Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Getty Research Institute https://archive.org/details/citycountrypurchOOneve THE 47. City and Country Pur chafer, AND Builder s Di&ionary: OR, THE Compleat BuilDera: d&inDe. SHEWING The Qualities , Quantities , Proportions , and Rarer or of Ail Materials relating to Building ; with the Befi Method of Prepa- ring many of them. ALSO The Cujloms, and Methods of Measuring of all Art’ peers Work, concern’d in Building ; together with the C/ty and Country Prices, not only of Workman (hip, but of Materials aifo : The which will be extraordinary Ufeful in Making 'of Bargains , or Contracts betwixt the Work* Matter and Work Man ; and likewife in Com- puting the Value (or Charge of Eretting) of any Fabric k y Great or Small. LIKEWISE The Explanation of the Terms of ART ufed by moft Workmen. TOGETHER WITH AphorifmSy or Necejfary Rules in Building, as to Situation, Contrivance, Compacfnefs, Uniformity , C onveniency, Firmnefsy and Form , &c By Richard Neve, Philomath. The Second EDITION, with ADD ITIONsT LOUDON: Printed for D Browne, at Temple-Bar ; J. and B. Sprint at the Bell, G. Conyers at the Ring in Lift l e-Britain and C h. Rivington at the and Crown in St. Paul's Church-yard. 1726. ♦ . - . '■ * . # «« • > ■ *** » ; v/i • v ^ »■ ■ . - . V ■ ; • • / . • ■; \ f x > • r h ' r .4. V-.. % <*• ■«. » • • * ADVERTISEMENT Concerning this New Edition OF THE BUILDER’S DICTIONARY. ^Architecture coming every ‘Day, more and more, into Trad ice, the Bookfellers were of Opinion, That a l(X! New Edition of the BUILDER'S DICTIONARY would, at this Time, he not at all Unfeafonahle • efpe- cially, if ly proper Additions It were made as Jit for Gentlemen’s Ufe, as the former Editifon was for Workmen : This., among other Improvements of it, I have endea- vour d to perform. A 2 THE dd'vertifement concerning this New Edition THE fmall Speculative Knowledge of the Builder’s Art, which I think I have gain’d by bang concern d in Trmjlating the famous Alberti’r Treatife oj Architec- ture, ( which Sir Henry Wotton jo high- ly praifes , and which was never yet put into Engl ill), but will now foon fee the Eight) enabled me to diflmguijh y in the General , what was right from what was wrong in this DICTIONARY, tho 1 don’t pretend to be a M after of every individual Matter con- tain d therein. And now 1 mention that Ornament of England, Sir Henry Wotton, J was fur priz'd and firry to find that the Author of this DICTIONARY in al- mo fit all his Quotations {which are very nume- rous) out of that Great Mans Elements oj Architecture, Aar made him write Juch bad Englilh, and lay down fitch abjurd Max- ims of Building, as 1 am certain never ap- pear’d m \ [Print before. To give an infiance oj but One in above Twenty , in only Two 1 Pages (the i o th and 1 1 tb.) of the former Edition of this DICTIONARY, in the Arti- cle of Arches. Sir Henry Wotton r words are of rhe Builders Dictionary. are theje ', As Semi-circular Arches , being rais’d upon the total Diameter., are of all other the roundcfl , and conlequently the fecurefl ‘ fo thole are the comeliefl, , which keeping precifely the fame H eighth ( which , as every body knows, is juft half its width ) lhall yet be diftended one Four- teenth Part longer than the laid Diame- ter. A low this Author, or at lead the ‘Printer, makes him fay the Diftent (be- tween the Feet of the Arch ) fhoud be a Fourth, not a Fourteenth part, which if practis'd, Pm fare, woud make mad work, and bring, not an old , but a new Houfe , upon one’s Head. There woud be no end of enu- merating the dangerous Errors that occur in this Book, by only putting one Word for another, nay but one Letter, as Carve m- ftead of Curve, Right inflcad of Height ; not to infijl upon fucb as are of a comical Nature, fucb as Plaifters for Pilafters j Veluvius for Vitruvius, Lc. He that tranfcribes a Period from another, fhoud take care to do it, not only m the Author s own words , but m fo many words , neither more nor lefs, neither adding words of his own, as this Ditfionary-maker did in the A 3 for- Advertifemer/t concerning this New Edition former Edition, nor leaving out any Words of the Author, which he was likewife not Jcldom guilty of. Thus in the Article of Mofaic-work he makes Sir H. Wotton fay, Mofaic-work confifts of fmall in- laid Pieces of Stone , Glafs , Shells , or other Materials, of various Colours; figu- red at T lea fire. Whereas Sir Henry / ays , Pebbles, Cockles W Shells of [undry Colours ; and of late ‘'Days likewife Glafs Ac. He leaves out of late Days, which Sir H.Wot- ton prudently infer led, becaufe (as 1 take it) Glals was unknown to the Antients. It is not indeed non-Senfe , as this Tranfcriber has worded it , but yet it is not the Author s Senfe. But where is the Man that can make any Senfe at all of what he puts into Sir Harry h Mouth , in the Article of Pe- el dial ? The Height of the Tcdcflal in each Order ought to be a third part of the whole Column, comprehending the Bafe and Capital, and the upper Ad- juncts, as Architrave , Frieze , and Cornice . Thus he points it, and there he ends it. Whereas Sir Harry V W ords are thefe, The Heighth of the Bedefial in each Order ought to be a third part of the whole Column, of the B v I L D E r’s Dictionary. Column, comprehending the Baje and Capital j and the upper Adjuncts, as Architrave , Frieze , and Cornice , a fourth Part of the faid Pillar. Thefe lajl Words 3 a fourth part of the faid Pillar, this Tranfcriber leaves entirely out . WH AT EV E R Articles I my J elf have tranfcrib’d into this New Editi- on, out of other Authors upon this Subjett , or their Translators, I have taken Care to do it verbatim, unlefs where they were manife fitly mijfaken , as in Sebaftian le ClercV Tran flat or, building of Equerries (Ecuries in French) I have made it building of Stables j fo in pag. 7. Ionic, I have made Doric, &c. THE Tran flat or of M. Perraultx five Orders of Architedture, Jays , The Zoccolo or Socle ( as we call it ) is a fiquare Body placed under the Bafeso/Pedeftals ; he fibould have f aid- placed under the Mouldings of the Bales of Pedeftals. Again , in the Word Metop, he is indeed in the right A 4 in sidvcrtifement concerning this New Edition. in faying, It comes from the Greek , Metope, and is compounded of Meta and Ope ; but then , he is in the Wrong to fay, that Ope fignifies Three. Meta, does indeed, fignifie Between : But Ope in Greek, fignifies the Mortife- holes of Rafters and Planks ■, and fo Metope originally and firitily fignifies the Space between thofe Mortile- holes ; and in Architecture, it means the Space between the Triglyphs of the Doric Frieze. Thefe, and feveral others of the like Nature , the Reader will find I have rectified in this New Edition. AS for whole additional Articles of my own, I confefs there are not many, though home there are : But then by adding frequently fomething to the Author, I may venture to affirm, I have help'd not ■ a little to illuftrate Matters: Thus in the Ar- ticle of that moft ufeful Timber-tree, the A(h, I thought it not amifs to quote a few Lines out of our incompa- of the Builders Dictionary. ruble Poet old Spencer, giving Us fuch a fuccinB Account of the Nature of all or moji Timber-trees , that Yis worth every Builders while to get them by hearty which he may, with the more Eafe, do, as they are in Rhime. T IS hardly to be imagin'd how much only a Word or two now and then, properly inferted, helps the Reader to difiinguifh Things clearer than otherwise he could have done. Thus , for Inflance, in the Word Baldachin. This Author fays it is a French Word, and fignifies a Canopy ^ Jo indeed it does but what Canopy ? Not every Canopy ; nor indeed any Canopy but only that which is carry d over the Holy Sacrament among the Roman Catholicks in Foreign Countries, when the Prieji is going along the Street with the Hojl to fome fick Per f on. SO in Page 2. he f peaks of a large Cafement, which moft Readers would take for the Calement of a Win- dow • Advert ifement concerning this New Edition dow -whereas it is the fame Word for another Thing , and in that Place fignifies a hollow Moulding. NO printed Booh or Ballad ever con* taind fuch Multitudes of Typographi- cal Errors as the former Edition of this DICTIONARY: Sometimes a Negative for an Affirmative, and fo vice versa, with a world of falfe Pointing, which makes the Senfe utterly Unintelligible. Ml which I have taken no fmall Pains to rectify, befides mending the Language , and Jhewing the Derivation and Etymo- logy of Numbers of Architedbonical Terms, which this Author had not Literature enough to explain , though otherwife a very ingenious Per fon, and of good Mechanical Parts. Thus, for Injiance, in the Word Architrave •, he fays , He fuppofes it to come from the French, for that the Word is purely Jo, adds he. Whereas , almojt every Body knows it is not at all French, but part Greek, part of the Builders Dictionary. Latin, and comes from the Greek Archos, Chief 5 and the Latin T rabs, a Beam •, Jo he confounds Antick with Antique, and takes them to mean the fame Thing. Antick he dwells much upon , and is Right in his Account of it. Rut Antique is quite’ a different thing , as I have made appear out of the ingenious Monfeur RicheleCr Dictionary , Sec. M A NT Terms of Art he mifpelis, and thereby makes it difficult fo much as to guefs at the Etymology of them. Thus Soffita he calls Sapheta. Of this and many other Words , which he leaves un-derivd , 1 have taken Care to deduce the original Meaning by the Help of Books , and many times 9 where Authors are at a Lofs, I have endeavour d to help them out. Thus 3 for Example , A Scheam or Skeen- Arch, is a Word in every Body s Mouth , land none are ignorant it is a fort of a Flat- Arch ; but no Body has yet dif cover’d whence this and other Words Advertisement concerning this New Edition , Words in this Book 3 fetch With SubrniJJion to the Scheam-Arch to lian } Arco Scemo- Language , Signifying Imperfedt, In- complete ; for fuch , indeed , is Scheam-Arch, being lefs than Semi- Circle. v y . ' j For the rejt, I refer to the Book it felf. *4 5k Shewing the Antiquity, Excellency, Emo- lument, and Necejfity of A R CHITECTV RE. mongst thofe many ARTS which Divine Providence hath been pleafed to endow Mankind with the Knowledge of, this of Architecture is none of . • in ir the leaji, and therefore may well challenge' a Place amongft the Primary, and mod Necejfary , if not the Pre-eminency of Rank. First, For its Anti qu i t y ; it being aim oil Qmaneous with the World it felf ; foe jt was practis’d in the very Infancy of the World, by 11 ‘PR_EF_AC_E. by the firftborn of Mankind,* viz. Cain , as you may find it Recorded, Gen. 4. 17. You may further obferve, That this is the Second Art which the Divine Pen-Man hath left us upon Record : For we muft allow Agriculture to be the moll Ancient , and mod Necejfary Art of ail others : It muft certainly be the Senior Art ; becaufe we find in Gen. z. i<. That Almighty GOD did place Adam in the Garden of Eden in the Time of his Innocency, and was there or- dered to perform the Office of a Georgic , [or Husband-man ] Agriculture muft aifo as certain- ly be the nioft Necejfary , becaufe Men can, and do tubfift (in a great Meafure) without Cloath- itig , Houfes-> &c. m fome Climates and Coun- tries ; but there is no part of the World where Men can live without Food B u x, Nevertheless, where People are fo bar- barous as to be quite ignorant of Architec- ture. or Building, they are alio for the mo ft part wholly deftitute of the Knowledge of Agriculture, or, Tillage of the Earth; for Agri- culture without Architefture y would be but of fmall Ufe; becaule it would be but to little pur- pole for the Husbandman to Plow and Sow , and Plant Fruit-trees, and .the like, if when Harveft comes, he hath neither Barns , nor Gra- naries topreferve his Corn in ; nor Confervato- ries , or Store houfes to lay up his Fruit in. Secondly, As to the Nobility , or Excel- lency of this Art, it may be oblerv cd from the following Circumfl ances , That The PREFACE. • • • 111 The Holy Ghoft has been pleafed to Honour this Art fo far, as to grant it the Privilege to be Enroll’d (in the Holy Scripture ) among the Adtions of the firft Monarchs of the World, viz . From Adam to Noah, there is no mention made of the Military Allions of the Antedilu- vian Sovereigns : All that is noted concerning . them is, That they lived fo many Years, and taught their Progeny, to keep Sheep , To Till the Ground , To Plant Vineyards , To dwell in Tents , To Build Cities , To play on Organs and Harps , To Work in Brafs and Iron , &c. The Divine Architect of this World hath been pleafed to Honour this Excellent A r t fo far, as to vouchfafe to give neceftary Precepts and Rules concerning fome Buildings , of which I will here give fome Infiances . And, Firft , Of the Diluvian Ark , mentioned, Gen l 6 . 14, 15:. and 16 Verles. Where he was plea- fed firft; to give Directions for chufing the Mate- rials for it. Secondly , He gives Order for the Dimenfions. And, Thirdly , For its Forw y both External and Internal. The Second Inftance lhall be of the Sanctua- ry , confiding ,of the Ark of the Covenant , the Mercy Seat , the Tabernacle , and the Altar , as you may find in Exodus , Chap. 25, 26, 27, and 30. The Third Inftance that I ftiall produce is. Concerning the Building of Solomons Temple at Jerufalem , as you may find it upon Record in l Chron . 28. 29, Though IV •PREFACE. Though fome have been fo bold as to afTert, That the Grounds of all Arts are to be found in the Holy Scriptures ; yet I think none of the Civil Arts can pretend to fuch Docu- ments from Scripture , as die Art of Building can ; For we may obferve from the Preceeding hflances , and fome other Texts of Scripture , (which I fhall by and by refer you to) that the Omnifcient Architect of the World did dired: Men to Build by Defign, viz . By a Prototype, Model , Draught , or Pattern : As you may find in Exodus 25. 40. Num. 8.4. 1 Chron. 28. n, 12, 18, 19. Ads 7. 44. Heb . 8. 5*. I t is alfo obfervable, That the Divine o/r- chi ted did not only dired the Form by a Pattern , or Draught , but alfo by giving the Dimenfions of each Particular , as you may ob- ferve from Gen. 6. 15 and 16, and Exod . 25. 10. alfo' in the 26, 27, and 30th Chapters of Exodus , 2 Chron. 3. 3. fife. He alfo gave Di- redions for chufing Materials for each Particu- lar Ufe, as ypu may find in the afore-cited fixth Chapter of Gen . and Exod. 25. 26, 'z 7, and 30 Chapters ; not only fo, bat was pleafed to dired to the Quantity by Weight , as you may fee in the afore- mentioned Chapters of Exodus, and in the 28th of the Firft Book of Chroni- cles, &c. . A n d let me further add, Tho’ Architedure be contemned, and flighted by fome, becaufe it depends upon Mechanic ks, or Handicrafts men s Pradice ; yet it ought -not to be-defpifed, as they would fain make the World believe it is : For PREFACE. v For I mull, and will, tell fuch Men the Plain Truth, That they mull certainly be Infidels, and do not deferve the Title of a Jew, and much lefs a CbriJHan : For if fuch Petfons were Jews, I think they mull needs be very Igno- rant of the Pentateuch , or Writings of Mofes , or elfe they would have been convinced of this their Error from Exod. 31. ver. 3 and 6. where the Holy Ghojl ftiles the Mechanick Knowledge of Bezaleel , and Aholiah, &c. the Spirit of God, Wijdom, &c. And if they were Cbrifiians, they were very mean Ones to be ignorant of the Books of Mofes, and the Gofpels of St. Mat- thew, Mark, and Luke ; for we may learn out of St. Matthew, chap, ij.ver. S5 • and Mark, chap. 6. ver. 3. and Luke, chap. v. ver. yr. that our Bleffed Redeemer did not think the Knowledge and Practice of Architecture and Mechanicks of Handicrafts , fo Abjedt as fome would reprefent it to be ; for from thele Texts we may learn. That He was pleafed to exercife this A r t of Architecture, and to be a Mecha- nick, viz. A Carpenter, for fome part of the Time, that He was here Converlant with Mor- tals ; which I mull tell you, is no f, mall Ho- nour to the Mechanicks and Architecture. I Profels, I can difeern no more Rcalbn, Why the Sordidnefs of fome one Workman or Mechanick, Ihould be the Caule of Reproach to Handicraft Arts, than that mod Excellent Invention of Railing Water at London-lridge (for the Service of many Families in the City,) uiould he difejleemcd and negleCled, becaufe a there VI T R E F A C E. there may fomedmes happen to be a blind, (or otherwife defective) Horfe employ’d in the Operation* And tho’ Mechanic k Employments be by feme reckon’d fo very Ignoble and Scandalous , yet it is very well known that many Gentle- men of good Rank and Quality in this Nation, are often converfant in Handicraft Employ - ments : And other Nations exceed us in the Number of fuch Gentlemen, of which I fliall give you an Inftance. In France the Making of Glafs at the Glafs Houles is. performed by Gentlemen of no mean Extradion, viz. Moft of them of the great Glafs houfc defeending from Prince Anthony Brojfard , Natural Son of Qharles of France . N o n e but Gentlemen are employed in the Art of Making Glafs in France , and thefe Gentlemen bear Honourable Coats of Arms, and both they, and their Servants, and Deputies are exempt from Paying of Taxes , Quartering of Soldiers , &c. This Noble Art makes Marble , and other Stones become the Delights of Men, of which are made our Glorious Palaces, and the Orna-* ments of our moft fplendid Churches, and tho moft durable Monuments which the Ambition of iV : en could ever invent, whereby to render themfelves and their Grandure known to future Ages, This Art hath always been had in great Efteerh ; for it is become Familiar in the Courts of Kings and Princes, &c. The late King of PREFACE. Vll of France Eftablilhed an Academy for promo- ting this Noble Art. Another Thing which proves the Excel- lency of this Art , is, That it is always Popffed and Prattifed raoft, by the molt Civilized and Learned Nations. Almost every Nation (that are Civilize!, efpecialiy) have Ihewed Ample Teftimonies of the Refpeft they had for this A r r. For the Jews boaft much of Solomons Temple; the Ajfy- rians of Great Babylon ; the Egyptians of their Pyramids, &c. The lonians of their Ephefun , Diana's Temple; and the other Greeks of the Temples of their Gocls : Rome boafls of its Tem- ples, Amphitheaters , Triumphant Arehes , and One thouland Stately Palaces, &c. France glo- ries in its Louvre, Notre-Dame, Verfailles Pa- lace, of Sc Germains en- lay, Fontainbleau, &c. Spain, of ics Efcureal, &c. Holland, of its Stately Churches, Stadt-boufes, &c. And England of its H amp ton-Court, VP indj or-C aflle, Weflminfter Ally, Royal Exchange, St. Paul's Cathedral, Salisbury Church. &c- Ic would be endlefs to give Inftan- ces of Things of this Kind ; therefore 1 fhall conclude with what I have already faid, con- cerning the Excellency of this Art , and proceed to fay fomewhat, Secondly, Of the Emolument and NeceJ/ity of this Art of Building; A s to the Profit of this Art, I think I need not to fay much ; for all know, (that know any thing) that Merchants and other Traders , can- not fubfilt without their Ware-houfes, nor a % Tradefmen Vlll PREFACE. Tradefmen without their Shops , nor the Husband- man without his Barns , Granaries , &c. For without thefe Buildings to preferve their Goods in, none of thefe different Ranks of Men would make much Profit of their Commodities. Besides, there can be no Pretence to any kind of Profit without Buildings ; for there are no Nations in the World where the Air is fo ferene, as not to want Buildings to protect the Manu- facture! of it from the Injuries of corroding Time and Air : Add to this, That it is no fmall Profit that accrues to a State, or Nation, by thofe many Trades that depend purely upon Building, viz. Carpenters, Joyners, Mafons , Bricklayers , Sawyers , Glazers, Plumbers, Pain- ters, Carvers, Smiths, Brick and Tile-makers , Stone cutters, &c. For as I have made it appear before, other Trades cannot fubfifl without thefe, viz. Becaufe they cannot fubfifl: without Build- ings ; In like manner where there is ,no Archi- tecture in a Nation, there can, by Confequence, be no Princely Government ; for where the Peo- ple are fo Barbarous as to live in Caves, and in Hutts made of Boughs, &c. there are no Mechanicks amongft them, and by Confequence no Improvement of Manufactures ; and from thence it wjll follow, there will be little or no Revenues fit to maintain a Regal Power ; and for the mofi part, where fuch a Power is want- ing, People are fb Savage and Barbarous, that they live more like Brutes than Rational Men ; living. by Rupwe, Murder , &’c. So that no Man can properly call any Thing his own, for they live t^as it were,) in daily Expectation of PREFACE. IX being robb’d, and deprived of that Little which they have, by thole which are ftronger than (jhemfelves. Which alfo implies a Neceffity of Entitling, to which may be added that Com- plaint which K^drijlotle faith was made by feme, viz • That Man was norfe dealt with hy Nature than other Creatures, whereas they have fame of them Hair, fame Shells, fome Wool, feme Fea- thers, and fome Scales to defend them from the Injuries of the Weather , Man alone is lorn Naked, and without any Covering : But to this it may be anfwered, That Divine Providence hath endowed every Man with two fuch Super- lative Inftruraents, viz. The Hands, (thofe admirable Inftruments of Addon) in Conjun- dion with that Faculty of the Soul, call’d Rea- fon, which fully fupply in Man whatever may or can be fuppofed to be wanting in human Crea- tures, as ’tis unwifely objeded by fome, That they are not fent into the World uncovered, and expofed to all Extreams of Weather, as Heat, Cold, Drought, and Moiflure, ore. By this Inftrument of Inftruments, the Hand. \ which is adapted (by the Divine Architell of the World,) to fupply the mod neceffary and ufeful Services of Man’s Life, viz. Building, Husbandry, Military Allions, Chirurgery, Wri- ting, Engraving, Playing on Mufical Inftruments, and all the Neceffary, as well as the Recreative Arts and Employments of human Life. For in- deed, if Man had wanted this Member, fas Learned Mr. Ray obferveth ) then we mud have lived like Brutes, without Houfe or Shelter, but what the Woods and Rocks afforded, with- a 3 out X V REF AC E. oat Cloaths or Covering, without Corn , or Wine, or Oil, or any other Drink but Water without Warmth and Comfort , or other Ufes of Fire, as Baked, Boiled, and Roafled Meats ; but we mud have l'crambled with the wild Beads for Acorns, Crabs and Nuts, and luch other Fruits as the Earth produces of her own Accord. We had then lain open, and been ex- pofed to Injuries, unable to redd, or defend our felves againd, aimolt, the feebled Creature. Altho’ Men were endowed with this incompa- rable Indrument the Hand; yet Hidory in- forms us, That in the Infancy of the World, Men lived almoft like wild Beads, in Caves, and fed on Fruits and Roots of the Earth ; but after they perceived the neceflary Ufe of Fire againd the Extremity of Cold, fome began to edifie Cottages with Boughs, &c. and fome digged Caves in the Mountains ; and finding rhe Conveniency, and Neceflity of it, at lad with Practice they attain’d, by Degrees, to a greater Perfection in Building. So that now there are but few Nations but practice it in fome Degree, having found the Ufefulnefs, and NecefTity of ir, to protect them from the Injuries of the Weather, (and in fome Coun- tries from the Aflaujrs of Rapacious Beads.) Tho’ in fome C ountries, (where the People are in Subjection to a Governour, and in a great Meafure Civiliz’d), their Buildings, for want of Art, are very imperfe ft and defeftive , in Comparifon of ours, in the learned Part of Europe, of which I will give an Indance ortwo. At PREFACE . xi At Puna, an Illand in the Weft Indies, their Houles ftand on Ports, Ten or Twelve Foot high, with Ladders on the out- fide to alcend them- Alio in the Ille of Mindanao , one of the Philippine Iflands in the Eafi Indies , their Hou- les ftand on Ports, fourteen, lixteen, eighteen or twenty Foot high ; and they have but one Floor, but many Rooms in it , under the Hou- les there is a clear Partage like a Piazza, but a filthy one commonly ; for fbme make this Place the Draught of their Houfes, but, building by the Rivers moftly, the Floods clcanle thole Places. At the Nicobar Iflands, their Houles are built after the'Manner of thole at Minda- nao, only the Roofs are Arched, but at Minda- nao they are ridged; but in the Nicobar Hies, they have but one Room in a Houle. Thele Sorts of Buildings are all the Mode atnongft the Malayans in the Eafi- Indies- I Shall add one Inftance more of the Necejfity of BUILDING, and that from ti e Obfervation of the ignorant Indians in New- England, &c. Who, feeing that there is a Ne- cefiity of laying up lome Corn for a Winter- Store, and for Seed for the next Seafon, make them Barns for that Purpole, tho’. very poor ones, being only great Holes digged in the Ground, and ceiled with the Barks of Trees. I Cannot here but commend our corn- pleat Method of Building now ufed in England, by much to be preferr’d before the ancient Praftice here, or that is now uled in many Nations. The Principal Qualities of this a 4 Modem Xll PREFACE. Modern Method, are tiiefe, viz. Compadnefs, Uniformity arid Conveniency. This, A R T, like molt others, hath in this Age been much improved ; Men being now more mathematically inclined thaft formerly ; having Iikev he better Opportunity to attain it, from the many Treatifes that have been made Pubiick of tittle A ft. i S from Ti rie ro Time, in this laft Age, For as an ingenious Man well oblerves, There is fcarce any Part of the Mathe- maticks, lut is fome way fuhfervient to Archi- tecture, Geomerry, and Arithmetkk, for the due Meafure of the fever al Parts of a Building, the Plans, Models, Computation of Materials, Time and Charges ; for ordering right its Arches and Vaults, that they may le loth firm and beautiful : Mechanicks for its Strength and Firmnefs, tranfpofing and railing Materials: And Opticks for Symmetry and Beauty. He further adds, / would not have any one afiume the Charader of an Architect, without a compe- tent Skill in All of thefe. V IT RUT 1U S requires thele, and many more to make a com pleat Architect. In the enfuing TREATISE, I have en- deavour’d to alfift all fuch as have a Defire, for have an Occafion) to underftand the Grounds sad Rules of Architecture. I W a s firft induced to undertake this Task of Compofing a Treatife of this Nature , purely for my own Ufe ; for by daily Experience, I found. That fuch a Trad was very much want- ing, and that if I did compofe fuch a Piece , it might PREFACE. XUl might prove exceeding ufeful to others, as well as to my felf ; an Ingenious Bookfeller being informed of my Defign, was for my carrying it on. I H a v e been in a great Meafure excited to it, of late, out of Pity to fome poor Workmen ; for I have been informed of fcveral, That for Want of Skill and Forefight , have undertaken Buildings by Guefs, by which they have been almoft ruined, or at leaft kept very low in the World ; (tho’ they have been very induftrious in their Callings) and that purely by the Means of unadvifed Contrails. And then again, on the other Hand, it hath been an Obfervation made by others as well as my felf, That, fome honeft well-meaning Gen- tlemen, (and others) who have had Occafion to Build, &c. have been ftrangely over-reach’d by fome Fraudulent, Crafty Workmen. But I hope this finall Treatife may be a Means to promote diftributive Juftice tin fuch Things as relate to Building) and like a juft Arbitrator whereby both Mafter and Workmen (hall have what is Juflice and Equity between ’em. For The enfuing Treatife contains not only the Brice that mod Materials are ufually valued at, and fold for in different Parts of the Kingdom, and alio the ufual Rates of all forts of Workmen s Work, both in the City, and in different Parts of the Country. But likewife, z. It contains Informations, as to the Qua- lities, Quantities , Proportions , and Methods of XIV PREFACE. of preparing and making many of the Materials relating to Building. 3. Also the Cufioms, and Methods of Mea- suring all Sorts of Artificers Works. 4. A n Explanation of the Terms of Art made ule of amongft Workmen. •{. I n the following Tract, is alfb com- prehended, Confiderations as to the Choice of a Survey our. Workmen, Model , or Draught, See. 6. APHORl SMS, or neceffary Rules in Building ; as to Situation, Contrivance , Receipt, Firmnefs, cr Strength, and Form, or Figure, and Beauty. 7. T H e Method of Surveying of Buildings ; as to entering Dimenfions in Pocket-looks , and waking Bills of Meafurement , &c. 8 . Of Valuing Buildings when they are Eretted. 9. A Method of Cenfuring , or palling one’s Judgment on a Building ([that is already compieated orfinifhed) as to its Commodiouf- ttefs , Firmnefs, and Delightfulnefs, which are the Principal Qualities in a good Fabrick. I nt the Compofing of this Work, (befides tny own, and fome Friends Olfervations ; which, together, XV PREFACE. together, confifled of feveral Sheets of Paper, which were never yet made publick) I have made ufe of the beft Authors extant, to the Number of about Fifty, great and fmall ; which I hope may be allowed to be no £nall Task in Beading, Comparing, Chafing , Correcting, Be- wifing , Difpofing , and Tranfcriling , in PvefpeCt of Matter , Form , and Order For , to fpeak the Truth, I muft tell you, I found I had no final! Difficulties to wreftle with ; defigning to colleCt the Heads of all fitch Things as were moft Material, from fo many Authors, and from my own Notes, which would have Compoled a fmall Treatife of it felf; (for, I muft tell you, they are not a few, nor have they been no fmall Time a Collecting , nor from none but experienced Men, and my every Days Ohfervations aimoft, my Bufinefs being frequently amongft Workmen of divers Profeffions, and different Places ; fb that the Reader will here have a great Namier of Ohfervations , which are wholly New. So that I was oitentimes more folicitous, and con- cerned, to confider what, than what not to write : Yet I have diligently endeavoured to infert the moft important Things, that nothing material might be wanting to prefent you with a Satisfa&ory Account of the Art of Building, in all its Parts, fo as to make good our Title. Some, perhaps, may think it too Small, and the Difcourfe too Brief (for a Subje£t of this Nature ) indeed, I think fo too ; XVI PR£F/jC£, but then I mull tell you, that it was my De- fign to be as brief as the Nature of the Subject would admit of; confulting, Friendly REA- DER, your Advantage therein, by rendering the Book both more Portable , and lefs Charge- able ; fo thaf every one that defires to look into the Precepts , &c. of this Art, may here find Satisfaction without great Expence , either of Time or Money . The Method of this TREATISE is wholly New, but the whole A r t is here ranged under certain Heads, and brought to a certain Method, and limited to Practical Rules, and that lo Perfpicuous , as to be underftood by the tneaneft Capacity. One Great Reafon of my making Choice of this Method, of Compofing it under Alphabetical Heads was this, viz. In a Subject of this Nature there would unavoidably have been a Neceffity to have made LJfe of Abundance of Terms which are ufed by Architects , and Work- men, which would not have been underftood by Gentlemen, and young (and ignorant ) Hand's- crafts-man , (for whom this Treatise is ehiefly delign’d,) unlefs we had explain’d thefe Terms as they fell in, by Conlequencein the Dijcourje ; but if I had done fo, I fhould too often have been neceflitated to make large Excurfions or Pigreftons from the Matter in Hand, which would have fo disjointed the Difcourfe, that it would not have been fo eafily underftood by young Tyros in this Art, efpecially in a Compendious Dfcourfe, as this was defign’d to xvii PREFACE. be ; and put the Cafe, any one had wanted at any Time to know the Meaning of fuch Terms , when they had heard them ufed, it would have been no fmall Trouble to have found them in a continued Difcourfe. All the Treatifes that I ever yet few on this Subjeft , (which are not a few) were ei- ther continued Difcourfes , or branched into Chapters , (or the like) containing the Parts, Members , and Materials relating to Building } or elfe comprifed under the Titles of Mechanick Trades , as Carpenters Work, Bricklayers , &c. or elfe in a Dialogue, which I like worft of all ; becaufe, in asking of Queftions, commonly there is a Neceffity of ufing more Words than any other Way of Writing : I dare maintain, That none of the aforefeid Methods are fo fit for a Subject of this Nature that relates to fo many Orders of Men ; Parts of Buildings, Members of Parts , and vaft Variety of Materials, &c. as this which I have here chofen, (and I have heard feme others wilh for it, not only in this, but other rirts alfe.) For here, either Gentle- man, or Workman may immediately find (by the Letters at the Top of each Page) any Thing that he hath occafion to be inform’d about, without the Trouble of reading over whole Chapters, or the like. Courteous R E ADE R, I will allure you, That you have here Epitomized the Sub- fiance or Marrow , of all, or molt of the known Authors that have Treated of this Art; be- fides a great many New and Neceffary^ Obferva- tions , xviii PREFACE. tions, &c. which I hope, will prove Ufeful to the Pullkk , tho’ compofed after a new Method , viz. an Alphabetical Order ; and upon that Account it may perhaps be obje£led againft as a very broken and imperfect SubjeCt. But I muft here inform fuch. That many Times each particular Word, (or Head > is a Compleat Difl- courfe , by it felf, and where it is not, you are referr’d to another Place, which will make it compleat , by only turning over a few Leaves. Having thus briefly hinted at the Reafon of Compofing it in this Method, I fhall now proceed to give fbme neceffary Directions for the better Apprehenfion of the Scope and Ufe of the BOOK. Firfl, That it is intended for Beginners, and fuch as have not had occafiontoftudy this Art, and not for Accompli fled Architects, and therefore adapted to the meanefl Capacities. Secondly , In feveral Places, the Derivation of the Word is hinted at, (which affi/ls the Memory, and informs the Underflanding) as well as the Meaning and Senfe it is commonly uled in ; and feveral other things or Circumflances, according to the Nature of the Word ; of which I will here give fbme Inflances. As flip- pole, Firfl, The Word Arch, there you have its Derivation , An Explanation of five different Kinds, The Method of making them, Five The- orems PREFACE. xix Theorems concerning them, The Method of Mea- furing them, and laftly, The Price. Secondly , Th'e next Inftance {hall be of the Word Bricks, where you have an Account of what and wherefore made, and then a Defer ip- tion of eighteen Sorts, with their Dimenfions , Trice , Weight, and Form ; alfo the Method and Trice of taking, and Burning ; alio Directions for Buying-, Choofing, and Laying of Bricks , &c. , Thirdly Of the Material , call’d Glafs, after a General Definition of it, you have an Account of thirteen Sorts, and the Trice of raoft of them, &c, fourthly , 01 Leal, where you have fourteen Tarticulars, too many to repeat here. Fifthly , Of Mortar, you have thirteen Heads . Sixthly , Of Nails, you have twenty five Particulars. Seventhly, Of Tainting , where are eighteen diftinflt Heads. All other Trades having their proper Heads alfo. Eighthly , Of Stair-Cafes , there is an Account of about twenty five Sorts. Ninthly, Of Tiles, There are more than forty Tarticulars. I Shall XX T R EF AC E. I Shall forbear to Enumerate any more, but refer you to the Book it felf, where you Jhail a Ho find a Defcription of all the Members of the Five Orders of Columns , with their Dimenfions and Proportions . Laftly, I Do declare, That if any Thing which 1 have let down in the enfuing Treatife y be obje&ed againft as a Miftake, or that it is not fo Plain and Exprefs as it might have been, upon the leaft Information thereof, I fhall be very ready to revoke it. And therefore, If in any Thing I have been befide the Matter in Handy or made a falle Step or Blunder ; I do earneftly intreat the Courteous, Good-Natured Reader, either to inform me of it, (and upon Eviliion I fhall freely yield,) orelfe. That he would freely remit the Fault ; fince all know Humanum eft err are; T EH THE C i ty and Country Purchafer and Builders DICTIONARY. Abacus comes from the Greek Word Abax. and has feveral Meanings ; fometimes a fquare Trencher, and fometimes a Buffet or Side Board, call’d C redenza by the Italians. But in Architecture, (as is faid before) it fignifies a quadran- gular Piece, which ferves as a Crowning to the Capitals of Co - lumns ; and in thofe of the Co~ rinthian Order reprefents a kind of fquare Tile, covering a Basket, fuppofed .to be en* compafs'd with Leaves. The Sieur Mauclerc, in the Ionick Order, defigns an O—G with a Fillet over it for an Abacus ; and this Fillet is half the Latitude of the O-G, the B which Abacus. T is a fquare Table, Lift, or Plinth, ?n the upper part of the Chapiters of Columns, efpe- cially thofe of the Corinthian Order, which ferves inftead of a Drip or Corona to the Capital. It fupports the nether Face of the Architrave, and whole Trabeation. In the Corinthian and Compound Orders, the Coronets of it are call’d the Horns ; the interme- diate Sweep and Curvature the Arch , which has commonly a Rofe carv’d in the middle. which he calls the Fillet of the abacus. ' I And in the Corinthian Or- i der, he defcribes the Abacus to be one 7 th Part of of the whole Capital, which he divides into three Parts, and theuppermoft of thefe is a Boultin, and j of the next third below, is the Fillet of the Abacus , and the is reft below being 1 and the Plinth of the Abacus Andrea Palladio in the Tufcan Order, calls the Plinth above the Bjultin, (or Echinus) Aba- in the Morter is placed : A French Word, and properly fignifies a foaking with Water. Acanthus. The Herb whofe Leaves are reprefented in the Capital of the Corinthian Column. See at the End of the Word Orders , a fhort Account of the firft Occaflon of this moft beautiful Ornament. Acroteria. cus ; which from its Form, faith he, is commonly call’d Dado,' or Dye, the which is f of the whole Heighth of the Capital. In the Dorick Order, he alfo calls the Plinth above the Boultin of the Capital, the Abacus ; above which he places a Cimatiunr, for the upper- moft Member of the Capital. In the Ionick Order, he de- fines it to be the fame with the Sieur Mauclerc. In the Corinthian and Com- poflte Order, he defcribed it to fee the fame almoft with the Sieur Mauclerc , only his is a large Cafemeut, or hollow Moulding, inftead of the Plinth But Vincent Scamozzi gives the Title of Abacus to a Cafementor Hollow, which is the Capital of the Pedeftal of the Tufcan Order. V. Capital. Abreuvoirs. A Term in Mafcnry, by which is underftood the Inter- vals, or Spaces between the Stones in aying them, com- monly call’d the Joints, where- Are ftarp and fpiry Battle- ments, or Pinacles, that ftand in Ranges, with Rails and Bal- liftersupon flat Buildings. Al- fo Images fet on the Tops of Houfes, are fo call’d by fome. Acr,oteres. , Are Pedeftals upon the Corners and Middle of a Pedi- ment to fupport Statues ; they may properly be call’d Pina- cles.. The Word in Greek fignifies the Extremity of any thing; the Tip of a Finger, a Rock, or the like. Aditcn V. Chauncd. Alahafter . 1. What.] *Tis a kind of foft, clear, white Marble ; if it be fo foft as to be cut, it is call d Gypfum. 2. Where found , or diggd ] Some is brought to us out of the Indies , and from Egypt, Syria y See. There is alfo fome found in Lincolnshire^ and in Stafford - (hire. h y It's A L A L 3. It's life.] It’s chiefly ufed for Monuments in Churches, &c, where there are any Fi- gures in Relief, or in Bafs- Reliefi &c. carved. It’s alfo fometimes ufed for a Coat of Arms when a Gentleman will have his Coat of Arms cut in Rel ef, to fet in Brick or Stone- work in the Front of his Houfe Alcove. By the Spaniards sail’d Alco~ bar ; ’tis a Recels within a Chamber for the fetting of a Bed out of the Way ; where for State many Times the Bed is advanced upon 2 or 3 Af- cents, with a Rail at the Feet. Thefe Alcoves are frequent in many Noble- men’s Houfes in Spain , and other Parts beyond Sea. The Word is Arabick ; Elkauf a Place to fleep in* Alder. 1 .What.'] ’Tis an Aquatick Tree, fo very common, that it needs no Defcription. highly commends it. It was alfo ufed under that famous Bridge at Venice , the Rialto, which pafles over the grand Canal, bearing a vafl: Weight. 3. Poles J of this Wood are extraordinary ufeful for Pumps, Water-pipes , (Troughs and Sluices alfo, if large . ) Thefe Poles I have known ufed fin the Coun- try ) for Water-pipes, to convey Water thro 7 Bays, and Dams, and alfo to carry Water from any Spring, to fupply a Houfe with this neceflary Element ; large Poles of this fort of Wood 1 have known ufed for Ground- guts to convey the Water out of Stews ; the Poles were a- bout 8 or 10 Inches Diameter, and the Cavity in them about 4 n, # or 4 4 - } for borei ng, and fitting of which Size they have about 3 s.6 d per Rod for Workmanfhip. 4. But for Water-pipes ] the Poles need not be above 4 or § Inches Diameter ; the Cavity is commonly about 1 or 1 Inch Diameter. 2. It's Ufel Thofe which were large , were formerly made ul'e of in building of Boats : So now are very large Alders fought after for fuch Buildings as lie continually un- der W ater, where it will be- come as hard as a Stone ; but being kept in an unconffant Temper, it decays in a little Time. Vitruvius tells us, That the Morajfes about Ravenna in Italy were p il d with this Timber to ftfperftruft upon, and he 5. Of the Method of boring Alder-Poles.] The Order in which they proceed, in this Operation is this : Being fur- nifli’d with Poles of a fit Size, not too fimall (nor too large, if for Water-pipes.) They pro- cure Horfes, or Truflels, of a fit Altitude, to lay the Poles f and reft the Auger on whilft they are boring ; they alfo fe^ up a Lath, to turn the leaft Ends of the Poles to adapt them to the Cavities of the greater Ends of the others - t their B 2 Lath which he calls the Fillet of the Abacus. ' ! And in the Corinthian Or- • der, he defcribes the Abacus to be one 7 th Part of of the whole Capital, which he divides into three Parts, and theuppermoft of thefe is a Boultin, and j of the next third below, is the Fillet of the Abacus , and the ; reft below being 1 and f , is | the Plinth of the Abacus Andrea Palladio in the Tufcan Order, calls the Plinth above the Boultin, (or Echinus) Aba- in the Morter is placed : A French Word, and properly fignifies a foaking with Water. Acanthus. The Herb whofe Leaves are reprefented in the Capital of the Corinthian Column. See at the End of the Word Orders , a ihort Account of the firft Occaflon of this moft beautiful Ornament. Acroteria. cus ; which from its Form, faith he, is commonly call’d Dado,' or Dye, the which is f of the whole Heighth of the Capital. In the Dorick Order, he alfo calls the Plinth above the Boultin of the Capital, the Abacus ; above which he places a Cimatium, for the upper - moft Member of the Capital. In the Ionick Order, he de- fines it to be the fame with the Sieur Mduclerc. In the Corinthian and Com- pofite Order, he defcribed it to be the fame almoft with the Sieur Mauclerc t only his is a large Cafement, or hollow Moulding, inftead of the Plinth But Vincent Scamozzi gives the Title of Abacus to a Cafement or Hollow, which is the Capital of the Pedeftal of the Tufcan Order. V. Capital. Abnu'voirs . A Term in Mafcnry, by which is underftood the Inter- vals, or Spaces between the Stones in : aying them, com- 1 monly call’d the Joints, where* j Are fharp and fpiry Battle- ments, or Pinacles, that ftand in Ranges, with Rails and Bal- liftersupon flat Buildings. Al- fo Images fet on the Tops of Houfes, are fo call’d by fome. Acr,oteres. % Are Pedeftals upon the Corners and Middle of a Pedi- ment to fupport Statues ; they may properly be call’d Pina- cles. The Word in Greek fignifies the Extremity of any- thing; the Tip of a Finger, a Rock, or the like. Aditcn V. Chauncel. Alabafter . 1. What.] *Tis a kind of foft, clear, white Marble ; if it be fo foft as to be cut, it is call d Gyp f um. 2 . Where found , or diggd ] Some is brought to us out of th Q Indies, and from Egypt, Syria , See. There is alfo fome found in Lincolnshire , and in Stafford - J hire. b 3 It's A L A L 3. It's Ufe .] It’s chiefly ufed for Monuments in Churches, &c, where there are any Fi- gures in Relief, or in Bals- Relief &c. carved. It’s alfo fometimes ufed for a Coat of Arms when a Gentleman will have his Ccat of Arms cut in Rel ef, to fet in Brick or Scone- work in the Front of his Houfe Alcove. By the Spaniards call’d Alco- bar $ ’tis a Recels within a Chamber for the fetting of a Bed out of the Way ; where for State many Times the Bed is advanced upon 2 or 3 Af- cents, with a Rail at the Feet. Thefe Alcoves are frequent in many Noble- men’s Houfes in Spain, and other Parts beyond Sea. The Word is Arabick ; Elkaufj a Place to fleep in, Alder. 1. What i] ’Tis an Aquatick Tree, fo very common, that it needs no Defcription. 2. It's Ufe] Thofe which were large , were formerly made ul'e of in building of Boats : So now are very large Alders fought after for fuch Buildings as lie continually un- der W ater, where it will be- come as hard as a Stone ; but being kept in an unccnftant Temper, it decays in a little Time. Vitruvius tells us, That the Morajfes about Ravenna in Italy were pil d with this Timber to fuperftruft upon, and he highly commends it. It "was alfo ufed under that famous Bridge at Venice , the Rialto , which pafles over the grand Canal, bearing a vaft Weight. 3. Poles] of this Wood are extraordinary ufeful for Pumps, Water-pipes , (Troughs and Sluices ailb, if large . ) Thefe Poles I have known ufed fin the Coun- try ) for Water-pipes, to convey Water thro’ Bays, and Dams, and alfo to carry Water from any Spring, to fupply a Houfe with this neceflary Element ; large Poles of this fort of Wood I have known ufed for Ground - guts to convey the Water out of Stews ; the Poles were a- bout 8 or 10 Inches Diameter, and the Cavity in them about 4n, or 4 4 - ; for boreing, and fitting of which Size they have about 3 s .6 d per Rod for Workmanlhip. 4. But for Water-pipes ] the Poles need not be above 4 or $ Inches Diameter ; the Cavity is commonly about 1 i or 1 ^ Inch Diameter. 5. Of the Method of boring Alder-Poles. ] The Order in which they proceed, in this Operation is this : Being fur- nifli’d with Poles of a fit Size, not too final 1 (nor too large, if for Water-pipes.) They pro- cure Hcrfes, or Truflels, of a fit Altitude, to lay the Poles r and reft the Auger on whilft they are boring ; they alfo fe$ up a Lath, to turn the leaft Ends of the Poles to adapt them to the Cavities of the greater Ends of the others 3 their B 2 Lath A L A M Lath being up, and your Poles ci}t to the Lengths they will conveniently hold, viz 8, io i or 1 2 Foot ; they proceed to turn the fmall Ends of the Poles, about 5 or 6 Inches in Length, to the Size they in- tend to bore the greater Ends, about the fame Depth, viz 5 or 6 Inches ; (this you muft Note is to make the Joint to fhut each pair of Poles toge- ther, the Concave Part is the Female, and theother Part the Male part of the Joint.) In turning of the Male-part, they turn a Channel in it, or fmall Grove, at a certain Diftance from the End and in the Fe- male-part they bore a fmall Hole to fit over this Channel; for what Purpofeyou fliall hear when they fee the Poles toge ther : They having thus far proceeded, they then bore tho- rough their Poles ; and to pre- vent boring out at the Sides, they Hick up great Nails at each end to guide them right through; but they commonly bore it at borh Ends ; and therefore if a Pole be crooked one way, they can bore him through, and not fpoil him : The Poles being bored, they proceed ’to form them into Pipes in the Ground ; for which Purpofe they have a Trench digg’d, and prepared with Clay, to ram them in the Female part, being prepared with an Iron- King round it, to prevent its fplitting ; they drive in the Male part, till the Grove in it is jult under the Hole, which is bored in the Upper- fide of the Female-part , and then having fome melted Pitch ready, they pour it into the Hole in the Female-part, which flows round in the Grove which was turned in the Male- part ; by which Means it is made very Ranch and clofe : And thus they proceed till they have placed all the Poles in their Order. 6. Of the Charge of thefe Pipes,! For Workmanfhip only, they ufually ask about 2 s. 6 d. or 3 s. per Rod, viz., only to bore and fit them ; but the Charge of all Work, and Materials, viz. Boring, Digging the Trench, Laying and Ram- ming in the Clay, &c. And the Charge of Poles, Clay, Pitch, and Iron Rings will be 4 s, 6 d. s s. 5 s. 6 d or 6 s . per Rod ; according as the Ma- terials can be procur'd. Amphitheater^ or Amphi- theatre. Is an Edifice, or Building of an Oval, or Circu’ar Form, with Rows of Seats, one above another , where Spectators might fit to behold Stage plays* and other publick Spe&acles ; as Sword-playing, fighting of wild Beafts, &c. The Amphi- theatre of Vefpafiart , call’d the Colifoeum ; that at Verona in Italy , and that at Nifines in Languedoc , are the moft cele- brated that we have now re- maining of Antiquity : The Word comes from the Greek Amphi a-round, and X heatron Theatre. Ana- A N A N Anabathrum. A Place that is afcended to by Steps. Anchors. In Archite&ure, is a certain fort of Carving, fomewhat refembling an Anchor , or Arrow-head ; *tis commonly part of the Enrichments of the lloultins of Capitals of the Tufcan, Dorick, and Ionick Orders ; and alfo of the Boul- tins of Bed-mouldings, of the Dorick, Ionick, and Corin- thian Cornilhes. Thefe An- chors, and Eggs being alter- nately carved throughout the >vhole Buildings. Ancontf % The Confoles (a fort of Brackets and Shouldering Pie- ces) are call’d Ancones by Vitru • njius. See Confole. Annelet, or Annulet . The fame as CinBure from the Lat. Annulus , a Ring ; in Archite&ure, Yis ufed to fig- nifie a narrow, flat Moulding, (of which v. Capital) which is common to divers places of the Columns, as in theBafes; and Capitals,^. ’Tis the fame Member as the Sieur Mauclerc , from Vitruvius , calls a Fillet , and Palladio, a Lijlella or Cin- Bure ; and Brown from Scamozzi , a Supercilium , Lift, Tinea, Eye- brow, Square and Rabit. \ Antus. Pillars adjoyning to the Wali. See Par aflat a. Antechamber. 1. VVhatf From the Lat. Ante-camera an Outer, or Fore- chamber ; a Room in Noble- men’s Houfes, where Stran- gers flay till fuch Time as the Party to be fpoke with, is at Leifure. 2 . Of it's Proportion in Length t &c.] A well - proportion’d Ante- Chamber , ought to have in Length, the Diagonal Line of the Square of the Breadth, and not to excel the Breadth and 4 at moft. 3 . Of their Heighth] They are made either arched or flat; if they are flat, y Parts of the Breadth lhall be the Heighth from the Floor to thejoifts. But if you will have it higher, divide the Breadth into 7 Parts, and take 5 for the Heighth. Or divide the Breadth into 4 Farts and three of thofe lhall be the Heighth. In great Buildings, the An- techamber , Hall , and other Rooms of the firft Story may be Arched, whxh will make them handfoir.e, and lefs rub- bed: to Fire ; and in fuch Build- ings, the Heighth may be 4 of the Breadth, which will l ® the Heighth it ought to be from the Floor to the bottom of the Key of the Arch. But if this Altitude be thought too dwarfilh, the Height may be y of the Breadth. Or A N Or |4 of the Breadth, which will make it yet more ftately. 4. Of their Situation ] Ante- chambers, and others alfo ought to be fo pofited, that th£y may be on each fide of the Entry , and of the Hall: And likewise it ought to be obferved, that thofeon the Right-hand, may anfwer, and be equal, for nearly lb) to thofe on the Left : to the end that the Buildings may on all Sides bear equally the Burden of the Roof. Antick. A Term in Sculpture , and Painting , being a confufed Com. pofure of Figures of different Natures, and Sexes, &c. As of Men, Beafls, Birds, Flow- ers, Filhes, &c. and alfo fuch likeFancies as are not inRerim Natura. Of which I will give fome Inftances, and firtt: of Humane Creatures, viz. How ftrangely deform’d and con- fufed feme of the Heathens, reprefented their Gods, either in Painting, cr Sculpture. And i. of Saturn - y he is de- feribed by fome with 3 Heads, viz A Lion’s, a Dog’s, and a Wolf’s ; others pourtrayed him with two Wings on a Flu mane. Head. 2. Of Jupiter ; Him the Lacedemonians pictur’d with 4 Faces. The Argives had his Reprefbntation in Sculpture with 3 Eyes, viz. One in his Fore* head. 3. Of Apollo : Him the La - cedemonians depicted with 4 Hands, and a : ? manv Ears ( The PcrjihnsdtC brib’d Phoebus or Apillo) with {he Head o' 4 Lion. A N The Egyptian s had his Statue in the Likened* of a Man, with the Head of a young Ram, with fnrall Horns on his Shoulders. 4. Of Mercury, the Ancients deferib’d him like a young Man, with Wings behind his Shoul- ders and his Ears. The Egyptians fram’d his Injage with the Head of a Dog on his Shoulders 5. Of Janus; by fome he was depicted with rwo Faces, by others with four. Numa , King of the Romans, c&ufed his Statue to be hewed out with 365; Fingers. The Phoenicians form’d his Image like a Serpent, with her Tail in her Mouth. 6 . Of Neptune ; fome repre- fent him in his upper Bart like a Man, and the lower like a Firti ; in his Right-hand he holds a Trident, or three- pointed Spear. 7 Of Pan ; the Ancients depi&ed him from the middle upw'ards, like a Man with a ruddy Completion, being very Hairy (his Skin and tfreaft covered with the Skin of a fpotted Doe, or Leopard ; holding in one Hand a Shep- herd’s Hook, in the other a Whittle, ) and from the middle downwards, the perfet Shape of a Goat 8. Of Fauns, Sy Ivans, Fairies, and Satyrs, as to their corpo- ral Shape, they weredeferibed like Pan , only they had fhort Horns on their Heads with fmall Ears and ihort Tails. I It would be a Task too te- dious to enumerate all the An- rick Forms, and Fancies by 1 which AN which the Heathens did repre I fent their feveral Gods, and their Poets and Painters, and Carvers did defcribe Them. and the Powers, Paffions, Vertues, Vices, Nymphs, Mufes, &c They not only had ftrange and monftrous Fictions of Humane Gaeatures; fin Poetry and Sculp- ture, and Painting alfo;) but of Brutes, As, i.Of the Sy- rens, or Mermaids, half a. Wo- man, and half a Fifh; Griffins, half Hearts, and half Birds ; Pegafus was alfo another of the fame Fictitious Kind ; Harpyes alfo which were part Women, and part Birds ; Centaurs, half Men and half Horfes; Sagi- taurs, half Men, and half Bearts ; Dragons, alfo part Ser- pent, and part Birds 2. They had alfo fome Reprefentionsof twiform’d Creatures, as the Amphisbcena, a Serpent with a Head at each end ; the Spread Eagle with two Heads on the fame Neck. And likewife they fometimes have the Reprefen tation of divers fortsof Fruits, and Flowers, growing on the fame Plant, &c With many fuch like Fictions which we have good Reafon to believe, there are really no fuch ft and- jng Species of Animals, and Vegetables in Nature; tho’ the Beiiefof fuch Exiftences hath been propagated by Orators, upon account of their fitnefs, to be made ufe of, in the way of Similitude This Work which we call > 4 ntick, the Italians call Grotefca, and the French Grotesque ) which fgnifies Comical, Pleafant, apt to make one laugh ; alfo ridi- culous. And their word Gro . A P tefques, fignifies foolifh, idle Fancies. See Antique lower. Anlicum . From the Lat. a Porch before a Door, the Fore- door, afford. Antipa^ments. The Orr aments, or Garnifh- ing in carved Work, fetonthe Architrave, (Jambs, Ports, or Puncheons of Doors;) whether of Wood, or Stone; a Latin Antique Word (Antipagmenta.) Antique. This] Word is ufed to ftgni- fie a Building or Statue made at the Time when the Arts were in their greateft Purity and Perfection among the Ancient Greeks and Remains We likewife fay, the Antique Man- ner , to ftgnifie anything done according to the rtriCt Rules, and the good Tafte of the An- cients. The ingenious Mcnf. Richelet , fays, This Word Anti- que is ufed in general, to ex- prefs filch Works of Painting and Sculpture as were made between the time of Alexander the Great , and that of the Em- peror Piiocas, under whofe Reign the Noble Arts were ex- tinguilh’d, about the Year 600. Apertions, or Aperture r. 1 What ] From the Lat fig - nifying opening But in Archi- tecture ’tis ufed to ftgnifie, Doers , Windows Stair Cafes , C him- nieSf or other Conducts : In Ihort, B q all A R A R all Inlets, or Outlets, of Men, Light, Smooth, &c. To which be- long two general Cautions, viz. i. Of their Number, jmd 2d. Their Pofition. 1. Of their Number and Dimen- Jiojjs.] Lee them be as few in Number, and as moderate in Dimenfion, as may poflibly confift with other due Ref- pe&s ; for in a word, all Open- ings are Weaknings. 3. Of their Pofition ] Be fure to let them not approach too near the Angles of the Wafts; for it were indeed a moft elTen- tial Solecifm to weaken that Part which mud ftrengthen all the reft. A^ueduff. From the Lat. Aqueduftus, a Conveyance made, for the car- rying ofW^ter from one place to ansther. Arches . 1 . Whence derived ] It comes from the Latin, Arcus , a Bow. 2. What] In Architecture, ? tis ufed to fignifie an inward Support to the SuperftruCture ; and it is either Circular , Elipti. cal , or Straight. Of Circular Arches, there are three Kinds ; Semicircular , Scheme , or Skeen, and Arches of the 3 d and 4 th Point. Of thefe, and of Ellipti- cal, and flraight Arches , I lhall treat in their Order. 3. Semicircular ] Thefe Ar- ches are an exaCt Semicircle, and have their Centre in the >Tx? 4 d:e of the Diameter, or ht Line that may be drawn betwixt the Feet of the Arch. Of this Form the Arches of Bridges, Church- windows, and great Gates, are fometimes made in our modern Buildings. 4. Scheam , or Skeen.] Thefe conlift of lefs than a Semicir- cle, and confequently are flat- ter Arches. Some of thefe con- tain an Arch of about 90 De. gree, others about 70, and o- thers (which are yet flatter) about 60 Degrees ; thefe laft are very flat. Now, ’tis very eafie to diftinguifli between Semicircular , and Scheme Aaches ; for the Chord , ( or right Line ) drawn between the Feet of a Semicircular * arch, is juft double to its heighth, ( meafur'd from the middle of the Chord, to the Key piece, or top of the Arch ; ) whereas the Chord of a Schemem arch of 96 Degrees will be above four time its height, and the Chord of a Scheme -arch of 60 De- grees, will be above fix times its heighth. The term Skeam. arch is derived from the Itali- an Word Arco Scemo. Scemo fig- nifying imperfect, incomplete. For fuch indeed is a Skeam- arch ; being lefs than a Semi circle. See more of Arches , at the lat- ter end of this Article ; being a Paragraph taken out of the Famous Alberti's Architecture , a Book that never yet appear’d in Englifh, and out of which (becaufe it is fo highly prais’d by Sir Henry Wotton) I fliall now and then make bold to borrow an Article, as I find ’em in a Manufcripc Tranflation of Mr. Ozell's. Jn all Openings, fays he, over which we make Arches , we ihou’d A R A R fhou'd contrive to have the Arch never lefs than a half Circle, with an Addition of the feventh part of half its Diame- ter : The moll experienced Workmen having found that Arch to be by much the bell: adapted for enduring in a man- ner to perpetuity ; all other Arches being thought lefs ftrong for fupporting the Weight, and more liablj to ruin. It is more-over ima- gin’d, That the half Circle is the only Arch which has no Occafion either for Chain, or any other Fortification ; and all others, if you don’t either chain them, or place fome Weight againft them for a Counterpoife, are found by their own Weight to burft out and fall to Ruin. I will not omit here, what I have taken notice of among the Antients, a Contrivance certainly very Excellent and Praife-worthy : Their beR Archite&s placed thefe Apertures, and the Ar- ches of the Roofs of the Tem- ples, in fuch a manner, that even tho’ y ou took away every Column from under them, yet they wou’d Rill Rand firm, and not fall down, the Arches on which the Roof was placed be- ing drawn quite down to the Foundation with wonderful Art, known but to few : So that the Work upheld it felf by being only fe t upon Arches; for thole Arches having the folid Earth for their Chain, no wonder they Rood firm with- out any other Support. $. Of the and 4 th Point. ) So our Englijh Authors call ’em, but the Tuscan Authors call : em f diterzo, & di quarto acuto f be- cauie they always concur in an acute Angle at the Top. They confiR of two Arches of a Cir- cle, (meeting in an Angle at the Top) drawn from the Di- vifion of the Chord, into three, or four, or more parts, at plea- fure. The particular Method of drawing which, and all o- ther Arches, and Mouldings, is not the Bufinefs of this Treatifes. I have obferv’d many of thefe Acute Arches Arches, in old Stone Build- ings, both Houfes and Chur- ches. But I fay, (fays that great Architeft, Sir Henry Wot - ton) that thefe kind of Ar- ches, (both for the natural Im- becility of their acute Angle, as like wife for their Uncome- linefs) ought to be exil’d from all judicious Eyes, and left to their firfi Inventors, the Goths and Lombards , amongR other Reliques of that barba- rous Age. 6 Elliptical) Thefe kind of Arches confifls of a Semi-El- lipfis, and were formerly much us’d mflead of Mantle-trees in Chimneys They are com- monly defcrib’d on three Cen- ters ; but they may be drawn otherwife. Thefe confift of three parts, viz. two Hanfes, and a Scheme Now Work- men call each end of thefe Ar- ches the Hanfe, which Hanfes are always the Arches of fmal- ler Circles than the Scheme, which is themiddlepart of thefe Arches,and confiRs of apart of alarger Circle ; which is drawn betwixt the two Hanfes to conjoin them all together, to make, as it were one Helical Une, A R A R Line, and by Confequence an Elliptical Arch. Thefe Arches have commonly a Key ftone , and C haptrels , ( the Key-ftone, is that which is the very fummi- ty, or top of the Arch, which is equaliy diftant from both ends, and the breadth of this Key-ftone at the top, ought to be equal to the height of the Arch, (which is commonly a- bout fourteen Inches, when made of Brick) and Sommer (or point with its two edges) to the Centre of the Scheam ; the Key-ftone fhould break without the Arch, fomuchas the Chaptrelc projeft, over th ejambs The Chaptrils I underftand to be the fame which moft Ar- chitects call Imports; and ’tis that on which the Feet le!;and the ends, and the joints, all point toward ene certainCentreThe) are ge nerally ufed over Windows’and Doors, and ’tis a certain Rule amongft Workmen, That ac- cording to the breadth of the Peers betwixt the Windows, fo ought the Skew back , or Som» mermg of the Arch to be ; for if the Peers be of a good breadth, as three or four Bricks in length, then the ftraight Arch may be deferibed from the Oxi ( as it is vulgarly call’d ) part of the Word O xigonium, lignifying an Equilateral Tri- angle ; but if the Peers are fmall, as fometimes they are but the lenghth of two Bricks, and fometimes but one Brick and a half, then the breadth of the Window, or more, may be the Perpendicular (to the mid- dle of the under fide of the Arch) at whole end below, fhall be the Centre for the Skew back, or Sojnme.ring to point to. Thefe fraight Arches are commonly about 1 £ Brick, which when rubb’d, makes a- bout twelve Inches high, tho’ fometimes they are but eleven Inches, or thereabouts, which anfwers to j four Courfe of Bricks; but they may be made more or lefs in height, accord^ ing as Occafion requires N.B. That by the word Skew-back, is meant the levelling end of the Arch, and by Sommering , is to be underftccd the level Joints beturixt the Courfes of Bricks in the Arch. Thefe Arches commonly confift of a .Stretch- er, and a Header in heighr, the Stretchers be.ing a whole Brick’s length, and the Headers a Brick’s breadth Now the who’e Bcficefs of Ibuilding Arches, ( faith Sir A R A R H. W.) may be reduced into thefe five following Theorems. 8 . Theorem th iff] All folid Materials, free from Impedi- ment, defcend Perpendicularly downwards, becaufe Pondero- fity is a natural Inclination to the Center of the Earth, and Nature performeth herMotions by the Ihorteft Lines. 9. Theorem the 2d ] Bricks moulded in their ordinary Re- ctangular Form; if they be laid one by another in a level row, between any Supporters fufiaining their two ends then all the pieces between will ne- ceffarily fink even by their own natural Gravity ; and muft more if they fuffer any Pref- fure by a fuperincumbent Weight ; becauie their fides being parallel, they have room to defcend Perpendicularly, without Impeachment, accord- ing to the former Theorem : Therefore to make them ftand, either the Pofiure, or their Fi- gure^ both, mud be changed. 10. Theorem the 3d ] If Bricks j moulded, or Stones fquared Quneatim , (i. e. Wedge- wife, broader above, than they are below) (ball be laid in a row- level, with their ends lupport- ed, as in the precedent Theo- rem,pionting all to one Centre; then none of the pieces be- tween, can fink, ’till the Sup- porters give way ; becaufe they want room in their Figuration to defcend Perpendicularly. But this is yet a weak piece of StruCIure, becaufe the Suppor- ters are fubjed to much Im- puifion, efpeciallv if the Line be long; for which Reafon this Form, (viz. Jlraight Arches) is feldom ufed, but over Win- dows or narrow Doors. There- fore tofortifie the Work, as in this third Theorem, we have fuppofed the Figure of all the Materials different from thofe in the fecond. So likewife we mufi now change the Pofture, as will appear in the follow- ing Theorem. 11. Theorem the 4th 3 If the Materials figured Wedge- wife, (as in the preceeding Theorem) fhould be difpofedin the Form of fome Arch, or Portion of a Circle, pointing all to the fame Center, in this cafe, nei- ther the pieces of the faid Arch, can fink downwards for want of room to defcend, (as in the ift.Theorem) Perpendicularly: Nor the Supporters, or Butments of this Arch, can fuffer fo much Violence, as in the? pre- cedent flat Pofiure, for the roundnefs will always make the incumbent Weight, rather to reft upon the Supporters, than to fliove them ; whence | may be drawn an evident Co- rollary, that the fafeft of all Arches is the Semicircular, and of all Vaults the Hemif- phere ; tho’ not abfolutely ex- empted from fome natural Weaknefs, (which is the foie Prerogative of Perpendicular Lines, and right Angles ) as Bernardino Baldi, jlbbot of Guafiatta hath obferved in his Commentary upon sfriftotle's Mechanicks j where let me note by the way, that when any thing is Mathematically de- monOrated weak, it is much more Mechanically weak : Er- rors ever occur! ng more eafily in the Management of grofs Materials, Materials , than in Lineal Defigns. 12. Theorem the 5th] As Se- micircular Arches, or Hemif- pherical Vaults, being raifed up- on the total Diameter, be of all other the roundeft,and con. iequently the lecureft by the precedent Theorem : So thofe are the comelieft, which keep- ing precifely the fame heighth, fhall yet be diftended one 14th. part longer than the faid Dia- meter, which Addition of Di- ftent will confer much to their Beauty, and detraft but little from their Strength. 13. Of Measuring Arches ] In meafuring of them, whether they are Straight, or Circular ; they muft be meafured in the middle, i. e. If a ftraight Arch be twelve Inches in height, or depth, the length muft be mea- fured in the middle of the twelve Inches, which length will be no longer than if it were meafured at the under fide. nextth^ head of the Win- dow, by fo much as one fide of the fpringing of the Arch is skew’d back from the up- right of the Jambs, Peers, or Coins of the Windows- Alfo in Circular Arches , ’tis to be obferved, that the upper part of the Arch is longer, (be- ing girt about) than the under part, becaule it is the Segment of a greater Circle, cut off by the fame right Line that the lefter is, and therefore it muft be girt in the middle. 14. Price. ] For the Work- manftiip o fjlraight Arches, well ? bb’d, and handfomely fee * (of Brick) in London , about 8 d, or 9 d. per Foot ; but in fome parts of Sujfex and Kent , they will not do it under 12 d. per Foot, running Meafure. But in London , if the Workmen find Materials, then ’tis about 10 d. or 12 d per Foot. Skeen , or Scheam Arches , and Elliptical ones ; of rubb' d Brick , are common about the fame Price with ftrait ones. But Sheam Arches of unrub’d Bricks are commonly included with the plain Work, unlefs the plain Work be done at a rea- sonable Price : But you muft here note, that the Mafter of the Building, (or Owner) is at the charge of the Centers to turn the Arches on ; and not the Workman, unlefs;he be al- low’d for it in the Price of the Work. Architect onick. Belonging to the chief Over- feer of Buildings, alfo to an Architect. A Mafter workman in a Building; *tis alfo fometimes taken for the Surveyor of a Bull- ing. viz. He that defigns the Model, or draws the Plot, or Draught of the whole Fabrick ; whofe Bufinefs it is to confider of the whole Manner, and Me- thod of the Building, and alfo the Charge, and Expence : In the Management of which, he muft have refpeft to its due Situation. Contrivance , Receipt , Strength, Beauty, Form, and Mate- rials, All winch are to be du- ty % A R A R Jy deliberated of by the Super- intendent , (or Surveyor) of a Building ; it being wholly com- mitted to his Circumfp&ion, and therefore it will be his Prudence to manage the whole Affair advifedly, and with great Caution, that all may be fo order’d, and difpofed. (in all Circumftances ) that it may anfwer the Defign, and be con- fentaneous to Reafon. But tho’ the whole Fabrick be the Care of the Superintendent , yet Sir H. Wotton would have a fecond Su- perintendent, (or Ofpcinator , as Vi- truvius calls him) whofe Care it fhould be to choofe, for exa- mine) and fort all the Materi- als for every part of the Stru- cture. ArchiteBure. A Mathematical Science, which teacheth the Art. of Building being a Skill obtain’d by the Precepts of Geometry, by which it gives the Rules for defigning, and railing all forts of Structures, according to Geometry and Proportion. Containing under it all thole Arts that conduce any thing to the Framing Houfes, Temples, &c. The Scheme or Projection of a Building, is ufallylaid down in three feveral Draughts or Defigns. The firlt is a Plan, which Ihews the Extent, Divi- fion, and Diftribution ol the Ground into Apartments, and other Conveniences. The fe- cond (hews the Stories, their Heights, and the outward Ap- pearances of the whole Build- ing ; and this we call the Defign or Elevation. The third, call’d the Se&ion, {hews the Infide : And from thefo three Defigns, the Undertaker forms a Computation of th® Expences of the Building, and the Time requir’d to go thro’ with it. So much for what is call’d Civil Architecture. Mili- tary Architecture , ufually call’d Fortification , has for its ObjeCf, the Security of Cities and States : but this part is foreign to my purpofe. A/chives. A Place where ancient Re- cords, Charters, and Evidences of a Nation are kept : Alfo the Records themfelves. Jrchi * vum in Latin. Architrave, 1. Whence derived ] The word comes from the Greek Archos t chief; and the Latin Trabs a Beam. ’Tfs alfo fometimes call’d Epfiyle from the Greek Epi upon, &nd‘Stylos a Column. 