upon. 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 n., n A. 
 
 . . Paphos, or Paros. 
 
 r. . . 
 
 
 Rythymna. 
 
 n, nAN . 
 
 . Pantecapaeum. 
 
 PAT . . 
 
 
 Raucus. 
 
 n., nH 
 
 . .Pelusium. 
 
 PH . . 
 
 
 Rhegium. 
 
 n., nonA. 
 
 . . Publius. 
 
 PO . . 
 
 
 Rhodes. 
 
 n., n?T. (np 
 
 ora- 
 
 PT . . 
 
 
 Rypae. 
 
 vos) . . 
 
 • . Praefect. 
 
 
 
 
 n.,nPHT. (UpOTOs) First. 
 
 2 . SA 
 
 
 Salamis, Samos, 
 
 nA . . . 
 
 . . Pales, Patrae. 
 
 
 
 Syria, Sacile, Sala, 
 
 nAis . . 
 
 . . Paestum. 
 
 
 
 Segesta, Syracuse, 
 
 n.Ain . 
 
 . . Paeonia. 
 
 
 
 Sycion. 
 
 nAN . . 
 
 • . Panormus. 
 
 SA . . 
 
 
 Salamis, Salgania, 
 
 nAP 
 
 . • Paropinum, Paros. 
 
 
 
 Samosate, SaciL; 
 
 nAP0 . . 
 
 • Parthicus. 
 
 
 
 Same. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS ON GREEK COINS. 
 
 517 
 
 2Ar . . 
 
 # 
 
 . Saguntum. 
 
 TPA. 
 
 . . . 
 
 . Trallis. 
 
 2AAAII 
 
 
 . Salapia. 
 
 TPI. . 
 
 
 . Tripolis. 
 
 SAP . . . 
 
 
 . Sardis. 
 
 TPIA 
 
 • • • 
 
 . Triadissa. 
 
 2E. . . . 
 
 
 . Seriphus, Segeste, 
 
 TPO. 
 
 • • • 
 
 . Triozene. 
 
 
 
 Selgi, Seleucia. 
 
 TT. . 
 
 
 . Tyndaris 
 
 2EB. (2ej8ao- 
 
 tos) Augustus. 
 
 TTAN 
 
 • • • 
 
 . Tyana. 
 
 2EA . . 
 
 
 . Selinus, Seleucia. 
 
 TTP. 
 
 • • • 
 
 . Tyre (monogram). 
 
 2EIIT . . 
 
 
 . Septimus. 
 
 
 
 
 2EP, 2EPI 
 
 
 . Seriphus. 
 
 T. TE., 
 
 TEA . 
 
 . Velia. 
 
 2E4»I . . 
 
 
 . Sephyrium. 
 
 TIL, TIIAT (Tttop 
 
 21. » • • 
 
 
 . Siphnos. 
 
 tos) 
 
 • • • 
 
 . Consul. 
 
 2IA . . • 
 
 
 . Side. 
 
 TP . 
 
 . 
 
 . Uria. 
 
 2IKI . . 
 
 
 . Sicinus, Sycion. 
 
 
 
 
 2IN., 2INH 
 
 
 . Sinope. 
 
 
 
 
 2K . . • 
 
 
 . Scepsis. 
 
 <!>. . 
 
 
 Philip Pboestus, 
 
 2MT. . • 
 
 
 . Smyrna. 
 
 
 
 Phih.ntium, Pho- 
 
 20 . • • 
 
 
 . Soli. 
 
 
 
 cis, Pbocaea, Pho- 
 
 2TP..2TPA . (2rpa- 
 
 
 
 cians. 
 
 \ 
 
 
 . Praetor. 
 
 $A. . 
 
 
 . Pbaselis, Phaestus, 
 
 TTjyos) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pharos, Phanago- 
 
 2TT . . 
 
 
 . Styria. 
 
 
 
 ria, Pbarae. 
 
 2T . . • 
 
 
 . Sicily. 
 
 
 
 
 2T., 2TPA 
 
 
 • Syracuse. 
 
 d>AI 
 
 . . . 
 
 . Phaestus. 
 
 2TB. . . 
 
 
 . Sybaris. 
 
 4>AA 
 
 4 AP 
 
 . . • 
 
 . Phalanna. 
 . Pharsalus. 
 
 2TP ... 
 2fl. . • • 
 
 
 . Syria. 
 . Solae. 
 
 4>APBAI . 
 
 . Pharbaeshites. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . Vibius, Philippo. 
 
 T. . . . 
 
 
 . Tarentun, Tarsus, 
 
 
 
 polis, Philadelphia. 
 
 
 
 Teos, Titus. 
 
 «i>INE. 
 
 
 . Phineium. 
 
 TA . 
 
 
 . Tmantum, Tabae. 
 
 4>A . 
 
 
 . Flavius. 
 
 TA., TaNA 
 
 
 . Tanagra. 
 
 <bO 
 
 . . . 
 
 . Phocis. 
 
 TABAA 
 
 
 . Tabala. 
 
 4>OK 
 
 . . . 
 
 . Phocaeum. 
 
 TAP. . . 
 
 
 Tarentum, Tarsus. 
 
 d>OTA. 
 
 
 
 TATP . . 
 
 
 • Tauromenum. 
 
 $T . 
 
 
 . Phycus in Cyrene. 
 
 TE . . . 
 
 
 
 4>n . 
 
 
 . Phocis. 
 
 
 
 Tenedos, Terina. 
 
 
 
 
 TEP . . 
 
 
 . Terina. 
 
 X. 
 
 
 
 TH . . . 
 
 
 . Teos, Terpillus, 
 Tenus. 
 
 XAA 
 
 . . . 
 
 . Chalcis. 
 
 TI., TIB 
 
 
 . Tiberius. 
 
 XEP 
 
 . . . 
 
 . Chersonesus. 
 
 TO . . . 
 
 
 
 XI . 
 
 . . . 
 
 . Chytri in Crete. 
 
 N N 2 
 
548 
 
 J2RAS OF CITIES OCCURRING ON COINS. 
 
 iERAS OF CHIEF GREEK CITIES OCCURRING ON COINS. 
 
 (See Chapter on Greek Inscriptions and Dates found on Coins.) 
 
 Abila in Ccelosyria, 63 before Christ. 
 Abonitechitae in Paphlagonia, 50 after 
 Christ. 
 
 Achaei, 2 SO b.c. 
 
 Adrianopolis in Thrace, 132 a.c. 
 
 Aegea in Cilicia, also called Macrinopolis 
 and Alexandropolis, 47 b.c. 
 
 Alexandria on the Issus, 68 b.c. 
 
 Amasia in Cappadocia, 9 b.c. 
 
 Amisus in Pontus of Galatia, 33 b.c. 
 Anazarbis in Cilicia, ?9 b.c. 
 
 Anthedonis in Syria, apparently 31 b.c. 
 Antioch in Ccelosyria, 63 b.c. 
 
 Antioch in Cilicia, 19 b.c. 
 
 Antioch in Syria uses four epochs : — 
 
 1. That of the Seleucidae, 312 b.c. 
 
 2. The Pompeian, 63 b.c. 
 
 3. Under Augustus and beginning 
 
 of Tiberius, 31 b.c. 
 
 4. Under later emperors, 49 b.c. 
 Apamea in Ccelosyria, 312 b.c., and the 
 
 Augustan, 31 b.c. 
 
 Aradus of Phoenicia, 260 b.c. 
 
 Ascalon in Palestine, 104 b.c. 
 
 Augusta in Cilicia, 20 a.c. 
 
 Baiana in Syria, 124 b.c. 
 
 Beraea of Macedon, 63, b.c. 
 
 Berytus in Palestine, 66 b.c. 
 
 Bostra, a colony in Arabia Petraea, 106 
 a.c. 
 
 Botrye in Phoenicia, 49 b.c. 
 
 Byblis in Phoenicia, 20 b.c. 
 
 Caesarea Germanica in Palestine, 39 a.c. 
 Caesarea on Libanus, 313 b.c. 
 
 Caesarea vnder Panium, 3 b.c. 
 
 Canothae in Syria, 63 b.c. 
 
 Capitolia in Celesyria, 93 a.c. 
 
 Cerasus in Pontus, 146 b.c. 
 
 Chalcis in Syria, 92 a.c. 
 
 Cynhestus in Syria, 312 b.c. 
 
 Dacia, 247 a.c. 
 
 Damascus, 312 b.c. 
 
 Dia in Syria, 63 b.c. 
 
 Diospolis in Palestine, 93 a.c. [doubtful.) 
 Dora in Cilicia, 131 b.c. 
 
 Dora in Phoenicia, the Pompeian aera, 
 68 b.c. 
 
 Fmisus-in Cilicia, 312 b.c. 
 
 Epiphanum in Cilicia, 38 a.c. 
 
 Flaviopolis in Cilicia, 74 a.c. 
 
 Gabala in Syria, 47 b.c. 
 
 Gadara in Syria, 63 b.c. 
 
 Gaza in Palestine, 63 b.c. 
 
 Hierocaesarea in Lydia, 26 a.c. 
 Irenopolis in Phoenicia, 52 a.c. 
 
 Ilium in Troas, 81 b.c. doubtful. 
 Laodicea in Coelosyria, 313 b.c. 
 
 Laodicea in Caria, 189 b.c. 
 
 Leucadia in Coelosyria, till Gordian, 48 
 a.c. After, 31 b.c. 
 
 Lydia, 521 b.c. 
 
 Macedon, 48 b.c. 
 
 Mopsus in Cilicia, 58 b.c. 
 
 Neapolis of Samaria, 70 a.c. 
 
 Neocaesarea, 64 a.c. 
 
 Nicaea in*Bithynia, 288 b.c. 
 
 Nicomedia in Bithynia, 288 b.c. 
 Orthosus in Phoenicia, 312 b.c. 
 
 Pella in Syria, 63 b.c. • 
 
 Philadelphia in Coelosyria, 63 b.c. 
 Pompeiopolis in Cilicia,. 68 b.c. 
 
 Ptolemais in Phoenicia, 48 b.c. 
 Rhabbathamum in Phoenicia, 93 a.c. 
 Raphanus in Syria, 49 b.c. 
 
 Raphia in Palestine, 61 or 57 b.c. 
 Rhesena in Mesopotamia, 133 a.c. 
 Samosata in Commagene, 7 1 a.c. 
 
 Sebaste in Cilicia, 20 b.c. 
 
 Sebaste of Syria, or Samaria, 26 b.c. 
 Seleucia in Syria, three epochs : — 
 
 1. Under Augustus, 31 b.c. 
 
 2. Under Tiberius, 63 b.c. 
 
 3. 109 b.c. 
 
 Sidon in Phoenicia, 312 b.c. 
 
 Sinope, two aeras : — 
 
 1. Till Alexander Severus, 45 b.c. 
 
 2. After, 70 b.c. 
 
 Tiberias in Galilee, 17 a.c. 
 
 Trallis in Caria, 145 a.c. 
 
 Trapezus in Pontus, 62 a.c. 
 
 Tripolis in Phoenicia, two epochs 
 
 1. The Pompeian, 63 b.c. 
 
 2. The Seleucian, 312 b.c. 
 
 Tyre in Phoenicia, two aeras : — 
 
 1. The Seleucian, 312 b.c. 
 
 2. 126 b.c. 
 
 Viminacium in Moesia, 240 a.c. 
 
NAMES OF MAGISTBATES, AND GAMES, ON COINS. 549 
 
 NAMES OF GREEK MAGISTRATES, &c., 
 
 A TON O0ETOT • . President of the 
 Games. 
 
 ANOTnATOT . . Proconsul. 
 
 ANTI2TPATH TOT Propraetor. 
 
 APXIEPEG2 . 
 APX0NT02 . 
 A2IAPXOT . 
 
 rPAMMATEH2 
 
 EniMEAHTOT 
 
 EIII2TATOT . 
 E4>OPOT . . 
 
 HTEM0N02 . 
 
 . High Priest. 
 
 . Prefect of the City.f 
 
 . President of the 
 Games of Asia. 
 
 . Scribe, Keeeper of 
 the Records.^ 
 
 . Procurator of the 
 Games, &c. 
 
 . Inspector. 
 
 . Tribune of the 
 People. 
 
 . President of a Pro- 
 vince. 
 
 ©EOAoror . 
 
 IEPEX12 . . . 
 nANHrrpi2Tor 
 IIAPOXOT . « 
 
 nOAIAPXOT . 
 nPE2BEG2 or 
 
 ON COINS. 
 
 . Interpreter of Sa- 
 cred Rites. 
 
 . Priest. 
 
 . Sacred Orator. 
 
 . Intendant of the 
 Inns. 
 
 . Prefect of the City. 
 
 ITPE2BETTOT . Legate. 
 nPTTANEfl2 . . Primate of the City. 
 
 20<I*l2TOT . . . Counsellor. 
 
 2TE4»AN04»0P0T A crowned, or su- 
 perior Priest. 
 
 2TPATHTOT . . Praetor. 
 
 TAMIOT . . . Questor. 
 
 tiiatot 01 ornA- 
 
 TOT .... Consul. 
 
 GAMES MENTIONED ON GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 (GREEK COINS.) 
 
 Adrianei, in Ephesus and Smyrna in 
 honour of Hadrian. 
 
 Agonotesii , given apparently at the pri- 
 vate expense of the Agonotheti. 
 
 Alexandrini, at Philippopolis in Thrace. 
 
 Aristi , in honour of the emperors. 
 
 Asclepii, in honour of JEsculapius. 
 
 Attali Gordiani, in honour of Attalus, 
 king of Pergamus, and Gordian III. 
 
 Augusteiy in honour of Augustus. 
 
 Actiaci, on the victory at Actium. 
 
 Cabirii, in honour of the gods Cabires, 
 who presided over metals. 
 
 Capitolitii, in honour of Jupiter Capito- 
 linus. 
 
 Ocesarei , in honour of the emperor. 
 
 Chendrisii, in honour of Io. 
 
 Oommodiani, in honour of Commodus. 
 
 Corei, in honour of Proserpine. 
 
 Ohrysantini of Sardis, from a crown of 
 gold given to the victor. 
 
 Demetrii , in honour of Ceres. 
 
 Didimei , to Apollo. 
 
 Dionysii, to Bacchus. 
 
 Dioscorii, to Castor and Pollux. 
 
 Dusari , to Bacchus by his Arabic name 
 Dusares. 
 
 Elii, to the sun. 
 
 Epinicii , for some victory. 
 
 Epicorii , in which only people of a pro- 
 vince contended; whereas, the Oecu~ 
 menici permitted all. 
 
 Erei, to Juno. 
 
 Eugamii, to Pluto. 
 
 Iselastici, so called from the applause 
 given to the victor. 
 
 Isthmii, to Neptune. 
 
 Letoii , to Latona. 
 
 Mystici, for the sacred mysteries. 
 Naumachii, naval. 
 
 Nernei, to Hercules. 
 
 Olympii , to Jupiter. 
 
 Panionii , of all the Ionic cities. 
 
 Primi Severiani, to Severus. 
 
 Sebasmii , to Augustus. 
 
 Semelii , to appease offended Jove. 
 
 Soterii , for health. 
 
 » 
 
 * The use of the genitive case is explained in the chapter on the inscriptions of 
 Greek coins. 
 
 t The emperor Gallienus was archon of Athens, Hist. Aug. Script, p. 720. 
 t On a coin, the people of Nisaea called the emperor Tiberius their Scribe. 
 
550 
 
 AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 (ROMAN COINS.) 
 
 Aeliana Pincensia, in honour of Hadrian, 
 at Pinca in Moesia. 
 
 Capitolinum Certamen. 
 
 Cerealia. 
 
 Certamen Quinquennale. 
 
 Certamen Periodicum. 
 Iselistica. 
 
 Ludi Sceculares. 
 
 Sacra Periodica Oecumenica. 
 
 AN ALPHABETICAL LIST 
 
 OF ALL 
 
 THE MOST IMPORTANT GREEK AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 WITH THEIR COMPARATIVE DEGREES OF RARITY. 
 
 Eight degrees of rarity are distinguished by R. 1 , R. 8 , &c. ; Bronze coins are marked Rr. 
 
 Gold , G.; Silver, S.; Electrum, El.; Lead, L. 
 
 Tlie Name of each Province, or Region, is printed in capitals, and accompanied by the 
 Names of all its Cities or Dependencies known to have coined money. The capitals 
 in brackets after the name of each Province, denote the situation of the province : as 
 in Asia, Africa, Greece, or Italy, — A. signifying Asia, AF. Africa, G. Greece Proper, 
 and I. Italy. IS. signifies island. 
 
 The Modem Names, when known, are placed in brackets after the ancient ones. 
 
 A. 
 
 Aba. Br. — R. 4 These were formerly 
 attributed to Albaeti Mysi, in Mysi. 
 
 Abacaenum (Tripim). S. — R. 2 R.® Br. 
 — R.® 
 
 Aballa. Br. — R. 8 Of doubtful attribu- 
 tion. 
 
 Abdera (Ghiumergin, Asperosa, Platys- 
 tomon). S. — B. 1 R.° n r. — R. 1 R. 4 
 
 Aboni Sickos Rnopolis (An*h Boli 
 Ynebolu). With the name of Aboni 
 Tichos. Br. — R. 7 
 
 Abydtis (Aidos. Nagara). G. — R. 8 El. 
 — R. 8 S. — R.* R. 8 Br.— R. 2 R. 8 
 
 Acanthus (Erissos). 8. — R. 2 R 8 . Br. — 
 R. 4 R. 6 
 
 ACARNANIA (G): — Alyzia, Anactorium, 
 Amphilochium, Heraclea, Lucas, Me - 
 tropolis, Oenidae, Stratos, Taphias, 
 Thryulium. 
 
 Acarnani (in general). G. — R. 6 S. — R. 4 
 R.® Rr.— R. 1 R. 4 
 
 Ace, afterwards Ptolemais (Ake, Aka, 
 Acri, Upovanni d’Acri). With the 
 
 name of Ace : Br. — R. 8 With Phoe- 
 nician legends: G. — R. 4 S. — R. 4 
 With the name of Ptolemais: Br. — 
 R. 4 R. 6 Those with Phoenician 
 legends are of Alexander I. 
 
 Acerrae (Acerra). The coins formerly 
 attributed to this town are now classed 
 among those of Atella. 
 
 ACHAIA : — Aegialus, Aegira , Aegium, 
 Bura, Carinaea, Corinthus, Patrae , 
 Pellene, Phlius, Rhypae, Sicyon. 
 
 Achaia (in general). S. — C. Br. — R.* 
 
 R. 8 W'ith the Achaian League : S.— 
 C. — R. 8 Br— R. 4 R. 8 
 
 Acherontia (Acerenza). The money at- 
 tributed to this town has been restored 
 to Aquilonia, in Samnium. 
 
 Achillea (Island near Sarmatia). S. — 
 R.® R. 8 These pieces are attributed 
 to Olbia by M. Blarenberg. 
 
 Ada ? Br.— R. 2 
 
 Acomonia. Br. — R. 4 
 
 Acrae (Palazzolo). Br. — R. 4 
 
 Acrasus. Br. — R. 5 
 
AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 551 
 
 Adramyttium (Edremit, Adramitti). Br. 
 — R . 4 R.® 
 
 Adranus (Aderno). Br. — R.® 
 
 Aea. Br. — R . 8 
 
 Aegae (Asias Kale), in Cilicia. Br. — R . 4 
 The coins of this town are numerous. 
 
 Aegae (in Macedonia). The coins which 
 were attributed are now classed 
 among doubtful coins of the kings 
 of Macedonia. 
 
 Aegae (Ghinsel Hyssar, in Aeolis), in 
 Aetolia. S.— R . 4 R . 8 Br.— R . 3 R . 5 
 
 AEGIA (G.) (The Islands near to) : — 
 Amorgus, Aegiale, Anaphe , Andrus , 
 Cessa Ceae , Cartliaea , Coresia, Julis 
 Ceae, Poesa Ceae , Cemolis, Cytnus , 
 Lelus, Gyaros, Yura , Ios, Melos, 
 Myconus, Naxus , Paros, Pholcgan- 
 drus, Seriphus, Sicinus, Siphnus , 
 Syrus, Tenus, Thera. 
 
 Aegiale Amorgi (Hyali). Br. — R . 7 
 
 Aegialus. The pieces attributed to this 
 town are of Aegialus, in Paphlagonia. 
 
 Acgina (Eghina, Eugea). Achaian league. 
 S.— R . 2 R . 8 Br.— R . 2 R.® The oldest 
 pieces of this island were evidently 
 coined during the earliest coinages. 
 
 Aegira. Br. — R . 8 
 
 Aegitm (Vostitza). Achaian league. S. 
 — R . 4 Br.— R . 4 R.® This is the 
 
 chief place of the Achaian League. 
 
 Aegospotamos. Br. — R.® 
 
 AEOLIS (A) : — Aegae, Cyme, JElaea, 
 Sarissa, Myrina, Neontichos, Temnus , 
 Antissa, Eresus, Methymna, My- 
 telene. 
 
 Aeolis (in general). The pieces attributed 
 to this country have been restored 
 by M. Sestini to Aeolium, in the 
 Thracian Chersonesus. 
 
 Aeolium. S. — R . 8 Br. — R . 8 These 
 pieces were attributed to Aeolus in 
 general. 
 
 Aenia vel Aenea. S. — R 7 
 
 Aenianes. S. — R . 4 Br. — R.® 
 
 Aenus (Enes, Eno). S. — R. 2 R.® Br. — 
 R. a R.® 
 
 Aesernia (Isemia). Br. — R. 2 R.« Latin 
 legends. 
 
 Aetnaei (Sta. Maria di Sicodia). S. — R . 4 
 R . 8 Br— R. 7 R.5 
 
 AETOLIA (G.): — Apollonia, Athamanes, 
 Calydon, Lysimachia ?, Naupactus. 
 
 | Aetoli (in general). G. — R . 8 S. — R . 4 
 
 R. ®) Br.— R . 2 R . 4 
 
 Aeyanis. Br. — R . 3 R . 5 
 
 AFRICA {Of the uncertain money of). 
 
 S. — R.® Br. — R . 2 R . 4 These pieces 
 have African inscriptions. 
 
 Agatliyrnus (Agati). Br. — R . 8 With 
 the name of Tyndaris, in Sicily, a sign 
 of alliance. 
 
 Agrigentum (Girgenti). G. — R . 8 S. — 
 C. — R . 8 Br. — C. — R . 4 The coins of 
 Agrigentum are very numerous. 
 
 Agrippias, Anthedon . With the name of 
 Agrippias : Br. — R . 7 With the name 
 of Anthedon: Br. — R . 8 Those with 
 the name of Anthedon are of tho 
 Jewish kings, Agrippa I. and II. 
 
 Agyrium (San Filippi d’Argite). Br. — 
 R . 2 R.® 
 
 Alaesa (Sta. Maria delle Palate). Br. — 
 R . 2 R . 5 The silver pieces formerly 
 attributed to this town belong to 
 Allipha, in Samnium. 
 
 Allaria. S. — R.® 
 
 Alba (Albano). S.— R.® L.— R . 4 Latin 
 legends. 
 
 Albaeti Mysi. The pieces attributed to 
 this town have been restored to Aba, 
 in Caria. 
 
 Albanda. S. — R.® Br. — R . 4 R.® 
 
 Alleta. Br. — R . 8 Gf doubtful attribu. 
 
 tion. 
 
 Alexander Troas (Eski-Stambul). El. — 
 R . 8 G.— R . 8 S.— R . 2 R . 8 
 
 Alexandria to Jssum (Iskanderona, Ales- 
 sandretta). Br. — R . 7 R . 8 Some of 
 these coins bear the head of Anti- 
 ochus VI., king of Commagene. 
 
 Alia. Br. — R . 7 
 
 Alinda (Muglia). Br. — R . 4 
 
 Allipha. S. — R . 4 R.® M. Sestini desig- 
 nates this town to Campania. 
 
 Alopeconnesus. Br. — R . 7 
 
 Aluntium (Alontio). Br. — R . 4 R.® 
 
 Alvona. The pieces attributed to this 
 town have been restored to This- 
 bia. There are no pieces belongin' 
 to Alvona, and no coins of Libur- 
 nia. 
 
 Alyatta. Br.— R.® 
 
 Alyzia (Aelias). S. — R . 5 R . 8 Br. — R . 8 
 
 Amamenses. Br. — R . 8 
 
 Amantia. Br. — R . 4 
 
 Amasia (Amassia). Br. — R . 4 Some of 
 these pieces also bear the name of 
 
552 
 
 AUTONOMOUS COINS, 
 
 Nicomedia, in Bithynia, a sign of 
 alliance between these two towns. 
 Amastris (Amassreh, Amastra, Amarsa, 
 Amassera, Samatro). S. — R. 8 Br. — 
 
 R. 8 R. 6 Some of these pieces bear 
 the name of Sebasti, in Paphlagonia. 
 
 Ambracia (Ambrakia). S. — R. 1 R. 7 Br. 
 — R. 1 R. 8 
 
 Ameria. Br. — R. 8 Of doubtful attri- 
 bution. 
 
 Amestratus (Mistretta). Br. — R. 8 
 Amistis (Himiso, Samsun). S. — R. 4 
 
 Br. — C. — R.® 
 
 Amnesum. Br. — R. 7 
 Amorgus (Amorgo). Br. — R. 8 
 Amorium (Hergian Amoria). Br. — R.® 
 Amphaxus. Br. — R.® 
 
 Amphea. The pieces attributed to this 
 town do not belong to it. 
 
 Amphicaea. Br. — R. 8 
 Amphilochium and Argos Amphilochium 
 (Filokia). With the name of Argos. 
 
 S. — R. 8 R. 4 With the name of Amphi- 
 lochium. S. — R. 8 R. 4 
 
 Amphipolis (Jeni Kioj). S. — R.« Br. 
 — C.— R.« 
 
 Amphissa (Salona, or Sampeni). Br. — R. 6 
 Anactorium (Bonitza). S. — R. 8 R. 8 Br. 
 — R. 4 R. 8 
 
 Anaphe (Naufio). Br. — R. 6 
 Anaphlystus. Br. — R. 8 
 Anazarbus Caesarea to Anazarbum 
 (Aynzarba). Br. — R. 7 The coins of 
 this town are numerous. 
 
 Ancona (Ancona). Br. — R.® 
 
 Anchialus (Akkiali, Ichingunene, Is- 
 kellis). Br.— R. 8 
 
 Ancyra (Angur). Br. — R. 4 R.® The 
 coins of this town are numerous. 
 Andrus (Andro). S.— R. 8 Br.— R. 8 
 Anolus. Br. — R. 8 Of doubtful attribution. 
 Antandrus (Antandro). S. — R. 7 Br. — R. 6 
 Antiocheni ad CalUrhoen. Br. — R. 1 These 
 pieces bear the head of Antiochus IV., 
 king of Syria. 
 
 Antiocheni ad Laphnen. Br. — R. 1 R. 8 
 These pieces bear the head of Anti- 
 ochus VI., king of Syria. 
 
 Antiocheni Ptolemais. Br. — R. 8 R. G 
 Some of these pieces bear the names 
 of Antiochus IV. and VIII., kings of 
 Syria, and of Cleopatra, mother of the 
 latter. 
 
 Antiochia (Ak Chiehere). Br. — R.® Latin 
 legend. 
 
 Antiochia. Br. — R. 8 
 Antiochia ad Orontem. (With date of the 
 Seleucidae.) Br. — C. — R. 4 (With an 
 uncertain date.) Br. — C. — R. 8 (With 
 an Achaian date.) Br. — C. — R. 8 
 (With a Caesarean date.) Br. — C. — 
 
 R. 4 
 
 Antiochia ad Sarum Adana (Edene, 
 Adana). With the name of Antiochia: 
 Br. — R.® R. 8 With the name of 
 Adana : S.— R. 8 Br.— R. 5 R. 8 
 Antiochia adMccandrum (Yeni Chiehere). 
 
 S. — R.® Br.— R. 8 R.6 
 
 Anthedon (Lukisi or Talandi). S. — R. 8 
 
 Antissa (Petra). Br. — R. 4 
 
 Apamea , Myrtea (Medana, Mudagna). 
 
 Br. — R. 4 R.® Latin legend. 
 
 Apamea (Afuin, Kara Hysar). S. — R. 4 
 R. 7 Br. — C. — R. 4 The coins of this 
 town are very numerous. The silver 
 pieces are of Cistophores. 
 
 Apamea (Samiah). Br. — R. 1 R. 8 Some 
 of these bear the name of Antiochus 
 III. and Alexander I., kings of Syria. 
 Aphrodisias. S. — R. 4 Br. R. 8 R. 4 
 Several pieces bear the name of 
 Plarasa, in Caria, a sign of alliance 
 between these towns. 
 
 Apollonia (Sizepoli, in Thrace). Br. — R 8 
 Apollonia in Ionia. Br. — R. 3 
 Apollonia in Crete. S. — R. 4 
 Apollonia in Aetolia. Br. — R. 8 
 Apollonia ad Rhydacum (Abullona). Br. 
 — R . 8 
 
 Apollonia in Caria. Br. — R. 8 R. 8 
 Apollonia in Ionia. Br. — R. 3 Of 
 doubtful attribution. 
 
 Apollonia in Lysia. Br. — R.® The 
 autonomous are doubtful. 
 
 Apollonia (Polina, in Illyricum). S. — 
 C. — R. 8 Br. — R. 1 R.® The number 
 of towns which bore the name of 
 Apollonia renders some pieces of 
 doubtful attribution. 
 
 Apollonis or Apollonidea. Br. — R. 4 
 Apollonoshieron. Br. — R.® 
 
 Aptera (Paleo Castro). S. — R. 4 R.® 
 Br.— R. 1 R. 8 
 
 APULIA (I.) : — Acherontia, Arpi, Ascu- 
 lum , Barium , Canusium, Grumium, 
 Luceria, Merinum , Neapolis , Rybas - 
 tini, Salapci, Sipontum, Teates , Ve~ 
 nusia, Ureium. 
 
 Aphytis (Afiti). Br. — R. s 
 
AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 553 
 
 Aquileia (Aquileia). Br. — R. 8 Latin 
 
 legend. 
 
 Aquilonia (Lacedogna). Br. — R. 7 Os- 
 can legends. These coins were for- 
 merly attributed to Acherontia, in 
 Apulia. 
 
 Aquinum (Aquin). Br. — R. 2 R. 4 Latin 
 legends. 
 
 ARCADIA (C.) : — Alea, Basilis, Caphyra, 
 Charisia, Eva, Mantinea, Megalopolis , 
 Pallanteum, Pheneus, Phigalea, Stym- 
 phalis, Tcgea, Thelpsuna, Thisoa. 
 
 Aradus (Rovad, Arret, Adassi). S. — C. 
 
 — R. 4 Br. — C. — R. 3 Some of these 
 pieces bear the head of Cleopatra, 
 without that of Marcus Antonius. 
 The indication of this isle is found 
 on the coin of Alexander I. Some 
 have Phoenician legends. 
 
 Arax. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Arcadi (in general). S. — C. — R. 6 Br. 
 
 — R. 2 R.6 
 
 Arcadi (Capo Arcadi). S. — R.® 
 
 Argesa. S. — R. 8 
 
 ARGOLIS (G.) : — Argos , Asine, Cleone, 
 Epidauros, Hermione , Methano , Thy- 
 rea , Troezen. 
 
 Arethusa (A1 Rustan). Br. — R. 8 Of 
 
 doubtful attribution. 
 
 Argos (in Cilicia). S. — R. 6 
 
 Argos (Planitza). Achaian league. S. — 
 C.— R. 4 Br.— C.— R. 4 
 
 Ariartus or Haliartus. S. 
 
 The produced medal is false. 
 
 Aricia (Aricia). L. — R. 8 Latin legends. 
 It is probable that these pieces were 
 not circulated as money. 
 
 Ariminutn (Rimini). Br. — R. 4 R.® Latin 
 legends. 
 
 Arisba (Mussa-Kioy). Br. — R.® 
 
 Arpi (Arpe). S.— R. 7 Br.— R. 1 R. 4 
 
 Arunci. Br. — R.® 
 
 Arsinoe (in Crete). Br. — R.® 
 
 Arsinoe (in Cyrenaica). S. — R.® Br. — 
 R. 4 R. 7 
 
 Artemium. S. — R. 7 Br. — R.® 
 
 Ascalon (Askalon, Ascalona). S. — R. 8 
 
 Br. — R. 1 R. 4 Some bear the heads 
 of several Syrian kings. 
 
 Asculum (Ascoli, in Apulea). Br. — R. 5 
 The money attributed to this town 
 bears also the name of the town 
 JIadria , denoting an alliance between 
 these two towns. 
 
 Asculum (Ascolidi Puglia, in Picenum). 
 Br. — R.4 Some of the coins of this 
 town have been falsely attributed to 
 Dysceladus, an island belonging to 
 Illyria, and to Aruncia, in Campania. 
 
 Asia. Br. — R. 8 On some coins of 
 
 Alexander the Great the abridged 
 name of this town may be seen. 
 
 Asine (Furnos). Achaian league. Br. — R. g 
 
 Aspendus (Menugat Aspindus). S. — R. 7 
 Br— R.° 
 
 Aspledon. S. — R. 8 Br. — R. 8 
 
 Assorus (Asero). Br. — R. 4 R. 5 The coins 
 of this town have Latin legends, very 
 rare among Sicilian coins. 
 
 Assus (Asso). S. — R. 7 Br. — R. 4 
 
 Astypalea (Stimfalia). Br. — R. 4 Of 
 doubtful attribution. 
 
 Astyra. S. — It.® 
 
 Astyra Rhodi. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Atarnea. El. — R. 8 Br. — R. 4 
 
 Atella (Sant Arpino). Br. — R. 4 R.® Os- 
 can legends. 
 
 Athaea. Br. — R. 5 
 
 Athamanes. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Athenae (Satines Atini). G. — R. 8 S. — 
 C. — R. 8 Br. — C. — R. 8 The silver and 
 brass coins of Athenae are numerous. 
 The type of the owl is the symbol of 
 this town. 
 
 Atinum (Atena). Br. — R. 8 
 
 Atrax (Boidanar). S. — R.® Br. — R. 8 
 
 Attada. Br— R. 4 R.® 
 
 Attalia (Talea Attalea). Br. — R. 4 
 
 Attalia. Br.— R. 4 R.® 
 
 ATTICA (G.) : — Anaphhystus , Athenae , 
 Glyetini , Decelia , Eleusis, Megara , 
 Nisaea , Oropus. 
 
 Attusia or Atusia. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Augusta. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Aureliopolis. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Automata. Br. — R. 8 Of doubtful attri- 
 bution. 
 
 Axus , Oaxus vel Saxus. Br. — R. 2 Ac- 
 cording to M. Sestini, this town bore 
 the name of Oaxus or Saxus. 
 
 Azetini (in Attica). The pieces belonging 
 to this town are attributed by M. 
 Sestini to Azetini, in Calabria. 
 
 Azetini (in Judaea). The pieces for- 
 merly attributed to this town have 
 been restored by M. Sestini to a town 
 of the same name in Calabria. 
 
 Azetini (in Calabria). Br. — R. 4 These 
 
554 
 
 AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 pieces, which were before attributed 
 to a town of the same name of Attica, 
 have been restored by M. Sestini to 
 Calabria. 
 
 B. 
 
 Baga. Br. — It. B . 5 
 
 Balanea. Br. R . 8 
 
 Barce (Berke). S. — R . 3 R . 7 One of 
 these pieces bear the name of Ophe- 
 lon. 
 
 Bargusa (Arab Hyssar). Br. — R . 5 R . 8 
 
 Baryglia. S.— R . 6 Br — R . 7 
 
 Barium (Bari). Br. — R . 4 
 
 Baxilis. S. — R . 8 
 
 Beneventum (Benevento). Br. — R . 8 Latin 
 legends. 
 
 Berga. Br. — R . 8 
 
 Berhaea (Vena, Beria, or Kera Beria). 
 Br.— R.° 
 
 Berytus (Beyrat, Baruti). S. — R . 8 Br. 
 R . 2 R . 5 The silver piece is false. 
 Some of these pieces bear the heads 
 of Antiochus IV., Alexander I., Bala, 
 and of Demetrius II., kings of Syria. 
 
 Bihidrum. Br. — R . 8 
 
 Bisaltae. S. — R . 7 
 
 BITHYNIA (A.) : — Alyatta, Apamea , 
 Bythnium, Cesarea, Chalcedon, Cuis 
 Prusias , Cratia Dia, Hadriani , Ha- 
 drianopolis, Hadrianotherae, Hera- 
 clea , Juliopolis , Metroum, Micaea, 
 Nicomedia , Pruso Prusias, Pythopo- 
 lis, Tium. 
 
 Bizanthe (Tekir, Dagh, Rodosto). Br. 
 R . 4 
 
 Bizyia. Br. — R . 8 
 
 Blaundos. Br.— R . 3 R . 8 
 
 BOEOTIA (G.) : — Anthedon, Ariartus, 
 Aspledon, Cheronea, Copae, Coronaea, 
 Delium, Erythrae, Hyla, Ismene, 
 Larymna, Mycalessus, Orchomenus, 
 Pelecania, Pharae , Plataea, Potniae, 
 Tanagra , Thebae Thcspiae , Thisbe. 
 
 Boeotia (in general). S. — R . 8 Br. — C. 
 — R. s 
 
 BOSPHORUS CIMMERIUS (G.) :-Gor- 
 gippia, Phanagorea. 
 
 Bottiaea (Slannizza). S. — R . 8 Br. — 
 R . 2 R. c 
 
 Briana. Br. — R . 8 
 
 Bruila. Br. — It . 7 
 
 Brundusium (Brindisi). Br. — C. — R. s 
 
 Latin legends. 
 
 BRUTTII (I.) : — Caulonia. Cfoton, Hyp. 
 ponium , Locri Epizephiri. 
 
 Bruttii (in general). G. — R . 4 S. — R . 1 
 R . 5 Br.— C.— R . 8 
 
 Buthrotum (Butronto. Rutrinto.) Br. — 
 R . 8 Colonial autonomous. Br. — R . 8 
 Latin legend. 
 
 Butuntum (Bitonto). Br. — R . 4 R . 8 
 
 Byllis. Br.— R . 8 
 
 Bythnium Claudiopolis (Bastan). Br. — 
 
 R. 6 
 
 Byzacene. [See Hadrumetum.] 
 
 Byzantium, afterwards Const antinopoHs 
 (Istambul, Islambul, Konstantini, 
 Stipoli, Bizzanzio, Constantinopoli). 
 
 S. — R . 8 Br. C. — R . 4 On the 
 autonomous coins there is also the 
 name of Chalcedon, in Bithynia, a 
 sign of alliance between these towns. 
 
 C. 
 
 Cadi (Kedus). Br.— R . 3 R . 8 One of 
 these coins bears the head of Midas. 
 
 Cadme, (afterwards Prene). With the 
 name of Cadme • Br. — R . 8 With the 
 name of Prene: S. — R . 5 Br. — It . 3 
 R . 5 
 
 Caelium (Ceglie). Br. — R . 1 R . 4 
 
 Caene (in Sicily). Br. — C. — R . 4 
 
 Caene (Cani). The coins which were 
 attributed to this island have been 
 restored to Caene, in Sicily. 
 
 Caesaria Panias (Panias, Panaas). Br. 
 R . 8 Some coins bear the name of 
 Agrippa I., king of Judaea. 
 
 CALABRIA (I.) : — Azetine, Brundu- 
 sium, liatuntum Caelium, Grain 
 Galliopolis, Hydruntum, Leuca, Arra, 
 Salenti Sturnium, Tarentum Uxen- 
 tum. 
 
 Calacte (Caronia). Br. — R . 4 
 
 Calatia trans Vulturnum or Caitia (Le 
 Galazza). Br. — R . 8 Latin and 
 Greek legends. This town is the 
 Calatia, or Caiatia, which M. Millin- 
 gen calls Latin, to distinguish it from 
 the following. It was situated on 
 the left bank of the Vulturnus. 
 
 Calatia cis Vulturnum (Caiazzo). Br. — • 
 R . 8 Oscan legends. This town is 
 the Calatia that M. Sestini calls 
 Capuania, to distinguish it from the 
 preceding. It is situated on ths 
 right bank of the Vulturnus. 
 
AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 555 
 
 Giles (Calvi). S. — R. 5 Br.— C.— R. 3 
 Latin legends. 
 
 Callatia (Mankalia, Kallati). S. — R. 4 
 Br— R. 2 R. 5 
 
 Callenses Cephalleniae (Palliki, Liscuri). 
 S.— R.® Br.— R. 1 R. 4 
 
 Callipolis (Galliopoli). A piece formerly 
 attributed to this town has been 
 restored to Apollonia, in Caria. 
 
 Calydon (Galata). Br. — R. 8 
 
 Calymnium (Calynae). S. — R.® 
 
 Calynda. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Ca marina (Torre di Camarina). S. — R. 2 
 R. 8 Br.— C.— R.® 
 
 Ccimars (Chiusi). Br. — R. 8 
 
 Camirus Rhodi. Br. — R. 8 
 
 CAMPANIA (I.) : — Acerrae, Atella , 
 Arunci, Calatia, Calcs, Capua Com- 
 pulteria 3 Cossa, Cumae , Ilyrina, Par- 
 thenope, Nola, Miceria, Phistelia, 
 Picentia, Stabiae, Seressa, Jeanum, 
 Venafrum. 
 
 Campania (in general). S. — R. 6 R. 8 
 
 Campania (uncertain money of). 
 
 Br. — R. 2 Oscan legends. 
 
 Canusium (Canoso). Br. — R. 4 R. 8 
 
 Capae (in Boeotia). S. — R. 8 
 
 Caphya. Achaian league. Br. — R. 2 
 
 CAPPADOCIA (A.): — Castabala Oylestra, 
 Eusebia, Saricha, Tyana. 
 
 Capua (Santa Maria di Capua). Br. — 
 C. — R. 4 Oscan legends. 
 
 Cardia (Karidia). S— R. 7 Br.— R. 2 R. 6 
 
 CARIA (A.) : — Albanda, Aba, Alindon, 
 Antiochia ad Moeandrum, Aphrodi- 
 sias , Apollonia Bargusa, Baryglia,Oa- 
 l-ynda, Ceramus , Cnidus, Cyon, Eriza, 
 Euromuc \ Halicarnassus, Harpasa, 
 Ileraclea, Hydrela, lasus, Imbrus, 
 Medmasa, Mylasa, Myndus, Ncapolis, 
 Nysa Orthosia, Phrassa, Prenassus, 
 Ptjmus, Stratonicia, Taba, Telemis- 
 sus , Trapezipolis , Tripolis. 
 
 CARIA (Islands near to) : — Astypalea, 
 Calymna, Calymnium, Cos , Nisyros, 
 Rhodus, Astyra Rhodi, Camirus 
 Rhodi, Telos. 
 
 Cariva (Turkai). Br. R. 6 
 
 Carir.aea. Achaian league. Br. R. 8 
 
 Carthae. Br. — R. 8 A colonial autono- 
 mous piece was wrongly attributed 
 by Pellerin to this town, being a 
 piece of Eliogababus badly preserved. 
 
 Cartl aea Ceae. Br. — R. 3 
 
 Carthage. G.— R. 1 R. 3 El.— R. 2 S.— 
 R. 1 R. 4 Br.— C.— R. 6 
 
 Carystus (Karisto, Castel Rosso). G. — 
 R. 8 S.— R. 4 R. 5 Br.— R. 4 
 
 Oassandrea (Kassandra, Capusi). Br. — 
 R. 3 R. 5 Latin legends. A piece 
 with a Greek legend, given to this 
 town, is of doubtful attribution. 
 
 Cassera. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Cassope. S. — R. 6 Br. — R. 8 
 
 Cassope Corcyrae (Cassopo). Br. — R. 4 
 
 Castabala (Kalat Masman). Br. — R. 7 
 
 Castreani. Br. — R. 6 
 
 Catana (Catania). S. — R. 1 R. 6 Br. — 
 C. — R. 4 The coins of this town are 
 numerous. 
 
 Ceulonia (Castel Yetere). S. — R. 4 R. 8 
 
 Claenderis (Kelnar). S. — R. 4 R. 5 Br. 
 R. 4 R. 8 Some of these pieces bear 
 the head of Antiochus, 6th king of 
 Commagene. 
 
 Cemolis (Kimoli 1’ Argon tiera). Br. — 
 
 R. 7 
 
 Oennati. This name appears to be that 
 of a people governed by the priests 
 and princes of Olba, in Cilicia, as 
 their coins bear this name, as do those 
 of Diocaesarea, in Cilicia. 
 
 Oenturipae (Centorbi). Br. — C. — R. 4 
 
 CEPHALLENIA (G.) (Cefalonia) :— 
 Cranium, Callenses , Proni, Samer , 
 Ithaca, Zacynthus. 
 
 Cephallenia (in general). S. — R. 6 Br. 
 R. 4 
 
 Cephaloedium (Cefalu). S. — R. 4 R. 7 — 
 Br. — R. 3 R. 7 Some silver pieces of 
 this town are known, which bear the 
 name of Heraclea, in Sicily, a sign of 
 alliance. 
 
 Ceraitc. S.— R. 6 Br.— R.® 
 
 Ceramus (Keramo). S. — R. 8 Br. — R. 8 
 
 Oeretaphe. Br. — R.® 
 
 Cerinthus. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Cesarea. The coins attributed to this 
 town have been restored to Tralles, 
 in Lydia. 
 
 Cessor Cea (Murtad Adazzi Zea). S. — 
 R. 8 Br.— R. 3 
 
 Chalbacta. Br. — R. 4 
 
 Chalcedon (Kadi, Kioy). S. — R. 4 R. 7 
 Br. — R. 4 Some of these bear also 
 the name of Byzantium, in Thrace. 
 
 CIIALCIDENE (A.) :—Chalcis. 
 
 Chalcis (Egripos, Negroponte, in Euboea), 
 
556 
 
 AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 S. — C. — R.* Br. — R. 4 Some of the I 
 pieces attributed to this town belong 
 to Chalcis, in Macedonia. Those 
 which ought to be classed to this 
 town have the head of Apollo and his 
 lyre. 
 
 Chalcis (in Chalcidene). Br. — R. 4 
 
 Chalcis (in Macedonia). G. — R. 8 S. — 
 R. 1 R. 4 Br. — R. 2 These coins were 
 formerly attributed to Chalcis, in 
 Euboea. 
 
 Charisia. Br. — R. 2 
 
 Cheronea (Capurna). S. — R. 6 Of doubt- 
 ful attribution. 
 
 Cherronesus. S. — C. — R. 8 Br. — R. 6 
 These pieces were formerly attri- 
 buted to Leontini, and to Cherso- 
 nesus Taurica. 
 
 Chersonesus (Spina Longa). S. — R. 4 R.® 
 Br.— R. 7 
 
 CHERSONESUS THRACIA(G.) : — Acgos- 
 potamus, Aeolium , Alopeconesus , Cal- 
 lipolis, Cardia, Cherronesus , Oritho- 
 sitim, Eleus, Lysimachia, Sestus. 
 
 CHERSONESUS TAURICA (A.): — Hera- 
 cleum, Panticapeum , Theodosia. 
 
 Chersonesus (in general). G. — R. 8 S. — 
 R.« R. 7 Br.— R. 5 R. 7 
 
 Chios (Sakis, Adassi, Ekio, Skio). G. — 
 R.«— El.— R.8 S.— R. 2 R. 6 — Br.— 
 
 C. — R.° The coins of this island are 
 numerous. Some bear the figure of 
 Homer, and the name of Erythrae, in 
 Ionia. 
 
 Cibyra (Buruz, Buras). S. — R. 4 R. 7 Br. 
 — R. 4 
 
 Cidramus. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Cierium. S. — R. 8 Br. — R. 8 M. Sestini 
 classes this town in Macedonia. It 
 was situated in Thessaly. 
 
 Cilbiani (in general). Br. — R. 8 
 
 Cilbiani (superior). Br. — R. 8 
 
 Cilbiani Nicaenses. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Cilbiani Ceaetei. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Cilicia (in general). The pieces attri- 
 buted to this city have been r^tored 
 to the island of Crete. 
 
 CILICIA (A.) : — Aegae, Alexandra, 
 Amamenses, Anazarbus-Caesarea, An- 
 tiochia ad Sarum, Adana, Antiochia, 
 Augusta , Oelenderis, Ccnnati, Corigae, 
 Cor yens, Germanicopolis , Hamaxio, 
 Hieropolis, Ircnopolis, Laerte , Mai- 
 
 lus, Megarsus, Mopsuo, Nagidus , 
 Nephelis, Seleuca , Solis, Tarsus, 
 Zephyeium. 
 
 Cilicia (uncertain money of). G. — R.® 
 S. — R. 3 R. 8 Phoenician legend. This 
 legend is in unknown characters. 
 
 Cisthene. Br. — R. 7 
 
 Olaudiopolis. Colonial. Br. — R. 8 Latin 
 legend. Of doubtful attribution. 
 
 Olazomene (Klishma). G. — R. 8 S. — 
 R.® R. 9 Br.— C— R. 4 
 
 Cleone (Clegna). Achaian league. Br. 
 — R. 7 
 
 Clides (Islands near to Cyprus), Br. — 
 R. 8 The piece attributed to this 
 island has no legend. It only bears 
 a symbol speaking of this island. 
 
 Cnidus (Porto Crio). S. — R. 1 R.® Br. 
 — R. 1 R.® 
 
 Cnossus. S.— R. 1 R. 7 Br.— R. 2 
 
 Codrigae. This town is mentioned on 
 the coins of Tarsus in Cilicia. 
 
 COELOSYRIA (A.) : — Damascus, Seucas. 
 
 COLCHI (G.) : — Dioscurias . 
 
 Colone. Br. — R.® 
 
 Colossae (Kolos). Br. — R.® R.® 
 
 Colophon. G.— R.® S.— R.® Br.— R.» 
 R. 4 Some of these pieces bear the 
 name of Teos, in Ionia, a sign of 
 alliance. 
 
 COMMAGENE (A.): — Samosata, Zeugma. 
 
 Com magene (in general). Br.-— R. 2 Some 
 of these pieces bear the name of 
 Antiochus VI., king of Commagene. 
 
 Comana (Mermer, Klisser, Gomanak). 
 Br.— R. 4 
 
 Compulteria, or Cupelterini. Br. — R.® 
 
 Oscan legends. These pieces were 
 formerly attributed to Cumae and 
 Liternum, in Campania. 
 
 Conane. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Constantinopolis [ See Byzantium]. 
 
 Cora (Cora). S. — R. 8 Latin legends. 
 
 Corcyra (in general. Corfu). S. — R. 1 
 R.« Br.— C.— R. 4 
 
 Coresia, or Cousia Ceae. Br. — R. 4 These 
 coins also bear the name of Rome. 
 
 Corfinicum. S. — R. 2 R.® Oscan legends. 
 These pieces are classed among the 
 doubtful coins of Samnium. 
 
 Corinthus (Korito, Corinto). Achaian 
 league. S.— C.— R. 7 Br.— R. 8 By 
 many authors, particularly Eckhel, 
 
AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 557 
 
 this town is said to have coined no 
 proper money. 
 
 Cor one (Korone, Corone). Achaian 
 league. Br. — R . 9 
 
 Coronea (Camari). S. — R . 6 It is pro- 
 bable that these pieces belong to 
 Copae. 
 
 Corsica (Corse j. There are no certain 
 coins of this island. 
 
 Corycus (Korgum, Korgu, Korigos). Br. 
 
 — R . 4 
 
 Corydallan. Br. — R . 6 
 
 Cos (Istanko, Lango). S. — R . 1 R . 8 Br. 
 — C. — R . 8 Upon several of these 
 coins there are the heads of many 
 eminent doctors. 
 
 Cosea (Orbetello). The most ancient 
 gold coins attributed to Cosea, have 
 been restored to Cosae, in Thrace. 
 
 Cosilynas. Br. — R . 6 
 
 Cossa. Br. — R.* 
 
 Cossea (in Thrace). G. — R . 4 It is be- 
 lieved that these pieces were fabri- 
 cated by order of M. J. Brutus. They 
 were formerly attributed to Cosae, in 
 Etruria. 
 
 Cossia. [ See Sybarts]. 
 
 Cvssuta (Pantellaria). Br. — R . 1 R . 8 
 Phoenician and Latin legends. 
 
 Cothaeum (Kutaye, Cutaya). Br. — R . 4 
 
 R. 5 The coins of this town are 
 
 numerous. 
 
 Cragus. S. — R . 4 
 
 Cranium Cephalleniae (Crania). S. — R . 6 
 Br.— R . 4 R . 6 
 
 Crannon (Crania, or Xeies). S. — R . 8 
 
 Br.— R . 7 
 
 Crannonii Ephyrii. Br. — R . 8 
 
 Gratia Flavionopolis (Bayndir). With 
 the name of Cratia : Br. — R . 9 With 
 the name of Flaviopolis : Br. — R . 8 
 
 CRETE ISLAND (Kriti, Ghirit, Adassi, 
 Candia) : — Allaria, Apollonia,Aptera , 
 Arcadia, Argos, Arsinoae, Axus, Ce- 
 raite, Chersonesus, Cnossus, Cydonea , 
 Eleuthernae, Elyrus, Gortyna, Hera- 
 pytna , Hyrtacus, Itanus, Lampa, 
 Lasos, Lessus, Lyttus, Olus, Petra, 
 Phaestus, Phalanna, Phalasdrna, 
 Polyrhenium, Praesus, Priansus, 
 Rhaucus, Rhithymna, Sybripa, Ta- 
 nos, Thalasia, Tytissus. 
 
 Crithostum vel Crithote. Br. — R . 8 
 
 Gromma (Cromena Calle de Caragat). 
 
 S. — R. 4 i 
 
 Croton (Crotone). S. — C. — R . 8 Br.— 
 
 R . 8 R . 9 
 
 Ctemene. S. — R . 8 Br. — R . 8 
 
 Cuis Prusias ad mare (Kio, Kiemlik). 
 With the name of Cuis : S. — R . 4 Br. 
 — R . 5 With the name of Prusias: 
 Br. — R . 6 With the name of Cuis re- 
 called : Br. — R . 5 
 
 Cumae (Cuma). G. — R . 8 Br. — R . 8 R.* 
 
 Cyanea. S.— R . 9 Br.— R.« 
 
 Oybistra (Busterch). Br. — R . 6 
 
 Cydna. S. — R . 8 Of doubtful attribu- 
 tion. 
 
 Cydonea (La Canea). S. — R . 8 R . 8 Br. 
 R . 1 R . 3 
 
 Cyme (Sanderli Nemurt). S. — R . 4 R . 9 
 Br.— R . 8 R. r> 
 
 Oyon. Br. — R . 5 
 
 Oyparissus. The pieces attributed to this 
 town are of Cyparissus in Crete. 
 
 Cyprus (in general). Br. — R . 3 Of 
 doubtful attribution. 
 
 CYPRUS, Isle of, (Kipru, Adaasi, Ki- 
 pri, Cipri, Cipro) (A.) : — Idatium, 
 Marium, Paphus, Salames. 
 
 Cypsela (Ispala, Kipsela). Br. — R . 8 
 
 CYRENAICA (A.) : — Arsinoe, Automata, 
 Barce, Cyrene, Enessphira, Libra , 
 Phycus, Ptolemais. 
 
 Oyrenaica (in general). S. — R . 6 Br. — 
 C.— R . 1 
 
 Cyrene (Curin). G.— C.— R . 6 S.— C.— 
 R . 8 Br. — C. — R . 4 The coins of this 
 town are numerous. 
 
 CYRRHESTICA (A.) Oyrrhus, Thero. 
 polls. 
 
 Oyrrhus (Korus). Br. — R . 3 These coins 
 bear portraits of some of the Syrian 
 kings. 
 
 Cytnus (Thermia). Br. — R . 6 
 
 Cyzicus (the Isle Artaki, the town Arta- 
 kioy). G.— R . 4 R . 8 El.— R . 3 S.— 
 R . 4 R . 8 Br.— C.— R . 4 
 
 D. 
 
 Daldis . Br.— R . 4 R . 8 
 Damascus (Chiam Damieh, Damasco). 
 Br. — R . 4 R . 9 Some of these coins 
 bear the heads of Cleopatra, Aretas, 
 and M. Antoninus. 
 
 Damastium. S. — R . 9 Br. — R . 8 
 Daorsi. Br. — R . 8 
 
558 
 
 AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 Dardanus (Burnu Punta du Barbieri). 
 S.— R. 7 Br.— R. 3 R. 4 
 
 DECAPOLIS (A.) : — Philadelphia. 
 
 Decelia. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Delium (Delis). S. — R. 8 Br. — R. 8 
 
 Delphi (Castri, or Castro). S. — R. 4 R. 8 
 Br.— R. 4 R. 7 
 
 Delus (Istille, Stile). S. — R. 8 Br. — R. 4 
 
 Demetrids (Yene Sciehere. Volo). S. — 
 R. s Some pieces, which are of Cius, 
 in Bithynia, were attributed to this 
 town. 
 
 Demetrids (in Phoenice). Br. — R. 4 These 
 were attributed to Demetrias Sacia, 
 in Thessaly. 
 
 Demetrids Sacia. The pieces which were 
 attributed to this town are now classed 
 with those of Demetrias, in Phoe- 
 nicia. 
 
 Dia. Br. — R. # 
 
 Dicaea or Dicaeopolis (Yakbeh). S. — 
 R. 8 Br. — R. 8 The known silver 
 piece was wrongly attributed by 
 Vellerin to the island of Icaria. 
 
 Dionysiopolis (in Moesia). Br. — R. 6 
 
 Dionysopolis (in Phrygia). Br. — R. 7 
 
 Dioshieron. Br. — R. 6 
 
 Dioscurias (Iscuriah). Br. — R. 4 
 
 Docimeum ’(Kara Chiehere). Br. — R. 4 
 
 R. 5 
 
 Dora (Tartura). Br. — R. 4 R. 7 Some 
 bear the name of Tryphon, king of 
 Syria. 
 
 Dyrrhachium (Durazzo). S. — C. — R. 7 
 
 Br.— C.— R. 5 
 
 Dysceladus (Islands near to Illyricum). 
 The piece attributed to this town has 
 been restored to Asculum, in Apulia. 
 
 E. 
 
 Elaea (Ialea). S.— R. 7 Br.— R. 3 R. 7 
 
 Elatea (Eleuta). Br. — R. 6 
 
 Elatia. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Eleansa , afterwards Sebaste (La Picola, 
 Isola de Curco). With the name of 
 Eleusa : Br. — R. 4 R. 6 With the name 
 of Sebaste: Br. — R. 6 R. 7 Some of 
 these bear the head of Antiochus VI., 
 king of Commagene and of Iotape. 
 
 Eleus (Eles Burun). S. — R. 8 Br. R. 8 
 
 Eleuthernae. S. — R. 4 R. 6 Br. — R. 2 
 
 Elhenestae. The piece attributed to this 
 people do not belong to them. 
 
 Elis (in general). S. — R. 2 R. 8 Br.— 
 
 R. 4 The pieces of Elis were formerly 
 attributed to Faleria in Etruria. 
 
 ELIS (G.) : — Eurydicium, Shea, Pylus. 
 Elyrus. S.— R. 4 Br.— R. 4 
 Enchelies or Enchelii. S. — R.8 
 Enessphira. S. — R. 8 
 Enna (Castro Giovani). Municipium. 
 
 S. — R. 8 Br.' — R. 4 There are some 
 coins of this town with Latin legends. 
 
 Entella (Antella, or Rocca di Antellal. 
 
 S.— R.« Br.— R. 2 R.® 
 
 Ephesus (Ayasuluk Efese). G. — R. 8 S. 
 — R. 1 R.® Br.— R. 1 R.® The coins 
 of this town are numerous. Upon 
 some are seen the heads of several 
 distinguished Greeks. Alliances are 
 found with many towns of Asia, with 
 Perinthus in Thrace, and with Alex- 
 andria, in Egypt. 
 
 Epictetus. Br. — R.* R. 4 
 Epidauros (Pedauro Napoli di Malvasia). 
 Achaian league. S. — R. 8 Br. — R. 6 
 
 R. 4 
 
 Epiphanea (Hamah). Br. — R.® R.8 
 Epirotae (in general). S. — R. 2 R.® Br. 
 
 R. 1 R. 4 
 
 EPIRUS (G.) : — Ambracia, Buthrotum, 
 Cassope, Damastium, JTorreum, 
 Molossi, Molossi Callopaei , Nicopolis , 
 Cricus, Pandorie , Phoenice. 
 
 Erbessus. Br. — R.® 
 
 Eresus (Eresso). S. — R.® Br. — R. 2 R.® 
 Eretria. S. — R.4 R.® Br. — R. 6 
 Eriza. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Erythrae (Eritra, in Ionia). G. — R. 8 
 
 S. — R. 1 R. 6 Br.— R. 1 R. 4 
 Erythrae (in Boeotia). S. — R. 4 R. 7 
 Eryx (Monte di San Guiliano, or di 
 
 Trapani). S. — R. 5 R. 8 Br.— R. 4 
 Etenna. Br. — R. 4 
 
 ETRURIA (I.) : — Camars, Cossae, Fae • 
 sulae, Faleria, Felsuna, Graviscae, 
 Luna, Peithcsa, Populonia , Talamon, 
 Veientum, Viterna , Vetulonia, Vola- 
 terrae. 
 
 THE ISLAND OF EUBOEA (Eiribossa- 
 dassi, Negroponte) (G.) : — Arte- 
 mium Garystus, Ccrinthus, Chalcis, 
 Eretria, Histiaea. 
 
 Euboea (in general). S. — R. 2 R. 4 Br. 
 — C.— R . 4 
 
 Euboea (Terra Nova). S. — R. 8 The 
 
 piece known to be of this town alsc 
 
AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 559 
 
 bears the name of Gelas, a sign of I 
 alliance. 
 
 Eumenia. Br. — R. 4 R. 6 
 
 Euromus. Br. — R/> 
 
 Eurydicea. Br. — R. 5 These pieces were 
 classed to Eurydicium, in Elidia, but 
 they have been lately restored to 
 Maccdon. 
 
 Eurydicium. The coins attributed to 
 this town have been restored to 
 Eurydicea in Macedon. 
 
 Eusetia , (afterwards Caesarea) . With the 
 name of Eusetia. Br. — R. 4 With 
 the name of Caesarea. Br. — R. 8 
 
 With the name of Eusetia and 
 Caesarea. Br. — R. 4 
 
 Eva. Achaian league. Br. — R. 6 
 
 F. 
 
 Faesulae. The piece attributed to this 
 town is of Telamon , in Etruria. 
 
 Faleria. The coins attributed to this 
 town are now known to be of Elida. 
 
 Fanum (Fano). The coins attributed to 
 this town belong very probably to 
 Elida. 
 
 Felsuna. A gold coin of this town has 
 been restored by M. Sestini to Velia , 
 in Lucania. 
 
 FRENTANI (I.): — Larinum. 
 
 Frentani (in general). Br. — R. 8 Oscan 
 legends. They have been falsely 
 attributed to Pentri, in Samnium. 
 
 G. 
 
 GALILEA (A.) : — Ace, Carthaea, Ceae, 
 Coresia Ceae, Oephoris , Tiberias. 
 
 Galaria (Gagliano). S. — R. 8 
 
 GALLATIA *(A.): — Pessinus, Sebaste, 
 Trocmi. 
 
 Gambrium . Br. — R. 4 
 
 Gargara (Ine Kioy). S. — R. 7 Br. — R. 4 
 
 Gaulos (Gozzo). Br. — C. — R. 8 Greek 
 
 and Phoenician legends. 
 
 Gaxa (Gazza, Gaza). Br. — R. 4 
 
 Gaziura (Azurnis). Br. — R. 6 
 
 Gelas (near Terra Nova). G. — R. 8 S. 
 — C.— R.6 Br. — C. — R.® The coins 
 of this town are numerous ; some 
 have just been discovered which bear 
 the name of Euboea. A sign of 
 alliance between these two towns. 
 
 Gergithus (Gergiti). Br. — R.® 
 
 Germanicopolis. Br. — R. 8 Of doubtful 
 attribution. The piece produced may 
 perhaps belong to Germanicopolis, in 
 Paphlagonia. 
 
 Germe Eiera Germe. Br. — R. 8 R.® 
 
 Gordus Julia (Gordu). Br. — R. 8 
 
 Gorgippia. S. — R.® Br. — R.® 
 
 Gomplii (Stag! Kalem Pascia). Br. — R. 7 
 
 Gortyna (Kortina). G. — R. 3 S. — R. 8 
 
 R. 8 C.— R. 2 
 
 Graia Gallipolis (Gallipoli). Br. — R. 4 
 
 Graviscae. The coins attributed to this 
 town are now regarded as doubtful. 
 
 Grumentum (Armento). Br. — R. 8 The 
 piece known is said by M. Sestini to 
 belong to Grumum, in Apulia. 
 
 Grumum (Gruma). M. Sestini attributes 
 to this town the piece classed to 
 Grumentum, in Lucania. 
 
 Gyaros Yura. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Gyrton (Tacibolicati). Br. — R. 4 
 
 H. 
 
 Hadria (Atri). Br. — R. 3 R. 6 Latin 
 legends. One of the pieces that is 
 known to be of this town bears also 
 the name of Asculum, in Picenum. 
 
 Hadriani (Edrenes). Br. — R.° One 
 coin also bears the name of Nicaea, 
 in Bithynia. 
 
 Hadrianopolis (Boli). Br. — R. 6 
 
 Hadrianopolis (Edrene). Br. — R. 6 Some 
 of these coins also bear the name of 
 Nicopolis, in Moesia Inferior, a sign 
 of alliance between these two towns. 
 
 Hadrianotherae. Br. — R. 6 
 
 Eadrumetum (Herkla). Br. — R. 8 Latin 
 legend. ' 
 
 Halicarnassus (Bodrun, Bodroni, San 
 Pedro). S.— R. 7 Br.— R. 6 
 
 Ealonesus (Pelagnisi, island near Thes- 
 saly). Br. — R. 8 
 
 Eamaxia. Br. — R. 8 Of doubtful attri- 
 bution. 
 
 Earpasa (Arpache Kalesse). Br. — R. 8 
 
 Helena or Cranae (Macronisi, islands 
 near Attica). Br. — R. 6 Of doubtful 
 attribution. 
 
 HENGITANA (Af.) : Carthage, Hippo 
 Sibea. 
 
 Eephaestia Urbs Lemnia (Paleopoli). 
 Br.— R. 4 R. 6 
 
 Eeraclea in Lucania (Policoro). G.— 
 
560 
 
 AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 R. 6 R. 8 S.— C.— R. 8 Br. — R. 4 R.® 
 The coins of this town are numerous. 
 Some bear the name of Metapontum, 
 which proves an alliance between 
 these two towns. 
 
 Heraclea in Bithynia (Rachia, Elegri, 
 Ereyli, Penderaski). S. — R. 4 R. 8 
 — Br.— R. 4 R. 6 
 
 Heraclea in Thessaly (Trachin). S. — 
 R. 6 Br.— R. 6 
 
 Ileraclea in Ionia. S. — R. 4 — Br. — R. 3 
 R. 5 The silver coins are doubtful. 
 
 Ileraclea in Sicily (Capo Bianca). S. — 
 R. 4 R. 7 These pieces also bear the 
 name of Cephlaoedium and the cities 
 of that town. 
 
 Ileraclea in Acarnania. S. — R. 3 R. 7 
 
 Br.— C.— R. 4 
 
 Ileraclea in Curia. Br. — R. 6 Of doubt- 
 ful attribution. 
 
 Ileraclea Sintica in Macedonia. S. — 
 R. 2 R. 3 These pieces were formerly 
 attributed to Camarina, in Sicily. 
 Some other pieces attributed to this 
 town have been restored to Heraclea 
 in Bithynia, and to Heraclea in 
 Ionia. 
 
 Heracleum. Br. — R. 8 R® These pieces 
 were struck in Pontus. 
 
 Herapytna (Ierapicta Girapetra). S. — 
 R. 4 Br.— R. 4 R.« 
 
 Hermione (Kastii). Achaian league. Br. 
 R.® 
 
 Hermocapelia. Br. — R. 4 
 
 Hermopolis. Br. — R.® 
 
 Hierapolis (Pambuk, Kalessi). Br.- — R. 2 
 R. 4 The coins of this town are very 
 numerous. Some bear the name of 
 Ephesus in Ionia, and of Sardes in 
 Lydia. 
 
 Hieropolis in Cilicia. Br. — R. 5 R. 7 
 Some of these coins bear the head of 
 Antiochus VI. The pieces bearing 
 the name of Castabala, attributed to 
 this town, have been restored to the 
 town of that name in Cappadocia. 
 
 Hieropolis in Cyrrhestica (Membrik Bam- 
 buk). Br. — R. 4 R.® Some of these 
 pieces bear the heads and names of 
 Antiochus IV., and Alexander I., kings 
 of Syria. 
 
 Himera, afterwards Thermae (Termini). 
 With the name of Himera : — S. R. 2 
 R. 8 Br. — R. 1 R. 4 With the name 
 
 of Thermae: — S. — R. 4 R. 8 Br.— R.* 
 R. 5 
 
 Hippo Sibera (Bizerta). Br. — R. 7 Latin 
 legend. 
 
 Hipponium , afterwards Valentia (Mon- 
 teleone). With the name of Hippo - 
 nium : — Br. — R. 2 R. 4 With the 
 name of Valencia : — Br. — C. — R. 2 
 Latin legends. 
 
 Histiaea (Orio). S. — C. — R. 8 Br. — 
 R. 3 
 
 Homolium. S. — R. 8 Br. — R. 8 
 
 Horreum. Br. — R. 4 
 
 Hybla Magna (Patemo). Br. — R. 4 
 
 Hyccara (Maccari). Br. — R. 4 Of doubt- 
 ful attribution. 
 
 Hydrela (Denisli). Br. — R. 8 
 
 Hydruntum (Otranto). Br. — R. 8 
 
 Hyla. Br.— R. 8 
 
 Hypaepa (Pyrge, Birge). Br. — R. 4 
 
 Hyrcania. Br. — R. 4 
 
 Hyr galea. Br. — R. 7 
 
 Hyrina. S. — R. 3 R. 5 Br.— R. 8 This 
 town was formerly classed in Apulia. 
 
 Hyrtacus or Hyrtacinus. S. — R.® 
 
 I. 
 
 Iaeta (Jato, or S. Cosmano). Br. — R.® 
 
 Iasus (Askein Kalessi). Br. — R. 4 
 
 Icaria (Naharia). Br. — R.® Doubtful. 
 
 Ioonium (Kunyah, Konzet, Cogni). Br. 
 R.5 
 
 Idalium (Dalin). Neither the metal nor 
 the rarity of these pieces, which are 
 doubtful, are known. 
 
 Iguvium (Gubbio). Br. — R. 8 Etruscan 
 legends. 
 
 Ilium (Bunar Bachi). S. — R. 4 R. 7 Br, 
 R. 3 R.® 
 
 Hlua (an island on the Elbe). The piece 
 attributed to this island by Lanzi is 
 of Tuder , in Umbria. 
 
 Imbrus. Br. — R.® Of doubtful attribu- 
 tion. 
 
 Imbrus (Lambro, island near to Thrace). 
 Br. — R.® One piece attributed to 
 this island is of Imbrus, in Caria. 
 
 ILLYRICUM (G.) : — Alleta, Amantia , 
 Apollonia, Bihidrum , Byllis , Baer si, 
 Byrrachium , Enchelies, Olympe , 
 
 Scodra. 
 
 Iomi (Pangala). Br. — R. 3 R. 4 
 
 IONIA (A.) : — Apollonia , Oadme, Cl a. 
 
AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 561 
 
 zomene, Colophon , Ephesus , Erythrae , 
 Gambrium, Heraclea , Lebedus, Mag- 
 nesia, Metropolis, Miletus, Neapolis, 
 Phocea, Phygela, Smyrna, Teos. 
 IONIA (Islands near to) (A.) : — Chios, 
 Icaria, Patmos, Samos. 
 
 Ios (Nio). Br. — R. 4 
 Ipsus. Br. — R. 8 
 Ioppe (Jaffa, Giaffa). Br. — R. 8 
 Irene. S. — R. 4 Br. — R. 4 
 Irenopolis. Br. — R. 6 From Domitian to 
 Gallienus. On some of these pieces 
 is the name of Zephyrium, in Cilicia, 
 a sign of alliance. 
 
 Irrhesia (Islands near Thessaly). Br. — 
 
 R. 8 
 
 ISAURIA (A.) : — Claudiopolis, Lalassis. 
 Issa (Lyssa. Island near to Illyricum). 
 Br.— R. 7 
 
 Ismene. Br. — R. 6 
 Isindus. Br. — R. 3 R. 5 
 1st rue (Kargolik, Silistria). S. — R. 1 R. 4 
 Br. — R.° The gold pieces of this town 
 that have been published are false. 
 ITALY (Upper) : — Aquileia, Ravenna, 
 and Ticinum. 
 
 It anus. S. — R. 4 
 Ithaca (Tiaki). Br. — R. 8 
 
 J. 
 
 JUDAEA (A.) : — Agrippias, Ascalon, 
 Gaza. 
 
 Juliopolis (Bey — Bazar). Br. — R. 8 
 Julia Ceae. Br. — R. 2 
 
 L. 
 
 Lalassis. S. — R.° Br. — R.® 
 
 Lamia (Demochi?). S. — R. 3 Br. — R. 4 
 Lampa vel Lappa. S. — R. 4 Br. — R. 4 
 Lampsacus (Lapseki, Lamsaki). G. — R. 6 
 
 S. — R. 3 R. 6 Br.— R. 2 R. 4 
 Laodice (Eski Hyssar), in Phrygia. S. — 
 
 R. 6 Br. — R. 4 R. 6 The coins of this 
 island are numerous. 
 
 Laodicea (Ladik), in Pontus. Br. — R. 7 
 Laodicea (Latakie, Latakia), in Seleucis. 
 
 S. — R. 6 Br.— C.— R. 4 
 Lapithae. S. — R. 7 Br. — R. 8 
 Larinum (Larino). Br. — R. 4 R. 6 Oscan 
 
 legends. 
 
 Larissa Cremaste. Br. — R.8 
 Larissa (Chizar), in Seleucis. Br.— R. G 
 Larissa (Larisa), in Thessaly. S. — C. — 
 ' R.® Br.— R. 2 R. 7 
 
 Larymna. The piece attributed to this 
 town belongs to Salamis, an island 
 near to Attica. 
 
 Lasos. Br. — R. 8 
 
 LATIUM (I.) : — Alba, Aquinum , Aricia, 
 Cora, Marubium, Minturnae , Pala- 
 cium, Signia, Tusculum, Veliternum, 
 Verulae, Vescia. 
 
 Laea (Islands near to Cyrenaica). Br. 
 — R. 6 
 
 Lebedus. G.— R. 8 S.— R. 7 Br.— R. 3 R. 3 
 LEMNUS (Lemno), (A.) : — Hephaestia , 
 Myrhina, Samothrace, Thasus. 
 Leontini (Lentini). S. — R. 2 R. 6 Br. — 
 
 R. 1 R. 6 
 
 Lete. S. — R. 4 R. 8 These pieces were for- 
 merly attributed to the Isle of Lesbos. 
 Most of them have rather coarse 
 types. 
 
 Leuca. The piece attributed to this 
 town belongs to Velia, in Lucania. 
 Leucas vel Leucadia (Leucadia, or Santa- 
 Maura), in Acarnania. S. — R. 2 R. 
 Br.— R. 2 R. 4 
 
 Leucas (in Caelosyria). Br. — R. 6 
 LIBURNIA (G.) :—Alvona. 
 
 Lilybaeum (Marsalla). Br. — C. — R. 3 
 Limyra. S. — R.® 
 
 Lipara (Lipari). Br. — C. — R. 6 There 
 
 are believed to be some gold pieces. 
 Lissus. Br. — R. 7 
 
 Locri. S.— R. 2 R. 4 Br.— R. 3 The 
 
 piece with the letter A, and the type 
 of Pegasus, may be of Lucas, in 
 Acarnania. 
 
 Locri Epizephyrii (Motta di Burzani). 
 
 S. — C.— R. 8 Br.— C.— R. 4 A gold 
 piece published by Magnan is pro- 
 bably false. 
 
 Locri incerti. S. — R. 3 Br. — R. 2 R. 4 
 
 It is probable that these pieces be- 
 long to Locri, in Bruttium. 
 
 LOCRIS (1.) : — Amphissa, Asia ?, Locri , 
 Locri Epicnemidii, Locri Opuntii, 
 Locri Epicnemidii Opuntii, Thronium. 
 Locri Opuntii Epicnemidii. Br. — R. 6 
 Locri Epicnemidii. S. — R. 2 R. 8 
 Locri Opuntii. S. — R. 3 R.® Br. — R. 2 
 
 R. 4 
 
 Longone. The pieces published are 
 falsely attributed to this town. 
 Lopadusa (Lampadusa). Br. — R. 8 
 LUCANIA (I.) : — Atinum, Buxentum , 
 Cusilynas , Grumentum, Heracli\, 
 0 O 
 
562 
 
 AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 Zaus, Metapontum , Palinurus, Possi- 
 donia, Siris , Sybaris, Telia , Ur- 
 sentum. 
 
 Lucani (in general). Br. — R. 4 
 
 Zuceria (Lucera). Br. — R. 2 R. 4 Latin 
 legends. 
 
 Ztina. A piece attributed to this town 
 is now ascertained to be of Populonia, 
 in Etruria. 
 
 Zybia (in general). S. — R. 5 R. 8 Sestini 
 states that these pieces do not belong 
 to the whole of Lybia, but to a certain 
 tribe bearing the name. 
 
 LYCIA : — Apollonia, Araxa, Oorydallus, 
 Oragus, Cyanaea , Oydna , Zimyra, 
 Massicytes , Myra, Olympus, Patara, 
 Phaselis , Podalia, Rhodia, Tlos, Tra- 
 bala, Xantus. 
 
 LYCAONIA (A.) : — Icotiium. 
 
 Lycaonia (in general). Br. — R. 6 With 
 the head of Antiochus VI., king of 
 Commagene. 
 
 LYDIA (A.) : — Acrasus, Aninesum, 
 Anolus, Apollonis, Apollonoshieron , 
 Asia, Attalia , Aureliopolis, Bagac, 
 Blaundos, Briula, Oaystriani , Cilbiani, 
 Daldis , Dioshieron, Oordus Julia, 
 Hermocapelia, Hermupolis, Hiero- 
 caesarea, Hypaepa, Hyrcanea, Mae- 
 ania, Magnesia, Mastaura, Mossina, 
 Mostene, Nacrasa, Pactolei, Philadel- 
 phia, Saetteni, Sardes, Silandus, Ta- 
 bala, Temero, Shryae, Thyatira, Thy- 
 essus, Trnolus, Tomarena, Tralles, 
 Seleucia. 
 
 Zydia (in general). One piece of the town 
 of Blaundos bears this inscription, 
 KOINON HPilATAIAO. 
 
 Zysias. Br. — R. 7 Some bear the name 
 of Apollonia, in Pisidia. 
 
 Zysimachia i (in Aetolia) . S. — R. 4 
 
 Zysimachia (Hexamili). S. — R. 2 R. 4 
 Br.— R. 3 R.® 
 
 Zyttus. S.— R. 2 R. 4 Br.— R.2 
 M. 
 
 MACEDONIA (G.) : — Acanthus, Aegae, 
 Aenia, Amphaxus, Amphipolis, Apliy- 
 tis, Apollonia, Berga, Berliaea, Bis- 
 altae, Bottiaera, Oassandrea , Oasscra, 
 Clialcis, Eurydicea, Heraclea, Zetc, 
 Mende, Neapolis, Oreskia, Olynthus, 
 Orestae , Orthagoria, Ossa, Pella, 
 Phila, Philippi, Pydna, Pythium, 
 
 Scione, Scotussa, Stobi, Terone, Thes - 
 salonica, Tractium, Tyrissa, Urano- 
 polis. 
 
 Macedonia (in general). S. — C. — R. 4 
 Br. — C. — R. 2 Roman autonomous i 
 S— R. 2 R. 8 Br.— C.— R. 2 . Of the four 
 Provinces, 1st Province. S. — R. 1 , 
 2nd Province, S. — R. 7 Br. — R. 2 , 
 3rd Province, unknown. 4th Pro- 
 vince, Br. — R. 7 . This money was 
 
 coined after it had become a Roman 
 province. Some of these pieces have 
 bilingual legends, Greek and Latin. 
 Those of all the four provinces of 
 Macedonia are of the same period. 
 
 Macella (Monte Busamara). Br. — R. 8 
 Of doubtful attribution. 
 
 Maeonia. Br. — R. 3 R. 4 
 
 Magnesia, in Thessaly (San Giorgio). The 
 pieces attributed to this town pro- 
 bably belong to Magnesia, in Ionia. 
 
 Magnesia (Aidin Ghiusel Hyssar), in Ionia. 
 S.— R. 4 R. 8 Br.— R. 1 R. 4 
 
 Magnesia adSipylum (Manassie),in Lydia. 
 Br. — R. 3 R. 5 On some of these, 
 bearing the name of M. T. Cicero, is 
 the figure of a head, which some say, 
 is that of the orator. 
 
 Magydus. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Malienses Populus. S. — R. 3 Br. — R. 5 
 
 Mallus (Mallo). S.— R. 7 Br.— R. 7 
 
 MAMERTIUM (I.) :—Medama, Nuceria, 
 Pandosia , Peripolium, Pitanata, Pete- 
 lia, Rhegium, Temesa, Terina. 
 
 Mantinea Antigonia. Achaian league. 
 Br.— R. 7 
 
 Marathus. Br. — R. 1 R. 4 Phoenician 
 
 legend. 
 
 Marcianopolis . Br. — R.® 
 
 Marium. S. — R.® 
 
 MARMARICA (A.) [ See PetraI, 
 
 Maronea (Marulia, Maronia, Marogna). 
 S.— C.— R. 7 Br.— 
 
 Marubium. Br. — R.® Latin legends. 
 
 MARRUCCINI (I.) : — Teate. 
 
 Massicytes. S.— R. 3 R.® Br. — R. 4 
 
 Mastaura (Tiria). Br. — R. T 
 
 Mastia. Br. — R.® Of doubtful attribu- 
 tion. They bear the name of Rome. 
 
 Mazara. S. — R. 4 Punic legends. 
 
 Medama vel Mesma (Mesima). Br. — R. 8 
 
 Medeon vel Modeon. S. — R. 7 
 
 Medmasa. S. — R. 7 
 
 Megalopolis (Sinano). Achaian league. 
 
AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 563 
 
 Megara (Megra, Megara). S. — R. 8 Br. 
 — C.— R . 6 
 
 Megara (Monte Ibla). Br. — R. 8 Some 
 pieces of this town bear the name of 
 Leontini, and some that of Hybla 
 Megara. 
 
 Megarsus. Br. — R. 8 
 Meles (Melisario). S.— R. 8 
 Melita (Malta). Br. — C. — R. 4 
 Melos (Deyrmen — Adassi, Milo). S. — 
 R. 6 R. 8 Br.— C.— R. 6 
 Menaenum (Mines). Br. — R.2 R 4 
 Mende (Calandra). S. — R. 8 Br. — R. 4 
 Mengairate. Br. — R. 8 Oscan legends. 
 Merinum (S. Maria di Merino). The 
 pieces classed to Merusium, in Sicily, 
 should be attributed to this town, 
 according to M. Sestini. 
 
 Merusium. S. — R. 8 
 
 Mesembria (Misevria, Misimbria). S. — 
 
 R. 8 Br.— R. 4 
 
 MESSENIA (C.) : — Amphea, Colone, 
 Oorone, Pylus, Thuria. 
 
 Messeni (in general). Achaian league. 
 
 S. — R. 4 R. 8 Br.— C.— R. 4 
 Metapontum (Torre di Mare). G. — R. 8 
 
 S.— C.— R. 8 Br.— R. 2 R. 8 The pieces 
 of this town are numerous. Some 
 have been recently discovered which 
 bear the name of Heraclea, in Lu- 
 cania, a sign of alliance. 
 
 Methana (Metana). Br. — R. G 
 Methymna. S.— It. 8 R. 7 Br.— R. 2 R. 4 
 Metropolis ? in Aetolia. Br. — R. 8 
 Metropolis (Mascoluri), in Thessaly. Br. 
 
 — R.s Of doubtful attribution. 
 Metropolis (Tireh), in Phrygia. Br. — R. 4 
 Metropolis (Turbali), in Ionia. Br. — R. 5 
 Doubtful. 
 
 Metroum. Br. — R. 8 Of doubtful attri- 
 
 bution. 
 
 Miletopolis (Melte). Br.— R. 8 
 Miletus (Balat. Palaisca. Milet). S. — R. 2 
 R. 4 Br. — C. — R. 4 These coins are 
 numerous. 
 
 Milyas. S. — R. 8 
 Minyae Populus. Br. — R. 8 
 Minturnae. S. — R.s Oscan legends. 
 
 The money attributed to this town 
 bears also the name of Yescia, in 
 Latium. 
 
 Mitelene (Midilli Castro). S. — R. 6 R. 7 
 Br. — C. — R. 6 Some of these pieces 
 bear the heads of celebrated Greeks. 
 
 On some are seen the names of 
 Ephesus, in Ionia, of Pergamus, in 
 Mysia, and of Smyrna, in Ionia ; a 
 sign of alliance with those towns. 
 
 MOESIA INFERIOR (A). Callatia, Di«. 
 nysopolis , Istrus, Marcianopolis , N‘ 
 copolis ad Istrum , Ioni. 
 
 Molossi. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Molossi Cassopaei. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Mopsium. Br. — R. 8 A silver piece, 
 
 attributed to this town, is allotted 
 by M. Pellerin to Mende, in Mace- 
 donia. 
 
 Mopsus , Mopsuestia (Mepis). Br. — R. s 
 
 R. 7 Some of these bear the head of 
 Antiochus IV., king of Commagene. 
 
 Mordiaeum Appollonia. Br. — R. 8 , in 
 Pisidia. Some of these pieces also 
 hear the name of Lysias, in Phrygia, 
 and of Perga, in Pamphylia, a sign 
 of alliance. 
 
 Morgantia (Murgo). S. — R. 8 Br. — R. 3 
 R. 8 Greek and Punic legends. 
 
 Mostene. Br. — R. 7 
 
 Mossina vel Mossinus. Br. — R. 4 
 
 Motya. S.— R. 6 R. 8 
 
 Mycalessus. S. — R. 8 
 
 My conus (Miconi). S. — R. 8 Br. — R. 4 
 
 Mylasa (Meless, Mylasi, Marmoro). Br. 
 — R . 4 
 
 Myndus (Menteche, Mimdes). S. — R. 7 
 Br.— R. 3 R. 4 
 
 Myra (Mira). Br. — R. 7 
 
 MYSIA (A.) : — Abbaeti — My si, Adra- 
 mytium, Antandrus, Apollonia, 
 Assus, Astyra, Atarnea , Oisthene, 
 Oyzicus, Gargara, Gergithus , Germ? , 
 Hiera — Genne, Lampsacus, Mileto- 
 polis, Parium, Pergamus, Perperene , 
 Pionia, Pitane, Poemaneni, Poroselcne , 
 Priapus. 
 
 Myrhina, in Lemnus (Palia Castro). Br. 
 — R . 8 
 
 Myrhina , in Aeolia. S. — R. 2 R. 4 
 
 N. 
 
 Nacolea. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Nacona. Br. — R. 6 
 
 Nacrasa. Br. — R. 4 
 
 Nagidus. S. — R. 4 R. 8 Br. R. 8 The 
 piece in bronze is doubtful. 
 
 Naupactus (Lepanto). S. — R. 2 Br.— 
 
 R. 4 
 
 Naxus (Schiso). S. — R. 2 R. 8 
 
 o o 2 
 
564 
 
 AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 Kaxus (Naxia). S. — R. 6 Br. — R. 3 
 
 ilea. The coins attributed to this island 
 have been restored to Neontichos, in 
 Aeolia. 
 
 Kean aria. Br. — R. 7 
 
 Keapolis (La Cavalla), in Macedonia. 
 S.— C.— R. 6 Br.— R. 3 The bronze 
 pieces are by some considered to 
 belong to Neapolis, in Ionia. 
 
 Keapolis v Polignano). Br. — R. 8 
 
 Keapolis (Caria). The pieces attributed to 
 this town belong to Neapolis, in Ionia. 
 
 Keapolis (Kuche Adassi Neapoli Scala- 
 nuova), in Ionia. Br. — R. 1 The 
 
 brass coins attributed to Neapolis, in 
 Macedonia, belong to this town. 
 
 Keapolis (Naples). [See Parthenopk.] 
 
 Keetum (Noto). Br. — R. 8 Of doubtful 
 
 attribution. There are some of these 
 coins bearing also the name Hadrian- 
 opolis, in Thrace, a sign of alliance. 
 
 Keocaesarea (Niksar, Nixaria). Br. — R. 8 
 
 Kephelis (Nephelidda). S. — R. 6 Br. — 
 R. 8 
 
 Keontichos. Br. — R. 6 
 
 Kicaea (Isnik). Br. — R. 3 R. 6 
 
 Kicomedia (Isnid, Isnimid, Nicomedia). 
 Br.— R. 8 
 
 Kicopolis (Prevesa Yecchia). Br. — R. 6 
 
 Kicopolis ad Istrum (Niebul, Nigheboli). 
 Br.— R. 6 
 
 Kisaea. The piece attributed to this 
 town ought to be restored to Nysia, 
 in Caria. 
 
 Kisyros (Nisaro, Nicero). S. — R. 8 Br. — 
 
 R. 4 
 
 Kola (Nola). S.— R. 6 Br.— R.« 
 
 Kuceria (Nocera). Br. — R.° 
 
 Kuceria Altaferna ( Nocera dei Pagani). 
 
 S. — R. 6 Br.— R. 8 R.® Greek and 
 
 Oscan legends. 
 
 Kysa (Nazely, Nozly). S. — R. 8 Br. — 
 
 R. 4 R. 6 
 
 Kysa. Br. — R. 8 
 
 O. 
 
 Odessus (Varna). S. — R. 8 Br. — R. 6 
 
 Odi-ysii (Hedrine) S.— R. 8 Br.— R.® 
 
 The Odrysians were a considerable 
 people among the Thracians. The 
 silver coinage is of doubtful attribu- 
 tion. 
 
 Oeniandos Epiphanea. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Cteniadae. Br. — C. — R. 4 
 
 Oetaei. S. — R. 8 Br. — R. 5 
 
 Olbia, Olbiopolis (Stromohil). S.— 
 R. 8 Br. — R. 4 R 8 . The autonomous 
 money of this town, though con- 
 sidered rare, is of great variety. 
 
 Olus. S.— R. 7 Br.— R. 8 
 
 Olympe. Br. — R. 8 Of doubtful attri- 
 
 bution. 
 
 Olympus (Porto Venetico). S. — R. 6 
 
 Olynthus. (Ayo Mama). S. — R. 8 Br. 
 
 ‘ — R. 8 
 
 Ophrytiium. S. — R. 8 Br. — R. 5 
 
 Orra (Uria). Br.— R. 8 R. 4 Latin and 
 
 Greek legends. The situation of this 
 town is considered uncertain. M. 
 Sestini has classed it among those of 
 Calabria. 
 
 Orchomenus (Skripu). S. — R. 6 Br. — 
 
 R. 8 
 
 Orestae. S. — R. 4 R. 8 These pieces are 
 
 of the 6ame nature as those of Olyn- 
 thus. 
 
 Oricus. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Oroanda. Br. — R. 8 Of doubtful attri- 
 
 bution. 
 
 Ortlwyoria (Stavro). S. — R. 8 Br. — R. 4 
 
 R. 7 
 
 Ortliosia. Br. — R. 3 R. 5 
 
 Orreskia. S. — R. 4 R. 8 These pieces are 
 probably of Orestae. 
 
 Ossa Bisaltarum. S. — R. 8 
 
 Othrytae. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Otrus. Br. — R. 7 
 
 P. 
 
 Pactolei. Br. — R. 
 
 Paeonia (in general). Br. — R. 8 
 
 PAEONIA : — Kysa, Palacium. Br. — 
 R. 8 Latin legends. 
 
 Pallanteum (Tripolizza). Achaian league. 
 Br.— R.® 
 
 Palinurus Molpis. S. — R. 6 
 
 PALMYRENE (A.) -.—Palmyra. 
 
 Palmyra (Tadmur). Br. — R. 8 
 
 PAMPHYLIA (A.) : — Aspendus, Attalia, 
 Etenna, Isindus , Magydus , Perga , 
 Side, Sillyum. 
 
 Pandosia (Anglona). S. — R. 6 
 
 Pandosia. S.— R. 8 R. 3 
 
 Panormus. (Palermo). Punic pieces, 
 with Phoenician characters : G. — R. 8 
 R. 3 S. — R. 3 R. 8 Br. — C.— R. 6 
 Punic pieces, without Phoenician 
 characters : G. — R. 1 R. 3 El. — 
 
AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 565 
 
 R. 2 S. — R. 1 R. 5 Br. — C. — R. 8 
 Pieces Mith Greek and Phoenician 
 characters : S. — R. 8 Greek pieces : 
 
 S. — R. 8 Br.— C.— R. 4 
 Panticapaeum (Kertch). G. — R. 8 S. — 
 
 R.6 R. 8 Br.— R. 8 R.6 
 Paphus (BafFo). S. — R. 8 These pieces 
 bear the name of the king Nicocles. 
 
 P A PHLAGONIA (A.) :— Aboni, Amastris, 
 Cromna , Mastia, Sebaste , Sesamus, 
 Sinope. 
 
 Parium (Kiemer, Kamares, Porto — Ca- 
 mera). G.— R. 8 S.— R. 8 R.e Br.— 
 R. 2 R. 4 
 
 Paros (Paros Naucsa). S. — R. 8 Br. — 
 
 R. 4 
 
 Parthenope Neapolis (Napoli). G. — R. 8 
 
 S. — C.— R. 8 Br.— C.— R. 6 
 
 PARTHIA (A). [See Tambrax.] 
 
 Passa vel Passia. Br. — R. 8 Of doubtful 
 attribution. 
 
 Patara (Patera). S. — R. 7 Br. R.® 
 Patmos (Patmos, Palmosa). Br, — R. 8 
 
 Of doubtful attribution. 
 
 Patrae (Patra, Patras). Achaian league. 
 
 S.— R. 4 Br.— R. 8 R. 3 
 Peithesa. The pieces formerly attributed 
 to this town have been restored to 
 Veientum, in Etruria. 
 
 Pclecania. Br. — R. 4 Of doubtful attri- 
 bution. 
 
 Pelinna. S. — R.® Br. — R. 7 
 Pella (Ala Clissa Pella, or Palatisa). Br. 
 — C. — R. 8 The autonomous silver 
 piece attributed to this town appears 
 more probably to be of Pelinna, in 
 Thessaly. 
 
 Pellene. Achaian league. Br. — R. 4 
 PELOPONNESUS : — Achaia, Aegialus, 
 Aegira, Aegium, Carinaea, Oorinthus, 
 Patraea , Pellene , Phlius , Rhypae, 
 Sicyon. 
 
 Peltae. Br. R.® 
 
 Pentri. The money attributed to this 
 town belongs to Frentani. 
 
 Peparethus (Piperi, island near Thes- 
 saly). Br.— R. 4 R.® 
 
 Perga (Kara Hyssar Tekie Si). S. — R. 5 
 Br. — R. 8 R. 4 Some bear the name 
 of Apollonia, in Pisidia, a sign of 
 alliance. 
 
 Pergamus (Bergam, Pergamo). G. — R.® 
 Br. — R. 2 R. 4 The coins of this town 
 arc numerous. Some bear the name 
 
 of Mytelene, in Lesbos, a sign of al- 
 liance between these towns. 
 
 Perinthus (Eraclia, Erekli). Br. — It. 8 R. 4 
 Perperene. Br. — R. 8 
 Peripolium Pitanata (Simmana). S. — 
 K 8 
 
 Perrhu.'bia. S. — R. 8 
 Pessinus (Uchiache Kioy). Br. — R. 7 
 Petelia (Strongoli). Br. — R. 2 R. 4 
 Petra. Br. — R. 
 
 Petra. Br. — R. 9 Of doubtful attribu- 
 tion. 
 
 Petuni (Petralia). Br. — R.® 
 
 Phacium. Br.' — R. 8 
 Phaestus. S.— R. 3 R. 5 Br.— R. 1 R .3 
 Phalanna. S. — R. 8 Br. — R. 4 
 Phalasarna. S.— R. 4 Br.— R. 8 
 Phanagorea (Taman). S. — R. 8 Br. — 
 R.« 
 
 Pharae vel Flier ae. S. — R. 7 Br. — R. fi R.® 
 Pharcadon. S. — R7 
 Pharus (Liesina, island near to Illyri- 
 cum). Br.— -R. 
 
 Pharnacia. Br. — R. 5 
 Pharsalus (Tzatalze Fersala). S. — R. 3 
 R.® Br.— R. 4 
 
 Phaselis (Fionda). S.— R. 6 Br.— R. 3 R. 3 
 Pheneus (Phonia). S.— R. 4 It. 7 Br.— 
 
 R. 4 
 
 Pherae. S.— It. 7 Br.— R. 6 R. 8 
 Phigalea vel Pliiatea. Achaian league. 
 Br.— R. 8 
 
 Philadelphia (Ala Chiehere). S. — R. 8 
 Br. — C. — R. 4 These pieces are doubt- 
 ful. Some of them bear the name of 
 Smyrna, in Ionia — a sign of alliance. 
 Philadelphia (Amman). Br. — R. 8 
 Philippi (Filippi). G. — R. 8 S.— R. 7 
 Br.— R. 4 
 
 Phila. Br.— R. 8 
 
 Philippopolis (Filibe). Br. — R. 8 
 
 Phlius (Santa Flica). Achaian league. 
 
 S. — R.« Br.— R. 8 
 Philomelium (Ugun). Br. — R. 3 R. 4 
 Phistelia or Bistelia (Puteoli?, Poz- 
 
 zuolo). S. — R.i R.® Oscan legends. 
 These pieces are also attributed to 
 the town of Posidonia. 
 
 Phocca (Foya, Foggia,Fokia — Yecchia, Le 
 Foglieri). G. — R. 7 — El. — R. 8 Br. 
 R. 8 R. 4 
 
 PHOCIS (G.) : — Amphicaea, Ch/parissus t 
 Delphi , Flatea, Medeon , Tithorea. 
 Phoci (in general). G. — R. 8 S.— R.» 
 
 R. 8 Br.— R. 8 R. 4 
 
56G 
 
 AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 PHOENICE (A.) : — Berytus, Demetrias , 
 Dora, Marathus, Orthosa, Sidon, Tri- 
 polis, Tyrus. 
 
 Phoenice (in general). Struck at Tyrus. 
 Br. — R.® 
 
 Of the uncertain money of Phoenicia. S. 
 — R. 6 Br.— C.— R. 6 
 
 Phoenice vel Phoenicape (Sopoto). Br. — 
 R.6 
 
 Pholegandrus (Policandro). Br. — R. 8 
 
 Phycus. Some pieces were formerly 
 wrongly attributed to this town. 
 
 PHRYGIA (A.): — Acmonia , Aezanis, 
 Alia, Amorium, Ancyra, Apamea, 
 Attaea, Attuda , Attusia, Briana, 
 Cadi, Ceretape, Oibyra, Cidramus, Co- 
 lossae, Cotiaeum, Dionysopolis, Doci- 
 meum, Epictetus, Eucarpia, Eumenia, 
 Hierapolis,Hyrgalea, Ipsus, Laodicea, 
 Lysias, Metropolis, Nacolea, Otrus, 
 Peltae, Philomelium, Prymnessus, 
 Sala, Sebaste, Siblia, Stectorium, Sy- 
 naos, Synnada, Tnemisonium, Tiberio- 
 polis, Trqjanopolis, Trimenothryae. 
 
 PICENUM : — Ancona, Asculum, Hadria. 
 
 Picentia (Bicenza). S. — R. 8 
 
 Piliys (Yavarino, Navarino). S. — R. 8 
 Br.— R. 8 
 
 Pimolisi (Osmangik). Br. — R.® 
 
 Pionia. Br. — R. 
 
 Pisaurum (Pesaro). Br. — R. 8 Of this 
 town there are coins with Latin 
 legends, and others with Greek. 
 
 PISIDIA (A.) : — Antiochia, Mocdiaum 
 Apollonia, Conane, Milyas, Oroanda, 
 Prostanna, Sagalassus, Sandalium, 
 Selge, Termessus. 
 
 Pitane. Br. — R. 4 
 
 Pitnum. Br. — R. 4 Etruscan legends. 
 
 Plarassa. Br. — R. 4 R. 7 Upon several 
 pieces the name of Amphridosias, in 
 Caria, occurs a sign of alliance be- 
 tween these towns. 
 