2. What J ’Tisufedin Archi- tecture, to fignifie the Mould- ing, or Ornament next above the Capital of a Column : It being always the next grof$ Member below a Freeze. The word is alfo fometimes ufed to fignifie the chief, or principal Beam of a Building Now I cannot conceive what they mean by the principal Beam in a Building, becaule I do not fuppofe it can properly be ap- lied to all Buildings, but only to fome peculiar Kinds, as what we call Porticoes. Piasc- 9 i A R A R zas, or Cloyjlers, (by which we underftand a long kind of Galleries , or Walking-places, whcfeRoofisbornjQrfupported by Columns, or Pillars, at leaft at one fide.) The which have not Arches riling from them to bear the fuperincum- bent part of the Fabrick, but have a Beam refting, or lying ing on the Tops of the Co- lumns, by which the fuperiour Parc of the Edifice is fup- ported s upon which Account I fuppofe it to be called the chief or principal Beam. In Truth, according as Perrault defines it, it is the firft Mem- ber of the Entablement , being that which bears upon the Co- lumn, and is made fometimes of a fingle Summery as appears in mod of the ancient Build- ings and fometimes of feveral Haunfes , as we ufually fee it in the Works of the Moderns. In Chimneys, the Archi- trave is the Mantle. Over the Jambs of Doors, and Lintels of Windows, ’tis called Hy. ferthyron , There are al fo Architrave Doors, and Windows ; thole are call’d Architrave Doors, which have an Architrave on the Jambs, or Puncheons, and over the Door, upon the Cap- piece, if ftraight ; or on the Arch, if the Top be curved. The Form of thefe Architraves about Doors, are not always the fame ; for fometimes they are according to one of the y Orders of Architecture. But ’tis fometimes done according to the Workman’s Fancy $ for I have feen fome have put for an Architrave round a Door, i ft. next the Door a fmali Bead, then a broad Plinth, or Fatio, above that an O-G , and Lift. There are Stone and Brick Architraves , as well as Timber-ones. Architrave Win - dowsoi Timber, are commonly an O— G, rais’d out of the folid Timber, and a Lift above, but fometimes they are ftuck, and laid on. Brick Architraves are ufually cut in the Length of a Brick, but fometimes they are cut in the length of a Brick and £, then each other Courfe alternately confifts of the Breadth of 2 Bricks ; the upper One on which the O -G is cut, and part of the upper Fatio , they call Header, or Heading Architrave, and the Breadth, or Head of Bricks on which the lower Fatio, and part of the upper one is cut, they call a Jak Architrave of Stone, v. Door, N. 4. 3. Kinds ] Architects difiin- guilh them into 5 Kinds , viz,. Tufcan, Dorick, Ionick, Co- rinthian, and Compofite, ac- cording to the five Orders of Columns. 4 . Parts , or Members .] Are more numerous than the Kinds, becaufe fome of the Orders lave two different forts of Architraves and what yet more increafes the Number, is, that fome Authors differ from o- thers in their Forms of the fame Orders. Of all which I fhall give a particular Account, in the following Order. 5 . A R A R 5 TufcanJaccording toVitruvius ; oucrhc to be 4 aModelorModule in Altitude ; this general Mem- ber, he hath defcribed in two Forms; the ift confifting of 3 Parts, or Members, viz 2 Ratio's and a Cimatium , is thus divided : The whole Height is divided into Six Parts , which is fubdivided in this Manner, viz. the upmoft 6th Part is the Cimatium , which being fubdivided into 3 , the upper part lhall be the Fillet , and the 2 lower ones the O -G The $ grand Divifi- ons which remain, muft be di- vided into 9, 5 of which fliall be for the fuperior Patio, and the other 4 for the inferiour one. His 2d. Form confifts of but 3 Members, or Parts, viz a large Plinth, or Planchier , a Cafement, and a large Fillet , and is thus fubdivided, the whole Heighth is divided into 6, the upper part is for the Fillet (which projects in fquare be- yond the Plinth ) the 5th part is for the Cafement, ( which ri- fes from the Plain of the Plinth and terminates in a Quadrant, as the lower Corner of the Fillet.) The other 4 Parts re- maining, are for the Plinth, or Planchier , or Patio. Palladio hath alfo 2 diftinft Shapes for the Tufcan Architrave, the ift, which we lhall men- tion. con' : fts of 2 Fajia's, (or Patio s) and a Lift ; the lower Fatio is 1 2 \ m. high, the up- per Patio is 17 ~ m. which ter- minates with a Quadrantal Cafement, riling from its Plain, and terminating with the low- er Corner of ths Fiji j the Lift is $ m. high ; fo the whole heighth of the Architrave is 35 m. His 2d Architrave is only a plain Fatio of 35 m. high. Scamozzi , according to his De- lineations, makes the Tufcan Architrave 31 \ m. high, the which he divides into 4 Parts, or Members, viz. 2 Fatio's , a Lift, and a Plinth ; his 1 ft. Fatio he makes 10 m. his 2d. i6|-m. his Lift 1 -£ m. and his Plinth 3 4 m. all which make 3 1 f m. tho’, according to this verbal Account of it , he faith it muft be 3 2 / m. except it lhould be a Typographical Erratum. Vignola defcribes it with the fame Parts, Heighth, and Form with Vitruvius's 2d. 6. Dorick ] This Architrave , accord ing to Vitruvius's, is half a Module in Altitude, the which he delineates in two Forms ; the ift, (which I fhall mention) he divides into 7 Parts, the uppermoft of which is the Tenia , the other 6 re- maining Parts, he makes a Fafcia under the Tenia ; he placeth Drops , whofe Heighth are y of the Architrave ; 4 of this y is the Fillet , to which the Drops hang ; the Drops are 6 in Number,, placed under, (and of the fame Breadth with) the Trigliphs. His 2d Figure of his Architrave, confifts of the fame Tvlembers with the ift, and the whole Heighth is equal to the i ft, but he divides the Altitude but int© 6 Parts ; the upper one of which is his Tenia , and the other 5 the Fafcia , the uppermoft of which is the Altitude of his Drops, which have a Lift , which is | of their Heighth, as befgre. Palladia A R A R Palladio compofes this Archi- trave of the fame Heighth, with Vitruvius, but of a different Faftiion ; for he makes it to confift of 3 Pares, or Mem- bers ; viz. * Falcia’s, and a Tern, or Tenia ; he divides the whole Heighth into 6 Parts, one of which being 5 m. he afligns for the Gutt and Palla- dio ; both which he alfo imi- tates in the leffer Member; for he hath 2 diftintt Forms, one like Vitruvius, containing ? Members, or Parts, one a Lijl, the other a Fatio : his other Form is like Palladio's, com- prehending 3 petty Members, viz. a Tenia , and 2 Fatio' s. 7. Ionick j According to Vi- truvius's Order, this grand Member ought to be •* a Mo- dule high ; he hath defcribed £ Forms of Architraves , in the Ionick Order, viz one for the Ionick Column, without a Pe- deftal, and the other with a Pedeftal ; and ift I will de- fcribe that without a Pedeftal ; the which he compofes of 4 minuter Parts, viz. ; Fafcia' s, and a Cimatium ; which is thus divided ; the whole Altitude is divided into 7 Parts, the up- permoft of which is allotted to the Cimatium , which is fub- divided into 3 Parts, the up- permoft of which is for the Lift, and the 2 remaining, for the O-G. The other 6 remain- ing Parts, they divide into 12, 5 of which he makes the upper Fafcia , 4 the middle one, and 3 the lower. The other for the Ionick Column, with a Pedeftal, he thus proportions,. viz. He reckons the whole Heighth of the Architrave , Freefe , and Cornijh , to be 2 Modules, the which he divides into 10 Parts, 3 of which are for the Architrave, (which is 3 6 m.) the which he diftin- guilhes into 6 minuter Parts, or Members ; the which he thus names, (beginning at the Top, and fo defcending) viz, A Fillet , a Civea, a Thorus, and 3 Fafcia's ; all which fmall- er Members he thus finds, viz. He ift divides the whole Heighth into 6 equal Parts, the uppermoft of which Parts he fubdivides into 4 Parts, the higheft of thefe 4 is for the A R A R • Fillet, the 2 next of the 4 are alloted to the Cima, and the 4th remaining, is for the Thoms. The 5 grand Divifions remaining, he fubdivides into 12, which are thus diftributed, •viz $ for the upper, 4 for the middle, and 3 for the lower Fafcia Palladio aftigneth 34 m for the Altitude of this Ar- chitrave, according to his Scheme of this Member, it is compofed of 7 Parrs, viz. A Lift, a Cima, 3 Fafcia" s , and 2 sfftragals ; the whicji he thus proportions, viz To the Lift , (which is above the Cima, for 1 will defcend with the De fcription) he allots 2 t 4 m. the Cima 4 l m. To the upper Fafcia , he allows 10 •§- m. to the vftragal at his Foot } m the middle Fafcia , is to contain 7 44 m. and the Aftragal at his foot 1 j m. to the lower Fafcia , he alhgns 6 -t m all which being added into one Sum amounts to 34 \ m. Sea mozzi makes the Ionick Archi- trave, 3* m. high and of the fame Shape with Vitruvius's fecond, viz To confift: $of 6 Parts, viz A Lift, Cima, Aftra- gal (or Thorns ) and 3 Fafcia’ s, which he thus proportions ; he allots to the Lift , 2 {- m. to the Cima , 4 m. to the Thorns , 2 m. to the upper Fafcia, 1 1 4 m to the middle one 8 { m and to the lower one 6 4m. Vignola , allows 37-fm. to the Ionick Architrave , in Heighth and as to the Form, his is much the fame with Vitruvius's ift. of this Order. 8 Corinthian ] According to Vitruvius , ought to be 4 a Mo- dule high ; but you muft net e this is for the Corinthian Co” Iumn, without a Pedeftal ; thi s Member he divides into 7 Parts, the uppermoft of thefe is the Cimatium, the 6 remain- ing Parts he divides into 1 2, 5 of which he allots to the up- per Fafcia , 4 part of this Fafcia is to be allow’d for a Bead at his Foot, 4 of the 12 Parts he allows to the middle Fafcia and 4 of this Fafcia, he makes the Bead of at the Foot, and the 3 Parts remaining, he makes the lower Fafcia. The Archi- trave for the Corinthian Order with a Pedeftal. Vitruvius al- loweth a larger Altitude, than that without ; it confifts of the fame Members, both for Nf umber and Form, withij the former Architrave , but they differ in Dimenfions. The Di- vifion, and Subdivifion of which, take as followeth : The whole Heighth of the Architrave, ought to be \ of the Heighth of the Column,* (nearly to -J of the Body of the Column below) which is — to 40 4 m. This Altitude he divides into 7 equal Parts, and at the uppermoft: of thefe 7, he maketh a Cimatium , and the 6 remaining, he divides into 12 equal Divifions, $ of which are allotted to the up- per Fafcia, 4 to the middle one, and 3 to the lower one : The upper, and middle Fafcia, he fubdivides into 8 Parts each, one of thefe 8ths he allows for a Bead at the Foot of each of thefe Fafcia s. Palladio makes this Archi - trave to contain 8 Parti, viz, 1 Lift 1 Cime, 3 Beads, and 3 Fafcia s , the Heighth of all C 'V'-k A R A R which, he orders to be 3 6 m. which he thus fubdivides f viz. To the (tipper Mem- bers, or) Lift, he allows the next in order, is a Cima, and the next in order is of 2 m. high, at the Foot of the which is a Bead ; then follows the upper Fafcia with his Bead at his Foot, both which con- tains about 3 !- m. then comes the middle Fafcia , and his Bead, which contain 8 f m an'd laft of all the lower Fafcia, of 6 ^ m. high Scamozzi reckons the whole Heighth of this Architrave to be 40 m the which he fubdi- vides into 9 fmall Members, viz. ^beginning at the Top defcsnding) a Lift of 2 m. a Cafement , 3 { m and O G of 2-ra. ’a Bead of 1 {■ m a Fafcia of 12 m and his Bead of: m the middle Fafcia 3 - 2 L m. and his Bead 1 -f m and lower Fafcia of 6 j m, in all 40. m. as before laid Vipi:la makes the Corinthian Architrave to be 4s ni high, the which he fubdivides into eight fmaller Members, as Palladio doth, viz a Lift, a Li- ma, 3 Beads, and 3 Fafcia 1 s. 9. Composite , Compound, or Ro man .] Vitruvius makes the Ar- chitrave in this Column, and the Friefe and Cornift , all of an equal Heighth, viz. Each of which is equal in Heighth to the Di- ameter of the Column above, juft under the Capital ; which is * 2 of a Module, — 50 m. This Architrave, Vitruvius d i- vides into 6 Parts, one of which is for the Cimatium, nd its Boult in under it; this upper 6th Part he divides into 4, and one of thefe 4 he allows for th£ Fillet above the Cima, the 2 next for the Cima it felf, and the 4th remaining he allots for the fmall Boult in under the Ci- Cima, the other five grand Diviiions, he fubdivides into 12 minuter Parts> 5 of which Parts he aftigns for the upper Fafcia, 4 for the middle one, and 3 for the lower; the upper and middle Fafcia' s he fubdi- vides into 8 Parts each, and one of thefe Sths he allows for a Bead , at the Foot of each of thefe Fafcia s Palladio makes this Archi- trave 4 $ m. high, the which he diftributes amongft 7 par- ticular minuter Members, \yhich I will thus reckon up in Order (beginning at the Top, and fo defcending) And ift, to the Lift, he allows 2 m. to the Cafement. 4 i m. to the O. G. 9 to the Bead 1 | to the upper Fafcia, 15 m. to an O-G- at his Foot 2^, and to the low er Fafcia 1 1 m. Scamozzi makes this 40 m. high, the which he divides amongft thefe 8 following Members, or Parts, viz (de- fcending) 1 ft a List of 3 m. 2dly, an O -G of 4 i m. 3dly, an Aftragal of 2 m. 4th! ■ , the upper Fafcia of a rid- m. 5 thly, a Bead at his Foot of 2 m. 6thly, the middle Fafcia of 8 { m. 7thly his at his Foot / i m. Sthly, and laftly , the lower Fafcia of 6 { m. Vignola makes this Architrave, 4? m. in Altitude ; the which he divides into 7 Members, a List , a Cafement , a Boult in, a Fillet, a Fafc'a ; a Bead , and a Fafcia • b 10 Mean A R A S 10 . Meafuring.l As to mea- luring of Architraves , in Build- ings, (whether of Brick or Stone) they are commonly done by the Foot Lineal, and there- fore the Length being taken in Feet, the Content is alfo had at the fame Time. 11. Price. j As to their Va- lue, they are different ac- cording to their Breadth, or Widenefs : Architraves of Stone, about Doors and Win- dows, Mr. Wing faith, they are commonly reckon’d i d. per Inch broad, at i Foot : E. G. if it be 9 n. broad, it’s worth 9 d. per Foot, ion. ioi &c. Araofyle. This Word Vitruvius ules to ftgnify the greateft Interval or Didance which can be made between the Columns ; con- fining of eight Modules, or four Diameters. It comes from the Greek Araios , thin-fet* or Rare and Stylos, a Column. Aft. Of Sawing .] In fome Places they have 3 s. per Hundred, in others 3 s. 6 d. and other fome 4 s. The Price varies in this, as it doth in other Bulinefs, viz. according to the Cudom of the Place ; but it is cer- tainly worth 6 d. per. Hun- dred (at lead) more than ’tis to faw Oak. Now I am upon the Subject of one of the molt ufeful Timber- trees (the Ajh) it may not be amifs to quote a few Lines out of our incomparable Poet old Spencer , giving us fuch a fuccinffc Account of the Nature of all (or mod) Tim- ber-trees, that ’tis worth every Builder’s While to get them by Heart, which he may the more eafily do, as they are in Rhime. Much can they praife the Trees fo ftraight and high , The failing Pine 3 the Cedar proud and tall , The Vine-prep Elm, the Poplar never dry., The Builder Oak, Jole King of Fore ft s all , The Afpi ngoed for Staves , the Cyprels Funeral . The Laurel^ meed of mighty Conquerors > And Poets fage ; the Firr, that weepeth ft ill , The Willow worn of forlorn Paramours •, The Eugh obedient to the Bender s Will 3 The Birch for Shafts , the Sallow for the Mill ; The Myrrhe fweet , bleeding in the bitter Wound 3 The warlike Beech, the Aih for Nothing ill y The fruitful Olive, and the Platane round , The Carver Holme, the Maple ftldom invsard found. C 2 Afilar A S Jfhlar. 1. What.] I underdand by Workmen, that by this Word, they mean common, or free Stones, as they come out of theQuarry.of different Lengths and ihlcknefles Mr . Ley bourn faith, that 9 n. is the common 7 hicknefs. 2. Price.] Mr. Wing faith, in Rutland, they commonly val ie them at 3 d.per Foot at the Quarry Ab :ut us (in Suffix and Kent] they toil them, being a com- mon ordinary fort of Stone by the Load, about 1 8 or 20 Foot makes a Load, which cods, if they come rough from the Qjarry about 3 d. per Foot ; being laid down at the Place, where they are to be ufed ; but if they are ready fcapred, then they are valued at about 4 d. per Foot- But if they are bought rough at the Quarry then they are valued about 2 d per' Foot; but if feapted, then about 3 d. per Foot But in fome other Places in Kent and Sujjex } J have known them fold rough at the Quarry for about i id per Fo; t 2nd for 2 ~ d.per Foot feapted ; but if they were laid down at the Place for Ufe rough, then they were ufually valued at about 2 5 d\ per Foot, and if ready feapted, at about 3 t per Foot. But as to the real value of Stones , or JfbUr, in all Places, it's impodibie to give a certain Ku T eto know it : Becaufe the Price differs ; id, According A S cumftances of the Quarry- And 3 dly, Goodnefs of the Ajblar. To all which 3 Pleads I lhall briefly fay fomething. id, Ofthe Cufloms of Places, by which I mean as to Carri- age ; I have known Stones car- ried above a Mile for 1 s . 8 d. per Load, at one Place ; and again, at another Place the ufual Price to carry a Load but about i a Mile was 2 s. which is 4 d. per Load mere than at the id Place tho’ they were carried but f fo far. idly. As to the Circum- dances of the Quarry, which I lhall confider under 2 Heads, ^nd id, Whether the Scones are drawn in inclofed Land, or on the Lord’s Wade, (viz. In the Highways, or on Com- mons, &c.) For if they are drawn within Land (as they commonly call it) he that is the Proprietor of the Land, will be paid well for damaging his Ground, both by drawing, and carrying the Stones out ofhisLand. Whereas, if they are drawn on the Lord’s Wade, the Lord hath only (com- monly) a fmall Acknowledg- ment (by the Load, or fo forth) for Trefpafling upon his Wade. 3dly. As to the Goodnefsof Stones, that may be con/Ider’d of under 2 Heads, viz. Dura- bility, and Magnitude. And id, Of Durability; this wholly depends on Experience ; for none can certainly tell when a new Quarry is flrd opened, ho'w the St ones may prove ; for fome Stones, when they are taken out of the Quarry, are to the different Cudoms of the Places. And adly, The Cir.j very fofc and friable, and h being but a few Years expofed to the Weather, moulder into Sand ; tho’ fome of thefe foft Stones are indurated by being expofed to the open Air ; bur as for hard Stones, they are ge- nerally durable, being of a more folid and firm Con fiftence. idly. As to thtir Magnitude, I need not fay much, for all know that large Stones muft needs be better, and make firmer Works than fmall which are only fit for filling Work in thick Walls, or to ufe in fuch Places where the Country affords no better. But ’tis too often, through the Stone • drawer’s Carelefsnefs, or Ignorance, that Stones are broken up fo fmall in tire Quarry ; and therefore to pro mote (in fome Meafure) fo ufeful an Art ; I ffcall, when I come to fpeak of Stones, lay down fome Precepts to be ob- ferv’d in drawing of Stones , a c I receiv’d it from an ancient experienced Stone Drawer, who always drew the fceff Stones- on our Side the Country. I might have added a third Head to the Circum fiances of the Quarry ; which becaufe J did not think of then, 1 fhal! here annex it, tho’ it be not fo exactly in its proper Place; Which third Head is this, viz. There is a great Difference as to Qnarries, in refpett. to the Pofirion of the Stones in the Ground, which may be again confidered under two Heads, viz.. As to their Depth in the Ground, and their Manner of lying there And firft, as to their Depth : When they lie a confiderabk Depth, it requires a great deal of Labour to remove the Earth over the Stones, or uncope it, as Workmen call it. adly , If they lie almoff even with rhe Surface of the Ground, then it will require but little work to uncover them. And 2dly, As to their manner of lying in the Ground, that is alfo different, and that in two Refpe&s ; for if the Quarry confift of a Rock, it will re- quire more Labour to raife the Stones, and break them fit for Ufe, than if the Stones lie feparate, and dif united All which forecited Circumfian- ces, beingduly confider’d, will make the Price of stones very ^uncertain ; for 1 have known Stones drawn for 9 d per Load, and I have known 3 s per Load given. Before I conclude this of Ajhlar, I fiiall add fomething to the third General Head, of the Goodnefs of Stones, and that lhall l e the third DIvifion of that Head, viz. The Form of Stones ought to be conllder’d, as to their being raifed Square, and not with obtufe, and acute Angles, which requires more Work in Scapting. and waffs more of the Stones, V. P. Stones of drawing. Sijhlering. Quartering (to tack to) in Garrets about 2 or 3 Foot high, perpendicular to the Floor, up to the under fide of the Rafters ; ’tis from 4 to 6 s. per Square Workman- Ihip. C 3 Aft r a gal. A little round Moulding, which encompafles the Top of the Full, cr Shaft of a Co- lumn. It comes from the Greek Aftragalos, the Bone of the Heel. The Shaft always ter- minates a-top with an dfira- gal, and at Bottom with a Fil- let, which in this Place is call’d Osda. At tick. In building, a little Order, placed upon another much greater ; for inftead of Pillars, this Order has Nothing but Pilallers, with a Cornice Ar- chitraved for an Entablement ; as that for Tnftance, in the Caftleof Versailles , above the Ionick, on the bide of the Garden. Attick or Athenian Bafe. The fame as Palladio’s’Ionick Bale, which fee. B. Back 3 Baguette . A Kindof Attragtil or Hip mold- ing is a Term in a r pen- ury, by which they fignifie the outward Angle or the Hips, or Corners of a Roof ; which in fquare Frames, where the Roof £s { Pitch, contains an Angle of 1 1 6 Degrees. 12 m. It’s alfo a Term ufed by Iron-mongers to fignifie a certain for: of Nails, V. Nails. J4.». Bake-Hcufe. 1 . What.] It’s a Room of Office, in all Noble Buildings, where the Oven Is placed &c. i.ItsPoJitiori] Accordingto the Rules of S ir Henry Wotton, it ought to be placed on the South-lide of any Building. Balcony . 1 . What ] Is a kind of open Gallery, (without the Walls of a Houle, or Building,) for People to Hand in, and behold any A&ion, as Pageants, and the like, in Cities, or to take the Air, &c. This Jutty, or proje&ive Building, common- ly is in the midft of the Front of a Houfe, if there be but one Balcony to it ; and for the moft part level with the iff. Floor above Stairs. And they are fometimes of Wood, and fometimes of Iron ; the wooden confiH of Rails and Ballifters, and fo do the Iron ones fome- times, but not always, for they are fometimes made of call Iron of various Figures in femi-Relief, and others of wrought Iron , in crail’d Work, or Flourilhes, of diffe- rent Shapes, according to the Fancy of the Mailer, or Workman. 2. Price ] Wooden Balconies are commonly done by the Yard, njiz. From 3 to 5 s. per Yard, Workmanlliip, accord- ing as what Work the Carpen- ter bellows on it. Iron Balconies are common- ly done by the lb. (vi% wrought ones) B A B A ones) from 4 d. to 8 d perl b* according to the Curiofity of the Work. Here I can’t but take No- tice what Sir Henry Watt or. fays of all Inlets or Outlets (fucb as Windows, Balconies, &cj that they ihould not approach too near the Angles of the Walls ; f r that it were indeed a moft eftential Solecifm, to weaken that Part which mull ftrengthen all the reft : A Pre- cept flays he) well recorded, but ill praftifed by the Italians themfelves, particu’arly at Venice, where he had obferv’d divers Pcrgoli , or Mencina fas Vitruvius Teems to call ’em, which are certain bailifed Out- ftandings, to fatisfy Curiofity of Sight) very dangeroufly fet forth, upon the very Point it felf of the Mural Angle. Baldachin. It’s a perfed: French Word, and they pronounce it Baida (juin, which properly fignifies a Canopy carry’d over the Holy Sacrament, among the Roman Catholicks. Tis ufed by Architects to fignifie a piece of Archite&ure, built in f^lhion of a Canopy, or Crown, fupported by feveral Pillars to ferve for a covering to an Altar ; fome alfo ufe it to fignifie a Shell over the Front Door of a Houfe. Balkes. Great pieces of Timber coming from beyond the Seas by Floats. Ballon. French , a Term in Archi- tecture, fignifying the round Globe of the Top of a Peer, or Pillar. BaUtffiraJe. A Term in Architecture, ufed to fignifie a Row of little turn’d Pillars, call’d Balutfers, made of Marble, Iron Wood, or Stone, fo high, as for a Man to reft his Llbows, fixed upon a Terrafs , or upon the 1 op of a Building, or to make any Separation. Ballufier, (or Bannifter by Corruption.) 1. mat. I It’s a fmall Co- lumn, or Pilafter, of different Sizes, viz from 1 ~ Inches, to 4 n Square, or Diameter : Their Dimenfions and Forms are various, according to the Fancy of the Workmen. They are adorn’d with Mouldings. The Word comes from the Latin Balaufirum, which it felf is borrow’d from the Greek Balauftin, the Flower of the wild Pomegranate, which it very much refembles. 4 Their Ufe.] They with Rails are placed on Stairs in the Fronts of Galleries, in Churches, &c . Round Altar- pieces in Churches, on Terrafs Walks, and in Balconies, and Plat-forms, &c. 3. Their Price. ] With Rails, I &c of Wood on Balconies, Platforms, Stairs, &c acccrd- C 4 ins B A B A ing to the Work, viz. About 3 d per Yard, running Mea- sure. 4. Of Taming them only . ] 1 d per Inch Workmanlhip, is the ufual Allowance. y. Of Painting them ] They, with what belongs to them, are ufually painted by the Yard ; the Cuftom of Mea- luring, which is this, viz. Both Tides of the Ballifters are mcafured as if it were flat Meafure, including the Va cuity betwixt the Ballifters ; which being call up in Feet and Parts, it’s reduced into Yards as other plain Painting is. Mr. Leybourn faith, That he hath feen the Experiment tryed, by girting the Balli- fters, to find the Difference betwixt that Way, and mea- Turing them, and the Vacuity on both Sides, as if it were fiat; and he found that the Difference would not counter- value the trouble of Girting. But this' ftands to Reafon, it lhould be nearly the fame, be caufe it’s the Cuftom to fet them but their Square or Di- ameter afunder, and then the Flanks make good the Va cuities. Band. In Architecture, is any flat Member that is broad, and not very deep ; the Word Face, from the Latin Pafcia, is fometimes ufed to flgnify the fame Thing, Bandelets. It is derived from the French , Bandelette a little Fillet , or Band ; ’tis ufed by Archi- tects, to fignifie the 3 Parts that compofe an Architrave. Bannifler . V. Ballister. Barbican. A Term in Architecture, de- rived from the French , and made ufe of to fignifie an Outwork in a Building. Bargccourfe . It is a Term ufed by Work- men, by which they flgnify a part of the Tyling . which projects over without the principal Rafters in all Build- ings, where there is either a Gable or a Kirkin-Head . Barn. Is a Word that needs no Exp’anation, becaufe ’tis a Building that every one kqews, they being fo commop : But I fliali add 2 Things con- cerning them, and the iff. Shall be what Mr. Wor- lidge advifes concerning pla- cing them, which is this, That it is very Inconvenient to build Barns, or Stables , or fuch like Places, too near to a Houfe, becaufe Cattle, Poul- try, &c . require to be kept near near to Barns, &c. which would then annoy a Houle. 2. Of the Price of Framing c.] I have known the Carcafs of a Barn for 3 s. 6 d. per Square, Carpenters Work only, and I have known 8 s. per Square given for Carpenters Work, the Felling, Hewing, and Saw- ing his Timber and Boards, and finding Nails. I have been inform’d byfome Workmen, that the Charge of a Square of Building of the Timber-work of a Timber- Barn, may be thus computed, •viz,. 4 s.per Square for Sawing the Boards, (confidering their lapping one over another, and the Staving the Logs a per Square for Sawing the Tim- ber Members, 3 s. 6 d per Square for framing the Carcafs, and from 4 s to 7 s. per Square for the value of the Timber, reckoning the Price of the Timber from 12 s. to 21 s. per Tun; and one Tun to make 3 s. Square of Frame in Ba r n work. He reckon’d rough Timber, •viz. Unhew’d, or Squar’d, and that a Tun of rough Timber (which is equal to a Load of hew’d : From thefe Computations, we may reckon the whole Value of a Square of fuch Timber- work to be worth from 3 s. 6 d. to 1 6 s. 6 d. per Square. Bars. Of Iron for upright ones for Windows, their ufual Price is 3 d 4 # or 4 d. per ft) • i nLondon. Bar-^ofts. Are a neceffary fort of Potts, much ufed in the Country, 2 of which, and 5 Rails or Bars, ferve inftead of a Gate, for an Inlet to Fields, and other ln- clofures ; each of thefe Polls confill of 5 Mortices, and thofe Potts are commonly about 6 Foot, or 6 i Foot long, 4 Foot of which Hands above Ground. Thefe Potts are in Tome Places made by the Piece, •viz. 1 d. or 1 d.\ per Poll Hewing, and i d. per Hole for Morticing them. 1 Safe. 1. From the Greek, Baps , a Reft or Support. Any Body, which bears up another ; but is particularly applied to the Bottoms of Columns and Pe- deftals. 2. The Bafe of a Column is alfo fometimes call’d Spire , from the Latin Spin e, which fignifies the Fold oT a Serpent laid at reft, or a Coil of a Cable, &c. Thefe making a Figure not unlike that. 3. Kinds. ] They are diftin- guilhed by Architetts into y Kinds, viz . Tufcan, Dorick, Io - nick , Corinthian , and Compopte , according to the 5 Orders of Columns. 4. Parts , or Members ] Ex- ceed the number of the Kinds, becaufe that fome Authors differ from others in their Form ; of each of which I Ihall give you the following Account, 5, The B A B A 5. The Tufcan] According to Vitruvius , muft be j- a Mo- dule high ; this crofs Mem- ber conlifts of 3 Minuter Members, or Parts, viz. a Plinth, a Thorns , and a Fillet, and is thus divided, and iub- divided ; the whole Altitude being 30, is divided in- to 2 equal parts, the lower oneofthefe is for the Plinth, and the upper part of the 2 is to be fubdivided into 3 equal parts, the lower of thefe are for the Thorns, and the upper one for the Fillet Palladio alloweth this Bafe to be 30 Min. high alfo; the which he diftributed amongft 3 fmaller Members, viz. a Plinth, or O rlo, a Torus , and a Lift el la, or C eintture. The Plinth is 15 m. the Torus 12 f m and the Liftella 2 r min. high Scamozzi alfo alloweth this Bafe 30 m in heighth, but then he reckons but 2 Mem- bers, or Parts to it, and they are a Plinth of 18 m. and a Thorus of 12 m. altho’ at the fame time he places above the Thoms a Lift of 3 m. which in all (I think) makes more than l a Module by 3 m. Vignola alfo makes the Bafe of 3 Parts, viz. a Plinth. Tho- rns, and Fillet ; all which he reckons 30 m. t 3 Mo- dule 6. Dorick.] Th’s Bafe Vitru- vius reckons to confift of 6 Parts, viz. a Plinth 2 Thorufes, I Scotia , and 2 Lifts ; the whole heighth of all thefe, he allows to be 30 m. which he thus divided, viz. ift. into 3 Parts, the lower one of thefe is for the Plinth,' the 2 Parts remain ing, he fubdivides into the 4, the upper one of which 4, he al- lots to the upper Thorus, the 3 lower Parts of thefe 4, he di- vides into 2, The lower of which 2 is for the lower Thorus , then he fubdivides the upper part of thefe 2 into 7 equal parts, the upper and lower of thefe 7, are for the a Lifts, and the 5 betwixt them is for the Scotia. But amongft all thefe 6 jV! embers, or Pans of the Bafe, there is one large Fillet , which is rh part of the Mo- dule, but this Fillet he reckons to be no part of the Bafe. but a part ofthe Body of the Column Palladio aftigneth 30 m. for the Altitude of this Bafe : Ac- cording to his Scheme of this Member, it is compofed of 7 Parts, viz. a Plinth, 2 Thorufes , 3 Annulets, and a Scotia , or Ca- vetto ; the which he thus pro- portions, viz. To the Plinth , (the which I think he may more properly call a Scotia , or Cafement ) which is wrought hollow, he allots 10 m, to the lower Thorus 7 ~ m, to the lower Annulet 1 ^ m, to the Cavetto 4 m, to the middle Annulet 1 to the upper Thorus , 4 f, and to the upper Annulet Scamozzi makes the Dorick bafe 30 m, high, the which he fubdivides amongft 6 fmall Members, viz ( beginning below, and fo afcending ) ft. A Plinth, to which he allows 10 ^ m. 2 A Thorus of 8 in. 3. A Lift of 1 m. 4. A Scotia of 4 m. $. A Lift of 1 m. And 6 . A Thorus of 5 f m. Above all thefe he places a Lift of 2 m which he doth not reckon in- to to the Bafe, but to be part of the Body of the Column. Vignola alfo reckons the heighth of the Bafe ? the Dia- meter of the Column below, but he makes it to con fi ft of but 4 parts, viz. A Plinth , a large arid imall Thorns , and a Lift. q. Tonick , ] According to Vitruvius' s Order, is \ a Mo- dule high , he defcribes 2 forts of Bales in this Order, one for the Ionick Column without a Pe- deftal, the other with ; each of which Bafes conlift of fmal- ler Members ; but the Bafes differ in the Dimenlions of their Parts. The Members whereof they confift, are-thefe following, viz. A Plinth , 4 Fil lets , 2 Scotia's , 2 Aftragals, and aThorus I Ihtfll ift. defcribe the Dimenlions of the Parts of the Ionick Bafe, without a Pedeftal. This Bafe he thus divideth and fubdivideth, viz Hedivideth the whole heighth of the Bafe into 5 equal Parts; the lower one of which is the heighth of the Plinth, the 2 up- per, and remaining Parts, he fubdivideth into 7 equal Parts, the upper 3 of which, make the Thorns, the 4 7 th remain- ing, he fubdivideth into 8 equal parts, l of the lower 8th makes the lower Fillet, the other i . and the 2 d. 8th and l the 3 d 8th. makes the 1 ft Sco- tia, and the upper ~ of the yd. 8th. makes the 2d. Fillet , the 4 th and \th. makes the 2 Aftragals, j the 6th. 8 th makes the 3 d. Fillet , the up- per- of the 6th 8th., and all the 7 th. and ^ of the laft, or upmoft 8th. makes the fecond Scotia, the {- of the laft 8th. remaining, makes the upper Fillet , which fubjoyns to the Thorns: Above the Thorns he places another Fillet, which he doth not reckon any Part of the Bafe, but part of the Body of the Column, which Fil- let is ,2 of the Body of the Column, — - 5 m. The Ionick Bafe with a Pede ftal, he thus divides into parts, viz ift Into 3 equal parts, the lower one of thefe is the heighth of the Plinth, the- re- maining, he divides into 3 e- qual parts, the upmoft of which he aftigns for the Thorns, the f- remaining, he fubdivides into 12 equal parts, ~ the lower A he afligns for the Fil- let above the Flinth , the re- maining | of r 2 , and the 3 next nths. make the firft Scotia, the 5 th 1 1 th. make the id. Fillet , the 6 and 7 th. makes the 2 Aftragals , and f- the 8th . makes the next Fillet, the o- ther | of the 8 th and the $th icth. and 11 th make the id.. Scotia , and the nth. and laft part n»akes the upper Fillet , wh ch is under the Thorns. There is alfo a Fillet above the Thorns which is of the fame heighth with that wi:h out a Pedeftal. Palladio aftigneth 30 m. for the Altitude of this Bafe, and according to his Scheme of this Member into 6 fmaller Members, 1 fi. A Plinth , (or rather as he delineates it a Cafe?nent ) of io m. 2 A Tho- rns of 7 y m. 3. A Lift of 1 \ m 4. A Scotia of 4-|-m. 5. Ano- ther Lift, or QeinBure of 1 ~ m. 6 A Thorns 6. A Thorns of 5 ^m. all, which! makes 30 m. which compleats his Bafe. Above which on the Foot of the Body of the Column, he places an Aftragal of 2 7 m. and above that a CeinBure of • 7 m. all which makes 33 i m. Scamozzi makes the IonickBaJe 30 m. high alfo, and of the fame number of parts and form with Palladio, viz. 1 ft. A Plinth, (which is concave) of 10 3 m A Thorns of 8 m. 3. A Lift of 1 Min 4. A Sco- tia of 4 i m. 5 A Lift cf 1 m. 6 . Another Thorus of 5 m. all which makes the Bafe of 30 m, above which on the Column , are 2 fmall Members more,™* An Aflragal of 2 J m. and a Lift of 1 7 m. all which added together make 3 4 m- in heighth Vignola Compofes his Ionick Bafe , of the fame number of fmall Members, and of the fame form with Vitruvius. 8. The Corinthian , ] Accord- ing to Vitruvius, is | a Module high, both in the Corinthian Column , with a Pedefial, and with out a Pedefal ; that without a Pedcflal , he makes to confift of 1 i fmailer Members, w&fz,: A Plinth , 2 Thorufes . 4 Filths, 2 Sco- tia's, and 2 Afragals : This Bafe , 'in*. r /? He divides the whole heighth into 4 equal parts, the lower one f>f thefe Divisions he afligns for the Plinth, the 3 parts remaining, he again divides into 5 equal parts, the upper one of thefe 5 he allots for the upper Thorus (which is the higheft Member in the Bafe) the lower Thorus he makeciv to contain 5 quar tersofona of thefe 5th parts, Ali the if. or lower 5th part, and f of the 2 d. fo that 7 be taken for the upper Thorus, and one 5th. and a quarter of ~ below for the lower Thorus, there remains but 2 of thefe Sths. 3 of one «;th, the which he fubdlvides into 12 equal parts of ~ of the lower 1 2th. he makes the 1 ft, or (loweft Fillet ) then -of the other 7, and all the 2 d 3 d. 4th- and f the 5th* he makes the lower Scotia of the remaining f of the 5th, 1 2th. part, he makes the id. Fillet, of the 6 and 7 c h parts he makes the a Afragals, of 5 the 8th. he makes the 3 d. Fillet , of the other \ of the 8, and all the 9, 10, and 11 and | the 1 2th, he makes the 2d. Scotia, and of the laft § of the lath, part, he makes the 4th. or laft Fillet, which fubjoyns the under fide of the upper Thorus. Above the Bafe he adds a Fillet, which is of the Diameter of the Column in heighth, which is 2f m. The Bafe for tht Corinthian Co- lumn, with its Pedejial,{ is of the lame heighth, and number cf parts, and each part hath the lame Dimenftons, with that which hath no Pedefal. Palladio makes this Bafe to contain 8 fmailer Members, viz. 1 Orlo , 2 Thorufes, 2 A fru- gal s, 2 Ceinciures ,ar,d » Scotia, 'Td s my Thoughts, that either the Author, or the Ingraver, have made a great blunder in the Divifion, and Subdivifion of this Bafe, which l exhibit to you as 1 found it.tho’ 1 do fup pofe it to be falie : The Orlo he makes 9 f m. the lower Thorus 7 m. the lower Ajlragal ftn. fthe which I am confident is too A R S C too little,) the lower Cinffure if m. the Scotia 3 i; m the next Ceintiure has nothing let to him, but he appears about the fame lize with the other Cein ciure ; then comes the next Aflragal of ~ m. and then the upper Thorus of ? m. above all thefe 8 Members of the Bafe, he places another Aflragal of 2 j m. and above thac a Cein - Bure : Thus I have given you a very lame account of this Member, but I may thank the Author, or Graver or both for it, that it is no better. Scamozzi, according to his Portraiture of this Bafe, makes it m. high, and he divides this grand Member into 8 pet ty Members of the fame Form with Palladio , viz. j. Orlo of 9 t m then a Thor us of 7 m.next an Astragal of 2 m. next a List of 1 m. then a Scotia of $ / m next another List of 1 m and then another Aflragal of 1 i m. and laft of ail, another Thorns of 4 4 m all which makes 30 m ' Above the Hale he places two other Members on the Foot of the Column, viz. An Astragal of 2 { m and a List of 1 m Vig- nola allows this Bafe to be 30 m. alfo ; and as to the Form he makes it much the fame with Vitruvius 9. Compoflte , Compound , or Roman. Vitruvius makes this Bafe to contain 30 pi. \ n Al- titude. This grand Member he divides into 10 ftnaller, viz A ILnth, 3 Taorufes, pone of which is in the middle, where the two. A Braga Is are in the Corinthian Order) 4 Fillets , and 2 Scotia , This Member he ill divides into Parts/ the lower one of which is for the Heighth of the Plinth , the other 3 Parrs he fubdivides into S, of the upper one of the 5 he makes the upper Thorus, the lower Thorus he makes of the lower 5 th and J. of the ad 5 th. (fo that the lower Thorus is f high ; the 2d yth Parts, and | remaining, he fubdivides into 12 equal Parts, of /the lower 1 ath, he makes the ift Fillet , of the other and all the 2d, 3d, 4th, and \ the 5th he makes the ift Scotia, of the remaining \ of the 5th, he makes the 2d Fillet , of the 5 th and 7th, he makes the middle Thorus • then of 1 the 8th he makes the 3d Fillet, of the re- maining l of the fcth, and all the 9th, 10th, and 11th, and f the 1 2th, he makes the 2d Scotia , of the remaining ~ of thej.ith he makes the laft Fillet, which is juft under the upper Thorus Above the Bafe , on the Foot of the Column , he makes a Fillet, which is of of the Diameter of theColumn be low. Palladio makes this Bafe 3 ° m. high, which he divides into 1 1 fmaller Members, viz, An Orlo , 2 Thrufet , 4 Lifts, 2 Scotia >, and 2 Aflragals, to the ifl. Member, being an Or- lo, (which is Concave) he al- lows 9 m- then follows 2 Tho - rufes of 7 m. then a Lifi of f m. next a Scotia of 3 m . then another Lifl of f m then the 2 Aflragals, each of 1 m. a-piece, then a Fillet, or of/ m. then a icotria of 3 m. and then another List of a m . and then the upper Thorns of 4 m. above which on the Foot of the Column, he places ano- ther B A B A ther Astragal of 5 m- and a* bove chat a Lift of 1 m. Scamozzi makes the Roman Bafe 30 m high, the which he divides amongft 7 fmaller Members, 'y/x 10 m. to a Con- cave Plinth, 7 m. to the if: Thorns, 2 m to an Afiragal, 1 m to the 1 ft Lift , 4 m. to the Scotia, 1 m. to the 2d Lift, and 5 m. to the upper Thoms , which is the higheft Member in the Bafe ; but above the Bafe, he places 2 Members, viz. An Aftragal of 2 i m and a Lift of 1 l m. Vignola makes his Roman Bafe Very much Jike Vitruvius's, only he places 2 Aftragals in the middle betwixt the 2 Sco- tia's, where Vitruvius has a Thorus. Baftlic, This among the Ancients, was a large Hall, with Porti- co’s, Ifles, Tribunes and Tri- bunal, where the Kings them- felves adminiftred Juftice ; but the Name is fomewhat diffe. rently applied now-a-days ; being given to Churches and Temples ; as alfo to certain fpacious Halls in Princes Courts, where the People hold their AftembJies, and the Merchants meet and converfe together ; as that for Inftance of the Palace at Paris. Bajzlicos . in Greek, ftgnifles Royal. Ratement. A Term ufed by fome Car- penters , fignifying thereby to abate, or waftea piece of Stuff by forming it to a defign’d Purpole. Thus, inftead of asking how much was cut off from fuch a piece of Stuff, fome Carpenters will ask what Batement that piece of Stuff had. Batten. Say fome, is a Scantling of Stuff, of 2, 3, or 4 Inches broad, and but feldom above 1 Inch thick, and the Length unlimited. But I muft tell ycm what Senfe I have obferv d Workmen to ufe it in, (by Workmen, I mean Carpenters and Joyners) which is this, viz. In Doors, and Windows of Shops, &c. which are not framed of whole Deal, or 1 ^ Inch Oak, with Stiles, Rails, and Pannels (as Wainfcot is framed) and yet they are made to appear as if they were, by Means of Pieces which are bradded on (upon the plain Boards, which are joined to- gether for) the Door, or Win- dow, all round the Edges, and fometimes crofs them , and up, and down, &c. According as how many Pannels the Workman defigns the Door, or Window fhall appear to have. Thefe Pieces which are thus bradded on to reprefent Stiles, Rails and Montans a re of different Breadths, according to the Ddign of the Artificer, as from a, to 6 or 7 Inches, and commonly on one Edge of thofe which reprefent the Stiles , and the upper and lower Rails, and on both Edges of thofe which are to appear like Montans , and middle Rails , there is commonlyfome Mould- ing ftruck ; as a pead, an O.--G. or the like. Batten E A B A Ratten Doors. i. What ] Batten Doors Site (as I faid before) fuch as feem to be Wainfcot ones, tho’ they are not fo ; for Wainfcot ones the Pannels are groved into the Framing ; but here they firft joint and glue the Boards which are cut to the full Length and Breadth of the Door-cafe, which Gluing being dry, they traverfe them over, both in Length, and Breadth, with a long Plane, and then fmooth them, and then fit on the Battens on the. Front-fide. And this is what they call fingle Batten doors' ; for you muft note, there are double Batten doors , viz. Such as are batten’d cn both Sides, tho’ that is butfeldom ufed. But there are commonly ufed batten’d Doors, which are call’d double Doors, viz. Such as are front, or outer Doors ; they are commonly made of whole Deal, and then batten’d on the out-fide, and Pieces of 4 or 5 Inches broad, miter’d round on the Edges, on the infideofthe Door, and then crofs the Door betwixt thefe Pieces, it is lined with flit Deal, which makes it level with the miter’d Pieces I have fsen fome Doors that have been lin’d with Pieces put Bereling, and not at right Angles, but near IV! iter to the Sides of the Door, and when all is plained off le- vel. it hath been divided put in R.hombufes and ftruck with a Pencil, and at th Angles of the Rhombufes, were round headed Nails driven, which added fomething of Beauty to the Work : This Way of Li- ning upon the Doors, viz. Pointing from the lower Cor- ner behind, toward the upper Corner before, I believe may be a good way to prevent a Door from fagging, or finking at the Fore-corner, when-ever the Joints fliall happen to un- glue. 2. Price.] As to the Price of fuch Doors , vid. Doors , N°. 4* where you will find Price of Materials, and Workmanfliip; but I fliall here add, that for W’orkmanlhip of making bat* ten Doors of flit Deal, about an Inch thick, (or of thin whole Deals) glued, and bat- ten’d on one Side, 4 s. per Door, is a good moderate Price : But fuch as are men- tioned above, (which are for Front, and other outer Doors) viz. both Batten’d, and Lin'd, are worth 7 per Door Wcrk- manfliip. Batter. A Term ufed by Workmen, to fignifie that a Wall, apiece of Timber, or the like, doth not Hand upright, but leans from*you-ward , when you ftand before it ; but when it leans toward you, they fay it over-hangs t or hangs. over. Bay. The Word is ufed, to figni- fie (as it were) the Magnitude of a Barn ; fcr if a Barn con- fifi: of a Floor, and two Heads, where they lay f orn, they fay a Barn of two Bays ; thefe Bays sue are from 14 to 20 Foot long, and Floors from 10 (which is the fmalleft Size) to 1 a broad, and ufually 20 long, which is the Breadth of the Barn: If a Bay be 20 Foot long, then there is commonly a pair of Prick- pojls in the middle, and a Beam to hold in the R.od from bend, ing the Raifons ; but if the Bays are not above i 6 Foot,aad the Timber flout then there is no Potts ; but at the End .of each Bay, where there is al- ways hanging Braces, framed into the Beam, and Potts, and alfo acrofsC ell to hold in the fide Cells from flying out when the Barn is fill’d ; and ’tis com- mon for large. Barns to con- fifl of divers fuch Bays. Bay-window. I underfland to be fuch a one which is compofed of an Arch of a Circle ; and fo by Conlequence, fuch a one will Band without theStrefs of the Building. By which Means Spectators may the better fee wfyat is aCled in the Street. Bead. A Moulding,fo call’d, which is commonly made upon the Edge of a piece of Stuff ; as for Example, f tis common to fee Joyners make a Moulding which is about a quarter of a Circle, on the upper Edge of a Skirting board ; alfo on the Lining of a Door- Cafe, or the like, alfo on the inner, or lower Edge of an Architrave. A Bead and a Boultin , differ very little, only in Magnitude ; for when they are large, Work men commonly call them Boultins. Sometimes a Bead- plain is fet on, upon the Edge of each Fafcia of an Architrave , and fometimes alfo this Mould- ing (efpecially in the Corinthian and Roman Order) is cut, or carved, in fhort Embofsments, which refembles .Women’s Beads in Semi-relief ; and fometimes likewile an Aftra- gal is thus carved ; in both which, thefe Carvings are call’d Beads . Beam. t. What.'] In Building is a piece of Timber, which always lies crofs the Building, into which the Feet of the prin- cipal Rafters are framed ; no Building hath lefs than a of thefe Beams, viz. one at each Head ; into thefe Beams the Girders of the Garret* floor are framed ; and if it be a Tim- ber-Building, the Teazle Ten - nons of the Pods are framed. The Teazle Tennons are made at right Angles to thofe which are made on the Polls to go into the Raifons, and the Reliflo, or Cheats of thefe Teazle Ten- nons (land up within an Inch and a half of the top of the Raifon ; and the Beam is cauked down (which is the fame as Dove-tailing a. Crofs) till the Cheeks of the Mortices in the Beam conjoin with thefe of the Teazle Tennon on the Fofls. 2. The Size.] The Beams, ac- cording to an Aft of Parlia- ment, for the re-building of the City of London, after the dreadful Fire, were appointed to be of the following. Scant- lings, viz . Foot Foot. C ij^muft be In length*' i6>in that C 1 7 J Square. And fo prcportionably to their Lengths. But in the Country , where Timber is more plentiful ; they gene- rally make their Beams Router. Sir Henry Wotton advifes, That all Beams , Girders , and Summers , ought to be of the ftrongeft, and moft durable Timber. Bear. Timber is faid to bear at its whole Length, when neither a Brick-watt, or Pojis , &c- Band between the Ends of it. But if either a Brick-wall , or Potts be trimm’d up to the Timber, then it is faid to bear only at the Diftance between the Brick-wall, or Pofi, and either end of the Timber. Thus Carpenters ufually ask what > Such a Piece of Timber has the Anfwer to fucli a De- mand, or Queftion, is io, 12, 15. &c. Foot, according to the Length of the whole Tim- ber, or elfe according to the Diftance between either End of the Timber j and a Bearer . Viz, A Poll-, or Brick- wall, that is trimm’d up between the ends of apiece of Timber to ill orten its Bearing. Bearing Inch* Inches. 71 , V 8 S and <6 10J 16 Beam-filling. . t. What.] Is PlaifterersWorfe,' ’tis only filling up the vacant Space betwixt the Raifoti and the Roof, whether Tiling* Thatching, or any other Roof. ’Tis a fort of Work that is Very cuftomary in the Country, where they do not Parge, or (which is all one) Plaifter their Garrets, they thus perform this fort of Work, viz. They take fome pieces of Stones, or elfe Bricks, and lay them be- twixt the Rafters upon the Raifon , and then Plafter upon it with Loam, or elfe they fet fome Tiles , with one edge upon the Raifon, and the other leans againft the Roof, and then upon thefe Tiles they Plaifter with Loam. 2. Price.] The ufual Price for Workmanfhip only, in the Country, is i d. per Foot, or t \ d- per Yard, Lineal Mea» fure. Bel Of a Stone , Whac. V. Stone, N. 4* Bel moulding, Or as fome will have it, Bedding moulding . Is a Term ufed commonly amongft Workmen (but 1 did neyer obferve it in any one of P the B O B O the Treatifes of the Greek , or Italian Architects. But how- ever, our modern Artificers make ufe of this ' ompound Word, to fignifie th'ofe-,. Members in a Cornice , which are be'ow the Coronet , or Crown, E. G. Tis now common for Joyners to have their Bed. moulding to con Eft of thefe 4 Members, viz. 1. (below ) an O. G. 2. A Lift 3. A large Boultin And 4th and laftly. under the Coronet another Lift. This is what they frequently call a Bed- moulding. Bevil. Any Angle that is not fquare, Is call’d a Bevel Angle ; whe- ther it be more obtufe, or more acute than a Right An- gle ; but if it be * as much as the Right Angle, viz. 45 De- grees, then Workmen call it Miter ; they have alfo a Term, half Mi ter , which is an Angle that is -} of a Quadrant, or Square, viz. An Angle of 22 t Degrees ; this they call ! Miter. Bill. All know a Bill to be an Account of Work done, Ma- terials ufed, &c As for the Method of drawing up Trades- men’s Bills we {hall givefome Examples, under the following Heads, viz. Bricklayers Bills , Carpenters Bills , Glaziers Bills , and Smiths Bills ; all which fee in their proper Places. Binding Joyfis . T. What.] Binding Joyfis , are thofe Joyfis inanyFl^fcr, into which the Trimmers of Stair- cafe (or Well- hole for the Stairs) and Chimney - ways are framed ; thefe Joyfis ought to be ftouter than common Joyfis. 2. Scantlin , or Sized] The Size of thefe, as well as all other Timber Members, was fettled by an Aft of Parlia- ment, before the Re building of London According to which Aft, Binding-Joy fis t Which contain in Length if Foot or (2 Inches. Inches, muft beC 6 ? in their< 7 ^and $ Squares. £ 8 3 So large they were order’d to be, and no lefs. They might (f fuppofe) be as much bigger as they pleafed. Boarding of Walls. See Weather-boarding. Boat . A Term ufed among Iron- mongers, to fignifie a certain fort of Nails; for which, fee Nails. Bolts. Of Iron, are of Various Sorts. In Navigation , they have B O B O have fix Kinds, for which they have diftinft Names, which we ihall not here ' d Bolts, Jhort, are a- bout le d. per piece ; long, for Folding, doors, about 18 d. per Piece. Iron Balcony bolts, about i s. There a-re alio Brafs-plate Bolts, at about 10 d per Piece. There are alfo Round bolts (or long Iron pins) with a Head at one End, and a Key Hole at the other ; thefe are com monly fold by the lb. viz. 3 d. y, or 4 d. per lb, Bond. A Termufed among# Work- men ; for when they lay, Make good Bond , they mean, fallen the two, or more Pieces of Timber well together, either with Tenanting and Morti- cing, or Dove-tailing, &c. Botham . Ts an Tron-monger’s Term, which they ufe to fignifie a certain fort of Nails - for which fee Nails, N. 2. Boulder-JValls # 1. What.] That is Walls made of round Flints, or Peb- bles, which are found where the Sea hath a Beach ca# up, and alfo at fome other Places where there are plenty of Flints. 2 . The Method of building them ] As I am inform’d by a Brick- layer that hath been ufed to luch Work ; ’tis their ufual Way (if they can fo fit it) for two to work upon it at a Time, one at one fide of the Wall, the other at the other fide, and one to be Right- handed, the other left ; for two luch fit bell to work to- gether in this fort of Work s They have a Hodd of Mortar pour'd down on their Work, and fo they part it betwixt them, fpreading it each to- ward hi mfelf, and then they lay their Boulders, or Fli?its ; But he fays, They always work with a very flifF Mortar, and had need to have a good Length of Work before them ; for they work but one Courfe in Heighth at a Time ; for, faith he, If we fhould do more, it would be apt to fwell out at the Sides, and run down ; and therefore we are forced to work continually in Length ; He faith likewife, That if in chance to be mifty Weather, ’tis very difficult to make the work Hand. 3. Price] He tells me, That their Cuftom is to work by the Square, or too Foot ; for which their ufual Price is 12 r. for Workmanfnip only. D 2 Boult:, Boults , See Baits. Boult in . In Archite&ure, is a Con- vex-moulding , that con- ilfts of an exaft ^ of a Circle j being the Member next below the Plinth in Tufcan and Dorick Capital, See Quarter Round. Brace. In a Building, is a piece of Timber, which is framed in with Bevel Joints Its ufe is to keep the Building from fwerving, either this, or that way ; they are fometimes call'd Strutts , viz. When they are fram'd in the King-piece , and principal Rafters. 18, 19,20,22', 23, 28, and 32 lb. per M. 7. Ditto Brong. J For hard Wood-Joyfts, the Sorts are 14, 20, 34,44, ar *d 54 lb. per M. N. B. All Bill* brads, alias Quarter-heads , are very fit for fhallow Joyfts that are fubjett to warp, or for Floors laid in Hafte, or by unskilful Per- fons, becaufe the Bill to the Head will hinder the Boards from flatting from the Joyfts, but doth not make fo fmooth Work as the plain Brads. LaftJy, As to the Prices of Brads, I {hall fet, down but a few at prefent, which fhall be thefe following, viz. 1. Of Batten* brads ; in the Country they vulgarly call ’em Joyner s-br ads, the ufual Price C 2 7 7 20 d» of a M. of*^ it 5 * Inch is >1 5 C U Brads . What ] Are a fort of Nails without Heads, fome Iron- mongers diftinguilh them by fix Names, as followeth, viz. 2. Joyners .] Plain for hard Wood- wainfcot, from 1 Inch to j J in Length. 3. Batten.'] For foft Wood- wainfcot, the Sorts are, 1 d. 2 d. 3 d. Ditto, large 4 d. Ditto large, %d 6 d. 4. Flooring.] Plain for foft Wood, Joyfts, the Sorts are 14, r St *8, 19, 20, *r, 22, 23, 28, 32, and 36 lb. per M. $ Ditto ftrong.] Fit for hard Joyfts, the Sorts are ij, 18, 19, 24, and 32 lb. perM. 6 Quarter.heads ] For foft 2. Of Quarter-heads , or Bilim brads for foft Wood- floors, the ufual Price ofaM- of Wood the Sorts are io. 13. \$ 9 \Tbem t lb. is Break-in . Is a Term ufed by Carpen- ters, when they cut, (or rather break J a Hole in Brick- walls with their Ripping-chifleL Breft. A Term in Architecture, made ufe of by fome to figni- fle the fame Member in a Column, that others call a A Brers* A Brew-ioufe. None need be told what it is ; but what I here mention it for, is becaufe it is a necef- fary Part in all Dwelling- houfes, efpecially in the Coun- try : Now Sir Henry Wotton , in his Elem.Arch. faith, That all Offices that require Heat ; as Brew-houfes , Bake boufes , Wafa boufes, Kitchins, and the like, ought to be placed in the Me- ridional Part of the Building, if the Pofition of the Houfe, in refpeft of the High-ftreet or the like will admit of it ; for it would be but an odd Contrivance, if a Houfe Hood on the North-Qde of a High- ftreet, to place all the Offices in the Front of it ; and it would be very ridiculous to pafs thro’ a Bake houfe, Brew- houfe, or Walh houfe, into Rooms of Entertainment, in a Noble-man’s, or Gentleman’s Houfe : And therefore we may fee the old Proverb holds good Rill, ajiz. That there is no ge- neral Rule, without fome Ex- ception. Breft-fummers. In a Timber Building, are Pieces into which the Girders are framed, in all the Floors, but the Ground-floor (then they call it a Cell) and Garret- floor, (then it is call’d a Beam.) As to their Size, or Square, ’tis the fame by the A£l of Parliament with Girders , which fee. You muft note by the way, that I do not mean all the Pieces which have Girders framed into them, ( and are not in the Garret, or Ground- floor.) But I mean all fuch Pieces which are in the exte- rior Part of the Building, whether in the Front, Flanks, or Rear of the Building ; for you mud note the Pieces in the internal Part of the Build- ing, into which the Girders are framed, are call’d Summers . The Breft-fummers in London, Mr. Leyboum faith, are ufed to be meafured by the Foot, run- ning Meafure ; but whether he means only for the Work, or Timber, or both, I do not know : Now Com . Comer faith. That Breft-fummers , in London , are valued by the folid Foot, if of Oak 3 s. per Foot j if Fir, 2 s. Bricks . i . What.] All know them to be a fi&itious or artificial kind of Stone, of a reddifli Colour ; and as to their Form and Magnitude ’tis various, as alfo their Ufes, of both which, and likewife their Confiftence, we (hall fpeak in their due Places. II. Whereof made 1 I will iff, tell you what Pliny faith of this Matter ; he faith, That if you would have good Bricks , they mull: not be made of any Earth that is full of Sand or Gravel, nor of fuch as is gritty and ftony, but of a grayilh Marl, or whitifii chalky Clay ; or at leaft a reddifli Earth, But in Cafe you are forced to ufe that which is Tandy, be fure t@ make choice of that kind of Sand which is tough and D 3 ftrong. B R B R ftrong. The beft Seafon (faith Pliny) is in the Spring, to make Bricks ; for in the middle of the Summer, they are fubjeft to crack and be full of Chinks. He further addeth, That the Lome, of which Bricks are made, ought to be well Beeped, or foaked, and wrought with Water- Mr. Inca, in Mec. Ex. faith, That Bricks are made of Earth, of which the whitilh chalky Sort of Earth, and the red- difli, are beft At Lunenburgh in Saxony, they make them of a fac Earth, full of Allom. Alfo there are good Bricks made at Patane in Afia, of a Pumice fort of .Earth, which being dried, will fwim in Water, and not fink. The Ancients likewife made them of Earth which was fandy. But here, in England , they are made for the moft part of a yellowifti colour’d fat Earth, fL mew hat reddifh, [vulgarly call’d Lome ] Mr. Leybourn faith, Bricks are made of a reddifh Earth, which ought to be digged before Winter, but not made into Bricks till the Spring Seafon. III. Of their Kinds , and Ap- pellations.] The Sorts or Kinds of Bricks are as various as their Appellations, and their Ap pellations are attributed to them for Diftin&ion fake (as the Names of all other Things are) thereby to be known. And thefe different Names were at firPr Impofed upon them, ac> cording as the firft Donors of thsfe Names thought they did. fee a Reafon to beftow Rich Names on them, either from fome Accident in their making, or from their Dimenfions, or from their Form or Figure, or from Cuftom, or from Method in making or from the Place where or by whom made, or from their Ufe, &c. Now thefe which derive their Names from Accident, are Clinkers , Samel, or Sandal : Thofe from their Dimenlions, arc the great and fmall (or Statute) and Didoron, Tetradorm , and Pentadoron : Thofe from their Form ami Figure, are C ompafs, Concave, Feather-edgy , and Triangular ; thofe from Cuftom, Statute, and Cogging. Thofe from the Method of making, are Place, and Stock-bricks. Thofe from the Place where, or by whom, are Dutch , or Flemijh ; and thofe from their Ufe, are Butt ere fs, or Pilafter, Coping and Paving, Of all which we fhall treat in their Order And, i. Compafs- bricks.] Thefe are of a circular Form ; their Ufe is for Steening of Walls; the which I was told by an ancient experienced Workman, he ufed to perform thus, viz. t He hav- ing firft laid a good Bed of Clay, for the Bottom, they paved it with Common or Sta- tute bricks , only laid down on it, and well fettled thereon; and then they began their Compafs-work with the Com- pafs bricks , and as they carried up their Courfes, they ramm’d Clay in behind them (for they had Room left behind for the Purpofe) which made all the Joynts of the Bricks pen dole and tight together* He faith. He hath done fuchWork, where the Walls have been but a little Depth in the Ground, and in a loofe open Mold (where the Water hath been brought in by Concave-brick!;) and hath known fome which he did betwixt 20 and 30 Years ago to do very well. As to the Price of thefe Bricks, he could not certainly tell me ; but he thought, not much dearer than common or Statute bricks ; but then he faith, He that hath them made for his Ufe, is commonly at the Charge of a Mold made according to the Circumfe- rence of his Wall. 2. Concave, or hollow Bricks,'] Thefe are like Statute , cr common Brick on one' Side, but on the other S'de they have a Concavity, which is Semicy* lindrical, This Cavity is a bout | n-. deep, and 1 \ n. broad ; fo that when 2 of thefe Bricks are placed with their Hollows together, they are like a Pipe of 1 { Bore ; thty are ufually about 1 2 n long 4 t broad and 2 \ n. thick As to their laying them in the* Ground , they generally do it in Clay ; , but an ancient Workman did inform me, 7 hat there muft be Care taken, that there do not grow any Trees, Bufhes or Brambles over thefe Bricks where they are laid to convey Water, nor yet very near them; for if there do, their Roots are apt to get in betwixt the Joynts of the Bricks, and there dilate them- felves with fibrous Roots, which meet together like a Ball of Hair, in the Conca- vity? which will endanger the (lopping of ir, and hinder the Current of Water. Now, if this Annoyance could be in- fallibly prevented, it would be the cheapdl Way I know of to Convey Water to a Houfe ; for 6 or 8 s worth of Bricks would do about 6 Rods ; and then fuppofe, that the Ditch digging, and laying the Bricks, the Charge of Clay, and ram- ming up again, Ihould be as much more, viz. 6 or 8 s. for 6 Rods ; according to this Propofal, 1 Rod would coll but 2 s. or a s. 8 d. and if the fore-cited Obje&ion could be removed, this Work would lafl (I had almofl faid) for ever : It would not be the 6th Part of the Price of Lead pipes, and every whit as ferviceable, if not to be preferr’d before them ; becaufe I do not fup- pofe the Prods would hurtthis (tho’ it often burfls Leaden- pipes) , for put the Cafe the Water fhould be frozen up in them, the Ice would then, I do believe, by its Expanfion, open the Joynts of the Bricks ; but we may well fuppofefrom the Nature of the Thing, that they will come together in their due Places when the Frod is gone by the natural Gra- vity of the Earth ; for then there will be no folid Body betwixt the Joynts, to hinder the doling again of ths Bricks. Altho’ Alder fifes be much cheaper than Lead-, thefe Bricks , will not be much above (if they are at all) half the Price of Alder fipes As to the Price of thefe Bricks , I have known them fold in Kent for 4 s. per Hun- D 4 died dred, and in Suffix for 3 /. 200 of thefe Bricks at a Foot long will lay 6 Rods. 3. Cogging-bricks,] Are a kind of Bricks which are in ufe in lome Parts of Suffiex to make their Toothing , or Indented Work under the Cepeing of Walls, built q( great Bricks, They are about 10 n long, 4 n. broad, and 2 ^ n thick , and are commonly fold at the Price of common Bricks. In ufing them, they lay them on the top of the Wall, juft under the Coping bricks , in an Oblique Polition, fo that one Corner,, or Angle projects over about 2 § n. on one fide, and the Oppofite Diago- nal Angle at the other, and projects as much over the other fide. 4. Copeing- bricks,] Are necefla- ry Concomitants to great Bricks for building Fence-walls, and are much ufed in fome Parts of Suffiex. The Size and Form of thefe Cope ing- bricks, are as follow, mist. They are about 12 n. fqtiare, and 4 f n. thick, ha- ving one flat or plain fide, and 2 flat ends, the 2 edges and upper fide, are all compre bended under one Curveli- near Surface, the 2 edges con fifting of 2 Boultins, join’d by 2 Cafements , or Hollows, to an Mragal , which is the top of the Brick, after this Form — Their ufual Price is from 1 2 to 1 6 s. per hundred. 5 . Dutch . or Flemijh Bricks. 3 I am informed hy one, tha they are 6 i n. 2 f broad and 1 I n thick ; another tells me that they are 6 n. long 3 n. broad, and 1 n. thick, as for my own part, I never meafured any of them. They are of a yellowifh Col. The Paveing with thefe Bricks, is neater and ftronger than common. They muft be layed in Sand. They are commonly ufed herein England, to pave Yards and Stables withal, and they make a good Pavement, and are very lading, and being laid edge ways, look hand- fomely, efpecially if laid Her- ring-bone falhion. They are alfo ufed in Soap- boilers Fats, and in making of Cifterns. If we allow - n. for the Joint, then 72 of thofe which are 6 i n. long and 2 f broad, will pave a Yard Square, but if they are fet on edge, it will require 1 1 3 to pave a fquare Yard. But of the otherSize 6 n long, 3 n. broad, and 1 n.thick, being laid the flat way, 63 will pave a fquare Yard, but being fet edge-ways, it will require 165 to pave a Superficial Yard. Thefe Bricks are ufually fold for 2 /. per Hundred at London. 6. Clinkers , J Are fuch Bricks as have much Nitre, or Salt- peter in them, which with the violence of the Fire runs and Glazes them. 7 Didoron] Were a fort of Bricks ufed by the Ancients, which were 1 f Foot long, or 2 Spans, [ the word Doron be- ing Greek for a Span, or the fpace betwixt the top of the Thumb, and little Finger ex- tended j and 1 Foot broad s Thefe were the fmalleft fort , B R B R of Bricks ufed by the Greeks about their private Buildings ; they having 2 larger Sizes for their publick Buildings, as you will find by the Sequel of the Difcourfe. 8. Feather-edge, ] Arc a fort of Bricks formerly ufedinfome parts of Kent and Sujfex , they being of the fame Size with Statute -bricks, but made thin- ner at one edge, than they are at the other, on purpofetoipen up their Bri ck- panne Is ( as they call’d them) in Timber Buil- dings, and they were ufually fold amongft the Statute-hricks for that Purpofe. 9. Great Bricks. ] They are a fort of Bricks that are 12 n long. 6 n. broad, and 3 n thick. The weight of one of thof bBricks being examined, it wasfound to be about 1 5 ife - f° that 100 will weigh about * 5 00 Ife- and a Thoufand 15000 jfe. which is 6 Tun 1 3 c. 3 q. 20 ft- So that about 150 will be a Tun weight. The ufe of thefe Bricks , is to build Fence-walls, together with Pilafer, or Buttrefs- Bricks, and Cope ing Bricks : I know one Place in Sujfex, where they are much in ufe for that Purpofe, Thefe Walls are but 6 n. thick, only at the Pilajiers they are 12 n. thick, and they ufually fet a pilajier at every 10 Foot. 1 know a Wall of about 9 Foot high, of thefe fort of Bricks that {lands very well, which hath been built near, 30 Years : I am informed they are much cheaper than Brick, and -f- Walls, or 14 n. Walls of Sta- tute-bricks ; of which fee Walls N. IV. Thefe Bricks are ufually fold at 2 1. per Thoufand, which is 4 s.per Hundred. 1 o. Paving-bricks. ] They are by fome call’d Paving-Tiles . Of thefe fort of Bricks . there are various Sizes, according to the Fancy of Workmen, and the Cuftom of Places, Thefe, faith Mr. Leybourn are of feveral Si- zes, viz.. 6. 8, 10. and 12 n. fquare, in Value from 6 to 20 s. per Hundred, and if you would know r how many of ei- ther fort will pave a Room, or the like, Note that Bricks of ? ? Inches Square ^will pave a J 12 J Square Yard. In Surry , and feveral Coun- ties of England , are made Pa- ving-Bricks of 3 feveral Mag- nitudes, viz. 12 n. fquare, and 1 i n. thick, 10 n. fquare, and 1 4 n. thick,) and 8 n. fquare, and 1 n< thick, either of thefe forts being Polilhed, or rub- bed with lharp Sand on the Surface, and well joyned, and the fides made equal by hew- ing them with a Brick-ax, and rubbing them on a rubbing Stone with lharp Sand, makes • " m an excellent Pavement, and ve- ry pleafing to the Eye, efpecial- Jy when laid Arras, ways. I have feen Experiments made on fome Suffix Paving bricks , which were 6 \ n. fquare i l n. thick, 2 of them weigh- ed u tb- Tare, fo that 100 of them would weigh 550 jb and aiooo 5500 lb* and by con fequence about 407 of them would weigh a Tun. I have known fome made of 9 n. fquare in Suffiex , which ufe to be fold for about 8 s. per Hundred. An experienced old Work- man told me he had made Pa- ving Bricks of Clay that were 15 n. fquare, which he was Very much troubled to prevent their warping. Thefe Bricks, when burnt, were of a pale red Colour, as were alfo fome which he made 6 n. fquare of another fort of Clay, fome Miles diftant from the former. He faith, that Paving Brick*, made [of Lome, have the red- deft Colour, when burnt •* But they ought to be made of bet ter Earth than common Bricks , tho’ they feldom are, by thofe that make them for Sale. He faith alfo, that bdide the goodnefs of the Earth in Pav- ing Bricks , there ought to be a great deal of care taken in the drying of them, to prevent their warping, and alfo when they are dry, to take them and drefs them fmooth and ftrait, on that which is to be the up- per Surface, and alfo to pare the edges ftraighr, and a little under, making an acute An- gle with the upper fide, and to fee that they be exa&ly fquare, and then put them in the Kiln, and burn them The ufual Price of 9, or 10 n. Paving bricks is from 8 to 1 ax per ioo in the Country. I have known 10 n. ones from Surry brought by Water to Sea-porc- towns in Kent and suffex, and foil for 10/ per 100 . 1 1. Pantadoron, ] Are a fort of Bricks in ufe formerly among the Greeks , being 3 f. 9 n long, and 1 f. broad, with thefe they did build their publick Edifi- ces. See Didoron 12. Place bricks ] This is a general name for all forts of Bricks that are made after the infuing Method, from whence they derive their Name Now Workmen tell me they are forced to have above one Me- thod in making of Bricks, not for Fancy fake, but out of pure Neceflity ; the Reafon of which proceeds from certain different Qualities, inherent in different Earths. But to proceed, Place bricks , and Stockm bricks are the 2 Kinds that re- ceive their Names from the Method of their making. Place.bricks are generally made in the Eajlern 'part of Sufi fex ; fo call’d, becaufe there is a Place juft by where they Strike (or MoldJ their Bricks, which is a level fmooth piece of Ground, prepared for the Bearer-off (who carries the Bricks from the Striker) to lay them fingly down in Rows [which they call Kicks) as foon as they are Molded, and there they are left till they are a lit- tle dried, viz,. Till they are iff enough to be turned on ieir Edges, a ndDreft (that is, cut cut off their Inequalities, and Raggednefs)and when they are dry, they carry them to the Hacks (or Places where they row them up, like a Wall ol 2 Bricks thick, with fome lmall Intervals betwixt them, to ad-' mit the Wind and Air to dry them ) when the Hack is fill’d they are covered with Straw on the top, till they are dry enough to be carried to the Kiln to be burnt. r 3. PilaStcr, or Buttrefs bricks.] Thefe Bricks are of the fame length, breadth, and thicknefs with the great Bricks , 6 . 9. they differ from them only in this; they have a notch atone end, which is half the breadth of the Brick , in breadth, and alfo in the length ; they are made in the fame Mold with the great Bricks , only when they make Pilafler Bricks , they put into one corner of the Mold, a Cube of Wood of 3 n. fquare ; which piece caufes the notch in the Ericks when they are Molded. The ufe of thefe Bricks is to Bond the Work at the Pilafler * of Fence walls , built of great Ericks. Thefe Pilafters are made a Foot fquare viz. A Brick in length, or 2 Bricks in breadth, alternately through- out the whole heighth of the Pilafler. So that the Pilafter ftands out 3 n. beyond the Sur- face of the Wall on each fide. 14. Samel, or Sandal. bricks,] Are thofe which lie out moft in a Kiln, or Clamp, where the Selt-peter is not digefted for want of Heat and thefe are very foft. and will foon moulder to dirt. 15. Stock bricks,] Thefe dif- fer not from Place bricks in Form ; their difference lying conceal’d in the Quality of the Earth ; they are made upon a Stock, viz, The Mould is put on a Stock , after the manner of Moulding,or Striking of Tiles, and when one Brick is Mould- ed, they lay it on a little piece of Board, a little longer than the Brick, and on that Brick they lay another piece of Board, like the firft, and on that another Brick ; after this manner, they lay 3 Bricks on one another, and fo they con- tinue to ftrike and place them on the Stage, as they do Tiles, till the Stage is full, and then they take each 3 fuccefiively, and carry them to the Hacks , and turn them down on their edges ; fo that there will be the thicknefs of a thin piece of Board betwixt each Brick. When theHack is fill’d with one heighth of Bricks, from oqe end to the other, then they be- gin to fet them up upon thofe, which were firft laid on the Hack, by that time they will be little dried, and will bear the others;for they areMoulded of very ftiff Earth; when they come to fet a fecond or third, &c. Heighth, or Courfe they cater them a little, as they call it, to prevent their reeling : When the Hack is as high as they think fit, they cover them with Straw, as they do Place » Bri-cks till they are dry enough to burn. This way Work- men tell me is more trouble than the other w’ay, viz. of [making Place bricks, and for | making and burning (befides ■ ths B R the digging of the Earth) they have 6s. per 1000, which is i s. per i ooo more than they ufually have for making of Pi ace- bricks : But they are forced to make them fo, be- caufe, if they lay them abroad in a Place to dry, as they do Place-bricks , the Nature of the Earth is fuch, that they will burft to pieces. I very well remember an Inftance of this Kind, that was told me by an ancient ex- perienced maker of Bricks and Tiles ; one that ufed to make Bricks about the Country (in Kent and Sujfex) for Gentle- men : This Man was fent for to Rumford in Ejfex to make loojooo of Bricks there for a Gentleman ; he having pro- cur’d his Materials and Uten- fils, went to Work (unad- vifedly, not knowing the Qua Jity of the Earth) and having Rruck about a 1000, when they had layen in the Place to dry, (according to the way of making Place-bricks) till about jo a-Clock. when the Sun be- gan to Brine very hot, his whole iooo of Bricks burft to pieces, fo that he was forced to throw them all away, and then went to work again, and ftruck more ; and then, be fore the Sun (hone too hot, he i thackt them, ( i- e. cover’d them) over with Straw till the next Morning, and then he raked off the Straw with a Rake, and they did very well when they came to be fet on the Hack ; and when they were burnt, they were curious red Bricks, that would ring, when they were hit with any hard B R Thing. They did always u^ e to make Stock-bricks at this Place, before he found the way of making Place-bricks of this fort of Earth. 1 6 . Statute, fmall, or common Bricks ] Their Dimenfions, viz.. Of the Mold by the Statute, ought to be, as follows, viz. In length within 9 n. in Breadth 4^ n. and in Thick- nefs 2 \ n. Bricks made in fuch a Mold (the Earth being firft well temper’d) dried, and burnt, they will be lefs and lighter, yet they fhrink in Thicknefs but little ;in Breadth lefs, and in their Length not difcernable : The Weight of Bricks is uncertain, the Gra- vity of Earths being very dif- ferent alfo ; yet commonly one Brick will weigh about $ faith Mr. Ley bourn, and wiil contain 90 Cubick Inches, and fromfome Molds joo. 1 once made an Obfervation on the Weight of Statute Bricks , I took 4, and meafured them, and weighed them, I found each Brick to be 9 n. long, 4 j n. broad, and 2 -f n. thick, and I found that the 4 weigh'd 22 }b* fo that Qoe did weigh ? i tfe- and 1 00 of thefe would weigh $50 |b- an d a jooo, 5:500 ib* and about 407 will be a Tun Weight. Thefe were Sujfex Bricks, of which they commonly reckon 500 to the Load, which NumberofBricks, according to this Proportion, will weigh about 24 Hundred and a half Thefe Bricks are frequently ufed in Paving of Cellars, Walb-houfes, Sinks and Fire- hearths, and the like, 30 of thefe thefe made, according to the Statute, will pave a Yard fquare, and 330 of them will pave a Square of 100 Foot. But you muft Note, ’tis here meant, when the Bricks are laid the flat way, and not fet on their Edges; for then it will take up near as many more. But, I have it from Obfer- Vation, That there muft be 32 Bricks laid flat to pave a Yard, and 6 * Bricks fet an Edge to pave a Yard fquare. I find alfo by Computation, from an Obfervation, That there muft be 4600 Statute- bricks to make a fuperficial Statute- rod of Brick work, at a Brick and f thick, and by Confequence 1700 to the Square, and 155 to the fuper* ficial Yard; on a Wall of a 1 i Brick thick, V. P. Numb. VIII Mortar , the Quantity to a Rod of Brick-work. ] Some allow more than others do, and the Truth is, they may well enough do fo ; for fome Workmen have got a Habit of making larger Joints than others. Some ufually allow about a Load of Lime, and two Load and a half of Sand (at 36Bufhelsto the Load of SandJ to a Rod of Brick work, or 4600 of Statute-bricks. And fome others allow a Load and half a quar- ter of Lime, and 2 Load of Sand, i. e. two Bulhels of Sand to one of Lime ; and others will allow but I i Load of Sand to a Load and i of Lime. Price of thefe Statute or common Bricks.] This is various , for in different Parts of the King- dom, they commonly have a different Price, which is not all neither ; for Bricks in the fame Kiln, fhall have a diffe- rent Price fometimes, if the Maker of them be to lay them in at a greater Diftance than ufual ; and as Mr. heybourn faith, Something ought to be confidered, in refpeft to Work- mens Wages, and the Price of Fuel to burn them with ; but, faith he I never knew them cheaper than 9 s. nor dearer than 1 8 s.per 1000, deliver’d in a ny part of London. In fome Parts of Suffex and Kent, I have known Statute, or Common bricks, fold for 1 6 s. per 1000, laid in a Mile or 2 diftant from the Kiln, and at others for 20 At another Place in Sujfex, they fell them at 2 $ s per 1000, if they lay them in about 2 or 3 Miles diftant, that within this 10 or 12 Years, they did fell them there for 20 s. per 1000 ; but fince the late War began, the Iron- works in that part of the Country, have devour’d a great Quantity of their Wood, fo that Fuel, of late Years, is got to be a fourth or more dearer than it did ufe to be j upon this Account they have now raifed their Bricks to 15 s. per ick'o. Mr. Wing tells us, That in Rutland Bricks are but 1 2 s . per 1000 at the Kiln. The Price of making’ Statute - bricks] In the Country, their ufual Price is 6 d per 1000 for the Molder, the Bearer off hath 4 d. and he that tem- pers the Earth ready for Ufe, hath 4 d per 1 qcq ; and he B R B R that diggs it hath 6 d per loco ; for making the EarcH ready (after it is digged, the digg- ing being not reckon’d into the making/ molding, bear* ing off, &c and burning, their ufual Price is 5 s. per 1 oco. Mr. Leybourn teiis us, That about London , they allow the Molder 4 d. 5 d. or 6 d. per 1 coo; and that Bricks made at Home will Brand the, Maker of them in (befides the value of the Earth) betwixt $ and 6 s. per 1000. But I am fenfi- ble it will be more in Kent and Sujfex , at leaft fome Parts of thofe Countries. *7. Tetradoron. J An ancient fort of Greek Bricks, which were 3 Foot, or 4 Spans long ; and one Foot broad, being one of their larger Size, wirh which they built their publick Build ings. See Didoron. 18 Triangular Bricks'] This Form of Bricks is defcribed by Daniel Barbaro , Patriarch of Aquileia, in his largeft Edition of his Comment upon Vitruvi- us. He would have thefe Triangular Bricks confift of an equilateral Triangle, each Side to be a Foot, and the Thicknefs but an Inch and a half. This fort of Bricks he highly commends to us for many good Properties ; as [ft. That they are commodious in the Management. 2dly. Of lefs Expence, idly. Of fairer Shew, adding much Beauty and Strength to the mural Angles, where they fall gracefully into an indented Work : So that Sir Henry Wotton wonders that we (in England) have not taken them into Ufe, being pro- pounded by a Man of fo good Authority in this Kind of Knowledge ; but the Truth is. That all Nations are apt to ftart at Novelties, and are very apt to be wedded to their own Ways and Methods. IV. Of the Method of Making .J Of this fee Stock and Place- Bricks . Mr. Worlidge , in his Sytf. Agricul. is for exciting Brick -makers to try their Skill, in making a Compo- fitiorc of Clay and Sand, of which they may form in Molds, Window frames for Houfes, of different Forms and Magni- tudes, and alfo Chimney-pieces , and Frames for Doors , &c. in feveral Pieces made in Molds, that when they are burnt, they may be fet together with a fine red Cement, and feem to be as one intire Piece ; whereby may be imitated all manner of Stone*work now ufed in Build- ing, and it will very well fup- ply its Defeat where Stones are wanting , or fcarce and dear and alfo fave very much Timber, which is now ufed in Brick-Buildings , and ap- pear much more compleat and beautiful, and be of greater Strength and more durable for lading, than Timber, or ordinary Brick ; and one wou’d think it Ihould be very feafi- ble, as we may perceive by the Earthen pipes made fine, thin, and durable, to carry Water under Ground at Portf. mouth in Ha?npjh ire, and by the Earthen- backs, and Grates for Chimneys, made by Sir John Winter , formerly at Charing- Crofs, of a great Bignefs and Thicknefs, which are evident, and B R B R and fufficient Demonftrations of the Pofiibility of making Work fine, thin, and light, for Tiles , either plain or curved , and for making of greater work in Moulds, and through burning of them, for Doors, Windows, and Chimney •frames , &c This, faith he, is one of the mod feafible, and beneficial Operations that I know in England to be negle&ed. It is really my Thoughts, much might be done concern- ing making of Chimney pieces, Stone-mouldings , and Architraves Doors, and Windows, and Ar- chitraves or Fafcias for Fronts of Buildings &c if that Men of this Profefiion would but fet their Minds to work, to con- trive fome good Compofition of Earth, and a way to ma- nage it well in Molding, Burn- ing, &c. But { the more is the Pity) Men of this Profefiion are like the Materials they work upon, viz. heavy and lumpilh. It might be made a Query whether a Compofition of Earth, fomething like to com- mon Crockers Earth, would not in fome Meafure anfiwer the Defign, fince it is appa- rent, That whatever Form the Crockers are pleafed to put their Earth into, it retains it after drying and burning, al- tho’ Crocks, and luch like Things are formed very thin : Now, fuppofe that Chimney pieces , or the like, were made in Molds, and dried and burnt, when they came to.be fet up, if*they were not thought fmooth enough, they might be polifhed with fharp Sand and Water, or a pUce of fharp Stone, and Water. Or were there but Care taken of fiich Things as thefe (which are for Ornament, as well as Ufe) when they were half dry, or more in the Air, then to let them be polifhed over with an Inftrumentfor the Purpofe, either of Copper, or Iron, or fome hard Body, and then leave them till they were dry enough to burn ; Vis my Thoughts fuch would not want much policing afterwards. And let me further add, I am very apt to think, that in- genious Men of this Profefiion, might make very handfome and beautiful Chimney-pieces , Stone Moldings for Doors , &c. fit for Noblemen’s Houfes, and all others that would be at the Charge. What I would here pro- pofe is by way of Glazing, as Potters do their fine Earthen Ware, either white, or any other Colour, or it might be vein’d in Imitation of Marble, or be painted and anneal’d with Figures of various Colours, or fome Hifiory, Perfpe&ive, or the like, which would be much cheaper, if not alfo as durable, and every whit as beautiful as Marble it felf. And, had I Time, and Room in this fmall Treatife, I could here have ad- ded the Methods of Glazing, and painting of various Co- lours to have encouraged the Lovers of fuch Arts, to fet their Heads to work at it So that I am inclined to think, we rather want Art or Inge, nuity, and indufiry, than Ma- terials B R B_R terials to fatisfie our greatejl Curiofity in Building. ’Tis not the Bafenefs of our Englifh Materials, but want of Skill, and Diligence in managing them, that make our Englifh Buildings in the lead Meafure inferiour to any Foreign ones : I well remember an Inftance of this Nature, which was an Obfervation of an EngliJI) Am- balTadour, which was this, viz. That we ough£ not to be dif- couraged with our ignoble Materials for Building, which we ufe in England , in compa- rifon of the Marbles of Afia, and Numidia : For, faith he, I have often at Venice viewed with much Pleafure, an Anti- porch, after the Greek Manner, erefted by Andre as Palladio upon 8 Columns of the Roman Order, the Backs of Stone without Pedeftals, the Shafts or Bodies of mere Brick, 3 i- Foot in Diameter below, and confequently 35 Foot high, as himfelf hath defcribed them in his fecond Book, than which, faith the AmbaBadour, mine Eyes never yet beheU any Columns more ftately of Stone, or Marble ; for the Bricks were firft formed in a Circular Mold, and were cut before they were burnt, into 4 Quarters, or Quadrants, or more than 4 Parts ; for he could not cer- tainly tell how many the Tides were ; afterwards in laying, jointed fo clofe and nicely, and the Points concenter’d fo exa&ly, that the Pillars ap- pear one entire Piece. And therefore I would not ha vq Englifh Men be diflieart- r.ed, chat we do here want thofe firm and folid Stones, which Nature hath furniQied other Nations with 5 but ra- ther to exercife their Ingenui- ty, to fupply our felves by Art, with thofe things which Providence hath thought fit we fhould want, unlefs we would do fo. And if we can but bring fuch things to Per- feftion which have been here hinted at, it may hereafter re- dound to the Honour of the EngliJhN&tion . I mention thefe things here purely to flir up inquifitive Perfons, to en- deavour after an Improvement of fuch Arts, and that they might not be fo ftupid, as t6 fuppofe, That either they, or their Fore-fathers, were arri- ved at the ne plus ultra of this, or any other Art ; and to per- fwade them, (if poflible) to throw off that flothful and dan- gerous Principle, of retting contented with being pofleffed with the fame degree of Know- ledge, which our Predeceflors had before us; and of think- ing that they have skill enough, becaufe the barbarous part of the World, doth not pra&ice fo much as they : But I would very fain, (if it lay in my Pow- er) prevail upon Mechanicks, to fee what Improvements in their Profellions they can bring forth V. Of the Method of Earning Bricks , &c. ] All Bricks that are burnt, are burnt either in Kilns or Clamps An experienced old Brick- burner, or Maker, tells me. That his (and fome other ex- perienced Brick- burners) Me- thod in burning of Bricks and Tiles, Tiles , was thus, viz. The Kiln being fet, and cover’d with Pieces of Bricks, they firft put in fome Cord, (or great) Wood to dry the Ware, with a gentle, even Heat or Fire ; which Fire they continue till the' Ware is pretty dry ; udiich they know by obferving the Reek which afcends out at the Top of the Kiln ; for when it is changed from a thick Va- pour, betivixt a whitiih and darkiih Colour, to a kind of a black Smoke, which is more tranfparent than the Vapour which firft arofefrom the Kiln ; after this blackilh Smoke hath afcended for fome Time they put in no more great Wood, but proceed to make ready for burning ; which is performed, either with Spray, Bu(h, Furz, Heath, Brake ,or Fern- Faggots ; but before they put in any Faggots, they dam in up the Mouth of the Kiln ( or Mouths ; for fome Kilnrhave more than one Mouth) withthat Shinlog, as they call it (which is pieces of Bricks piled upon each other, with wet Brick* Earth, inftead of Mortar.) This shinlog they makefo high, that there is but^ juft room above it to thruft in a Faggot, viz. Betwixt a i Foot and 2 Foot ; for the whole Heighth of the Mouth is about 3 Foot. The Mouth being thus Shin- log’d, they proceed to put in Faggots, till they make the Kiln and its Arches look white with Heat, and the Fire be- gins to appear at the Top of j the Kiln, and the Kiln and Arches below begin to change from white to a grey ilh Colours then he faith, they flacken the Fire for fome Time, viz., for about {- an Hour, or an Hour, as they think fit, 'that the Fire, or Heat, may afcend to the. Top of the Kiln, by the Motion of the Air in at the Mouth, and alfo that the low« er Ware may fettle and cool, and noc be burnt more than that above it. Thus they con® tinue to do, heating and flacking alternately, till the Ware be thorough burnt, which it will be (he faith) in about 48 Hours : According to this Method, he faith he hath burnt many Kilns of Ware fo equally, that thofe on the Top were almoft as hard as thofe below (if noc altogether.) He told me he had burnt feveral Kilns of Tiles and Bricks together ,viz. About 3000 Bricks, and 10 or ir,ooo of Tiles, and hath not had a- bove 50 wafte, broken, and Sandal Tiles in all (which I will afliire you is very Rare) ; whereas, faith he, fuch Brick- burners as continue their Fire without any Interm iflion , make their lower Ware extream hard ; and that on the Top of Samel-bricks, or Tiles? nay, and which is worfe, they make the lower Ones run fo with the excefllve Heat, that they are almoft united in one entire Body ; fo that they are forced to get them out with Wringers (or Iron-bars) and each Bolt of Tiles ftiali be one entire Mafs, (wh'ch I have obferved my felf. ) And then, as to ccoling of Kilns of Ware, fome unwife Burners, as foon as the Ware E is B R B R is burnt, they immediately flop up the reft of the Mouth of the Kiln, which was left open above the Shinlog, by which Means it is long in cooling ; fo that they (viz Such indifcreet Burners) are commonly a Fortnight, or al- moft three Weeks, in Setting, Burning, and Cooling, and drawing of a Kiln of Ware. Whereas , faith he, I have Set, Burnt, Cool’d, and Drawn a Kiln a Week for feveral Weeks together : But then I never flopped up the Reft of the Kilns Mouths above the Shinlog , but left it open for the Air to pafs in and cool the Ware. He alfo told me, That 600 of Faggots would burn a Kiln of 10 or 1 1,000 of Statute-bricks. Mr. Wing informs us, That a Chaldron of Coals w ill burn about 4,200 of Bricks. I have been informed, that their Method of burning Bricks in Clasnps, is fomething after this Manner, viz. They build their Glasnps of the Bricks that are to be burnt fomething like the Method of Building the Arches in Kilns, viz. with a Vacancy betwixt each Bricks Breadth, &c for the Fire to afcend by ; but with this Dif- ference, that inftead of Arch, ing, they trufs, or fpan it over, by making the Bricks projett over, one beyond the other, on both Tides the Place, for the Wood and Coal to lie in, till they meet, and are bonded by the Bricks at the Top, which clofes up the Arch this Place for the Fuel, they carry up ftrait at both Sides, or which is tho fame Thing, upright at both Sides, till it is about 3 Foot high, and then they begin to lay the Bricks , pro jetting over inwards, till they meet in the middle , which they will do in about 3 or 4 Courfe of Bricks in Heighth, the Width of the Mouth being but about two and y half Foot. Above this Arch they lay the Bricks in the Order they do in a Kiln, to 8 or 10 Foot in Heighth, according as the Clamp is to be in Bignefs ; for they ufually burn a great many Thoufands in a Clamp at a Time, fo that they "Build them 8 or to Foot above the Arching. But you muft further Note, That after they have begun to make the Place (or Places) to receive the Fuel, before it is clofed up at the Top, it is almoft filled with Wood, and on that they lay a Thicknefs of Sea- Coal, and then they over fpan the Arch ; but they ftrew Sea-coal all over the Clamp , from bottom to top, viz. betwixt all the Rows of Bricks; for they are not laid Contingent in their Vertical Rows ; and one Courfe of Bricks islaid one way, and the other another ; fo that there is fmall Interftices betwixt all the Bricks, for the Coal to be ftrewed into, from the bottom to the top : This being done, they fire the Wood: and that fires the Coal ; the which, wdien ’tis all burnt out, they conclude the Clamp of Bricks to be burnt. VI. Of the Quantity of Earth to snake a Tkoufmd of Bricks , &c ] 1 am I am inform’d that i Load of Lome (a Load being 12 Bu- (hels) will make about 200 of Statute-Bticks, and then by Conference, 5 Load will make a iooo. Alfo that 19 Load of Lome will make 1600 of great Bricks, and 12 will be Sufficient for a 1000 of the fame, VII. Of the Choice of Bricks, Sec.] Pliny advifes in making choice of Bricks for Building, to be fure (if poffible) to pro- cure fuch as are two Years old at lead. There are commonly, and general in all Kilns and Clamps , three Degrees of Bricks, in Goodnefs , viz. The firft and bed fort are thofe which lie next the Fire, (viz. Thofe are bed for Jading) and have, as it were, a Glofs on them, which proceeds from the Salt-peter, which is in- herent in them, and which by the Vioience of the Fire, runs and glazes them ; thefe are call'd Clinkers . Thefecond and mod general fort for Building, are thofe which lie next in the Kiln, or Clamp, to thofe before men- tioned. The third and word fort, are thofe which lie on the out fides of the Kilns and Clamps, where the Salt-peter is not digeded for want of due Heat ; and thefe, when they come to be expofed to the Weather for fome Time will moulder away like Dirt ; and thefe Workmen call Samel or Sandal-bricks. ’Tis an Ob- fervation, That whild Bricks are burning, thofe on the win* dy Side of a Clamp; arc the worft of alb VIII. Of Obfervables in Buy ing and Laying Bricks , &c.] And firft, of Buying ; the lad Number will dire& any Ma» der or Workman (that doth not underdand it) how to choofe good Bricks ; and in the 16 Se&ion of Bricks, viz* Under the Head Statute*bricks, you have fome Dire&ions, as to the Number of Bricks; but you mud Note, ’Tis impoffi- ble to be certain (to know} how many will be wanting exa&ly ; becaufe in fuch Cafes there can be no infallible way difeovered ; and that for feve- ral Reafons, viz . faltho’ the Bricks were all made in the fame Mould, and burnt in the fame Clamp, or Kiln) the Bricklayers Hand may vary in laying his Mortar. Secondly, Many Bricks warp in burning, (and the Seller will bring you fome fuch, in Spight of all your Care in chufing.) Third- ly, Some mifearry, and are fpoiled in every Carriage. Fourthly, The Tally, or Tale, is, for the mod part, too lit- tle, if not well looked to. And belides all thefe Uncertainties* when Bricks are dear, and Lime cheap (which fometimes happens £o) if you put your Work out by the Great, or by Meafure, and he is to find Ma« terials that doth the Work, the Workman, without good looking after, will certainly ufe the more Mortar, and make very great Joints ; which is a Defeft in any Building. Secondly , Of laying Bricks, which is a Thing of no fmall Confequence in a Building ; for the well working, and E a bonding bonding of Brick-work (or as fome Workmen call it, break- ing of JointJ conduces very much to its Strength ; I think therefore it may not be amifs to add fome particular Note* about it, which experienced Workmen have thought con- venient to commend to the Publick, as well worth their Obfervation- Fir ft, Let me commend to your Care, to be fare to pro cure good ftrong Mortar ; of which fee Mortar. Secondly , If your Bricks are laid in Winter, let them be kept and laid as dry as pofli- ble ; if they are laid in Sum- mer-time, it will quit colt to imploy Boys to wet them ; for they will unite with the Mortar much better, than if they were laid dry, and will make the Work much ftronger. But perhaps it may be well objected, That it will be too much trouble to wet all the Bricks (by dipping them in Water) if the Building be large ; and belides, it makes the Workmens Fingers fore To prevent thefe Inconveni- encies, there may be Water throw’d on each Courfe of Bricks after they are laid, as 1 am inform'd was done at the Building of PhyJiciajis College in Warwick Lane , by Order of the Surveyor , the ingenious Mr- Robert Hooke. . Thirdly , If your Bricks are laid in the Summer-time, be fure to cover them, to pre- vent their drying too faft ; for if the Mortar dry too haftily , ir doth not cement fo firmly to the Bricks , as when it dries gradually. Fourthly , If Bricks are laid in Winter, be fure to cover them very well, topretett them from Rain, Snow, and Froft, which laft is a mortal Enemy to all Mortar, efpecialy to all fuch as have taken Wet but juft be- fore the Froft affaults it. Fifthly , Let Care be taken that Bricks be not laid Joynt on Joynt, in the middle of Walls , as feldom as may be, but let there be good Bond made there, as well as on the Out- Tides ; for fome Workmen, in work- ing Brick and l Wall, lay the Header on one fide of the Wall , perpendicular on the Header on the orher fide of the Wall, and fo all along thro* the whole Courfe, which in- deed neceffarily follows, from the unadvifed fetting up of the Quoin at a Toothing ; for his common to Tooth in the Stretching courfe. two Inches, ; with the Stretcher only, and the Header on the other Side to be perpendicular over the Header on this Side, which caufes the Headers to liejoynt in Joynt in the middle of the Work. Whereas, if the Header on one Side of the Wall were [ toothed as much as the Stretch- er on the other Side, it would be a ftronger Toothing, and the Joynts of the Headers of one Side, would be in the middle of the Headers of the Courfe they lie up n on the j ocher Side. All that can be pretended to excufe this ill Cuftom of work- | ing thus, is this That the ; Header will not hang 2 n. over the Bricks underneath it. i This B R B R This indeed I do grant to be an Objection, but not fo great, but that it may be removed, and that wichout much Diffi- culty, viz. thus, By having a piece of Wood of the Thick, nefs of a Courfe of Bricks , and 2 n. broad, and lay it on the laft Toothing Courfe to bear it, or a Brick-bat put upon the laft Toothing, will bear it till the next Quoin is fet upon it, and then the Bat may be taken away. # Sixthly. The fame Inconve- niency happens at an upright Quoin in a Brick and \ Wall , where ’tis ufual to lay a Clofer next the Header, on both fides ofth eWall, and in fo doing, ’tis Joynt in Joynt all the Length of the Wall , except by chance a 3 quarters Bat hap- pen to be laid. To prevent which Incon- Veniency. and thereby make the Wall much firmer, lay a Clofer on one Side, and none on the other Side ; but lay a 3 quarter Bat on the Quoin in the Stretching-courfe, and in the Heading- courfe adjoynan Header next to the Header at the Quoin. Alfo in two Brick-walls , it is the beft way in Stretching Courfes , wherein they lay ftretching on both Sides the Walls, next the Line fo alfo to lay ftretch ng in the midd'e of the Wall, and Cloiers next to each Stretching-courfe that lies next the Line. A Bricklayer and his La- bourer (having all his Mate- rials ready,) will lay in a Day about iooo Bricks , in whole Work on a folid Plain, and fome very expeditious Brick- layers, will lay 12 or 1500. J X. Of Facing Timber buildings with Brick:.] In fome Places this Method of Facing Tim- ber-building is in Ufe. but I think it Ihould be call’d Cafe- ing ; for his covered all over on the Out- fide with Brick, fo that no Timber is to be feen. The which is performed after this Manner 'viz. All betwixt the Timber the Wall is a Brick a Length thick (or 9 n. Wall of Brick, but againft the Tim- ber, the Wall of Bricks is but 4 i n or half a Brick, or the Breadth of a Erick thick (befide the Timber.) But this Method is not ap- proved of by able Workmen, becaufe the Mortar doth fo extreamly corrode and decay the Timber. Fori remember an experi- enced Bricklayer told me. That he did pull down fuch Work at Eridge-'lace (which is one of my Lord of Abergaveny Country-Seats) and the Tim- ber was extreamly corroded, and eaten with the Mortar. Bricklayer*. 1 Work] The Bricklayers - work in the City is of various Kinds, viz. Tyling . Wallings Chimney. work and Paving with Bricks and Tiles. But in the Country ’ris common for the Bricklayers Trade to compre- hend the Mafons and Pi at fevers alfo. All which Particulars x will render it too large to be comprehended under the gene* ral Head of Bricklayers work ; I therefore think it will be £ 3 more B U B U more convenient to rank it under its particular Branches, or Parts vise. Walling, Tyling, Chimney. work, Paving , &c. Bill of making.] A Bricklay- er’s Bill may be Compofed after this Method. Mr- Robert Rich, of Rochefter, his , Bill of Mate- rials, had of, and Work done by Benjamin Bennet, Bricklayer, O&ober f. 1724. For 12 Thoufand of Bricks at 15 s. per M- For 8 Thoufand of Tiles at 10 s per M. For 17 Hundred of Lime at 14 s. per C. For 15 Load of Sand at vs. 6 d. per L. For 10 Hundred of 9 n Paving-tiles at joj. 6 d\ fer Hundred , For 40 Ridge-tiles at 1 \ d.per Piece. -——•00 — 05— .10 For 3 Weeks and 3 Days Work for my felf, atl „ _ 3 s, per diem. ^03-03-00 For 27 4 - Days for my Man at 2 s 6 d. per Day.— 03— 08— 09 For a Labourer 27 4 Days at 1 s. 8 d.per Day. — 02 — 05—10 Sum Total is — 45 — 11— 05 But Note, if Bricklayers do not work by the Day, then they ufe a different Method in Writing their Bills ; for then they either take their Work by the Great, viz To do all, and find all belonging to Bricklay ers Work, or elfe he is to doit by Meafure, and to find all Materials and Work, at fuch a Price by the Rod for Walling, by the Square for Tiling, and by the Yard for Paving , &c e But if he finds no Materials, he may alfo work by Mealure,and then the Bill muft be made af- ter this manner, < viz . For fo many Rods of Walling , at fo much (according to their A- greementj per Rod, &c. Note alfo, That in fome Buildings Chimneys are put out to the Bricklayer by theHearth, either only to build, or co hud Materials alfo, and then the Bill is made according to the Agreement There are fome other things which come into a Bricklayer s Bill , viz. All kind of orna- mental Work in Brick, which is commonly fet down, or ra- ted at fo much per Foot, or fo much per Piece, except a good Rate be allowed by the Rod, &c. Or there be a Sum of Money over and above the Price, or Value of the Rod- work allowed, and fo the Or- namental Work be included in it. By Ornamental Work, is to be underftood, ftreight, or circular Arches, over Windows, or Doors; Fafcias , with, or without Moldings, Architraves , round Windows, or rubbed Returns, Friezes , Cornices of all Cons y Water-Tables wrought , and Water courfes : All which are valued by the Foot running Meafure ; to which I mull add Bafe -mouldings , and Plinths , and thff Splaying of the Jambs of Windows and Doors on the in- fide of Buildings. Alfo Pi 1 st jlers t Peers , Pediments , Grotto's, and Rujlick Quoins. Thefe five laft mentioned, are valued at fo much per Piece, according to the largenefs, and goodnefs of the Work and Materials ; and thus all Ornamental Work, ought to be valued. By the word Ornamental Work, is to be underftood in Bricklayers Work ; all kind of Brick Work , that is hewed with an Ax, or rubbed on a Rubbing-Hone, or of Scone wrought with Chijfels , or rubbed with Stones, or Cards, all fuch is Ornamental Work and ought to be paid for, befides the Rod* work, &c. I fhall now proceed to fpeak of that Part of Bricklayer’s work, which is called Brick Work. I. Some Notes about Me afuring, &c.] Sometimes Brick-walls are wrought 2 n. thicker than the reft of the Work, part of the way, which 2 n. l'erveth for a Water-table to the Wall which is ufually fet off about two Foot above the Ground ; and therefore the Brick- work may be mealured at the fame Thicknefs that is above the Water-table , and then the 2 n Work may be thus added to it. Suppofe a Wall 20 Foot in length, and 2 Bricks thick a{)Ove the Water-table. After the Dimensions of the Wall is taken (from the bot- tom, to the heighth it is to be taken at 2 Bricks) then add 20 Foot in length by the heighth of the 2 n. Work viz. From the bottom to the fetting off, or Water table 9 which being halfed, is fo much 4 n. Work, and then reduce it to a Brick and a f Work. As for Ornamental Work ) we need not to mention that here, it being mentioned above. 2. The Measuring of, Gable* ends in Brick work, is done after the fame Method that Carpen- ters meafure Gables, ( only this is reduced into Rod* work) See Gable end , N. *2. 3. Be fure to obferve, ia ta- king Dimenfions of Walls that joyn to an Angle, that the length of one Wall be taken at the out-fide of the Angle, and the others length to the in-fide of the Angle 4. If there be a Gable end to meafure, and the width of the Houfe be given (or known) which is the Bafeof the Gable- end, and the lengrh of the Per- pendicular is required, there is a brief way ufed amongft Mea- furers to find it. To make it the plainer, I will propofe an Example, viz. Suppofe the Bafe of the Gable be 14 f and the length of the Perpendicu- lar is required ; take the length of the Rafter (which will be) 18 f. to which add fit {elf, viz 9 Foot, it makes 27, the v of ir is 13 f. 6 n the length of the Perpendicular Buttho’ this way be commonly pra&i- fed, it is not exa£t, for it makes the Perpendicular a little too much : This you mull note is E 4 pra&ifed B R pra£Hfed for Roofs, that are ■J pitch ; and therefore I would not advife any to make ufe of this Method in any other Pitch. Now I am upon dif- courfing of Gable-ends^ I will here add two exaft Ways of finding the Perpendicular ; the iirft ihall be by Proportion, thus, viz. As 30 to 22 3$, fo is rhe length of the Rafter to the Perpendicular required ; or fubftraft the Square of i the Bafe, or f width of the Houfe, from the Square of the Rafters length, there will re* main a Number, whofe fquare Root is the length of the Per. pendicular. In taking out the Dedu ftions for the Doors, and Win- dows, &c. if any happen in Brick-work, of 2 \ Bricks thick, br in 2 Bricks thick then add f to the length, for thofe in the 2 Brick work, and f to the lengths of Doors, or Win- dows, in 2 Br. for it may be or f to the breadth, and not the length, according as which will be foonett divided,) and then the lengths and breadths being multiplied one into the ether, the Produft is the pro- per Dedu&ions in Brick { work, without any further trouble ; and it will neither wrong Matter nor Workman 6 . Our fixth Note fhould have been on Chimneys , but of that fee Chimneys. 1 did alio intend ( when 1 began this Head of Brick roork) to have inferred here feveral other things appertaining to Brick-v»ork 9 )viz.The Method of Meafiiring, Reducing to Stan- dard-thicknefs, Baaing the va- B R lue of any odd Foot. Price of this Work, in diverfe Parts of the Kingdom, of laying Foun-* dations of Walls, &c. But finding of B. will be a very copious Letter, I ihall refer ic to Walls of Brick, which fee N. IV. Brick- Walls. See Walls , N- IV. Bridge . Of Timber to Build over any Brook. Gill, or fmali Ri- ver, if it do 40 or 50 Foot in length, and that without fetting any of the Timber down in the Water, it is a cheap and fafe way of building a Bridge of that length. To perform this piece of Art, the Timber mutt be fo joynted, as to refemble (in fome meafure) an Arch of Stone, or Brick, the Joynts ought to be well made, and {hut together ttrongly with Cramps and Dogs of Iron. This Bridge mutt be made to rett upon two ttrong firm Pil lars of W00J, at either end of the Bridge, both being well propped with Spurs or Braces ; there mutt be two good But- trefles of Brick forthefe wood- en Pillars, and Spurs to ftand in, that they may not give way, or flip ; this being done, the Bridge may be Planked over, and Graveled, and it will laft a Jong time. This hath been already pra&ifed, faitl* Sir Hugh Plat . Bring- up. B R Bring-uf. ’Tis a Term ufed among Workmen, elpecially Carpen- ters, when they difcourfe with Bricklayers , and then they fay Bring- up the Foundation fo high, Bring up fuch a Wall, Bring up the Chimneys , &c. Which is as much as to lay, build the Foundation fo high, build the Wall, build the Chimneys, &c. Broai-ftone. 1. What.] ’Tis the fame with Free-ftone, only this is fo cab led , becaufe they are raifed broad and thin out of the Quarries, viz. net above 2 or 3 Inches in thicknefs. 2. Ufe.] The Ufe of thefe fort of Free ftones, which are called Broad fiones, is for Pa- ving of Yards, and PaiTages, and before Shop-doors and Stalls, &c. 3. Price.] If they are pro* mifeuous breadths and lengths, then the ufual Price for the Stone fitting, and laying in Mortar, from 6 to 8 d. per Foot fquareor from 4 s. to 6 s. per Superficial Yard. But fome of thefe Stones are cut into perfeft Squares, as Pa- ving-tiles are, but much larg- er, as 18, 20, and 24 Inches fquare, or more, but thofe, as they are neater, fo they are dearer; fome Paving with thefe, being worth 1 s.per Foot, but ’ds worth 15 or 16 d. per Foot, if the Stones be good 2nd well polifhed,as they ought to be, for Kitchins Dairy- hou* fes, and neat private Places. B U I. Confiderations about it ] E- very Man that is difpofed to Build , either out of Choice, or thro’ Neceflity, Ihould firft fit down, and ferioufly confiderof the whole Defign, viz. Both of the Manner and Method, as well as the Charge and Ex- pence. And I am fatisfied, that Premeditation is a very neceflary Maxim, or Prelimi- nary to Building, becaufe we have it from no lefs Perfon than our BlefTed SAVIOUR himfelf, who faith in Luke 14. 1 8 ., Which of you intending to build a Tower , fitteth not down firfl, and counteth the cojl, whether he have fujficient to finijh it ? The Rea* fon and Neceflity of it fol- lows, v. 29, and 30. Left haply after he hath laid the Foundation , and is not able to finijh it, all that behold it begin to mocU him , fay- ing, This Man began to build , and was not able to finijh. And let me perfwade all Builders, to make choice of fuch Surveyors, and Workmen, as understand what they are going about, before they begin the Work, viz. Such as be Ma- ilers of what they pretend to, as a Surveyor that underflands how to give the Draught, or Model of a Defign ; fo as that when it is ere&ed it may an- fwer to the end, which is to Build well ; and a Building is faid to be well done, when it is fo contrived, and perfected, that it is pofTeft of the follow- ing Qualifications, viz. Ac- commodation, or Ufefulnels, Proportion; (Beauty, or Hand.- fomeneft fomenefs) and Uniformity in its Parts 9 Firmnefs with Du- ration. For that Fabrick can- not be accounted perfeft, which is ufeful only for but a fhort fpace of Time, or not convenient for a longer 9 and hath not alfo Decency and Beauty, which is derived from Proportion and Uniformity : I would therefore (if it lay in my Power) endeavour to per- fwade all Builders to procure fuch Surveyors, and Workmen (if poflible to be procured in the Country, where the Buil- der lives) as underftood the Theory and Practice of Archf tenure, and alfo of Arithme- tic^ (which is the Ground of all Arts) without the Know- ledge of thefe two, the belt Mechanick, or Handicraft Man will be but an imperfeft Buil- der, and fubjedl to fall into many Errors, and be guilty of committing many Faults, and making many Miftakes. For Gentlemen, and others that are Builders, are too often prevail led upon, and perfwaded by fuch Workmen, as are wedded to their own Wits (tho* they were never verft in theGrounds of Archite&ure, and were wholly ignorant of the mean- ing of Proportion, Uniformi- ty, and Accommodation in Building) and tied to their own odd fort of irregular old way ; which is no better than a deformed Cuftom, and fuch Men will not (for the moft part ) be » prevailed on, or perfwaded to a more com pleat way, though it be much more beautiful , and regu- lar. and alfo with lefs Ma- terials, and cheaper, and mor e convenient than the other 5 and all the Reafon^ they will* or can render for it, is, be- caufe it is New to them , and they were never accuftom- ed to fuch a way of working ; neither do they underftand it : For fay they, Our Fore-fathers did it not before us, which is a very prevailing Argument with fome that know no bet- ter ; yet perhaps the Matter. Builder is willing to beftow Expence enough on his Houfe, &c. to Enrich, and Adorn it 9 but his Workmen, thro’ igno- rance perform it with very lit. tie Skill or Art. But I do think none are fo Senfelefsand Stupid, as to deny, that it is better to erett fuch a Fabrick, that {ball be more ufeful and necettary, and alfo more plea- ling, both to wife Men, and Fools, than that (tho’ done by the fame Coft and Expences) which will only pleafe an igno- rant Workman or two, (who are polfeft with an over* ween- ing Affe&ation of their own Skill, which at beft is but con- ceited Blundering or Unskilful- nefs) and perhaps it may alfo fatisfie fome few others, that do not underftand the Methods, and Maxims of Archite&ure, and fo were eafily prevailed upon by thefe abfurd Work- men, and Profelyted to be of their Opinion, be it right or wrong. Having thus laid down fome Confiderations about Building , I (hall next proceed to fpeak of certain II. jfphorifms necejfary to be known, and obfcr'ved inBuilding.J Dr. Fuller t Prebend of Sarum , faith, faith, He that alters an old Houfe, is tyed as a Tranflator to the Original, and is confi- ned to the Fancy of the firft Builder. Such ja Man were unwife to pull down a good old Building, to ere& (pur- chance) a worfenew one. But thofe that raife a new Houfe from the Ground, are Blame- worthy, if they make it not handfome and ufeful, feeing to them Method and Confufion are both of a Price. In Build- ing, faith he, we mull refpeft Situation , Contrivance, Receipt, Strength and Beauty, to which I will add Form or Figure . i. Of Situation] The Pre- ceptsbelonging toSituation, faith Sir H W. do either concern the total Pofture, or Pofition (as I may term it) or placing of the Parts ; The firft of thele is uf- ually reckon'd by Ar chit efts, as part of their Profeflion, but the Truth is, it is borrowed from other Parts of Learning , there being betwixt Arts and Sciences ( as well as betwixt Men) a kind of Society, and Communication of Principles. For fome of them are purely Physical, touching the Quality and Temper of the Air , viz.. That it be a good Healthy Air, not fubjeft to Foggy Noifome- nefs, from Fens, or Marfhes, that are adjacent; that it be alfo free from Noxious, Mine- ral Exhalations. And let not the Place want the fweet In- fluence of the Sun-beams, nor be wholly deftitute of the Breezes of Wind, which will Fan and Purge the Air ; the Want of which would make it jike a ftagnated Fool, or ftand- <‘*-h . • I' ing Lake of Air, ( which is ve- ry unhealthy,) as faith Alberti f the Florentine Architctt. He alfo warneth us to avoid fucii Places, as are fubjeft to Barth- quakes. Contagions , Prodigious Births , and the like. Dr. F's. Phyfical Advice is, viz. chiefly to chufe a roholfome Air ; For Air, faith he, is a Difli one feeds on every Mi- nute, and therefore it had need to be Salubrious. Wherefore great Men (who may Build where they pleafe, and poor Men where they can J if here- in they prefer their Profit a- bove their Health, I refer them to their Phyflcians to make them pay for it accordingly. Cato faith, Let your Country- houfe have a good Air, and not be open to Tempefts, feated in a good Soil ; let it therein ex- ceed, if you can, and let it ftand under a Hill, and behold the South, in a healthy Place. Pliny advifeth not to fet a Country-houfe too near a Fen, or {landing Water, nor yet over againft the Stream and Courfe of a River ; for faith he, (as Homer faith to this Pur- pose) The Fogs, and Mills that arife from a great River, betimes in the Morning before Day* light, cannot chufe but be very cold and unwholfome. Oeconojnical.] Saith Sir H. W* let the Houfe, or Seat be well Watered, and well Fuelled; let not the way to it be too fteep, and of an incommodious Ac* cefs, which will be a Trouble to both Friends, and the Fa- mily. And fee that it be not Seated too far from fome Navi- gable River> or Arm of the $es, which which will conduce to the Eafe of the Family, in procuring Provifions, and other Dome- flick Neceffaries. Dr. F. faith, That Wood and Water are two jiaple Commodities , where they may be had. The former I confefs hath made fo much Iron, that it mufi be bought with the more Silver, and grows daily dearer. But it is as well Pleafimt as Profita- ble, to fee a Houfe Cafed with Trees, like that of Anchifes in Troy. The worft is, where a Place is bald of Wood, no Art can make it a Perriwig in hafie. And as for Water, the want of it is a great Inconveniency, the Mifchief of many Houfes, where Servants muft bring the Well upon their Shoulders. Optical Precepts or Maxims.] Such I mean, (faith Sir H. W.) as concern the Properties of a well chofen ProfpeB, which may be ftiied the Royalty of Sight: For as there is a Lordlliip (as it were) of the Feet, wherein a Man walketh with much PJeafure about the Limits of bis own Poffefiions ; fo there is a Lord (hip likewife of the Eye, which being a Ranging, and Imperious (I had almoft Laid) Ufurping Senfe, cannot indure to be Circumfcribed within a fmall Space, hut mufi be fatis- fied both with Extent, and va- riety ; yet on the other fide, I find vaft and indefinite Prof. pe£fs, which drown all Appre henfions of very i emote Ob- jects condemned by good Au- thors. as if thereby feme Part of the Pleafure (whereof we were fpeaking) did perifh. A Pleasant ProfpeB is to be re- fpeBed.] Saith Dr. F. A medly View (fuch as of Water and Land at Greenwich) be ft enter- tains the Eyes, refrefbing the weary Beholder with exchange of Objects. Yet faith he, I know a more profitable Pro- fpe&, where the owner can on- ly fee his own Land round a- bout him. To this Head of Situation he adds what follows, viz A fair Entrance, with an eajte rffeent, gives a great Grace to a Building .] w r here the Hall is a Preferment out of the Court, Parlour out of the Hall, (not as in fome old Buildings) where the Doors are fo low, Pigmies muft ftoop, and the Rooms fo high, that Giants may ftand a lip-toe. A Political Precept ] I remem- ber (faith that great Architeft, Sir H. W.) One private Cau- tion, which I know not well how to Rank amongft the reft of the Precepts, unlefs I call it Political, which is this, viz. By no means to Build too near a great Neighbour, which were to be as unfortunately Seated on the Earth, as Mercury is in the Heavens, for the moft part ever in Cumbuftion, or Ob- feurity, under brighter Beams than his own. We are next to come to 2. Contrivance.] When the Situation is refolved upon, the next, in Order is Contrivance. The which being a thing of great Moment, in this Affair of Building. I cannot enter upon it, before I have given fome few general Precautions. And B U B U And Firft, I would by no means have any one that in- tends to Build a Stmfture(that (hall be either ufeful or orna- mental) fet to work without Advice or Affiftance oil Survey- or, or & Mafter- workman, that underftandsthe Theory of Ar- chitefture,and is capable of De- ligning a Draught , or Model , ac- cording to the Rules of Art. If a Draught be refolved upon (which may ferve indifferent well for fmall ordinary Build- ings) there ought to be the Ichnography of each Floor, and alfo the Orthography of each Face of the Building, viz,. The Front, the Flanks, and the Rear. But if the Workman be skill’d in Perfpeftive, than more than one Face may be re- prefented in one Diagram See - nographic ally. in the Contrivance of thefe Defigns, whether for Draught , or Model , the Quality of the Perfons, for whom the Build- ing is erefted, muft be confi- dered in refpeft of the Iohno- graphieal Plots efpecially For Noble-men have occafion for more Rooms of Office, than others of a meaner Degree ; all which much be defign’d ac- cording to their moll conveni- ent Occafions, with the lengths and breadths according to Pro- portion ; alfo the Ichnography of all Chimneys, both in length and breadth of the Hearths and Jambs, Bed-places, Stairs, and the Latitude of all Doors and Windows, in each Contig- nation, or Floor. And if it were required in Timber Buil- dings, the Longitude, Lati- tude, and Craffitude of Ground- | plates, or Sells, Breft-fum* mers, and in all ( whether Timber, Brick, or Stone, Buil- dings,) the Dimenfionsof Sum- mers, Girders, Trimmers, and Joyfts. Alfo in the upper Floor, the Scantling of the Draggons-beams, Raifons, or Raifing-pieces, or Wall-plats, &c. And alfo the Craffitude cf Partitions, Walls, &c. in Brick, or Scone-fabricks. All which, and all other Parts (whether in the Ichnography , or Orthography) of BuiIdings,ought to be reprefented ( as alfo Ovens , Stoves , Broilers, Furnaces 9 Coolers , Fats for Brewing, <&c ) with their juft Meafures, for the beft Advantage, as to Commodioufnefs , Health , Strength, and Ornament. All which Dimenfions I would ad- vife to be fet in the proper Places to which they belong in the Diagrams, in Char afters ; becaufe unlefs the Schemes be very large, it will be very difL ficulc to take rhe Dimenfions nicely, of the final ler parts, if nct^ of the great ones like- wife ; it will fcarce be prafti- cable to take either of them to an Inch, nor perhaps, to two, three, nor four, accord- ing as the Diagram may be in Amplitude. In the Orthographical Schemes , there muft be the true Deline- ations, and Dimenfions of each Face, and all its Concomitants, as Doors , Windows, Balconies , Tur- rets or Cupolaes, Chimney- jhafts, Fafcias , Rujlick Quoins. Archi- traves, Friezes, Cornijhes, Pedi- ments, Pilafters, Columns, Shells over Doors, Lantherns, and all other Ornaments, And if it be a Timber-building, then all the Members in^ that Face ought to have their feveral Si- zes, in Chara&ers, and true Portions by the Scale. As for Example, the Ground-plates, or Cells, Interduces, Breft- fummers, Beams, Principal- ports, or Braces, Quarters, Prick-ports, or Window-pofts ; Jambs, or Door-ports, or Pun- cheons, King- pieces, or Jog- gle-pieces, Struts, Collar- beams, Door-heads, Principal rafters Shreedings, &c. The Ichno- graphy, Orthography, and Ste- nography of the Stair-cafe, may be alfo delineated, and all its Parts, as Hand-rail, Rifers, Nofeing of the cover, or top, String- board, and Mouldings on it, or Cartoufes, Ballifters, Pendents, &c . with their true Pofitions, Forms, and Dimen lions, all which being careful ly done by an ingenious Sur- veyor, I think ’tis almoft im- poflible for a Workman to mi- ftake, or to commit any Blun- ders ; tho* to my knowledge they are too fubjeft to do it. More of this fee in Draughts. Y ou fhall next hear what Sir H VV. faith of this Matter ; his Pre- cautions are as follow, viz, Firfl , (fkith he) Let no Man that intends to Build, fettle his Fancy on a Draught in Paper (or Vellum,) of the Work or Deiign, how exa&ly foever de lineated, or fet off in Perfpe ftive, without a Model, or Type of the whole Structure, and of every Parcel, and Partiti- on, either in Part- board, or Wainfcot. Secondly , Let the Model be as plain as may be, without Co- lours, or other Beautifying* left the Pleafure of the Eye» preoecupate the Judgment. Lajlly The bigger this Type is, it «is fo much the better ; not that I would perfwade any Man to fuch an Enormity, as that ModeLmz&c by Antonio La. baco, of St Peters Church in Rome, containing 22 Foot in length, 16 in breadth, and 13 in heighth, which coft 4184 Crowns, the Price of a rea- fonable Chapel, yet in a Fa- brick of 40 or 50000 Pounds, there may be very well ex- pended 30 /.at leaft to procure an exa£t Model, for a little Pe- nury in the Premifes, mayea- iily create fome Abfurdity, or Error, of a far greater Charge in the Conclufion. What Sir H VP'otton doth here Caution, is very proper and requifite,. in large and fumptuous Buildings, whether publick or private ; as for No- blemen’s Manfion-houfes, and the like : but it is not worth the while, to be at the Trou- ble, and Coft to procure a Mo» del for every little Dwelling- houfe that Men build for their own Convenience Having thus given fufficient Caveats, ( will next proceed to difcourfe of the Compartition, or Contrivance , whereby to di- ftributc the whole Ground- plot, &c. into Rooms of Office, or Entertainment, as far as the Capacity of the Building, and the Nature of the Climate will correfpond, yea, fo far as it may be both decent and ufeful. But in the mean while we are to condder, whether the Buil- ding be to be erefred in a City, or B U B U or great Town of Trade $ and whether for a Gentleman, or a Shop-keeper, which is the chief Thing to be confidered of by the Surveyor, or Mafter- workman, before he makes his Draught. For a Gentleman’s Houfe muft not be contrived like a Shop-keeper’s, neither muft all Shop-keepers Houfes be a like ; for fome Trades require a deeper, others may difpenfe with a fhallower Shop, and foan Inconveniency may arife in both ; for if the Shop be hollow, the Front Rooms upward ought to be lhallow alfo ; becaufe. by the ftrift Rules of Archite&ure all Partitions of Rooms ought to ftand dire&ly one over the other : For if the Shop ftands in an eminent Street, the front Rooms are commonly more Airy than the back Rooms, and always more commodious for obferving publick Paftages in the Street ; and in that Refpeft it will be inconvenient to make the front Rooms (hal- low ; but if there be a fair Profpett backwards, of Gar- dens and Fields, &c . (which feldom happens in Cities) then it may be convenient to make the back Rooms the larger for Entertainment, &c. ’Tis obferved by fome, That in building of Houfes long, the Ufe offomeRooms will be loft, and it takes up more for Entries and Paftages, and re- quires more Doors : And if a Building confift of a Geome- trical Square, if the Houfe be any Thing large, there will be want of Light to the mid- dle Rooms, more than if it be built like an H, or fome other fuch like Figure (unlefs it have a Court in the middle of it, which was the Method of building great Houfes former- ly.) This Way, like a Roman Capital H, is much applauded by^ fome ; for fay they, This Form maketh it ftand better, and firmer againft the Winds, and Light, and Air comes every Way to it, and every Room is near the one to the other. Some affeft: this Figure very much, becaufe the Offices may be remote from the Par- lour, and Rooms of Entertain- ment, and yet in the fame Houfe. which may ferve very well for a Country Gentle- man’s Houfe. Now, the Me- thod which fome propofe for fuch Buildings, is thus, In the Front of one of the long Parts of the H is rhe Kit chin, and the Bctke-houje, Brew houje , and Dairy houfe ; in the fame part behind it , the Hall in the middle of the H, which fepe- rates the Parlours (which are in the other long Part) and Rooms of Entertainment from the Offices. I fhall here add a cheap Contrivance in Building, ap- proved of by fome, and then proceed to Sir Henry VVottons Method of contriving Noble Buildings. Now this cheap way is thus, j viz,. Where Bricks may be had, the Walls of a Building may bebeft, and moft fecurely raifed with them, and with little Coft, if there be firm and ftrong Quoins, or Co- lumns raifed at the Corners of the Houfe , of fufficient * Strength B U B U Strength, tofupport the Floors and Roof or the main Beams of it ; they may be built Square, and between them the Walls may be raifed of the fame Materials, and they may be worked up together with the Quoins, leaving the one half of the extraordinary Breadth of the Quoins with- out, and the other within the Wall, whereby there will be much Charge faved, both .in Materials, and Workmanfhip, and yet the Building be firm and ftrong. According to Sir Henry Wot - tom Definition of Contrivance, it confifts of thefe two Heads, or Principles. Gracefulnefs, or Decency, and Ufefulnefs. Decency or Gracefulnefs, he alfo faith, confifts in a double Analogy, or Correfpondency Firft, Between the Parts, and the whole, whereby a great Fabrick fhould have great A payments, great Lights , or Win- dows, great Entrances , or Doors great St air •Cafes, great Pillars or Pilafters ; in fine, all the Members and Parts great, pro portionable to the Building. The fecond Analogy, is be tween the Parts themfelves, not only confidering their Breadths, and Lengths, as where we fpeak of Doors and Windows, which fee ; but here, faith Sir Henry, e ters a third refpe& of Heighth, a Point faith he, I muft confefs) hardly reduceable to any ge- neral Precept. The Truth is. The Ancients did determine the Longitude of all R.ooms which were longer than broad, by the Double of their Latitude. | Vitruvius , Lib. 6. Cap. 5. Antf I the Heighth by half the Breadth and Length added to- gether ; but when the Room was a Geometrical Square, they made the Heighth half as much more as the Latitude, which Dimeniions the modern Ar- chitects have taken leave to vary upon Difcretion : Some- times fquaring the Latitude, and doubling that fqmre Num- ber, the fquare Root of that Number is the Heighth, and fometimes more, but feldom lower than the Breadth. But what is here mentioned, I think is not now praCtifed neither, unlefs it be in fome Nobleman’s Houfe, who will have a Hall, or the like, high- er pitch’d than the reft of the Rooms in the Building, and fometimes a Dining-room ; or elfe, for the moft part, all the Rooms of a Floor are of an equal Heighth ; and in my Judgment, ’tis by far the moft commodious Method ; becaufe then there is no Room loft, (as there muft be where one Room is open almoft to the top of the Houfe, as I have obferved ic in fome old Buildings.) And then the Floor of the fecond :>tory will lie level and even, and not in the odd old Method of Steps, out of one Room into the other. As to the Heighth of Rooms, they are various amongft us, according as what Perfonsthey are built for, and Cuftom of the Place in the Country ; or- dinary Timber-buildings, are about 7 f or 8 Fo^t at moft, betwixt Floors : The fecond fort of Houfes in the Coun- ty B U B U try, is about nine Foot be- twixt the Floors, which for the moft part is the Pitch of their Rooms at Tunbridge -wells. The third fort in the Coun- try, (viz. in Kent and Sufex) | are Gentlemen’s Seats, which for the moft part are 10 or 12 Foot high, luch as are New Buildings : But ’tis common in OldStone-buildings to be much higher, viz. 14 or 16 Foot. By Act cf Parliament for the Building of London, thin was reckoned 4 Rates of Houfes 3 viz. Stories, Cellars and Garrets. The The The 6 i Foot; 6 i 6 I at the Difcretion of the Builder* 9 Foot. 10 10 at Difcretion, &t. 9 Foot. 10 40 i at Difcretion, &?. T 9 Foot. 9 9 *■ at Difcretion, &£• The Rate 4 8 2 Foot high, at Difcre tion, &c. As to Sir Henry's ad. Point of Contrivance, viz. Ufefulnefs, which will confift in a luffici- ent Number of Rooms, of all forts, and in their due and apt Coherence without DiftraCti- cn or Confufton, fo as the Spe- ctator may not only call it Una Fabric# ben molt#, (as the It dim ! ans ufed to fay of well united | pieces of Work) but likewile that it may appear Airy and Spiritous, and fit to welcome chearful Guefts , about which the principal Difficulty will be in Contriving of the Lights, and Stair* cafes., whereof I will glye you a Note or two : For F the D R B U the firil, I obferve that the Ancient Architefts were at much eafe ; for both Greeks and Romms, ( of whole private Dwe ings Vitruvius hath left us fome Defcription) had com- monly two Clcyjlered open Courts one for the Womens fide and the ether for the Men; who perhaps would now take fuch a Separation unkindly • However, by this means they had a good Lonveniency, to admit Light into the Body of the Building, both from with out, and from within, which we mu ft now fup ply by fome open Form of the Fabrick or (among other graceful Re fuges) by Terrafmg any Story, which is in danger of being too dark; laftly, by Perpend! cular Lights from the Roof which are the moft natural of all others. As to the fecond Difficulty, viz Contriving of the fair cafes, which is no hard Point in it felf, the only thing m contriving them, is to make them handfbme, convenient, and in as little Room, as may b?, that they be no hindrance to any other Room, or Rooms I have, ('faith Sir H.W.) obfer ved that the Italian Archite&s, are inc’ined to place the Kit- chm , Bake houfe, Pantry, Wajh- ing rooms, and the Buttery like wife under Ground, level with the Cellar -floor, raiftng thefirft Afcent 1 5 Foot, or more up in- to the Houfe; by which Me- thod, besides removing of An- noyances out of fight, and ha- ving thereby much more room above, it doth alfo by the E- levation of the Front, add Ma- jefty to the whole Afpe£i ; and with fuch a Difpofition of the Principal Stair-cafe, which com- monly doth deliver us into the Plain of the fecond Story, where Wonders may be done with a little Room : ( J have obferved, that they commonly * place all their Rooms for Of- fice, about five Foot under Ground at Tunbridge •wells, the prft Stories being about 8 Foot, and then the Lights or Win- dows of them, be juft above the Groud without ; but then you muft note that thofe Hou- les always ftand upon an Af- cent, that they may have good Sewers to keep thefe lower Rooms drein’d dry from Wa- ter.) But the petty Offices, {faith Sir Henry ) may be well enough fo remote in Italy , yet ^ by the natural Hofpitality of England, the Buttery muft be more vifible, and we hare oc- , cafion for larger Ranges or Chimneys, and more ample Kitchins than the Italians , or than perhaps the aforefaid f'ompartition will bear ; and likewife not fo remote from the Dining-room, or elfe (faith he) befides other Inconvenien- ces, perhaps fome of the Difh- es may ftraggle by the way. Here (faith Sir Henry) let me note a common Defeat that we have In our Engl If) Buildings, viz. The want, or negleft of a very ufeful Room, call’d by the Ita- lians, IT Tinello, ’tis very fre- quent, nay aimoft eflential in all their great Families. ’Tis a place properly ap- pointed for a Confervatory of the Meats that are taken from the Table, ’till the Waiters are ready co eat, which with us B U B U us is (according to an old fa- fhion) more unfeemly fet by, in the mean time. Now touching the Diftribu- tion of Lodging- chambers, I muft here prelume to reprove an odd Quftom they have in Italy , without any ancient Pre cedent, as far as I can learn by Vitruvius. Namely, That they fo con- trive their Partitions, as when all the Doors are open on a Floor, one may fee through the whole Houfe, which doth neceflarily put an intolerable Servitude upon all the Cham- bers, except the inmoft, where none can arrive but through the reft; or elfe the Walls muft be extream thick for fe- cret Paflages, and yet this will not ferve the turn without three Doors to every Room; a thing not to be born with in cold and windy Regions, and every way no fmall weakning to the Work : This Cuftom 1 fuppofe to be grounded upon a fond Ambition of difplaying to Strangers all their Furniture at one View. There is likewife another Dtfeft, ( for Abfurdities are . feldom folitary) which will follow by confequence, upon fuch a fervile di (poling of the Inner chambers . That they muft be forced to make as many common great Rooms, as there ihall be feveral Stories, which (belides that they are ufually dark, a thing hardly to be a voided, running as they do quite through the Houfe) do likewife devour fomuch Place, that thereby they want other Galleries and Rooms of Re- creation, which I have often coniider’d amongft them. Having thus given fome ge- neral Hints and Dire&ions, and dete&ed fome Faults, the reft muft be committed to the Sagacity of the Architeft, who will be often put to diverfe ingenious Shifts, when he is to wreftle with Scarcity of Ground. As fometimes to dam one Room (the Italians call it U?ia Stanza dannata , as when a But' tery is caft under a Stair- cafe, or the like;) altho’ of great ufe for the Beauty and Benefit of all the reft ; at another time to make thofe faireft which are moft in fight, and to leave the other (like a cunning Painter) fliadowed. I will clofe this part (faith Sir Henry) of Corn- partition, with a fho. t Defcrip- tion of a Feasting or Entertain- ing room after the Egyptian wan- ner, who feem (at leaft till the time of Vitruvius) from the an- cient Hebrews, and Phoenicians (whence all Knowledge did flow) to have retain’d with other Sciences in a high De- gree, alfo the Principles and Pra&ices of this magnificent Art- For as far as I can learn, and conjefrure by Vitruvius , lib. 6. cap ao— 25 e. Another Window- fBi road— 4, — 5I _ 5 cafe, j Deep — 4- The Total of thefe Deductions. 176 — yj Taken from the whole Content. 1575 — 27 There reds due to the Bricklayer. 1398^-72 Which reduced into fquare Rods, is 5 Rods 38 Foot. And then according to the Contract, there will due to the Bricklayer 1$ l ■ — 8 s . — 3 d Thus far Mr. Leyboum: We will now fee Mr. Ven. Maudefs Method of Surveying Build- ings, and taking Dimenlions; and fetting them down in a Pocket-book. 2 Note , Before you begin to fet down your Dimenlions, it is convenient to divide the breadth of the Page or Feet, into fo many feveral Columns as you think you lhall have Occafion for ; either with Lines drawn with Ink, or a Pencil ; your Pocket book be* ing about 4 n. broad, ( which is one of the broader fized Poc- ket books) you may then di- vide a Leaf into four Columns. 3. Before any Dimenlions are fet down, the Work-ma- fler’s and Work-men’s Names ought to be expi eiTed ; alfo the place where, the Day of the Month, and Date when you meafure. I will fuppofe, for Example, That you were to meafure Glazing ; then obferve if it were Glazed with Square- glafs, you mull write Squares above the Dimenlions, and o- ver thofe Dimenlions which are appertaining to Quarry- glafs (if there be any) you mull write Quarries, that when you come to make the Bid of Meafurement , you may exprefs them leverally, becaufe they are of feveral Prizes. 4. The 4. The better to explain the I Bill of Meafurement of Glazing, Method, I will here infer: a | Glazing done for C. D. in Long-acre, by T. G. of St. Martin’* in the Fields - Meafured October the 19 *b. 172^. Quarries. Produ&s. F. I. P. F. I. P. 5-8-6V 5 — 7 — 33 3 1— 1 1 — 30 5_j_sr a— 4 — 6 i 12^06—09 i — 2-— oj 0 0 1 o\ 0 1 CO 0 II i 00 M 1 1 CN O M 07 — 02— 4 60— 5— 11 Squares. Produ&s. F. I P. F. I. P. 04— .0 3—00 1 OI— -02— CO / ■ 04—11—06 02— 00— 00") 01 — 06— 00 J 0 u> 1 0 0 1 0 0 c6— 00— 09") 05—00—03/ - 3 c — 05 — 03 OI— 02— "Oo\ 03—00—00 j 0 0 1 0 0 1 O M A 45 - 04—09 An Explanation of the Columns . In the firft Column towards j the Left-hand, are the Dimen- j Hons of Glazings done with j Squares ; which you are taught j to caft up in Crofs Multiplication, which fee N. 2. In the fecond Column you have the Produft of each Di- menfion juft againft it. In the third Column you have the four Dimenfions of Glazing done with Squares. In the lajl you have the Pro- duct of each Dimenfion juft againft it alfo. At the bottom of the fecond Column, you have the Sum To- tal of the Produ&s of the Di- menfions done with Quarries, which is 60 Feet, 5 Inches, and u Parts. Alfo at the bottom of the laft Column, there is the Total Sum of the Products of thofe Dimenfions of the Glazing that was done with Squares, being 45 foot, 4 n. 9 p. As for the odd parts it fignifies but little if they are left out in the Sum Totals of a Bill of Meafurement , for it will amount to but very little in value. 5. N. B. When you are a ta- king of Dimenfions, and fet- ting them down in your Poc- ket-book, whether it be Gla- zing, or any other Tradefman’s Work *, you muft obferve to leave every other Column va- cant, that fo having fet down all your Dimenfions in your Book Book (which muft be general- ly done, before any is caft up,) when you come to caft them up) which muft be in another Book, or a Sheet of Paper) you may enter the Product of each pair of Dimenfions, juft againft them, as you fee before. 6. If there be another to meafure againft you, and there ftiould be a Miftake in either of your callings up of the Di- menfions (as it often happens thro’ Security or Negligence) then one by reading over the Dimenfions in his Book with the ProduCl to each Dimenfi- on as he goes on, and the other looking in his own Book, the Miftake will foon be difcover- ed, which muft be rectified between you. Therefore to be certain in calling up your Dimenfions, you ought to caft them up twice, if not three times, viz. After you have caft them all over once, begin and caft them over again, and fee whether it agrees with your firft calling up, if net, then caft up again. When you make your Bill of Meafurement, your muft fet your Name to it at the lower end of the Bill. 7* An Example of a Bill of Meafurement . Glaziers Work done for G. D. in Long-acre, hy T. G. of St. Martin’s in the Fields 3 Meafurei October the i yth 3 172 y. /. j . d. For 60 Foot, 5 Inches of Gla-*p zing, done with Quarries, >01— .05— 1^. at 5 d. per Foot. 3 For 4? Foot, and 4 Inches of? Glazing, done with Squares ^o!— .06— 2^ at 7 d. per Foot. j Sum Total a— u — yl Meafured the Day and Tear above. written, by T. S. For the Satisfa&ion of the Curious, I will ftiew the Me- thod of taking the Dimenfions of Bricklayers. work which is the moll troublefome of any Me- chanick’s Work (relating to Building) to meafure. S. Altho’ I faid before, that you might divide a Page or Leaf of your Meafuring-book into four Parts, or Columns; yet in.meafuring of Briklayers- work, it will be neceftary to di- vide a Page into but three Co- lumns, one large one for the Apellations, two fmaller, one for the Dimenfions, the other for the Produ&s, B U B U As in this Example. . Appellation!. Dimenjions. Products. Balls of the Front and Rear Front and Rear 3 B. 3 B. f ' n ? f n. * 5 -oo Sro 4_ 0 n 0 oo— 06 3 2 * B ’ ? / 2 f B. 25— 00 ^(2) f$Q— 00 11— 00 c 2 ^b. 7 Bafis of both the Fknk-walls A 35—02 > (2) C 00—06 j Both the Flanks 2B - ? 2 B. 36 — 02 >(2) 7 95 _ 0 g 1 1— 00 3 C 1 i B. 7 x i B The Wall between the Chimney J 1 f — 06 > (2) XI * 0 ' f C 09—10 3 C 1 B. 9 The falling back of both Chim a 05—00 >ro £ 04 — 00 3 1 B. 40 — 00 The four Jambs 2B. 1 B 7 '4— oo>f,) j( 5 i— 00 j_,f C 2 B. 7 2 g The fore part, or Brefts of both <* n — 06 >(2) u Chimneys £ 5 — 00 3 5 — 00 9. Tha B U B U 9. The Dimensions with their Products, being fet down, in the next place, the Deductions of the Windows and Doors muft be put down, and their Products. V. P. of Dimensi- ons in Brickwork . The 4 Windows Deductions. Dedu&. ProtL f. n. £- n {o4-oo}* (4 > ,04 -°° The 2 Doors -bb:} io. The next Thing in or - 1 Products of each feveral thick- der to be done is, to add the j nefs into one Sum- The Products of the feveral Thicknejfes. 