 Plataea (Cocla). S. — R. 8 
 
 Plotinopolis (Demotica). Br. — R. 8 
 
 Podalia. Br.— R. 8 
 
 Poecsa Oaea. Br. — R. 6 
 
 Poemaneni. Br. — R. 6 
 
 Polyrhenium. S. — R. 3 R 8 . Br. — R.- 
 
 PONTUS (A.) : — Amasia, Ameria, Ami - 
 sus, Cabira, Chalhacta, Oomana, Ga - 
 ziur.a, Laodicea , Neocaesarea, Phar- 
 
 nacia, Pimolisa , Sarbanissa, Scbasto- 
 polis. 
 
 Populonia (Populonia). G. — R. 8 S. — 
 
 R. 4 R. 8 Br. — R. 4 R. 6 Some pieces 
 have Etruscan and Oscan legends ; 
 some none at all. This total absence 
 of inscriptions is a peculiarity which 
 is very rare upon ancient coins. 
 
 Porosclene (Musco Nisi). Br. — R. 4 
 
 Posidonia, afterwards Paestum (Piesti, 
 or Pesto). With the name of Posi- 
 donia : S. — R. 1 R.® Br. — R. 3 Some 
 pieces hear also the name of Sybaris, 
 a sign of alliance. There are some 
 doubtful gold pieces, and others with 
 the legend Phistlus, or Phistulis: 
 
 S. — R. 1 R.°, which may belong to 
 Posidonia, or to a town called Phis- 
 telia or Bistelia, in Campania. 
 
 Priansus. S.— R. 4 Br.— R. 5 
 
 Potniae. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Praesus. S. — R. 5 Br. — R. 4 
 
 Prinassus, or Prenassus. Br. — R. 4 
 
 Priapus (Karaboa). Br. — R. 4 R. 6 
 
 Proana vel Proerna. S. — R. 8 
 
 Proconnesus (Mermer-Adassi. Marmara, 
 Islands near to Mysia). S. — R. 8 
 Br.— R.® 
 
 Proni Cephalleniae. Br. — R. 4 
 
 Prostanna. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Prusias ad Olympus (Brusa). Br. — R.® 
 
 Prusias ad Hypium (Uskubi). Br. — R. 8 
 
 Prymnessus. Br. — R.® The pieces of 
 
 king Midas bear the name of this 
 town. 
 
 Ptolemais. Br. — R. 6 
 
 Pydna (Kitro). Br. — R. 1 R. 6 
 
 Pylus. The coins formerly attributed to 
 this town belong to Pythopolis, in 
 Bithynia. 
 
 Pyrnus. Br. — R. 
 
 Pythium. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Pythopolis. The pieces attributed to 
 this town are false. 
 
 R. 
 
 Ravenna (Ravenna). Br. — R. 1 R.* Latin 
 legend. 
 
 Rhaucus. S. — R. 4 Br. — R. 
 
 Rhegium (Reggio di Calabria). S. — R.* 
 R.® Br.— C.— R. 6 
 
 Rhithymna (Retimo). S. — R. 8 Br.— 
 
 R. 3 
 
 Rhodia (Rhodiopolis). Br. — R. 8 
 
AUTONOMOUS COIN3, 
 
 567 
 
 R hod us (Rhodus, Rodi). G. — R . 8 S. — 
 C. — ll . 4 Rr. — C. — R . 3 The coins 
 of this island are numerous. 
 
 Rhosus (lthosos). Br. — It.® 
 
 Rhypae. Br. — R . 4 M. Sestini consi- 
 
 ders that these coins are falsely 
 attributed. 
 
 Ryhastini (Ruva). S. — R .' 6 Br. — R . 6 
 
 S. 
 
 Saerte. Br. — R . 8 This niece bears the 
 
 name jf Anuochus VI., king of 
 Commagene. 
 
 Saetteni. Br. — R . 2 B . 4 
 
 Sagalassus (Radyaklu). S. — R.® Br. — 
 
 R. 4 
 
 Sala. Br.— R . 4 R.® 
 
 Salamis (Koluri. An island near to Attica) . 
 Br. — R . 2 R . 8 A piece attributed to 
 Boeotia has been restored to this 
 town. 
 
 Salamis (Costanza). S. — R . 8 
 
 Salapia (Salpi). Br. — R . 2 R . 6 
 
 Salenti. A piece attributed to this 
 people belongs to Calacte, in Sicily. 
 
 SAMARITIS : — Ioppe, Sebaste. 
 
 Same Cephalleniae. S. — R . 4 Br. — R . 4 
 
 SAMNIUM (I.) : — Acsernia, Allipha, 
 Aquilonia, Beneventum , Corfinium , 
 Melcs , Murgantiae, Pentri. 
 
 Of the uncertain money of Samnium. 
 
 S. — R . 2 R.® Oscan and Latin le- 
 gends. Some bear the inscription 
 of Italia, and are in diameter and 
 form like the Roman consular dena- 
 rius. 
 
 Samos (Susam, Adassi, Samo). G. — R.® 
 El.— R . 6 S. — R.® R 7 Br.— R . 2 R.® 
 The coins of this island are nume- 
 rous. 
 
 Samosata (Chiamssatt, Sama, Samosata). 
 Br. — R . 2 R.® Some of these pieces 
 bear the head of Antiochus VI., king 
 of Commagene. 
 
 Samothrace (Samotreki). Br. — R . 5 R . 7 
 
 Sandalium. Br. — R . 8 
 
 Sarbanissa. Br. — R . 8 These pieces were 
 coined in the reign of Polemo II. 
 
 Sardes (Start, Sard, Sarde). S. — R.® 
 
 Br. — C. — R . 4 The coins of this town 
 are numerous. The silver coins are 
 Cistophori. 
 
 Sardinia (Sardegna). S. — R . 4 Br. — R . 4 
 
 Greek, Latin, and Punic legends. 
 The silver pieces of this state, with 
 Greek legends, are of doubtful attri- 
 bution. The bronze piece, -with a Latin 
 legend, is a coin of the Roman family 
 Atia, which has on the reverse, Sard. 
 Pater. ; for which reason it has been 
 attributed to this island. 
 
 Sarissa(t) Br. — R . 7 
 
 Scepsis. S. — R . 7 Br. — R.® R . 7 
 
 Scione (Jeni, Kassandra). S. — R . 8 Br. 
 — R . 8 
 
 Selge. S.— R . 2 R . 8 Br.— R . 3 
 
 Selmus (Terra delli Pulci). S. — R . 2 R.® 
 There are some pieces which bear the 
 name of Syracusae, a sign of alliance. 
 
 Sepphoris, afterwards Diocaesarea (Sa- 
 furie, Sefuri). With the name of 
 Diocaesarea. Br. — R . 6 Some bear 
 the name of Seleucis I., king of Syria. 
 
 Serpihus (Serfanto). Br. — R . 8 The 
 silver pieces formerly attributed to 
 this town have been restored to Si- 
 cyone, in Achaia. 
 
 Srstus (Zemenick). Br. — P .. 2 R . 6 
 
 Sesamus. Br. — R . 2 
 
 Siblia. Br.— R . 8 
 
 SlCILIENSES : — Coins of Sicily in gene- 
 ral. S. — R . 8 
 
 SICILIAE. Islands near Sicily - 
 Caene, Corsica, Cossuta , Gaulos, Li ■ 
 para, Lopadusa, Melita, Sardinia. 
 
 SICILIA. Abacaenum, Abolla, Acme, 
 Adranus, Aetnaei , Agathyrnus, 
 Agrigentum, Agyrium, Alaesa, Alun- 
 tium, Amestratus, Assorus, Cnena, 
 Calacte, Camarina, Catana, Centuripae, 
 Cephaloedium, Enna, Entella, Er~ 
 bessus, Eryx, Euboea, Galaria, Gelas, 
 Heralcea, Himera, Hybla Magna, 
 Hiccara, Iaeta, Leontini , Lilybacum, 
 Longone, Macella, Mazara, Megara, 
 Mcnaenum, Merusium, Morgantia, 
 Motya, Nacona, Naxus, Neetum. 
 Panormus, Petrini, Segesta, Selinus, 
 Solus, Syracusae, Tauromenium, Trio- 
 cala, Tyndaris, Tyracina. 
 
 Sicinus (Sikino). Br. — R.® 
 
 Sicyon (Basilica). Achaian league. S. 
 — R . 1 R . 3 Br.— C.— R . 6 
 
 Side (Candeloro). S. — R . 1 It . 8 Br. — 
 R . 1 R . 4 
 
 Sidon (Seida). S.— R . 4 R . 6 Br.— R . 1 
 
I 
 
 568 
 
 AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 R . 4 Some bear the heads of different 
 Syrian kings. Several of these pieces 
 have Phoenician legends. 
 
 Sigeurn (Yeni — Cheher). Br. — R . 3 R . 6 
 
 Sigtiia (Segni). S. — R . 7 Latin legends. 
 
 Silandus. Br. — R . 6 
 
 Sillyum. Br. — R . 6 
 
 Sinope (Sinub, Sinab, Sinope). S. — C. — 
 R . 8 Br.— C.— R . 4 
 
 Siphnus (Sifanto). S. — R . 6 Br. — C. — 
 It . 4 The silver pieces attributed to 
 this island have been restored to 
 Sycion, in Achaia. 
 
 Sipontum. Pellerin has attributed to 
 this town a coin which has since 
 been restored to Hipponium, of the 
 Brutii. — M. Sestini has also given 
 to Sipontum a gold coin of doubtful 
 attribution. 
 
 Siris S. — R . 8 Br. — R . 6 A silver piece 
 of this town bears the name of 
 Buxentum, or Pyxus, in Lucania, 
 and another that of Lagaria (?) 
 
 Smyrna (Ismi, Smirne, Smyrna). G. 
 — R. 7 — El.— R . 7 S.— R . 1 R . 8 Br.— 
 C. — R . 6 The coins of this town are 
 numerous. 
 
 Soli Solopolis , Pompeiopolis (Lamuzo). 
 With the name of Soli. S. — R . 3 R . 5 
 
 Br. — R . 4 With the name of Pom. 
 peiopolis : Br. — R . 4 R . 6 
 
 Solus (Monte Catalfano). Br. — R . 4 
 
 Spectorium. Br. — R.® 
 
 Stabiae (Stabbia). Eckhel attributed to 
 this town a silver coin whioh really 
 belongs to Gelas, in Sicily. 
 
 Stobi (Stip). Municipium. Br. — R.® 
 Latin legends. 
 
 Stratonicea (Eski Chiehere). S. — R . 7 
 
 Br.— R . 4 R . 7 
 
 Stratos (Conopina). S. — R . 8 
 
 Sturnium (Sternaccio). Br. — R . 4 
 
 Stymphalus (Vassi). Achaian league. S. 
 — R . 7 R . 8 Br.— R.® 
 
 Syessa (Sessa). S.— R . 4 Br.— R . 1 R . 6 
 
 Greek and Latin legends. 
 
 Sybaris, afterwards Thurium, then Oossia 
 (Sibari Rovinata). With the name 
 of Sybaris: S.— R . 8 R . 7 With the 
 name of Thurium : G. — R . 8 S. — C. 
 — R . 4 Br. — R. s R . 6 With the name 
 Oossia : Br. — R . 4 The coins of this 
 
 celebrated town are numerous. 
 
 Synnada (Sandakli). Br. — R . 3 R.® 
 
 Synaos. Br. — R.® R.® 
 
 Syoripa. S. — R . 7 Br. — R . 4 
 Syracuse (Siracusa). G. — C. — R . 8 S. — 
 C.— R . 9 Br.— C.— R.® 
 
 Syrus (Sira). Br. — R.® M. Sestini at- 
 
 tributed to this town several coins 
 formerly classed with those of Tri- 
 poli in Phoenicia. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tabala. Br. — R.® 
 
 Tambrax. S. — R . 8 This piece is of 
 Arsaces XI., king of Parthia. 
 Tanagra (Gremata). S. — R . 4 R . 8 Br. — 
 
 R. ® 
 
 Tanos. S. — R . 8 Br. — R.° 
 
 Taphias. The piece attributed to this 
 town has been restored to Tarentum 
 in Calabria. 
 
 Tarentum (Taranto). G. — R . 4 R . 7 S. — 
 C. — R . 8 Br. — R.® The gold coins of 
 Tarentum are numerous, and those 
 in silver still more so. The chief 
 type represents Taras, the founder of 
 this town, seated upon a dolphin. 
 Tarsus (Tersus, Tarsus, Tersine, Tarso). 
 
 S. — R . 7 Br. — C. — R.® The coins of 
 this town are numerous. 
 
 Tauromenium (Taormina). G. — R . 1 R . 7 
 
 S.— R . 6 R . 8 Br.— C.— R . 4 
 Teanum (Tiano). S. — R.® Br. — R . 2 R.® 
 Greek, Latin, and Oscan legends. 
 Teate (Chieti). Br.— R . 1 R . 4 Latin 
 legends. Some authors attribute 
 these coins to Teate, in Apulia. 
 
 Teates (Pezza della Chiesa). S. — R . 4 
 
 Br. — R . 6 Of doubtful attribution. 
 Tegea (Moklia). Achaian league. S. — 
 R . 7 Br.— R . 3 R . 8 
 Tegea. S. — R . 4 Br. — R . 4 
 Telamon (Telamone). Br. — R.® Etrus- 
 can legends. 
 
 Telemissus. Br. — R . 8 
 Telos (Elleci, Tillos, Episcopi). Br. — R . 8 
 Temesa (Sanlucito). S. — R . 8 
 Temenothyrae. Br. — R . 4 R.® 
 
 Temnus (Melemen). Br. — R . 3 R.® 
 Tempyra. S. — R.® 
 
 Tenedus (Bozgia, vulgo Boghce Adassi, 
 Tenedos, Tenedo). G.— R . 8 S.— R . 3 
 R . 6 Br.— R.® 
 
 Tenus (Tine, Tino, Istindil). S. — R . 8 
 Br.— C.— R . 3 
 
 Teos (Sigagik). G.— R.® R . 8 S.— R . 4 
 
 R.® Br.— R . 1 R.® Some of these 
 
 j 
 
AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 569 
 
 coins hare the head of Ana- 
 creon ; and some bear also the name 
 of Colophon in Ionia, as a sign of 
 alliance between those towns. 
 
 Terina (Nocera). S.— R . 2 R . 8 Br.— R . 2 
 R . 4 
 
 Termissus (Estenay). Br. — R . 2 R . 5 
 
 Terone vel Torone (Teroni). S. — R . 8 
 
 Br.— R . 7 
 
 Thalassa (Kalo Simno). Br. — R . 4 
 
 Thasus (Tasso). G.— R . 8 Br.— C.— R . 2 
 
 R. 5 R . 6 Some of these pieces in 
 silver, with free types, form a part of 
 the coins which are attributed, with- 
 out foundation, to the Isle of Lesbos. 
 
 Thea. M. Sestini says that the coin at- 
 tributed to this town is false. 
 
 Thebae (Stives, Thiva, Thiba). Gr. — R . 8 
 
 S. — R , 2 R . 8 Br.— R . 2 R.® Several 
 copper pieces with the names of 
 magistrates, without the names of 
 towns, are attributed to Thebae. 
 
 Thebe Adramytenorum. Br. — R.® R . 8 
 One of the pieces of this town bears 
 also the name of Adramyttium in 
 Mysia. 
 
 Thelpusa. Br. — R . 4 
 
 Themisonium (Teseni). Br. — R . 8 
 
 Thera (Santorini). Br. — R . 3 R . 8 
 
 Thespiae. S.— R.® R . 8 Br.— R . 4 
 
 THESSALIA (G.) : — Aenianes, Argesa, 
 Atrax, Cierium, Crannon, Orannonii 
 Ephyrii, Ctemene , Demetrias, Deme- 
 trias Sacra, Elatea, Ethnestae, 
 Oomphi, Gyrton,.Heraclea, Ilomolium, 
 Lamia, Lapithae , Larissa, Larissa 
 Cremaste, Magnesia, Malienses Popu- 
 lus, Metropolis, Minyae Populus, Mop- 
 sium, Oetaei, Othrytae, Pelinna , 
 Perrhaebia, Phacium, Plialanna, 
 Pharcadon, Pharsalus, Pherae , Pro- 
 ana, Scotussa, Thibros, Tricca. 
 
 Thessali (in general). S. — C. — R . 8 Br. 
 — R . 1 R.® Some of these pieces also 
 bear the name of Rome, a sign of 
 alliance between Thessalia and Rome. 
 
 Thessalonica (Saloniki, Salonico). Br. 
 — C. — R . 4 Some of these bear the 
 name of Rome, a sign of alliance. 
 
 Theudosia (Caffa). Br. — R . 8 
 
 Thibros. Br.— R . 8 
 
 Thisbe (Halike, Gianikki, Langia). Br. — 
 R . 8 These pieces were attributed to 
 Altona, in Liburnia. 
 
 Thisoa. Achaian league. Br. — R.® 
 
 THRACIA (G.) : — Abdera, Aenus, An- 
 chialus, Apollonia, Byzanthe, Cossea, 
 Oypsela, Dicaea , Hadrinopolis, Ma- 
 ronea, Mesembria, Nysa Odessus, 
 Odrysii, Passa, Perinthus, Philippo- 
 polis, Plotinopolis, Tempyra, Tirida. 
 
 Thronium (Paleocastro). Br. — R . 8 
 
 Thura. Br. — R . 6 
 
 Thurium. [ See Sybaris.J 
 
 Thyatira (Ak Hyssar). Br. — R . 1 R . 4 
 The coins of this town are numerous. 
 Some bear the name of Smyrna, in 
 Ionia, a sign of alliance. 
 
 Thessus. Br. — R . 8 
 
 Thygela. Br. — R . 4 
 
 Thiulum. S. — C. — R.® Br. — R . 4 
 
 Tiber ais (Tabariah). Br. — R . 4 R.® Some 
 bear the name of Herod Antipas. 
 
 Tiberiopolis. Br. — R . 4 
 
 Ticinum (Pavia). S. — R . 8 Br. — R . 7 
 Latin legend. 
 
 Tirida. The piece attributed to this 
 town has been restored to Tricca in 
 Thessaly. 
 
 Tithorea. The piece attributed to this 
 town belongs to the Phoceans. 
 
 Tium (Thios, Tillios, Filios, Falios). 
 Br.— R.® 
 
 Tlos. S.— R . 7 Br.— R . 7 
 
 Tomarena. Br. — R . 7 
 
 Trabala. Br. — R . 8 
 
 TRACHONITIS ITUREA (A.) : — Cae- 
 sarea, Panias. 
 
 Traelium. Br. — R . 2 Some of these 
 pieces are attributed ]to the town of 
 Triadizza, in Moesia. 
 
 Traianapolis. Br. — R . 3 R.® 
 
 Tralles-Selcucia (Sultan Hyssar). S. — 
 R . 5 R . 7 Br.— R . 2 R . 7 The coins of 
 this town are numerous. The pieces 
 which were attributed to Caesarea, 
 in Bithynia, have been restored to 
 this town. The silver pieces are 
 Cistophori. 
 
 Trapeziopolis (Haragiasa). Br. — R . 4 R . 6 
 
 Tricca (Tricala, Trikki). S. — R . 5 Br. 
 — R. 8 
 
 Tremenothryae. Br. — R . 7 
 
 Triocola. Br. — R . 8 
 
 Tripolis (Tribul). Br. — R . 3 R. f The 
 coins of this town are numerous. 
 
 | Tripolis (Chiam — Tarabulus, Tripoli di 
 
570 
 
 AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 Soria). S.— R. c R. 8 Br. — R. 1 R. 6 
 Some bear the name of Antiochus 
 VI., king of Syria, and others that of 
 Dionysius, king of Tripolis. The 
 coins of this town are numerous. 
 
 TROAS (A.) : — Abydus, Alexandria 
 — Troas, Arisba, Bardanus, Ilium, 
 Neandria, Ophrynium, Scepsis, Si - 
 gium , Thebe Adramy tenor um. 
 
 Trocmi. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Troezen (Damala). S. — R. 7 Br. — R. 5 
 
 Tuder (Todi). S. — R. 7 Br.— C.— R. 6 
 Etruscan legends. 
 
 Tusculum (Frascati). L. — R. 8 Latin 
 legends. 
 
 Tana (Teana). Br. — R. 6 
 
 Tylissus. S. — R 4 
 
 Tyndaris (11 Tindaro). Br.— R. 4 R. 6 
 Some pieces bear also the name of 
 Agythurnus, in Sicily — a sign of 
 alliance. 
 
 Tyracina. Er. — R. 6 
 
 U. 
 
 UMBRIA (I.) : — Ariminum Fanum, 
 Iguium , Pisaurum, Pitnum, Tuder, 
 Vettuna. 
 
 UPPER ITALY (I.) : — Aquileia, Ra- 
 venna, Ticinum. 
 
 Uranopolis (Castro). S. — R. 2 R. 4 
 
 Ureium (Roai). Br. — R. 2 
 
 Vrsentum. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Uxentum (Ogento). Br. — R. 4 R. 6 
 
 V. 
 
 Yelentum. Br. — R. 6 Etruscan legends. 
 These coins were formerly attributed 
 to Peithesa, in Etruria. 
 
 Yelia (near Castel a Mare della Bruca). 
 S. — C. — R.° Br. — R. 1 R. 4 One piece 
 is known, which also bears the name 
 of Croton in Bruttium, a sign of 
 alliance. Some pieces with Latin 
 
 legends were formerly attributed to 
 this town. 
 
 Veliternum (Velletri. Municipium.) L. 
 — R. 8 Latin legends. It is doubtful 
 whether they were ever circulated as 
 money. 
 
 Venafrum (Venafro). Br. — R. 7 M. Ses- 
 tini does not attribute these pieces to 
 this town. 
 
 Venusia (Venosa). Br. — R. 2 R. J Latin 
 legends. These coins were formerly 
 attributed to Yelia in Lucania. 
 
 Verulae (Veruli). L. — R. 8 Latin le- 
 
 gends. These pieces were probably 
 never circulated as money. 
 
 Yescia. S.— R.s Br.— R. 4 It.® Latin 
 legends. One piece is known which 
 bears also the name of Minturnae, 
 in Latium. 
 
 Yestini. The pieces attributed to this 
 people have been ascertained to be- 
 long to the town of Yescia in 
 Latium. 
 
 Yeterna (Massa di Maremma). Br. — R. 4 
 Etruscan legends. 
 
 Yetulonia (Vetulonia). Br. — R. 2 The 
 
 coins attributed to this town are 
 classed by some among those of Vet- 
 tuna in Umbria. 
 
 Yettuna (Bettonia). Er. — R. 4 Etruscan 
 legends. These coins are also attri- 
 buted to Vetulonia in Etruria. 
 
 Yolaterrae (Volterra). Br. — R. 4 R. 8 
 Etruscan legends. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zacynthus (Zakintos, Zante). S. — R. 2 
 
 R. 8 Br.— R. 2 R. 4 
 
 Zancles , afterwards Messana, then Ma- 
 mertini (Messina). With the name 
 of Zancles: S.— R. 4 R. 8 With the 
 name of Messana : S. — R. 1 R. 8 Br. — 
 C. — R. 4 With the name of Mamer - 
 Uni: Br.— C.— R.° 
 
 Zephyrium . Br. — R.® 
 
PRICES OF GREEK AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 571 
 
 LIST OF PRICES OF GREEK AUTONOMOUS COINS, 
 
 AS REALISED AT RECENT SALES, SUCH AS THAT OF THE PEMBROKE AND 
 THOMAS COLLECTION, ETC. ETC. 
 
 To r. signifies turned to the Right , to 1. turned to the Left ; S. Silver ; G. Gold ; 
 iir. Bronze ; rev. Reverse ; Obv. Obverse ; t. s. signifies Thomas's Sale, 
 p. s. Pembroke Sale. 
 
 Abdera in Thrace — (Obv.) head of 
 Apollo ; to right, ABAHPITEHN, in 
 two lines : (rev.) IIII . . . KE2I02 ,* 
 griffin to the left ; very fine condition ; 
 weight 176 T 1 „ grs. — S. 11. 2 s. 6 d. 
 
 (t. s.) 
 
 Abydus — (Rev.) ABTAHNflN ; eagle 
 with wings extended ; the whole within 
 a wreath, as it came from the die. — 
 S. 61. 6s. (p. s.) 
 
 Acanthus — With AAHI2 in exergue ; fine 
 old work, in beautiful condition ; 
 weight 219 grs. — S. 11 l.l 5s. (t. s.) 
 
 Aenus in Thrace — Profile of Mercury, to 
 right, Petasus ornamented with a row 
 of pearls : (rev.) AIN ; goat to r., in an 
 indented square ; branch of laurel ; 
 very rare; weight 242 T 3 ff grs. — S. 
 17. 8s. (p. s.) 
 
 Agrigentum in Sicily — A false gold coin ; 
 weight 38-jU grs. — G. 19s. (t. s.) 
 
 Agrigentum — (Obv.) [AKPA] TANTI- 
 NH[N] retrograde ; two eagles to 
 the r., devouring a hare : (rev.) a 
 quadriga at full speed to the r., 
 driven by a female ; above is floating 
 a winged Victory, about to crown the 
 charioteer with a wreath ; in the 
 exergue, a crab. This is extremely 
 rare, probably unique, and published 
 for the first time in 1849 in “ Hum- 
 
 phrey’s Ancient Coins.” — S. 277. 10s. 
 (t. s.) 
 
 Amphipolis — (Rev.) torch; of extreme 
 rarity; weight 25 T ff ff grs. — S. 11s. 
 (t. s.) 
 
 Antandrus in Mysia — (Rev.) ANTAN; 
 goat standing to r., left fore-foot 
 raised against a palm-tree A coin 
 of highest rarity. — C. 37. 11s. (p. s.) 
 
 Athens — 11 tetradrachmas, 10 of Athens, 
 usual types of the owl, and one of 
 ASgina: (rev.) AIIT, and dolphin, 
 cast, all tolerably perfect. 37. 3s. 
 (p. s.) 
 
 Athens — Spi-ead tetradrachm ; AMMO- 
 NI02, BTTTAK02, KAAAIA2 ; 
 two burning torches ; with three 
 other coins, all silver. 37. 4s. (p. s.) 
 
 Atrax in Thessaly — (Obv.) female head 
 to 7. ; (rev.) ATPATION ; horse 
 walking to r. ; fine work ; fair con- 
 dition, and of extreme rarity; weight 
 40^ grs. — S. 97. (p. s.) 
 
 Barce — (Obv.) AKE2I02 ; full face of 
 Jupiter Ammon: (rev.) BAPKAIO 
 Silphium ; extremely rare, and in 
 most perfect condition ; weight 199-^ 
 grs. — S. 87. (t. s.) 
 
 Boeotia — (Obv.) Bceotia; buckler: (rev.) 
 APKA. ; vase; weight 188 grs.; with 
 another. — S. 17. 17s. (p. s.) 
 
672 
 
 PRICES OF. GREEK AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 Boeotia — Same type as preceding. A AMO ; 
 club to /., above the vase ; and on the 
 handle, sprig of ivy leaves and berries ; 
 ■weight 183 grs. — S. 21. 2s. (p. s.) 
 
 Brutii — Mionnet, No. 757 : very rare, 
 and in perfect preservation. — G. 
 12 /. 15s. 
 
 Brutii — (Obv.) head of Juno, behind 
 which is a cup : — (rev.) an eagle, 
 with wings extended, standing on a 
 thunderbolt, in front of Neptune ; as 
 fine as if fresh from the die ; weight 
 70 grs. — S. 1/. 14s. (t. s.) 
 
 Byzantium — (Rev.) Neptune seated ; 
 Mionnet, No. 202 ; extremely rare. — 
 S. 12/. (t. s.) 
 
 Cales in Campania — CALENO ; branch, 
 instead of tripod ; well preserved. 1 1. 
 (p. s.) 
 
 Camarina — (Obv.) UIIIAPIS retro- 
 grade: (rev.) KAMAPINAION. This 
 coin is excellently preserved, and of 
 extreme rarity ; weight 133-j-C grs. 
 — S. 11/. 10s. (t. s.) 
 
 Catana — KATANAI02 ; no device be- 
 hind the head ; fine, hut in middling 
 condition. — S. 21. 10s. (t. s.) 
 
 Caulonia in Bruttium — Mionnet, pi. 59, 
 No. 2. A very excellent specimen of 
 this rare incused coinage ; weight 
 123 r l r , grs. — S. 21. 3s. (t. s.) 
 
 Chalcis in Macedonia — (Obv.) head of 
 Apollo laureate: (rev.)XAAKIAEHN; 
 lyre; fine, and rare; weight 221 grs. 
 — S. 5/. 12s. (p. s.) 
 
 Cl azomens — (Obv.) laureate head of 
 Apollo seen nearly full face, but in- 
 clines to r. : (rev.) swan, wings raised, 
 with KAAZOMENION ; weight 250 
 grs. — S. 10/. 10s. (p. s.) 
 
 Cnossus in Crete — Diademed head of Ju- 
 piter to r. : (rev.) KNn[2]l[GN] ; 
 square labyrinth ; well preserved, and 
 rare; weight 252^ grs. — S. 12/. 5s. 
 (p. s.) 
 
 Cossea in Thrace — Mionnet, No. 445. A 
 fine specimen; weight 128 T 6 0 grs. — G. 
 1/. 4s. (t. s.) 
 
 Crotona — (Obv.) KPOTHNIATA2; head 
 of Apollo to r. laureate, and with long 
 hair : (rev.) the Infant Hercules, seen 
 in front, seated on a rock, strangling 
 the two serpents ; fine work and con- 
 dition. — S. 3/. 5s. (r. s.) 
 
 Cumae. — (Obv.) Archaic female bead to 
 r. bound with a fillet : (rev.) KYME, 
 boustrophidon ; oyster, on which is 
 placed a palm-tree ; Mionnet, No. 1 38, 
 cites this identical coin; extremely rare 
 type, if not ucique. — S. 1/. 8s. (p.s.) 
 
 Oyrene — (Obv.) KYPANAIflN ; quadriga 
 tor.: (Rev.) Jupiter seated ; of high 
 rarity and in perfect condition : 
 weight 132-^ grs. — G. 15/. (p.s.) 
 
 Elis — (Obv.) Head of Jupiter bearded, 
 and laureate to /. : (Rev.) FAAEIHN 
 around an eagle to r., standing on the 
 capital of an Ionic column. — S. 
 1/. 15s. (p.s.) 
 
 Ephesus (two silver coins of) — The type 
 of the bee with E4>, and E4>E, 
 rev., stag standing tor. 21. 5s. (p.s.) 
 
 Eretria in Euboea. — Head of Artemis to 
 r., bow and quiver behind : (rev.) 
 EPETPI, bull to r. lying down, in 
 exergue AAMA2I. Of fine work- 
 manship. — S. 5s. (p. s.) 
 
 Gelas — The bull with the human face, to 
 r. ; weight 269 T 6 n grs. — S. 18s. (t. s.) 
 
 Similar to last, with TEAA2 — S. 1 /. 1 2s. 
 
 Heraclea — Head of Apollo to /., EA 
 a dolphin ; rev, Hercules standing, club 
 in right hand,’ with left strangling 
 lion.— G. 3/. 15s. 
 
 Himera — (Obv.) Cock turned to r. ; 
 two pellets in the field. — S. 1/. 12s. 
 (t. s.) 
 
 Ryria in Campania — TPIAN02. Mion- 
 net, No. 319; very rare inscription. 
 19s. (t. s.) 
 
 Ilios— MENE«t>PON02 TOT MENE- 
 4>PONG2 ; to r., underneath, Pegasus 
 drinking ; extremely rare, and nearly 
 as it came from the die; weight 
 255-^ grs— S. 10/. 15s. 
 
 Lamia (a coin of) — Described by Mionnet. 
 with three others, all silver. 21. 17s. 
 (p. s.) 
 
 Lampsacus — (Rev.) The forepart of a 
 horse to r., with curled wings in 
 Archaic style, in an indented square ; 
 of extreme rarity. — S. 40/. 10s. 
 
 Larissa — (Obv.) Full face of the foun- 
 tain Hyperia personified : (rev.) 
 
 AAPI ; horse to r. drinking ; the 
 obverse very good ; with three others, 
 all silver. — 21. 17s. (p. s.) 
 
PRICES OF GREEK AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 573 
 
 Leontini — (Obv.) Head of Apollo laureate, 
 A EONTINYM ; lion’s head in pro- 
 file, three grains of barley, and fish. 
 — S. 11. Is. (p. s.) 
 
 Lete — Of peculiarly rude workmanship, 
 with three pellets on each side of the 
 figures; weight 152 T 8 0 grs., with 
 another of same town. — 21. 12s. (p.s.) 
 
 Locri — Head of Jupiter bearded, and 
 laureated, to the right, under the neck, 
 ZEY2 ; (Rev.) EIPHNH AOKPHN ; 
 female figure holding a caduceus in 
 extended right hand, seated on a 
 square altar, on which is sculptured 
 a bucanium ; good condition and of 
 extreme rarity. — S. 12/. 15s. (t. s.) 
 
 Lydia — Early gold ; lion and bull facing : 
 (rev.) two irregular, unequal, in- 
 dented squares. — 30/. 10s. (p.s.) 
 
 Macedonia, in general — (Rev.) AESIL- 
 LAS ; Mionnet, p. 455, No. 33 ; as 
 it came from the die ; weight 264-j l 0 
 grs. — S. 2/. 7s. (t. s.) 
 
 Maronea — A tetradrachma of usual size.; 
 and reads AI0NY20Y. 2HTHP02 ; 
 retrograde, but not of archaic work ; 
 as it came from the die, and un- 
 common. — S. 15s. (p. s.) 
 
 Messana — Under a hare, the head of 
 Pan, turned to the r. ; fine and rare. 
 21. 2s. (t.s.) 
 
 Morgantia — (Obv.) MOPTANTINflN ; 
 Minerva with crested helmet, full- 
 face ; same inscription on rev. — S. 
 21. 12s. (t. s.) 
 
 Metapontum in Lucania — (Obv.) head of 
 Ceres to the left, with ear-rings and 
 necklace, hair flowing, behind is 
 AY : (rev.) META ; ear of bearded 
 wheat, and an uncertain symbol in 
 the field ; most beautiful work ; ex- 
 cellent preservation ; weight 121 grs. 
 — S. 6/. 8s. (t.s.) 
 
 Miletus — Apollo to l. MI ; perfect con- 
 dition ; weight 102^ grs., with 
 another of Miletus ; both silver. — 
 3/. Is. (p. s.) 
 
 Myrina in Aeolis (a false gold coin of) — 
 Cast and tooled ; weight 444 grs. — 
 S. 31. 18 s. 
 
 Naxus — Old fawn sitting near a plant 
 of ivy and holding a thyrsus. — S. 
 16/. 15s. (t.s.) 
 
 Keapolis — Mionnet pt. 1, pi. 7, No. 6 ; 
 
 good condition, and three otheie, all 
 silver: weight 151 grs.' — 1/. 5s. 
 (t.s.) 
 
 Neapolis — (Obv.) female head to the left*, 
 a vase with one handle behind : (rev.) 
 bull with a human face, walking 
 to r. ; underneath BI ; above, a 
 winged Victory, with a wreath ; 
 weight 114-j? n grs. — S. 21. 5s. (t.s.) 
 
 Nola in Campania, but with the legend 
 NHAAIEIN ; rare, and in perfect 
 preservation. — S. 1/. 17s. (t. s). 
 
 Orestae — HPH2KI[flN] retrograde, 
 with a pellet under the centaur ; 
 rubbed, but in fair condition. — S. 
 21. 8s. (t. s.) 
 
 Panormus — Head of Hercules with lion 
 skin to r. : (rev.) well defined Phoe- 
 nician letters under horse’s head ; 
 palm-tree behind, club in front ; 
 weight 265 grs. — S. 1/. 6s. (p. s.) 
 
 Panormus — Large head, surrounded by 
 a circle of dots. — G. 1/. 9s. lOtf. 
 
 (p. s.) 
 
 Panticapeum in Chersonesus Taurica — 
 (Obv.) head of Pan to /, bearded, and 
 with wreath of ivy : (rev.) nAN 
 griffin to /, standing on an ear o’ 
 wheat, and in perfect condition f 
 weight 140 t 8 u grs. — G. 3/. 6s. (p. s.) 
 
 Pergamus — Cistophorus ; usual types ; 
 but on rev. (Lat.ins.j. C. PULCHER. 
 PRO. COS. above the serpents; of 
 the highest rarity, if not unique. 
 1/. 6s. (p. s.) 
 
 Populonia in Etruria. — Mionnet, p. 101, 
 No. 46 ; fine condition, and very rare. 
 — S. 1/. 10s. (p. s.) 
 
 Posidonia. Two coins ; 1st. MOn, usual 
 incused type, in fair condition ; 2nd, 
 another, same type, with FIO m . — 
 S. 1/. 9s. (p. s.) 
 
 Posidia — (Rev.) the equestrian Neptune, 
 to the left, with a star under the 
 horse ; weight 260 T \ grs. — S. 21. 4s. 
 (t. s.) 
 
 Rhegium — (Obv.) [PH]TIN02 — head 
 of Apollo to left, with broad wreath 
 of laurel formed of three rows of 
 leaves ; long hair ; the legend runs 
 in front of the head: (rev.) full- 
 
 faced head of a lion ; extremely rare. 
 — S. 15/. (t. s.) 
 
 Smyrna — With turreted head and 
 
574 
 
 PIUCES OF GREEK AUTONOMOUS COINS. 
 
 2MTPNAIflN in wreath of oak. 
 — S. 5/. (p. s.) 
 
 Suessano — Campania but with an ear 
 of wheat behind the head ; rare, 
 and in fine condition ; weight 113 j 4 ,, 
 grs. — S. If. 10s. (t. 8.) 
 
 Syracuse — 2YPAK02IH ; with K on the 
 diadem, and KIMflN, the name of the 
 engraver, on the dolphin under the 
 neck ; excellent preservation ; weight 
 668 t 5 0 grs.— S. 33/. (t. s.) 
 
 Syracuse — Behind the head a grain 
 of barley, likewise under Hercules, 
 ©n rev. weight 899 T 3 0 grs. — G. 
 15/. 15s., very high relief, (t. s.) 
 
 Syracuse — Under the head EYAINE, 
 name of engraver, fine expression 
 of face, a full spread coin, show- 
 ing the whole type on both sides. — 
 S. 15/. (t. s.) 
 
 Syracuse — (Obv.) Showing two dol- 
 phins, clear and well preserved ; rev. 
 head of the fourth horse not visible. 
 — S. 9/. (t. s.) 
 
 Tarentum in Campania — (Obv.) TAPA2, 
 retrograde, Taras on a dolphin to 
 the right, with his arms extended, 
 in archaic style : (rev.) TAPA2, 
 retrograde ; winged horse to the 
 left, and a scallop shell underneath ; 
 rare, and in very good condition ; 
 weight 120^ grs. — S. 14s. (t. s.) 
 
 Tarentum — (Obv.) horseman to the right, 
 with buckler ; two spears in his 
 left hand and a third in his right, 
 in the field, under the horse, KAA ; 
 (rev.) TAPA2, Taras on a dolphin 
 to the right, holding a helmet with 
 both hands ; or each side a star, 
 underneath A P. I ; most beau- 
 tiful work, and in surprising con- 
 dition. — S. 12/. (t. s.) 
 
 Tarentum — (Obv.) helmeted head of 
 
 Minerva to r, with flowing hair; 
 (rev.) Taras on a biga, to the right ; 
 above a star, and under the horses -a 
 dolphin. — G. 9/. 15s. (t. s.) 
 
 Teanum in Campania — TIANVR in 
 Oscan letters, retrograde ; Mionnet, 
 No. 262 ; but diota behind the head 
 of Hercules. — S. 31. Is. (t. 8.) 
 
 Terina — (Obv.) female head to the left, 
 hair like that of Diana ; (rev.) TE- 
 PINAION ; winged female seated 
 to the left on a vase and holding a 
 wreath in her extended right hand ; 
 in perfect condition and rare ; weight 
 117-j^jr grs. — S. 71. (t. s.) 
 
 Thasus, island near Thrace — (Obv.) Satyr 
 carrying off female ; (rev.) indented 
 square as usual ; well preserved. — S. 
 10s. (p. 8.) 
 
 Thebes — Buckler and vase, with 0E 
 and bunch of grapes pendent from 
 r handle of vase ; with two others, 
 one of Orchomenus, and another 
 of Thebes, all silver. 1/. 11s. (t. s.) 
 
 Thurium in Lucania — (Obv.) head of 
 Minerva to r; d> in the field in 
 front of the helmet, and a griffin on 
 the neck of it ; (rev.) 0OYPIHN ; 
 a bull tossing, to the right, and a fish 
 in the exergue; of very fine work- 
 manship, and in fine condition. — 
 S. 21/. (t. s.) 
 
 Telia in Lucania — (Obv.) head of Mi- 
 nerva to the right, the hair turned 
 up behind, and tied ; (rev.) YEAH- 
 THN in the exergue ; a lion walking 
 to the r; above is a trident, be- 
 tween the letters I ; rare type, 
 perfect preservation, and fine work ; 
 weight 11 7 T 9 n grs. — S. 3/. Is. (t. s.) 
 
 Zancles — Mionnet, pi. 47, fig. 5 ; fine 
 condition, and very rare. — S. 4/. 10s. 
 (t. s.) 
 
A FULL LIST OF THE ANCIENT COINS OF PRINCES 
 
 (OR REGAL COINS) 
 
 OP 
 
 EUROPE, ASIA, AND AFRICA, 
 
 IN 
 
 6oft, .Sifter, anil Copper, 
 
 STATING THEIR COMPARATIVE DEGREES OF RARITY. 
 
 The Gold are marked G.; the Silver, S.; the Copper, Br. ( for Bronze ) ; the Electrum, El.; 
 the Lead, PI. or L.; and Base Silver, Po. or Pot., for Potin. Those marked C. are 
 Common; those of the highest degrees of rarity, R. 7 or R. 8 dec. ; and of the lower degrees 
 of rarity, R. 1 or R.* dec. 
 
 Agrigentum, Tyrants op. 
 
 Thero, from 476 to 472 b.c. The only 
 piece attributed to this prince is false. 
 Phintias, about the year 280 b.c. 
 Br.— R. 1 R. 8 
 
 Armenia, Kings of. 
 
 Arsames, about the year 245 b.c. 
 Br.— R. 8 
 
 Sames, uncertain date, Br. — R. 7 
 Pytliodoris (queen), uncertain date, 
 Br. — R. 7 The head of this queen 
 is found on the reverse of the coins of 
 Sames. 
 
 Xerxes , about the year 148 b.c. Br. 
 
 — R. 8 This silver piece is false. 
 Abdissarus, uncertain date, Br. — R. 8 
 Mithridates, about the year 148 b.c. 
 Br.— R. 8 
 
 Tigranes I. The pieces of this king 
 are classed among those of Syria. 
 Artavasdes , from 61 to 34 b.c. Br. 
 — R . 8 
 
 Tigranes IV. and Erato , his sister and 
 wife, uncertain date ; but about the 
 commencement of the Christian 
 era. Br.— R. 7 
 
 Aristobulus and Erato, his wife, un- 
 certain date ; Br. — R. 8 
 Babylon, Kings op. 
 
 Titnarchus , Contemporary of Antiochus | 
 
 IV., king of Syria, about the vear 
 160 b.c. Br.— R. 8 
 
 Bactria, Kings op. 
 
 Theodotus I., about the year 257 b.c. 
 There are no coins known of this 
 prince. 
 
 Theodotus II . , from 240 to 220 b.c. 
 There are no coins known of this 
 prince. 
 
 Euthydemus, about the year 220 b.c. 
 G.— R 8 
 
 Heliocles , uncertain date. S. — R. 8 
 Eucratides /., from 165 to 150 b.c. 
 S.— R. 8 
 
 Bosphorus only, Kings of. 
 
 Ti. Jul. Sauromates I., contemporary of 
 Augustus and Tiberius. Br. — R. 4 
 R. 6 Imperial Br. — R. 8 Of Augus- 
 tus and Tiberius. 
 
 Pepaepiris or Gepaepiris, wife of Sau- 
 romates. Br. — R.° The last of 
 
 these two names was most probably 
 the real one of this princess. 
 Rhescuporis I., contemporary of Au- 
 gustus Tiberius and Caligula. B. — 
 R. 6 Imperial G.— R. 2 It. 4 R. 6 R. 8 
 Of Augustus Tiberius and Caligula. 
 Mithridates, contemporary of Claudius* 
 Br.— R. 6 
 
570 
 
 ANCIENT COINS OF PRINCES, 
 
 Coty * I. contemporary of Claudius and 
 Nero. Imperial G. — R. 6 Br. — R. 4 
 Of Claudius, of Agrippina the young, 
 and of Nero. 
 
 Rhescuporis II , contemporary of Do- 
 mitian. Imperial G. — R. 8 Of Do- 
 mitian. 
 
 Sauromates II., contemporary of Adrian 
 and Trajan. Br. — R. 4 R. 6 Impe- 
 rial G. — R. 4 Of Trajan and Hadrian. 
 
 Ootys II., contemporary of Hadrian. 
 Br.— R.« Imperial G.— R.® Of 
 
 Hadrian. 
 
 Rhoemetalces, contemporary of Hadrian 
 and Antoninus. Br. — R.® Imperial 
 G. — R. 4 Of Antoninus and M. Au- 
 relius. 
 
 Eupator, contemporary of Antoninus 
 and M. Aurelius. Br. — R. 6 Im- 
 perial G. — R. 4 Of Antoninus, of 
 M. Aurelius, and of L. Verus. 
 
 Sauromates III., contemporary of M. 
 Aurelius, of Commodus, and of Sep- 
 timus Severus. Br. — R.® Imperial 
 G.— R. 4 R. 8 El.— R. 4 S.— R® Of 
 
 M. Aurelius, of Commodus, of Sep- 
 timus Severus, and of Caracalla. 
 
 Rhescuporis III., contemporary of 
 Caracalla, of Eliogabalus, and of 
 Alexander Severus. Br. — R.° Im- 
 perial G.— R.« El.— R.® S.— R. 6 
 
 Of Caracalla, of Eliogabalus, and of 
 Alexander Severus. 
 
 Ootys III., contemporarv of Alexander 
 Severus. G.— R.« El.— R.« S.— 
 
 R.® Of Alexander Severus. 
 
 Sauromates IV., contemporary of Alex- 
 ander Severus. Imperial S. — R. 8 
 Of Alexander Severus. 
 
 Ootys IV., contemporary of Alexander 
 Severus. Imperial S. — R.® Br. — 
 
 R. ® Of Alexander Severus. 
 
 Ininthimeuus, contemporary of Alex- 
 ander Severus. Br. — R.® Imperial 
 
 S. — R.® Br. — R.® Of Alexander 
 
 Severus. 
 
 Rhescuporis IV., contemporary with 
 the Emperors from Maximin to 
 Gallienus. Imperial S. — R. 4 Po. 
 — R. 4 R.8 Br.— R. 4 R. 8 From 
 Maximin to Gallienus. . 
 
 Sauromates V., contemporary of Pro- 
 bus. Imperial Br. — R. 8 Of Probus. 
 
 T&iranes, contemporary of Probus. 
 Imperial Br. — R.® Of Probus. 
 
 Thothorscs, contemporary of Diocletian. 
 Imperial Br. — ll. 4 R.® Of Diocle- 
 tian. 
 
 Sauromates VI., contemporary of Con- 
 stantine the Great. Imperial Br. — 
 R. 8 Of Constantine the Great. 
 
 Rhescuporis V., contemporary of Con- 
 stantine the Great. Imperial Br. — 
 R. 3 Of Constantine the Great. 
 
 Sauromates VII. No coins of this 
 king are known. 
 
 Bythinia, Kings op. 
 
 Nicomedes I., from 276 to 250 b.c. S. 
 
 R. 8 Br.— R. 4 
 
 Zelas, son of Nicomedes. There are 
 no coins of this prince. 
 
 Prusias I., from about 230 to 187 b.c. 
 
 S. — R. 8 Br.— C. R. 4 Some gold 
 pieces are false. The bronze pieces 
 are uncertain whenever they are of 
 Prusias I. or II. 
 
 Prusias II., reigned from 187 to 149 
 b.c. S.— R. 5 Br.— C. R. 4 
 
 Nicomedes II. (Epiphanes,) from 149 
 to 93 b.c. G. — R. 8 S.— R. 6 
 
 Nicomedes III. (Epiphanes,) from 93 
 to 73 b.c. S.— R. 8 
 
 Oradaltis, queen of Bythinia, uncer. 
 tain date. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Musa Orsobaris, queen of Bythinia, 
 uncertain date. Br — R.® 
 
 Cappadocia, Kings of. 
 
 Ariarathes IV. reigned to the year 
 220 b.c. S.— R. 8 
 
 Ariarathes V. (Eusebes), from 220 to 
 166 b.c. Br.— R. 2 R. 3 
 
 Ariarathes VI. (Philopator), from 166 
 to 132 b.c. S.— It. 3 R. 7 
 
 Ariarathes VII. (Epiphanes), from 
 132 to 117 b.c. S— R. 2 
 
 Ariarathes VIII. (Philometor), from 
 117 to 105 b.c. S.— R. 3 
 
 Ariobarzanes I. (Philoromaeus), from 
 91 to 58 b.c. S.— R. 2 
 
 Ariobarzanes II. (Philopator), from 
 66 to 52 b.c. The first eight years 
 he lived in union with his father. 
 S.— R. 6 
 
 Ariobarzanes III. (Philoromaeus 
 Eusebes), from 52 to 42 b.c. S. — 
 R. 4 R. 6 
 
 Ariarthes X. (Eusebes Philad' phus), 
 from 42 to 36 b.c. S. — R.' 
 
ANCIENT COINS OF PIIINCES, 
 
 577 
 
 Archelaus , from 36 b.c. to 17 a.d. 
 S.— R J 
 
 Caria, Kings of. 
 
 Hecatomnus, died about 381 b.c. S. 
 — R. 8 
 
 Mausolus, died about 353 b.c. S. — 
 R. 5 R. 5 
 
 Artemisia , sister and wife of Mau- 
 solus. There are no authentic pieces 
 of this queen. 
 
 Hidrieus , died in 344 b.c. S. — R. 6 
 
 R. 7 
 
 Ada, sister and wife of Hidrieus. 
 
 There are no pieces of this queen. 
 Pixodarus, died in 336 b.c. G. — R. 8 
 
 S. — R. 6 
 
 Othontopates, reigned about 334 b.c. 
 S.— R. 8 
 
 Cassandrea, Kings of. 
 
 Apollodorus , uncertain date. . . . R. 8 
 Pinkerton, who mentions this coin, 
 neither designates the metal or the 
 
 model. 
 
 Chalcidis, Tetrarchs and Kings of. 
 Ptolemaeus (son of Mannaeus, tetrarch), 
 reigned in the time of Pompey, and 
 died in 60 b.c. Br. — R. 6 
 Lysanias (son of Ptoiemy, tetrarch), 
 reigned in the year 60 b.c. Br. — 
 R. 6 
 
 Herodes III. (king). The pieces of this 
 prince are classed to the kings of 
 Judaea, because he was king over 
 that country also, which was the 
 principal seat of his authority, as 
 are those of Agrippa II. 
 
 Characf.ne, Kings of. 
 
 Piraeus , contemporary of Seleucus II., 
 King of Syria, S. — R. 2 
 Artabazes, contemporary of Arsaces 
 XII., King of Paithia. S. — R. 5 
 
 Attambilus, contemporary of Augustus 
 and of Arbaces XV., King uf Syria, 
 Po.— R. 7 
 
 Aainnigaus, contemporary of the Em- 
 peror Tiberius and of Arbaces XIX., 
 King of Parthia. Po. — R. 8 
 ilonneses, contemporary of the Empe- 
 ror Trajan and of Arbaces XXVI., 
 King of Parthia. Br. — R 8 
 
 Artapanus, or Ertapanas, reigned 
 during the beginning of the third 
 century. Po. — R. 8 Br. — R. 8 
 
 Cibyra, Kings of. 
 
 Moagetes , uncertain date. Br. — R. 4 
 R. 6 
 
 Amiutas, uncertain date. Br. — R. 9 
 
 Uliotis, uncertain date. S. — R. 8 
 
 Cilicia, Kings of. 
 
 Tarcondimotus I., contemporary of 
 J. Caesar and Augustus. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Philopator I. or II, contemporary of 
 Augustus. Br. — R. 8 
 
 CoMMAGENE, KlNGS OF. 
 
 Antiochus IV. (Epiphanes, Magnus, 
 Deus), from 40 to 70 a.d. Br. — R. 2 
 R. 6 Some of the coins of this prince 
 bear the name of Iotape. Some of 
 the pieces of this prince bear also 
 the names of the towns where they 
 were struck. 
 
 Iotape, the wife of Antiochus IV. Br. 
 — R. 3 R. 6 
 
 Epiphanes and Callinicus, about the 
 year 70 b.c. Some pieces bear the 
 name of Antiochus IV., the father of 
 these princes. Some bear the name 
 of Lacanata in Cilicia and Lvcaonia. 
 
 Cyprus, Kings of. 
 
 Evagoras, reigned about 350 b.c. S. 
 — R. 8 Br— R. 8 L.— R. 8 (See 
 
 article in body of work.) 
 
 Nicocles. king of Paphus, uncertain 
 date. S. — R. 8 The known piece 
 does not bear the prince’s head. 
 
 Cyrenaica, Kings of (Africa). 
 
 Opinion , uncertain date. S. — R. 8 
 
 Magas, contemporary of Ptolemy I. 
 and II., died in 256 b.c. Br. — it . 5 
 
 Ptolemaeus (commonly called Apron), 
 died in 96 b.c. S.— R. 7 Br.— R.« 
 
 Damascus, Kings of. 
 
 Aretas, uncertain date. Br. — R. 6 
 
 Edessa, Kings of. 
 
 Mannus, contemporary of Hadrian. 
 The coin published of this king is 
 false. 
 
 p p 
 
578 
 
 ANCIENT COINS OF THINCES. 
 
 Abgarus, contemporary of Marcus 
 Aurelius and Lucius Yerus. The 
 published piece of this king is 
 doubtful. 
 
 Mannus , contemporary of Marcus 
 Aurelius and Lucius Yerus. Im- 
 perial Br. — R. 4 R. 6 Of Marcus 
 Aurelius, of Faustinus the young, of 
 L. Yerus, and Lucilius. 
 
 Abgarus , contemporary of Commodus. 
 Imperial Br. — R. 3 Of Commodus. 
 
 Abgarus , contemporary of Septimus 
 Severus. Br. — R.6 Imperial Br. — 
 C. — R.* Of Septimus Severus. The 
 autonomous coins of this prince have 
 on the reverse his son Mannus. 
 
 Mannus (son of Abgarus), contempo- 
 rary of Caracalla. Br. — R. 6 Im- 
 perial Br. — It. 8 Of Caracalla. 
 
 Abgarus , contemporary of Gordian the 
 Pious. Imperial Br.— C. — R. 3 Of 
 Gordian the Pious. 
 
 Egypt, Kings of. 
 
 Ptolemaeus I. (Soter), from 385 to 2S5 
 b.c. G.— R. 4 R.» S.— R. 2 R. 5 Br. 
 — C. R. 4 Some of the bronze pieces 
 of this prince have on the reverse 
 the head of Berenice. Others were 
 struck in Cyrenaica, with the mo- 
 nogram of Mages, king of that 
 country. Some pieces have also the 
 monogram of Tyre, in Phoenicia. 
 
 Berenice. Br. — C. R. 8 Those pieces 
 with the head of Berenice alone are 
 very rare, and were struck in Cyre- 
 naica with the monogram of Magas. 
 
 Ptolemaeus II. (Philadelpbus), from 
 285 to 246 b.c. S.— R. 1 R. 3 Br.— 
 R. 2 R. 5 Some copper pieces of this 
 prince have also the heads of Soter 
 and Berenice, and others with those 
 of Soter and Arsinoe. 
 
 Arsinoe , wife of Ptolemaeus Philadel- 
 phus. G.— R. 3 R. 8 S.— R. 6 Br. 
 
 — R . 4 
 
 Ptolemaeus III. (Evergetes), from 
 246 to 221 b.c. S.— R. 4 Br.— It. 2 
 R. 6 Restored by this prince with 
 the words ©EHN AAEA4>flN. G. 
 ■ — R. 4 R. 8 Some copper coins of this 
 prince have on the reverse the head 
 of Berenice, his wife. The pieces 
 restored by this prince in honour 
 of his father and grandfather, have 
 
 on one side the heads of Soter and 
 Berenice, and on the other those of 
 Philadelphus and Arsinoe, with the 
 legend 0EHN AAEA4»nN. This 
 legend is nearly always divided into 
 two ; th? one word on one side, and 
 the other ou *he other. 
 
 Berenice , wife of Ptolemaeus III. G. 
 — R.6 R. 8 S.— R. 7 Br.— R.« 
 
 Ptolemaeus IV. (Philopator), from 221 
 to 204 b.c. G.— R. 8 S.— R. 8 
 
 Arsinoe , wife of Ptolemaeus IV. G. 
 — R. 8 
 
 Ptolemaeus (F.piphanes), from 204 to 
 181 b.c. G.— R. 8 S.— R. 7 One 
 
 silver bears the name of Berytus, in 
 Phoenicia. 
 
 Ptolemaeus VI. (Philcmetor), from 
 181 to 146 b.c. S.— R. 8 Po.— R. 1 
 Br. — R. 4 Some pieces, although 
 they do not bear the name Philo- 
 metor, are attributed to this prince. 
 
 Ptolemaeus VII. (Evergetes II., com- 
 monly Physcon), from 146 to 116 
 b.c. S.— R. 2 R. 4 Br.— R. 1 R. 3 
 
 Cleopatra (wife of Ptolemaeus VII.), 
 reigned first with her eldest son, 
 Ptolemy VII., and afterwards with 
 her second son Ptolemy IX. , from 
 116 to 89 b.c. Br. — C. R. 4 Some 
 pieces have on the obverse the head 
 of Jupiter Ammon with the name of 
 Cleopatra, and on the reverse two 
 eagles on a thunderbolt, instead of 
 one only, which is the ordinary type 
 of the coins of the Egyptian kings. 
 It is thought that these two eagles 
 signify two reigning powers united, 
 viz., that of her and her two sons. 
 
 Ptolemaeus VIII. (Deus Soter II., com- 
 monly called Lathurus), reigned first 
 with his mother Cleopatra from 116 
 to 106, and then alone from 88 to 
 81 b.c. G.— R. 8 Br. — R. 1 R. 2 
 
 Some of these pieces in bronze have 
 the head of Jupiter Ammon, and on the 
 reverse the legend I1TOAEMAIOT 
 BA2IAEH2. 
 
 Cleopatra (Selene), wife of Ptolemy 
 VIII. Br.— R.* 
 
 Ptolemaeus IX. (Alexander I.), reigned 
 first with his mother Cleopatra from 
 106 to 89 b.c., and then alone from 
 89 to 88 b.c. Br.— C. R. 2 
 
 Ptolemaeus X. (Alexander II.), from 
 
ANCIENT COINS OF PRINCES. 
 
 579 
 
 81 to 65 b.c. There are no certain 
 coins of this prince. 
 
 Ptolemaeus XI. (Neos Dionysos, com- 
 monly called Aulptes), from 59 to 
 56 b.c. Br. — R. 3 
 
 Ptolemaeus XII. (Dionysos), from 56 
 to 41 b.c. S.— R. 4 
 
 Ptolemaeus XIII. (from 47 to 42 b.c.) 
 There are no certain coins of this 
 prince. 
 
 Cleopatra , reigned first with Ptolemy 
 XII., her eldest brother and husband, 
 from 50 to 47 b.c., afterwards with 
 Ptolemy XIII., her younger brother 
 and second husband, from 47 to 42 
 b.c., and then alone to 30 b.c. S. — 
 R. 8 Br.— R. 4 R. 5 Imperial S.— R. r > 
 Br.— R. 8 R. 4 
 
 Epirus, Kings of. 
 
 Arisbas, from 351 to 342 b.c. This 
 prince usurped part of Epirus in the 
 reign of Neoptolemus, his brother. 
 The pieces attributed to him belong 
 to Thebae, in Bceotia. 
 
 Neoptolemus, about 350 b.c. Br. — R. 6 
 
 Alexander /., from 342 to 326 b.c. 
 G.— R. 8 S.— R. 6 R. 8 Br.— R. 8 
 
 Phthia (mother of Pyrrhus) . Br. — R. 8 
 These pieces also bear the name of 
 Pyrrhus. 
 
 Pyrrhus, from 294 to 271 B.c. G. — 
 R. 3 R.8 S.— R. 3 R. 8 Br.— R. 1 R. 4 
 
 Some of the coins of Pyrrhus were 
 struck in Italy and Sicily. 
 
 Alexander II., about 272 B.c. S. — R. 4 
 R.® Br.— R. 3 
 
 Ptolemaeus, uncertain date. Br. — R. 3 
 
 Mostis. The pieces attributed to this 
 prince have been restored to a 
 Thracian king of the same name. 
 
 Galatia, Kings of. 
 
 Bitovius, uncertain date, Br. — R. 4 
 
 Bitoviogogus, uncertain date, Br. — R. 7 
 
 Bitucus, uncertain date, Br. — R. 6 
 
 Caeantolus, uncertain date, Br. — R. 6 
 
 Psamytes , uncertain date, Br. — R. 6 
 
 Aetolobus, uncertain date, Br. — R. 6 
 
 Brogitarus , from the year 56 b.c. S. 
 — R . 8 
 
 Deiotarus , contemporary of Pompey 
 and J. Csesar. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Amyntas, contemporary of Marc An- 
 tony and Augustus. Br. — R. 3 
 
 Heraclea, Kings and Tyrants of. 
 
 Timotheus and Dionysius, contempo- 
 rary of Philip II., king of Macedon. 
 S.— R 6 
 
 Dionysius (alone), contemporary of 
 Alexander the Great. S. — R.<* 
 
 Amastris, wife of Dionysius. S. — R. 7 
 Br.— R. 8 
 
 Adaeus, uncertain date. Br. — R. 5 
 
 Illyricum, Kings of. 
 
 Demetrius, about the year 220 b.c. 
 S.— R. 8 
 
 Oentius , about the year 165 b.c. Br. 
 — R . 8 
 
 Ballaeus, uncertain date. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Zarias, uncertain date. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Judaja, Kings and Princes of. 
 
 These pieces were struck in the name 
 or by the order of these princes. 
 
 Simeon (prince), fvom 144 to 135 b.c. 
 S — R. 4 R. 8 Br.— R.» R. 3 Struck 
 in the reign of Trajan and Hadrian. 
 S. — R. 8 Samaritan legend. The 
 pieces of Simeon which were struck 
 in the reign of Trajan are very sin- 
 gular. 
 
 Alexander Jannaeus and Jonatan , 
 (kings). Alexander Jannaeus reigned 
 from 105 to 79 b.c. The date ot 
 Jonatan is unknown. Br. — R. 3 R. :i 
 Bilingual legends, Greek and Sama- 
 ritan. 
 
 Antigonus (king), from 40 to 38 b.c. 
 Br. — R. 5 Bilingual legends, Greek 
 and Samaritan. 
 
 He rodes Magnus (tetrarch), after- 
 wards king, from 40 to 4 b.c. Br. 
 — R. 4 R. 5 
 
 Arclielaus (ethnarch of Judoea), from 
 4 b.c. to ... . a.d. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Her odes Antipas (tetrarch of Galilee), 
 from 4 b.c. to 39 a.d. Br. — R. 4 R. 6 
 Imperial Br. — R. 7 Of Caligula. 
 
 Philippus (tetrarch of Trachonitis), 
 from 4 b.c. to 34 a.d. Imperial 
 Br. — R. 5 Of Augustus. 
 
 Agrippa I. Magmis (king), from 36 to 
 44 a.d. Br. — R. 8 Imperial Br. — 
 R. 5 Of Caligula and Claudius. 
 
 Herodes III. (king of Chalcidis), con- 
 temporal y of Claudius. Impel ial 
 Br. — R. 7 Of Claudius. 
 
 I Agrippa II. (king of Chalcidis), from 
 
 p p 2 
 
5S0 
 
 ANCIENT COINS OE PRINCES. 
 
 48 to 99 a.d. Br. — R. 1 R. 3 Im- 
 perial Br. — R. 1 R. 6 Of Nero, Ves- 
 pasian, Titus, and Domitian. 
 Zenodorus , contemporary of Augustus. 
 Imperial Br. — R. 5 Of Augustus. 
 
 Lacedemonia, Kings of. 
 
 Agesilaus, uncertain date. S. — R.® 
 Polydorus. — The coins of this prince 
 being only published by Golzius, are 
 doubtful. . . 
 
 Areus. S. — R. 8 
 Cleomenes III. S. — R. 8 
 
 Macedonia, Kings of. 
 
 The ancient uncertain kings. S. — R. 8 
 
 R. 6 These are the coins belonging 
 to the predecessors of Alexander I., 
 of ■whom the names are unknown. 
 
 Alexander I., from 497 to 454 b.c. 
 
 S. — R. 4 R. 7 
 
 Perdiccas II., from 454 to 413 B.c. 
 S.— R. 8 
 
 Archelaus I., from 413 to 399 b.c. 
 
 S.— R. 4 It. 7 Br— R. 4 R. 7 
 Aeropus III., about the year 399 b.c. 
 
 S.— R. 8 Br. — R. 8 l!— R. 8 
 
 Pausanias, reigned during the year 
 398 b.c. S.— R. 8 Br.— R. 8 
 Amyntas II., from 397 to 371 b.c. 
 
 S.— R. 4 R. 8 Br.— C. R.5 
 Alexander II., reigned during the year 
 371 b.c. Br.— R. 3 R. 6 
 Perdiccas III., from 366 to 359 b.c. 
 S.— R. 8 Br.— R. 3 
 
 Philippus II., from 359 to 336 b.c. 
 
 G.— C. R. 2 S.— C. R. 6 
 
 Alexander III. (the Great), from 336 
 to 324 b.c. With the name alone, 
 G.— C. R. 4 Br.— C. R.° Struck in 
 several countries, G. — R. 4 R. 8 S. 
 — R. 1 R. 8 Br.— R. 3 With dates, 
 S. — R. 2 R. 4 With doubtful types, 
 S. — C. R. 6 With the title of king, 
 G. — C. R. 4 S.— C.R. 4 Br.— C.R. 4 
 
 Struck after his death, G. — R. 8 S. — 
 C. R. 8 Br.— C. R. 6 
 Philippus Aridaeus II., from 324 to 
 317 b.c. G.— R. 2 R. 7 S.— R. 1 R. 8 
 
 Br.— C. R. 3 
 
 Cassander, from 316 to 298 b.c. Br. — 
 C. R. 3 
 
 Philippus IV., from 298 to 297 b.c. 
 Br.— R. 3 
 
 Antipater. The pieces attributed to this 
 
 prince have been restored to Antigo- 
 nus Gonatas. 
 
 Alexander IV., from 297 to 294 b.c. 
 Br.— C. R. 4 
 
 Antigonus (King of Asia), reigned 
 during the year 292 b.c. G. — R. 8 
 S.— R. 4 Br.— R. 4 
 
 Demetrius I. (Poliorcetes), from 294 to 
 287 b.c. G.— R. 8 S.— R. 3 R. 8 
 
 Br.— R. 6 
 
 Antigonus I. (Gonatas), from 276 to 
 243 b.c. S.— R. 4 R. 7 Br.— C. R. a 
 Demetrius II., from 243 to 232 b.c. 
 Br.— R. 1 R.6 
 
 Antigonus II. (Doson), reigned .... 
 Br. — C. R. 2 The coins which may 
 be attributed to this prince are 
 mixed up with those of Antigonus 
 Gonatas. 
 
 Philipptis V., from 220 to 178 b.c. 
 
 S.— R. 2 R. 7 Br.— C. R. 4 
 Perseus , from 178 to 168 b.c. G. — R. s 
 
 S.— R. 4 R. 8 Br.— C. R. 3 
 Philippus VI. (Andriscus), reigned in 
 149 b.c. The pieces attributed to 
 this prince are of Philip V. 
 
 Numidia and Mauretania, Kings of 
 (Africa). 
 
 Bocchus, uncertain date. S. — R. 8 
 Juba I., contemporary of Julius Caesar. 
 G.— R. 8 S.— It. 1 R. 4 Po. R. 4 Br. 
 — R. 2 Most of these pieces have 
 the name Juba in Latin, and a 
 Numidian legend on the reverse. 
 Juba II., from 30 to 19 b.c. S. — R. 4 
 R. 8 Br. — R. 3 R. 6 Several pieces 
 have on the reverse the head of his 
 wife Cleopatra. Those bearing his 
 alone, have Latin legends only, but 
 those bearing that of his wife also, 
 are Latin on the side of the king, 
 and Greek on that of the queen. 
 Cleopatra. S. — R. 6 R. 8 . Br.— R. 5 R. 8 
 Ptolemaeus, the son of Juba II. S. — 
 R. 6 Br. — R. 4 R. 6 Imperial Br. — 
 R. 4 R. 7 Of Augustus and Tiberius. 
 These pieces have Latin legends, and 
 African characters. 
 
 Odrysses, Kings of the. 
 
 Amadocus, uncertain date. Br. — R. 8 
 Teres II., uncertain date. Br. — R. 8 
 Seuthes IV., uncertain date. Br. — R.* 
 These pieces were attributed by Car* 
 
ANCIENT COINS OF PRINCES. 
 
 5S1 
 
 to Seuthcs III., king of Thrace. 
 E. Q. Visconti has restored them to 
 Seuthes IV. 
 
 Cuba, Priests and Princes of. 
 
 Polemon , contemporary of Marc An- 
 thony. Imperial Br. — R. 7 ; of Marc 
 Anthony. These pieces bear the 
 names of some of the Cennati. 
 
 Ajax , contemporary of Augustus. 
 Br. — R. 7 Imperial Br. — R. 8 ; of 
 
 Augustus. Some of these pieces bear 
 the names of some of the Cennati. 
 
 Paeonia, Kings of. 
 
 Audoleon, from about the year 340 to 
 330 b.c. S. — R. 3 R.8 Br.— R. 8 
 
 Eupolemus, uncertain date. Br. — R. 6 
 
 Lycceius, uncertain date. S — R. 8 
 
 Patrons, uncertain date. S. — R. 5 
 
 Paphlagonia, Kings of. 
 
 Pylaemenses, uncertain date. Br. — R. 6 
 
 Parthia, Kings of. 
 
 Arsaces I., uncertain date. Br. — R. r> 
 
 Arsaces II. (Tiradates), uncertain 
 date. S.— R. G 
 
 Arsaces III. (Artabanus I.), uncertain 
 date. There are no pieces of this 
 king. 
 
 Arsaces IV. (Priapatius), uncertain 
 date. S.— R. 6 
 
 Arsaces V. (Phraates I.), from about 
 190 to 165 b.c. S.— R. 5 Br.— R. 8 
 
 Arsaces VI. (Mithridates I.), from 155 
 to 140 b.c. S.— R. 5 Br.— R. 6 
 
 Arsaces VII. (Phraates II.), from 140 
 to about 126 b.c. S.— R. 4 R. 5 
 
 Arsaces VIII. (Artabanus II.), about 
 the year 100 b.c. S. — R. 4 
 
 Arsaces IX. (Mithridates II.), from 
 95 to 90 b.c. S.— R. 4 
 
 Arsaces X. (Mnaskyres), uncertain 
 date. There are no coins of this 
 prince. 
 
 Arsaces XI. (Sanatroeces), from 77 to 
 7 0 b.c. S. — R. 5 Some of the pieces 
 of this king bear the name of Tam- 
 1 rax, in Parthia. 
 
 Arsaces XII. (Phraates III.), from 
 70 . to 60 b.c. S.— R. 4 R. 5 
 
 Arsaces XIII. (Mithridates III.), un- 
 certain date. There are no certain 
 coins of this king. 
 
 Arsaces XIV. (Orodes I.), from .... 
 to 37 b.c. S.— R. 1 R. 8 
 
 Aisaces XV. (Phraates IV.), uncertai* 
 date. S.— R. 2 R. 7 
 
 Ther?nusa (queen), wife of Phraates IV 
 S.— R. 7 
 
 Mnaskyres (king of Apolloniadis), 
 uncertain date. S. — It. 8 With 
 
 Phraates IV. 
 
 Arsaces XVI. (Phraataces), uncertain 
 date. There is no certain money of 
 this king. 
 
 Arsaces XVII. (Orodes II.), uncertain 
 date. There is no certain money of 
 this king. 
 
 Arsaces XVIII. (Vonones or Onones), 
 contemporary of Augustus and Tibe- 
 rius. S. — R. 8 
 
 Arsaces XIX. (Artabanus III.), from 
 .... to 41 a.d. S.— R. 8 
 
 Arsaces XX. (Bardanes), from .... to 
 47 a.d. S.— R. 8 
 
 Arsaces XXI. (Gotares), from .... to 
 50 a.d. S.— R.i R. 8 
 
 Meher dates (son of Vonones I.), reigned 
 during the year 49 a.d. S. — R. 8 
 
 Arsaces XXII. (Vonones or Onones II.) 
 uncertain date. There are no cer- 
 tain coins of this king. 
 
 Arsaces XXIII. (Vologeses I.), un- 
 certain date. S. — R. 7 
 
 Arsaces XXIV., uncertain 
 
 date. There are no certain coins of 
 this prince. 
 
 Arsaces XXV. (Pacorus), from 84 to 
 a.d. S.— R. 8 
 
 Arsaces XXVI. (Chosroes), from . . . . 
 to 122 a.d. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Arsaces XXVII. (Volageses II.), from 
 122 to 146 a.d. S.— R. 8 
 
 Arsaces XX VIII. (Volageses III.), from 
 146 to 190 a.d. S.— R. 4 R.° Po. 
 — R.« R. 4 Br.— R. 4 
 
 Arsaces XXIX. (Volageses IV.), from 
 190 to 196 a.d. Po.— R. 6 
 
 Arsaces XXX. (Volageses V.), from 
 . . . . to 219 a.d. Po. — R. 6 
 
 The uncertain Parthian Kings of the 
 name of Arsaces. 
 
 Po— R. 1 R. 6 Br.— R. 1 R. 6 There 
 are some pieces bearing the name 
 of Arsaces which cannot with cer- 
 tainty be attributed to any one of 
 the foregoing princes. 
 
582 
 
 ANCIENT COINS OF PRINCES. 
 
 Pergamus, Kings of. 
 
 Philetairus, third and second century 
 B.c. S.— R. 4 — R.® Br.— R.2 R. 4 
 
 The kingdom of Pergamus was 
 founded by Philetairus, a Paphla- 
 gonian of humble birth, in 281 b.c. 
 His successors bore the same name. 
 These coins are very beautifully 
 executed. 
 
 Of those Kings of Persia entitled 
 
 THE SASSANIDAE. 
 
 Some pieces of the Persian dynasty 
 bear unknown legends. 
 
 The Persian Artaxerxes having con- 
 quered the last of the Parthian 
 Arsacidae in the year 226 a.d., 
 re-established the Persian empire, 
 which had been destroyed under 
 Darius Codomannus. The new 
 dynasty took the name of Sassanean, 
 from Sassan, the grandfather of 
 Artaxerxes. The Sassanidan dynasty 
 reigned four centuries in Persia; 
 until the Saracens subdued it in the 
 seventh century. 
 
 Artaxerxes , or Ardisher, from 226 to 
 240 a.d. S.— R. 8 Po.— R. 7 Legend 
 in Sassanidan characters. 
 
 Sapor I. from 240 to 271 a.d. S. — 
 
 R. 4 
 
 Eormus , or Ilormisdas I, from 271 
 to 273 a.d. S. — R. 8 Legend in 
 Sassanidan characters. 
 
 Vararenes, or Bahrain I., from 272 
 to 276 a.d. G.— R. 8 S.— R. 8 Le- 
 gend in Sassanidan characters. 
 This prince reigned jointly with 
 Vararanes II. 
 
 Vararanes III., from 293 to 297 a.d. 
 G. — R. 8 S. — R. 8 Legend in Sas- 
 sanidan characters. This prince 
 reigned with Vararanes II. and 
 Narses. 
 
 Nurses , from 297 to 302 a.d. G. — R. 8 
 
 S. — R. 6 Legend in Sassanidan 
 characters. This prince reigned 
 with Vararanes II. and Vararanes 
 III. 
 
 Sapor, from 309 to 379 a.d. S. — 
 R. 8 R. s Legend in Sassanidan 
 characters. 
 
 Sapor III., from 383 to 388 a.d. S. 
 — R. 4 Legend in Sassanidan cha- 
 racters. 
 
 Pherae, Tyrants of. 
 
 Alexander, uncertain date. S. — R. 9 
 
 Pontes and Bosphorus Cimmerics, 
 Kings of. 
 
 Leuco II. and III. (kings of Bosporus', 
 died in the year 353 b.c. Br. — R. T 
 
 Paerisades II. (king of Bosporus), from 
 289 to b.c. G.— R. 8 
 
 Mithridates III. (king of Pontus), from 
 297 to 266 b.c. S.— R. 7 
 
 Pharnaces I. (king of Pontus), reigned 
 from 184 to 157 b.c. S.— R. 8 The 
 gold pieces are false. 
 
 Mithridates V. (Evergetus), king of 
 Pontus. S. — R. 9 
 
 Mithridates VI. (Eupator Dionysius), 
 king of Pontus and afterwards of 
 Bosphorus, from 123 to 62 b.c. G. — 
 R. 1 Br. — R. 4 R. 6 This was the 
 
 Mithridates who made his name so 
 celebrated by his obstinate resist- 
 ance to the power of Rome. 
 
 Pharnaces II. (king of Bosphorus and 
 afterwards of Pontus), from 62 to 
 47 b.c. G.— R. 7 S.— R. 7 
 
 Asunder, archon and afterwards king 
 of Bosphorus, from 46 to 13 b.c. G. 
 — R.s S.— R. 7 Br.— R. 8 L.— R. 8 
 
 Mithridates (Pergamenus), king of 
 Bosphorus, contemporary of Julius 
 Caesar. There are no coins of this 
 prince. 
 
 Poleino I. (king of Pontus, afterwards 
 of Bosphorus), from 13 b.c. to the 
 beginning of the Christian era. 
 Imperial S. — R. 7 Br. — R. 8 Of 
 Marc Antony and Augustus. 
 
 Pythodoris (wife of Polemo I.) Im- 
 perial S. — R. 8 Of Augustus and 
 
 Tiberius. 
 
 Polemo II. (king of Pontus and Bos- 
 phorus), reigned from 38 to 63 b.c. 
 Imperial S. — R. 5 R. 8 Br. — R. 8 Of 
 Claudius, Agrippina the younger, 
 and Nero. 
 
 Tryphaene (wife of Polemo II.) S. — 
 R. 8 Without his head. 
 
 Sicily, Kings and Tyrants of. 
 
 The coins which have been attributed 
 to Hiero I. and to Gelo, are now 
 fuilv admitted to have been struck 
 by the family of Hiero II. Those in 
 
ANCIENT COINS OE PRINCES. 
 
 5»3 
 
 the memory of Gelo being struck 
 during the period that Gelo the son 
 of Hiero, was associated with his 
 father in the government. 
 
 Thero, Dionysius , and Dionysius II. 
 No coin can with certainty be attri- 
 buted to any of these personages, so 
 that the coinage of Sicilian princes 
 and tyrants begins with Agathocles 
 and Hicetas, and terminates with the 
 family of Hiero II. 
 
 Agathocles, from 317 to 389 b.c. G. — 
 
 R. ’ R. 8 S.— R. 3 Br.— C. It. 2 
 
 Hicetas II., reigned about the year 
 
 280 b.c. G.— R. 2 
 
 Pyrrhus. The pieces of Pyrrhus struck 
 in Sicily have been attributed to 
 Epirus. 
 
 Hiero II., from 269 to 215 b.c. G. — 
 C. S.— R. 8 Br.— C. R. 2 
 
 Hieronymus, from zio to 214 b.c. R. 8 
 
 S. — R. 4 R. 8 Br.— R. 2 R. 8 
 
 Philistis, uncertain date. S. — R. 2 R. 6 
 
 These pieces, bearing the head of a fe- 
 male with a diadem, and the inscrip- 
 tion BA2IAI22A2.<I>IAI2TIA02 ) 
 are of very elegant workmanship. 
 All that is certain respecting these 
 coins is, that they belong to Sicily, 
 and are of the finest period. A 
 coin published by Swinton suggests 
 the idea that this queen reigned not 
 only in Sicily, but also in Malta. 
 This hypothesis was founded upon 
 a piece certainly false. It is now 
 generally thought by numismatists 
 that Philistis was a princess of the 
 family of Hiero II., and probably the 
 wife of his son Gelo. 
 
 Syria, Kings of. 
 
 Seleucus I. (Nicator), from 312 to 282 
 b.c. G.— R. 7 S.— R. 3 R. 5 Br.— 
 C. R. 2 Several copper pieces bear- 
 ing the name of Seleucus cannot 
 with certainty be attributed to one 
 monarch more than another of 
 this name. Several copper pieces 
 bear the name of Diocaesarea, where 
 they were struck. 
 
 Antiochus I. (Soter), from 282 to 262 
 b.c. G.— R.8 S.— R. 3 R. 4 Br.— 
 C. R. 2 Several pieces bearing the 
 name of Antiochus cannot be attri- 
 buted with certainty. 
 
 Antiochus II. (Dens), from 262 to 
 247 b.c. G.— R. 8 S.— R.‘ R. 8 
 
 Seleucus II. (Callinicus Pogon), from 
 247 to 226 b.c. G. — It. 8 S. — R. 6 
 Br.— C. It. 4 
 
 Antiochus (Hierax), about the vear 
 
 226 b.c. S.— It. 8 R. 7 
 
 Seleucus III. (Ceraunus), from about 
 
 227 to 224 B.c. S.— R. 4 
 Antiochus III. (Magnus), from 223 
 
 to 187 b.c. S.— R. 4 R. 6 Br.— C. 
 R. 3 
 
 Achceus, about the year 227 b.c. G. 
 — R. 8 Br.— R.® 
 
 Seleucus IV. (Philopator), from 187 
 to 176 b.c. 'S.— R. 4 Br.— R. 3 
 Antiochus IV. (Deus Epiphanes Ni- 
 cephorus), from 176 to 164 b.c 
 G.— R. 8 S.— R. 4 R. 8 Br.— C. R. f 
 Several of the pieces of this king 
 bear the names of the Asiatic towns 
 where they were struck. 
 
 Antiochus V. (Eupator), from 164 
 to 163 b.c. S.— R\ Br.— R 6 
 Demetrius I. (Soter), from 163 to 161 
 b.c., G.— R. 8 S.— R. 2 R. 6 Br.— 
 
 C. R. 3 It is not known as regards 
 several copper pieces bearing the 
 name of Demetrius to which Syrian 
 king of that name they belong. 
 Some copper pieces of this prince 
 bear the names of Tyre and of 
 Sidon, where they were struck. 
 Loadice, the wife of Demetrius ; she 
 reigned with Demetrius I. S. 
 — R. 7 
 
 Alexander I. (Theopator Evergetes 
 Epiphanes Nicepborus, commonly 
 Bala), from 151 to 146 b.c. S. — 
 R. 3 R. 4 Br.— C. R. 6 Some cop- 
 per pieces of this prince bear the 
 names of the several towns where 
 they were struck. 
 
 Demetrius II. (Deus Philadelphus 
 Nicator), from 146 to 126 b.c. S. 
 — R. 4 R. 6 Br. — C. R. 5 Some of the 
 bronze pieces of this prince bear 
 the names of the several towns 
 where they were struck. 
 
 Antiochus VI. (Epiphanes Dionysius), 
 from 146 to 143 b.c. S. — R. 4 R.° 
 
 Br.— C. R. 2 
 
 Tryphon (Autocrator), from 7 43 to 
 138 b.c. S.— R. 8 Br.— R. 1 R. 6 
 One of the bronze pieces of this 
 
584 
 
 ANCIENT COINS OF PRINCES, 
 
 king bears the name of Dora, in 
 Phoenicia. 
 
 Antiochus VII. (Evergetes, commonly 
 Sidetes), from 138 to 127 b.c. S. 
 — R. 3 R.« Br.— C. R. 2 Some 
 silver and bronze pieces of this 
 prince bear the names of Tyre and 
 Sidon, where they were struck. 
 
 Alexander II. (Commonly Zebina), 
 from 129 to 123 b.c. S.— R.3 R. 5 
 
 Br. — C. R. 6 One copper piece of 
 this prince bears the name of Bery- 
 tus in Phoenicia. 
 
 Seleucus V. about the year 120 b.c. No 
 coins are known which can with cer- 
 tainty be attributed to this king. 
 
 Cleopatra Diva Ceres (mother of An- 
 tiochus yin.), s.— R. 7 Br.— R. 1 
 
 R. 4 These pieces bear the heads of 
 Cleopatra and of her son together. 
 Some bronze and silver pieces bear 
 the name of Antiochenus, Ptolemaidis 
 in Seleucis, and Sidon in Phoenicia. 
 
 Antiochus VIII. (Epiphanes, com- 
 monly Gryphus), from 123 to 97 b.c. 
 
 S. — R. 5 R. 7 Br.— R. 1 R. 8 Some 
 
 pieces of this prince bear the names 
 of Laodicea in Syria, and of Sidon in 
 Phoenicia. 
 
 Antiochus IX. (Philopator, commonly 
 Cyzicenus), from 113 to 96 b.c. S. — 
 R> R. 6 Br.— C. R. 3 Some of the 
 pieces of this prince bear the name 
 of Sidon in Phoenicia. 
 
 Seleucus VI. (Epiphanes Nicator), from 
 96 to 95 B.c. S.— it. 5 R.® Br.— R. 2 
 
 Antiochus X. (Eusebes Philopator), 
 about the year 95 b.c. S. — R.® 
 
 Br.— R. 2 
 
 Antiochus XI. (Epiphanes Philadel- 
 phus), about the year 95 b.c. Br. 
 — R. 4 
 
 Philippus (Epiphanes Philadelphus), 
 about the year 95 b.c. S. — R. 2 
 
 Demetrius III., (Deus, Philopator, So- 
 ter, Philometor, Eusebes, Callinicus, 
 Evergetes), from 95 to 89 b.c. S. — 
 R. 7 Br.— R. 1 R. 3 
 
 Antiochus XII. (Dionysus, Epiphanes, 
 Philopator, Callinicus), from 89 to 
 b.c. Br.— R. 2 R. 4 
 
 Tigranes (Rex Regum, Deus, Magnus), 
 frcm 83 to 66 b.c. S. — R. 6 Bi — 
 R. 2 R. 4 King of Armenia and 
 Syria. 
 
 Antiochus XIII. (Epiphanes, Philo- 
 pator, Callinicus, commonly Asiati- 
 cs), about the year 60 b.c. Br. — R. 4 
 
 Thessaly, Tyrants op. 
 
 Tissiphon , contemporary of Philip II. 
 and Alexander the Great. S. — R. 3 
 Br.— R. 8 
 
 Thrace, Kings of. 
 
 Seuthes IV., about the year 324 b.c. 
 The coins attributed to this king have 
 been restored to Seuthes IV., king 
 of the Odryses, in Thrace. 
 
 Lysimachus, from 324 to 282 b.c. G. 
 — C. R. 8 S.— C. R. 8 Br.— C. R. 4 
 The coins of this king are numerous. 
 
 Agathocles, son of Lysimachus. Some 
 believe that the head of this prince 
 is sometimes found on the coins of 
 his father. 
 
 Sarias, of uncertain date. Br. — R. 7 
 
 Cavarus, from 219 to 200 b.c. Br. 
 
 — R . 7 
 
 Ootys II., reigned during the year 171 
 b.c. S.— R.® Br.— R.® Of doubt- 
 ful attribution. 
 
 Cotys III., contemporary with Pompey. 
 Br. — R. 8 Some of the coins of this 
 prince have also the name of Sa- 
 dales II. 
 
 Sadales II., contemporary with Pom- 
 pey and J. Ccesar. Br. — R. 7 Some 
 of the coins of this prince bear the 
 name of Cotys III. his father. 
 
 Rhoemetalces I., contemporary with 
 Augustus. Br. — R. 4 On some of 
 
 the coins of this prince there are the 
 heads of his wife and of his son, 
 Cotys IV. 
 
 Cotys V., or Rhascuporis, contempo- 
 rary with Pompey and J. Caesar. 
 Br. — R. 4 The coins of these princes 
 are common. 
 
 Rhoemetalces II., contemporary with 
 Tiberius, Caligula, and Claudius. 
 Imperial Br. — R. 8 , of Caligula. 
 
 Cotys, uncertain date. Br. — R. 8 These 
 pieces are attributed to one Cotys, 
 an uncertain Thracian king. 
 
 Mostis, uncertain date. S. — R. 8 Br. 
 — R.® These coins, formerly attri- 
 
PRICES OF GREEK REGAL COINS. 
 
 5S5 
 
 buted to a king of Epirus, have been 
 restored to Thrace. 
 
 Tripolis, Kings op. 
 
 Dionysius, contemporary of Pompey. Br. 
 
 Vandalus, in Africa, Kings of. 
 
 Gunthamundus, from 484 to 496 B.c. 
 The coins of the king of Vandalus 
 are generally classed with the Im- 
 perial Roman pieces. 
 
 LIST OF PRICES OF GREEK REGAL COINS, 
 
 AS REALISED AT THE SALE OP THE CELEBRATED PEMBROKE AND THOMAS 
 COLLECTIONS, AND OTHER RECENT SALES. 
 
 Ayathocles of Sicily ; Victory erecting a 
 trophy. — S. . 4Z. 7s. (p. s.) 
 
 Gelo, two silver coins of, with TEAON02 
 on rev. — 21.2s. (p. s.) 
 
 Lysimachus , king of Thrace ; diadrachm 
 of usual size, in exergue a bunch of 
 ivv berries ; weight 128 r 5 0 grs. — 
 21. 8s. (p. s.) 
 
 Mansolus , Caria ; of large size, and of 
 extreme rarity of this degree of 
 perfectness ; weight 22 6 T 2 ^ grs. — S. 
 71. 5s. (t. s.) 
 
 Pixodarus, in gold ; (rev.) Ill ; retro- 
 grade ; a small double axe in the 
 centre of a concave indentation ; 
 weight 15 t E grs., with another of 
 Pixodarus, both false. 1Z. 7s. (t. s.) 
 
 Arch claus of Macedon : (obv.) horse- 
 man ; (rev.) forepart of a goat, 
 rather rubbed and pierced. — S. 22Z. 
 (p. s.) 
 
 Perseus of Macedon : (obv.) his portrait 
 to right ; (rev.) eagle with spread 
 wings; weight 255 r s 4 - grs. — S. 
 6Z. 3s. 6 d. (p. s.) 
 
 Amyntas of Macedon : (rev.) AMTNTA, 
 and horse in a square ; rare, and in 
 good condition; weight 146A grs.; 
 with a coin of Archelaus, both silver. 
 1Z. 7s. (t. s.) 
 
 Philip II. of Macedon : gold didrachms : 
 (obv.) head of Apollo to r, with short 
 hair and laurel wreath ; (rev.) a biga 
 at full speed, the charioteer holding a 
 wand in his uplifted right hand, and 
 the reins in his left ; in the exergue 
 ♦IAinnOT ; and a helmet in the 
 
 field under the horses ; beautiful 
 work, and perfect preservation. 1Z. 3s. 
 (t. s.) 
 
 Philip II. of Macedon : (obv.) head of 
 Jupiter to r; (rev.) ^IAHIIIOT; 
 naked youth with long hair, on a 
 horse trotting to r ; of great rarity ; 
 weight 221 grs. — S. 2Z. 19s. §d. (t.s.) 
 
 Alexander the Great of Macedon : tetra- 
 drachms in gold; (obv.) head of Mi- 
 nerva to the right, with a serpent on 
 her helmet, and wearing ear-rings : 
 (rev.) AAEHANAPOT ; Victory stand- 
 ing ; weight 26 5 T S F grs. 10Z. (t.s.) 
 
 Alexander of Macedon : gold didrachm ; 
 (rev.) torch, and a monogram on both 
 sides of the Victory ; weight 132-j 3 0 grs. 
 1Z. 4s. (t. s.) 
 
 Alexander III. of Macedon : silver tetra- 
 drachm ; (obv.) head of Hercules to r, 
 covered with a lion’s skin, with the paws 
 knotted under the chin ; (rev.) AAEH- 
 ANAPOT ; Jupiter sitting to the left, 
 with an eagle on his extended right 
 hand, and holding a long sceptre in 
 his left ; in perfect preservation, 
 7Z. 12s. 6d. (t.s.) 
 
 Philip Aridceus of Macedon : tetra- 
 
 drachm, usual size ; under the throne, 
 ZO. 19s. (t. s.) 
 
 Demetrius of Macedon : first portrait 
 to r, with horn and diadem ; 
 (rev.) BA2IAEH2 AEMHTPIOT ; 
 Neptune standing with trident, right 
 foot, on a rock ; very well preserved, 
 and rare. 2Z. 4s. (p. s.) 
 
 Pyrrhus of Epirus : (obv.) thunderbolt 
 
PRICES OF CREEK REGAL COINS. 
 
 5*36 
 
 behind the head of Diana : and in 
 the field of the reverse, IT, a crescent, 
 and a thunderbolt ; exquisite work- 
 manship. — G. 35/. (t. 8.) 
 
 Mlthridates VI., king of Pontus : silver 
 tetradrachm ; BA2IAE.Q2 MI0PA- 
 AATOT. ETITATOPOS; a monogram 
 on each side the stag, and under the 
 inscription is © ; of extreme rarity, 
 and a beautiful coin; weight 259 grs. 
 22/. 10s. (t. s.) 
 
 Prusias II., king of Bithynia : with ME 
 in a monogram, under the eagle on a 
 thunderbolt in the field ; in fine con- 
 dition, and of great rarity; weight 
 266 T 8 n grs.— S. 3/. (t. s.) 
 
 Seleucus I. of Syria : (obv.) head of 
 
 Jupiter ; (rev.) Minerva in a car 
 drawn by four elephants ; in the field, 
 an anchor and monogram ; very rare 
 and fine; weight 261 T \ grs. 21. 
 (t. s.) 
 
 Antiochus I. of Syria : gold didrachm ; 
 (obv.) head of Minerva to the right, 
 with serpent on the helmet ; (rev.i 
 ANTIOXOT. BA2IAEH2; winged 
 and draped Victory; IIEP; weight 
 130 grs. 60/. (t. s.) 
 
 Seleucus I. of Syria : silver tetradrachm ; 
 (obv.) portrait; (rev.) Apollo seated; 
 in the field, a monogram in a circle 
 on each side behind the legend ; fine 
 work, and excellent preservation ; 
 weight 261-j- 7 -^ grs. 31. 4s. 
 
 Antiochus II. of Syria : (obv.) with wing 
 on the diadem ; (rev.) under the Cor- 
 tina, a horse drinking and two mono- 
 grams ; extremely rare. 9/. 15«. 
 
 Antiochus III. of Syria : with* AP in a 
 
 monogram behind the head ; (rev.) a 
 monogram beyond the legend on each 
 side ; the Apollo seated ; and in the 
 exergue, three letters ; rare, and well 
 preserved; weight 25 7 T 3 r , grs. 3/. 3s. 
 
 Demetrius II. of Syria : (rev.) eagle with 
 palm-branch; in the field, 2IAfl, 
 and the Acrostolium, with the date, 
 ©HP, and a monogram ; weight 
 218 grs. 4/. 8s. 
 
 Antiochus VIII. of Syria : (obv.) por- 
 trait as usual ; (rev.) BA2IAEH2 . 
 ANTIOXOT . EIII<£ANOT2 ; Mi- 
 nerva standing, with a little Victory 
 in her extended right hand ; weight 
 255 grs. 61. 10 s. 
 
 Ptolemy I. of Egypt and Berenice : 
 octodrachm in gold ; (obv.) ©HHN ; 
 portraits of the two ; (rev.) AAEA- 
 4>flN ; portraits of Philadelphus and 
 Arsinoe ; behind is A. P. in a mono- 
 gram ; rare, and as it came from the 
 die. 19/. (t. s.) 
 
 Ptolemy I. of Egypt (two silver tetra. 
 drachms of ) : both in middling con- 
 dition ; weight 209^ grs. 3/. (t.s.) 
 
 Ptolemy II. of Egypt : usual type ; a 
 star before the eagle, and behind, 2A ; 
 well preserved, and rare ; weight 
 218^ grs. 4/. 11s. (t.s.) 
 
 Ptolemy III. of Egypt : tetradrachm in 
 silver. 6/. 12s. 6 d. (t.s.) 
 
 Ptolemy V. of Egypt : (rev.) eagle 
 
 standing on a thunderbolt ; weight 
 220^ n grs. 4/. 10s. (t. s.) 
 
 Ptolemy XII. of Egypt : Mionnet, vol. 8, 
 pi. 5 ; on the reverse of this coin ia 
 a caduceus in the field ; in perfect 
 condition. 1 /. 1 3s. 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX 
 
 TO THE PRECEDING LI3T OP 
 
 GREEK COINS OF PRINCES.* 
 
 (REGAL COINS, &c.) 
 
 The numerals denote the columns ; the figures the page. 
 
 A. 
 
 Abdissarus, i. 575. 
 Abgarus, i. 587. 
 
 Achaeus, ii. 583. 
 
 Ada, i. 577. 
 
 Adaeus, ii. 579. 
 Adinnagus, i. 577. 
 Aeropus, i. 580. 
 
 Aetolobus, i. 579. 
 Agathocles (of Sicily), i. 
 583. 
 
 Agathocles (son of Lysi- 
 machus), ii. 584. 
 Agesilaus, i. 580. 
 
 Agrippa I., ii. 579. 
 Agrippa T I., ii. 579. 
 
 Ajax, i. 581. 
 
 Aleus, i. 575, 
 
 Alexander I. (of Epirus), 
 i. 579. 
 
 Alexander II. (of Epirus), 
 
 i. 579. 
 
 Alexander Jannaeus and 
 Jouatanus (of Judaea), 
 
 ii. 579. 
 
 Alexander I. (ofMacedon), 
 i. 580. 
 
 Alexander II. (of Mace- 
 don), i. 580. 
 
 Alexander III. (of Mace- 
 don), i. 580. 
 
 Alexander IV. (of Mace- 
 don), ii. 580. 
 
 Alexander (of Pherae), ii. 
 
 582. 
 
 Alexander I. (of Syria), ii. 
 
 583. 
 
 Alexander II. (of Syria), 
 i. 584. 
 
 Amadocus, ii. 580. 
 Amastris, ii. 579. 
 
 Amintas, ti. 577. 
 
 Amyntas (of Galatia), i. 
 
 579. 
 
 Amyntas II. (of Macedon), 
 i. 580. 
 
 Antigonus (of Asia), ii. 
 
 580. 
 
 Antigonus (of Judaea), ii. 
 579. 
 
 Antigonus I. (of Mace- 
 don), ii. 580. 
 
 Antigonus II. (King of 
 Macedon), ii. 580. 
 Antiochus IV. (of Comma- 
 gene), ii. 577. 
 
 Antiochus I. (of Syria), i. 
 583. 
 
 Antiochus II., ii. 583. 
 Antiochus III., ii, 583. 
 Antiochus IV., ii. 583. 
 Antiochus V., ii. 583. 
 Antiochus VI., ii. 583. 
 Antiochus VII., i. 584. 
 Antiochus VIII., i. 584. 
 Antiochus IX., i. 584. 
 Antiochus X., i. 584. 
 
 Antiochus XI., i. 584. 
 Antiochus XII., i. 584. 
 Antiochus XIII., ii. 584. 
 Antiochus Hierax, ii. 583. 
 Antipater, i. 580. 
 Apollodorus, i. 577. 
 Archelaus (of Cappadocia). 
 . i. 577. 
 
 Archelaus (of Macedon), i. 
 580. 
 
 Archelaus (of Judaea), ii. 
 579. 
 
 Aretas, ii. 577. 
 
 Areus, i. 580. 
 
 Ariarathes IV., ii. 576. 
 Ariarathes V., ii. 576. 
 Ariarathes VI., ii. 576. 
 Ariarathes VII , ii. 576. 
 Ariarathes VIII., ii. 57 G. 
 Ariarathes IX., ii. 576. 
 Ariarathes X., ii. 576. 
 Ariobarzanes I., ii. 576. 
 Ariobarzanes II., ii. 576. 
 Aripbarzanes III., ii. 576. 
 Arisbas, i. 579. 
 Aristobulus, i. 575. 
 Arsaces I., i. 581. 
 
 Arsaces II., i. 581. 
 
 Arsaces III., i. 581. 
 Arsaces IV., i. 581. 
 Arsaces V., i. 581. 
 
 Arsaces VI., i. 581. 
 Arsaces VII., i. 581. 
 Arsaces VIII., i. 581. 
 
 • A more detailed account of the Coins of the Princes, in chronological order, will 
 be found in the body of the work. 
 
oSS 
 
 INDEX TO GREEK COINS OF PRINCES. 
 
 Arsaccs IX., i. 5S1. 
 
 Arsaces X., i. 581. 
 
 Arsaces XI., i. 581. 
 
 Arsaces XII., i. 581. 
 Arsaces XIII., i. 581. 
 Arsaces XIV., ii. 581. 
 Arsaces XV., ii. 581. 
 Arsaces XVI., ii. 581. 
 Arsaces XVII., ii. 581. 
 Arsaces XVIII., ii. 581. 
 Arsaces XIX., ii. 581. 
 Arsaces XX., ii. 581. 
 Arsaccs XXI., ii. 581. 
 Arsaces XXII., ii. 581. 
 Arsaces XXIII., ii. 581. 
 Arsaces XXIV., ii. 581. 
 Arsaces XXV., ii. 581. 
 Arsaces XXVI., ii. 581. 
 Arsaces XXVII., ii. 581. 
 Arsaces XXVIII., ii. 581. 
 Arsaces XXIX., ii. 581. 
 Arsaces XXX., ii. 581. 
 Arsames, i. 575. 
 
 Arsinoe (wife of Ptolemy 
 
 II. ), i. 578. 
 
 Arsinoe (wife of Ptolemy 
 
 III. ), ii. 578. 
 
 Artabazes, i. 577. 
 Artapanus, ii. 577. 
 Artavasdes, i. 575. 
 Artaxerxes, i. 582. 
 Artemisia, i. 577. 
 
 Asander, ii. 582. 
 Attambilus, i. 577. 
 Andoleon, i. 581. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bahram I., ii. 582. 
 Ballaeus, ii. 579. 
 
 Berenice, i. 578. 
 Bitoviogus, i. 579. 
 Bitovius, i. 579. 
 
 Bitucus, i. 579. 
 
 Bocchus, ii. 580. 
 Brogitarus, i. 579. 
 
 C. 
 
 Caeantolus, i. 579. 
 Callinicus, ii. 583, 
 Cassander, i. 580. 
 
 Cavarus, ii. 577. 
 
 Chotis, i. 580. 
 
 Cleomenes III., i. 580. 
 
 Cleopatra (mother of An- 
 tiochus VIII.), i. 584. 
 Cleopatra (wife of Ptolemv 
 
 VII. ), ii. 578. 
 
 Cleopatra (wife of Ptolemy 
 
 VIII. ), ii. 578. 
 
 Cleopatra (Queen of 
 
 Egypt), i. 579. 
 
 Cleopatra (wife of Juba 
 II.), ii. 580. 
 
 Cotys I. (of Bosphoru?), 
 i. 576. 
 
 Cotys II., i. 576. 
 
 Cotys III., i. 576. 
 
 Cotys IV., i. 576. 
 
 Cotys II. (of Thrace), ii. 
 
 584. 
 
 Cotys III., ii. 584. 
 
 Cotys V., ii. 584. 
 
 Cotys (of Thrace), ii. 584. 
 
 D. 
 
 Deiotarus, i. 579. 
 Demetrius (of Illyricum), 
 
 i. 579. 
 
 Demetrius I. (ofMacedon), 
 
 ii. 580. 
 
 Demetrius II. (of Mace- 
 don), ii. 580. 
 
 Demetrius I., (of Syria), 
 ii. 583. 
 
 Demetrius II., ii. 583. 
 Demetrius III., i. 584. 
 Dionysius (of Heraclea), 
 ii. 579. 
 
 Dionysius I., (of Sicily), 
 i. 583. 
 
 Dionysius II., (of Sicily), 
 i. 583. 
 
 Dionysius (of Tripolis), i. 
 
 585. 
 
 E. 
 
 Epiphanes, ii. 583. 
 Evagoras, ii. 577. 
 Encratides I., ii. 575. 
 Eupator, ii. 582. 
 Eupolemus, i. 581. 
 Euthydemus, i. 575. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gelimarus, ii. 585. 
 
 Gelo, i. 583. 
 
 Gentius, ii. 579. 
 
 Gepaepiris, i. 580. 
 Gunthamundus, ii. 585. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hecatomnus, i. 577. 
 Ilelioclcs, ii. 575. 
 
 Herodes Magnus (of Ju- 
 daea), ii. 579. 
 
 Herodes III. (of Judaea), 
 ii. 579. 
 
 Herodes Antipas (of Gali. 
 
 lea), ii. 579. 
 
 Hicetas II., i. 583. 
 Hidrius, i. 577. 
 
 Hiero I., i. 583. 
 
 Hiero II., i. 583. 
 Hieronymus, i. 583. 
 Hildericus, ii. 585. 
 Hormus, i. 582. 
 
 I. 
 
 Ininthimenus, i. 576. 
 Ionatan, ii. 579. 
 
 Iotape, ii. 577. 
 
 J. 
 
 Juba I., ii. 580. 
 
 Juba II., ii. 580. 
 
 L. 
 
 Laodice, ii. 583. 
 
 Leuco II., ii. 582. 
 Lycceius, i., 581. 
 
 Lysanias, i. 577. 
 Lysimachus, i. 584. 
 
 M. 
 
 Magas, ii. 577. 
 
 Mannus, ii. 577. 
 
 Mausolus, i. 577. 
 Meherdates, i. 583. 
 Mithridates (of Armenia); 
 i. 575. 
 
 Mithridates I. (of Bospho- 
 rus), i. 576. 
 
 Mithridates II., i. 576. 
 Mithridates III., ii. 582. 
 Mithridates IV., ii. 582. 
 Mithridates V., ii. 582. 
 Mithridates VI., ii. 582. 
 
INDEX TO GREEK COINS OE PRINCES, 
 
 589 
 
 Moagetes, ii. 577. 
 Monneses, i. 577. 
 
 Mostis (of Epirus), i. 579. 
 Mostis (of Thrace), ii. 584. 
 Musa Orsobaris, ii. 575. 
 
 N. 
 
 Narses, i. 582. 
 Neoptolemus, i. 579. 
 Nicomedes I., ii. 576. 
 Nicomedes II., ii. 576. 
 Nicomedes III., ii. 576. 
 
 O. 
 
 Oradaltis, ii. 576. 
 Othontopotes, i. 577. 
 
 P. 
 
 Paerisades, ii. 582. 
 Patraus, i. 581. 
 
 Pausanias, i. 580. 
 Pepaepiris, ii. 575. 
 Perdiccas II., i. 580. 
 Perdiccas III., i. 580. 
 Perseus, ii. 580. 
 
 Pharnaces I., ii. 582. 
 Pharnaces II., ii. 582. 
 Philetairus, i. 582. 
 Philippus II. (of Mace- 
 doc), i. 580. 
 
 Philippus III., i. 580. 
 Philippus IV., i. 580. 
 Philippus V., ii. 580. 
 Philippus VI., ii. 580. 
 Philippus (of Syria), i. 
 584. 
 
 Philistis, i. 583. 
 Philopator, ii. 577. 
 Phintias, i. 575. 
 
 Phthia, i. 579. 
 
 Pixodarus, i. 577. 
 
 Polemon I., ii. 582. 
 Polemon II., ii. 582. 
 Polydorus, i. 580. 
 
 Prusias I., ii. 576. 
 
 Prusias II., ii. 576. 
 Psamytes. 
 
 Ttolemaeus I. (of Egypt), 
 i. 578. 
 
 Ptolemaeus II., i. 578. 
 Ptolemaeus III., i. 578. 
 Ptolemaeus IV., i. 578. 
 Ptolemaeus V., ii. 578. 
 Ptolemaeus VI., ii. 578. 
 Ptolemaeus VII., ii. 578. 
 Ptolemaeus VIII., ii. 578. 
 Ptolemaeus IX., ii. 578. 
 Ptolemaeus X., ii. 578. 
 Ptolemaeus XI., i. 579. 
 Ptolemaeus XII., i. 579. 
 Ptolemaeus XIII., i. 579. 
 Ptolemaeus (of Cyrenaica), 
 
 i. 579. 
 
 Ptolemaeus (of Epirus), i. 
 579. 
 
 Ptolemaeus (of Numidia), 
 
 ii. 580. 
 
 Ptolemaeus (of Chalcidis), 
 i. 577. 
 
 Pylaemenes, i. 581. 
 Pyrrhus, i. 579. 
 
 Pythodoris (of Armenia), 
 i. 575. 
 
 Pythodoris (of Egypt), ii. 
 582. 
 
 Rhascuporis, ii. 584. 
 Rhescuporis I., ii. 575. 
 Rhescuporis II., i. 576. 
 Rhescuporis III., i. 576. 
 Rhescuporis IV., i. 576. 
 Rhescuporis V., ii. 576. 
 Rhoemetalces (of Bospho- 
 rus), i. 576. 
 
 Rhoemetalces I. (of Thrace), 
 ii. 584. 
 
 Rhoemetalces II., ii. 584. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sadales II., ii. 584. 
 Salome, i. 575. 
 
 Sames, i. 575. 
 
 Sapor I., i. 582. 
 
 Sapor II., i. 582. 
 
 Sapor III., i. 582. 
 Sarias, ii. 584. 
 Sauromates I., ii. 575. 
 
 Sauromates II., i. 576. 
 Sauromates III., i. 576. 
 Sauromates IV., i. 576. 
 Sauromates V., i. 576. 
 Sauromates VI., ii. 576. 
 Sauromates VII., ii. 576. 
 Seleucus I., i. 583. 
 Seleucus II., ii. 583. 
 Seleucus III., ii. 583. 
 Seleucus IV., ii. 583. 
 Seleucus V., i. 584. 
 Seleucus VI., i. 584. 
 Seuthes IV. (of the Odrysii), 
 
 i. 580. 
 
 Seuthes III. (of Thrace), 
 
 ii. 584. 
 
 Simeon (of Judaea), i. 579. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tarcondimotus, ii. 577. 
 Terranes, i. 576. 
 
 Teres II., ii. 580. 
 Theodotus I., ii. 575. 
 Theodotus II., ii. 575. 
 Thero, i. 575. 
 Thothorses, ii. 576. 
 Tigranes I., i. 575. 
 Tigranes IV., ii. 575. 
 Timarchus, ii. 575. 
 Timotheus, ii. 579. 
 Tiraeus, i. 577. 
 Tisiphon, ii. 584. 
 Trisamundus, ii. 585. 
 Tryphaene, ii. 582. 
 Tryphon, ii. 583. 
 
 V. 
 
 Varanes I., i. 582. 
 Vararanes II., i. 582. 
 Vararanes III., i. 582. 
 
 X. 
 
 Xerxes, i. 575. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zarias, ii. 579. 
 
 Zelas, ii. 576. 
 Zenodorus, i. 520. 
 
A LIST OF IMPERIAL GREEK COINS 
 
 BEING 
 
 SUCH COINS AS WERE STRUCK WITH GREEK INSCRIPTIONS IN 
 THE DEPENDENCIES OF ROME 
 
 IN 
 
 EUROPE, ASIA, AND AFRICA. 
 
 The degrees of rarity, are marked by R . 1 to R . 8 These Coins are nearly all Bronze . — They 
 are marked Br. ; the occasional Silver or Lead Coins are marked respectively S. and L. 
 
 A. 
 
 Aba. Br. — R . 7 Of M. Aurelius, L. 
 
 Verus, and Alexander Severus. 
 
 ' Abdera (Ghiumergin, Asperosa, Pla- 
 tystomon.) Br. — R.® From Nero 
 
 to Faustina, the wife of Marcus Au- 
 relius. 
 
 Abila Leucas Decapoleos. Br. — R . 6 From 
 Faustina the younger to Elagabalus. 
 
 Aboni Tichos — Ionopolis (Aineh — Boli 
 Ynebolu). Br. — R . 6 Of Antoninus 
 and of M. Aurelius ; with the name 
 of Ionopolis. Br. — R.® Of Lucius 
 Verus and Lucilla. 
 
 Achulla (Elalia). Br.— R.* R . 6 Of 
 
 Julius Caesar and Augustus. 
 
 Acmonia. Br. — R . 3 R . 6 From Tiberius 
 to Antoninus. 
 
 Acrasus. Br. — R . 3 R . 6 From Trajan to 
 Alexander Severus. 
 
 Adada. Br. — R . 8 Of Valerian with Gal- 
 lienus. 
 
 Adraa (Edrai). Br. — R . 7 From Marcus 
 Aurelius to Aemilianus. 
 
 Adramytium (Edremit, Adramitti). — 
 Br. — R . 3 R . 6 From Domitian to 
 Gallienus. On these pieces are the 
 names of Mytelene of Lesbos, Lao- 
 dicea in Phrygia, and Ephesus in 
 Ionia ; a sign of alliance with these 
 towns. 
 
 Aegae (in Cilicia). S.— R . 8 Br.— R . 2 
 
 R . 8 From Augustus to Saloninus. 
 
 Aegae (Ghiusel - Hyssar), ih Aeolia. 
 Br — K* R.® From Claudius to 
 Trajanus Decius. 
 
 Aegialus (Do Castelli, Calla de Gide). Br. 
 — R . 6 Of Julia Domna and Cara- 
 calla. These pieces have been attri- 
 buted to Aegialus, of Achaia. 
 
 Aegira (Achaian league). Br. — R.® Of 
 Septimus Severus, Julia Domna, and 
 Plautilla. 
 
 Aegium (Vostitza). Br. — R . 4 From 
 Antoninus Pius to Geta. 
 
 Aenus (Enes, Eno). Br. — R . 6 From 
 
 Marcus Aurelids to Caracalla. The 
 imperial Greek coins of Hadrian are 
 doubtful. 
 
 Aezanis. Br. — C. R . 7 From Julius 
 
 Caesar to Gallienus. 
 
 Alabanda. Br. — R . 2 R.® From Au- 
 
 gustus to Gordian the Pious. 
 
 Alae Br. — R . 8 Of Hadrian. 
 
 Alea (Achaian league). Br. — R . 8 Of 
 
 Marciana. This piece is doubtful. 
 
 Alexandria ad Issuin in Cicilia. (Iskan- 
 derona, Alessandretta). Br. — R.® Of 
 Trajan, Hadrian, and Caracalla. 
 
 Alexandria (Rakoti, Iskenderic, Ales- 
 sandria d’Egitto). Br. — R . 7 Of 
 Hadrian. 
 
 Alia. Br. — R . 5 Of Gordian the Pious. 
 
 Alinda (Mugla). Br. — R . 6 From Au- 
 gustus to Annia Faustina. 
 
 Amasia (Amassia). Br. — R . 2 R . 8 From 
 Domitian to Mamaea. 
 
IMPERIAL GREEK COINS. 
 
 591 
 
 Amastris (Amassreh, Amastra, Amarsa, 
 Ammasera, Samatro). Br. — C. R . 9 
 From Domitian to Gordian the Pious. 
 These coins are numerous. 
 
 Amblada. Br. — R . 6 From Marcus Au- 
 relius to Alexander Severus. 
 
 Amisus (Himiso, Samsun). S. — R.® R . 4 
 Br. — R . 3 R . 5 From Tiberius to Sa- 
 loninus. 
 
 Amorium (Hergian, Amoria). Br. — R . 5 
 
 R . 6 From Augustus to Gallienus. 
 Amphipolis (Jeni-Kioj). Br. — C. R . 6 
 From Augustus to Saloninus. These 
 pieces are numerous. 
 
 Anazarbua (Aynzarba). Br. — R . 3 R . 8 
 
 From Claudius to Gallienus. 
 Anchialus (Atkiali, Tchienguene-Iske- 
 lessi). Br. — C. R . 7 From Domitian 
 to Tranquillianus. These coins are 
 numerous. 
 
 Ancyra (Angur). Br. — R.* R . 6 From 
 Augustus to Gallienus. 
 
 Andrus (Andro). From Antoninus Pius 
 to Lucius Verus. 
 
 Anemurium (Anamur, Scalemura). Br. 
 — R . 3 R . 7 From Domitian to Vale- 
 rian. 
 
 Antaeopolites (Tkoou, Kaou, El Kharab). 
 Br. — R . 6 R . 8 Of Trajan and Ha- 
 drian. 
 
 Antandrus (Antandro). Br. — R . 6 R . 8 
 
 From Titus to Julia Paula. 
 
 Anthedon. Br. — R . 8 Of Caracalla. 
 Anthemusia. Br. — R . 5 Of Domitian, 
 Caracalla, and Maximin. 
 
 Antiocliia Maritima. Br. — R . 6 Of Philip 
 the elder and Valerian the elder. 
 Antiochia ad Hippum JDecapoleos. Br. 
 — R . 4 R . 9 Of Nero and from Anto- 
 ninus to Commodus. 
 
 Antiocha ad Sarum. Adana. (Edene, 
 Adana). Br. — R . 8 Of Marcus Au- 
 relius. With the name of Adana. 
 Br. — R . 4 R . 8 From M. Aurelius to 
 Gallienus. 
 
 Antiphellus. Br. — R . 8 Of Gordian the 
 Pious. 
 
 Apamea (Famiah) in Syria. Br. — R . 4 
 
 Of Augustus. 
 
 Apamea (Afiun, Kara-Hyssar) in Phry- 
 gia. Br. — R*. — R . 6 From Augustus 
 to Saloninus. 
 
 Aphroditopolites (Ipih, Athfihli, As- 
 phoun, Asfun). Br. — R.° R . 7 Of 
 Trajan and Hadrian. 
 
 Apollonia (Sizepoli). Br. — R.° From 
 Domitian to Gallienus. 
 
 Apollonia. Br. — R . 8 Of Marcus Aure- 
 lius and Alexander Severus. 
 
 Apollonia (Polina) in Illyria. Br. — R . 1 
 R . 4 From Augustus to Gallienus. 
 
 Apollonia (in Caria). Br. — R.® From 
 Augustus to Saloninus. 
 
 Apollonia ad Rhyndacum (Abullona). 
 Br. — R . 8 R . 6 From Domitian to 
 Gallienus. 
 
 Apollonis vel Apollonidea. Br. — R . 5 R . 9 
 From Domitian to Alexander Severus. 
 
 Apollonopolites (Atbo, Odfou, Edfou). 
 Br. — R . 7 R . 8 Of Trajan and Anto- 
 ninus Pius. 
 
 Apollonoshieron (Apollonidea). Br. — 
 R. ft R . 8 From Domitian to Alexander 
 Severus. 
 
 Arabia (Tiarabia). Br. — R . 7 Of Trajan 
 and Hadrian. 
 
 Arabia (in general). Br« — R . 5 OfHadrian. 
 
 Aradus (Rovad, Avret-Adassi). Br. — C. 
 R . 8 From M. Anthony to Elagabalus. 
 
 Arae Sestianae (Capo Turingas). S. — 
 R . 8 Br. — R . 8 Of Augustus. 
 
 Arcadi (in general). Br. — R . 4 Of Anti- 
 nous only. 
 
 Arethusa (Al-Rustan). Br. — R . 7 Of Sep- 
 timus Severus and Diadumenianus. 
 
 Ariassus. Br. — R . 6 
 
 Argos (in Cilicia). Br. — R . 4 R . 5 Of 
 Valerian, Gallienus, and Saloninus. 
 
 Argos (Planizza). Br. — R . 8 R . 4 From 
 Hadrian to Saloninus. 
 
 Arisba (Mussa-Kioy). Br. — R . 8 Of 
 Trajan and Pescennius Niger. 
 
 Arsinoites (Piom, Fayyoum). Br. — R . 4 
 R . 5 Of Trajan and Hadrian. 
 
 Arycanda. Br. — R . 7 Of Gordian the 
 
 Pious and Tranquillinus. 
 
 Ascui, or Ascuta. Br. — R . 8 Of Augustus. 
 
 Ascalon. S.— R . 8 Br. — R . 4 From 
 Augustus to Alexander Severus. 
 
 Asia. Br. — R . 4 From Trajan to Gor- 
 dian the Pious. On a coin of Gor- 
 dian the Pious the name of Smyrna 
 (in Ionia) is inscribed. 
 
 Asiba. Br. — R . 8 Of Gordian the Pious. 
 Of doubtful attribution. 
 
 Asine (Furnos). Br. — R . 6 Of the family 
 of Septimus Severus. 
 
 Aspendus (Menugat, Aspindus). Br.— 
 R . 4 R.® Of Augustus, and from Socc- 
 mias to Saloninus. 
 
592 
 
 IMPERIAL GREEK COINS. 
 
 Assns (Asso). Br. — R . 4 R . 8 From Au- 
 gustus to Alexander Severus. 
 
 Atarnea. Br. — R . 6 Of M. Aurelius and 
 Gordian the Pious. 
 
 Attaea. Br, — R . 4 R . 6 From Augustus 
 to Geta. 
 
 Attalia (Palea-Attalia) in Pamphylia. 
 Br. — R.* R . 5 From Augustus to Sa- 
 loninus. 
 
 Attalia (in Lydia). Br. — R . 4 R.® From 
 Trajan to Geta. 
 
 Atliribites (Atrib, Athribi). Br. — R . 6 
 
 R . 7 Of Trajan and Hadrian. 
 
 Attuda. Br. — R . 4 R.® From Augustus 
 to Saloninus. 
 
 Aitgusta. Br. — R . 4 R . 6 From Augustus 
 to Valerian the Elder. 
 
 Aureliopolis. Br. — R . 6 From Commo- 
 
 dus to Gordian the Pious. 
 
 Azotus (Azud, Ezdod). Br. — R . 6 Of 
 Septimus Severus with Julia Domna. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bagae. S. — R . 8 Br. — R . 4 R . 6 From 
 Nero to Saloninus. One piece of 
 Gallienus bears the name of Temeno- 
 thyrae in Lydia. 
 
 Balanea. Br. — R . 7 Of Mark Antony 
 
 and Augustus. 
 
 Balsa (Tavira) Municipium. Br. — R . 6 
 Of Caligula. 
 
 Bargasa (Arab-Hyssar). Br. — R . 5 R.® 
 
 From Nero to Saloninus. 
 
 Bargylia. Br. — R . 4 R.® From Titus to 
 Geta. 
 
 Baris. Br. — R . 8 Of Alexander Severus. 
 
 Beroea (Halep, Aleppo.) Br. — C. R . 1 
 From Trajan to Antoninus Pius. 
 
 Bilbilis (Calatayud). Municipium. Br. 
 R . 1 R . 3 From Augustus to Caligula. 
 
 Bithynia (in general). S. — R. 3 R . 6 Br. — 
 R .. 3 R . 8 From Vespasian to Sabina. 
 
 Bithynium vel Claudiopolis (Bastan). 
 With the name of Bithynium, Br. — 
 R . 4 R . 7 From Antonius to Gal- 
 
 lienus. With the name of Claudio- 
 polis. Br. — R . 4 From Claudius to 
 Hadrian. 
 
 Bizya. Br. — R . 4 R.® From Hadrian to 
 Philip the Younger. 
 
 Blaundos. Br. — R . 3 R . 5 From Nero to 
 Volusianus. 
 
 Boca. Br. — R . 6 Of the family of Sep- 
 t ; mus Severus. 
 
 Bostra (in Arabia) . Br. — R . 4 R®. Fro:; 
 
 Antoninus to Caracalla. 
 
 Botrys (Botrun). Br. — R . 6 From Marcus 
 Aurelius to Sooemias. 
 
 Briana. Br. — R . 8 Of Julia Domna. 
 Briula. Br. — R . 7 Of Trajan, Antoninue 
 Pius, and Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 Bruzus. Br. — R . 3 R . 6 From Antoninus 
 to Gordian the Pious. 
 
 Bubastites (Phelbes, Belbeis, Tall-Bas- 
 tah). Br.— R . 8 Of Hadrian. 
 Busirites (Pousiri, Aboussir). Br. — R . 7 
 
 Of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius. 
 Bur a. Br. — R®. Of the family of Sep- 
 timus Severus. 
 
 Byzantium , afterwards Constantinopohs 
 (Istambul, Islambul, Konstantinie, 
 Stripoli, Bizzanzio, Constantinopoli). 
 Br. — C. R . 6 From Julius Caesar to 
 Macrinus. 
 
 C. 
 
 Cabasites (Chbehs, Kabas). Br. — R.® 
 
 Of Hadrian. 
 
 Cadi (Kedus). Br.— R . 3 R.* From 
 
 Claudius to Gallienus. 
 
 Cadme vel Priene. With the name of 
 Priene. Br. — R . 7 From Augustus to 
 Valerian. 
 
 Caesarea. G.— R . 8 S.— R . 2 B . 7 Po.— 
 R . 4 R.® Br.— C. R . 6 
 
 Caesarea ad Libanum (in Phoenicia). 
 Br. — R . 4 From Antoninus Pius U 
 Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 Caesarea Panias (Banias, Panaas). Br. — 
 R . 1 R.® From Augustus to Aquilia 
 Severa. 
 
 Calagurris Nassica (Calahorra). Muni- 
 cipium. Br. — C. R . 4 From Augustus 
 to Caligula. 
 
 Callatia (Mankalia, Kallati). Br. — R . 4 
 R.® From Marcus Aurelius to Philip 
 the Younger. 
 
 Calydon (Galata).' Br. — R 8 . Of Septi- 
 mus Severus. 
 
 Came , or Cana, or Camena (Coloni). Br. 
 — R . 7 Of Hadrian, Commodus, and 
 Septimus Severus. 
 
 Canatha. Br. — R . 4 From Claudius to 
 Domitian. 
 
 Canopus (Kahi-Annoub, Aboukir). Br. — 
 R . 8 Of Hadrian. 
 
 Caphya (Achaian League), Br. — R . 4 Of 
 the family of Septimus Severus. 
 
IMPERIAL GREEK COINS. 
 
 593 
 
 Carallia. Br. — R . 6 R . 7 From Marcus 
 Aurelius to Maximin. 
 
 Carrhae. Br. — R 4 . Of Marcus Aurelius 
 and Lucius Yerus. 
 
 Oarystus (Karisto. Castel Rosso). Br. — 
 R . 6 From Nero to Antoninus Pius. 
 Casa. Br. — R . 6 Of Gordian the Pious, 
 Etruscilla, and Herennius. 
 
 Cascantum (Cascante). Municipium. Br. 
 — R . 8 Of Tiberius. 
 
 Castabala (Kalat Masman,. Br. — R . 6 
 Of Macrinus. 
 
 Celenderis (Kelnar). Br. — R . 8 From 
 
 Lucius Yerus to Etruscillus. 
 
 Ceramus in Caria (Keramo). Br. — R. B 
 Of Antoninus Pius. 
 
 Cei-asus (Chrixonda, Ghirecin, Keresun). 
 Br. — R . 6 Of Antoninus Pius, Marcus 
 Aurelius, and Elagabalus. 
 
 Ceretape. Br. — R.® R . 6 From Plotina 
 to Septimus SeTerus. Some of these 
 pieces bear the name of Hierapolis, 
 in Phrygia. 
 
 Clialcis (Egripos, Negroponte). Br. — R . 4 
 
 From Augustus to Caracalla. 
 Chalcedon (Kadi-Kioy). Br.— R.* R.« 
 
 From Agrippina the Younger to Tran- 
 quillina. 
 
 Ohersonesus (in general). Br. — R.® R. # 
 Of Commodus. 
 
 Cibyra (Buruz Buras). Br. — R.« R.® 
 From Hadrian to Etruscilla. 
 Oidramus. Br. — R®. From Marcus Au- 
 relius to Julia Maesa. 
 
 Cidyessus. Br. — R.® From Domitian to 
 Caracalla. 
 
 Cilbiani Pergameni. Br. — R.® R . 7 Of 
 Domitian. 
 
 Cilbiani Nicaenses. Br. — R . 4 R . 7 Of 
 Cains and Lucius Caesar to Geta. 
 Cilbiani Inferiors. Br. — R . 7 Of Au- 
 gusts. 
 
 Cilbiani fciperiores. Br. — R . 4 R . 5 From 
 Augustus to Geta. 
 
 Clazomene (Klisma). S. — R.® Br. — R 4 . 
 R . 8 From Augustus to Gallienus. — 
 Some of these coins have also the 
 name of Smyrna in Ionia, a sign of 
 alliance between these two towns. 
 Cleone (Clegna). Achaian League. Ur. 
 — R . 6 Of Commodus, and the family 
 of Septimus Severus. 
 
 Clunia (Coruna del Conde). Br. — R . 8 R . 4 
 Of Tiberius. 
 
 Clupea. Br. — R> Of Tiberius. 
 
 Cnidus (Porto Crio). Br. — R . 4 R.® From 
 Nerva to Caracalla and Plautilla. 
 Onossus. Br. — C. R . 7 Of Augustus and 
 Tiberius. 
 
 Ooela. Municipium. Br. — R . 2 R . 5 From 
 Hadrian to Gallienus. The legends 
 are Latin. 
 
 Ooelesyria. Br. — R.® From M. Aure- 
 lius to Macrinus. 
 
 Oolone. Br. — R . 8 Of Septimus Severus- 
 Colophon. Br. — R . 2 R . 6 From Nero to 
 Saloninus. These pieces are very 
 numerous. 
 
 Ooliaeum (Kutaye, Kutaya). Br. — R.* 
 
 R . 7 From Tiberius to Saloninus. 
 One piece bears the name of Ephesus 
 in Ionia. 
 
 Oomana (Mermer Klissa. Gomanak.). Br. 
 
 R . 4 From Nero to Elagabalus. 
 Conane. Br. — R . 7 Of Marcus Aurelius, 
 Plautilla, and Philip the Younger. 
 Copae. Br. — R.® Of Vespasian. 
 
 Coptites (Keft, Quift, Qefth). S. — R . 4 
 
 R.® Of Trajan and Hadrian. 
 
 Corcyra (Corfu). Br. — C. R.® From 
 Trajan to Gordian the African. 
 Coropissus (Ku-Hyssar). Br. — R.' Of 
 Hadrian, Faustina the Younger, and 
 Maximin. 
 
 Corycus (Korcum, Korcu, Korigos). Br. 
 
 — R . 3 R.® From Trajan to Gallienus. 
 Corydallus. Br. — R.® Of Gordian the 
 Pious and Tranquillinus. 
 
 Cos (Istanko, Lango). Br. — R . 1 R.® 
 
 From Augustus to Philip. 
 
 Crete (in general). S. — R.® R . 8 Br. — C. 
 
 R.® From Augustus to Caracalla. 
 Cragus (in Lycia). Br. — R.® Of Augustus 
 and Gordian. 
 
 Cratia-Flaviopolis (Bayndir). With the 
 name of Flaviopolis, Br. — R . 4 R.® 
 From Antoninus Pius to Gallienus. 
 Cydonia (La Canea). S. — R . 4 R . 7 Br. 
 R . 1 R.® From Augustus to Julia 
 Domna. 
 
 Cyme (Sanderli, Nemert.) Br. — R.* R . 8 
 From Drusus Caesar to Saloninus. 
 One piece bears the name of Perga- 
 mus in Mysia. 
 
 Cynopolites (Kais, El-Gis). Br. — R.® R . 8 
 Of Hadrian. 
 
 Cyparisus. Br. — R . 4 Of Antoninus Pius. 
 Cyparissia (Castel-Rampans). Er. — R . 4 
 
 Of the family of Septimus Severus. 
 Cyprus (in general). S. — R . 3 Br. — R.® 
 
 a a 
 
594 
 
 IMPERIAL GREEK COINc. 
 
 R . 8 From Augustus to Macrinus. — 
 The pieces of Augustus, Livia, and 
 Drusus, without the name of the 
 island, with the temple of Venus Pa- 
 phia, have Latin legends : those of 
 Claudius, Latin and Greek legends : 
 and later, the inscriptions are all 
 Greek. 
 
 Cyrenaica (in general). Br. — R . 2 R . 8 Of 
 Augustus, Tiberius, Drusus and Titus. 
 
 Cyrrhus (Korus). Br. — C. R . 4 From 
 
 Trajan to Philip the Younger. 
 
 Cyzicus (the Isle Artaki, the town Arta- 
 Kioy). Br. — C. R.° From Augustus 
 to Claudius Gothicus. 
 
 D. 
 
 Daedala. Br. — R . 8 Of Caracalla. 
 
 Daldis. Br. — R . 3 R . 6 From Augustus 
 to Philip the Younger. 
 
 Damascus , (Chiam,Damich,Damasco). Br. 
 It . 1 R.® From Augustus to Alexander 
 Severus. 
 
 Dardanus (Bumu, Punta Dei Barbieri). 
 Br. — R . 4 R . 7 From Augustus to 
 Geta. 
 
 Delphi (Castri or Castro). Br. — R . 4 R . 6 
 From Hadrian to Caracalla. 
 
 Demetrias. Br. — R . 8 Of Augustus and 
 Tiberius. 
 
 Dioccesarea (in Galilaea). Br. — R . 4 R . 6 
 Of Antoninus, Commodus, and Cara- 
 calla. 
 
 Diocaesarea (in Cilicia). Br. — R.® From 
 Septimus to Philip the Younger. 
 
 Diococlia. Br. — R . 8 Of Gordian the 
 
 Pious. 
 
 Dioiiysopolis (in Phrygia). Br. — R . 8 
 
 Of Augustus, Antoninus, and Annia 
 Faustina. 
 
 Dioiiysopolis (in Moesia). Br. — R . 4 R.® 
 From Commodus to Gordian the 
 Pious. 
 
 Dioshieron. Br. — R . 4 R . 6 From Au- 
 gustus to Alexander Severus. 
 
 Diospolis (Sud). Br. — R . 4 R.® Of the 
 family of Septimus Severus. 
 
 Diospolis Parva (Ho, Hou). Br. — R . 8 
 Of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius. 
 
 Diospolis Magna (Tape, Mendineh-Ta- 
 bore). Br. — R . 7 R . 8 Of Hadrian. 
 
 Divm , Br. — It . 6 Of Caracalla and Geta. 
 
 Dora (Tartura). Br. — R . 4 R.® From 
 Vespasian to Aquilia Severa. 
 
 Dorimeum (Kara Chichere). Br. — R . 4 R . 7 
 From Nero to Gordian the Pious. 
 
 Doron. Br. — R. 8 . Of Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 Dorylaeum (Eski Chiehere). Br. — R . 4 
 
 R . 7 From Augustus to Titus. 
 
 E. 
 
 Ebora (Ebora) Municipium. Br. — R . 4 
 
 R . 6 Of Augustus. 
 
 Edessa in Macedonia (Edessa or Mon- 
 glena). Br. — R . 1 R.« From Augustus 
 to Gallienus. 
 
 Edessa (in Mesopotamia). Br. — C. R.® 
 From Commodus to Trajanus Decius. 
 
 Elaea (Ialea). Br. — R . 4 R.® From Au- 
 gustus to Hostilianus. 
 
 Eleuthernae. Br. — R . 7 Of Tiberius. 
 
 Eleutheropolis. Br. — R . 6 Of Julia Dom- 
 na and Caracalla. 
 
 Elis (in general). Br. — R . 4 R.® From 
 Hadrian to Caracalla. 
 
 Emisa (Hams). Br. — R . 1 R . 4 Of Do- 
 mitian and Antoninus Pius. 
 
 Ephesus (Ayasuluk, Efeso). S. — R.® Br. 
 - — C. R.® From the Triumvirates to 
 the time of the Emperor Saloninus. 
 
 Epidaurus (Pedauro, Napoli di Mal- 
 vasia). Achaian League. Br. — R . 4 
 R.® From Antoninus Pius to Alex- 
 ander Severus. 
 
 Epiphania (Hamah). Br. — R . 1 R. s Biom 
 Tiberius to Gordianus Pius. 
 
 Erae. Br. — R . 8 Of Augustus. These 
 are of very doubtful attribution. 
 
 Ereboea. Br. — R.® Of Commodus. Of 
 doubtful attribution. 
 
 Eresus (Eresso). Br. — R . 7 From Ha- 
 drian to Alexander Severus. 
 
 Ergavica (Milagro). Municipium. Br. — 
 R . 1 R . 3 From Augustus to Caligula. 
 
 Erythrae (Eritra). Br. — R . 4 R . 7 From 
 Augustus to Valeria. 
 
 Esbus (Esebon). Br. — R . 7 Of Caracalla. 
 
 Etenna. Br. — R.® From Faustina the 
 Younger to Alexander Severus. 
 
 Eucarpia. Br. — R 3 R.® From Augustus 
 to Trebonius Gallus. 
 
 Eumenia. Br. — R . 4 R." From Augustus 
 to Gallienus. Some of these coins 
 bear the name of Attuda in Phrygia. 
 
 Euromus. Br. — R 7 . Of Septimus Severus 
 and Caracalla. 
 
 Evippe. Br. — R . 8 Of Lucilla and Julia 
 Domna. 
 
IMPERIAL GREEK COINS. 
 
 595 
 
 F. 
 
 Flariopolis. Br. — R. 4 R . 6 FromDomitian 
 to Valerian the Elder. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gaba. Br. — R . 3 From Titus to Caracalla. 
 
 Gabala (Gebele). Br.— R . 1 R . 2 From 
 Augustus to Julia Soemias. 
 
 Gadara. Br. — R . 2 R . 7 From Augustus to 
 Goidian the Pious. 
 
 Gades (Cadiz). Municipium. Br. — R . 3 
 R . 6 From Augustus to Nero. 
 
 Galatia (in general). Br. — R . 2 R.® From 
 Nero to Trajan. 
 
 Ganga Germanicopolis (Ghiengari. Ghi- 
 engra). Br. — R . 4 R . 7 Of Marcus 
 Aurelius, Faustina the Younger, and 
 the family of Septimus Severus. 
 
 Gargara (Ine-Kioy). Br. — R . 8 Of 
 Commodus. 
 
 Gaza (Gazza, Gaza). Br. — R . 1 R . 7 From 
 Augustus to Gordian the Pious. 
 
 Gerasa (Gerrach). Br. — R . 4 R.® From 
 Hadrian to Alexander Severus. 
 
 Germe (Hiera-Germe). Br. — R . 2 R.® 
 
 From Trajan to Philip the Younger. 
 
 Gordus Julia (Gordu). Br. — R . 2 R . 4 
 
 From Trajan to Gallienus. 
 
 Gortyna (Kortina). S. — R . 8 Br. — R . 7 
 From Caligula to Hadrian. 
 
 Graccurris (Agreda). Municipium. Br. — 
 R . 2 Of Tiberius. 
 
 Gynaecopolites. Br. — R . 8 Of Hadrian. 
 
 Gythium (Kolokithia). Br. — R . 2 R.® Of 
 the family of Septimus Severus. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hadriani (Edrenes). Br. — R . 4 R . 8 From 
 Hadrian to Saloninus. Some coins 
 of this town bear the name Nicaea in 
 Bithynia. 
 
 Hadrianopolis in Bithynia (Boli). Br. — 
 R . 3 R . 8 From Hadrian to Philip the 
 Elder. 
 
 Hadrianopolis (in Pisidia). Br. — R. 8 . Of 
 Septimus Severus. 
 
 Hadrianopolis in Thracia (Idrene). 
 Br. C. — R . 1 From Hadrian to Tran- 
 quillina. These pieces are very 
 numerous. 
 
 Hadrianotherae. Br. — R . 1 R.® From 
 Hadrian to Philip. 
 
 Hadrumentum in Byzacme (Herkla). 
 Br. — R . 4 R.® Of Julius Caesar and 
 Augustus. 
 
 Harpasa in Caria (Arpache-Kalessi). 
 Br. — R.® From Antoninus Pius to 
 Gordian the Pious. 
 
 Helena (Macronisi). Br. — R . 4 R . 7 From 
 Julius Caesar to Otacillia. 
 
 Heliopolites (On. Mathariah). Br. — R . 8 
 Of Hadrian. 
 
 Heptanomis. Br. — R . 8 Of Hadrian. 
 
 Heraclea (in Lydia). Br. — R . 4 From 
 Hadrian to Maximin. 
 
 Heraclea (in Syria). Br. — R . 4 Of Ca- 
 racalla. 
 
 Heraclea in Bithynia (Rachia, Elegri, 
 Ereyli, Penderaski). Br. — R . 2 R . 6 
 
 Heraclea (in Ionia). Br. — R.® From 
 Augustus to Geta. 
 
 Heraea. Br. — R . 6 Of the family of 
 Septimus Severus. 
 
 Hermapolites (Chmoun, Ochmounein). 
 Br. — R.® R. ti Of Hadrian and Anto- 
 ninus Pius. 
 
 Hennione (Kastri). Achaian league. 
 Br. — R.® Of the family of Septimus 
 Severus. 
 
 Hermocape'ia . Br. — R . 4 R . 6 From Ha- 
 drian to Hostilian. 
 
 Hermonthites (Ermont, Erment, Ar- 
 ment, Balad-Mousa). Br. — R . 6 
 Of Hadrian. 
 
 Hermupolis. Br. — R . 6 Of Trebonius 
 Gallus. 
 
 Hierapolis. Br. — R . 2 R . 6 From Au- 
 gustus to Gallienus. 
 
 Hierapytna (Ierapietra, Girapetra). S. — 
 R . 8 Br. — R . 5 From Augustus to 
 Caligula. 
 
 Hierocaesarea. Br. — R . 5 R.® From Ves- 
 pasian to Caracalla. 
 
 Hieroopolites. Br. — R . 8 Of Hadrian. 
 
 Hieropolis (Membrik) . Br. — C. R . 4 From 
 Trajan to Philip the Younger. 
 
 Hieropolis (in Cilicia). Br. — R . 4 R . 8 
 From Marcus Aurelius to Caracalla. 
 
 Hippo-Libera (Byzerta). Br. — R . 8 Of 
 Tiberius and Drusus. 
 
 Hypaepa (Pyrge, Birge). Br. — R . 2 R . 7 
 From Augustus to Saloninus. 
 
 Hypseliotes (Schotp). Br. — R. 8 . Of Ha- 
 drian. 
 
 Hyrcania. Br. — R . 4 R.° From Hadrian 
 to Philip the Younger. 
 
 Q, Q 2 
 
596 
 
 IMPERIAL GREEK COINS, 
 
 I. 
 
 Jcaria (Nakaria). Br. — R . 8 Of Com- 
 modus. 
 
 Iconiutn (Kunyah, Konyeh). Br. — R . 6 
 Of Nero with Poppaea, of Hadrian, 
 Marcus Aurelius, and Faustina the 
 Younger. 
 
 Ila Cavonia (Amposta). Municipium. Br. 
 — R 4 . Of Augustus, Tiberius, and 
 Agrippa. The coins of this town bear 
 sometimes the name of Dertosa. 
 
 Her da (Lerida). Municipium. Br. R . 4 
 Of Augustus. Some coins of this 
 town bear the names Cissa, Bedesa, 
 and Sabenduno ; the last mentioned 
 of which is unknown. 
 
 Ionia (in general). Br. — R . 6 Of Antoni- 
 nus and Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 Ios (Nio). Br. — R . 7 Of Faustina, wife 
 of Antoninus, and Lu cilia. 
 
 Iotape. Br. — R . 7 Of Philip the Younger 
 and Valerian the Elder. 
 
 Isaurus (Rey Chiehere). Br. — R . 8 Of 
 Geta and Elagabalus. 
 
 Tstrus (Kargolik, Silistria). Br. — R . 6 
 From Hadrian to Tranquillianus. 
 
 Italica (Sevilla la Vieja). Municipium. 
 Br. — C. R . 6 From Augustus to 
 Drusus. Some coins are found with 
 the name Bilbilis, a sign of alliance 
 between these two towns. 
 
 Itanus. S. — R . 8 Of Augustus. 
 
 L. 
 
 Lacanatis. Br. — R . 4 R . 8 Some of these 
 pieces bear the name of Antiochus 
 the Fourth, king of Commagene. 
 
 Lacedaemon (Misitra). Br. — C. R . 4 
 
 From Augustus to Saloninus. 
 
 Laelia (El-Berrocal). Br. — R . 6 Of Au- 
 gustus, Tiberius, and L. Caesar. 
 
 Laerte. Br. — R.® From Trajan to Sa- 
 loninus. 
 
 Lampa , or Lappa. Br. — R . 4 R.® From 
 Augustus to Commodus. 
 
 Lampsacus (Lapseki, Lamsaki). Br. — 
 R . 3 R.® From Augustus to Gallienus. 
 
 Laodicea ad Libanum (in Ccelosyria). 
 Br. — R . 4 R.® From Antoninus to 
 Trajanus Decius. 
 
 Laodicea Oombusta (in Pisidia). Br. — 
 R . 8 Of Titus and Domitian. 
 
 Laodicea in Syria (Latakie, Latakkia). 
 
 S. — R . 7 Br. — C. R . 7 From Augustus 
 to Caracalla. 
 
 Laodicea in Phrygia (Eski-Hysar). 
 Br. — R . 1 R . 7 From Augustus to Salo- 
 ninus. These pieces bear the names 
 of Smyrna, Nicomedia in Bythinia, 
 Ephesus in Ionia, and some others. 
 
 Las. Br. — R . 7 Of the family of Septi- 
 mus Severus. 
 
 Latopolites (Sne, Esne, Asna). Br. — R . 8 
 Of Hadrian. 
 
 Leptis Magna (Lepida). Br. — R.® Of 
 Augustus, Tiberius, and Agrippina. 
 
 Leucas. Br. — R . 4 R.® From Claudius 
 to Gordian the Pious. 
 
 Leucas, or Leucadia (Leucadia, or St. 
 Maura). Br. — R . 8 Of Commodus. 
 
 Lesbus (in general). Br. — R . 3 R.® Of 
 Marcus Aurelius and Commodus. 
 
 Libya (Niphaiat). Br. — R . 8 Of Hadrian. 
 
 Loentopolites (Thamoui, Tel-Essabi). Br. 
 — R . 8 Of Hadrian. 
 
 Lycia (in general). S. — R . 3 From Clau- 
 dius to Trajan. Some of these pieces 
 have the name of Apollonia in Pi- 
 sidia. 
 
 Lycopolites (Sioout, Asiouth, Osiouth). 
 Br. — R . 7 Of Hadrian. 
 
 Lyrbe. Br. — R . 4 R.® From Alexander 
 Severus to Saloninus. 
 
 M. 
 
 Maeonia. Br. — R . 3 R.® From Nero to 
 Etruscilla. 
 
 Magnesia. Br. — R . 2 R . 8 From Augustus 
 to Saloninus. 
 
 Magydus. Br. — R.® From Augustus to 
 Julia Domna. 
 
 Mantinea Antigonia (Achaian league). 
 Br. — R . 4 R.® Of the family of Septi- 
 mus Severus. 
 
 Mallus (Mallo). Br. — R . 7 From Augus- 
 tus to Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 Marcianopolis. Br. — C. — R . 6 From Ha- 
 drian to Philip the Younger. 
 
 Mareotes (Mariouth). Br. — R . 8 Of Ha- 
 drian and Antoninus Pius. 
 
 Maronea (Marulia, Maronia, Marogna). 
 Br. — R.® From Nero to Yolusianus. 
 
 Massycites. S.— R 3 . R . 6 Br.— R . 4 
 
 Megara (Megra, Megara). Br. — R . 2 R.® 
 From Antoninus Pius to Geta. 
 
 Melos (Deyrmen-Adassi, Milo). Br. — R. 
 R . 7 From Nero to Caracalla. 
 
IMPERIAL GREEK COINS. 
 
 597 
 
 Memphites (Mesi, Memfi, Massr-el- 
 Gadimnh). Br. — R. 5 R . 8 Of Trajan, 
 Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius. 
 
 Menelaites. Br. — R . 4 R . 6 Of Trajan, 
 Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus 
 Aurelius. 
 
 Mendesius (Chmoun-an Erman, Och- 
 moun). Br. — R . 4 R . 6 Of Hadrian, 
 Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 Mesembria (Misevria, Misimbria). Br. — 
 R.* R 4 . From Hadrian to Philip the 
 Younger. 
 
 Messeni (in general). Br. — R . 4 R . 7 Of 
 the family of Septimus Severus. 
 
 Metelites (Damalidi). Br. — R . 9 Of Ha. 
 drian. 
 
 Mcthana (Melana). Br. — R . 7 R . 8 Of 
 
 the family of Septimus Severus. 
 
 Methymna. Br. — R . 4 R.® From Augus- 
 tus to Alexander Severus. 
 
 Metropolis (Turbali). Br.— R . 1 R.® From 
 Trajan to Gallienus. Some of these 
 coins bear the name of Ephesus in 
 Ionia, a sign cf alliance between 
 these two towns. 
 
 Mideaum. . Br. — It . 3 R.® From Caligula 
 to Philip the Younger. 
 
 Miletus (Balat, Palaisca, Milet). Br. — 
 R. s R.® From Augustus to Saloninus. 
 Some of these pieces bear the names of 
 Smyrna in Ionia and Amisus in Pon- 
 tus, a sign of alliance with these 
 towns. 
 
 Metropolis (in Phrygia). Br. — R . 1 R . 4 
 
 From Nero to Saloninus. 
 
 Miletopolis (Melte). Br.— R . 4 R.® From 
 Tiberius to Otho. 
 
 Moca. Br. — R . 8 From Antoninus to 
 Septimus Severus. 
 
 Mopsus Mopsuestia (Messis). Br. — R 5 
 R . 7 From Domitian to Gallienus. 
 
 Mostene. Br. — R . 3 R.® From Claudius 
 to Saloninus. 
 
 Mothone (Modoni, Modone). Br. — R . 5 
 
 Of the family of Septimus Severus. 
 
 My conus (Miconi). Br. — R . 8 Of Augus- 
 tus and Domitian. 
 
 Myndus (Menteche, Mimdes). Br. — R.® 
 From Antoninus Pius to Septimus 
 Severus and Julia Domna. 
 
 Myra (Mira). Br. — R . 4 R.® From An- 
 toninus Pius to Valerian. 
 
 Myrhina. Br. — R . 4 R.® From Domi- 
 tian to Tranquillina. 
 
 Myriandrus. Br. — R.® R . 7 From An- 
 toninus Pius to Marcus Aurelius. 
 Mysia (in general). ,Br. — R . 8 Of Domi 
 tian. 
 
 Mytilene (Midilli Castro). Br.— R . 2 R . 7 
 From Augustus to Saloninus. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nacolea. Br. — R . 4 R . 7 From Titus to 
 Gordian the Pious. 
 
 Naorasa. Br. — R . 3 R . 5 From Domi- 
 tian to Geta. 
 
 Naucratis (Samocrat). Br. — R . 7 Of 
 
 Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 Naxus (Naxia). Br. — R . 4 R.® Of the 
 family of Septimus Severus. 
 
 Neapolis (Nabolos, Napulosa). Br. — R . 1 
 R . 4 From Titus to Volusianus. 
 
 Neocaesarea (Niksar, Nixaria). Br. — R.* 
 R . 7 From Tiberius to Gallienus. 
 
 Neoclaudiopolis. Br. — R.® From An- 
 
 toninus Pius to Caracalla. 
 
 Neont. Br. — R . 8 Of Hadrian. 
 
 Neronias. Br. — R.® Of Nero. 
 
 Necaea (Isnik). Br. — C. — R . 8 From 
 Julius Caesar to Gallienus; of Macri- 
 nus and Quietus. 
 
 Niccphorium. Br. — R.® Of Gordianus 
 III. and Gallienus. 
 
 Nicomedia (Isnid, Isnimid, Nicomedia). 
 Br. — *C. — R . 8 Some of the coins of 
 this town bear the names of Amasia 
 in Pontus, Smyrna in Ionia, and Lao- 
 dicea in Phrygia ; a sign of alliance 
 with all these towns. 
 
 Nicopolis in Epirus (Prevesa Vecchia). 
 Br. — R . 1 R . 7 From Augustus to 
 Saloninus. These pieces are very 
 numerous. 
 
 Nicopolis ad Istrum (Niebut, Nigheboli). 
 Br. — C. — R.® From Trajan to Gor- 
 dian the Pious. 
 
 Nicopolis (in Syria.) Br. — R . 4 Of Corn- 
 modus, Alexander Severus, and Philip 
 the Elder. 
 
 Nicopolis ad Mestum (inThracia). Br. — 
 R . 3 R.® From Coramodus to Geta. 
 
 Nicopolis in Judea (Amoas). Br. — R.* 
 Of Trajan and Faustina the Elder. 
 
 Nicopoliles (in Egypt). Br. — R . 8 Of An- 
 toninus Pius. 
 
 | Nysa (Scvthopolis). Br. — R . 3 R.® From 
 Nero to Gordian the Pious. 
 
598 
 
 IMPERIAL GREEK COINS. 
 
 O, 
 
 Oasis Magna (Oahhat). Br. — R. 8 Of 
 Trajan. 
 
 Ocea. Br. — R. 8 Of Antoninus Pius. 
 
 Odessus (Varna). Br. — C. — R. 4 From 
 Trajan to Saloninus. 
 
 Oeniandos (Epiphanea). Br. — R 8 . Of 
 Hadrian and Gordian the Pious. 
 
 Olbia, Olbiopolis. Br. — R. 6 R. 8 From 
 Domitian to Alexander Sever us. 
 
 Ombites (Ambo). Br. — R. 8 Of Hadrian. 
 
 Onuphites (Nerf). Br. — R.® Of Hadrian. 
 
 Orchomenus (Kalpaki). Br. — R. 4 R.® Of 
 the family of Septimus Severus. 
 
 Orthosa. Br. — R. 4 R.® From Augustus 
 to Maximin. 
 
 Orthosia. Br. — R. 4 R.® From Tiberius 
 to Alexander Severus. 
 
 Osca (Huesca). Municipium. Br. — R.*R. 6 
 From Augustus to Caligula. 
 
 Osicerda (Cherta). Municipium. Br. — R.® 
 Of Tiberius. Some coins of this town 
 bear the name of Caesar. 
 
 Otrus. Br. — R.® R. 7 From Julia Domna 
 to Geta. 
 
 Oxyrnchites (Pemsye, Behnese, Bahnasa). 
 Br. — R. 3 R. 4 Of Hadrian and Anto- 
 ninus Pius. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pagae (Libadostani). Br. — R. 4 R. 5 From 
 Antoninus to Septimus Severus. 
 
 Taltos (Boldo). Br.— R. 4 R.« From 
 Commodus to Julia Paula. 
 
 Pancmotichot. Br. — R.® Of Julia 
 Domna. 
 
 Panopolites (Chmin, Chmim, Akhmim). 
 Br.— R.® Of Had-ian. 
 
 71 arlais . Br. — R.® Of Gallienus. 
 
 '.‘aros (Paros, Naucsa). Br. — R. 7 Of 
 Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the 
 Younger. 
 
 Patara . (Patera). Br. — R. 4 R. 5 Of 
 Gordian the Pious. 
 
 Pautalia. Br. — C. R.® From Hadrian to 
 Gordian the Pious. These pieces are 
 very numerous. 
 
 Pcdnelissus. Br. — R. 8 O ' Maximin. 
 
 Pella (Ala Clissa, Pella, or Pellatisa). 
 Br. — R. 4 Of Marc Antony and 
 
 Octavia. 
 
 Pella (in Macedonia). Br. — R. 7 Of Com- 
 modus and Elagabalus. 
 
 Pellene. Br. — R.® Of Commodus and 
 
 the family of Septimus Severus. 
 
 Peloponnesus in general. Br. — R.® R> 
 Of Antoninus, Lucius Verus, and Sep- 
 timus Severus. 
 
 Peltae. Br. — R. 8 Of Antoninus Pius. 
 
 Pelusium (Peremoum, Alfaramo). Br. — 
 R. 3 R. 5 Of Hadrian. 
 
 Peparethus (Piperi). Br. — R. 8 From 
 
 Augustus to Commodus. 
 
 Perga (Kara Hyssar). S. — R.® Br. — 
 
 R. 1 R.® From Augustus to Saloninus. 
 
 Pergamus (Bergam, Pergamo). Br. — C. 
 R.8 From Augustus to Saloninus. 
 
 Perinthus (Eraclia, Erekli). Br. — C. — R. 7 
 From Claudius to Saloninus. These 
 pieces are very numerous. 
 
 Perperene. Br. — R. 4 R. 7 From Nero 
 
 to Otacilia. 
 
 Pessinus. Br. — R. 4 R. 7 From Claudius 
 to Gordian the Pious. 
 
 Petra (Petra). Br. — R. 3 R. 5 From 
 
 Hadrian to Geta. 
 
 Pharbaethites (Pharbait, Horbait). Br. — 
 R. 8 Of Hadrian. 
 
 Phaselis (Fionda). Br. — R. 7 Of Gordian 
 the Pious. 
 
 Phellus. Br. — R. 8 Of Gordian the Pious. 
 
 Pheneus (Phonia). Br. — R. 4 Of the 
 
 family of Septimus Severus. 
 
 Phigalea vel Phialea (Achaian League). 
 Br. — R. 3 Of the family of Septimus 
 Severus. 
 
 Philadelphia (Ala Chiehere). Br. — R. 3 R.® 
 From Augustus to Valerian the Elder. 
 Some of these pieces bear the name 
 of Smyrna in Ionia. 
 
 Philadelphia (Amman). Br. — R. 4 From 
 Agrippina the Younger to Alexander 
 Severus. 
 
 Philotnelium (Ilgun). Br. — R. 3 R. 4 
 
 From Augustus to Trehonianus Gal- 
 lus. 
 
 Philippopolis (Filibi). Br. — C. R. 7 From 
 Domitian to Saloninus. The pieces 
 of Domitian bear a Latin legend on 
 the obverse. 
 
 Phlius (Santa Flica). Br.— R. 4 R • Of 
 the family of Septimus Severus. 
 
 Phocea (Foya, Foggia, Fokia). Br. — R.* 
 R. 7 From Claudius to Philip. 
 
 Phoenice vel Phoenicape (Sopoto). Br. — 
 R. 6 Of Nero and Trajan. 
 
 Phoenice (in general). Br. — R.® Of Ca- 
 raoalla. 
 
IMPERIAL GREEK COEN'S. 
 
 599 
 
 Phthemphites. Br. — R . 8 Of Hadrian. 
 
 Phtheneotes (Pteneto). Br. — R . 8 Of 
 Hadrian. 
 
 Pinamys. Br.— R.® Of Hadrian. 
 
 Pionia. Br. — R . 7 Of the family of Sep- 
 timus Severus. 
 
 .Pitane. Br. — R®. Of Caius and Lucius 
 Caesar to Alexander Severus. 
 
 Plotinopolis (Demotica). Br. — R. a R . 8 
 From Antoninus to Caracalla. 
 
 Podalia. Br. — R . 8 Of Tranquillina. 
 
 Poemaneni. Br. — R . 7 Of Trajan. 
 
 Pogla. Er. — R . 7 From Geta to Traja- 
 nus. 
 
 Polyrhenium. S. — R . 8 Br. — R.® From 
 Augustus to Trajan. 
 
 Pompeiopolis (Tache-Kupru) . Br. — R.® 
 Of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the 
 Younger. 
 
 Pontus (in general). Br. — R.® Of Marcus 
 Aurelius. These pieces were struck 
 at Neocaesarea. 
 
 Poroselene (Musco-Nisi), Br. — R . 7 From 
 Antoninus Pius to Valerianus. 
 
 Priapus (Karaboa). Br. — R.® Of Au- 
 gustus. 
 
 Prosopites (Pchati, Abcadi). Br. — R 4 . 
 R®. Of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, 
 and Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 Prostnnna. Br. — R.® Of Claudius 
 Gothicus. 
 
 Prusa ad Olympum (Brusa). Br. — R . 1 
 R.® Of Nero, and from Trajan to 
 Saloninus. 
 
 Frusiasad mare , Ouis (KadiKioy). With 
 the name of Prusias. Br. — R.® of 
 Domitian. With the name of Cuis. 
 Br. — R . 2 R . 8 From Claudius to Saloni- 
 nus. 
 
 Prusias ad Hypuim (Uskubi). Br. — 
 R . 2 R.® From Vespasian to Gal- 
 
 lienus. 
 
 Prymnessus. Br. — R . 3 R.® From Au- 
 gustus to Gallienus. 
 
 Psophis. Br. — R.® Of the family of 
 
 Septimus Severus. 
 
 Ptolemais. Br. — R . 8 Of Claudius. 
 
 Pylus (Yavarino, Navarino). Br. — R . 2 
 R.® Of the family of Septimus Se- 
 verus. 
 
 R. 
 
 Rabathmoba. Br. — R.® R,® From Sep- 
 timus Severus to Gordianus. 
 
 Raphia. Br.- — R.® R . 7 From Commo- 
 dus to Philip. 
 
 Rephanea. Br. — R . 4 From Elagabalus 
 to Alexander Severus. 
 
 Rhesaena (Ras Ayn). Br. — R . 4 Of 
 
 Caracalla. 
 
 Rhodus. Br. — R . 3 R . 8 From Tiberius 
 to Commodus. 
 
 Rhosus. Br. — R . 1 From Commodus to 
 Septimus Severus. 
 
 S. 
 
 Saetteni. Br — R . 3 R.® From Hadrian 
 to Saloninus. 
 
 Sagalassus (Sadyaklu). Br. — R . 4 R . 8 
 
 From Augustus to Claudius Gothicus. 
 
 Saguntum vel Perseiana (Murviedro). 
 Municipium. Br. — R . 2 R.® Of Ti- 
 berius. 
 
 Suites (Sai, Ssa). Br. — R . 4 R.® Of 
 Hadrian and Antoninus Pius. 
 
 Sala. Br. — R . 3 R . 7 From Domitia to 
 Herennius Etruscus. 
 
 Salamis (Koluri). Br. — R . 8 From Sep- 
 timus to Caracalla. One piece of 
 Severus has also the name of Aegina. 
 
 Samaritis Caesarea (Kayserie). Br. — 
 
 R . 1 R.® From Nero to Caligula. 
 
 Samos (Susam, Adassi Tamo). Br. — C. 
 R . 5 From Augustus to Valerian the 
 Younger. Some of these coins have 
 the name of Alexandria in Egypt, a 
 sign of alliance. 
 
 Samothrace (Samotraki). Br. — R . 8 Of 
 Hadrian. 
 
 Sardes (Sart, Sard, Sarde). Br. — C. R . 8 
 From Augustus to Valerian the 
 Younger. These bear, also, the names 
 of Smyrna in Ionia, Pergamus in 
 Mysia, and some others. 
 
 Savatra. Br. — R.® Of Antoninus Pius. 
 
 Scepsis. Br. — R . 4 R . 7 From Marcus 
 
 Aurelius to Maximin. 
 
 Sehaste (Chiemium). Br. — R . 2 R . 4 From 
 Nero to Caracalla. 
 
 Sebaste. Br. — R . 4 R . 7 From Claudius 
 to Gordian the Pious. 
 
 Sebaste (Island near to Cilicia). Br. — 
 R . 4 R . 5 From Augustus to Valerian 
 the Elder. 
 
 Sebaste (Sivas). Br. — R.® Of Trajan, 
 Marcus Aurelius, and Lucius Verus. 
 
 Sebastopolis. Br. — R . 7 Of Antoninus 
 
 Pius and Julia Domna. 
 
COO 
 
 IMPERIAL GREEK COINS 
 
 Scbennytes (Syemnoufri, Semenoud, Sa- 
 mannoud). Br. — R . 4 Of Trajan, 
 Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius. 
 
 Segesta (Pileri di Barbera). Br. — R . 4 
 Of Augustus. 
 
 Segobriga (Segorbe). Br. — R . 8 From 
 Augustus to Tiberius. 
 
 Seleucia (Suverdieh). S. R . 8 Br. — C. 
 R . 4 From Augustus to Septimus 
 Severus. 
 
 Seleucia (Selefke). Br. — R . 5 R . 6 From 
 Hadrian to Saloninus. 
 
 Sepphoris. Br. — R . 8 Of Trajan. 
 
 Serdica (Sofia). Br. — C. R . 5 From 
 Marcus Aurelius to Gallienus. These 
 pieces are very numerous. 
 
 Sestus (Zemenick). Br. — R . 8 R . 8 From 
 Augustus to Philip the Younger. 
 
 Sethroites (Psariom). Br. — R . 1 R . 4 Of 
 Trajan and Antoninus Pius. 
 
 Sicyon (Basilica). Br. — R . 5 Of the 
 
 family of Septimus Severus. 
 
 Side (Candeloro). Br. — R . 1 R.® From 
 Augustus to Saloninus. 
 
 Sidon (Seida). Br. — R . 1 R . 4 From 
 Augustus to Hadrian. 
 
 Silandus. Br. — R . 5 R . 7 From Domitian 
 to Caracalla. 
 
 Sillyum. Br. — R . 4 R®. From Antoninus 
 Pius to Saloninus. 
 
 Singara (Sengiar). Br. — R . 1 R . 4 Of 
 Alexander Severus, and Philip the 
 Elder. 
 
 Siphnus (Sifanto). Br. — R . 4 R. 6 . From 
 Septimus Severus to Gordian the 
 Pious. 
 
 Smyrna (Ismir, Smirne). Br. — C. R . 7 
 From Augustus to Saloninus. 
 
 Solopolis Pompeiopolis (Lamuza). With 
 the name of Salopolis. Br. — R . 8 Of 
 Cneius Pompey, with the name of 
 Pompeiopolis. Br. — R . 4 R. a From 
 Cneius Pompey to Trebonianus Gallus. 
 
 Stobi (Stip.) Municipium. Br. — C. R.° 
 From Vespasian to Elagabalus. Latin 
 Legend. 
 
 Slratonicea (Eski-Chiehere). S. — R . 8 
 Br. — R . 3 R . 7 From Antoninus Pius 
 to Saloninus. 
 
 Syedra. Br. — R . 1 R . 4 From Nero to 
 Saloninus. 
 
 Synaos. Br. — R.® R . 8 From Nero to 
 
 Lucius Verus. 
 
 Synnada. Br. — R . 8 R . 4 R.® From Au- 
 gustus to Gallienus. 
 
 T. 
 
 Taba (Tabas). Br. R 4 . R . 7 From Drusus 
 to Saloninus. 
 
 Tabala. Br. — R.® From Trajan to Gor- 
 dian the Pious and Tranquillina. 
 Tanagra (Gremata). Br. — R . 4 R 8 . From 
 Augustus to Faustina the wife of 
 Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 Tanites. (Syani, Tzan, Ssan). Br. — 
 
 R. 3 Of Hadrian. 
 
 Tarsus (Tarsus, Tersus, Tersine, Tarso). 
 
 S. — R 4 . R . 8 Br.— C. R . 7 From 
 
 Augustus to Saloninus. 
 
 Tavium. Br. — R . 4 R . 7 From Marcus 
 
 Aurelius to Ektgabalus. 
 
 Tegea (Moklia). Achaian League. Br. 
 R®. Of the family of Septimus 
 Severus. 
 
 Temenothryce. Br. — R . 4 R.® From Julia 
 Mamaea to Saloninus. 
 
 Temnus. Br. — R 8 . R.® From Augustus 
 to Philip the Younger. 
 
 Tentyrites (Nitenthory, Dendera.) Br. — 
 R . 5 Of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius. 
 Tenus (Tine, Tino, Istendil). Br. — R . 4 
 
 From Sabinus to Maximian. 
 
 Teos (Sigagik). Br. — R . 8 R . 7 From 
 Augustus to Saloninus. 
 
 Termessus (Estenaz). Br. — R . 7 From 
 Augustus to Alexander Severus. 
 Thalassa (Kalo-Limno). S. — R . 8 Br. 
 
 — C. R . 8 From Augustus to Trajan. 
 Thapsum. Br. — R . 8 Of Tiberius. 
 Thasus (Tasso). Br. — R.® From Hadrian 
 to Geta. 
 
 Thelpusa. Br. — R.® Of Commodus and 
 the family of Septimus Severus. 
 Themisonium. Br. — R . 5 R.® From An- 
 toninus Pius to Philip the Younger. 
 Thera (Santorini). Br. — R . 4 R.® From 
 Marcus Aurelius to Septimus Severus. 
 Thespiae. Br. — R . 4 Of Vespasian and 
 Domitian. 
 
 Thessalia, (in general). Island near to 
 Thessaly. Br. — C. R.® From Augustus 
 to Gallienus. 
 
 Thessalonica (Saloniki, Salonicco). Br. 
 — C. — R.® From Julius Caesar to Sa- 
 loninus. 
 
 Thinites (Tuna). Br. — R.® Of Hadrian. 
 Thracia, (in general). Br. — R . 8 R . 5 Of 
 Caracalla. These pieces seem to have 
 been struck at Philippopolis, in 
 Thrace. 
 
IMPERIAL GREEK COINS, 
 
 601 
 
 Jhuim (Bunar Bachi). Bn — R . 8 R . 6 
 From Augustus to Saloninus. 
 
 Thyatira (Al-Hyssar). Br. — C. — R . 8 
 
 From Augustus to Saloninus. 
 
 Thuria. Br. — R . 4 Of the family of 
 Septimus Severus. 
 
 Tiberias (Tabariah). Br. R . 1 R . 6 From 
 Tiberius to Antoninus. 
 
 Tiberiopolis. Br. — R . 4 R . 7 From Tra- 
 jan to Caracalla. 
 
 Timbrias. Br. R . 7 Of Hadrian. 
 
 Tityassus — Pytiassus. Br. — R.« Of 
 Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Geta. 
 
 Tium (Thios, Tillios, Filios, Falios), Br. 
 — R.* R . 6 From Domitian to Gal- 
 lienus. 
 
 Tlos. Br. — R 8 . Of Gordian the Pious. 
 
 Tmolus (Buz Daghi). Br. — R 7 . From 
 Sabina to Faustina. 
 
 Tomi (Pangala). Br. — C. R . 7 From 
 Tiberius to Philip the Younger. 
 
 Topirus. Br. — R . 3 R . 4 From Antoninus 
 ?os to Geta. 
 
 Traianopods. Br. — R . 8 Of Lucillus. 
 
 Traianopolis , or Traiana. Br. — R . 1 R . 4 
 From Trajan to Gallienus. 
 
 Traianopolis. Br. — R . 7 From Trajan 
 
 to Gordian the Pious. 
 
 Tralles Seleticia. (Sultan Hyssar.) S. — 
 R . 8 Br. — R . 1 R . 7 From Augustus 
 to Valerian the Younger. These 
 pieces bear the names of Smyrna, 
 Pergamus in Mysia, and some others. 
 
 Trapezopolis (Karagia-Su). Br. — R . 2 R . 6 
 From Augustus to Saloninus. 
 
 Trapezus (Trebisan, Trebisonda). Br. — 
 R . 4 From Trajan to Philip the 
 Elder. 
 
 Tripolis (Chiam Tarabulis. Tripoli di 
 Soria). Br. — C. R.® From Marcus 
 Antonius to Maximin. 
 
 Troezen (Damala). Br. — R . 4 R . 6 Of 
 
 Commodus and the family of Septimus 
 Severus. 
 
 Turiaso (Tarazona, Silbis) Municipium. 
 Br. — C. R . 4 Of Augustus and Tibe- 
 rius. 
 
 Tyana (Tiana). Br. — R . 3 R.® From 
 
 Nero to Septimus Severus. 
 
 Tyra. Br. — R . 4 R.® From Vespasian 
 to Gallienus. 
 
 U. 
 
 Urso (Osuna). Br. — R . 4 R . 7 Of Au- 
 gustus. Some coins of this town 
 bear the name of Amba. 
 
 Utica (Buchiatter). Br. — C. R . 1 Of 
 
 Augustus, Tiberius, and Julia. 
 
 X. 
 
 Xoites (Skooro, Sakha). Br. — R . 5 Of 
 Hadrian. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zacynthus (Zakintos, Zante). Br. — R . 1 
 R . 5 From Antoninus Pius to Ela- 
 gabalus. 
 
 Zayta. Br. — R . 8 Of Trajan and Sep- 
 
 timus Severus. 
 
 Zela (Zile). Br. — R . 5 Of Julia Domna, 
 Caracalla, and Geta. 
 
 Zephyrium. Br. — R.® From Hadrian 
 
 to Trebonianus Gallus. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS, 
 
 WITH THEIR EXPLANATION, AND ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS. 
 
 A. 
 
 A. auIus. Name of a personage ; or 
 Annus, a year. 
 
 A. A. Anni, or Annos. The years, or years. 
 
 AA. A.A.A. AUgusti. Two, or three 
 Augustuses. 
 
 Aa.a.f.f. xuro, Argento Aere Flando 
 Feriundo. An inscription in allusion 
 to the flondi of gold, silver and copper, 
 from which the coins of the respective 
 metals were struck, generally follow- 
 ing the name of the monetary trium- 
 viri for the time being. The triumviri 
 monetales were the three chief officers 
 of the Roman mint. 
 
 Abn. ABNepos. Grand-nephew 
 
 Acci. ACCitana. Accitana (a Roman 
 colony in Spain, now Guadix, in Gre- 
 nada). 
 
 Acci.l.iii. Accitana negio in. The 
 third Legion of Accitana. 
 
 Act. ACTiacus, ACTia or ACTium. Acti- 
 acus or Actium (a town of Epirus, 
 now Prevenza). 
 
 A. act. a. ACTiacus Apollo. The Acti- 
 atic Apollo. 
 
 Aad. fry. emv. ad FRuges EMundus. 
 For buying corn ; alluding to the 
 public purchases of corn for the 
 people, for which money was expressly 
 6truck. 
 
 Aadi. ADJutrix. Relief (alluding to a 
 legion distinguished for some signal 
 assistance afforded in time of need.) 
 
 AdLOCVT. AUG. ADLOCUTiO AVGUSti. 
 
 Adlocution of Augustus (alluding to 
 an address to the military). 
 
 ADLOCVT. COH. PRiETOR. ADLOCVTio 
 conortium pi^ETORianorum. Adlo- 
 cution to the Praetorian cohorts. 
 
 Advent, auo. iud. or mav. or acha. or 
 afric. or asi. or sic. or gal. or hisp. 
 adventus Auousti juDeae, or mau- 
 
 ritaniae, or ACHAiae, or africsb, or 
 Asiae, or siciiliae, or GALliae, or 
 mspaniae. The arrival of Augustus 
 in Judaea, or Mauritania, or Achaia, 
 or Africa, or Asia, or Sicily, or Gaul, 
 or Spain. 
 
 Aed. cvr. AEDilis curuHs. The curule 
 aediles (appointed for the Patricians). 
 
 Aed. divt. avg. rest. AEDes divi 
 Auousti RESTitutae. The divine 
 temples restored by Augustus. 
 
 Aed. p. AEDilitia potestas. The Aedile 
 power. 
 
 Aed. pl. AEDilitia PLebis. Aedile of 
 the people. 
 
 Aed. s. AEDes sacrae, or AEDibus 
 sacris. The sacred edifices, or to the 
 sacred edifices (in the dative case.) 
 
 Aem. AEuilius, or AEMilia. Name of 
 a personage. 
 
 ./EftviT. avg. AEQUiTas AUGUsti. The 
 equity of Augustus. 
 
 Aet. AETernitas. Eternity. 
 
 A. f. Auli Filius. The son of Aulus. 
 
 A. n. Auli nepos. The nephew of 
 Aulus. 
 
 Aorip. f. AGRippae Filius. The son 
 of Agrippa. 
 
 AgRIPPA M. F. MA. C. C.KSARIS. AVGVSTI. 
 agrippa Marci Filia MAter c- 
 aii cjesaris AUgusti. Agrippa the 
 daughter of Marcus and mother of 
 Caius Caesar Augustus (the emperor 
 Caligula). 
 
 Ale. ALExandria. Alexandria. 
 
 Alim. ital. ALiMenta iTALiae. The 
 provision of Italy, in allusion to the 
 public purchase of corn, for distri- 
 bution in Italy. 
 
 Alvit. ALvirius. Name of a personage. 
 
 Anic. ANicius. Name of a personage. 
 
 A. u. b. Antiochiae Monet a officina 
 secunda. Money of Antioch b (that 
 is, of the second office or division of 
 
abbreviations on roman coins. 
 
 603 
 
 the mint; the offices being distin- 
 guished bj a, b, for first and second ; 
 a system common in Roman monetary 
 numerals). 
 
 An. b. or ant. b. ANtiochiae officina 
 6ecunda. The second division of the 
 mint of Antioch. 
 
 A. n. f. f. Annum Novum Felicem 
 Faustum. A happy and prosperous new 
 year (wished to the Emperor). 
 
 Ann. dccc. lxxii. nat. vbb. p. cir. con. 
 
 ANNO DCCCLXXII. NATali URBiS 
 
 populo ciRcenses coNstituti. In the 
 year of the city, 872, the Circensian 
 games were established for the people. 
 
 Anno>a. avg. annona augusU. The 
 pn vision of Augustus (alluding to a 
 yearly distribution of corn among the 
 pei pie). 
 
 Ant. j . ANTiochiae percussa. Struck 
 at Antioch. 
 
 Ant. f. ANTiochiae signata. Struck 
 at Antioch. 
 
 A. r. f. Auro populo Feriundo or Argento 
 populo periundo. Gold or silver 
 (coins) struck for the people. 
 
 A. p. lvg. pecunia Lvoduni a. Money 
 of Lugdunum (now Lyons in France) ; 
 a of the first division of the mint. 
 
 Apoi.. mon. apolIo MONetalis. The 
 monetary Apollo. 
 
 A pol. pal. apolIo PALatinus. The 
 Talatine Apollo. 
 
 Aiol. salvt. conservators APOLloni 
 SAXtnari conservators To Apollo 
 the Saviour and Preserver. 
 
 Aq. o. b. Aauili® officina b. Of 
 Aqi ilia, the second division of the 
 mint. 
 
 Aq. p. s. AQuiliae pecunia signata. 
 Morey struck at Aquilia. 
 
 Aq. p. AQuiliae percussa. Struck at 
 
 Aquilia. 
 
 Aq. s. AQuiliae signata. Struck at 
 
 Aquilia. 
 
 Aqva. m. aqua Marcia. The Marcian 
 water (alluding to water brought to 
 the e ity through the care and liberality 
 of A arcus). 
 
 Aqva. ibaj. aqva TRAjana. The Tra- 
 janiun water. 
 
 Ar. or arl. ARelate or ARLate. Arles. 
 
 Aba. pac. ara PAcis. The altar of peace. 
 
 Arab, ai qvi. ARABia ADQuisita. Arabia 
 conquered. 
 
 Armen, cap. armen ia expta. Armenia 
 subjugated. 
 
 Armenia et Mesopotamia potest atem p. 
 
 R. REDACT. ARMENIA ET MESOPOTA- 
 MIA potestatem populi Romani 
 REDACTae. Armenia and Mesopo- 
 tamia reduced under the power of the 
 Roman people. 
 
 Asi. Asia. Asia. 
 
 A. sisc. a. sisciae. Of Sescia A. (sig- 
 nifying that it was of that town ; 
 struck in the first division of the mint). 
 
 Ast. ASTigitana. Astigitana (now Ecisu 
 in Andalusia, Spain). 
 
 Avg. augui* or Auoustus, or AUGUsta, or 
 Auaustalis. Augur or Augustus, or 
 Augusta, or of the August. 
 
 Avg. d. f. Auoustus Divi pilius. 
 Augustus, son of the deity. 
 
 Avgg. or avggg. augusU. Augustus ; 
 two or three g’s after av, signified that 
 two or three emperors were reigning 
 jointly. 
 
 Avr. pia. sidon. colonia. >uRclia pia 
 siDO.xis colonia. Aurelius Pius, a 
 colony of Sidon. 
 
 B. 
 
 B. Berythus or Bono, or Braccara or 
 officina secunda. This letter b by 
 itself, is used to signify either Bery- 
 thus, a Phoenician town, or for the 
 adjective good, or Braccara, or the 
 second office of the mint ; this letter 
 being used as a numeral, and signi- 
 fying 2. 
 
 B. a. Braccara Augustalis. The 
 Augustalian Braccara (now Brague, a 
 town in Portugal). 
 
 Baebi. baebius or baebia. Baebius 
 a man’s name, or Baebia (the name 
 of a Roman family). 
 
 Balb. balbus. Balbus (the name of 
 a personage). 
 
 Bon. EVENT. BONUS EVENTUS, OI 
 BONO EVENTui. A good event, or to 
 a good event. 
 
 Brit. BRiTannicus or BRiTannia. Brit- 
 annia, or the country Britain. 
 
 Broc. BROCchus. Brocchus (the name 
 of a personage). 
 
 B. r. p. n. Bono Republico Nato. 
 Appointed (to be struck) for the good 
 of the public. 
 
604 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 Brvn. BRVNdusium. Brundusium (a 
 town in the kingdom of Naples). 
 
 B. sirm. b. sirmii. B. Sirmium (that 
 is to say, struck at Sirmium in the 
 second office of the mint, as signified 
 by the numeral b). 
 
 B. s. lg. b (officina secunda) signata 
 Lugdunum. The second (monetary 
 office), coined at Lyons. 
 
 B. t. Beata Tranquillitas. Happy 
 tranquillity. 
 
 Bvthr. BUTHROtum. Buthrotum (now 
 Butrin to in Epirus). 
 
 C. 
 
 C. caius or caesar. Caius or Caesar. 
 
 C. carthago or censor or centum or cives 
 or clypeus or cohors or colonia or 
 consultum or Cornelius. Carthage, 
 or censor, or a hundred, or Citizens, 
 or a buckler, or a cohort, or a colony, 
 or a decree, or Cornelius (name of a 
 a personage). 
 
 C. a. a. p. colonia Augusta Aroe 
 patrensis or colonia a. Augusta 
 patrensis or colonia Agrippina. The 
 august colony of Aroe Patrensis, 
 or a (the first) august colony of Aroe 
 Patrensis, or the Agrippine colony. 
 
 Cabe. cabeIHo. Cabellio (now Cavaillon 
 in France). 
 
 C. a. bvt. colonia Augusta BUThrotum. 
 The colony Augusta Buthrotum (of 
 Butrinto, now of the same name in 
 Epirus). 
 
 C. a. c. colonia Augusta caesarea. The 
 august colony of Caesarea. 
 
 C. a. e. colonia Augusta Emerita. The 
 colony Augusta Emerita (now Merida 
 in Spain). 
 
 C. a. k. avq. pater. colonia Augusta 
 Emerita Auoustus pater. Augustus, 
 the father of the colony Augusta 
 Emerita, in Spain, (now Merida). 
 
 Caes. CAEsarea or CAEsar. Caesarea, a 
 town in Palestine, or Caesar. 
 
 Caess. or cabsss. cAEsares. Caesars, 
 ss signifying two, and sss three Cae- 
 sars. 
 
 Caesar, avo. f. des. imp. avo. cos. its. 
 caesar augusU Filius DEsignatus 
 iMPerator AUGustus consul iTErum. 
 Caesar, son of Augustus, chosen Em- 
 
 peror, Augustus, and Consul for the 
 second time. 
 
 Caesar, divi. f. Caesar divi Filius. 
 Caesar, son of the God. This in- 
 scription most frequently occurs on 
 the coins of Augustus Caesar, the 
 adopted son of Julius Caesar, who 
 was deified. 
 
 Caesar, pont. max. caesar poNTifex 
 MAximus. Caesar the High Pontiff, 
 
 C.a.i. or c.i.a. colonia Augusta Julia. 
 The colony Augusta Julia, in Spain, 
 now Cadiz. 
 
 Cal. CALaguris or CALidius or cal- 
 idia. Calaguris, a town in Spain, 
 now Calahora. Calidius, name of a 
 personage. Calidia, name of a family. 
 
 C. a. o. a. f. colonia Augusta oca Anto- 
 niniana Felix. The happy colony 
 Oca Augusta Antoniniana, in Africa, 
 (now Tripoli.) 
 
 C.a. pi. met. sid. colonia Aurelia 
 pia METropolis srnon. The colony 
 Aurelius Pius, the metropolis ol 
 Sidon, a Phoenician town, now be- 
 longing to the Turks. 
 
 C. a. r. colonia Augusta Rauracorum, 
 or colonia Augusta Regia. The 
 colony Augusta Rauracum, in Swit- 
 zerland ; now Augst, near Basle ; or 
 the royal colony of Asta, in Spain. 
 
 C. c. Numeral letters signifying hun- 
 dreds. 
 
 C. c. a. colonia caesarea Augusta. The 
 colony Augusta Caesarea. 
 
 C. CAESAR. AVO, PRON. AVG. P. M. TR. P. 
 IIII. P. P. caius CAESAR AVGUSti 
 rRONepos AUGustus pontifex Max- 
 imus TRibunitia potestate mi. pater 
 patriae. Caius Caesar, great grand- 
 son of Augustus ; Augustus, High 
 Pontiff, exercising the tribunitian 
 power for the fourth time ; father of 
 his country. 
 
 C. c. col. lvg. claudia copia cononia 
 LUGdunum. The colony Claudia Copia 
 Lugdunum (now Lyons). 
 
 C. c. i. b. colonia campestris Julia 
 Babba. The colony of Julia Babba, 
 in the plain, in Mauritania. 
 
 C. c. i. b. d. d. colonia campestris julia 
 Babba Decreto Decurionum. The 
 colony of Julia Babba, in the plain, 
 by the decree of the Decurions. 
 
 C. c. i. a. p. a. colonia concordia julia 
 
ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 605 
 
 Hadrumetina pia Augusta. The co- 
 lony Concordia Julia Hadrumetina 
 Pia Augusta, in Africa. 
 
 C. civ. d. d. p. corona civica Data 
 Decreto publico. The civic crown 
 awarded by public decree. 
 
 C. c. n. a. colonia carthago Nova 
 Augusta. The colony Carthago Nova 
 Augusta, in Spain. 
 
 C. c. n. c. d. d. colonia concordia Norba 
 caesarea Decreto Deourionum. The 
 colony Concordia Norba Caesarea, by 
 the decree of the Decurions (Cae- 
 sarea Norba, a town in Lusitania). 
 
 C. r. centissima Remissa, or cir- 
 censes nestituti. The hundredth 
 remitted. The Circensian games 
 restored. 
 
 C. c. s. colonia claudia salaria. The 
 colony Claudia Salaria. 
 
 C. cvp. caius cupiennius. Name of a 
 personage. 
 
 Cf.n. CENsor. Censor. 
 
 Cens. per. CENsor PERpetuus, or ckns- 
 oris PERmissu. Perpetual Censor, 
 or by permission of the Censor. 
 
 Cer. sacr. per. oecvme. isela. cer- 
 tamina SACRa rERiodica OEcuMsnica 
 iSELAstica. The sacred periodical 
 oecumenic contests, called Iselastica. 
 
 Cert. qvin. rom. con. CERTamina auiN- 
 quennalia ROMae coNStituta. The fifth 
 year games of Rome established. 
 
 C. e. s. cum Exercitu suo. With his 
 army. 
 
 Cest. cESTius, or cESTia. Name of a 
 personage or family. 
 
 C. f. caius pabius. Name of a perso- 
 nage. 
 
 C. f. caii pilius. Son of Caius. 
 
 C. n. caii Nepos. Nephew of Caius. 
 
 C. f. p. d. colonia Flavia pacensis De- 
 veltum. The colony Flavia Pacensis 
 Develtum (now Develto, a small town 
 in Turkey). 
 
 C. g. i. h. p. a. colonia Gemella julia 
 Hadriana pariana Augusta. The 
 colony Gemella Julia Hadriana Pari- 
 ana Augusta, a town in Mysia. 
 
 C. i. c. a. colonia julia concordia 
 Apamaea, or colonia julia Car- 
 thago Antiqua. The colony Julia 
 Concordia Apamaea ; or the colony 
 Carthago Antiqua (now Carthagena, 
 in Spain): 
 
 C. i. c. a. genio. p. R. d. D. colonia 
 julia concordia Augusta genio populi 
 nomani Decreto necurionum. The 
 
 colony Julia Concordia Augusta to 
 the genius of the Roman people by 
 the decree of the Decurions. 
 
 C. i. a. d. colonia julia Augusta Dertona. 
 The colony Julia Augusta Dertona. 
 
 C. i. av. colonia julia Avgusta. The 
 
 colony Julia Augusta, now Cadix, in 
 Spain. 
 
 C. i. avg. f. sin. colonia julia Auousta 
 Felix siNope. The colony Julia 
 Augusta Felix Sinope. 
 
 C. i. b. colonia julia Baiba. The 
 
 colony Julia Baiba, in Mauritania. 
 
 C. i. c. a. p. a. colonia julia carthago 
 Augusta pia Antiqua or colonia 
 
 julia corinthus Augusta pia Anto- 
 niniana. The colony Julia Carthago 
 Augusta Pia Antiqua, in Spain, now 
 Carthagena ; or, the colony Julia 
 Corinthus Augusta Pia Antoniniana, 
 now Corinth, in Greece. 
 
 C. i. caes. caius Julius CAEsar. Name 
 of a personage. 
 
 C. i. cal. colonia julia CALpe. The 
 colony Julia Calpe, now Gibraltar, in 
 Spain. 
 
 C. i. f. colonia julia Felix. The 
 colony Julia Felix. 
 
 C. i. g. a. colonia Julia Gemella Au- 
 gusta. The colony Julia Gemella 
 Augusta. 
 
 C. i. i. a. colonia immunis illice 
 Augusta. The free colony Illice 
 Augusta. 
 
 C. I. IL. A. Q. PAPIR. CAR. Q. TER. WONT. 
 
 ii. tir. colonia immunis iLlice 
 Augusta auinto PAPiRio CARbone 
 Quinto TERentio MONTano n. viRis 
 auinquennalibus. The free colony 
 Illice Augusta, under Quintus Papi- 
 rius Carbo and Quintus Terentius 
 Montanus, the Decemvirs for five 
 years. 
 
 C. i. n. g. colonia Julia Norba caesariana. 
 The colony Julia Norba Caesariana. 
 
 C. i. n. c. colonia julia Nova carthago. 
 The colony Julia Nova Carthago (ndw 
 Carthagena, in Spain). 
 
 Cir. con. ciRcenses coNstituti ; or cib- 
 censes coNsessit. The games of the 
 Circus established ; or, he celebrated 
 the Circensian games. 
 
606 
 
 abbreviations on roman coins. 
 
 C. I. v. colonia Julia valentia. The 
 colony of Julia Yalentia, in Spain. 
 
 Cl. cLaudiusorcLaudiaorcLypeus. Name 
 of a personage or family, or a buckler. 
 
 Class, pr. classIs pRaefectus or cLAssis 
 PRactoriana. The Praefect of the 
 fleet, or the Praetorian fleet. 
 
 C. L. AVO. F. CaiUS LUCiuS AVGUSti 
 
 Filius. Caius Lucius, the son of 
 Augustus. 
 
 C. l. caess. caius et Lucius CAssares. 
 Caius and Lucius, the two Caesars. 
 
 C. l. i. cor. colonia Laus julia cor- 
 inthus. The colony Laus Julia Co- 
 rinthus, in Greece. 
 
 Cl. v. cLypeus votivus. The votive 
 shield. 
 
 C. m. l. colonia Metropolis Laodicea. 
 The colony Metropolis Laodicea. 
 
 Cn. atel. flac. cn. pomp. flac. II. VIRIS. 
 q. v. i. n. c. CNaeo atelHo flac- 
 co c>aeo POMPeio flacco ii. viris 
 Quinquennalibus victricis juliae 
 Novae carthaginis. Under Cneius 
 Atellius Flaccus and Cneius Pom- 
 peius Flaccus, the Decemvirs for five 
 years of the victorious Carthago Julia 
 Nova. 
 
 Cn. DOM. AMP. CNaeiuS DOMitiuS amp- 
 lus. Name of a personage. 
 
 Cn. dom. procos. cxaeo DOMitio pro- 
 consule. Under Cnaeus Domitius, the 
 Proconsul. 
 
 Cn. f. CNaei Filius. The son of Cnaeus. 
 
 Cn. mag. imp. CNaeus MAGnus iMPerator. 
 Cnaeus the Great, commander; that 
 is, Cnaeus Pompey, the son of Quin- 
 tius Pompey. 
 
 Co. dam. metro. colonia DAMaSCUS 
 METRopolis. The colony Damascus 
 Metropolis. 
 
 CoilH. PR.ET. VII. p. vi. f. coHortes 
 PRjETorianae vn. piae vi. pideles. 
 Alluding to the piety and fidelity of 
 the Praetorian Cohorts, in the usual 
 manner. 
 
 Coh. i. cr. coHortis i. CRetensis. Of 
 the first cohort of Crete. 
 
 Coh. prje. phil. coHors PR^xoriana 
 PHiLippensium. The Praetorian co- 
 hort of the Philippians. A town in 
 Macedonia, famous for the battle 
 fought there, b.c. 38. 
 
 Co. ae. cap. colonia AF.lia CAPitolina. 
 The colony Aelia Capitolina. 
 
 Col. ael. a. h. met. coi.onia AELia 
 Augusta Hadrumetina. The colony 
 Aelia Augusta Hadrumetina, in 
 Africa. 
 
 Col. AEL. CAP. COMM. P. F. COLOnia 
 AELia CAPitolina coMModiana pia 
 Felix. The colony Aelia Capitolina 
 Commodiana Pia Felix. Another 
 name for the modern Jerusalem. 
 
 Col. alex. troas. coLonia ALExandriana 
 troas. The colony Alexdriana Troas 
 (in Phrygia, now Carasia). 
 
 Col. am as. or ams. coLonia AMAstria- 
 norumor coLcnia AMstrianorum. The 
 colony Amstrianorum (in Paphlagonia. 
 now Amstre). 
 
 Col. ant. or anti. coLonia ANTiochia 
 or ANTiochia. The colony Antiochia 
 (in Asia). 
 
 Col. arelat. sextan. coi.onia arelats 
 sEXTANorum. The colony Arelate 
 Sextanorum (now Arles in France.) 
 
 Col. ast. avg. coLonia Asiigitana aug- 
 usta. The colony Astigitana Augusta 
 (now Exija in Spain;. 
 
 Col. avg. fel. bf.r. coLonia Auousta 
 FELix BERithus. The colony Augusta 
 Felix Berithus (now Beyroot in 
 Phoenicia). 
 
 Col. avg. iir. coLonia At'Gusta FiRma. 
 The colony Augusta Firma (the same 
 colony as that of Astigitana, now 
 Exija in Spain). 
 
 Col. AVG. IVL. PHILIP. COLOnia AUGUSta 
 juLia PHiLippensis. The colony 
 Augusta Julia of Philippi (a town in 
 Thrace). 
 
 Col. avg. pat. trevir. coLonia AUGUSta 
 PATerna TREviRorum. The colony 
 Augusta Paterna Trevirorum. 
 
 Col. avg. troa. vel troad. coLonia 
 AUGusta TROAdensis or TROADensis. 
 The colony Augusta Troadensis (this 
 colony was built on the site of the an- 
 cient Troy). 
 
 Col. avgvsta. emerita. coLonia atjgusta 
 EMER iTA.The colony Augusta Emerita 
 (now the town of Merida in Spain). 
 
 Col. avr. antoni. avg. troa. coLonia 
 Auaelia ANTONiniana AUGusta troa- 
 densis. The colony Aurelia Antoni- 
 niana Augusta Troadensis (founded 
 on the site of Troy). 
 
 Col. avr. kar. comm. p. f. coi.onia 
 AuRelia KAnrhee coMModiana pia Felix. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 607 
 
 The colony Aurelia Karrhse Commo- 
 diana Pia Felix (a town in Asia, now 
 Carrhes). 
 
 Col. ave. pia. sidon. coLonia Aunelia 
 pia sidon. The colony Aurelia Pia 
 Sidon. 
 
 Col. ave. p. m. sidon. coLonia AURelia 
 pia Metropolis sidon. The colony 
 Aurelia Pia Metropolis Sidon (now 
 Seid or Sayde in Syria ; it belongs to 
 the Turks). 
 
 Col. b. a. coLonia Braccara Augusta. 
 The colony Braccara Augusta (now 
 Brague in Lusitania). 
 
 Col. beeit. l. v. vel vm. coLonia berit- 
 hus Legio v. or vm. The colony 
 Berythus, the fifth or eighth legion 
 (now Beyroot in Phoenicia). 
 
 Col. cabe. coLonia CABEllio. The 
 colony Cabellio (in France). 
 
 Col. caes. antioch. coLonia CAEsarea 
 ANTiocHia. The colony Caesarea An- 
 tiochia (in Syria). 
 
 Col. ces. avo. coLonia CAEsarea AUGUsta. 
 The colony Caesarea Augusta. 
 
 Col. camalodvnvm. coLonia camalo- 
 dunum. The colony Camalodunum 
 (now Colchester). 
 
 Col. casilin. coLonia casilinuiu. The 
 colony Casilinum (now Castellazzo). 
 
 Col. cl. ptol. coLonia CLaudia ptolo- 
 mais. The colony Claudia Ptolomais 
 (now Acre in Phoenicia). 
 
 Col. damas. metro. coLonia Damascus 
 METRopolis. The colony Damascus 
 Metropolis (the capital of Syria). 
 
 Col. f. j. a. p. barcin. coLonia Flavia 
 julia Augusta pia barcino. The 
 colony Flavia Julia Augusta Pia Bar- 
 cino (now Barcelona in Spain). 
 
 Col. FLAV. AVO. COR. COLOnia FLAVia 
 AUGUsta coRinthus. The colony 
 
 Flavia Augusta Corinthus (in Greece). 
 
 Col. fl. pac. devlt. coi-onia FLavia 
 PAcensis DEVLTum. The colony 
 
 Flavia Augusta Pacensis Deultum (now 
 Zagara or Zagoria, a town in Thrace, 
 in Turkey in Europe). 
 
 Col. h. coLonia Heliopolis. The colony 
 Heliopolis. 
 
 Col. ha. mf.r. coLonia HAdriana mer- 
 curi. The colony Hadriana Mercuri 
 (now Fermo in Italy). 
 
 Col, HEL. I. O. M. H. COLOnia HELiopolis 
 jovi optuno Maximo Heliopolitana. 
 
 The colony Heliopolis Jovi Optimo 
 Maximo Heliopolitana. 
 
 Col. ivl. avg. c. i. f. coman. coLonia 
 juLia AUGUsta claudia invicta Felix 
 coMANorum. The colony Julia Aug- 
 usta Claudia Invicta Felix Comanorum 
 (now Comane in Cappadocia). 
 
 Col. ivl. avg. fel. ber. cpurnia jvna 
 Auousta FELix BERythus. The colony 
 Julia Augusta Felix Berythus (now 
 the town of Beyroot in Phoenicia). 
 
 Col. iul. avg fel. cremna. coLonia 
 juLia AUGUsta FELix cremna. The 
 colony Julia Augusta Felix Cremna 
 (now of the same name in Pamphilia). 
 
 Col. ivl. cer. sac. avg. fel. cap. oecvm. 
 ise. hel. coLonia JULia CERtamen 
 SAcrum AUGUStum FELix CAPitolinum 
 oEcvMenicum isslasticum HELiopoli- 
 tanum. The Julian colony ; the 
 Sacred Augustan Felician contest ; 
 (Ecumenic Isekstic Heliopolitan (cer- 
 tain games celebrated at the Julian 
 colony of Heliopolis in Syria). 
 
 Col. ivl. conc. apam. avg. d. d. coi.oni 
 julia coNCordia APAMea Auousto 
 Decreto Decurionum. The colony 
 Julia Concordia Apamea by the august 
 decree of the Decurions. 
 
 Col. ivl. lav. cor. coLonia juLia laus 
 coRinthus. The colony Julia Laus 
 Corinthus. 
 
 Col. ivl. pater, nar. coLonia juuia 
 PATERna NSRbonensis. The colony 
 Julia Paterna Narbonensis (now Nar- 
 bonne in France). 
 
 Col. ant. com. coLoniae ANToninianae 
 coMmodianae. The Antoninian and 
 Commodian colonies. 
 
 Col. nem. coLonia NEMausus, or nem- 
 ausensium. The colony Nemausus, 
 or Nemausensium (now Nismes). 
 
 Col. niceph. cond. coLonia niceph- 
 orium coNDita. The Nicephorian 
 colony, founded upon the Eupt rates, 
 in Mesopotamia. 
 
 Col. patr. coLonia PATRensis, or 
 PATRicia. The colony Patrensis, or 
 Patricia. This latter town is now 
 Cordova, in Spain. 
 
 Col. p. f. avg. f. caes. met. coLonia 
 prima Flavia AUGUsta Felix CAEs- 
 area MEiropolis. The colon} Prima 
 Flavia Augusta Felix Caesarea Metro- 
 polis, in Palestine. 
 
608 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 Cot., p. pl. avg. caes. metrop. p. 8. p. 
 coLonia prima FLavia AUGUSta CAEsarea 
 metropoUs provincae syriae palestina. 
 The colony Prima Flavia Augusta 
 Caesarea Metropolis of the province 
 of Syria, in Palestine. 
 
 Col. pr. f. a. caesar. coLonia PRima 
 Flavia Augusta CAESARea. The colony 
 Prima Flavia Augusta Caesarea, in 
 Palestine. 
 
 Col. r. f. avg. fl. c. metrop. coLonia 
 Romana Felix AUGUSta FLavia caesarea 
 METRorolis. The colony Romana Felix 
 Augusta Flavia Caesarea Metropolis, 
 the Capital of Syria. 
 
 Col. rom. coLonia Roxulensis. The 
 colony of Romula, now Seville, in 
 Spain. 
 