3 B. 25— 00 2- T B* iB. 5 5 ^ — co 795—08 uJ o\ 1 0 K> 161 — 00 — — 115—00 586—02 - — — | 1071-08 1 1 i 113 B. I .B, J —01 j 40 — 00 I The feveral Produ&s of each Thicknefs being added. In the firft Column on the Left hand there is 25 Feet of 3 B. In the fecond 586, 2.of 2 i B. &c. How to find thefe Produ&s, fee crofs Multiplication. N.2. Having found the total bum of the Products of the Dedu- ftions ; each total Sum muft be fhbilrafiea from the total Sum of the Froauds of the Dimenfions that are of the fame Crafiltude. £. G. the Products of the De- ductions in 104— 00 73 - » 00 The Total Pro-1< duftin i 4B. isf 70 Which 176 Feet of 2 t B. Work, being contain’d in the Windows and Doors ; muft be ! Subtrafted from the 586 Feet, and 2 Inches being the Total j Produft of all the Dimenfions i of that Craftitude, viz. 2 f Be i viz. 2 i B.Work- This B U B U This is manifeff to Reafon. Becaufe when the Dimenfons of the Front and Rear were taken, the whole Length and Breadth was taken over the Doors and Windows, allowing Nothing of Abatement for them. a. N. B That whatfoeVer Doors , or Windows, or any other Vacancies, aremeafured over when the Dimenjions are taken ; you mull remember to make Dedu&ion for them out of the Total Produft of the Dimenjions of the fame Crafli- tude wherein they were litu- ated. To make it the plainer, take the follo wing Example. But feeing we have no other Deductions in our prefent Ex- ample of a Survey ; the next Thing to be put in Pra&ice, will be to reduce the feveral Craflitudes to the cuftomary Thicknefs of 1 £ Brick. But I think it necelfary to refer it to Walls, under the Head of meafuring them- More of this Nature, viz. Of Surveying Buildings , or taking Dimenjions &c- may be feen under the different Heads of Carpenters Work, Joyners , Bricklayers , Plaijlerers , Mafons 7 Painters y Thatchers. i VI. 0/ meafuring Buildings.'] Haying briefly treated of taking Dimenjions, &c< I lhall here add but little under this The Doors and Windows , be* Head of Meafuring ; only men- ing in 2 ~ Brick-work, i fetjtionthe Artificers relating to down the Total Produft of all Building that ufually work by the Dimenjions of that Craflitude j Meafure ; which arefirff Brick - which is The Total Pro- \ du& of all the De f duCtions of that l Q Thicknefs , which/* ' are to be fubtra&ed, \ is J The Remainder is 410- 586 — -02 layers lecond Carpenters, third Plaifterers, fourth Yainters, fifth Glaziers , lixth Joiners , and feventh Mafons. Some of thefe work by the fuperficial Yard, __ j fome by the Rod, fome by the j Square, and fome by the Foot : .02 j Of all which Works the Dimen - j/per Yard. PJaiftering and Sizing, per Yard. 00 — oc — 10 00— oc — 60 Smiths Work . C Iron Balconies, per $3. *■ j ~ oo— co — 05 For < Folding Cafements, per Pair. 16— 00 £ Ordinary Cafements, per Piece. 00—04 — For fainting. Window Lights — ■ — 00— 00— 06 Shop Windows, Doors, Pales, per Yard. 00—01— co Now, faith he, from thefe ' pofed, will amount to about Rates of Materials for Build* ' 360 Pounds, which is Jiear ing, and for Workmanlhip : j 41 /. per Square. Such a Houle as is here pro-j Now B U B U Now Mr. H. Phillip, propo- fes the following Method to find the value of a Building, viz. Suppofe, faith he, a Houfe, which is i Rod or 16 £ f. in Front, and 2 Rods deep back in the FJanksjthe Compafs of this Houfe will be 6 Rods, and if this Houfe Rands in a high Street, having a Cellar 4 Sto- ries, and a Garret, ( which is one of the third Rate Houfesj the heighth thereof will be 50 Foot, or 3 Rods ; fo that there will be 18 Rod of Brick-work in the Walls j which may be all reduced to a Brick and £ thick, and fuppofe each Rod of Brick work to contain 4J00 of Bricks, and will coft about 7 /. the Building, viz. Bricks, Mor- tar, and Workmanlhip , then the whole l8Rodsof JBr/r&-5Por£ will coft about 126/. The Timber-work for Floors, Win- dows, Roofs, &c about as much more ; the Tiling, Plai* ftering, Lead, Glazing, and Painting, will be about as much more fo that the whole will amount to 378 /. the Al- lowance for the Party wctUs will very well pay for the Chimneys. So that this Houfe cannot a- mount to above 400 /. the Building, which is not full 73 l- P er Square ; but this is a very great Price in comparifon of Mr. LeybomrCs, but he faith that it will be worth more or lefs, according to the Market- price of the Materials. The Friendly Society of Lon- don, for Infuring of Houles, have two Rules by which they value Houfes, viz. either by the Rent, or number of Squares contain’d on the Ground- plot. This laft is the general Rule by which they value all Build, ings , which is grounded on an Aft of Parliament for the Re- building the City of London, made about Anno 18 Car 2. The Buildings of the City of London are valued according to their Kates , of which Rates there are four, viz. ift. Rate 2 \ * ' * S ^Stories, Cellars, and Garrets. 4 5* And the naked Building , or /valued by the Square or 100 Shell of a Brick-houfe ( the I Foot, if in high Streets, viz. Floors being finiflied,) is thus | ift. Rate at 25 / } 3~IZ \\‘i Y t" Sq^re. 4 50 IJ But thefe Rates may be aug* 1 not now inftft any longer on mented at the Difcretion of the this Head, but defer it till a bec- Surveyor, or according to the ter opportunity 3 fee fome hing finishing of the Houfe. | fliallj more of this nature.' Houfe. G 2 VIII; Of B U B U VIII. Of Cenfuring Buildings ] I fhail here draw towards a Conclufion of this Head, with Sir Henry Wottons Methodical Directions, how to Cenfure, or pafs ones Judgment on Fa- bricks already erected ; for without fome way to contract onesjudgment, it will be con* founded among!! lb many Par- ticulars as aBuildingconfiftsof. I fiiould therefore think it tobe (almofi) a harder Task, to be a good Cenfurer, than a good Architect : Becaufe the work- ing part may be helped by De- liberation, but the Cenfuring part mud flow from an Extem- poral Habit. Therefore (not to leave this lad Part, or Head without fome Light) I cou d wifb him that comes to exa- mine any noble for great ) Work ; firfi of all to examine himfelf, whether the fight of many fine ObjeTs, which he hath feen before, (which re- main like impreffed Idea’s on the Brain) hath not made him apt to think that nothing is good, but that which is the bef!: to be thus affe&ed, would relilh too much of a Cynical Humour Next, before he comes to give his Opinion concerning th z Edifice Jet him endeavour to inform himfelf precifely of the Age of the Fabick, upon which he is to give his Senti- ments or Opinion. And ifhe lhall find the vifible Decays to exceed the Proportion of time it hath been built, he may then fa&iy conclude, without ma- king farther inquiry, that the Materials were bad, and too flight, or the. Scat is nought, viz. Pofited on a bad Soil for Foundation, or expofed too much to a Tempeftuous Cor- rofive Air, &c. Now after thefe Premifes, if the Houfe be found to bear his Years well, (which is al- ways a Sign of a good Confti- tution.) Then let him fudden- ly run backwards (for the Me- thod of C enfuring is contrary to the Method of C ompofing) from the Ornaments fwhich firfi al- lure the Eye,) to the more Ef- lential Members , till at lafb he be able to form this Conclufi- on, That the Work is Commodi- ous, Firm and Delightful : which are the three capital Qualities in good Buildings . And this (as I may term it) is the moft Scientincal way of Cenfuring. But there are two other things which I mud not forget. The firft. (out of Georgio Vaf- fari's Preface before his Labo- rious Work of the Lives of Architects) is to pafs a running Examination over the whole Edifice, according to the Pro- perties of a well fliapen Man ; as whether the Walls (land up- right, upon a good Foundati- on ; whether the Fabrick be of a comely stature ; whether for the breadth it appear well bur- nished ; whether the principal Entrance be in the middle of the Front like our Mouths ; whe- ther the Windows , as our Eyes, be fet in equal number, and difiance on both fides the En- trance , &c Whether the Offices, like the Veins in our Bodies be conveniently difiributed. &c. For this Allegorical Review, may be driven as far as any Wit will, that is at leifure. The B U B U The feccnd way, is in Vitru- vius, Lib. i . Cap. 2. Where he briefly determines fix Confede- rations, which accomplish this whole Art a nx,. 1, Ordinatio 2. Difpofitio. 3. Eurythmia 4 . Symmetric. 5. "Decor. And 6. Diftributio. The two firfl: of thefe may be very well fpared or omitted ; for as far as I can perceive, either by his Interpreters, or by his own Text, (which in that very Place, where per haps he ought to have been cleared-, he is mod: obfeure) he meaneth by Ordination , no- thing but a well fettling of the Model or Scheme of the whole Work. Nor by Difpofetion , he meaneth r.o more than a neat and full Expreflion of the firfl: Idea or Defign thereof, which perhaps does more immediately belong to the Artificer, rather than to the Cenfurer. The other 4 are fufficient to con- demn or approve (or abfolve) any Fabrick whatever. Where- fore Eurythmia is that agreeable Harmony between the Breadth, Length, and Heighth of all the Pvooms of the Fabrick, which is very pleafing to all Beholders; which is always fo to all, by a fecret Power, which is in Pro- portion : where, let me Note this, That tho’ the lead: Error or Offence that can be com- mitted againftthe Sight, is Excefs of Heighth, yet that Fault is no where of final! Im- portance, becaufe it is the greatefl: Offence againft the Purfe. Symmetria , is a due Pro- portion of each Part in refpeft of the whole ; whereby a grea* Fabrick fhould have great Apartments or Rooms , great Lights or Windows great Entrances or Doors, great Stair- cafes, great Pillars and Pilaff ers See. 3 n fine, all the Members and Parts large, proportionable to the Building. For as it would be but an odd Sight to fee a great Man with litrJe Legs, Feet, Arms, Hands, &c. So alfo it would be undecent to fee a great Fabrick, confi ft of little Apartments , Lights , Stair - cafes , Entrances, See. So on the other hand, as it is ftrange to fee a little Man poflefl: of great Members, and Limbs, it is alfo very unfeemly to fee a Fa- brick that is but fmall. to be contrived into great Rooms, to have great Stair cafes, large En . trances, Lights Sec. But again, as it is an unbeleeming Sight, to fee either a great or little Man to have feme of his Mem- bers proportionable to his Body, and other fome fo large, as if they did belong to a Mon- fter or Giant, and not to him to whom they are affixt: So it is equally as ugly to fee a little Houfe or Edifice to have fome of its Parts monfirous alfo, viz.. great in fome Parts of the Apartments,znd by Conlequence others muft be as little, or fome mull be annihilated ; and fo by Confequence will be want- ing ; or great Stair cafes, great Windows , great Dqovs, or any other Members larger than ought to be, in refpeft of the Symmetry of the Parts with the whole. It’s likewife unfeemly to fee fome of the Parts too little, (that they are not pro- G 3 porti- portionable to the whole Structure) as to fee a Man have one very fmall Leg, and the other proportionable to his Body, or to have one little Eye like a Bird’s, and the other like (what it Ihould be) a Man’s, &c. Thus we fee there are many Errors which may be committed, (for want of a due Confideration, and Premeditation) in the Propor- tion of the Parts, &c. of a Building, and this is too often too well known to fome Gen- tlemen that are Builders, when they light on Workmen that are unskilful in the Rules of Proportiojj, and the Theory of Architecture ; and fuch Men very often run themfelves into a grand Error ; fo that they are almoft confounded in their Bufinefs, and know not well which way to vrind themfelves out of it again ; and being thus wandered from the right Road, (for want of this neceflary Knowledge ) they ftill blunder on in the dark, not knowing a better way than their old in- artificial one ; till they have jfiniftied their Courfe, viz. Compleated, or rather (which is more proper) concluded, their Building ; according to their way of working by G uefs : and thefe guelfing Workmen too often guefs wrong, and commit many Faults, which are eafily dete&ed,by any one, that has but a little Skill in judging of a Buildings Symmetry, <&f. Befides their conceal’d Crimes, which fuch Men are very fubjeft to commit, viz (I mean) their cutting, mang- ling, and (polling their Mailer’s Materials, when they work up- on his Stuff, as they generally do in the Country : Some- times you may obferve in your Courfe of Cenfuring , a Door, or Chimney fo mifplaced, either to the right or left, fo as to fpoil the intended ufe of a Room, and tho* it be not to- tally fpoiled, yet it feems as if the Artificers, (or Surveyor) wanted InftinCl as well as Reafon, that they could not contrive fo well as Beavers, and other Brutes which build their own Houfes, convenient for their Occafions. Perhaps fome- times you may obferve a Chimney fo fituated in the Angle of a Room, (tho’ de- fignd for Conveniency, be« caufe it could not well be carried up otherwife from the Chimney below it) yet this Chimney fhall fpoil the inten- ded ufe (Jn fome Meafure) of two Rooms, ( viz. That in which the Chimney is, and the next adjoining to the Chimney jamb) thus I knew one that did obferve two Chambers in a great Meafure thus fpoiled ; the Chimney was fet in the Angle of the inner one, and the Door came into it from the Chamber with- out, juft by one J^mb, the which Jamb (and by Confe- quence, that whole Chimney) was carried a Foot too far out in the Room, (which they might as well have carried farther the other way) and by this Means the Door was placed too far toward the other Wall of the Rooms, fo that the Par- tition Wall by this Means was m^de fo fhort betwixt the B U B U other Wall and the Door (at the .(Chimney-jamb) that it .was thereby rendred unfit to place any Beds againft it ; al- though it was the mod becom- ing Place for Beds in the Rooms - Sometimes little fneaking ill- contrived Stair- cafes are built in a good comely large Structure, and then again on the contrary, fome fmali for at mod but*midJing) Hou- fes, fhall have a Stair cafe fo large in ’em, that if you were firft to have feen the Stair- cafe, before you had feen any of the other Apartments, you might well conjefture, That the Rooms of that Fabrick (to be in proportion with the Stair- cafe) to be twice, or three times as large again as they are. Nay, perhaps, this is not all the Error neither ; forthefe random Workmen, do fo ma- nage the Matter, that they fpoil the Conveniencies of Clofers under them (or any other Conveniency) tho’ it be now A.la mode to make fome little Conveniences under a Stair cafe ; for Clofets are ac- counted an Improvement in our modernWay of Building: Some- times you may obferve an ill Polition of tights (or Win- dows) to a Stair cafe , not out of Neceflicy, but thro’ want of Skill and Precaution. Again, as to Lights (or Windows) you may fometimes in your View- ings obferve an ill Pofition (as well as an irregular Difpo- ficion in them), viz. Either in refpeft of Uniformity, or eo fecure them from the Wea- ther (I mean by this laft, when they are placed too near the Surface of the Building, that the Walls do not projeft be- yond them, the better to carry the wet from them which run down by the Walls in ftormy Weather. And then as to Uniformity in placing them, it fometimes fo happen?, that they cannot place the Win- dows on the Garrets exa&ly over thofe in the Stories be- low 5 and therefore, when they will not be brought into Uniformity with thofe below them, they ought to be placed as uniform as may be within themfelves. What I am now fpeaking of, hath been ob- fervedin a Fabrick , which Rood in the Form of a Roman Ca- pital L, having two Fronts on the out- fide of the L, con- fronting two Streets which crofs’d one another at Right Angles ; the Foot, or fnorc part of the L in the Fabrick, was not fo wide but it might be fpann’d with one Roof, but the long part was too wide to be fpann’d with one Roof (un- lefs it had been carried up a vaft deal higher than the other part, which would have then rendered it very unfeem- ly) and therefore three Roofs were fet on the long part of the L, parallel with that on the ihort parr, fo that there was three Gutters, and four Gable-heads on that Front which was the long part of thq L, and in each of thefe Ga- ble heads there was a Win* dow ; now, according to the Divifions of the Apartments in the Stories below, the Win- dows in them would not lit to be placed (none of them) per- pendicular under the middle of thefe Gables, the Artificer G 4 think* B U B U thinking to make it fortieth ing nearer to Uniformity, places l of thefe Windows all to wards (nay, very ' near) one fide of the Gables, pretending they were nearer dire&ly over the others, no doubt ; and therefore, in his Judgment, it’s nearer to Uniformity ; where- as, in Truth, it’s farther from it ; for by this Means they are not in a uniform Portion, neither in refpeft of thole in the Stories below them, nor yet within themfelves, which lad: they would have been, had they been placed in the middle of each Gable, and would have been more decent and comely, in refpeft of the Front without, and the Rooms within : For Lights being thus diforderly pofited, makes it look all aTquint, and as de- formed (almoft) as to fee a Alan have an Eye in his Tem- ples. Nay, I could indance in other Things, concerning placing of Lights, or Windows, njiz.. of mifplacing them, in refpeft of Altitude, like the Eyes of fome Monders (men- tioned by Peter Lampagneus) which were feated in the Shoulders, and Breads, nay, 1 think, almod in the Knees, or Feet, as it hath been ob- ferved by fome in fome parts of fome Fabricks. But thefe are the Efte&s and Blunders of working without the Af- ftilance offorecafting, and con* tflving according to Art* And Jadly, (for I will not trouble you any longer at prefent, concerning Symmetry ) you ought to observe whether Doors have their du? Symmetry , ft as to their Dimenlions, as well as Politions 4 T. or sFoot 4*, or 4 i Foot 2 or 2 i-Foot Neverthelefs, in thefe Points, ( Pipes (in the fame Pofition) the Workman ought rather toj on each fide of the Chimney, be guided by the Modern Fa- i Through thefe Holes, or Pipes, fhions, than by the words of, fays he, the Smoak will eafiiy this ancient Archited. pals out of any Tunnel, which 6. To prevent Smoak ing] Mr. * way foever the Wind blows. Lucar ( in his Solace ,) advifeth ' I cannot tell how this may take to leave two Holes (one over j effeft ; but to me it feems but another) on each fide of the a Fancy. I think Philipps de Chimney, one (lopeing up- j l'Orme\ Advice is better, who wards, and the other down-j propcfes to provide a hollow Wards, or elfe to place two Brafs ball of a reafonable Ca- pacity, C H C H pacity, with a little Hole on one fide for the Reception of Water. (1 think it were bet. ter made with a ihcrt Nofe to skrew-off, when’tis filled with Water; and then the Hole at the end of this Nofe needs not to be bigger than that at the fmall end of a Tobaco-pipe.) This Ball being fill’d with Wa- ter, is to be placed (with the Hole upwards; upon an Iron- wire, that fhall traverfe the Chimney a little about the Mantle-tree, at the ordinary heighth of the greateft Heat, or Flames ; and when the Wa- ter is hot, it will be rarify’d, and breakout of the Hole in a windy Vapour ; which will force up the Smoak, that other- wife might linger in the Tun- nel by the way, and otentimes revert. It were good to have two of thefe Balls, one of them may fupply the place of the other, when ’tis exhauft- ed ; or for a need, blow the Fire in the mean time. I have feen on the top of fome Chimneys, a fort of Fane, or Weather-cock, (fome call it a Begger-man) whofe back- fide is cover’d with Plates*ofTin ; fo that which w r ay foever the Wind be, it can never keep down the Smoak in the Chim- ney , but it always comes out free, and undifturb’d. I have known this laft Contrivance help Chimneys, that before Smoak’d very rtiuch But I believe the ingenious Carperu ter, and Bricklayer might pre- vent the Smoaking of any Chimney, by a due Situation of the Doors of the Room, and apt falling hack, of the Back, and convenient gathering of the Wings, and Breft of the Chimney. Chimney-hooks. 1. What.] Thefe are Hooks of Steel or Brafs. put into the Jambs of the Chimney, in each Jamb, one for rhe handle of the Fire-pan, and Tongs to reft in. 2. Price.] The Steel-hooks are commonly about i s. the pair, and the Brafs ones, about 2 s. the pair in London ; for fo I have there bought ’em. Chimney-jambs. The fides of a Chimney, commonly coming out Perpen- dicularly ('tho’ fometimes Cir- cularly) from the Back ; on the Extremities of which the Mant f e tree refteth. Alfo, fee Corner-ftone. Chimney-pieces . i. What.] Certain Mould ings of Wood, or Stone, Band- ing on the fore.fide of the Jambs, and coming over the Mantle-tree. 2 Price. ] Chimney pieces of Free-flone, wrought plain, are worth io s. but there may be fuch Mouldings wrought in ’em, as with their Coves, and other Members, may be worth 2o, 30, or 40 s. a piece. Chim - ney pieces of Egyptian , or Black Bleak' d’ marble, or of Ranee , or Liver* colour'd marble, are worth (of C H C H (of an ordinary fize) 12, or 14/. a piece. Chimney pieces of Wood , are alfo of different Pri- zes, as jo , 12, or i4-j\to 20 s . a piece, more or lefs, accord- ing to their largenefs, good- neis of the Stuff, and Curiofi- ty in the Workmanfhip. 3. Painting] They are com- monly painted by the Piece, at about 2 s. a piece, more or lefs, according to the goodnefs of the Work, and largenefs of the Chimney-pieces. Chfiptrels* See Arches. N.6. Clma y or Cimaife . From the Greek Kym'ation, a Wave, is what in Englifi we call Ogee , Ogive , and fometimes barely O- -G. Is is a Moulding waved on its Contour, Con cave at the Top, and Convex at the Bottom, and which makes the uppermoft Member, and as it were the Cime or Top of large Cornices. Of thefe there are two kinds ; in the one. that part which has the greateft Projetfure in Concave, and is term'd Doucine , or an upright Ogee ; in the other, the Convex part has the greateft ProjeBure ; and this is call’d the Heel or inverted Ogee. Some write the word Simaife , and de- rive it from Simus, flat nofed ; but that Etymology is falfe the Beauty ©f this Member con- flfting in having its Projeffure equal to its Heighr. Cimbia. See Pedeftal. N. Cincture. Is a Lift or Fillet at the Top or Bottom of a Column. That at the Top is fometimes call’d Colier f and fometimes Annulus. Cilery . A Term in Archite&ure, fignifying the Drapery or Le. vage that is wrought upon the Heads of Pillars. Cimeliark' In Architefture is a Veftry, or Room where the Plate, Veft- ments, and other rich Things belonging to the Church are kept. Cifterns. 1. What.] They are Veflefs, made to ferve as Receptacles for Rain, or other Water, for the necelfary Ufesofa Family. 2. To make.] If you defign to make your Cifterns under your Houfe as a Cellar, which is the beft way to preferve your Water for culinary Ufes; then you may lay your Brick or Stone with Terrace, and it will keep Water very well. Or you may make a Cement , to joyn your Brick or Stone with- al, with a Compofition made of flacked lifted Lime, and Lin- feed Oyl, tempered together with Tow or Cotton-wool. Or C L C L Or you may lay a Bed of good Clay, and on that lay your pricks for the Floor; then raife the Wall round about, leaving a convenient fpace be- hind the Wall to ram in Clay, which may be done as faft as you raife the Wall: So that when ’tis finiih’d, ’twill be a Ciftern of Clay, walled with- in with Brick, and being in a Cellar, the Brick will keep the Clay moift; (altho’ empty of Water)that it will never crack. This (fays Mr. Worlidge) I have known to hold Water perfect- ly well, in a lhady place, tho’ not in a Cellar. Thus in a Garden or other Place, may fuch a Ciftern be made in the Earth, and cover’d over; the Rain-water being convey’d thereto, by declining Channels running to it. Alfo, in, or near Houfes, may the Water that falls from them be con- duced thereto. Clamp. i. What ] A Clamp isakind of Kiln built above Ground (of Bricks unburnt) for the! Burning of Bricks. a. How made , and how Bricks are burnt in it ] An ancient and experienced Workman, that has made and burnt many Thoufands of Bricks tells me, That they build their Clamps much after the Method that the Arches are built in Kilns, •viz. With a Vacuity betwixt each Brick’s breadth, for the Fire to afcend by; but with this difference, that inftead of Arching they trnfs-over , or # v?r fpan t as they phrafe it, i. e. they lay the end of one Brick about half way over the end of another, and fo, ’till both fides meet within half a Brick’s length, and then a bounding Brick at the Top finifhes the Arch. They make the Mouth, ( where the Fire is to be put in) about 1 4 Foot wide, and about 3 Foot high, and then they be- gin to truis over, which they do for 3 Bricks i o heighth ; which with a bounding Brick on the Top, will clofe up the Arch. But after they have be- gun, make the Place to receive to the Fuel (before i£ is clofed at he top)they fill it almoft full with Wood, and upon that lay Sea-coal ; then being over- fpan’d like an Arch, on all the Surface they ftrew Sea-coal, and then they lay another Courfe of Bricks the other way, laying them at a little diftance from one another, and Brew- ing Sea-coal upon them: And thus they continue, laying one Courfe one way, and the other another (and Brewing Sea-coal betwixt each Courfe) ’till they come to 8 or io Foot high, ac- cording as the Clamp is to be for bignefs This being done, they fire the Wood, and that fires the Coal ; which being all burnt out, the whole Clamp of Bricks is burnt. Clamp-nails. See Nails. N. 3. .Clafp nails. See Nails. N. 4. Cleaving,. Cleaving. Of Laths, Pales, Shingles, and Timber. See Laths t Pale J, &c. Cl eer-flory -window. See Window. N. Clench-nails. See Nails. N- $. Clinkers . Thofe Brkks are flo call’d by fome which (having natu- rally much Nitre, or Salt-peter in them, and lying next the Fire in the Clamp, or KilnJ by the Violence of the Fire are run, and are glazed over. Cloifler. A clofe and feparate Habi- tation, where Friars, Monks and Nuns live retir’d from the World. Allb a long place cover’d with a Floor, or Plat- fond, fupported by Pillars. See P- Architrave. N. 2. Clof it. A general Name for any very fmall Room. The Con- trivance of Clofets in moft Rooms, now fo much ufed (and fo ufeful^) is one great Improvement of Modern Ar- chitecture. Clout-nails . See Nails. N. Clout- brads See Brads. N. Cockle- flairs. As Winding-flairs. See Stair-cafe. N. III. Coins * As Quoins. C oiler* As CinCture. Collorino. See Capital. N. 2. College . A Place fet apart for the Society, and Cohabitation of Students. Collar - beam. A Beam fram’d crofs be- twixt two principal Rafters. Column Column . 1. What. ] A Column is a kind of round Pillar, com pos’d of a Bafe, a or shaft j and a Capital , and ferves to j fupport the Entablement. The ; Column is different in the dif- ' ferent Orders, being capable \ of a great number of Variati- ons, with regard to to its Mat- i ter, its Conftru&ion, Form, Difpofition and Ufe. The Word comes from the Latin C alumna, which Vitruvius tells us was form’d from Columen , a j Prop or Support, 2. Parts.] Every Column" (in the largeft Senfe) confiftsi of feven principal Parts, viz* Pedeftal, Bafe, Body, Capital, Architrave, Frieze, and Cor- nice ; each of which (hall be handled in their proper Places gf the Alphabet 3. Kinds.] Archite&s reckon five Oiders or Kinds of Co- lumns, viz. Tufcan, Dorick, Ionick, Corinthian, and Ro- man Compofite, or Compound Order. I fhall ( here ) fay fomething to each of thefe, in their Order, 4 . r«/f/iw.]The whole heighth of this C olumn, and heighth of each principal Part thereof, according to feveral Authors, is, as in^the following Table. Authors c o c o Au- thors Naves VVhole Pede * Bafe height.' fial. 1 Body. [Capi- tal. rfrchi trave. Frieze. Cornijh Mo. Mi. Mo. Mi Mo Mi. Mo Mi. j Mo .Mi. Mo. Mi Mo Mi Mo Mi. Vitru- vius \ 11 52 20 0 30 6 0 0 30 0 30 0 03 0 30 Vig- nola 1 11 ?i ioO 30 5 i 1 6 0 0 30 0 30 0 3 s 0 40 PaU \ladio I L 10 15 1 00 300 3c 0 30 j° 35 ' O 26 0 40 Scam - mozzi jii 15 1 52 i 0 30 •6 30 i 0 30 1 O 41 0 41 Note , (i.) That In this, and the four following Tables of the heighths of Columns, and their Parts; I have taken pains to reduce all my Author’s Di menfions to Modules and Mi- nutes ; reckoning a Module the Diameter of the Body of the Column, juft above the Safe ; and a Minute the doth part o a Module. ( 2. ) That the height of the Body of a Co- lumn, is reckon’d from the top of the Bafe, to the top of the Aftragal under the Capital- 5 . Dorick.] The whole heighth of this Column, and the heighth of each principal part thereof, according to feveral I Authors, is as in this Table. Au- j ors Whole Pede • height ; fal. Bafe Body. Capi - 1 \tal. Archi- trave. Frieze. Cornijh 1 ames j Mo.Mi.Mo. Mi[ Mo’ Mi. Mo. Mi. Mo Mi} Mo. Mi Mo Mi Mo Mi Vitru . 4 '53 0 1 0 30 1 |8 10 '0 20 0 37 t 0 45 0 52 i 1 1$ 28,2 4O ! 0 5 *t 7 4OO 2 7 y 0 34 t 0 27 1 . 0 4 62 Scam mozzi I 12 33 > * 3 ° 0 3- 7 3 ° 0 i8|- 0 35 0 *28 ( 1 'o 4 2 6. Corint.] The whole heigh th thereof, according to feveral of this Column, and the Authors, is as in this Table, heighth of each principal part Au- thors Names Whole height. Pede - (lal. Bafe. Body. J Capi- \Archi- Frieze j 1 tal. travel Cornijh Mo. Mi. Mo .Mi Mo Mi. Mo Mi . ; Mo. Mi. Mo. Mi Mo. Mi Mo Mi. Vitru- • vius 16 0 3 3 ° 0 30 8 20 1 10 1 0 300 37t 1 0 Vig- nola 16 0 3 3 o 0 30 8 20 £ IO 1 0 45|0 45 I 0 Pal- ladio t 13 541 3° 0 3c 7 55 I 5 0 360 28 0 50 Scam- \ , . i± 42-I 2 30 mozzi + ^ z J 0 30 8 5 1 10 0 3 ?!'’ 3 1 1 0 4 < 5 | 8. Dorick.] Roto an Compopta or Compound JThe whole heighth of this Column, and the heighth of each principal part thereof, according to feveral Authors, is as in this Table. Au* j thors ! Whole Pede • height, fal. Bafe j Body. Capi- I ! tal. Archi trave . Frieze. ! Cornijh Mo Mi. Names Mo. Mi. Mo. Mi Mo' Mi Mo. Mi. Mo Mi Mo. Mi Mo Mi yitru • vius 16 61 3 30 0 308 20 IC 0 $ It 0 5 if j° 52 f Vig- nola 16 0 3 3 ° 0 308 20 I 10 0 45 0 45 1 0 Pall a dio *5 20 3 20 f 0 308 25 i 1 5 0 45 0 30 0 45 Scam - mozzi r 5 20 \ 1 ' 308 =5 r 5 ,0 4c 0 3 a 0 48 1 c o c o 9 . Of Diminijhing ] Columns of every Order mu ft be fo formed, that the upper part of the Body be lefsthan the lower; which dimimftiing, . rrmft be more or leis, according to the Proportion of their Heighths ; and is to begin from one third part of the whole Shaft up- wards, (1. e. the lower third part is to be of an equal Big- nefs ; ) which Philander pre- fcribes, (by his own precife meafuring ofancient Columns) as the moil graceful Diminu- tion. And for the Quantity to be diminiflied, Archice&s lay down this Rule. — — • That the Tufcan Dorick lonick Corinthian Compound fmaller at the Top, juft under the Capital, than below, juft above the Bafe, i. e. the Diameter of Tufcan jDorick the Top, of the ^lonick . • 'Corinthian V Compound ) i Column, is the Diameter of the Column below* * Colours. The principal Colours us’d in painting of Houfes, &c. fnall be treated of in their pro- per Places. Compojite Order. See Column and Order . Compartition. By this Term, Architects underftand a graceful smdufeful Distribution of the whole Ground-plot of an Edifice, in to Rooms of Office, and of Reception, or Entertainment Compartment] In Architecture, is a particu- lar Square (for an Infcription, or fome other Device) marked out in fome ornamental Parc of a Building. Concamerate . To make an Arched-Roof; as in Vaults, &c. to Arch over. Conclave, In Architecture, is a Cloiet, or Inner* Chamber. I Conducts. c o c o Condu&Sc Sewers, or Gutters, to con vey away the Suillage of a Houfe. In thefe (fays Sir Henry Wotton) Art ftiould imi- tate Nature , in feparating thofe ignoble Conveyances from the Sight j and (where there wants a running Water.) (hould place them in the moft remote and loweft part of the Foundation, with fecret Vents palling up through the Walls, (like Tunnel) to the wide Air ; which all Italian Artifts commend for the Difcharge of noifome Vapours ; tho’ elfe- where , to my Knowledge, little pra&i fed Conges, Tn Architecture are the Rings, or Ferrils, heretofore us’d in the Extremities of Wooden- pillars, to keep them from fplitting, afterwards imitated in Stone* work. Confole. From the French Confolider , to clofe up is an Ornament cut upon the Key of an Arch, which has a Froje&ure or Jetting, and on Occafion ferves to ftipport little Cornices, JFigures, Bulls, and Vafes. Contour . Ccntignatien. A Story in Building. In Latin, Contignatio fignifies the laying of Rafters together. Covtramure. In Architecture , is an Out- wall, built about the Wall of a City. Copeing of Walls. 1. What. ] The Copeing of a Wall is the Top, or Cover of it, made (loping to carry off the Wet. 2 . Price ] I have known Brick-wallsfof i -f Brick thick) coped with Stone, for 4 d per Foot, lineal, ( or running / Meafure ; the Workman draw- ing the Stones into this Price. 3 . Drawing of Stones, /or-] I have know n 1 d. per Foot given for drawing the Stones for Copeing of Walls. Corbeilles. From the Lztin Corbis (a Basket) is a Piece of carv’d Work in the Form of a Basket ! full of Flowers or Fruits, ferving in Archite&ure to ' finilh fome Ornament. Corbel. - UILK! The Out-line of any Mem- ' more her in ' rc ite&ure; as that of Occa a Bafe , a Cornice , or the like a flench Word. See Profile, A fliort piece of Timber laid into a Wall, with its End (licking out fome 6 or 8 Inches, or lefs, according as the Occasion requires : The un- der-fide of the End fo (lick’rg out, is fometimes cut into ie Fo.m c o c o Form of a Boultin; fometimes of an O-G, fometimes of a Face, and fometimes of other Forms, according to the Fancy of the Workman ; the upper- fldeis flat and plain* Corbels are commonly placedfforStrength- lake,) immediately under the middle of Semi-girders of a Plat* form, and fometimes un- der the Ends of the Camber > beams ; but then they are com- monly placed a Foot or two below the Beam, and a piece of Timber Bands upright (clofe by the Wall) from the Corbel to the Beam. Corbels . Holes left in the Walls of ancient Churches, &c. for Images to ftand in. Corinthian Order . See Column and Order. Corner-tiles. See Tiles N* V. Corner ones . 1. What.] Are two Stones, (commonly of Rigate, or Fire ftone) of which there Hands one in each Jamb of a Chim- ney Their Faces are hollow in the Breadth, being a certain Sweep ofa Circle. The Breadth of each Stone is equal to the Breadth of the Jamb ; and their Heighth reaches from the Hearth to the Mantle-tree. 2. Price ] I have bought of thefe Stones in London for 20 s j per Pair. Cornice, Comes from the Latin Co- ronis, a Crowning, and makes the third and uppermoft Mem- ber of the Entablejnent, which is different in the feveral Or- ders The Word Cornice , how- ever, is applied to every Pro- minent or jetting Member that crornis any Body ; and thus we fay the Cornice of a Pedeftal and the like. Cornices are alfo placed on the Top of Wainfcot, and under the Eaves cf Houfes, &c. 1 Kinds.] There areas many kinds of Cornices as there are Orders of Columns, viz Tuf« can, Dorick, lonick, Corinthi- an, and Compolite ; to which may be added, Plain, Canta- liver, Modilion, andCoveing Cornices j Of all which I Ihall treat in their Order. 3. Tufcan .] According to Vitruvius , the whole Heighth of the Tufcan cornice is l a Module i which Heighth being divided into four grand Divi- fions, the uppermoft of them goes to the Boultin t and Fillet under it ; and this Diviflon being fub-divided into four Parts, three of them go to the Boultin , and one to the FiUet. The two next grand Diviflons go to the Corona , or Crown, (which is flat and plain) and the lower moft grand Diviflon gees to the C hnatium ; which being again divided into three parts, the uppermoft of them goes to the Fillet, and the other two to the or O-G. The Pro- je&ure of the whole Cornice, (as aU'g of each Member there- I » of,) c o c o of,) he makes to be equal to its Heighth ; and the under-fide of the Corona he divides into ii Parts, whereof he gives 2 to the Fillet, and I to the Denticle, and fo alternately ; for ’tis fitting (lay he! to have 3 as deep as they are large. According to Scammozzi , the whole Heighth of this Cornice is 39 Minutes, and the Heighth of each particular Member thereof (beginning at the top, and defcenaing orderly !, is as follows ; The upper List, or Flint of the Cornilh, 3 m. the Sup ere ilium , Lijl , Tinea , or Eye-brow i ~ m. the upper Cima, or O-G. 8 m. the Lift under it i L m . rhe Corona, or Crown 9 J m. the Lift, i | m. the icima or greater O-G 6 m. (here’s i f m left betwixt, for the Depth of the Dentils! the Supcrcilium, or Lift, i * m. the | Cimatium or little O G 5 m. the Lift 2 m Palladio makes the whole Heighth of this Cornice 44 m whereof the Lift at the Top is 3 y m the Scima Reffa 10 m. the Lift under him 2 - 1 - m the Corona 10 m. the Doultin 9 m the LiSt I L m and the Cavetto, or Hollow 7 ~ m 4. Dorick ] Vitruvius makes two different Fal'hions of Do- rick Cornices ; the whole Heighth of one of 'em is j a Module, which divided into two grand Divifions, one of them (viz the upper One! is again divided into 8 Parts, of which 1 parr goes to the IJSt at the top, and the other 7 to theO G The other grand Di- V*fion is fubdivided into 4 parts, of which the uppermoft, and lowermoft parts go to the 2 Cimatiums , and the 2 middle Parts go to the Corona , the Lift of each of thofe Cimatiums is {■ of the whole Cimatium. The whole Heighth of the other faftuon’d Cornice is 40 m. which divided into 9 Parts, 2 fhall go to the 2 Facia's, 1 to the Thoms, or Boultin above ’em, 2 to the Modilions above that, 2 to the Crown, and 2 to the Cima , or O-G at the top. The Modilions , as alfo the C rowh being divided, each into 3 Paits, one of ’em {hall go to their refpe&ive Cimatiums, of which their Lists are each f of of the whole. According to Scamozzi , the whole Heighth of this Cornice is 42 m. whereof the Lift at the Top is 2 m- the great O-G 7 m. the List 1 m- the little O-G 3 | m. the Corona 8 m. the Lift r m the Cafement 2 m. the BouL tin 5 m. the Lift 1 m. the Square 7 m the LiSl 1 m. and the Boultin 4 m. Palladio , in his Verbal De- feription of this Cornice, makes the whole Heighth cf it to be 37m but in his Figure ’tis but 33 i m of which the Li St at the Top is 2 ^ m. the Scima ReSta, or O G 6 \ m. the Lift 1 m the t cima Reverfa 3 J m. the Corona 8 m. the Ovolo, or Boultin 6 m. the Lift 1 m. and the Cafement at the bottom 5 m. 5 IonickL] The whole heighth of this Cornice, according to Vitruvius , is about 52 f m. He deferibes two falhion’d Cornices in this Order j in one of them he divides the whole Heighth into 1 1 parts, the two uppermoft of which go c o c o go to the Cimatium, and the Boultin under it ; and this Space being Tub-divided into 6 parts 2 of them go to the Fillet of the Citnatiuyj, 3 t0 O G, and 1 to the Boultin. The next two grand Divifions go to the Corona The . next 3 grand Divifions go to the Car - toufes , and the Cimatium over ’em ; and this Space being di- vided into 5 Parts, 1 of em makes the Cimatium , of which the Fillet is 7 of the whole. Then 1 i of the next grand Division goes to the Boultin , and Fillet over it, of which the Fillet is j part of the whole Again, 1 r of the next grand Divifion goes to the Cafiment , and Fillet over it, of which the Fillet is 7 of the whole. And the laff grand Divifion goes to the Cimatium , of which the Fillet is j part of the whole In the other fafhion'd Cornice, he divides the whole Heighth into 6 Parts, the uppermoft ofwhichgoestothe O G, where- of its Fillet is ^ part, the next grand Divifion being fub-di- videdinto 3 parts, thevppermoft of ’em goes to the Cimatium , (of which its Fillet is j part,) and the other two ro the Corona The next two grand Divifions are fub-divided into 5; Parts, the uppermoft of which gees to the Cimatum (of which its Fillet is' f part j and the other 4 to the Cartoufes. The next grand Divifion being fub-di- vided into 4 Parts, 3 of them go the Boultin , and 1 to the Fillet under it. And the laft grand Divifion being fub-di* vided into 4 parts, 3 of ’em go to the Cafensen'yxii&izo the Cima m tium, of which its Fillet is 7 part- Scammozzi make the whole Heighth of this Cornice 42 m. whereof the Lift at the Top is 2 m the Scima Reef a 5 i in the Lift \ m. the Seim a Reverfa 2 7 m the Corona 6 f m. the Sei- ne a Reverfa 2 7 m. the Cartoufes 7 m the Boultin 4 iri the Lift 1 m the Square 5 m. the Lift 1 m and the Boultin 4 m. Palladio makes the whole heighth of this Cornice 4 6 j m whereof the Lift at the top is 2 f m. the Scima Reffa 7 m. the Lift 17 m. the Scima Re. noerfa 3 i m the Coro## 8 m. the ScimaRecla over the Modilions 3 |m. the Modilions 77m the Lift 1 m the Ovolo , or Bokltin 6 m. the Lift 1 \ m. and the Cavetto, or Hollar v 5 m. 6 . Corinthian .] The whole Heighth of this Cornice, ac- cording to yitruvius , is about 1 Module He deferibes two different fafliion’d Cornices in this Order ; in one of which he divides the whole Heighth into 5 Parts, the uppermoft of which goes to the O-G, of which its Fillet is \ part. Then 1 4 of the next grand Divifions goes to the Corona and Cimatium oVer it, of which fpace the Cimatium is f part, and its Fil. let 4 of that, i hen 1 \ of the next grand Divifions goes to the Modilions , and Cimatium over them, of which fpace the Cimatium is 7 part. And the laft grand Divifion goes to the \B ultin , and Fillets over and under it ; and this being di- vided into 3 pares, the lower- moft goes to the Fillet, and the other two being again divided into 6 parts, 5 of them go ro c o c o the Boultin, and rhe other to the Fillet over it ; in the other fafhion'd Cornice, he divides the whole Heighth into 9 parts, of which the two yppermoft being divided into 4 parts, 3 of ’em go to the O G, ( whofe Fillet is i of the whole,) and the other to the Cimatium over the Corona, (whofe Fillet is f of the whole.) The next two grand Divifions go to the Co- rona. The next two grand Di- vifions go to the Modilions, and the Cimatium over ’em, i of this fpace goes to the Cimatium, (whofe Fillet is j of the whole Cimatium) and the reft to the Modilions. The next two grand Divifions go to the Boultin, and Fillet over and under it, which Fillets are each y of the whole And the laft grand Divifion goes to the Cima at the foot of the Cornice According to Scammozzi, the whole Heighth of this Cornice is 46 ; m. whereof the Lift of the cima Refta is 2 m. the a ci- ma Refta 6 f m. the Lift of rhe Scima Reverfa i m the Seim a Reverfa 3 ~ m the Half-round j | m. the Corona 7 j m the Cimatium 3 f m. the Modilions 84 m. th e. Lift 1 m. the Boul- fcin ? m. the Lift 1 m and the Scima $ m. The whole Heighth of this Cornice, according to Palladio , is 50 m. whereof 2 f m. goes to the Lift of rhe Scima Refta- the Scima Refta is 8 f m the Lift ~ m- the Scima Reverfa 3 m. the Corona 7 f m the Lift of the O G over the Modi lions f m. the O G 2 * m the Mo. dilions 8 f m the Boultin 4. | m> the Lift 1 m the Boultin j 5 f in. the Lift 1 m. and O-G 4 f m. 7. Roman Compojita , or Com- pound.'] The whole Heighth of this Cornice, according to Vitruvius , is equal to the Dia- meter of the Column above, which is about 524m He de- feribestwo different falhion’d Cornices in this Order ; one of which he divides into 2 Parts, the uppermoft of which goes to the O- G, (whofe Fillet is 4 of the whole,) and the un- dermoft to the Corona and Cimatium over it ; and this Space being divided into 4 parts, 3 of them go to the Corona, and one to the Cima- tium, whofe Fillet is f of the whole Cimatum. Scammozzi makes the whole Heighth of this Cornice 48 m. and Palladio 45 m but for the Heighth of each particular Member, they leave us very much in the dark; for accord- ing to either of them the Sum of the Particulars will never make the whole Heighth ; and befides, Palladio fets down no Dimensions to feveral of the Members of this Cornice. So that f think, a Man is but little the wifer for what any ofthefe Authors fay of this Cornice. 8. Cantaliver.] Workmen tell me, that rhofe are call’d ' antaliver-cornices, that have CanraHvers under them. See C ant Olivers N. 1. 9 Modilion ] Workmen tell me, That Modilion cornices are fuch as have Modilions under them. See Modilknt, 10. Covxini ] Workmen tell me. That they call that a Cbveing-Cornifh, which has a great c o c o great Cafement, or Hollow in it, which is commonly lathed and plaiRer’d upon Compafs, Sprockets, or Brackets. ir. Price.] Some Cornices (fays Mr. Leybourn) are valued by the piece, dearer, or cheap- er, according to their Large- nefs, Goodnefs of the Stuff, and Curioftty of Workman- fhip : Others are meafur’d, and rated by the Foot Running mea- sure , i. e. by the Number of Feet in length only. Experi- enced Carpenters tell me, That for making of plain Cornices (without any Carving) under the Eves of a Houfe, they com- monly have i s per Foot, Run- ning-meaRire. Mr. Wing tells us, That Cornices are valu d according to their Nature and Bignefs ; a Modilion-cornice (of Fre^ftone) of 18, or 20 Inches thick, is worth (fays he,) $ or 6 s per Foot, Run- ning-meafure He alfo tells us, (in Joyners WorkJ That a Modilion-cornice, with its carved Work, is worth is: per Foot. And a plain Modilion- cornice of 12, or 14 Inches (fays he) will be worth 3 s 6 d. or 4 s. per Yard, runnirig- meafure. A Brick cornice, (as fome Workmen tell me) 2 s. 6 d per Foot. Corcna , Cor nis , or Crowning. Thefe Words are indiffe- rently applied to any Thing that finifhes an Ornament in Archite&ure ; as for Ir- Ranee to a Cornice or Pediment , See* h Corfa. This Word, as well as Fafcia and Tania, in Vitruvius , fignifies what we call Plat- band. See Plat- band. Coveing , 1. What. See Cornice. N. 10. Alfo, Workmen tell me, That Coveing is alfo ufed in this Senfe ; viz. When Houfesare built projecting forth over the Ground- plot, and that is (as commonly ’tis) turn’d with a Quadrant of a Circle, (or Se- mi-arch) of Timber, which is lathed and plaiRer’d ; (un- der which People may walk dry ; as ’tis much us'd at Tun - bridge.Wells , on the upper Walks ; ) I fay, fuch Work is commonly call’d Coveing. 2. Price.] Mr. Wing (in his Geodetes Prafticue Rederius ) fay s, That the Carpenter’s Work of Coveing, is worth 4 5- per Square. Coujjnet. The firft Stone whence a Vault or Arch commences, is fo. call’d. The little Cornice or Plinth that crowns the Peer and fupports the Coujjinet , is call’d Impofi. Crown > As Corona. Crown-pofty Is that PoR, which (in fome Buildings) Rands upright in the middle, between two prin- I 4 cipal C R C R clpal Rafters, from which there goes Struts, or Braces to the middle of each Rafter. It is alfo call’d a King-piece, or Joggle piece. Crofs-garnets . See Hinges. N. 2. Crofs -grain'd. Timber is faid to be crofs- grain’d, where a Bough, or fome Branch fhoots out on that part of the Trunk of the Tree ; for the Bough, or Branch fhobting forwards, the Grain of that Branch fhoots j forward alfo, and fo runs a- crofs the Grain of the Trunk; and if k be well grown toge- ther, it will fcarce be per* ceiv’d in fome Stuff, but only an Working. Crofs- Multiplication. 1. What.] Crofs-Multipli- cation is the multiplying of Feet and Inches by Feet and Inches,- or Feet, Inches, and 32th. parts of Inches, by Feet, Inches, and (12th) parts of Inches. ’Tis fo call’d, becaufe they multiply a-crofs, as I ihall fliew how in the follow- ing Number. This way of Multiplication is much us’d by .Workmen, in meafuring their Work 5 but, I think, none of ’em are fo nice, as to take their Dimenfions to parts of Inches, except Glaziers. 2 . How perform'd ] Set the Multiplicand over the Multi- plier, as is done in the follow- ing Examples, and then mul- tiply as the Lines direct; ob- ferving to fet down the par- ticular Produ&s under Feet, Inches, or Parts refpeflively, according to thele Rules. 1. Feet multiply’d by Feet, produce Feet. 2. Feet by Inches, produce Inches. 3. Feet (by 12th) parts, pro- duce parts. 4 Inches by Feet, produce Inches. $. Inches by Inches, pro- duce Primes, (or 1 2th) Parts (of an Inch.) 6. Inches by (12th) parts, produce feconds, or 12th parts of the 1 2th . part of an Inch. 7. Parts by Feet, produce ( 1 2th) parts, 8. Parts by Inches, produce Seconds. 9. Parts by Parts, produce Thirds, (or 12th. Parts of a Second.) But Note, That in fetting down the Products of each Denomination, ( except the Feet) you muft fet down only the odd ones above 12, or 1 a*s, carrying all the 1 2’s as fo many Unites to the next* greater Denomination. Extwt- c u c u Example i. F. III. Let It be required to Multiply 5 — 3 by F. In. go C 5 — 3 — °° 2 F. 4 In. fet down the Numbers thus #«g-]Drefling of Deals’ [i. e. rough-plaining them o- ver with a Fore- plain, that they may dry,] is worth (fays Mr. Wing,) i s. per fcore : and fo I know fome Workmen have ; tho* others tell me, they have known them done for 9 d. fer fcore. Deal- floors. Of Laying.'] The Laying of ordinary DeaDfbors, [i.e. plaining, and joining : em } &c ] is worth 5 s per Square. But if they a e laid with Dove tail, or Key joynts, without Pins or Nail.s, fome Workmen tell me, They have 10 s.per Square. And if the Workman find Deals, and lay them the ordinary way ’tis worth from 24 to 30 sper Square, accord- ing to the goodnefs of the Deals. But if the Deals are very good, and laid either with Dovetail, or Key- joints, (with- out Nails, or Pins) ’tis worth 35 r or 4c the Square, See PI. Floors. D I Deck nails. See Nails. N. 6 . ' Decor . This Word is perfeft Latin, and fignifies the keeping of a due Refpeft between the Inha- bitant and Habitation. Whence Palladio concludes. That the Principal Entrap mull never be regulated by any certain Di- menfions, but by the Dignity of the Perfon that is to live in it ; yet to exceed , rather in the more than in the lefs, is a Mark of Generofity, and may be excus’d with fome no- ble Emblem, or Infcription, as that of the Conti di Bavi- laccjun, over his large Gate at: Verona, (where perchance had been committed a little Dis- proportion :) Patet Janua } Cor. magis . Denticles. Ornaments in a Cornice, cut after the manner of Teeth, (from Dens, a Tooth.) Thefe are particularly affe&ed in the Doric Order, and the Square Member wherein they are cut is called the Dynticule. in Latin Dent i cuius. Diaftyle. An Edifice, where the Co- umns are placed at the di- :ance of three of the Diame- ters from one another. Diamond-gaff. See Glafs-quarry. Diamond. Diamond-pavement. See Paving. N. io. Die . This Term is applied to any fquare Body, as the Trunk or Naked of a Pedcflal, which is that Part included between the Bafe and Cornice thereof Digging. Of Meajuring ] The digging of the Ground for Cellars, and for the Foundations of Build- ings, is commonly done by the Yard folid, containing 27 folid Feet; and that is ufually counted a Load. Therefore the Dimenfions being given in Feet, multiply the length by the breadth, and the Produft by the depth, dividing thislaft Produft by 27, and the Quo- tient will give the Content in folid Yards. Diminifljing. Of Columns .1 See Columns. N. 9. Among the Ancients, a kind of Temple or other Edifice encompafs’d round with a dou- ble How of Columns. It fig- nifies in Greek two-wing’d The Pfeudo for falfe) Dip- tere was the fame; excepting, that inftead of the double Row of Columns, this was only en- compalVd with a fingle one. Dogg nails. See Nails. N. 7* Dome • Alfo a Cupola, a round piece of Archite&ure, (refem- bling the Bell of a great Clock) fet upon the top of a Build- ing, particularly upon Cathe- dral Churches, where it ferves for the Bell-tower. Dorick- order . See Column, and Order. Doors . 1. What.] Doors are thofe parts of a Building, that are ferviceable for the Paflage in and out of Perfons. 2. Situation of.] Firft, fee that the Doors of a Houfe be as few in number, and as mo- derate in Dimenfions, as may poflibly confift with other due Refpe&s : For in a word, all Openings are Weaknings. Second- ly, That they do not approach too near the Angles of the Walls ; for Ywere a moll ef- fential Solecifm to weaken that part, which mull llrengthen all the reft : A Precept well recorded, but ill pra&ifed by the Italians themfelves. parti- cularly at Venice. Thirdly, Let the Doors, if poflible, be right over one another, that the void may be upon the void, and the fuil upon the full; which will be a great ftrength. ning to the whole Fabrick- F'ourthly, J.ec them (if pofti- b}e; D O D R ble) be placed oppofite to one another, in fuch manner, that one may fee from one end of the Houle to the other ; which will not only be very grace- ful, but aJfo moft convenient, in refpeft twill cool the Houfe in Summer, by letting the Air through the Houfe, and in Winter to keep out the Wind, which way foever it fit. Fifth 3y, ’Tis not only Ornamental, but very fecure to turn Arches over the Doors, which will difcharge them in a great mea- fure, from the Super-incum- bent weight, which might otherwife prefs upon them too much 3. Diwenfions of.] Inner-doors in large Buildings ought to be three Foot broad and upwards, and their heighth twice their breadth. And Inner-doors ,in lelfer Buildings, ought never to be lefs than 2 i Foot broad and ; $ i Foot high. 4 Price of-] Doors wade of plain whole Deal , and Rabited are for Stuff. Nails, and Work- manffcip, valu’d at 3 d. or 4 d. the Superficial Foot ;the Work- manship only, about is. or 2 s. 6 d. per piece j as fome Workmen tell me But dou dle-doors, Batton’d, and made Wainfcot Fafhion, may be worth (for Workmanfhip and Materials) 7 d. the Foot, and for the Wcrkmanihip alone, about 4 s or 5 j-. per piece. Folding doors and Cafes , (as fome Workmen tell me) are worth about 20 or 30 s. per Pair ; and Balcony -doors and Cafes, the fame. Ordinary doors without Plaining, are worth making and hanging up, about l s per piece. In Stone and Brick- buildings, Architrave- door Ca - fes are worth, according to the breadth of the Mouldings, 1 d. an Inch, i. e. if the breadth of the Moulding, (from the out fide to the in- fide of the Frame) by 9 In- ches, *tis worth 9 d per Foot running-meafure ; if 10 In- ches, 10 d. per Foot ; and fo proportionable, more or lefs. And Front ijh. doors in great Buil- dings, with their Ornaments, as Piladers, &c. are worth, (according to their Magnitude, and Variety of Workmanfhip included ) fome 3 / fome 5 h fome more, to 10 or 20 / per piece ; and perhaps more. See Batten- door. N. 2. Dormant-tree. In Archite&ure is a great Beam lying crofs a Houfe. otherwife call’d a Summer. See Summer. Dor-man mtr. In Architecture is a Win- dow made in the Roof of a Houfe, it Banding upon the Rafters. Dormers are com- monly rated at fo much per piece, according- to their big- nefs, &c. Dorman - tiles , See Tiles. N. VIII. Dortor-mitory . A Sleeping.place. Douche D R D R Doucine. See Cima. It is an upright 0 -G. Dove-tails • A fort of Joynts, or Hin- ges, fo call’d, becaufe they refemble the Tail of a Dove, or Pigeon. Dove-tailing, In Architecture, is a man- ner of fanning Boards, ( or any Timber) together, by let- ting one piece into another, in the Form of a Dove’s Tail. Drag. In Archite&ure, a Door is faid to drag, when in open- ing and Ihutting it drags up- on the Floor. Dragon beam* Dragon beams are 2 ftrong Braces, or Struts, that Band under a BrefTummer, meeting in an Angle upon the Shoul- der of the King-piece. Drapery. A Term in Architecture, and Painting it being a Work wherein Cloaths are reprefent- ed. Alfo as Cilery. Drip , This is call’d Larmier iii French (in Englijh Weeper) from Larme (a tear) and that from the Latin Lachryma. It is the bottom of the Corona , (the Corona is that large fquare Moulding immediately under the Cymaife.) It is call’d Lar- mier, becaufe the Rain-water is by means thereof forced to fall drop by drop on the Ground; dripping like Tears. Draught , or Draft. 1. What,] A Draught, or Draft, is the Pi&ure of an in- tended Building defcribed on Paper ; wherein is laid down (by Scale, and Compafs) the devifed Divifions, and Partiti- ons of every Room, in its due proportion to the whole Buil- ding. 2. Its Ufefulnefs.] As ’tis uf* ual, fo ’tis (alfo) very conve- nient for any Perfon before he begins to ereft a Building, to have Defigns, or Draughts drawn upon Paper, or Vellum ; in which Draughts theGround- plot, or Ichnography of each Floor, or Story, is delineated, and reprefented : As alfo the Form and Fafhion of each Front, together with the Win- dows, Doors, and Ornaments, (if they defign any) are to be fhev/n in the Orthographies, or Draughts of the Uprights. Sometimes more Fronts than one are ihewn perfpe&ively in a Draught, and then ’tis cal- led Scenogcaphy; but this is nit eafily underfiood,except by thofe D_R thofe that underttand the Rules of PerfpeCtive. And there- fore ’twill be more intelligi- ble to the feveral Workmen, to have a Draught of each Front, in a particular Paper by it felf; and alio to have a Draught of the Ground plot, or Ichno- graphy'of every Floor, or Sto- ry, in a Paper by it felf ; be- caufe many times the Conve- niencies, or Contrivances in one Story, differ from thofe in another, either in the bignefs of the Chimneys, or Diviilons of the Rooms, fome being lar- ger in one Story than in ano- ther, and fometimes having more Chimneys in one Story than in another, &c. All which things being well . confider’d, and drawn on Pa- per, before the Building is begun ; thefe Draughts will be a great Guide to the Work men, and fave them a great deal of time in contriving their Work ; and befides there will be no need of Alterations, or tearing, or pulling the Build- ing to pieces after ’tis begun ; which, befides the Hindrance of the Procedure, makes the Building lame and deficient ; nothingbeinglowell done, when ’tis put up, and pull’d down, and fet up again as if it were well done at firft. Befides, it makes the Workmen uneafie to fee their Work, (in which they have taken a great deal of Pains, and ufed a great deal of Art) to be pull’d down again. See Building. N. II- 2. The drawing of Draughts is moft commonly the Woik of E A a Surveyor, tho’ there be ma- ny Matter workmen that will contrive a Building, ?nddraw a Draught, or ’Delign thereof, as well almott (and better than fome) Surveyors. But who- ever makes a Draught of a Building, ought to be very well skill’d in the Theorical Part of Architecture- Drips . In ArchiteChire, are certain kind of Steps (made on a ttat Roof) to walk upon, a way of Building much us’d in Italy. The Roof is not quite flat, but a little rais’d in the middle ; and thofe Steps, or Drips, lie each a little inclining to the Horizon, Drpps. In Architecture are an Orna- ment in the Pillars of the Do- rick Order, underneath the Trigliphs, reprefenting Drops, or little Bells. Dutch Bricks* See Bricks. N, 5, Eaves . I N Architecture, is the Mar- gin of the Roof of a Houfe; that part of the Roof that hangs over without the Walls. Eaves* E M Eaveslath. That thick Feather-edg’d- boatd, generally nail’d round the Eves of a Houfe, for the lowermoft Tiles, Slate , or Shingles to reft upon. Eaves* laths are commonly fold for i d. {■ or 2 d. a Foot, ( run* ning-meafure ) according as they are of goodnefs. Echinus. Is fometimes ufe to fignifie the Quarter Round , but more commonly that part of it which includes the Ovum or Egg- It comes from the Greek Echinos, the Shell of a Chefnut See Anchors, and Quarter- Round. Elaboratory. A Place to work in ; pro perly a Chymift’s Work houfe or Shop. Emb offing. In Architecture, is a k nd of Sculprure, or Engraving, wherein the Figure fticks out from, the Plain whereon it is Engraven, and according as it is more or lefs protuberant, is call’d by the Italians Bajfo Mez zo. r Alto relievo, and by the Englijh B .if- relief, Mean-re ief ; or High relief. Errbrafure. In Architecture, is the En largement that is made in a E U Wall, on the infide of a Win- dow, or Gate, to give the more Light, or for the more Con- venience of the Gate, or Win- dow. Entablement , or Enta- blature. By Vitruvius and Vignola is called Ornament, and fignifies the Architrave , the Freeze , and the Cornice together. It is like wife call’d Trabeation, and is different in the different Or- ders. The word feems bor- rowed from the Latin, Tabula - turn , a Ceiling, becaufe wefup- pofe the Freeze to be form’d by the Ends of the Joyfts which bear upon the Architrave . Entrefole . Sometimes call’d Mezanine , is a kind of a little Story, con- trived occafionally at the top of the firft Story, for the con- veniency of a Ward-robe, &c\ Entry . In Architecture, is a Room delign’d only (or chiefly) for Paffage to and fro betwixt other Rooms, or from the outer Door into the Houfe. Efifftyle-tylium . As Frieze. Earithymia . A Term of Architecture, us’d by Vitruvius , by which he ntends on!) That agreeable harmony, that ought to be be- tween F A F A tween the length , breadth, and height h of each Room in a Fabrick. Ettftyle. Is the beft manner of pla- cing Columns with regard to their Qiftance, which Vitruvi &s niaintains to be of two Di ameters and a Quarter. The wcrd is compounded of the Greek Eus y well, and Stylos Co lumn. Eje-brow. As Lift, or Eiliet. See Ca- pital. Eye> In Architecture, is the mid- dle of an Ionick Volute, or Scrol, cut in the Form of a Rofe. Fabrick . - i. ration, but the judging muff flow from an Extemporary Habit. Therefore, (not to leave this laft piece of Architecture with- out fome Light,) I could wilh him that comes to examine any noble Work, firft of all to examine himfclf, whether the fight of manv brave Things before (which remain like imprefled Forms in his Mind.) have not made him think no* thing good, but that which is the bdt ; for this Humour were too fowre. Next, before he fettle any Opinion upon the Work, let him by all Means fee k to inform himfelf of the Age thereof. And if he find the apparent Decays to exceed the Proportion of Time ; then let him conclude, That either the Materials were too flight, or that the Seat is naught Now, after thefe Premifles, | if the Building be found to (bear his Years well, then let him fuddenly run backwards, (for the Method of Cenfuring is contrary to the Method of W Hat] A Church, a ; Co?npoJing) from the Ornaments , Houfe, cr any other (which firft allure the Eye) to ' the more ejfential Members , till at laft he be able to form this Concluflon ; That the Work is Commodious, Firm, and De- lightful ; which are the three Building 2. Of Cenfuring ] I am defi- rous, (fays Sir Henry Wotton) to fliut up thefe Elements of Ar- chitecture with fome method!, cal Directions for cenfuring of j capital Conditions requir’d in Fabricks already rais’d ; for j good Building, by all Authors, indeed, without fome way to both ancient and modern. And contract our Judgmen-, which among fo many Particulars, would be loft by Diffusion ; I this is, (as 1 may term it,) the moft fcientifical way of Cen- furing. There are two other ihould think it harder to be a j ways which I muft not forget, good Cenfurer, than a good j The firft, which you may find Architect ; becaufe the working in Georgia Fajfari , before his part may be helped by Dstibe. j laborious Work of she Lives of Archite&s , ) is to pafs a running Examination over the whole Edifice, according to the Properties of a well.fhapen Man. As whether the Walls ftand upright upon a clean Footing and Foundation ; whe- ' ther the Fabrick be of a beauti* ful Stature ; whether for the Breadth it appear well burnifh- ed ; whether the principal En- trance be in the middle of the Front, or Face ; whether the Windows , (as our Eyes) be fet in equal Number and Diftance on both (ides ; and whether the Offices (like the Veins in our Bodies) be ufefully diftri- buted, &c. The fecond way you may had i n Vitruvius him- felf, Lib . i. Cap. 2. Where he fummarily determines 6 Con. fiderations, that accompliffi this whole Art, viz. Ordlnatio , Difpofitio, Eurythmia,tSymrnetria , Decor & Diftribtttio, each of which fee in their proper Places- Face, In Architecture, is any Mem- ber that has a great Breadth, and but Email Proje&ure, as the Architrave in the Front of a Building. Face of a Stove. By the Face of a Stone , Work- men mean that Superficies or Plain of the Stone that is to lie in the Front of the Work ; which is very eafily known when the Stones are fcapt’d, for the Face is always oppofite to the Back , and the Back goes rough as it comes from 'the Quarry. But in rough Stones, Workmen generally choofe to' make one of thofe fides the Face, which in the Quarry lay perpendicular to the Horizon, and confequently the breaking (and not the cleaving) way of the Stone. For a clearer un- derftanding of this, fee Stone , N. 4 * Of Timber Buildings with Brick. ] Some Workmen tell me, That they have ibmetimes faced Timber-buildings with Brick ; which, fay they, is thus done, — All betwixt the Timber, the Wall is a Brick’s- length thick ; ( or a 9 Inch Wall,) and againft the Tim- ber but half a Brick, or 4? Inch W all . But W orkmen d o not approve of this way of facing of Timber- buildings, by reafon the Mortar doth fo extreamly burn the Timber. Facia, or Fa f cl a. *M. Perrault fays, It flgnifles any flat Member ; as the Band of an Architrave, &c. There are feme who write it Fafce t grounded upon the Latin Word Fafcia, a large Turban, which Vitruvius makes ufe of on the like Occaflon. In fliort, it is no more but a broad Lift or Fillrt. See Fillet. They are commonly made in Architraves, (fee Architrave ; ) and in the Cornice of Pede- ftals, fee Pedeftal, In Brick- buildings, Fafcia" s are certain Juttingsoutof the Bricks, over the Windows of each Story, except the upper one. And thefe are fometimes plain, like K thofe F_E f hole of Columns ; but fome j times they are moulded ; I which lhew very handfome : And tl 1 is Moulding is com* mcnly a Sciwa-reverfa at the bottom, above which are two plain Courfes of Bricks, then an AftragaJ, andlaftlya Boul- tin, or as Workmen (by Cor- ruption^ call it a Boultiel, or Boltel In Stone-buildings 7 tis the fame as in Brick, and they are alio fometimes plain and fometimes moulded with a Scima reverfa or O G. The Price of Fafcias , if the Work- men find Materials, is com- monly about 10 d. per Foot Running-meafure , and the Workmanship only about 6 d. or 8 d per Foot By the Word Fdfcia, (as alfo Tania and Corfa) in Vitruvius , is iignified what we call Plat band. See Plat - band . Feather-edg d. Boards, or Planks, that are thicker cii one Edge, than bn the other, are call’d Feather- ing ’d Boards, &c. Felling of Timber. See Timber. Finning i. With Pale Some Work- men tell me, That for Pac- ing with 3 Roils, Cleft pails. Rails, and lofts, cleaving and fetting up ; they have 3 s. 6 d. per Rod, felling the Timber and all. Bi t then their Mate, rials are laid down to their hand. F E 2. With jingle Rail and Pojls.'] Some Workmen tell me, That Fencing with ftngle Rail and Ports, Felling, Cleaving and fetting up, is commonly done for 8 d. or jo d. per Rod ; but then their Materials muft be laid down to their hand, that they may have no carrying. Others tell me, That they have known it done for 4 d. 5 d. or 6 d. per Rod, Felling, ' leaving, and fetting up ; but then the Fence muft be crofs a Field, or the like, where it is eafie digging the Port-holes, (and where there is a pretty many Rods together,) and the Materials muft alfo be laid dow n to their band,) and not in Gaps, in Hedges, and the like, where ’tis difficult dig- ging, and but alittleat a place; for there ’tis worth 8 d. jo d. or 1 s per Rod. Fence - walls. Walls of Brick, or Stone, made round Gards, &c. See Walls t N. V. Fefloen. An Ornament of carv’d Work, in the Manner of a Wreath, or Garland of Flow- ers or Leaves twifted together, thickeft at the middle, and fu- fpended by the two Extremes, whence it hangs down perpen- dicularly. The Word Feftoon mav probably be derived from Feltvcs, as being ufually em- ploy’d on Feftival Occafions. Fillet. Fillet . Is any little fquare Mould- ing, which accompanies cr crowns a larger. Fire - ft one. t. Vyhat ] Rigate>fione, com- monly call d Fire ftone, is a fort of Stone very good, (and much us’d, 1 for Chimney-fire Flearths, Ovens, Stoves. &c 2. Price. ] Mr. Miller , Stone- cutter in Cold harbour , London, tells me, That they ufually fell Fire.ftone Hearths, at i s. per Foot. And Chimney-cor* ner-ftones of Fire Rones at 20 s.per Fair. And Blocks to fet up Coppers, each being about 3 Foot long, ; 4 Foot broad, and 8 or 9 Inches thick, at 6 s 8 d per Piece. Flat 'head-?! ails. See Nails. N. Flat-point-nails. See Nails. N. 9. Flemish- bricks. 1. VFhat ] They are a fort of Bricks brought out of Flanders, and ufed for Paving ; being much neater and ftronger than common, or Clay. bricks. They are of a yellowifli Colour, and each Bnck is 6 \ Inches long 2 t Inches broad, and 1 \ Inch thick. Now. allowing \ of an Inch for the Joynt, 72 of ’em will pave a Yard Square ; but if they be fet edge- ways, then to pave a Y ard Square will require ioo Bricks. 2. Price ] They are com- monly fold for 2 s. the Hun* dred. Flint Walls. See VValls. N. VII. Floors. t . What.'] A Floor in Ar- chitecture is the under-iide of a Room on which we walk. Floors are Gf feveral forts ; fome are of Earth, fome of Brick, fome of Stone, and fome of Wood. Carpenters, by the Word Floor, underfrand as well the fram’d Work of Timber, as the Boarding over it. • 2. Earthen J Earthen- Boors are commonly made of Lome, and fometimes (for Floors to make Malt on) of Lime, and Brock-fand, and Gun.dufi, or Anvil-duR from the Forge ; the particular Method of both which ! muft at prefent omit; but I cannot pafs by that Re- ceipt (given us by the Inge- nious Sir Hugh Plat , To wake an Artificial Compfition, wherewith to make fmooth, glittering and hard Floors , and which may alfo Jerye to plaiffer Walls with. Take, (fays he) Ox-blood, and fine Clay, and tempering them well together, foy the fame in any Floor, (or Wall) and it will become a very ftrong and binding Subftance ; as 1 have been told by a Gentleman and Stranger, who affirm’d to me, that the fame is of great Ufe in Italy, K s U F A F A In 3. Brick and Stone. \ Thefe I frail refer to Paving* S-e Paving N- i. to 9. 4 . Boarded. ] Concerning Boarded- floors, ’tis to be ob- ferv’d, that tho’ Carpenters never FJoor their Rooms with Boards till the Carcafs is let up, 2nd alfo enclos’d with Walls , leafl: the Weather frould wrong the Flooring ; yet they generally rough plane their Boards for Flooring, be- fore they begin any thing elfe about the Building, that they may let them by to feaforr, which they do thus. They lean them one by one on End a-flant, with the Edge of the Board againft a Balk, for, as *ris call’d in fome parts of Sujfex a Perch ;) fomewhat above the Heighth of half the length of the Board, and fet another Board in the fame Pofture on the other flde of the Balk, fo that above the Balk they crofs one another ; then on the firfl fide they fet another Board in that Pofture, -and on the fe- cond fide another, and fo al- ternately, till the whole Num- ber of Boards are fet on end : Beingfetin this Pofiure, there is left theThicknefs of a Board between every board, all the length, but juft where they crofs one another, for the Air to pafs through to dry and fhrink them, againft they have Occafion to ufe them : But they fet them under fome co- ver’d Shed, that the Rain or Sun comes not at them : For if the Rain wet them, inftead of (Frink ing them, it will fweli them ; or if the Sun fhine fiercely upon them, it will dry them fo faft, that they will tear or {hake ’em, as they Phrafe it, that is, in plain Englijh , fplit or crack They have another way to dry and feafon their Boards for Floors, viz. By laying them flat upon 3 or 4 Balks, each Board about the Breadth cf a Board afun- der, the whole Length of the Balks. Then they lay another Lay of Boards athwart upon them, each Board alfo the Breadth of a Board afunder ; then another Lay athwart the laft, and fo till all are thus laid. So that in this jPofition alfo they lie hollow for the Air to play between them. $ Of Meafuring ] Floors b arded are commonly mea- fur’d by the Square (of 100 fuperficial Feet) by multiply- ing the Length of the Room in Feet, by the Breadth in Feet, and the Product is the Content in Feet; then mea- fure the Chimney- ways, and Well-holes for Stairs by them- felves, and dedutf their Con- tent in Feet from the whole Content in Feet, and from the Remainder cutoff two Figures on the Right-hand and what remains on the Left-hand, is Squares, and what is cut off are odd Feet of the Content of Flooring in that Room. 6 . Price J The Framing of Floors in ordinary Buildings, (fays Mr. Vising) is worth 7 or 8 s. per Square, in great Build- ings, 10 or 11 s. But feveral Workmen in Sujfex tell me, That That they commonly have but 4 s per Square, for framing of Floors in ordinary Buildings. And fome Workmen fin $uf- fex) tell me, That if they Frame the Joyfts the whole Depth of the Girder, and pay for fawing the Timber, they have 9 or jo s.per Square. The Price of Laying, [i e Boarding] of Floors ffays Mr. LeybournJ is various, according to the Goodnefs of the Stuff, from i 2 s. to 20 s. the Square ; but if the Boards be found by the Builder, then they com- monly allow for Plaining, Joynting, and laying of Boards, 4 or 5 s. per Square, belides Nails, of which 200 is a com- petent Allowance for one Square of Flooring. But fome Workmen in Sujfex tell me they will lay Deal -floors bra- ded, and plain Joynts broken at every 4 or 5 Boards, for 3 s. per Square ; and if they break Joynt at every Board, then 6 s. others fay 6 s. 8 d. or 7 s per Square. Plaifler-Hoors running, the Workman finding all, is worth, ffays Mr. Wing) 1 s ^ d. per Yard but the working part only is worth 4 d s d. or 6 d. per Yard. See PI. Deal*- floors. Flooring- brads . O See Brads. N. 4. Flutes, or Fluteings . In Architecture , are the Hoi* lows made in the Body of a Column The Dorick, Ionick, Corinthian, and Compofite Columns are commonly fluted, or made with Flutes or Hol- lows, running along the Body of the Column, from the Bale to the Capital. Each Column has 24 Flutes, and each Flute is hollow’d in, exactly a quar- ter of a Circle In the Dorick- Column, the Flutes join to- gether, without any Inter- face ; but in the Ionick, Co* rinthian, and Compofite Co- lumns, there runs a Lift be- twixt every two Flutes The Account given by M. Perrault of Fluteings , is as follows. They are certain, perpendicu- lar Cavities, cut length- wife around the Shaft of the Co- jlumn, and rounded at the I two Extremes. The French call them Cannelures, Channel- lings Their Number was at firft limited to 2.4 in the Ionic, and 20 in the Doric Order ; but that Limitation, fome of our modern Architects have taken the Liberty to difpenfe with. Thefe Cavities are frequently fill'd up with fomething not unlike a Flute, whence ’cis pro- bable they take their Names : as the French Term Cannehu res, feem borrowed from the Cavities thernfelves, ’which referable Canals. Vitruvius tells us, they were at firft in- tended to reprefeut the Folds of a Garment. Flyers , Are Stairs made of an 0 b- long*fquar», whole fore and back fides ftand parallel to each other ; and fo are their Ends ; the feccnd of thefe Fly- ers Bands parallel behind the firft, the third, behind the fe- F O F O Coni and To of the reft. If one Flight carry them not to the intended heighth, then there is a broad Half-pace, fro;r. whence they begin to fly again, as at the flrft. Foliage y In Arcbite&ure and Sculp ture is Work wrought in Branches and Leaves- Foot pace. Or asfomecall it, Hal f pace, is a part of a pair of Stairs, whereon, after 4, or 6 Steps, you arrive to a broad Place, where you may take two or three paces before you afcend another ftep, thereby to eafe the Legs in afcending the reft of the Steps. Fornication. In ArchiteTure, is an Arch- ing, or Vaulting. Foundation. 1. What ] The lowed part Of a Building, (generally laid Under Ground } upon which the Wails cf the Superftru- &ure are rais’d- This word is alfo fometimes taken for a publick Building, ere&ed for pious Ufes. 2. Digging for, and laying of] Concerning Digging for, and laying of the Foundation of a Building, there are feveral things to be well confider’d and taken notice of ; the mod material of which I ffiaiJ ex« traft from the bed Architects, Ancient and Modern. (1.) This, (fays that great Architedt, Sir Henry Wotton, ) requires the exacted Care 5 for if the Foundation happen to dance, ’twill marr all the Mirth- in the Houfe : There- fore, that we may found our Habitation firmly, we mud flrft examine the Bed of Earth . up- on which we build ; and then the Underfillings or Subtraction, as the Ancients call'd it. For the former we have a general Precept in Vitruvius, twice re- peated by him, as a Point in- deed of main Ccnfequence. Firft, Lib. 1. Cap. And a* gain, lib. 3. cap 3. in thefe words* (as Philander does well correct the vulgar Copies) Sub - firuBionis Fundationes fodian • tur , (fays he) fi queant invenire ad folidum , & in' folido By which words I underdand him to commend to us, not only a diligent but even a jealous Examination what the Soil will Lear ; adviflng us, not to red upon any Appearance of Soli- dity, unlefs the whole Mould, thro’ which we we cut, hath likewife been foiid : In Order to which, Archite&s ought to ufe their utmod Diligence ; for of all Errors that may happen in Building, thofe are the mod pernicious which are commit- ted in the Foundation ; becaufe they bring with ’em the Ruin of the whole Fabrick ; nor can they without great Difficulty be amended. (2 ) If the Foundation happen to be on a Rock, or hard Gra- vel ; thefe (without digging, or other artificial Helps.) are of F O F O of themfelves excellent Foun- dations, and mofl: lit to uphold the greateft Buildings. (3 ) If the Place where you Build, be firm folid Earth, you may dig for the Foundation, fo far as a dilcreet Architeft fhall think, requi/ite for the Quality of the Building, and S'ound- nefs of the Earth ; but how deep we fhould dig, Vitruvius has no where to my Re mem France determin’d, as perhaps -depending more upon Difcretion than Regularity, according to the weight of tne Building ; yet Palladio has fairly ventur’d to reduce it to Rule, allowing for the Cavaziope, fas he calls it, 7 . e. the hollowing of the Earth for the Foundation ) a fixth part of the heighth of the Fabrick ; and if the Building be Cellar’d, he would have us. ( as it fhould feem ) to dig fome what lower. Palladio] ays down feveral Rules, to know if the Earth be firm enough for the Foundation (without Arti ficial Helps ) by Observations from the digging of Wells, Ci- tterns, and fuch like, (which be would have to be done in the fir ft place) and from Herbs growing there, if there be fuch as ufually fpring up only in firm Ground; alfo, if a great weight be thrown on the Ground, it neither founds nor fhakes, or if a Drum being fet on the Ground, and lightly touched, it does not refound again, nor fnake the Water in a Veffel fet near it ; thefe (fays he) are figns of firm Ground. But the heft way to difeover the Nature of the Soil, is to try it with an Iron Croe, or elfe with a B:>rer, fuch as Well diggers ufe. (4 ) If you build upon mof- fie, and Joole Earth, then yau mutt dig till you find found Ground. This found Ground (fit to uphold a Building! is of divers kinds ; for ( as Al- berti well obfervesj in fome places ’tis fo hard, as hardly to be cut with Iron, in other pla- ces very ttiff, in others bJac- kifh, in others whitifh, (which is accounted the weakeftj in others like Chalk, and in others Sandy; but of all thefe that is the bett which is cut with moll Labour, and when wet does not diffolveinto Dirt. (?) If the Earth you build on be very fofc,. as in moorifh Grounds ; then you mutt get good pieces of Oak, whole length mutt be the breadth of the Trench, or about 2 Foot longer than the breadth of the Wall; thefe mutt be laid crofs the Foundation about 2 Foot afunder; and being welj ram’d down, lay long Planks upon them ; which Plank need not lie fo broad as the peices are long, but only about 4 Inches of a-fide wider than the Bafis or Foot of the Wall is to be, and pinn’d or fpiked down to the pieces of Oak, on which they lie. But if the Ground be fo very bad, that this will not do, then? you mutt pro- vide good Piles of Oak, of fuch a length as will reach the good Ground, and whofe Dia- meter muft be about T \ part of their length ; thefe Piles muft be drove or forced down with a Commander, or an Engine for that purpofe, and muft be K 4 placed F O F O placed as clofe as one can ftand by another ; then lay long Planks upon them and Spike , or Pin them down faft (6>) If the Earth be faulty but in here and there a place, and the reft be good Ground, you may turn Arches over thofe loofe Places, which will difcharge them of the Weight You muft obferve to place your Piles, not only under the outer Walls, but alio under the inner Walls that divide the Building ; for if thefe fhould fink, ’twould be a means to make the outer Walls crack, and fo ruin the whole Fabrick. ( 7 .) Thus much for the Bed tf Earth on which we Build We are next to conlider the 6' instruction, as the Ancients Call’d it ; but modern Artifts generally ca 1 it the Foundation. This is the Ground-work of the whole Edifice, which muft fuftain the Waifs, and is a kind of Artificial Foundation, as the other was Natural : About which thefe are the chief things to be remember’d Firft, That the bottom be precifely level, where the Italians there fore commonly lay a Platform of good Board. Secondly, That the loweft Ledge or Row be meerly of Stone . (the broader the better; cloiely laid without Mortar • which is a general Caution for all parts of a Building that are contiguous to Board or Timber ; becaufe Lime and Wood are utter Ene- mies ; and if any where unfit Con fillers, then mod efpeciah \y in the Foundation. Third ly, That the breadth of the Subflruttion, be at leaft double to the breadth of the Wall to be raifed thereon. Yet here Difcretion is freer than Art, and you may make it broader or narrower, according as the goodnefs of the Ground, and the weight of the Fabrick fhall require. Fourthly, That the Foundation be made to dimi- nifh as it rifes ; yet fo, as that there may be as much left on one fide, as on the other ; fo as the middle of that above may be Perpendicularly over the middle of that below : Which ought to be alfo obfer- ved in di mini thing the W alls above Ground ; for fo the Building becomes much ftron- ger than it would be, by ma- king the Diminution any other way. Fifthly, That you ne- ver build upon the Ruins of an old Foundation ; uniefs you are very well allur’d of its Depth and that its S r rength is fufficient to bear the Build- ing. Laftly, I find (in fome ancient Archite&s; a curious Precept, That the Stones in the Foundation jhould be laid as they lay naturally in the Quarry : They fuppofing them to have moft Strength in their natural Pofture. But this Precept is generally oLTerv'd by all good modern Artifts, not only in the Foundation, but alfo in all parts of the Superfirufrue ; and that for a better Reafon than b?j*e ConjeCture, viz,. Becaufe they find the Stones to have a cleaving Grain, (or be fubjeCl to cleave) that way of the Stone that lay Hori- rontal in the Quarry : And there* F O F O therefore, if the Horizontal Po- rtion of the Stone in the Quar- ry fhould be placed Vertical in the Building, the Superin- cumbent weight fliould be apt to cleave them, and fo render the Fabrick Ruinous ; for as Philip de VOrme obferveth, the breaking or yielding of a Stone in the Foundation, but the breadth of the back of a Knife will make a Cleft of more than half a Foot in the Fabrick a-loft. See Stone, and Bed, and Face of a Stone- 3. How to value.] There are feveral ways, ('lays Mr Philips) by which Men value tf\e Foun- dations ( or Ground plots,) of Houfes. (1. Suppofe he means, in Cities and great Towns.) As * Firft, Some value them by their length or breadth toward the Street, reckoning every Foot in Front to be worth 4, offs, the. Price tr, CfCrent Places is from 3 s 5 d, ro $ s. but if the Carpenter pay for ..e lawing, then the Price is from $ s to 6 s. 6 d. Such a Gate. Timber and Work, is worth from 7 to 10?. accord- ing to their Good r efs ; but with. Polls from 12 to i j j. But Gate and Iron. work from to - to 13 s. But Gate, Iron- work, and Polls from 1 5 ? to 18 s. but Cleft pold Gates, cleaving, and making, and hanging, from 4 to 4 s and fo proportionably for all Timber, Iron, and foils. &c. The Rea- fon why the Prices are thus diffe* G A G A different, is, becaufe ’tis ac- cordlngto the Cuftoms of dif- ferent Places where I had my Information. Gavel. A Word ufed by fome, by which they mean the fame as Gable, which fee. German-glafs. See Glafs. Num. V. Girdinz-b earns. ’Tis ufed by fome Archi- tects, to fignifie the fame as Girders. 1. Vyhat ] Are fome of the largeft Pieces of Timber in a Floor, the Ends of them are for the moft part framed into the Summers or Breft-fummers , and the Joytfs are framed in at one End to the Girders. 2. Of their Size or Proportion ] The Scantlings , or Size of Girders and Summers , upon the Rebuilding of London , after a Confutation of experienced Workmen, were reduced to an A£t by the Parliament, and are thus fet down, as fit for all Fabricks, great and final], viz. From] to muft be in F In. F. In Breadth, Inches Depth, Inches. 10. oji$. 0 1 1 8 1^.018. 0 *3 9 » 8. 021. 0 *4 lo if. 024. c 16 1 1 17 J4 | 3. How to be laid in the Brick - 1 work. ) No Girder or Summer ought to lie left than 10 In- ches into the Wall, &nd their Ends mud be laid in Loam. 4, That Girders and summers b« of good hearty Oak, as free from Knots as may be ; be- caufe that will be Jeaft fubjeft to re.ak and may with more Safety be relied op in this crofs and tranverfe Work. Girt. See Fillet. Glafs. 1. What.) All know It to' be a diaphanous, or tranfpa- rent Body made by Art/ of Sand and Nitre, faith Pliny z ’Tis alfo made of white gliil- ring Flints, mixt with Sal - Alkali, Alkali, or the Salt of the Herb Glafs work, or Salt of Fern-afhes for common Glafs fome fay. Motif eur Blancourt faith, That the Venetians alfo ufe white Flints, and alfo a rich Sand, and likewife a fort of white Marble; he alfo faith, That all white tranfparent Stones that will not burn to Lime, are fit to make Glafs ; and that all Stones that are fit to ftrike Fire, are capable to be made into Glafs. &c . where it is commended in this Manner, and called Crown-window glafs much ex- ceeding French Glafs, in all its Qualifications. But now ac the Beargarden Looking glafs - plates are made; the Maker of this belt fort of Crown-glafs , being now removed to Ratcliffe, and upon that Account it now bears the Name of Ratcliff Crown-glafs as it did at firll of Bear-garden Grown Glafs . II. The Sorts of Glafs There are various forts of Glafs which are made ufe of in the World, but at prefent I (hall confine my felf to fpeak only of thofe Sorts which Glaziers commonly work upon here in Englmd, which are thefe following, viz Crown-Glafs which is of two forts, Lambeth and Ratcliff 2 French or Normandy Glafs . y German Glafs of two forts white and green. 4. Dutch Glafs Newcastle Glafs. 6 Staffordshire Glafs 7 Bristol Glafs 8. Looking glafs. 9 Jea- lous Glafs ; of which forts I ihall fuccin&ly treat in their Order. Ilf Of Crown-glafs.] Is of twq forts, Ratcliff and Lambeth Crqwn glafs , of both which Sorts I will briefly fpeak. And 1. Of Ratcliff Crown-glafs.] That fort of Glafs whichjgoes by this Name, is the beft and clearefl: fort of Crown-glafs ; which Sort was at firft made at the Bear-garden on the Bank fide. In the Year 1691, I had it pub- liflfd in the Gazette for June i This fort of Crown-glafs is of a light Sky-blew Colour, which may be very diftin&ly feen, if it be laid on a piece of white Paper. I have been informed, That an Engliff Glafs- maker went over into France, on Purpofe to learn the French W ay of mak- ing Glafs, which when he had attained to, he came over a- gain into England , and fet up making of Crown-glafs , and therein much out * did the French his Teachers, as English- men ufually do- 1 have been told by fome London Glaziers , that there is 24 Tables of this Crown glafs to the Cafe, the Tables being of a Circular Form, of about 3 Foot 6 or H Inches Diameter, and by Confequence, each Table will be in Area a- bout 9 or 10 Foot, and the Cafe betwixt 220, and 240 This Glafs is brought from Ratcliff infuch kind of Frames as Newcattle glafs is brought u * into the Town, only the New- castle glafs is brought on Ship- board, and this Ratcliff glafs upon a Staff betwixt two Men, as they carry a fmall Veflel of Beer, or the like. L I G L G L I have known this Ratcliff. crom>glafs fold about 9 d per Foot in London, ready cut into Squares. And when wrought in Lead, and fet up, for about 1 8 d. per Foot. 2. Of Lambeth Crown-glafs'] This fecond fort of C roron-glaf takes its Name alfo from the Place where ’tis made ; ’tis of a darker Colour than Ratcliff Crown-glafs , inclining fome- thing to a Green. This fort is fold in London for about 8 d per Foot cut into Square?, and being wrought and fet up in Windows with Lead, .ts Price is about 16 d. per Foot. IV. Of French glafs ] By fome calld Normandy glafs, becaufe it was formerly made at C her* bourg in Normandy. But I am informed that the Work-hou- fes have within thefe few Years been removed, for cer- tain Reafons of State to Aux~ erre in Burgundy They alfo make Glafs at Never; in Orleans , and likewife at St. Gobin near La Fere in Picardy ; but from which of thefe Places our French -glafs comes which we uf : in England , I cannot cer- tainly tell. But it is a thin- ner and more tranfparent fort of Glafs than our NewcaBle- glafs, and when ’tis laid on a piece of white Paper, it appears of a dirtyifh green Colour. . It t to be of a middle Pric£. betwixt Crown and Newcajile - glafs, and i have known it fold for 12 d per Foot, wrought in Lead, and fet up ; but fome fay ’tis now (we have War with France ,) near as dear as Crown glafs. Of this Glafs there is bur 25 Tables to the Cafe. V. 0/ German glafs 1 Of this fort of Glafs there are two Kinds, viz. White and Green. 1. White German glafs ] This Glafs is of a whitilh Colour, and free from thofe Spots and Blemilhes which our Newcattlc Glafs is fubjeft to, but it hath commonly fome fine or frnall carved Streaks, or Lines, as the Nerocaflle-glafs hath. 2. Green German.glafs ] This you may well fuppofe to be of a greenilh Colour by its Name; it is fubjeft to have thofe fine Lines, or Streaks as the White is ; but both this and the white German is ftraighter, and not fo crooked and warped as Newcastle Glafs is : Both thefe forts of Glafs are brought over from Germairy , and yet it is generally as cheap as NevocaJUe Glafs. VI. Dutch-glafs ] It differs not much from Newcafle Glafs in its Colour, and I have ob- lerved feme of it that hath been very crooked : I am in- formed that the Tables of this fort of Glafs are but fmall ; ’tis not much ufed now in England . This Glafs hath its Name alfo from thofe that make it, viz, The Dutch , for I am told ’tis brought out of Holland ; ’tis alfo about the fame Price with Newcastle- glafs. VII. Newcafile glafs ] This fort of Glafs is of a kind of an Afh-colour ; it is the Glafs that G L G L that is moft in ufe here in ; but the fides are parallel ; cfie England, but ’tis fubjeft to have* Glafs is lee on tome Straw, Specks and Blemi flies. Streaks in it, and it is very often warped and crooked. Of this Glafs, Mr. Leybourn fays there are 45 Tables to the Cafe ; but if I did not miftake, a London Glazier told me, That they had but 35 Tables to the Cafe, and Mr. Leybourn alfo faith, That each Table con tained 5 fuperficial feet, and by Confequence a Cafe of 45 Tables to the Cafe will con- tain 225 Foot. The Glazier be fore mention’d, faid there was 6 Foot in a Table, and if but 3 j Tables to the Cafe, that would amount to but 2 1 o Foot. But I was informed by one that told me he had taken the Db menfions of feme Tables of Newcastle Glafs, and he found them to contain 7 Foot at leaft ; for, faith he, they are of this Form ; The upper Edge, as they ftand in the Cafes or Frames, is Circular, about the 4th or 5th part of a Circle, the Cord of which, faith he, was about 3 § Foot, the lower Side was ftraighr, about 1 8 or 19 Inches, the Perpendicular from the bottom to the top, about 3 Foot : From this Ob- fervation, a Cafe of 35 Tables would amount to 24? Foot Thefe Tables of Glafs are brought in Cafes, or flight Frames of Sticks fixed at fome Diftance one from another in to 4 Corner-pieces which are flouter. The Ends of thefe Frames are made tapering near- er one another at the bottom than they are at top, according to the Form of the Glafs ; and which is laid on the bottom of the Frame, and there is fome Straw alfo put on the iides, and top of each Cafe, but none betwixt the Tables Thefe Cafes are brought to London in the Coal-ihips, they being fet on End in the Coles more than half its depth, by which Means they are kept fleady from fall- ing and being broke by the Motion,* and Rowling of the Ship. Mr. Leybourn faith, That a Cafe of 4$ Table, s Foot to a Table, equal to 22 ? Foot, doth weigh about 200 and by Confequence 9 Foot will weigh about 8 ifc. He alfo faith, the Price of Newcastle Glafs is uncertain ; for when Coals are plenty, then Glafs is cheap, and when the Coals are dear at London , then Newcastle Glafs is fo like wife, not that they want Coals at Newcastle ; but becaufe they have no other Conveyance for it to London. So that fome- times it is at 30 s. per Cafe, and other Times 40 s But I was informed by a London Glazier, that the rnoft conftant Price was 34 s. per Cafe. To cut a Cafe of this Glafs into Quarries Diamond fafhioa (with halts, and quarters, and 3 quarters of Quarries, as the Glafs falls out) fome fay it is worth 6 or 7 s. but I did hear a Glafs-cutter fay he would do it for 3 s or 3 5- 6 d. Newcaftle'glafs cut into large Squares are fold for 22 to 25 s. per 100 Foot, according to their Size. L 2 And G L G L And fmall Squares, from 19 to 11 s. per 500 Foot And Quarries, of Newcafle Glafs, for about 16 s. per .co Foot. Glazing done with this New- castle G lai's with Quarries band- ing, foddering, pinning the Cafements being included, the ufual Price is s d. or 6 d. per Foot in L r ndon, and there abouts ; but in feveral Parts of rhe Country they have 6 d. per Foot, and will be paid for pinning of the Cafements be Tides. V I G’azing, in fome Places of England, as in Rutland , and other Northern Parts is done, with Quarries of New cattle Gials for 4 d. j or 5 d. per Foot. And Squares wrought into Lead, and fet up for 6 d- per Foot. But then again in 'Suffix and Kent , the South Parts of it they will net work fo cheap, becaufe their Glafs is fomething dear- er to them j in thefe Southern Parrs, they commonly reck on 7 d. per Foot for Glaz- ing with Squares of Newcastle- glafs, belides they will be paid for pinning of the Cafements. VIII. Staffordjhire glafs ] This fort of Glals which is made in Stajfbrdjhire , I could never yet learn any certain Account of ; for ’tis a fort of Glafs but feldom ufed in thefe parts of the Kingdom. IX. Bristol glafs ] This Is made at the City of Bristol ; but by reafon they have not the Conveniency to fend it by Set, (as they have from New- castle bv Coal-Ships , ) it is very rare to have any of it in London . tho’ it be as cheap, arid better than Newcastle Glafs. X Looking glafs.} As to Look - ing glafs Plates they are made at the Bear garden on the Bank - fide , London , (where Crown- glafs was firft made.) I do not certainly know whether this fort of Glafs be not made with the fort of Sand, mentioned by Dr Grew in his Mufeum Regalis Societatis, 346 P. Fine Sand, faith he, from a Sand pit near Bromley in Kent } of this is made ‘the cseareft and bed: Englijh - glafs ; it confifteth of tome Grains as clear as Cryftal ; with which others obfeure being mixed, give a whitifh Afhclourto the whole Mafs. Thefe Looking glafs Plates are ground fmooth and Bar, and poll Died ; they are fometimes ufed in Sajhes or tajh-windows % but tis a dear fort of Glafs ; for they ask 4 s per Foot for fuch Squares, and if they are large, ’tis much more. , There is a Way . that fome ufe to try which is ti e whiteft and cleared: Glafs, which is thus, viz they take it up clofe by one Edge, be- twixt the Edges of the middle and Fore-finger ; and then looking a gain ft the Cut, or Broken Edge, the Eyes being^ thusskreen d by the Edges of the two Fingers, they fay ’tis eafy by this Method to difeern which is the white!! and clear- ed: Glafs. Looking glades foil’d being in Vogue for Ornaments over Chimneys in Parlours, &c. I (hall, briefly fay fomething concerning them- Sir William Petty faith, That the Value of Looking* G L G L Lookings glafs plates confifts in a duplicate proportion of their Tides to their Squares. Becaufe you fhall not be left quite in the d?rk as to this matter, I will exhibit the Price which I have known fet down upon two Sizes of Looking glajfes ,ajiz One of 5 Inches long, and 12 broad in a Frame to place over a Chimney 40^ fome of 10 and 8 Inches, in Walnut-tree- frames for about 4 s. per piece, if they have Dimond-cut ; but if not, this lize is about 6 d per piece cheaper. I could here have fhew’d the Method of Grinding. Policing, and Foil- ing of thefe Glajfes ; but it be- ing foreign to my purpofe, lhall omit it. XI. Jealous Glafs.'] This is a fort of wrinkled Glafs of fuch a Quality, that one cannot di- flin&Iy fee what is done on the other fide of it ; but yet it admits the Light to pafs thro’ it. ’Tis made of the fame fort of Materials, as Looking . glafs. plates are. This Jealous - glafs is caft on a Mould, andhs compofed all over its Surface with a multitude of Oblong Circular Figures, ( which are ConcaveJ fomewhat refem- bling Weavers Shuttles ; this is on one fide of it, but the other confifts of Figures a little Convex, and this laft fide is the fide they cut it on, when the Squares are too big for the prefent ufe, it being found to be very diffi cult to cut it on the Concave fide. Some forts of this Jea- lous glafs have a Convexity ri- fing in the middle of the Con- cavity; fo that one fide, or Surface of it doth much re- ferable the Boats which Boys ufed to make by folding of Paper ; only in this Glals the Concavities, and Convexities are both more obtufe and blunt. But there are various forts of this Glafs, in refped either to the Form or Size of the Fi- gures, of which this Glafs is compofed ; for I have feen fome of this Glafs have the Shuttle-like Figures, much lar- ger than other fome, and fome of it with the Points (as it were) of the Shuttles very curved, and fometimes thefe Figures are in a pofition per- pendicular to one Edge of the Square, and other lbme are oblique to it. I am informed that this Glafs is about 1 8 d. per Square, each Square being about 1 2 or 14 Inches broad, and 15 or 16 Inches long. The reafon w hy they are fo dear, is, (as 1 am informed) becaufe the Looking • glafs-plate tpakers do not care to make thefe fort of Squares, but only when their Pots of Metal arealmoft out, and they are a little at leifure ; for they fay it waftes Glafs too much for their Profit. I heard a London Glazier f y,that he hath lbmetimes flayed a Month for fome of it, before he could have it to ufe. This fort of Glafs is commonly ufed, in and about London , to put into the lower Lights of Safh-win- dows, drr. where the Win- dows are low againfl the Street, to prevent People’s feeing what is done in the Boom as they pafs by : It is fomerimes fet in Lead in fuch Places, where they would not have their Aftions overlook’d. Now it is very plain (to any reafonable Man, that L 3 knows knows any thing of Refra&i- ons,) that this fort of Glafs muft needs prevent People’s feeing through it, into a Room as they pafs by ; becaufe the Rays, or Species of a viftble Obje£t, are by reafon of filch a variety of Refra&ions, (cau- fed by the inequality of the Glaftes Surface) broken and confufed when they arrive at the Retina, or Fund of the Eye. XII. Woolwich , or Wool ledge ] This alfo W'S one kind of our Englljh Glafs , which did receive its Name from the Place of its make ; but by reafon they met with fome Difcourage- ment in their Proceedings there, they have laid it down far fome time, and do not now make there. Glazier s* work, or Glazing. i . What ] Glazier s. work, or Glazing , all know to be a 'ma- nual Art, whereby pieces of Glafs ( by the Alfiftance of Lead) are fo fitted and com- pared together by ttraight or curved Lines, that it ferves as well for the intended ufe, (al- nrjft) as if it were one entire piece; nay in fome refpe&s far better and cheaper, viz. in cafe of breaking, &c Thefe two Heads of Straight cr Curved, will admit of feve- ral Sub divilions, and firff of Straight , which contains a fquare Work,whofe Angles are right ones, as alrnoft all Win- dow-Lights are in Timber Window- frames, and fo like— | wife are the Squares, (if it is! h Glazed with fuch of which the Lights are compofed. i. Miter , or making an An- gle of 45 Deg. this but fel- dom happens in this Profefli- on, unlefs it bs in fome piece of Fret -work. 3. Bevel, this is the moft common, efpecially in the Country, and ordinary Houfes, (which all know to be moft numerous,) for moft fuch are Glazed with Quarries, which is Bevel Work, fo likewife is a great deal of Fret, and all Snip work. curved Work, conlifts either of Circles , Ovals , or fome di- verted Arches ; Circles and Ovals are commonly ufed for Lights at fome particular place in a Building, as in a Pediment , over a Door, or the like, in the middle of a Front, &c. I have alfo obferved a Light over a Door in the Front of a Building that did confift of two Arches of a pretty large Circle like a Weavers Shuttle, lying along, and the whole Light was Glazed with one piece^of Glafs both Parts, Cir- cles, and Ovals, and fome- times fome diftorted Arches are made ufe of in crocket Windows, &c And alfo both whole and parts of Circles, and Ovals in their Fret, or Ornamental Works. II. Of Glazier s Draughts .] the moft ingenious fort of Gla. ziers , both in the City and Country work by Defign, (and not by Guefs, like the common Blunderers in moft Profeftions relating to Building ;) for they j make a Draught of all their ; Windows on Paper, in which G L G L they fet down the Demenfions of each Light, both of heighth and breadth, and the number of Squares, both in breadth and heighth, in each Light 5 and aTo the number of Lights in each Window, after the fol- lowing manner, a//'*. 1 2 3. C. 0 6 4 3. 6. 0 C 3. 6. 0 6 4 G 4. 0. C C p 0 2. I. O ; 2 . I. O I . O 2.. I. O 2.10 2 I. O 3 4 $6 4. 50 4 4. JO 4 5 ° 4. 2* 3 - 75 3 75 T s 3 C 3 C 8 T 7 T C £ I. $ O 1. *c r. 50 r. 50 I 2 , $ i- 75 I. 2? N. B. Note, That here are fix diftinft Windows, viz. the two upper ones are three light Windows, and of the four low- er ones there is one of, three Lights, two fmgle Lights, and one double one. N B That a number Hand- ing at the top (of the Oblong Figure in the Scheme above) is the heighrh of the Light; that at the bottom the breadth, and that number in the mid die, the upper one for the number of Squares in heighth, and the lower one for the num her in breadth. N- B. Alfo that the firH and fecond Windows, (which are three light Window's,) have their Dimenfions fet down in Feet, and Duodecimal Parts of Feet, E. G in the firft Win dow you have this Number, 3. 6 . o at the top, which fig nifies the heighth of the Light to be 3 Foot, and 6 Duodeci- mal Parts of a Foot, in the middle there is ~ which figni- fies 6 Squares in heighth, and 4 in breadth, (equal to 24 an the whole Light,) and below their Hands 2. 1. o which fig- nifies 2 Foot, and 1 Duodeci- mal Part of a Foot : In the fe- cond, or middle Light there is a C fet to Ihew that there muH be a Cafewent in that Light, and by Confequence the upper Squares, and lower ones mu ft be cut fomething fborter, be- caufe of the Frame of the Cafe- ment,) and the fide Squares muft be cut fomething nar- rower, and the four corners ones both fliorter and nar- rower. Now by fuch a Draught, the London Glazier when his Coun- try Cuftomers fend to him for fuch a certain parcel of Glafs, he knows immeditely how to cut it to fit his Work, and the Country Glazier knows how to L 4 work G L G L work up his Glafs by it. fo that it (hall fit each Window, though he be forty Miles re-' mote frcm it, as well as if he were by it. The Londomglafs- cutters com- monly mark (with a Letter or Figure ever them,) all the Windows that are of one Size, and write the fame Mark on a piece of Paper, the which i put in among that parcel of Squares which belong to thofe Lights which are all of one fize; this piece of Paper is fo put in, th?r the Character is vifible a bove the edges of the Squares : By which diftinguifhing Cha- racter the Country Glazier readi’y knows which Squares to take for any Window. I fhall only add one thing more to this of Draughts, and fo conclude with this Head : And that is ; that fuch Glazi- ers as underftand it, fet down their Dimenfions in Decimals; which fits as well or better for the London Glafs-cutters , be- caufe they have their Rules Centefimally divided for the purpofe. I have here there- fore, (for fatisfadion to the curious) fet down the Dimen- fions of the four lower Win dows, in Feet and Centefimal Parts As for Example, in the third Window, at the top, you have thefe numbers 4. 50, which fignifies the height of the Light is 4 Foot and 50 Centefimal Parts, and at the bottom there is this number 1 50. which is 1 Foot 50 Cen- tifimal Parts, and fo of the reft TIT. Of Meafuring Glaziers Work.] In difcoarfing of this, I fhall do thefe two Things ; firft, Confider th e-Cuftons ufed am;ngft them, ffor Cuftom is to be the greateft Guide in all manner of Meafures ) And, fecondly, of taking the Dimen- fions , and computing the Quan- tity. 1. Before we proceed to ta- king of Dimenfions , which one would think fhould be the firft: thing, in order to meafure any uperficies or Solid 5 Yet be- fore we can pretend to take thefe Dimenfions. we muft be inform d of all C adorns that are claimed, and have been to- lerated by long Handing, &c. in any Profeftlon. And there- fore, Note, 1 That in Glazing when Windows have a Semi- circular top, (or any other Cur- ved Form) the Cuftom is to take the full heighth as if it were fquare- 1. That all Windows con- fifting of intire Circles, Ovals, or any other Curved Form, the Dimenfions are taken the two longeft ways at Right Angles one to another, ('which we may call the Diameters, and from thtfe Dimenfions the Areas are found the fame as if they w ere Square. 3. That all Crocket-windows in Stone-work are all meafu- red by their full Dimenfions in heighth and breadth, as if they were Square and not Curved. 4. That there is very good Reafon for all thefe Cuftoms, if we confider the trouble in taking Dimenfions to make them by; ^dly, the wafteof Glafs in working it to thefe Forms, and extraordinary time expended G L G L expended In fetting it up, more than in fquare Lights. I fay if thefe things be duly weigh’d and c-onfider’d, they will be found of more Value than the Glafs which would cover a fquare Superficies of that Dimenfion- Having thus difpatched the firft t ing, viz Of Cufloms, I Ihall now pro- ceed to the 2 Of taking Dimenfions , fire ] In doing of which in this Por- fefiion of Glazing , it is gene- rally taken to parts of Inches, and fo computed to the Nicety of a Fra&ion of an Inch, which may be done feveral ways, 4 of which being pra&ifed by fome Surveyors and Workmen, I (ball juft mention here, viz 1 By Vulgar Fractions, 2. By I Crofs Multiplication of Feet, In- ches, and Parts, 3 By Duodeci- mals. and. 4. By Decimals. There is another way by Logarithms, which is more expeditious than either of the former ; but I cannot here ftay to treat of thefe which will require too much Time and Room for this Undertaking, or Defign. But becaufe in Glaziers work, they ufually take Di- menfions to the parrs of an Inch, the beft and readied: way to compute the Area’s, is to take the Dimenfions with a Sliding rule, fuoh as the Gla ziers generally ufe ; which Rule is divided Centefimally, the Dimenfions being thus ta- ken, and fet down, are Multi- plied one into the other, as eafily as Vulgar Arithmetic!* in whole Numbers is. As the the Method of taking Dimenfions, and fetting them down in a Pocket-book, or the like. See Building, Numb V. L 2, 3, 4, 5. where alfo you will 'find a Bill of Meafure- ment of Glazier’s Work. And for the manner of Com- puting the Quantity. See Crofs - Multiplcation IV. Of the Price of divers forts of Glazier's work.] The dif- ferent forts of Glazier’s Work which we fhall here mention, are thefe following, viz Gla. zing with Squares, and with Quarries. And, 1. Of Glazing with Squares for the Price of Crown , French , German , Dutch , and Eng- lijl) Glafs wrought in Lead, and fet up. See Numb. Ill, &c. of Glafs. As to .the Price of Square- work, the Mafter finding Glafs, and the Glazier Lead, Sodder, and Workmanship, ’tis worth about 2 dd. per Foot ; but they will be (in the Country) paid 3 d per Cafement for pinning of them, ( which is putting of Lead-pins thro’ the Iron-frame, and foddering them, thereby to fix the Glafs to the Frame) viz* Caf events of 4 * Foot long, and fo proportionabJy, if they find Lead or Sodder for it. But to work up Squares and fet up, finding nothing but Workmanfhip, its worth about 1 d. or 1 d- d. per Foot. 2. Of Glazing with Quarries, which is for the moft part done with Newcaftle-glajs which fee for the Price of new Work and Materials. Numb. VII. But if the Glazier find only Lead, Sodder, and Work, ’tis worth about 3 d. per Foot. But G L G L if they find nothing but work, then i 4 - d. or 2 d. is a fuffici- ent Price. For taking down Quarry- fcouring it, and fodder- ing it anew, and banding, and fetring up again, the ufual Price is 1 { d. per Foot. But if it be in Churches where they fay they have ufu- ally more Banding, &e. their Price is 2 d per Foot. They have alfo 2 d. per Foot for ta- king down, fcouring, fodder- ing. banding, and letting up again of the old falhiona Work, which Is compofed of pieces of G]afs of different 2»izes and Figures. As to the Quantity of Lead ufied in any Number of Feet of Glafs. See Lead. Num. 10. I find by Mr. Leybourn, that in London they generally ufe that fize of Quarries, call’d j is. the which he thus de fcribes. Quarries, (faith he) for the moft part are 6 Inches in length from one Acute An- gle to the other, and in breadth from Obtufe Angle to Obtufe Angle 4 Inches ; fo that each Quarry, faith he, contains 1 2 Superficial Inches; which fort is that which they call long Quarries. See P. Quarries. N- B That there are feveral Appellations given to the vari- ous Di men lions of Quarries, 'viz. r. The Range which is a Perpendicular let fall from one of the Obtufe Angles to the oppofite fide. 2. And the Length is the longeft Diagonal from one acute Angle to the other 3 The Breadth is the Ihorteft Diagonal, which is drawn between the two Obtufe Angles ; as for the Sides and Area of a Quarry, I think all know that. You will find in the word Quarries , that there have been, or ftill are 1 1 forts of Quarries ; from whence there arifes di* vers Proportions, of great ufe to Glazier’s. As 1, To find any of the five fore-cited Di- menfions, as Range, Side, Length, Breadth, and Area, of any of the fort of Quarries. 2 To find the Area of any fort of Quarries. 1 3. Having any of the Dimenfions given, viz. Range, Side, Breadth, or Length, to find the Name, or Denomi- nation of the Size, viz. Whe- ther 8 s. 10 s. 12 s. &c. 4. Having the Area of a Quarry given to find of what fort or fiz« it is. 5. To find whether a Window be Glazed with thofe they call fquare Quarries or long ones; for you mull note there are fix forts of fizes or Quarries, and fix fizes of long Quarries, which makes 1 2 forts in ail, as 1 told you before. Altho’ I am fenfible thatthefe five Propofitions (but juft now mentioned) would be accep- table to Glazier’s, and feme other ingenious Perfons, yet I muft here evade them as not being necefiary to the Defign of this Book. Glazier s Bill. See Building. See 7. Got hick, Gothick . or Modern Architec- ture, is that which is far re- mov’d from the Manner and Proportions of the dntique, ha- ving its Ornaments wild and chyme* G R G R chimerical, and its Profiles incorred:. However, it is oftentimes found very ftrqng, and appears very rich and pompous ; as, particularly in leveral of our Englijb Cathe- drals. This Manner of Build- ing came originally from the North, whence it was brought by the Goths into Germany, and has fince been introduced into other Countries. Gradatory . ’Tis derived from the Latin and is ufed to fignifie a Place to which we go up by Steps, particularly an Afcent from the Cloifter to the Quire in fome Churches. Granary . # A Place to lay up Corn in Sir Henry Wotton advifes to make it toward the North , as much as may . be ; becaufe that Quarter is molt Cool and Tem- perate. Mr. Worlidge faith. That the bell Granaries are built of Brick with Quarters of Timber wrought in the in* fide, where to to nail the Boards, with which the in-fide of the Grana ry muft be lined fo clofe to the Bricks, that there be no room for Vermine to flielter them- felves. There may be many Stories one above another, and let them be near the one to the other ; for the ihallower the Corn lieth, the better, and it is the eafier turned, which it muft befometimes . Some have had turn Grana- ries, one above the other, and filled the upper with Wheat, or other Corn , this upper one had a fmall Hole in the Floor, by which the Corn defcended into the lower one, like the Sand in an Hourglaft, and w'hen it was all come dow r n into the lower Granary, it w T as then carried up again into the upper one ; and fo it w f as kept continually in Motion, which is a great Prefervation to the Corn. A large Granary, full of fquare Wooden pipes, may keep Corn long from heating. Grange , From the Latin Word Grana, a Building which hath Barns, Stables, Stalls, and other ne- ceflary Places for Husbandry. Grates . See Iron Numb. 4. Great Bricks. See Bricks. Numb. IV. § 9. Grotefque y or Grotefca. See Antick . Ground. To build on ] See Foundati- on, Numb. II. §. i , 2 , 3, 4, $, and 6 . Ground-guts. See Alder, Numb. III. Ground^ G U G U Ground~¥lat y or Vlot. i .What.'] A piece of Ground which a Building is to be ere&ed upon 2. Of Valuing] See Found at u tns Numb. 3. Ground-plate. See Sell. Grove. A Term ufed by Joyners , to fignifie the Channel that is made by their Plow in the Edge of Molding, or Stile, or Rail &c^ to put their Pannels in in Wainfcotting. Gutta See Architrave. Numb. 6. Gutsrs. 7 . What ] Thofe which we fhall here treat of, are Failles in the Roofs of Buildings, and thefe are of two Kinds in re- fpefr of their Pofition ; for they are either lornething near a Paralfeifm with the Horizon, or inclining towards a Vertical Pofition to the Horizon. Of the firft kind of Gutters , (which, for Dii 1 in£Hon fake, I will call Parallel) there are three forts which are cover’d with Lead ; for iff Either it is a Gutter betwixt two Roofs, which Band Parallel to each other, being made upon the Feet of the Rafters of two Roofs which me“t together.Or, fecondly, A Gutter where a Building hath a Cantalivef, or Medilion Cornice, which pro- jects r t Foot, or two Boot, (according to the Defign of the Building) beyond the Walls, then die Roof is fet with the Feet of the Rafters, no farther out than the Walls, but rather within it ; fo that thejoyftsof the upper Floor lie out beyond the Walls, and alfo beyond the Feet of the Rafters which is yet cover’d with Lead. The third fort of thefe parallel Gutters , are in thefe Roofs that are flat , commonly called Platforms , where are alfo Gut- ters for the Water that runs from the Platform to defcend to, which is from thence con- veyed off from the Building t either by Spouts or Pipes. Having defcribed the Parallel Gutters , we are next to treat of the Vertical Gutters. By Vertical Gutter , I mean fuch a one as is made by two Roofs meeting at Right Angles, one to the other, or which is the fame Thing (but in other Words) it is made by the end of one Roof joyning to the fide of another : As for Example, If a Building be erected in the Form of a Roman L, ’tis then common to have 1 Gutter on the infide of the L, But if it refembles a T, it hath two Gutters , but if like an H, then 4 Thefe Gutters alfo are of two forts, viz. Either Lead or Tile. Of all which we fhall fpeak in their Orders. Having given the Definition of Gutters , i fhall now proceed to treat 2. Of laying Parallel Lead Gutters.] In fpeaking to this 1 Head, before I proceed to treat G U G U treat of laying the Lead , I mufi i here give a neccfiary Caution, which is this, viz. To take care that the Gutter Boards, &c lie not too near a Paralleling with the Horifon, but in fuch a Pofition, that it may have a good Current (as Workmen phrafe it ; ) for if it be laid too near a Level the Water is very fubjeft to Hand in Splathes, if the Gutter chance to link a little in the middle, which fome Gutters are moll: apt to do ; but this is as they are polited on the Build ing. I have obferved fome Gut- ters to have a Layer of Sand for the Lead to lie upon ; but this way I do not approve of for two Reafons, which are thefe, viz i. Becaufe fome forts of Sand I have obferved corrode and decay the Timber that lies near it very much. 2. When ’tis laid on Sand, a very little Squatting viz by jumping upon it with the Heels of ones Shoes will dent it, and there the Water immediately Hands, which is a Means to decay the Lead the fooner. In laying of Lead for Gutters upon Boards, if they are fo long that one Sheet of Lead will not reach them, then ’tis common (Tor fome Plumbers; to fodder them ; for which Purpofe they cut a Channel crofs the Gutter boards at the End of the Sheet, where the boddering muft be ; and into this Channel they beat down the Ends of both the Sheets (that are to meet there,) into the Channel ; which, when they have done, there will re- main a little Cavity, which the Sodder fills up level with the reH, when it is foddered. The Lead which they com- monly lay in Gutters, is that which weighs about 8 or 9 it>. to the Foot. Of thefe Gutters . V. P. Lead Num 6. III. Of Vertical Gutters. ] Thefe Gutters , as I told you before, are of two forts, viz. Lead , and Tile : As to the Lead ones I fliall fay nothing here, being almoH the fame in Ef- fect as the Parallel ones Only unlefs the Builder will be at the Charge, the Lead need net be altogether fo thick for thefe Vertical ones ; for if they are laid with Lead of but 6 or 7 ijy. to the Foot, thefe Vertical Gutters will iaH as long as the Parallel ones with Lead of 8, 9, or 10 it>. to the Foot. Gutters laid with Tiles , are alfo made of two kinds of Tiles, Viz Concave , (or Gutter) and plain Tiles ; I fliall here fay little of the Concave, or Gutters , but refer you to the Defcription of Gutter ■‘tiles. Plain Tile Gutters, are alfo diftinguifhed into two Sorts, viz. 1 Plain-tile gutters, (pro- perly fo calfd) and fecondly, 3 Point Gutters, of both which I will treat in their Order. And, 1 . Of Plain-tile-gutters , (pro- perly fo call'd ) in thefe Plain, tile-gutters , there is a Gutter- board laid which raifes them from pointing to an Angle : And in laying on the Tiles, the Workman begins at one fide of the Gutter f and fo works crofs it as if it were plain Work. G U G U Work, and then brings the next row of Tiles back again; fo that he works forth and back, or to and fro from right to left. So that Gutters laid after this Method are not An- gular, but of a kind of di Sorted Gurvelinectr Form ; by which Means they are not fo fubjett to be furred up with the Mortar which wafhes out of the adjacient Tiles. 2. Of Three Point gutters'] This is the fecond fort of Gut ters which are laid with plain Tiles : In laying of which, they begin and lay one Tile on one part of the Roof, (it mat. ters not which part firft,) and lay one corner of the Tile juft in the middle of the Gutter , and then they lay another on the other part of the Roof with his Corner juft in the middle of the Gutter alfo ; fo that the Corner of the fecond Tile is contingent with the firft ; and then lay another Tile in the Gutter, with his Corner, (as it were) betwixt the other two, and to them : Having fo done, they perfift in their Work, and lay a Tile on each part of the Roof, as before, and another betwixt them in the Gutter : After this manner they go on with their Work, till they have finilhed the Gutter : And this is what they call a Three Point Gutter ; for there always comes three Points, (or Angles) of Tiles together, (viz. i Angle of three diftinft Rules ) which makes it very uniform and handfome You are here to note, That only three Inches fquare of the middle Tile is viftble, (if the Gage be 7 Inches,) the reft of that Tile being cover'd with the next row of Tiles above it. Tho’ thefe Gutters are very handfome, and if well done very fecure alfo ; yet if they let the Water into the Houle, (by reafon of fome Stoppage, or broken Tile in the Gutter,) they are very troublefome to mend. IV. Of Meafurin g Gutters ] or Vallies In different Parts of the Kingdom there are com- monly diverfe Cuftoms, as to this matter of meafuring VaU lies , or Gutters in Tiling : For, firft, At fome Places, they but feldom or never allow any thing for the Gutters , but in- clude it with the reft of the Roof at flat and half: I am in- formed, That at London they but feldom meafure the Gutters ; but only as they are part of the Roof, fo they are included in the Flat and L Meafure. And I know fome Workmen at Tunbridge Wells never demand any other, but only as it is in- cluded in the Plain Meafure ; which is an Area found by Multiplication of twice the length of the R afters, l>y the length of the Building Or which is the fame Thing ( when it is l Pitch,) the Flat and T Flat. 2. In laying of Gutters with Concave- tiles, the Workmen in fome parts of Suffex and Kent, have gotten a Cuftom to be allowed fo many Foot more char, the plain Mcalure, as there are Gutter tiles, (and alfo in- cluding Corner-tiles, Ridge-tiles , Dorman tiles) in the whole Roof. 3. Ac G U G U 3 Ac lome other Places, I know they claim fo many Feer more to be added to the Plain- meafure, as the Gutters., (and alfo Corners) are in Length, including Gutters at the Sides of Dormans and Lutherns , if there be any Dorman, tiles ufed. 4. In fome Places the Work men claim a Cuftom of having double Meafure for Plain-tile , (efpecially three Point) Gut ters, e. g. If there were but 1 Gutter in a Roof and this Gutter > 5 Foot long, then their Cuftom is to have 30 Foot more than the Area of the Roof amounts to ; and this Method fome Workmen claim as a Cuftom in both forts ofGutters with Plain-tiles Either of thefe Plain tile. gutters are cheaper to the Mafter Builder, than Concave ones ; becaufe Plain tiles are cheaper than Gutter tiles , being not above j part of the Price in many Pla- ces. And then again, in cafe the Workman be allowed fo many Foot more (than the A- rea of the Roof,) as there are Gutter- tiles, that will be {- as much more as the double Mea- fure ; for if it be gaged fo flight as 3 Inches, than in a Gutter of 15 Foot long, there would be 45 Tiles, which will be reckon’d 45 Foot ; whereas at double Meafure it did a mount to but 30 Foot $. I find there is yet another way of computing double Meafure ; for the Account of which I will refer you to Sla- ting. Numb >. I am informed, that at Lon don Plain-tiles are ufed much for Gutters* Guttering. In Carpentry, is commonly done by the Lineal Foot, which fome Londoners value at 1 s . viz. Materials and Workmanfhip. Gutter-tiles. 1. What.'] Are whilil they are flat and plain, (before they are bent fit for the Work for which they are defigifd) feem- ingly at a diftance a kind of a Triangle with one Convex fide. But tho* they feem fo at a diftance, they are not really fo ; for they are Quadrangular Figures, conflfting of two ftraight fides of about 10 or 10 i Inches long (they ought to be) and of two circular Sides, one Convex, the other Concave, the Convex fide is about 14 In- ches, and the Concave one about two Inches, this is their Form as to their Edgesor Sides, and I will next defcribe the Form of them in refpe& of the Plain ; at the little End they are bent Circular, and fo like- wife at the Convex great End, at firft like a Corner tile, but then they bend the Corners of the broad End back again ; fo that if one look againft the broad Ends Edge, itconfiftsof a Circular Line betwixt two ftraight ones, like the upper part of the Chara&er for the Sign of Libra, thus £s ; this you muft note is when you hold the Concave fide of the Tile downwards Thefe Tiles are laid with their broad Ends, and hollow lides upwards. 2 . Of 2. Of their Weight.] An Ex periment was made to End the Gravity offome of thefe Tiles, and I found by Computation, Thar ioo of thefe Tiles, whofe Dimenflons were as fol- loweth, viz. io Inches on the Ilraight Edges, 14 Inches on the greater Convex Edge, when preffed down flat, as when they were in the Mould, and two Inches at the Concave Edge, and about Inch thick : I fay 100 of thefe weigh’d about 32 ?, or 322 ifo and by Con- fequence 1000 will weigh about 32 jo, or 322 which is near 29 C weight. So by Con* fequence about 682 would be a Tun weight. 3. Of their Price.] Mr. Ley byurn laith, That at tendon they are fold at 1 d. f, or 2 d. per Tile , or between 10 and s. per 100. in fonie Places their conftant Price is id ~ per Piece, or 11 per Hun dred. Hack, 7 Hat. See Bricks Numb. 12. Hair. 1. What ] The Hair here mentioned is Bullocks, &c to put in white Mortar , of the Quantity of a certain Quan- tity of Lime. See Mortar, Numb. 4 2. The Price ] As to the Price, Tis various, according to the Plenty or Scarcity of it. At fame Places in liiiit X have known it fold for 7 d. per Bu- fliel, and at other Places, viz. inSujfex, I have known it fold * for 10 d. and 12 d per Bufcel; fo that its Price by the Load ff r a HcrfeJ, which is Co Bufhels, is from 30 to Cos Half-round. What.] See Capital. Numb. 2. Halls . Of their Dimensions ] Accord- ing to a noted French Architect, ought to be in Length twice and b its Breadth, at leafi, and in great Buildings he faith You may well allow 7 the Lengt h to be three Times the Breadrh : He further adds, That this laft Length will be the moft beautiful and conve- nient. As to the Heighth of Halls , it may be f of the Breadth, or about 16 or 18 Foot in noble Buildings In great Buildings , the Hall , and ether Rooms of the firft Story may be arched, by which Means they will become much handfomer 3 and lefs fubjeCl to Eire : The Heighth is found by dividing the Breadth of the Hall into fix Parts, and five of thofe (hall limit the Height of the Room from the Floor to the under fide of the Key* of the Arch. Hanzs over. u What ] See Batter. Hanfe . What.'] See Arches, Nfcwb 6 - Heads, H E H I Heads. What] A Term ufed by Bricklayers, by which they mean ^ a Tilt in Length, but to thefuU Breadth of a Tile ■, thefe they ufe to lay at the Eaves of a Roof. Heading Architrave. See Architrave Numb. 2. Healing. What ] By this Word is un- derflood the covering of the Roof of any Building, which is of various Kinds, viz, 1 Lead, 2. Tiles. 3. Slate. 4. Horjham Stone, e. Shingles . 6 . Reed. 7. Strata An Account of all thefe forts of Healing , you may find under thefe Heads, viz. Lead, under that Head. Tiles , under Tiling', Slate under Slating ; Horjham /lone , fee the fame. Word ; Shingles , arid Shinglings , Re-ed and Straw \ fee Thatchings Hearth- pones. See Fire- ft ones. Heel. An inverted Ogee. See Cima. Helkc. Helix , or Urilla, is a little yolute Caulicole, or Stalk under the Flower of the Corinthian Capital. The Word is mere Greek, and fignifies a kind of Ivy, whofe Stalk i$ twilled like the Vine. Hinges. 1. What.] Are thofe neceF- fary Irons, by Means of which, all Doors, whether of Houfes, (or other Buildings.) or of ' Pews, Cupboards, &c. all Lids of Boxes, Chells, Trunks, drr. Folds of Tables , Beds. Bure- aus Scrutores, &c. make their Motion, whether of opening or fhutting, or of Folding, &c- 2. The Sorts or Kinds . ] The Species of Hinges are many, viz Bed , Box , Butts, Cafement p Lancajhire. and fmooth filed ; Cafting , theft black, Lancafinre , fmooth filed, Coach Desk , Dove- tails , Effes, Folding , Garnets , Dozen - to are - long , Dozen • ■to are- jhort, Weighty long , Weighty- Short, Lamb-heads , Port, Side - LancaShire , Side * fmooth - filed 9 Side with riling Joints, Lanca- shire and Smooth-filed , Side with Squares. Screw , Scuttle , shutter P Lancajhire ,and Smoth-filed,S/Y?#, Trunk of fundry fortf. Joints „ Lancajhire Dozen* ware, with Hooks , Dozen- ware long, Do- zen-ware fhort, weighty long, weighty fhort. 3 The Price of fome Sorts of Hinges . ] As to the Value of Hinges, I fkall not now ftay to infift upon the ufual Price of all forts, but Shall give the Reader a brief Accountof fome forts that zre pretty commonly ufed : And firfi:, of Butts, of which there are different Sizes, and by Confequence of various Prizes, viz from 2 s. or 2 s- 6 d. to fs. per Doz. 2. Bed-hinges , from $ to 7 s* per Doz. 3. Box hinges, from ud. to 4 s. per Dox. M 4- H I 4. — Small jfrafs ones, from 2 s. to 2 s. 6 d. per Doz S Dovetails, from 11 d. to 4 s. per Doz. 6. Hooks and Hinges, per fty from 3 - d. to 4 d. 7. Side-hinges, from 3 s. to 36 s. per Doz 8. — With a Square, from so s. to 36 r. per Doz. 9. Screw-hinges, from $0 s to 48 ; per Doz. See /row. Numb. 4* Hip. 1. What ] Are thofe Pisces of Timber which are at the Corners of a Roof, they are a great deal longer than the Rafters, by reafon of their oblique Pofition, and they are placed not with a Right or Square- Angle, but a very ob- lique one ; and by Confequence they are not, (or at leaf! ought not to be) fquare at any An- gle, (as Rafters are not at all) but bevel at every one of them ; and which is yet more, as Rafters have but 4 Plains, thefe commonly have $. They are commonly by Countrey- workmen call’d Corners , and fome call them Principal Raf iers , and ethers Sleepers. Ihe H I Truth is, Hips and Sleepers , are almoft the fame ; only the Sleepers lie in the Vallies, (and join at the Top with the Hips ) ; But thofe Surfaces, or Plains which make the back of the Hipy are the under- fides of the Sleeper. 1 Back., or Back of a Hip , what ] By the Back of a Hip ; you are to underftand, is meant thofe two Superficies, or Plains on the outfide of the Hip , which lie Parallel, (both in refpeffc ■ of their Length and Breadth,) with the Superficies of the ad- joining Side and End of the Roof. 3. Mould, what. ] By the word Hip mould . fome mean the fame as the Back of the Hip. But fome others underftand it to mean, the Prototype, or Pattern, (which is commonly made of a piece of thin Wainfcot), by which the Back and Sides of the Hip are fet out. 4. Of finding the Lengths and Backs of Hips, &c. in fquare Frames .] I fhall here, not only give you the Method of find- ing the Length of Hips , or 'deepen ; but alfo of the Rafters , Diagonals, \ Diagonal and Per- pendicular. And that in a brief Analogical Table, fay* As 20 Foot MT, 00 j 18, oc / ii, iSV 28, 28t 16, 6l) -Breadth of the Houfe: ten. of the Rafter, ten. of the Hip. Perpendicular. Diagonal. NeareiT: Dift. 'Hh Angles at foot— 38— 22 at top — 51 — 28 at back- 1 16**12 Rafter Angles at« top 41* — >o £00(48 — 10 The H O H I The Angles are always the fame in all fquare Frames that are true Pitch. 5 . Roof , what. 1 By a Hip Roof ’ you are to under ftand iuch a Roof as. hath neither Gab’e- heads, nor Shread-head, or Jirk- in-head , (by which we mean fuch Heads as are both Gable and Hip at the fame End ; for ’tis a Gable, or upright as high as the Collar.beam, and then there is two Ihorc Hips which fhut|up with their Tops to the Tops of a pair of Rafters, which Country Carpenters call Singlars ) For a Hip Roof hath Rafters as long, and with the Angles at the Foot, &c. at the ends of Building, as it hath at the Sides, and the Feet of the Rafters on the Ends of fuch Buildings as have Hip-roofs , Rand on the fame Plain, (viz Parallel with the Horizon) and at the fame Heighth from the Foundation with the Rafters on the Sidesof the Roof. Thefe Hip roofs, fomecall Italian Roofs. 6 . Of meafuring Hip-roofs J As to meafuring of Hip-roofs , if they are J, or true Fitch, as it is commonly called ; then ’tis only to multiply the Length of the Building by the Breadth, and to the Area thus found, add half as much more, or elfe multiply the Length by the Breadth and ? ; or the Breadth by the Length and either of thefe three ways will produce the flat and { , which is equal to the Content of the Roof in plain Meafure, if there be no- thing allowed for Hips and Failles: But if the Roof have no Cornice, but the Rafters have Feet ; then they mull be added, and alfo the Eaves Board in a Bill of Meafure- ment. Or to meafure fuch a Roof, you may multiply the Length of it by- the Length of the Rafter, and it fhall give you half its Content ; or elfe mul- tiply the length cf the Build- ing by twice the length of the Rafter ; and then you will have the whole Content. H.p tiles. See Corner tiles, or 27/w.N.V, Hollow. A Term in Archite&ure, by which is meant a Concave Molding, being about a Qua- drant of a Circle ; by fome it is call d a Cafement , by others an Abacus. Hooks. Are a neceflary UcenflJs which are made ule of tor fe- veral Purpofes inBuildings.dnr. They are of various forts ; fome of Iron, and others of Brafs: 1 fhall here mention the Names of fome, which take as fol!oweth, viz. 1. Armour-hooks , (thefe are generally of Brafs, and are to lay up Arms upon ; as Guns, Muskets, Haiberts, Halt-pikes Pikes, Javelins ,&c„ 2- Cafement hooks. 3. Chimney - hooks, which are made both of Brafs and Iron and of different Fafnions : Brafs ones I have knowm fold from if to 2 s. 6d. per pair, the Iron ones from is d. to 1 s 6 d per pair, their ufe is to fee the Tongs and 1 M i Fir* H O H O Fire.fhovel againft. 4 Cur - tain-hooks. 5. Hooks for Doors, Gates, C^. Thefe are from 3 d ~ to 4 d. per ffy 6 . Dou - ile-linc-hooks, large and fmall. 7. Single-Hne-hooks « large and fmall 8 . Tenter-hooks , of vari. ous forts, . The heighths and numbers of Stories, and thicknefs of Walls of the four feveral Rates of Houfes, which is as follows And be it farther Enafted, That the Houfes of the firft and leaft fort of Building, fronting by Streets or Lanes, as aforefaid, fliall be of two Stories high, befides Cellars and Girrecs, that the Cellars thereof be 6 4 Foot high, if the Springs of Water hinder not ; and the firft Story be 9 Foot high from the Floor to the Ceiling, and the fecond story be 9 Foot high from the l or to the Ceiling; that all the Walls in Front and Rear, as high as the firft Story, be of the full thicknefs of the length of two Bricks, and thence up- wards to the Garrets of the thicknefs of one Brick and half; and that the thicknefs of the Garret Walls on the back part be left to the D feretion of the Builder, fo that the fame be not lefs than one Bricka length ; and alfo that the thicknefs of the Party walls between t/iefe Houfes of the firft and JefiTer fort of Buildings be 1 Brick and half as high as the faid Garrets, and that the thick- nefs of the Party. walls in the Garret H O H O Garret be of the thicknefs of Walls in Front and Rear, as the length of i Brick, at leaft And be it further Ena&ed, That the Houles of the fecond fort of Building fronting Streets, and Lanes of Note, and the River of Thames Ihall conlift of three Stories high, befides Cellars and Garrets, as aforefaid ; that the Cellars t lierof be fix Foot and an half high, (if the Springs hinder not) that the firfl: Story contain full io Foot in heighth from the Floor to the Ceiling : The fecond full i© Foot : The third 9 Foot ; That all the faid Walls in Front and Rear, as high as the firfl: Story, be two Bricks and an half thick ; and from thence upward to the Garret-floor, of one Brick and an half thick ; and the thick- nefs of the Garret Walls on the back part be left to the Difcretion of the Builder ; fo that the fame be not lefs than one Brick thick : And alfo that the thicknefs of the Party- walls between every Houfe of this fecond, and larger fort of Euilding be two Bricks thick as high as the firfl: Story, and thence upwards to the Garrets, of the thicknefs of one Brick and an half. Alfo, that the Houfes of the third fort of Buildings, front- ing the high and principal Streets, fhall confift of four Stories high, befides Cellars and Garrets, as aforefaid : That the firfl: Story contain full ten Foot in heighth from the Floor to the Ceiling, the fecond ten Foot and an half, and the third nine Foot, the fourth 8 Foot and an half : That all the faid High as the firfl: Story be two Bricks and an half in thick- nefs, and from thence upwards to the Garret-floor, of the thicknefs of one Brick and an half : That the thicknefs of the Garret-walls on the back part be left to the Difcretion of the Builder, fo as the fame be not lefs than one Brick : And alfo that the Party- walls between every Houfe of this third and larger fort of Build- ing,be two Bricks thick as high as the firft Floor, and thence upwards to the Garret floor, the thicknefs of one Brick and an half. And be it further Enacted, That all Houfes of the fourth fort of Building, being Man* (ion*houfes, and of the greateft Bignefs.not fronting upon any of the Streets, or Lanes, as aforefaid, the number of Sto- ries, and the Heighth thereof, fhall be left to the Difcretion of the Builder, fo as he exceeds, not five Stories. Alfo the fame A& enjoyns, That no Timber be laid within twelve Inches of the fore fide of the Chimney jambs, and that all Joyjls on the back of any Chimney be laid with a Trimmcr } at fix Inches diftance from the Back : Alfo that no Timber be laid within the Tunnel of any Chimney, upon Penalty to the Workman, for every Default to s and jo s. every Week it continues unreformed. Thus far the A Njte, further, When you lay any Timber on Brickwork, as Taflels, (or TorfeJs) for Man-> tle-Trees to lie on, or Lintels M 4 over H O il O over Windows, or Templets un der Girders, or any other Tim- bers 5 lay them in Loam, which. is a great Preferver of Tim her ; for Mortar eats and cor- rodes the 7 imber : Likewife the Joyft ends, and Girders which lie in the Walls, muft be loamed all over to preferve them from the Corroding of the Mortar. Some Workmen pitch the ends of the Timber that lie in the Walls to prelerve them from the Mortar. 5. Concerning Party-walls ] In difcourfing of this Matter, ] wiil prefent the Reader with two different Methods of valu- ing fuch Walls according to two different Surveyors, viz. Mr. Leybourn , and Mr. Phil- lip. And firfl: according to Mr. Ley bourn. Now 4*00 of Bricks at it A Hundred and quarter of ] Two Load and f of Sand at New, (faith he) forafmuch as the Buildings in London. joyn one upon another, and aJmofl: every leveral houfe hath a diftintt Proprietor, the Par- liament hath decreed, That the Wall dividing the Proprietor’s Ground, (halt be built at the equal charge of both the Own- ers; it will not therefore be unneceiTary tolhow how thefe Party- wails are to be valued. All Brick work, whether it be 1, 2, 3, 4, or any other number of t-ricks lengths in thicknefs, are all to be redu- ced to the thicknefs of one Brick and an half. It hath been obferved (faith he) that about 4500 of Bricks, 100 and a quarter of Lime, 2-§ Loads of Sand will compleat- ly raife one ’Rod of Brick- work, of a Brick and an half thicknefs. /. r. d. s. per 1000, is 3 — 12 — o Jme at 10; per C.— o — 12 — 6 3 per Load. O' — 7 — 6 In all — 12 — o And thus much will a Rod of Party-wall, fthe Materials only) reduced to Brick and f thick, amount unto at the for- mer fuppofed Rates, to which may be added lor Workman- Ihip. 1 — 8 — o The whole Sum is — 6—0—0 So that for every Rod that 5 s in a Party-wall, between Proprietor and Proprietor, they are to allow 3 /. a piece for every Rod of Party-wall. So fhat if a Party wall meafu- red, and the meafure reduced 1 to a Brick and an half, fhouJd be found to contain 16 Rods, that 16 being multiplied by 3 /. giveth 48 l and fo much is the one Proprietor to allow the other. But H O Buenote by the way, Thar altho’ this Rule here deliver’d be general, yet the Price of the Party wall thali be more or Jefs, according as Materials rile or fall. For fometimes a Rod of Wall of a Brick and an half thick, will colt but 5 /. io s. and then each Pro prietor mud pay but 2/. 15 * per Rod Thus far Mr. Ley- bourn I will now add Mr. Phillipf s Way. Now, f fa»th he) having the Dimenlions, both in length and heighth of the Cellar, and all other Stories in the Houfe, then the following Tables will fliew (according to the thick nefs of the Wall,) how many Bricks your Neighbour is to pay for towards his Party, wall. For which purpofe the infu ing Tables will ferve very well ; for thefe Walls, accord- ing to the Aft of Parliament, for this purpofe are to be made part of them two Bricks thick, part cf them one Brick and half thick, and part of them one Brick thick. Now knowing the number of Bricks which go to the ma- king of the Wall, you may eafily compute the Charge of the Mortar and Workmanfhip thereof, and from thence find the whole Charge, which you will find, (faith he) to be a- bout 30 s. for every 1000 of Bricks, (I think Mr. Phillips's Price is too great ; for I think 25 or 26 s» per 1000 is very well, but he acknowledges that Bricks then were fomething dear, viz., about 1 8 or 20 s, per loco) H O He then proceeds to an Ex- ample ; fuppofe a Houfe of the third Rate, the Party-wall thereof being thirty Foot long, and you would know how ma- ny Bricks are to be paid for to- wards this Party wall. Firft, meafure the Cellar where the Party* wall is to be two Bricks thick, the length whereof is thirty Foot, and the depth feven Foot; find this length in the fide, and the depth in the top of the Table, and in the Square of meeting in the Table for one Brick thick, you wilfind 23 14 Bricks are to be paid for. Then proceed to the firfl: Story, which will be likewife 30 Foot long, and 10 Foot high, and alfo 2 Bricks thick, the fame Table fhews the allow- ance for this 3Hc6 The fecond Story alfo is 30 Foot Jong, and 10 f high, but the Party- wall is to be but a Brick and 7 thick, the - where- of is ^ of a Brick, and this in the Table of \ of a Brick , yields for 30 Foot long, and 10 Foot high. M 79 And for the \ Foot more in heighth. 124 The third Stery is 9 Foot high, and 30 Foot long, being lifewife a Brick and half thick ; and for this the Table fhews the ’half to pay for it. 2231 The fourth Story is 8 Foot and a half high, and 30 Foot in length, for the 8 Foot the Table thews. 1983 and for the half Foot 1 24 All which added to- gether, make y iz$S9 which H O H O which are to he paid for the half of the Party- wall, which at :6 s. per Thoufand, comes to 86 /. — 6 x.— 6d. Thus you may fee what any Party- wall comes to, tho’ your Neighbouers Houfe joyns ne ver fo little, or much to yours, as readily as you can by mea- suring by the Rod. And whereas the Floors of the Several Stories add Some- what to the hcighth, you may add Somewhat for them accor- ding as you find them in thick- nefs. Lafily, For the Garrets, the Walls thereof being but one Brick thick , you may take half the number in the Table of one Brick’s thicknefs, and add to the reft of the Account. All the difference that ca» be between Neighbours here- in, will be about the Price of Backs, and the Lime, and Workmanfhip ; but if Neigh- bours build together, they will eafily determine it ; but if they do not, yet the firft Buil- der is fufficiently provided by his Workmen to recti fie his Charge, and by ACT of Par- liament is allowed full Satis- faction, with Intereft from the Time of his Building. A Table H O H O Table for i Brick in Thicknefs i or the half of $ Bricks. The Walls beighth in Feet. 1 2 I II. III. jrv. I v. Ericks Ericks Bricks Bricks Bricks Bricks I 5 11 22 33 44 55 2 11 22 44 66 88 no 3 j 6 33 66 99 132 165 4 22 44 88 132 176 220 5 27 55 lio 1 65 220 275 6 33 66 132 199 264 33 * 7 39 77 1 54 231 309 386 8 44 88 *76 264 353 44 * 9 5 ° 99 198 298 397 49 (5 ID 55 1 10 220 3 3 1 441 1 1 6 r 121 244 364 485 . 