 Col. rom. lvgd. coLonia ROManorum 
 LVGDunum. The colony of the 
 Romans Lugdunum (now Lyons). 
 
 Col. rvs. leg. vi. coLonia Rvseino 
 LEGio vi. The colony Ruseino, the 
 sixth Legion (now Ruseino, in 
 France). 
 
 Col. sabar. coLonia sABARiae. The 
 colony of Sabaria, in Pannonia (now 
 Sarwar in Hungary). 
 
 Col. sebas. CoLonia sEBAstiae. The 
 colony of Sebastia, in Palestine. 
 
 Col. ser. g. neapol. coLonia sERvia 
 Galba NEAPOLis. The colony of 
 Servius Galba Neapolis (now Na- 
 plous in Palestine). 
 
 Col. TYR. METR. COI.Onia TYRUS METR- 
 opolis. The colony Tyrus Metropoli's. 
 
 Col. v. i. celsa. coLonia victrix Julia 
 celsa. The colony Victrix Julia 
 Celsa (thought to be now Kelsa in 
 Spain). 
 
 Col. vie. rvL. lep. coLonia victrix 
 juLia LEPtis. The colony Victrix 
 Julia Leptis, in Africa (now Lebida). 
 
 Col. vim. an. i. coLonia' viMinacium 
 ANno i. The Viminacian colony, in 
 the first year. 
 
 Col. vlp. tra. coLonia uLPia tra- 
 jana. The colony Ulpia Trajana (now 
 Kellen, or Varhel, in Transylvania). 
 
 Com. asi. rom. et. avg. coMmune 
 ASiae ROMae et AUGusto. For the 
 community of Asia, of Rome, by Au- 
 gustus (meaning Roman money struck 
 for the Use of the Asiatic provinces, 
 oy Augustus). 
 
 Com. imp. avg. comcs iMperatorr 
 Auousti. The deputy of the august 
 Emperor. 
 
 Comm. coMModus, or coMMOdiana. 
 Commodus, an Emperor’s name, or 
 Commodiana, a colony. 
 
 Co. m. o. b. vel Co. m. ob. constan- 
 tinopoli Moneta officina b. or 
 constantinopoli Moneta OBsignata. 
 Money struck at Constantinople, b. 
 that is, of the second office or divi- 
 sion of the Mint ; the offices being 
 distinguished by the letters a. b., for 
 first and second, a system common 
 in Roman monetary numerals ; or, 
 money struck at Constantinople. . 
 
 Con. vel cons, vel const. coNSTanti- 
 nople. Constantinople, in Turkey. 
 
 Con. avg. viii. coNgiarium AUGUsti 
 vm. The eighth gift of corn of 
 Augustus. 
 
 Conc. coNcordia. Concord. 
 
 Conc. apam. coNcordia APAMeae. The 
 Concord of Apamea (a town of Bi- 
 thynia). 
 
 Cong. dat. pop. coNGiarium DATum 
 popuIo. A gift of corn to the people. 
 
 CONGIAR. PRIMUM. P. R. D. CONGIARium 
 primum populo Romano Datum. 
 The first gift of corn bestowed on 
 the Roman people. 
 
 Cong. p. r. vel Cong. pr. coNGiarium 
 ropulo Romano ; or, coNoiarium 
 PRimum. The gift in corn for the 
 Roman people ; or, the first gift in 
 corn. 
 
 Cong. ter. p. r. imp. max. dat. cong- 
 iarium TERtium populo Romano 
 rapensis MAximis DATum. The 
 third gift in corn for the Roman 
 people for great benefits. 
 
 Con. m. coNstantinopolis Moneta. The 
 money of Constantinople. 
 
 Con. o. b. coNstantinopoli officina b. 
 The money of Constantinople ; officina 
 b. ; that is, of the second office 
 or division of the mint, the offices 
 being distinguished by a. b., for first 
 and second, a system common in 
 monetary numerals. 
 
 Con. ob. coNstantinopoli OBsignata. 
 Struck at Constantinople. 
 
 Consensu, senat. et. eq. ordinis. p. a. 
 
 R. CONSENSU SENATU8 ET EQUe8- 
 
 tris ordinis populi Que Romani 
 
ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 GOO 
 
 By the consent of the Senate, of the 
 equestrian order, and of the Roman 
 people. 
 
 Cons. o. a. coNstantinopoli oflicina 
 a. Of Constantinople, the office a., 
 that is, of the first office or division 
 of the mint ; the offices being distin- 
 guished by a., b., for the first and 
 second, a system common in Roman 
 monetary numerals. 
 
 Cons. p. a. coNstantinopoli rercussa 
 
 a. Struck at Constantinople, office a. 
 (see above). 
 
 Cons. stjo. coNservatori suo. To his 
 preserver ; a title given to several 
 emperors. 
 
 Coopt. cooPTatus. Chosen, or adopted, 
 or associated. 
 
 Coopt, in. omn. conl. svpra. nvm. 
 
 EX. S. C. COOPTatUS IN OMNe CONL 
 egium supra NUMerum ex senatus 
 consulto. In all the colleges by the 
 majority, and by Senatorial degree. 
 
 Co. p. f. cae. metro. colonia prima 
 Flavia cAEsarea METRopolis. The 
 colony Prima Flavia Caesarea, Metro- 
 polis (the capital of Palestine). 
 
 C. o. e. i. a. colonia octavianorum 
 pacensis julia Augusta, The colony 
 Octavianorum Pacensis Julia Augusta. 
 
 Co. R. n. b. constantinopoli ROinae Novae 
 
 b. Struck at Constantinople, the new 
 Rome, b (that is of the second office or 
 division of the mint ; a.b being used 
 to distinguish the first and second 
 office, a custom usual in Roman mone- 
 tary numerals). 
 
 Cos. ITER. ET. TER. DESIGN. Consul ITER 
 um et TERtium DESiGNatus. Ap- 
 pointed consul for the second and third 
 time. 
 
 Coss. consules. Consuls. 
 
 Cos. vi. consul vi. Consul for the 
 sixth time. 
 
 C. paet. caius paetus. Caius Paetus 
 (name of a personage). 
 
 C. P. FL. AVG. F. G. CAES. METRO. P. S. P. 
 colonia prima FLavia Augusta 
 Felix Germanica CAEsarea, METRopolis 
 provincia syriae, palestina. The 
 colony Prima Flavia Augusta Felix 
 Germanica Caesarea, Metropolis of the 
 province of Syria in Palestine. 
 
 C. r. claritas Reipublicae. The glory of 
 the Republic. 
 
 Cras. crassus. Crassus (name of a 
 personage). 
 
 C. r. i. f. s. colonia Romana julia Felix 
 sinope. The colony Romana Julia 
 Felix Sinope. 
 
 CrISPINA. AVG. COMMODI. CRISPIN A AUG- 
 usta commodi AUGUsti. Crispina 
 Augusta, wife of Commodus Augustus. 
 
 C. sacr. fac. censor SACRis FAcandis. 
 Censor for performing the sacred 
 duties. 
 
 C. t. t. colonia TOgata Taraco. The 
 colony Togata Taraco (now Tarragona 
 in Spain), 
 
 C. v. clypeus votivus. The votive 
 buckler. 
 
 C. VAL. HOST. M. OVINTUS. Caius HOST- 
 
 ilianus Messius ouintus. Caius 
 Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus 
 (name of a personage). 
 
 C. vet. lang. caius VETtio uanguido. 
 To Caius Vettius Languidus (name of 
 a personage). 
 
 C. vi. il. colonia victrix iLlice. The 
 colony Victrix Illice. 
 
 C. o. p. p. consul Quintum pater 
 patriae. Consul for the fifth time. 
 Father of his country. 
 
 Cvr, x. f. cunator x. plandorum. An 
 officer for striking a certain class of 
 coin. 
 
 C. v. t. colonia victrix Taraco. The 
 ' colony Victrix Taraco (now Tarragona 
 in Spain). 
 
 C. v. t. t. jeternit. avg. colonia victrix 
 Togata Taraco astern iTati Auoustae. 
 The colony Victrix Togata Taraco to 
 the eternity of Augustus (now Tar- 
 ragona in Spain). 
 
 D. 
 
 D. a. Divus Augustus. The divine 
 Augustus. 
 
 Dac. Dacia, DAcicus. Dacia or Dacicus. 
 
 Dac. cap. DAcia CAPta. Dacia taken. 
 
 Dacia avg. provincia. dacia AUGUsti 
 provincia. Dacia the province of 
 Augustus. 
 
 Dama. Damascus. Damascus (in Syria). 
 
 D. c. a. nivus caesar Augustus. The 
 divine Augustus Caesar. 
 
 D. c. c. n. c. Decuriones coloniae cun- 
 cordiae Norbae caesarianae. The 
 
 R R 
 
610 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS, 
 
 Decurions of the colony of Concordia 
 Norba Caesariana. 
 
 D. cl. sept, albin. caes. Decimus 
 CLOdius SEPTimus albinus CAEsar. 
 Decimus Clodius Septimus Albinus 
 Caesar. 
 
 D. c. s. De consulum sententia. By 
 the decree of the consuls. 
 
 D. d. n. n. Domini Nostri or Dominorum 
 Kostrorum. Our Lords, or of our 
 Lords. 
 
 DEBELLATOR. GENT. BARBAR. DEBELLATORi 
 GENTium BARBARorum. To the van- 
 quishers of barbarous nations. 
 
 Deci. DEcius or DEcennalia. Decius, 
 or the decennial games. 
 
 De. germ. de GERManis. Of the 
 Germans (that is, relating to the sports 
 of that nation). 
 
 Deo. nem. Deo nemausus. To the god 
 Nemausus (the tutelar divinity of 
 Nismes). 
 
 Dert. DERTosa. Dertosa. 
 
 D. f. Decimi Filius. The son of 
 Decimus. 
 
 D. n. Decimi Nepos. The nephew of 
 Decimus. 
 
 Diana, perg. diana PERGensis. Diana 
 of Perga. 
 
 Diot. per. DiCTator PERpetuus. Per- 
 petual dictator. 
 
 Dii. pat. dii PATrii. The gods of the 
 country. 
 
 Dus. c vst. diis cvsTodibus. To the 
 guardian gods. 
 
 Dus. GENIT. DIIS GENITalibUS. To the 
 
 genital gods. 
 
 D. i. m. s. Deo invicto Mithras sacrum. 
 
 Sacred to the invincible god Mithras. 
 Disciplina, or discipvlina ayg. dis- 
 
 CIPLINA, or DISCIPULINA AUGUSla, or 
 
 Auousti. The august discipline, or 
 the discipline of Augustus. 
 
 Divi. f. divi Filius. The son of the god. 
 This inscription generally appears on 
 the coins of Augustus, the adopted 
 son of Julius Caesar, who was 
 deified by the Senate. 
 
 Divo. AVG. VESP. DIVO AVGUStUS VF.SP- 
 
 asiano. To the divine Augustus 
 Vespasian. 
 
 Divo. avo. divo AVGUsto. To the divine 
 Augustus. 
 
 T. DIVI. VESP. F. VESPASIANO. TitO DIVI 
 
 VASPasiANi pilio vespasiano. To 
 
 Titus Vespasian, the son of the divine 
 Vepasian. 
 
 Div. pio. divo pio. To the divine 
 pious (meaning Antoninus). 
 
 DlVVS. TRAIAN. AVG. PARTH. PATER. DIVU8 
 TRAIANUS AVGUStUS PARTIliCUS PATER. 
 
 The divine Tiajan Augustus Parthicus, 
 the Father. 
 
 Dom, or domit. DOMitius, or DOMirianus. 
 Domitius, or Domitian. 
 
 DoMITIA AVG. IMP. CAES. DIVI. F. DOMITIAN I 
 avg. domitia AVGUSta iMPeratrix caes- 
 aris divi, vilii domitiani AVGUsti. Do- 
 mitia Augusta, mother of the divine 
 Caesar, son of the august Domitian. 
 
 D. p. Divus pius. The divine pious 
 (meaning Antoninus). 
 
 D. p p. Dii penates. The gods Penates. 
 
 Dr. c.es. q. pr. dhusus cjEsar auin- 
 quennalis pRaefectus. Drusus Caesar, 
 the five years’ prefect. 
 
 Drvsvs. cassar. ti. avg. divi. avg. n. 
 drvsvs c^sar Tiberii Auousti Filius, 
 divi avgusU Nepos. Drusus Caesar, 
 son of Tiberius Augustus, and grand- 
 son of Augustus Caesar. 
 
 D. s. i. m. Deo soli invicto nithrae. 
 To Mithras, the invincible God of the 
 sun. 
 
 E. 
 
 Eon. gai. avg. EGNatius GALlienus 
 AVGUStus. Egnatius Gallienus Au- 
 gustus (name of a personage). 
 
 Eid. mart. EiDibus y.ARTii. To the 
 Ides of March. 
 
 Ea. coh. EQuestris cohots. The 
 
 equestrian cohort. 
 
 Eq. m. EQuitum Magistri. The mas- 
 ters of the cavalry. 
 
 Ea. ordin. F-auitum ordims. The 
 
 order of Equestrians. 
 
 Etr. etruscus. Etrurian. 
 
 Evr. EVRopa. Europe. 
 
 Ex. ar. p. ex ARgento puro, or 
 probato, or publico. Money made 
 from fine silver, or the approved 
 silver, or the public silver. 
 
 Ex. cons, ex coNsensu. By consent. 
 
 Ex. d. d. ex necreto necurionum. By 
 the decree of the Decurions. 
 
 Ex. EA. P. a. I. s. AD. AE. D. E. EX EA 
 pecunia auae jussu senatus ad 
 AErarium velata Est. The money 
 
ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS, 
 
 61 
 
 •which, by the command of the Senate, 
 has been remitted to the Treasury. 
 Exercitvs. vac. exercitus VACceus. 
 
 The Vaccenian army. 
 
 Exercitvs. ysc. exercitus Yscanus. 
 The army of Isca. 
 
 Exerc. pers. EXERcitus PERsicus. The 
 Persian army. 
 
 Ex. s. c. ex senatus consulto. By 
 order of the Senate. 
 
 Ex. s. d. ex senatus Decreto. Ey 
 decree of the Senate. 
 
 F. 
 
 F. Fabius, or Faciundum, or Fecit, 
 or Felix, or Filius, or Flamen, or 
 Fortunas. The name of a person, or 
 the future participle of the verb to 
 make, or the perfect tense of the 
 same verb, made ; or, happy, or, a 
 son, or, a high priest, or, fortune. 
 Fab. FABius. Fabius (a man’s name). 
 Fabri. FABRicius. Fabricius (a man’s 
 name). 
 
 Fad. FADius. Fadius (a man’s name). 
 F^cvnd. FjECUNDitas. Fruitfulness. 
 Fan. fannia. Fannia, the name of a 
 Roman family. 
 
 Fatis victri. fatis viCTRicibus. To 
 the victorious fates. 
 
 Favstina. avg. antonini avg. ph. p. p. 
 
 FAUSTINA AUGUSta ANTONINI AUG- 
 
 usti pii patris patriae. Faustina 
 Augusta (the wife of) Antoninus Au- 
 gustus Pius, father of his country. 
 
 F. b. Felicitas Beata. Blessed happi- 
 ness. 
 
 F. c. Faciundum curavit, or Fru- 
 mento convehendus. The making 
 (of coin) superintended, or, conveying 
 
 corn. 
 
 PELICITATI AUG. FELICITATI AUGUSt®, 
 
 or Auousti. To the august happi- 
 ness, or the happiness of Augustus. 
 Fed pro. FELicitas PRovinciarum. 
 
 The happiness of the provinces. 
 
 Fel. temp. rep. FELix TEMPOrum REP- 
 aratio. The happy amendment .of 
 the age. 
 
 Fer. d. FERonia Dea. The Goddess 
 Feronia. 
 
 Fidki leg. fidei LEGionum. To the 
 fidelity of the Legions. 
 
 Fides milit. fides MiLiTum. The 
 
 fidelity of the soldiers. 
 
 Fid. exerc. FiDes EXERcitus. The 
 fidelity of the army. 
 
 Fl. FLamen, or FLavius. The fla- 
 men, or high priest ; or. Flavius (a 
 man’s name). 
 
 Flam. d. FLAMen Divi. The high-priest 
 of the god (the deified emperor). 
 
 Flam. dial. FLAMen DiALis. The 
 
 high priest of Jupiter. 
 
 Flam. mart. FLAMen MARTialis. The 
 
 high priest of Mars. 
 
 Fl. fel. FLaviae FELicis. Of the 
 happy Flavian (Legion). 
 
 For. FORtuna. Fortune. 
 
 Fort. p. r. FORtuna or FORtitudo 
 populi Romani. The Fortune, or, the 
 strength of the Roman people. 
 
 Fort. prim. FORiuna PRiMigenia. The 
 Fortune of the first-born. 
 
 Fort. red. FORTunae redux ; or, fort- 
 unae reduce The return of For- 
 tune ; or, to the return of Fortune. 
 
 Fovr. FOURius. Fouiius, a man’s 
 name, fouria, a Roman Gens. 
 
 Frvg. ac. Frugcs Acceptae. Supplies 
 of corn received. 
 
 F. t. r. Felix Temporum Reparatio. 
 The happy re-establishment of the 
 times. 
 
 Fvl. FULvius. Fulvius, a man’s name. 
 
 Fvlg. FULGurator. (Jupiter) Fulguratcr. 
 
 Fvlm. FULMinator. (Jupiter) Fulminator. 
 
 G. 
 
 G. Galinicus, or oaudium, or Genius, 
 or oermanus, or Gnaea. Galinicus, 
 surname of Volusianus ; or Joy, the 
 name given to one of the Roman 
 Legions: or the Genius of good or 
 evil, a divinity; or Germanus, the 
 name of a personage ; or Gnea, a 
 woman’s name. 
 
 Gadit. GADirana. Gaditana, now Ca- 
 diz, in Spain. 
 
 Gal. GALindicus, or, GALerius. Ga- 
 lindicus, or Galerius, both names of 
 personages. 
 
 G. or gen. avg. Genio AUGUsti. To 
 the genius of Augustus. 
 
 G. ccr. svper. Gnea coRnelia suPEr.a. 
 Gnea Cornelia Supera, the name o l 
 an empress. 
 
 R R 2 
 
612 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS, 
 
 G. d. Germanicus Dacicus. Germani- 
 cus, Dacicus, titles bestowed on the 
 emperors for their victories over the 
 Germans and Dacians. 
 
 Gem. l. GEMina Legio. The Double 
 Legion. 
 
 Gen. col. cor. genu) coLoniae cor- 
 inthiae. To the Genius of the colony 
 of Corinth. 
 
 Gen. illy. GENius iLLyrici. The 
 Genius of Illyria, now Dalmatia. 
 
 Genio. col. ner. patr. genio col- 
 oniae NERonianae PATRensis. To 
 the Genius of the colony of Nero- 
 niana Patrensis. 
 
 Genit. orb. GENiTrix ORBis. Mother 
 of the world, a title conferred on 
 empresses. 
 
 Gen. lvg. GENio LUGdunensi. To 
 the Genius of Lugdunum, now Lyons. 
 
 Germ, capta. GERMania capta. Ger- 
 many conquered. 
 
 Ger. p. GERmanica provincia, or ger- 
 maniae populus. The German Pro- 
 vince, or, the German people. 
 
 Gl. e. r. GLoria Exercitus Romani. 
 The glory of the Roman army. 
 
 Gl. p. r. GLoria populi Romani. 
 The glory of the Roman people. 
 
 Gl. r. GLoria Romanorum. The glory 
 of the Romans. 
 
 G. l. s. Genio Loci sacrum. Conse- 
 crated to the Genius of the place. 
 
 G. m. v. Gemina Minerva victrix. 
 The colony Gemina Minerva Victrix 
 (in Italy). 
 
 Goth. GOTHicus. Gothicus, a title 
 given to several emperors. 
 
 G. p. Graecia peragrata, or Grceciffi 
 populus. Greece traversed ; or, the 
 people of Greece. 
 
 G. p. r. Genio populi Romani. To 
 the Genius of the Roman people. 
 
 Grac. GRACchus. Gracchus, name of 
 a personage. 
 
 G. t. a. Genius Tutelaris Aegypti, 
 or Geminae Tutator Africae. The 
 tutelary genius of Egypt, or the pro- 
 tector of the two Africas. 
 
 H. 
 
 H. Hastati. Hastati, a name given to 
 a certain portion of the Roman army. 
 
 Hadrianvs avg. cos. hi. p. a Hadri- 
 
 anus AUGiistus consuI hi. pater 
 patriae. Hadrianus Augustus, Con- 
 sul for the third time, father of the 
 country. 
 
 Ha. p. or h. p. HAStatorum irin- 
 cipum. Of the Hastati and of the 
 princes. 
 
 Hel. HELiopolis. Heliopolis, a town 
 of the sun, in Egypt. 
 
 Helv. pert. HELvius PERTinax. Hel- 
 vius Pertinax (name of an emperor). 
 
 Her. HERCules, or HERennius. Her- 
 cules, the name of a god, or Heren- 
 nius, a man’s name. 
 
 Herac. HERAclitus. Heraclitus, a 
 man’s name. 
 
 Herc. commod. HERCUli COMMODianO. 
 To Hercules Commodianus. 
 
 Herc. gadit. hercuU GADiTano. To 
 Hercules Gaditanus. 
 
 Herc. rom. condit. hercuU ROMano 
 coNditori. To Hercules Romanus 
 Conditor ; the Roman Hercules, the 
 founder. 
 
 HlLARIT. TEMP. HILARITRS TEMPOTUm. 
 
 The hilarity of the times. 
 
 Hip. Hippius. Hippius, a man’s name. 
 
 Hisp. Hispalis, or mspana, or hisp- 
 alus ; a town in Spain. Spain 
 itself ; or, Hispalus, the name of a 
 person. 
 
 Ho. Honor. The divinity, Honour. 
 
 Hs. a sign for sestertium, the Sesterce, 
 a piece of Roman money. 
 
 I. 
 
 I. imperator, or jovis, or juno, oi 
 jussu, or I, or 1. Imperator, or 
 Jupiter, or Juno, or by the com- 
 mand, or the first, or one. 
 
 I. a. imperator Augustus, or indul- 
 gentia Augusti. The emperor 
 Augustus, or by the permission of 
 Augustus. 
 
 I. c. imperator caesar, or Julius 
 caesar. The emperor Caesar, or 
 Julius Caesar. 
 
 Ii. imp. cc. PHILIPPIS. AVGO. ii. rapera- 
 toribus caesaribus philippis acq- 
 ustis. To the two Philips, Caesars, 
 and Augustus’s. 
 
 III. VIR. A. A. A. AF. F. Trium VIR] Auro 
 Argento Aare Flando Feriundo. The 
 
ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS, 
 
 613 
 
 the three officers for striking the pre- 
 pared metal into gold, silver, and brass 
 (coins). 
 
 I, it. imperator rrerum. Imperator 
 for the second time. 
 
 Ii. vir. qvinq. DUum-viR QuiNQuennalis. 
 Duumvir for five years. 
 
 Imp. caes. antoninus avo. p.p.p. imp- 
 erator cAEsar antoninus Auoustus 
 rius pater patriae. The emperor 
 Caesar Antoninus Augustus Pius, 
 Father of the Country. 
 
 Imp. caes. avg. comm. cons. lM?erator 
 CAEsar AUGUstus coMMuni coNsensu. 
 The emperor Caesar Augustus, (chosen) 
 by the consent of the community. 
 
 Imp. caes. c. vib. voi.vsiano. iMperator 
 CAEsari caio viBio vomsiano. To j 
 the emperor Caesar Caius Vibius j 
 Volusianus. 
 
 Imp. caes. divi. traiani. avg. f. traiani. ! 
 
 HADRIANO. OPT. AVG. DAC. PARTHICO. 
 
 p. m. tr. p. cos. p. p. iMPeratori 
 CAEsari divi trajani Auousti Filio 
 TRAJANI HADRIANO OPTimO AUGUStO 
 
 DAcico parthico pontifici Maximo 
 TRibunitiae potestate consuli patri 
 patriae. To the emperor Caesar 
 Trajanus Hadrianus Augustus, son of 
 the divine Trajanus Augustus, the 
 Best, Dacicus Parthicus, exercising 
 the Tribunitian power, Consul, Father 
 of the country. 
 
 Imp. caes. divi. vesp. f. domit. aug. p. m. 
 tr. p. p. p. iMPorator CAEsar divi 
 VESPasiani Filius DOMiTianus aug- 
 ustus pontifex Maximus TRibunitia 
 potestate pater patriae. The em- 
 peror Caesar Domitianus Augustus, 
 son of the divine Vespasianus, Pontifex 
 Maximus, exercising the Tribunitian 
 power, father of the country. 
 
 Imp. c.es. g. m. q. iMperator c.Esar 
 oneus Messius Quintus. The emperor 
 Caesar Gneus Messius Quintus (name 
 of a usurper). 
 
 Imp. c.es. l. avrel. vervs. avg. arm. 
 part, iMperator c^sar Lucius 
 aureiius verus AUGUstus ARMenia- 
 cus partWcus. The emperor Caesar 
 Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus, Ar- 
 meniacus, Parthicus (the dissolute 
 associate of Marcus Aurelius). 
 
 Imp. c-es. l. sept. sev. pert. aug. tr. p. 
 cos. isiperator C-Esar Lucius sept- 
 
 imus SEverus PERTinax Auoustus 
 TRibunitia potestate consul. The 
 emperor Caesar Lucius Septimus Se- 
 verus Pertinax Augustus, exercising 
 the Tribunitian power, Consul. 
 
 Imp. c.es. m. ant. gordianus. afr. avg. 
 iMPerator c.Esar Marcus ANToninus 
 gordianus AFRicanus AUGUstus. The 
 emperor Caesar Marcus Antoninus 
 Gordianus, Africanus, Augustus. 
 
 Imp. c.es. m. opel. sev. macrinvs. aug. 
 iMperator C-Esar Marcus orELius 
 SEverus macrinvs Avoustus. The 
 emperor Caesar Marcus Opelius 
 Severus Macrinus Augustus. 
 
 Imp. c.es. nervjs. traiano. avg. ger. dac. 
 p. m. tr. p. cos. v. p. p. iMPerator 
 C-Esari nervje trajano AUGUSto 
 GERinanico DAcico pontifici Maximo 
 TRibunitia potestate consul v. pater 
 patriae. To the emperor Caesar 
 Nerva Trajan, Augustus, Germanicus, 
 Dacicus, high pontiff, exercising the 
 Tribunitian power, consul for the 
 fifth time, father of the country. 
 
 Imp. ges. p. helv. pertin. avg. iMperator 
 GEsar publius HELvius PERTixax aug- 
 ustus. The emperor Caesar Publius 
 Helvius Pertinax Augustus. 
 
 Imp. c. c. va. f. gal. vend, volvsiano. 
 avg. iMPerator caesari caio va- 
 lindico Finnico GALindico VENDen- 
 dico volusiano AUGUSto. To the 
 emperor Caesar Caius Valindicus 
 Finnicus Galindicu3 Vendendicus 
 Volusianus Augustus (titles which Vo- 
 luaianus assumed after his conquests.) 
 
 Imp. c. m. cass. lat. postvmvs. p. f. avg. 
 iMPerator caesar Marcus CASsius la- 
 tienus postumus pius Felix Aucustus. 
 The emperor Caesar Marcus Cassius 
 Latienus Postumus, Pius, Felix, Au- 
 gustus, Imperator (one of the thirty 
 tyrants). 
 
 Imp. c. m. traianvs. decivs. avg. iMpera- 
 tor caesar Marcus trajanus decius 
 AUGUstus. The emperor Caesar 
 Marcus Trajanus Decius Augustus. 
 
 Imp. c. p. lic. valerianvs. p. f. avg. 
 iMPerator caius publius Licinius vale- 
 rianus pius Felix AUGUstus. The 
 emperor Caius Publius Licinius Vale- 
 rianus Pius Felix Augustus. 
 
 Imp. iter. iMperator iteruiu. Im 
 perator for the second time. 
 
614 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 Imp. m ivl. philippvs avg. nirerator [ I. 
 Marcus Julius philippus Avoustus. 
 The emperor Marcus Julius Philippus 
 Augustus. 
 
 Imp. t. ael. antonino. iMperatori Tito 
 aeuo antonino. To the emperor 
 Titus Aelius Antoninus. 
 
 IMP. T. C-«S. DIVI. VESP. F. AVG. P. M. TR. 
 
 pot. cos. rest. iMperator Titus 
 cjEsar divi VESpasiani Filius aug- 
 ustus pontifex Maximus TR'bunitia 
 POTestate consul RESTituit. The 
 emperor Titus Caesar, son cl the 
 divine Vespasian, high pontiff, exer- 
 cising the Tribunitian power, and 
 Consul, restored. 
 
 Imp. vi. iMperator vi. Imperator for 
 the sixth time. 
 
 Indvlgent. avgg. in. carth. indulgen- 
 Tia At’GUstorum in cARTHaginenses. 
 
 The clemency of the two Augustus’s 
 in favour of the Carthaginians. 
 
 Ixdvlg. pia. postvmi. avg. iNDULGentia 
 pia postumi AUGUSti. The pious 
 clemency of Postumus Augustus. 
 
 Io. cantab. jovi cANTABrico. To Jupiter 
 Cantabricus. 
 
 I. o. m. d. jovi optimo Maximo Dicatum. 
 Dedicated to Jupiter the best and 
 greatest. 
 
 I. o. m. h. jovi optimo Maximo Heli- 
 opolis. To Jupiter the best and 
 greatest, of Heliopolis. 
 
 I. o. m. s. jovi optimo Maximo sacrum. 
 Sacred to Jupiter the best and 
 greatest. 
 
 I. o. m. spons. secvrit. avg. jovi optimo 
 waximo spoNsori SECURixatis Auousti. 
 
 To Jupiter the best, the greatest, 
 the sponsor of the security of Au- 
 gustus. 
 
 I o. M. S. P. Q. R. V. S. PR. s. IMP. CAES. 
 QVOD. PER. EV. RP. IN. AMP. ATQ. TRAN. 
 
 s. e. jovi optimo Maximo senatus 
 populus oue Romanus vota suscepta 
 pro salute iMPeratoris CAEsaris quod 
 per Eum Resrublica in AMPliori ATQue 
 TRANquilliori statu Est. The Roman 
 people and Senate (have) offered 
 thanksgivings to Jupiter, the best, the 
 greatest, for his preservation of the 
 Emperor Caesar, and that through 
 him the republic is in a richer and 
 more tranquil state. 
 
 o. m. v. c. jovi optimo Maximo 
 victori conservatori. To Jupiter the 
 best, the greatest, the victorious, the 
 preserver. 
 
 Iov. olym. jovi OLYMpio. To Jupiter 
 Olympius. 
 
 Iov. stat. jovi statoh. To Jupiter 
 Stator. 
 
 Iov. ton. jovi TONanti. To Jupiter 
 the Thunderer. 
 
 Isel. oecvm. isELastica OECUMenica. 
 The Iselastican and Oecumenican 
 games (held sacred at Rome). 
 
 I. s. m. r. juno sospita Magna Regina, 
 or, juno sospita Mater Romanorum. 
 Juno Sospita, the great queen ; or, 
 Juno Sospita, the mother of the 
 Romans. 
 
 Ital. iTALia. Italy. 
 
 Itai.. mvn. iTALicum MUNicipium. The 
 Italian municipality. 
 
 Ivd. cap. juDaea CAPta. Judea taken. 
 
 Ivl. Julius, or Julia, or julianus. Julius, 
 or Julia, or Julianus (all names of 
 personages). 
 
 Ivl. avg. cassandben. JULia AUGUsta 
 CAssANDRENsis. Julia Augusta Cas- 
 sandrensis (a Roman colony, for- 
 merly a town in Greece ; Cassandros, 
 supposed by some to have been founded 
 by Cassander, one of the generals of 
 Alexander the Great; who, on the 
 death of that monarch, seized upon 
 the administration of Greece). 
 
 Ivl. avg. genit. orb. JULia AUGUsta 
 GENiTrix oRBis. Julia Augusta, 
 mother of the world. 
 
 IVLIA. AVGVSTA. C. C. A. JULIA AUGUSTA 
 
 colonia caesarea Augusta. Julia Au- 
 gusta, the colony of Caesarea Augusta. 
 
 IVLIA. IMP. T. AVG. F. AVGVSTA. JULIA 
 iMPeratoris Titi AUGUsti Filia Aug- 
 usta. Julia Augusta, daughter of the 
 emperor Titus Augustus. 
 
 Ivl. v. maximvs. c. juiius verus maxi- 
 mus caesar. Julius Verus Maximu3 
 Caesar (name of a personage). 
 
 Ivn. JUNior or juNius or juno. The 
 younger, or Junius (name of a per- 
 sonage) ; or Juno (the goddess). 
 
 Ivn. mart. juNoni MARTiali. To Juno 
 Martialis. 
 
 Ivn. reg. juno REoina. Juno the 
 queen. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS 
 
 151 5 
 
 K. 
 
 K. carthago or xaeso. Carthage, or 
 Kaeso (a Christian name). 
 
 Kap. cAPitolina. Capitolina. 
 
 Kar. CAKthago. Carthage. 
 
 Kar. o. CARthaginensis officina. The 
 Carthiginian monetary office. 
 
 Kart or krt. e. CARThago officina 
 quinta. The fifth Carthaginian mone- 
 tary office. 
 
 Kon. or kons. coxstantinopolis. Con- 
 stantinople. 
 
 (K is often used for Con coins struck in the 
 Grecian provinces.) 
 
 L. 
 
 L. Laus or negatus or Legio or Lucius 
 or nidi. The colony Laus, or an 
 ambassador, or a legion, or Lucius 
 (name of a personage), or the games. 
 
 L. C. Lugdunum colonia. The colony 
 Lugdunum (now Lyons in France). 
 
 Laphr. LAPHRia, Laphria (a surname 
 for Diana). 
 
 L. AUREL. COMMO. GERM. SARM. LUCiuS 
 AURELiuS COMMOdUS GERManicUS SARM- 
 
 atious. Lucius Aurelius Connnodus 
 Germanicus Sarmaticus (titles given 
 him for his victories). 
 
 L. can. mcius CANinius. Lucius Caninius 
 (name of a personage). 
 
 Leg. LEGio. A Legion. 
 
 LEG. AUG. PR. PR. LEGatUS AUGUSti 
 
 pro pnaetore. The ambassador of 
 Augustus for the praetor. 
 
 Leg. gem. pac or parth. or nep. or vlp. 
 LEGio GEMina PAcifica or PARTHica 
 or NEPtunia or ULPia. The double 
 legion Pacifica, or Parthica, cr Nep- 
 tunia, or Ulpia (all distinctive titles 
 of this Roman legion). 
 
 Leg. i. adi. p. f. LiCio x. ADJutrix pia 
 pidelis. The first legion, Pia, Fidelis, 
 Adjutrix(thi8 legion probably obtained 
 these names, from coming up in a 
 needful moment to the help of another 
 legion) . 
 
 Leg. ii. part. v. p. V.F, LEGiO II. PART- 
 hica v. pia Fidelis. The second legion 
 Parthica, Pia for the fifth time, and 
 faithful for the fifth time (distinctive 
 honorary titles of this legion). 
 
 Leg, hi. part. LEoio iji. pARThica, 
 The third Parthian legion. (Legions, 
 
 as in this case, often took the name of 
 the country in which they had been 
 eminently successful). 
 
 Leg. ii. tro. or tr. for. LEoio n. tro- 
 janus or TRajanus FORtis. The second 
 legion of Troy, or Trajanus Fortis. 
 
 Leg. iiii. vi. p. vi. f. LEGio mi. vi. ria 
 vi. Fidelis. The fourth legion, pious 
 for the sixth time, and faithful for the 
 sixth time (distinctive titles repeatedly 
 conferred). 
 
 Leg. m. xx. LEGio Macedonica xx. The 
 twentieth Macedonian legion. 
 
 Leg. pro. cos. or leg. pro. pr. or leg. avg. 
 or leg. a. p. LEGatus pro consule, 
 or LEGatus pro PRaetore, or LEGatus 
 AUGUSti, or LEoio Armeniae rrovin- 
 ciae. Ambassador for the consul, or 
 ambassador for the praetor, or the 
 ambassador of Augustus, or the legion 
 of the province of Armenia. 
 
 Leg. vir. cl. gem. fidel. LEGio vn. 
 CLaudia GEMina FiDELis. The seventh 
 faithful legion Claudia Gemina. 
 
 Leg. v. m. p. c. LEoio v. Macedonica 
 pia constans. The fifth Macedonian 
 legion, pious and constant (distinctive 
 titles of honour). 
 
 Leg. xi. clavdia. LEGio xi. claudia. 
 The eleventh legion Claudia. 
 
 Leg. xvi. fre. LEGio xvi. FREgellae or 
 FREgenae. The sixteenth legion of 
 Fregella(a town in Latium) ; or Fregena 
 (an ancient town of Tuscany), 
 
 Leg. xxx. nep. vi. f. LEGio XXX. NEPtU. 
 niana vi. pidelis. The thirtieth legion 
 Neptuniana, faithful for the sixth time. 
 
 Lex. cvr. x. f. LExtulus cuRator x. 
 rlandorum. Lentulus, an officer for 
 striking a certain class of money. ■ 
 
 Lep. i.EPidus or LEPtis. Lepidus (name 
 of a personage) ; or Leptis (name of a 
 town). 
 
 L. h. t. Lucius Hostilius Tubero. 
 Lucius Hostilius Tubero (name of a 
 personage). 
 
 Lib. avg. iiii. cos. iiii. LiBeralitas aug- 
 usti iiii. consul iiii. The fourth 
 liberality of Augustus, consul for the 
 fourth time. 
 
 L. n. Lucii xepos. Nephew of Lucius. 
 
 L. f. Lucii Filius. Son of Lucius. 
 
 Libkralit. avg. libera litbs Auousta 
 or ACGusti. The august liberality or 
 the liberality of Augustus. 
 
616 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS, 
 
 Liberis. avg. col. a. a. p. liberis AUC- 
 usti coLonia Augusta Aroe patrensis. 
 To the children of Augustus, the colony 
 Augusta Aroe of Patras. 
 
 Libert, rest, libertrs RESTituta. Liber- 
 ty restored. 
 
 Lib. ii. or m. LiBeralitas ti or iii. The 
 second or third liberality. 
 
 Lib. p. Linero patri. To Liber the 
 father (Bacchus). 
 
 Lin. pvb. LiBeralitas PUBlica, or lib- 
 ertas PUBlica. A public liberality, or 
 public liberty. 
 
 Lie. COR. SAL. VALER. N. C^S. LICiniU8 
 coRnelius sALoninus VALERianus no- 
 bilis CjEsar. Licinius Cornelius Sa- 
 loninus Valerianus Nobilis Caesar 
 (name of a personage). 
 
 Lie. or licin. Licinius LiciNianus. 
 Licinius or Licinianus (names of per- 
 sonages). 
 
 L. i. min. Legio i. MiNervium. The first 
 legion of Minerva (a town in Italy). 
 
 LOCVPLET. ORB. TERRAR. LOCUPLETatOri 
 orbIs TERRARum. To the enricher 
 of ths universe. 
 
 Lon. LONgus. Longus (name of a per- 
 sonage). 
 
 L. r. d. ae. p. Lucius papirius nesig- 
 natus AEdilis plebis. Lucius Papi- 
 rius chosen Aedile of the people. 
 
 L. 8EPTIM. SEVERVS. PIVS. AVG. P. M. TR. 
 P. XV. COS. III. P. P. Lucius SEPTIM- 
 US severus pius AUGUStus pontifex 
 Maximus TRibunitia potestate xv. 
 consul hi. pater patriae. Lucius 
 Septimus Severus Pius Augustus High 
 Pontiff (exercising) the tribunitian 
 power for the fifteenth time, consul for 
 the third time, father of the country. 
 
 L. SEPTIM. SEV. PERT. AVG. IMP. PARTH. 
 ARAB. PARTH. ADIAB. COS. II. P. D. 
 Lucius septimus sEverus PERTinax 
 AUGUStus IMPerator PARTHiCUS ARABi- 
 CUS PARTHiCUS ADIABicUS Consul 
 
 ii. pater patriae. Lucius Septimus 
 Severus Pertinax Augustus Imperator 
 Parthicus Arabicus, Parthacus Adia- 
 b^nicus, consul for the second time, 
 father of the country. 
 
 L. val. Lucius vALerius. Lucius Va- 
 lerius (name of a personage). 
 
 Lvc. Lucanus or Lucrio or Lucdunum. 
 Lucanus or Lucrio (names of person- 
 sonages) or Lucdunum (now Lyons). 
 
 Lvc. p. s. Lucduni recunia signata. 
 Money struck at Lyons. 
 
 Lvc. ael. Lucius AELius. Lucius Aelius 
 (name of a personage). 
 
 Lvcillje. avg. antonini. avg. f. lv- 
 cill.e Auoustae antonini AUGUSti 
 Filiae. To Lucilia Augusta, daughter 
 of Antoninus Augustus. 
 
 Lvd. saec. fkc. cos. xiiii. ludos S.ECU- 
 lares FEcit consul xiiii. He ce- 
 lebrated the secular games, consul for 
 tne fourteenth time. 
 
 Lvp. Lupercus. Lupercus (name of a 
 personage). 
 
 Lv. pc. s. Lugduni pecunia signata. 
 Money stvuck at Lyons. 
 
 M. 
 
 M. Maesia, or Marcus, or Memmius, or 
 Mensis, or Minerva, or Moneta, or 
 Municeps, or Munitae. Maesia, or 
 Marcus, or Memmius (names of per- 
 sons) ; or a month, or Minerva, or 
 money, or municipal, or munitae (a 
 fortified town). 
 
 M. a. Marcus Aurelius. Marcus Aure- 
 lius. 
 
 Ma. cani. MAnius CANinius. Manius 
 
 Caninius (name of a person). 
 
 Ma. c. avg. MAgna (aedes) caesaris aug- 
 usti or MAcellum AUGUSti. The 
 great temple of Augustus, or, the mar- 
 ket-place of Augustus. 
 
 M. ;em. Marcus .EMilius. Marcus 
 
 iEmilius (a man’s name). 
 
 Mag. decent. MAGnentius decentuis. 
 Magnentius Decentius (the name of a 
 personage). 
 
 Mag. pivs. magdus pius. The great and 
 pious (awarded to Cneius Pompey). 
 
 M. ann. Marcus ANxius. Marcus Annius 
 (a man’s name). 
 
 M. ant. imp. avg. cos. des. iter, ettert. 
 Marcus ANionius iMperator Auaur 
 consuI DEsignatus iTERum et te;it- 
 ium. Marcus Antoninus, imperator, 
 augur, and consul for the second and 
 third time. 
 
 M. ANTON. AVG. GERM. MarCUft ANTO- 
 xinus AUGUStus GERManicus. Marcus 
 Antoninus Augustus Germaniums. 
 
 M. ANTONINVS. IMP. COS. DESIO. ITER. ET. 
 TERT. III. VIR. REIP. C. MarCUS AN- 
 
ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS 
 
 617 
 
 toninub iMperator consuI DESiGnatus 
 ITERUm ET TERTiumTriumVIRREIPUb- 
 
 licae constituendae. Marcus Anto- 
 ninus, imperator (or commander), 
 consul for the second time, and trium- 
 vir for the third time for establishing 
 i he Republic. 
 
 Marc. MARcia, or m arcus, or MARtius. 
 
 Marcia, or Marcus, or Martius. 
 
 M arcia otacil. sev. avg. marcia ota- 
 ciLia SEvera Auousta. Marcia 
 Otacilia Severa Augusta. 
 
 Mar. prop, mars PROPUgnator. Mars 
 the defender. 
 
 Mar. vlt. MARti uirori. To Mars the 
 avenger. 
 
 M, cass. lat. postvmvs. Marcus CASSiuS 
 LATienus postumus. Marcus Cassius 
 Latienus Postumus. 
 
 Mat. avgg. MATer AUGUstorum. Mother 
 of the Augustus’s. 
 
 Mat. sen. MATer sENatus. Mother of 
 the senate. 
 
 Mat. pat. MATer PATriae. Mother of 
 the country. 
 
 Mat. devm. conservat. MATri deem 
 coNSERVATrici. To the mother of 
 the gods, the preserver (Cybele). 
 Mat. devm. salvt. MATer deum SAurrari. 
 
 To the salutary mother of the gods. 
 Mater, avgg. mater AUGUstorum. 
 Mother of the Augustus’s. 
 
 M. ATIVS. BALBVS. PR. MarCUS ATIUS 
 
 balbus PRaetor. Marcus Atius 
 Balbus, Praetor. 
 
 Matr. CASTROR. MATRi CASTRORUm. 
 
 To the mother of the camps. 
 
 M. avf. Marcus AUFidius. Marcus 
 Aufldius (the name of a personage). 
 M. avr. or mar. avr. Marcus AUReliUS. 
 Marcus Aurelius (the name of an 
 emperor). 
 
 M. avr. anton. Marcus AUReliUS an- 
 TONinus. Marcus Aurelius Anto- 
 ninus. 
 
 M. AVRKL. ANTONINVS. AVG. ARMEN. P. M. 
 Marcus AURELiuS ANTONINUS AUGUS- 
 tus ARMEsiacus pontifex Maximus. 
 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus 
 Armeniacus, high Pontiff. 
 
 Max. MAximus. Maximus (the name 
 of a personage). 
 
 M. c. i. Municipum calaguris julia. 
 The city of Calaguris Julia (new 
 Lahorre in Spain). 
 
 M. COMMODVS ANTONINVS AVG. BRIT. Mar- 
 CUS COMMODUS ANTONINUS AUGUStUS 
 
 BRiTannicus. Marcus Commodus 
 Antoninus Augustus Britannicus. 
 
 Mes. MESsius. Messius (the name of a 
 personage). 
 
 Met. METropolis. The Metropolis. 
 
 Met. METaccus. Metaccus. 
 
 Met. vlpian. pan. METallum ULPiANum 
 PANnonicum. Ulpian and Pannonian 
 metal. 
 
 Met. del. METallum del. for DALmatia- 
 num. Metal of Dalmatia. 
 
 Met. nor. METallum NORicum. Metal 
 of Noricum. 
 
 M. f. Marci Filius. The son of Marcus. 
 
 M. n. Marci Nepos. The nephew of 
 Marcus. 
 
 M. H. ILLERGAVONIA. DERT. MUnicipium 
 Hibera illergavonia DERTOza. The 
 municipal city of Hibera Illergavonia 
 Dertoza. 
 
 Minat. MiNATius. Minatius (the name 
 of a personage). 
 
 Miner, vict. MiNERvae vicTrici. To 
 the victorious Minerva. 
 
 M. k .v. Moneta carthaginensis urbem. 
 Money of the city of Carthage. 
 
 M. l. Moneta Lugdunensis. Money of 
 Lugdunum (Lyons). 
 
 M. lep. c. reg. inst. Marcus Lepidus 
 civitatem REGinensium iNSTauravit. 
 Marcus Lepidus repaired the town of 
 Reginens. 
 
 M. ll. Moneta Lugdunensium. The 
 money of Lugdunum (Lyons). 
 
 M. marc. Marcus Marcellus. Marcus 
 Marcellus. 
 
 M. m. i. v. Municipes Municipii julii 
 uticensis. The municipals of the 
 municipal city of Julius Uticensis. 
 
 M. n. Moneta Narbonensis. Money 
 of Narbonne. 
 
 Mon. MONeta. Money. 
 
 Mon. avg. MONeta AUGUsti. Money of 
 Augustus. 
 
 Mo. s. t. Moneta signata Treveris. Money 
 struck at Treves (a city in Germany). 
 
 M. pop. Marcus popilius. Marcus 
 Popilius (a man’s name). 
 
 M. r. Municipum Ravennatum. The 
 city of Ravenna, in Italy. 
 
 M. s. Moesiae superioris. Of UpperMoesia. 
 
 M. S. AVGG. ET CAESS NOSTR. MOnet® 
 sacra AUGUstorum et CAEsarum 
 
618 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 NOSTitorum. Sacred money of our 
 Augustus’s and Caesars. 
 
 M. s. t r. Moneta signata TReveris. 
 
 Money struck at Triers. 
 
 Mvl, fel. MULta FELicia. Many 
 prosperities. 
 
 Mvn. avg. bilbilis. c. corn, refec. m. 
 
 HELV. FRONT. II. VIR. MUNicipium 
 AVGUSta BILBILIS Caio CORNeliO, 
 REFECtO MARCO HELViO FRONTOnC 
 
 duumvirl The town Augusta 
 Bilbilis, repaired under Caius Corne- 
 lius and Marcus Helvius Fronto, Du- 
 umvirs. 
 
 Mvn. clvn. MUNicipium CLtfNia. The 
 town of Clunia. 
 
 Mvn. fane. jel. MUNicipium FANEstre 
 ASLium. The town of Fanestre 
 Elium. 
 
 Mvnicip. stob, MUNicipium STOBensium. 
 
 The town of Stobensium. 
 
 Mvnic. italic, per. avg. MUNicipium 
 iTALicense PERmissu Auousti. An 
 Italian municipality, by the permis- 
 sion of Augustus. 
 
 Mvn. stob., or stobens, or stobensivm. 
 MUNicipium sTOBense or stobensium. 
 The town of Stobensium, in Mace- 
 donia. 
 
 Mvn. tvr. or mv. tv. MUNicipium tur- 
 cussae. The town of Turcussa. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. Natalis, or Nepos, or Nobilis, or 
 Noster, or Numen, or Nummus. The 
 birth ; or, the nephew ; or, noble ; or, 
 our ; or, money. 
 
 Nat. Natalis or vatus. The birth or 
 born. 
 
 Nat. vrb. circ. con. NATali URBis 
 ciRcenses coNstituti. The Circen- 
 6ian games instituted on the anniver- 
 sary of the foundation of the city. 
 
 N. c. Nero caesar, or Nobilis caesar. 
 Nero Caesar (name of a personage); or 
 noble Caesar. 
 
 N. c. a. p. R. Nummus cusus a ropulo 
 Romano. Money struck by the Roman 
 people. 
 
 Nep. red. NErtuno REDUci. To the 
 return of Neptune. 
 
 Nep. s. NEPtuno sacrum. Sacred to 
 Neptune. 
 
 Nept. or neptvn. NEPTuxalia (feasts 
 held in honour of Neptune). 
 
 Ner. nero or NERva. Nero or Nerva 
 (both names of personages). 
 
 Ner. i. a. vrb. nero i. ouaestor URBis. 
 
 Nero the first Quaestor of the city. 
 Nero, clavd. drvsvs. german, imp. 
 
 NERO CLAUDiuS DRUSUS GERMANicUS 
 
 iMperator. The emperor Nero 
 Claudius Drusus Germanicus. 
 
 Nero. et. drvsvs. caesares. qvinq. c. v. 
 I. N. C. NERO et drusus caesares 
 QuiNQuennales coloniae victricis ju- 
 liae Novae carthaginis. Nero and 
 Drusus quinquennial Caesars of the 
 colony Victrix Julia, or Nova Carthago. 
 N. f. Numerii Filius. The son of 
 Numerius. 
 
 N. n. Numerii Nepos. The nephew of 
 Numerius. 
 
 Niceph. NiCEPHorium. Nicephorium 
 (a colony in Mesopotamia). 
 
 Nig. NiGer. Niger (the surname of 
 the emperor Pescennius). 
 
 Nob. c. NOBilis or Nobilissimus caesar 
 Noble, or noblest Caesar. 
 
 N. t. Numini Tutelari. To the tutelar 
 Deity. 
 
 N. TR. ALEXANDRIANS. COL. BOSTR. 
 Nervae TRajanae Alexandrians co- 
 i.oniae BosTRae, or BOSTRcnsis. Of 
 the colony Nerva Trajana Alexan- 
 driana Bostra, or Bostrensis (a town 
 in Palestine). 
 
 Nv. Numa. Numa (Pompilius). 
 
 O. 
 
 0. ob, or officina, or ogulnius, or opti- 
 mo. The preposition ob ; the mint- 
 mark showing where the money was 
 manufactured; Ogulnius, the name 
 of a personage, or “ the best,” (a title 
 of Jupiter), sometimes bestowed also 
 upon the Emperor Trajan. 
 
 Ob. c. s. or ob. civ. ser. or o. c. s. ob. 
 cives servatos. For the preservers 
 of the citizens (speaking of a crov.n 
 which was given to those who had 
 saved the life of a Roman citizen). 
 
 CEc. (Ecumenia. A name given to 
 public games and combats. 
 
 Off. hi const. OFFicinae Tertiae con- 
 sTantinopoli. In allusion to money 
 
ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 G19 
 
 stiuck in the third monetary office at 
 Constantinople. 
 
 Oovt.. OGULnius. Ogulnius (a man’s 
 name). 
 
 Ox.t. OLYmpius. Olympius. 
 
 O. m. t. optimo Maximo Tonanti. To 
 the Thunderer, the best, the greatest. 
 
 Op or opt. Prin. or pr. optimo prin- 
 cipi. To the best prince. 
 
 Or. div. opi Divinae. To the divine 
 Ops. 
 
 Opei. opEimius. Opeimius (the name 
 of a personage). 
 
 Opel. opELius. Opelius (the name of 
 a personage). 
 
 On. divin. tr. p. cos. ii. opi. DiviNae 
 TRibunitia potestate consuI ii. (ii. 
 stands for secundum.) To the divine 
 Ops ; exercising the tribunitial power, 
 and consul for the second time. 
 
 OPPIVS. CAPIT. PROPR. PR2GF. CLA. OPPILS 
 CAPITO PROPRaetOr PRJEFCCt'Uj CLAS8is. 
 
 Oppius Capito, governor and com- 
 mander of the fleet. 
 
 Orb. ter. ORBis TERrarum. Alluding to 
 the extent of the Roman empire. 
 
 Ot. or otacil. OTacilia or OTACiLius. 
 Otacilia (the name of an empress), or 
 Otacilius (the name of a personage). 
 
 P. pater, or patriae, or per, or percussa, 
 or perpetuus, or pius, or pontifex, 
 or populus, or posuit, or praefectus, 
 or rrimus, or princeps, or pro- 
 vincae, or publius, or rublico. 
 Father, or of the country, or (the 
 preposition) by, or struck, or per- 
 petual, or pious, or pontiff, or the 
 people, or he has placed, or praefect, 
 or the first, or a prince, or of a pro- 
 vinc3, or Publius (name of a per- 
 sonage), or to the public. 
 
 P. a. pietas Augusti or Augusta. The 
 piety of Augustus, or Augustan piety. 
 
 Pac. or paci. PACifico. To the pacific 
 Mars. 
 
 Pace. p. r. terra, mariq. parta. ianvm. 
 clvsit. pace populi Romani terra 
 MARIQUe PARTA JANTJM CLUSIT. lie 
 
 has shut the temple of Janus, having 
 procured peace for the Roman people 
 UDon land and sea. 
 
 P. ALITIO. L. MEXIO. II. VIR *>ublio 
 
 alitio mcio memo DUum-viRi. Under 
 the Duumvirs Publius Alitius and 
 Lucius Menius. 
 
 Pannon. PANNOxiae. For Pannonia. 
 
 Papi. PAPirius. Papirius (name of a 
 personage). 
 
 P. ao. percussa AQuileiae. Struck at 
 Aquilia (a town in Italy, on the coast 
 of the Adriatic). 
 
 P. ar. percussa ARelate. Struck at Are- 
 late (now Arles in France). 
 
 P. ar. ad. parthicus ARabicus Aniabeni- 
 cus. Parthicus Arabicus Adiabenicns 
 (titles given to emperors for their 
 conquests or victories obtained in 
 these countries.) 
 
 P ar. PARthicus. Parthicus (a title 
 given to the emperors for victories 
 over the Parthians.) 
 
 P. arl. pecunia AReLatensis or per- 
 cussa AReLate. The money of Arles, 
 or struck at Arles. 
 
 Pat. rATer PATriae, Father of the coun- 
 try. 
 
 Pax. avg. pax AUGUsta. The Augustan 
 peace. 
 
 Pax. p. rom. pax populi ROMani. The 
 peace of the Roman people. 
 
 P. c. c.es. pater caii c^saris. The 
 father of Caius Caesar. 
 
 P. c. l. valerianvs. publius Cornelius 
 Licinius valerianus. Publius Cor- 
 nelius Licinius Valerianus (name of 
 an emperor.) 
 
 P. d. populo Datum. Given to the 
 people. 
 
 Pelag. PKLAGia. Pelagia (a title given 
 to Venus). 
 
 Penates, p. r. pexates ropuli Romani. 
 The Penates of the Roman people. 
 
 Per. PERmissu. By the permission. 
 
 Per. a. or perpet. avg. PERpetuus 
 Augustus, or PERPETUUS AUGUStUS. 
 Perpetual Augustus. 
 
 Perm. divi. avg. col. rom. PERiiissu 
 diyi Arousti coLonia ROMulea. The 
 colony Romulea, by the permission 
 of the divine Augustus. 
 
 Perm. imp. cor. PERMissu iMPeratoris 
 coRinthi. Of Corinth, by permission 
 of the emperor. 
 
 Perm. imp. germ. rERMissu iMPeratoris 
 GERManici. By the permission of 
 the emperor Germanicus (alluding to 
 Domitian, who had that surname). 
 
G20 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 FERMISSV t. APRONI. PROCOS. III. PER- 
 MI8SU LUCii APRON ii PROCOIlSUl III. 
 
 By permission of Lucius Apronius, 
 proconsul for tlie third time. 
 
 P. r. p. pccunia Romae percussa. 
 Money struck at Rome. 
 
 Pert. PERiinax. Pertinax (name of 
 an emperor). 
 
 Pescen. PESCENnius. Pescennius (Niger), 
 (name of an emperor). 
 
 P. p. pius Felix, or pia Fidelis, or 
 primus Fecit. Pious and happy, or 
 pious and faithful, or first done. 
 
 P. f. publii Filius, or pii Filia. The 
 son of Publius, or the daughter 
 of the Pius (that is, of Antoninus 
 Pius). 
 
 P. ir. c. provinciae nispaniae cite- 
 rioris. Of the province of Spain 
 Citerioris. 
 
 Ph. cond. PHilippus coNDitor. Philip 
 the founder. 
 
 P. i. or prin. i wen. princeps juventutis 
 or PRiNceps JuvENtutis. The prince 
 of youth. 
 
 Piet. avo. piETas Auousta. Augustan 
 piety. 
 
 P. k. percussa Karthagine. Struck at 
 Carthage. 
 
 PLAE. TRAN. PLAEtOriUS TRANquilluS. 
 Plaetorius Tranquillus (name of a 
 personage). 
 
 P. l. cor. sal. publius Licinius cor- 
 nelius SALoninus. Publius Licinius 
 Cornelius Saloninus (name of an 
 emperor). 
 
 P. l. o. n. percussa LUgduni officina 
 nov& or Nona. Struck at Lugdunum 
 in the new, or ninth office. 
 
 P. m. pontifex Maximus. The sove- 
 reign pontiff. 
 
 P. m. s. col. vim. provincae Moesiae 
 superioris cononia viMiniacum or 
 viMinacium. The colony Viminiacum, 
 
 • or Viminacium, in the province of 
 Upper Moesia (now Widin, im 
 Servia) . 
 
 Pol. polUo. Pollio (name of a per- 
 sonage). 
 
 Pom. poMpeius. Pompey (name of a. 
 personage). 
 
 Port. ost. tortus osriensis. The port 
 of Ostia. 
 
 P. p. rater patriae. Father of the 
 country. 
 
 P. p. avo. perpetuus AUGUstus. Per- 
 petual Augustus. 
 
 P. POMPON. CR. II. VIR. puplio POMPONiO 
 CRispo, or CRispino duuiuviro. Under 
 the Duumvir Puplius Pomponius 
 Crispus, or Crispinus. 
 
 P. r. percussa Romae. Struck at Rome. 
 
 PrA3. CLAS. ET ORAE. MARIT. PRjEFeCtUS 
 CLAssis et orae MARiTimae. Prae- 
 fect of the fleet and of the marine 
 coasts. 
 
 Pr.ef. germ. PR.®Fectus GERManorum. 
 Praefect of the Germans. 
 
 Pr. cos. PROconsul. Proconsul. 
 
 Primi. decen. primi DECExnales. The 
 first Decennials. 
 
 PRINCIP. IVVENT. PRINCIPi JUVENTUtiS. 
 
 To the prince of youth. 
 
 Prob. probus. Probus (name of an 
 emperor). 
 
 Proc. pRoconsul. Proconsul. 
 
 Proc. sic. pRoconsul siciliae. Pro- 
 consul of Sicily. 
 
 P. rom. percussa ROMae. Struck at 
 Rome. 
 
 Pron. PRONepos. Grand-nephew. 
 
 prop, or pro. p. PROPraetor or pro- 
 praetore. Propraetor, or for the 
 praetor. 
 
 Proq. or pro. a. PRoauaestor or mo- 
 Quaestore. Proquaestor, or for the 
 quaestor. 
 
 Prov. deor. PROvidentiae or PROviden- 
 tia DEORum. To the providence, or 
 the providence of the gods. 
 
 Provident, senat. PRoviDENTia senatus. 
 To the foresight of the senate. 
 
 Pr. s. p. PROvinciae svriae Palestine. 
 Of the province of Syria, in Palestine. 
 
 Pr. vrb. PRaefectus URBis or PRactor 
 VRBis. Praefect or praetor of the city. 
 
 P. s. percussa sisciae. Struck at 
 Siscia (in Croatia, now Sisseg). 
 
 P. t. rercussa Treveris. Struck at 
 Treveris (in Germany, now Treves). 
 
 Pvdic. pumcitia. Modesty. 
 
 Pvpie. puriEnus. Pupienus (name of 
 an emperor). 
 
 Q. 
 
 Q. Quaestor or Quinarius or Quintus 
 or Quinquennalis or Quod. A quaes- 
 tor, or Quinarius (the name of a 
 personage), or every fifth year, or quod, 
 that. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS 
 
 621 
 
 Q. cas. Quintus CAssius. Quintus Cassius 
 (the name of a personage). 
 
 Q. c. m. p. i. Quintus cecilius Metellus 
 pius imperator. Quintus Cecilius 
 Metellus Pius, commander. 
 
 Q. des. Quaestor Designatus. Appointed 
 a quaestor. 
 
 Q. HER. ETR. MES. DEC. NOB. C. QUintUS 
 HERennius etruscus MESsius DEcius 
 NOBilis caesar. Quintus Herennius 
 Etruscus Messius Decius, noble Caesar. 
 
 Q. hisp. Quaestor Hispaniae. Quaestor 
 of Spain. 
 
 Q. m. Quintus Marcius. Quintus Mar- 
 cius (the name of a personage). 
 
 Q. o. c. fab. Quinto ogulnio (et) caio FABio. 
 To Quintus Ogulnius and to Caius 
 Fabius. 
 
 Q. p. Quaestor praetor is. Quaestor of 
 the praetor. 
 
 Q. pafir. car. q. ter. mon. Quinto 
 PAPinio CARboni (et) Quinto TERen- 
 tio MONtano. To Quintus Papirius 
 Carbo and to Quintus Terentius 
 Montanus. 
 
 Q. pr. q. pro. c. or cos. Quaestor 
 PROvinciae, or Quaestor pro consule or 
 pRoconsulis. Quaestor of the province, 
 or quaestor of the proconsuL 
 
 Q. TERENT, CVLLEON. PRO. COS. III. QUintO 
 TERENTiO CULLEONi PROCONSUli Ter- 
 
 tium. To Quintus Terentius Culleonis, 
 proconsul for the third time. 
 
 Qyad. QUADratus. Quadratus (the name 
 of a personage). 
 
 Qvadrag. rem. QiTADRAGesima REMissa. 
 The quadragesima (a tax so called) 
 remitted. 
 
 Qvin. iter. QuiNquennalis iTERum. 
 
 Quinquennial repeated. 
 
 Q. v. or qvod. y. m. s. Quod viae Muni- 
 tae sint, or sunt. That the roads 
 may be defended. 
 
 Q. vrb. Quaestor URBis. Quaestor of 
 the city. 
 
 R. 
 
 R. Remissa, or noma, or Restituit, or 
 
 Romanus. Remitted, or Rome, or 
 
 he has restored, or Roman. 
 
 Ra. RAvenna. Ravenna (a city of Italy). 
 
 R. c. Romani cives. Roman citizens. 
 
 R. cc. Remissa c c. The two hundredth 
 remitted. 
 
 Recep. RECEPta. Received. 
 
 Rec. orb. REctor ORBis. Ruler of tbo 
 world. 
 
 Ref. REFecta. Rebuilt or repaired. 
 
 ReLIQVA. VETERA. IIS. NOVIES. MIL. ABOLIT. 
 RELIQUA VETERA HS. NOVIES MILle 
 
 abolit. The state debt, to the value 
 of nine thousand sesterces, abolished, 
 by payment (hs. signifies sesterces). 
 Res. REstitutus or REstituit. Restored, 
 or he has restored. 
 
 Rest. ital. RESTitutor iTALiae. The 
 restorer of Italy. 
 
 Rest. nvm. REsiituta NUMidia or num- 
 mum RESTitutum. Numidia restored, 
 or the money reminted. 
 
 Rex. arm. dat. rex ARMeniae datus. 
 
 A king given to Armenia. 
 
 Rex. part. dat. rex PARThis datus. 
 
 A king given to the Parthians. 
 
 Rex. ptol. rex PTOLemaeus. King 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 R. m. or rei. mil. Rei Militaris or rei 
 M iLitaris. Military affairs. 
 
 Ro. Romae. To Rome. 
 
 Rom. jbter. Romae .iETERnae. To 
 
 eternal Rome. 
 
 Roma, renasc. roma RENAScens. Re- 
 
 viving Rome. 
 
 Rom. col. KOMulea coLonia. The colony 
 Romulea. 
 
 Rom. et. avg. ROMae et AVGUsto. To 
 
 Rome and to Augustus. 
 
 Rom. resvrg. ROMa RESURGcns. Re- 
 viving Rome. 
 
 ROMVL. AVG. ROMULO AUGUStO. To 
 
 Romulus Augustus. 
 
 ROMVL. CONDIT. ROMULO CONDITOri. To 
 
 Romulus the founder. 
 
 Ro. p. s. Romae pecunia signata. Money 
 struck at Rome. 
 
 R. p. Romae percussa. Struck at 
 Rome. 
 
 R. p. c. Rei publicae constituendae. For 
 the re-establishing of the Republic. 
 
 R. s. Romae signata. Struck at Rome. 
 R. v. Roma victrix. Victorious Rome. 
 R. p. s. Ravenrfae pecunia signata. 
 Money struck at Ravenna. 
 
 R. xl. Remissa xl. The fortieth re- 
 mitted. 
 
 S. 
 
 S. sacerdos, or sacra, or semissus, or 
 senatus, or senator, or senior, or 6ex- 
 
622 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 tus, or soli, or spes, or suscepto, 
 or sisciae. Priests, or things to be 
 sacrificed, or the half of the Roman 
 As, or the senate, or senator, or 
 ancient, or Sextus (the name of a per- 
 sonage), or the sun, or Siscia (a town 
 in Croatia). 
 
 S. a. saIus, or saIus Augusti, or SECuritas 
 Augusti, or signata Antiochiae. SaIus, 
 the goddess of health, or the health or 
 security of Augustus, or struck at 
 Antioch (speaking of money). 
 
 SACERD. COOP. IN. OMN. COLL.Or CONL. SYPRA 
 NVM. sacerdos cooptatus IN OM.via 
 coLLegia (or coNLegia) supra Nuaie- 
 rum. Supernumerary priests ap- 
 pointed in all the colleges. 
 
 Sac. f. SAcris Faciundum or SAcra pa- 
 ciens. Sacrifices to the gods to be 
 performed, or being performed. 
 
 Sack. ter. SACRa PERiodica. Period- 
 ical sacrifices. 
 
 SjECVLAR. AVGG. SJECULAReS AUGUStO- 
 
 rum. Secular games of the Au- 
 gustus’s. 
 
 Sjecvlar. sac. s.ECULARia SAcra. Secu- 
 lar sacrifices. 
 
 S.&cvl. frvgif. sjeculo FRUGiFero. To 
 a fertile period. 
 
 Sag. SAGuntum. Saguntum, a town 
 in Spain. 
 
 Sal. salus, or SALduba, or SALoninus, 
 or sALonina. The goddess of health ; 
 or Salduba (a town in Spain) ; or 
 Saloninus, or Salonina. 
 
 Sal. gen. hvm. salus GENeris nrMani. 
 The health of the human race. 
 
 Sall. barb. SALLustia BARBia (Orbia- 
 na). Sallustia Barbia Orbiana. (The 
 names of an empress). 
 
 Salm. SALMantica. Salmantica (a town 
 in Spain). 
 
 S. arl. signata ARelate. Struck at Arles 
 (in France). 
 
 Sarm. sARMaticus. Sarmaticus (a title 
 given to an emperor for his conquests 
 over the Sarmatians). 
 
 Savf. SAUFfeia or sAUFfeius. Sauffeia 
 (the name of a Roman family), or 
 Sauffeius (the name of a personage). 
 
 S. c. senatus consulto. By decree of 
 the senate, which allowed money to 
 be coined. 
 
 Soi. af. scipio AFricanus. Scipio 
 Africanus. 
 
 Scip. asia. scipio ASiAticus. Scipio the 
 Asiatic. 
 
 S. const. signata coNSTantinopoli. 
 Struck at Constantinople. 
 
 Scr. scRibonia or scRibonius. Scriho- 
 nia (the name of a Roman family) or 
 Scribonius (the name of a personage). 
 
 Sec or se:c. sEcuritas or SECulum. 
 Security, or the age. 
 
 Sec. orb. SEcuritas ORBis. The secu- 
 rity of the universe. 
 
 Semp. SEMPronius or sEMPronia. Sem- 
 pronius (the name of a personage), or 
 Sempronia (the name of a family). 
 
 Sen. sENior. Elder. 
 
 Senti. sENTia. Sentia (the name of a 
 Roman family). 
 
 Sep. col. lavd. sEPtimia coLonia laud- 
 icea. The seventh year of the colony 
 of Laudicea (for Laodicea). 
 
 Sept. sev. sEPTimius SEverus. Sep- 
 timius Severus. 
 
 Sept. tyr. met. SEPTima tyrus me- 
 Tropolis. The seventh of the 
 metropolitan city of Tyre, in 
 Phoenicia. 
 
 Ser. SERvius. Servius (the name of a 
 personage). 
 
 Seren. serenus. Serenus (the name 
 of a personage). 
 
 Servili. sERvii.ia. Servilia (the name 
 of a Roman family). 
 
 Sev. SEverus. Severus (the name of 
 a personage). 
 
 Sex. f. sExti Filius. The son of Sextus. 
 
 S. f. saeculi Felicitas. The happiness 
 of the age. 
 
 Sicil. siciLia. Sicily. 
 
 SlDER. RkCEPT. SIDERibuS RECEPTIS. 
 
 Received among the constellations. 
 
 Sig. recept. 8ionis RECBPtis. The stan- 
 dards being received. 
 
 Sil. siLius. Silius (the name of a per- 
 sonage). 
 
 S. i. m. soli invicto Mithrae. To 
 Mithras the invincible sun. 
 
 Sir. or birm. siRMium. Sirmium (now 
 Simach in Slavonia). 
 
 Sisc. sisciae. Of Siscia (alluding to 
 money struck there). 
 
 Sisc. p. sisciae rercussa (moneta). Money 
 struck at Siscia. 
 
 S. m. a. signata, or sacra Moneta Anti- 
 ochiae. Money struck at Antioch, 
 or the sacred money of Antioch. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 623 
 
 S. m. a. q. p. sacra Moneta xquileiae 
 percussa. Sacred money struck at 
 Aquileia. 
 
 S. m. her. signata Moneta HERacleae. 
 Money struck at Heraclea. 
 
 S. m. o. b. signata Moneta officina 
 secunda. Money struck in the second 
 monetary office. 
 
 S. w. n. sacra or signata moneta Nar- 
 bonae or Nicomediae. Sacred money 
 of Nar bonne or Nicomedia, or struck 
 at Narbonne or Nieome^a. 
 
 S. m. r. signata Moneta Romae. Money 
 struck at Rome. 
 
 S. m. r. a. signata Moneta Romae 
 officina quarta. Money struck at 
 Rome in the fourth monetary 
 office, expressed by the letter q. 
 
 S. m. sisc. signata Moneta sisciae. 
 Money struck at Siscia. 
 
 S. m. sr. signata Moneta TReveris. 
 Money struck at Treves. 
 
 S. m. t. s. b. sacra Moneta Treveris 
 signata, officina secunda. Sacred 
 money of Treves, b signifying of the 
 second monetary office. 
 
 Sp. spurius. Spurius (the name of a 
 personage). 
 
 Sp. avgvsta. spes augusta. The Au- 
 gustan hope. 
 
 Spes. p, r. spes populi Romani. The 
 hope of the Roman people. 
 
 S. p. a. r. adsert. libert. senatus 
 populus Que Romanus AssERTori 
 LiBERTatis. The Roman senate and 
 people to the assertor of liberty. 
 
 S. p. a. r a. n. p. f. senatus populus- 
 que Romanus Anno Natali (scilicet 
 urbis) Fieri Fecit (optimo principi). 
 Which may be freely interpreted, as 
 struck by the senate and people of 
 Rome, &c. in honour of the year of 
 the birth of the best prince. 
 
 8. p. a. r. imp. cm. avoD. v. m. s. ex. ea. 
 p. a. is. ad. a. d. senatus populus 
 aue Romanus iMPerator c^sari auoD 
 viae Munitae sunt ex ea pecunia 
 auam is ad Aerarium Detulit. Money 
 struck by the senate and people, &c. 
 in order that the public roads might 
 be maintained. 
 
 8. p. a. r. ivLiiE. atjgvst. senatus po- 
 pulus aue Romanus julije AUGUSTae. 
 The senate and Roman people to Julia 
 Augusta. 
 
 S. p. a. R. optimo. principi. senatus po- 
 pulus aue Romanus optimo principi. 
 The senate and Roman people to the 
 best prince. 
 
 S. p. a. r. svf. p. d. senatus populus 
 aue Romanus suFfamenta porulo 
 Data. The senate and Roman people, 
 a grant of corn given to the people. 
 
 S. p. a. r. v. s. pro. r. c.*s. senatus 
 populus aue Romanus vota solvunt 
 pro Reditu c;Esare. The senate and 
 Roman people make votive offerings 
 for the return of Caesar. 
 
 S. r. senatus Romanus or salus 
 Romanorum or spes Reipublioae or 
 sacris Receptis, or Restitutis. The 
 Roman senate, or the health of the 
 Romans, or the hope of the republic, 
 or sacrifices received, or sacrifices 
 revived. 
 
 S. t. signata Treveris or Securitas 
 Temporum. Money struck at Treves, 
 or the security of the times. 
 
 Stabil. STABiLitas, Stability. 
 
 Svll. suLLa or sylla. Sulla or Sylla 
 (the name of a personage) . 
 
 Ss. sestertium. The sestertii were 
 pieces of money valued at two ases 
 and a half. 
 
 T. 
 
 T. Titus, or Treveris, or Tribunus, or 
 Tutelaris. Titus (name of a person- 
 age), or Treveris (in Germany, now 
 Treves), or tribune, or tutelar. 
 
 T. ar. Tertia ARelate, Struck in the 
 third monetary office of Arelate (now 
 Arles). 
 
 T. CAES. DIVI. VESP. F. AVG. P. M. TR. P. 
 p. cos. viii. Titus CAEsar divi yes- 
 pasiani Filius Auoustus pontifex 
 Maximus TRibunitia potestate pater 
 patriae consul viii. Titus Caesar, 
 son of the divine Vespasian (so styled, 
 because he had been deified by the 
 Romans), Augustus, high pontiff, 
 exercising the tribunitian power, 
 father of the country, consul for tho 
 eighth time. 
 
 TeMPL. DIV. AVO. REST. COS. IIII. TEM- 
 PLum Divi AUGUsti RESTitutum con- 
 sul quartum. The temple of the divine 
 Augustus (restored), consul for the 
 fourth time. 
 
624 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS, 
 
 Ter. TERentius. Terentius (name of a 
 personage). 
 
 Tes. TEssalonieae. Of Tkessalonica. 
 
 T. f. Titi Filia or Temporum Felicitas. 
 Daughter of Titus, or the felicity of 
 the times. 
 
 T. fl. Titus FLavius. Titus Flavius, 
 (name of a personage). 
 
 T. g. a. TUtelaris Genius Aegypti. The 
 tutelary genius of Egypt. 
 
 Thkopo. THF.oPolis. Theopolis (a name 
 given to the city of Antioch in the 
 reign of Justinian, Emperor of the 
 East). 
 
 Ti. Tiberius. Tiberius (name of an 
 emperor) . 
 
 Ti. n. Tiberii Nepos. Nephew of 
 Tiberius. 
 
 Ti. f. Tiberii Filius. Son of Tiberius. 
 
 T. m. ap. cl. Titus Manlius (et) Appius 
 cLaudius. Titus Manlius and Appius 
 Claudius (names of persons). 
 
 T. p., or tk. pot., or trib. pot. Tribu- 
 nitia potestas, or TRibunitia POTestas, 
 or TRiBunitia POTestas. The tribuni- 
 tian power. 
 
 T. p. or tr. pot., or trib. pot. v. &c. Tri- 
 bunitia potestas, or TRibunitia pot- 
 estas, or TRiBunitia roTestas v. The 
 tribunitian power, or exercising the 
 tribunitian power for the fifth time. 
 
 Tr. Tueveris. Treveris, of Treves. 
 
 Trai. TRAjanus. Trajan (name of a 
 personage). 
 
 Tran, tran quillus. Tranquillus (name 
 of a personage). 
 
 Tranq. TRANQuillitas. Tranquillity. 
 
 Treban. TREBANius. Trebanius (name 
 of a personage). 
 
 Trebon or treb. ,r REBONianus or treb- 
 onianus. Trebon ianus (name of a 
 personage). 
 
 Tr. f. TRajana Fortls. The legion 
 Trajana Fortis (a distinctive title of 
 this legion). 
 
 Trivmph. TRiuMPHator. Triumpher. 
 
 T e. obs. or o. b. s. TReveris OBsignata 
 or officina b. signata. Struck at 
 Treves (in Germany), or struck in 
 the office b (that is, of the second 
 office or division of the mint ; the 
 offices being distinguished by a. b. 
 for the first, second, &c., a system 
 common in Roman monetary nume- 
 rals). 
 
 Tr. leg. ii. TRibunus LEGionis n. TL f 
 military tribune of the second legion. 
 
 Tr. p. TReveris percussa or pccunia 
 Struck at Treves, or the money c 
 Treves (in Germany). 
 
 Tr. pl. d. TRibunus PLebis Designatue 
 Chosen tribune for the people. 
 
 Tr. v. m. TRiumviri Monetales. Monetary 
 triumvirs. 
 
 T. t. Trevirorum. (Coinages) of Treves 
 
 Tvl. h. or host. tulIus Hostilius. host- 
 ilius. Tullus Hostilius (name ol 
 one of the kings of Rome). 
 
 V. 
 
 V. Quinque, or verus, or victrix, or vir, 
 or virtus, or voto, or votivus, or urbs. 
 Five, or Verus (name of a personage), 
 or virtue, or by the vow, or votive, or 
 the city. 
 
 V. akt. virtus AETerna. Eternal virtue. 
 
 Val. or valer. VAi.erius or VALERianus 
 (names of personages). 
 
 Var. rvf. VARius rufus. Varius Rufus 
 (name of a personage). 
 
 Ven. fel. VENeri FELici. To the happy 
 Venus. 
 
 VENER. VICTR. VENERi VICTRici. To 
 Venus the victorious. 
 
 Vent. vENTidius. Ventidius (name of 
 a personage). 
 
 Vesp. vESpasianus. Vespasian (name 
 of an emperor). 
 
 Veter. vETERanorum. Of the veterans. 
 
 Vet. lang. VEttius LANGuidus. Vettius 
 Languidus (name of a personage). 
 
 V. i. vota imperii. The vows of the 
 empire. 
 
 Vib. viBius. Vibius (name of a per- 
 sonage). 
 
 Vic. avg. victoria AUGUsti. The victory 
 of Augustus. 
 
 Vic. germ. victoria GERManica. The 
 Germanic victory. 
 
 Vic. par. m. victoria PARthica Max- 
 ima. The greatest Parthian victory. 
 
 Vic. s. victoria sicilia. The Sicilian 
 victory. 
 
 Vic. beatissim. caess. victoria beatis. 
 siMorum cAEsarum. The victory ol 
 the most sacred Caesars. 
 
 Vic. brit. p. m. victoria BRrrannica 
 pontifex Maximus. The British vic- 
 tory, the high Pontiff. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 625 
 
 Victor, rom. vicTORia ROManorum. j V. 
 The victory of the Romans. 
 
 Vict. p. gal. avg. viCToria parthica V. 
 GAi.lieni AUGUsti. The Parthian 
 victory of the Emperor Gallienus 
 Augustus. 
 
 Vm. vm. Eight (this figure generally 
 when it appears on silver coins and 
 signifies that they are worth eight 
 ases). 
 
 Vn. vir. epv. tii viri Erulonum. 
 
 The Epulonean Septemvir (a sacred 
 dignity among the Romans). 
 
 Vir. virtus. Virtue, or courage, or 
 valour. 
 
 Vi. vir. a. vi. vir. AUGUstus. The 
 Augustan Sexemvir or Sevir (a titular 
 rank among the Romans). 
 
 V. n. m. r. urbis Nicomediae Moneta 
 Restituta. The restored money of 
 
 the city of Nicomedia. 
 
 Vol. voLusius. Volusius (name of a 
 personage). 
 
 Voler. volero. Volero (name of a 
 personage). 
 
 VoTA. PVB. VOTA PUBlica. Public vows. 
 
 Vot. beckn. voxa DECENnalia. De- 
 
 cennalian vows. 
 
 Vot. xx. mvl. xxx. voTa xx. mcl- 
 tiplica xxx. The vows for twenty 
 years increased to thirty. 
 
 p. vota publiea or vota populi. 
 public vows or vows of the people, 
 v. vota v. Quinquennalian vows. 
 
 X. 
 
 X. Decem. Ten, or Decennalia (feasts) 
 or denoting the value of x ases on a 
 Roman denarius. 
 
 X. f. x. Faciendum. An officer ap- 
 pointed for striking silver money 
 (x signifying the silver denarii, which 
 were originally worth ten ases). 
 
 XI. r. xl. Remissa. The fortieth (a 
 tax so called) remitted. 
 
 Xvi. xvi. The later denarii are marked 
 thus; this coin was formerly only 
 worth ten ases but rose to the value 
 of sixteen, with which figures they 
 were marked. 
 
 Xv. xv. Money worth fifteen denarii. 
 
 Xv. VIR. SAC. FAC. XV. VIRi SACris FA- 
 
 ciundis. Fifteen men appointed for 
 performing the sacrifices, 
 
 Xx. v. xx. vota. Thanks returned on 
 the twentieth year. 
 
A LIST OF THE ROMAN COLONIAL COINS, 
 
 MARKING THE DEGREES OF RARITY. 
 
 FROM RARE 1, (R. 1 ), TO RARE 8, (R. 8 ). 
 
 TIIE NAMES IN BRACKETS ARE THE MODERN NAMES OP THE PLACES. 
 
 The Gold is marked G. ; the Bronze , Br.; the Silver, S. ; the Lead, L.; and Putin 
 or Base Metal, Po. 
 
 A. 
 
 Abdera( Adra). Colonial imperial : Br. 
 — R. 5 Of Tiberius. Latin, and Latin 
 and Phoenician legends. 
 
 Acci (Guadix el Viejo). Colonial impe- 
 rial : Br. — R. 2 R. 6 From Augustus 
 to Caligula. 
 
 Aelia Capitolina (Kud-el-Cherif. Ilia, 
 Gerusalemme). Colonial imperial: Br. 
 — C. R. 6 From Adrian to Hostilianus. 
 Latin legends. 
 
 Agrigentum (Girgenti). Colonial autono- 
 mous : S. — R. 8 Br. — R. 8 Colonial 
 imperial : Br. — R. 6 . Of Augustus. 
 
 These colonial pieces, having Latin 
 legends, are remarkable, as there are 
 few of this class in Sicily and 
 Italy. 
 
 Agrippina (Cologne). Colonial imperial. 
 
 Br. — R. 8 Of Postumus. 
 
 Alexandria Troas (Eski-Stambul). Co- 
 lonial autonomous : Br. — C. R. 6 
 
 Latin legend. Colonial Imperial : 
 Er. — €. R. 8 From Trajan to Salo- 
 ninus. Latin legend. 
 
 Antiochia ad Orontem (Antak. Antakie). 
 Colonial imperial : Br. — C. R.* From 
 Antoninus Pius to Valerian the Elder. 
 Antiochia (Ak-Chiehere). Colonial auto- 
 nomous : Br — R. 6 Latin legend. 
 
 Colonial imperial : Br. — C. R. 5 
 
 From Tiberius to Claudius Gothicus. 
 Latin legend. 
 
 Aeturica (Astorga). Colonial imperial : 
 Br. — R. 8 Of Augustus. The piece 
 attributed to this town bearing only 
 the inscription “ Col. Ast. Augusta,” 
 may be of Asta, Astapa, or of Astigi, 
 all towns in Baetican Spain. 
 
 B. 
 
 Berytus (Beyrat, Baruti). Colonial au- 
 tonomous : Br. — R. 6 Latin legend. 
 Colonial imperial : Br. — C. R. 7 From 
 Julius Caesar to Saloninus. Latin 
 legend. 
 
 Bostra (Bostra). Colonial imperial : 
 Br. — R. 2 R. 5 From Heliogabalus to 
 Decius. Latin legends. 
 
 Buthrotum (Butronto, Butrinto). Co- 
 lonial autonomous : Br. — R. 6 Latin 
 legend. Colonial imperial : Br. — 
 
 R. 6 R. 8 From Augustus to Tiberius. 
 Latin legend. 
 
 C. 
 
 Cabellio (Cavaillon). Colonial imperial : 
 
 S. — R. 6 . Br. — R. 4 Of Augustus. 
 Caesarea (Kayserie). Colonial imperial : 
 
 Br. — C. R. 4 From Domitian to 
 Gallienus. Latin legend. 
 
 Caesarea (Arche, Archis, Arka). Colo- 
 nial imperial : Br. — R. 5 From Cara- 
 calla to Alexander Severus. 
 
 Carthago Nova (Cartagena). Colonial 
 
RARITT OF ROMAN COLONIAL COINS. 
 
 627 
 
 imperial ; Br. — R. 1 R. 4 From Au- 
 gustus to Caligula. 
 
 Outrhae. Colonial imperial : Br. — R. 1 
 
 It. 6 From Marcus Aurelius to Tran- 
 quillianus. 
 
 Cassandrea (Kassandra-Capusi). Colo- 
 nial autonomous : Br. — R. 3 R. 5 
 
 Latin legend. Colonial imperial : 
 S.— R.« Po.— R. 6 Br.— C. R. 6 
 From Claudius to Philip. Latin 
 legend. One of the Colonial autono- 
 mous coins of this series bears a Greek 
 legend, but is of doubtful attribution. 
 
 Oelsa (Velilla de Ebro). Colonial im- 
 perial : Br. — C. R.° Of Augustus 
 and of Tiberius. 
 
 Claudiopolis. Colonial autonomous : Br. 
 
 — R. 8 Latin legend. 
 
 Comana (A1 Bostan). Colonial Imperial : 
 Br. — R. 6 Of Antoninus Pius and 
 Caracalla. Latin legend. 
 
 Corduba vel Patricia (Cordoba). With the 
 name of Patricia. Colonial Imperial : 
 Br. — R. 2 R. 4 Of Augustus. This 
 town took the name of Colonia Pa- 
 tricia, on becoming a Roman colony. 
 
 Coritithus (Korito, Corinto). Achaian 
 league. Colonial autonomous : Br. — 
 C. R 8 . Colonial imperial : Br. — C. 
 R. 7 From Augustus to Gordian the 
 Pious. All these coins have Latin 
 legends, except those of Antinoiis, 
 which have Greek inscriptions. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dacia in general. Colonial imperial : 
 -Br. — C. R. 6 From Philip to Gallienus. 
 These pieces bear the dates of a period 
 beginning with the year 247 b. c., 
 and have Latin legends. No money 
 was coined in Dacia before the time 
 of the Emperor Philip. 
 
 Damascus (Chiam, Damich, Damasco). 
 Colonial imperial : Br. — R. 1 R 3 . From 
 Alexander Severus to Saloninus. 
 Latin legend. 
 
 Deal turn (Derkon). Colonial imperial : 
 Br. — R. 2 R. 6 From Trajan to Philip 
 the younger. These pieces are nume- 
 rous and have Latin legends. 
 
 Dium (Stan-dia). Colonial imperial : Br. 
 — C. R. 6 From Augustus to Saloni- 
 nus. Latin legend. 
 
 E. 
 
 Emerita (Merida). Colonial imperial : 
 S. — C. Br.— -C. R. 6 Of Augustus, 
 
 Tiberius, and of Julia. 
 
 Emisa (Hams). Colonial imperial : Po. 
 — R. 8 Br.— R. 3 R. 8 From Julia 
 
 Domna to Sulpicius Antoninus. 
 
 H. 
 
 Heliopolis (Baalbeck). Colonial imperial { 
 Br. — R. 1 R. 5 From Nerva to Gal- 
 lienus. Latin legend. 
 
 I. 
 
 Iconium (Kunyali, Konyeh, Cogni). Co- 
 lonial imperial: Br. — R. 3 R. 4 Of 
 Gordian the Pious, Valerian, and 
 Gallienus. Latin legend. 
 
 Hid (Elche). Colonial imperial : Br. — 
 R. 2 R. 4 Of Augustus and Tiberius. 
 
 J. 
 
 Julia (Antequera et Lucena), Colonial 
 autonomous : Br. — R. b 
 
 L. 
 
 Laodicea (Latakie, Latakkia). Colonial 
 imperial : Br. — C. R. 6 From Septi- 
 mus Severus to Valerian. Latin 
 legend. 
 
 Lugdunum-Copia (Lyon). Colonial au- 
 tonomous : S. — R. 2 Colonial impe- 
 
 rial : Br. — C. R. 2 Of Julius Caesar 
 and Augustus. 
 
 N. 
 
 Neapolis (Nabolos, Napuloso). Colonial 
 imperial: Br. — C. R. 4 From Philip 
 
 to Valerian. 
 
 Nemausus (Nismes). Colonial autono- 
 mous : S.— R. 4 R. 6 Br.— R. 2 R. 6 — 
 Colonial imperial : Br. — C. R. 4 Of 
 Augustus and Agrippa. 
 
 Norba (Brozas). Colonial autonomous : 
 Br. — R. 1 Of doubtful attribution. 
 
 P. 
 
 Tanormus (Palermo). Colonial autono- 
 mous ; Br. — R. 4 Some of these pieces 
 bear the legend Hispanorum. 
 
 s s 2 
 
628 
 
 RARITY OF ROMAIC COLONIAL COINS. 
 
 Pariurn (Kiemer, Kamares, Porto-Cam- 
 era). Colonial autonomous : Br. — R. 2 
 R. 8 Latin legend. Colonial imperial : 
 Br. — R. 2 R. 8 From Julius Caesar to 
 Saloninus. Latin legend. 
 
 Patrae (Patra, Patrasso). Achaian league. 
 Colonial autonomous : Br. — R. 4 Co- 
 lonial imperial : Br. — C. R. 6 From 
 Augustus to Gordian the Pious. — 
 Most of these pieces have Latin le- 
 gends ; but a few are Greek. 
 
 Parlais. Colonial imperial : Br. — R. 4 R. 5 
 From Marcus Aurelius to Maximin. 
 Latin legend. 
 
 Pella (Ala-Clissa, Pella vel Palatisa). 
 Colonial imperial : Br. — C. R. 4 From 
 Trajan to Philip the younger. Latin 
 legends. 
 
 Philippopolis. Colonial imperial : Br. — 
 C. R. 6 Of Marinus, Philip and Otacilia. 
 Greek legends. 
 
 Philippi (Filippi). Colonial autonomous : 
 Br. — R. 1 Colonial imperial : Br. — 
 R.*R 6 . From Augustus to Gallienus. 
 Pfolemais. Colonial imperial : Br. — C. 
 R. b From Claudius to Saloninus. 
 Latin legend. 
 
 R. 
 
 Pcmtila (Sevilla). Colonial imperial : Br. 
 — R. 3 R. 7 Of Augustus, Tiberius, and 
 their families. 
 
 Puscino (le Roussillon). Colonial impe- 
 rial : Br. — R. 6 Of Augustus. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sebaste (Chiemrum). Colonial imperial : 
 
 Br. — R. 4 Of Juiia Domna, and Ca- 
 
 racalla and Geta. Latin legend. 
 
 Sidon (Seida). Colonial imperial : Br. — 
 C. R. 1 Latin legend. Of Helioga- 
 balus and his family, and of Alexan- 
 der Severus. 
 
 Sinope (Sinub, Sinab, Sinope). Colonial 
 autonomous : Br. — R. 8 Latin legend. 
 Colonial imperial : Br. — C. R. 8 From 
 Julius Caesar to Gallienus. Latin 
 legend. 
 
 Septis Magna (Sebida). Colonial autono- 
 mous : Br. — R. 1 R. 2 Latin legend. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tarraco (Tarragona). Colonial autono- 
 mous : Br. — R. 2 Colonial imperial : 
 Br. — R. 2 R. 4 From Augustus to 
 Drusus. 
 
 Traducta (Algeciras). Colonial imperial : 
 Br. — R. 2 R. 7 Of Augustus, and Caius, 
 and Lucius Caesar. These coins bear 
 the legend “ Julia Traducta.” 
 
 Tyana (Tiana). Colonial imperial : Br. 
 — C. R. 6 Of Julia Domna and of 
 Caracalla. Latin legends. 
 
 Tyrus (Tur, Tiro). Colonial imperial : 
 Br. — C. R. 8 From Septimus Severus 
 to Saloninus. Latin legends. 
 
 v. 
 
 Viminiacum (Ram). Colonial imperial : 
 Br. — C. R. 6 From Philip t)0 Gallienus. 
 These pieces bear dates of an era 
 commencing at the year 240 b.c. — 
 The legends are Latin. 
 
 Vienna (Vienna). Colonial imperial : 
 Br. — R. 4 Of Julius Caesar with Au- 
 gustus, of Augustus, and of Augustus 
 with Agrippa. 
 
COGNOMINA, SURNAMES, AND ADOPTED NAMES 
 
 WHICH ARE FOUND ON ROMAN CONSULAR COINS, 
 
 WITH THE FAMILIES TO WHICH THEY BELONG. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Aciscvlvs 
 Agrippa . , 
 
 Ahala . . 
 Ahexobarbys 
 Albinvs . . 
 
 Antiaticvs . 
 Aqvinvs . . 
 
 Asiagenes . 
 Atratinvs . 
 Aygvrinvs . 
 Aviola . . 
 
 Bala . . . 
 
 Balbys . . . 
 
 Barbatvs Sorte 
 Bassys . . 
 
 Bibvlvs . . 
 Blandvs 
 Blasio . * 
 Bolanvs 
 Brocchvs 
 Brvtvs . . 
 
 Bvca . . . 
 Bvrsio . . 
 
 Caeicianys . 
 Caepio . . 
 
 Caesar . . 
 
 Caldvs . . 
 
 Calexys . . 
 
 FAMILY. 
 
 . Valeria. 
 Luria. 
 Vipsania. 
 Servilia. 
 Domitia. 
 
 . Postumia. 
 
 . Maenia. 
 
 . Caecilia. 
 
 . Cornelia. 
 
 . Sempronia. 
 . Minutia. 
 
 . Acilia. 
 
 . Acilia. 
 /Acilia. 
 Antonia. 
 Atia. 
 Coelia. 
 
 ’ | Cornelia. 
 Mindia. 
 Naevia. 
 VThoria. 
 
 . Valeria. 
 Betelienus. 
 Pomponia. 
 Caipurnia. 
 Rubellia. 
 Cornelia. 
 Vettia. 
 
 . Furia. 
 
 . Junia. 
 
 . Aemilia. 
 
 . Julia. 
 
 . Cassia. 
 
 . Servilia. 
 
 . Julia. 
 
 . Coelia. 
 
 . Fufia. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Calvinys 
 
 Capella 
 
 Capito . . 
 
 CrVPITOLINVS 
 
 Carbo 
 
 Casca 
 
 Cato . . 
 
 Catvllvs 
 
 Celer 
 
 Celsvs 
 
 Cexsorinvs 
 
 Cerco 
 
 Cestianvs 
 
 Cethegvs 
 
 Chilo, Cilo 
 
 Cicero 
 
 ClNNA 
 
 COCLES . 
 
 Corbvlo 
 
 CORDVS . 
 CORXYTVS 
 
 Cossvs 
 
 Costa 
 
 Cotta 
 
 Crassipes 
 
 Crassvs . 
 Crispinvs. 
 
 CvLLEO . 
 
 Dolabella 
 
 Dossenvs 
 
 Fabatvs . 
 Favstvlvs 
 1 Favstvs . 
 
 I Felix 
 
 FAMILY. 
 
 . . Domitia. 
 
 . . Naevia. 
 
 I Fonteia. 
 
 . . < Maria. 
 
 [ Oppia. 
 
 . . Petellia. 
 
 . . Papiria. 
 
 . . Servilia. 
 
 . . Porcia. 
 
 . . Valeria. 
 
 . . Cassia. 
 
 . • Papia. 
 
 . . Marcia. 
 
 . . Lutatia. 
 
 . . Plaetoria. 
 
 . • Cornelia. 
 
 . . Flaminia. 
 
 . . Tullia. 
 
 . . Cornelia. 
 
 . . Horatia. 
 
 . . Domitia. 
 
 . . Marcia. 
 
 . . Caecilia. 
 
 . . Cornelia. 
 
 . . Pedania. 
 
 . . Aurelia. 
 
 . . Furia. 
 
 \ Canidia. 
 
 ' | Licinia. 
 
 . . Quinctia. 
 
 . . Terentia. 
 
 . . Cornelia. 
 
 . . Rubria. 
 
 . . Roscia. 
 
 . . Pompeia. 
 
 . . Cornelia. 
 
 . . Cornelia. 
 
630 COGNOMINA, SURNAMES, ETC. 
 
 MUX. 
 
 
 
 
 FAMILY. 
 
 
 NAME. 
 
 
 
 FAMILY. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pomponia. 
 
 
 Maridianvs 
 
 
 Cossutia. 
 
 Flaccvs . 
 
 
 
 
 1 Rutilia. 
 
 
 Marsys . 
 
 
 # . 
 
 Vibia. 
 
 
 
 
 | Thoria. 
 
 ‘ Valeria. 
 
 
 Maximvs . 
 
 
 ■ -J 
 
 \ Egnatia. 
 [ Fabia. 
 
 Fi.orvs . 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 Aquilia. 
 
 
 Mensor . 
 
 
 
 Farsuleia. 
 
 Frvgi . . 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 Calpurnia. 
 
 
 Messala 
 
 
 , # 
 
 Valeria. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metellvs 
 
 
 
 Caecilia. 
 
 Gal . . 
 
 
 
 
 Memmia. 
 
 
 Molo 
 
 
 • , 
 
 Pomponio,. 
 
 Galba 
 
 
 
 
 Sulpicia. 
 
 
 Mycianys 
 
 • 
 
 . . 
 
 Licinia. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Asinia. 
 
 
 Mvrcvs . 
 
 • 
 
 • • 
 
 Statia. 
 
 Gallys . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mvrena . 
 
 • 
 
 . . 
 
 Licinia. 
 
 
 
 
 1 Livineia. 
 1 Ogulnia. 
 
 
 Mvsa . 
 
 
 • • 
 
 Pomponia. 
 
 
 Gem . . 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 Aburia. 
 
 
 Naso . . 
 
 
 J 
 
 f Antonia. 
 
 Geta . . 
 
 
 
 
 Hosidia. 
 
 
 
 • *1 
 
 [ Axia. 
 
 Glabrio 
 
 
 
 # 
 
 Acilia. 
 
 
 Natta 
 
 
 . . 
 
 Pinaria. 
 
 Grac . . 
 
 
 
 
 Antestia. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 f Cocceia. 
 
 Graccvs . 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 Sempronia. 
 
 
 Nerya . 
 
 
 . . < 
 
 Licinia. 
 [ Silia. 
 
 Hemic 
 
 
 
 
 Flavia. 
 
 
 Niger . 
 
 
 , , 
 
 Vettia. 
 
 Hispaniensis 
 
 
 
 Fabia. 
 
 
 Nonianvs 
 
 
 . . 
 
 Considia. 
 
 Hypsaevs 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 Plautia. 
 
 
 Otho . . 
 
 
 
 Salvia. 
 