606 m !2 66 132 264 397 529 661 OXj 72 *43 286 43 * 573 716 -14 77 1 5 4 3 C 9 462 617 771 o *5 83 165 33 * 496 661 826 c2 16 88 176 355 529 70 5 88 2 17 94 187 375 55 2 749 93 7 18 99 198 397 595 793 992 19 105 209 4*9 628 837 1047 20 iro 2 20 44 * 66 y 882 1102 21 ji6 231 463 694 926 **57 22 121 242 485 726 970 1212 23 **7 253 507 760 1014 1267 24 132 #64 529 793 1058 1322 -ill 275 55 * 826 1 1 © 2 *377 2 6 *43 2 86 573 860 n 4 d *432 2* *54 309 617 926 1234 *543 3 ° 165 33 * 661 992 132* ; 1653 40 220 44 r 881 1322 * 7^3 ! 2204 5 ° 275 55 * 1102 1652 2204 1 2755 A H O H O A Table for i Brick in Thicknefs t or the half cf 2 Bricks. The Walls heightb in Feet. VI. VIl. VIJI. IX. X. Bricks Bricks Bricks Bricks Bricks I 60 77 8* 99 no 2 132 *54 17 6 198 220 3 198 264 298 33 i 4 264 309 353 397 44 1 5 33 1 3 86 44 f 496 55 1 6 397 463 529 595 68 1 7 465 y 4 ° 6 17 694 77 i 8 529 617 7 o 5 793 882 9 595 694 793 893 992 IO 66 1 77 t 882 992 l 102 11 727 8 48 970 1091 1212 WJ I2 793 92 6 1058 1 190 1322 -s n 859 1003 114(5 1 289 1 43 3 4 -> i 4 o 926 1080 1234 1388 1543 o IS Llj 992 1157 1322 1488 1653 16 1085 1234 1410 iJW 1763 17 1124 1311 *499 1686 1873 18 1190 138 8 1587 1787 1983 19 12*6 1466 1675 1884 2094 20 1322 1543 1763 1983 1 2204 2l 1388 1620 1851 2083 j * 3*4 22 1455 1697 *939 2182 2424 *3 1 520 1774 2028 2281 2534 24 i iS 37 1 $5 i 2116 2380 2645 il i6$3 1928 2204 2479 27 S 5 2$! 1719 2006 2292 2S78 2 86 s 28; 1857 2160 24^8 2777 3 08 5 30! 1983 2314 *^45 297s 33,°6 4 ° i 2 94 s 3085 3526 3967 4408 So 3306 18*7 44-8 4959 55 X 0 A Foot long. !-«>-.-•«*"» ft* OVO cc ^ 0\ W M ** O COO H O H O A Table for J Quarters of a Brick 'Thiel half of a Brick and half The t Walls heighth in Feet . 2 I. II. hi. , IV. Bricks Bricks Bricks Bricks Bricks 4 8 i? ""25 32 8 17 33 50 66 12 25 50 74 99 17 33 66 99 1 32 21 41 83 124 165 -? 50 99 149 198 29 58 1 16 174 231 33 66 Hi 198 264 37 74 *49 223 298 4 * 1 238 _ 33 _L 45 91 182 273 364 jo 99 198 298 397 54 107 215 322 43 ° 58 1 16 231 347 462 62 »«4 248 372 *96 ; 66 132 264 397 579 70 140 281 421 562 74 149 298 446 59 ? 1 79 1 57 314 471 6:8 : 8 3 331 496 66 r «7 174 347 521 694 91 182 369 545 727 95 190 380 570 760 h 99 198 397 595 793 > 103 20$ 4«3 620 826 s 107 215 430 ^45 860 j n6 2 3 r 4<>3 694 926 >! 134 248 49 ^ 744 992 > 1 >6; 33 * 661 992 13*2 > : 207 413 826 1 1240 1653 \ 3 being the V. Bricks 4 1 83 124 165 207 248 289 331 372 4*3 45 ? 49«S 537 578 6 20 ~~ 66 i 702 744 826 868 909 950 992 «Q 33 1074 1157 i 340 i 6$3 3 066 A H O H O Ta b l e for 3 Quarters of a Brick thick y being the half of a Brick and half The height b ef the Walls in Feet. VI. VI/. VIII. IX. X. Bricks Bricks Bricks Bricks Bricks I 50 58 66 74 , 83 2 99 1 16 132 149 16s 3 149 *74 198 22? 248 4 198 231 264 298 33 1 5 248 289 33 i 372 4 i 3 6 298 347 397 44 6 496 7 347 405 463 5 21 579 8 394 463 529 595 661 9 446 5*1 59 $ 660 744 IO 496 579 661 744 826 ii 545 636 727 818 900 12 595 691 793 893 992 5 13 645 752 860 976 Io 74 u 1 4 694 810 926 I04I 1157 gil 743 868 992 1117 1240 16 793 926 1058' 1 189 1322 17 843 983 1124 1264 140s 18 893 1041 1190 *339 1 488 *9 942 I0 99 1256 1413 i 57 o 20 992 Hf 7 1322 14*8 165:3 2l 1041 I 2 IS 1388 1*62 173 <5 22 1091 1273 H 55 1636 1818 *3 1140 * 33 ' I y 2 1 I 7 »I 1901 24 ' 1190 1388 1587 1787 1983 2$ 1 240 1446 1652 i860 20 66 26 1290 1504 1709 *934 2149 28 1338 1620 1851 2083 2314 30 1488 i 7<6 1983 2231 2479 40 1983 2324 262s 4975 3306 So 2479 2893 2306 3719 4122 A H O H O 6. I jhad here [add an AbflraB of the Aft.] Being a Table of Proportions for Brick walls, Number and Heighth of Sto- ries, &c. In the Building of Three forts of Houfes, ( viz,. The Three Firft Rates) in the City of London y according to the ACT of Parliament. The Rates, or forts of Hou- fes. The firft or lea ft fort of Houfes, front- ing by Streets and Lanes, are to have The fecond fort of Houfes fronting leffer Streets, and Lanes of note, and the Thames Side are to have of Houfes | fronting high Streets are to have of Houfes you may find under the Head Architect ; alfo a very ample Account under the Head Building , where are thefe fol- lowing Paragraphs and Secti- ons, viz. i. Considerations a- bout Building : z. Aphorifms , which are fubdivided into the following feven Se&ions. i. Situation, in refpeft ofj the whole. Several 1 Stories. [ Feet in heighth. Brick length in thicknefs. Brick length in thicknefs. Cellars, 6\ d 2 H it ^ 1 Story, p- 9 a 2 g“ ,i r a Stories, 9 » 1? gt 1 1 3 - Garrets. n P“ s> or 0 1 0 *r p n> 0 »-n ‘ £ P CD 0 Cellars, n 6i £ ft cr 2.v ", ft p- 2 « 1 Story, sc 10 s 2 *» 2 Stories, IO 'h ■ R iv :=: 3 Stories, 9 P- t 00 It 0 1 T ^ Garrets. P - 2. w’ tr- r-t pr 0 *-n 0 t « 0 p“ Hr* MH O P ca* i 00 cr A ft 3 *T* Cellars, ! 1 Story, ici n 1 P I-T 5 2 T ^ kH 2 O * % 2 Stories, 10 B. *2 P iy » 3 Stories, 9 2 H §. if i.- p. 4 Stories, ’ rJL & 1 i g >r X Garrets. fD fco 1 ? 1 f 'ng Building 2. Contrivance , with f( fome Precautions. 3. Receipt. 4. Strength i with Directions about it. 5. Beauty , in the whole and parts. 6. Form , Figure , or FaJliiojt, and what Figure is ftrongeft and moft convenient III. H O H O III- The third Paragraph, contains a Ccmparifon be- twixt the modern and ancient Way of BuiJding in England. IV. Contains fome general Rules which ought to be ob- ferved in Building ail Houfes, both in the City, and the Country. V. Contains a Method of Surveying of Buildings, or Houfes, and alfo the Method of taking of Dimenfions, and fetting them down in a Poc- ket-book, or the like : and alfo the Form of a Bill of Meafure • merit. VI. This fixth Paragraph is of the Method of Meafuring all Artificer’s Works, relating to Buiiding of Houfes, &c. VII. In the feventh Para- graph, there is fhewed a Me- thod how you may nearly va- lue all forts (almoft; of Build- ings, whether they are great or fmall Vill. You have in the eighth Paragraph a Method of Cenfu - ring Buildings, or Houfes, viz. Dire&ions how to pals one’s Judment on a Fabrick (that is already built; whether It be well and firmly compared, and whether well contrived, as to the whole, and all its parts feparately, for Ufe, or Convex niency ; and as to its Beauty, whether its Parts be p’aced in an uniform Order, and whe- ther the Defigner, or Mafter- Builder, obferved a due Sym- metry, or Proportion of the Parts, in refpeft of one ano- ther, &c. IX. And laftly, under the Head Building, you have fome j Dire&ioas concerning advi* | fing with Workmen about the Charge of Building any Houfe: And how much a Builder, (or Gentleman that is going to build ) is the wifer for fuch Men’s Advice commonly, I mean if he advife with fuch a$ are to do the Work : Tho’ otherwife perhaps he may be well inform’d by fome ingeni- ous Workmen that underftand the Speculative Part of Arch i- te&ure, or Building : But of thefe knowing fort of Artifi- cers there are but few, becaufe but few Workmen look any further than the Mechanical, Pra£Hck, or working Part of Architecture ; not regarding the Mathematical, or Speculative Part of Building, thinking it to be of little or no Ufe ; this I know to be true, becaufe I have heard fome Workmen, who thought themfelves no Ignoramufles , tho’ at the fame time I had the Liberty to think as I pleas’d, which was in truth almoft quite contra- ry ; for as they thought them* felvesMen of Science [or Skill] I thought fo too almoft, only I thought that the f article Ne was wanting before the word Science; for if that had been prefix’d, rhenit might havebeen very well applied to have fig- mfied’the acquired intelle&ual Wits of fuch Men as affirm, That the Theory, or Specula- tive Part of Archite&ure was of no Ufe, becaufe, fay they, It is falfe : But Vis the Hu- mour of Mm to flight and contemn fuch Things as they are not Mafters of, and do not know which way to attain them, as being beyond their reach H Y J u reach. Like the Fox in the Fable, who defpifed Grapes, becaufe they grew too high for him to come at. Thus I have fhewed you, That what is wanting under this Head, you may find fup- plied in the word Building . Houjing . A Term ufed by fome Brick- layers, for when a Tile ,0V Brick is warped, or call crooked or hollow in burning, they then fay fuch a Brick or Tile is Houflng ; they are apt to be Houfing , or hollow on the ftruck fide, (or that which was upmoft in the Mould; and t Brich on the con- trary fide. Alfo fome obferve that Tiles are always fmoothert, when burnt on the ftruck-fide, by reafon the Sand flicks to the under-fide, which they ftrew on the Stock of the Mould, to prevent the Earth’s adhering to it. r Hy pert by r on. A Greek word, fignifying, the Lintel, or Cap-piece of a Door-cafe. ’Tis alfo ufed to fignifie a large Table in man- ner of a Frieze above Dorick Gates. Hypotrachelium , or Hypotya- chelion . What. ] See Capital N. 2. and 3. Jack. E E Architrave, N. 2. Jambs, or Jaums . Door- ports, alfo the upright Ports at the ends of Window- frames, are fo call’d. Alfo, Bricklayers call the upright fides of Chimneys, from the Hearth to the Mantle- tree, by this Name. Jambe is a French word, and fignifies a Leg. Ichnograpby , A Defcription,or Draught of the Plat-form, or Ground- work of a Houfe, or ocher Building. Jmpofi. Is a Term in Archite&ure, which the Writers of this Science leave very much in the dark ; efpecially as to any ac- count of its ufe : I underitand Impofls to be the Capitals of Pilafters that fupport Arches. Conformable to this Notion is M. Perrault's Definition of it, viz, a Plinth or little Cornice, that crowns a Peer, and fup- ports the firft Stone, whence a Vault or Arch commences. It comes from the Italian Impoflo, flurchargcd or burthen d -with, or laid upon. Take it either way, t he Name exprefles the thing. Infulate Columns. See it explain’d in Par aflat je. N Inter* J O J O Inter colurnnat ion. I s the Space between two Columns, which in the Derick Order is regulated according to the Diftribution of Orna- ments in the Freeze ; but in r Tufcan \Dorick In the ✓ Ionick ^Corinthian 1 1 Compofite the other Orders, according to Vitruvius, is of five different kinds, viz, Picnoftyle, Siftyle, Euftyle, Diaftyle, and Araeo- ftyle. (All which fee in their Places.) This the Latins ex- prefs by their word Intercolumm nium . Order. The Interco lumnatiun mult be f 4 ) i V \ Diameters of the Body of the Column IX below. ii * Inter -ties y-duces. In Archite&ure, are thofe fmaller pieces of Timber that lie Horizontally betwixt the Summers, or betwixt them and the Sell, or Refon. Jobents , See Nails. N. io # Joggle piece. As Crown-pofh J°y ners 7 Brads y J Rivets „ c ee fBrads. N. iee (.Rivets. N. Joyners-work. See the Particulars in their proper Place of the Alphabet. Joyfls. I . What,] Joyjls, in Archite- cture, are thofe pieces of Tim. ber (fram’d into the Girders and Summers,) on which the Boards of the Floors are laid. a. Scantlings.] Joyfls at full length (to bear in the Wall,) 1 1 fay, their full length Cu Foot, being < i i Foot, 6 Inches, ^they ought to be in their C io Foot, 6 Inches, \ C 8 Inches and 3 Inches. ^ Squares <£7 Inches and 3 Inches. > Cfi Inches and 3 Inches. 3 And And Binding, or Trimming-Joyfts being C 7 Foot, in lengths 9 Foot, £11, or 12 Foot, C 6 Inches, and Squares^ 7 Inches, and 5 C 8 Inches, and j 3. Di fiance and Pojition . j (1.) No Joyfts ought to lie at a greater Diftance from each other than 10, (or at moft than 12) Inches. (2.) All Joyfts on the back of a Chimney ought to be laid with a Trimmer, at 6 Inches diftance from the back. ( 3. ) No Joyfts ought to bear at a longer length than 10 Foot. ( 4. ) No Joyfts. ought to lie lefs than 8 Inches into the Brick- wall. (5 ) Some Carpenters Furr the Joyfts, (as they call it,) that is, they lay two rows of Joyfts one over another ; the undermoft of which are fram’d level with the under- fide of the Girder, and the up. permoft ( which lie crofs the the lower ones) lie level with the upper fide of the Girder. lonick Order. See Column, and Order. Iron. 1. What ] Iron is a Metal fo univerfally known , that I neither need, nor. fhall fpend Time in its Defcription. 2. Kinds 1 There are feveral kinds of Iron, as (1.) Englijb. which is a coarfefort of iron ; >ought to be in their Inches. Inches. Inches. hard and brittle, fit for Fire- bars, and other fuch coarfe Ufes, (2) Swedifb, which is of all forts the beft we ufe in England. It is a fine tough fort of Iron, will beft endure the Hammer, and is fofteft to file, and therefore moft coveted by Workmen to work upon. (3.) Spanijh , this would be as good as a roedijh Iron, were it not fubjeft to Read fear, (as Workmen phrafe it,) that is to crack betwixt hot and cold. Therefore when it falls under your Hands, you muft fend it more carefully at the Forge. But tho’ it be a good, tough, loft Iron, yet, for many ufes Workmen refufe it, becaufe *tis fo ill and unevenly wrought in the Bars, that it cofts them a great deal oflabour to fmooth it ; but it is good for all great Works that require Welding; as the Bodies of Anvils, Sled- ges, large Bell- clappers, large Peftles for Mortars, and all thick ftrong Bars, &c. But ’tis particularly chofen by An- chor- fmiths, becaufe it abides theHeat better than other Iron, and when’tis well wrought, is tougheft. (4.) There is fome Iron that comes from Holland , (tho^ in no great Quantity,) but is made in Germany. This N a for? fort of Iron is call’d Dort- fyuares, (only becaufe it comes to us from thence, and is wrought into Bars of \ of an Inch fquare ) ’Tisa badcoarfe Iron, and only fit for coarfe Ufes, as Window-bars, Brew* ers-bars, Fire-bars, &c. ($.) There is another fort of Iron us'd for making of Wire which of all forts is the fofteft and tougheft : But this fort is not peculiar to any Country, but is indifferently made where any Iron is made, tho’ of the word: fort ; for ’tis the firlf Iren that runs from the Mine- fione when ’tis melting, and is only preferv’d for the ma* king of Wire. 3. To k?m v good.] Generally the fnfeeft, and toughed: Iron is the bed:. Therefore when you chufe Iron, chufe fuch as bows ofeeneft before it breaks, which is an argument of tough- nels. and fee it breaks found within, be of a grey Colour, like broken Lead, and free from fuch glittering lpecks as you have feeniu broken Anti- mony, and no Flaws or Divi- fions in it ; for thefe are Argu- ments that ’tis found, and was well wrought at the Mill. 4. Price when wrought.] Iron being wrought (by the Smith) into Dogs, Iron bars, Staples, large Hooks, Thimbles, anc Hinges or Hides, Grates, &c. The ufual Price is three Pence Half pennv, cr 4 d. per Pound. But for fmall and neat Hooks, Hinges, Bolts, Staples, &c Various, as from 4 d. to 8 d per Pound. 5. To wake Blue.] To beau- ti fie Iron with a blue Colour, take a piece of a Grind- (lone, or Whet-ftone, and rub hard upon your Work to take off the black Scurff from it - 7 then heat it in the Fire, and as it grows hot, you will fee the colour change by degrees, coming firft to a light Gold- colour, then to a darker Gold- colour ; and laflly, to a Blue- colour. But Workmen fome- times grind Indico and Salad- oyl together ,and rub that mix- ture upon it with a Woolen- rag, while it is heating, and let it cool of it felf. 6. Of Twitting ] Square and Hat Bars of Iron are fometimes (by Smiths) twifted for Orna- ment ; which is very eafily done ; for after the Bar is fquare or flat Forged (and if the Curioflty of the Work re- quire it truly Fil’d,) you mud take a Flan e. heat, or if your Work be fmall, but a B hod-red- heat, and then you may twill it about, as much, or a little as you pleafe, either with the Tongs,Vice, or Hand-vice,^. Juffers. A Term us’d by fome Car- penters, for Stuff about 4 or y Inches fquare, and of feveral Lengths. Kerf. T HE Sawn-away Slit in a piece of Timber, or Board, the way made by the Saw, is call’d a Kerf. Key - L A L A Key-J!one. See dnh. Numb. 6. King-piece- As Crown po ft. Knee, A piece of Timber cut crooked with an Angle, is call’d a Knee- piece t or Knee- rafter . Keys, For Doors, are of various Prices, according to their Size and Workmanfhip, Ma- fter-keys, per Piece 2 or 3 s. Larmier. g E E Drip. Latches, For Doors, are of various Kinds and Prices. Com- mon Iron-latches, per Piece, 6 d. if large 8 d. or 10 d. long varnilh’d Latches, about «o d. per piece. Rim’d Latches with a Aiding Bolt, 2 r. per piece. Spring-latches, per piece, 1 s or x s. 6 d. Laths. 1 , What.] Laths are long, narrow, thin Slips of Wood, us’d in Tyling and Walling; every one knows what they are. without any further De- fcription. 2. Kinds of] There are three kinds of Laths, viz. Heart of Oak , Sap- laths, and Deal- laths ; the two laft sorts arc us’d for Ceiling and Partition- ing, and the firft for Tyling only. Again, as to their Length, they are each of them diftinguifli’d into three forts, viz. y Foot, 4 Foot, and 3 Foot-laths. All thefe Sorts of Laths are necefTary, (efpecially in repairing of old Buildings) becaufe all Rafters are not fpaced alike, nor yet the Pro- portion ftri&fy obferved in e» very one and the fame Roof- See Tyling , Numb 8. 3 Bundle of] A bundle' of Laths is fo many as are bound up together, and is generally called a Hundred of Laths; tho’ of the 3 Foot laths there goes 7 Score, (or 140 to the Hundred, or Bundle, and of the 4 Foot- laths, 6 Score but of $ Foot Laths,) there goes but juft 5 Score to the Hun- dred, or Bundle. 4. Size of. ] The Statute al- lows but of two forts of Laths’ one of 5, the other of 4 Foo* in Length ; of either fort each Lath ought to be in Breadth an Inch and half, and inThick- nefs half an Inch ; but they are commonly lefs, and are feldom exaft. either in their Tale or Meafures. 5. Of Cleaving. ] (t.) Lath- cleavers having cut their Tim- ber into Lengths, they cleave each Piece ( with Wedges ) into 8, 12, or 16 Pieces, (ac- cording to the Bignefs of their Timber,) which they call Bolts ; then they cleave thefe Bolts (with their Dowl-Ax) bv the N 3 Felt-grain, Felt -grain, [which is that Grain which is Teen to run round in Rings at tbe end of a Tree ] into Sizes for the Breadth of their Laths, and this Work they call Felting Then, laftly, (with their Chit) they cleave their Laths, into their Thick netfes, by the Quarter grain, which is that Grain which is Sap-laths are commonly about j of the Pi ice of Heart-laths. The Carpenter mention’d a* bove, (in this Number,) tells me that he ufes to fell his Laths for 4 L 10 j. the Car- riage ; He reckons a Carriage 60 Bundies, whereof 40 are Heart and 10 Sap-laths ; at (reckoning Sap- 5 w T hich Rate, feen to run in flraight Lines j laths to be j cf the Price of towards the Pitch. (2 ) Some | Heart, he fold his Heart-laths Men affirm, That a Foot of Timber will make a Bundle, or Hundred of Laths ; butthis I know to be a Miftake, (un- Jefs the Laths are made very flight ; ) for by feveral Expe- riments, which I have caus’d to be made, I find that a Tun, or 40 Foot of Round-oaken- at 20 d ^ per Bundle, and his Sap-laths at 1 3 l per Bundle. 7 Nails allow'd to a Bundle of ] The common Allowance is five Hundred (at fix Score to the Hundred, that is 600) Nails to a Bund 7 e of Laths. 8 How many to a Square.] Workmen commonly allow ^ Timber, will not make above Bundle of Laths to a Square 30 Hundred, or Bundles of’ofTyling. which (if the Di- Laths. Of which Number ftances of the Rafters fit the above one third part *ui%. 10 Hundred) will be Sap-laths. 6, Price of.] (*,) The com- mon Price for cleaving of Laths, is $ d. or 6 d. the Bun- dle. Bat I know a Carpenter (in Sujfex) that buys a great deal of Timber, and has it cleft into Laths, and he tells me, that he ufes to give but 11 s. per Load for the Cleav- ing of them, reckoning a Load to be 30 Bundles which is not full 4 d. § per Bundle. (2.) The Price of Laths muft needs be various, there fieing fo great Difparity in the Commodity, as to its Good* nefs, Plenty, or Scarcity, &c. iflut the Prices are generally between a Shilling and half a Crown the Bundle : And the common Rate for Heart-laths is about 20 d. per Bundle, and Lengths of the Laths, without anv Wafte,) is a fufficient Al- lowance ; f r ( then ) about 90 Five-foot , and 112 Four foot Laths , will complest a Square of Tyling, (Counter- laths and all) at : Inches Gage ; and at 8 Inches Gage, a Square will require fewer, Lathing. The Price of Lathing, Plai- ftering Rendring, and Waft- ing with Size, is about 10 d. 12 d. or > 4 d per Yard, Mate? rials and Work. Lead. 1. What ; and its Ufe.l Lead is a Material us’d in Buildings, well known . and needs no Defcription* Its chief Dies Ufes are for covering for Gut- ters, for Pipes, and forGlals Covering with Lead is the moft magnificent, and is generally moft us d for the covering of Churches, Princes Palaces, Ca ftles, and great Men’s Koufes It’s generally laid almoft flat to walk upon, allowing the Water a little Fall to the Bat- tlements, thence privately to d#fcend in Pipes. Bat in or dinary Tyled B hidings, ’tis chiefly us’d for Gutters to con- vey the Water f om the Houfe into fome c nvenient Place. 2. Sorts of 1 There are three forts of Lead, white, black, and Alb colour ; the White is more perfeft and precious than the B’ack, and the Alh colour between both 3. Of Ca fling Sheet.] I fhall here exhibit Lome of my Ob- fervations on the Method of Cafting Lead into Sheets ; as I have often feen it done and have (for Curiofit' ) c aft fome Sheets my felf For this Pur- pofe there is a Mould provided, which is made fomething lon- ger than the intended Length of the Sheets, that the End where the Metal runs off from the Mould may be cut off; becaufe ’tis commonly thin, and uneven, or ragged at the End. This Mould, (which is juft as broad as the Sheet is to be, muft ftand very even, or level in Breadth, and fomething fall- ing from the End where the Metal is pour’d in, viz About an Inch, or an inch and half in 16 or 17 Foot. This Mould (commonly.) confifts of feveral TrefTels, upon which Boards ars laid? and nail d down faft, and upon thefe, at a due Diftanee, (ac- co' ding to the intended breadth of the Sheets,) the Sharps are fixed. Thrfe are two Pieces of well feafon d Timber, of about 4 Inches Square, and 16, 1 7, or H Foot long, accord- ing to the Size of the Sheets. But this Method of fixing down the Sharps, Workmen have found to be inconvenient; and therefore fome do only fix one of the Sharps firmly, nail- ing the ether butflightly, and then they fix feveral Pieces firmly to the Boards, without the llightly fixed Sharps be- twixt which and the Sharp, they drive Wedges, to make the Sharps come nearer to- gether, as they fee occafion : For they find by Experience, that the moiften’d Sand, (when it has lain a while on the Boards,) makes the Board fwell fo much, that in fpight of the Nails the Sharps will be too far a funder. At the upper End of the Mould ftancis the Pan, which is a Concave Triangular Prifm, compos’d of two Planks nail’d together at Right Angles to each other, and two Trian- gular Pieces fitted in betwixt them at the Ends. The length of this Pan is the whole breadth of the Mould wherein they caft their Sheets, and the breadth of the Planks whereof ’tis compos’d, may be 12 or 14 Inches, or more, accord- ing to the Quantity of Lead they have occafion to put into it, to make a Sheet of, and the thicknefs of the Planks an N 4 Inch L E L E Inch and a half. This Pan Hands with its bottom, ( which is a (harp Edge) on a Form at the end of the Mould, lean- ing with one fide againft it, and on the oppofite fide is a handle to lift it up by, to pour out the melted Lead ; and on that fide of the Pan next the Mould are two Hooks of Iron, to take hold of the Mould, and prevent the Pan’s flipping when they pour the melted Lead out of it into the Meld. This Pan is lined on the in- fide with moiften’d Sand, to prevent his being fired with the hot Metal. The Mould is allb fill’d up ('from the upper End towards the lower end. about f- parts of the way) with Sand fifted and mo.ften d, and then a Man gets upon it, and treads it all over with his Shooes on to make it fettle clofe to the Mould. This being done, they begin to ftrike it level wit-- the Strike which is a piece of Board about 5 Inches broad, in the middle of which, and towards the upper Edge is a wooden Pin (about 5 or 6 Inches long, and j, or i - Inch Diameter,) to hold it by when they ufe it. The length of this Strike is fomething* more than the breadth of the Mould on the in-fide, and at each end is cut a Notch (on the under-edgej about two Inches deep ; fo that when the Strike is us’d, be rides upon the Sharps with thofe Notches, and the lower edge of the Strike rides about two Inches below the upper #de of the Sharps. I Then, in leveling the Sand with this Strike, they begin towards the lower end of that part of the Mould that wa$ fill’d, and taking the Handle of the Strike in their Right- land, and laying their Left- hand upon one end of it, they draw the Sand back into that part of the Mould that was empty. Then they begin again a little nearer to the upper end, and draw the Sand back, (as before) but not fo far as the empty part of the Mould ; for it is thus level’d at * or 6 Places in the length of the Mould ; ( if he be 1 8 Foot long, as that was I made my Observation from,) fo that when it is thus level’d the whole length of the Mould, there are as many places that feem to be unlevel’d, as there are level’d, by reafon of the Sand which is a little drawn back. Then the next Opera- tion is to draw all the loofe and hover Sand, (rais’d in the laft Operation of leveling it) into the empty part of the Mould ; which is done by be- ginning at the upper end of the Mould, and ftill as the Sand is drawn back, the level’d part muft be examin’d, to fee if there be no Cavities in it; for if there be, a little Sand muft be put into them, and that muft be fettled clofe and faft in the Cavities, by lifting up one end cf the Strike, (let- ting the other reft upon the other Sharp ) and rapping upon the loofe Sand, which was put in thofe Cavities , and fo it will be fettled clofe and faft. This L E L_E This being perform’d all over the upper f parts of the Mould, and all the loofe Sand drawn back into the lower { part of the Mould that is alfo trod on, and fettfd all over, and level’d in all Refpe&s as the other f were ; and its loofe Sand is drawn off the Mould, down into a Place 2 or 3 Inches below the lower end of the Mould, where the Sand i made into two Concavities to receive the Overplus of the Lead. The Sand being thus level *d, it is next to be fmoothed alj over with the Smoothing Plane (as they call it) which is a thick Plate of polifh’d Braf about 9 Inches fquare, a little turn’d up, on all the 4 Edges; fo that the under * fide looks fomething like the Diamond- cut Looking-glades, on the upper-fide, (which is a little Concave, like a Lattenpan,) is a brafs Handle folder’d on, upon which is a wooden one alfo, like a Cafe-fmoothing- iron . With this Inftrument the Sand is fmoothed all over ; and where there are any final i Cavities, there muft be a little Sand put in ’em, (with the two Fore-fingers and Thumb,; and then fmoothed down. The Sand being thusfmooth- ed, the Strike muft be made ready, by tacking (that is, fiightlynailing; on the Notches, two piece 1 of an old Felt- hat (or elfe by flipping a Cafe of Leather at each end.) thereby to raife the under- fide of the Strike about ? of an Inch above the Sand, or fomething more, according as the Sfleet* are to be in Thicknefs, which will make a middle fiz’d Sheet of about 9 or io Pound per Foot ; as I have obferv’d in the calling of Lead for a Plat- form. (But for Hip , and Window-foils, and fuch Places where it does not lie flat, the Lead need not be above of an Inch thick ; but fometimes Plat- form- lead is near £ of an Inch thick ) Then they Tallow the un- der- edge of the Strike, and lay him crofs the Mould, clofe by the Pan, to prevent Drrps of Lead from fpattering into the Mould, before it be ready to pour. Then the Lead being melted, (and the Pan made ready, by being lined with moiflen’d Sand, as was faid above,) it is laved into the Pan, and when he is full, (or a fuflicient Quantity for the prefent Purpole ) then with the end of a piece of Board (two or three Inches broad,) draw off the floating part, or Scum of the Metal round about to the edge of the Pan, and there let it fettle upon the Sand, which will thereby pre- vent the Sand from falling out of the Pan into the Mould, when the Metal is pour’d out. The Metal being thus pre- par’d, and cool enough, (which it will be when it begins to Hand with a Shell, or Wall round about on the Sand,) then two Men muft take the Pan by the Handle, and pour it into the Mould, and a third Man ITnds ready with the Strike, (facing of them, and hisRight-fide to the Mould,) add as foon as they have done pouring pouring in the Metal, he im- mediately puts the Strike on the Mould, and runs back the whole length of the Mould, and fo draws off the Over- plus of the Lead, into the Cavities made to receive it; and then immediately, (with a Knifed the ragged End is cut off before it is cold. When the Sheet is a little cool’d, ’tis begun to be rowl’d up, from the upper end down- wards, (’tis handled with pie- ces of old Felt-hats,) and as they rowl it up, they rub off the Sand from it. When the Sheet is taken off from the Mould, the Sand is immediately rak’d over with the Rake to let it cool, and then if it be too dry, ’tis fprinkled with a little Water ; but Care muft be taken that none of the Mould be too wet ; for if it be, the melted Lead will fly like Shot when it comes upon it. After the Sand is raked, ’tis all turn’d up-fide- down with a Spade, and when it has lain a while, ’tis again thrown into f parts of the Mould, and fettled down by treading, as at firft, &c. To make it ready for the next Cafting, which is commonly in an Hour and a half or two Hours, if the Furnace heat well Thus much I have cbferved of the Method of cafting Lead into Sheets. I have in lifted the longer upon it, be- caufe I know of none that has written of this, fo ufeful a Subjeft. 4 Weight of a Foot of Sheet j Epery fquare Foot of Sheet- lead, (if it be defign’d for Gutter, which is commonly run thinner than for Plat- forms,) is reckon’d to weigh 6 or 7 Pound if old, 8 or 9 Pound if -new. And every fquare Foot of Sheer.lead for Plat-forms , is reckon’d to weigh 8, 9, or 10 Pound, if old, and if or 12 Pound, if new, and very good. 5 . How much one hundred Weight will cover. ] One hundred Weight of Sheet lead (at 12 lb per Foot, (will cover a Square-yard or 9 Square- foot. And is a lighter covering than Tiles, tho’ dearer. 6 Sheet for Gutters ] Sheet- lead defign’d for Gutters, is commonly run thinner than for Plat-forms. And fome Plumbers in London tell me, That ’tis the beft way in laying long Gutters, to make a Drip, (Fall, or Step) about the middle, (of 1, 2, or 3 Inches deep; ; for by this Means, fay they, the Lead (being cut into two pieces which are fhorter,; is not fo fubjeft to crack, (by being dilated and contra&ed with Heat and Cold; as other wife it is. 7 Sheet, of laying on in Plat - forms ] I have obferved the Method of Plumbers in laying down the Lead in Plat- forms, to be this : Having roll’d open two Sheets, they beat them flat with their DrefTer, (which is an Inftrument of Wood, of 16, 18, or 20 Inches long, (according as they are of ftout- nefs) and about 3 or 4 Inches broad at the bottom, and in heigh th fomething more, in the Form almoft, of a Par- allelopi{)edon, only the up- perfide is rounded off, and at one end the under-fide is cut away, fo as to leave a handle running out ftraight with the top.] Then (with a Line anu Chalk, or with a ftraight Ru ler, and a pair of Compafles,) they ftrike a Line about a f Inches diftant from one edge of one of the Sheets ; this is for the Standard. In the fame manner they ftrike a Line about 3 § Inches diftant from the edge next to it of the other Sheet ; this is for the Orlop [The Standard is about 2 jr Inches of a Sheet of Lead which is fet up at Right-An- gles to the Sheet, all along one edge of it. The Orlop is about 3 t Inches of the edge, (next to the Stander) of the other Sheet rais’d up in the fame manner as the Stander.] Then with their Pincers . (which are fomething different from common Pincers ; for thefe have a fmall Cylinder of Iron, (of about § an Inch Di- ameter, and 3 or 4 Inches long) fixed to one of the Chaps in fuch a Pofition, that when the Pincers are (hut, they feem to hold it betwixt their Chaps ;) they raife up the Stander, and Orlop, by putting the Iharp Chap under the Sheet, and the Cylindrical one on the top near the Line, and fo they bend up the edge of the Sheet, both for the Stander and Orlop Then they proceed to fet it in better Order with the Drejfer , with which they make the Stander and Orloy, as upright and ftraight as they can, by placing one edge of the Drejfer upon the Line which they ftruck , and linking hard Blows on the top of him with a Smith's Hand hammer. Having thus made the Stander and Orlop as ftraight as they can, and fet them up at Right Angles to the Sheet ; they bring them together, and pro- ceed to make a Seam of them, by firft turning the Orlop, (which is an Inch broader than the Stander,) over the Stander , by the Help of the Drejfer , and Seaming mallet. [which is an Inftrument of Holly, or fome other hard Wood, wrought away from the middle to one end, almoft to a (harp edge, and fo it is likewife at the other end, only thofe Edges ftand at right Angles to each other, like a Crols-mattock. And into the middle of it is put a Handle like a Mallet ] And then they continue to beat the Orlop, and conftantly work upon him with the Drefter, till they have re- duced him and the Stander into as little Room as they can, by wrapingthem one in another, till at laft it feems to be a kind of Semicircle, and this is what they call a Seam. Some Plumbers tell me. That they fometimes lay Plat- forms of Lead, without Seams; but then the Joyfts are wrought in hollow', about three Inches broad, and near as deep, in the Foam of a Semi-concave-cv- linder, and when they lay the Sheets down, the edge of the firft Sheet lies fo far on the Joyft, that it comes over be. yond the Concavity, and fo much of the Sheet as lies over the Cavity, is fet down into it with the Seaming-mallet, and the next Sheet is laid over that, and fet down into the Chanal alfo ; and fo the Water that comes into thofe Chanals, runs down into the Gutter. 8 Mill'd. 1 One Mr. Roberts , (then Mafter of the Company of Plumbers in London,) tells me, That Mill'd- lead is of but little Ufe ; not only becaufe ’tis fo very thin ; but alfo be- caufe by the way of milling it, ’tis ftretched to that Degree, that when it comes to lie in the hot Sun it fhrinks, and cracks, and (confequently) wiil not keep out the Water. For Tis, (favs he,) like Cloath ftretched on the Clothiers Ten- ters, which when taken off, naturally inclines to return to its former State He farther added, That there was fuffici- ent Proof for . what he faid ; and if any one deli" d to be fatisfi’d about it, he might repair to Greenwich hofpltal which is covered with Mill’d- lead, and has not been done above 4 or 5 Years, and yet it rains in, almoft all over the Hofpital ; upon which Account the Mailer and Wardens of the Company of Plumbers were fent for to the Parliament, who order’d them to go and view this Mill'd lead- work at Greenwich-hofpital , ' which they did ; and when they returned to the Parliament, they all uuamir-ouily declar'd , That Milfd-Iead was not fit to be us’d : Whereupon the Par* liament had Thoughts of put- ting down the Milling of Lead : But whether they have actually done it, I have not yet heard. 9. Pipes 0/.] I underffand by difcourfing with fome Plumb- ers in London, that they give diftinft Names to their Leaden pipes, according to their weight at a Yard long, e. g. they have 6 ft 8 ft. 10 ft- !2 ft. 14 ft- 20 ft. and 28 ft. Pipes, and if I mifsremembet not, one fize larger ; fo that a Pipe of 6 ft. to the Yard, they call a 6 lb. Pipe, and fo of the reft. I cannot at prefent tell the particular Sizes of all thefe forts of Pipes ; but if I mifs remember not, the 10 lb. Pipe was about 1 \ Inch Diameter, from out- fide to out-fide. i o. For Glajs.] Some Gla- ziers tell me, That they usu- ally allow 50 lb. of Turn’d- lead to 100 Foot of Quarry- glafs. They call it Turn d lead, when the Came has pafs’d thro’ the Vice, and is thereby made with a Groove on each fide, to go on upon the Glals. See Came , Their Turn’d lead for Quarries is commonly about tT (which is almoft T) of an Inch broad ; and for large Square-glafs, their Turn’d- lead is T f , or \ an Inch broad. So that I find (by DTcourfe with Glaziers,) they have it of different Sizes, as rj, i 4 , r £, t T and t £ of an Inch broald. I have alfo obferved, That fome Glaziers in London have three Sizes of Turn’d-lead for GlafS‘W’indaws, viz. Of vj> ,v, and 7V of an Inch broad : The largeft fize, they tell me is for large Squares, that of tV for Quarries, and the -/V for Crocket- work, ( or Fret-work, as fome Glaziers call it,) it being more pliable for that Ufe than broader Lead. Some Glaziers tell me, They can turn Lead of different fi- zes in the fame Vice, by chan- ging their Cheeks for each fize, with another pair of Spin- dles, whofe Nuts almoft meet or touch, they turn Lead for Tyers, which when it comes out of the Vice, is almoft cut afunder in two Thickneftes, which they can eafily rend afunder. Thefe Tyers are ve- ry tough, but they are com- monly made too flight, and therefore fome ufe to caft Ty ers, which are ftouter, but not fo tough, being more apt to break in winding. ii . Nails for] See Nails. N. I ! . .12. Of Soddering] An inge- nious Plumber, (who efteem’d me as his peculiar Friend) told me the Method of Paleing , (as they call it) or foddering on of Imboft Figures on Leaden Work ; as, fuppofe a Face, or Head in B af-relief, were to be pail’d on a Pump-ciftern for an Ornament to it. To do this, (faid he) the Plate where it is to be pal’d onmuft be fcrap’d very clean, and fo muft alfo the back- fide of the Figure, that it may fit clofe with a good Joynt. Then (Taid he) place that part of the Ciftern (where the Figure is to be fix’d) Horizontal, and ftrew fome pulveriz’d Rozin on the place where you made your Joynt. Then into the Ciftern, (juft under the place where your Figure is to ftand ) fet a Chaffing- difh of Coals, (till you fee the Rozin is chan- ged redifli, and begins to raife in Pimbles, or Bladders) then take a piece of foft Sodder, (made of a longifli Figure,) and rub the end of it round about your Figure, and at the fame time keeping your Figure fteady in its place, fo that it may work into the Joynt. And when this is done, your Figure will be well pal’d on, and will be as firm, as if it had been caft on there But if your Ciftern, (or the like) be fo thin, as that you have reafon to fear that it will be too hot, and be apt to run, or bend, and yield, before your Figure, (which is on the out- fide of it) will be hot enough ; you may then lay your Figure on the hot Coals, till it and the place to receive it are both in a good temper for paleing, and then fet the Figure on its place, and proceed with your Sodder, as before. By this Method I faw him, fodder on Bottoms to Leaden- ftands, or Ink-holders. I alfo faw and obferv’d him, in foddering the Leads of a Church, thus to manage it, viz When he fodder’d the Sheets of Lead that are fix’d into the Wall on one edge, and with che other edge lap over the ends of thofe which are feam’d in the Platform, at every other Sheet in the middle betwixt the feams, he foddered the Lapping-lheet down to the other, Other, thus — : with one cor- ner of the Scraper, [which is an Inftrument made of a Plate of Steel, in the Form of an Equilateral Triangle, in the middle of which is fix’d an Iron S trig on the end of which is fixed a Wooden-knob, 01 Handle The Plate is flat on the fide next the Handle, but on the other fide the edges are ground off with a Bezel like a Chizzel only very obtufe J He fit ft marked our, (partly on the edge of the Lapping Iheet, and partly on the crhery an Ob- long Re&angular Figme, of about five or fix Inches long, and three dr four broad. Then he fcraped the Metal bright, having firft, (becaufe it was new Lead,) green’d it, (as the> phrafe it) all round about, to prevent the Sodder’s taking any where but where they fcrape it. (This Greening is on- ly rubbing it with fome green Vegetable, it matters not what, he did it with Poor-man’s pep- per, that being at hand : He told me, That in the Winter they us’d Cabbage leaves, or a ny green thing they could get.) It being thus fcrap d, he rub’d it with Tal ow, then having an Iron red hot, ( which are much like the Irons us’d by Glaziers) he took him with a piece of Felt in his Right hand, and a piece of Sodder in his Left, and holding it againft the Iron, ’till it drop’d on the cleanfed place, and when there was enough of it melted, he took a Linen- clout in his Left- hand, and therewith kept the Sodder continually fhov’d up on the cleanfed place, and at the fame time work’d it about with the Iron in his Right- hand, thus he did, ’till he thought it was pretty well in- corporated with the Lead, and rhen he made it up into a kind of Swelling form in breadth, and then erofs the breadth of it, he made it into a kind of Seams with the Point of his Iron. This being done, he took their Knife and a DrefTer to knock him with* and fo cut it ftraight on the fides and ends, and what he thus cut off. by reafon of the Greening eafily peel’d off. Ater the fame manner he fodder’d Holes or Leaks in old Lead, only then he made the Sodder flat, and not fwelling, (but he made it alio in little Seams,) neither did he green it before he fcrap’d it. 13 Price. ] (1.) The Priee of Lead in Pigs (fays Mr. Ley bourn) is uncertain, as from 10 to 20 s. the hundred weight. I know a Plumber (at Lewis in ujfex) who tells me he gives i2 s 6 d. per hundred for Lead in Pigs at London : Some Gla- ziers tell me they give but 12 s. per hundred, if they buy but half a hundred. Mr. Wing j tells us, That a Fodder of Lead is 22 2. hundred weight, (I know not how he reckons ; for I am fure, moft Authors reckon a Fodder of Lead but 19 i hundred ) and is worth from 9 /• to 12 l which will caft 3 1 $ Foot of Sheet, at 8 Pound per Foot. (2 ) The Price of heet-lead.] Mr. Leybourn fays, That in ex- change of old Lead for Sheets new run, there is commonly allow’d allow’d 3 s. in every hundred weight, for Wafte and Work- manlhip. I faw Sheet-lead (in 1701) fold at Lem’s for 1 6 s. per hundred weight, (they fometimes fell it for 17 s.) The Tinker who bought it to skirt a Furnace with, faid it was good thick Lead. I computed it to weigh about 1 1 £ Pound per Foot ; for there was four pieces of it, each about three Foot long, and fifteen and an half Inches broad, all which weigh’d 174 Pound. (3 J the Price of Catting Sheet- lead.] The 1 'inker above mem- tion’d tells me, That Plumbers commonly reckon 4 s. per hun- dred, for calling old Lead into Sheets; but I apprehend that the Plumber (for this Price) makes good fo many hundred weight of Sheet-lead, as he re- ceiv’d of old Lead. For Mr. Leyhourn tell us, That Sheet- lead is call out of old Lead, for 3 s. per hundred, allowing for Walle and Workmanlhip : And Mr. Wing fays, That there is about 2 s. 6 d. (in every hundred) lofs, in calling old Lead into Sheets : He alfo fays, That calling old Lead into Sheets, is worth 1 s 6 d. per hundred. Yet I know a Plumber that had 3 s, per hun- dred for calling of Sheet-lead ; but then it was weigh’d after it was call, and he made very great Wages. (4) The Price of laying on of\ Sheet lead in Roofing This (fays Mr. Wing) is worth 1 5 or 1 6 s per hundred weight, Lead and Workmanlhip. And Mr. Leyhourn tells us, That cover- ing with Lead is ufually valu’d at 13, 14, or 15 s. per Yard Square, (according to the good- nefs of the Lead,) or between 7 and 8 Pound the Square of 10 Foot, befides Sodder. (5.) The Price of Sodder, (fays Mr. Leyhourn ) is 9 d. or 10 d . per Pound, as it is allay’d with Lead, and Scal’d : For Tin is 10, if, or 12 d. per Pound neat. (6.) The Price of Leaden-pipes is various, according to their different bignefs. An ingeni- ous Country* plumber of my Acquaintance tells me, That for Pipes of half an Inch Dia- meter in the Bore, they have 1 s. 4 d. per Yard, for J Inch Pipe, is. 10 d for Inch Pipe, and 1 £ Inch Pipe, is or 2 s . 6 d. (for, fays he, they are call both in a Mould, only the Inch Pipe has a lefs Bore; and I think he faid they were both of a Price ; tho’ I think, for this Reafon the Inch Pipe ought to be the dearell, lince it contains moll Lead, and the Work is the fame in each.) For Pipes of 1 * Inch Bore they have 3 /. 6 d. per Yard, and for 3 Inch Pipe, 5 s. or $ s. 6 d. The London Plumbers, (I find) rate their Pipes accord- ing to the weight ot a Yard in length. Their 10 Pound Pipes are 2 2 d. per Yard. ( 7 .) The Price of Turn d- lead for Glafs- windows, is Various ac- cording to its breadth. I know fome Glaziers in London fell Turn’d-lead of Inch broad, for 18 s. per hundred, that of fV Inch broad for 17 s. per hundred. 1 . White, for Painting ] White- lead is a Colour (well known known ) much us’d rn Paint- ing of Gates, &c In London , ’tis commonly fold for 2 - d. or 3 d per Pound un- ground. I have alfo known it bought (in London) for $ d. per ready ground with Oil. Ledgers. See Putlogs. Lime. 1. What] A Material us’d in Building, ( and well known, ) made of burnt Scones, com- monly of Chalk. 2. Whereof \ and how made. ] Mr. Lsybourn tells us, out of Palladio , That Stones whereof Lime is made, are either dug out of Hills, or taken out of Rivers: That Lime is the beft which is made of the hardeft, found, and white Stones, and being burnt, remains a third part lighter than the Stones whereof it is made. All dug Stones are better to make Lime of than gather’d Stones, and from a lhady and moift Pit, than from a dry. All Stones are fooner or later burnt, ac cording to the Fire which is given them; but ordinarily they are burnt in fixty Hours, The ingenious Sir Henry Wot. ton , tells us, That to make Lime (without any Choice; of refufe Stuff as we commonly do, is an Englijh Error, of no fmall Moment in our Build- ings. Whereas the Italians at this day, and much more the Ancients did burn their firmejl Stone , and even Fragments of Marble where it was plenty, which in time became almoft Marble again for its hardnefs, as appears in their Branding Theaters. There are two kinds of Lime commonly made in land , one made of Stone, which is the ftrongeft, and the other of Chalk, both being burnt in a Kiln. The Lime that is made of foft Stone, or Chalk, is ufeful for Plaiflering of Ceilings and Walls within Doors, or on the infides of Houfes, and that made of hard Stone is fit for Stru&ures, or Buildings, and Plaiftering without Doors, or on the outfide of Buildings that lie in the Weather .• And that which ; is made of greafie clammy Stone, is ftronger than that made of a poor lean Stone, and that which is made of fpongy Stone, is lighter than that made of firm and clofe Stone ; that is again more commodious for Plaiftering, this for Building. Alfo very good Lime may be made of Mill-ftone, not courfe and fandy, but fine and grea- fie. Likewife of all kind of Flints, (but they are hard to burn, except in a Reverberato- ry Kiln,) except thofe that are rolled in Water becaufe a gt^at part of its Increafe goes away by a kind of Glafs. Alfo the Shells of Filh, as of Cockles, Oyfters, &c. are good to burn, for Lime. About us in Sufex, Lime Is made of hard Chalk, dig’d out of the Hills, and is burnt in Kilns, like Brick-kilns; but with this difference, That they have no Arches in them* L O L I but only a kind of Bench, or Bank on each fide, upon which they lay the largeft Stones, and fo trufs them over, and make an Arch after the man. ner of Clamps for Bricks (See Clamp ) And when they have thus made an Arch with the Places, as from 8 to ns tho Hundred, fays Mr. Leybourn. £ know that before thefe Jats Wars, (which have made Fuel dear and fcarce) Lime (in lome parts of Sujfcx) was fold for 20, or 2 1 x per Load, 32 Bu* lhels to the Load ; but now in Jargeft Stones, they fill up theq Lome parts of Suffex ’tis fold for '24, or 25 / per Load, in others for 32 s.' Vet in Lome parts of frill ( to my know- ledge) fold for j 2 s per Load at the Kiln, and for about ij 6 d. laid in 3 or 4 Miles. Kiln with the fmaller ones A Mafon of my Acquain tance telis me, That the Ken tiJJ) Lime is far better than that commonly made in Sujfex : For, (fays he,l a Gallon of Water will make as much more Ken tijb Lime run, as it will of Suf fex Lime : So that it fliould leem (by the Confequence of Difcourfe,) that that is the beff Lime which will run with the leaf: Moifture. The ingenious Gentleman. Walter Barrel, Efq, of Guckfield in Suffe*, was the firft that in troduced the ule of Fern for burning of Lime, which ferves that purpofe as well as Wood, (the Flame thereof being very Vehement,) and is far cheaper. 3. Hundred of- how much.] In Lintels. ■ I. What] Lintels (In Stone and Brick Buildings) are the pieces of Timber that lie Ho- rizontally over the tops of Doors and Windows. 2. Price.] Lhe Carpenter commonly puts in thefe by the Foot running meafure, at 6 d. per Foot, if Oak ; 4 d. if Fir, Timber and YVorkmanihip, Some Carpenters in the Coun- try, (that do not find Timber} tell me, they have 1 per (and about) London Lime is [piece for fa wing the Timber, commonly fold by the Hun dred, which is 15 Bufhels, or one hundred Pecks, whence it had its Name. 4. Load of how much.] In the Country, Lime is commonly fold by the Load, which is 32 Bulhels. A Load of Lime, (fayfome) will make Mortar enough for 250 folid Foot of Stone- work And 8 Bulhels of Lime, (heaped meafure) is the common allowance to every Thoufand of Be : ckSi 5. Price of - ] The Price of Lime is various in different and putting them in. Llfi, and Liflella. Is a litte fquare Moulding ierviag to crown or accompal ny a larger, or on occafion to leparate the Fluteings of a Co- lumn. It is fomedmes call’d a Fillet, and fomedmes a Square - It comes from the Italian word any kind of Li (l or s e l njage. Lobby. As Anti-chamber* O Loch L O M A Locks For Doors are of various kinds; as for Outer doors, cal- led Stock locks ; for Chamber- doors, call’d Spring-locks, &c. Alfo the feveral Inventions in Locks, (1 mean in the making and contriving their Wards and Guards,) are a 1 moll innu- merable. And as their kinds are various, fo are their Pri- ces ; I hi all at prefent mention only fome of the chief. As Stock-locks pldin, from 10 d. to 14 d. per piece, or more, S-bitted Stock locks with a long Pipe, i'. 6d. S-bitted and warded Stock-locks very ftrong, 7 s. Brafs locks from 5 6 d. to 9 Brafs-knobed* locks in Iron-cafes, 3 s. double Springd-locks 1 Clofet'door locks 1 r. 4 d. Pad, (or Peered Locks with Slits inftead o* Pipes, 1 s. Plate-ftock-locks, 3*. 8 d . fome ditto for half that Price. PI te ftock- locks in Shute, 4 s. 6 d. Brafs knob’d- locks in Shute, 6 s. 6d Iron* rimb’d-locks very large, ion 6 d. The Prices of Locks are various, according to their d if ferent kinds, fizes, and variety of Workmanlhip,fo that ’twere endlefs to mention them all ; therefore I fhall fay no more of ’em at prefent, only, that there are fome Locks made of Iron and Brafs of 50, nay ico / per Lock, as Mr Chamberlain tells us in his Prefent State of England. Lome y A fort of reddilh Earth, (well known) us'd in Buildings, (when temper’d with Mud Geliy, Straw and Water,) for PJaifiering of Walls in ordi- nary Houfes I know one Place in Sujfex, (where being well temper’d with new Horfe-dung,) it is us’d inflead of Mortar to lay Tiles with, and they tell me it does very well. Lome , fas ’tis dug out of the Earth) is commonly fold in f ome parts of Sujfex, for 1 s. per Court* load, contain- ing about 1 2 Bufliels. Lut herns. As Dormers. Alfo, fee Win- dows . N. — Their Price of making and fetting up, (and fawing the Timber) is vari- ous, (according to their big- nefs) from 9 to 20 s. per Win- dow. Marble. I'TKJHAT.] A hard Stone, VV beautiful when po- li fli’d, blit hard to cut ; much us’d in adorning of Palaces, and great Men’s Houfes, &c 2. Kinds of] The kinds of Marble are almoft innumera- ble, fome white, fome black, feme grey, fome green, fome variegated with Veins, and Spots, &c It were endlefs to give the particular Names and Defcriptions of all the kinds of Marble. 3 . Ufe of ] The principal ufe of Marble in Archite&ure, is for M A M A. \ for Chimney-pieces, Chimney- foot-paces, Window-ftools, Pavements, &c. The Ancients, (as Pliny and other Authors tell us) us d to face their Houfes all over with thin Plates of Marble. 4 Of Polijhing J An old ex- perienced Maloa tells me, that he has obferv’d Stone-cutters polifli Marbles for Hearths in this manner, viz. By laying three or four of ’em in a row. as even as' they could, and then with another of thefe Stones fix’d to a broad Beetle, with a Handle put in at Oblique An- gles, (and with Sand and Wa- ter) by moving this upper Stone too and fro on the low- er ones, they wrought off the Strokes of the Ax, and after- wards with Emmery and Putty they polifli them I have ('a lib) my felf, (at Lewis in Sujfex) feen and ob- ferv’d them poll firing of Mar- ble for tops of Tomb-ftones, which (as I find in my jidver- faria) they did in this manner. They block’d up their Stones to be polifhed, fo as they lay Horizontal about 2 \ Foot high above the Ground ; (1 fay they obferv’d to lay them Very level * and then they wrought the upper Surface fmooth and even, with a Tool for that purpofe : This Tool was a piece of whole Deal about *8 or 20 Inches long, and 12 Inches broad, and crofs the Grain of the Wood, on the upper fide were nail’d two Ledges, one at each end, and on thefe Ledges was nail’d a a Staff or Handle about eight or nine Foot long, viz. (long enough to reach the length of the Tomb ftone) allb at each end on the under-fide was nail’d a Ledge, and between thefe Ledges there was wedg- ed in (with Wooden-wedges) a Hearth-ftone of Marble that was alfo rough and unpolifb’d. Then flinging Water and Sand upon the Tomb, ftone, they wrought upon it, (by drawing the Hearth ftone too and fro) ’till the Hearth ftone became pretty fmooth, and then they put in another rough Hearth- ftone, and fo they continue to do, till they have wrought the Tomb-ftone pretty even and fmooth. But you are to note, That w r hile the Tomb-ftone and Hearth-ftones are rough, they lay a confiderable weight, (as a Stone, or the like) upon the upper fide of the Tool, to keep it down hard on the Tomb-ftone, but when the Tomb-ftone is pretty fmooth, they make him yetfmoother,by putting into the Tool, (one after another) feveral of thofe hearth-ftonesalready begun tobe polifh’d^nd this they continue to do, till they have brought both them and the Tomb ftone to a more polite Surface ; up- on thefe they ufe no weight on the back of the Tool, but they ule Water and Sand, as before. And if they have no Marble-hearth ftone to polifh, then the Workmen tell me, tfiey put a Purbeck-ftone into the Tool. $. Price of - ] Chimney pieces of Egyptian , or black fleak’d Marble, or of Ranee, or Liver- colour’d Marble is worth (of O 2 an M A M E an ordinary fizej 12 or 14 Pound a piece. Window- ftools, of white or black Fleak cl-marble.are worth about 2 s. 6 d. per Foot. Pavement of black, or white Marble, is worth about 2 s. per Foot. Thus Mr Wing. A Stone-cutter in London tells me, he fells Englijh white Marble vein’d with read, &c in {s?abs eS } f0rab0Ut Black-marble he fells fomewhat Marble- colour. The Price of Painting ordi nary Marbit-coiour, on new Stuff, is about 1 s. per Yard And an old Colour, about 9 d. per Yard, Colour and Work. Mafons . 1. VVork ] The feveral kinds of Work done by Mafons, (in relation to Building ) with their Prices, a Vt Methods of Meafuring them, &c are too many to be comprehended un- der this fo general word of Ma . fins- work, ( efpecially as the word Mafon is accepted in the Country ) and therefore I fhall refer them to their Particulars, (as Wading, fetting of Fronts , Healing, &c.) where they will much more readily be found. z. Bill to make,] See Brick- layer s Bid. Of Artificers Work.] See the particular kinds of Work, in their proper Places of the Al- phabet i where they will much for 2 s. 6 d. per Foot in Squares for Pavements, and Slabs of the fame fort of Marble, ( long enough for a Chimney foot- pace) for 5 s. per Foot. Egyptian Marble, vein'd with variety of Greens, in Slabs, he fells for 8* per Foot. Italian white Marble vein’d for Chimney foot paces, he fells. J lSS. 6d }*‘ r F00t - cheaper. more readily be found, than under this general word Mea, faring. Membretto. A Pilafter that bears up an Arch. » Mezanlne. The fame as Entrefole ; which ! fee. Met ops. Is the fquare Interval be- tween the Triglyphs of the Dorick Frize, which among the Ancients ufed to be adorn d with the Heads of Beads Ba- tons, Vafes, and other Inftru- ments uled in facrificing The Beauty of thele Metopes, ccnfifts in their Regularity; that is, in their being perfect Squares : And yet when they are really Square, they appear to be lefs in height than in breadth ; which is owing to the Proje&ure of the litcle Bande- let wherein they terminate underneath, that hides a fmall part M O M O part of their Heighth ; for this fteafon M le Clerf is for ma- king the Metopes a minute or two more in Heighth, than in breadth ; being of Opinion, Tney ought rather to appear Square, without being fo, than really be fquare, without ap pearing fo. Minute. \ A Minute is ufually the 6cth part of a /Module ; as a Mo- dule is ufually the Diameter of the lower pare of a Column It is alfo fometimes taken for the i uth part of an Ounce See Module. Mitchels . Purbeck flones for paving, pick’d all of a Size, from 1 5 Inches fquare to two Foot, Being fq ar’d, and hew d ready for Paving a Stone-cutter in Londm tells me, they common ]y fell them at about is 10 d per Foot. Mode 1 . An original Patjtern which any Man propofes to imitate; properly (in Architecture) a fmall Pattern of a Houfe, or the like, (made of Wooc}, or any other Marerial) made by a fmall Scale, wherein an Inch, or half an Inch reprefents a Foot, for the more exactly carrying on a great Defign Sometimes the Word is us’d, ft ho" improperly) in the fame jSenfe with Module. Modern . This Word, in its genuine Meaning, is only applicable to fuch Archire&ure as partakes partly of the Gothick, retain- ing fomewhat of its Delicacy and Solidity ; and partly of the Antique, whence it bor- rows Members and Ornaments, without any Proportion or Judgment. Module • A Meafure made ufe of to regulate the Proportions of the feveral Members of a Column In the Dorick Or- der, a Module is half the Di- ameter of the Body of the Column below : In other Oi> ders ’ris the whole Diameter. A Module is commonly fup* pos’d to be divided into 60 equal Parts, call’d Minutes . Module comes from Modulus. M°ddions. In Italian Mgdiglioni (a fort o^Cuntuliyers) are little inverted Confutes under the Soffit, or Bot- tom of the Drip, in the Ionic, Composite and Corinthian Cornices, and ought to cor- refpond to the middle of the Columns. Thefe are particu- larly affe&ed in the Corin- thian Order, where they are always enriched with carv’d Work. In the Ionic and Compoftte they aye more li tri- ple, having feldom any Orna- ments, excepting fometimes a fingle Leaf underneath In Latin they are call’d Mutuli. O 3 Modilivn* Modilion-cornice. * See Cornice. N. 9. Moresk-ivcrk. A kind of Antick-work in Painting and Carving, after the Manner of the Moors, (whence it has its Name) con lifting of feveral Grotefco’s, wherejn there is no perfeft Figure, either of Men, or other Animals, and wherein there is a wild Refemblance of Birds, Beafts, Trees, &c. intermingled. Mortlfe. From the French, Mortaife . the Hole made in one piece o: Wood, to receive the Tenon of another Piece. See Tenon. Mortar. 1 . What] From the French, Mortier , a fort of Plaifter, com monly made of Lime, and Sand, and Water, iifed by Mafons and Bricklayers, in Building of Walls of Stone and Brick. For plaiftering cf Walls, they make their Mor- tar of Lime, and Ox, or Cow- hair, tempered well together with Water, and this is com- monly call’d white Mortar. 2 . Of making common — ] A s for making of common Mor- tar, and for the Proportions of Lime and Sand to be us’d Vitruvius i. ays, you may put three parts of dug, (or Pit- fand) to one part of Lime, to make Mortar, but (fays he) if the Sand be taken out of a River, or out of the Sea, then two parts thereof, and one of Lime (He alfo fays, That if to River, or Sea fand, you put a third part of Powder cf Tiles, or Bricks, it works the better ) But Vitruvius's Pro- portion of Sand leems too much, tho* he fhould mean of Lime before ’tis Back’d ; for one Bufliel of Lime before ’tis Hack’d, will be five Pecks after ’tis flack’d. . About London , (where for the moft part Lime is made of Chalk, ) they put about 36 Bufbels of Pit-fandto 2 s Bufti- els of Quick-lime, that is, about a Bufliel and a half of Sand, to a Bufliel ot Lime. Some Workmen in Suffix tell me. That they commonly put two of their -ourt loads (that is about 24 Bufliels) cf Sand to 1 Loa 4 (that is 32 Bufliels) of Lime, which is but three Pecks of Sand to one Bufliel of Lime Other Workmen in Sujfex tell me, That their ufual Pro- portion of L ime and S-md, in making of Mortar, is 4 Court- load, (that is about 48 Bufliels of Sand to one Load, (or 32 Bufliels) of Lime, which is exaftly a Bufliel and half of Sand to one Bufliel of Lime, near the London Proportion. But they tell me, ’tis of Stone- lime : for they allow but three about it, as many Men are of! many Minds, I fliall give you ; Load, (or 36 Bufliels) of Sand then feveral Sentiments about, to one Load, (or 32 Biffli els) this Matter. j of run Lime ; (for, fay they. M O M O a Load of run Lime is nothing near fo much as a Load of Stone- [ or quick. J Lime ) which is but 9 Gallons ot Sand to a Buihel of Lime. Other Workmen in other parts of Sujfex , tell me, that they allow 4 Load ( at 18 Bufhels to the Load) of Sand, to one Load (or 32 Babels) Sand ; and yet, (to my Know- ledge) Lome of his Walls fcaf d pretty much, efpecially thofe that were done towards the. latter end of the Year ; tho’ (faid he) I never made Morter fo fat in my Life before. But indeed, none of his Walls were coped, they were only cover’d with Straw on the top, and Boards or Slabs laid on it | to keep it on, which fometimes (in j were blown off in the Win- Sujfex) tells me, that (to his | ter, and fo Jet in the Wet ; Knowledge) fome London Brick- j which, (faid he) was the caufe layers put as much Lime as! of the fcaling of the Morter ; of Lime, which is 2 -* Buffels of Sand to one of Lime. Another Workman Sand in their Mortar; efpe- cially for Front-work. A Gentleman in Sujfx tells me, That the London Brick- layers make their Mortar much more durable than our Country ones ; for lie told me that at his Brother’s Houfe, and at another Gentleman’s Houfe ( which he nam’d to me,) the Mortar was not fcal’d at all; but at his own Houfe (w hich was done by Country workmen, ) it fcal’d very much, and fell out of the Joynts. But (faid he,) the Londoners make their Mortar by j skilful Workmen in each par- proportioning their Lime and j ticular Country, than by any Sand, viz, By meafuring it | ttated Proportions So let this all ; but the Country-work j fuffice (at the prefent) for the men, (for the mott part) make j Proportions of the Materials. I it by guefs. Now (faid he), (hall next fay fomething of our Country workmen do not make their Mortr fat enough ; but his Matter deny ’d this, and faid, it did fo where it was never uncover’d all the Win- ter. From all thefe various Pro- portions (of Linte and Sand) above-mentioned, all alferted by able Workmen, I think it reafonable to infer, That the Proportion of Lime to Sand in making of Mortar, ought to he various, according to the goodncfs or badnefs of thefe Materials ; and therefore is rather to be regulated by the Judgment of experienced and The Method of making of Mortar. 1 Some Workmen tell me, that for they put in too little Lime j 'tis the beft way not to ufe to their Sand. Neverthelefs,' Mortar as foon as ’cis made ; hisWorkman told me, That he did put in, as near as he could guefs (by the Shovels full,) nor (in making it) to make the Lime run before it is mixt with the Sand, (as fome wttlJ at leaft twice as much Lime as 1 J 0> ) but rather to take the Sand in his Mortar, and took ! Sand and throw it on the Care to lift all Ins Lime and ! Lime, whiltt it is in Stones be- 1 O 4 fore M O M O fore ir is run, and fo to mix it together, and then wet it ; by which Means, (fav they) it will be the flronger, and when it has lain a while made before it is us'd, will not be fo fubjeft to blow and blitter. Others advile to let Mortar (when made) lie in a heap two or three Years before ’tis us’d , for fo ('fay they) ’twill be the ftronger and better ; for the Reafon offo many inefficient Buildings, (fay they ) is the ufing of the Mortar as foon as ’tis made. Others tell us, ( i ) That when you flack the Lime, you mutt take Care to wet it every where a little (but not over wet ir,) and cover with Sand every Laying, or Bed of Lime (being about a BuffieU as you Back it; that fo the Steam or Spirit of the Lime may be kept in, and not fly away, but mix it felf with the Sand, which will make the Mortar much Rronger, than if you flack all your Limeatfirtt and throw on your Sand all together at 3 att\ as fome ufe to do. (2 ) That you ought to beat all your Mortar with a Bearer, 3 or 4 times over before you ufe it ; for thereby you break all the Knots cf Lime well toge- rher^and the Air which the Beater forces into the Mortar at every ttroak, conduces very much ro the Strength thereof (5.) That when you ddign to build we If, or ufe ftrong Mortar for Repairs, vou fbould bear the Mortar well, and let it lie two or three Days, and 5 M O M O An old experienced Mafon of my Acquaintance, tells me, That being at work at Eridge. place, ( at my Lord Abergaveny s) at F ant in Sujfex, they would have him make ufe of fome Mortar that had been made four Years. But he, (when he came to try it,) told them it was good for nothing by reafon it W3S fo very hard, that there was no tempering of it. Whereupon a Jefuire (refiding inrhe Houle, and who had been a great Traveller)' told him, That to his Know- ledge, at ftveral Places be- yond Sea, they always kept their Mortar 20 Years before they ufe it ; but then (he faith) they keep it in Citterns j for the Purpofe, and always j keep it moitt. Now* the old I Mafon (above-mention’d) tells 1 me, he believes this Method may make the Mortar good and tough. - As for the Scaling, (or Crim- bling) of Mortar out of the Joints of Stone and Brick- walls, fome Mafons tell me, It proceeds from the hadnefs of the Sand, or Lime or both, as well as from the Seafon of the Year when the Work is done 3 . Of making other Kinds ofm'] Befides the common Mortar , (us’d in laying of Stones, Bricks, and Tiles ) above- mention'd, there are feveral other Kinds, as — 4. White Mortar. ] This is ufed in plaiftering of Walls and Ceilings, that are firft plaitter’d with Lome, and is made of Ox. or Cow-hair, Well mixed and temper’d with Lime and Water, (without any Sand : ) The common Allowance in making this kind of Mortar) is one Bulhel of Hair to fix Bufhels of Lime. The Hair lerves to keep the Mortar from cracking, bind- ing it, and holding it faft to- gether. 5 . Mortar us' d in making of Water - courfes , Ciferns . ike. J This kind of Mortar is very hard and durable, as may be feen at Rome at this Day. It is ufed not only in building of Walls, but alio in making of Citterns to hold Water, and all manner of Water- Works, and alfo in finifliing, or plai- ttering of Fronts to reprefent Scone work And 1 find two kinds of this Mortar us’d by the Ancients ; both of which are compounded of Lime and Hog’s-greafe ; but to one is added the Juice of Figs, and to the other Li- quid-pitch, and is firft wet, or flack’d with Wine, then pounded, or beat with Hog’s- greafe, and Juice of figs, or with the fame and Pitch ; that which has Pitch in it, is black- er and eafily diftinguitVd from the othef by its Colour, and that which is plaitter’d with this kind of Mortar, is done over with Linfeed-oil. 6 For Furnaces , &c ] Some Chymifts, in building their Furnaces, make ufe of a kind of Mortar made with red Clay, not too fat, leaft it be fubjeft to Chinks ; nor too lean, or Tandy, leaft it bind not enough. This Clay is wrought in Wa- ter, wherein ftore of Horfe- dung and Chimney - foot has been M O M O been deeped and well mingl'd, by which a Salt is communi- cated to the Water, binding the Clay, and making it fit to abide the Fire Some Metalids ufe a kind of Mortar to plaider over the in-fides of their VefTels, (Tor refining of Metals) to keep the Metal from running out : And this kind of Mortar is compounded, and made of Quick-lime , and Ox-blood, the Lime being beat to Pow- der and lifted and then mix’d with the Blood, and beat with a Beater The Glafs-makers in Trance ufe a fort of Mortar (for plai- fiering over the in-fides of their Furnaces,) made of a fort of FuJlerYearth, which is gotten from Believe near Forges, which is the only Earth in France that has the Proper- ty of not melting In this ex- ceflive Heat. And ’tis of this fame Earth that the Pets are alfo made which will hold the melted Metal for a long time 7. For Sun Dials. ] An ex- ceeding drong and lading Alortar to make a Dial-plain on a Wall, may be thus made : Take Lime and Sand, which temper with a fufficient Quan- tity of Linfeed-oyl ; this fpread upon the Wall, will harden to the Hardnefs of a Stone, and not decay in many Years. Note, If you cannot get Oil, you may temper your Lime and Sand with feum’d jVlilk, (but Oil is better) and this will lad fix times as long as the ordinary Plaider made of Lime and Hair with Water. I have known a very ftrong and tough Mortar (for a Sun- dial-plain,) made in this man- ner. To about five or fix Gallons of Brook-fand, (which was dry’d on ail Oaft, and fifted through a fine Splinted- fievej there was put as much, or rather more Sifted- lime, and a Gallon ! of Boreing (or Gun) Dud fifted alfo j all which was wet and temper’d well with 6 or 7 Gallons of Scum’d-'milk, and about a Pottle of Linfeed-oil. This was laid on the Wall fird, well wet with Milk ; but the Workman feund much Trou- ble to fet it fmooth, by reafon it dry’d fo very fad ; but by keeping it often fprinkl’d with Milk, and fmcothing ic with the Trowel, it at lad fet with a very fmooth and (fining Sur- face. But notwithdanding all his Care, ic ( as it dry’d ) crack’d pretty much ; which I fanfie might proceed from the want of Hair in it : It did alfo blow in Bliders, tho’ the Lime were fifted ; and there- fore I fanfie, that if the Lime had beep prepar’d as it is in Frefco Painting , it might have been prevented. 8 . Extraordinary good for floors. Walls, and Ceilings. j If you temper Ox - blood, and fine Clay together, and lay the fame in any Floor, or plai- der any Wall, or Ceiling with it, it will become a very drong and binding Subdance, as I have been told, (fays my Au- thor) by a Gentleman Stran- ger, who affirm’d to me, That the fame is of great ufe in Italy. 9- A M O M O 9 . A profitable and cheap kind r/~] A wife , wealthy, and and ancient .Soap-boiler, dwel- ling without Aldgate, has (for the better Encouragement of others,) long ftnce ere&ed a fair and (lately Edifice of Brick for his own Habitation , upon the good Succefs where- of he has fince built another Houfe of fome Charge and good Receipt ; the Mortar whereof did confift of two Load of wade Soap-Ades, one one Load of Lime, one Load of Lome, and one Load of Woolwich Sand. So Lkewife, another Gen- tleman of the fame Faculty, (being like wife of good Cre- dit, and great Experience) has us’d only Lome and Soap- Afhes temper’d and wrought together for Mortar ; whereby he has laid both the Founda- tions, Chimneys, and their Tunnels in his Dwelling-houfe in Southwark and they have endur’d thofe Storms already pad:, which have overturn’d many other Tunnels, both new and old, that were built with the ordinary Mortar. It may be, that many Lime- men (and fome of thofe Brick- layers that are in Fee with ’em) may fpeak againd this Pra&ice, and labour (by all podible Means) to difcredit it ; but there is no Reafon can hold a- gaind Experience , nor no Malice 10 great; but Truth in her Time will be able to vanquifh. And if thefe three Tryals be not thought a competent Number to give Credit to a new In- vention, I can (fays my Au- thor) back and confirm them with threefcore more at the lead, which have been already made within the City of Lon. don, and Suburbs thereof. True, indeed, this kind of Mortar is fome what rough in the laying, and more (harp and fretting to the Fingers than ordinary Mortar , which makes ir fo muchnegle&ed and decry ’d by fome Workmen : But (fays my Author) I could foon remedy thefe two dender Faults ; the fird whereof is rather an excellent Quality in Mortar, than a Fault. Yet for the Good-will I bear to all the excellent uniform Build- ings of our Time, I will fet down the bed Advice that I can in this Cafe, and fych as I dare warrant upon my Credit. And fil'd, concerning the Rough nefs of this kind of Morrar, Who is fo blind, as not to fee how to remedy it ? (For ’tis rather a Work of La- bour than of Skill; ) for the Soap-afhes (which are in hard Cakes,) being either ground, or damped into a fine Powder, before they be mixt with the Sand, will foon be brought to a fmooth Temper And here we have no need to fear the Charge that will arife there- by ; for I dare undertake, that the Profit of one Day’s Labour will anfwer the Charge of three Men’s Wages, in the Difference of Price that will be found betwixt one Load of thefe Afhes, and one hundred of Lime. Then, Secondly, the Sharpnefi wherewith they offend the Bricklayer’s Fingers, may in feme fort be avoided by wear- ing ing of Gloves, (without which they fddom lay any Brick at all) to avoid the like Effe&s, which they find in Lime. But for an allured help in this cafe, ( if the lharpnefs be fuch as cannot be endur’d of Workmen) let thefe Allies be re-imbibed in Water for fome reafonable time, till more of their Salt be extra&ed from them, and then (without que- ftion) they will find them gen- tle enough, and much of their fretting Nature taken away from them 10. For laying of Tyles ] 1 know feveral Places in Sujfex , where for laying of Tiles up- on Houfes, &c. they make a kind of Mortar of Lome, and new Horfe dung, well tem- per’d and mix’d together. This fome Workmen commend for a good, ftrong, and cheap Mor- tar ; and others tell me, That ’tis more agreeable to the Tiles, than the common Mortar made of Lime and Sand ; which, fay they, corrodes and frets the Tiles, cauflng them to fcale and fly to pieces, which this does not. I have taken particular no- tice of one Houfe, where the Files were laid in this kind of Mortar and had been laid about four or five Years, and yet the Mortar did Hick very well un der the Corner-tiles, where it generally liesthickefi: 1 1 . For Plastering of Fronts of Houfes in imitation of Brick-work ] Some Workmen tell me, That, they make Mortar . ( for this kind of Work) of Powder of Bricks, ftiarp Sand, and Lime, and fome Red-oker. I know a Houfe that is Plafter’d with this kind of Mortar ; it has been done above twenty Years, and yet looks very well, and paffes ( with common Pafien- gers) for a Brick Houfe, tho* it be only Timber Plafter’d over. They have commonly i s per Yard for doing fuch Work, only Workmanfliip. 1 2. How much allow'd to a Rod of Brick work , or a Square of Tiling ] Workmen commonly allow a hundred and half, for 3 7 t Bufhels) of Lime, and 2 Load, (or 72 Bufhels) of >and to make Mortar enough for a Rod of Brick work And for Tiling, 4 Bufhels of Lime, and 6 or 8 Bufhels of Sand will make Mortar fuirfi- cient to lay iooo of Tiles, which is about a Square and half. So that a Square of Ti- ling will take up (for Mortar) about 2 f Bulhels of Lime, and about s Bufhels of Sand. 13. A Caution about J ’Tis a general Caution in all parts of a Building, that where Stones, or Bricks are contiguous to Timber, they ought to be laid dry. or without Mortar; be- caufe Lime and Wood are in- focialfe^ the former very much corroding and decaying the other. 14 Rough Mortar , which fee in R. M’faique or Mofaical-work . Is a curious kind of Work, conhfting of final! inlaid Peb- bles, Cockles, and Shells of fundry Colours ; and (of late) likewife with pieces of Glals figured with pieafure. M 17 N A Mo ft. Us'd in Tiling ] In fome parts of Suffix they lay Tiles in Mofs inftead of Mortar ; and when the Workmen get the Mofs themfelves, they are allow’d 2d, in a Square the more for their Work. Bur fome Work- men contemn this way of Ti- ling with Mofs; becaufe, fay they, in windy wet Weather when the Wet. Rain, Snow, or Sleet is driven under the Tiles in the Mofs; if there follow a Froft whilft the Tiles are wet, it then Freezes the Mofs, and fo raifes the Tiles out of their Place. Mouldirigs , Under this Name are com- prehended all thofe Jettings or ProjeBures beyond the Naked of a Wall, Column &c which only fei ve for Ornament ; whe- ther they be fquare, round, ftraight or crooked. Of thefe there are feven Kinds more conliderabie than the reft, viz the Doucine , the Talon or Heel, the Ovolo or farter-round, the Plinth , the jtflragal, the Denti- cle, and the CavettQ. MnUiplication Of Feet and Inches, by Feet and Inches .] See Crofs* Multiplication. MunionSy Tn Architecture, are the fhort upright Pofts that divide the feveral Lights in a Win- dow- frame. Mwing. An old Term in Archite- cture, fignifying the Raifmg of Walls. See Walls. Mutule. Same as Modilliom : which ' fee. The Latins call it Mutu - lus. Nails. i. IT 7 Hat ] Thefe are a Ma- VV terial fo well known, that Chi the general) they need no Defcription. But the particular Kinds of ’em (which are very numerous) ftiall be defcribed in the following Articles. 2. Back — and Bottom. • — .] Thefe kinds of Nails are made with flat Shanks, and fo as to hold faft, and not open the Grain of the Wood ; being proper for Nailing of Boards together for Coolers, for Guts to fave Water under the Eves of a Houfe, or for any Liquid Velfels made of Pianks, or Boards. 3. Clamp. ] Thefe are pro- per to fallen Clamps in Build- ing, and repairing of Ships. 4. Clafp.] Thefe are of two forts, viz. ( i.) Long , proper for any fine Building with Firr, or other foft Wood : The clafping of the Head brings them into little compafs, and admits of their finking into the Wood, makes the Work fmooth, and will admit a Smoothing-plane to go over them when drove. The fizes are N A N A are 7, 7 l, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 28, 32, 3 6, and 40 $3 P er Thoufand. (1.) Strong, thefe are fit fbr Oak, and other hard Woods The fizes are 15,18, 28, 32, and 40 per Thoufand 5. Clench.] Thefe are com- monly usd by Boat, Barge, and Lighter Builders, with Boves, and often withoutrThey are proper Nails for any Buil- ding with Boards, that mud be taken down again, becaufe they will drive without fplit- ting the Wood, and draw, (or admit of punching out, (if right made ) without break, ing. The forts are too many to be here enumerated, for fine Work they are made with Clafp- heads. 6. Clout] Thefe are com- monly us’d for nailing on of Clouts to Axle-trees, but are proper to fallen any Iron to Wood ; and (if righr made) the Heads will hold driving home 'without flying. The fizes are 4 1 7, 8, 9 , 12, and ft) P er Thoufand. 7. Deck J Thele are proper for fafleniifg of Decks in Ships, doubling of Shipping, and Floors laid with Planks They are of two forts, D'/e- headed, and Clafp- headed. The fizes are 4,4*< 5,5?, 6,6-7, 8, and 9 Inches long. 8 . Dog.] Thefe are proper for faftning of Hinges to Doors, for (if made right) they will hold the Hinge ciofe without the Heads flying off, or withou the help of botching, by put- ting Leather between the Head and the Hinge. The fizes are 9, 12, 20, 25, 30, 40, 6o v 80, and x 20 ft. per Thoufand. 9. Flat Point J Thefe are of two forts viz. ( 1.) Long, which are much us’d in Ship- ping, and are very proper where there is occafion to draw and hold fall where there is no Conveniency to clench. The fizes are 7!, 8, 9, 10, 11, *2, 13, 14, 1 6, 1 8, 21, 22, 23, 26, 4 °, 55, 75, and j 10 ft- per Thoufand. (2.) Short, thefe are fortified with Points to drive into Oak, or other hard Wood and are often us’d to draw the Shcating boards to, v#ry proper where Oak or other hard Wood is us’d. . The fizes are 5, 9. 18, 2 <5, 32, 40, 5 5 , 75 , an d 1(10 ft) per Thou- fand. 10. Jobent ) Thefe are com- monly us’d to nail thin Plates of Iron to Wood, and to nail on fmail Hinges for Cub- board-doors &c The fizes are 2 and 3 ft>. a Thoufand. 11. Lead ] Thefe are com- monly us’d to nail Leather, and Canvas to hard Wood. The fizes are 4 7 and 8 ft>. per Thoufand. j 2 . Port] Thefe are com- monly us’d to nail Hinges to the Ports of Ships. They mull be made flrong, becaufe they will not admit of being clench- ed. without being prejudicial to the Lining ; and therefore care muft be taken that they be demanded of fuch a length, as that they may come near through, (fo as to take fuffici- ent hold) and yet not fo long as to come quite through. The fizes are 2 ±, 3, 4, and 5 In* ches long. 1 Pound.] Thefe are four fquare in the Shank, and are much N A N A much us’d in Ejffex, Suffolk , and Norfolk ; but in few other Countries, except for Paleing The fizes are 6 d. 8 d. 10 d 20 d. and 40 d. 14. Ribbing .] Thefe are com- monly us’d to faften the Rib- bing, to keep the Ribs of Ships in their Place in Building ; if thefe Nails are made right, they will hold faft, and draw eafie, without injuring the Ribbing, or Timbers. They are alfo very ufeful to faften Timbers to be ufed for a while, and taken down again for fur* ther Service. The fizes are 5, 5 T, 6 , 6 7, 7 T, 8, 8 A, and 9 Inches long. 15. Roje ] Thefe Nails are drawn four fquare in the ' Shank, andcommonlyin around Tool, as all common 2 d. Nails are, and moft commonly 3 d and 4 J. In fome Countries they make all their larger fort of Nails in this fhape, but their bei«g fquare drowneth the Iron, and the Nails do not fnew fo fair to the Eye, as thofe laid upon the flat ; but if made of tough Iron, they are very ferviceable. The fizes are 1 2, 2 r? a {, 3> 3 4 \ 3 4 r 4 T> 4 5 , 9 } I0 7 * 3 ; J 4 16, 17, 18, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32 36, and 40 ffy per Thoufand 1 6. Rother ] Thefe are prin- cipally to faften Rother Irons to Ships, and require a fuli Head, and to be made fo as to hold faft in the Wood to the - greateft Degree, without Clenching. 17. Round head'] Thefe are very proper to faften on Hin- ges, or for any other ufe where a neat Head is required ; and if made of die beft tough Iron, as they ought to be, are very ufeful. The forts are Tacks, id. 3 d. ^ d. 5 d. 6 d. and 8 d. The fame tinn’d for Coffin- handles, and fine Hinges. 18 Scupper ] Thefe are prin- cipally to faften Leather, and Canvas to Wood, and there- fore require a broad Head, that neither may work loofe. The fizes are 4 7, and 8 J,. a Thoufand. 19. Sharp.] Thefe are much us’d in all Countries, efpecially in the Weft. Indies, being made with fharp Points, the Shank flat, and is a very proper Nail for ordinary Ules , where fofc Wood is us’d. The fizes are 2 2 ■+, 3 > 3 t, 4 ) 4 St 5 ~Zt d, 6 y, 7 1 , 8 , 9, ^o, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 28, 32, 36, 40, $St and 75 ft) H er Thoufand. 20. sheathing ] Thefe are commonly us’d to faften Shea- thing-boards to Ships. The R.ule for ufing them, is to have the Nail full three times as long as the Sheating-board is thick, provided the Plank be of a fufticient thicknef,, which ought to be enquir’d into ; for the Sheathing-nail ought not to go through the Plank by half an Inch, leaft it fhould make the Ship leaky. The Shank muft not be fo ftrong as to cleave the Board, and the Head muft be well clapfed, or died, fo as it may fink into the Wood, and the Ships fide left fmooth. They are alfo a ufe- ful Nail in doubling of fmall Ships. The fizes are 1 if, 1 1,2, 241 21, 2 3 , 34 * and 3 i Inches long 2f. Square.] ' N A N A 21. Square ,] Thefe are of the fame fhape as fliarp Nails, and is a moft ufeful Nail for Oak, and other hard Wood, as alfo for nailing Up Wall-fruit, the Points being made fomething ftronger than the Points of fharp Nails, which fortifies them to gd forward, and not turn back upon a fmall Oppo- sition, as weaker points will do. The fizes are 2 j, 2 }, 3, 4. 4 4 . S, Sr, 6 , 6 i, 7, 8, 9, 10, II, 12, 15, 14, 1% .6 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24 28, 30, 32, 36, 40, 55, and 75 per Thoufand. 22 Tacks] The frmlleft of thefe are to fallen Paper to Wood, midling forWool- cards, and Oars, and the larger for Upholfterers, and Pumps. The fizes are 2 5, 6, 8, 9, 14, and 15 Ounces a Thoufand. There are many more forts of Nails, which for Brevity, (and becaufe they are not fo proper for our prefent Bufi- nefs) I (hall omit 23. allowance of in Lathing .] Jn Lathing, the common k A\ lowance of Nails is 500 to a Bundle of 5 Foot-laths, and 6 00 to a Bundle of 4 Foot- laths, at fix Score Nails to the Hundred 24 allowance of in Flooring] In laying of Floors 200, (that is 24c) Nails is a compleat Al- lowance for a Square of Floor- ing. 25. To Toughen .] A Neighbour of mine, a Mafon, tells me, That the Ironmon- ger at Rotherbridge taught a Kinfman of his, (who is alfo a Mafon,) to toughen his Nails that were brittle, by heating them hot in the Fire, (in a Fire (hovel, or the like ) and putting fomeTallow, or Greafe to ’em, thefirft he fays is beft. This Ironmonger keeps a Nai- ler at work. 2 6 . Of driving ] There is re- quir’d a pretty Skill in driving a Nail j for if, (when you fet the point of a Nail) you be not curious in obferving to ftrike the flat Face of the Ham- mer perpendicularly down up- on the Perpendicular of the Shank the Nail, (unlefs it have good Entrance) will flare a-fide, or bow, or break, and then you will be forced to draw it out again with the Claw*>f the Hammer. There- fore you may fee a Reafon when you buy a Hammer, to chufe one with a true flic Face. Perhaps it may not be unac- ceptable to fome Readers, if I here mention a little Trick that is fometimes uted among fome (that would be thought cunning Carpenters) privately to touch the Head of the Nail with a little Ear-wax., and then lay a Wager with a Stranger to the Trick, that he fhall not drive that Nail up to the head with fo many blows. The Stranger thinks he fhall aflu- redly win, but does allured ly lofe ; for the Hammer no fooner touches the head of the Nail, but inftead of enter- ing the Wood it flies away, or ftarts afide, notwithftand- ing his utmoft care in ftriking it down right - ffavt, O A O R Nave , In Architecture is common- ly us’d to fignifie the main part, or Body of a Church ; which by the nearnefs of the word may feem to be deriv’d from the Latin , Navis a Ship ; but it may more iignificantly be deriv’d “from the Greek (that is Maos) a Temple Newel. The upright Poll that a pair of Winding flairs are turn’d about. Niches, or Nices , The hollow places in aWall, wherein Statues or Images, are fet. If thefe Images be of white Stone, or Marble, let not the Concavities be colour’d too black ; for tho’ contraria juxta fe pojita magis illucefcunt , be an old Rule, yet ’tis ob- ferv’d, that our fight is not well pleas’d with fudden chan- ges, from one Extream^to ano- ther ; therefore lec them have rather a duskifli TinCture, than an abfolute black. Oak. This is a fort of V V Timber well known, and needs no Defcription. ‘Tis one of the pincipal Materials in Building, being ftrong in all Pofitions, and may well be trufted in crofs and tranfverfe Wqrkj as for Summers, and Girding, or Binding-beams, &c. 2 Of Sawing.] Oak is worth fawing is 8 d. per hundred, fome 3 s. and upwards to 3 s. 6 d. per hundred, that is the hundred Superficial Feet. O G. Ogee , or Ogive . A fort of Moulding in Ar- chitecture, confifting of a round and a hollow, like an S ; Virtruvius makes it 2 Quar- ter-circles, Scammozzi, and fome other Authors make the Arches flatter, by ftriking them from two ’Equilateral Triangles. See C ima* Orders, In Architecture are the dif- ferent Forms and Proportions of Columns, &c. There are five Orders (commonly rec- kon’d ) in Architecture, viz. The Tufcan, Dorick, lonick, Corinthian, and Compofite. Of all the Parts, which enter the Compofition of a Magnificent: Building, the Orders of Co- lumns being the mofi confide- rabie I ihall tranfcribe from M- le Clerc all that is neceifa- ry to be faid upon this Arti- cle An Order of Columns, is ufually underflood of a Co- lumn, bearing its Entable- ment ; but the Order is fierce- ly compleat, except the Co- lumn be rais’d on a [Pedeflal. The Pedeflal, Column, and Entablement, are three Com* pound Parts, each confifling of three others. P The O R O R The Parts of the Pedeftal, are the Bafe, Die, and the Cor- nice; thofe of the Column, the Bafe, Shaft, and the Capi- tal. Thofe of the Entable- ment, the Architrave, Frieze arid the Cornice ; each of which Parts have their parti- cular Chara&ers and Members; call’d by the general Names of Mouldings or Ornaments. The Ancients have given us five feveral Orders of Columns; the Tufcan, Dorick, Ionick, Roman and Corinthian. The Tufcan Order is the ftrongeft, and the moft fimple of all others : Its Name (hews its Original If we believe M. de Chaw* byay in his Parallel, this Order ought never to be ufed any where but in Ruftick,or Coun- try Houfes and Places. And ’tis certain, that in the man ner Vitruvius, Palladio, and fome others defcribe if, it fcarce deferves to be ufed at all Me thinks, however, in Vignola s manner of Compofi- tion, it has certain Beauties even in its Simplicity, which add a value to it, and render it worthy to be ufed not only in private Houfes, but alfo in publick Buildings ; as in Por- tico’s of Markets, of publick Halls, in Magazines or Gra- naries of Cities, and even in Palaces, and Seats of Princes and Noblemen, particularly in the lower Apartments, Offices, Stables, (not Equeries, as ’tis tranflated lately ,) &c. And in general, in all Places where Strength and Simplicity are required, and where any of the richer and more ^delicate Or ders would be unfuitalle. The Dorick Order is the moft ancient, and was given us by the Greeks. Its Compoliti- on is Grand and Noble ; and the Triglyphs, which make the Ornaments of its Frieze, beating fome refemblance to a Lyre, feem to intimate it to have been originally intended for fome Temple confecrated to Apollo As we are now- adays furniffied with richer and more delicate Orders forlTem- ples ; the Dorick is moft pro- perly ufed in the Gates of Ci- ties, in Arfenals and Places of Arms, in Hallsof Guards, and other Buildings that have rela- tion to War ; where Strength, and a rough, -but noble Sim- plicity are particularly requi- red. In the moft ancient Mo- numents of this Order, the Columns are without Safes, the reafon of which is not eafy to affign. Monfieur de Cham - bray , in his Parallel, is of opi- nion with Vitruvius that the Dorick Column not the Io- nick, as le Clerc's Tranflator has ic, having been compofed in imitation of a naked Man, nervous and robuft as an Her- cules, it ought to have no Bafe ; imagining a Bafe to be that to a Column, which a Shooe is to a Man. But for my own part, I muft confefs, I can’t confder a Column with* out a Bafe, but in comparing it to a Man, I rather form the Idea of a Man without Feet , than without Shooes. For this reafon, I am rather of opini- on, either that the ancient Ar- chitects had not yet thought of adding Bafe to their Columns , or or that they declin d on pur- pofe to give them any, with defign to keep the Pavement clear and unembarrafled with the Angles and Proje&ures of Bafes, which are apt to occa- fion People in palling by to Bumble. This too appears the more probable, in regard the Archite&s of thofe Times ufed to range their Columns exceedingly near one another ; fo that, had they been furnilh- ed with Bafes, the Palfages be- tween, would have been ex treamly narrow and incommo- dious. And this appears to be the reafon why Vitruvius or- ders the Plinth of the Tufcan Column to be rounded off ; that Order, in the manner he de- feribes it, being particularly adapted to the fervile Offices of Bufinefs and Commerce where Convenieney is always to be confulted before Beauty. Be this as it will, every Man of good Tafte will aliow, that a Bale adds a Grace to a Co- lumn; and that it is a very neceffiary Appendage.in regard it makes it Band the more firmly on its Plan : So that if no Columns are now made without 13afes, this ought not to be imputed to the Prejudi- ces of our Architects, as fome Admirers of Antiquity will have it, but to their Prudence. The firft Idea of the lonick Order was given by the Ionian*, who according to Vitruvius , compos’d this Column on the Model of a young Lady dref fed in her Hair, of an eafie and delicate Shape; as the Dorick had been form’d on the Model of a ftrong robuft Man. ’Tisfaid, the Temple of Diana at Ephejits , the moft: celebrated Edifice of all Antiquity, was of this Order. It may now be ufed in Buildings of Piety, as in Churches, Courts of Juftice, in Apartments of Ladies, and in other Places of Quietude and Peace. The Roman Order is ufually call’d the C ompofite in regard its Capital is compofed of the principal Parts of the Capitals of all other Orders. It has a Quarter- round as the Tufcan and Dorick ; Volutes as the lonick ; and a double Row of Leaves underneath, as the Ca- rinthian I call it Roman , as believing, with many others, -that the Romans fir ft invented it. Moft of our Archite&s, in compliance with Ufage and Cuftom, place jthis after the Corinrhian ; doubtlels becaufe it was the laft that was in- vented. Scamtnozzi is the only Author who varies from the Rule but he does it with fo much Judgment, that we make no fcruple to imitate him This Order may be ufed In every place, and on every oc- cafion, where ’tis requir’d that Strength, Richnefs, and Beau- ty ftiould be found together. Th c Corinthian Order is the Nobleft, the Richeft, and the moft Delicate Order of Archi- tecture. This is indeed a M after- piece of Art, for which we are indebted to the City of Corinth : it ought always to be ufed in the moft (lately and moft magnificent Buildings Thefe feveral Orders have been very judicioufty compo- fed at various times, in order P 2 CO O R P A to fuit the various kinds of Buildings, which either Ne- ceflity or Magnificence fhould occafion Men to ereft ; and thefe are ever made more or lefs fimple, each in its kind, and more or lefs (lender, ac- cording to the Buildings they are ufed in, and the riches of the Princes, People, or private Perfons who build them. So far fays, M* U Clerc. It may not be amifs here to add, that the Herb Acanthus, or Branca XJrfina , or Bears foot ; whofe Leaves are reprefented in the Capital of the Corinthian Co- lumn , is faid to have been the firft Occafion of this Orna- ment ; which was invented by Callimachus, an ingenious Sta- tuary of Athens, upon feeing this Plant fpreading it felf a- round a Basket that had been placed upon the Tomb of a young Corinthian Lady and co ver’d over with a Tile The Leaves he imitated in his crolls or Volutes , the Basket in the Vafe or Tambour, and the Tile or Covering in the Abacus. There are two kinds of Acan thus, the one wild, and arm’d with Prickles , the other fmooth, and cultivated in Gar- dens ; the former of which we find reprefented in Gothick Buildings and the latter in thofeof the Antique. Crlo. The Plinth or Square under the Bafe of a Column, or un- der the Bafe of its PedeftaL Orthography y Is a Word deriv’d from the Greek , Orthos , true or right, and Grapho, to write or defcribe In Archite&ure, it fignifies the Front or (any ocher) upright Side of a Houfe ; or the Draught on Paper of thofe Parts of a Houfe. Ovolo % As Echinus. Over [pan. See C lamp. N. 1. Tainting. Out-door-work in gene - \^y ral .] Doors, Shop-win- dows, Window-frames, Pedi- ments, Architraves, Friezes, and Cornices, and all other Timber- works that are expos’d to the Weather, ought at firft fetting up be be Prim’d with >panijh brown >panijh white and Red-lead (about a fifth part) to make the other two Co- lours dry ; thefe well ground with Linfeed-oyl,will make an excellent Primer; then after- wards with the fame Colour, (but much whiter) for afecond Primer, and laftly, with fair White, made of White-lead, and about a fifth part in quan- tity, (not in weight) of ipa. nijh white. Out* door- work thus co- lour’d, may be afforded for 3 d. or 3 d. half-penny, or 4 d the Yard Square, for each time laid oyer. 2. Of P A 2. Of Meafuring.] Painters meafure their Work by the Yard fuperficial, and in taking the Dimenfions of their Work, they run a String all over where the Brufh goes ; for they fay, (and ’tisbut Reafon) we ought to be paid for alJ where the Brufh goes. But fometimes in Rails, and Bani* Rers, they will meafure it as if it were flat Meafure. I have feen the Experiment try’d, and the Difference would not countervail the Trouble of girting. So that Painters-work is meafur’d the fame as Joy- ners, only Painters never reckon Work and half, but work once, twice, or three times, &c. done over ; or at fo much per Yard, according to the Work. They always reckon double Work for paint- ing of Window-fhutters, if both fldes are painted alike : otherwife, according to the Value of the Painting. But they reckon Salh-frames by themfelves, ( at fo much per Piece, and likewife Mantle- pieces) when there is no Paint ing about them ; but if they ftand in the Wainfcot, they meafure them as plain Work, deducing nothing for the Va- cancy. 3 . Of Wainfcot- colour ] If on pew Stuff, is worth about 8 d . per Yard, on old Colour about 7 d. 4 . Of Walnut-tree Colour. *) It is worth io d. fay fome, others fay or iS d per Yard. 5 . Of ordinary branch'd Paint - ing.] Is worth 12, 14, or 16 d. per Yard. P A 6 Of ordinary Marble-colour ] If on new Stuff, is worth » s, per Yard on old Colour, 9 d. 7. Of white Colour .] Is worth 10 d. or is- per Yard. 8. Of plain Japan , either black or white.'] Is worth 3 s- 6 d. or 4 s. per Yard. 9. Of Gates , and Outward - doors ] Is worth 3 d. or 3 d. half penny, or 4 d per Yard. 10. Of Shop windows ] The fame as Gates, and Outward- doors. 11. Of Window-frames . Js worth from 3 d. or 4 d. to 6 d. or 8 d. each Light, according to their Size. 12. Of S a fh .lights.] Is worth about 1 d per Light. 13. Of Safh- frame;.] Is worth about 1 s per Frame 14 Of Iron-cafements ] Js worth three half.ps.nce, 2 d. or 3 d. per Cafement, accord- ing as they are of bignefs r S'* O/ Iron bars of Windows.] Is worth 1 d. per B^r, or more, if very large. 16. Of Chimney-pieces] Is worth about 2 s per Chimney, piece. 17 Of Pales] Ts worth abojjt ro d. or 12 d per Y ard. f8. Colours] The Colours us’d in fainting, are of feveral Ki^ds as White, and Red- lead Spanijb white, and brown, Ver- di greafe, Smalt, &c. Of which fee in their proper Places qf the Alphabet. Talelncr. o I. With Clift pales , Rails and Pottf.f Some Work men tell me, i hat for paleing with 1 Rails, Cl eft* pales , Rails and P 3 Pofl$ Polls, cleaving, making, and I fetting up, they have 3 s. 6 d ! or 4 s. per Rod, Felling the Timber and all. But then their Materials are all laid down to their Hand, fo that they have no carrying. Others tell me they have %s.6d. per Rod, for (only) making and fetting up of Clefc-pofts, Rails, and Pales. 2. With faw'd Pahs, Kails and Pofts.] Some Woikmentell me they have 1 s, 6 d. per Rod for making and fetting up of Saw’d- polls, Rails, and Pales. Tales . is, becaufe Timber generally cleaves better, (and lefs to waftc) in Ihort lengths than in longer. But the Number of Sawed* pales (that may be made of a Tun of Timber ) is more cer- tain, than of Clcft-paUs ; for I have found (by the Draught of a Tree, and Calculations ,) that a Tun of Timber will make about 400 Foot of Inch, boards; which (if the Timber fit for length) being cut out - Foot 4— Foot 3*— Foot Pales, make will 1. Price of Cleaving] Some Workmen tell me, That they have 2 s pgr Hundred for cleav» ing of Pales ; but others that cleave in Brocks, (ay they, have but 1 s. 8 d per Hundred Note, A hundred of Pale - is va- rious, according totheir length . for of 5 Foot Pales, ? Score Pales is a Hundred, but of 4 Foot there gees 6 Score, and of 3 Foot, 7 Score to the Hun* dred. 2. Of the Number a 'Tun will •make.'] This is very uncertain, by reafon of the Difference in Timber s cleaving, feme deav* Ing much better, (and lefs to xvafte) than other fome ; yet by comparing feveral Obfer vations, which I receiv'd from an ingenious Workman, I ga- ther, that a Tun of good cleav- ing Timber may make three Hundred^ (or perhaps fome- thing more) of 4 Foot Pales and a Tun of the like Timber may make 4 Hundred of 3 Foot P&les ; the Reafon of which C 80 9 Pales, each a Foot J 100 >> broad ; which C J 3S O i n Pacing will reach about three Times as far as the like Number of Cleft Pales will do Tali fade, or Pali fa do. 1. What] A fort of flight open Pale, or Fence, fet to beautifie a Place, or Walk. n. Pales.) Some Workmen tell me, that making and fit- ting up of Pallifado-pales, (if the Heads are handfomely cut, the Palifades mortis’d through, the Pods at the Corners higher than the reft, and the Rails, Kneeling- rails ) is worth 14 s. per Rod, Carpenter’s Work, and win g An ancient and experienced Carpenter informs me, That the Carpenter had 2$ s. per Rod, rfor Timber and Work* manfhip ; for the Palifado- pale; at the Bowling-.green at bloynt Mount Efhraim at Tunbridge wells and likewife for the Palifades at the High-houfe behind the Bowling-green. This old Car- penter told me, he guefs’d the Carpenter’s Work of thefe Palifades to be worth about 10 s, per Rpd. I am alfo inform’d, that the Carpenter had 30 s. per Rod for the Palifades at the Walks at Tunbridge- wells. I mention thefe about the Wells, becaufe I fuppofe them to be well known to ipofi: Gentlemen. For there is fucli Variety in the Workmanfliip of Palifa- do-pales, that there can be no certain Price for it by the Rod, 3. Gates.] Thefe areas va nous in the Forms and Fashions as Palifadc.pales, and confe- quently their Prizes are alfo as various, *viz>. From 6, or 7. to io or n per Yard run* ning Meafure, at about 6 or 7 Foot high 4. Of Iron 1 Palifado-work of Iron in Gates, or other, ways, is from 4 d per Pound to 8 d according to the Work. Pallifcation. A Term in Architecture , fig* nifying the pi'leing of the Ground-work, or ftrengthning of the Ground-work with Piles of Timber driven into tfce Ground, when they build upon a moift and marfhy Soil. Pantry . A Room to fee Visuals in, a Store-room. Van-tiles* See Tiles i Numb. 7. Parapet . From the Italian Parapetto a Save Breaft, is a little Wall, or fometimes a Rail ferving either as a Ref for the Arm or as an Inclofitre about a Key, Bridge, Terrafs, &e Paraftattf. Pilafters which Band alone, not adjoyning to the Wall, and which the French call I foie s s or Inful ate ; from Infula an IJland , as I take it. Pargeting 1. What ] In Architecture , fignifies the plaiftefing of Walls; fometimes ’ris us’d to fignifie the Plaifter it felf ■2. Price.] Pargeting, or plaiftering is of divers Kinds. As(i.) White Lime and Kair- mortar laid upon bare Walls, at 3 d or 4^ the Yard (2.) Upon bare Laths, as in Parti- tioning, and plain Ceilings, f.om8r/ to 14 d per Yard (3.) Rendring the infides of Walls or doubling Partition walls, at id. or 3 d the Yard. (4.) Rough-call: upon Heart laths, from 1 s. to 3 r the Yard fquare, Workmanfhip and all Materials. ( 5 ) Plaiftering ppon Brickwork with finifh- ing Mortar, in Imitation of Stone-work, from 1 .<•. to 18 d, or 1 s. the Yard fonare. (6.) And the like upon Heart laths, from 18 d. rq 2 or ; the Yard. See more in P Ulster in*. Parlour . A fair lower Room defign’d principally for the Reception, P 4 and and Entertainment of Com- pany. Partitions. 1. Of Framing]. See Framing, Numb. 4 2. Of Meafuring*] Partitions are commonly meafur’d by the Square ; but they common* ly make Dedu&ion for Doors and other Vacancies. TaJJage. An Entry, or narrow Room, ferving only for a Thorough- fair, or Entrance into other Rooms. Paving . r. What. Is the laying a Floor with Bricks, Tiles, or Stones 2. Vyith Statute -bricks ] Pa- ying with Statute- bricks, is done at London for about 4 d. per Yard. But I know fome Workmen in Suffex that have 5 d or 6 d. per Yard , into which Price they make ready the Floor for the Woik, by clearing out the Earth, and levelling the Floor with a con yenient quantity of Sand, (if they lay the Bricks dry, as fometimes they do) which they fpread evenly with the Rake; then laying the Bricks level by a Line, they (with a Trow- el) put a fufficient quantity of Sand under each Brick, to raife him full as high as (or a little higher than) the Line, and fo knock him down (level with the Line ) with the Handle ?of their Hammer ; which being done they ram in the Sand (on tne fide of, and) againft the bottom of the Brick with theHandleof their Ham* mer,tomake him lie Taft. Having thus laid the whole Floor, they ftrew Sand all over the Bricks, to the thicknefs of an Inch, more, or Jefs, with a Com- mand to the People of the Houfe, that they let it lip for the fpace of five or fix Weeks ; now and then l'weeping it too and fro, that thereby, and by their treading on it, it may fill up all the Joy nts betwixt the Bricks. If they lay the Bricks iq Mortar, the Price (they lay) is the fame as if they were laid dry. There are fome Mafons, that having laid the Floor dry, will make a very thin Mortar, which they fpread all over the Floor, fweeping it too and fro with a Broom, to fill up thejoynts of the Bricks This kind of paving (with common or Statute bricks) is ufual for Cellars, Wafh-hou- fes. Sinks Fire- hearths, and for Halls and Kitchins in com- mon Houfes. Ofthefe kind of Bricks, 32 will pave a Yard fguare, if laid flat-ways, and 64. if edge ways. 3. With fquare Tiles , or (as fome call them) Paving -bricks.] The pav'ng with Square- tiles is commonly valu d by the Square, and the dearer, the fmaller the Tiles are ; for thefekind of Tiles are of (eve- ral Sizes, viz 6 , 8, jo. and 1 2 Inches fquare; their Price from 6 to 20 s. the Hundred- In Suffex thefe kind of Tiles, (or as they call them Paving- bricks,) ar£ 9 Inches fquare. and commonly fold at i d. per Piece, or 8; per Hundred. If you would know how many of either of thefe fort of Tiles will pave any Floor, then Inches fquare, will pave a Square Yard. 4. With Flemifl) bricks.] The| paving with thefe Bricks is j far neater and ftronger than j common Bricks: They are of j a yellowilh Colour, and muft 1 be laid in Sand. Earth-brick is 6 Inches and a quarter long. 2 Inches and a half broad, and 1 Inch and a quarter thick. Now, allowing a quarter of an Inch for the Joynt, then 72 of them will pave a Yard fquare, but if they be fet edge- ways, then to pave a Yard fquare will requirp 100 Bricks. Thefe Bricks $re ufually fbld at 2 s the Hundred, and the Price of laying them is 4^ 5 d. or 6 d. the fquare Yard. 5. With Rough, or Rag- Hone ] This is the cheapeft of all Pavements, and is valu’d from 12 d. to <5 d the Yard. 6. With Free -forte.] Paving with broad Stone taken out of the Quarries, (commonly call’d Free-ftone) and cut into Lengths and Breadths promif cuouily, (as they will hold) and in Thicknefs about 2 or 3 Inches, is ufually rated a t 6 d. 7 d. or 8 d the Foot fquare or 4 s. 6 d. $s. 3 d. or 6 s. the Yard fquare for Stone and Workmanfhip. This kind of Paving is laid in common Yards, and Palfages before Shpp doors, and Stalls, &c. But if the Stones be fquarcd all to a fize (as fometimes thefe Stones are cut perfectly fquare, as Paving-tiles are, but much bigger, as ’ 8 20, and 24 Inches fquare, and up- wards ; ) then, as they are neater To they are dearer ; as 1 2 d. or 14 d per Foot> or 9 1. or 10 s. 6 d. per Yard. But if the Stopes, thus fquared and lized be good and well po- liced, (as they ought to be for Kitcnins, Dairies, and neat private Places) then they may be worth t s or 1 6 d. per Foot, or 1 1 s. 3 d. or 12 s. per Yard fquare. 7 With Rigate, or Fire ft one ] This kind of Pavement is good forChimtry fire- hearths, Ovens, Stoves, &c, and is fomewhac dearer than common Purbeck- pavement. For the Price of thefe Stones, fee Fire • si one 9 Numb 2. 8 With Pebble Hones, or Bold - m.] Paving with Pebble-ftones laid in Gravel, for Materials and Workmanfhip, may be worth 15 or 18 d. the Yard fquare 9 With Marble J Paving with Marble is of all other the moft beautiful, of which there are ieveral forts ; as white* black and grey : Some Pavements* (as in Foot paces before Chim- neys) neys) arc laid all of one fort, | or colour, and in one entire I Stone ; others of two Colours I laid fquare, or Chequer-ways, the fide of one by the fide of the other ; others are laid Arrace-wife, of two Colours, laid Angle to Angle, and this laft is the neateft way ; but there may be divers Forms con. triv’d to lay them in ; as you may fee in feveral Chancels, in the Choir of St. Paul's , and in the Royal Exchange in London , and divers other Places. This kind of Pavement is valu’d from 2 to 3 j. the Foot fquare, and upwards, according as ’cis well laid and polifh’d. For the Price of Marble, fee Mar. hie , Numb 5. ic. Diamond. 2 Diamond- pavement, (fays Mr Wing) is worth 3 d or 4 d. per Foot. 1 1 . Random.] Random- pave- ment, (fays Mr. Wing) at the Quarry, is worth 2 d . half- penny, or 3 d. per Foot. 1 2 Of Meafuring ] Paving is commonly meafur’d by the Yard fquare And therefore the Length of any Pavement in Feet and Inches, being multiplied by the Breadth in Feet and Inches, ( which, how it is done, fee Crofs.m u Implica- tion Numb 2.) will produce the Content in Feet ; which being divided by 9 (becaufe 9 Square Feet make a fquare Yard) will give the Content In Yards requir'd. Pavement , See Paving. 'Pediment . In French Fronton , from the Latin From, the FtfTehead, is an Ornament that crowns the Ordonnances % finilhes the Fronts of Buildings, and ferves as a Decoration over Gates, Windows, Niches, &c. It is ordinarily of a T riangular Form ; but feme- times makes an Arch of a Circle Vitruvius calls it Fa - ftigium. Pediments over Doors, arecommonlyvalu’datfo much per Piece, dearer or cheaper, according to their Largenels, Goodnefs of the Materials, and Curiofity in Workman* fhip. Fedeftal. r. What.] Is a fquare Body, with aBafeand Cornice, ferv- ing as a Foot for the Columns to (land upon ; and having, according to Vignola , the third part of the Height of its Co- lumn. It is different in dif- ferent Orders. 2. Kinds ] There are as ma- ny kinds of Pedeftals as there are Orders of Columns, viz. ThejTufcan, Dorick,j lonick, Corinthian, and Compofite. The Heighth of the Pedeftal in each Order ought to be a third part of the whole Co- lumn , comprehending the Bafe and Capital ; and their upper Adjun&s, as Archi- trave, Frieze, and Cornice a fourth part of the faid Pillar. This R ule of lingular Ufe and Facility, Facility, I find fettled by Jacobo Baroccio , and I hold him a more credible Author, (as a Man that moft intended this piece of ArchiteftureJ than any that vary from him in thofe Dimenfions, fays our famous Englijh Architect, Sir Henry Wotton Nevercheiefs, other Archi- tects differ from him in the Height of the Pedeftal I fhall at prefent, (for Brevity fake) only give the Defcripti- on of the feveral Orders of Pedeftals from Vitruvius 3. Tufcan ] According to Vitruvius, the whole Heighth of the Tufcan Column, com- prehending the Architrave, Friefe, and Cornice, is divided into nine Parts, whereof two go to the Heighth of the Pedeftal. This Pedeftal he defcribes in two different Forms, one of which is plain, having only a Plinth for the Bafe, and ano- ther for the Capital ; the Heighth of each of thofe Plinths is y of the whole heighth of the Pedeftal ; and the Pro- jechire of each of thefe Plinths is y of their heighth. In the other fafhion’d Pe* deftal which he defcribes, he alfo divides the whole heighth of the Pedeftal into 6 parts, one of which goes to the Bafe, and one to the Capital. Again, he divides the Bafe into two parts, one of which goes to the Plinth below, and the other to the reft of the Bafe ; and this being fub- divided into 4 parts, three of ’em goes to the Scima-reverfa, gnd the Lift below it, which is t a P arr > and the other to the Lift above it. 4 Dorick ,] The whole of this Column, (comprehending the Architrave, Friefe, and Cornice) is by Vitruvius divided into 8 parts, whereof two go to the heighth of the Pedeftal, which agrees wfich Jacobo Ba» roccio's Rule mention’d above. Numb 2. This Pedeftal is (by Vitru- vius) alfo defcribed in two different Forms ; in both of which the Bafe and ( apical are each y of the whole heighth of the Pedefial. In one of the fafhion’d Pe- deftals, the Bafe is divided into two parts, whereof one goes to the Plinth below, and the other to the reft of the Eafe ; and this part being lub-divi- ded into two parts, one of them makes the lower Thoms ; and the other being again fub- divided into three parts, two of them go to the upper Thorns, and the other to the Lift above it. The Capital of thisfafhion’d Pedeftal is divided into four Parts, whereof the lowermoft makes the Aftragal, (whofe Lift is j of the whole Aftra- gal) and the other three parts goes to the Cimatium, where- of the Lift at the Top is one of thofe Parts In the other fafhion’d Pe- deftal the heighth of the Bafe is alfo divided into two parts, whereof the lowermoft goes to the Plinth, and the other part being fub* divided into three parts, two of them make the Thorus, and the other pare the Lift above it. The The whole heighth of the Capital of this faftiion’d Pe. deftal is divided into five parts, whereof the lowermoft goes to the Aftragal, (whofe Lift is *- of the whole,) the next two parts go to theO G ; the two parts remaining, being fub-divided into three parts, the two lowermoft of them go to the Square, and the other to the C tmatium; whofe Lift is j of the whole. ? ZcwVLjThe whole helghth of this Column being divided into r ^ parts, the height of its Pedeftal, (according to Vitru . rjms) is three of thofe Parts. This Pedeftal he alfo de- fcribes of two different Forms, in each of which, the Bafe and the Capital are each 4 of the whole heighth of the Pe- deftal. In one of thefefafhion’d Pe. deftals, he divides the heighth of the Bafe into three parts, whereof the lowermoft goes to the Plinth , the next part goes to the Scimrt*reverfa , with its Lift at top and bottom, which are each 4 of the whole ; the uppermoft grand Divifion being fub divided into two, the lowermoft of ^hem goes to the Cafcment , or Hollow, with its Lift at the top, which is pne 4 of the whole : the other part goes to the Thorus, and its Lift above it, which Lift is J- of the whole. The Capital of this faftiion’d pedeftal, is divided into two parts, the lowermoft of which goes to the Scima-reverfr, with its Lift above and below it ; j whereof the lower Lift is * of j the whole, and the tipper ! Lift 4 of the Remainder. The other grand Divifion being fub-divided into three parts, the two lowermoft of them go to the Square, and the other to the Cimatium, where- of its Lift is j part of the whole Cimatium. In the other fafhion’d Pe- deftal, the Bafe is alfo divided into three parts, whereof the lowermoft goes to the Plinth, the other two grand Divifions being filb-divided into five, the three lowermoft of them go to the Sclma-rev.erj'a, and the Lift under it, which Lift is 4 of the whole ; the ocher two Divifions being again fub-divided into three parts, the two lowermoft of them go to the Thorus and the remain- ing part to the Lift above it. The Capital of this fafhion’d Pedeftal is divided into two parts, the lowermoft of which being fub divided into four parts, the lowermoft of them goes to the Aftragal ; (whereof its Lift is 4 part,) the other three of thofe Sub-divifions go to the Scima.reverfa, and its Lift above it. which Lift is 4 of the whole ; the other grand Divifion being fub di- vided into three parts, the two lowermoft of them go to the Square, and the other part to the Aftragal, whofe Lift is f of the whole 6. Corinthian .] The whole heighth of this Column being divided into 9 parts , the heighrh of its Pedeftal, (ac- cording to Vitruvius) is two of thofe parts. The whole heighth of the Bafe being divided iitfo fiyc parts, parts, the two lowermoft of ’em goes to the Plinth ; the Remainder being fub*divided into 4 Parts, the lowermoft of ’em goes to the Thorus ; the two next parts make the Scima-reverfa, and the Lift below it, which Lift is f of the whole ; the remaining part goes to the Aftragal, whereof its Lift is f part. The heighth of the Capital is divided into two parts, the lowermoft of which being fub- divided into four parts, the lowermoft of thofe go to the O G, the other three Sub- divifions being again fub-di- vided into two parts, the lowermoft of thofe goes to the Scotia, or Hollow, and the Lift above it, (which Lift is •j part of the whole; ) the re maining part goes to the Boul- tin. The other grand Oivilion being fub-divided into three parts, the two lowermoft of them go to the Corona, and the remaining part to the Ci- matum, whole Lift is 7 of the whole. 7. Compofte .] The whole heighth of this Column being divided into 13 parts, the heighth of its Pedeftal, (ac- cording to Vitruvius) is three of thofe parts The Bafe being divided into 7 parts, two of them go to the Plinth, onetotheTho rus, two to the Scima-reverfa, one to the Scotia, and one to the Aftragal ; 7 of the Aftra- gal makes the Fillet above the Scotia The Capital being divided into 7 parts, one of ’em goes to the Aftragal, two to the Friefe, one to the Boultin and Lift under it, two to the Corona, and one to the Cima. tium. PeerSj or Viedroitis . A kind of fquare Pillar, part whereof is hid within the Wall ; the only thing wherein it differs from a Pilafter ; being this, that the latter has a Bafe and Capital, which the former has not. 2. Scantlings , or Size.] I find the Scantlings of Stone-peers , let down in an Aft of Parlia- ment for the Re-building of the City of London, after the late dreadful Fire, ( which Scantlings were w ell confider’d by able Workmen before they were reduced into aa Aft ) to be as follows, viz. In the firft fort ofHoufes, Comer peers , 18 Inches fquare ; middle , or fngle Pe-ers , 14 and 12 Inches ; double Peers between Houfe and Houle r 4 and 18 Arches. In the \ d. and 3 jf d fort of Houles, Corfier-peers 1 I opt 6 Inches fquare, middle , or fmgle Peers 18 Inches fquare, double P^r.becw'een Houfe and Houfe, 14 and 19 Inches. 3. Price ] Peers are fome- times meafur’d and rared by the Foot running Mealure ; but they are more commonly rated at fo much per piece , dearer or cheaper, according to their Size, Goodnefs of the Stuff, and Curiofity in Work- manship. A pair of Stone. peers with Seat arches, 4 or 5 Foot wide, and 14 or 16 Foot high, may be worth 40 or 50 Pounds. A pair of Ruftick-peers of Stone, may be worth 10, 12, Of 44 Pounds, according tc their their heighth and fubftance; Plain-peers, 8 or 10 Pounds; Revailed and Pilafter- peers, from r o to 14 Pounds a pair. Pentadoron. A kind of Bricks fo call’d. See Brick:, N» m. §• 1 1. Periftere. In the ancient Architecture, is a Building encompafs’d round with Columns. The word comes from the Greek , Peri a- bout, and Pteron a Wing. Perrons . Are Seeps rais’d before the Doors of great Houfes. Perfian Order . The Perfian Order is that which has Figures of Per ft an Slaves to fupport the Entable- ment, inftead of Columns, as the Caryatick Order has the Fi- gures of Women ferving for the fame Purpofe. The for- mer Columns are. ufually like robuft Men, with long Beards ; and fuch Figures are much fit* ter to reprefent an unhappy Slavery, than thofe of Women. The Character of Slavery is expreft in thefe Figures, either by tying their Hands before or elfe behind their Backs. Columns of this kind may be very properly ufed in a Gal lery of Arms, &c Princes Pa laces ; in which cafe they may be made Gigantick, and their Entablature Dorick. We wou’d not, however, Infnuate, that the Figures of Men are always Marks of Sla- very : They are frequently ufed as Symbols of Vertues and Vices ; of Joy, Strength, Valour, and even of fabulous Deities: As when they are made in the Figure of Hercules to fignifie Strength, of Mars , to lhew Valour, of Mercury to reprefent Dexterity, and of Fauns or Satyrs, to infpireMirths and Jollity. Piazzas. See Architrave, N. 2. Piedroit. In Architecture is a fquare Pillar that is partly within the Wall. See Peen Pillar. Is a kind of round Column difengaged from any Wall, and made without any Propor- tion ; being always cither too maflive or too {lender ; Such are the Pillars which fupport the Vaults of Gothick-Buildings . In Latin they are called PiU. Pil afters. 1 . What] In Architecture are a kind of half Columns ((landing again ft a Wall) with Bafe and Capital, as Columns have; but differing from Co- lumns in this, that Pilafters are fquare, but Columns are round. 2. Of their Size, and Situ at i - o»] Pilafters mull not, (fays Sir Henry Wotton ) be too tall and flender, leaft they referable Pillars ; nor too dwarfilh and grofs, leaft they imitate Piles, or Peers of Bridges : Smooth* nefs does not fo naturally be- come them as a Ruftick Super- ficies ; for they aim more at State and Strength, than Ele- gancy. # In private Buildings they ought not to be narrower than one third, nor broader than two thirds of th£‘ Vacuity, or Inter- fpace between Pilafter and Pilafter : But to thofe that ftand at the Corners, may be allow’d a little more Latitude by Difcretion for ftrength of the Angles. In Theatres, and Amphi- theatres, and fuch weighty Works, Palladio obferves them to have been as broad as the half, and now and then as the whole Vacuity, or Inter- fpace. He noteth likewife, (and o- thers confent with him.) That their true Proportion ftiould be an exaft Square ;but (for lefien- ing ofExpence, and enlarging of Room) they are commonly made narrower in Flank than in Front. Their principal Grace con- lids in half, or whole Pillars apply’d to ’em ; in which cafe it is well noted by Authors, that the Columns may be al- low’d fomewhat above their ordinary length, becaufe they lean to fo good Supporters. And thus much fliall fuflice at the prefent, touching ^the fize and Situation of Pilafters, which is a cheap, a ftrong, and a noble kind of Stru- cture. 3. Price] Thefe are fome- times meaiur’d and rated by the Foot running Meafure ; but they are more commonly Valu’d at fo much per piece , according to the fize, goodnefs of the Materials, and Curiofi- ty in Workmanlhip. Fitch . By this Term Archite&s un» derftand the Angle a Gable- end ( and confequently the whole Roof of a Building) is fet to. If the length of each Rafter be | of the breadth of the Building, then that Roof is faid to be true Pitch ; if the Rafters are longer, ’tis faid to be a high , or jharp pitch' d Roof; if Ihorter, ( which it feldom is,) then ’tis faid to be a low, or flat pitch'd Roof. F itching. The fame as Paving, See Paving . Fins for Tiles . What they are every one knows ; they ought to be made of Hearc-oak, and to every 1 000 of T iles is ufually ah low’d two Gallons of Tile- pins, from 3 d to 6 d. the Gal- lon, fays Mr. Ley bourn f know not how he reckons, but I am fure 1000 of Tiles re- quires but 1000 Pins, which fome Workmen in Sujfex tell me they reckon but 2 d or 3 d. for they tell me they fell their Pins for 6 d. per Gallon ; and that they ufe about a Gallon of Pins to a Square and a half of Healing. Finning* Of Tiles ] Some Workmen in Sujfex tell me, That they commonly reckon 8 d. per Thouland, for pinning of Tiles, and finding Pins But for the Workmanlhip only 6 d. per Thoufand. Pilafter- bricks. See Bricks , N. ill. §• 13. Pipes of Lead. See Lead , N. 9. Place- brie hi. See Bricks , N. m. § 12. Plain cornice. See Cornice. Ph n-'.iles. See Tiles, N nr. planchier. The Ornament to which the Cornice is fatten'd. Plai liering. 1 . Of Walls.] Some Mafons in buff ex tell me, That for La- thing and Plaittering of Walls with Lome on both Tides, they have 3d. per Yard ; but if it be done with white Lime, and Hair-mortar on both Tides, then they have 4 d.per Yard. I am informed, That at: Tun. bridges ells {Jie Mafons will do Plaittering of Walls ( where they plainer over all the Tim- ber) and Ceilings for is. 10 d, per Square. I know a Gentle- man that told me, He had fuch Work done for 2/. 6 d. per Square. 2. Of Ceilings.] For Ceilings, our Maions in ?u(fex y have (for Lathing, Flattering, and Finilhing) 4 d. per Yard. In Tome Countries they make their Ceilings with Reed, Lime and Hair ; for which the Workmanlhip is worth 3 d per Yard: But if the Workman find all Materials, ’tis worth 5 d. or 6 d per Yard 3. With rough Mortar, or Rough - cafl.] In fome parts of Kent they commonly Rough-cap , (as they call it) upon old Lome-walls, that is, they give them one Coatfupon the Lome) oi Rough- mortar or Rough cap, as they call it, tho’ it be commonly ttruck fmooth like Lime and Hair. For thisWork theyhave 3 half- pence per Yard, only Work- in. in Hi ip : iiut if the Wall be new and Lathed, and Flatter’d with Lome on both Tides, and a Coat of Rough*mortar on the out-lide, then they have 4 d- per Yard only Workman- ihip. But if the Rough-catt- ing be wrought in FJourilhes. then they have 8 d. per Yard, only Workmanlhip. But if the Workman find ail Materials, ’tis worth from is. to 3 s. per Yard, according to the variety and goodnefs of the Work. 4. On Laths in imitation of Brick ] I know a Houfe that is plaifter’d in imitation ofBrick- work, the Mortar was made of Powder of Bricks, Iharp Sand, Lime, Lime, and Tome Red oker. This Houfe has been done this ao Years, and yet looks very well, and pafles for a Brick* houfe with common Paflen- gers, tho* it be only Timber plaifter’d over. Some Workmen tell me, That they have i s. per Yard for fuch Work, only Work- manfhip. $ Of Floors .] Plaifter.Floors running, (fays Mr. Wing) the Workman finding all, is worth i s.Ofd per Yard, but the work- ing part only is worth 4 d. 5 d. or 6 d, per Yard. Plaifter at the Pits may be had for 4 s. or 4;. 6 d. per Load, viz, 40 C. weight, which will do about 40 Yards of Flooring. 6. Of White wajhing.] White- wafhing with Size upon plai- fter’d Walls, is commonly reckon’d at 2 d.per Yard. 7, Of Meafaring-] This kind of Work is commonly done by the Yard fquare, as Paving, which fee, Numb- 12. But Note, That in meafuring of Partitions, if the Workman find Materials, the Doors and Windows are meafur’d by themfelves, and deduced from the whole ; as is alfo L part (of the reft) for the Quarters in rendring Work : But if the Workman do not find Mate, rials, there is commonly no Allowance made for them, the Trouble of cutting and fitting the Laths being equivalent to the void Space left for the Doors and Windows. Neither (in Cafe of Workman fhip only) is there to be any Allowance made (in rendring) for the Quarters, Brace*, or Inter- ties, the Work being as much as (if not more than) if it were all plain. See more of Plaiftering, in the word Par- getting. Tlatehands. The Lifts, or Fillets between thg Fluteings of the Iomck, Corinthian , and Com polite Columns. They are (each) in breadth a quarter of the Flute. Plate bands are alfo a fquare Mould fet at the end of an Ar- chitrave of the Dorick Order . Plat-band, Perrault fays, is a fquare Moulding, having left? Pro jecture than Height. Such are the Faces of an Architrave, and the Plat band of the Mo- dillions of a Cornice, The Plat- band in Vitruvius , is fig* nified by the words Fajcia , Tania and Corfa. Vhtfo-m. 1. What ] This word in Ar- chitecture is fometimes us’d to fignifie the Ichnograplly, or | Draught of the Ground-ploc of a Houfe ; but more com- monly for a broad, fmooth, and open Walk uponrhetopof any Building, Platform is alfo a Row of Beams which fupport the Timber work of any Roof, and lie on the top of a Wall, where the Entablature ought to be raifed. 2. Of Covering witty Lead ] See Lead, N. 7 flat -fend. A French word for the Ceiling or Roof of a Chambe-,or other Room, &c. The fame as So fit Q Plait;. p b Thftiqus, or Plaftick- Art. The Plaflicpue-art, is a Branch 6f Architecture that is not on- X y comprehended under Sculp- ture, but is indeed very Sculp- ture it felf ; but with this dif- ference ; that the Plaifterer (by his Plaflicfue art ) makes Figures by Addition, but the Carver by bubitraCtion ; whereupon MU chael Angelo was wont to fay, { fomewhat pleafantly ) That Sculpture was nothing but a Purgation of Superfluities : For take away from a piece of Wood, or Stone, all that is fuperfluous, and the remainder is the intended Figure. Of this Ptaftifue-Ai't, the £hief ufe with us is in the graceful/retf/wg of Roofs, (com- monly known amongft us by the Name of Fret- work ;■) but the Italians apply it to the Mantlings of Chimneys with greatFigures ; a cheap piece <£>f Magnificence, and as dura- ble almoft within Doors, as harder Forms in the Weather. Tlintb. Is derived from the Greek, Plinthos, (a fquare Brick; and is, in Architecture, a fquare Piece or Table, under the Mouldings of the Bafes of Columns and Pedejlals. V ■ timber y. An Art belonging to Archi- tecture, it being the Art of working i i\ Load. P O Voitral . See Architrave. Porfhyry'. A fine reddilh Marble, (freak- ed with divers Colours. Pliny , (in Hijl. Flat. Lib. 3 6. Cap. 7.) fays, This kind of Marble comes out of Egypt , where ther© are large Quarries of it. Portico . See Architrave, N. 2-. Portland- (lone* A Stone-cutter in Lthtfion J tells me, That they ufually fell Slabs of Portland Jlone, (rea«* I dy polilhed for Chimney- foot* paces) for is. 8 d. per Foot fu-* perficial. ’Tis a Stone much us’d in Building, and much fofcer and whiter than Furbetk, Port -nails* See Mis , N. 12. 1 PortaL An ancient Term in Archi- tecture, I fay an ancient Term? for the thing fignifi’d by it is grown out of falhion ; it was us’d to fignifie a little fquare corner of a Room, fluffed off from the reft of the Room by the Wainfcot. The word feems to come from the French, Por - tail, a Gate, or Entrance ; be- caufe through it they enter in«* t*> the Hoorn . Pert ait P o P o Tort ail* ' The Decoration of the Face or Front of a Church call’d alfo Frontifpiece. There are fome Gothick, as that of Weft minfter* Abbey, &c. and others Antique, as in many of the neweft Churches. The word alfo, upon other occafions, does fignifie the principal Gate of a Palace, Caftle, Pleafure. houfe and the like. Portico. A kind of Gallery rais’d up. on Arches, where People walk under Shelter. It has fome- times a Soffit, or Ceiling, but is more commonly vaulted. Ms. I. What] Pretty big pieces of Timber, Handing upright in a Houfe, &c. Principal ] In Archite&ure* are the Corner-pofts of a Houfe, *viz. 3. Prick pofts] The Pofts that are Fram’d into BrefTummers, between principal Pofts, for the ftrengthning the Carcafs of the Houfe. 4. Of Preferving] An inge- nious Gentleman, one Mr- Wal- ter Burrel, Efq; of Cuckfield in Suffiex, deceafed, ufed to burn (to a Coal on the out-fide) the ends of all the Pofts which he fet in the Ground ; whereby they will continue a long time without rotting, which other- wife would fuddenly decay. Toft and Rail. See Fencing , N. 2* and Pah ing, N. i, 2. Pound-naily . See Nails , N. 13. Prick-poftsi See Pofts , N* 3. Priming, See Painting, N. r. Principals 1. Pofts J See Pofts, N. 2. 2. Rafters ] See Rafters . Prices, Of Work and Materials, fee the Particulars, that you would know the Price of, in their proper Place of the Alphabet. Profile . In Archite£lure is a Draught reprefenting the Breadth, Depth, and Height of a Buil- ding, or Fortification, but not the Length ; which properly belongs to a Plan or Ground - plot, fo that it is in a manner the fame with a Profpeft of a Place or Building view’d fide- ways, and exprefs’d according to the Rules of Perfpe&ive. Alfo, but I think improperly, ’tis taken for the Contour , or Out-iine of any Member in Archite&ure, as that of a Baft , a Cornice, or the like* Q 2 P feu do. P Y P U Tfeudo-Dijtere. See Dipt ere, Tudlays • Pieces of Stuff to do the Of Uce of Leavers, or Hand-fpikes- Tulvinata. A Frieze fwelling like a Pil- low. Tan chins, 1. What] Short pieces of Timber placed under fome condderable weight to fupport it. T hey commonly ftand (.up- right ) between the Polls they are Ihorter (and (lighter) than either Principal polls, or Prick polls Thole that (land on each fide of a Door, are call’d Door, punch ins. 2. Price.] Carpenters com- monly reckon i d. or three half- pence Foot for putting In of new Punchins. Turlins: t. What ] Thofe pieces of Timber that lie a crofsthe Raf ters, cn the in-lide, to keep them from finking in in the middle of their length. 2. Size ] By the ACT of Rebuilding the City of London all Purlhis in length from i 5 Foot 6 Inches, to 18 Foot 6 Inches, ought to be in their Square 9 Inches, and 8 Inches. And all in length from 1 8 Foot 6 Inches, to 21 Foot 6 Inches, ought to be in their Square 12 Inches, and 9 Inches. Turhech fione . i* What] ’Tis a hard grey- ilh Stone, almoll like sujjex Petties. They are us’d for Pavements. 2. Price. ] A Stone-cutter' in London tells me, That they com- monly fell Pnrbeck-flabs, (rea- dy polifhed for Chimney-foot- paces) for 1 s per Foot. And Purbeck paveing of promif- cuous Sizes, only hew’d and fquar’d, they fell for 7 d. per Foot Alfo Mitchels they value at about is. iod. per Foot* See Mitchels . Tut logs* Pieces of Timber, or fhore Poles, ( about 7 Foot long,) us’d by Mafons in Building of Scaffolds to work on. The Putlogs are thefe pieces which lie horizontal to the Build- ing, one end lying into it, and the other end reding on the ledgers ; which are thofe pieces that lie parallel to the fide of the Building. Tycnoflyle. This Term is us’d when the Columns are ranged fo clofe to one another, that the bitcrco - lumiation does not exceed a Di- ameter and a half. Vyramid. From the Greek, Pyr , Fire or Flame, this being pointed like that It is a folid Body, whole Bafe is either Square, Triangu- lar, or Polygcnous, and which from from that Bafe diminifhes con- tinualJy to its Vertex or Top. Pyling . The Ground for Foundati- ons, See Foundations, N. 2. §. 5. Quarry. $ tone ] a Place whence v^/ Stones are dug out. 2 Of Glafs ] A piece of Glafs cut in a Diamond-form. Quarries of Glafs are of two Kinds, viz. fjuare, and long ; and thefe again are of different fizes, as 8's, io?s, 12’s, 15’s, j8’s, and 20’s, [that is, 8 Quar- ries of 8's make a Foot of Glaff, and fo does 10 Quarries of io’s, i* of ia s, &c ] But all Quarries, (of what fize foever) are cut of one fort cf Angle for the Square Quarries, and another for the long Quar- ries : The Acute Angle of the fquare Quarries being 77 Degrees, and 39 Minutes; and the Acute Angle of the long Quarries 67 Degrees, and 2* Minutes. See more, Gla~ xing, N. Quarters . In Architecture, all thofe flight upright pieces between the Punchins and Polls, (which ferve to -Lath upon) are call d Quarters. They are of two kinds, (ingle and double : Single Quarters are fawn Stuff, t wo Inches thick, and four Inches broad- The double Quarters &re *awn to four Inches fquare. ’Tis a Rule in Architecture* that no Quarters bp placed at greater diftanee that* 14 Inches. Quartering. In Architecture, fignifes the putting in of Quarters. Some- times ’tis us’d to fignife th£ Quarters themfeives. Quarter * head? See Brads , N. 6, 7. Quarter -round* By this Name the Workmen call any Moulding whofe Contou r is a Circle, or approaching to a Circle j ufing this Term where ever the Architects uf$ that of EggjOr Ovolo. See Echi? nus. Quirk, In Architecture, fignines a piece taken out of any regu- lar Ground-plot, or Floor* As jf the Ground-plot were a Square, er an Oblong, and a piece be taken out of one cor- ner of it, for a Court, or Yard, that piece fo taken oiit is call’^ a Quirk. Quint % cr Quoins. The corners of Brick, op Stone walls. Aifo the Stones in the corners of Brick-Build- ings. If thefe Stones flick without the Brickwork, (cheir edges being cypher’d off) they are call’d Ruflick-quoins. The Ruftick-quains, at two Foqr, one Face, and one Foot the other, are valu’d from i s. tc$ q 3 “ j h * / t ^ P er Quoin, Stone and V 01 kmanih ip. air els. A fort of artificial Stones, (f c r ’O d from their Form, > g ing fquare) made of a chalky , whitiih and pliable and dry’d in the Shade They were two Years in dry- ing, and were much us'd by aocient Italian Architefts. Rafters. l.\7 \T HAT ] . Racers are V V thofe pieces of Tim- ber, which (landing by pairs on the Refon,) meet in an An- gle at the top, and compofe the Roof of a Building. 2. Scantling, or Size] In an A CT of Parliament for Re- building the City of London , the following Scantlings , ( which were well confulted by able Workmen, before they were reduced to an A ft) S are fee down, as fitted for all Edifi- ces, great or fmall, yiz>. V Dijlance] ’Tis a Rule in Architecture, that no Rafters be laid at greater diftance from each other than twelve In? ches. from tr 1 mult be broad at the ! and thick. -G c* lv. Foot. Top. *-4 12. 6 14. 6 8 5 6 03 c* 1 4 - <5 18 6 9 7 7 *c 3 •§*i i*. 6 *«. 6 10 8 8 .s 'C t 2 l 5 24. 6 12 9 H 24. 6 26. 6 U i 9 9 Single Rafters in length 6 Foot 6 Inches, 8 Foot, 9 Foot, Jiaye in thefcr Square Rag- ft one. See Paving, N. $* Rails y Tn ATchrte&ure, are us’d In Various Senfes ; as for thofe pices that lie Horizontally ie* trnen the Pannels of Wainfcot, and over , and under them. Alf° for thofe pieces that lie over, and under Ballifters, in Balco- nies, Stairs* cafes, &c. Aifo for thofe pieces of Timber that 2 ie Horizontally from Pod to Pod, in Fecning with Pales, or’ without. Rails and Ballifters . 1. Price of waling.] M r.tVing tells us, That Rails and Balli- fters on Balconies, or about the' Platform of great Houfes, are worth ( only Workmonftiip ) 4 s. per Yard, running JVTeafure. 2 . Painted, of Meqfuriug J See Painting, N. 2. Raifer , A Board lie on edge under the fore»fide of a Step. Raiftng-pieces* Are pieces that lie under the Beams, upon Brick or Timber by the fide of the Houfi?. Random- pavement. See Paving, N. 11. Range. The fide of any Work that > runs ftraighr, without break- ing into Angles, is faid to Range, or Run-range : Thus the Rails and Pannels of one - draight fide of Wainfcotting, is faid to Run range. See more in the Note in Glazing, N. 3. §• 2. See Jron y N. 2. Regu!# i As Qrh. See Pargeting, N. 2. Repository. A Store-houfe, or Place to keep things in ; more peculi- arly by Arcbite&s ’tls us’d to fignifie fuch Places as are bui/t for the laying up of Rarities, either in Painting, or other Arts. Return. The Side that fills away from the fore»fioe of any draighc Work, is called the Return. ReuL See Parapet. RMing-nails. See Nails, N. 14, Q. 4 Rides, Rendering, R O R U Rides, Or Hinges for Doors, &c. are commonly fold for 4 d per Pound* See Iron, Numb. 4. Ridge . The meeting of the Rafters on the top of the Houfe, is call’d the Ridge. Ridge- tiles. See Tiles, Num- 4. R gate- ft ones. See Fire-Jlone . Rondel, See Capital , Numb. 2. Roofing . 1. Price ] Roofing in ordi nary Buildings is worth 7 or 8 s. per Square, but in great Buildings, 10 or 11 s per Square. See PI. Framing. Numb. 2 . Of Meafuring ] Roofing is commonly meafur’d by the Square, as Flooring. See Flooring , Numb. 5. Roofi The Covering of a Houfe ; but the Word is us’d in Car- pentry, for the Timber-work of the Covering. Refe-nails. See Kail-, Numb. 1 5 . Rofe, Rofe is an Ornament cut in the Spaces which are be- tween the Modillions under the Plat.fonds of Cornices, and in the middle of each Face of the Abacus, in the Corinthian and Compofite Capitals. Ruther»nails. See Nails , Numb. id. Rough- Stone. As Rag Hone. Rough- cafling. See PlaiH ering Numb. 3* Rough-mortar. In many Places of Kent , where they rough* call their Houfes, they make their Mor- rar : (which they call Rough- mortar) of a fort of Sand , which when ’tis mixt with the Lime , makes it look as red as Blood ; but to thefe they put Powder of Ginders which changes it to a kind of blueifh Colour j See PI. Mortar. Num. 11. Round-heads. See Nails, Numb. 17. Ruftich A Manner of Building, ra- ther in Imitation of Nature, than according to the Rules of Art. The Columns are en- compaffed S_A _ compafled with frequent Cinctures, Ru flick jeers. See Peers , Numb. 3. Ru [lick- Quoins, See Quoins. Sagltta. T N Italian, Saetta( an Arrow) I fignifies what we call the Key piece of an Arch. Salon. Is a kind of Hall, in the Middle of a Houfe, or at the head of a Gallery, or a large Apartment, which ought to have a Simmetry on ail its Sides ; and as its Height ufually takes in two Stories with two Rows of Windows, the bottom of its Plat-fond ought to be arch’d ; as is pra&ifed in feme of the Palaces in Italy. Samel 3 or Sandel Erichs. See Bricks , Num. m. §• 14 Sand. i. Kinds.] What it is, every oneknows. Its Ufe (in Archi- tecture) is in making of Mortar- There are three Sorts of Sand, 'viz. Pit-fand. River- fand, and Sea-fand : Pit fand is of all the befi, and of all Pit-fand that which is whiteft, is (by S A long Experience found to be) the worfi. Of all River-fand, that which is found in t}ie Fails of Water is the bed:, be- caufe it is moil purged. The Sea-fand is the word: of all. The Pit-fand, becaufe it is fat and tough, is therefore us’d in Walls and Vaults. The River-fand is very good for rough- cading of Walls. All Sand is good in its kind, if being fqueez ’9 and handl'd it crackles ; and if being put upon a white Cloath, it nei ther Rains nor makes it foul • That Sand is bad, which mingl’d with Water, makes it dirty and muddy, and which has been a long time in the Air ; becaufe it will retain much Earth and rotten Hu- mour : And therefore fome Mafons will wafh their Sand before they ufe it. 2. Price.] Sand, at Lcnffyx, is commonly fold for 3 s per Load, 3 6 Bufhels to the Load- In fome parts of Sutfex ’tisfold for r s. 6 d. per Load, at 12 Buthelsto the Load. In other parts of Sujfex ’tis fold at 2 s , 6 d.per Load, at 18 Bufhels to the Load. , Saffita, or rather Soffita 3 or Soffit , An Italian Word ( from Subfixum , in Latin) a fort of Cieling. In ordinary Build- ings, it is taken for the Boards over the tops of Windows, op- pofite to the Window-boards at the bottom. In great Edifi- ces it fignifies the Ceiling or Wainfcot of any Apartment form'd by Crafs-Beams, or flying fiying Cornices, and having the fquare Pannels of its Com- partments enrich’d with Sculp- ture, Painting and Guilding, as we may obferve in the Ba- sques and Palaces of Italy. This is what the Latins mean by Lacunar, and Laquear, with only this Difference, That Lacunar fignifies any Soffit, who-fe Pannels are call’d Lacus, Lakes ; and Laquear is ufed to •exprefs that form’d by Com- partments, inter- mingled with Plat-bands, in manner of a Noofe, in Latin Laqiuuf. llie bottom of the Drip is by fome call’d Soffit. Safk-lightt. | See Painting, Num. 12. Sajh frames. See Painting, Num. 13. Sawyers-work, See — rr — Sawing. \. By the Hundred. 1 Sawyers do moft commonly work by 5 large Size, 6 large Sjze 7 s, / final! Size, 7 s the Hundred, that is by the Hundred SuperficialFeet, ('how meafur’d.fee Numb. 12.) For which they have various Pri- ces, not only in different Places, but alfo for different kinds of Timber; as may be feen in the following Num- bers. 2. Of Oak ] The fa wing of Oak is in fome Places 2;. 8 d. jn others 3 s. in others 3 s. 6 d. t he Hundred. 3 . Of Elm.] The fa wing of Elm, is in fome Places 3 y. the Hundred, commonly about the Price of Oak. 4. Of dfl), and Beech ] The fawing of Affi, and Beech, is generally worth 6 d. in the Hundred more than Oak, or Elm. In fome Places 7 tis 3 s. in others 3 s, 6 d. in others 4 s per Hundred. 