 Italicvs . 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 Silia. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IyDEX 
 
 
 
 
 Vettia. 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 c ^ e jj a 
 
 IVNIANVS 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 Licinia. 
 
 
 Paetvs . 
 
 
 • -1 
 
 [ Considia. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Palicanys, 
 
 Pali- 
 
 | Lollia. 
 
 Labeo . 
 
 
 
 
 Fabia. 
 
 
 KANVS . 
 
 • 
 
 
 LABIENYS 
 
 
 
 
 Atia 
 
 
 Pans a 
 
 
 , , 
 
 Vibia. 
 
 Laeca 
 
 
 
 
 Porcia. 
 
 
 Paternvs 
 
 
 # , 
 
 Fabricia. 
 
 Lamia 
 
 
 
 
 Aelia. 
 
 
 Payllvs . 
 
 
 
 Aemilia. 
 
 LARI8COLV8 
 
 
 
 
 Accoleia. 
 
 
 Philippvs 
 
 
 
 Marcia. 
 
 Lentylys 
 
 
 
 
 Cornelia. 
 
 
 Philvs . 
 
 
 , # 
 
 Furia. 
 
 Lepidys. . 
 
 
 
 
 Aemilia. 
 
 
 PlCTOR . 
 
 
 . , 
 
 Fabia. 
 
 
 
 
 
 / Marcia. 
 
 
 Piso . . 
 
 
 
 Calpurnia. 
 
 Libo . . 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 | Scribonia. 
 
 
 PlTIO . . 
 
 
 
 Sempronia. 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 1 Junia. 
 
 
 Pivs . . 
 
 
 J 
 
 f Caecilia. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 Statilia. 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 i Pompeia. 
 
 Licinivs 
 
 
 
 # 
 
 Porcia. 
 
 
 Plancvs . 
 
 
 J 
 
 * Munatia. 
 
 Limetanvs 
 
 
 
 
 Mamilia. 
 
 
 
 * -\ 
 
 Plautia. 
 
 Longinys 
 
 
 
 # 
 
 Cassia. 
 
 
 Platorinys 
 
 
 
 Sulpicia. 
 
 Longvs . 
 
 
 
 
 Mussidia. 
 
 
 POLLIO . 
 
 
 
 Asinia. 
 
 Lvcanvs . 
 
 
 
 
 Tercntia. 
 
 
 Priscvs . 
 
 
 • . 
 
 Tarquitia. 
 
 Lvpercvs 
 
 
 
 
 Gallia. 
 
 
 Proclvs . 
 
 
 « , 
 
 Sulpicia. 
 
 Lvpvs . 
 
 
 
 # 
 
 Cornelia. 
 
 
 Pylcher . 
 
 
 , . 
 
 Claudia. 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'PVRPVREO 
 
 
 • . 
 
 Furia. 
 
 
 
 
 ( 
 
 Claudia. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Macer . 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 Sicinia. 
 
 
 Qvinctilianvs 
 
 
 Nonia. 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 Sepullia. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maonvs . 
 
 
 
 
 Pompeia. 
 
 
 Reoinys . 
 
 
 # # 
 
 Antestia. 
 
 Malleolvs 
 
 
 
 # 
 
 Poblicia. 
 
 
 Regvlys . 
 
 
 
 Livineia. 
 
 Marcellinys 
 
 
 # 
 
 Cornelia. 
 
 
 Restio . 
 
 # 
 
 # # 
 
 Antia. 
 
 Marcell vs 
 
 . 
 
 
 • 
 
 Claudia. 
 
 
 Rocys 
 
 ♦ 
 
 • . 
 
 Crepereia. 
 
COGNOMINA, SURNAMES, ETC, 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Rvpvs . . . . 
 
 Rvllvs . . . . 
 
 Rvs 
 
 Sabinvs . . . . 
 
 Sabvla . . . . 
 
 Saeinator . . . 
 
 Saranvs . . . . 
 
 Saserna . . . . 
 
 Satvrninvs . . . 
 
 SCARPVS . . . . 
 
 SCAVRVS . , . . 
 
 Scipio . . . . 
 
 Secvndys . . . 
 
 Sejanvs . . . . 
 
 Skr 
 
 FAMILY. 
 
 ( Aurelia. 
 Claudia. 
 Cordia. 
 Lucillia. 
 Maecia. 
 Mescinia. 
 Minucia. 
 Pacuvia. 
 Plotia. 
 Porapeia. 
 Pomponia. 
 ^Sulpicia. 
 Sevvilia. 
 Aufitlia. 
 
 ( Minatia. 
 Tituria. 
 Yettia. 
 Cossutia. 
 Oppia. 
 Atilia. 
 Hostilia. 
 Sentia. 
 Pinaria. 
 f Aemilia. 
 
 ( Aurelia. 
 
 | Caecilia. 
 
 ( Cornelia. 
 Arria. 
 Aelia. 
 Manlia. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 SlLAN VS . 
 
 SlLIAN'YS . 
 SlLVS 
 SlSENNA . 
 Spinther 
 Stolo 
 Strabo . 
 
 SVFENT8 . 
 SVLLA 
 
 SVLPICIANVS 
 
 SvRBIXVS 
 
 Tampilvs 
 Tavrvs . 
 Thermvs 
 Torqvatvs 
 Trigeminvs 
 
 Trio . . 
 Trogvs . 
 
 1’VRBVLVS 
 
 Tvllvs . 
 Tvrdvs . 
 Tvrpilianvs 
 
 Vaala . 
 Varro 
 
 Yarvs . 
 
 Vet vs . 
 
 Vatvlvs . 
 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Caecilia. 
 Junia. 
 Licinia. 
 Sergia. 
 Cornelia. 
 Cornelia. 
 Licinia. 
 Volteia. 
 Nonia. 
 Cornelia. 
 Quinctia. 
 Naevia. 
 
 . Baebia. 
 
 . Statilia. 
 
 . Minucia. 
 
 . Manlia. 
 
 . Curia tia. 
 Lucretia. 
 Aburia. 
 Maria. 
 Hostilia. 
 Maecilia. 
 Papiria. 
 Petronia. 
 
 . Numonia. 
 . Terentia. 
 
 j Piancia. 
 
 * ( Vibia. 
 
 . Antestia. 
 
 , Voccnia. 
 
THE COINS OF THE ROMAN FAMILIES, 
 
 (sometimes termed consular coins) 
 
 IN 
 
 (Soft, Stlbcr, anti Copper, 
 
 stating their comparative degrees op rarity. 
 
 The Gold are marked G.; the Silver, S.; the Copper, Br. (/or Bronze ) ; the Electrum, E. ; 
 tl:e Lead, PI. or L. ; and Base Silver, Po. or Pot., for Potin. Those marked C. are 
 Common ; those of the highest degree of rarity, R . 7 or R. 8 , dec.', and of the lower degrees 
 of rarity, R . 1 or R. 2 , dec. 
 
 A. 
 
 Ahuria (a Plebeian family). S. — C. R . 1 i 
 The brass coins of this family are 
 parts of the As. 
 
 Accoleia (A Plebeian family). S. — R . 1 
 
 Acilia (Plebeian family ?) S. — C. The 
 brass coins of this family are Ases and 
 parts of the As. 
 
 Aebutia (a family of uncertain extraction). 
 The name of this family is found on 
 the colonial coins of Caesarea Augusta 
 and Corinth. 
 
 Aelia, and Allia (a Plebeian family). 
 S.— C. 
 
 Acmilia (a Patrician family). G. — R . 8 
 S. — C. The brass series is colonial. 
 
 Afrania (a Plebeian family). S. — R . 1 The 
 brass coins of this family are Ases and 
 parts of the As. 
 
 Allienus. S. — R . 5 Allienus is a sur- 
 
 name, and does not indicate the 
 name of the family which is lost. 
 
 Annia (a Plebeian family). S. — R . 1 
 
 The brass coins of this family are of 
 the reign of Augustus. 
 
 Antestia, or Antistia (a Plebeian family). 
 
 G. — R . 8 S. — C. The brass coin 
 i of this family are Ases and parts 01 
 the As. 
 
 Antia (a Plebeian family). S. — R . 2 
 
 Antonia (a Patrician family). G. — R . 8 
 S. — C. R . 1 The coins of Marc 
 
 Antony without his head are classed 
 with this family. 
 
 Appuleia (a Plebeian family). The brass 
 coins of this family are Ases and parts 
 of the As. 
 
 Apronia (a Plebeian family). The brass 
 coins of this family are either colonial, 
 or of the reign of Augustus. 
 
 Aquillia (a Plebeian and Patricianfamily). 
 S.— R . 1 
 
 Arria (a Plebeian family). G. — R . 6 S. 
 — R.® The brass coins of this family 
 are colonial. 
 
 Asinia (a Plebeian family). The brass 
 pieces of this family are of the reign 
 of Augustus. 
 
 Atia (a Plebeian family). G. — R . 8 S. — 
 R . 8 Br.— R . 8 
 
 Atilia (a Patrician and Plebeian family). 
 
RARITY OF ROMAN CONSULAR COINAGE- 
 
 633 
 
 The copper coins of this family are 
 either Ases, or parts of Ases. 
 
 Aufidia (a Plebeian family). S. — E . 2 
 
 Aurelia (a Plebeian family). S. — C. 
 
 Autronia (an uncertain family). S. — R . 4 
 
 Axia (a Plebeian family). S. — E . 1 The 
 bronze pieces of this family are parts 
 of the As. 
 
 B. 
 
 Baebia (a Plebeian family). S. — E . 1 The 
 copper pieces of this family are either 
 Ases, parts of Ases, or colonial coins. 
 
 Betilienus. This is a surname, and it is 
 not known to which family it belongs. 
 The copper pieces beai ing this name 
 are of the reign of Augustus. 
 
 C. 
 
 Caecilia (a Plebeian family). G. — E . 6 
 S. — C. Some of the silver pieces 
 
 of this family were restored by 
 Trajan. The name of this family is 
 seen on the cistophores of Pergamus. 
 The copper pieces of this family are 
 either Ases or parts of the As. 
 
 Caecina. This is a surname, and it is 
 not known to what family it belongs. 
 The copper pieces which bear this 
 inscription are either Ases or parts of 
 the As. 
 
 Caesia (a Plebeian family). S. — E . 2 
 
 Calidia (a Plebeian family). S. — E . 1 
 
 Oalpurnia (a Plebeian family). S. — C. 
 
 E . 4 The bronze pieces of this family 
 are of the monetaries of Marc Antony 
 Augustus. 
 
 Canidia (a Plebeian family). Br. — E . 4 
 
 Caninia (a Plebeian family). The silver 
 pieces of this family are of the mint 
 of Augustus. The copper are colonial. 
 
 Carisia (a Plebeian family). S, — C. E . 2 
 Some of the silver coins of this family 
 are of the mint of Augustus and 
 colonial of the town of Emerita. The 
 brass pieces are colonial. 
 
 Carvilia (a Plebeian family). S. — C. 
 
 The bronze pieces of this family are 
 parts of the As. 
 
 Caesia (a Patrician and Plebeian family). 
 S. — C. There are some silver pieces 
 which were restored by Trajan. The 
 
 bronze pieces of this family are Ases 
 or parts of Ases ; others of the mint 
 of Augustus, and some colonial. 
 
 Cestia (a Plebeian family). G. — E . 5 The 
 copper pieces of this family are Greek 
 imperial. 
 
 Cepia (a Plebeian family). S. — E . 1 Br. 
 — E. 2 
 
 Claudia (a Sabine and Patrician family). 
 G. — E . 4 S. — C. The silver pieces 
 were restored by Trajan. The name 
 of this family is to be found on some 
 of the Greek tetradrachms termed 
 cistophori. The bronze pieces are of 
 the mintage of Augustus. 
 
 Clovia (a Plebeian family). The bronze 
 pieces of this family are of the mint 
 of Julius Caesar. 
 
 Cloulia (a Patrician family). S. — C. 
 Cocceia (an uncertain family). S. — E . 4 
 Coelia (a Plebeian family). G. — E . 8 
 
 S.— C. 
 
 Oonsidia (a Plebeian family). S. — C. 
 
 E . 4 
 
 Coponia (a family of uncertain extraction). 
 S.— E . 2 
 
 Cordia (a family of uncertain extraction). 
 S.— C. R . 6 
 
 Cornelia (a Patrician and Plebeian family). 
 G. — R . 4 S. — C. R . 2 The name of 
 
 this family may be seen on some of 
 the cistophores. The copper pieces of 
 this family are either Ases, parts of 
 the As, or of the mintage of Augustus. 
 Cornuficia (a Plebeian family). G. — R . 8 
 S. — R . 4 Some of the silver pieces 
 of this family were restored by Trajan. 
 Cosconia (a Plebeian family). S. — C. 
 Cossutia (a family of the Equestrian order) . 
 S. — R . 2 Some of these pieces are of 
 the mint of Julius Csesar. 
 
 Crepereia (an Equestrian family). S. — C. 
 
 R. 4 
 
 Crepusia (a family of uncertain ex- 
 traction). S. — C. 
 
 Critonia (a Plebeian family). S. — R . 2 
 Cupiennia (a family of uncertain origin). 
 
 S. — R . 1 The copper pieces of this 
 family are parts of the As. 
 
 Curiatia (a Plebeian family). S. — R . 1 
 
 R . 2 The copper pieces of this family 
 are parts of the As. 
 
 Curtia (a Plebeian family). S. — R . 1 
 
 The copper pieces of this family are 
 parts of the As. 
 
G34 
 
 RARITY OF HOMAN CONSULAR COINAGE. 
 
 D. 
 
 Lidia (a Plebeian family). S. — R. 1 R. 2 
 
 Donntia (a Plebeian but afterwards a 
 Patrician family). G. — R. 6 S. — C. 
 
 The copper pieces of this family are 
 parts of the As. 
 
 Durmia. The gold and silver pieces of 
 this family are of the mintage of 
 Augustus. 
 
 E. 
 
 Egnatia (a Plebeian family). S. — R. 2 
 
 Eynatuleia, S. — C. 
 
 Eppia. S.— R. 2 The bronze pieces are 
 either Ases or parts of the As. 
 
 F. 
 
 Fabia (a Patrician family). S. — C. The 
 bronze pieces are Ases, parts of the 
 As, or imperial Greek coins. 
 
 Fabt'icia (a Plebeian family). Br. — R. 4 
 
 Fabrinia. The bronze pieces are parts 
 of the As. 
 
 Fannia (a Plebeian family). S. — R. 1 
 
 The name of this family may be found 
 on the cistophores of Tralles. 
 
 Farsuleia (a Plebeian family). S. — C. 
 
 Flamima (a Plebeian family). S. — C. 
 
 Fla via (a Plebeian family). S. — C. 
 
 Fontcia (a Plebeian family). S. — C. The 
 copper pieces are either Ases, parts of 
 the As, or of the mint of Marc Antony. 
 
 Fufia (a Plebeian family). S. — R. 1 The 
 go', i coins attributed to this family 
 are false. 
 
 Fulvia (a Plebeian family). S. — C. 
 
 Fundauia (a Plebeian family). S. — C. 
 
 Furia (a Patrician family). G. — R. 8 
 
 S. — C. The bronze pieces are Ases 
 or parts of the As. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gallia (a Plebeian family). The bronze 
 pieces are of the mint of Augustus. 
 
 Gellia. S. — R. 1 R. 2 Some of the silver 
 coins are of the mint of Marc Antony 
 and Augustus. 
 
 H. 
 
 Herennia (a Plebeian family). S. — C. 
 
 Hirtia (a Plebeian family). G. — R. 1 
 
 Horatia (a Patrician family). S. — R.* 
 These pieces were restored by Trajan. 
 
 Hosidia. S. — R. 1 
 
 Uostilia (a Patrician family). S. — R. 1 
 Br.— R. 4 
 
 I. 
 
 Jtia. S.— R. 3 
 
 J. 
 
 Julia (a Patrician family). G. — R. 4 
 
 S. — C. — R. 2 This is the family of 
 Julius Caesar. Its name appears on 
 the coins of J. Caesar. 
 
 Junia (a Patrician and Plebeian family). 
 S. — C. This is the family of Marcus 
 Junius Brutus. Some silver pieces 
 were restored by Trajan. 
 
 L. 
 
 Licinia (a Plebeian family). S. — R. 1 
 
 Br. — C. Some silver pieces of the 
 mint of Augustus bear the name of 
 this family. Some of these coins are 
 Ases or parts of the As. 
 
 Livineia (a Plebeian family). G. — R. 
 S. — C. Some silver pieces were re- 
 stored by Trajan. The bronze pieces 
 of this family are of the mint of 
 Augustus. 
 
 Lollia (a Plebeian family). S. — R. 2 The 
 copper pieces of this family were 
 struck in Cyrenaica. 
 
 Lucilia (a Plebeian family). S. — R. 1 
 
 Lucretia (a Patrician and Plebeian fa- 
 mily). S. — C. Some pieces were 
 restored by Trajan. 
 
 Luria (a family of doubtful extraction). 
 The copper pieces of this family are 
 of the mint of Augustus. 
 
 Lutatia (a Plebeian family). S. — R. 1 
 
 M. 
 
 Maecilia (a Plebeian family). The cop- 
 per pieces of this family are of the 
 mint of Augustus. 
 
 Maenia (a Plebeian family). S. — R. 1 
 Br.— R.2 
 
 Maiania (an uncertain family). S. — R. 1 
 The bronze pieces of this family arc 
 either parts of the As or of the mint 
 of Augustus. 
 
RARITY OP ROMAN CONSULAR COINAGE. 
 
 G35 
 
 Mamilia (the noblest Tuscany and Pie- 
 beian Roman family). S.— C. Some 
 pieces were restored by Trajan. 
 
 Manlia (a Patrician family). G. — R . 6 
 S.— C. 
 
 Marcia (a Patrician and afterwards a 
 Plebeian family). Several pieces of 
 this family are either parts of the As 
 or of the mint of Augustus. 
 
 Maria (a Plebeian family). S. — R . 1 Some 
 of the gold and silver pieces of this 
 family are of the mint of Augustus, 
 some of them were restored by 
 Trajan. 
 
 Memmia (a Plebeian family). S. — C. 
 
 Some silver pieces were restored by 
 Trajan. Some of the copper pieces 
 of this family are parts of Ases. 
 
 Mcscinia (a Plebeian family). Some of 
 the gold and silver pieces of this 
 family are of the mint of Augustus. 
 
 Mettia. S. — R . 4 Some of the pieces 
 of this family in gold or silver, are of 
 the mint of Julius Csesar. 
 
 Minatia (a Plebeian family). The silver 
 pieces which bear the name of this 
 family are of Cneius Pompey the 
 younger. 
 
 Mincia (an uncertain family). Br. — R . 3 
 
 Minucia (a Plebeian family). G. — R . 4 
 S. — C. The silver pieces were re- 
 stored by Trajan. The copper pieces 
 of this family are parts of Ases. 
 
 Mitreia (an uncertain family). The 
 copper pieces of this family are of the 
 mint of Augustus. 
 
 Mucin (a Plebeian family). S. — R . 1 
 
 Munatia (a Plebeian family). Br. — R.* 
 The gold and silver pieces of this 
 family are of Marc Antony. 
 
 Mussidia (a family of doubtful extrac- 
 tion). S. — R . 8 Some of the pieces 
 of this family in gold and silver are 
 coins of the Triumvirs. The copper 
 pieces of this family are of the mint 
 of Augustus. 
 
 N. 
 
 Naevia (a Plebeian family). S. — C. 
 
 The copper pieces of this family are 
 of the mint of Augustus. 
 
 Nasidia (a Plebeian family). Some of 
 the silver pieces bearing the name 
 of this family were struck by Sextus 
 Pompeius. 
 
 Neria (a Plebeian family). S. — C. 
 
 Nonia (a Plebeian family). S. — R . 1 The 
 copper pieces are of the mint of 
 Augustus. 
 
 Norbanus. G. — R . 6 S. — C. This is a sur- 
 name ; hut to what family it belongs 
 is not known. Some silver pieces 
 were restored by Trajan. 
 
 Numitoria (a Plebeian family). S. — R . 4 
 The bronze pieces arc parts of the As. 
 
 Numonia (a Plebeian family). G. — R . 8 
 S. — R . 6 The silver pieces were re- 
 stored by Trajan. 
 
 O. 
 
 Ogulnia (a Plebeian family). S. — R . 4 
 The bronze pieces are Ases, or parts 
 of the As. 
 
 Opeimia (a Plebeian family). S. — R . 1 
 The bronze pieces are Ases, or parts 
 of the As. 
 
 Oppia (a Plebeian family). Br. — C. 
 Some of the bronze pieces of this 
 family were struck in Cyrenaica. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pacuvia or Paquia (a family of doubtful 
 extraction). Br. — R . 8 
 
 Papia (a Plebeian family). S. — C. R . 4 
 
 Papiria (a Plebeian family). S. — C. 
 
 The bronze pieces are Ases, or parts 
 of Ases. 
 
 Pedania (a Plebeian family). S. — R . 8 
 
 PetiUia (a Plebeian family). S. — R . 2 
 
 Peironia (a Plebeian family). S. — R . 8 
 Some of the gold pieces of this family 
 are of the mint of Augustus. 
 
 Pinaria (a Patrician tamily). Some of 
 the bronze pieces of this family are of 
 Marc Antony. 
 
 Plaetoria (a Plebeian family). S. — C. 
 
 Some of the silver pieces of Brutus 
 bear the name of this family. 
 
 Plancia (a Plebeian family). S. — R . 1 
 
 Plautia or Plutia (a Plebeian family). 
 S.— C.— R . 1 
 
 Plotia (a Plebeian family). The bronze 
 pieces of this family are of the mint 
 of Augustus. This family seems tc 
 be the same as the preceding one. 
 
 Poblicia (a Plebeian (family). S. — C. 
 
 Some of the pieces of Cneius Pompey 
 the younger bear the name of this 
 family. 
 
636 
 
 EAEITY OP ROMAN CONSULAR COINAGE. 
 
 Potnpeia (a Plebeian family). G. — E. 8 
 S. — C. Some of the pieces of Sextus 
 Pompey the younger have the name 
 of this family. 
 
 Pomponia (a Plebeian family). S. — E. 1 
 
 Porcia (a Plebeian family). S. — C. The 
 copper pieces were struck in Cyrenaica. 
 
 Postumia (a Patrician family). S. — C. 
 
 Procilia (a Plebeian family). Br. — B. 1 
 
 Proculcia (a Plebeian family). Br. — R. 1 
 
 Pupia (a family of doubtful extraction). 
 The bronze pieces of this family were 
 struck in Cyrenaica. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quinctia (a Patrician but afterwards Ple- 
 beian family). S. — R. 1 Some pieces 
 of this family were struck in Mace- 
 donia. The copper pieces are either 
 Ases, or of the mint of Augustus. 
 
 R. 
 
 Renia. S. — C. 
 
 Roscia (a Plebeian family). S. — C. 
 
 Rubellia (an equestrian family). The 
 bronze pieces of this family are of 
 the mint of Augustus. 
 
 Rubria (a Plebeian family). S. — C. Some 
 silver pieces were restored by Trajan. 
 The bronze pieces are Ases, or parts 
 of the As. 
 
 Riistia. G.— R. 8 S.— R. 1 
 
 Rut ilia (a Plebeian family). S. — R. 1 
 
 S. 
 
 Salvia (a Plebeian family). Some silver 
 and copper pieces with the name of 
 this family are of the mint of Augus- 
 tus, as are those of the uncertain 
 family named Sanquinia. 
 
 Sabricnus. S. — C. This is a surname, 
 but to what family it belongs is not 
 known. 
 
 Saufeia (a Plebeian family). S. — R. 1 
 
 The bronze pieces are Ases, or parts 
 of Ases. 
 
 Scribonia (a Plebeian family). G. — R. 8 
 
 S. — C. Some of the silver pieces were 
 restored by Trajan. The bronze pieces 
 are Ases, or parts of the As. 
 
 Sempronia (a family of uncertain ex- 
 traction). S. — 0. Some gold and 
 
 silver pieces are of the mint of 
 Augustus and Julius Caesar. The 
 bronze pieces are Ases, or parts of 
 the As, or of the mint of Marc 
 Antony and Augustus. 
 
 Sentia (a Plebeian family). S. — C. 
 Sepullia (a family of uncertain extraction). 
 S. — R. 2 R. 8 Some silver pieces are 
 of the mint of Augustus and Marc 
 Antony. 
 
 Sergia (a Patrician family). S. — R 1 . 
 Servilia (a Patrician but afterwards 
 Plebeian family). G. — R. 4 S. — C. 
 
 The bronze pieces are parts of Ases. 
 Sestia. (A Patrician but afterwards Ple- 
 beian family). S. — R. 2 R. 5 
 Sicinia (a Patrician but afterwards Ple- 
 beian family). S. — R. 1 
 Silia (a Plebeian family). G. — R. 7 
 
 S. — R. 1 The bronze pieces are of 
 
 the mint of Augustus. 
 
 Sosia (a Plebeian family). Br. — R. 8 
 
 Some of the pieces are of Marc 
 Antony. 
 
 Spurilia (a family of doubtful extraction). 
 S.— R. 1 
 
 Statia (a Plebeian family). S. — R. 7 
 Br.— R. 6 
 
 Statilia. Some of the bronze pieces of 
 this family are of the mint of Au- 
 gustus, or Spanish pieces. 
 
 Sulpicia (a Patrician and Plebeian family). 
 G.— R. 8 S.— C. Br.— R. 4 Some of the 
 silver pieces were restored by Trajan. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tarquitia (a Patrician and Plebeian 
 family). S — R. 2 
 
 Terentia (a Plebeian family). S. — C. 
 
 The bronze pieces are Ases, or parts 
 of Ases, or of the mint of Augustus. 
 Thoria (a Plebeian family). S. — C. 
 
 Titia (a Plebeian family). S. — C. — R. 2 
 Some of the silver pieces were restored 
 by Trajan. The bronze pieces were 
 Ases or parts of the As. 
 
 Titinia (a Patrician and Plebeian family). 
 S. — C. The bronze pieces are Ases, 
 or parts of the As. 
 
 Tituria. S.— C. 
 
 Trebania. S. — R. 1 The bronze pieces 
 
 are Ases, or parts of the As. 
 
 Tullia (a Patrician and Plebeian family). 
 S. — R. 1 Seme silver pieces of this 
 
ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE. 
 
 G37 
 
 family were restored by Trajan. The 
 name may be seen on some cistopbori 
 of Laodicea in Phrygia. Upon an 
 autonomous bronze coin of Magnesia, 
 in Lydia, this name is found with a 
 portrait attributed to Cicero. 
 
 y. 
 
 Valeria (a Patrician and Plebeian family). 
 S. — C. Some of the gold and silver 
 pieces of this family are of the mint3 
 of Augustus and Marc Antony. 
 
 Vargunteia. S. — R. 1 The ttfonze pieces 
 are parts of the As. 
 
 Ventidia (a Plebeian family). There is 
 a silver piece of Marc Antony which 
 bears the name of this family. 
 
 Vettia. S.— R. 2 
 
 Feturia (a Patrician family). G. — R. 6 
 S.— R. 2 
 
 Vibia (a Plebeian family). G. — R. 7 S. 
 — C. The bronze pieces are Ases, 
 or parts of the As. 
 
 Vinicia (a Plebeian family). S. — R. 2 
 
 Some silver pieces are of the mint of 
 Augustus. 
 
 Voconia (a Plebeian family). Seme of 
 the gold and silver pieces of this 
 family are of the mints of Julius 
 Csesar and Octavius. 
 
 Volteia. S. — C. 
 
 Of the uncertain coins of the families. 
 G.— C. — R. 8 S.— C.— R. 9 Under 
 
 this head are classed those pieces 
 which were struck under the Re- 
 public, without indication of the mints 
 or divisions of the As. 
 
 IMPERIAL COINAGE OE ROME. 
 
 ♦ 
 
 COINS OF THE EMPERORS, EMPRESSES, CAESARS, AND 
 TYRANTS, OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 
 
 AND OTHER PERSONAGES WHOSE PORTRAITS OR NAMES OCCUR ON THE ROMAN COINAGE, 
 FROM POMPEY THE GREAT TO THE FALL OF THE EASTERN EMPIRE. 
 
 STATING THEIR COMPARATIVE DEGREES OF RARITY. 
 
 The Gold are marked G. ; the Silver , S.; the Bronze, or Copper, Br. (for Bronze ) ; the Lead 
 is marked L. ; Electrum, El. C. expresses Common; R 1 , Bare; R 2 , more rare; R 3 , 
 still more so, up to R 7 and R p . 
 
 Cnaeus Pompeius (Magnus). Born 106 
 b.c. ; killed 48 b.c. G. — R. 6 S. — 
 
 R. 1 R. 2 ; Br. — R. 1 Some coins repre- 
 sent him with his sons Cnaeus Pom- 
 peius and Sextus Pompeius. — There 
 are some silver coins restored by 
 Trajan. 
 
 Cains Julius Ccesar. Born 100 b.c. ; 
 made Perpetual Dictator 44 b.c. ; and 
 killed the same year. G. — R. 1 R. 7 
 
 S. — C. — R. 4 Br. — C. Many coins 
 represent him with Marc Antony and 
 Augustus. 
 
 Cnaeus Pompeius , son of Pompey the 
 Great. Born— b.c. ; killed 45 b.c. 
 
 S. — R. 1 R. 7 Some coins represent 
 him with his father Cnaeus Pompeius 
 Magnus, and his brother Sextus Pom- 
 peius. He bore, like his father, the 
 surname of Magnus. 
 
 Sextus Pompeius, second son of Pompey the 
 Great. Bern 65 b.c. ; killed 35 b.c. 
 G.— R. 6 S.— R. 1 R. 4 With and 
 
 without his head. Some coins repre- 
 sent him with his father and brother, 
 Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Cnaeus 
 Pompeius the Younger. 
 
 Marcus Junius Brutus. Born 85 b.c. ; 
 died 42 b.c. G.— R. 3 S.— R. 4 R.« 
 
 With and without portrait ; with the 
 
638 
 
 ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE. 
 
 heads of the two Brutuses. There 
 are among these, some coins restored 
 by Trajan. 
 
 Oaius Cassius Longinus. Date of birth 
 unknown ; died 42 b.c. G. — R. 4 S. 
 — R. 1 R. 2 These coins do not bear 
 the head of Cassius. 
 
 Marcus JEmilius Lepidus. Date of birth 
 unknown ; died 13 b.c. G. — R. 8 
 S. — R. 3 R. 5 Some coins represent 
 him with Marc Antony and Octavius. 
 
 Marcus Antonins. Born 83 b.c.; died 
 30 b.c. G.— R. 3 R. 8 S.— C.— R. b Br. 
 R. 1 R. 4 With and without his head. 
 Some coins represent him with Julius 
 Caesar, Lepidus, Cleopatra, Marc An- 
 tony (his son), Lucius Antonius, and 
 Augustus. 
 
 Octavia, wife of Marc Antony. Died 
 10 or 11 b.c. G. — R. 8 This coin 
 represents her with Marc Antony. 
 
 Marcus Antonius, son of Marc Antony. 
 Killed 36 b.c. G. — R. 8 This coin 
 represents him with Marc Antony, his 
 father. 
 
 Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt. Made queen 
 56 b.c. ; killed herself 36 b.c. G. — 
 R. 8 S.— R. 4 Br.— R. 4 Most of these 
 coins represent her with Marc Antony. 
 The gold coins are doubtful. 
 
 Caius Antonius, brother of Marc Antony. 
 Killed 44 or 43 b.c. G.— R.« With- 
 out portrait. 
 
 Lucius Antonius, brother of Marc Antony. 
 Born — ; died—. G.— R. 8 S.— R. 4 
 These coins represent him with Marc 
 Antony, his brother. 
 
 Caius Octavius Cacpeas Augustus. Born 
 63 b.c. ; declared Emperor 29 b.c. ; 
 obtained the name of Augustus 27 
 b.c. ; died 14 a.d. G. — C. — R. 8 S. — 
 C. — R. 8 Br. — C. — R. 8 Some coins 
 represent him with Julius Caesar, Le- 
 pidus, Agrippa, Tiberius, Julia, Caius 
 and Julius, and Germanicus. There 
 are many of his coins restored by 
 Claudius, Nero, Titus, Domitian, 
 Nerva, and Trajan. The coins of 
 Augustus are numerous. 
 
 Livia, wife of Augustus. Born 57 b.c. ; 
 died 29 a.d. S. — C. — R. 4 The coins 
 of this princess, struck in Rome, do 
 not bear her head ; she is repre- 
 sented as Justice, Piety, and Health, 
 and she is called Julia Augusta. 
 
 The name of Julia she took after 
 Augustus’s death. On Greek money 
 she is called Livia. 
 
 Marcus Agrippa, son-in-law of Augustus. 
 Born 63 b.c. ; died 12 b.c. G. — R. h 
 S. — R. 6 R. 7 Br. — C. — R. 4 Some coins 
 represent him with Augustus. There 
 are coins restored by Titus, Domitian, 
 and Trajan. 
 
 Julia, daughter of Augustus, wife of 
 Marius Marcellinus, Marcus Agrippa, 
 and, lastly, of Tiberius. Born 39 b.c. ; 
 died of starvation by command of 
 Tiberius, a.d. 14. Her Dame appears 
 on the coins of Augustus, with the 
 heads of her sons Caius and Lucius. 
 There are Greek coins with the por- 
 trait of this princess alone. 
 
 Caius et Lucius, sons of Marcus Agrippa 
 and Julia. Caius, born 20 b.c. ; 
 Caesar, 17 b.c.; died 4 a.d. Lucius, 
 born 1 7 b.c. ; Caesar, the same year ; 
 died 2 a.d. These two princes are 
 named together on the coins of 
 Augustus. We do not find their 
 portraits except on Colonial coins. 
 
 Agrippa Postumus, son of Marcus Agrippa 
 and Julia. Born 12 b.c. ; obtained 
 the name of Caesar 4 a.d. ; killed 14 
 a.d. Of this Caesar no coins are 
 known, except a Greek and one 
 colonial. 
 
 Tiberius, son-in-law of Augustus. Born 
 42 b.c. ; obtained the title of Caesar 
 4 a.d. ; declared Emperor 14 a.d. ; 
 smothered, by order of Caligula, 37 
 a.d. G.— C.— R.8 S.— C.— R. 6 Br.— 
 C. — R. 8 Some coins are without his 
 head ; others represent him with 
 Augustus and Drusus the Younger. 
 There are some coins restored by Titus, 
 Domitian, and Trajan. 
 
 Drusus Junior, son of Tiberius. Born 
 13 b.c. ; poisoned by his wife, 23 a.d. 
 Br. — C. — R. 6 Most of the coins of this 
 prince, and all those in silver, represent 
 him on the reverse of Tiberius. Some 
 of them are without his portrait. 
 There are coins restored by Titus and 
 Domitian. 
 
 Drusus Senior, brother of Tiberius. Born 
 38 b.c. ; died 9 a.d. G. — R. 4 S. — 
 R. 4 Br. — R. 2 There are some coins 
 struck by Claudius, and others re- 
 stored by Titus and Domitian. 
 
ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE, 
 
 639 
 
 Antonia, wife of Drusus Senior. Born 
 38 b.c. ; poisoned 38 a.d. G. — R. 4 
 S.— R. 4 
 
 Germanicus , son of Drusus Senior and 
 Antonia. Born 15 b.c. ; obtained the 
 title of Caesar 4 a.d. ; was poisoned 
 19 a.d. G.— R. 4 R.6 S.— R. 4 R. 6 
 Br. — C. — R. 8 Nearly all the coins 
 represent him with Augustus, Cali- 
 gula, and Agrippina. There are 
 coins restored- by Titus and Domitian. 
 
 Agrippina Setiior, wife of Germanicus. 
 Born 15 b.c. ; was starved to death, 
 bv order of Tiberius 33 a.d. G. — R. 4 
 R. 8 S.— R. 4 Br.— R.* R. 8 Most of 
 
 the coins represent her with Caligula 
 and Germanicus. There are coins 
 restored by Titus. 
 
 Nero and Drusus, sons of Germanicus 
 and Agrippina. Nero born 7 a.d. ; 
 died of starvation, by order of 
 Tiberius 31 a.d. Drusus born 8 a.d. ; 
 died of hunger by command of Tibe- 
 rius 33 a.d. Br. — C. They are 
 
 represented together on horseback. 
 
 Caius commonly called Caligula, son of Ger- 
 manicus and Agrippina. Born 12 a.d. ; 
 declared Emperor 37 a.d. ; killed 
 41 a.d. G.— R. 4 R. 5 S. — R.* R. 4 
 
 Br. — C. — R. 3 The name of Caligula 
 was given to this emperor, because 
 he had worn from his infancy the 
 military boot (Caliga). Some coins 
 represent him with Germanicus and 
 his mother Agrippina. 
 
 Olaudia, first wife of Caligula. Date of 
 birth unknown ; married 33 a.d. ; 
 died 36 a.d. The coins which are 
 attributed to this princess are false. 
 This first wife of Caligula is some 
 times called by writers Junia Clau- 
 dilla. 
 
 Caesonia, fourth wife of Caligula. Born 
 — ; married 39 a.d.; killed 41 a.d. 
 The coins which are attributed to this 
 princess do not belong to her. 
 
 Drusilla, daughter of Caesonia. Born 
 — ; killed 41 a.d. The coins which 
 are attributed to this princess are 
 false. 
 
 Drusilla, sister of Caligula. Born 1 7 a.d. ; 
 died 38 a.d. There are no Roman 
 coins of this princess ; those which are 
 attributed to her being false. Some 
 6a y that there is the head of this 
 
 princess on the reverse of a gold coin 
 of Caligula. There are Greek coins 
 of Drusilla. 
 
 Julia Livilla, sister of Caligula. Born 
 18 a.d. ; killed 41 a.d. This princess 
 is called by historians Julia or Livilla. 
 No Roman coin can be attributed to 
 this princess with certainty. Julia 
 Livilla may be found on Greek coins. 
 
 Claudius, son of Drusus Senior (the bro- 
 ther of Tiberius) and Antonia. Born 
 10 b.c. ; declared Emperor 41 a.d.; 
 died by poison 54 a.d. G. — R. 1 R. 6 
 S.— C. — R. 3 Br. — C. — R. 4 Some 
 coins represent him with Agrippina 
 the Younger. Some of his coins 
 were restored by Titus and Trajan. 
 Claudius betrothed two women, but 
 did not marry then, JEmilia Lepida 
 and Livia Medullina Camilla ; and 
 had three wives, Plautia Urgulanilla, 
 Aelia Petina, and Valeria Messalina. 
 The first four are not mentioned on 
 any coins. 
 
 Valeria Messalina, third wife of Claudius. 
 Born — ; killed 48 a.d. No coins 
 of this princess are known, except 
 some Colonial Greek. 
 
 Agrippina the Younger, sister of Caligula 
 and fourth wife of Claudius. Born 
 16 a.d. ; assassinated 59 a.d. G. — 
 R.* S.— R.« R.6 Br.— R. 8 Some 
 
 coins represent her with Claudius 
 and with Nero. 
 
 Claudia , daughter of Claudius and Plautia 
 Urgulanilla. Born — ; killed 65 
 a.d. We do not know of any Roman 
 coins of this princess. Her name is 
 to be found on a Colonial coin, and 
 her portrait on two pieces — on a Co- 
 lonial and the other of Alexandria. 
 
 Britannicus, son of Claudius and Messa- 
 lina. Born 42 a.d. ; was poisoned 
 55 a.d. Br.— R. 8 
 
 Nero, the younger son of Cnaeus Domi- 
 tius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina, and 
 son-in-law of Claudius. Born 37 a.d. ; 
 obtained the name of Caesar 50 a.d. ; 
 declared Emperor 54 a.d. ; killed 
 himself 68 a.d. G.— C.— R. 4 S.— C. 
 • — R. 4 Br. — C. — R. 6 The coins of this 
 emperor are numerous. Some of 
 them represent him -with Agrippina 
 the Younger. 
 
 Octavia, first wife of Nero. Born 42 or 
 
640 
 
 EOMAX IMPERIAL COINAGE. 
 
 43 a.d. ; compelled to kill herself by 
 opening her veins 62 a.d. No Roman 
 coins are known of this princess. 
 There are, however, some Colonial 
 Greek. 
 
 Poppaea , second wife of Nero. Born 
 — ; died 66 a.d., from the effects 
 of a kick given her by Nero. We do 
 not know of any coins of this princess 
 except a silver Greek, which is doubt- 
 ful, and two Colonial coppers of her 
 daughter Claudia (also uncertain), 
 which bear her name on the reverse. 
 
 Statilla Messalina, third wife of Nero. 
 Born — ; died a.d. No Roman 
 coins are known of this empress, hut 
 there are some Greek. 
 
 Claudia , daughter of Nero and Poppaea. 
 Born 64 a.d. ; died the same year, 
 aged 4 months. There are no coins 
 of this princess except a leaden one, 
 which bears her head on the reverse 
 of a coin of Nero her father ; also two 
 Colonial bronze, which bear her 
 name, but these are doubtful. 
 
 Clodius Macer. Born — ; deprived of 
 his power in Africa where he was 
 governor 68 a.d. ; and was killed the 
 same year. S. — R. 6 R. 8 These coins 
 were struck in Africa. 
 
 Galba. Born 3 b.c. ; declared Emperor 
 
 68 a.d. ; killed 69 a.d. G.— R. 8 R. 4 
 S.— C.— R. 4 Br.— C.— R. 6 Some of 
 these coins were restored by Titus and 
 by Trajan. 
 
 Otho. Born 32 a.d. ; declared Emperor 
 
 69 a.d. ; conquered by Vitellius and 
 killed himself the same year. G. — R. 4 
 S. — R. 1 R. 3 There are only Colonial 
 Brass of Otho. 
 
 Vitellius. Born 15 a.d.; declared Em- 
 peror 69 a.d. ; and put to death by Ves- 
 pasian’s soldiers the same year. G. — 
 
 R. 4 R. 8 S.— C.— R. 4 Br.— R 8 R. 5 
 
 Lucius Vitellius , father of Vitellius. 
 
 Born — ; died 48 or 49 a.d. G. 
 — R. 9 S. — R. 4 Some coins re- 
 present him with the Emperor Vitel- 
 lius his son. 
 
 Vespasianus. Born 9 a.d. ; declared 
 Emperor 69, died 79. G. — C. — R. 5 
 
 S. — C.— R. 8 Br.— C.— R. 5 The coins 
 of Vespasian are numerous ; some of 
 them represent him with liis sons Titus 
 and Domitian, others only bear their 
 names. Some of the Roman coins of 
 
 Vespasian were struck in Antioch in 
 Syria. Some of these coins were 
 restored by Trajan. 
 
 Flavia Domitilla, wife of Vespasian. 
 Born — ; died before her husband 
 was made emperor. G. — R. 8 S. — 
 
 R. 6 R. 8 Some coins represent her 
 with Vespasian. 
 
 Domitilla , daughter of Vespasian and 
 Flavia Domitilla. Born — ; died 
 before her father became emperor. 
 Br. — R. 8 Without her portrait. 
 
 Polla , mother of Vespasian. Born — . 
 died — . The coins attributed to 
 the mother of Vespasian are false. 
 
 Tittis, son of Vespasian and Flavia Domi- 
 tilla. Born 4 1 a.d. ; obtained the 
 title of Caesar 69. Shared the sove- 
 reign power with his father, with the 
 title of Emperor 71.; became sole 
 emperor 7 9 ; died 8 1 . G. — C. — R. 6 
 
 S. — C. — R. & Br. — C. — R. 4 The coins 
 of Titus are numerous ; some repre- 
 sent him with Vespasian, Domitian, 
 and with his daughter Julia. Arricidia 
 (who is not named on any coin) and 
 Marcia Furnilla were his wives. 
 
 Marcia Furnilla , second wife of Titus. 
 Born — . Repudiated by Titus be- 
 fore his advancement to the throne. 
 Died — . No Roman coins are known 
 of Furnilla. There is a Greek coin 
 attributed to her. 
 
 Julia, daughter of Titus and Furnilla. 
 Born — ; died — G. — C. — R. 6 S. — 
 R. 4 R. 6 Br.— R. 2 
 
 Domitianus, son of Vespasian and Fla- 
 via Domitilla. Born 51 a.d. ; ob- 
 tained the name of Caesar 69 ; declared 
 Emperor 81; assassinated 96. G. — 
 c.— R.8 s.— C.— R.® Br.— C.— R. 4 
 The coins of this emperor are numer- 
 ous ; some represent him with Ves- 
 pasian, Titus, and with his wife 
 Domitia. 
 
 Domitia, wife of Domitian. Born — ; 
 died 140 a.d. G.— R. 6 S.— R. 4 R.* 
 Br. — R. 6 R. 8 Some coins represent 
 her with Domitian and with his 
 son. 
 
 Anonymvs, son of Domitian and Domitia. 
 Born 82 a.d.; died young ? This child 
 whose name is not known is repre- 
 sented on the coins with his mother. 
 
 Vespasianus the Younger, son of Flavius 
 dementis Domitianus. We know 
 
ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE. 
 
 641 
 
 nothing of this parent of Vespasian. 
 Of Vespasian the Younger there are 
 only some Greek coins of Smyrna 
 known. 
 
 Kerva . Born 32 a.d. ; declared Em- 
 peror 96 ; died 98. G.— R. 8 R. G S.— 
 C.— R. s Br.— C.— R. 4 The coins of 
 this prince are numerous. Some re- 
 present him with Trajan. 
 
 Trajanus. Born 53 a.d. ; associated in 
 the Empire with Nerva, with the 
 titles of Caesar and Emperor, but 
 without that of Augustus 97 ; de- 
 clared sole Emperor 98 ; died 117. 
 G.— C— R. G S.— C.— R. 8 Br.— C. 
 — R. 6 Trajan restored many of the 
 cc ins of the Roman Families and of 
 his predecessors. Many coins repre- 
 sent him with Nerva his father, 
 Plotina, and Hadrian. The coins of 
 Trajan are very numerous, and it is to 
 be remarked that his coins are struck 
 with the metals of different countries, 
 such as Dalmatia, Pannonia, &c. 
 
 Plotina , wife of Trajan. Born — ; 
 died 129 a.d. G— R. 4 R. 6 S.— R.® 
 Some coins represent her with Trajan, 
 Matidia, and Hadrian, 
 
 Trajanus Pater , father of the Emperor 
 Trajan. Born — ; died 100 a.d.; 
 G. — R. 4 S. — R. 4 These coins repre- 
 sent him with the Emperor Trajan 
 his son. 
 
 Marciano, sister of Trajan. Born — ; 
 died 144 a.d. G.— R.° S.— R. 6 Br. 
 — R.® Some of hey coins bear the 
 name of Matidia. 
 
 Matidia , daughter of Marciana. Born — ; 
 died in the reign of Antoninus. 
 G.— R. 6 S.— R. 6 Br.— R. 8 Some 
 
 coins represent her with Plotina, 
 others bear the name of Marciana. 
 
 Hadrianus , son-in-law of Matidia and 
 Trajan. Born 76 a.d. ; adopted by 
 Trajan 117 ; made Emperor the same 
 year ; died 138. G. — C. — R." S. — 
 C. — R. 8 Br. — C. — R.® Some coins 
 represent him with Trajan, Plotina, 
 Sabina, and Antoninus. The coins 
 of this emperor are numerous. It is 
 to be remarked that many bear the 
 names of the different provinces over 
 which he travelled. 
 
 Sabina, wife of Hadrian. Born — ; 
 killed herself 137 a.d. G.— R. 3 S. 
 
 — C. — R. 3 Br. — C. — R. 4 Some coins 
 represent her with Hadrian. 
 
 JF.lius. Born — ; adopted by Hadrian 
 135 or 136 a.d., with the name of 
 Ceesar ; died 138 a.d. G. — R. 4 R. ft 
 S.— R.2 Br.— C.— R 8 . 
 
 Antinous, the favourite of Hadrian. Born 
 — ; died 130 a.d. There are only 
 Greek coins of Antinous. 
 
 Antoninus Pius. Born 86 a.d. ; adopted 
 by Hadrian and named Caesar, 138 
 a.d. ; declared Emperor the same 
 year; died 161 a.d. G. — C. — R. 3 S. 
 — C. — R.® Br. — C. — R. 8 Some coins 
 represent him with Hadrian, Faustina, 
 Marcus Aurelius, and Lucius Verus. 
 The coins of this emperor are nume- 
 rous. We must remark that a great 
 many of them are bronze medallions. 
 
 Faustina Senior, wife of Antoninus Pius. 
 Bornl05A.D.; died 141 a.d. G. — C. — 
 R.® S. — C. — R. 5 Br, — C. — R. 5 Some 
 coins represent her with Antoninus. 
 The coins of Faustina, the mother, 
 are numerous. 
 
 Galerius Antoninus, son of Antoninus 
 Pius and Faustina. Born — ; died 
 young, before his father came to the 
 throne. There are only Greek coins 
 known of this child. 
 
 Marcus Aurelius, son-in-law of Antoninus 
 Pius. Born 121 a.d.; adopted by 
 Antoninus, 138, with the name of 
 Cfesar ; made Emperor 161; died 180. 
 G.— C.— R. 8 S.— C.— R. 5 Br.— C.— 
 R.8 Some coins represent him with 
 Antoninus, Faustina the Young, Lu- 
 cius Verus, and Commodus, The coins 
 of this emperor are numerous. 
 
 Faustina the Younger, cousin and wife of 
 Marcus Aurelius. Born — ; died 175 
 a.d. G.— C.— R. 5 S.— C.— R. 8 Br.— 
 C. — It. 6 Some coins represent her 
 
 with Marcus Aurelius. The coins of 
 Faustina the Younger are very 
 numerous. 
 
 Ann ius Verus, the youngest son of Marcus 
 Aurelius and Faustina. Born 163a.d. ; 
 obtained the name of Caesar 166 ; 
 died 170. B.— R. G R. 8 
 
 Lucius Verus , son of ^Elius Caesar, and 
 son-in-law of Marcus Aurelius. Born 
 130 a.d. ; adopted by Antoninus, 
 without the title of Caesar, 137 ; as- 
 sociated in the empire, with the titles, 
 
 T T 
 
01*2 
 
 ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE, 
 
 of Caesar and Augustus, by Marcus 
 Aurelius, 151 ; poisoned 169. G. — 
 C.— R. 3 S.— C.— R. 6 Br.— C.— R. 6 
 Some coins represent him with Anto- 
 ninus and Marcus Aurelius. The 
 coins of Lucius Yerus are very 
 numerous. 
 
 Lucilla , the youngest daughter of Marcus 
 Aurelius and Faustina, and wife of 
 Lucius Verus. Born 147 a. n. ; exiled 
 183 to Capras, by order of Commodus, 
 and put to death soon afterwards. G. 
 — R. 1 R. 2 S.— C.— R. 2 Br.— C.— R. 7 
 
 Commodus, elder son of Marcus Aurelius 
 and Faustina the Younger. Born 161 
 a.d. ; obtained the name of Crnsar 
 166 ; associated in the empire, with 
 the title of Emperor, 176; obtained 
 the name of Augustus 177 ; declared 
 sole emperor 180 ; strangled 192. G. 
 — R. 5 R.s S.— C.— R. 4 Br.— C.— R. 8 
 Some coins ref^esent him with Mar- 
 cus Aurelius, Crispina, and Annius 
 Verus. On some of his coins we meet 
 with the head of a woman without 
 any name. We believe it to be that 
 of the concubine of Commodus whose 
 name was Marcia. Commodus had 
 a particular devotion for Hercules, and 
 he is often represented with the attri- 
 butes of this Demigod, and he is called 
 the Herculean Commodus. The coins 
 of this emperor are very numerous. 
 
 Crispina, wife of Commodus. Born — ; 
 died young, 183 a.d. G. — R. 6 S. — 
 C. — R. 1 Br. — C. — R. 7 Some coins 
 represent her with Commodus. 
 
 Pertinax. Born 126 a.d. ; declared Em- 
 peror 192 ; assassinated by the soldiers 
 after a reign of 87 days. G. — R. 3 R. 6 
 
 S.— R. 4 R. 6 Br. — R. ft R. 7 
 
 Titiana, wife of Pertinax. Born — ; 
 On the death of her husband she, 
 retired from public life, where she 
 died. There are only Greek coins of 
 this Princess. 
 
 Didius Julianus. Born 133 a.d. ; de- 
 clared Emperor 198; put to death 
 after a reign of 66 days. G. — R. 6 
 S. — R. 6 Br.— R. 2 R. 6 
 
 Manila Scantilla, wife of Didius Julianus. 
 Born — ; retired from public life, 
 on the death of her husband. G. — 
 R.« S.— R. 6 Br.— R. 4 R. 7 
 
 Didia Clara , daughter of Didius Julianus 
 
 and Scantilla. Born 153 a.d.; died 
 — ; G.— R 8 S.— R.« Br.— R. 4 
 
 Pesccmiius Niger. Born — ; declai ed 
 himself Emperor in Syria 193 ; killed 
 194. G. — R. 8 S. — R. s R. 7 The Roman 
 coins of Pe8cennius Niger were struck 
 in Syria, probably at Antioch. 
 
 Clodius Albinus. Born — ; named Caesar 
 by Septimus Severus 193 ; being 
 at that time Governor of Britain, he 
 took the title of Emperor of Britain 
 and Gaul, 196 ; defeated and killed 
 by Septimus Severus 197 ; G — R. 8 
 S.— R. 2 R. 4 Br.— R. 2 It. 8 The Roman 
 coins of Albinus with the title of 
 Caesar, were struck at Rome during 
 the time that there existed an alliance 
 between him and Septimus Severus 
 when the latter conferred upon Albi- 
 nus the title of Caesar. Those coins 
 which bear the title of Emperor and 
 of Augustus were struck in Gaul, 
 and perhaps some of them in Britain 
 after Albinus had taken the title of 
 emperor. 
 
 Septimus Severus. Born 146 a.d. ; de- 
 clared Emperor 193 ; became master 
 of the whole empire 197 ; died 211. 
 G.— R. 2 R. 6 S.— C.— R. 5 Br.— C.— R.« 
 Some coins represent him with Julia 
 Domna, Caracalla, and Geta. The 
 coins of this emperor are numerous. 
 
 Julia Domna, wife of Septimus Severus. 
 Born — ; starved herself to death 
 217. G. — R. 2 R. 8 S.— C.— R. 8 Br.— 
 C. — R 8 . Some coins represent her 
 with Septimus Severus, Caracalla, and 
 Geta. The coins of this empress are 
 numerous. 
 
 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, commonly 
 called Caracalla, son of Septimus Se- 
 verus and Julia. Born 188 a.d.; ob- 
 tained the name of Caesar 196 ; that of 
 Augustus 198 ; Emperor with his bro- 
 ther Geta 211; sole emperor 212; 
 assassinated 217. G. — R. 1 R. 8 S. — C. 
 — R. ,; Br. — C. — R. 7 The name of 
 Caracalla was given to the eldest son 
 of Septimus Severus from a new sort 
 of garment which he introduced and 
 frequently wore. Some coins represent 
 him with Septimus Severus, Julia 
 Domna, Geta, and Plautilla. The coins 
 of this emperor are very numerous. 
 
 Fulvia Plautilla , wife of Caracalla. Born 
 
ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE. 
 
 G43 
 
 — ; put to death 212 a.d. G. — R. 5 
 
 R. i 8.— C.— R.« Br. — R. 1 R. 8 Some 
 coins represent her with Caracalla. 
 
 Oeta, second son of Septimus Severus and 
 Julia Domna. Born 189 a.d. ; ob- 
 tained the name of Caesar 198; and that 
 of Augustus 209 ; Emperor with his 
 eldest brother Caracalla 211; assassi- 
 nated by him in the arms of his 
 mother 212. G. — R. 4 R.® S.— C.— R. 4 
 Br. — C. — R. 6 Some coins represent 
 . him with Septimus Severus, Julia 
 Domna, and Caracalla. The coins of 
 Geta are numerous. 
 
 Macrinus. Born 164 a.d. ; declared Em- 
 peror 217 ; killed 218. G.— R. 4 R. 7 
 
 B. — R. 1 R. a Br.— R. 1 R. 8 
 Diadumenianus, son of Macrinus. Born 
 
 208 a.d. ; obtained the name of Caesar 
 217 ; and that of Augustus the same 
 year ; killed 218. G.— R. 8 S.— R 2 . 
 
 It. 6 Br. — R.* R. 5 Many of his coins 
 were struck at Antioch in Syria. 
 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, commonly 
 called Elagabalus. Born 205 a.d. ; 
 declared Emperor 218 ; put to death 
 222. G. — R. 2 R. 8 S.— C.— R. a Br.— 
 
 C. — R. 7 The name of Elagabalus was 
 given to this emperor because he was 
 in his infancy made Pontiff to the 
 God Elagabalus, (the Sun) at Emisa 
 in Syria, his country. Proclaimed 
 emperor as bastard of Caracalla, he 
 took his name Marcus Aurelius An- 
 toninus. Some coins represent him 
 with Aquila Severa, Annia Faustina, 
 and Julia Soaemias. 
 
 Julia Cornelia Paula, first wife of 
 Elagabalus. Born — ; divorced 220 ; 
 died in private life. G. — R. 6 R. 8 
 
 S. — R. 1 R. 2 Br.— R. 3 R. a The name 
 of Cornelia is only found on Greek 
 coins. 
 
 Aquilia Severa, second wife of Elagabalus. 
 Born — ; died after the emperor. 
 G.— R. 8 S.— R. 2 R. 4 Br.— R. 2 R. 4 
 Some coins represent her with Elaga- 
 balus. 
 
 Annia Faustina, third wife of Elagaba- 
 lus. Born — ; divorced as soon as 
 she was married ; died — . G. — 
 
 R 8 S.— R. 8 Br.— R. G The gold coin 
 is doubtful, as it bears on the reverse 
 a portrait of Elagabalus. 
 
 Julia Soaemias, mother of Elagabalus. 
 
 Born — a.d. ; killed 222 a.d. ; G. — 
 It. 6 S.— C.— R. 5 Br — C.— R. 4 Some 
 coins represent her with Elagabalus. 
 
 Julia Maesa, aunt to Elagabalus. 
 Born — ; died 223. G.— R® S.— C. 
 — R. 4 Br.— C.— R. 4 
 
 Alexander Severus, cousin of Elagabalus. 
 Born 205 a.d. ; adopted by Elaga- 
 balus with the name of Caesar 221 ; 
 Emperor 222 ; assassinated 235. G. 
 
 — C. R. 8 S.— C— R. 8 Br.— C.— R.® 
 Some coins represent him with Julia 
 Mamaea and Orbiana. The coins of 
 this prince are very numerous. 
 
 Memmia, second wife of Severus Alex- 
 ander. No particulars are known 
 respecting this princess, and the coin 
 attributed to her is very doubtful. 
 
 Orbiana, third wife of Alexander Severus. 
 No details are known respecting this 
 princess. G. — R. 8 S. — It. 2 R. 8 Br. 
 — R. 1 R. 8 Some coins represent her 
 with Alexander Severus and Mamaea. 
 This princess is not spoken of by 
 ancient authors ; some consider her 
 to have been the wife of Decius, 
 although she appears on the coins 
 with Alexander Severus. 
 
 Julia Mamaea, sister of Soaemias, and 
 mother of Severus Alexander. Born 
 — ; assassinated 235 a.d. Some 
 coins represent her with Alexander 
 Severus and Orbiana. The coins of 
 Mamaea are numerous. 
 
 Uranius Antoninus. Born — ; had him- 
 self proclaimed Emperor in Asia in 
 the town of Emisa in Syria, during 
 the reign of Alexander Severus ; but 
 was defeated and taken prisoner soon 
 after. G. — R. 8 This piece of Roman 
 money is the only one which is known 
 of his ; it was struck in Asia, and 
 probably at Emisa in Syria. 
 
 Maximinus I. Born 173 a.d. ; Emperor 
 235 ; assassinated 238. G. — R. 6 R. 8 
 S. — C. — R. 7 Br. — C. — R. 8 Some coins 
 represent him with his son Maximus. 
 
 Paulina, wife of Maximinus. No par- 
 ticulars are known respecting this 
 princess. .S. — R. 4 Br. — R. 2 R. 4 We 
 believe this princess to be the wife 
 of Maximinus, from the great resem- 
 blance which the portrait of Maximus 
 on his coins bears to hers, and the 
 great likeness between the coins of 
 t t 2 
 
044 
 
 HOMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE. 
 
 Maximinus and Maximus and hers. 
 All the coins of Paulina represent her 
 consecration, so that it is believed she 
 died before her husband. 
 
 Maximus , son of Maximinus. Born — ; 
 obtained the name of Caesar 235 a.d. ; 
 killed 238 a.d. G. — R 8 S. — R. 4 a. 8 
 Br. — R. 1 R. 8 Some coins represent 
 him with his father Maximinus. 
 
 Junta Padilla, wife of Maximus. All 
 that is known of this princess is, that 
 Maximinus wished to marry his son 
 to her, being grandniece to the 
 Emperor Antoninus, but this marriage 
 was not effected, as the father and 
 son were both killed. The coins 
 attributed to this princess are 
 false. 
 
 Tittis Quartinus. Proclaimed himself 
 Emperor in Germany during the 
 reign of Maximinus ; killed soon 
 after. There is a coin attributed to 
 him, bearing on one side the inscrip- 
 tion “ Divo Tito,” and on the reverse 
 “ Consecratio;” but this coin is one 
 of those struck by Gallienus in 
 honour of his predecesssors who had 
 been ranked among the gods ; the 
 present one is in honour of Titus. 
 
 Gordianus Africanus I. (Pater). Born 
 158 a.d. ; proclaimed Emperor in 
 Africa, and acknowledged by the 
 senate ; killed himself about forty 
 days afterwards. S. — R. 5 R. 6 Br. — 
 R. 3 R. 8 . These Latin coins were 
 struck, without doubt, at Carthage. 
 
 Gordianus Africanus II. (Filius) son of 
 Gordianus Africanus I. Born 1 92 a.d.; 
 Emperor with his father 238 ; killed 
 about forty days afterwards. S. — R. 6 
 Br. — R. 4 These coins were, without 
 doubt, minted in Carthage, like those 
 of his father. 
 
 Balbinus. Born 178 a.d.; Emperor with 
 Pupienus 238 ; massacred after a 
 reign of three months. G. — R 8 S. — 
 R. 4 R. 3 Br.-R.« R. 6 
 
 Pupienus. Born 164 a.d. ; declared Em- 
 peror with Balbinus 238 ; massacred 
 about three months afterwards. G. 
 — R. 8 S.— R.* Br.— R. 2 R.« 
 
 Gordianus Pius III., nephew of Gordianus 
 Africanus. Born 222 a.d. ; Caesar 
 238 ; Emperor the same year ; assassi- 
 nated 244. G.— R. 1 R. 8 S.— C.— R. 7 
 
 Br. — C. — R. 6 The coins of this prince 
 are numerous. 
 
 Tranquiilina , wife of Gordianus III. Born 
 — ; died after her husband. S. — R. 8 
 Br.— R. 8 
 
 Philippus I. (Pater). Born 204 a.d.; 
 Emperor 244 ; killed 249. G.— R. 6 
 
 R. 8 S.— C.— R. 8 Br.— C.— R. 6 Some 
 coins represent him with Otacilia and 
 Philip, his son. The coins of Philiu 
 are numerous. 
 
 Marcia Otacilia Severa (wife of Philip 
 the elder). Born — ; died after 
 her husband. G.— R. 5 R.° S.— C. 
 
 — R. 5 Br. — C. — R 7 . Some coins re- 
 present her with Philip the father and 
 son. 
 
 Philippus II. (Filius). Born 237 a.d. 
 Caesar, 244. Associated in the em- 
 pire with the title of Augustus, 24" ; 
 killed 249. G.— R. 4 R. 5 S.— C.— R. 4 
 Br. — C. — R. 7 Some coins represent 
 him with Philip the elder. The coins 
 of this prince are numerous. 
 
 Marinus. Proclaimed Emperor in Moesia 
 and Pannonia, 249 a.d. ; killed soon 
 afterwards. The coina which have been 
 attributed to this prince are Greek, but 
 their attribution is doubtful. These 
 coins were minted in Arabia, and most 
 likely belong to a relation of the Em- 
 peror Philip, and perhaps to his 
 father. 
 
 Jotapianus. Proclaimed Emperor in 
 Syria, 248 a.d. ; put to death soon 
 after. S. — R. 8 This coin was, with- 
 out doubt, minted in Syria. 
 
 Pacatianus. This personage was pro- 
 claimed Emperor about this period, 
 and is only known by his coins. S. — 
 R. 8 It is thought from his coins that 
 Pacatianus had himself proclaimed 
 emperor in the reign of Philip or 
 Trajanus Decius ; but it is uncertain. 
 It is believed that he reigned in 
 Greece, because his coins were found 
 there. Some authors think that he 
 was proclaimed in Moesia and Pan- 
 nonia ; others, that Marinus and Pa- 
 catianus were the same persons. 
 
 Sponsianus. Proclaimed Emperor about 
 this period, and only known by his 
 coins. G. — R. 7 We believe that Spon- 
 sianus was declared emperor about 
 this time, the fabric of his coins 
 
HOMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE. 
 
 G45 
 
 being evidently of this epoch. The 
 place of his revolt is uncertain, as 
 he is not mentioned by any of the 
 ancient authors. 
 
 Trajan us Decius. Born 201 a. d. ; Emperor, 
 249 ; drowned in a bog, 251. G. — 
 lt.‘ R. 5 S.— C.— R. 8 Br.— C.— R. 6 
 
 Some coins represent him with Etrus- 
 cilla, Hostilius, and Herennius. 
 
 Et ruse ilia (wife of Decius). This prin- 
 cess is only known by her coins. G. — 
 R. 6 8.— C.— R. 1 Br.— C.— R. 5 
 
 Here nnhis Etruscus (son of Decius). 
 Caesav, 249 ; Augustus, 251 ; killed 
 same year. G. — R. 8 S. — C. — R. 8 
 
 Br.— R 2 . R. 8 
 
 Hostilianus (son of Decius). Ceesar, 
 249 ; Emperor with Gallus, 251 ; died 
 same year. G. — R. 8 S. — C. — R. 2 
 Br. — R. 2 R. 6 . Some coins represent 
 him with Volusianus. 
 
 Volusianus (son of Gallus). Csesar, 251 ; 
 Emperor, 252 ; killed, 254. G. — R 4 . 
 R. 6 S.— C.— R. 4 Br.— C.— R 7 . 
 
 Aemilius Aemilianus. Born 208 a.d. ; 
 Emperor in Mcesia, 253 ; killed, 254. 
 G.— R. 8 S.— R. 1 R. 2 Br.— R. 6 
 
 Cornelia Super a (wife of Aemilianus). 
 This princess is only known by her 
 coins. S. — R. 8 Br. — R. 8 It was 
 
 long believed that she was the wife of 
 Gallus or of Valerian, hut Eckhel has 
 proved to the contrary. 
 
 Valerianus Senior. Born 190 a.d. ; 
 Emperor, 253 ; made prisoner to the 
 Persians, 260 ; died, 263. The coins 
 of this emperor are numerous. 
 
 3 lariniana, believed to be the second 
 wife of Valerian. This princess is 
 only known by her coins. G. — R. 1 
 R 3 . S.— R 2 . R. 4 
 
 Gallienus (son of Valerian, by his first 
 w r ife). Emperor, 253 ; assassinated, 
 268. G. — R. 8 R. 6 S.— R. 6 Po. — C. 
 — R. 5 Br. — C. — R. 5 R. 6 During 
 the reign of Gallienus, many generals 
 declared themselves emperors ; and 
 as their number was about thirty, 
 they have been called the thirty 
 tyrants. 
 
 Salonina (wife of Gallienus). Assassinated 
 208. G.— R. 4 R. 6 S.— R.6 Po.— 
 C. — R. 2 Br.— C.— R. 4 
 
 Saloninus (sonofGallienns). Born242A.D.; 
 Caesar, 253 ; put to death, 259 G. — 
 
 R. 6 R.® S.— R. 8 Po.— C.— R. 4 S.— 
 C. — R 8 . Some coins represent him 
 with Gallienus. 
 
 Quintus Julius Gallienus (youngest son of 
 Gallienus). No coins can be attributed 
 to this prince with any certainty. 
 
 Valerianus Junior (brother of Gallienus). 
 Assassinated 268. The coins that 
 were attributed to this prince hav® 
 been restored to Saloninus. 
 
 Licinia Galliena (aunt to Gallienus). N* 
 particulars are known of this princess. 
 The coins attributed to her are false. 
 
 Postumus (Pater.) Proclaimed Emperor 
 in Gaul, 258 ; killed in 267. G.~ 
 
 R. 4 R. 8 Po.— C.— R. 8 S.— C.— R.«. 
 Some coins of Postumus bear also 
 another head, which has long been 
 considered to be that of his son. The 
 coins of Postumus are numerous. All 
 were struck in Gaul. 
 
 Julia Donata (believed to be the wife of 
 Postumus.) Nothing is known of this 
 empress, whose existence is hardly 
 proved. The coins that have been 
 published are false. 
 
 Postumus (Filius). Declared Augustus in 
 Gaul 258 ; killed in 267. Nothing is 
 known of this emperor, except that 
 there are coins attributed to him, 
 which truly belong to his father, and 
 the heads which appear on the reverse 
 of the coins of the latter, are pro- 
 bably those of Mars and Hercules. All 
 the coins of Postumus the Younger 
 (if any exist) were struck in Gaul. 
 
 Laelianus. Little is known of this per- 
 sonage, who caused himself to be ac- 
 knowledged Emperor in Gaul during 
 the reign of Gallienus. G. — R. 8 Po. 
 — R. 2 R.» Br.— R. 2 R. 5 Laelianus 
 and the two following — Lollianus and 
 Aelianus — according to their money, 
 appear to be three different person- 
 ages. It must be observed that a 
 great number of coins attributed to 
 these three are doubtful. The coins 
 of Laelianus were struck in Gaul. 
 
 Lollianus. No details are known of this 
 prince. Br. — R. 8 
 
 Quintus Valens Aelianus. No facts are 
 known of this emperor. Br. — R. 
 See the observations on Laelianus. 
 
 Victorinus (Pater). Associated in the 
 empire of Gaul by Postumus 266 * 
 
ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE. 
 
 646 
 
 killed 267. G.— R. G R. 8 Po.— C.— 
 R. 3 Br. — C. — R. 8 The coins of the 
 Roman standard were struck in Gaul. 
 
 Victorians (Filius). Made Cajsar in 
 Gaul 267 ; died soon afterwards. The 
 coins formerly attributed to this 
 prince have been restored to his 
 father. 
 
 Victorina, mother of Victorinus Senior, 
 Died, according to general opinion 
 in 268 Br. — R. 8 The coin that 
 has been published of this princess 
 is false. 
 
 Marius. Proclaimed Emperor in Gaul 
 in 267 ; killed after a reign of three 
 days. G.— R. 8 Po.— R. 2 K. 3 Br.— 
 K. 1 R.° Historians say that he 
 was killed by one of his comrades, 
 after a reign of three days ; and 
 the comparative abundance of his 
 coins prove they were minted before 
 he assumed the title of emperor. 
 
 Tetricus (Pater). Proclaimed Emperor 
 in Gaul in 267 ; restored his pro- 
 vinces to Aurelian 273. G. — R. 6 R. 8 
 Po. — R. 2 Br. — C. — R G . Some coins 
 represent him with his son. A great 
 many of this emperor’s coin3 are of 
 the second brass, which are of bar- 
 barous execution, and bear illegible 
 inscriptions. The coins of Tetricus 
 and his son were all struck in Gaul. 
 
 Tetricus (Filius). Caesar in Gaul 267 ; 
 retired from public life on the abdi- 
 cation of his father 273. G. — R. 6 R. 8 
 Po. — R. 8 Br. — C. — R 6 . It is a ques- 
 tion whether this emperor was ever 
 made Augustus or not. 
 
 Cgriades. Proclaimed Emperor in Asia 
 in 257 ; killed 258. No coins are 
 known of this emperor. 
 
 Macrianus (Pater). Proclaimed Emperor 
 in the East 261 ; was killed by his 
 soldiers 262, with his two sons. The 
 coins published as those of the father 
 have been restored to his son. 
 
 Macrianus (Filius). He was made 
 Augustus during his father’s reign. 
 Po. — R. 8 R. 3 His coins were struck 
 . in the East, perhaps in Syria. 
 
 Quietus, brother of the preceding. Killed 
 with his father and brother at Emisa. 
 G. — R.* Po. — R. 2 R. 3 Br. — R. 8 
 These coins were struck in the East. | 
 
 Batista. Proclaimed Emperor in Syria j 
 
 262; killed 264. The coins published 
 of Balista are false. 
 
 Ingenuus. Proclaimed Emperor in Maesia 
 and Pannonia 262 ; killed in three 
 months. Coins all doubtful. 
 
 Itegalianus. Proclaimed Emperor in 
 Moesia 261 ; killed 263. S. — R. 8 
 These coins, if true, were struck in 
 Moesia. 
 
 Dryantilla wife of Regalianus. Nothing 
 is known of this princess. S. — R 8 
 The fact of Dryantilla being the wife 
 of Regalianus is doubtful. 
 
 Valens. Emperor in Achaia 261 ; killed 
 the same year. The coins at present 
 known of Valens are doubtful. 
 
 Piso Frugi. Emperor in Thessalia 261 ; 
 killed same year. The known coins 
 of this emperor are false. 
 
 Alexander Aemilianus. Proclaimed Em- 
 peror in Egypt 262 ; killed the same 
 year. The coins of Alexander are false. 
 
 Saturninus I. Proclaimed Emperor 263 ; 
 died shortly afterwards. No autht n- 
 ticated coins are known of this tyrant. 
 
 Trebellianus. Proclaimed Emperor in 
 Isauria 264 ; killed soon afterwards. 
 The coins attributed to this person- 
 age are false. 
 
 Celsus. Proclaimed Emperor of Carthage 
 in 265 ; killed after a reign of seven 
 days. No true coins are known of 
 Celsus. 
 
 Aureolus. Proclaimed Emperor in Il- 
 lyria and in Rhetia in 267 ; killed 
 268. G.— R. 8 Br.— R. 8 These coins 
 were either struck in Rhetia, Italy 
 Superior, or in Milan. 
 
 Sulpicius Antoninus. Proclaimed Em- 
 peror in Syria 267 ; died soon after- 
 wards. No coins are known of 
 Antoninus. 
 
 Claudius Gothicus. Bom 214 a.d. ; Em- 
 peror in 268 ; died of the plague 270. 
 G.— R.« R. 8 Br. — C. — R. 4 After the 
 reign of Claudius no coins in billon are 
 known, for at this period they were 
 so thinly coated with silver that it 
 has in most cases all worn off except 
 when the coin is in singularly fine 
 preservation. 
 
 Censorinus. Proclaimed Emperor at Bou- 
 logne 270 ; killed seven days after. 
 The coins that have been published 
 are false. 
 
ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE. 
 
 647 
 
 Quinti! lus, brother of Claudius Gothieus. 
 Proclaimed Emperor near Aquileia 
 270 ; committed suicide eight days 
 after. G. — R. 8 Br. — C. R. 8 The 
 coins of Quintillus are too numerous, 
 to believe that his reign was so short 
 as it is said by historians to have 
 been ; it is probable that he reigned 
 about two months according to 
 Zozimus. 
 
 Aurelianus. Born 207 a.d.; Emperor 270; 
 assassinated 275 ; G. — R' 2 It. 4 Br. — 
 C. — R. 2 The coins of this emperor 
 are numerous. Some coins represent 
 him with Severina and Vabalatkus 
 Athenodorus. 
 
 Severina , wife of Aurelianus. No details 
 are known of this empress. G. — R. 3 
 R.° Br.— C.— R. 2 
 
 Septimus Odenathus. King of Palmyra 
 261 ; associated in the empire by 
 Gallienus 264 ; assassinated 266 — 7. 
 There are no true coins known of 
 this emperor. 
 
 Zenobia, last wife of Odenathus. Queen 
 of Palmyra 261 ; vanquished by Au- 
 reiianus 273. There are some coins 
 of this queen struck in Egypt, but 
 there are no true autonomous coin3. 
 
 Herudes, son of Odenathus by his first 
 wife. Augustus 264; killed 267. The 
 coins of this prince are false. 
 
 Timolaus , son of Odenathus and Zenobia. 
 Named Augustus by his mother 266; 
 taken prisoner by Aurelian 273. He 
 has no true coin of Roman mintage, 
 but there is one Greek coin that 
 belongs to him. 
 
 Vabalathus Athenodorus , son of Zenobia. 
 Emperor in Syria 266 ; taken prisoner 
 by Aurelian 27 3 ; Br. — R. 2 R. 6 These 
 coins were struck in Syria. 
 
 Maconius. Proclaimed Emperor 267 ; 
 killed shortly afterwards. The coins 
 attributed to Maconius are false. 
 
 Firmus. Proclaimed Emperor in Egypt 
 in 275 ; defeated and put to death 
 the following year. The coins attri- 
 buted to Firmus are false. 
 
 Tacitus. Emperor 275 ; assassinated 276 ; 
 G. — R. 2 R. 4 Br.— C.— R. 6 The coins 
 of this emperor are numerous. 
 
 Florianus. Born 232 a.d. ; Emperor 276 ; 
 killed same year. G. — R. 3 R.6 Br. 
 — C.— R . 2 
 
 Probus. Born 232 a.d. ; Emperor 276 ; 
 massacred 282; G. — R. 4 R.° S. — R. 8 
 Br. — C. — R. G The coins of this em- 
 peror are so numerous and so diverse 
 in their types, that the Abbe Rothlin 
 had a collection of upwards of 2000 
 coins, all different in some minute 
 respect. 
 
 Bonosius. Proclaimed Emperor of Gaul 
 280; died 281. There are no true 
 coins of this emperor. 
 
 Saturninus. Emperor of Egypt and 
 Palestine 280 ; killed shortly after- 
 wards. The coins of Saturninus are 
 false. 
 
 Proculus. Emperor of Cologne 280 ; put 
 to death the same year. The coins of 
 this emperor are entirely false. 
 
 Carus. Born 230 a.d. ; Emperor, 282; 
 killed by lightning, 283. G. — R. 2 R. 6 
 S. — C. — R c . Some coins represent him 
 with Carinus. 
 
 Numerianus. Born, 254 a.d. ; Caesar, 282 ; 
 Augustus, 283 ; died 284. G. — R. 4 
 R. 6 S. — C. — R. a Some coins repre- 
 sent him with Carinus. 
 
 Carinus. Born 249 a.d.; Caesar, 282; Em- 
 peror, 283 ; killed, 284. G.— R. 3 
 
 R. 8 Some coins represent him with 
 Numerianus and Magnia Urbica. 
 
 Magnia Urbica. This princess is only 
 known by her coins. G. — R. 3 S. — 
 
 R. 2 R. 6 It was a long time believed 
 that she was the wife of Carus. 
 
 Nigrinianus (son of Carus). This prince 
 is only known by his coins. G. — R. 8 
 
 S. — R.« R. 8 
 
 Marcus Aurelianus Julianas. Proclaimed 
 EmperorinPannonia,284; killed, 285, 
 These coins were most probably struck 
 in Italy Superior. 
 
 Dioclctianus. Born 245 ; Emperor 284 ; 
 adopted Galerius, 292 ; abdicated, 
 305 ; died, 313. G.— R. 2 R. a S.— 
 
 R. 1 It. 8 Br.— C. R«. The coins of 
 this emperor are numerous. It is 
 in this reign that the Roman em- 
 pire was first divided by common 
 consent among four emperors ; two 
 Augustus’s and two Caesars. 
 
 Maxiniianus Hercules. Born 250 ; asso- 
 ciated in the Empire with Diocletian 
 in 286 ; gave to Constantius Chlorus 
 the title of Caesar ; abdicated 305 : 
 retook the empire, 306 ; abdicated 
 
G48 
 
 ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE. 
 
 afresh, 308 ; proclaimed himself em- 
 peror again in 309 ; strangled him- 
 self, 310. G.— 11. 1 R. f > S.— R. 1 R. 6 
 
 Br. — C. R. 6 Some coins represent 
 him with Galerius and Diocletian. 
 His coins are numerous. 
 
 Eutropia, wife of Maxim ian. No details 
 are known of this princess. No true 
 coins are attributed to her. 
 
 Amandns. Emperor in Gaul 285 ; killed 
 287. The coins published of this 
 personage are very suspicious. 
 Aclianus. Emperor in Gaul 285 ; killed 
 287. The coins of this emperor are 
 likewise doubtful. 
 
 Carausius. Emperor in England 2S7 ; 
 assassinated 289. G. — R. 8 S. — R. 5 
 R. 7 Br. — R. 3 R.° These coins were 
 struck in England. 
 
 Allectus. Emperor in England 293; 
 killed 296. G.— R. 8 S.— R. 6 Br. 
 
 — R. 4 R. 6 These coins were struck 
 in England. 
 
 Achilleus. Emperor in Egypt about 292 ; 
 put to death soon afterwards. There 
 are no true coins known of this per- 
 sonage. 
 
 DomUins Domaianus. Emperor in Egypt 
 
 305. Br. — R. 4 These coins were 
 struck in Egypt. 
 
 Constantins I. (Chlorus). Born 250 ; 
 Caesar 292 ; Emperor 305 ; died 
 
 306. G.— R. 1 R. 3 S.— R. 1 R. 4 Br. 
 — C. R.® Some coins represent him 
 with Diocletian. His coins are very 
 numerous. 
 
 Helena , first wife of Constantius Chlorus. 
 Born about 248 a.d. ; died about 328 ; 
 Br.— C. R. 5 
 
 Theodora, second wife of Constantius 
 Chlorus. S.— R.® Br.— C. 
 
 Galerius Valerius Maximianus , Adopted 
 and named Caesar by Diocletian, in 
 292 ; Augustus and Emperor in 305 ; 
 died 311. G. — R. 8 R. 6 S.— R. 8 R.® 
 Br. — C. R.® Some pieces represent 
 him with the Herculeian Maximianus 
 and Constantius Chlorus. The coins 
 of this prince are numerous. 
 
 Valeria » second wife of Galerius Maxi- 
 mianus. Put to death in 315 a.d. 
 G; — R. G S— R. 6 Br.— C. R. 4 
 Flaoius Valerius Severus. Named Caesar 
 bv the Herculeian Maximian in 305 ; 
 Augustus and Emperor in 306; put 
 
 to death in 307. G.— R. 4 R.® S.— 
 
 R. 4 Br.— C. R. 4 
 
 Maximinus Daza , son of Galerius, 
 named Caesar by Diocletian in 305 , 
 given the title of the son of the Au- 
 gusti in 307 ; proclaimed himself 
 Emperor in 308 ; poisoned himself 
 in 313 a.d. G.— R 3 . R. 5 S.— R. 4 
 
 R. ® Br.— C. R 3 . The coins of this 
 emperor are numerous. A part 
 of these pieces in Roman coin must 
 have been struck in the East, pro- 
 bably in Syria. 
 
 Maxentius. Born about 282 a.d. ; pro- 
 claimed himself Emperor at Rome in 
 306, and drowned in the Tiber in 
 312 a.d. G.— R. 8 R.® S.— R.G R. 7 
 Br. — C. R.® One piece represents 
 him with his son Romulus. The 
 coins of Maxentius are very numerous. 
 
 Romulus, son of Maxentius. Born about 
 the year 306 a.d. ; named Caesar 
 in 307 ; Augustus in a short time 
 afterwards; died in 309. G — R. 8 
 
 S. — R. 8 Br. — R. 4 R. 8 One coin re- 
 presents him with Maxentius his 
 father. 
 
 Alexander. Proclaimed Emperor at Car- 
 thage in 306 ; defeated and put to 
 death in 311 a.d. S.— R. 8 Br.— R.« 
 
 R. 8 The Roman coins of Alexander 
 were struck in Africa, and probably 
 at Carthage. 
 
 Licinius, senior son-in-law of Constantius 
 Chlorus. Born 263 a.d. ; named 
 Caesar and Augustus, and associated in 
 the empire with Galerius Maximianus 
 307 ; conquered and taken prisoner 
 by his brother-in-law, Constantine, 
 and strangled in 323. G. — R. 8 R.® 
 
 S. — R. 2 R.6 Po.— It. 8 Br. — C. R. 5 
 Some coins represent him with his 
 son Licinius. The coins of this 
 prince are very numerous. 
 
 Constantia, wife of the elder Licinius. 
 Died 330 a.d. The pieces which were 
 published of this princess were false. 
 
 Licinius , junior, son of the elder Li- 
 cinius. Born 315 a.d. ; named Caesar 
 317 ; deprived of the title in 323 ; put 
 to death in 326. G.— R. 4 R.® S.— R. 3 
 B. C. R. 6 Some pieces represent 
 him with his father, Licinius Crispus, 
 and others with Constantine the 
 Great. The Roman coins of this 
 
HOMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE. 
 
 019 
 
 prince were struck in Pannonia and 
 Rhoetia. 
 
 Aurelius Valerius Valens. Named Caesar, 
 and perhaps Augustus, by Licinius in 
 314; but was deprived of his dignities 
 and killed. The supposed coin is very 
 doubtful. 
 
 Martinianus. Created Caesar and Augustus 
 at Byzantium by Licinius in 323 ; put 
 to death two months afterwards. Br. 
 — R. fi These Roman coins were most 
 probably struck at Nicomedia. 
 
 Constantius Magnus , son of Constantius 
 Chlorus and Helena. Born 274 a.d.; 
 named Caesar and Augustus in 306 ; 
 deprived of the last title ; again 
 named Augustus by the Herculeian 
 Maximianus in 307 ; then only son 
 of the Augusti ; given again the name 
 of Augustus in 306 ; converted to the 
 Christian religion in 311 ; made sole 
 emperor in 323 ; changed the name of 
 Byzantium to Constantinople, which 
 lie. made the seat of his government, 
 336; died in 337. G. — R.iR G . S.— R 4 . 
 R. 1 Br. — C. R 6 . Some pieces 
 represent him with Crispus, Constan- 
 tine the younger, and Licinius senior. 
 The coins of this emperor are very 
 numerous. Since his reign all the 
 coins of the emperors of the East 
 were struck at Constantinople. 
 
 Fausta, wife of Con tantine the Great, 
 smothered in a warm bath, by her 
 husband’s order, in the year 326 a.d. 
 G.— R.8 S.— R. 4 Br.— C. R. 5 
 
 Crispus, son of Constantine and Miner- 
 vina. Born about 300 a.d. ; named 
 Caesar in 317 ; put to death by order 
 of his father in 326. G.— R. 3 R. 6 
 
 Br.— C. R. 4 
 
 Helena , wife of Crispus. This princess is 
 only known by one coin. Br. — R. 6 
 It is not certain whether she was ever 
 Crispus’ wife or not. 
 
 Delmatius. Named Coesar in 335 ; ob- 
 tained in the division, Thrace, Mace- 
 donia, and Achaia in 335 ; killed 
 337. G.— R.6 S.— R. 4 Br.— R. 1 
 
 Some pieces represent him with Con- 
 stantine. It is doubtful whether 
 these pieces were struck in Con- 
 stantinople or in the provinces which 
 he obtained in the division. 
 
 Hannibal! ianus, brother to Delmatius. 
 
 Made King of Pontus, Cappadocia 
 and Armenia in the year 335 ; died 
 337. Br. — R. 6 It is not known 
 
 whether these pieces were struck in 
 Constantinople or in the dominions of 
 his sovereignty. 
 
 Oonstantinus II., eldest son of Constan- 
 tine and Fausta. Born 316 a.d. ; 
 named Caesar 317 ; obtained in the 
 division, in 335, Gaul, Spain, and 
 England ; named Emperor and Augus- 
 tus in 337 ; defeated and killed in 
 340. G. — R. 3 R. 5 S.— lt. 2 R. 4 Br.— 
 — C — R. 3 The coins of this emperor 
 are numerous. These coins, probably, 
 or at least a part, were struck in the 
 countries assigned to him in the divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Constans I., youngest son of Constantine 
 the Great and Fausta. Born about 
 320 a.d. ; named Caesar in 333 ; ob- 
 tained in the division in 335, Italy, 
 Illyria, and Africa, called Emperor 
 and Augustus in 337 ; made Emperor 
 of the East in 346 ; and assassinated 
 in 350. G.— C. R. 6 S.— R. 1 R. 5 
 
 Br. — C. R. 7 The coins of this em- 
 peror are numerous. These, or part 
 of these coins were probably struck 
 in the countries assigned to him. 
 
 Saturnmus. This personage is only 
 known by one coin, he was proclaimed 
 Emperor under the reigns of Constans 
 I. or II. The piece produced is 
 doubtful. 
 
 Constantinus II., son of Constantine the 
 Great and Fausta. Born 317 a.d. ; 
 named Caesar in 323 ; obtained in 
 the division, in 335, the East ; named 
 Augustus in 337 ; master of all the 
 Empire in 350 ; died 351. G. — C. R. 9 
 8.— R. 1 R. 5 Br.— C. R. 3 The coins 
 of this emperor are numerous. 
 
 Fausta, wife of Constantius II. Br. — R. c 
 It is doubtful whether she was ever 
 the wife of Constantius or not. 
 
 Ncpotianus, son of Eutropia, sister of 
 Constantine the Great. Proclaimed 
 Emperor at Rome in 350 ; killed afte» 
 a reign of 28 days. Br. — R. 7 These 
 pieces were probably struck at 
 Rome. 
 
 Vetranius. Proclaimed Emperor in Pan- 
 nonia in 350 ; abdicated after reigning 
 10 months ; died 356 ; G. — R. s S.— 
 
ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE. 
 
 ojO 
 
 R. 8 Br. — R. 4 R. 6 These pieces were 
 probably struck in Punnonia. 
 
 Nonius. Historians do not mention this 
 personage. The pieces attributed to 
 this Nonius are doubtful. 
 
 Magnentius. Born about 303 a.d. ; pro- 
 claimed Emperor at Autun 350 ; and 
 killed himself in 353. G. — R 3 . R. 7 
 
 S. — R. 4 li. 7 Br.— C. R. 3 These 
 pieces were either struck in Gaul or 
 Italy. 
 
 lhcentius , brother of Magnentius. Named 
 Caesar in 351 ; and strangled himself 
 in 353. G.— R 4 . R. 7 S. — R. 4 R. 7 
 
 Br. — C. R. 4 These pieces were struck 
 in Gaul or in Italy. 
 
 Dcsiderius , brother of Magnentius. Named 
 Caesar in 351 ; stabbed by his brother 
 in 353 ; but not killed as it was 
 thought. The published pieces of this 
 prince are false. 
 
 Constantins Gallus. Born 325 a.d. ; 
 named Caesar in 351 ; condemned to 
 death and executed in 354. G. — ll. 3 
 
 R. 3 S.— R. 2 R. 4 Br.— C. R. 3 
 Cmstantina , wife first of Hanniballianus 
 
 and secondly of Constantius Gallus. 
 Hied 354 a.d. The published pieces 
 of this princess are very doubtful. 
 Sylvanus. Proclaimed Emperor of Co- 
 logne, in 355 ; killed after a reign of 
 twenty-eight or twenty-nine days. 
 The published pieces of Sylvanus are 
 false. 
 
 Julianus II., son of Julius Constantius, 
 brother to Constantine the Great. 
 Born 331 a.d. ; named Caesar in 355 ; 
 proclaimed Emperor at Paris, 360 ; 
 sole Emperor, 361 ; killed in a battle 
 against the Persians in 363. Gold. — 
 It 3 . R. 4 . S.— C.— R. 6 Br.— C.— R. 4 
 
 The coins of Julian are very numerous. 
 Helena , wife of Julian II. died 360. 
 G.— R. 8 Br.— C. 
 
 Jovianus. Born 331 a.d.; Emperor in 
 363 ; died 364. G.— R. 3 R. 8 S.— 
 
 It.* It. 8 Br.— C.— R. 3 
 Valentinianus I. Born 321 a.d. ; Em- 
 peror in 364 ; died 375. G. — C. R. 4 
 
 S. — C.— R. 3 Br.— C. R. 3 The coins 
 of Valentinian were partly struck at 
 Rome, and partly in the East. 
 
 Valeria Severn, first wife of Valentinian I. 
 Died in the reign of Gratian. The pub - 
 lished pieces are false. 
 
 Justina, second wife of Valentinian I. 
 Born — a.d.; died 387. The published 
 pieces are false. 
 
 Flavius Valens, brother of Valentinian. 
 Born 328 a.d. Associated in the Em- 
 pire and given the name of Augustus 
 in 364 ; had the East for his division; 
 was burnt alive in 3 7 8. G. — C. — R. c 
 S.— C.— R.s Br.— C.— R. a 
 
 Dominica, wife of Valens. Died in the 
 reign of Theodosius the Great. The 
 published piece of this princess is 
 false. 
 
 Procopius. Born about 334 a.d. ; pro- 
 claimed Augustus at Constantinople, 
 in 365 ; put to death in 366. G. — 
 R. 7 S.— R. 5 Br.— R.o R. 7 
 
 Gratianus, son of Valentinian I. Born 
 350 a.d. Named Augustus at Amiens 
 in 361 ; Emperor in 375 ; killed in 
 389. G.— C.— R. 8 S.— R. 3 Br.— 
 
 C. — R. 3 The coins of this prince were 
 struck in the West and probably in 
 Gaul and Italy. 
 
 Constantia, wife of Gratian. Born 362 
 a.d. ; (lied 383. The publishe-d pieces 
 of this princess are false. 
 
 Valentinianus II., son of Valentinian I. 
 Born 371 a.d. Named Augustus and 
 associated in the empire, 375 ; had 
 for his division, Italy, Illyria, and 
 Africa ; Emperor of all the Western 
 empire, 383 ; was assassinated in 392. 
 G.— C.— R. 8 S.— C.— R.» Br— C. 
 R. 3 The coins of Valentinian II. 
 cannot all be attributed with eei- 
 tainty, and may be confounded with 
 those of his father, or those of Valen- 
 tinian III. These coins were probably 
 struck in Italy. 
 
 Theodosius Magnus I., born 346 a.d. 
 Named Augustus, and associated in 
 the Empire, by Gratian in 379 ; had 
 for his division the East. Died in 
 395. G.— C.— R. 1 S.— C.— R. 8 Br. 
 
 C.— R. 8 
 
 Flaccilla, first wife of Theodosius I. Died 
 388. G.— R. 3 S. R. 3 Br.— R. 1 
 
 Magnus Maximus, assumed the name of 
 Augustus in Britain, in 383 ; acknow- 
 ledged Emperor ; seized upon Italy 
 in 387 ; and was put to death in 388. 
 G.— R. 1 R. 8 S.— R. 1 R. 6 Br.— C. 
 These pieces were struck in Britain, 
 Gaul, or Italy. 
 
ROMAIC IMPERIAL COINAGE. 
 
 651 
 
 Flavius Victor, son of Magnus Maximus. 
 Named Augustus in 383; put to death 
 in 388. G.— R. 5 S.— It 2 . Br.— 
 
 it. These pieces were struck in Gaul. 
 Arcadius, son of Theodosius the Great. 
 Born 377 ; made Augustus in 383 ; 
 Emperor of the East in 395 ; died in 
 408. G.— C.— R. 6 S.— R. 1 R. 2 Br. 
 
 — C.— R . 3 
 
 Eudocia , wife of Arcadius. Died 404. 
 The pieces attributed to this princess 
 have been restored by Eckhel to Eudo- 
 cia, the wife of Thedosius II. 
 
 Honorius , the youngest son of Ilonorius 
 and Flaccilla. Born 384 ; named 
 Augustus 393 ; Emperor of the West 
 395 ; died 423. G.— C.— R. 7 S.— 
 
 C.— R 6 Br.— C.— R. 3 These pieces 
 were probably struck at Rome. 
 Oonstantius III., Honorius’ sister’s hus- 
 band. Named Augustus, and associated 
 in the empire of the West in 421 ; 
 died the same year. G. — R®. R 7 . 
 
 S. — R. 7 These pieces were struck in 
 Italy. 
 
 Galla Placidia, wife of Constantius III. 
 Widow of Ataulf, king of the Goths 
 414; wife of Constantius III. in 417 ; 
 died in 433. G.— R. 5 R. 7 S.— R. 4 
 
 R. 5 Br. — R. 5 R. 7 These pieces were 
 struck in Italy. 
 
 Constantinus III. Augustus in England 
 and Gaul 407 ; taken prisoner and 
 put to death 411. G. — R. 2 S. — R. 2 
 Br. — R.® The coins of this prince 
 haTe frequently been confounded with 
 those of Constantine I. and II. These 
 coins were struck in Gaul. 
 
 Constans, son of Constantinus III. Au- 
 gustus in Gaul 408 ; assassinated in 
 411. S. — R. 5 These pieces were pro- 
 bably struck in Gaul. 
 
 Maximus. Emperor in Spain 409 ; abdi- 
 cated 411. S. — R. 5 These pieces 
 
 were probably struck in Spain. 
 Jooinus. Emperor at Mayence 411; be- 
 headed 413. G.— R. 4 S.— R. 2 Br.— 
 
 R. 8 These coins were struck in 
 
 Gaul. 
 
 Set astianua, brother of Jovinus. Asso- 
 ciated in the sovereign power by his 
 brother in 412; beheaded in 415. 
 
 S. — R. 5 These coins were struck in 
 
 Gaol. 
 
 Priscus A ttalus. Made emperor by 
 
 Alaric at Rome 409 ; deprived of 
 that title ; reassumed it in Gaul 410 ; 
 died in the isle of Li pari. G. — It. 4 
 S. — R. 4 R. 8 Br. R.‘ R.® These 
 pieces were struck at Rome. 
 
 Theodosius II., son of Arcadius. Born 
 401 ; Augustus 402 ; Emperor of the 
 East 418 ; died 450. G.— C.— R. 2 
 
 S.— R. 3 R. 5 Br.— R. 4 R. 6 These 
 coins must not be confounded with 
 those of Theodosius I. 
 
 Eudoxia, wife of Theodosius II. Born 
 about 393 a.d. ; died 4(30. G. — It. 3 
 R’ S. — R 4 . Br. — R. 4 Some of the 
 coins of this princess have falsely 
 been attributed to Eudocia wife of 
 Arcadius. 
 
 Johatines. Born 383 ; Emperor at Rome 
 423 ; died 425. G.— R. 3 R.« S.— 
 
 R. 3 R. 3 Br. — R. 8 These coins were 
 struck in Rome. 
 
 Valcntinianus III., son of Constantine 
 III. Born at Rome 419; Emperor 
 425; assassinated 455. G. — C. — R. -1 
 
 S. — R. 2 R. 4 Br.— R. 2 R. 3 These 
 coins were struck in Rome. 
 
 Licinia Eudoxia, wife of Valentinian. 
 Born 423 ; died — . G.— R. 3 These 
 coins were struck in Italy. 
 
 Honoria, sister of Valentinian. Born 
 417 ; Augustus 433 ; died 454. G. — 
 R. 5 R.® S. — R.® These coins were 
 struck in Italy. 
 
 Attila, King of the Huns. Born — ; 
 King 434 ; died 453. There are no 
 true autonomous coins of this king. 
 
 Petronius Maximus. Born 395; Emperor 
 at Rome 455. G. — R. 4 S. — R. 4 
 
 Br. — R. 8 All these were struck at 
 Rome. 
 
 Marcianus, husband of the sister of 
 Theodosius II. Born 391 ; Emperor 
 of the East 450 ; died 457. G.— R. 2 
 
 R.® S.— R. 4 Br.— R.® 
 
 Pulcheria, wife of Marcianus. Born 399 ; 
 died 453. G. — R.® S. — R. 4 Br. 
 — R.« 
 
 Avitus. Born — ; Emperor 455 ; abdi- 
 cated and turned bishop 45 C. G. — 
 R. 4 Br.— R.® 
 
 Leo I. Born — ; Emperor of the East 
 457 ; died 474. G.— C.— Br.— R.‘ 
 
 Verina, wife of Leo I. Born — ; died 
 484. G.— R. 5 
 
 Majorianus. Born — ; Emperor 457 ; 
 
652 
 
 ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE, 
 
 assassinated 461. G. — R. 1 R. 8 S. — R. 3 
 Br. — R. 4 R.® 
 
 Lihius Secerns. Born — ; Emperor 
 461 ; poisoned 465. G. — R. 8 S. — 
 R. 8 Br. — R.® These were struck in 
 Italy. 
 
 Anthemius. Born — ; Emperor 467 ; 
 assassinated 472. G. — R. 8 S. — R. 7 
 Br. — R. 6 
 
 Euphemia. Born — ; died — . G. — R.® 
 These were struck in Italy. 
 
 Oluhrius. Born — ; Emperor of the 
 West 472 ; died same year. G. — R. 5 
 R.° S.— R.« PI.— R.8 These were 
 struck in Italy. 
 
 Phtcidia , wife of Olybrius. Born — ; 
 died — . Her portrait is only found 
 on the coins of her husband. 
 
 Glycerins. Born — ; Augustus at Ra- 
 venna 473 ; dethroned 474 ; died 
 480. G. — R. 4 S. — R. 7 These coins 
 were struck in Italy. 
 
 Leo II. Born about 459 a.d ; Emperor 
 473; Emperor of the East 474. G. — 
 
 R. 4 These pieces represent him with 
 Zeno. 
 
 Zeno , son-in-law of Leo I., and father of 
 Leo II. Born 426 a.d. ; associated 
 in the Eastern Empire by his son, 
 Leo II., 474 ; sole Emperor in the 
 same year; deposed 476 ; re-esta- 
 blished 477 ; died 491. G.— C.— S. 
 
 — R. 8 Br.— R 1 R. 8 
 
 Basiliscus. Born — ; Emperor of the 
 East 476; dethroned by Zeno and 
 died of hunger 47 7. G. — R. 8 R. 3 
 
 S. — R. 4 Br. — R.® Some pieces re- 
 present him with Marcus his son. 
 
 Aelia Zenonis, wife of Basiliscus. Born 
 — ; starved with her husband 477 ; 
 G. — R.® 
 
 Marcus , son of Basiliscus. Born — ; 
 Augustus and associated in the Em- 
 pire, 476 ; starved to death with his 
 parents 47 7. This prince only on 
 tne coins of Basiliscus. 
 
 Leontius I. Born — ; Augustus at Tar- 
 sus in Cilicia in 482 ; conquered and 
 put to death 488. G. — It. 3 These 
 pieces were struck in Asia Minor. 
 
 Julius Nepos. Born — ; Emperor of the 
 West 474 ; driven from Rome 475 ; 
 assassinated 480. G. — R. 1 R. 8 S. — i 
 R. 4 Br. — R.® These pieces were j 
 struck in Italy. 
 
 Romulus Augustuius. Born — ; Emperor 
 of the West 475 ; dethroned by 
 Odoacer, King of the Heruli, who 
 proclaimed himself King of Italy, and 
 thus terminated the Empire of the 
 West 47 6. G.— R. 4 Br.— R.® These 
 
 pieces were struck in Italy. 
 
 THE GOTHIC PRINCES OF ITALY, 
 AFRICA, &c. 
 
 Theodoric. The Ostrogoth Born — . 
 occupied Pannonia and Illyria ; in- 
 vaded Italy and crowned King 493 ; 
 died 526. S.— R. 1 Br.— II. 4 Some 
 
 coins represent him with Anastasius 
 and Justin. The coins of this prince 
 were undoubtedly struck in Italy. 
 
 Baduila , an uncertain king. Historians 
 do not mention this king, but he 
 must not be confounded with Baduela, 
 or Baduila, a Gothic king. 
 
 Theia, or Theia, an uncertain king. Not 
 known in history. He is only found 
 on the coins of Anastasius. 
 
 Athalaricus, nephew to Theodoric. Born 
 — ; King of the Goths 526 ; died 
 534. S.— R. 1 R. 8 Br.— R. 1 R. 3 These 
 coins were struck in Italy. 
 
 Theodohatus. Born — ; King of the 
 Goths in Italy 534 ; killed 536. S.— 
 R. 8 Br.— R. 1 R. 4 
 
 Witiges. Born — ; King of the Goths 
 536 ; conquered by Belisarius 540 ; 
 died soon after. S. — R. 8 Br. — R. 3 
 
 Hildibadus. Bom — ; King of the 
 Goths in Italy 540 ; killed 541. No 
 coins are known of this barbarian. 
 
 Araricus, or Eraricus. Born — ; King 
 of the Goths in Italy 541 ; killed 
 same year. No coins are known of 
 this prince. 
 
 Baduela, or Baduila. Born — ; King of 
 the Goths in Italy 541 ; conquered 
 by Narses 552. S.— R. 4 Br.— R. 3 
 
 11.® This prince is called by the 
 Greeks Totila. These coins were 
 st'-uck in Italy. 
 
 Theias. Born — ; King of the Goths in 
 Italy 552 ; defeated by Narses 553 ; 
 his death put an end to the Gothic 
 princes in Italy. No coins are known 
 of this prince. 
 
 Gunthamundas. Born — ; Vandal King 
 in Africa 484 ; died 496. S. — R.® 
 
ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE. 
 
 653 
 
 Trisamundua. Born — ; Vandal King 
 in Africa 496 ; died 523. S. — R. 4 
 These Vandal coins are also classed 
 m the coins of the peoples, and towns, 
 and were struck in Carthage. 
 
 Ilildcricm. Born — ; Vandal King in 
 Africa 523 ; dethroned 530. S.— R. 6 
 
 Gelimarus, or Geilamir. Born — ; Van- 
 dal King in Africa 530 ; defeated by 
 Belisarius 534, which put an end to 
 the Vandal princes in Africa. S. — R. 4 
 
 Theodebertus. Born — ; King of Aus- 
 trasia 534 ; killed in hunting 548. 
 The. coins of Thcodebert belong pro- 
 perly to the coins of Gaul, but they 
 are here classed with the Roman 
 emperors, because this king took the 
 title of Augustus. 
 
 EASTERN EMPIRE AFTER THE 
 
 FINAL FALL OF WESTERN EMPIRE. 
 
 Anastasius I. Born 430 a.d. ; succeeded 
 to the Eastern Empire 491 ; was 
 struck by lightning in the year 518. 
 G.— C.— S.— R. 1 R. 8 Br.— C. 
 
 Justinus I. Born 450; Emperor 518; 
 died in 527. G.— C.— R. 4 S.— R. 1 
 
 R. 3 Br.— C. There are some coins 
 which bear this emperor on the 
 obverse, and the heads of either 
 Theodoric or Athalaric, both kings 
 of the Ostrogoths on the reverse. 
 
 Euphemia, wife of Justinus I. No decided 
 dates are known of this princess. 
 Some pieces have been falsely attri- 
 buted to her. 
 
 Vitalianus. Proclaimed Emperor in 5 1 4 ; 
 assassinated 520. G. — R. 8 
 
 Justianus I., nephew’ to Justinus. Born 
 483 ; associated in the Empire 527 ; 
 sole Emperor 528 ; died 565. G. — 
 C.— R. 8 S.— R. 1 R. 4 Br.— C. Many 
 coins represent him with Athalaric, 
 Theodohatus, Witiges, and Baduila 
 king of the Goths. 
 
 Justin II. Born at a date unknown ; 
 Emperor of the East 565 ; died in 
 578. G.— C.— R.° S.— R. 5 Br.— 
 
 C.— R. 8 
 
 Sophia, wife of Justin II. Born 545 ; 
 died in the reign of Maurice. Br. — 
 R. 6 R. 8 
 
 Tiberius II. (Constantinus), son-in-law 
 to Justin. Date of birth unknown ; 
 
 associated in the Empire 574 ; sole 
 Emperor 578 ; died in 582. G. — R.* 
 
 R. 3 S.— R. 8 R.‘ Br.— C. 
 
 Maurice (Tiberius), son-in-law of Tibe- 
 rius II. Born 539; made Emperor 
 582 ; and put to death together with 
 his wife and children by Phocas 602. 
 G.— C.— R. 3 S. — R. 3 R. 4 Br.— C. 
 — -R. 3 Some coins represent this em- 
 peror with his wife Constantina and 
 his son Theodosius. 
 
 Constantina, wife of Maurice. Date of 
 birth unknown ; killed with her hus- 
 band and children 602. The portraits 
 of this princess are only found on the 
 coins of Maurice. 
 
 Theodosius, son of Maurice. Date of 
 birth unknown ; associated in the 
 Empire 590 ; killed with his parents 
 602. 
 
 Phocas. Date of birth unknown ; suc- 
 ceeded to the throne 602 ; w’as be- 
 headed 610. On coins this emperor’s 
 name is written thus, foca, or focas. 
 Some coins represent him with his 
 wife Leontia. 
 
 Leontia , wife of Phocas. Date both of 
 birth and death unknown. The por- 
 trait of this empress is only found on 
 coins of Phocas. 
 
 Heraclius I. Born about the year 575 ; 
 declared Emperor 610 ; died in 641. 
 G.— C.— R. 1 S.— R. 3 Br.— C.— R. 3 
 On some coins are found together 
 portraits of this emperor and of his 
 son Constantine IV. 
 
 Flavia Eudocia, first wife of Heraclius. 
 Date of birth unknown; died 612. 
 No coins are known of this empress. 
 
 Constantine IV., son of Heraclius and 
 Flavia. Born 612; Emperor with 
 his brother Heracleonas in 641 ; was 
 poisoned in the same year. G. — R.* 
 
 S. — R. 3 R. 5 Br.— R. 8 R 4 . Some 
 
 coins represent this monarch with 
 his father Heraclius, his wife Gre- 
 goria, Heracleonas his brother, and 
 Constans his son. 
 
 Gregoria, wife of Constantine IV. Date of 
 both birth and death unknown. There 
 are no portraits found of this princess 
 except on the coins of her husband. 
 
 Martina, second wife of Heraclius I. 
 Date of birth unknown ; made regent 
 W’ith her son Heracleonas 641 ; was 
 
itou AN IMPERIAL COINAGE. 
 
 Go4 
 
 exiled. No coins are known of this 
 empress. 
 
 Tiberius III., son of Heraclius and Mar- 
 tina. Date of birth unknown ; created 
 Caesar in 640 ; associated with his 
 brother in the empire 641 ; year of 
 death unknown. No coins are known 
 of this emperor. 
 
 Cotistans II., son of Constantine IV. and 
 Gregoria. Born 630 ; associated in 
 the Empire with his uncles Tiberius 
 III. and Heracleonas in 641 ; sole 
 Emperor the same year ; assassinated 
 in 668. G.— R. 1 R. 4 S.— R. 3 R. 4 
 Br. — R. 2 R. 3 Some coins of this 
 emperor have portraits of a female, 
 supposed to be his wife, whose name 
 is unknown, and also portraits of his 
 sons Constantine V., Heraclius, and 
 Tiberius. 
 
 Constantine V., son of Constans II. Date 
 of birth unknown, associated with 
 his father 654 ; sole Emperor 668 ; 
 died in 685. G.— C.— R. 2 S.— R. 2 
 
 R. 3 Br. — R. 2 R 4 . Some of his coins 
 bear portraits of his father. 
 
 Heraclius and Tiberius, brothers of Con- 
 stantine V. Named Caesars 659 ; 
 associated in the Empire by their 
 brother in 668 ; and put to death in 
 674. Portraits of these princes are 
 only found on the coins of Constans 
 II., their father. 
 
 Justinian II. (Rhinotmetus), son of Con- 
 stantine V. Born 670; created Au- 
 gustus 682 ; reigned alone in 685 ; 
 dethroned after having had his nose 
 cut off in 695 ; restored in 705 ; 
 dethroned anew and killed 711. G. 
 — R.i R. 3 S.— R.' Br.— R. 6 Some 
 coins represent him with his son 
 Tiberius IV. 
 
 Tiberitis IV., son of Justinian II. Born 
 701 ; declared Caesar and Augustus in 
 706 ; put to death in 711. The por- 
 trait of this prince is only found on 
 the coins of Justinian his father. 
 
 Leo II. Date of birth unknown ; pro- 
 claimed Emperor 695 ; dethroned 
 and placed in a monastery 698 ; 
 after having had his nose and ears 
 cutoff, put to death in 705. G. — R. 8 
 Br. — R. 8 Coins have been attributed 
 to this monarch which rightfully 
 belong to Leo I. 
 
 Tiberius V. (Absimarus). Date of birth 
 unknown ; proclaimed Emperor 693 ; 
 put to death by Justinian 705. G. 
 — R. 1 R. 2 S.— R 6 Br.— R. 7 
 
 Filepicus (Bardanes). Proclaimed Emperor 
 in 711 ; dethroned and deprived of 
 his sight 713; died shortly after- 
 wards. G.— R. 2 R. 3 S.— R.6 
 
 Anastasius II. Date of birth unknown ; 
 proclaimed Emperor 713; abdicated 
 in 716 ; but shortly afterwards taken 
 and put to death. G. — R. 2 R. 3 S. 
 — R. 6 It was about this time that a 
 mixture of Greek and Latin letters was 
 introduced in the inscriptions of the 
 coins. 
 
 Theodosius III. (Adramytenus). Date of 
 birth unknown ; proclaimed Emperor 
 715; abdicated in 717. G. — R. a 
 
 S.— R . 6 
 
 Leo III. (Isaurus). Date of birth un- 
 known; proclaimed Emperor 717 ; 
 died in 741. G.— C.— R. 1 8.— R. 3 
 
 Br. — R. 2 Many coins of this emperor 
 represent him with his son Constan- 
 tine VI., and his grandson Leo IV. 
 
 Constantine VI. (Copronymus), son of 
 Leo III. El.— R. 2 R. 8 S.— R. 3 Br. 
 — R. ft Some coins represent him with 
 Leo IV. and Artavasdus. 
 
 Irene, first wife of Constantine VI. Date 
 of birth unknown ; died in 750. No 
 coins are known of this empress. 
 
 Maria, second wife of Constantine VI. 
 Date of birth unknown ; died 751. 
 •No coins are known of this empress. 
 
 Eudocia, third wife of Constantine VI. 
 Date of birth and death unknown, 
 No coins are known of this empress. 
 
 Artavasdus, son-in-law to Leo III. 
 Date of birth unknown ; proclaimed 
 Emperor 742 ; made prisoner and 
 exiled after having had his eyes put 
 out in 743. G.— R. 8 El.— R. 8 Br. 
 
 — R. 8 Some coins represent him 
 
 with his son Nicephorus and with 
 Constantine VI. 
 
 Nicephorus, son of Artavasdus and Anna 
 sister of Constantine VI. Date of 
 birth unknown ; associated with his 
 father 742 ; made prisoner and exiled 
 after having had his eyes put out like 
 his father in 743. The portrait of this 
 prince is only found on coins of 
 Artavasdus. 
 
HOMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE. 
 
 G55 
 
 Christopha and Nicephotms, sons of Con- 
 stantine VI. and Eudocia. Dates of 
 their birth unknown ; created Caesars 
 in 769 ; exiled after having had their 
 tongues and eyes burned out; put to 
 death by order of Irene 797. No 
 coins are known of these princes. 
 
 Leo IV. (Chazarus), son of Constantine 
 VI. and Irene. Born 750 ; created 
 Augustus 751; reigned alone 775 ; 
 died in 780. G.— R. 5 Br. — R. 4 
 
 Irene , wife of Leo IV. Date of birth un- 
 known ; made regent of the Empire 
 during the minority of her son Con- 
 stantine VII. in 780 ; she caused his 
 eyes to be put out for the purpose of 
 reigning alone ; was imprisoned in 
 the isle of Lesbos by Nicephorus 
 Logothetus 802 ; died in 803. G. — 
 R, b S.— R. 6 Br.— R. 8 
 
 Constantine VII., son of Leo IV. Born 
 771; made Augustus in 7 7 6 ; reigned 
 with his mother 780 ; died after 
 having had his eyes put out by order 
 of his mother 797. G.— R. 6 S.—R. 7 
 Br.— R. 4 . R. 8 
 
 Nicephorus I. (Logothetus). Date of 
 birth unknown ; proclaimed Emperor 
 802 ; killed 811. G.— R. 3 Br.— R. 8 
 
 Some pieces represent him with his son 
 Stauracius. It was during the reign of 
 Nicephorus that the second empire of 
 the West commenced. 
 
 Stauracius, son of Nicephorus I. Date 
 of birth unknown ; associated in the 
 Empire in 803 ; abdicated the throne 
 with his father 811 ; died 812. G. — 
 
 R. 3 Br. — R. 8 Some pieces represent 
 this emperor with his father Ni- 
 cephorus. 
 
 Michael I. (Rhangabe and Curopalata), 
 sou-in-law of Nicephorus. Date of 
 birth unknown ; elected Emperor 811; 
 abdicated 813 ; died 845. G.— R. 3 
 
 S. — R. 4 Br. — R. 4 Some coins repre- 
 sent him with his son Theophylactus. 
 Those coins of Michael I., upon which 
 his son is not represented, can be 
 equally attributed to the other empe- 
 rors of the same name. 
 
 Theophylactus, son of Michael. Date of 
 birth unknown ; associated in the 
 Empire 811; entered into a monas- 
 tery after having been mutilated by 
 order of Leo V. G. — R, 4 Br. — R. 4 
 
 The coins of this prince represent 
 him with his father. 
 
 Leo V. (Armenius.) Date of birth un- 
 known ; proclaimed Emperor in 813 ; 
 assassinated in 820. Br. — R. 6 These 
 coins bear the portrait of his son Con- 
 stantine VIII. 
 
 Constantine VIII., son of Leo V. Date 
 of birth unknown ; associated with 
 his father 213 ; mutilated and exiled 
 by order of Michael II. 820. Br. — 
 R. 6 Some coins represent him with 
 his father Leo V. 
 
 Michael II. (Balbus.) Date of birth un- 
 known ; proclaimed Emperor 820 ; 
 died 829. G. — R. 2 R. 3 S.—R. 7 Br. 
 — R. 1 Some coins represent him with 
 his son Theophilus. 
 
 Theophilus, son of Michael. G. — R. 2 R. 3 
 El.— R. 2 S.—R. 5 Br.— C.— R. 3 There 
 exists a coin bearing the busts of 
 Theophilus, and of a prince named 
 Constantine who probably was his 
 son, but the piece is doubtful. There 
 are some pieces which were formerly 
 attributed to Theophilus which are 
 now restored to Michael III. 
 
 Theodora, wife of Theophilus. Date of 
 birth unknown ; acted as regent to her 
 son Michael III. 842 ; was shut up in 
 a monastery by order of her son 857. 
 Her coins bear portraits of Michael 
 III. on the reverse. 
 
 Michael III., son of Theophilus. Born 
 836 ; succeeded his father 842 under 
 his mother; reigned alone 857 ; died 
 867. G. — R. 3 R 7 S.—R. 5 Br.— R. 7 
 Some pieces represent him with 
 Theodora his mother, Thecla his 
 sister, Constantine his son, and Basi- 
 lius I. 
 
 Constantinus was formerly supposed to 
 have been the son of Theophilus, but 
 really the son of Michael IT. This 
 prince is unknown in history. G. — 
 R. 4 Some coins represent him with 
 Theophilus but most with Michael III 
 
 Thecla, daughter of Theophilus. Date 
 of birth unknown ; shut up in a 
 monastery with her mother in 857. 
 G. — R. 8 S. — R. 5 The coins of this 
 princess represent her with her brother 
 Michael III. 
 
 Basilius I. (Macedo.) Date of birth un- 
 known ; associated in the Empire bj 
 
G56 
 
 ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE. 
 
 Michael III. in 866 ; reigned alone 
 in 867 ; died 886. G.— R. 3 R. 4 S. 
 
 — R. 6 Br. — C. Some coins re- 
 
 present him with his sons Constan- 
 tine IX., Leo VI., and Alexander. 
 There are some coins falsely attri- 
 buted to Basilius 1., which really 
 belong to Basilius II. 
 
 Constantine IX., son ov' Basilius I. Born 
 about 853 ; associated in the Empire 
 868 ; died 879. G.— R. 2 R. 4 S.— 
 
 R. 5 Br. — C. Some coins represent 
 him with his father Basilius I. 
 
 Leo VI. (Sapiens), second son of Basilius. 
 Born 865 ; associated in the Empire 
 870 ; reigned with his brother Alex- 
 ander in 886 ; died 911. G.— R. 2 
 
 R. 6 S.— R. 3 Br. R. 1 R. 3 Some 
 
 coins represent him with Basilius I. 
 his son Constantine X., and his bro- 
 ther Alexander. 
 
 Zoe (Carbonopsina), the wife of Leo 
 VI. Date of birth unknown ; regent 
 over her son Constantine X. 912 ; 
 shut up in a monastery by her son 
 919. Br. — R. 1 R. 3 Her coins re- 
 
 present her with her son Constantine 
 XI. 
 
 Alexander, third son of Basilius. Born 
 870 ; reigned with his brother Leo 
 VI. in 886; died in 912. G.— R. 4 
 
 Br. — R. 2 Some of his coins represent 
 him with his father Basilius I. and his 
 brother Leo VI. 
 
 Romanus I. (Lecapenus.) Date of birth 
 unknown ; associated in the empire 
 with Constantine X. in 919; seized, 
 dethroned, and exiled by his son 
 Stephen in 944; died in 946. G. — 
 R. 3 R. 5 His coins bear the names 
 of Christopher, Stephen, and Con- 
 stantine XI. son of Leo VI. 
 
 Christopher, son of Romanus I. Date of 
 birth unknown ; associated in the 
 Empire 920 ; died 931. G.— R. 3 R. 5 
 
 Br. — R. 3 Some coins represent him 
 with his father Romanus I. 
 
 Steplianus, second son of Romanus. Date 
 of birth unknown ; associated in the 
 Empire in 931 ; dethroned and exiled 
 his father 944 ; exiled by Constantine 
 XI. in 945 ; died 964. The name of 
 this prince is only found on the coins 
 of his father. 
 
 Constantine X ., third son of Romanus. 
 
 Date of birth unknown ; made Augus. 
 tus in 945 ; put to death shortly after- 
 wards. This prince is only found on 
 the coins of his father. 
 
 Constantine XI., son of Leo VI. Born 
 905 ; succeeded his father 911 ; first 
 under the regency of Alexander his 
 uncle, and then of his mother Zoe; 
 reigned alone 945 ; died 952. G. — 
 R. 3 R. 4 S.— R. 6 Br.— R. 1 R 3 Some 
 coins represent him with his father 
 Leo VI., his mother Zoe, his son Ro- 
 manus II., and with Romanus I. his 
 colleague. 
 
 Romanus, son of Constantine XI. Born 
 in 938 ; succeeded his father 959 ; 
 died 963. G.— R. 3 R. 4 S.— R.o Br.— 
 
 R. 3 Some coins represent him with 
 his father Constantine. These coins 
 are not of certain attribution. 
 
 Theophano, wife of Romanus II. Date of 
 birth unknown ; regent for her sons 
 Basilius and Constantine in 963 ; she 
 married the same year Nicephorus II., 
 caused him to be assassinated in 969 ; 
 exiled by John Zimisces ; recalled by 
 her sons in 975 ; died 980. S. — R. 4 
 
 Nicephorus II. (Phocas). Born in 912 ; 
 proclaimed Emperor 963 ; assassi- 
 nated by his wife 969. G. — R. 6 S. 
 — R.° Br. — R. 3 — R. 4 Some coins re- 
 present him with Basilius II. 
 
 John I. (Zimisces). Date of birth un- 
 known ; proclaimed Emperor 969 ; 
 died from poison 975. S. — R.° Br. 
 — C. — R. 1 It is in this reign, for 
 the first time, that the figure of Christ 
 is placed upon the coins instead of 
 the portrait of the emperor. Some of 
 the coins of this reign are of doubtful 
 attribution. 
 
 Basilius II., son of Romanus II. Born 
 956 ; created Augustus 960 ; reigned 
 with his brother Constantine XII. 
 after the death of John Zimisces in 
 975 ; died 1025. G. — R. 3 R. s 
 
 S. — R.* R. 6 Br.— C. Some coins 
 
 represent him with his brother 
 Constantine. Some coins are attri- 
 buted to Basilius I. which rightly be- 
 long to this monarch. 
 
 Ootistantine XII., youngest son of Roma- 
 nus. Born 961 ; reigned with his 
 brother Basilius 975 ; sole emperor 
 1025 ; died 1028. G.— R. 3 R. a S. 
 
ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE. 
 
 657 
 
 — R. 5 R.* Br. — C. Some coins re- 
 present him with his brother Ba- 
 silius. 
 
 Bom anus III. (Ar gyrus), son-in-law of 
 Constantine. Born 973 ; emperor 
 1028 ; smothered by his wife Zoe in 
 1034. There are no certain coins of 
 this emperor. 
 
 Michael IV. (Paphlago). Date of birth 
 unknown ; married Zoe and suc- 
 ceeded to the throne 1034 ; retired 
 into a monastery and died there 1041. 
 There are no certain coins of this 
 emperor. 
 
 Michael V., son of the sister of Michael 
 IV. Date of birth unknown ; suc- 
 ceeded to the throne 1041 ; shut up 
 by his aunt in a monastery after hav- 
 ing had his eyes put out 1042. 
 There are no coins known of this 
 emperor. 
 
 Constantine XIII. (Monomachus). Mar- 
 ried Zoe and commenced his reign 
 1042 ; died 1054. G.— R. 4 S.— R. 7 
 
 Zoe , daughter of Constantine XII. and 
 wife of Romanus III., Michael IV., 
 and Constantine XIII. Born 978 ; 
 poisoned her first husband 1034 ; after 
 the death of her second in 1041 she 
 adopted Michael V. (Calaphates) ; she 
 was exiled by him but caused the 
 people to rise against him, had his 
 eyes put out, and reigned two months 
 with her sister Theodora in 1042 ; 
 espoused in the same year Constan- 
 tine; died 1050 ; The coins that 
 have been published of this empress 
 are not to be found in any cabinet. 
 
 Theodora , daughter of Constantine XII. 
 Born 981 ; at first she became a nun 
 but was proclaimed Empress with her 
 sister Zoe in 1042 ; and preserved 
 the title of Augusta during the reign 
 of Constantine XIII., and after his 
 death in 1054, reigned alone till 1056. 
 G.— R. 3 R. 6 
 
 Michael VI. (Stratioticus). Emperor in 
 1056 ; forced to abdicate 1057 ; died 
 1059. Tht;e are no certain coins 
 of this emperor. 
 
 Isaac I. (Comnenus). Proclaimed Em- 
 peror 1057 ; abdicated in favour of 
 Constantine XIV. in 1059 ; died in 
 1061. G. — R. 5 Br.— R. 5 
 
 Constantine XIV. (Ducas). Born 1007 ; 
 
 proclaimed emperor 1059 ; died 1067. 
 G.— R. 3 S.— R. 1 PI.— R. 8 
 
 Eudocia Ealassena, first wife of Constan- 
 tine XIV. afterwards Romanus IV. 
 After the death of Constantine in 
 1067 she governed in the name of 
 her sons ; married Romanus and pro- 
 claimed him Emperor 1068; shut up 
 in a monastery by her son Michael 
 VII. in 1071; died after the year 
 1096. G. — R. 5 Br. — R. 7 Some 
 coins represent her with her sons 
 Michael VII., Constantine, and Andro- 
 nicus, and her second husband Ro- 
 manus IV. 
 
 Romanus IV. (Diogenes). Married 
 Eudocia who proclaimed him Em- 
 peror 1068 ; prisoner of the Turks 
 1070 ; set free and had his eyes put 
 out by order of Michael VII. ; shut 
 up in a monastery 1071, where he 
 soon after died. G. — R. 3 R. 7 Br. — 
 
 R. 3 PI. — R. 8 Some coins represent 
 him with Eudocia, Michael VII., Con- 
 stantine and Andronicus. 
 
 Michael VII. (Ducas), son of Constantine 
 XIV. Succeeded his father with 
 his brothers Constantine and An- 
 dronicus, under the regency of 
 their mother in 1067 ; gave up the 
 throne to Romanus ; reascended the 
 throne during his captivity, and 
 maintained it by putting out his eyes 
 on his return, and shutting him up in 
 a monastery 1071. Michael was de- 
 throned in 1071, and retired into a 
 monastery ; afterwards Archbishop 
 of Ephesus ; died in the reign of 
 Alexius Comnenus. G. — R. 4 R. 8 
 
 S. — R. 5 Some coins represent him 
 
 with his wife Maria. 
 
 Maria , wife first of Michael VII. and 
 then of Nicephorus III. Retired 
 into a monastery with her first 
 husband in 1078 ; espoused Ni- 
 cephorus 1080, and retired for the 
 second time into a monastery in 
 1081. G. — R. 4 B.— R. 7 This 
 
 empress is only found on coins of 
 Michael VII. 
 
 Constantinus (Ducas Porphyrogenitus), 
 son of Constantine XIV. and Eudocia. 
 Made Emperor with his brothers 
 Michael and Andronicus under the 
 regency of his mother in 1067 ; 
 
 v v 
 
658 
 
 ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE, 
 
 abdicated 1078 ; died 1082. G. 
 — R. 5 R. 7 Br.— R. 8 PI.— R. 8 Coins 
 that represent this prince are either 
 of Eudocia or Romanus IV. 
 Andronicus, third son of Constantine XIV. 
 Associated in the Empire •with his 
 brothers ; died young. G. — R. 7 PI. 
 — R. 8 The coins that represent this 
 prince are of Romanus IV. 
 Oonstantinus (Ducas Porphyrogenitus), 
 son of Michael VII. Born 1074 ; shut 
 up in a monastery by Nicephorus III. 
 1078 ; died in the reign of Alexius 
 Comnenus. There are no certain 
 coins of this prince. 
 
 Nicephorus III. (Botaniates.) Born ; 
 
 proclaimed emperor 1077 ; dethroned 
 Michael VII. 1078; dethroned 1081 ; 
 retired into a monastery and died 
 shortly afterwards. G. — R. 4 Br. — 
 R. a 
 
 Alexius I. (Comnenus). Born 1048; 
 proclaimed emperor 1081 ; died 
 1118. G.— R. 3 S. — R. 4 Br.— R. 4 
 
 John II. (Comnenus Porphyrogenitus), 
 son of Alexius I. Born 1088 ; em- 
 peror 1118; died 1143. G. — R. 2 
 R. 3 S.— R. 3 Br.— R.* 
 
 Manuel I. (Comnenus Porphyrogenitus 
 Ducas), son of John II. Born 1120 ; 
 made emperor 1143; died 1180. 
 G.— R. 3 S.— R. 4 R. 5 Po.— R. 4 Br. 
 — C.— R . 2 
 
 Alexius II. (Comnenus), son of Manuel I. 
 Born 1167-9 ; Emperor under the re- 
 gency of his mother Maria 1180; 
 strangled by command of Andronicus 
 Comnenus in 1183. G. — R. 6 Br. — 
 
 R. 4 One coin represents him with 
 Andronicus I. 
 
 Andronicus I. (Comnenus), son of Isaac, 
 brother of John II. Seized upon 
 the throne 1183; dethroned and 
 torn in pieces by the people 1185. 
 G.~ R. 4 8.— R. 2 
 
 Isaac II., son of Andronicus Commenus. 
 Elected Emperor 1185 ; deposed and 
 imprisoned by his brother Alexius 
 III. 1195 ; re-established by the Cru- 
 saders 1203 ; died 1204. G. — R. 4 
 
 S. — R. 4 Br.— R. 2 
 
 Alexius III. (Angel us), brother of Isaac 
 II. Seized upon the throne 1195 ; 
 deposed by the Crusaders 1203 ; shut 
 up in a monastery after having had 
 
 his eyes put out. There are no 
 certain coins of this prince. How- 
 ever it is possible that some of those 
 attributed to Alexius I. really be- 
 long to Alexius III. 
 
 Alexius IV. (Angelus), son of Isaac II. 
 Associated with his father 1203 ; 
 dethroned and strangled by Alexius 
 Murzuphlus 1204. The same obser- 
 vation as above may be made here. 
 
 Alexius V. (Murzuphlus). Seized upon 
 the throne 1204 ; put to death by 
 the Crusaders, who established a 
 new empire at Constantinople. Same 
 observation as for Alexius III. 
 
 FRENCH EMPERORS. 
 
 Baldtvin I., son of Baldwin VIII., Count 
 of Flanders. Elected Emperor by the 
 Crusaders in 1204; conquered and 
 taken prisoner by the Bulgarians 
 1205 ; died 1206. Br.— R. 8 
 
 Henry, brother of Baldwin. Regent 
 during his brother’s captivity 1205 ; 
 Emperor 1206 ; died 1216. 
 
 Petrus de Courinay (Altissiodori Comes). 
 Elected Emperor 1216 ; crowned 
 at Rome by Pope Honorius II. 1207 ; 
 taken prisoner by Theodorus Angolus 
 Prince of Epirus ; died 1218; during 
 his captivity his wife Jolande 
 governed in his stead. No coins are 
 known of this emperor. 
 
 Robert, son of the preceding. Emperor 
 1221 after an interregnum ; died 1228. 
 No coins are known of this emperor. 
 
 Baldwin II., brother of Robert. 
 Elected Empeior 1228 ; dethroned by 
 Michael Paleologus, who put an end 
 to the empire of the French in 
 the East, and re-established the Greek 
 empire at Constantinople 1261 ; died 
 1272. No coins are known of this 
 emperor. 
 
 BYZANTINE EMPERORS 
 RESTORED. 
 
 Theodorus I. (Lascaris), son of Anna 
 Comnena daughter of Alexius III. 
 Born 1176; retired into Asia after 
 the taking of Constantinople by the 
 Ciusaders ; declared Emperor at Nice 
 
ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE. 
 
 659 
 
 1205 ; died 1222. The coins that 
 could be attributed to Theodore I. 
 and III., not being of certain attribu- 
 tion, may be more safely attributed to 
 Theodorus II. 
 
 Theodorus II., son of John Angelus. King 
 of Epirus, he took the title of Em- 
 peror at Thessalonica in Macedonia 
 1223 ; vanquished and taken prisoner 
 by the Bulgarians 1230 ; had his eyes 
 put out; recovered his liberty but 
 abdicated in favour of his son John, 
 who was dethroned by John III. (Va- 
 tatzes). At. — R. 5 Br. — R. 3 The coins 
 of this emperor were probably struck 
 in Macedonia and Epirus. Those 
 which belong to Theodore I. and III. 
 are undoubtedly struck in Bithynia. 
 
 John III. (Vatatzes), son-in-law to 
 Theodore I. Born 1193 ; succeeded 
 to the Empire 1222 ; died 1255. Br. 
 — R. 8 These coins were struck in 
 Bythynia. 
 
 Theodorus III. (Lascaris Junior), son of 
 John III. Born 1223 ; succeeded 
 his father 1255 ; died 1259. No 
 certain coins are known of this 
 prince. 
 
 John IV. (Lascaris), son of Theodorus 
 III. Born 1251 ; succeeded his 
 father 1259 ; divided the Empire 
 with his brother Michael VIII. ; kept 
 prisoner in a castle after having had 
 his eyes put out 1261. No coins are 
 known of this emperor. 
 
 Michael VIII. (Paleologus). Proclaimed 
 Emperor with his brother 1259 ; sole 
 Emperor in 1261 ; died 1282. G. — 
 R. 7 Br. — R. 8 After this reign the 
 Greek coins were again struck at 
 Constantinople. One coin represents 
 him with his son Andronicus. 
 
 Andronicus II., son of Michael VIII. 
 Bern 1258 ; named Emperor 1273 ; 
 
 succeeded his father 1282 ; dethroned 
 by Andronicus III. 1328 ; died 3132. 
 G.— R. 4 S.— R. 6 Br— R. 4 Some 
 coins represent him with his son 
 Michael IX. 
 
 Michael IX. (Paleologus), son of Andro- 
 nicus II. Born 127 7 ; associated with 
 his father 1295 ; died 132C. G.— 
 R. 4 Br.— R 4 . 
 
 Andronicus III., son of Michael IX. 
 Born 1295 ; associated in the Empire' 
 1325 ; died 1341. No certain coins 
 are known of this emperor. 
 
 John V., son of Andronicus III. Born 
 1332 ; succeeded his father 1341 ; 
 dethroned by his son Andronicus 
 1371 ; re-established 1373 ; died 
 1391. No coins are known of this 
 emperor. 
 
 John VI. (Cantacuzenus). Regent 1341 ; 
 proclaimed colleague of John V. 1347 ; 
 renounced the throne 1355. PI. — R. 8 
 Of doubtful attribution. 
 
 Manuel II., son of Andronicus IV. Born 
 1348; succeeded his father 1393; died 
 1491. No coins are known of this 
 prince. 
 
 John VII. (Paleologus). Associated in 
 the Empire 1399 ; renounced the 
 throne 1402 ; died in a monastery. 
 No coins are known of this emperor. 
 
 John VIII., son of Manuel II. Born 1 390; 
 declared Augustus 1419 ; succeeded 
 his father 1425 ; died 1448. G.— R. 8 
 
 This coin is doubtful. 
 
 Constantine XV., son of Manuel II. 
 Born 1403 ; succeeded his brother 
 1448 ; killed in the taking of Con- 
 stantinople by the Turks 29th of May, 
 1453, (the 2206th year from the 
 foundation of ancient Rome). Thus 
 ended the Empire of the Caesars. 
 G. — R. 5 The coins of this emperoi 
 are doubtful. 
 
660 
 
 PRICES OP ROMAN COINS 
 
 A LIST OF THE PRESENT PRICES OF ROMAN COINS, 
 
 OF 
 
 6oi&, filter, anti ([Topper. 
 
 FROM JULIUS CAESAR TO THE FALL OF THE EMPIRE. 
 
 AS REALISED AT THE THOMAS, PEMBROKE, AND OTHER RECENT SALES. 
 
 The prices of such coins as have not recently been brought to the hammer are taken 
 from Mionnet's list of prices , since the publication of which the scale 
 has rather risen. To r. signifies turned to the Right, to 1. homed to the 
 Left ; S. Silver ; G. Gold ; Br. Bronze ; rev. Reverse ; obv. Obverse ; t. s. 
 Thomas's Sale , p. s. Pembroke Sale. The terms First or Large Brass, Second or 
 Middle Brass, Third or Small Brass, are used indiscriminately. 
 
 JULIUS CAESAR (from b.c. 44 to 40). 
 
 The obverse bears his head ; c. caesar. 
 dict. perp. pont. max : (rev.) bare 
 head of Octavius ; c. caesar cos. 
 pont. aug. ; fine and scarce. — G. 
 11/. 15s. (t. s.) 
 
 Laureate head behind it a vase; caesar 
 dic. : i^rev.) bare head of Anthony 
 and a lituus ; m. anto. imp. ; very 
 rare and fine. — G. 23/. 10s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) caes. dic. ovar. ; bust of Venus : 
 (rev.) cos. ouinc. ; in a wreath of 
 laurel, very rare, and in good pre- 
 servation ; weight 1 23 y 8 ^. — G. 21. 8s. 
 (p. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) c. caesar imp. cos. iter ; head 
 of Venus to r. : (rev.) a. allienvs 
 pro. cos. ; figure standing to /., 
 triquetra in r. hand ; r. foot on 
 prow of galley ; fine and extremely 
 rare. — S. 1/. 11s. (p. 
 
 A lot consisting of four coins, the 
 reverses being respectively, 1st, 
 Venus, p. SEPVLDivs ; 2d, p. ser- 
 vilivs ; 3d, globe, caduceus, &c., 
 mvssidivs ; 4th, calf, Q. Voconius. 
 vitvlvs ; sold together for 21. 12s. 
 (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) Augustus. — First brass. — 1/. 7s. 
 (t. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) winged bust of Victory ; caesar 
 dic. teh. : (rev.) Minerva with 
 
 Medusa’s head on the aegis ; c. 
 clovi ; very fine, with five others. — 
 Second brass. 1/. Is. (p. s.) 
 
 Third brass about 5s. 
 
 Pompey the Great. 
 
 G. about 21/. 
 
 (Rev.) the Sicilian Brothers carrying 
 their parents ; Neptune, and usual 
 legend, and two common coins of 
 Julius Caesar. — S. 3/. 6s. (t. s.) 
 
 Large brass (Mionnet). — 3s. 
 
 Second brass (Mionnet). — 2s. 
 
 Oneius Pompey. 
 
 Gold unique in the Hunterian Col- 
 lection. — 21/. 
 
 Silver about 1Z. 10s. 
 
 Sextus Pompey. 
 
 With the heads of his father and 
 brother (Mionnet). — G. 20/. 
 
 With his portrait and name (Mionnet). 
 — S. 31. 12 s. 
 
 Without his head (Mionnet). — Br. 6s. 
 
 Marcus Brutus. 
 
 Obv.) head of Marcus Brutus : (rev.) 
 cap of liberty between two daggers ; 
 eid. mar. — G. 28/. (t. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) head : (rev.) a cap of liberty be- 
 
PRICES OF ROMAN COINS 
 
 661 
 
 tween two daggers; eid. mar. ; very 
 fine and rare. — S. 15/. 10s. (t. s.) 
 
 "Marcus Lepidus. 
 
 (Obv.) M. LEPIDVS III. VIR. R. P. C. ; 
 
 bare head to r : (rev. 'I l. regvlvs. 
 iiii. vir. a.p.e. ; veiled female to Z ., 
 with simpulum in extended r. hand, 
 and hasta pura in Z. ; extremely 
 rare and in fine condition ; weight, 
 123 grs. — G. 28/. (p. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) head of Augustus, better pre- 
 served than usual. — S. 1/. 10s. 
 
 (t. s.) 
 
 First brass of the colony of Cabe, in 
 Spain, about 51. 5s. 
 
 Marc Antony. 
 
 (Obv.) M. ANTONINVS III. VIR. R. P. C. ; 
 
 bare head of Antony, with slight 
 beard; lituus behind: (rev.) c. 
 
 caesar hi. vir. r, p. c. ; bare head 
 of Octavius ; extremely rare. — G. 
 13Z. (p. s.) 
 
 (Obv. ) m. Anton, imp. ; his bare head, 
 with cropped beard to r. ; behind, 
 lituus: (rev.) CaESAR. di. . .laureate 
 head of Julius Caesar to r., behind, 
 prsefericulum ; rare and very fine. — 
 S. 1Z. 16s. (p. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) M. Anto. cos. iii. imp. iiii. 
 head of Jupiter Ammon to r. : (rev.) 
 a av scarpvs im ; Victory to r., with 
 palm and wreath ; rare and well- 
 preserved. — 7 s. (p. s.) 
 
 Middle brass (Mionnet), with head of 
 Augustus. — 3s. 
 
 With his head and Cleopatra’s (Mion- 
 net). — 12s. 
 
 Marc Antony ( the son.) 
 
 A unique gold coin : (rev.) his father 
 (Mionnet). — 50Z. 
 
 Cleopatra. 
 
 Gold (Mionnet). — 30Z. 
 
 Silver, the usual size (Mionnet). — 2Z. 
 
 Middle brass (Mionnet). — 12s. 
 
 Third brass (Mionnet). — 10s. 
 
 Caius Antonins. 
 
 (Rev.) sacrificial instruments and the 
 hasta pura (Mionnet). — S. 31. 12s. 
 
 Lucius Antonins. 
 
 (Obv.) his head : (rev.) Marc Antony 
 (Mionnet). — S. 1Z. 10s. 
 
 AUGUSTUS (from b. c. 29 to 14 a. d.) 
 
 (Obv.) caesar : (rev.! a bull walking ; 
 avgvstvs, very fine. — G. 7 Z. 5s. (t.s.) 
 
 Same type restored by Trajan. — 51. 5s. 
 (t. s.) 
 
 (ObV.) CAESAR AVGVSTVS DIVI. F. PATER. 
 
 patriae ; laureate head of Augustus : 
 
 (rev.) TI. CAESAR AVG. F. TR. POT. XV. 
 
 Tiberius laureate, and holding the 
 Roman standard in a quadriga, the 
 horses walking ; in good condition, 
 and rare ; weight grs. — 
 
 3Z. 6s. (p. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) avgvsti mvi e. ; head of 
 Augustus, laureated ; (rev.) tr. pot. 
 xxx. ; winged Victory seated on a 
 globe, forming a wreath with both 
 hands (half aureus) ; in middling 
 condition, and somewhat bruised, 
 but rare; weight 60^. — G. 15s. 
 (p. M 
 
 (Obv.) c.;?sar. avgvstvs ; bare head 
 to Z. : (rev.) votive buckler inscribed 
 s. p. a. r. cl. v. ; very fine and ex- 
 tremely rare, with the head to the 
 left. — S. 5s. (p. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) avgvstvs divi. f. ; bare head to 
 r. : (rev.) m. sanqvinivs. hi. vir. ; 
 head of Augustus to r. ; laureate 
 and surmounted with a radiated 
 star ; fine and very rare. — 16s. 
 
 First brass, three coins: (rev.) divvs 
 avgvstvs pater ; restored by Titus ; 
 rare and fine : (rev.) imp. nerva, 
 &c. ; restored by Nerva, rare and 
 well-preserved : (obv.) quadriga 
 
 with elephants and four riders : 
 (rev.) ti. caesar ; fine ; sold together 
 for 4Z. 12s. (t.s.) 
 
 Same type as one last mentioned, re- 
 stored by Nerva (Mionnet). — 104. 
 
 Middle brass (Mionnet) : (rev.) head 
 of Tiberius. — 1 2s. 
 
 Small brass : (obv.) incus, (rev.) s. c. 
 Apronia, with six others. — 21. 4s. 
 (p. s.) 
 
 Livia. 
 
 First Brass : (obv.) s. p. a. r. ivliae 
 avgust. ; carpentum to r., drawL 
 by two mules : (rev.) ti. caesar 
 
 DIVI AVG. F. AVGVST J P. M. TR. POT. 
 
 xxiiii. round a large sc. struck by 
 Tiberius. — 1Z. 8s. (t. s.) 
 
 Second brass (Mionnet). — About 4s. 
 
 Agrippa. 
 
 Gold, supposed by Mionnet to b* 
 unique. — 40Z. 
 
 (Rev.) Augustus ; bare heads ; very 
 
662 
 
 PRICES OF ROMAN COINS. 
 
 well preserved and scarce. — S. 7 f. 
 (t. s.) 
 
 First brass ; of the colony of Gades. — 
 51. (t. s.) 
 
 Middle brass, restored by Titus. — From 
 4a. 
 
 Third brass (Mionnet). — If. 
 
 Julia ( wife of Agrippa). 
 
 Large brass struck at Iol (Mionnet). — 
 If. 4a. 
 
 Same in middle brass. — 18a. 
 
 Third brass. — 3 f. 
 
 Lucius Oaesar. 
 
 Middle brass : (rev.) Augustus (Mion- 
 net). — 21. 10a. 
 
 Same in small. — If. 
 
 Caius Caesar. 
 
 Same as last in all respects. 
 
 Agrippa Oaesar. 
 
 Third brass ; Colonial ' of Corinth 
 (Mionnet). — 3f. 
 
 TIBERIUS (a. , 14 to 37). 
 
 (Rev.) head of Augustus ; star, and 
 divos. avgvst. dxvi. f. ; rather 
 scarce. — G. 21. 16a. (t. s.) 
 
 Restored by Titus. — 6 f. 
 
 (Obv.) ti. divi. f. avgvstvs ; laureate 
 head of Tiberius to r. : (rev.) tr. 
 pot. xvn. ; Victory winged and 
 draped, seated on a globe to r., 
 forming a wreath with both hands ; 
 good condition and scarce (half 
 Aureus) ; v .^ght, 60 T 5 0 . — If. 5a. 
 (p. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) the emperor seated. — S, 11a. 
 (t. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) TI. CAESAR. AVGVST. F. IM- 
 
 perator. vii.; head to r. of Tiberius, 
 laurelled: (rev.) rom. et. avg.; 
 
 decorated altar between two cippi, on 
 each a Victory winged, and holding 
 wreath. — First brass, poor , 3 f. 15a. 
 (p. s.); fine, worth 20 f. 
 
 (Rev.) pontif. max. s. c , with four 
 others. — Middle brass. 21. 15a. 
 (t. s.) 
 
 Third brass (Mionnet). — 4a. 
 
 Julia ( wife of Tiberius). 
 
 Third brass (Mionnet) : (rev.) Tibe- 
 rius. — 3f. 
 
 Drusus [son of Tiberius ). 
 
 Silver (Mionnet) : (rev.) Tiberius. — 
 
 lOf. 
 
 Second brass (Mionnet), same (rev.)— 
 
 21 . 
 
 Second brass, Pontif Tribe n, &c. 5a. 
 Drusus, senior. 
 
 Gold, rare, about 3f. 
 
 Silver, rare, about 2f. 
 
 (Obv.) TI. CI.AVDIVS. CiESAR. AVG. 
 
 p. m. tr. p. imp. p. p. ; head of 
 Claudius laureate to r. : (rev.) nero. 
 
 CLAVDIVS. DRVSVS. GERMAN. IMP.; 
 
 Drusus on horseback to r., on a 
 triumphal arch between two trophies, 
 struck by Claudius ; scarce. — First 
 brass. 11a. (p. s.) 
 
 Antonia ( wife of Drusus, Sen.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet). — 3 f. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet). — 21. 
 
 (Rev.) Claudius (Mionnet). — Second 
 brass. If. 
 
 Third brass. 2f. 
 
 Qermanicus. 
 
 (Rev.) head of Caligula ; a well pre- 
 served and rare medal. — G. lOf. 5a. 
 
 (t. s.) 
 
 Laureate head of Caligula, very fine 
 and scarce. — S. 2f. 6a. (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) Caligula (Mionnet). — First 
 brass. 15 f. 10a. 
 
 Second brass (Mionnet). — 2a. 6<f. 
 
 Third brass, restored by Domitian. — 4a. 
 Agrippina, senior ( wife of Germanicus). 
 (Rev.) head of Caligula.— G. Ilf. 15a. 
 (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) laureate head of Caligula, well 
 preserved and rare. — S. 21. 5a. 
 (t. s.) 
 
 First brass, about 2f. 
 
 CALIGULA (a. d. 37 to 41). 
 
 (Rev.) radiated head of Augustus ; 
 
 DIWS. AVG. FATER. PATRIAE ; Scarce, 
 
 and in good condition. — G. (t.s.) 14f. 
 (Rev.) Victory holding a garland, and 
 sitting on a globe ; p. m. tr. pot. 
 cos. ; fine and rare, half aureus. — 
 71. 10a. (t.s.) 
 
 (Obv.) C. CAESAR AVG. PON. M. TR. POT. 
 
 hi. cos. hi. ; laureate head of 
 Caligula to r. : (rev.) diws. avg. 
 pater, patriae ; radiate head of 
 Augustus to r. ; fine condition, and 
 very rare; weight, 119 rn *«•— 
 51. 5s. (p. 8.) 
 
 (Rev.) radiated head of Augustus ; 
 
 DIWS. AVGVSTVS PATER PATRIAE; 
 
PRICES OF ROMAN COINS. 
 
 663 
 
 very fine, and comparatively scarce, 
 as are his coins in all the three metals 
 — S. 21. 7s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) C. CAESAR AVG. GERMANICVS PON. 
 
 m. tr. pot. ; head of Caligula to l. 
 laureated : (rev.) adlocutio. coh. ; 
 the emperor addressing five soldiers ; 
 scarce. — First brass. 1/. (p. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) Vesta seated, with three others 
 —coins Middle brass. 41. 6s. (t. s.) 
 Third brass (Mionnet). — 5s. 
 
 CLAUDIUS (a. d. 42.) 
 
 (Obv.) DIVVS. CLAVDIVS. AVGVSTVS ; 
 
 head of Claudius laureate to l. : 
 (rev.) ex. sc. (in exergue); triumphal 
 quadriga, the horses walking to r. ; 
 the apex of the car ornamented with 
 four horses galloping abreast, and 
 winged Victories ; other figures 
 on the side and front ; in very good 
 condition, and very rare ; weight, 
 120^ grs.. — G. 21. 13s. (p. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) TI. CLAVD. CAESAR. AVG. GERM. 
 
 p. m. trib. pot p. p. ; laureate head 
 of Claudius to r. : (rev.) nero. clavd. 
 
 CAES. DRVSVS. GERM. PRINC. IWENT. ; 
 
 bust of Nero, with bare head to l . ; 
 extremely rare ; weight, 118 grs. — 
 41. 4s. (p. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) a triumphal arch, and the 
 emperor on horseback between two 
 trophies on its summit ; de. britan ni; 
 in excellent condition. — S. 61. 2s. 6 d. 
 (t. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) TI. CLAVDIVS. CAESAR. AVG. 
 
 p. m. tr. p. imp. p. p. ; head of 
 Claudius to r. laureate : (rev.) 
 
 within oak wreath ; ex sc. pp. ob. 
 cives. servatos ; finely preserved. — 
 First brass. 3/. 
 
 Restored by Trajan (Mionnet). — 8/. 
 Middle brass (Mionnet). — 3s. 
 
 Small Brass about 4s. 
 
 Messalina ( wife of Claudius ). 
 
 Second brass Col. (Mionnet). — If. 10s. 
 Third brass Col. (Mionnet.) — 21. 
 Egyptian Potin medallions 15s. 
 Agrippina, junior ( wife of Claudius ) . 
 [Daughter of Germanicus ) : (rev.) heads 
 of Agrippina and Nero, face to face : 
 (rev.) an oaken garland within it; 
 ex. s. c. — G. 41. 3s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) empress and her son Nero face 
 
 to face : (rev.) oak garland ; ex. 
 c. &c. — S. 7 s. (t. s.) 
 
 First brass (Mionnet). — 221. 10s. 
 Colonial third brass. — 10s. 
 
 Britannicus ( son of Claudius and Mcs- 
 salina). 
 
 Large brass (Mionnet). — 50 1. 
 
 Small brass, with the title of Augustus 
 (Mionnet). — 51. 
 
 NERO (a.d. 55). 
 
 (Rev.) the emperor and Fortuna 
 standing ; avgvstvs. avgvsta ; ex- 
 ceedingly fine. — G. 3 1. 3s. (t. s.) 
 
 Jupiter seated ; ivpiter. cvstos ; 
 fine. — If. 11s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) temple vesta. — S. 8s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) IMP. NERO. CAESAR. AVG. P. 
 
 max. tr. p. p. p. Head of Nero, to 
 f. laureated ; pace. pr. terra, mariq 
 parta. ianvm. clvsit. s. c. Temple 
 of Janus. — If. Is. (p. s.) 
 
 Second brass (Mionnet). — 10s. 
 
 Third brass (Mionnet). — 3s. 
 
 Octavia {wife of Nero). 
 
 Mionnet affirms that no Roman coins 
 are known of this empress ; this 
 remark applies, also, to Poppaea and 
 Messalina. 
 
 Clodius Macer. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), without his head. — 61. 
 
 Small brass, with his head. — 15f. 
 
 GALBA (a. d. 68). 
 
 (Rev.) a military figure ; roma. 
 renasc. ; very fine. — G. 9 f. 10s. 
 
 (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) a female, with ears of corn, 
 standing ; imp. avg. very fine, from 
 the Trattle collection.— I2f. 15s. 
 (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) a female standing ; diva, av- 
 gvsta; fine. — 31. 9s. 
 
 (Obv.) IMP. SER. SVLP. GALBA. CAES. 
 
 avg. tr. p. Head of Galba to r. 
 laureated : (rev.) liberta aug ; 
 
 liberty standing to f. ; s. c. — First 
 brass. 12s. (p. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) SER. GALBA. IMP. CAES. AVO. TR. 
 
 p. ; head of Galba to r. laureated : 
 (rev.) s. c. ; winged Victory to f., 
 with palm branch. — If. 9s. (p. s.) 
 
664 
 
 PRICES OF ROMAN COINS. 
 
 OTHO (a. d. 68.) 
 
 (Rev.) a female standing with caduceas 
 and a laurel branch ; pax. orbis. 
 terrarvm ; very fine and very 
 rare. — G 15/. 10s. tid. (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) a female figure, holding the 
 hasta, and a ■wreath ; secvritas. 
 p. r. ; well-preserved and rare. — 
 10/. 5s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) victoria, othonis ; this is the 
 most rare type of Otho ; in a good 
 state of preservation. — 12/. 5s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) secvritas. p. r. ; very fine. — 
 S. 20s. 
 
 No Roman brass known. 
 
 VITELLIUS (a.d. 69). 
 
 (Rev.) his two sons, face to face; [ 
 liberi. imp. german, avg ; very 
 rare. — G. 3/. 5s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) the emperor’s father, seated ; 
 l. vitkllivs. cos. hi. censor ; rare. 
 —3/. (t. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) A. VITELLTVS. GERMAN. IMP. TR. 
 
 p. ; head of Vitellius laureated to r. : 
 (rev.) libertas. rest it vta ; draped 
 female standing to r. ; pileus in 
 extended right hand, and hasta pura 
 in left ; in perfect condition, and 
 very rare; weight, 11 3^ grs. — 4/. 
 18s. (p. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) a wreath and s. p. a. r. ob. c.s. 
 — S. About 10s. 
 
 (Rev.) annona. avg ; emperor standing, 
 and Ceres seated ; a most rare type. 
 — First brass. 61. 10 s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) concorbia avgvsti ; well-pre- 
 served and rare, with nine others. — 
 Middle brass. 1/. 
 
 Small brass (Mionnet) about 3/. 
 
 VESPASIAN (a. d. 69.) 
 
 (Obv.) IMP. CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG. 
 
 tr. p. ; head of Vespasian laureated 
 to r. : (rev.) fort. red. cos. in. ; 
 draped female standing to /. ; her 
 r. hand on the prow of a galley; 
 at her feet, and in her left hand, a 
 cornucopia; well-preserved and rare : 
 (rev.) — Weight, 112 T 3 ff grs. — 1/. 
 7s. (p. s.) 
 
 , (Rev.) a magnificent carpentum drawn 
 
 by four horses ; ex. c. ; very rare, 
 in such a high state of preservation. 
 — 81 . (t. s.) 
 
 Two coins of this emperor ; the (rev.) 
 of one being avg. ephe. within a 
 wreath ; rare, and of the other paci. 
 
 orbi ep. he. under a turreted 
 
 bust. — S. 6s. (p. s.) 
 
 First brass ; jvdaea. capta. ; a palm 
 tree with bound captives at its base. 
 — From 1/. 10s. 
 
 Middle brass, about 7s. 
 
 Small brass (Mionnet), about 3s. 
 
 Domitilla ( \cife of Vespasian). 
 
 All her coins are rare. 
 
 First brass, about 20s. 
 
 TITUS, (a.d. 79.) 
 
 (Rev.) a thunderbolt on the curule 
 chair ; imp. caes. traian. avg. ger. 
 pac. p. p. rest. ; this fine medal, 
 restored by Trajan, is extremely 
 rare, and was formerly of the Trattle 
 collection. — G. 71. 15s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) Vespasian seated ; diws. vespa- 
 sian; rare. — 1/. 13s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) Victory standing on a globe ; 
 vie. avg. ; fine and rare. — 1/. 9s. 
 (t. s.) 
 
 Two coins, first (rev.) ivdaea, captive 
 seated to r, at foot of trophy, fine, 
 second; (Rev.) tr. p. cos. vii. des. 
 viii. p. p., thunderbolt on throne, 
 fine. — S. 14s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) IMP. T. CAES. VESP. AVG. P. M. TR. 
 
 p. p. p. cos. vm. ; head of Titus 
 laureated : (rev.) pietas. avgvsta. ; 
 draped female joining the hands of 
 Titus and Domitian ; s. c. ; rare. — 
 1/. 2s. (p. s.) 
 
 Middle brass, about 7s. 
 
 Small brass (Mionnet). — About 3s. 
 
 Julia ( daughter of Titus ) . 
 
 (Rev.) a peacock with its wings and tail 
 expanded ; divi. titi. filii ; extra 
 rare, as are all her medals, and most 
 highly preserved. — G. 47/. (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) venvs. avgvsta ; rare and well 
 preserved : this was sold with three 
 coins of her father. — S. 1/. 18s. 
 
 (t. s.) 
 
 First brass (Mionnet). — 7s. 
 
 Middle brass (Mionnet). — 4s. 
 
PRICES OF ROMAN COINS. 
 
 665 
 
 POMITIAN (a.d. 81.) 
 
 (Rev.) Germany seated on a shield 
 near a broken spear ; germanicus 
 cos. xv. ; very fine and rare. — G. 
 4Z. 6*. (t. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) domitianv8. avgvstvs. ; bare 
 head of Domitian- to r . : (rev.) ger- 
 manjcvs ; the emperor standing in a 
 quadriga, 'with circular front orna- 
 mented with figures, branch in r. 
 hand, sceptre in Z., horses walking 
 to Z. ; fine preservation, and very 
 rare : (rev.) weight, 114 T r ^grs.. — 1/. 
 15s. (p. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) wolf and twins ; cos. v. — 1Z. 3s. 
 (t. s.) 
 
 A Parthian kneeling and presenting a 
 standard ; cos. v. — 1Z. 5 j. (p. s.) 
 
 Six coins, viz. : (rev.) Salic priest, with 
 the small rod and sacred shield ; 
 cos. xiiii. lvd. saec. &c. second 
 (rev.) same legend on a cippus in a 
 wreath ; third (rev.) Minerva with 
 the owl or prow of a vessel ; fourth 
 (rev.) Minerva armed, standing ; 
 fifth (rev.) emperor on horseback; 
 sixth (rev.) female seated ; princeps. 
 iwentvtis ; all highly preserved 
 and interesting. — 1Z. 12s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) IMP. CAES. DOM1T. A. . . . VIII. 
 
 cens. per. p. p. ; head of Domitian 
 laureated to r. : (rev.) cos. mi. lvd. 
 saec. feli. ; two musicians, the Popa 
 with a sow; recumbent figure of 
 Tiber ; s. c. in exergue. — First brass. 
 1Z. 19s. (p. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) Hexastyle temple, statues, quad- 
 riga, &c., with three others. — Middle 
 brass. 31 . 12s. (t. s.) 
 
 Small brass (Mionnet). — About 3s. 
 
 Domitia {wife of Domitian ). 
 
 (Obv.) DOMITIA. AVG. IMP. DOMITIAN. AVG. 
 
 germ. ; bust of Domitia to r. : (rev.) 
 concordia avgvst. ; peacock walking 
 to r. ; in fine preservation, and 
 extremely rare. — G. 6Z. 6s. (p. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) Domitian’s son on a globe, be- 
 tween stais; usual legend; fine and 
 rare. — S. 3Z. 2s. (t. s.) 
 
 Large brass (Mionnet). — 22Z. 
 
 Second brass (Mionnet). — CZ. 
 
 Vespasian the younger. 
 
 Third brass, struck under Titus. — 
 About 2Z. 
 
 NERVA. (a.d. 96.) 
 
 (Rev.) a female standing ; libertas 
 pvblica ; very fine. — 3Z. 8s. (t. s.) 
 Silver, about 6s. 
 
 (Obv.) IMP. NERVA. CAES. AVG. P. M. TR. 
 
 p. cos. hi. p. p. ; head of Nerva to 
 r., laureated : (rev.) veh. . . . aliae. 
 remissa. ; two mules grazing in the 
 background; their yokes; s. c. in 
 exergue ; rare and interesting. — 
 First brass. 16s. (p. s.) 
 
 Second brass, about 5s. 
 
 Third brass, 2s. to 5s. 
 
 TRAJAN, (a. d. 98 to 116.) 
 
 (Rev.) captives at the foot of a trophy ; 
 parthia. capta ; scarce. — G. 1Z. 6s. 
 (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) the emperor on an estrade, and 
 five other figures standing ; regna. 
 adsignata. ; this coin was struck on 
 the assignment of dominions to the 
 kings of Parthia, Mesopotamia, and 
 Armenia ; well preserved and rare. 
 — 3Z. 4s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) forvm. traian. ; very fine. — 
 5 Z. 7s. 6 d . (t.s.) 
 
 (Obv.) IMP. CAES. NF.R. TRAIAN. OPTIM. 
 
 avg. ger. dac. parthico ; naked bust 
 of Trajan laureated to r., aegis on Z. 
 shoulder, (rev.) p. m. tr. p. cos. 
 vi. p. p. s. p. a. R., trophy, with 
 crossed buckler on each side ; at the 
 foot of it, a male and female prisoner 
 seated back to back, before each a 
 bow in bow-case, in exergue, par- 
 thia. capta. ; in extremely good 
 condition, and very rare type ; 
 weight, 111-j-V S rs * — ( p * s> ) 
 Silver, common. — About 3s. 
 
 (ObV.) IMP. CAES. NERVAE. TRAIANO. AVG. 
 GER. DAC. P. M. TR. P. COS. V. DKS. VI. ; 
 head of Trajan to r., laureated : (rev.) 
 s. p. a. R. optmo. principi. s. c. ; 
 captive seated by a trophy. — First 
 brass. 1Z. 8s. (p.s.) 
 
 Middle brass (Mionnet). — 12s. 
 
 Small brass (Mionnet). — Is. 
 
 Tlotina , {wife of Trepan). 
 
 (Obv.) PLOTINA. AVG. IMP. TRAIAN I. ; 
 
 bust of Plotina to r., (rev.) caes. 
 
 AVG. GERMA. DAC. COS. VI. P. P., the 
 
6G6 
 
 PRICES OF ROMAN COINS. 
 
 empress seated to 7. veiled ; in very 
 fine condition. — G. 57. 7s. 6«7. (p. s.) 
 (Rev.) Vesta seated, holding the pal- 
 ladium ; usual legend ; in very good 
 condition, and rare. — S. 51. 15s. 
 
 (t. s.) 
 
 Large brass (Mionnet). — 77. 
 
 Marciana ( sister of Trajan). 
 
 (Obv.) head of this princess; diva, 
 avgvsta. marciana, on her deifica- 
 tion : (rev.) an eagle with its wings 
 expanded; consecratio. — G. 17 7. 
 
 (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) eagle ; consecratio ; very fine, 
 and extra rare. — S. 107. 5s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) diva, avgvsta. marciana ; head 
 of Marciana to r. . (rev.) . . . onse ; 
 eagle to r.; wings spread ; s. c. 
 coin of extreme rarity. — First brass. 
 6 7. 10s. (t. s.) 
 
 Third brass (Mionnet). — About 37. 
 
 Matidia ( niece of Trajan ). 
 
 (Obv.) her head, and matidia avg. 
 piae. marcianae. p. i (rev.) a 
 
 female between two children ; tietas. 
 avgvst ; well preserved and rare. 
 — G. 10/- 5s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) pietas. avgvst ; very fine, and 
 extra rare. — S. 8/. 7s 6 d. (t. s.) 
 
 Great brass (Mionnet).— 67. 10s. 
 
 Small brass. — About 3 7. 
 
 HADRIAN (a. d. 116.) 
 
 (Rev.) a reclining female holding a 
 wheel on her knee, &c. ; ann. o. 
 
 CCC. LXXIII. NAT. VRB. P. CIR. CONC. ; 
 
 well preserved ; from Col. Smith’s 
 sale of 1812.— G 71. 15 s. (t. s.) 
 (Obv.) head to left, (rev.) hispania ; 
 highly preserved and very rare, from 
 the Trattle collection. — 51. 10s. 
 (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) Hercules seated on armour ; 
 p. m. tr. p. cos. hi. ; fine and rare. 
 — 21. 10s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) emperor’s head to r . : (rev.) 
 the Nile to r. seated ; a sphinx, 
 a cornucopia, and the river-horse 
 or hippopotamus ; no legend ; very 
 fine and rare. — 3 7. 2s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) the emperor on horseback ; cos. 
 hi. ; very fine. — 16/. (t. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) hadrianvs. AvovsTvs ; head of 
 Hadrian, bearded and laureate, to r., 
 (rev.) cos. hi, in exergue, Rome 
 
 helmeted, seated to r. on a cuirass, 
 against which is placed a buckler, 
 spur in l. hand, and r. hand holding 
 that of the emperor, who stands 
 before her bare-headed, and toga ted ; 
 middling condition. — 67. 2s. 6 d. (p.s.) 
 
 p. hadrianvs. avgvstvs. ; head of 
 Hadrian to r. laureated : (rev.) 
 cos. hi. s. c. ; the emperor to 7., 
 fully armed ; fine. — First brass, 21. 5s. 
 
 Silver 7 s. 
 
 Middle brass (Mionnet), common; 
 about 2s. and 3s. 
 
 Third brass (Mionnet), common ; about 
 Is. 6 d. 
 
 Antinous ( favourite of Hadrian). 
 
 Greek and Egyptian medallions, about 
 47. R\ 
 
 Sabina ( wife of Hadrian). 
 
 Her head to 7., with a beautiful or- 
 namented head-dress in the Ma- 
 tidian style : (rev.) the empress as 
 Yesta, holding the palladium ; very 
 fine. — G. 107. (t. s.) 
 
 A lot consisting of 4 coins of Hadrian : 
 (rev.) nilvs. : (rev.) hispania : 
 
 (rev.) .35GYPTOS : (rev.) tellvs. 
 
 stabil. ; and two of Sabina : (rev.) 
 pvdicitia: (rev.) concordia. avg.; 
 all fine.— S. 17. 12s. (t. s.) 
 
 Large Brass, about 20s. 
 
 Second brass (Mionnet) ; about 10s. 
 
 Lucius Aelius Caesar. 
 
 (Obv.) bare head to r.: (rev.) Con- 
 cord seated, concord, trib. pot.; 
 fine and rare. — G. 37. 2s. (t. s.) 
 
 Two coins of Aelius ; one having on the 
 obverse the head to r., (rev.) 
 female standing, the other (obv.) 
 head to the r., and (rev.) female 
 seated, concord, tr. pot. and four 
 coins of Antoninus, reverses all dif- 
 ferent ; in fine preservation. — S. 
 27. 7s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) l. aelivs. caesar ; head of 
 Aelius to r. : (rev.) tr. pot. cos. ii. ; 
 Fortune standing with Hope ; s. c. 
 in exergue ; rare and fine. — First 
 brass. 17.17s. (p.s.) 
 
 ANTONINYS PIYS (a. d. 138). 
 
 (Rev.) the emperor and two figures ; 
 liberalitas avg. hi. ; fine and very 
 rare. — G. 27. 2s. (t. s.) 
 
PRICES OF ROMAN COINS, 
 
 667 
 
 (Obv.) ANTONIXVS AVG. PITS. P. P. ; 
 
 bust of the emperor to r., bearded, 
 laureatcd and paludated, (rev.) pr. 
 pot. cos. mi., Rome helmeted, 
 seated to l . ; weight 113 T 8 ^ grs. — G. 
 bl. 5s. (p. s.) 
 
 Silver, common, 2s. 
 
 (Obv.) ANTONIXVS AVG. PIVS. P. P. TR. 
 
 p. xxin. ; head of Antoninus to r. 
 laureated, (rev.) tr. pot. cos., wolf 
 and twins, s. c. in exergue ; very 
 fine. — First brass. 21. 2s. (p. s.) 
 
 Middle brass, common, 4s. and 5s. 
 
 Small brass, 4s. 
 
 Galerius Antoninus. 
 
 Large brass (Mionnet). — 51. 
 
 Middle brass, 4 1. 3s. (r. 8.) 
 
 Faustina the elder. 
 
 (Rev.) the empress standing holding a 
 lighted torch in each hand ; avgvsta ; 
 fine. — G. 11. 10s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) head to r. : (rev.) a female 
 leaning on a rudder ; aeternitas ; 
 fine. — If. 9s. (t. s.) 
 
 Silver, common, about 2s. 6 d. 
 
 (Obv.) diva, pavstina ; head of Faus- 
 tina to r. ; (rev.) aeternitas s. c., 
 draped female to l. t phoenix in r. 
 hand, supporting drapery with l . ; 
 very fine. — First brass. 21. 2s. 
 (p. s.) 
 
 Middle brass (Mionnet). — About 4s. 
 
 MARCUS AURELIVS. (a. d. 161.) 
 
 The emperors Aurelius and Yerus 
 joining hands, in testimony of con- 
 cord ; concordia, &c. ; fine. — G. 
 1 1. Is. (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) the emperor and his son Corn- 
 modus, with an officer attending 
 them, are distributing gifts; lib. 
 avgvstor. ; in the exergue cos. in. ; 
 fine and rare. — 4 1. 2s. (t. s.) 
 
 Half aureus (rev.) Mars with lance 
 and trophy ; tr. p. xviii. cos. in. ; 
 very rare, but poor, from the Trattle 
 collection. — 11. 5s. (p. s.) 
 
 Sf.ver, about 4s. 
 
 First brass, 5s., second brass, 4s. Third 
 brass (Mionnet), common. 
 
 Faustina the younger ( wife of Aurelius). 
 
 Gold (Mionnet). — About 1/. 8s. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet). — About 6s. 
 
 (Obv.) favstina avgvsta ; head of. 
 
 First brass, from 5s. 
 
 Middle brass, about 3s. 
 
 Annius Verm. 
 
 Large brass (Mionnet). — 14L 
 
 Middle brass (Mionnet). — 21. 10s. 
 
 L. VERUS. (a. d. 161.) 
 
 (Rev.) Aurelius and Verus standing ; 
 concordia ; very fine. 21. 2s. (t.s.) 
 
 (Rev.) a Victory marching ; tr. p. v. 
 imp. in. cos. n. ; a fine half aureus, 
 very rare. — 51. 2s. 6 d. (t. s.) 
 
 Silver usual size (Mionnet), common, 
 about 4s. 
 
 Middle brass. — About 3s. 
 
 Lucilla. 
 
 (Rev.) a veiled female standing , pvdi- 
 citia ; very fine and rare in this 
 metal. — G. 61. 10s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) vota. pvblica. in a wreath; 
 fine. — 4 1. (t. s.) 
 
 Silver, 6s. to 10s. 
 
 First brass, from 5s. 
 
 COMMODUS. (a. d. 180.) 
 
 A bearded head of the emperor to 
 l. : (rev.) Hercules and a trophy ; 
 hercvli. romano avg. ; fine, and 
 very rare, from the Trattle collec- 
 tion. — G. 61. 17s. 6d. (t.s.) 
 
 (Obv.) youthful head to r. : (rev.) 
 emperor on a rostrum, and two 
 other figures ; liberalitas avg. ; a 
 fine and well-preserved coin. — 61. 
 (t.s.) 
 
 Silver, common. — About 5s. 
 
 (Obv.) L. AEL. AVREL. COMM. AVG. P. 
 
 fel. ; head of Commodus to r., 
 covered with lion’s skin : (rev.) 
 
 herc. rom. comp. Hercules plough- 
 ing ; in exergue cos. vn. p. p. ; 
 extremely rare. — First brass, (p.s.) 
 
 Small brass. — About 4s. 
 
 Crispina ( wife of Commodus). 
 
 (Obv.) crispina avgvsta ; her bust to 
 r. (rev.) venvs felix ; the empress 
 as Venus, seated to l. ; in very good 
 preservation, and of great rarity. — 
 G. 71. Is. (p. s.) 
 
 Silver, from 5s. to 10s. 
 
 Large brass, about 10s. 
 
 Middle brass, common. — 4s. 
 
 PERTINAX (a. d. 193). 
 
 (Obv.) a fine nude bust : (rev.) a 
 
 female figure robed, holds up both 
 
GG8 
 
 PRICES OF ROMAN COINS. 
 
 her hands towards a star ; provid. 
 deor. cos. ii. ; very rare and in 
 excellent preservation. — 12/. (t. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) IMP. CAES. r. HELV. PERTIN AVG. ; 
 
 his head to r., bearded and laureate : 
 (rev.) REQVIT. AVG. tr. p. cos. ii. ; 
 Equity standing to /. ; scales in 
 extended r. hand, cornucopia and 
 drapery in 1.; a fine coin, in 
 perfect condition, and of great 
 rarity; weight, 111^ grs. — G. 
 10/. 15a. (p. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) VOT. DECEN. TR. P. COS. II. 
 
 emperor sacrificing before a tripod, 
 rare and well-preserved. — S. 1/. 16a. 
 (p. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) IMP. CAES. P. HELV. PERTINAX 
 
 avg. ; head of Pertinax : (rev.) vot. . 
 ii. the emperor to t., sacrificing at a 
 tripod in the field. — First brass. 
 4/. 5a. (p.s.) 
 
 Middle brass about 1/. 10a. 
 
 Small brass, very common. 
 
 DIDIUS JULIANUS (a. d. 193). 
 
 (Obv.) bust of the emperor : (rev.) 
 concord, milit.; a female holding 
 two military ensigns ; extremely 
 rare. — G. 14/. 5a. (t. s.) 
 
 (rev.) concord, milit. ; figure between 
 two standards ; fine and extremely 
 rare. — S. 6/. 10a. (p. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) IMP. CAES. DID. SEVER. IVLIAN. 
 
 avg. ; head of Julianus to r. : (rev.) 
 p. m. tr. p. cos. Fortune standing 
 to /., s. c. in the field ; rare. — First 
 brass. 21. la. (p. s.) 
 
 Middle brass (Mionnet). — 4/. 
 
 Manlia Scantilla ( wife of D. Julianus). 
 Gold (Mionnet). — 9/. 
 ivno. regina. ; Juno to /. ; and pea- 
 cock well preserved, and extremely 
 rare. — S. 5/. (p. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) MANLIA. SCANTILLA. AV. J head 
 
 of Scantilla to r. : (rev.) ivno. 
 
 regina ; draped female holding 
 patera ; rare, but poor. — First brass. 
 1/. (p. s.) 
 
 Didia Clara ( daughter of D. Julianus). 
 (rev.) a female standing, holds a palm 
 branch and a cornucopia ; hilar, 
 tempo. ; well-preserved, and of the 
 greatest rarity. — G. 13/. 5s. (t. s.) 
 Silver (Mionnet). — 8/. 
 
 (Obv.) did. clara. avg.; head, ol 
 Didia Clara to r. : (rev.) hh, . . . 
 tempo. . . ; female figure to /., 
 draped with palm branch and cor- 
 nucopia ; s. c. in field ; very rare. — 
 First brass. 1/. 3s. (p. s.) 
 
 Pescennius Niger. 
 
 Unique in the Parisian collection. — 
 G. 50/. 
 
 (rev.) ivstitia avg.; Justice to r., 
 with scales and cornucopia, well 
 preserved and extremely rare. — 
 S. 41. 7s. (p. s.) 
 
 First brass — Unique, in the Hunter 
 collection. — 50/. 
 
 Clodius Albinus. 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), presumed to be unique. 
 —20/. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), about 10s. 
 
 (Obv.) clod. sept, albin. caes. ; head 
 of Albinus, to r. : (rev.) felicitas. 
 cos. ii. ; female figure to /., draped, 
 with caduceus ; s. c. in the field. — 
 First brass. 17s. (p.s.) 
 
 SEYERUS (a.d. 193). 
 
 (Obv.) L. SEPT. SEV. PERT. AVG. IMP. 
 
 mi. ; his head to r . ; bearded and 
 laureated: (rev.) part. arab. part, 
 adiab., in exergue, cos. ii. p. p. ; 
 trophy between two bearded cap- 
 tives seated back to back, their 
 hands tied behind them, wearing 
 Phrygian caps; a remarkably fine 
 coin, as it came from the die, and 
 rare reverse. — G. 14/. 15s. (f. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) the emperor and his two sons 
 Caracalla and Geta on horseback ; 
 virtvs. avgvstorvm ; very rare ; 
 its condition is most splendid. — 
 G. 12s. (t. s.) 
 
 First brass, about 10s. 
 
 Second brass, about 6s. 
 
 Third brass, about 4s. 
 
 Julia Domna ( wife of Severus) . . 
 
 (Rev.) Cybele seated between two 
 lions ; mater, devm ; fine and rare ; 
 from the Trattle collection. — G. 
 9/. 10s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) ivlia. domna. avg. : (rev.) 
 
 Venus leaning on a column ; vlnkri 
 VICTR. 8/. (t. 8.) 
 
 Silver, common. — 4s. to 6s. 
 
 First brass. — 7s. to 20s. 
 
PRICES OF ROMAN COINS, 
 
 669 
 
 CARACALLA (a. d. 211.) 
 
 (Rev.) Liberty ; p. m. tr. p. xvi. "well 
 preserved and scarce. — 8 /. 5s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Obv.) head of Caracalla bearded ; 
 (rev.) Jupiter seated, p. m. tp. p. xx. 
 cosiiii. p. p. ; weight 101-^ grs. — 
 51. 7s. 6 d. (p.s.) 
 
 (Obv.) M. AVREL. ANTONINVS. PIVS. AVG. 
 
 germ. ; head of Caracalla to r. : 
 (rev.) p. m. tr. p. XVIII. IMP. III. 
 cos. mi. ; Diana in biga citata of 
 bulls to l . ; s. c. in exergue. — First 
 brass. 51. 17s. 6</. (p.s.) 
 
 Silver, 7 s. 
 
 First brass, about 10s. 
 
 Middle brass (Mionnet) common. — 5s. 
 
 Plautilla ( wife of Caracalla ). 
 
 plavtilla. avgvsta ; her bust to r. : 
 (rev.) concordia avgg. ; female 
 seated to l. ; patera in extended r. 
 hand, in fine preservation, and of 
 extreme rarity. — G. 10/. (p. s.) 
 
 Silver, about 7 s. 
 
 First brass, very rare (Mionnet), 
 from 4 1. 
 
 Second brass, about 10s. 
 
 Third brass, common, about 2s. 6 d. 
 
 GETA. (a.d. 211.) 
 
 (Obv.) his bust : {rev.) three horse- 
 men ; princ. juvent. cos. ; very 
 rare, 14/. 5s. (t. s.) 
 
 Silver — about 4s. 
 
 (Rev.) Victory writing on a shield; 
 vict. brit. tr. — First brass, 21. Us. 
 (p.s.) 
 
 Second brass — about 10s. 
 
 MACRINUS. (a.d. 218.) 
 
 (Rev.) a female looking to r., with the 
 usual legend, and holding two 
 standards ; fides. militvm ; well 
 
 . preserved and extra rare. — G. 
 16/. 10s. (t.s.) 
 
 First brass, rare, (Mionnet) — about 3/. 
 
 Silver. — 7s. to 12s. 
 
 Middle brass, about 10s. 
 
 Third brass. — About 2s. 6 d. 
 
 Diadumenianus. 
 
 Gold.— 9/. (t.s.) 
 
 Silver — about 25 s. 
 
 First brass (Mionnet) — about 3/. 
 
 Second brass — about 20s. 
 
 ELAGABALUS. (a.d. 222.) 
 
 (Rev.) the emperor on horseback ; 
 
 I 
 
 adventvs. avgvsti. ; well pre- 
 served. — G. 3/. Is. (v. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) the emperor in a quadriga ; 
 p. m. t. r. p. v. ; very fine and rare. 
 — 71. 7s. (t. s.) 
 
 Silver — about 5s. to 1 2s. 
 
 First brass, according to preservation 
 —about 20s. 
 
 Middle brass (Mionnet) — about 6s. 
 Julia Paula ( first wife of Elagabalus). 
 Gold (Mionnet). — 12/. to 20/. 
 
 Silver — about 10s. 
 
 First brass (Mionnet). — 4/. 
 
 Second brass — about 15s. 
 
 Aquilia Severa ( second wife of Ela- 
 gabalus), in Mionnet. — G, Estimated 
 at 20/. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet). — 1/. 10s. 
 
 First brass (Mionnet), 4/. 
 
 Annin Faustina (third wife of Elagabalus). 
 Gold, rare to excess. 
 
 {Silver, of the greatest rarity. 
 
 First brass, of the highest rarity. 
 
 Julia Soemias ( mother of Elagabalus). 
 Gold, extra rare. 
 
 Silver — about 7s. 
 
 First brass. — 8s. 
 
 Second brass, 5s. 
 
 Julia Maesa ( aunt of Elagabalus). 
 
 Gold, rare to excess. 
 
 Silver — about 6s. 
 
 First brass — about 1/. 
 
 Second brass — about 12s. 
 
 ALEXANDER SEVERUS. (a.d. 222.) 
 
 (Rev.) Jupiter, p. m. tr. p. hi. ; fine. 
 — 3/. 5s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) Liberality with tessera and 
 cornucopia ; liberalitas avgvs. ii. ; 
 in a fine state of preservation. — G. 
 4/. (p. s.) 
 
 First brass, about 7 s. to 12s. 
 
 Middle brass. — 6s. 
 
 Third brass. — About 5s. 
 
 Barbia Orbiana (wife of Alexander). 
 
 Gold, extra rare. 
 
 Silver — about 25 s. 
 
 First brass — about 31. 
 
 Middle brass — about 20s. 
 
 Julia Mamaea (mother of Alexander),. 
 Gold, very rare. 
 
 Silver — about 4s. 
 
 First brass (Mionnet). — 1/. 
 
 Second brass, 5s. 
 
670 
 
 PRICES OP ROMAN COINS. 
 
 MAXIMINUS, (a.d. 236.) 
 
 (Rev.) Peace, with an olive branch, 
 and hasta pura ; pax. avgvsti ; 
 extra rare, and most exquisitely 
 preserved. — G. 38/. (t. s.) 
 
 Silver, 5a. to 10a. 
 
 First brass — about 10a. 
 
 Middle brass. — 7 a. 
 
 Paulina ( toife of Maximinus). 
 
 Gold, not known. 
 
 Silver — about 3/. 
 
 First brass — about 3/. 
 
 Maximus (son of Maximinus). 
 
 Gold, extra rare. 
 
 Silver — about 1/. 10a. 
 
 First brass — about 12a. 
 
 Second brass — about 10a. 
 
 GORDIANUS AFRICANUSI. (a.d. 237.) 
 Silver — about 51. 
 
 (Rev.) secvritas. avgg. ; fine and 
 rare. — First brass. 4Z. 5a. (t. s.) 
 
 GORDIANUS AFRICANUS II. (JU- 
 NIOR.) 
 
 (Rev.) victokia avgg.; very well 
 preserved, and scarce. — S. 4/. 5s. 
 (t. s.) 
 
 Large brass ( Mlonnet) .—31. 
 
 BALBINUS. (a.d. 237.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet.) — 30/. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet). — From 10s. to 20a. 
 Large brass. — From 10a. to 2/. 
 
 Middle brass. — About 3/. 
 
 TUPIENUS. (a. 237.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet). — 40/. 
 
 The rest on the same scale as Balbinus. 
 
 GORDIANUS III. PIUS. (a.d. 238.) 
 (Rev.) a figure seated, bolding a laurel 
 branch ; p. m. tr. p hi ; fine. — 
 G. 4/. 10a. (t. s.) 
 
 Silver, common — about 3a. 
 
 First brass — about 7 a. 
 
 Middle brass (Mionnet) — about 6s. 
 Trunquillina (wife of Gordianus III). 
 Gold (Mionnet). — About 25/. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet). — 20/. 
 
 (Obv.) SABINA TRANUVILLINA. AVG. ; 
 
 bead of Tranquillina to r. : (rev.) 
 concordia avg. ; female figure seated 
 
 s. c. ; in fine condition. First brass 
 —16/. 16a. (p. s.) 
 
 Middle brass. — 12/. 10a. 
 
 PHILIPPUS. (a.d. 244.) 
 
 (Rev.) a female with rudder and a 
 garland ; laet. fvndata ; very rare 
 and well preserved. — G. 71. 10a. 
 
 (t. s.) 
 
 Silver, about 4a. 
 
 First brass (Mionnet), about 1/. 
 
 Middle brass, about 5s. 
 
 Otacilia (wife of Philipus). 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), about 10/. 
 
 Silver, about 5s. 
 
 First brass — about 7 a. 
 
 Second brass — about 7a. 
 
 PHILIPPUS II., JUN. 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), about 71. 
 
 Silver — about 4a. 
 
 First brass — about 7 s. 
 
 Second brass— about 6s. 
 
 Marinas. 
 
 First brass Colonial (Mionnet). — 6/. 
 Middle brass. — 21. 10a. 
 
 Paccriianus. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet). — 17/. 10a. 
 TRAJANUS DECIUS. (a.d. 249.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), about 71. 
 
 Silver, common, about 4s. 
 
 First brass, about 12s. 
 
 Middle and little brass, about 6a. 
 Etruscilla (wife of Decius). 
 
 Gold (Mionnet).— 10/. 10a. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), about 6a. 
 
 First brass — about 10a. 
 
 Second brass. — 7a. 
 
 Herennius Etruscus. 
 
 Gold (Mionnet). — About 30/. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet). — 6a. 
 
 First brass (Mionnet). — About 1/. 
 Middle brass (Mionnet). — 5a. 
 Hostilianus. 
 
 Gold (Mionnet).— 30/. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet). — About 5a. 
 
 First brass (Mionnet). — 1/. 10a. 
 
 Second and third. — 1Z. 
 
 TREBONIANUS GALLUS. (a.d. 252.) 
 (Rev.) the goddess of health feeding a 
 serpent ; salvs avgg ; very rare and 
 fine. — G. 11/. 10a. (t. 8.) 
 
 Silver (Mionnet). — 10a. 
 
 First brass — about 7a. 
 
 Middle brass (Mionnet). — 7s. 
 
PRICES OF ROMAN COTNS. 
 
 671 
 
 Volusianus. 
 
 (Rev.) Concord seated with a double 
 cornucopia ; Concordia, avgg ; rare 
 and well preserved. — G. 11/. 11s. 
 Silver, common (Mionnet), — From Is. 
 to 1/. 
 
 First brass — about 7s. 
 
 Middle brass (Mionnet), about 5 s. 
 
 AEMILIANUS. (a. d. 254.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), 50/. 
 
 Billon (Mionnet), 5s. 
 
 First brass, 4/. 
 
 Second brass, 2/. 10s. 
 
 Third brass, 1/. 10s. 
 
 VALERI ANUS. (a. d. 254.) 
 
 (Rev.) a standing figure, Valour per- 
 sonified ; virtvs avgg. ; a splendid 
 and most rare half aureus. — G. 
 81. 15s. (t. s.) 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), 5s. 
 
 First brass, 1/. 
 
 Middle brass, 10s. 
 
 Small brass, 4s. 
 
 Mariniana (t oife of Valerianus). 
 
 Billon, 12 s. 
 
 Middle brass (Mionnet), 4s. 
 
 Small brass (Mionnet), 10s. 
 
 GALLIENUS (a. d. 260.) 
 
 (Rev.) indvlgent. a vo. ; & female 
 
 seated ; fine and extra rare. — G. 
 21. 9s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) victoria avg. ; a Victory in the 
 act of crowning the emperor ; fine 
 and scarce. — 31. 18s. (p. s.) 
 
 Silver about 4s. 
 
 Large brass about 10s. 
 
 Middle brass (Mionnet). — 7s. 
 
 Small brass (Mionnet). — 3s. 
 
 Salonina ( wife of Oallienus). 
 
 Gold (Mionnet). — 8/. 
 
 Billon (Mionnet). — 3s. 
 
 Large brass (Mionnet). — 5s. 
 
 Middle brass (Mionnet). — 3s. 
 
 Small brass (Mionnet). — Is. 
 
 Kaloninus. 
 
 Gold, very rare. 
 
 Silver, 10s. 
 
 Third brass, about 5s. 
 
 Postumus. 
 
 Gold, very rare. 
 
 Silver (Billon), about 4s. 
 
 Third brass, about 3s. 
 
 Postumus , Jim. 
 
 Billon, very rare. 
 
 Laelianus. 
 
 Gold, very rare. 
 
 Third brass rare, 14s. 
 
 Victorinus. 
 
 Gold, extra rare. 
 
 Billon, about 20s. 
 
 Third brass, about 4s. 
 
 Marius. 
 
 Gold, very rare. 
 
 Third brass, about 7s. 
 
 Tetricus. 
 
 Third brass, about 4s. 
 
 Tetricus , Junior. 
 
 Third brass, about 10s. 
 
 Aureolus. 
 
 Third brass, very rare, about 4/. 
 Sulpicius Antoninus. 
 
 Middle brass (Colonial), about 5/. 
 Macrianus Junior. 
 
 Billon, about 25s. 
 
 Quietus. 
 
 Billon, about 30s. 
 
 [Many coins of numerous tyrants exist 
 about this time , but they are mostly 
 doubtful .] 
 
 CLAUDIUS GOTHICUS. (a.d. 268.) 
 (Rev.) the emperor on horseback, 
 armed with a spear, and destroying 
 foes; head radiated ; virtvs. clavdii ; 
 of the greatest rarity, and very fine. 
 — G. 14/. 10s. (t. s.) 
 
 No real silver (Mionnet). 
 
 Quintillus. 
 
 Gold (Mionnet). — 35/. 
 
 Small brass. — 3s. to 7s. 
 AURELIANUS. (a.d. 270.) 
 
 (Obv.) a laureated bust of the emperor, 
 to the r. with coat of mail ; imp. c. 
 
 L. DOM. AVRELIANVS P. F. AVG. 
 
 G. 26/. (t. s.) 
 
 Silver, doubtful (Mionnet). 
 
 Middle brass, about 6s. 
 
 Small brass, 2s. to 3s. 
 
 Severina ( wife of Aurelianus). 
 
 Gold (Mionnet). — 15/. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet). — Is. 
 
 Middle brass, 5s. 
 
 Small brass, 3s. 
 
 Vabalathus. 
 
 Billon, with head of Aurelianus. — 
 
 21 . 10 /. 
 
 Small brass, same type, 12s. 
 
G72 
 
 PRICES OF ROMAN COINS. 
 
 Tetrtcus. 
 
 Gold (Mionnet). — 7 /. 
 
 (Rev.) Farneiian Hercules resting on 
 his club ; virtvti. avgusti. ; extra 
 rare. — S. 11. 10s. (t. s.) 
 
 Small brass, about 8s. 
 
 TACITUS, (a.d. 275.) 
 
 (Rev.) Rome seated, holding a globe ; 
 romae aeternae. ; very fine, and 
 rare. — G. 3 /. 19s. (t. s.) 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), doubtful. 
 
 Small brass (Mionnet), about 6s. 
 
 FLORIANUS. (a.d. 976.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet). — 61. 
 
 Middle brass, 20s. 
 
 Small brass (Mionnet). — 5s. 
 
 PROBUS. (a. d. 276.) 
 
 (Rev.) Mars bearing a trophy; a 
 captive at his feet ; mars, victor ; 
 well preserved. — G. 41. 14s. (p. s.) 
 
 Small brass, from 2s. to 5s. 
 
 CAltUS. (a. d. 282.) 
 
 Hope walking ; spes. pvblica ; a very 
 beautiful and rare coin. — G. 10/. 
 15s. (t. s.) 
 
 Small brass, 4s. to 1/. 10s. 
 
 NUMERIANUS. (a. d. 282.) 
 
 (Rev.) Hygcia, seated, feeding her 
 serpent rising from the altar ; alus. 
 avgg. ; very fine and very rare. — 
 G. 10/. (t. s.) 
 
 Small brass (Mionnet), about 4s. 
 
 CARINUS. (a. d. 282.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), about 12/. 
 
 Small brass, about 4s. 
 
 Magnia TJrbica ( wife of Carinus ). 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), 20/. 
 
 Small brass, about 20s. 
 
 Nigriniamis. 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), 20/. 
 
 Small brass, 25 s. 
 
 Julianus ( Tyranus ). 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), 15/. 
 
 Small brass (Mionnet), 3/. 
 
 DIOCLETIANUS. (a. d. 284.) 
 
 (Rev.) Jupiter; iovi. conservat. avgg. ; 
 fine and rare. — G. 3s. 13s. (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) Jove hurling a thunderbolt at a 
 
 Titan ; iovi. fvbgvratori. p. b. j 
 fine and rare. 41. 4s. (p. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) victoria sarmat ; four persons 
 sacrificing at the gate of the camp of 
 Maximianus : (rev.) virtus militvm ; 
 same type as last, both rare and 
 fine. — S. 1/. (p. 8.) 
 
 Middle brass, about 3s. 
 
 Small brass, about 2s. 
 
 MAXIMIANUS. (a.d. 285.) 
 
 (Obv.) the usual portraits, &c. : (rev.) 
 Hercules destroying the Hydra ; 
 
 HERCVLI DEBEI.LAT. and P. T. in 
 
 exergue ; fine and extra rare. — 41, 
 
 (t.s.) 
 
 (Obv.) maximianvs avgvstvs ; his head 
 to r. ; with cropped beard and 
 laureated : (rev.) consvl. viii. j\ p. 
 prcos. ; the emperor togated stand- 
 ing to /., with globe in his hand ; in 
 extremely good condition, high relief, 
 and very rare. — 3/. (t. ■.) 
 
 Silver, about 30s. 
 
 Middle brass, about 4s. 
 
 Small brass, about 4s. 
 
 CONSTANTIUS I. CIILORUS. (a.d. 292.) 
 (Obv.) laureated head to r. ; con- 
 st antivs n. c. : (rev.) a female with 
 helmet and armed, looking to the r. ; 
 comes, avgg. and p. t. in the exergue, 
 very fine. — 5/. 7s. 6 d. (t.s.) 
 
 (Rev.) the Emperor and Maximian on 
 horseback ; comitatvs. avgg. and p. 
 t. in exergue, rare and well pre- 
 served. — 4/. 13s. (t. 8.) 
 
 Silver, about 12s. 
 
 Middle brass (Mionnet), 6s. 
 
 Small brass (Mionnet), from 3s. 
 
 Helena ( wife of Chlorus). 
 
 Third brass, very rare. 
 
 Theodora ( wife of Chlorus). 
 
 Third brass, about 4s. 
 
 Galerius Valerius Maximianus, 
 
 Gold, very rare. 
 
 Middle brass, about 5s. 
 
 Small brass, 5s. 
 
 Galcria Valeria (wife of Galerius Vale* -us 
 Maximianus). 
 
 Gold, very rare. 
 
 Middle brass, 20s. 
 
 Third brass, 12s. 
 
 Domitius Domitianus. 
 
 Second or middle brass, 21. 
 
PRICES OF ROMAN COINS. 
 
 673 
 
 Qaravsius. 
 
 (Rev.) two hands joined; concordia 
 militvm ; in the exergue r. s. r. ; of 
 very good silver, well preserved 
 and rare. — 51. 5s. (t. s.) 
 
 Gold, very rare : (Rev.) felicitas ; 
 galley with four rowers in exergue, 
 p. s. r. ; very rare and in perfect 
 condition. — SI. 15s. (p. s.) 
 
 Small brass (Mionnet), about 1/. 
 
 Allectus. 
 
 Gold, very rare. 
 
 Silver, veiy rare. 
 
 Third brass, about 20s 
 
 Flavius Severus. 
 
 Gold, very rare. 
 
 Second brass, 10s. 
 
 Third brass, 15s. 
 
 Maximinus Daza. 
 
 Gold, very rare. 
 
 Silver, rare. 
 
 Third brass, 6s. 
 
 Maxentius. 
 
 Gold, very rare. 
 
 Second brass, about 4s. 
 
 Third brass, about 6s. 
 
 Romulus. 
 
 Second brass, about 20s. 
 
 Third brass, about 12s. 
 
 Alexander {Tyr annus). 
 
 Silver and brass, rare. 
 
 J.irinius . 
 
 Gold, very rare. 
 
 Silver, very rare. 
 
 Second brass, 5 s. 
 
 Third brass, 2s. 
 
 Licinius {junior). 
 
 Gold, very rare. 
 
 Third brass, about 3s. 
 
 CONSTANTINUS MAGNUS (a.d. 306.) 
 
 (Rev.) Mars aruied, carrying a trophy 
 with two captives at his feet ; virtvs. 
 exercitvs. gall ; in the exergue 
 sis ; fine and extremely rare. — 4/. 4s. 
 G. (t. s.) 
 
 (Rev.) the emperor seated on the curule 
 chair; p. m. trib. cos. nn. p. p. 
 procos ; in the exergue p. t. r. ; 
 fine. — 3 1. 7s. (p. s.) 
 
 Si-ver, about 21. 
 
 Middle and small brass (Mionnet), from 
 Is. to 1J. 10s. 
 
 Fausta ( wife of Constantine ) 
 
 Gold, very rare. 
 
 Third brass, from 4s. 
 
 Orispus. 
 
 Third brass, about 2s. 
 
 Helena ( wife of Crispus). 
 
 Third brass, about 20s. 
 
 Delmatius. 
 
 Gold, very rare. 
 
 Third brass, about 20s. 
 Hanniballianus. 
 
 Third brass (Mionnet). — 5Cs. 
 
 CONSTANTINUS II. (a.d. 337.1 
 Gold, rare. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), about 1/. 10s. 
 
 Third brass, about 2s. and 3s. 
 
 CONSTANS (a.d. 337.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), about 30s. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), about 15s. 
 
 Middle brass, about 4s. 
 
 Third brass, about 4s. 
 
 CONST ANTIUS II. (a.d. 351.) 
 
 Gold, about 25s. 
 
 (Rev.) the emperor holding a standard, 
 and the hasta pura ; another standard 
 is the field ; principi iwentvtis ; in 
 the exergue, s. m. a. a. ; extra 
 rare. — S. If. 15s. 
 
 Middle and small brass (Mionnet), 
 about 2s. 
 
 Nepotianus. 
 
 Middle brass, very rare. 
 
 Vetranius. 
 
 Gold, very rare. 
 
 Third brass, about 20s. 
 
 Magnentius. 
 
 Gold, about 70s 
 Silver, about 30s. 
 
 Second and third brass, about 4s. 
 Decentius. 
 
 Gold, about 70s. 
 
 Silver, abont 70s. 
 
 Middle and third brass, about 4s. 
 
 CONSTANTIUS GALLUS (a.d. 351.) 
 
 Gold, about 4 1. 
 
 Silver, about 20 s. 
 
 Third brass, about 4 s. 
 
 JULIANUS II. (a.d. 261.) 
 
 (Obv.) a bearded portrait of the empe. 
 
 x x 
 
674 
 
 PRICES 03? ROMAN COTNS, 
 
 Tor : frev.) the usual type of virtvs 
 exercitvs. romamorvm ; in the ex- 
 ergue, s.i.r.m. ; rare and well pre- 
 served. — G. 1/. 9s. (t. s.) 
 
 Silver, about 7s. 
 
 Middle and small brass (Mionnet), about 
 12s. 
 
 Helena (wife of Julian.) 
 
 Third brass, 4s. 
 
 JOVIANUS (a. d. 363.) 
 
 (Rev.) the emperor, holding a globe 
 and the labarum, on which is the 
 monogram of Christ ; a captive at 
 his feet ; secvritas. rkipvblicae. — 
 G. 81. Is. (p. s.) 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), 15s. 
 
 Middle brass (Mionnet), 12s. 
 
 Small brass (Mionnet), 12s. 
 
 VALENTINIANUS I. (a. d. 364.) 
 
 (Ohv.) a bust (with both hands 
 visible) of the emporor : (rev.) 
 
 Valentinian and Valens, seated ; two 
 captives at their feet between the 
 letters s. n i. ; legend, vota. pvb- 
 i.ica ; fine and very rare. — G. 
 21. 4s. (p. s.) 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), 8s. 
 
 The brass common. About 2s. 
 
 VALENS (a. i). 364.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), 40s. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), 15s. 
 
 Procopius. 
 
 Gold, very rare. 
 
 Silver, 50s. 
 
 Third brass, 3os. 
 
 GRATIANUS (a. d. 367.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), 17. 10s. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), 10s. 
 
 Middle brass (Mionnet), Is. 
 
 Small brass, 4s. 
 
 VALENTINIANUS II. (a. d. 375.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), 17. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), 10s. 
 
 Middle brass (Mionnet), 17. 4s. 
 
 Small brass (Mionnet), 4«. 
 
 THEODOSIUS (a. d. 379. 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), 17. 10s. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), 10s. 
 
 Brass common. About 4s. 
 
 Flaccilla ( wife of Theodosius.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), 47. 
 
 Third brass, 10s. 
 
 MAGNUS MAXIMUS (a.d. 383.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet) 27. 10s. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), 15s. 
 
 Third brass, 4s. 
 
 Victor. 
 
 Gold, very rare (Mionnet), 47. 
 
 Silver, about 20s. 
 
 Third brass, about 1 2s. 
 
 JSugenius. 
 
 Gold, about 47. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), 27. 10s. 
 
 Third brass (Mionnet), 40s. 
 ARCADIUS (a.d. 395.) 
 
 Gold, about 30s. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), 12s. 
 
 Third brass, about 3s. 
 
 HONORIUS (a. d. 395.) 
 
 (Obv.) helmeted head to right : (rev.) 
 the emperor in a military dress, 
 with a staff surmounted by a mono- 
 gram of Christ, in his right, and two 
 javelins in his left hand ; victor/a. 
 ayggg. in the field r. v. ; in the 
 exergue comob. ; fine and rare. — 
 G. 17. 3s. (p. s.) 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), from 4s. to 107. 10s. 
 Middle brass, common, 4s. 
 
 Small brass, common, 5s. 
 
 CONSTANTIUS (PATRICIUS.) 
 
 Ve’-y rare in all metals. 
 
 Galla Placidia ( wife of Oonstantius.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), 67. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet) 27. 10s. 
 
 Third brass (Mionnet), 17. 10s. 
 
 CONSTANTINUS III. (a.d. 407.) 
 
 (Rev.) the emperor holding a labarum ; 
 in the exergue, comob. ; rare and 
 well preserved. — G. 17.15s. (p.s.) 
 Silver rare. 
 
 Jovinus. 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), 47. 
 
 Silver, about 17. Is. 
 
 Priscus Attains. 
 
 Very rare in all metals. 
 
 THEODOSIUS II. (a. d. 408.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), 17. 
 
 Silver(Mionnet), 57. 
 
 Small brass, 15s. 
 
PRICE8 OF ROMAN COINS. 
 
 G75 
 
 Eudocia, wife of Theodosius . 
 
 Third brass, 10$. 
 
 Johannes. 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), 4/. 
 
 Silver, 21. 10$. 
 
 Third brass, 21. 
 
 VALENTINIANUS III. 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), 21. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), 1/. 
 
 Small brass (Mionnet), 6$. 
 
 MARCIANUS (a. D. 450.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), 21. 
 
 Small brass, 12$. 
 
 Pulcheria ( wife of Marcianus.) 
 Gold (Mionnet), 4/. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), 20$. 
 
 AVITUS (a.d. 455.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), 3Z. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), 21. 10$. 
 Small Brass, 1 2$. 
 
 LEO I. (a.d. 457.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), 30$. 
 
 Brass, 10$. 
 
 MAJORIANUS (a.d. 457.) 
 Gold (Mionnet), 1/. 16$. 
 Silver (Mionnet), 1Z. 16$. 
 Small brass ( Mionnet), 12$. 
 
 SEVERUS (a.d. 461.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), 17. 4s. 
 Silver (Mionnet), 18$. 
 
 Small brass (Mionnet), 21. 
 
 ANTHEMIUS (a.d. 467.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), 1Z. 16$. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), 13$. 
 
 OLYBRIUS. 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), 8Z. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), 6Z. 
 
 GLYCERIUS (a.d. 472.) 
 
 (Rev.) Victoria avgg ; victory to Z. ; in 
 exergue, r. m. — G. 2Z. 3$. (p. s.) 
 
 ZENO (a.d. 474.) 
 
 Gold, about 30$. 
 
 Brass, about 5s. 
 
 NEPOS (a.d. 474.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), 11. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), 10$. 
 
 ROMULUS (Augustulus). (a.d. 475.) 
 Gold (Mionnet), 2Z. 
 
 Small brass (Mionnet), 40$. 
 
 BASILISCUS, (a. d. 476.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), about 37. 
 
 Third brass (Mionnet), 50$. 
 ANASTASIUS (a. d. 491.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), about 1Z. 
 
 Silver (Mionnet), 10$. 
 
 Third brass, about 4$. 
 
 JUSTINUS I. (a. d. 518.) 
 
 Gold (Mionnet), about 20$. 
 
 Silver, about 20$. 
 
 First, middle, and third brass, about 5s. 
 JUSTINIANUS (a. d. 527.) 
 
 xx 2 
 
THE IMPERIAL ROMAN SERIES COINED AT 
 ALEXANDRIA. 
 
 WITH THEIR DEGREES OP RARITY. 
 
 The series of Coins struck in this tenon form a more complete one than that of any 
 other colony. The following is a list of those struck during the successive 
 reigns of the Roman Emperors. 
 
 I la reus Antonins. Br. — R. 5 (Of doubtful 
 attribution.) 
 
 Augustus. Br. — C. — R. 4 
 
 Livia, wife of Augustus. Br. — R. 2 R. 5 
 
 Cains Caesar. Br. — R.° 
 
 Lucius Caesar. Br. — R. 6 
 Tiberius. Po. — R. 3 Br. — R. 1 R. 3 
 Antonia , mother of Claudius. Po.— R. 4 
 With Claudius. 
 
 Claudius. Po.— R. 1 R. 6 Br.— C.— R. 4 
 Messalina , Claudius’ wife. Po. — R. 1 
 
 With Claudius. 
 
 Agrippina Junior , wife of Claudius. Po. 
 — R. 5 Br. — C. — R. 5 With or without 
 Nero. 
 
 Nero. Po.— C.— R. 3 Br.— C.— R. 5 
 Octavia, wife of Nero. Po. — R. 4 With 
 Nero. 
 
 Toppaea, wife of Nero. Po.— R. 3 R. 4 
 
 Br. — R.4 With Nero. 
 
 Oalba. Po.— R. 2 R. 4 Br.— R. 4 R. 3 
 Otho. Po.— R. 6 Br.— R. 5 R. 8 
 Vitellius. Po.— R. 6 Br.— R. 7 
 v espasian . Po. — R. s Br. — C. — R. 4 On 
 some coins, with Titus. 
 
 Dnmitilla, wife of Vespasian. Br. — R. 8 
 Titus. Po. — R. 1 Br. — C. — R. 4 
 Domitianus. Po. — R. 5 Br. — C. — R. 3 
 Domitia, wife of Domitian. Br. — R. 8 
 
 With Domitian. 
 
 Nerva. Po. — R. 4 
 
 Trajanus. Po.— R. 1 R. 4 Br.— C.— R. 4 
 Hadrianus. Po. — C. — R. 2 Br. — C. — 
 
 R. 4 Some with Antinous. 
 
 Sabina, wife of Hadrian. Po. — R. 5 
 3r. — R. 2 R. 4 . With Hadrian. 
 
 Antinous. Br. — R. 4 R. 6 On some coins 
 with Hadrian. 
 
 Aelius Caesar. Po. — R. 1 Br — R. 1 R. 4 
 Antoninus Pius. Po. — R. 1 R. 2 Br. — 
 
 C. — R. 6 Oil some coins with his 
 
 wife, Faustina the elder. 
 
 Faustina the elder , wife of Antoninus. 
 Po. — R. 2 Br,— R. 4 With Antoninus 
 Pius. 
 
 Marcus Aurelius. Po. — C. — R. 4 Br. — 
 C. — R. 5 PI. — R. 5 Some coins with 
 Faustina the younger, others with 
 Lucius Verus. 
 
 Lucius Verus. Po. — R. 1 R. 3 Br. — C. — 
 R. 5 Some coins with Marcus 
 Aurelius. 
 
 Lucilla, wife of Lucius Verus. Po. — R. 5 
 Br.— R. 5 
 
 Commodus. Po. — C. — R. 2 Br. — R. 1 R. 4 
 Crispina, wife of Commodus. Po. — R. 5 
 Br.— R. 5 
 
 Tertinax. Br. — R. 8 
 Titiana, wife of Pertinax. Po. — R. 1 
 Septimus Severus. Po. — R. 5 . Br. — R. 5 R. 7 
 Julia Domna, wife of Severus. S. — R. 8 
 Po. — R. 4 Br. — R. 4 She has one 
 
 coin with her sons, Caracalla and 
 Geta. 
 
 Caracalla. Po. — R.® Br. R. 5 
 Oeta. Po. — R.® 
 
 Macrinus. Po. — R. 6 Br. — R. 7 
 
 Diadumenianus R.® 
 
 Elagabalus. Po. — C. — R. 2 One coin 
 
 with Julia Paula. 
 
 Julia Cornelia Paula, wife of Elagabalus 
 Po.— R.i R. 3 
 
IMPERIAL ROM AX COINS. 
 
 677 
 
 Aquilia Severa , wife of Elagabalus. 
 Po. — R. 3 
 
 Annia Faustina, wife of Elagabalus. 
 Po.— R. 5 
 
 Julia Soemias, mother of Elagabalus. 
 Po.— R. 8 R. 4 
 
 Julia Maesa, aunt of Elagabalus. Po. — 
 R. 4 
 
 Severus Alexander. Po. — C. — R. 4 Br. 
 R. 1 R.* 
 
 Orbiana , wife of Alexander. Po. — R. 5 
 Mamaea, mother of Alexander. Po. — 
 R. 1 R.» Br.— R. 1 R. 3 
 Maximinus. Po. — R. 1 R. 8 
 Maximus Caesar. Po. — R. 3 
 Gordianus I. Po. — R. 6 
 Gordianus II. Po. — R. 1 
 Balbinus. Po.— R.° 
 
 Pupienus. Po.— R. 6 
 
 Gordianus III. Po.— C.— R. 3 Br.— R. 5 
 
 One coin with Tranquillina. 
 Tranquillina, wife of Gordianus. Po. — 
 R. 5 
 
 Philippus pater. Po. — C. — R. 8 Br. — 
 R. 1 R. 4 
 
 Otacilia, wife of Philip. Po. — R. 1 R. 2 
 
 Br.— R. 2 
 
 Philippus filius. Po. — R. 1 R. 6 Br. — 
 
 R. 8 R. 4 
 
 Trqjanus Decius. Po. — R. 1 
 Etruscilla, wife of Decius. Po. — R. 5 
 Hcrennitis Ftruscus. Po. — R. 6 
 Ho8tilianus. Po. R. 7 
 Trebonianus Gallus. Po. — R. 
 Volusianus. Po. — R. 3 
 Aemiliamis. Po. — R. 7 
 
 Cornelia Supera, wife of Aemilianus. 
 Po.— R;» 
 
 Valerianus Senior. Po. — C. — R. 1 
 
 Gallienus. Po. — C. — R.° Br. — R. 4 
 
 Salonina, wife of Gallienus. Po. — C. — 
 R. 2 Br.— R. 4 
 
 Saloninus. Po. — R. 3 
 
 Macrinus filius. Po. — R. 5 
 
 Quietus. Po. — R. 6 
 
 Domitius Domitianus. Po. — R. 7 
 
 Claudius Gothicus. Po. — C. — R. 8 Br.— 
 R. 7 
 
 Quintillus. Po. — R. 3 
 
 Aurelianus. Po. — C. — R. 2 
 
 Severina, wife of Aurelianus. Po. — R. 1 
 
 Zenobia. Po. — R. 6 R. 7 One coin with 
 Aurelian. 
 
 Vabalathus Athenodorus. Po. — R. 1 R. 7 
 Many with Aurelian. 
 
 The Greek and Roman coins bearing 
 these two names have been attributed 
 to two different princes, but they 
 really belong to one personage, one 
 being a Syrian word, the other a 
 Greek (both Latinised), signifying th» 
 conqueror or victor. 
 
 Tacitus. Po. — R. 1 R. 2 
 
 Probus. Po. — C. — R. 1 
 
 Carus. Po.— R. 1 R. 2 
 
 Numerianus. Po. — C. — R. 8 
 
 Oarinus. Po. — C. — R. 2 
 
 Diocletianus. Po. — C. — R. 1 
 
 Maximianus. Po. — C. — R. 8 
 
 Constantius Chlorus. Po. — R. 2 R. s 
 
 Qalerius Maximianus. Po. — i£,* 
 
PRICES OF THE PARTS OF THE ROMAN AS, 
 
 AND THOSE OF OTHER ITALIAN STATES, 
 
 AS REALISED AT RECENT SALES. 
 
 Quadrussis — (Obv.) bull walking to r, 
 oblong form, 6j inches long and 3§ 
 inches wide ; weight 4 lbs. 9 oz. 
 11 dwt. 3 grs. 22 1. 10*. (p. s.) 
 
 As — Head of Rome helmeted to r ; rare, 
 and fine. 21. 14*. (p. s.) 
 
 As — Youthful Janiform head — (Rev.) 
 head of Mercury, with winged peta- 
 sus to 1 ; strigil behind ; well pre- 
 served, and rare. 21. 7s. (p. s.) 
 
 ds — Volscian As ; laureated head of Apollo 
 on both sides. 21. 10*. (t. s.) 
 
 Semis — Bull on obv. ; wheel of six 
 spokes on rev. 15*. (p. s.) 
 
 Semis — Laureated head of Jupiter to l, 
 S in exergue : (rev.) prow, S. 
 Rather fine though pierced ; rare. 
 11. 12*. 6 d . (t. s.) 
 
 Quincunx — Of Hadria in Picenum : (obv.) 
 
 HAT ; female head issuing from a 
 
 shell : (rev.) Pegasus to r ; 
 
 well preserved. 71.5*. (p. s.) 
 
 Triens — Roman (obv.) .... helmeted 
 head to 1. (rev.) .... prow to r. 
 11. 7*. 
 
 Quadrans — Tuder in Umbria (obv.) 
 frog (rev.) .*. TV (retrograde) in 
 Etruscan characters ; anchor. — 
 12*. 6 d. 
 
 Sextans — Vescia in Latium (obv.) . . 
 bull’s head seen in front: (rev.) 
 VES (also retrograde) ; crescent in 
 the field. 21. 10*. 6 d. 
 
 Uncia — Two : one of Tuder in Umbria, 
 with TVTERE, and one of Hadria 
 in Picenum, with HAT (retrograde) ; 
 0 (rev.) anchor ; rare, and fine. 
 31. 7*. 
 
 A LIST OF THE PRICES OF ANGLO-SAXON COINS, 
 
 AS REALISED AT THE DERWENT AND OTHER GREAT SALES. 
 
 \ skeatta, mno. l., head; (rev.) figure 
 standing holding two crosses, very 
 •are and fine. 21. 1 0*. 
 
 CEOLNOTH, Archbishop of Canterbury; 
 with the moneyer’s name, togga ; this 
 coin is a little broken on the edge, 
 otherwise very fine. 11. 10*. 
 
 EADMVND, King of the East Angles ; 
 Hawkins, pi. 7, No. 94, eadpald. mo ; 
 well preserved and scarce. 21. 6s. 
 
 BURGRED, of Mercia, very fine, and 
 Edgar, (rev.) ailfzig.mo, fine. 7s. 
 
 COEN'vVULF, his head; (rev.) perhearoi 
 moneta ; very fine and rare, a small 
 piece out. 11. 12*. 
 
 St. Peter, sci. petri. mo. (rev.) 
 eborace civ. ; very fine and rare. 
 11 . 11 *. 
 
 OF THE SOLE SOVEREIGNS. 
 
 EGBERT : (obv.) rude head to the right ; 
 (rev.) bior. tod. moneta ; extremely 
 rare and well preserved ; from the 
 Rich collection. 151.15*. 
 
 ETHELWULF : (obv.) rude head to the 
 right ; (rev.) torhtulf. moneta ; 
 highly preserved. 21. 2s. 
 
 ETHELBEARHT, penny : rude bust, with 
 bare head; (rev.) edelreed moneta; 
 highly preserved. 19*. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS ON THE COINAGE OF GREAT BRITAIN. 679 
 
 ETHELRED, penny : diademed head to 
 the right ; (rev.) biarnea. moneta ; 
 highly preserved. 3Z. Is. 
 
 JELFRED, penny : diademed head to the 
 right ; (rev.) herebeald moneta ; 
 rare and well preserved; from the 
 Dimsdale collection. 51. 5s. 
 
 EDWEARD THE ELDER, penny : 
 (obv.) small cross (rev.) ea. dv. hi. 
 nd. ; with building. 8/. 10s. 
 
 jETHELSTAN, penny: (obv.) small cross; 
 
 (rev.) OAREARD. MO. LVND. CIVIT. 1/. 6s. 
 
 EADMVND, penny : (obv.) small cross ; 
 (rev.) MERTEN. MO. 1Z. 
 
 EADRED, penny : (obv.) small cross ; 
 (rev.) frard. mno. 9s. 
 
 EADWIG, penny : (obv 1 two crosses ; 
 
 (rev.) abhirnec ; highly preserved. 
 
 21. Gs. 
 
 EADGAR: (obv.) bare head to the left; 
 
 (rev.) fvlfgar. mo. stanf. 1Z. 9s. 
 EADWARD II. : (obv.) bare bust to the 
 left ; (rev.) levig. mo. lnd. col. 1 Z. 4s. 
 AETHELRED II. : hare headed bust to 
 right ; boia. mo', caentea. 6s. 
 CNUT : (obv.) crowned head to left ; 
 
 (rev.) godpin. oi. gle. 1Z. 9s. 
 HAROLDI : (obv.) diademed bust ; (rev.) 
 PVDIA. ON. PINCEST. 31. 15 S. 
 
 HARTHACNUT : head to the left ; (rev.) 
 
 ALFEARD. ONL. 4Z. 
 
 EADWARD III. (the Confessor) : eight 
 pennies struck at York. 18s. 
 HAROLD II. : (obv.) crowned bust ; 
 (rev.) GODRIC on deot. 1Z. 
 
 THE INSCRIPTIONS FOUND ON THE COINAGE OF 
 GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 THE SMALL LETTERF SUPPLY THE ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 COINS OF THE ANCIENT BRITONS. 
 
 On a British gold coin of the kind found 
 in Yorkshire, struck after the period 
 of the first Roman invasion ; the word 
 TIGIN occurs, these coins are alloyed 
 with copper. 
 
 TASC., on coins of this epoch is the 
 abridged form of Tasciovanus, king 
 of Yerulamium (St. Alban’s) about 
 the time of Tiberius. 
 
 Other coins of the same king, read 
 TASCIOVAN. in a fuller form. 
 
 A silver coin, reads on one side SEGO 
 and on the other TASCIO, supposed 
 to be Segonax, son of Tasciovanus, or 
 perhaps rather Tasciovanus, son of 
 Segonax. Some of these coins have 
 Tasciovan f. and some actually Tas- 
 ciovan fil. for Tasciovani filius. 
 
 The inscription CYNO, is found on the 
 coins of Cunobelinus, the King Cym- 
 Delin of Shakespeare ; on the reverse 
 is CAMV, for Camulodunum or Col- 
 chester, which was his capital. 
 
 Other coins of Cunohelin, have the ini 
 scription CVNOBELIN ; the inscrip, 
 tion of the reverse ;s TASCIO, for 
 Tasciovanus, possibly father of Cuno- 
 belinus, who it would appear was the 
 grandson of Segonax. 
 
 A coin of about the period of Cunohelin, 
 has VERLAMIO on the reverse — of 
 course Yerulamium (St. Alban’s). 
 
 A coin with much of the earlier Greek 
 style about it ; has BODVO, supposed 
 to form part of the name of Boduo- 
 dicea, or Boadicea. 
 
 COINS OF THE ROMANS IN BRITAIN. 
 
 A gold coin of Claudius has the in- 
 scription on the obverse, Tiberius 
 CLAVDius CAESAR AVGustus Ponti- 
 fex Maximus TRibunitia Potestate 
 VIIII. (for nonum), IMPerator XVII. 
 (for decimu»n septimum) ; on the 
 reverse, it has DE. BRITTANNI. 
 
 Large brass of Antoninus Pius, DR 
 BRIT, flying Victory, and BRITTAN 
 NIA, a female seated. 
 
G80 INSCRIPTIONS ON THE COINAGE OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 A large brass coin of Commodus has this 
 inscription on obverse, M- COMMO- 
 DVS ANTONINVS AVGustus BRIT- 
 tanicus ; the reverse has P.M. TR. 
 P.X. IMP. 
 
 A brass coin of Septimus Severus ; 
 has the inscription on the obverse, L. 
 SEPTimus SEVERVS PIVS. AVGus- 
 tns ; on the reverse, YICTORIAE. 
 BRITTANNICAE. and S ... . C 
 
 A copper coin of Allectus has the in- 
 scription on the obverse, IMPerator 
 C. ALLECTYS. PIVS. FELicitas AV- 
 Gusti ; the reverse PROVIDentia 
 AVGusti. 
 
 A copper coin of Carausius has IMPerator 
 CARAVSIVS. Pius AVGustus ; on the 
 reverse, ^LAETITIA. AVGusti (the 
 happiness of Augustus). 
 
 A copper coin of Constantine has the 
 inscription on the obverse, CONSTAN- 
 TINVS. AVGustus ; and on the re- 
 verse, P. LON. supposed to be PECU- 
 NIA LONDINIENSIS (money of 
 London). 
 
 THE SKEATTA. THE COINS OF THE 
 HEPTARCHY. 
 
 KENT. 
 
 A skeatta, with a rude portrait, has on 
 the reverse an inscription in Runic 
 characters ETHILD. REX, the ear- 
 liest positive monument of the Saxon 
 Heptarchy (a.d. 568). 
 
 The earliest known Saxon silver penny, 
 supposed to be of Ethelbert II. (a.d. 
 725) ; the inscription is ETHEL- 
 BERT, and some undefined characters ; 
 and on the revei se the word REX. 
 
 A silver penny of Eadbert (a d. 794), has 
 EADBEARHT. REX, and on the re- 
 verse, the Moneyer’s name, IAEN- 
 BERHT. 
 
 A silver penny of Cuthred (a.d. 794) ; 
 has the inscription round the head 
 CVDRED. REX. CANT.; the last 
 word is for CANTIiE (Kent) ; a 
 Moneyer’s name occupies the reverse. 
 
 A penny of Cuthred, with a tribrach on 
 the reverse, (a.d. 805), has on the 
 reverse the Moneyer’s name, and 
 DliVR, CITS, for Dorovernia Ci vitas 
 (City ol Canterbury), the nrst exam- 
 ple of a Coin of that mint 
 
 MERCIA. 
 
 A penny of Eadvald (a.d. 716) j-has ALD 
 above, and EADV below, in the in- 
 scription ; with REX ; and on the re- 
 verse the Moneyer’s name. 
 
 A penny of Offa (ad. 757); has OFFA. 
 REX. preceded by a cross in the 
 inscription. 
 
 A penny of Cynethrith, the Queen of 
 Offa; has the inscription CYNEDRIT. 
 REGIN. (for Regina). 
 
 EAST ANOLE8. 
 
 A skeatta of Beonna (a.d. 750) ; has the 
 inscription in Runic Characters, 
 BEONNA. REX. ; on the reverse the 
 Moneyer’s name EFE appears. 
 
 A silver penny of Eadmund (a.d. 855) ; 
 has the inscription, EADMVND. 
 REX., and on the reverse the Money- 
 er’s name. 
 
 A penny of Ethelstan (a.d. 870), reads 
 EDELSTEN, without the REX. 
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND. 
 
 A styca of Egfrith (a.d. 670), has EGG- 
 FRID. REX-, and on the reverse a 
 cross with rays of light, and LVX. 
 (light). 
 
 A styca of Elfwald (a.d. 670), reads 
 ALEFVALD. 
 
 A silver penny of Regnald (a.d. 912) ; 
 has the Latin REX changed to the 
 Saxton CVNVNC, and reads REG- 
 NALD. CVNVNC. 
 
 A penny of Anlaf (a.d. 941) ; has the in- 
 scription ANLAF. CVNVNC. II , on 
 the reverse is the Moneyer’s name. 
 
 COINS OF SAINTS. 
 
 A penny of St. Peter, has the inscription, 
 San Ct I. PEt Ri MO.neta. 
 
 A penny of St. Edmund, reads San Ct I. 
 EDMVNdi ReX ; the reverse has the 
 Moneyer’s name. 
 
 COINS OF PRELATES. 
 
 A penny of Ceolnoth (a.d. 830), Arch 
 bishop of Canterbury, reads CEOL- 
 NOD. ARHI. EPIscopus; on the re- 
 verse the Moneyer’s name and Doro- 
 vernia civitas. 
 
 A penny of Jaenbrht, Archbishop of 
 Canterbury (a.d. 763); has tho 
 
INSCRIPTIONS ON THE COINAGE OE GREAT BRITAIN. 681 
 
 inscription IAENBRHT. ARchi EPis- 
 copus. 
 
 A -styca of Ulfhere, Archbishop of York 
 (a.d 854) ; appears to read VYILF- 
 HERE. A.rchi EP iscopus. 
 
 COINS OF THE SAXON SOLE 
 MONARCHS. 
 
 On a penny of Egbert (a.d. 800) ; his 
 name reads ECGBEORHT REX. 
 
 On a penny of Ethelwulf (a.d. 837) ; his 
 name reads EDELYVLF. REX. 
 
 On a penny of iEthclbald (a.d. 855) ; bis 
 name reads AEDELBALD REX. 
 
 On a penny of vEtheibert (a.d. 856) ; his 
 name read3 EDELBEARHT. REX. 
 
 On a penny of ^Ethelred (a.d. 866) ; his 
 name reads EDELD11ED. REX. A. 
 (Anglorum). 
 
 On a penny of ASlfred the Great (a.d. 
 87 2); his name reads AiLFRED. 
 REX ; and on the reverse is the mo- 
 nogram of London. 
 
 On the obverse of a penny of Edward the 
 elder ; his name reads EADWEARD. 
 REX. 
 
 On the reverse of a penny of Atthelstan, 
 the inscription is Regnald. mon., (for 
 monetarius) ; that is, Regnald the 
 Moneyer, or coiner ; on the obverse 
 the king’s name reads AEDELSTAN. 
 REX. 
 
 On a penny of Edmund ; his name reads 
 EADMVD. REX., the N. being 
 omitted by accident — a common omis- 
 sion on coins of the period. 
 
 On a penny of Edred ; his name reads 
 EADRED. REX. 
 
 The reverses of nearly all the above 
 coins, have the Moneyer’s name, and 
 nearly all have also the name of the 
 place of mintage, more or less abbre- 
 viated. 
 
 COINS OF THE SAXON AND DANISH 
 SOLE MONARCHS. 
 
 On a penny of Edwy (a.d. 955) ; the 
 name reads EADYIG. REX. 
 
 Or. a penny of Edgar (a.d. 958) ; the 
 name reads EADGAR. REX. 
 
 On a penny of Edward the Martyr (a d. 
 675) ; the name reads EADPEARD. 
 REX. AGL. having the Saxon P for 
 
 W, and AGL. for Angliae, or Anglo- 
 rum. 
 
 Cn pennies of JEthelred (a.d. 978) ; the 
 name reads EDELRED. REX. ANG. 
 (for Anglorum). 
 
 On pennies of Canute (a.d. 1016); his 
 name reads CNYT. REX. AN. (for 
 Anglorum). 
 
 On pennies of Harold I. (a.d. 1035) ; 
 his name reads HAROLD. REX 
 
 On pennies of Hardicanute (a.d. 1040) ; 
 his name reads HARDACNVT REX. 
 
 On pennies of Edward the Confesses 
 (a.d. 1042) ; his name reads EADPRD, 
 REX ANGLO, (for Anglorum) ; the 
 Saxon P is used instead of W, and an 
 A left out. 
 
 On pennies of Harold II. ; his name 
 reads HAROLD. REX. ANGL. for 
 Anglorum ; the reverses of all his 
 coins have the word PAX (peace). 
 
 COINS OF THE ANGLO-NORMAN 
 KINGS, FROM WILLIAM I. TO 
 RICHARD III. 
 
 On the silver penny of William the Con- 
 queror (a.d. 1066) ; his name reads 
 PILLEMII3 REX ; the Saxon P being 
 used for W, and II for V. 
 
 On the pennies of William Rufus (a.d. 
 1087) ; his name reads PILLEM. 
 REX ; the Saxon P being again used 
 for W. 
 
 On the pennies of Henry I. (a.d. 1100) ; 
 his name appears to read HNRE. 
 REX. 
 
 On the pennies of Stephen (a.d. 1135) ; 
 his name reads STIEFN ; his coins 
 are generally, but not always, with- 
 out REX 
 
 On the pennies of Henry, Bishop of 
 Winchester; his name reads HEX- 
 RICVS. EP.C (for EP.isCopus). 
 
 On the pennies of Robert, Duke of Glou- 
 cester ; his name reads RODBERTV.3. 
 ST T ; the meaning of the three last 
 letters is unknown. 
 
 On the pennies of Eustace, son of Stephen ; 
 his name reads EVSTACIVS, and on 
 others EISTAOhIVS. 
 
 The pennies of Stephen and Matilda, 
 have the legend STIEFN.; R. 
 
 On the pennies of Henry II. (a.d. 1154) , 
 his name reads HENRI. REX. ANG 
 
632 INSCRIPTIONS ON THE COINAGE OF GREAT BRITAIN, 
 
 On the pennies of Henry III. (a.d. 1216); 
 his name reads HENRICVS. REX. 
 AN. 
 
 On the gold penny of Henry III. ; his 
 name reads HENRIC. REX. III. 
 
 On a supposed groat of Edward I. ; his 
 name and title read EDWARDVS Del 
 GRAtia REX ANGLi®, (by the grace 
 of God, King of England) ; the re- 
 verse has Domi NuS. HIBerni® Et 
 DVX AQVi Tani®, (Lord of Ireland, 
 and Duke of Aquitaine) ; also CIVI- 
 TAS LONDONLE (city of London). 
 
 There is a silver penny of Edward I. 
 (a.d. 1272), with similar inscriptions 
 differently abbreviated. 
 
 On a farthing of Edward I., the name 
 is abbreviated, and it has Civitas 
 London, on the reverse ; others hav- 
 ing Londoniensis. 
 
 The penny of Edward II., (ad. 1307), 
 has EDWAR. R. ANG. DNS. HYB. 
 
 On the groat of Edward III., the same 
 titles appear as on the groat of 
 Edward I., but differently abbreviated, 
 and with the addition of FRANCci®. 
 The reverse has the motto, POSVI. 
 DEVM. ADIVTOREM MEVM. (I 
 have made God my helper). 
 
 Some pennies of Edward III., with name 
 and titles similar to the above, have 
 CIVITAS. EBORACI (city of York) 
 on the reverse. 
 
 The gold quarter florin of Edward III., 
 reads on the obverse EDWARdus 
 Dei Gratia Rex ANGLiae Z (for et) 
 FRANCi® Dominus HIBerniae. The 
 reverse has EXALTABITVR. IN. 
 GLORIA. (He shall be exalted in 
 glory). 
 
 The gold noble of Edward III. reads on 
 the obverse EDWARD. DEI. GRA 
 REX. ANGL. Z. FRANC. D. HYB. 
 The reverse has IIIE. (for Jesus) 
 AVTEM. TRANSIENS. Per MEDIVM. 
 ILLORVM. IBAt (Jesus passing 
 through the midst of them went 
 away). 
 
 The quarter noble of Edward III. ; has 
 the same legend as the quarter florin. 
 
 The groat of Richard II. (a.d. 1377) ; 
 reads RICARDus. Del. Gratia. REX. 
 ANGLiae Z (fore/) FRANCiae; the 
 reverse has POSVI. DEVM. ADIVTO- 
 REM. MEVm (I have made God my 
 
 help) ; and CIVITAS LONDOniae, 
 (city of London). 
 
 On a quarter noble of Henry IV.; the 
 legend reads HENRICVS. Del. GRa - 
 tia Rex ANGLiae Z (for et) FRANCiae. 
 
 The groat of Edward IV. has EDWARD. 
 DI. GRA. 
 
 The angels of Edward IV., have the 
 same titles as the quarter Noble. 
 The reverse has PER. CRVCEM 
 TVAm SALVA NOS. X.RE. RE- 
 DEMPTor (By thy cross save us, O 
 Christ, our Redeemer). 
 
 The groat of Richard III. has the same 
 titles as the groat of Richard II. 
 
 THE COINS OF THE TUDORS. 
 
 The shilling of Henry VII., the first 
 English shilling, has on the obverse, 
 HENRICus SEPTIMus Del. GRAtia 
 REX. ANGLiae Z (for et) FRanciae, 
 (Henry the Seventh, by the grace of 
 God, King of England and France) ; 
 on the reverse, the old motto POSVI 
 DEVM. ADIVTORE MEVM- 
 
 The gold sovereign of Henry VII., the 
 first coin bearing that name, has 
 the legend HENRICVS. DEI. GRACIA 
 REX. ANGLIE ET. FRANCIE. Domi 
 NuS IBARniae. 
 
 The reverse of another type of the 
 gold sovereign of this reign; it has 
 the old motto, IHESUS. AVTEM. 
 TRANSIENS. PER. MEDIVM. ILLO- 
 RVM IBAT. (Jesus passing through 
 the midst of them went away). 
 
 The half angel of Henry VII., has HEN- 
 RICus Del. GRAtia REX. ANGLi® ; 
 and on the reverse O. CRVX. AVE. 
 SPES. VNICA. (Hail, O cross, the 
 only hope). 
 
 The gold crown of Henry VIII., has the 
 titles, without Ireland; and on the 
 reverse, HENRICus VIII. RVTILANS 
 ROSA. SINE. SPINa. (The shining 
 rose without a thorn). 
 
 The York half groat, has HENRIC . . . 
 on the obverse, and on the reverse, 
 CIVITAS. EBORACI. (City of York), 
 with the Cardinal’s hat and the 
 initials of Wolsey. 
 
 The silver farthing of his reign has the 
 obverse, RVTILANS ROSA. (The shin, 
 ing rose) ; on the reverse HEN.— 
 AG. 
 
INSCRIPTIONS ON THE COINAGE OF GREAT BRITAIN. 683 
 
 The gold sovereign of this reign, has the 
 inscription the same as the testoon, 
 and on the reverse, the old motto 
 IHESVS. &c. &c. 
 
 The george noble ; has on the reverse, 
 HENRICus Dei Gratia Rex AnGLi® 
 Z (for et) FRANCi® DomiNuS. HIBER 
 ni®. 
 
 On the angel ; the titles on the obverse 
 omit Ireland ; on the reverse is PER 
 CRVCEm TV Am SALYA. NOS. XRE. 
 REDE. 
 
 The gold half-crown, has mottoes simi- 
 lar to those of the crown. 
 
 The testoon or shilling, has on the 
 obverse HENRICus VIII. Dei Gratia 
 ANGli® FRAnci® Z (for et) IBerni® 
 REX. (Henry VIII., by the Grace 
 of God, King of England, France, and 
 Ireland). 
 
 A shilling of Edward VI., has the legend 
 EDWARDVS. VI. Dei Gratia AnGLi® 
 FRAnciae Z (for et) HIBerni® REX, 
 (Edward VI., by the Grace of God, 
 King of England, France, and Ire- 
 land), on the reverse ; and the obverse 
 has TIMOR. DOMINI. FONS. VITE. 
 (The fear of the Lord is the fountain 
 of life), and the date, 1549. 
 
 The half-crown, has the titles as on the 
 shillings, and on the reverse the old 
 motto, POSVI DEVm ADIVTORE. 
 MEVm (I have made God my help). 
 
 The penny has the motto, Rosa sink 
 spina, (The rose without a thorn). 
 
 A treble sovereign, has on the reverse 
 the old motto, IHesuS. AUTEM 
 TRANSIENS. PER. MEDIum IL- 
 LORum I BAT (Jesus passing through 
 the midst of them, went away). 
 
 A half sovereign, with the usual title, 
 and on the reversb, the motto, IHS. 
 &c. 
 
 The gold crown (with the rose and 
 crown), has the motto, SCVTVM 
 FIDEI. PROTEGET. EVM (The 
 shield of faith protects him). 
 
 K groat of MARY, has the motto of 
 the obverse, MARIA Dei Gratia 
 ANGli® FRAnci® Z (for et) HIBerni® 
 REGIna (Mary, by the Grace of God, 
 Queen of England, Ireland, and 
 France) ; the reverse has the motto, 
 VERITAS. TEMPORIS. FIL1A 
 (Truth, the daughter of Time). 
 
 A shilling, struck after her marriage, with 
 the head of Mary on one side, and Philip 
 on the other ; has the titles of Mary, 
 MARIA. Dei Gratia Regina ANGli® 
 FRanci® NEAPolis PRinceps Hispa- 
 niffi (Mary, by the Grace of God, 
 Queen of England, France, Naples, 
 and Princess of Spain) ; the titles of 
 Philip being the same, on the other 
 side. 
 
 Another shilling has the motto, PHI LIP. 
 ET. MARIA. &c. &c. 
 
 The double rial of Mary, has the motto, 
 MARIA D. G., &c. and on the reverse, 
 A. DomiNO. FACTVm. EST. ISTVd, 
 Z. EST. MIRabile IN. OCULis 
 NostRIS (It is the work of the Lord, 
 and wonderful in our eyes). 
 
 The shillings of Elizabeth have Dei 
 Gratia ANGli® FRanci® ET HIBer- 
 ni® REGINA (Elizabeth, by the 
 Grace of God, Queen of England, 
 France, and Ireland) ; on the reverse 
 the old motto, POSVI. DEVm 
 ADIVTOREM. MEVm (I have made 
 God my help). 
 
 A three-halfpenny piece, has Elizabeth 
 Dei Gratia, and ROSA SINE SPINA, 
 (The rose without a thorn) ; on the 
 reverse, CIVITAS LONDON. (City of 
 London). 
 
 THE COINS OF THE STUARTS. 
 
 A half-crown of James I. has the legend 
 JACOBVS Dei Gratia Magn® BRItan- 
 ni® FRAnci® ET. HIBerni® REX. 
 (James, by the Grace of God, King of 
 Great Britain, France, and Ireland). 
 
 A sixpence, with same titles, has on the 
 reverse, QV^E. DEVS. CONIVNXIT 
 NEMO SEPARET (Whom God has 
 joined together let no one put asunder). 
 
 A half-groat, with I.D.G. and rosa sine 
 spina (The rose without a thorn) ; has 
 on the reverse, TVEATVR. VNITA. 
 DEVS (God upholds the united). 
 
 The gold crown, of four shillings, has 
 TVEATVR, &c., on the reverse. 
 
 The fifteen-shilling piece has the 
 motto, A. DomiNO. FACTVM. EST. 
 MIRABIle (It is the Lord’s doing, 
 and is wonderful). 
 
 A half-crown of Charles I., has CARO 
 LVS Dei Gratia MAGn® BRItanni® 
 
 1 FRAnci® ET. HIBerni® REX. 
 
684 * INSCRIPTIONS ON THE COINAGE OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 (Charles, by the Grace of God, King j 
 of Great Britain, France, and Ire- 
 land) ; and on the reverse, CHRISTO. 
 AVSPICE. REGNO (I reign under 
 the auspices of Christ). 
 
 A shilling ; has mottoes nearly similar. 
 
 A gold unit has on the reverse FLOREANT 
 CONCORDIA REGNA (Kingdoms 
 flourish by concord). 
 
 A gold twenty shillings, of the pattern 
 called the “ Exurgat ” money ; has the 
 motto EXVRGAT. DEYS. DISSI- 
 
 , PENTVR INIMICI (Let God arise, 
 let his enemies be scattered) ; and on 
 the scroll in the centre is a motto re- 
 lating to his declaration to support 
 the Protestant religion, the laws and 
 liberties of his subjects, and the 
 privileges of Parliament : it reads, 
 RL1G. PROT. LEG. ANG. LIBER. 
 PARL. 
 
 A gold crown, or quarter-unit ; has on 
 the reverse, the motto CVLTORES. 
 SVI. DEYS. PROTEGIT (God pro- 
 tects his worshippers). 
 
 A shilling “ siege piece ” of Pontefract 
 Castle, has the motto DVM. SPIRO 
 SPERO (Whilst I breathe I hope). 
 
 The Commonwealth of England, have the 
 legends for the first time in English ; 
 on the obverse, is “ the Common- 
 wealth of England reverse, god 
 with us. 
 
 A half-crown of Cromwe’ 1 (perhaps never 
 issued), with the head of the Protector, 
 has OLIVAR. Dei Gratia Rei Pub- 
 lic® ANGli® SCOti® ET HIBerni® 
 PROtector (Oliver by the grace of 
 God, Protector of the Republic of 
 England, Scotland, and Breland) ; on 
 the reverse is the motto PAX. QVA2- 
 RITVR. BELLO (Peace is to be sought 
 by war). 
 
 On a sixpence of Charles II, the titles on 
 the obverse read CAROLVS II. Dei 
 Gratia Magnae BRItanniae FRAnciae 
 ET. HIBerni® REX ; on the reverse 
 the motto of his father, CHRISTO 
 AVSPICE. REGNO (I reign under 
 the auspices of Christ). 
 
 Or the copper half-penny, first issued in 
 this reign, the motto is CAROLVS. A. 
 CAROLO. (Charles from Charles) ; 
 or if the half-penny was called “ a 
 Carolus,” we may read “a Carolus 
 
 from Charles.” The farthing of th; 
 same coinage has the motto famulus 
 nummorum on the edge (The servant 
 of money) ; as “ fa;nulus sacrorum ” 
 (The parish clerk, or servant of clergy- 
 men). 
 
 On the reverse of a half-crown of JamesII. 
 the inscription is MAGn® BRitanni® 
 FRAnci® ET. HIBerni® REX. 1686, 
 (King of Great Britain, France, and 
 Ireland) ; the JACOB VS. DEI. GRATIA 
 (James by the Grace of God) being on 
 the obverse as on the crown. 
 
 A crown of William and Mary has the in- 
 scription, GVLIELMVS. ET. MARIA. 
 DEI GRATIA (William and Mary by 
 the Grace of God) ; and on the reverse, 
 MAGn® BRitanni® FRanci® ET. 
 HIberni® REX. ET. REGINA. (King 
 and Queen of Great Britain, France, 
 and Ireland). 
 
 A crown of William III., struck after the 
 death of Mary, has GVLIELMVS. III. 
 DEI. GRAtia (William the Third, by 
 the Grace of God) ; and on the reverse 
 MAGn® BRitanni®, FRAnci® ET. 
 HIBerni® REX (King of Great 
 Britain, France, and Ireland). 
 
 The coins of Anne have, on the obverse, 
 ANNA. DEI. GRATIA, and on the re- 
 verse the titles as in the previous reign. 
 
 COINS OF THE HANOVERIAN LINE. 
 
 A half-crown of George I. ; has the titles 
 on the obverse, GEORGIVS Dei Gratia 
 Magn® Britannia FRanci® ET. 
 HIBerni® REX (George by the 
 Grace of God, King of Great Britain, 
 France, and Ireland), and fide* 
 defensor (Defender of the Faith). 
 
 The reverses have BRYNsvicencis ET. 
 Lunenbergensis DVX. Sacri Romani 
 Imperii Archi THesaurarius ET. 
 ELector (Duke of Brunswick and 
 Lunenburg, and Arch-treasurer and 
 Elector of the Holy Roman Empire). 
 
 A half-crown of George II. has the motto 
 GEORGIUS II., DEI GRATIA (George II., 
 by the Grace of God), and the reverse 
 has Magn® Britanni® Franci® ET. 
 Hiberni® RE. Fidei Defensor Bruns- 
 vigensis ET. Lunenbergensis DuX 
 Sacri Romani Imperii Archi Thesau 
 rarius ET. Elector. 
 
PRICES OF ENGLISH COINS. 
 
 685 
 
 The inscriptions on the more recent coins I 
 ire too well known to require repeti- 
 tion. The only recent variation, was 
 the omission of the DEI GRATIA on | 
 
 the new two-shilling piece, or florin, 
 which caused the intended issue to be 
 suppressed. 
 
 LIST OF PRESENT PRICES OF ENGLISH COINS, 
 
 SINCE THE NORMAN CONQUEST. 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 All are silver pennies till Edward III. 
 
 WILLIAM I., from 2s. to 1/. 
 
 WILLIAM II., from 15s. to 21. 10s. 
 
 HENRY I., from If. to 4 f. 
 
 STEPHEN, from 15s. to 31. 
 
 HENRY II., from 3s. to 10s. 
 
 RICHARD I., from 2s. to 6s. 
 
 HENRY III., from 2s. to 5s. 
 
 EDWARD I. and II., from 2s to 5s. 
 
 EDWARD III. pennies, half groats, and 
 groats, about 4s. each. 
 
 GOLD. Noble, about 21. ; half do. 
 about 21s. ; quarter do., about 12s. 
 
 EDWARD BLACK PRINCE pennies, 
 about 7 s. 
 
 RICHARD II pennies, about 6s. ; half- 
 groats, about 15s. ; groats, about 20s. 
 
 GOLD. Noble and half-do., about 
 31. ; quarter-do., about 1/. 
 
 HENRY IY. Y. VI. pennies, from 4s. to 
 20s. ; half-groats, from 4s. to 20s. ; 
 j. groats from 4s. to If. 
 
 GOLD. Nobles, about 21. ; half-do., 
 about 25s. ; quarter-do., about 12s. 
 
 EDWARD IV. pennies, about 5s. ; half- 
 groats, about 4s. and 5s. ; groats, 3s. 
 to 10s. 
 
 GOLD. Noble, about 21. ; half-do., 
 25s. ; quarter-do., about 21s.; angel 
 and half-do., about 30s. 
 
 RICHARD III. pennies, about If. ; half- 
 groats, very rare, groats, about 25s. 
 
 GOLD. Angel, about 5 f. 
 
 HENRY VII. pennies, about 4s. ; half- 
 do, about 4s. ; groats, about 5s. ; 
 shillings, from lOf. 
 
 GOLD. Sovereign, about 1 Of.; angel, 
 about 25s ; half-do., about 2f. 
 
 HENRY VIII. pennies, 2s. 6 d. ; half- 
 groats and groats, 4s. and 5s. ; 
 shilling, about 2f. 
 
 GOLD. Sovereign, about 8f. ; half- 
 sovereign, about 25s. ; angel, about 
 If. ; half-do., about 25s.; crown, 
 about If. 
 
 EDWARD VI. pennies, from 10s. ; half- 
 groat, base, about 4f. ; groat, base, 
 very rare, in Durrant’s sale, sold for 
 lOf. 10s. ; quarter-shilling, about 
 20s. ; sixpence, about 10s. ; shilling, 
 from 4s. ; half-crowns, 2f. ; crowns, 
 about 2f. 
 
 GOLD. Double sovereign, Col. 
 
 Durrant’s, sold for 38 f. 10s. ; sove- 
 reign, about 4 f. ; half-do., about 21. ; 
 quarter-do., about 4f. ; half-crown, 
 about 31. 
 
 MARY I. pennies, about 10s. ; half, 
 groats, about 31. ; groats, about 12s.; 
 half-shillings, about 2f. ; shillings, 
 about 2 f. 
 
 GOTTD. Sovereign, about 6f. ; 
 
 rial, one of the rarest coins in the 
 series, Col. Durrant’s, sold for 66f. ; 
 angel, about 4f. 
 
 ELIZABETH, three farthing pieces, 
 about 10s. ; pennies, about 2s. ; three 
 halfpenny pieces, about 10s. ; half- 
 groats, about 4s. ; threepenny pieces, 
 about 4s. ; groats, about 10s. ; half- 
 shillings about 3s. ; Shillings about 
 10s. ; half-crowns about 2f. ; crowns, 
 about 2f. 
 
 GOLD. Sovereigns about 41. ; rial, 
 the average of Col- Durrant’s was 71. 
 1 5s. ; angel, about 2f.; half do.about 20s. 
 
 I<1 
 
 
 3 
 
 . / 
 // 
 
PRICES OF ENGLISH COINS, 
 
 JAMES I. pennies, about 4s. ; half-groats, 
 about 3s. ; sixpences, about 10s. ; 
 shillings, from about 7s. Gd. ; half- 
 crowns about 21. ; crowns about 21. 
 
 GOLD. Sovereigns, or rose rials, 
 about 4 /. ; unites, or twenty-shilling 
 pieces, about 21. ; half-sovereign, 
 about 1/. ; crowns, about 12s.; half- 
 crowns, about 10s.; angel, about 21. ; 
 half do., about SI. 
 
 CHARLES I. COPPER. Farthings, 
 about Gd. 
 
 SILVER. Pennies, 2s. to II. ; half- 
 groats, about 4s. ; threepenny pieces 
 about 4s. ; groats about 5s. ; sixpences 
 about 5s. ; shillings about 10s. ; half- 
 crowns, about 1 2s. ; crowns, about 
 21. ; ten-shilling pieces, about 21. 10s.; 
 pound-pieces, about 10/. 
 
 GOLD. Angels, about 4/. ; unit, or 
 broad, about 21. ; half-do., about 21. ; 
 crowns, about 1/. ; treble unit, or 
 three-pound piece, Oxford Mint, 
 about SI. 
 
 COMMONWEALTH. SILVER. Half- 
 pennies, about 4s. ; pennies, about 
 4s. ; half-groats, about 3s. ; sixpences, 
 about 12s. ; shillings, about 7s. ; 
 half-crowns, about 3/. ; crowns, 
 about 21. 10s. 
 
 GOLD. Twenty - shilling piece, 
 about 31. ; half-do., about 21. 10s. ; 
 crowns, about 21. 10s. 
 
 OLIVER CROMWELL. The set of his 
 
 silver coins, crown, half-do., and 
 shilling, is worth from 71. to 12/. 
 
 GOLD. Broad, about 7 /. 
 
 CHARLES II. COPPER. Half-pennies, 
 about 5s. , Farthings, about Is. 
 
 SILVER. The set of Maundav 
 money, Id , 2d., 3d., and \d., given 
 by the monarch on Maunday Thurs- 
 day, to certain poor persons, about 
 3s. Gd . ; sixpences about 3s. ; shil- 
 lings, about 5s. ; half-crowns, about 
 10s.; crowns, from 15s. upwards, 
 according to preservation. 
 
 GOLD. Half-guineas, about 21. ; 
 guineas, about 3/. ; two-guinea pieces 
 about 3/. ; five-guinea pieces, about 7/. 
 
 From this time till the present, the 
 Copper Coins can be purchased for 
 from Is. to 2s. and 3s. per specimen, 
 with the exception of 
 
 ANNE’S FARTHING, 
 a fine specimen of which of the 
 common type can be procured for 
 about 14s. to 1/. The Silver Coins, 
 can be purchased for about double 
 currency, and upwards, according to 
 preservation ; and the Golt> Coins 
 can be obtained for about 50 per cent, 
 advance on the current value. For 
 further information, the student is 
 referred to the Catalogues of well- 
 known and carefully selected cabinets, 
 such as the Thomas, Durrant, &c. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. 
 
 Aba, coins of; wrongly attributed to 
 Albaeti Mysi, 551. 
 
 Aba, imperial Greek coins of; 590. 
 
 Aballa, coins of; doubtful attribution, 
 550. 
 
 Abbreviations on Greek coins, 542; 
 on Roman coins, 602; on English 
 coins, 679. 
 
 Abde'ra, early coins of; 24, 40, 550, 
 571. 
 
 Abd'era, imperial Greek coins o£ 590. 
 
 Abd'era, colonial imperial coins of, 626. 
 
 Aberystwith, the mint at, 468; re- 
 moved to Oxford, 469. 
 
 Abila Leucas Decapoleos, imperial 
 Greek coins o£ 590. 
 
 Aboni Tichos, coins o£ 550. 
 
 Aboni Tichos, imperial Greek coins 
 of; 590. 
 
 Abraham, money transactions in the 
 time of; 8. 
 
 Aburian family, coins of the, 632. 
 
 Abydos, early gold coins of; 19, 550 ; 
 early silver coins of; 26, 550, 571. 
 
 Acanthus, oriental symbol on a coin 
 of; 46 ; coins of; 550, 571. 
 
 Acamania, coins of; 550; some formerly 
 ascribed to, now classed among 
 those of Atella, 550. 
 
 Acci, colonial imperial coins of; 626. 
 
 Accoleian family, coins of the, 291, 632. 
 
 Ace, coins of, with Phoenician legends, 
 550 ; with name of Ptolemais, ibid. 
 
 Acerrae, coins wrongly attributed to, j 
 550. 
 
 Achaia, coins of; 550 ; doubtful coins, 
 550, 551. 
 
 Acherontia, in Apulia, coins of Aqui- 
 lonis formerly ascribed to, 553. 
 
 Achille'a, coins of; 550 ; attributed to 
 Olbia, i bid. 
 
 Achilleus, no true coins of, 648. 
 
 Achulla, imperial Greek coins of; 590. 
 
 Acilian family, coins of the, 632. 
 
 Acmonia, imperial Greek coins of; 
 590. 
 
 Acrasus, imperial Greek coins of, 590. 
 
 Adada, imperial Greek coins of; 590. 
 
 Adraa, imperial Greek coins of; 590. 
 
 Adramyttium, name of; on coins of 
 Thebe Adramytenorum, 569. 
 
 Adramyttium, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 590. 
 
 Aebutian family, coins of the, 632. 
 
 Aegae, in Aeolia, imperial Greek coins 
 of; 590. 
 
 Aegae, in Cilicia, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 590. 
 
 Aegia, coins of islands near to, 551. 
 
 Aegi'alus, coins of; 551. 
 
 Aegi'alus, imperial Greek coins of, o. 
 doubtful attribution, 590. 
 
 Aegina, early silver coinage of; 21, 23, 
 551 ; bronze, 551 ; proportion and 
 value, 191. 
 
 Aeginetan standard adopted in many 
 Grecian states, 192. 
 
 Aegira, imperial Greek coins of; 590 
 
 Aegium, imperial Greek coins of; 590. 
 
 Aegium, coins of; 551. 
 
 Aelfred the Great, coins of; 421, 540; 
 inscription, 681. 
 
688 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Aelia Capitolina, colonial imperial 
 coins of, 626. 
 
 Aelia Zenonis, coins of, 652. 
 
 Aelian (and Allian) family, coins of the, 
 632. 
 
 Aelianus, coins of, 645. 
 
 Aelianus II., doubtful coins of, 648. 
 
 Aelius, Lucius, coins of, 335, 641, 
 
 666 , 676 . 
 
 Aemilian family, coins of the, 285, 632. 
 
 Aemilianus, coins of, 358, 642, 668. 
 
 Aemilius Aemilianus, coins of, 645, 
 671, 677. 
 
 Aenus, coins of, 551, 571. 
 
 Aenus, imperial Greek coins of, some 
 doubtful, 590. 
 
 Aeolis, coins of, 551. 
 
 Aeolium, coins restored to, 551. 
 
 Aeropus, king of Macedon, coins of, 77, 
 580. 
 
 Aes (bronze), not copper, the Roman 
 standard, 250. 
 
 Aes libra, or pound-weight of copper, 
 the Italian standard, 251. 
 
 Aesemia, coins of, with Latin legends, 
 551. 
 
 Aethelred II., coins of, 424, 679, 681. 
 
 Aetolia, coins of, 551. 
 
 Aezanis, imperial Greek coins of, 590. 
 
 Afranian family, coins of the, 632. 
 
 Africa, coins of the Gothic princes of, 
 369, 652 ; of the Vandal princes 
 of, 652, 653 ; ring money o£ 8, 
 535 ; uncertain coins of, 551. 
 
 Agath'ocles, of Sicily, coins of, 108, 583. 
 
 Agathymus, coins of, with name of 
 Tyndaris, in Sicily, 551. 
 
 Agrigentum, types of the coins o£ 61, 
 62 ; numerous coins, 551, 571 ; 
 regal coins, 575. 
 
 Agrigentum, colonial imperial coins 
 of, 626 ; colonial autonomous, 
 ibid . ; Latin legends, ibid. 
 
 Agrippa, posthumous coins of, 638, 662. 
 
 Agrippa, Marcus, coins o£ 316, 638, 
 661. 
 
 Agrippina, colonial imperial coins of, 
 626. 
 
 Agrippina, junior, coins of, 322, 639, 
 663, 676. 
 
 Agrippina, senior, coins of, 321, 639, 
 662. 
 
 Alabauda, imperial Greek coins of, 
 590. 
 
 Alae, imperial Greek coins of, 590. 
 
 Alaesia, coins wrongly attributed to, 
 551. 
 
 Albaeti Mysi, coins of Aba wronglj 
 ascribed to, 551. 
 
 Albinus, Clodius, coins of, 345, 642, 
 
 668 . 
 
 Alchred, styca of, 415. 
 
 Alea, doubtful imperial Greek coin 
 of, 590. 
 
 Alexander I., of Macedon, his coins 
 the earliest to which a positive 
 date can be assigned, 31, 40; coins 
 of, 74, 580. 
 
 Alexander II., of Macedon, coins 
 attributed to, 78, 580. 
 
 Alexander III., of Macedon, vast 
 number of coins of, 81, 580 ; their 
 place of mintage usually to be 
 ascertained, 81. 
 
 Alexander Balas, coins of, 130. 
 
 Alexander Severus, coins of, 350, 643, 
 669. 
 
 Alexander I. and II. of Scotland, coins 
 of, 540. 
 
 Alexander, emperor at Carthage, coins 
 of, 648, 673. 
 
 Alexander, son ®f Basilius, coins ofj 
 656. 
 
 Alexander Aemilianus, false coins of, 
 646. 
 
 Alexandria, imperial Roman series 
 coined at, 676 ; its name found on 
 coins of other cities, 558. 
 
 Alexandria, imperial Greek coins of, 
 590. 
 
 Alexandria ad Issum, coins of, with 
 head of Antiochus VI. king of 
 Commagene, 551. 
 
 Alexandria ad Issum, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 590. 
 
 Alexandria Troas, colonial imperial 
 coins of, 626 ; colonial autono- 
 mous, ibid. ; Latin legend, ibid. 
 
 Alexius I. (Comnenus), coins of, 658. 
 
 Alexius II. coins of, 658. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 GS9 
 
 Alexius III., no certain coins of, 658. 
 
 Alexius IV., no certain coins of, 658. 
 
 Alexius V. no certain coins of, 658. 
 
 Alia, imperial Greek coins of, 590. 
 
 Alinda, imperial Greek coins of, 590. 
 
 Allectus, coins ofj 364, 648, 673. 
 
 Alleta, doubtful coins of, 551. 
 
 Allian. See Aelian. 
 
 Allienus, consular coins bearing the 
 name of, 632. 
 
 Allipha, coins of, 551. 
 
 Alphonso, king of Naples, his collec- 
 tion of coins, 5. 
 
 Alvona, no coins belonging to, 551. 
 
 Amadocus, coins of, 91. 
 
 Amandus, doubtful coins of, 648. 
 
 Amasia, coins of, 551. 
 
 Amasia, imperial Greek coins of, 590. 
 
 Amastris, coins of, 552. 
 
 Amastris, imperial Greek coins of, 591. 
 
 Amblada, imperial Greek coins of, 591. 
 
 Ameria, doubtful coins of, 552. 
 
 America, coinage of, 535. 
 
 Amisus, imperial Greek coins of, 591. 
 
 Amorium, imperial Greek coins of, 
 591. 
 
 Amphea, coins wrongly ascribed to, 
 552. 
 
 Amphictyonic Council, its object, 52. 
 
 Amphilochium, coins of, with the name 
 of Argos, 552. 
 
 Amphip'olis, coins of, 552, 571. 
 
 Amphip'olis, imperial Greek coins of, 
 591. 
 
 Amphridosias, name o£ on coins of 
 Plarassa, 566. 
 
 Amyntas II., of Macedon, coins of, 78, 
 580 ; their fine execution, 78. 
 
 Anastasius I., emperor, coins of, 370, 
 653, 675. 
 
 Anastasius II., coins of, 654 ; mixture 
 of Greek and Latin letters in in- 
 scriptions on coins, 654. 
 
 Anazarbus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 591. 
 
 Anazarbus Caesarea, numerous coins 
 o$ 552. 
 
 Anchialus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 591. 
 
 Ancient coins, forgeries of, 342, 404. 
 
 Ancy'ra, imperial Greek coins of, 
 591. 
 
 Andronicus I., coins of, 658. 
 
 Andronicus II., coins of, 659. 
 
 Andronicus III., no certain coins ofj 
 659. 
 
 Andronicus, son of Constantine XIV. , 
 658. 
 
 Andrus, imperial Greek coins of, 591. 
 
 Anemurium, imperial Greek coins of, 
 591. 
 
 Angel gold, 465. 
 
 Angelets and half angelets, 444. 
 
 Angels and half-angels, 443. 
 
 Anglesea penny, the, 498. 
 
 Anglo -Danish kings, coins of the, 425, 
 681. 
 
 Anglo-Gallic coins of the English 
 kings, 440, 540. 
 
 Anglo-Norman kings, coins of the, 
 428, 681, 685. 
 
 Anglo-Saxon coins, 409 ; prices of, 
 678 ; inscriptions, 680. 
 
 Anlaf, remarkable coins of, 418, 510, 
 680. 
 
 Anne, coins of, 485; mint marks, 
 ibid . ; pattern copper coins, 487 ; 
 inscription, 684; prices, 686. 
 
 Annia Faustina, coins of, 350, 643, 
 669, 677. 
 
 Annia Lucilla, coins of, 340, 642, 667, 
 
 676 . 
 
 Annian family, coins of the, 632. 
 
 Annius Verus, coins of, 340, 641, 667. 
 
 Anonymus, son of Domitian and 
 Domitia, 640. 
 
 Antaeopolites, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 591. 
 
 Antandrus, coins of, 552, 571. 
 
 Antandrus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 591. 
 
 Antestian or Antistian family, coins of 
 the, 291, 632. 
 
 Anthe'don, coins of, of Jewish kings, 
 551. 
 
 Anthe'don, imperial Greek coins of, 
 591. 
 
 Anthemius, coins of, 652, 675. 
 
 Anthemusia, imperial Greek coins of 
 591. 
 
 ri 
 
<390 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Antig'onus, as king of Asia, coins of, 
 101, 580. 
 
 Antigonus Gonataa coins of, 85. 
 
 Antin'oiis, medallions of, 335, 641, 
 
 666 , 676 . 
 
 Antioch, coins of, 552. 
 
 Antioche'ni ad Callirhoen, autonomous 
 coins of, 552. 
 
 Antioche'ni ad Daphnen, autonomous 
 coins of, 552. 
 
 Antioche'ni Ptolemais, autonomous 
 coins of, 552. 
 
 Antiochia, autonomous coins of, 552. 
 
 Antiochia ad Hippum Decapoleos, 
 imperial Greek coins of, 591. 
 
 Antiochia ad Maeandrum, autonomous 
 coins of, 552. 
 
 Antiochia ad Orontem, autonomous 
 coins of, 552. 
 
 Antiochia ad Orontem, colonial im- 
 perial coins of, 626. 
 
 Antiochia ad Sarum, autonomous 
 coins of, 552 ; imperial Greek 
 coins of, 591. 
 
 Antiochia Maritima, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 591. 
 
 Antiochia Pisidiae, colonial autonomous 
 coins of, 626 ; colonial imperial, 
 ibid. 
 
 Anti'ochus I. to XIII., coins of, 583, 
 584. 
 
 Antiphellus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 591. 
 
 Antonia, coins of, 319, 639, 662, 
 
 676 . 
 
 Antonian family, coins of the, 632. 
 
 Antoninus Galerius, coins of, 337, 641, 
 667. 
 
 Antoninus Pius, coins of, 335, 641, 
 
 666, 676. 
 
 Antoninus Sulpicius, no coins known 
 of, 646, 671. 
 
 Antoninus Uranius, coin of, 643. 
 
 Antony, Caius, coin of, 638. 661. 
 
 Antony, Lucius, coins of, 638, 661. 
 
 Antony, Marc, coins of, 122, 300, 638, 
 661, 676. 
 
 Antony, Marc, the son, coin of, 638, 
 661. 
 
 Apame'a, coins of, 552. 
 
 Apame'a, in Phrygia, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 591. 
 
 Apame'a, in Syria, imperial Greek 
 coins o£ 591. 
 
 Aphrodisias, coins of, with name of 
 Plarasa, in Caria, 552. 
 
 Aphroditopoli'tes, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 591. 
 
 Apollonia, coins of, of doubtful attribu- 
 tion, from the number of towns 
 bearing the name, 552 ; coin of 
 Callipolis restored to, 555. 
 
 Apollonia, in Caria, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 591. 
 
 Apollonia, in Illyria, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 591. 
 
 Apollonia, in Thrace, imperial Greek 
 coins olj 591. 
 
 Apollonia ad Rhyndacum, imperial 
 Greek coins of, 591. 
 
 Apollonidea. See Apollonis. 
 
 Apollonis, imperial Greek coins of, 
 591. 
 
 Apollonopoli'tes, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 591. 
 
 Apollonoshieron, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 591. 
 
 Aprouian family, coins of, 632. 
 
 Apuleian family, coins of the, 632. 
 
 Apulia, coins of, 552. 
 
 Aquileia, coins of, with Latin legend, 
 553. 
 
 Aquilia Severa, coins of, 349, 643, 
 
 669. 
 
 Aquillian family, coins of the, 632. 
 
 Aquilonia, coins of, with Oscan legends, 
 formerly attributed to Acherontia, 
 in Apulia, 553. 
 
 Arabia, imperial Greek coins of, 591. 
 
 Arabic coinage of Spain, 518 ; possibly 
 copied, as to the marcus, by Offa, 
 414. 
 
 Arabs, coinage of the, 534. 
 
 Ar'adus, coins of the isle of, 553 ; some 
 with Phoenician legends, ibid. 
 
 Ar'adus, imperial Greek coins of, 591. 
 
 Arae Sestianae, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 591. 
 
 Araricus or Eraricus, no coins known 
 of, 652. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 GDI 
 
 Arcadi, imperial Greek coin of, 591. 
 
 Arcadia, coins of, 553. 
 
 Arcadius, coins of, 651, 674. 
 
 Archaic, special meaning of the term, 
 237. 
 
 Archelaus I., king of Macedon, allu- 
 sion to the siege of Edessa on a 
 coin of, 47 ; other coins of, 74, 580. 
 
 Ardshir, or Artaxerxes, founder of 
 the Sassanian monarchy, 150; his 
 coins, 151, 582. 
 
 Arethusa, coin of, of doubtful attribu- 
 tion, 553. 
 
 Arethusa, imperial Greek coins of, 
 591. 
 
 Argenteus, the, 381 ; the denarius 
 superseded by the, 382. 
 
 Argolis, coins of, 553. 
 
 Argos, imperial Greek coins of, 591. 
 
 Argos, in Cilicia, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 591. 
 
 Ariartus, or Haliartus, false medal of, 
 553. 
 
 Ariassus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 591. 
 
 Aricia, medals of, 553. 
 
 Arimimum, the as o£ furnishes pro- 
 bably the earliest example of a 
 portrait on Italian money, 264. 
 
 Arisba, imperial Greek coins of, 591, 
 575 ; historical sketch, ibid. 
 
 Armenia, coins of the kings of, 106. 
 
 Armstrong, Sir Thomas, his patent for 
 coining farthings, 479. 
 
 Arrian family, coins of the, 632. 
 
 Arsacidae, coins of the, 136, 581. 
 
 Arsinoites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 591. 
 
 Art, style of, on Greek coins, 236; 
 Roman, 396; English, 438, 449, 
 473, 494. 
 
 Artavasdas, coins of, 654. 
 
 Artists’ names on Greek coins, 227, 
 244. 
 
 Aruncia, coins of Asculum wrongly 
 ascribed to, 553. 
 
 Arycanda, imperial Greek coins of, 
 591. 
 
 As, Roman, its origin, 250; the square 
 as, 253; as and pound, convertible 
 
 terms, 254 ; the circular as, 257 ; 
 reduced in weight, 258, 265 ; sub- 
 divided, 260 ; the as of other 
 states, 262; prices, 538, 678. 
 
 Ascalon, coins of, with heads of several 
 Syrian kings, 553. 
 
 Ascalon, imperial Greek coins of, 591. 
 
 Ascui, imperial Greek coins of, 591. 
 
 Asculum, coins of, with the name of 
 Hadria, 553 ; some wrongly attri- 
 buted to Dysceladus and to A runeia, 
 ibid. 
 
 Ascuta. See Ascui. 
 
 Asia, northern, rude coinage of, 534 . 
 
 Asia, coins of the town so called, 553 ; 
 its name found on coins of Alex- 
 ander the Great, ibid. 
 
 Asia, imperial Greek coins of, 591. 
 
 Asiba, doubtful imperial Greek coin 
 o$ 591. 
 
 A sine, imperial Greek coins of, 591. 
 
 Asinian family, coins of the, 632. 
 
 Aspendus, imperial Greek coin of, 
 
 591. 
 
 Aspurgitans, kings of the Cimmerian 
 Bosporus, coins of, 166, 575. 
 
 Assarius, what, 378. 
 
 Asso'rus, coins of, with Latin legends, 
 very rare among Sicilian coins, 553. 
 
 Assus, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Asturica, doubtful colonial imperial 
 coin of, 626. 
 
 Atarnea, imperial Greek coin of, 592. 
 
 Atella, coins of, with Oscan legends, 
 553 ; coins restored to, 550. 
 
 Athalaricus, coins of, 652. 
 
 Athelstan, coins of, 422, 679, 681 : of 
 his immediate successors, 423, 679, 
 681. 
 
 Athenodo'rus Yabalathus, coins of, 
 647, 671. 
 
 Athens, early silver coins of, 24, 553, 
 571 ; indifferent execution of, 44, 
 49 ; gold coins, 553 ; brass coins, 
 ibid. 
 
 Athribites, imperial Greek coin of, 
 
 592. 
 
 Atian family, coins of, 632. 
 
 Atilian family, coins of the, 632. 
 
 Atrax, coins of, 553, 571. 
 
 y y 2 
 
G92 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Attaea, imperial Greek coin of, 592. 
 
 Attalia, in Lydia, imperial Greek 
 coin of, 592. 
 
 Attalia, in Pamphylia, imperial Greek 
 coin of, 592. 
 
 Attalus, Priscus, coins of, 651, 674. 
 
 Attic standard, adopted by many 
 Grecian states, 193 ; weights, 
 194. 
 
 Attica, coins of, 553, 571. 
 
 Attila, no true autonomous coins of, 
 
 651. 
 
 Attuda, imperial Greek coin of, 592. 
 
 Auberici, coins of the, 173. 
 
 Aufidian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Augusta, imperial Greek coin of, 592. 
 
 Augustulus, Romulus, coins of, 367, 
 
 652, 675. 
 
 Augustus (Octavius) the emperor, 
 coins of, 313, 638, 661, 676. 
 
 Aurelian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Aurelianus, coins of, 362, 647, 671, 
 677. 
 
 Aurelius, Marcus, coins of, 337, 641, 
 
 Aureolus, coins of, 646, 671. 
 
 Aureopolis, imperial Greek coin of, 
 592. 
 
 Aureus, the true Roman, 274; its 
 depreciation in value, 275. 
 
 Automala, coins of doubtful attribution, 
 553. 
 
 Autonomous Greek coins, 48; distinc- 
 tion between, and regal coins, 72; 
 list of remarkable types, 69 ; list 
 of all the most important, 550. 
 
 Autronian family, coins of the, 633, 
 667, 676. 
 
 Avitus, coins of, 651, 675. 
 
 Axian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Azetini, various towns of the name, 
 553 ; Sestini’s attribution of coins 
 of, 553, 554. 
 
 Azotus, imperial Greek coin of, 592. 
 B. 
 
 Babylon, coins of the kings of, 575. 
 
 Babylonian talent, the, the oriental 
 standard, 200. 
 
 Bactria, coins of the kings of, 575. 
 
 Bactria and north-west India, Greek 
 coinage of. 158, 575; their inte- 
 resting character, 158. 
 
 Baduela, or Baduila (Totila), coins of, 
 652. 
 
 Baduila, an uncertain king, 652. 
 
 Baebia or Bibiana, coins of, 643, 669, 
 677. 
 
 Baebian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Bagae, imperial Greek coins of, 592 ; 
 with name of Temenothy'rae, ibid. 
 
 Balanea, imperial Greek coins of, 
 592. 
 
 Balbinus, coins of, 354, 644, 670, 
 677. 
 
 Baldred, king of Kent, coins of, 412, 
 540. 
 
 Baldwin I., coins of, 658. 
 
 Baldwin II., no known coins of, 658. 
 
 Balista, false coins of, 646. 
 
 Balsa, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Baltimore, Lord, coins struck by, for 
 New England, 471. 
 
 Bar, coins of the counts and count- 
 dukes of, 519. 
 
 Barce, coins of, 554, 571 ; with the 
 name of Ophelon, ibid. 
 
 Barchoc^bas, coins struck by, 250. 
 
 Bardanes (Filepicus), coins of, 654. 
 
 Bargasa, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Bargylia, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Baris, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Bars, or spikes, a transition stage be- 
 tween weighed money and coins, 9. 
 
 Base coinage, of Ireland, 511 ; of 
 Scotland, 508 ; of Sweden, 530. 
 
 Basilius I., coins of, 655. 
 
 Basilius II., coins of, 656 ; coins of 
 Basilius I. wrongly attributed to, 
 ibid. 
 
 Basiliscus, emperor, coins of, 652. 
 
 Bawbee, origin of the name, 508. 
 
 Bayer, his reading of a Punic inscrip- 
 tion, 65. 
 
 Bee, a type on Ephesian coins, 53. 
 
 Beneventum, coins of, with Latin 
 legends, 554 
 
 Beonna, king of East Anglia, coins of, 
 414, 680. 
 
 Beroea, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 693 
 
 Berytus, coins of, 554 ; some false, ibid. 
 
 Berytus, colonial autonomous coins of, 
 626 ; colonial imperial, ibid. ; 
 Latin legend, ibid. 
 
 Betilienus, consular coins bearing the 
 name of, 633. 
 
 Bezants. See Byzants. 
 
 Bilbilis, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Billon, coins of, 359, 381, 508. 
 
 Biorno, coins of, the earliest Swedish, 
 529. 
 
 Birmingham, a chief seat of the illegal 
 coinage, 490 ; a legal copper coin- 
 age issued from, 493. 
 
 Bistelia. See Phistelia. 
 
 Bitbynia, coinage of, 554 ; early silver 
 coins of, 27 ; coins of the kings of, 
 102, 576. 
 
 Bithynia, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Bithynium, or Claudiopolis, imperial 
 Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Bizya, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Black money, of Denmark, 529 ; of 
 France, 531 ; of Scotland, 508. 
 
 Blaundos, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Blondeau, Pierre, coins executed by, 
 for the Commonwealth, 473 ; em- 
 ployed by Charles II., 475. 
 
 Blundered inscriptions on coins, re- 
 markable instances of, 417, 439. 
 
 Boar, winged, the type of the coins of 
 Clazomene, 54. 
 
 Boea, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Bceotia, coinage of, 554, 571, 572 ; 
 money early coined in, 50 ; the 
 buckler its monetary type, 51 ; 
 early silver coin of, 25. 
 
 Bohemia, coinage of, 526. 
 
 Bonnet pieces, what, 507. 
 
 Bonosius, no true coins of, 647. 
 
 Borrel, on the gold coins of Cyprus, 95. 
 
 Bos'porus, coins of the kings of, 575 ; 
 see also p. 508. 
 
 Bos'porus, Cimmerian, coins of, 554. 
 
 Bostra, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Bostra, colonial imperial coins of, 626. 
 
 Botrys, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Boulton and Watt, improvement in the 
 copper coinage effected by, 493, 
 498. 
 
 Boustreph'edon inscriptions on coins, 
 224. 
 
 Bracteate money, 526. 
 
 Brass (bronze), first, 312, 376; second, 
 378 ; third, ibid. 
 
 Briana, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Briot, Nicholas, supposed to be em- 
 ployed on the coinage of Charles I., 
 468. 
 
 Bristol, privilege of a local coinage 
 granted to, 479. 
 
 Britain, early coinage of, 176 ; the 
 most numerous class, 178; modern 
 Britain, 408, 678, 679, 685. 
 
 Britannicus, coins of, 321, 639, 663. 
 
 British collection of coins, of recent 
 formation, 6. 
 
 Britons, coins of the ancient, 176, 
 679. 
 
 Briula, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Broad pieces, what, 490 ; called in, 
 ibid. 
 
 Bronze, the proper term for the sester- 
 tian coinage of Rome, 250, 373 ; 
 various bronzes, 374, 376, 378. 
 
 Brundusium, coins of, with Latin 
 legends, 554. 
 
 Brunswicks, coins of the, 488, 684, 
 
 686 . 
 
 Bruttians, coins of the, 67, 554, 572. 
 
 Brutus, gold coin of, 297 ; other coins 
 of, 637, 660. 
 
 Bruzus, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Bubastites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 592. 
 
 Buckler, the monetary type of Bceotia, 
 51 ; perhaps derived from the 
 Egyptian scarabseus, ibid. 
 
 Bull, human-headed, a type found on 
 Greek coins, 61. 
 
 Bura, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Burgred, of Mercia, coins of, 413, 
 678. 
 
 Busirites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 592. 
 
 Buthro'tum, colonial autonomous ccins 
 of, 554, 626 ; colonial imperial, 
 ibid. ; Latin legend, ibid. 
 
 Bythinia. See Bithynia. 
 
 Byzantine base money, 526. 
 
 
604 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Byzantium, coins of 554, 572 ; with ' 
 name of Chalcedon, in Bithynia, 
 
 554. 
 
 Byzantium, imperial Greek coins of, 
 592. 
 
 Byzants or bezants, date from the 
 time of Constantine, 383 ; the 
 chief gold currency of the early 
 part of the middle ages, 517. 
 
 C. 
 
 Cabapites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 592. 
 
 Cabellio, colonial imperial coins of, 
 626. 
 
 Cabinet of coins, classification of a, 
 400. 
 
 Cadi, coins of 554. 
 
 Cadi, imperial Greek coins of 592. 
 
 Cadiz. See Grades. 
 
 Cadrne or Prene, coins of, 554. 
 
 Cadme, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Caecilian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Caecina, consular coins bearing the 
 name of 633. 
 
 Caene, right ascription of coins of, 554. 
 
 Caesar, contemporary poi trait of 296; 
 coins of 637, 660. 
 
 Caesare'a, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Caesare'a, colonial imperial coins of 
 626. 
 
 Caesare'a, in Bithynia, coins of Tralles, 
 in Lydia, wrongly ascribed to, 
 
 555. 
 
 Caesare'a ad Libanum, imperial Greek 
 coins of 592. 
 
 Casare'a Panias, imperial Greek coins 
 of 592. 
 
 < -aesian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Caesonia, coins wrongly attributed to, 
 639. 
 
 Caius and Lucius, coins of, 317, 638, 
 662, 676. 
 
 Calabria, coins of 554. 
 
 Calagurris Nassica, imperial Greek 
 coins of 592. 
 
 Calatia, coins of, 554 ; Greek and , 
 Latin legends, i bid ; Oscan legends, ! 
 ibid. 
 
 Cales, coins of, with Latin legends, 
 555, 572. 
 
 Calidian fe.mil y, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Caligula, coins of 319, 639, 666, 
 
 Callatia (Municipium), imperial Greek 
 coins of 592. 
 
 Calletes, coinage of the, 172. 
 
 Callipolis, coin wrongly ascribed to, 
 555. 
 
 Calpurnian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Calydon, imperial Greek coins of 
 
 592. 
 
 Camarina, coins of 60, 555, 572. 
 
 Came, Camena, or Cana, imperial 
 Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Campania, coins of 555 ; uncertain 
 money of, ibid. 
 
 Canatha, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Canidian family, coin of the, 633. 
 
 Canopus, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Canterbury, coins of the archbishops 
 of; 419, 678, 680. 
 
 Caphya, imperial Greek coins of, 592. 
 
 Cappadocia, coins of the kings of, 105, 
 576 ; autonomous coins, 555. 
 
 Caracalla, coins of 347, 642, 669, 
 676. 
 
 Carallia, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Carausius, coins of; 364, 648, 673. 
 
 Caria, coinage of; 555 ; kings of coins 
 of the, 94, 577 ; coins of islands 
 near, 555. 
 
 Carinus, coins of, 647, 672, 677. 
 
 Carisian family, coins of the, 292, 
 633. 
 
 Carrhae, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Carrhae, colonial imperial coins of 
 627. 
 
 Carthae, coin of Heliogabalus, wrongly 
 attributed to, 555. 
 
 Carthage, coinage of 62, 555 ; types, 
 63 ; various readings of their in- 
 scriptions, 64. 
 
 Carthago Nova, colonial imperial coins 
 of 626. 
 
 Cams, coins of 647, 672, 677. 
 
 Carvilian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Carystus, imperial Greek coins of 
 
 593. 
 
 Casa, imperial Greek coins of 593. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 695 
 
 Cascantum, imperial Greek coins of, 
 593. 
 
 Cassandre'a, coins of the kings of, 577. 
 
 Cassandre'a, coin doubtfully ascribed 
 to, 555. 
 
 Cassandre'a, colonial autonomous coins 
 of, 627 ; colonial imperial, ibid. 
 
 Cassian family, coins of the, 292, 633. 
 
 Cassius, Caius, coins of, 638. 
 
 Castabala, coins restored to, 560. 
 
 Castabala, imperial Greek coins of, 
 593. 
 
 Catana, numerous coins of, 555, 
 572 ; coin of, with head of river- 
 god, 59. 
 
 Caulonia, incused coinage of, 32, 555, 
 572. 
 
 Cavarus, a Thracian king, coin of, 
 577. 
 
 Celenderis, coins of, with head of 
 Antiochus VI. of Commagene, 
 555. 
 
 Celenderis, imperial Greek coins of, 
 593. 
 
 Celsa, colonial imperial coins of, 627. 
 
 Celsus, no true coins of, 646. 
 
 Celtic ring-money, 8. 
 
 Cennati, coins of the, 555. 
 
 Censorinus, false coins of, 646. 
 
 Centaurs, origin of the fable of the, 
 45. 
 
 Ceolnoth, skeatta of, 420, 678, 680. 
 
 Ceos, early silver coins of, 26. 
 
 Cephallenia, coins of, 555. 
 
 Cephaloedium, coins of, 555 ; with 
 the name of Heraclea, in Sicily, 
 ibid. 
 
 Cepian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Ceramus, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Cerasus, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Ceres, head of, a Syracusan type, 57. 
 
 Ceretape, imperial Greek coins of, 
 593 ; with name of Hierapolis, 
 ibid. 
 
 Cestian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Chalce'don, coins of, 555 ; early silver 
 coins 28 ; name of, on coins of 
 Byzantium, 554, 555. 
 
 Chalce'don, imperial Greek coins, 593. 
 
 Chalcidene, coins of, 555. 
 
 Chalcidis, coins of tetrarchs and kings 
 of, 577. 
 
 Chalcis, coins of, 555 ; how attributed 
 to each town, 556. 
 
 Chalcis, in Macedonia, coins of, 556, 
 572. 
 
 Chalcis, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Characene, coins of kings of, 577. 
 
 Charles I., coins of, 466; siege-money, 
 470 ; inscriptions, 683 ; prices, 
 686 . 
 
 Charles II., coins of, 475; copper 
 coinage, 479; inscriptions, 684; 
 prices, 686. 
 
 Charles of Anjou, coin of, 514. 
 
 Cheronea, coins of doubtful attribution, 
 556. 
 
 Chersone'sus, coins of, 556 ; formerly 
 wrongly ascribed, ibid. 
 
 Chersone'sus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 593. 
 
 Chersone'sus Taurica, coins of, 556. 
 
 Chersones'us Thracia, coins of, 556. 
 
 China, coinage of, 535. 
 
 Chios, early gold coins of, 18 ; with 
 figure of Homer, 556 ; with 
 name of Erythrae, in Ionia, ibid. 
 
 Christopher, son of Romanus I., coins 
 of, 656. 
 
 Christopher, son of Constantine VI., 
 no coins known of, 655. 
 
 Cib'yra, coins of kings of, 577. 
 
 Cib'yra, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Cicero, portrait of, on coins struck at 
 Magnesia, 300, 562. 
 
 Cidramus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 593. 
 
 Cidyessus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 593. 
 
 Cierium, coins of 556 ; the town 
 situate in Thessaly, and not in 
 Macedonia, ibid. 
 
 Cilbiani Inferiores, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 593. 
 
 Cilbiani Nicseenses, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 593. 
 
 Cilbiani Pergameni, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 593. 
 
 Cilbiani Superiores, imperial Greek 
 i coins ofj 593. 
 
696 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cilicia, coins of, 556 ; coins formerly 
 ascribed to, restored to the island 
 of Crete, ibid. ; uncertain money 
 of, ibid. ; coins of kings of, 577. 
 
 Cimmerian Bosporus. See Pontus. 
 
 Cistoph / orae, Greek imperial coins, 
 306 ; their special use as tribute 
 money, 307. 
 
 Clara Pidia, coins of, 344, 642, 668. 
 
 Classification of a cabinet of coins, 
 400. 
 
 Claudia, wife of Caligula, false coins 
 of, 639. 
 
 Claudia, daughter of Claudius, coins 
 of, 639. 
 
 Claudia, daughter of Nero, coins of, 
 323, 640. 
 
 Claudian family, coins of the, 286, 
 633. 
 
 Claudiopolis, colonial coin of doubtful 
 attribution, 556. 
 
 Claudiopolis, colonial autonomous coins 
 of, 627. 
 
 Claudiopolis. See Bithynium. 
 
 Claudius, coins of, 320, 639, 663. 
 
 Claudius Gothicus, coins of, 362, 646, 
 671, 677. 
 
 Clazom'ene, coins of, 556, 572 ; early 
 gold coins of, 19 ; punch-mark, 
 42 ; their beauty, 45. 
 
 Clazom'ene, imperial Greek coins of, 
 593 ; with name of Smyrna, ibid. 
 
 Cleone, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Cleopatra (and Antony), coins of, 
 122, 638, 661. 
 
 Clides, coin ascribed to the island of, 
 556. 
 
 Clipping of coins, 489. 
 
 Clodius Albinus, coins of 345, 642, 
 
 668 . 
 
 Clodius Macer, coins of, 640, 663. 
 
 Cloelius, T., silver coin of, 282. 
 
 Cloulian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Clovian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Clunia, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Clupea, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Cnidus, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Cnossus, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Cnossus, in Crete, coins of, 556, 572. 
 
 Cnut, coins of, 425, 528, 672, 681. 
 
 Cocceian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Codrigae, mentioned on the coins of 
 Tarsus, in Cilicia, 556. 
 
 Coela, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Coelesyria, imperial Greek coins o£ 
 593. 
 
 Coelian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Coelosyria, coins of, 556. 
 
 Coenwulf, coins of, 413, 678. 
 
 Cognomina on Roman consular coins, 
 629. 
 
 Coinage, gold, 11, 273, 383; silver, 
 21, 269, 380; copper, 191, 250, 
 464, 479; electrum, 190; base 
 metals, 359, 381 ; forgeries, 342, 
 404. 
 
 Coinage, Lydian, 1 0 ; Persian, ibid . ; 
 Greek, 11; Roman, 273; ancient 
 independent states, 170; modern 
 Europe, 408 ; England, 409 ; 
 Scotland and Ireland, 502. 
 
 Coined money not mentioned by 
 Homer, 9. 
 
 Coining, progress of the art of, 39, 
 473, 476; forgeries, 404, 492. 
 
 Coining, right of, conceded by the 
 emperors of the East to the kings 
 of Spain, 368, 517 ; to the French 
 kings, 368, 531 ; grants of, in 
 England, 472, 479. 
 
 Coins, interest attending the study of, 
 1 ; origin of the types, 2 ; early 
 coin collectors, 5; earliest known 
 coins, 7 ; money which preceded 
 coins, 8; earliest gold coins, 10; 
 determination of the antiquity of 
 coins, 20; earliest silver coins, 21; 
 earliest positive date, 31 ; incused 
 coinage, 30; transition to perfect 
 reverse, 37 ; autonomous coins, 
 48, 550 ; regal coins, 72, 575 ; 
 Greek coins divided into three 
 classes, 181 ; types, minor types, 
 and countermarks, 205 ; inscrip- 
 tions, 219; style of art, 236; Ro- 
 man coins, 250 ; coins of modern 
 Europe, 408 ; tables, 542 to end. 
 
 Coins of the sixteenth century, table 
 of names and values, 524. 
 
 Colchi, coins of 556. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 697 
 
 Collar, for coining, unknown to the 
 Greeks, 247. 
 
 Coliaeum, imperial Greek coins of, 
 593. 
 
 Colone, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Colonia (Cologne) weight, among the 
 Saxons, its meaning and origin, 
 410. 
 
 Colonial coins, Roman, 308 ; list of, 
 626. 
 
 Colonies, British early coinage of the, 
 478. 
 
 Col'ophon, coins of, 556 ; early gold 
 coins of, 18 ; with the name of 
 Teos, in Ionia, 556. 
 
 Col'ophon, imperial Greek coins of, 
 593. 
 
 Comana, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Comana, colonial imperial coins of, 
 627. 
 
 Commag'ene, coinage of, 556 ; coins 
 w r ith head of Antiochus VI. of, 
 551, 555 ; coins of kings of, 577. 
 
 Commodus, coins of, 310, 340, 642, 
 667, 676. 
 
 Commonwealth, coins of the, 472, 
 684, 686. 
 
 Compulteria or Cupelterini, coins of, 
 556. 
 
 Conane, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Considian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Constans, coins of, 649, 673. 
 
 Constans, son of Constantine III., 
 coins of, 651. 
 
 Constans II., coins of, 654. 
 
 Constantia, false coins of, 648. 
 
 Constantia, wife of Gratian, false coins 
 of, 650. 
 
 Constantina, doubtful coins of, 650. 
 
 Constantina, wife of Maurice, 653. 
 
 Constantine the Great, coins of, 364, 
 649, 673; mark a new epoch of 
 the Roman coinage, 364. 
 
 Constantine II., coins of, 649, 673. 
 
 Constantine III., coins of, 651, 674. 
 
 Constantine IV., coins of, 653. 
 
 Constantine V., coins of, 654. 
 
 Constantine VI., coins of, 654. 
 
 Constantine VII., coins of, 655. 
 
 Constantine VIII., coins of, 655. 
 
 Constantine IX., coins of, 656. 
 
 Constantine X., no proper coins of, 656. 
 
 Constantine XI., coins of, 372, 656. 
 
 Constantine XII., coins of, 656. 
 
 Constantine XIII., coins of, 657. 
 
 Constantine XIV., coins of, 657. 
 
 Constantine XV., doubtful coins of, 
 659. 
 
 Constantinople, French emperor o£ 
 coins of the, 369, 658 ; the Greek 
 emperors restored, coins of the 
 370, 658. 
 
 Constantinus, son of Michael II., coins 
 of, 655. 
 
 Constantinus, son of Constantine XIV. , 
 coins of, 657. 
 
 Constantinus, son of Michael VII., no 
 certain coins of, 658. 
 
 Constantius Chlorus, coins of, 363, 
 648, 672. 677. 
 
 Constantius Gallus, coins of, 650, 
 673. 
 
 Constantius II., coins of, 365, 649, 
 673. 
 
 Constantius III., coins of, 651, 674. 
 
 Consular coins, Roman, 276; list of, 
 632. 
 
 Copae, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Coponian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Copper coinage, British, 464, 479, 684, 
 686 ; pattern copper of Charles II., 
 and of Anne, 540 ; Greek, 191 ; 
 Roman, 250, 309, 678. 
 
 Coptites, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Corcyra, imperial Greek coins of, 
 593. 
 
 Cordian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Cordub^, or Patricia, colonial imperial 
 coins of, 627. 
 
 Coresia, coins of, with name of Rome, 
 556. 
 
 Coressus, early silver coins of, 24. 
 
 Corfin'ium, coins of, classed among the 
 doubtful coins of Samnium, 556. 
 
 Corinth, coins of, 556 ; early silver 
 coins of, 28 ; said to have coined 
 no proper money, 556. 
 
 Corinth, colonial antonomous coins 
 of, 627 ; colonial imperial, ibid . ; 
 Greek and Latin legends, ibid. 
 
698 
 
 TN DEX. 
 
 Cornelia Supera, coins of, 645, 677. 
 
 Cornelian family, coins of the, 284, 
 633. 
 
 Comufician family, coins of the, 290, 
 633. 
 
 Coronea, coins ascribed to, probably 
 belong to Copae, 557. 
 
 Coropissus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 593. 
 
 Corsica, no certain coins of, 557. 
 
 Corycus, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Corydallus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 593. 
 
 Cos, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Cot:, coins of, have heads of many emi- 
 nent physicians, 557. 
 
 Cosconian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Cossea, coins of, 557, 572. 
 
 Cossuta, coins of, with Phoenician and 
 Latin legends, 557. 
 
 Cossutian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Cothaeum, numerous coins of, 557. 
 
 Countermarks on Greek coins, 217; 
 on Spanish dollars, 493. 
 
 Courtnay, Petrus de, no known coins 
 of, 658. 
 
 Cragus, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Cranae, or Hel'ena, coin of, of doubt- 
 ful attribution, 559. 
 
 Cratia (Flaviopolis), imperial Greek 
 coins of, 593. 
 
 Crepereian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Crepusian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Crete, coins of, 557 ; coins restored 
 to, 556. 
 
 Crete, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Crispina, coins of, 342, 642, 667, 676. 
 
 Crispus, coins of, 649, 673. 
 
 Critonian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Cromwell, improvement of the coinage 
 by, 473 ; his projected copper 
 coinage, 479 ; caricatures of, on 
 medals, 396 ; inscriptions, 684 ; 
 prices, 686. 
 
 Cross of Lorraine, the, 526. 
 
 Crotona, incused coinage of, 35, 557, 
 572. 
 
 Cruikston dollars, what, 505. 
 
 Cumae, coins of, 557, 572. 
 
 Cunobeline, coins of, 178, 679. 
 
 Cupelterini, coins of, formerly attri- 
 buted to Cumae and Litemum, in 
 Campania, 556. 
 
 Cupiennian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Curiatian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Curtian family, coins of the, 633. 
 
 Cuthred, king of Kent, coins of, 412, 
 680. 
 
 Cydonia, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Cyme, imperial Greek coins of, 593. 
 
 Cynethryth, queen, coins of, 413, 680. 
 
 Cynopolites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 593. 
 
 Cyparissia, imperial Greek coins of, 
 593. 
 
 Cyparisus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 
 593. 
 
 Cyprus, coins of, 557, 572 ; coins of 
 the kings of, 95, 577. 
 
 Cyprus, imperial Greek coins of, 593 ; 
 with Latin legends, 594 ; Latin 
 and Greek legends, ibid. 
 
 Cyrenaica, coins of, 557 ; coins of 
 kings of, 577. 
 
 Cyrenaica, imperial Greek coins of, 
 
 594. 
 
 Cyrene, coins of, 557, 572; punch - 
 mark on a coin ofj 43. 
 
 Cyriades, no coins known of, 646. 
 
 Cyrrhes'tica, coins of, 557. 
 
 Cyrrhus, coins of, 557 ; with portraits 
 of Syrian kings, ibid. 
 
 Cyrrhus, imperial Greek coins of, 594. 
 
 Cyz'icus, coins of, 557 ; early gold 
 coin of, 17, 18 ; early silver coins 
 of, 26 ; imitation of the coins of, 
 by other states, 187, 516. 
 
 Cyz'icus, imperial Greek coins of, 594. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dacia, colonial imperial coins of, 627. 
 Daedala, imperial Greek coins of, 594. 
 Daldis, imperial Greek coins of, 594. 
 Damascus, coins of, 557 ; coins of 
 kings of, 577. 
 
 Damascus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 594. 
 
 Damascus, colonial imperial coins o$ 
 627. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 099 
 
 Danish kings, English, coins of the, 
 425, 681 ; native coins, 528. 
 
 Dardanus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 594. 
 
 Daric, or Persian stater, 14 ; exist 
 both in silver and gold, ibid. 
 
 Date, when first introduced on English 
 coins, 451. 
 
 Debasement of the English coinage by 
 Henry VIII., 448 ; by Edward 
 VI., 451 ; remedied by Elizabeth, 
 457. 
 
 Decapolis, coins of the, 558. 
 
 Decentius, coins of, 650. 
 
 Decius, coins of, 356, 645, 670, 677. 
 
 “Dei Gratia,” when first placed on 
 English coins, 436. 
 
 Delmatius, coins of, 649, 673. 
 
 Delphi, remarkable coin of, 52. 
 
 Delphi, imperial Greek coins of, 
 594. 
 
 Demetrias, attribution of the coins of, 
 558. 
 
 Demetrius Polyorcetes, coins of, 83, 
 580 ; some ascribed to the Seleu- 
 cidse, 84. 
 
 Demetrius II., of Syria, coins of, 132, 
 138, 583. 
 
 Denarius, the Roman, its introduction 
 and value, 269 ; reduction in value, 
 382; subdivisions, 270; the gold 
 denarius, 303. 
 
 Denmark, coinage of, 528. 
 
 Desiderius, false coins of, 650. 
 
 Deultum, colonial imperial coins of, 
 627. 
 
 Diadumenianus, coins of, 348, 643, 
 669, 676. 
 
 Diana Multimammia, a type on Ephe- 
 sian coins, 53. 
 
 Didia Clara, coins of, 344, 642, 668. 
 
 Didian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Dicaea or Dicaeopolis, coin of, wrongly 
 attributed by Vellerin to Icaria, 
 558. 
 
 Diocaesare'a, in Cilicia, coins of, 555. 
 
 Diocaesare'a, in Cilicia, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 594. 
 
 Diocaesare'a, in Galilee, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 594. 
 
 Diocletian, coins of, 363, 647, 672, 
 677. 
 
 Diococlia, imperial Greek coins of, 
 594. 
 
 Dionysopolis, inMoesia, imperial Greek 
 coins, 594. 
 
 Dionysopolis, in Phrygia, imperial 
 Greek coins, 594. 
 
 Dioscuri, a favourite type on the 
 Roman coinage, 384. 
 
 Dioshieron, imperial Greek coins of, 
 594. 
 
 Diospolis, imperial Greek coins of, 
 594. 
 
 Diospolis Magna, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 594. 
 
 Diospolis Parva, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 594. 
 
 Distater, or double stater, 13, 14. 
 
 Dium, colonial imperial coins of, 627. 
 
 Dium, imperial Greek coins of, 594. 
 
 Dolphin, a Syracusan type, 57. 
 
 Dominica, false coin of, 650. 
 
 Domitia, coins of, 330, 640, 665, 
 676. 
 
 Domitian, coins of, 328, 640, 665, 
 676. 
 
 Domitian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Domitilla, coins of, 640. 
 
 Domitilla, Fla via, coins of 640, 664, 
 
 676. 
 
 Domitius Domitianus, coins of 648, 
 
 677. 
 
 Dora, coins of, with name of Tryphon, 
 king of Syria, 558. 
 
 Dora, imperial Greek coins of, 594. 
 
 Dorimeum, imperial Greek coins of, 
 594. 
 
 Doron, imperial Greek coins of, 594. 
 
 Dorrien and Magen’s issue of silver 
 coin, 492. 
 
 Dorylae'um, imperial Greek coins of, 
 594. 
 
 Drachma, origin and meaning of the 
 name, 10. 
 
 Drusilla, false coins of, 639. 
 
 Drusilla, sister of Caligula, coins of, 
 320, 639. 
 
 Drusus, junior, coins of, 318, 638, 
 
 | 662. 
 
700 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Drusus, senior, coins of, 318, 638, 
 662. 
 
 Drusus and Nero, coins of, 319, 639. 
 
 Dryantilla, coins of, 646. 
 
 Dublin siege-money, 470. 
 
 Dumersan, on the coins of Athens, 50 ; 
 of Panticapea, 56. 
 
 Dupondii, and Assaria, relative value 
 of, 374. 
 
 Dupondius, or double as, 266, 378. 
 
 Durham, coins of the bishops of, 434, 
 446. 
 
 Durmian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Dyrac'chium, early silver coins of, 25, 
 558. 
 
 Dysceladus, coins of Asculum wrongly 
 attributed to, 553, 558. 
 
 E. 
 
 Eadbert, king of Kent, coins of, 412, 
 680. 
 
 Eadmund, king of the East Angles, 
 coins of, 414, 680. 
 
 Eadwald, king of Mercia, coins of, 
 412, 680. 
 
 Eanbald, archbishop of York, coins 
 of, 420. 
 
 East Angles, king of the, coins of the, 
 414, 678, 680. 
 
 Ebora (Municipium), imperial Greek 
 coins of, 594. 
 
 Ecclesiastical coinage, account of, 419 ; 
 examples, 431, 434 ; inscriptions, 
 680 ; not found in Scotland, 509. 
 
 Ecgfrith, king of Northumberland, 
 coins of, 416, 680. 
 
 Eckhel wrongly ascribes a coin of 
 Gelas to Stabise, 568. 
 
 Edessa, coins of kings of, 577 ; false 
 coin, ibid. ; doubtful coin, 578. 
 
 Edessa, in Macedonia, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 594. 
 
 Edessa, in Mesopotamia, imperial 
 Greek coins, 594. 
 
 Edgar, coins of, 424, 679, 681. 
 
 Edge, inscriptions on the, of coins, 
 473. 
 
 Edmund, king of England, coins of, 
 423, 679, 681. 
 
 Edmund, St., coins of, 419, 680. 
 
 Edmund Ironside, no coins known of, 
 425. 
 
 Edonean coins, their importance to the 
 numismatist, 41. 
 
 Edred, coins of, 423, 679, 681. 
 
 Edward the Elder, coins of, 422, 679, 
 681. 
 
 Edward I., coins of, 434, 682, 685; 
 with difficulty distinguished from 
 those of other kings of the name, 
 
 ibid. 
 
 Edward II., coins of, 424, 436, 679, 
 681, 682, 685. 
 
 Edward III., coins of, 436, 682, 685; 
 gold coinage, 437. 
 
 Edward IV., coins of, 442, 682, 685. 
 
 Edward V., no coins known of, 443. 
 
 Edward VI., coins of, 450, 683, 685 ; 
 the first English ones that bear a 
 date, 451 ; base money issued by, 
 452. 
 
 Edward the Black Prince, Anglo- 
 Gallic coins of, 440, 685. 
 
 Edward the Confessor, coins of, 426, 
 679, 681. 
 
 Edwy, coins of, 423, 679, 681. 
 
 Egbert, coins of, 420, 678, 681 ; of 
 his immediate successors, 421. 
 
 Egbert, son of Offa, coins of, 413. 
 
 Egnatian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Egnatuleian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Egypt, ancient money of, 8 ; coins of 
 the Greek kings of, 111, 578; his- 
 torical sketch, 111. 
 
 Elaea, imperial Greek coins of, 594. 
 
 Elagaba'lus. See Heliogabalus. 
 
 Eleausa, coins of, 558. 
 
 Electrum, what, 186 ; coins of, 190. 
 
 Eleuthernae, imperial Greek coins of, 
 594. 
 
 Eleutherop'olis, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 594. 
 
 Elfwald, king of Northumberland, 
 coins ascribed to, 416, 680. 
 
 Elhenestae, coin wrongly attributed 
 to the, 558. 
 
 Elis, coins of, 558, 572 ; formerly 
 wrongly attributed to Fal jria in 
 Etruria, 558. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 701 
 
 Elis, imperial Greek coins of, 594. 
 
 Elizabeth, queen, coins of, 457 ; purity 
 of the coinage restored by, ibid ; 
 amount of coinage during her 
 reign, 462; inscription, 683; prices, 
 686 . 
 
 Emerita, colonial imperial coins of, 
 627. 
 
 Emisa, imperial Greek coins of, 594. 
 
 Einisa, colonial imperial coins of, 627. 
 
 Emperors, Roman, coins of the, 311 ; 
 list o i, 637 ; prices of, 660 ; Alex- 
 andrian series, 676 ; list, 644, 
 671. 
 
 Empire, Eastern, coins of the, 369 ; 
 list, 653 ; prices, 674. 
 
 Empire, Lower, coins of the, 361 ; 
 long-continued in use, 275, 311, 
 513. 
 
 England, coinage of, after the departure 
 of the Romans, 408 ; coins of the 
 Heptarchy, 411, 678, 680 ; coins 
 of the sole monarchs, 420, 678, 
 681; coins of the Anglo-Norman 
 kings, 428, 681, coins of the 
 Plantagenets, 434, 685 ; coins 
 of the Tudors, 444, 682, 685 ; 
 coins of the Stuarts, 464, 475 ; 
 coins of the Commonwealth, 472, 
 684, 686 ; coins of the Bruns- 
 wicks, 488, 684, 686 ; remarks 
 on price, 539, 684, 685. 
 
 English inscriptions on the coins of the 
 Commonwealth, 684. 
 
 Enna, coins of, 558 ; some with Latin 
 legends, ibid. 
 
 Ephesus, coins of, 558, 572 ; names 
 of other towns on, 558 ; its name 
 on other coins, 560. 
 
 Ephesus, imperial Greek coins of, 594. 
 
 Epidaurus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 594. 
 
 Epiphania, imperial Greek coins of, 
 594. 
 
 Epirus, coins of, 558 ; coins of the 
 kings of, 97, 579 ; historical 
 notice, 98 ; national coins, 100. 
 
 Eppian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Erae, doubtful imperial Greek coins 
 of, 594. 
 
 Eraricus or Araricus, no coins known 
 of, 652. 
 
 Eras on Greek coins, 232 ; see also p. 
 548. 
 
 Ereboea, doubtful imperial Greek 
 coins of, 594. 
 
 Eresus, imperial Greek coins of, 594. 
 
 Eretria, coins of, 558, 572. 
 
 Ergavica (Municipium), imperial 
 Greek coins of, 594. 
 
 Erythrae, in Ionia, name of, on coins 
 of Chios, 556. 
 
 Erythrae, imperial Greek coins of, 
 594. 
 
 Esbus, imperial Greek coins of, 594. 
 
 Etenna, imperial Greek coins of, 594. 
 
 Ethelbald, coins of, 421, 681. 
 
 Ethelbert I., coins of, 421, 678, 681. 
 
 Ethelbert I., king of Kent, skeattaof, 
 409, 680. 
 
 Ethelbert II., king of Kent, coins of, 
 412, 680. 
 
 Ethelred, coins of, 421, 679, 681. 
 
 Ethelred II., coins of, 424, 679, 681. 
 
 Ethelred, archbishop of Canterbury, 
 coins of, 420. 
 
 Ethelwulf, coins of, 421, 678, 681. 
 
 Etruria, a Phoenician or Lydian 
 colony, 251 ; its early proficiency 
 in the arts, 252 ; coins of, 558. 
 
 Etruscan legends. See Autonomous 
 coins, list of, 'passim,. 
 
 Etruscilla, coins of, 357, 645, 670, 
 677. 
 
 Etruscus, Herennius, coins of, 645, 
 670, 677. 
 
 Eucarpia, imperial Greek coins of, 594. 
 
 Euboea, coins of, 558 ; coins of the 
 town of, with the name of Gelas, 
 559. 
 
 Euboic talent, the, 200. 
 
 Eudocia, wife of Arcadius, coins 
 wrongly attributed to, 651. 
 
 Eudocia, wife of Constantine VI., no • 
 coins known of, 654. 
 
 Eudocia or Eudoxia, wife of Theodo- 
 sius II., coins of, 651, 675. 
 
 Eudocia Dalassena, coins of, 657. 
 
 Eudocia Flavin, no coins known of, 
 653. 
 
702 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Eudoxia Licinia, coins of, 651. 
 
 Eugenius, coins of, 674. 
 
 Eumenia, imperial Greek coins of, 594. 
 
 Euphemia, coins of, 652. 
 
 Euphemia, wife of Justin I., coins 
 falsely attributed to, 653. 
 
 Euromus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 594. 
 
 Europe, modem, coinage of, 408 ; 
 silver tbe earliest, ibid, 
 
 Eurydicea, coins of, formerly ascribed 
 to Eurydicium, 559. 
 
 Eurydicium. See Eurydicea. 
 
 Eusetia, coins of, 559. 
 
 Eutropia, no true coins of, 648. 
 
 Evagoras, king of Cyprus, coin doubt- 
 fully ascribed to, 96, 577. 
 
 Evippe, imperial Greek coins of, 594. 
 
 Exurgat money, wbat, 472. 
 
 F. 
 
 Fabian family, coins of tbe, 634. 
 
 Fabrician family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Fabrinian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Faesulae, coin wrongly attributed to, 
 559. 
 
 Faleria, coins attributed to, belong to 
 Elida, 559. 
 
 Family coins. See Consular coins. 
 
 Fanum, coins attributed to, probably 
 belong to Elida, 559. 
 
 Fannian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Farsuleian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Farthings, of James I., 464 ; of Charles 
 
 1., 472, 686 ; of the Common- 
 wealth, 475; of Charles II., 480, 
 686 ; tin farthings, 480; of James 
 
 11., 481, 686 ; of William III., 
 484, 686 ; of Anne, only pattern 
 pieces, 487, 686 ; of George II., 
 490, 686 ; of George III., 497, 
 686 ; of George IV., 499, 686 ; 
 of William IV., 500, 686 ; of 
 Victoria, 502, 686. 
 
 Fausta, coins of, 649, 673. 
 
 Fausta, wife of Constantius II., coins 
 of, 649, 673. 
 
 Faustina, junior, coins of, 340, 641, 
 667. 
 
 Faustina, senior, coins of, 337, 641 
 667, 676. 
 
 Faustina, Annia, coins of, 643, 677. 
 
 Felsuna, gold coin ascribed to. re 
 tored to Velia, in Lucania, 559. 
 
 “Fidei Defensor,” first made a perma- 
 nent addition to the inscription ©n 
 the coins of George I., 486. 
 
 Field of a coin, what, 82. 
 
 Filepicus (Bardanes), coins of, 654. 
 
 Filing coin, 489. 
 
 Firmus, false coins of, 647. 
 
 Five pound piece, of Queen Victoria, 
 501. 
 
 Flaccilla, coins of, 650, 674. 
 
 Flaminian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Flat coinage of Populonia, 38 ; other 
 coins of, 566, 573. 
 
 Flavia Domitilla. See Domitilla. 
 
 Fla via Eudocia, no coins known of, 
 653. 
 
 Flavian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Flaviopolis, imperial Greek coins of, 
 595. 
 
 Flavius Valerius Severus, coins of, 
 648, 673. 
 
 Flavius Victor, coins of, 651, 674. 
 
 Florentine, the earliest gold coinage 
 of the middle ages, 515. 
 
 Florianus, coins of, 647, 672. 
 
 Florin, origin of the name, 438 ; of 
 Edward III., ibid . ; issued by Queen 
 Victoria, 501, 685. 
 
 Follis, a copper coin of Diocletian, 382 ; 
 the name afterwards applied to a 
 given amount of silver, ibid. 
 
 Fonteian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Forgery of coins, early instances of, 
 31 ; laws of Solon against, 11 ; 
 modem forgeries, 342, 404. 
 
 Fourpenny piece, the modem, 500. 
 
 Fjance, arms of, probably copied from 
 a Florentine coin, 516. 
 
 Francis I. of France, his collection of 
 coins, 6. 
 
 French emperors of Constantinople, 
 coins of, 369 ; list, 658. 
 
 French monarchy, coins of the, 531 ; 
 gold coins, 531, 532 ; billon. 
 533 ; silver, ibid. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 703 
 
 Frentani, coins of, 559 ; have been 
 falsely attributed to Pentri, in 
 Samnium, 559, 565. 
 
 Fufian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Fulvia, Plautilla, coins of, 642, 669. 
 
 Fulvian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Fundanian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Furian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Fumilla, Marcia, coins attributed to, 
 640. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gaba, imperial Greek coins of, 595. 
 
 Gab'ala, imperial Greek coins of, 595. 
 
 Gad'ara, imperial Greek coins of, 595. 
 
 Gades, coins of, 66, 173. 
 
 Gades, imperial Greek coins of, 595. 
 
 Galatia, coins of, 559 ; coins of kings 
 of, 579. 
 
 Galatia, imperial Greek coins of, 595. 
 
 Galba, coins of, 323, 640, 663, 676. 
 
 Galerius Valerius Maximianus, coins 
 of, 648, 672. 
 
 Galilea, coins of, 559. 
 
 Galla Placidia, coins of, 654, 674. 
 
 Gallian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Galliena, Licinia, false coins attri- 
 buted to, 645. 
 
 Gallienus, coins of, 359, 645, 671, 
 677. 
 
 Gallienus, Quintus Julius, no coins to 
 be attributed to with certainty, 
 645. 
 
 Gallus, Constantius, coins of, 650, 
 673. 
 
 Gallus, Trebonianus, coins of, 645, 
 670, 677. 
 
 Games mentioned on Greek and Roman 
 coins, 549. 
 
 Ganga Germanicop'olis, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 595. 
 
 Gangara, imperial Greek coins of, 
 595. 
 
 Gaul, coins of independent princes in, 
 170 ; principal type, 173. 
 
 Gaulos, coins of, with Greek and 
 Phoenician legends, 559. 
 
 Gavarus, a Thracian king, coins of, 92. 
 
 Gaza, imperial Greek coins of, 585. 
 
 Geilamir, or Gelimarus, coins of, 653. 
 
 Gelas, coins of, 559, 572; remarkable 
 type on a coin of, 60, 572 ; its name 
 found on coins of Euboea, 559. 
 
 Gelimarus, or Geilamir, coins of, 653. 
 
 Gellian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Genoa, coinage of, 615. 
 
 George I., coins of, 488 ; “ Fidei 
 Defensor” a permanent addition 
 to the inscription, ibid. ; inscrip- 
 tion, 684 ; prices, 686. 
 
 George II., coins of, 489 ; gold coin- 
 age, 490 ; copper, ibid. ; inscrip- 
 tion, 684 ; price, 686. 
 
 George III., coins of, 491 ; neglect of 
 the coinage, 492 ; temporary ex- 
 pedients, 493; new coinage, ibid. ; 
 prices, 686. 
 
 George IV., coins of, 498 ; prices, 
 686 . 
 
 George noble, the, 449. 
 
 Gerasa, imperial Greek coins of, 595. 
 
 Germanicopolis, doubtful coins of, 
 559. 
 
 Germanicus, coins of, 319, 639, 662. 
 
 Germany, modern, coinages of, 519. 
 
 Germe, imperial Greek coins of, 595. 
 
 Geta, coins of, 347, 643, 669, 676. 
 
 Getas, king of the Edoneans, coins of, 
 41, 88 ; present the earliest ex- 
 ample of the title of king, 89. 
 
 Gloucester, Robert of, remarkable coin 
 of, 431, 681. 
 
 Glycerius, coins of, 652, 675. 
 
 Goertz, Baron, debases the coinage of 
 Sweden, 382, 530. 
 
 Gold said to be first coined by the 
 Lydians, 10. 
 
 Gold coinage, first appearance of, 
 among the Lydians or Persians, 
 10; Greek, 11 ; Roman, 273'; 
 byzants, 382 ; of modern times, 
 433. 
 
 Gold coins, the earliest known, 11 ; 
 foreign circulation in Greece, 186; 
 of Greek dynasties, 188 ; Roman, 
 273 ; of modem Europe, 433. 
 
 Gold farthings, 442 ; pennies, 433. 
 
 Gold and silver, the proporticnat* 
 value of, 438, 451, 453, 484. 
 
704 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Gordians, coins of the, 353, 644, 670, 
 677. 
 
 Gordus Julia, imperial Greek coins of, 
 595. 
 
 Gorty'na, imperial Greek coins of; 
 595. 
 
 Gothic kings of Italy, Africa, &c., 
 coins of; 369 ; list, 652. 
 
 Graccurris (Municipium), imperial 
 Greek coins of, 595. 
 
 Gratian, coins of; 650, 674. 
 
 Graviscae, doubtful coins o£ 559. 
 
 Great Britain, coinage o£ 462 ; in- 
 scriptions on, 683 ; prices, 686. 
 
 Greek autonomous coins, 48 ; dis- 
 tinction between, and regal, 72 ; 
 list of; 550 ; prices, 571. 
 
 Greek cities, eras of; occurring on coins, 
 548. 
 
 Grumentum, coin of, perhaps belongs 
 to Grumium, 559. 
 
 Grumium. See Grumentum. 
 
 Guineas, when first coined, 477 ; the 
 last pattern, 496 ; half and quarter 
 guineas, 489. 
 
 Gun money, what, 511 ; price of, 540. 
 
 Gunthamundas, coins of, 652. 
 
 Guthram, king of East Anglia, coins 
 of; 415.; the title “King of 
 England ” first found on his coins, 
 ibid. 
 
 Gynaecopolites, impeiial Greek coins 
 of, 595. 
 
 Gythi'um, imperial Greek coins of; 
 595. 
 
 H. 
 
 Greek coinage for the Romans, 271. 
 
 Greek coinage of Bactria and North 
 Western India, 158. 
 
 Greek coins, the earliest, 11; divided 
 into three classes, 181 ; weights 
 and value, 199 ; popular names, 
 202 ; types, minor types, and 
 countermarks, 205 ; inscriptions, 
 219 ; abbreviations, 542 ; style 
 of art, 236 ; scale of prices, 537 ; 
 lists, 550, 575, 590. 
 
 Greek gold coins, earliest, 11 ; weight 
 and denominations, 182 ; autono- 
 mous coins, 18, 48, 550, 571; 
 eleetrum, coins ofj 190; silver 
 coins, earliest, 21 ; proportion and 
 value, 191 ; scale of prices, 537. 
 
 Greek imperial coins, their character, 
 303 ; their extent, 307 ; list of; 
 509 ; scale of prices, 537. 
 
 Greek influence, extent of, 171. 
 
 Greek magistrates, names o£ occurring 
 on coins, 549. 
 
 Greek numerals, list of; 232. 
 
 Greek regal coins, 72 ; prices of; 585. 
 
 Gregoria, wife of Constantius IV., 653. 
 
 Gresham, Sir Thomas, assists in the 
 restoration of the coinage under 
 Elizabeth, 457. 
 
 Groats first coined by Edward I., 435 ; 
 modem fourpenny pieces, 500. 
 
 Hadria, coins o£ 559 ; name of; on 
 coins of Asculum, 553. 
 
 Hadrian, coins ofj 333. 641, 666, 
 676. 
 
 Hadriani, coins of, 559 ; with name 
 of Nicaea, in Bithynia, 559. 
 
 Hadriani, imperial Greek coins of, 
 595. 
 
 Hadrianop , olis, coins of, 559 ; with 
 name of Nicop'olis, in Moesia 
 Inferior, ibid. 
 
 Hadrianop'olis, in Bithynia, imperial 
 Greek coins of, 595. 
 
 Hadrianop'olis, in Pisidia, imperial 
 Greek coins of; 595. 
 
 Hadrianop'olis, in Thrace, imperial 
 Greek coins of, 595. 
 
 Hadrianotherae, imperial Greek coins 
 of; 595. 
 
 Hadrumetum, coin of; with Latin 
 legend, 559. 
 
 Hadrumetum, imperial Greek coins 
 of; 595. 
 
 Half-farthing, the, 502. 
 
 Haliartus, or Ariartus, false medal 
 of; 553. 
 
 Hamaxia, coin of; of doubtful attri* 
 bution, 559. 
 
 Hanniballianus, coins of; 649, 673. 
 
 Harold I., coins of; 425, 679, 681. 
 
 Harold II., coins of; 427, 679, 681, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 705 
 
 Harjasa, imperial Greek coins of, 
 595. 
 
 Harthacnut, coins ofj 425, 679, 681. 
 
 Hatria, the as of, heavier than the 
 Roman, 264. 
 
 Hel'ena, coins of, 650, 672. 
 
 Hel'ena, wife of Crispus, coin of, 649, 
 
 673. 
 
 Hel'ena, wife of Julian, coins of, 650, 
 
 674. 
 
 Hel'ena, or Cranae, coin ofj of doubt- 
 ful attribution, 559. 
 
 Hel'ena, imperial Greek coins of, 595. 
 
 Heliogaba'lus, coins of; 349, 555, 643, 
 669, 676. 
 
 Heliop'olis, colonial imperial coins of, 
 627. 
 
 Heliopolites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 595. 
 
 Hemistater, or half stater, 13. 
 
 Hengitana, coins of, 559. 
 
 Henry I., coins of, 430; inscription, 
 681 ; price, 685. 
 
 Henry II., coins of; 432 ; inscription, 
 681 ; price, 685. 
 
 Henry III., silver coins of, 433 ; gold 
 pennies of, ibid . ; inscription, 682; 
 price, 685. 
 
 Henry IV., V., and VI., coins of; 
 difficult to distinguish, 440 ; de- 
 tail, ibid . ; inscription, 682 ; prices, 
 685. 
 
 Henry VII, coins of, 444 ; detail, ibid . ; 
 inscriptions, 682 ; prices, 685. 
 
 Henry VIII., coins of, 447 ; detail, 
 ibid . ; base money, ibid . ; inscrip- 
 tions, 682 ; prices, 685. 
 
 Henry, emperor of Constantinople, 
 658. 
 
 Heptanomis, imperial Greek coins of, 
 595. 
 
 Heracle'a, in Acamania, coins of, 560. 
 
 Heracle'a, in Bithynia, ooins of, 560 ; 
 coins of the tyrants of, 96, 579. 
 
 Heracle'a, in Bithynia, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 595. 
 
 Heracle'a, in Caria, coins of, of doubt- 
 ful attribution, 560. 
 
 Heracle'a, in Ionia, coins of, of doubt- 
 ful attribution, 560. 
 
 Heracle'a, in Ionia, imperial Greek 
 coins of; 595. 
 
 Heracle'a, in Lucania, coins of; 559 ; 
 with name of Metapontum, 560. 
 
 Heracle'a, in Lydia, imperial Greek, 
 coins of, 595. 
 
 Heracle'a, in Sicily, name of, on coins 
 of Cephaloedium, 555, 560. 
 
 Heracle'a, in Syria, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 595. 
 
 Heracle'a, in Thessalv, coins of, 
 560. 
 
 Heracle'a Sintica, in Macedonia, coins 
 ofj 560 ; wrong attributions, ibid. 
 
 Herac'leum, coins of, 560 ; their beauty, 
 
 66 . 
 
 Hera</leus I., coins of, 653. 
 
 Herac'leus and Tiberius, sons of Con- 
 stans II., 654. 
 
 Heraea, imperial Greek coins of, 595. 
 
 Heraldic devices on coins, early ex- 
 amples of, 418, 431. 
 
 Hercules Maximianus, coins of, 647, 
 672. 
 
 Herennian family, coins of the, 294. 
 
 Herennius Etruscus, coins of, 357, 
 645, 670, 677. 
 
 Hermapolites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 595. 
 
 Hermione, imperial Greek coins of, 595. 
 
 Hermocape'lia, imperial Greek coins of; 
 595. 
 
 Hermouth'ites, imperial Greek coins 
 of; 595. 
 
 Hermupolis, imperial Greek coins of, 
 595. 
 
 Herodes, false coins of, 647. 
 
 Herodotus says that the Lydians first 
 coined gold, 10. 
 
 Hexham, hoard of Northumbrian coins 
 discovered at, 417. 
 
 Hierap'olis, coins of, 560 ; with names, 
 Ephesus, in Ionia, and Sardis, in 
 Lydia, ibid. 
 
 Hierap'olis, imperial Greek coins of; 
 595. 
 
 Hierapytna, imperial Greek coins of, 
 595. 
 
 Hiero and Gelo, kings of Sicily, coins 
 of, 109. 
 
 z z 
 
706 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Hierocaesare'a, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 595. 
 
 Hieronymus, last king of Sicily, coin 
 of, 110. 
 
 Hierop'olis, imperial Greek coins of, 
 595. 
 
 Hierop'olis, in Cilicia, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 595. 
 
 Hierop'olis, in Cilicia, coins of, 560 ; 
 wrong attributions, ibid. 
 
 Hierop'olis, in Cyrrliestica, coins of, 
 560. 
 
 Hieropolites, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 595. 
 
 Hildericus, coins of, 653. 
 
 Hildibadus, no coins known of, 652. 
 
 Himera, coins o£ 560, 572 ; with 
 name of Thermae, 560. 
 
 Hippo Libera, autonomous coins of, 
 with Latin legend, 560. 
 
 Hippo Libera, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 595. 
 
 Hipponium, coins of, 560. 
 
 Hirtian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Holland, coinage of, 526. 
 
 Homer, coined money unknown to, 9. 
 
 Honoria, coins of, 651. 
 
 Honorius, coins of, 651, 674. 
 
 Horatian family, coins of the, 282, 
 634. 
 
 Hosidian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Hostilian family, coins of the, 290, 
 634. 
 
 Hostilianus, coins of, 645, 670, 677. 
 
 Hungary, coinage of, 527. 
 
 Hyccara, coins of, of doubtful attri- 
 bution, 560. 
 
 Hypaepa, imperial Greek coins of, 
 595. 
 
 Hypseliotes, imperial Greek coins of, 
 595. 
 
 Hyrcania, imperial Greek coins of, 
 595. 
 
 Hyrina, coins of, 560, 572. 
 
 I. 
 
 Icakia, imperial Greek coins of, 59 6. 
 
 I ionium, imperial Greek coins of, 596. 
 
 iconium, colonial imperial coins of, 627. 
 
 Idalum, doubtful coins of, 560. 
 
 Iguvium, the as of, 263 ; coin of, 
 with Etruscan legend, 560. 
 
 Ila Cavosa (Municipium), 596 ; with 
 name of Deitosa, ibid . 
 
 Ilerda, colonial imperial coins of, 596. 
 
 Ilici, colonial imperial coins, of, 627. 
 
 Ilios, coin of, 572. 
 
 Illua, coin erroneously attributed to, 
 560. 
 
 Illyria, Illyricum, coins of, 100, 560 ; 
 coins of the kings of, 579. 
 
 Imbrus, coin of, of doubtful attri- 
 bution, 560. 
 
 Imperial coinage of Rome, list of, 634. 
 
 Imperial Greek coinage, 303 ; list of, 
 590. 
 
 Incused coinage of Magna Grsecia, 30. 
 
 India, modern coinage of, 534. 
 
 Indo-Scythic kings, coins of the, 163. 
 
 Ingenuus, doubtful coins of, 646. 
 
 Inscriptions on Greek coins, 219 ; 
 abbreviations, 542 ; on Roman, 
 391 ; abbreviations, 602 ; on 
 British, 395, 679 ; blundered, 
 391, 439 ; wanting on some of the 
 coins of Populonia, 566. 
 
 Ionia, coins of, 560 ; of islands near 
 to, 561. 
 
 Ionia, imperial Greek coins of, 596. 
 
 Ionopolis. See Aboni Tichos. 
 
 Ios, imperial Greek coins of, 596. 
 
 Iotape, imperial Greek coins of, 596. 
 
 Ireland, coinage of, 509 ; no trace of, 
 until the eighth century, 510 ; 
 Danish coins, ibid ; base money, 
 461, 511; Wood’s patent, 512; 
 prices, 540. 
 
 Irene, wife of Constantine VI., no 
 coins known of, 654. 
 
 Irene, wife of Leo IV., coins of, 655. 
 
 Irenopolis, coins of, 561 ; with name 
 of Zephyrium, in Cilicia, ibid. 
 
 Irregular form of Greek coins, cause 
 of, 247. 
 
 Isaac I., coins of, 657. 
 
 Isaac II., coins of, 658. 
 
 Isauria, coins of, 561. 
 
 Isaurus, imperial Greek coins of, 596. 
 
 Istrus, false gold pieces of, 561 
 
INDEX. 
 
 707 
 
 Istrus, imperial Greek coins of, 596. 
 Italian coins, the earliest modern, 513. 
 Italica (Municipium), 596 ; with 
 name of Bilbilis, ibid. 
 Italo-Grecian coins, 68. 
 
 Italy, coins of the Gothic kings of, 
 369, 652; modern coinage of, 513. 
 Italy, Southern. See Magna Grsecia. 
 Italy, Upper, course of, 561, 570. 
 It'anus, imperial Greek coins of, 596. 
 Itian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 J. 
 
 Jaenbert, archbishop of Canterbury, 
 coins of, 419, 680. 
 
 James I., coins of^ 462; arms on, 
 463 ; gold coinage, 465 ; inscrip- 
 tions, 683 ; prices, 686. 
 
 James II., coins of, 481 ; Irish coin- 
 age of base money, 511 ; inscrip- 
 tions, 684 ; prices, 686. 
 
 Japan, coinage of, 535. 
 
 Jewish coins, the earliest, 248 ; the 
 latest, 250. 
 
 Johannes, emperor at Rome, coins of, 
 651, 675. 
 
 John I. (Zimisces), emperor, coins of, 
 656 ; doubtful coins, ibid. 
 
 John II. (Comnenus), coins of, 658. 
 
 John III. (Vatatzes), coins of, 659. 
 
 John IV. (Lascaris), no coins known 
 of, 659. 
 
 John V., no coins known of, 659. 
 
 John VI., doubtful coins of, 659. 
 
 John VII., no coins known of, 659. 
 
 John VIII., doubtful coin of, 659. 
 
 J ohn, king of England, only Irish coins 
 remaining of, 432. 
 
 Jovian, emperor, coins of, 650, 674. 
 
 Jovinus, coins of, 651, 674. 
 
 Judaea, coins of, 561; coins of kings 
 of, 579. 
 
 J ulia, daughter of Augustus, coins of, 
 317, 638, 662. 
 
 Julia, daughter of Titus, coins of, 640, 
 664. 
 
 Julia, wife of Tiberius, coins of, 662. 
 
 Julia Cornelia Paula, coins of, 643, 
 669, 676. 
 
 Julia Domna, coins of^ 346, 642, 668, 
 
 676. 
 
 Julia Donata, false coins of, 645. 
 Julia Livilla, doubtful Roman coins 
 of, 320, 639 ; Greek coins of, 639. 
 Julia Maesa, coins of, 350, 643, 669, 
 
 677. 
 
 Julia Mamea, coins of, 351, 643, 669, 
 677. 
 
 Julia Soemias, coins of, 643, 669, 
 677. 
 
 Julia, colonial antonomous coins of, 
 627. 
 
 Julian, emperor, coins of, 650, 673. 
 Julian family, coins of, 634. 
 
 Julianus Didius, coins of, 343, 642, 
 
 668 . 
 
 Julianus, Marcus Aurelianus, coins 
 of, 647, 672. 
 
 Julius Caesar. See Caesar. 
 
 Julius Nepos, coins of, 652, 675. 
 Junia Fadilla, false coins of, 644. 
 Junian family, coins of the, 634. 
 Justin I., coins of, 653, 675. 
 
 Justin II., coins of, 653, 672. 
 Justina, false coins of, 650. 
 
 Justinian I., coins of, 653, 675. 
 Justinian II., coins of, 654. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kent, kings of, coins of the, 411, 680. 
 Kesitah, meaning of, 8. 
 
 King, earliest example of the title of, 
 on coins, 89. 
 
 L. 
 
 Lacanatis, imperial Greek coins of, 
 596 ; with head of Antiochus IV, 
 ibid. 
 
 Lacedaemon, imperial Greek coins of, 
 596. 
 
 Lacedaemonia, coin of the kings of, 
 580. 
 
 Laelia, imperial Greek coins of, 596. 
 Laelianus, coins of, 645, 671. 
 
 Laerte, imperial Greek coins of, 596, 
 Lag'idse, coins of the, 111,. 578. 
 Lamia, coins oij 561, 572. 
 
 9. z 2 
 
;o8 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Lam pa or Lappa, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 596. 
 
 Lamp'sacus, coins of, 561, 572 ; early 
 gold coins of, 16. 
 
 Lamp'sacus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 596. 
 
 Languages found on ancient coins, list 
 of, 233. 
 
 Laodice'a, in Phrygia, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 596. 
 
 Laodice'a, in Syria, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 596. 
 
 Laodice'a, in Syria, colonial imperial 
 coins of, 627. 
 
 Laodice'a ad Libanum, imperial Greek 
 coins o£ 596. 
 
 Laodice'a Combusta, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 596. 
 
 Lappa. See Lampa. 
 
 Lari'num, coins of, with Oscan legends, 
 561. 
 
 Larissa, coins of, 561, 572. 
 
 Larymna, coins wrongly attributed 
 to, 561. 
 
 Las, imperial Greek coins of, 596. 
 
 Latimer, Bishop, his invectives against 
 the base silver coin of Edward VI., 
 452. 
 
 Latium, coins of, 561. 
 
 Latopolites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 596. 
 
 Leaden tradesmen’s tokens, 479. 
 
 Lemnos, coins of, 561. 
 
 Leo I., coins of, 651, 675. 
 
 Leo II., coins of, 652. 
 
 Leo II. (circa 700), coins of, 564 ; coins 
 of Leo I. wrongly attributed to, ibid. 
 
 Leo III., coins of, 654. 
 
 Leo IV., coins of, 655. 
 
 Leo V., coins of, 655. 
 
 Leo VI., coins of, 656. 
 
 Leontia, wife of Phocas, 653. 
 
 Leontini, coins of, 561, 573. 
 
 Leontius, coins of, 652. 
 
 Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius, coins of, 
 638, 661. 
 
 Leptis Magna, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 596. 
 
 Leptis Magna, colonial autonomous 
 coins of, 628. 
 
 Lepton, what, 379. 
 
 Lesbos, imperial Greek coins of, 596. 
 
 Lete, coins of, 25, 45, 561, 573 ; 
 formerly ascribed to Lesbos, 45. 
 
 Leuca, coin wrongly attributed to, 
 561. 
 
 Leucas, imperial Greek coins of, 
 596. 
 
 Leucas, or Leucadia, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 596. 
 
 Libella, or half sestertius, 270. 
 
 Libius Severus, coins of, 652, 675. 
 
 Libra, or pound weight of the Romans, 
 9. 
 
 Liburnia, no coins of, 551, 561. 
 
 Libya. See Lybia. 
 
 Libya, imperial Greek coins of, 596. 
 
 Licinia, Eudoxia, coins of, 651. 
 
 Licinia, Galliena, false coins attributed 
 to, 645. 
 
 Licinian family, coins of the, 291, 
 634. 
 
 Licinius, junior, coins of, 648, 673. 
 
 Licinius, senior, coins of, 648, 673. 
 
 Light money, enforced circulation of, 
 446. 
 
 Lip'ara, gold coins of, 561. 
 
 Livia, empress, coins of, 316, 638, 
 661, 676. 
 
 Livineian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Locri, doubtful coins of, 561. 
 
 Locri Epizephyrii, a gold coin ascribed, 
 probably false, 561. 
 
 Locris, coins of, 561, 573. 
 
 Loentopolites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 596. 
 
 Lollian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Lollianus, coins of, 645. 
 
 Longone, ooins falsely attributed to, 
 
 561. 
 
 Longperrier on the coins of the Sas- 
 sanidse, 152. 
 
 Lorraine, coinage of, 522 ; its fine 
 execution, 525 ; tariff of the value 
 and price of foreign coins current 
 in, in 1511, 524 ; cross ofj 526. 
 
 Lucania, coins of, 561. 
 
 Lucas, Lord, farthings of, what, 480. 
 
 Luceria, coin of, with Latin legend, 
 
 562. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 709 
 
 Lucilian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Lucilla, coins of, 340, 642, 667, 
 67 6. 
 
 Lucius, Aelius. See Aelius. 
 
 Lucius Verus, coins of, 641, 667, 
 
 676. 
 
 Lucius and Caius, coins of, 317, 638, 
 662. 
 
 Lucretian family, coins of the, 290, 
 634. 
 
 Lugdu'num Copia, colonial autonomous 
 coins ofj 627 ; colonial imperial, 
 ibid. 
 
 Luna, coin wrongly ascribed to, 562. 
 
 Lurian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Lutatian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Lybia, ascription of coins to, by Ses- 
 tini, 562. 
 
 Lycaonia, coins of, 562. 
 
 Lycia, imperial Greek coins of, 596. 
 
 Lycopolites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 596. 
 
 Lydia, coins of, 562, 573. 
 
 Lydians said to have first coined gold, 
 10 ; the assertion doubted, ibid. ; 
 their presumed earliest gold coin- 
 age described, 12. 
 
 Lyrbe, imperial Greek coins of, 596. 
 
 Lysias, in Phrygia, name of, on coins 
 of Mordiaeum Apollonia, 563. 
 
 Lysim'achus, king of Thrace and Mace- 
 donia, coins of, 84, 101. See also 
 Macedonia. 
 
 M. 
 
 Macedonia, coins of, 562, 573 ; coins 
 of the kings, 73, 580 ; sketch of 
 the history of, 74, 87. 
 
 Macella, coin of, of doubtful attribu- 
 tion, 562. 
 
 Maconius, false coins of, 647. 
 
 Macrianus, junior, coins of, 646, 671, 
 
 677. 
 
 Macrianus, senior, coins wrongly at- 
 tributed to, 646. 
 
 Macrinus, coins of, 348, 643, 669, 
 676. 
 
 Madrid collection of coins, its extent, 6. 
 
 Maecilian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Maenian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Maeonia, imperial Greek coius of, 596. 
 
 Magna Graecia, coins of, 30, 66 ; coins 
 after its subjugation by the Homans. 
 67. See also Autonomous coins, 
 list of, passim. 
 
 Magnentius, coins of, 650, 673. 
 
 Magnesia, attribution of the coins of, 
 562. 
 
 Magnesia, imperial Greek coins of, 
 596. 
 
 Magnia Urbica, coins of, 647, 672. 
 
 Magnus Maximus, coins of, 650, 674. 
 
 Magydus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 596. 
 
 Mahomet II., coin of, commemorating 
 the fall of Constantinople, 372. 
 
 Maianian family, coins of the, 634. 
 
 Majorian, coins of, 651, 675. 
 
 Mallus, imperial Greek coins of, 596. 
 
 Mamertium, coins of, 562. 
 
 Mamilian family, coins of the, 294, 
 635. 
 
 Man, isle of, coinage for the, 497. 
 
 Mancus or marcus. See Marcus. 
 
 Manlia Scan til la. See Scantilla. 
 
 Manlian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Mantinea Antig'onia, imperial Greek 
 coins of,* 596. 
 
 Manuel I., coins of, 658. 
 
 Manuel II., no certain coins of, 659. 
 
 Marc Antonius. See Antony. 
 
 Marcia Furnilla. See Furnilla. 
 
 Marcia Otacilia Severa, coins of, 644, 
 670. 
 
 Marcian, coins of, 651, 675. 
 
 Marcian family, coins of the, 289, 635. 
 
 Marciana, coins of, 333, 641, 666. 
 
 Marcian op'olis, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 596. 
 
 Marcianus, coins of, 651, 675. 
 
 Marcus, or Mark, derived from the 
 Arabic markush, “coin,*’ 518 ; 
 one of OfFa, with an Arabic in- 
 scription, 414. 
 
 Marcus, son of Basiliscus, no proper 
 coins of, 652. 
 
 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. See 
 
 Heliogabalus. 
 
 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. See 
 
 I Caracalla. 
 
710 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Marcu3 Aurelius, coins of, 337, 641, 
 667, 676. 
 
 Marcus Aurelianus Julianus, coins of, 
 
 647, 672. 
 
 Mareotes, imperial Greek coins of, 
 596. 
 
 Margaret of Denmark, coins of, 529. 
 
 Maria, wife of Constantine VI., no 
 coins known of, 654. 
 
 Maria, wife of Michael VII., coins of, 
 657. 
 
 Marian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Mariniana, coins of 359, 645, 671. 
 
 Marinus, doubtful coins of, 644, 670. 
 
 Marius, coins of, 646, 671. 
 
 Marmar'ica. See Petra. 
 
 Maronea, punch-mark on a coin of, 
 43. 
 
 Maronea, imperial Greek coins of, 
 596. 
 
 Marruccini, coins of, 562. 
 
 Martia, coins of, bearing the name of 
 Rome, of doubtful attribution, 
 562. 
 
 Martin, St., coins of, where struck, 
 419. 
 
 Martina, the empress, no coins known 
 of, 653. 
 
 Martinianus, coins of, 649. 
 
 Marubium, coins of, with Latin le- 
 gends, 562. 
 
 Mary, queen, coins of, 455, 683, 685. 
 
 Mary, queen of Scots, shillings of, 
 540. 
 
 Massilia, coinage of, 170. 
 
 Massycites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 596. 
 
 Mastielle, Philip, the reputed inventor 
 of milled money, 460. 
 
 Matidia, coins of, 333, 641, 666. 
 
 Matthias Corvinus, his collection of 
 coins, 6. 
 
 Maunday money, 477, 481. 
 
 Mauretania and Numidia, coins of 
 the kings of, 580. 
 
 Maurice, the emperor, coins of, 653. 
 
 Maxen tius, coins of, 648, 673. 
 
 Maximianus, Hercules, coins of, 363, 
 
 648, 672, 677. 
 
 Maximinus Daza, coins of, 648, 673. 
 
 Maximinus II., coins of, 351, 643, 
 670, 677. 
 
 Maximus, coins of, 644, 670, 677. 
 
 Maximus Magnus, coins of, 650, 674. 
 
 Maximus, Petronius, coins of, 651. 
 
 Maximus, of Spain, coins of, 651. 
 
 Maximus to Philip, coins of, great 
 similarity of, 353. 
 
 Mazara, coins of, with Punic legends, 
 562. 
 
 Medallions, archaic, 58 ; Roman, 339. 
 
 Medici, Cosmo de’, his collection of 
 coins, 6. 
 
 Meg'ara, coins of, 563 ; with names 
 of Leontini, and of Hybla Meg'ara, 
 
 ibid. 
 
 Meg'ara, imperial Greek coins of, 596. 
 
 Melos, imperial Greek coins of, 596. 
 
 Memmia, doubtful coin of, 643. 
 
 Memmian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Memphites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 597. 
 
 Mende, coin ascribed to Mopsium, 
 allotted to, 563. 
 
 Mendesius, imperial Greek coins of, 
 597. 
 
 Menelaites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 597. 
 
 Mercia, coins of the kings of, 412, 680. 
 
 Merinum, coins classed to Merusium, 
 perhaps belong to, 562. 
 
 Merusium, coins doubtfully ascribed 
 to, 562. 
 
 Mescinian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Mesembria, imperial Greek coins of, 
 597. 
 
 Messalina, coins of, 321, 639, 663, 
 676. 
 
 Messalina, Statilla, coins of, 323, 640. 
 
 Messana, coins of, 573. 
 
 Messeni, imperial Greek coins of, 597. 
 
 Messenia, coins of, 563. 
 
 Metapontum, coins of, 563, 573 ; 
 incused coinage, 36; varieties, 37; 
 name of, on coins of the Heraclea, 
 in Lucania, 560. 
 
 Metelites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 597. 
 
 Methana, imperial Greek coins of, 
 597. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 711 
 
 Methymna, imperial Greek coins of, 
 597. 
 
 Methymne, coins of, their type, 45. 
 
 Metropolis, coins of doubtful attribu- 
 tion, 563. 
 
 Metropolis, imperial Greek coins of, 
 597 ; with name of Ephesus, ibid. 
 
 Metropolis, in Phrygia, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 597. 
 
 Metro'um, coins of, doubtful, 563. 
 
 Mettian family, coin of the, 635. 
 
 Michael I., coins of, 655. 
 
 Michael II., coins of, 655. 
 
 Michael III., coins of, 655. 
 
 Michael IV., no certain coins of, 
 657. 
 
 Michael V., no coins known of, 657. 
 
 Michael VI., no certain coins of, 
 657. 
 
 Michael VII., coins of, 657. 
 
 Michael VIII., coins of, 659. 
 
 Michael IX., coins of, 659. 
 
 Michael Ducas, emperor, coins of, 372, 
 657. 
 
 Midas, head of, on a coin of Cadi, 
 554. 
 
 Mideaum, imperial Greek coins of, 
 597. 
 
 Milan, coinage of the dukes of, 515. 
 
 Miletopolis, imperial Greek coins of, 
 597. 
 
 Miletus, coins of, 563, 573 ; early 
 gold coin of, 11. 
 
 Miletus, imperial Greek coins of, 597 ; 
 with name of Amisus, ibid. ; with 
 name of Smyrna, ibid. 
 
 Milled money, 460, 473, 476. 
 
 Milliarensis or “thousander,” what, 
 382. 
 
 Mina, the, 183, 194. 
 
 Minatian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Mineian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Minerva, head of, on Corinthian coins, 
 28. 
 
 Mint-marks, 244 ; on Athenian coins, 
 49 ; on English, 459. 
 
 Mints, Roman, 364 ; various British, 
 435, 467, 468, 469, 475; nu- 
 merous, established by William 
 III., 482. 
 
 Minturnae, name of, on coins of 
 Vescia, 570. 
 
 Minucian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Mitelene, coins of, 563 ; portraits on, 
 ibid. ; names of other towns on, 
 ibid . ; its name on other coins, 
 565. See Mytilene. 
 
 Mithridates, of Pontus, coins of, 165, 
 582. 
 
 Mitreian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Moca, imperial Greek coins of, 597. 
 
 Modern coins of Asia, Africa, and 
 America, 534. 
 
 Moesia Inferior, coins of, 563. 
 
 Money, kind of, which preceded coins, 
 9 ; ring, of various countries and 
 eras, 8, 535. 
 
 Money, origin of this and other terms 
 applied to coins, 180. 
 
 Moneyage, what, and how introduced, 
 410. 
 
 Moneyers, Roman, frauds of the, 381 ; 
 revolt of the, 362. 
 
 Monograms on Greek coins, 226. 
 
 Mopsium, doubtful coin of, 563. 
 
 Mopsius, coins of, 563 ; with head of 
 Antiochus IV., of Commagene, 
 ibid. 
 
 Mopsus, Mopsuestia, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 597. 
 
 Mordiaeum Apollonia, coins of, 563 ; 
 with names of other towns, ibid. 
 
 Morgantia, coins of, 563, 573 ; with 
 Greek and Punic legends, 563. 
 
 Mostene, imperial Greek coins of, 597. 
 
 Mostis, king of Thrace, coins of, 94, 
 584. 
 
 Motho'ne, imperial Greek coins of, 
 597. 
 
 Munatian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Musian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Mussidian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Myconus, imperial Greek coins of, 597. 
 
 Myndus, imperial Greek coins of, 597. 
 
 Myra, imperial Greek coins of, 597. 
 
 Myrhina, imperial Greek coins of, 
 597. 
 
 Myriandrus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 597. 
 
 Myrina, false gold coin of, 573. 
 
712 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Mysia, coins of, 563. 
 
 Mysia, imperial Greek coins of, 597. 
 Mytilene, imperial Greek coins of, 
 597. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nacolea, imperial Greek coins of, 597. 
 
 Nacrasa, imperial Greek coins of, 597. 
 
 Naevian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Nagidus, doubtful bronze piece, 563. 
 
 Nasidian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Naucratis, imperial Greek coins of, 
 597. 
 
 Naxus, coin of, 573. 
 
 Naxus, imperial Greek coins of, 597. 
 
 Nea, coins wrongly ascribed to, 564. 
 
 Neap'olis, coins of, 564, 573 ; re- 
 markable type on a coin of, 61. 
 
 Neap'olis, imperial Greek coins of, 
 597. 
 
 Neap'olis, colonial imperial coins of, 
 627. 
 
 Neap'olis, in Macedonia, coins of, 
 564 ; the bronze pieces doubted, 
 ibid. 
 
 Neapolitan coinage, the, 516. 
 
 Neetum, coins of, of doubtful attri- 
 bution, 564 ; with name of 
 Hadrianopolis, in Thrace, ibid. 
 
 Nemausis, coinage of, 170. 
 
 Nemausus, colonial autonomous coins 
 of, 627 ; colonial imperial, ibid. 
 
 Neocaesare'a, imperial Greek coins of, 
 597, 
 
 Neoclaudiopolis, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 597. 
 
 Neout, imperial Greek coins of, 597. 
 
 Nepos, Julius, coins of, 652, 675. 
 
 Nepotianus, coins of, 649, 673. 
 
 Nerian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Nero, coins of, 322, 639, 663, 676. 
 
 Nero and Drusus, sons of Germanicus, 
 coins of, 639. 
 
 Neronias, imperial Greek coins of, 
 597. 
 
 Nerva, coins of, 330, 641, 665, 676. 
 
 Newark siege-pieces, 470. 
 
 Newton, Sir Isaac, master of the mint, 
 483, 488. 
 
 Nicaea, imperial Greek coins of, 597. 
 
 Nicala, name of, on coins of Hadriani, 
 559. 
 
 Nicephorium, imperial Greek coins of^ 
 < 597. 
 
 Nicephorus I., coins of, 655. 
 
 Nicephorus II., coins of, 656. 
 
 Nicephorus III., coins of, 658. 
 
 Nicephorus, son of Artavasdas, 654. 
 
 Nicephorus, son of Constantine VI., 
 no coins known of, 655. 
 
 Nicome'des I., of Bythinia, unique 
 coin of, 102, 576. 
 
 Nicome'des II., III., IV., coins of, 
 103, 576 ; only distinguishable 
 by their dates, 103. 
 
 Nicome'dia, name ofj on coins of 
 Amasia, 551. 
 
 Nicome'dia, imperial Greek coins of, 
 597 ; with name of Amasia, ibid. ; 
 with name of Laodicea, in Phrygia, 
 ibid. ; with name of Smyrna, ibid. 
 
 Nicop'olis, in Moesia Inferior, name 
 of, on coins of Hadrianopolis, 
 559. 
 
 Nicop'olis, in Epirus, imperial Greek 
 coins o£ 597. 
 
 Nicop'olis, in Judea, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 597. 
 
 Nicop'olis, in Syria, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 597. 
 
 Nicop'olis ad Istrum, imperial Greek 
 coins o£ 597. 
 
 Nicop'olis ad Mestum, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 597. 
 
 Nicop'olites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 597. 
 
 Nigrinianus, coins of, 647, 672. 
 
 Nisaea, coins wrongly ascribed to, 
 564. 
 
 Nobles, coinage of, by Edward III , 
 438; tampered with by Edwaid 
 IV., 443; George noble and rose 
 noble, 449. 
 
 Nola, in Campania, coins of, 564, 
 573. 
 
 Nonian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Nonius, coins of, 650, 673. 
 
 Norba, doubtful colonial autonomous 
 coin of, 627. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 713 
 
 Norbanus, consular coins bearing the 
 name of, 635. 
 
 Norman shilling, value of the, 428. 
 
 Northumberland, coins of the kings 
 of, 415, 680. 
 
 Norway, coinage of, 530 ; the heir 
 apparent styled “Duke” on, ibid. 
 
 Noumia, what, 379. 
 
 Nuceria Altaferna, coins of, 564 ; 
 with Greek and Oscan legends, 
 ibid. 
 
 Numerianus, coins of, 647, 672. 
 
 Numidia and Mauretania, coins of 
 the kings of, 580. 
 
 Numitorian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Nummonius Valla, gold coin of, 288. 
 
 Numonian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 0 . 
 
 Oasis Magna, imperial Greek coins of, 
 598. 
 
 Obolus, origin and meaning of the 
 name, 10. 
 
 Obverse and reverse of ancient coins, 
 37, 209. 
 
 Ocea, imperial Greek coins of, 598. 
 
 Octavia, coins of, 638. 
 
 Octavia, wife of Nero, coins of, 323, 
 639, 663, 676. 
 
 Octavia, wife of Philip, coins of, 
 355. 
 
 Octavius, doubtful coin of, 299 ; other 
 coins of, 638. See Augustus. 
 
 Odena'thus, coins of, 361, 647. 
 
 Odessus, imperial Greek coins of, 598. 
 
 Odryces, coins of the, 90 ; their silver 
 coinage of doubtful attribution, 
 564 ; coins of the kings, 580. 
 
 Oeniandos, imperial Greek coins of, 
 598. 
 
 Ogulnian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Offa, coins of, 412, 680 ; coin of, 
 with an Arabic inscription, 414. 
 
 Olba, coins of the priests and princes 
 of, 581. 
 
 Olbia, coins of, of great variety, 564. 
 
 Olbia, Olbiopolis, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 598. 
 
 Olybrius, coins of, 652, 675. 
 
 Olympe, coins of, of doubtful attri- 
 bution, 564. 
 
 Ombites, imperial Greek coins of, 598. 
 
 Onuphites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 598. 
 
 Ophelon, name of, on coin? of Barce, 
 554. 
 
 Opimian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Oppian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Orbiana, Barbia, coins of, 351, 643, 
 669, 677. 
 
 Orchom'enus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 598. 
 
 Orestae, coins of, 564, 573. 
 
 Orra, coins of, 564; its situation 
 uncertain, ibid. 
 
 Omeskia, coins of, probably of 
 Orestm, 564. 
 
 Oroanda, coins of, of doubtful attri- 
 bution, 564. 
 
 Orthosa, imperial Greek coins of, 598. 
 
 Orthosia, imperial Greek coins o^ 
 598. 
 
 Osca, imperial Greek coins of, 598. 
 
 Oscan characters, occurrence of, on 
 the as of the Rutuli and other 
 Italian states, 263. 
 
 Oscan legends. See Autonomous coins, 
 list of, passim. 
 
 Osicerda, imperial Greek coins of| 
 598. 
 
 Osseans, coins of the, 41. 
 
 Otacilia, coins of, 644, 670, 677, 
 
 Otho, coins of, 324, 640, 664, 676. 
 
 Otrus, imperial Greek coins of, 598. 
 
 Ottocar, of Bohemia, bracteate money 
 of, 526. 
 
 Owl, a symbol on Athenian coins, 
 44, 553. 
 
 Oxford, coins struck at, during the 
 civil war, 471. 
 
 Oxyrinchites, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 598. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pacatianus, known only by his coins, 
 644, 670. 
 
 Pacuvian, or Paquian family, coins o' 
 the, 635. 
 
714 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Paeonia, coins of, 564 ; coins of the 
 kings of, 580. 
 
 Pfestum, incused coinage of, 38. See 
 also Posidonia. 
 
 Pagae, imperial Greek coins of, 598. 
 
 Palmyra, coins of, 564. See also 
 Zenobia. 
 
 Paltos, imperial Geeek coins of, 598. 
 
 Pan, the monetary type of Panticapea, 
 56. 
 
 Panemot'ichos, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 598. 
 
 Panopolites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 598. 
 
 Panor'mus, coins of, 564, 573 ; va- 
 rieties, 564, 565. 
 
 Panor'mus, colonial autonomous coins 
 of, 627 ; with the legend His- 
 panorum, ibid. 
 
 Panticape'a, coins of, 55, 565, 573; 
 supposed origin of the name, 56. 
 
 Paphlagonia, coins of, 565 ; coins of 
 the kings of, 581. 
 
 Papian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Papirian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Paquian. S e Pacuvian. 
 
 Parian Chronicle, its statement as to 
 silver coinage, 10, 21. 
 
 Paris collection of coins, its extent and 
 value, 6. 
 
 Parium, colonial autonomous coins of, 
 628 ; colonial imperial, ibid. 
 
 Parlais, imperial Greek coins of, 598. 
 
 Paros, imperial Greek coins of, 598. 
 
 Parthia, coins of the kings of, 136, 
 581 ; other coins, 565. 
 
 Passa, or Passia, coins of, of doubtful 
 attribution, 565. 
 
 Patala, imperial Greek coins of, 598. 
 
 Patlais, colonial imperial coins of, 628. 
 
 Patmos, coins of, of doubtful attribu- 
 tion, 565. 
 
 Patrae, colonial autonomous coins of, 
 628 ; colonial imperial, ibid. ; 
 mostly with Greek legends, ibid. 
 
 Patraus, king of Paeonia, coins of, 92, 
 581. 
 
 Patricia. See Corduba. 
 
 Patrick, St., halfpence and farthings, 
 511. 
 
 Patrimonial coinage of the Popes, 
 514. 
 
 Pattern copper of Anne and Charles 
 II., price of, 540, 686. 
 
 Paulina, coins of, 352, 643, 670. 
 
 Pausanias, king of Macedon, coins of, 
 77, 580. 
 
 Pautalia, imperial Greek coins of, 598. 
 
 Pedantian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Pednelissus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 598. 
 
 Peithesa, coins wrongly attributed to, 
 565. 
 
 Pelecania, coins of, of doubtful attri- 
 bution, 565. 
 
 Pelinna. See Pella. 
 
 Pella, coin ascribed to, 565; more 
 probably belongs to Pelinna, ibid. 
 
 Pella, imperial Greek coins of, 598. 
 
 Pella, colonial imperial coins of, 628. 
 
 Pella, in Macedonia, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 598. 
 
 Pellene, imperial Greek coins of, 598. 
 
 Pellerin, his reading of a Punic in- 
 scription, 64. 
 
 Peloponnesus, coins of, 565. 
 
 Peloponnesus, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 598. 
 
 Peltae, imperial Greek coins of, 598. 
 
 Pelusium, imperial Greek coins of, 
 598. 
 
 Penny, silver, the earliest known, 
 412 ; inscriptions on various, 680, 
 683 ; prices, 685. 
 
 Pentri, in Samnium, coins wrongly 
 ascribed to, 559, 565. 
 
 Peonia, coins of the kings of, 91, 580 ; 
 other coins, 564. 
 
 Peparethus, imperial Greek coins o£ 
 598. 
 
 Perdiccas II., of Macedon, coin of, 75, 
 580. 
 
 Perdiccas III., of Macedon, coins 
 assigned to, 78, 580. 
 
 Perga, in Famphylia, coins of, 565 : 
 name o£ on coins of Mordiaeum 
 Apollonia, 563. 
 
 Perga, imperial Greek coins of, 598. 
 
 Pergamus, coins of the kings of, 104, 
 582. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 715 
 
 Pergamus, coins of, 573 ; coins of 
 the city of, 565 ; with name of 
 Mitylene, ibid. 
 
 Pergamus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 598. 
 
 Ferinthus, in Thrace, coins of, 565 ; 
 its name found on coins of Ephesus, 
 558. 
 
 Perinthus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 598. 
 
 Perperene, imperial Greek coins of, 
 598. 
 
 Perseiana. See Saguntum. 
 
 Perseus, the last king of Macedon, 
 coins of, 87. 
 
 Persia, coinage of, 150, 535, 582; 
 coins of the Sassanides, 582. 
 
 Persian darics recoined by Alexander, 
 81. 
 
 Pertinax, coins of, 343, 642, '667, 676. 
 
 Pescennius Niger, coins of, 344, 668. 
 
 Pessinus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 598. 
 
 Peter-pence, what, and where coined, 
 419, 678, 680. 
 
 Petillian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Petra, coins of, of doubtful attribution, 
 565. 
 
 Petra, imperial Greek coins o£ 598. 
 
 Petrarch, his collection of coins, 5. 
 
 Petronian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Petronius Maximus, coins of, 651. 
 
 Petrus de Courtnay, no coins known 
 of, 658. 
 
 Pharbaethites, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 598. 
 
 Phaselis, imperial Greek coins of, 
 598. 
 
 Phellus, imperial Greek coins of, 598. 
 
 Pheneus, imperial Greek coins of, 598. 
 
 Pherse, coins of the tyrants of, 582. 
 
 Phialea or Phigalea, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 598. 
 
 Phidon of Argos, an early coiner of 
 silver, 10, 21. 
 
 Philadelphia, coins of, doubtful, 565 ; 
 with name of Smyrna, in Ionia, 
 565, 598. 
 
 Philadelphia, imperial Greek coins of, 
 598. 
 
 Philadelphia, in Syria, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 598. 
 
 Philip II., of Macedon, coins of, 78, 
 580; his coins copied in Sicily, 80; 
 their wide currency, 188. 
 
 Philip III., of Macedon, his coius 
 formerly ascribed to Philip II., 83, 
 580. 
 
 Philip V., of Macedon, fine coins of, 86, 
 580. 
 
 Philip and Mary, coins of, 455, 683. 
 
 Philippi, colonial autonomous coins 
 of, 628 ; colonial imperial, ibid. 
 
 Philippop'olis, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 598 ; with Latin legend, ibid. 
 
 Philippop'olis, colonial imperial coins 
 of, 628. 
 
 Philips, coins of the emperors, 355, 
 644, 670, 677. 
 
 Philistis, queen of Hiero II., coin of, 
 110, 583. 
 
 Philomelium, imperial Greek coins of, 
 598. 
 
 Phlius, imperial Greek coins of, 598. 
 
 Phintias of Agrigentum, coins of, 575. 
 
 Phistelia, or Pistelia, coins of, 565 ; 
 attributed also to Posidonia, ibid. 
 
 Phocas, coins of, 653. 
 
 Phocsea, early gold coin of, 15 ; other 
 coins of, 565. 
 
 Phocseans, their long voyages, 16 ; 
 heads of the Dioscuri, of Pallas and 
 Mercury, found on their coins, ibid. 
 
 Phocea, imperial Greek coins of, 598. 
 
 Phocis, coins of, 565. 
 
 Phoenice, imperial Greek coins of, 
 
 598. 
 
 Phoenice or Phoenicape, imperial 
 Greek coins of, 598. 
 
 Phoenicia, coins of, 566 ; uncertain 
 money of, ibid. 
 
 Phoenician legends, on coins of the 
 isle of Aradus, 553 ; on coins of 
 Panormus, 564. 
 
 Phrygia, coins of, 566. 
 
 Phthemphites, imperial Greek coin 
 of, 599. 
 
 Phtheneotes, imperial Greek coins of, 
 
 599. 
 
 Picenum, coins of, 566. 
 
716 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Pinamys, imperial Greek coins of, 
 599. 
 
 Pinarian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Pionia, imperial Greek coins of, 599. 
 
 Pisaurum, coins of, with Latin legend, 
 566 ; with Greek legend, ibid. 
 
 Pisidia, coins of, 566. 
 
 Piso Frugi, false coins of, 646. 
 
 Pistrucci, his device for the sovereign 
 and crown piece of George III., 
 495 ; declines to copy Chantrey’s 
 bust of George IV., 498. 
 
 Pitane, imperial Greek coins of 599. 
 
 Pitinum, coins of, with Etruscan 
 legends, 566. 
 
 Pix, what, 459. 
 
 Placidia, no proper coins of, 652. 
 
 Placidia Galla, coins of, 651, 674. 
 
 Placks, or billon groats, of Scotland, 
 509. 
 
 Plaetorian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Plancian family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Plantagenets, coins of the, 432, 681, 
 685. 
 
 Plarasa, in Caria, name of, on coins 
 of Aphrodisias, 552. 
 
 Plarassa, coins of, 566 ; with name of 
 Amphridosias, ibid. 
 
 Platsea, coins of, 51, 566. 
 
 Plautian, or Plutian family, coins of 
 the, 286, 635. 
 
 Plautius, coin of, 288. 
 
 Plegmund, archbishop of Canterbury, 
 coins of, 420. 
 
 P loti an family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Plotina, coins of, 333, 641, 665. 
 
 Plotinopolis, imperial Greek coins of, 
 599. 
 
 Plutian. See Plautian. 
 
 Poblician family, coins of the, 635. 
 
 Podalia, imperial Greek coins of, 599. 
 
 Poemaneni, imperial Greek coins of, 
 599. 
 
 Pogla, imperial Greek coins of, 599. 
 
 Poland, coinage of, 527. 
 
 Polla, false coins attributed to, 640. 
 
 Pol'yi'henium, imperial Greek coins of, 
 599. 
 
 Pompeian family, coins of the, 292, 
 636, 637. 
 
 Pompeiot/olis, imperial Greek coins of, 
 599.' 
 
 Pompeiop'olis. See Solop'olis. 
 
 Pompeius Cnaeus (Magnus), coins of, 
 295, 637, 660. 
 
 Pompeius Cnaeus, coins of, 637, 660. 
 
 Pompeius Sextus, coins of, 637, 660. 
 
 Pomponian family, coins of the, 293, 
 636. 
 
 Pontefract siege-pieces, 470, 684. 
 
 Pontus, coins of the kings of^ 164, 
 566, 582; historical sketch, 164; 
 decline of art in, 169. 
 
 Pontus, imperial Greek coins of, 599. 
 
 Popes, coinage of the, 514. 
 
 Poppaea, coins of, 323, 640, 663, 676. 
 
 Popular names of ancient Greek coins, 
 
 202 . 
 
 Populonia, flat coinage of, 38 ; other 
 coins, 566, 573 ; some remarkable 
 as wanting inscriptions, 566. 
 
 Porcian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Porosele'ne,imperialGreekcoins of, 599. 
 
 Portcullis money, what, 461. 
 
 Portraits on coins, date of the general 
 introduction of, 108 ; of celebrated 
 men, on Greek coins, 216 ; on 
 Roman coins, 295. 
 
 Portugal, coinage of, 519. 
 
 Posidia, coins of, 573. 
 
 Posido'nia, coins of, 566, 573 ; coins 
 doubtfully ascribed to, 565, 566 ; 
 incused coinage, 38. 
 
 Postumian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Postumus, senior, coins of, 645, 671. 
 
 Postumus, junior, coins wrongly attri- 
 buted to, 645, 671. 
 
 Potin, coins of, 354. 
 
 Prelates, coins of, 419, 678, 680. 
 
 Prene, or Cadme, coins of, 554. 
 
 Pretenders, Roman, doubtful coins o£ 
 356, 641. 
 
 Prices of ancient and modern coins, 
 536 ; English, 685 ; Greek, 585 ; 
 Roman, 660. 
 
 Priene. See Cadme. 
 
 Priscus Attalus, coins of, 651, 674. 
 
 Probus, coins of, 647, 672, 677 ; very 
 numerous, and of diverse types, 
 647. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 717 
 
 Procilian family, coins of tlie, 636. 
 
 Procopius, coins of, 650, 674. 
 
 Proculeian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Proculus, false coins of, 647. 
 
 Proportionate value of gold and silver, 
 438, 451, 453, 484. 
 
 Prosopites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 599. 
 
 Prostanna, imperial Greek coins of, 
 599. 
 
 Prusa ad Olympum, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 599. 
 
 Prusias I., II., of Bithynia, coins of, 
 103, 576 ; their fine execution, 
 103. 
 
 Prusias, coins of the queens of the city 
 of, 104. 
 
 Prusias ad Hypum, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 599. 
 
 Prusias ad Mare, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 599. 
 
 Prussia, coinage of, 528. 
 
 Prymnessus, name of, on the coins of 
 king Midas, 566. 
 
 Prymnessus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 599. 
 
 Psophis, imperial Greek coins of, 599. 
 
 Ptolema'is, imperial Greek coins of, 
 599. 
 
 Ptolema'is, colonial imperial coins of 
 628. 
 
 Ptol'emies, orLag'idse, coins of the, 111, 
 578 ; some of doubtful ascription, 
 123. 
 
 Pulcheria, coins of, 651, 675. 
 
 Punch-mark, earliest appearance of 
 the, 16 ; its progress towards 
 symmetry, 39. 
 
 Pupeian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Pupienus, coins of, 644, 670, 677. 
 
 Purses, Turkish mode of computation 
 by, derived from the time of 
 Constantine, 382. 
 
 Pylus, coins wrongly ascribed to, 566. 
 
 Pylus, imperial Greek coins of, 599. 
 
 Pyrrhus II., of Epirus, coins of, 97, 
 99, 579, 583. 
 
 Pythop'olis, false coins of, 566; coins 
 restored to, ibid. 
 
 Pytiassus. See Tityassus. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quadrans the, 260; of Capua, 267; 
 of'Luceria, ibid. ; ofTuder, 678. 
 
 Quadriga, a Sicilian type, 59. 
 
 Quadrigatus, a tridrachm so called, 
 272. 
 
 Quadrussis, or piece of four ases, 254, 
 256, 678. 
 
 Quartinus Titus, coin attributed to, 
 
 644. 
 
 Quietus, coins of, 646, 671, 677. 
 
 Quinarius, the Roman, 270. 
 
 Quinctian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Quincunx, of Hadria, price of, 678. 
 
 Quintus Julius Gallienus, no coins 
 can be attributed to, with cer- 
 tainty, 645. 
 
 Quintus Valens Aelianus, coins of, 
 
 645. 
 
 R. 
 
 Rabathmoba, imperial Greek coins of, 
 599. 
 
 Raphia, imperial Greek coins of, 599. 
 
 Rarity, tables of degrees of, 550, 575, 
 590, 626, 633, 637, 676. 
 
 Ravenna, coins of the exarchs of, 513. 
 
 Ravenna, coins of, with Latin legend, 
 566. 
 
 Regal dynasties, coins of, 97 ; list of, 
 575; prices, 585. 
 
 Regal and autonomous coins, distinc ■ 
 tion between, 72. 
 
 Regalianus, doubtful coins of, 646. 
 
 Regnald, king of Northumberland, 
 coins of, 418, 680. 
 
 Renian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Rephanea, imperial Greek coins of, 
 599. 
 
 Restituti, a class of Roman coins, 
 why so called, 327. 
 
 Reverse of ancient coins, 37, 209. 
 
 Revolt of the Roman mint workers, 
 362. 
 
 Rhegium, coins of, 566, 573. 
 
 Rhemetalces, kings of Thrace, cha- 
 racter of their coins, 93, 584. 
 
 Rhesaena, imperial Greek coins of, 599. 
 
718 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Rhodes, coins of, 567. 
 
 Rhodus, imperial Greek coins of, 599. 
 
 Rhosus, imperial Greek coins of, 599. 
 
 Rhypae, coins o£ considered by Sestini 
 to be falsely attributed, 567. 
 
 Rials (or royals) coined by Edward 
 IV., 443 ; double rials, 446. 
 
 Richard I., only continental coins 
 remaining o£ 432. 
 
 Richard II., coins o£ 440, 682,685. 
 
 Richard III., coins 443, 682, 685. 
 
 Ring money, Egyptian, 8 ; Celtic, ibid . ; 
 African, ibid. 
 
 River gods represented on coins, 59. 
 
 Robert, emperor of Constantinople, 
 no coins known o£ 658. 
 
 Robert II., of Scotland, coins of, 540. 
 
 Roeter and Simon, the die engravers, 
 476. 
 
 Roman coins, first copper, 250 ; silver 
 and gold, 269 ; consular coins, 
 279, 632 ; portraits on, 295 ; cog- 
 nomina, surnames and adopted 
 names, 639 ; Romano-Greek coins, 
 303, 590 ; colonial coins, 308, 
 626 ; coins of the emperors, 31 1, 
 637, 657, 676; weights, metals, 
 373, 388 ; types, 384 ; inscriptions, 
 391; abbreviations, 602; style of 
 art, 396 ; scale of prices, 538, 539. 
 
 Roman colonial coins, 308 ; the most 
 remarkable, 309 ; list o^ 626 ; 
 cognomina, 629. 
 
 Roman consular coins, 279, 632. 
 
 Roman families, coins o£ 279 ; list o£ 
 632. 
 
 Roman imperial coins, 311 ; lists, 637, 
 
 657, 676. 
 
 Roman modern coinage, 514. 
 
 Roman republican coinage, 250 ; list 
 of, 622. 
 
 Roman sestertii, Addison’s remark on 
 the, 312. 
 
 Romanus I., coins of, 656. 
 
 Romanus II., coins of, 656 ; doubtful 
 coins, ibid. 
 
 Romanus III., no certain coins of^ 657. 
 
 Romanus IV., coins of, 657. 
 
 Eomula, colonial imperial coins of, 
 62 S. 
 
 Romulus, ion of Maxentius, coins of, 
 648, 673. 
 
 Romulus Augustulus, coins of, 367, 
 652, 675. 
 
 Roscian family, coins of the, 293, 6i>6. 
 
 Rose noble, the, 449. 
 
 Rose rial, the, 465. 
 
 Royal exchanger, office of, falls into 
 disuse, 450 ; abolished, 457. 
 
 Royals. See Rials. 
 
 Rubian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Ruscino, colonial imperial coins of, 
 628. 
 
 Russia, coinage ofj 527 ; its earliest 
 date, ibid. 
 
 Russian collection of coins, its extent, 
 
 6 . 
 
 Rustian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Rutilian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Rutuli, the as of the, 262. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sabina, coins of, 335, 641, 666, 676. 
 
 Sabrienus, consular coins bearing the 
 name of, 636. 
 
 Saerte, coin of, •with head of An- 
 tiochus VI. of Commagene, 567. 
 
 Saetteni, imperial Greek coins of, 
 599. 
 
 Sagalassus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 599. 
 
 Sagun'tum or Perseiana, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 599. 
 
 Saints, coins bearing the names of, 
 419, 680. 
 
 Saites, imperial Greek coins of, 599. 
 
 Salamis, coin restored to, 567. 
 
 Salamis, imperial Greek coins of, 599. 
 
 Salenti, coin wrongly attributed to 
 the, 567. 
 
 Salonina, coins of, 645, 671, 677. 
 
 Saloninus, coins o£ 645, 671, 677. 
 
 Salvian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Samaritis, coins of, 567. 
 
 Samari'tis Caesare'a, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 599. 
 
 Sambella, or quarter sestertius, 279. 
 
 Samnium, coins of, 567 ; uncertain 
 money of^ 556, 567. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 719 
 
 Samos, coins of, 567 ; early gold 
 coins doubtfully ascribed to, 13 ; 
 early silver coins, 26. 
 
 Samos, imperial Greek coins of, 599 ; 
 with name of Alexandria, ibid. 
 
 Samos'ata, coins of, 567 ; with head 
 of Antiochus VI. of Commagene, 
 567. 
 
 Samothrace, imperial Greek coins of, 
 599. 
 
 Sarbanissa, coins of, 567 ; when 
 coined, ibid. 
 
 Sardes, or Sardis, coins of, 567 ; 
 early gold coins of, 12 ; its name 
 on coins of Hierapolis, 560. 
 
 Sardes, imperial Greek coins of, 599 ; 
 with names of Smyrna, Pergamus, 
 and other cities, ibid. 
 
 Sardinia, coins of, 567 ; the silver 
 pieces doubtful, ibid. ; bronze, 
 ibid. 
 
 Sannatia, European, coins of, 91. 
 
 Sassan'idse, coins of the, 150, 582 ; 
 their peculiar character, 151 ; de- 
 cline of art in the, 157. 
 
 Saturninus I., no authenticated coins 
 of, 646. 
 
 Saturninus II., false coins of, 647. 
 
 Saturninus III., doubtful coin of, 
 649. 
 
 Savatra, imperial Greek coins of, 599. 
 
 Saulcy, de, on the inscriptions on 
 Spanish coins, 174. 
 
 Saxon silver coinage, 408, 678, 680. 
 
 Saxon shilling, value of the, 428. 
 
 Scantilla, Manlia, coins of, 344, 642. 
 
 Scepsis, imperial Greek coins of, 599, 
 
 668 . 
 
 Scilurus, king of European Sarmatia, 
 coins of, 91. 
 
 Scotland, coinage of, 502, 539 ; the 
 earliest Scottish coins, 503 ; once 
 equal to that of England, ibid. ; 
 depreciation, ibid. ; billon coins, 
 504 ; discrimination of the coins of 
 the different monarchs, 505; silver 
 coinage, 502 ; gold coinage, 506 ; 
 copper coinage, 507 ; bawbees, 
 508 ; placks, 509; no ecclesiastical 
 coins, ibid. ; prices, 540. 
 
 Screw -press for coining, 468. 
 
 Scribonian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Scrupulum, the, its value, 273. 
 
 Sebast'e (Chiemrum), imperial Greek 
 coins of, 599. 
 
 Sebast'e (Chiemrum), colonial imperial 
 coins of, 628. 
 
 Sebast'e (Sivas), imperial Greek coins 
 of, 599. 
 
 Sebast'e or Sebastia, imperial Greek 
 coins of, 599. 
 
 Sebast'e, in Paphlagonia, name of, on 
 coins of Amastris, 552. 
 
 Sebast'e (island), imperial Greek coins 
 of, 599. 
 
 Sebastianus, coins of, 651. 
 
 Sebastop'olis, imperial Greek coins of, 
 
 599. 
 
 Sebenny'tes, imperial Greek coins of, 
 
 600. 
 
 Segesta, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Segob'riga, imperial Greek coins of, 
 600. 
 
 Seleu'cia, imperial Greek coins of, 
 600. 
 
 Seleu'cia, imperial Greek coins of, 
 600. 
 
 Seleuci'dae, coins of the, 123, 583 ; 
 historical sketch, 123. 
 
 Selinus, early silver coins of, 129 ; 
 other coins, 567 ; with name of 
 Syracuse, ibid. 
 
 Semis, or semisis, 260, 678. 
 
 Sempronian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Sentian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Sepphoris, coins of, 567 ; with the 
 name of Seleucus I., ibid. 
 
 Sepphoris, imperial Greek coins of, 
 600. 
 
 Septimus Odenathus, no true coins 
 of, 647. 
 
 Septimus Severus, coins of, 345, 642, 
 668, 676. 
 
 Sepuliian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Serdica, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Sergian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Seri'phus, coins of, 567 ; silver pieces 
 wrongly attributed to, ibid. 
 
 Servilian family, coins of the, 293, 
 636. 
 
720 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sestertius, the Roman, 270 : mode of 
 expressing sums in, 377. 
 
 Sestian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Sestini ascribes Sardian coins to Samos, 
 13, 26 on the double stater of 
 Phocaea, 15; wrongly places Cie- 
 rium, 556 ; coins ascribed to 
 Syrus by, 568 ; on the coin attri- 
 buted to Thea, 569. 
 
 Sestus, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Sethroites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 600. 
 
 Severa, Aquila, coins of, 349, 643, 
 669, 677. 
 
 Severina, coins of, 647, 671, 677. 
 
 Severus, Alexander, coins of, 350, 
 643, 669, 677. 
 
 Severus, Libius, coins of, 652, 675. 
 
 Severus, Septimus, coins of, 345, 642, 
 668, 676. 
 
 Sextans, the, 260 ; of Yescia, price, 
 678. 
 
 Shekel, the Jewish, first used as a 
 weight, 8 ; called kesitah in the 
 book of Job, ibid. 
 
 Shilling, the Saxon, an imaginary coin, 
 428 ; first coined by Henry VII., 
 445; of Henry VIII., 448; of 
 later times, 451, 455, 458, 463, 
 467, 472, 476, 481, 483, 487, 
 489, 492, 498, 500, 501, 682, 
 686 . 
 
 Ship, device of, on the nobles of Edward 
 III., 438. 
 
 Sicily, coins of, 567 ; of the islands 
 near, ibid. ; of the finest period, 
 66; regal coins of, 108, 582 ; un- 
 certainty of the standard, 195. 
 
 Siciuian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Sicyon, coins of, 567 ; coins restored 
 to, 568. 
 
 Sicyon, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Side, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Sidon, coins of, 567 ; with heads of 
 different Syrian kings, 568. 
 
 Sidon, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Sidon, colonial imperial coins of, 628. 
 
 Siege pieces, 470, 684. 
 
 Silandus, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Silian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Sillyum, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Singara, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Sino'pe, colonial autonomous coins of, 
 628 ; colonial imperial, 628. 
 
 Silphium, a plant, the principal type 
 of the Cyrenian money, 44. 
 
 Silver, the earliest coinage of modern 
 Europe, 408. 
 
 Silver coinage of Greece, earliest, 21 ; 
 iEginetan standard, 191 ; Attic 
 standard, 193 ; of Rome, 269, 
 380 ; of England, 409, 678, 680, 
 685 ; Scotland and Ireland, 502. 
 
 Simon Maccabeus, coins of, 248, 579 ; 
 re-issue of, in the time of Trajan, 
 579. 
 
 Simon’s coins for the Commonwealth, 
 474 ; his famous pattern crown 
 piece, 476, 540. 
 
 Siphnus, coins attributed to, 568 ; 
 restored to Sicyon, ibid. 
 
 Siphnus, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Sipontum, coins doubtfully ascribed 
 to, 568. 
 
 Siris, coins of, 568 ; other towns 
 named on, ibid. 
 
 Skeatta, Saxon, an imitation of some 
 Byzantine coin, 409, 680. 
 
 Sloane, Sir Hans, his collection of coins, 
 
 6 . 
 
 Smyrna, early coin of, 55 ; autonomous 
 coins of, 55, 568, 573 ; name of, 
 on coins of Philadelphia, 565. 
 
 Smyrna, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Social war, silver coins of the, 276 ; 
 generally silver denarii, 277. 
 
 Solidus, the, principal gold coin in the 
 time of Constantine, 383. 
 
 Solon, laws of, against forgers of public 
 money, 11. 
 
 Solopolis, or Pompeiopolis, imperial 
 Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Sophia, wife of Justin II., coins of, 
 
 653. 
 
 Sosian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Sovereign, the double rial of Henry 
 VII., so called, 446 ; of Elizabeth, 
 462 ; issued by, George III., 495 ; 
 treble sovereign of Edward VI., 
 454. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 721 
 
 Spain, native coins of, 173 ; proposed 
 mode of deciphering their incrip - 
 tions, 174. 
 
 Spain, modern, coinage of, 517. 
 
 Sparta, coins doubtfully ascribed to 
 the kings of, 107. 
 
 Speaking types, what, 15, 207 ; ex- 
 amples, 208. 
 
 Sponsianus, known only by his coins, 
 644. 
 
 Spur rial, why so called, 465. 
 
 Spurilian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Stabiae, coin belonging to Gelas, in 
 Sicily, ascribed to, by Eckhel, 
 568. 
 
 Stag, a type on Ephesian coins, 53. 
 
 Standard, iEginetan, 191 ; Attic, 193 ; 
 British, variations in, 438, 450, 
 451, 453 ; Roman, 250, 273. 
 
 Stater, origin and meaning of the name, 
 
 10 . 
 
 Statiau family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Statilian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Statilla, Messalina, coins of, 640. 
 
 Stauraeius, coins of, 655. 
 
 Steph'anus, son of Romanus I., 656. 
 
 Stephen, coins of, 431, 685. 
 
 Sterling, a term early applied to 
 English money, 429. 
 
 Stobi, coins of, with Latin legends, 
 568. 
 
 Stobi, imperial Greek coins of, with 
 Latin legends, 600. 
 
 Stratonice'a, imperial Greek coins of, 
 600. 
 
 Stuarts, coins of the, 462, 483, 686. 
 
 Stycas, origin of the name, 415 ; 
 inscription, 680. 
 
 Suessano, coins of, 574. 
 
 Sulpician family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Sulpicius Antoninus, no coins known 
 of; 646, 671. 
 
 Supera, Cornelia, coins of, 645. 
 
 Sweden, coinage of; 529 ; base coinage, 
 530. 
 
 Swift, Dean, his suggestions as to the 
 coinage, 486. 
 
 Syb'aris, incused coinage of, 31 ; sin- 
 gular variety, 37 ; other coins, 
 67, 568. 
 
 Syedra, imperial Greek coins of, 
 600. 
 
 Syessa, coins, with Greek and Latin 
 legends, 568. 
 
 Sylla, gold coins of, 276, 283. 
 
 Sylvanus, false coins of, 650. 
 
 Synaos, imperial Greek coins of, 
 600. 
 
 Syn'nada, imperial Greek coins of, 
 600. 
 
 Syracuse, coins of, 568 ; its name on 
 the coins of other towns, 567 : 
 early silver coins of, 28; punch- 
 mark, 42 ■; medallions, 57 ; types, 
 57, 59. 
 
 Syria, coins of the Greek kings of, 123, 
 583. 
 
 Syrus, coins ascribed to, by Sestini, 
 568. 
 
 T. 
 
 Taba, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Tab'ala, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Tacitus, coins of, 647, 672, 677. 
 
 Talent, weight of, 183; the Babylo- 
 man, 200 ; the Euboic, ibid. 
 
 Tambrax, coin of, 568. 
 
 Tana'gra, coins of, 51, 568. 
 
 Taua'gra, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Tanites, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Taphias, coin wrongly ascribed to, 
 568. 
 
 Taren'tum, coins of, 568, 574; in- 
 cused coinage of, 33 ; other coins, 
 67. 
 
 Tarquitian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Tarraco, colonial antonomous coins of, 
 628 ; colonial imperial, ibid. 
 
 Tarsus, coins of, 568. 
 
 Tarsus, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Tasciovanus, coins of, 178, 679; per- 
 haps not a British but Gaulish 
 chief, 179. 
 
 Tavium, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Tealby, coins of Henry II. found at, 
 432. 
 
 Teanum, coins of, 568, 574; Greek, 
 Latin, and Oscan legends, 568. 
 
 Tegea, imperial Greek coins of; 600, 
 
 3 A 
 
722 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Telamon, in Etruria, coins of, 559, 
 568. 
 
 Temenoth'yrge, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 600. 
 
 Temnus, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Tentyrites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 600. 
 
 Tenus, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Teos, coins of, 568 ; early gold coins 
 of, 1 6 ; early silver coins of, 24 ; 
 name of, on coins of Colophon, 
 556 ; name of Colophon on coins 
 of, 569. 
 
 Teos, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Terentian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Terina, coins of 569, 574. 
 
 Termessus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 600. 
 
 Teruncius, the, 270. 
 
 Teston, or testoon, of Louis XII. of 
 France, 533 ; Henry VIII. of 
 England, 448. 
 
 Tetradrachm, Athenian, described, 49. 
 
 Tetricus, junior, coins of, 362, 646, 
 671. 
 
 Tetricus, senior, coins of, 362, 646, 
 671. 
 
 Tetricus II., coins of, 672. 
 
 Teutonic Order, coinage of the, 528. 
 
 Thalassa, imperial Greek coins of, 
 600. 
 
 Thapsum, imperial Greek coins of, 
 600. 
 
 Thapsus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 600. 
 
 Thasus, coins of, 569, 574 ; wrongly 
 attributed to Lesbos, 569. 
 
 Thea, coin attributed to, said to be 
 false, 569. 
 
 Thebe Adramytenorum, coins of, 
 569 ; with name of Adramyttium, 
 in Mysia, ibid. 
 
 Thebes, coins of, 569, 574 ; with 
 names of magistrates, 569 ; fre- 
 quently without inscriptions, 51 ; 
 initial letter on others, 192, 223. 
 
 Thecla, coins of, 655. 
 
 Theia, or Thela, an uncertain king, 
 652. 
 
 Theias, no coins known ofj 652. 
 
 Thelpusa, imperial Greek coins of, 
 600. 
 
 Themisonium, imperial Greek coins ofj 
 600. 
 
 Theodebertus, coins of, 653. 
 
 Theodobatus, coins of, 652. 
 
 Theodora, coins of, 648, 672. 
 
 Theodora, wife of Theophilus, coins 
 of, 655. 
 
 Theodora, daughter of Constantine 
 XII., coins of, 657. 
 
 Theodoric, king of Italy, coins of, 368, 
 652. 
 
 Theodoras I., doubtful coins of, 658. 
 
 Theodoras II., coins of, 659. 
 
 Theodoras III., no certain coins of, 
 659. 
 
 Theodosius the Great, coins of, 367, 
 650, 674. 
 
 Theodosius II., coins of, 651, 674. 
 
 Theodosius III., coins of, 654. 
 
 Theodosius, son of Maurice, 653. 
 
 Theophana, empress, coins o^ 656, 
 
 Theophilus, son of Michael, coins of, 
 655. 
 
 Theophylactus, coins of, 655. 
 
 Thera, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Thero of Agrigentum, false coin of, 
 575. 
 
 Thespiae, imperial Greek coins of, 
 600. 
 
 Thessalia, coins of, 569 ; with the 
 name of Rome, ibid . ; coins of 
 tyrants of, 584. 
 
 Thessaloni'ca, coins of, 569 ; with the 
 name of Rome, ibid. 
 
 Thessaloni'ca, imperial Greek coins of, 
 600. 
 
 Thessaly, imperial Greek coins of, 
 600. 
 
 Thinites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 600. 
 
 Thirty tyrants, names of, 361 ; coins 
 of several, 645, 671. 
 
 Thisbe or Thisbia, coins of, formerly 
 ascribed to Alvona, 551, 569. 
 
 Thorian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Tbousander or milliarensis, what, 382. 
 
 Thrace, coins of, 569 ; coins of kings 
 . of, 584. 
 
1XDEX. 
 
 Thrace, imperial Greek coins of, 600. 
 
 Thracian kings, coins of, 92, 584. 
 
 Three-farthing and three half-penny 
 pieces, 458. 
 
 Thuim, imperial Greek coins of, 601. 
 
 Thuria, imperial Greek coins of, 601. 
 
 Thurium, coins of, 574. See Sybaris. 
 
 Thyati'ra, coins of, 569 ; with name , 
 of Smyrna, ibid. 
 
 Thyati'ra, imperial Greek coins of, 
 601. 
 
 Tiberias, coins of, 569 ; with name of 
 Herod Antipas, ibid. 
 
 Tiberias, imperial Greek coins of, 
 601. 
 
 Tiberiop'olis, imperial Greek coins of, 
 601. 
 
 Tiberius, coins of, 317, 638, 662, 676. 
 
 Tiberius II., coins of, 653. 
 
 Tiberius III., no coins known of, 654. 
 
 Tiberius IV., his portrait only found 
 on the coins of Justinian II., 654. 
 
 Tiberius V., coins of, 654. 
 
 Tiberius, son of Constans II., 654. 
 
 Tici'num, coins of, 569 ; with Latin 
 legend, ibid. 
 
 Tigranes, king of Armenia, coins 
 struck by, in Svria, 107, 135, 
 575. 
 
 Timarchus, king of Babylon, coins of, 
 126, 575. 
 
 Timbrias, imperial Greek coins of, 601. 
 
 Timolaus, coins of, 647. 
 
 Tin, ancient British coins of, 176; 
 modem ones, 480. 
 
 Tirida, coin wrongly attributed to, 
 569. 
 
 Titho'rea, coin wrongly attributed to, 
 569. 
 
 Titian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Titiana, coins of, 343, 542, 676. 
 
 Titinian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Titurian family, coins of the, 287. 
 
 Titus, coins o£ 327, 640, 664 ; re- 
 coins the money of his predeces- 
 sors, 327. 
 
 Titus Quartinus, coin attributed to, 
 644. 
 
 Tityas'sus or Pytias'sus, imperial 
 Greek coins of, 601. 
 
 723 
 
 Tium, imperial Greek coins of, 601. 
 
 Tlos, imperial Greek coins of, 601. 
 
 Tmolus, imperial Greek coins of, 601. 
 
 Tokens, leaden, early use of, 479; 
 tradesmen’s, 498; Irish, 511. 
 
 Tomi, imperial Greek coins ofj 601. 
 
 Topirus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 601. 
 
 Torch, a device on Greek coins, 3. 
 
 “ Tossing-up ” coins for gambling, its 
 antiquity, 259. 
 
 Totila (Baduela or Baduila), coins of, 
 652. 
 
 Tower, the chief English mint at the, 
 410, 458. 
 
 Tower weight, what, 410. 
 
 Tradesmen’s tokens, 498; Irish, 511. 
 
 Traducta, colonial imperial coins of, 
 628 ; with legend of Julia Tra- 
 ducta, ibid. 
 
 Trachoni'tis, coins of, 569. 
 
 Trajan, coins of, 331, 641, 665, 676. 
 
 Trajan, senior, coins of, 641, 665. 
 
 Trajana. See Trajanop'olis. 
 
 Trajanop'olis, imperial Greek coins of, 
 601. 
 
 Trajanus Decius, coins of, 645, 670, 
 677. 
 
 Tralles, in Lydia, coins of, 559 ; coins 
 restored to, 555. 
 
 Tralles Seleucia, .coins of, 569 ; coins 
 restored to, ibid. 
 
 Tralles Seleucia, imperial Greek coins 
 of, 601. 
 
 Tranquillina, coins of, 644, 670, 677. 
 
 Trapezop'olis, imperial Greek coins of, 
 601. 
 
 Trap'ezus, imperial Greek coins of, 
 601. 
 
 Trebanian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Trebellianus, false coins of, 646. 
 
 Treble sovereign of Edward VI., 454. 
 
 Trebonianus Gallus, coins of, 357, 
 645, 670, 677. 
 
 Triens, the, 260, 678. 
 
 Trientes, an early Spanish gold coin, 
 408 ; coined also in France, 531. 
 
 Trip'olis, coins of, 569 ; with heads of 
 Syrian kings, 570; coins of kings 
 o£ 585. 
 
7 24 
 
 IXDEX. 
 
 Trip'olis, imperial Greek coins of, 
 601. 
 
 Triquetra, the monetary type of Sicily, 
 57. 
 
 Trisamundus, coins of, 653. 
 
 Triumvirate, portraits on the coins of 
 the, 298, 638, 661. 
 
 Troas, coins of, 570. 
 
 Troezen, imperial Greek coins of, 
 601. 
 
 Troy and Tower-weight, difference 
 between, 410. 
 
 Tryphon, of Syria, coins of, 131, 583. 
 
 Tuder, the as of, 263 ; other coins, 
 560, 570. 
 
 Tudors, coins of the, 444, 682, 685. 
 
 Tullian family, coins of the, 636. 
 
 Turiaso (Municipium), imperial Greek 
 coins of, 601. 
 
 Turkish coinage, 535. 
 
 Tusculum, coins of, 570. 
 
 Twenty-shilling piece of the Protector 
 Cromwell, 474. 
 
 Tyana, imperial Greek coins of, 601. 
 
 Tyana, colonial imperial coins of, 628. 
 
 Tyn'daris, in Sicily, coins of, 570 ; 
 name of, on coins of Agathyrnus, 
 551. 
 
 Types on autonomous coins, list of, 69. 
 
 Types on Greek coins, first period, 
 206; second period, 210; third 
 period, 212; fourth period, 213; 
 fifth period, 215; portraits, 216; 
 minor types, ibid . ; countermarks, 
 217. 
 
 Types on Roman coins, list of, 388. 
 
 Tyra, imperial Greek coins of, 601. 
 
 Tyre, colonial imperial coins of, 628. 
 
 U. 
 
 Ulfhere, archbishop of York, styca 
 of, 420, 681. 
 
 Umbria, coins of, 570. 
 
 Uncertain regal coins of Macedonia, 
 580 ; of Parthia, 581 ; of Persia, 
 582 ; of Syria, 583 ; of Thrace, 
 584. 
 
 Uncertain coins of the Roman families, 
 637. 
 
 Uncertain money of Africa, 551 ; of 
 Campania, 555 ; of Cilicia, 556 ; 
 of Phoenicia, 566 ; of Samnium, 
 567. 
 
 Uncia, the, 260, 678. 
 
 Uncial coinage probably derived from 
 Sicily, 375; specimen, with head 
 of Minerva, 260. 
 
 Uranius Antoninus, coin of, 643. 
 
 Urbica, Magnia, coins of, 647, 672. 
 
 Urso, imperial Greek coins of, 601. 
 
 U'tica, imperial Greek coins of, 601. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Vabalathus, Athenodorus, coins of, 
 647, 671, 677. 
 
 Valens, coins of, 646. 
 
 Yalens, Aurelius Valerius, doubtful 
 coin of, 649. 
 
 Valens, Flavius, coins of, 650, 774. 
 
 Valentinian I., coins of, 650, 674. 
 
 Valentinian II., coins of, 650, 674. 
 
 Valentinian III., coins of, 651, 675. 
 
 Valeria, coins o£ 648, 672. 
 
 Valeria, Severa, false coins of, 650. 
 
 Valerian family, coins of the, 637. 
 
 Valerianus, coins of, 358, 645, 671, 
 677. 
 
 Valerianus, junior, coins wrongly 
 ascribed to, 645. 
 
 Vandal kings of Africa, coins of the, 
 652, 653. 
 
 Vandalus, in Africa, coins of the 
 king of, 585. 
 
 Vargunteian family, coins of the, 
 637. 
 
 Veientum, coins of, 565, 570. 
 
 Yelia, coins of, 570, 574; with name 
 of Croton, in Bruttium, 570 ; 
 coins wrongly ascribed to, ibid. ; 
 coin restored to, 559. 
 
 Veliter'num, pieces of, 570 ; doubtful 
 whether they were ever circulated 
 as money, ibid . 
 
 Vena'fruin, coins of, 570 ; their attri- 
 bution doubtful, ibid. 
 
 Venice, sequin of, its probable origin, 
 17 ; other coins of, 516. 
 
 Yentidian family, coins of the, 637. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 V enus'ia, coins of, 570 ; formerly at- 
 tributed to Velia, ibid. 
 
 Verina, coins of, 651. 
 
 Verulae, pieces of, 570 ; probably 
 never circulated as money, ibid. 
 
 Verus, Annius, coins of, 340, 641, 
 667. 
 
 Verus, Lucius, coins of, 641, 667, 
 676. 
 
 Vewaa, coins of, 570 ; one with the 
 name of Minturnae, ibid. 
 
 Vespasian, coins of, 326, 640, 664, 
 676. 
 
 Vespasian, the younger, coins of, 640, 
 665. 
 
 Veterna, coins of, with Etruscan le- 
 gends, 570. 
 
 Vetranius, coins of, 649, 673. 
 
 Vettian family, coins of the, 637. 
 
 Vettuna. See Vetulonia. 
 
 Vetulonia and Vettuna, coins doubt- 
 fully ascribed to these towns, 570. 
 
 Veturian family, coins of the, 637. 
 
 Vibian family, coins of the, 637. 
 
 Victoria, queen, coins of, 501 ; five 
 pound piece, ibid. ; the florin, 
 ibid . ; the crown piece, ibid. 
 
 Victorina, false coin of, 646. 
 
 Victorious, senior, coins of, 645. 
 
 Vienna collection of coins, its extent, 6. 
 
 Vienna, colonial imperial coins ofj 
 628. 
 
 Vigmund, archbishop of York, coins 
 of, 420. 
 
 Viminia'cum, colonial coin of, 310. 
 
 Viminia'cum, colonial imperial coins 
 of, 628 ; dates on, ibid. 
 
 Vinician family, coins of the, 637. 
 
 Vitalianus, coins of, 653. 
 
 Vitellius, coins ofj 325, 640, 664, 
 
 676. 
 
 Vitellius, Lucius, coins of, 326, 640. 
 
 Voconian family, portrait of Julius 
 Caesar on a coin of the, 290. 
 
 Voconian family, coins of the, 637. 
 
 Volteian family, coins of the, 637. 
 
 Volterra, or Volaterrae, the as of, 
 268, 570. 
 
 Volusianus, coins of, 357, 645, G71, 
 
 677. 
 
 Vulfred, archbishop of Canterbury, 
 coins of, 420. 
 
 W. 
 
 Weighing money practised by the 
 Romans to a very late period of 
 the Republic, 254. 
 
 Weights and denominations of Greek 
 coins, 182; Roman coins, 373. 
 
 Welsh silver, coins of, how mint- 
 marked, 463. 
 
 William I., coins of, 429; inscription, 
 681 ; price, 685. 
 
 William II., coins of, 429; inscrip- 
 tion, 681 ; price, 685. 
 
 William III., coins of, 481 ; new 
 coinage of, 482; inscription, 684; 
 price, 686. 
 
 William and Mary, coins of, 481 ; in- 
 scription, 684; price, 686. 
 
 Winchester, coin of a bishop of, 431, 
 681. 
 
 Wire money of George III., 491. 
 
 Witiges, coins of, 652. 
 
 Wolsey, cardinal, coin of, a pretext 
 1 frr his ruin, 448, 682. 
 
 Wood’s copper coinage for Ireland, 
 512. 
 
 Wyon, his dies for the new coinage of 
 George III., 494 ; for that of 
 George IV., 498. 
 
 X. 
 
 Xoites, imperial Greek coins of, 
 601. 
 
 Y. 
 
 York, the Peter pence coined at, 419; 
 coins of archbishops of, 420, 444, 
 448, 681 ; government mint at, 
 468. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zacyn'thus, coins of, 570. 
 
 Zacyn'thus, imperial Greek coins o^ 
 ! 601. 
 
726 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Zaucles, coins of, 570, 574; varieties, 
 570. 
 
 Zayta, imperial Greek coins of, 
 601. 
 
 Zela, imperial Greek coins of, 601. 
 Zeno, emperor, coins of, 652, 675. 
 Zenobia, coins of, 361, 647, 677. 
 Zenonis, Aelia, coins of, 652. 
 
 Zephyirium, in Cilicia, coins of, 570 , 
 name of, on coins of Irenop'olis, 
 561. 
 
 Zephyr'ium, imperial Greek coins of, 
 601. 
 
 Zoe, wife of Leo VI., coins of, 656. 
 Zoe, daughter of Constantine XII. 
 doubtful coins of, 657. 
 
 TilK END. 
 
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 AND CHARING CROSS. 
 

 
 
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