5. By the Load.'] Sawyers do fometimes work by the Load, viz. So much for cutting out a Load, ( or 50 Foot) of Timber ; the Price various, according as what the Timber is cut to. But the common Price is for Ship*planks of two Inches thick, 10 s. the Load. And for Building r. or 6s,6d. 9 S v the Load.' An old experienced Sawyer tells me, That fawing by the Load is commonly thus agreed for, viz. They have all their Sizes let down which they are to cut ; and they will cut none fmaller, neither will they flab any, unlefs they are paid for it by Meafure, over and above what they are to have by the Load. They never cut any thing lefs than Rafters, which are about four and five Inches, and which is gene- rally the fmalleft Timber in a Frame, except Quarters, and Window- Window fluff, 'which they generally cut by the Hundred. If the Carpenter will have any Pieces clear’d by Slabbing, after they have cut them off to their Size, they will (alfo) be paid by Meafure for it. They generally prick off their Sizes from the outer Edges, and what is left in the middle they lay by till they can fit it to fome other Size, when it is wanted. This Sawyer tells me, That the Carpenter has a great deal of hewing of ouc-fide pieces, when ’tis faw’d by the Load : He alfo fays, That fawing by the Load is commonly good Work for the Sawyer. The Truth is, (as he confedes) it wafteth a great deal of Timber, it being hew’d away to Chucks. The loweft Rate, that any (about us in Suffex) is cut for by the Load-is 6 s. and then it mud be very large Scant, lings, or elfe they will have 7 s. which indeed is the com- mon Price for fawing a good large fiz’d Timber-frame. But if the Timber-frame be fmall and fiight, as they commonly build at Tunbridge-wells they will have 7 s. 6 d. or 8 s. per Load. 6. Of Ship-planks.] An old experienced Sawyer tells me, That they fometimes cut Ship-planks by the Lead for 10 s-per Load : But then the Size of their Planks are (if I remember rigfctf) two Inches InThicknefs. Sometimes (he fays) they faw them by the Hundred, and Cien they have 3 s per Hundred , and 2 d. for petting of every Log. But if there be nothing allow’d for petting the Logs, then they reckon fo many Carves as there are Pieces, which is one Carf more than there really is. He alfo fays, that they com- monly cut Planks from 1 •£ Inch, to three Inches thick ; but they are never paid for breaking Work, till it comes to a two Foot Carf. 7 . Of Comp afs- work ] For fawing of Ccmpafs-work, (as Mill wheels, Furnace wheels. Forge - wheels, Rafters for Com pafs- roofs, &c ) Some Sawyers tell me they have 2 d. per Foot. 8 . Of Bcvil-work ] Some Sawyers tell me, that in faw- ing of Bevil-work, (as Hips, and Sleepers, &c Pods, &c. in Bevihframes as alfo Pods or Punchins in Polygonal Turrets, &c. Alfo Cant-rails, &e.) they work by the hun- dred, but they always reckon a Carf and half j that is, they reckon {■ as many more Feet of Sawing as there is. 9. Of Furnace- bellows.'] Theie they cut by the Foot, Lineal Meafure, at 1 s . per Foot. 10. Forge, bellows. ] Theie they cut by the Foot Lineal Mea- fure, at 4 d- or 6 d per F oot- n. Of Ground.guts] Thefe they alfO\Cut by the Foot, Li- neal Meafure ; if fmall, for 1 d ■ per Foo\, but if i s Inches deep, then 1 4 - d- if 18 Inches, 2 d per Foot- 12 Of Mtafuring ] Sawyers, (when they Work by Mea- fure,) generally Meafure their Work by the Foot Superficial. There s c S E There is no difficulty in talk- ing the Dimenfions ; for they reckon the Depth of the Carf for the Breadth ; and the length for the length The breadth, for depth) and length of a Carf being taken, and multiply’d together, (as is taught in Crofi.multiplication , Num- a.) gives the Area, or fuperficial Content of that Carf Having thus found the Number of Feet in one Carf ; multiply it by the Number of Carves of the fame depth and length ; and fo you have the Area of them all* Note , (i ) That having thus caft up their whole Work in Feet ; they are paid for it by the Hundred , [that is 100 Feet] at various Rates, of which fee above, Num- i- 2 3- and 4. (2 ) That if the Carf be but 6 Inches (or be lefs than 6 Inches) in depth, they have a 4 uftom to be paid for Carf and half; (as they phrale it) that is. for half fo much more as it comes to by Meafure- The yea on they urge for this Cu Rom is, their Trouble in often linding, and removing their Timbers. 3* That for Breaking-work, [that is cutting a Log through the middle,] and Slabbing, [that is, cutting off the out- fide Pieces,] if the Carf be more than 12, or 13 Inches deep, they are paid by the Foot, Lineal Meafure, at various Prizes, according to the dif- ferent Depth of the Carf, at r i5^ 18 20 22 H 2 6 28 30 32 rid ik cu 3 3 I 4 4 f si > per Foot. J (4) That in fome Places ’tis the Cuftom to allow the Sawyer but one Breaking»carf ii> a Log, tho’ there be never fo many deep Carves in the Log : But fome Sawyers claim it as a Cuftom to have half Breaking-work, and the other half Hundred-work j as if they have four deep Carves, then they will have two Breaking- works, and the other two Hundred-work. Scantling. The Size that any Timber is defin’d to be cut to. Scenografhy. (From the Greek Skene, a Tent, or Tabernacle, and Graph, to waite or defcribe,) is a Model, or Defcription of the Front and Sides of a Houfe, or the Art of rightly contri- ving Draughts in Archite&u re. Scheam. See Arches , Numb. d. Scima , As Cimn. S elm a- 1 urn; twv7 a As Cimatum. Scima-retfa . See Capital, Numb. 3* Scima-reverfa. An O-G, with th« hollow downwards, See O-G. Scotia, A Member of Architecture. ’Tis a hollow like a Semicir- cle. It is particularly plac’d in the Bafes of Columns be tween the Thorus and the Aftragal, and fometimes ’tis put under the Drip, in the Cornice of the Dorick Order. Scotia, from the Greek Skotos, Dai knefs , lignifies, fays M. Per vault, a hollow, obfeure Moulding, between the Tores oftheBafe of a Column. It is alio call’d, by fome, the Concave Member, and by others Trochilus , from the Greek Trochilos , a Pulley, which it refembles, as to Form. Scribe , A Term us’d by Joyners, when they are to fit one fide of a piece cf Stuff againft the fide of fome other piece of Stuff, and the fide of the Piece they are to fit it to is not re- gular : To make thefe two pieces of Stuff joynclofe toge- ther all the way, they feribe it, (as they phrafe it) thus ; they lay the piece of Stuff (they intend to feribe; clofe againft the other piece of Stuff they intend to feribe to, and open their Compares to the wideft Diftance, thefe two Pieces of Stuff bear off each other : Then (the Compaffes moving ftiff in their Joynt, they bear the Point of one of their Shanks againft the fide they intend to feribe to, and with the Point of the other Shank they draw a Line upon the Stuff to be feribed ; thus the Points of the Compaffes remaining unmoved, and your Hand carried evenly along by the fide of the piece to be feribed to, that Line feribed ! upon the piece intended to be feribed, fhall be parallel to , the irregular fide intended to be feribed to : And if you work away your Stuff exaCfly to that Line, when thofe Pieces are put together, they fhall feem a Joynt, Sculpture 3 The Art of carving in Wood, or Stone. See Plajiisk Art, Scupper nails. Set Nails. Numb. Seasoning of Timber. See Timber, Num. IV- Setter Sewers, Setting. In Architecture-, are Conduits or Conveyances for the Suil- We and Filth of a Houfe s which, how bafe foever they are in Ufe, yet for the Health of the Inhabitants, they are as neceflary and confiderable, as (perhaps) any thing about a Houfe. _ - , . Concerning thefe, I find in our Authors, this Counfel, That Art Ihould imitate Na- ture in thofe ignoble Convey- ances, and feparate them from fight, (where there wants a running Water) into the molt remote, and loweft, and thick- eft part of the Foundation, with fecret Vents palling up through the Walls ( like a Tunnel) to the wide Air aloft; which all Italian Artizans com* mend for the difeharge of noifome Vapours, though el few here, ( to my Know ledge; little pra&is’d. See Pitching. Setting of Fronts. See Fronts, Numb. Shaky, or Shaken . Such Stuff as is crack’d, ther with the Heat of the Sun, or the Drought of the Wind, is call’d ftiaky, or fhaken Stuff. Sharp-nails. Sec Nails, Num. 19. Sheathing- nail si See Nails , Num. 20. Sheet-lead. See Lead , Num. 3, 4, y, 6 , Shides . Sells. The fame as — ■—<» 1. What. ] Sells in Archi- tecture are of two kinds, viz, Groundjells , [ which are the lowed: pieces of Timber in a Timber-building, on which the whole Superftrufture is erefted , ] and Window fells , (fometimes call’d Window- foils, ; which are the bottom pieces in a Window-frame 2. The Price of putting in ] The putting in of Ground- fells in a Houfe, is commonly rated at 3 d. or 4 d per Foot, enly Workmanfhip* Shingles . ' x. What.] Thefe are fmall pieces of Wood, or quarter’d Oaken-boards, Jaw'd to a cer- tain Scantling; but they aro more ufually cleft to about an Inch thick at one end, and made like Wedges about 4 or 5 Inches broad, and 8 or 9, (and in fome places 12) Inches long. They are us’d to cover Houfes with, (but more com- monly Churches and Steeples,) inftead of Tiles, or Slates. Thi$ This kind ef Covering is Very chargeable, and feldom us’d but in covering the Roofs of Churches, and Pyramidal Steeples Nevertheless, where Tiles are fcarce, and you would have your Houfe but' lightly cover’d ; Shingles are to be prefer’d before Thatch ; and if they are made of good Oak, and cleft our, ( not faw’dj and then well feafon’d in the Water and Sun, they become a fure light, and durable Co Vering. 2 . Price of. J Some Work- men tell me, That Shingles are fometimes fold for 20 s. pr Thoufand, but then are very bad Ware; for if they are good they are worth 30 s. per Thoufand ; nay, they tell me, They have known 40 s. per Thoufand given for Shingles to lay upon Steeples ; for thofe that lie fo high, and hang fo perpendicular, ought to be of the beft fort. 3 . Price of Cleaving and Ma- king.] Several Workmen tell me, That the common price of Cleaving and making of Shin- gles, is jo s per Thoufand. 4. How many made of a Tm of Timber.] Some Workmen tell me, That a Tun of Timber will make 3000 Shingles. 5. Of laying on. ] For cover- ing with thefe the Building mull be firft well cover’d all over with Boards ; which be- ing done, the Shingles are fa- ilen’d to thofe Boards , with 4 d $d. or 6 d. Nails, in eve- ry Courfe, at a certain Gage, viz. At 3 1 Inches, or 4 In- ches, from under one another ; for they commonly make 3 ! Waters, (as they phrafe that is, they commonly hang 3. Shingles in heighth, in the length of one ; €0 that if the Shingles are 12 Inches long, they are laid at 4 Inches Gage. In breaking of Joynt, they do not obferve to make one Joint over the middle of the Shingle below ; but they fome- times break Joynt an Inch, an Inch and a half, ore two In- ches, according to the breadth of the Shangles j for they (efpecially if they are cleftj are not all exattiy of a fize. 6 . Price of laying on.}, For lay- ing them on upon Spire ftee- pies, where the Work is high and troublefome , they have (commonly) 20 r. pr Thou- fand ; but on low Work, (as upon Houfes and the like, ) they will cleave, and make, and lay them on for that Mo- ney : Or if they only lay them on upon Houfes, they will do it for 10 s.per Thoufand Some Workmen tell me, That for drefling and laying on of Shin- gles upon Churches and Stee- ples, they have ( commonly ) 18 s. pr Thoufand. 7 . Price of drejfng old ones.] For drefting of old Shingles, [that is new hewing them, and cutting of the ragged lower ends] Workmen tell me they have, ( I think) 6 s. per Thou- fand 8 How many will cover a Square -] If the Shingles are four Inches broad, and laid at four Inches Gage, 8 1 Shingles will cover a fquarer Yard ; and confequently 9 0 will cover a Square, (or icO Superficial of Healing : But, b?- caulU Feet ) caufe Shingles feldom hold to be all four Inches broad; there- fore they commonly allow jooo to a Square, and of Nails as many. Shingling , The laying on of Shingles, See Shingles. Sh inlog. See Bricks, N. 5. Shop-windows. Thefe may be afforded at the lame rate as plain or batton’d- doors, befides the Iron-work, as Bolts, Staples, Hinges, Locks, Keys, Latches, Chains, &c. See Doors, N. 4. Sheadings . The fame as Furring?. Siler y. As Cilery. Skewhack. See Arches, N . 7. Skirting hoards. The narrow Boards fitted round the under.fide of Wain- fcot againft the Floor. Slabs . The ou'-file Tippy Planks, or Board • f awn off from the Tides of Timber. Slating . r. IF hat.] Slating is the Co. vering of Houfes with Slate. This kind of Covering is very neat, efpecially the Blue* fate ; as for the other kind of Slate, ( known in fome Places by the Name of Horjham-ftme,) See Horfham-ftone. The Biue-flate, cut into long Squares, or Efcallops, (hews very handlbme, and is commonly us’d in Covering of Summer, and Banquetting- houfes in Gardens ; it being a very light and lafting Cover- ing. But as this kind of Cover- ing is very handfome, fo alfo ’tis very chargeable; for Roofs cover’d with iSlate, muft be (firfl) boarded over, the Slates hang'd on Tacks, and laid with finer Mortar than Tiles. But if thefe Slates be rude, ly cut, and carelefly laid, (in refpeft of Form) it is then ac- counted a cheaper Covering than with plain Tiles ; efpe- cially in thofe Countries where the Earth affords plenty of them. 2. Price of.] This kind of Covering is valu'd by fome from 3 s. to * s. the Yard fquare, or by the Square of 10 Foot, (that is 100 Feet) from 30 s. to 3 Pounds, or more in fome places. 2 Price of Pointing of Slates. J The Pointing of Slates, [that is hewing them, and making them fit for the Work,] is worth, (fays Mr. Wing) about 12, or 13 d. per Square. 4. Price S M r S L 4 . Price of Slates ] Slates at . the Pits are worth, (fays Mr. Wing,) 11 or 14 s. per Thou- fand, which will nearly do 3 6 fquare Yards. 5. Of Meafnring .] Slating is in fome places meafur’d by the Rod of 1 8 Foot Square, which contains* 324 fuperficial Feet, or 36 fquare Yards. • In meafuring this fort of Work, where there are Gut- ters or Valleys, there is coni' monly an Allowance, which is to take the length of the Roof all along upon the Ridge; which makes the Gutters dou- ble Meafure, viz., as much more as really it is ; which in fome places is allow’d, and in others not; which depends up- on the Cuftom of the Place. 4 Slates. See Slating , N. 3. 4. Sleeper, In Archite&ure is the Ob- lique Rafter that lies in a Gut- ter. See Hip . N. x. Slipper. The fame as Plinth . S luces. Vents, or Drains for Wa* ter. See Alder, N. 3. Smiths. 1. Work] Smith’s-work in relation to Architecture, , is of divers kinds, as makng of Cafe • ra&nts ; ( for w K ich fee Cafe, merits, N 2. ) Pallifado-work in Gates or other ways, [^ee Palifado, N. 4.) For making Dogs. Bars. large Hooks , Thimbles, Hinges, Staples, Grates, &c. they have in fome places 3 d in others 4 d per Pound. But for fmali and neac Hooks, Hinges, Staples, &c. they have from 4 d. to 8 d per Pound. For Iron Balconies, $ d the Pound. 2 . Bill to fiake.] A Smith's Bill fhould be made after this manner. R Mr Zaca- Mr Zachariah Zinthos, of London, his Bill of Materials had cf 3 and Work done hy 3 Samuel Smith, 1724. 1. s. d. June 24, For 8 large Cafements, weighing 80 ft ) at 6d per Pound. ^ July 2. For 10 lmall Cafements, weighing 60 IK) at 6 d. t er found ° ° ° 12. For 10 pair of Hooks and Rides for Doors,) weighing 60 ft at 4 d. per Pound. f 1 0 0 Sept. io, Fox* 2 great Bars for the Chimney, weigh-) __ ing 40 ft. at 4 d. per Pound f 0 *3 4 0 Bo. 13. For 3 Bars for Doors, weighing 30 ft.) at 4 d. per Pound. j 0 lC ^° 30. For 4 Dogs, weighing 25 ft. at 4 d. perl ^ * Pound. /C— 8 ~~4 Idov. 3. For 3 great Bolts for Doors, weighing) ^ 4 ft i. at 4 d per Pound. / °~ l ~ 6 Summ 6— 3 — 2 Scjfita, See Sffftcs. Soils • See Sell;, Socle , or Zocle. The fame as Plinth. See Zoccolo. Solder , Or Sodder . 1. What ] There are feveral kinds of Solder, but that which more immediately re- lates to our prefent Bufinefs is Solder for Lead, which is made of Lead and half as much Block-tin. This is for Plumbers uiv 3 for Glaziers ufe it may be Lme what finer. 2. Price of.] This isfold from 8 d to io d. per Pound, ac- cording to its finenels. 3. To know if fine enough for the Glazier' s ufe] Some Glaziers tell me. That to know whe- ther their Solder be fine e- nough for their ufe; they take a piece of it, and bend it tod and fro near their Ear ; for if it be of a fit temper it will crackle like Nits. S olive. From the Latin, Solum a Floor, fignifies a Joift Rafter, or piece of Wood either flit or faw’d, wherewith the Builders lay their Ceilings. THefe are made of different ThicknefTes, according as their Lengths re- quire; and their Diftances 'from each other are ufualJy equal S P S T equal to their Depths. In Latin we call ’em Tigme. Square, Sommtrivg, See Arches, N. 7. Spira. Is properly Lathkfo r the Fold of a Serpent laid at Reft, or the Coil of a Cable Rope, &c In Archite&ure ’tis fometimes ufed for the Bale of a Column, this making a Figure not un» like thofe. Splaying, Of Windows and Doors. See Bricklayers, N* 2. For Cafements.] Some Smiths tell me, They have 6 d. per piece for Springs for Cale- ments, of the common or or- dinary Falhion. But I have feen fome Springs for Cafe ments that were fomcthing ex. traordinary in their Workman- fhip ; they being a kind of double Springs, which feem’d as if a Right and Left-hand Spring had been join’n toge- ther for about three or four Inches from the Shoulder, where they were driven into the Timber ; but at the end where the Scrolls were at leaft two Inches afunder, they had a Scroll turn'd both upwards and downwards in each Spring; fo that each Spring feem'd like two Springs turn’d back to back. The Smith that made thefe Springs, told me, that he had 1 s* per piece for ’em, A certain Meafure, (made ufe of in Meafuring feveral Artificers Works) confiding of 100 fuperficial Feet*. Scpuart-nails, See Nails, N. 21. Stairs r. What ] Stairs are the Steps whereby we afeend and de. feend from one Story of a Houfe to another. 2. Vimenpons of ] Several Writers of Architefture, have laid down feveral, and different: Rules for the heighth, breadth, and length of Stairs, or Steps, arid that according to the fe- veral Capacities of the Stair- cafes. But (in general) they forbid more than fix, for the heighth of each Stair ; and more than eighteen, and lefs than twelve Inches for the breadth, and more than 16, and lefs than fix Foot for the length of each Stair. But here we muft under- ftand, that they mean thefe Meafures fhould be obferv’d only in large and fumptuous Buildings: For in common and ordinary Houfes, they may be fomething higher, and nar- rower, and much fhorter; yen in thefe they ought not to ex- ceed feven, or (atmoft) eight Inches in heighth ; for if they do, they wiif be difficult to af- eend. Neither ought they to he lefs than nine or ten Inches in breadth; nor ought their R 2 length length to be lefs than three Feet. To reduce this Do&rine (of the Dimenfions of Stairs) to feme Natural, or at lead Ma- thematical Ground, Vitruvius, ( as we fee, Lib. 9, Cap. 2. j bo rows thole Proportions that make the fides of a Re&angu- lar Triangle, which the An- cient School did exprefs (in lowed Terms,) by the Num- bers 3, 4 and That is 3 for the Perpendicular , from the Stair-head to the Ground ; four for the Ground-line it felf or Receflion from the Wall, Clays Sir Henry Wctt on) and five for the whole Inclination, or Slope in the Afcent. But this Rule is fo far from being fol- low’d in our modern Build- ings, that the contrary is ra- ther practis’d ; for by this Rule, the lower the Stairs are, the narrower they ought to be ; and if a Stair be but fix In- ches high, he mud (according to this Rule) be but eight In- ches broad ; whereas in this cafe we feldom make ’em lefs than a Foot broad. And if we Ihould make Stairs fo low as four Inches, (forfuch the An cient Architects make menti- on of, ) they mud ( by this Rule ) be but five j Inches broad ; which certainly is too narrow for any Stair. 3. Of making J Tho’ we have laid d'yvn Rules (in the fore- go'ngN imber)fbr the heighth and breadth of Stairs ; yet Workmen are not to be fo driCtly ty’d ro thofe Rules, as not to vary in the lead from *em : For they mud dill ob- lerve to make all cite Stairs of the fame Stair, cafe of an equal heighth and breadth : To da which they mud fird confider the heighth of the Room, as alfo the width, or compafsthey have to carry up the Stairs in. Then to find the heighth of each particular Stair, they ought fird to propofe the heighth of each Stair, and by that propofed heighth divide the whole heighth ofthe Room; which done, the Quotient will Ihew the number of Stairs : But if the Divifion fall not out exaft, but that there be a Remainder ; then (in this cafe) take the Quotient, ( not re- garding the Remainder) for the Number of Stairs, and by that number divide the whole heighth of the Room ; fo the Quotient lb all give you the exa£l heighth of each Stair. Example. Suppofe the whole :ighth of the Room be nine Foot three Inches, and fuppofe youdehgn’d to make each Stair fix Inches high, turn thewhole leighth of the Room into In- ches, ’twill be hi Inches, which divide by fix, the Quoti- ent will be 18, and three re- maining ; therefore take *S far the number of Stairs, and by ic divide 1 1 1 , the Quotient will be 6 tV Inches, or 6 f Inches, which mud be the exaCfc heighth of each Stair. i hen, to find the breadth of each Stair, divide the width, or compafs, (that you have to carry them up in } by the number of Stairs, and the Quo- tient will (hew you the exa& breadth of each Stair. Stair* St air- cafe. i. What. ] A St air -cafe is fometimes taken to flgnifie the Inclofure of a pair of Stairs ; whether it be with Walls, or with Walls and Rails, and Ba- lifters, &c And fometimes ’tis taken for the whole Frame of a pair of Stairs. 2 Of making ] To make a compleat Stair cafe, is a curious piece of Archite&ure : The vulgar Cautions about it are thefe, faith Sir Henry Wotton in his Elements of Architecture. That it have a liberal Light , againft a 11 Cafualt y of Slips and Falls. That the fpace over-head be large and airy, which the Ita- lians ufe to call Lin bel sfogolo as it were, good Ventilation fcecaufe a Man fpends much breath in mounting. That the Half paces, be well diftributed at competent di- ftances* for repoftng on the way. That to avoid Encounters, and befides to gratifie the Be- holder, the whole Stair- cafe have no niggard Latitude, that is, for the principal Afcent, at ieaft ten Foot in Royal Build- ings That the Breadth of every (ingle Step or Stair be never lefs than one Foot, nor more than 1 8 Inches. That they exceed by no means half a Foot in their heighth or thicknefs, for our Legs do labour more in Eleva. tion than in Diftention. That the Steps be laid, (adds he) where they join con un tan . tino difcarpa i e. fo me what hopeing, that fo the Foot may in a ion bach afcend and d~- icend together, which tho' cfo- re, v d by few, is a fecret and delicate Deception of tlie rains in 'mounting. But this Doanne of Stair cafes ought L^f^^foportionto the Quality ot the Building - Houf^ reat ? ta j r ' c afe in a little Houfe. u y^trcafe in a great Ridicuiouf ° f theiB £ del Bergo , and Jehan CoJJin at ciamburg in Prance in the King’s Palace. They are fo contrivd, that two PerfonS, one afcending, and the other defcending, fhali not come at one another Mr. Grew fin his Mufieum Regalis Societatis,' gives 11s the Oeibription of a Model of this kind of Stair cafe, (which Model is kept by the ftoystl Society, in Gre jham-College,) thus ; The Foot of one of thefe Stair -cafes (fays he) is oppofite to that of the other ; and both make a Parallel Afcent, and within the fame Cylinder The Newel in the middle is hollow, and built with long Apertures to convey Light from Candles placed at the bottom, and on the fides of the 'Newel into both the Cafes. 7. Quadruple winding flairs.] Palladio mentions a Stair-cafe of this Form, which King Francis the Firft caus’d to be made in the Cattle of Chambor near Bloyfe : It confifts of four Stair-cales ( carried up toge. ther ) which have four En- trances, viz. one to each ; and go up one over another in luch manner, that being made in the middle of the Building, the 4 may ferve for 4 Apart- ments ; fo that the Inhabi- tants of one nesd not go up and down the Stairs of the other ; and becaufe ’tis open in the middle, they all fee each other go up and down without any Hindrance to one another VI Mixt Stairs j Thefe are fuch as do both tty and wind ; and therefore are by Tome call'd by the general Name of Flyers and Winders. There are feveral Kinds of them. As t . Dog- 1 egg'd flairs.] Thefe firft fly direbb'y forward then w ind a Semicircle, and then fly direftly back again, parallel to the firft Flight 2. Square Flyers and Winders ] Thefe have a fquare Newel, either folid, or open ; (and therefore are of two kinds,,) ! they fly by the fides of the 1 Newel. S T Newel, and wind (a quarter of a Circle) at each Corner. 3. Solid, and open Newel' d- flyers , and Winders.] Thefe are of rwo kinds. For fome do firft wind ( a quarter of a Circle^ about a folid Newel then fly by the flde of a fquare open Newel, then wind by a folid Newel again, then fly again, as before, and fo al- ternately. Others fly firfl-, and then wind, and then fly again, and fo alternately- Let thjsfufflce at jprefent for the various kinds of Stair- Cafes. However, in the mean time, the bare Defcription of thefe feveral kinds of Stairs, together with what has been faid above, N. V. §. 1. and in Stairs, Num 3 may be a pretty good Guide to the ingenious that have a mind to make any of thefe kind of Stairs. VII Price of Stair cafes.] The Price of Stair-cafes is various, according to their various Kinds, Sizes, and Curioflty of Workmanfhip. They are fo meti me s rated at fo much per piece ; and fometime's at fo much per Stair. An ordinary pair of Stairs with Flyers and Winders, of about fix Foot, and four Foot, made of Elm-boards, are ac- counted to be worth 2 s. 6 d. or 2 s. 8 d per Stair, the Workman finding all Materi- als, as Boards, Nails, &c. But if the Materials are found by the Owner, then 9 d. or 1 od. per Stair, is a good Allowance for the Workmanlbip But for Stair-cafes that have an open Newel, with a Land- V 1 - J; , i (■ i . * S T ing-place at every flxth or eighth Stair, being about three Foot all the way : Thefe Stairs, with Rails, Ballafters, String-boards , Polls, Balls, Pendants, and fuch other Or- naments may very well be worth 4 s. 6 d. 5 s. or 6 s. per Stair. Stanch om. The fame as Punch ins. Staples. What they are every on? knows. For their Price, fee Iron, Num. 4, and Smith’s Work, Num. 1. Steening of Wells. See £r/r£r,Num. in. i j. Steps. The fame as Stairs. Stiles.- In Joinery, the upright pieces that go from the bottom to the top in any Wainfcot, or the like, are call’d Stiles. Still at or y. The Room that a Still, or Limbeck is fet up in, for di- ftilling Strong-waters, &c. Stilohatum. The Body of the Pedeflal of any Column, Stock * 4 Stock bricks. See Bricks. JJ.iii. §. 15. Stones . t. Their Kinds ] There are feveral kinds of Stone ; as Marble Tire ftone , Pur beck ft one ^ Rag - ftone, Alabafter , Free- ftone. and Common- ftone ; of all which, except the two laft, I have already treated in their pro- per Places of the Alphabet. As for Free. ftone ; there is a fort of Stone commonly dug in the Peninfula of Portland in Dorfet.jhire , (and commonly known by the Name of Port- land stone.) that is much us’d in Building ; it being much fofter and whiter than Purbeck- ftone, and is commonly rais’d out of the Quarries in bigger Blocks than Purbeck ftone. This Portlajid ftone is by fome Au- thors call’d Free ftone, tho’ there is a fort of Stone found in Qxfordjhire , that is call’d Free -ftone : And fome call Rigate , or Fire- ft one, Free- ft one. Common- ftone needs no De- scription ; it being that which is commonly us’d, and found almoft every where ; and is that of which 1 (hall princi- pally fpeak in the following Numbers of this Word. 2. Of their Nature ft If I had Leifure (fays the Honourable Eft]; Boyle ) I could ealily (hew you, That ways (hitherto un- us’d ) may be found out, (as I have partly try 'd) to examine the Nature and Goo cine fs of Mar- ble , Alabaster, and other Stones. A competent Knowledge of the Sap that is to be found in Stones imploy’d for Building, is of fo much Importance, that the experienced Mafter- workmen have confelfed tome, That the fame fort of Stone, and taken out of the fame Quarry, if dug at one Sea- fon, will moulder away in a very few Winters ; whereas dug at another Seafon, it will brave the Weather for very many Years, not to fay Ages. Again, (fays the fame inge- nious Author in another place J Experienc’d Mafons tell us, That as there are fome forts of Stone that will decay in few Years ; fo there are others that will not attain their full Hardnefs in 30, or 40, or a much longer time. Again, (fays the fame Au- thor) there are in fome Pla- ces Quarries of folid and use- ful Stone, which is employ’d about fome ftately Buildings I have feen, and which yet is of fuch a Nature, (wherein divers other forts of Stone are faid to referable it ) that tho* being dug at a certain Sea- fonof the Year, it proves good and durable, as in thofe Stru&ures newly mention’d ; yet impioy’d at a wrong time, it makes but ruinous Build- ings ; as even the chief of thofe Perfons, whofe Profefti- on makes him more conver- fant with it, has himfelf acknowledged (to me) to have found by fad Experience. 3. Of drawing] An ancient and experienced Mafon of my Acquaintance, tells me, That common Stones have a clea- ving ving Grain, (as they lie in the Quarry,) and a breaking one ; tha fit ft (he lays) runs par allel with the Horizon ; the other is perpendicular to it. The Method which heufes in drawing of Stones, [that is, get- ting them out of the Quarry,] is thus. Having uncoped it [that is, taken off the Earth from the Stone,) they oblerve (by the Grain) where the Stone wiil cleave,’ and there they drive in a good many Wedges, till they have cleft him' off from the reft of the Rock jand having thus loofen’d him, they next proceed to break him % which they thus perform ; they applying their Rule to him at both Ends, mark out the Breadth they would have him, (e. g. fup pofe io or i 2 Inches, or more according to the Ufe they de- fign the Stones for ; ) and by thefe Murks they ftrike a Line with the Corner of their Stone- axe ; and by this Line they cut a little Channel with their Stone-axe, and in this Channel they fet 6 or 8 Iron-wedges, (fuppofing the Stone to be but 3 or 4 Foot long ;) which they drive very carefully with foft and gentle Strokes, keeping them all forward together, and notone before another, jeaft it break the Stone a-crofs, and not by the length of the Chan nel Yet, he fays, that this Method of driving the Wedges, is not always to he obferv d ; f$r fometimes a Stone is not through the whole length’ of an equal Solidity, but i; in fome places fofcer, and in others- harder j this they find, (and obferve) in cutting their Channel ; and thefe Wedges that ftick in thofe lofter places, they venture to drive a little fafter than the others And this, he fays, he has found by long Experience, to be the beft way of breaking Stones. Having thus broken them in length, which by this Me- thod they can do to any Size within lefs than an inch ; (which is near enough for rough Stones) they next ap- ply a Square to the ftraight fide, and ftrikmg a Line, they proceed to break them in breadth, in the fame manner, as before in length ; alio now theyfize them for the length, as before for the breadth. By this MethocI of drawing of Stones, he fays one Load of Stones will do as much Walling as a Load and half of fuch Stones, as in drawing are broken at random ; for in this laft Cafe, one Stone has commonly a very acute Angle, another a very obtufe one ; whence it comes to pafs, that they require a- bundantly more fcapting. and waft much more of the Stones, than when drawn bv the Me- thod above mention’d. The fame ingenious old Man tells us, That feme London Stone-cutters have told him, that hard Stones have not a Cleaving-grain, as the loft ones (in our Contreyj have : And therefore when they are minded to break up a Stonein fuch Quarries, they have great heavy Stone axes, with which they work down a deep Chan- nel in the Sto^e, into which Channel Channel (at the top ) they lay two Iron- bars, {Tuch as Smiths have from the Forge to work outj and between thefe Bars they drive their Iron-w’edges to break off the Stone ; for their Wedges will not go where there is not a Channel made for them, as they will in fofc Stones. Some in drawing of Stone make ufe of Gun -powder; concerning which, take the following Account ( in his ( own Words) from the Ho- nourable Efqi Boyle It has Jong been, and ft ill is in ma- ny places (fays he) a Matter of muchTrouble and Expence, fas well of Time as Money, to cut out of Rocks of Alabafter and Marble, great Pieces to be afterwards iquar’d, or cut into other Shapes ; but what by help of divers Tools and Internments, cannot in fome Quarries be effected without much Time and Toil, is in other places eafily and readily perform’d, by making with a fit Xnft rumen t a fmall Perfo- ration into the Rock, which may reach a pretty way into the Body of it, and have fuch a Thicknefs of the Rock over it, as is thought convenient to be blown up at one time ; for at the further End of this Per- foration, there is plac’d a con- venient quantity of Gun-pow- der, and then all the reft of die Cavity being fill’d with Atones, and Rubbilh ftrongly ram’d in. (except a little place that is left for a Train,) the Powder, (by the help of that Train) being fir’d, (and the impetuous Flame being him dred from expanding it felf downwards, by Pveafon of the newly mention'd Obftacle, concurring with its own tend- ing another way, difplays its Force again ft the upper parts of the Reck, which in making it felf a PafFage it cracks the Rock into fevera) pieces, moft of them not too unweildy to be manag’d by the Workmen, And by this way of blowing up of Rocks a little vary’d and improv’d, fome ingenious Acquaintance ofours, imploy’d by the Publick, to make vaft Piles, have lately, (as I re- ceiv’d the Account of them- felves) blown up, or fcatter’d with a few Barrels of Powder, many Hundred, not to fay Thouland, Tuns of common Rock. 4. Load of Stone , how much j Some Mafons tell me, Thac 2$ Foot of Stone make a Load. But (it’s to bcobferv’d) they do not mean 25 folid Feet, but fuperficial meafur’d on the Face of the Stones, and not on any of the Beds. * For a clearer Underftanding of this, it muft be noted, Thac every fquared Stone has 6 Plains, or Sides, wit.. The upper, and under Bed, the Face, and the Back, and the 2 Heads, or Ends. Of thefe 6 Plains, thofe 2 oppofite ones that are the cleaving way of the Stone, (and which in the Quarry lay parallel to the Horizon,) are call'd the Beds ; and of the beft of the 4 Plains that are perpendicular to thefe, (and confequently are the breaking way of the Stone,) they make the Face, and the Plain Plain oppofire to the Face (and, which commonly goes rough as it comes from the Quarry) they call the Back of a Stone ; and the other 2 perpendicular Plains are call’d the Heads, or Ends. y. Cord of Stone . how much.] In fome parts of Kent, Stones are fold by the Cord, confin- ing of 27 folid Feet, viz.. 3 Feet long, 3 broad, and 3 high. . 6. How much Walling a Lead of Stones will do] An old and experienced Mafon, tells me, Thai; a Load of Stones will build about 20 Foot of 18 Inch Wall; this he reckons a Medium, the Extreams he reckons ■ 5 and 25. 7 . Soft Stones , how wrought fmooth ] An old experienced Mafon, tells me, that fome Stones are too foft to bear a good Edge j for when they are fcap’d , and wrought fmooth, their Edges crumble off ; and therefore ( in this Cafe) to make them fmooth, they proceed thus : After they are fcap’d, they take an old Cardj (fuch as Wool is carded with) and with it they work out the Strokes of the Axe, then they bring it to a better liking, by rubbing it with a piece of the fame Stone. And thus our Country-Mafons ma. nage all foft Stones. 8. Price of drawing av,d carry - ing of^ Stones ] The old Maion mention’d above, Num. 3 tells me, That he has 3 s the Load for drawing of Stones, after the Method mention’d, Fslum. the 3d and for the Car- not above ^ a Mile) he ha 5 a s. the Load. Another Mafon tells me, That he has drawn Stones for 9 d • the Load ; but then they lay almofl level with the Ground, and requir’d but very little uncopeing. He alfo told me, That another Maloa, which he nam’d to me, (and whom I alfo knew,) ufed to draw Stones for 1 d per Foot. Alfo a Sujfex Gentleman of my Acquaintance, tells me. That he can have very good Stones drawn for 2 s. 6 d. per Cord, and have them carry’d almofl: a Mile for 3 s. 6 d. per Cord. . But as the Price of drawing Stones is various in different: places, according to the diffe- rent Manners of drawing them, and according to the different Circumflances of Difficulty , or EaJinefj of drawing them, &c. So alfo is the Price of carry- ing them very various in diffe- rent Places, according to the Cuftom of thofe Places See more concerning this Matter, in the word Afhlar . 9. Price of S cap l ing- Stones ] Several Mafon s tell me, I hat they commonly give $ s. for fcapling 100 Foot of Stones ; this is Journey-man’s Wages, out of which (they fay) the Mailer has but fmall Profit. They alfo teil me, That they reckon 50 Foot a Day’s Work, tho’ fome Workmen will do 6c Foot in a Day : But (it muil be obferv’d ) the Meafure is fu- perficial, and they nuafure only the Face of the stone tho* they fcaple 5 Tides to each and two Ends ; fo the back goes rough as it came out of: the Quarry. But in Scapiing, they always, (if they can con- veniently,) chufe that for the Face of the Stone which will be moft for their Advantage. Stone-work- Of Meafuring.'] In fome parts of suffix, Maibns have a Cu- ftom to ftieafure their Stone- work thus ; they apply one end of a Line to the top of the Copeing, and fo carry it along the flantof the Copeing, and prefs it under the Tooth* ing i if any be,) and from thence they carry it to the Wa- ter, or Ground-table, (if any fuch be in the Wall) where they prels it in like wife, and then carry it over the fable to the bortom of the Founda- tion ; and this Dimenfion, thus taken, they account for theheighth; which multirdy’d into the length, gives the Content. But (I think) in mojft pla- ces they are not ib nice, as to take the heighth by a Line, but are contented with the perpendicular heighth. ' Stove. A Hot-houfe, or Room. Pal. ladlo obferves, That the Anci- ents us’d to warm their Rooms, with certain fecret Pipes that came through the Walls, con- veying Heat, (as I conceive it, fays Sir Henry Wotton) to feve- ral parts of the Houfe from one common Furnace. Whe- ther this Were a Cuftom, or a Delicacy, (fays Sir Henry Wot. ton) it was certainly both for Thrift and bJfe, far beyond the German Stoves. Strait . A Term us’d by Bricklay* ers, it is half, ( or more, or lefs than half,) a Tile in breadth, and the whole length. They are commonly us’d at the Gable ends, where they are laid at every other Courfe, to caufe the Tiles to break Joint , as they phrafe it ; that is, that the Joynts of one (Courfe) may not anfwer exactly to the Joints of the next Courfe, ei- ther above, or below it. Straight-arch . See Arch. Num. 7. Structure. See Euilding . Struts. See Dragon^ beams. Stuff. The Wood that Joyners work upon, they call in gene- ral Stuff. Stretchers . See Arch, Num. 7. Stylobate, The fame as Pedeftals ; a Greek Word from stylos a 1 Pillar T A T H Pillar and Bafis, the Bafe or Foot thereof. Subftruttion. See Foundation. Nuill. a. f 7- Summer-tree. A Beam full of Mortifesfor the Ends of Joifts Co lie in. See Brefs. Summers and Girders. Superciliam, As Lift. Symmetry. Is the Conveniency that runs between the parts (of a Building) and tbe whole. Syftole , Is that manner of placing Columns, where the Space be. tween the two Fufis conftfts of two Diameters or four Mo dule-s. Table ^ or Glafs. jgEE Cafe of Glafs. Tabern, A Cellar. Tacks: See Nalls. Numb- 22. Talon. Same as Heel ; a fort of. Moulding in Architecture; ! See Heel Talon is the French Word for Heel. T aper. All forts of Stuff, or Work that is fmalier at one end than the other, and diminilh- es gradually from the big— geft end, is faid to be taper. Tarrace or Tanas. An open Walk, or Gallary Alfo a fiat Roof on a Houfe Alfo a kind of courfe Plaifter, durable in the Weather. Tajjels. Pieces of Board that lie un- der the ends of the Mantle- tree. Teeth. As Dentils. Templets. See Houfe, N. 4. Tenia . As Lift. Thermes or Termes. A French word from Termi* nus , the Roman God of Boun- daries or Land-marks, which they us’d to reprefent in a hu- mane Figure, with half a Body, as if it proceeded out of a Sheath or .'.afe. Thefe they fixed in the Earth as Land- marks. In Architecture they ferve as a kind of Symbolical Column. To T E T II To give ’em a Figure pro- per to reprefent a delicate Co- lumn, their Arms are lope off, and their Body does not ap- pear below the Girdle : Thefe Termini are very proper in the Decorations of a Theatre, as alfo in Pieces of Architecture de Treillage, (as leClerc calls it) crail'd Work kind. Thefe Termini have this in common wit the Cariates (or Cariatick Columns) that they fhould never be brought to match with the common Co- lumns : This Advantage,how. ever, they have in particular That a Man may give them what degree of Delicacy he pleafes, by lengthning out their Sheath, and railing the Figures to any heighth deli- red. By this means they’ll be made to fuit gay airy Archi- teCture, fuch as Cabinets, Sal- Ions, and Arbours of crail’d Work, efpecially require. ’Tis not reafonable, in my Opinion (adds le Glerc) to reduce the Figures of Angels into Termini ; tho’ we fee it has been former- ly done in Places of Diftin- dion. Tennon. A fquare end of a piece of Timber fitted into a Mortefs. See Mortefs . Terrafs, As TArrace . Tetradoron . A kind of Brick fo called. See Brick N. u>. §. 1 8. Thack-tiles. As Plain- tiles. See Tiles N”. HI. Thatching. i. What.] Thatching is the covering the Roof of a Houfe or Barn, with Straw, or Reed. 2 With Straw. J Thatch . (fays Worlidge ,) is a common Cover- ing in many Places yet isfome to be preferr’d before other fome ; the befl: which 1 have leen, (fays he> is that which is call’d Helm that is long and ft iff Wheat- Straw, (with the Ears cut offj bound up in Bundles unbruis’d ; which well laid, lies thin, lafts long, and is much neater than the com- mon way Thatchers commonly allow about two good Load of Straw for five Square of « hatching, or one Load to i - fquare A Thatcher of my Acquain- tance, tells me. That one Rub* ble a Mafon of Rootham in Kent, proffer’d (for a fmall matt :r) to teach him how to Thatch a Roof fo, that no Moufe nor Rat fhould come into it : But he was not lo thoughtful then, as to get the Receipt of him, tho’ it would have been of no fmall ufe to him ; for the Roo» tham Mafon laid, he knew a Thatcher that had 4 d per fquare more for doing it fo. It is a thing worth inquiring after. In fome parrsof Kent they ufe no Withs to bind on their Thatching- rods. bur(inftead thereof) they ufe Rope yarn, (as they call it; which is a iingle Strand- T H Strand-line, about the fize of a Peijny Cord; it is Pitched with Pitch, according as fome tjo their Well- ropes. A Kentijh Thatcher told me, that one Pound of it (which cofts 2 d.) •will do aboiit a fquare of ^Thatching. He had about 18 Pound of it for 1 8 fquare and 90 Foot of Thatching on a JBarn ; and I think he had but 40 Pound for 48 Square and 8 8 Foot : He tells me, ’Tis more durable than Withs ; for they when are grown fear, will fly and break ; but this will not. See P Withs. 3. With Reed.] In fome parts of Sujfex and Kent , they Thatch With Reed inftead of Straw Some Workmen tell me, That this kind of Thatching will indure 40, 50; or 60 Years. They alfo tell me, That Reed is fold by the Thoufand, viz A Thoufand handfuls, each handful being about 8, 9, or 10 Inches in Circumference, bound up in a lattle Band ; a Thou- fand of which will coft 1? or 1 6 s. and will cover about 3 Square of Roofing. For lay. ing of which they have 4 s.per Square. 4. Price of.] Common That- ching is done in fome Places for if. 6 d. per fquare ; but in other Places they have is 8 d and in others 3 s'- per fquare And for Thatching with Reed they have 4 s. per fquare. 5. Of Meaftiring] Thatching Is meafur’d by the fquare as Tiling : And in fome Places they are allow'd fo many Feet more as theCorners and Gables are Feet in length In other Pla «es they are allow d (only) fo _ T I many half Feet mor6 to the* whole, as the Gable heads are Feet in length 3 and the Rea- fon they urge for this Cuftom, is, becaufe rhey have morei trouble in turning the Straw- fat the Gables) that it may be cut as it is at the Eaves If one fide of a Roof (only,) be Thatched, and not the others they (then) take their Dimen- fions over the Ridging, as far as the new Straw goes. Thimbles ; See Iron , N. 5. Thorough framing* See framing, N. 7. Thorough- lighted* Rooms are Paid to be T ko~ rough- lighted when they hav£ Windows at both ends. Tiles. See Tiles. Timber l 1. What.] All thofe kinds of Trees, which being cut dow a and feafon’d,- are ufeful for the Carpenter, Joyner, or other wooden Tradefmen to work upon, are call’d Timber when they are cut down, and TYot- ber Trees when they are grow- ing. 2. Kinds i] There are many kinds of Timber; it Were te- dious to mention ’em all. I shall content my felf at pre- $ fisne^ fent, briefly to shew the moft common ufes, and of the moft common kinds of Timber , as I find it fet down in Mr .Eve- litis -ylva, and Mr. IVorlidges Syftewa dgricu!tw, which is done by two or three ReCtifi* cations •• Let the Sulphur re- maining at the bottom, fkeing of a blackilh, or fad Red-co- lour) be laid on a Marble, or put into a Glafs, where it will eafily diftoive into Oil : With this anoint what Timber is either infe&ed with Worms, or to be preferved from them. It is a great and excellent Ar- canum for tingeing the Wood of no unplealant Colour, by no Art to. be walhed out ; and fuch a Prefervative of all man- ner of Woods, n* y,of many other Things all'o, as Ropes, Cables , Flfhing nets , Mails, or Ships, &c. That it defends them from Putrefa&ion, either \n Waters, under, or above the Earth , in Snow, Ice , Air, Winter, or Sum- mer, &c. ’Tw'ere fuperfluous to de- feribe the procefs of making the Aquafortis ; it lhall lufiice to let you know, That our com- mon Coppcra f makes this Aqua? fortis well enough for our pur- pofe, being drawn over by a Retort : And for Sulphur , the Ifland' of St. Chriftophcrs yields enough, (Lwhich hardly needs any refining) to furnilh the whole World. This Secret (Tor the curious) I thought fic not to omit, tho’ a more compen- dious way may lerve the cum, three or four Anointings with Linfeed.oil , has prov’d very effectual : It was experimented in a Walnut-tree table, where it delloy’d Millions or Worms immediately, and is to be pra- ctis’d jjfor Tables, Tubes , Mathe- S 3 rnatical Jnrtruments, Boxes, Bed - Heads, Chairs , &c. Oy/ of Wal nuts will doubtieis do the fam is Tweeter and better Varnilh ; but above all is commended O yl of Cedar , or that of Ju- niper For Pofis, and the like, that Hand in the Ground, the hum • ing the out fides (of th.Te ends that are to (land in the Ground) to a Coal , is a great Preferva? tive of them. 1 have already, fin the fore-going Number) mention’d the PraClice of the Venetians in a like Cafe, men- tion’d by Sir Hugh Plat ; to which he adds, That a Kentijh Knight of his Acquaintance, did ufe to burn (in this man ner) the ends of his Foils, for Failing, or Pailing : And this was likewifepraCHs’d wirh good S'uccefs by a SufexGe. ). t leman, Walter Barrel of Cusk field, Elq;. And this Practice was probably deduced, from the Objervations made by feve ral that digged in the Earth, who have found Charcoal , which they conjectur’d might have lain there about 100 Years, (nay, Efq: Evelin fays 1500 Years ; fee above in the foregoing Number), and yet was not in the leafl inclin’d to PutrefaCtion, but was very firm and folid ; which plainly demonftrates, That Timber thus calcin’d, will refill: PutrefaCri- on much longer than it can do without it. This of burning the ends of Polls, is alfo praCHfed in Germany , as appears by the Ab- ftraCt of a Letter, written by David Von-der beck a German Fhilofophet, and Phyfcian at I Minden, to Dr. Langelot, regi- ftied in the Philojophical Tranf. atlions Num. 92. Page 58?, in thefe Words ; Hence alfo, they (lightly hum the Ends of Timber to be let in the Ground, rhat fo by the Fufion made by Eire, the Volatile ^alts, (which by acceflionof the Vioifture of the Earth, would eafily be confum’d to the Corruption of the Timbei ) may catch, and fix one another. V I Of clofng the Chops, or Clefts in green Timber J Green- timber i very apt to fplit and cleave after ’tis wrought into form, which in fine Buildings is a great Eve-fore. But to dole the Chops, and Clefts in Green Timber , I find this Expe- dient. To' anoint and fupple t 1 Ith the Fa: of Powder'd* beef B>oth, wirh which it mull be well foak’d the Chafms fill’d with punges dip’d into it ; this to be done twice over. Some Carpenters make ufe of Greafe and Saw duH mingl’d ; but the fir 11 is fo good a way s (fays my Author; that i have feen Wind {hock timber fo exqui- litely clos’d, as net to be difi. cerned where the DefeCls were. This mull be us’d when the Timber is green VII Of Afeafurzng.] Timber is commonly meafur’d and fold by the Tun, or Load which is a folid Meafure, containing*.^© or 50 folid Feet, viz 40 Feet of round Timber, and 50 Feet of hewn Timber is call’d a Tun, or Load', which Denomi- nation, (I conceive j it receives from the Suppofition, that 40 Feet of round Timber, or so Fee; of hewn Timber weighs; about a Tun Weight, (i. e. 20 Hundred,) which is common- ly accounted a Cart* load. Now For me# faring of round Timber the Cuftom is, to gird the Tree about in the middle of the length, and folding the Line twice (to take a quarter of it,) they account that for the true fide of the failure ; 'then for the length , ’tis counted from the But end of the Tree , fo far up as the Tree will hold half a Foot girt, (as they phrafe it) i. e. The Line half a Foot, when twice folded. The Dimenfions thus taken, the Timber may be meafur’d Either by multiplying the fide of the fquare in it felf, and that Produft by the length, by the Ale hod of Cro fs-Mu l tipli cation, ( See Crofi - Multiplication ) or more ealily and fpeedily by Gunter s Line, by extending the Compares from to the fide of the Square in Inches; for that Extent turn’d twice (the fame way) from the length in Feet, will reach to the Con- tent in Feet. If the Tree have any great Boughs, which are Timber, (as they phrafe it) i. e. which will hold half a foot Girt ; they commonly meafure them, and add them to the whole : The Solidity of the whole being thus found, they divide it by 40, which brings it into Tuns Bat (it is noted :) If round Timber be meafur’d in order for Sale ; they commonly (for Oak) call: away an Inch out of the Square for the Bark ; [/. e. if a Tree be 10 Inches Square, they meafure him as if he were but 9] but for /]h f Elm, and ■Beech, an Inch is too much to be allow’d for the Bark. (2.) That this W’ay of taking ~ cf the Circumference for the true Square, [is erroneous, and al- ways gives the Solidity lefs than the Truth, by about a fifth part For me af uring hevrn or fauard Timber their Cuftom is to find the middle of the length of the Tree, and there to meafure the breadth of him, by clap- ing two Rules, or other ftrajght Things, to the Tides of the Tree, and meafuring the Di- ftance between them, and in the fame manner they meafure the. breadth the other way ; which, if they are unequal’ they add them together, and take half their Sum, which they account the true fide of the Square. The Di men fions thus taken, it is meafur’d in the fame man- ner as round Timber. So the Content being found in Feet, they divide it by 50 to briim it into Tuns. But ’tis to be noted, (r ) That it the Timber be une- qual fided, this Method of taking the Dimenfions, always gives the Content more than, the Truth, and the greater is the Difference of the Sides, the greater is the Error. (: .) Thattho’ the Method of tak- ing the Dimenfions, both of fquare, and round Timber, are both erroneous, yet Cuftom has made them currant VIII Price of Felling and Hew. ing.] Carpenters about us in Stiff ex, and Kent, nave about 1 t or \ s. 2 d. per Load for S 4 fading T R felling of Timber, and about 3 s per Load for hewing. IX. How much to a Square of framing.] Mr. Leybourn tells us That so Foot of folid Timber, (cut into convenient Scant- lings) will compleat a Square (i. e. ioo fuperficial Feet) of Framing in any Building, great or fmall 1 mean, (fays he,) of the Carcafs, viz. the out fide Frame, Partitions, Roof ^nd Floors. X. — Buildings, of facing with Brick.] See Facing j alfo fee Brick, Num. 9. 7?»ea, or rather Tania. i A$ Lift. See Plat-land. Tondino, As Ajiragal. Toy- beam. As Qollcr-beam. Torus. A large round Moulding in the Bafes of Columns the Word comes from the Latin J'orus a Bed ; the Figure of this Moulding being not unlike that of the Edge of a Quill. Torjels, As Taffels. Trabeation. game as LntabUment , which fee. : *’ ' '* T & Trammel . An Iron moving Inftrument in Chimneys, whereon they hang the Pot over the Fire. Tranfcm. 1 What. ] The piece that is fram'd acrofs a double Light • window. 2. Windows.] Tranfom- win- dows in great Buildings, are worth making (fays Mr. Wing ) 1 s 9 d. per Light, or 7 s. per Window. Traverfe. A Term in Joynery, figni- fying to plain a Board, (or th^ like) acrofs the Grain. Traverfe- tilt. See Tile, Num. io f A Term of Architecture. The Word is originally Greek, and fignifies a hollow Graving like three Furrows , or Gutters. In Architecture , Triglyphs ar 6 thofe kind of Stops, (in the Dorick Freeze) between the Metops. See Metops. Trim . When Workmen fit a piece into other Work, they fay they trim in a piece, Trimmers. In Architecture, are thofe pieces of Timlsr fram’d at; righ^ T I right Angles to the Joyfts, againft thfc Ways for Chim- neys, and Well- holes for Stairs. Trochihis. £ee Capital, Num. 4. Trunk . From the Latin Truncus , fig- nifie| the Full or Shaft of a Column, and the Die of a Pe. deftal. Turn J-lead. See Lead, Num. 10. . Tufcan-Order . See Column and Order , Tusk. A Bevel Shoulder, made to ftrengthen the Tenon of the Joy ft which is let into the Girder. Tiles . 1. What. What they are every one knows’ : Yet Bilhop Wilkins defines them to be a fort of Artificial Stones, (of a laminated Figure,) us’d about the Roofs and Pavements of Buildings. They are made of Clay, kneaded together, then fqueez’d flat in a Mould, and then bak’d in a Kiln. ' II. Kinds of.] There are many kinds of Tiles, and thofe known by feveral Names ; as Plain , Thack , Ridge , Roof . Creafe , Gutter. Pan , Crooked , fie m if), Corner , Hip, Dorman, i :v • - • ' i T I Dormar^ Scallop , djlragal, Tra- •verfe. Paving y and Dutch Tiles: Of which 1 ftiall treat in the following Numbers. C Plain — ] 7 Of which III. < or S I fhail £ Thack •— 3 give 1. Their Defer ip t ion ] They are the common or ordinary Tiles (of an Oblong Figure,,) us’d about covering of Houles, &c. 2. Their Dimen [ions.] By the Statute of the 17th of Edva, Cap. 4 th Plain Tiles ought to be in length (0 i Inches, in breadth 6 ~ Inches, and in thicknefs half an Inch and half a quarter at the leaft. But by Observation. I find our Suffer Tiles to be of different Dimen- fions ; for fome I find to be 10 Inches long. 6 f broad, and of an Inch thick* Others I find to be but 9 §• Inches long, 5 \ broad, and about f an Inch thick. 3 . Their Weight,] Mr. Leybourn fays, That one plain Tile weighs about 2 Pounds and § ; whence ico of them will weigh 250 Pounds, and 1000 of ’em will weigh 25c© Pound. But by my Obfervations, one of the largeft Size of thofe I mea- fur’d, viz. (thofe of jo Inches long) will weigh but about 2 Pound 3 Ounces, fo that 100 of ’em will weigh about 220 Pounds, and 1000 of ’em about 22C0 Pounds. And one of the other Size that ( mea- fur’d, weigh’d about 2 Pounds; fo that 100 of ’em will weigh about 200, and 100© of them about 2000 Pounds. 4 . Theit, 4. Their Price] They are in fome places dearer, and in others cheaper according to the Scarcity or P'entv of the Earth whereof they are made, and of the Wood wherewith they are burnt Mr. Wing fays, T ey are from 2 to 3 s the Tnoufand in Rutland ~ finre \ M r. r eybourn lays 2$ s. the Thoufand in London ; but about us in Suffix they are fold from 15 to 17 s the Thoufand. J Ridge— Roof - or Creafe — I Their Definition.] Thefe are fuch Tiles as are us d to cover the Ridge of a Houfe ; they being made circular breadth-wife, like a half Cy« finder. 2. Their Dimensions. ] Thefe, by the fore* mention’d Sta- tute, fhould be in length 1 ^ Inches, and i‘n thicknefs the fame with plain Tiles. I have meafur d fome of thefe, and found one of them to be 13 Inches long, about 16 broad by the Compafs on the out- fide, and in breadth (from fide to fide) on the infide about 1 1 Inches, fome not above 9 or to Inches. 3. Their Weight ] I weigh’d of thefe kind of Tiles, and found him to weigh about 8 Pounds Whence 100 of ’em; will weigh about 875 Pounds, and 1000 about 8750 Pounds 4. Their Price.'] In fome Pla- ces, fays Mr. Ley bourn 9, 6, or 7 of thefe Tibs are allowed into every Thj.fand of plain Tiles j but if bought by them- felves, they are fold from 20 to 25 s per Hundred. About us in Sufix, they are fold at 2 d. per piece, Or 1 6 r. the Hundred. v S~L]} 0f ***> * fhall alfo give 1. Their Defiription.] Thefe are to lie on the Hips, or Cor- ners of Roofs As to their Form, they are at firft made fiat like plain Tiles, but of a Quadrangular Figure, whofe two (ides are right Lines, and two ends Arches o r a Circle, one end being a little Concave, and the other Convex, which Convex End is about 7 times as broad as the Concave End ; fo that they would be of a Triangular Figure, were not one Corner taken off Then before they are burnt, they are bent (upon a Mould) in their breadth, after the Manner of Ridge Tiles. They have a Hole at their narrow end to nail them on by, and are laid with their narrow Ends upwards. 2. Their Dimensions] By the Statute above - mention’d , (Num. iii l 2 ) The Tiles ought to be 10 ^ Inches long, with convenient thicknefs and breadth. I have meaiur’d fome of ’em, and find them to be in length '■ o Inches, in breadth (according to their Compafi) at the narrow end two Inches, and at the broad end 74 Inch- es ; and the Right-lined breadth at t; e bread end, about n Inches. Of thefe I fhall alfo give i Their 3 - Their Weight,] I found the weight of one of thefe Tiles to be about 3 Pounds, and 3 or 4 Ounces ; See Page, Num. 6 . $• 3 - 4. Their Price ] They are ufually fold, (fays Mr. Ley - bourn ) at Three half-pence, or z d. per Tyle, or from 10 to 15 s. per hundred About us in Sujfex, they are ufually fold for Three- half pence a piece, or 1 2 s the Hundred. VI. Gutters ] Of thefe I fliall alfo give 1. Their Description] Thefe are to lie in Gutters, or Val- leys in crofs Buildings. They are made like Corner.tiles, only the corners of the broad end are turn’d back again with two Wings ; fo that the broad end refembles the upper part of the Chara&er for the Sign Libra. Thefe have no holes in them, but are laid (with their broad ends upwards, and) without nailing at all. 2 . Their Dhnenjtons.] I fup pofe thefe are made in the fame Mould as corner Tiles , for they have the fame Dimenfions on the out ( or Convex ) fide. Their Wings (mentioned in the foregoing Section.,) are each about four Inches broad, and 8 Inches long, pointing out fhort of the narrow end, about two Inches. 3. Their Weight. ] Thefe, (for the Reafon mention’d in the foregoing Seffion .) are of the lame weight with corner Tiles. So that 100 of either of thefe kinds of Tiles will weigh -about 321, or 32a Pounds, and ioco of them will weigh about 3210, orj 3220 Pounds, 4. Their Price ] They are of the fkme-Price as corner Tiles, fee above, Num. 5. § 4. S Ive 1. Their Defer ipt ion.] They are us d in covering of Sheds, Lean-to’s, and. all kind of flat roof’d Buildings. They are in the Form of an oblong Parallelogram, as plain Tiles; but they are bent (ureadth- wife,) forward and backward in the Form of an S, only one of the Arches is at leaf! three times as big as the other ; which biggefl: Arch, or Hol- low of the Tile is always laid uppermoft, and the lefier Arch, or Hollow of another Tile, lies over the edge of the great Hollow of the former Tile* Tney have no Holes for Pins, but hang (on the Laths) by a knot of their own Earth. 2 . Their Dimenjtons. ] 1 hey are ufually in length 14 f Inches, and in breadth 10 f Inches. 3. Their Price.] The Price of thefe Tiles in moil places is about 7 or 8 s. the Hundred, C Dor mar — . 9 VIII •> or >Of thefe ( Dorman — 3 I ffcall give 1 . Their ® efeription ] Thefe Tyles confifl of a plain Tyle, and a triangular piece of a plain Tile Handing up at right Angles to one fide of the plain Tytej and this triangular Piece at T- 1 T I at the broad end is about the breadth of the plain Tile j and fwepc with an Arch of a Cir- cle from the other end, which other end terminates in a point, has no breadth ; and of thefe kind of Tiles there are two forts j for in fome the triangular piece (lands on the right, in others on the left (tde of the plain Tiles ; and of each of thefe there are again two forts, for fome have a whole plain Tile, others but half a plain Tile ; but of all thefe forts, the plain Tile has two holes (for the Pins) at that end where the broad end qE the Triangular piece (lands. i. Their Ufe ] They are ufed to be laid in the Gutters be- twixt the Roof and the Cheeks, or (ides of the Dormars, the plain Tile part lying upon the Roof, and the Triangular part {landing perpendicularly by the Cheek ofthe Dormar. They are excellent to keep out the Wet in thofe Places, which *tis very (JiSJcult to do with- out either them, or {.fome Sheet-lead. Thefe Tiles are much us’d in fome parts of Sufiv, the Bricklayers not caring to do any Healing (where there are Dormers) without ’em ; tho* to my Knowledge, in fome parts of Kent, they know not what they are ; and I believe they are ignorant of them alfo in mod other parts of England ; For I never faw any Author that fo much as mention’d them. 3. 7 heir Dimenfions.] As to their Dimenfions, the plain Tile part is of the fame Dimen- fjbn$ as a plain Tile ? both as- Ico its length and breadth ; the triangular Part is of the fame length, and its breadth at one end 7 Inches, and the other Nothing. 4. Their Weight.] I have weigh’d one of thefe Tiles, and found him to weigh about 4 § Pounds; whence 100 of them will weigh about 450, and 1000 about 4 joo Pounds: This was a whole one, as | one weigh’d 3 tb- 2 5- 5. Their Trice. | They are commonly fold at Three hal£ pence, or a d. per piece, or 12 or 1 6 s. the Hundred. C Scallop— - 9 Of thefe IX ^ or > I (hall £yfjlragal— J give Their Defcription. ] Thefe are in all Refpe&s like plain Tiles, only their lower Ends are in the form of an Afiragal, vlf.. a Semicircle with a Square on each fide. They are in fome places us’d for Weather tyling, and look very handfome I have not yet learn’d their Price , Weight, or Dimenfions ; but I think the latter is the fame as plain Tiles. X. Travers ] Thefe Tiles are (by our common Bricklayers) call’d Travis , or Travas Tiles ; but I fuppofe it (hould rather be Travers Tiles ; for the word Travers is perfect French , fig- nifying Irregularity ; and thefe Tiles, which they cal) Travers Tiles , are only irregular plain I iles, viz. Such as have the Pin-holes broken out, or one of the lower Corners broken off. Thefe they lay (with the broken ends upwards) upoi> " Rafters, Rafters, where pinn’d Tiles cannot hang. XI. Paving .] Thefe are by fome call’d Paving Brick? • fee JBricks, Num. io. XII. Dutch. ] Of thefelfhall give i. Their Defcription] Of thefe there are two Kinds, which I Ihall diftinguiftj by the Appel- lations of ancient and modern : The ancient Dutch Tiles were us’d for Chimney.foot- paces : They were painted with fome antick Figures, and fometimes with the Poftures of Soldiers, &c And fometimes with Com- partments, and in them fome irregular Flouriihes ; but in general they are nothing fo well done, (nor with fo live- ly Colours) as the Modern ones. The modern Dutch Tiles are commonly us’d in- ilead of Chimney - corner- Hones, (being plaifter’d up in the {Mo C dernl fort t0 we! S' of them will weigh ^ *** ** XIII. Method of Making and Burning.] Tiles, ('fays Mr. L7- hourn) are made of better Earth than Brick earth, and fome- thing near the Potters Earth. According to the Statute of 17 Edw 4. Cap. 4 . Earth for Tiles fbould be call: up before the firft of November , Hiired and turned before the firft of February, and not made into Tiles before the firft of March , and Ihould likewife be tried and fever’d from Stones, Marie, and Chalk. the Jambs, (fee Corner. ftones.J Thefe Tiles feem to be better glazed, and thofe that are painted, ( for fome are only white,) are done \vith more curious , Figures, and more lively Colours than the ancient ones : But both thefe forts feem to be made of the fame whitifh Clay as our white glazed Earthen Ware. The modern ones are commonly painted with Birds, Flowers* &c. and fometimes with Hifto* ries out of the New Tepamcnt. 2. Their Dimenfions. J Tholfe which I call Ancient Dutch Tiles, are ? f Inches fquare* and about £ of an Inch thick* The modern Dutch Tiles are 6 § Inches fquare, and -J of an Inch thick. 3 . Their Weight ] I have weigh’d fome of both thefe forts of Tiles, and I found one of {i ■" 2 :s: In Sujfex and Kent , Tiles are commonly made of a kind of Clay ; As to the particular Method of making them, I muft omit it, as foreign to my Purpofe. But for the Method of burning them, fee Brick?, Num. 5. Where you will find it at large. XIV. Price of Making and Burning .] For making rooo of plain files, (fays Mr. L'yboum) 2 s. or 2 s. 6 d. is the ufual Price : But I know not how r or where he means 5 for aw experli- f I experienced Workman tells me, That for calling the Clay, and fhireing it and making it into Tiles, and burning them, they have 6 s. per icoo. XV. Horn many will cover a Square] This is vaiicus ac cording to the width they gage for the Laths ; At 6 Inches Gage, about 8co will cover a Square ; at 6 } Inch Gage, 740 Tiles will cover a Square ; at 7 Inch Gage, 6 90 ; at 7 v Inch Gage 640 , and at 8 Inch Gage 600 Tiles will cover a Square, or ico fuperficial Feet. Thefe Numbers liippole the breadth of the Tiles to be 6 Inches ; for (if they are Statute Ti’esj they will be thereabouts u hen they are burnt, allowing 5 of an Inch for their Ihrinking with burning. If your Tiles are broader than 6 Inches then fewer will cover a Square, if they are narrower there mufl be more. Tiling. 1. IFbatl By Tiling, is meant the covering the Roof of a Building with Tiles. 2 . Of Me a fur in* J Tiling is meafur’d by the square of io F oot. 1. e. roo fuperficial Feet. And in taking their Dimenfi ons, they meafure to the mid die of the Gutters , Corners, and Ridge tiles ; and having call up the Area, they have a Cu- ftom to make an Addition for all hollow Ware, (as rhey call Ridge-tiles , Corner , Gutter , and Dorm ar- tiles l ) and this Addi- tion (I think) is in London one fuperficial Foot for every fuch Foot of fuch hollow Ware But j I amfure,in fome ('arts o I Spa n \ Vis the* C i Horn to reckm one) fuperficial Foo: for every fu-'h T [ Tile; 1 eo of which they reckon one Square of Wo k, and add it to the Area before found. 3 Price of — ] Tiling is com- monly done by the Square, which in new Work , ( fays Mr. Lcybourn) and the Work- man finding all Materials, as Tiles, Mortar, Laths, and Nails, is ufually valu'd at 30, or '3 2 s per Square. ( Mr. Hat- ton reckons but 28 s. per Square.) ^nd for ripping of old Work* and new Covering, and making good the old, they reckon 12 or 14/. the Square, according as they find tjie old Tiling. But for VVorkmanfhip only they reckon for new Work 5 s. per Square at London , in the country various. Mr. Wing fays, 3/. in Rutland, in fome places, fays he is. 6 d. In ieveral parts of Sujfx, I know *t is commonly done for 3 s. per Square, and 1 am inform’d (at iecond hand) that in fome parrs of Kent they do it for 2 s 6 d . per Square j but then their files are large, and they latll wide, at 8 Inches Gages, and pin but half their Tiles, the other half they lay Travers Tiles. And for Ripping, and Heal- ing again, ( only Workman- fhip) our Sttjfex Bricklayers reckon 3 s. 6 d. per Square, and if they Counter-lath it, then 3 s. 9 d 01*4/. Butin fome parts of K nt, they Rip, and Heal, and Counter-lath, for 3 / per Square, which is very cheap ; but then ’tis fup- pos’d their Woik is done ac- cordingly. 4 La bs and Nails to a Square of — J for the number of Laths and Nails, commonly allow’d to T Y V A to a Square of Tyling. See Laths, N 8, and Nails, N. 23. 5 . Mortar to a Square of — ] Mr. Leybourn fays, That about a quarter as much Mortar as is allow’d to a Rod of Brick- work, will do for a Square of Tyling. Sec Mortar, N. 12. 6. Pint to a Square 0/—] Mr. Ly bourn fay 5 , 1 hey ufualJy al- low a Peck of Tj/le pinns {'from 2 s. to 4 x the Bu»hei) to every Thoufmdof Tyies; butfure- ly this mull: be a Mi (lake, for an Experienced Workman tells me, He ufes but about a Peck of Pins to three Square of Healing, which at feven Inch Cage (the fize he commonly Gages,) is more than enough for 2000 Tyies. And I think this Work man told me he reckon’d Tyle pinns at 6 d. per Gallon. 7 Without Mortar — ] Some lay Tyies without Mortar, or any thing elfe, laying them dry as they come from the Kiln. Others lay them in a kind of Mortar made with Lome and Horfe-dung, (See Mortar, N. 20 ) In fome parts of Kent they have a way of laying Tyies in Mo ft ; when die Workmen get the Mofs themfelves, they are allow’d 2 i. in a Square the more for their Work. But an old Work- man of theirs condemns this 8 . With Pan. tyies. ] Thefe Tyies are for the mod part laid dry without any Mortar ; yet fometimes pointed within fide. The Laths whereon they hang, are 10 or 12 Foot long, an Inch and an half broad, and an Inch thick. They are ufually fold at 2 d. or 3 d. the Lath, or at 10 or i;j. the Hundred. The Gage for nailing on thefe Laths ( with 4 d Nails) is ten Inches and an half, and the breadth of a Tile when laid eight Inches ; whence a- bout 170 Tiles will cover a Square, (or 100 Foot) of this kind of Tiling. A great Covering with thefe, fpends but little Mortar (if pointed) and but UtrJe Time in laying. Mr Wing reckons it worth about is. 3 d. per Square, Workmanfhip 9 Of its Weight.] See Hor* jham-PoiiSj N. 4. Valleys. T H E Gutters over the Sleepers in the Roof of a Building. See Gutters . Veflible . way of Tyling with Alois ; for he tells me, That in windy wet Wearher, when the Rain, Snow, cr Sleet is driven under the Tyies (in the Mofs ) if there follow a Froft while the Mofs is wet, it then freezes and raifes the Tyies out of their Tlaces. Among the Ancierts was a large open Space before the Door, or at the Ent y of a Houfe which they call'd tri* um Pcp'tLitum & Vettibulun be- ing dedicated, as Mart'nus tells us, to the Goddels V\fa y 1 whence he will have Hie w rd (derived, i. c t Veftje ytabulum y it being experienced Workman tells me, That for calling the Clay, and fhireing it, and making ir into Tiles, and burning them, they have 6 s. per 1000. XV. How many will cover a Square] This is various ac cording to the width they gage for the Laths ; At 6 Inches Gage, about 8co will cover a Square ; at 6 i Inch Gage , 740 Tiles will cover a Square ; at -7 Inch Gage , 6 go ; at 7 k Inch Gage 640, and at 8 Inch Gage 600 Tiles will cover a Square, or ico fuperhcial Feet. Thefe Numbers iuppofe the breadth of the Tiles to be 6 Inches ; for (if they are Statute Tilesj they will be thereabouts when they are burnt, allowing ^ of an Inch for their ihrinking with burning. If your Tiles are broader than 6 Inches then fewer will cover a Square, if they are narrower there muft be more. Tiling. 1. What'] By Tiling, is meant the covering the Roof of a Building with Tiles. 2. Of Mea firing ] Tiling is meafar’d by the square of 10 Foot, 2. e. loofuperficial Feet. And in taking their Dimenh ons, they meafure to the mid die of the Gutters, Corners , and Ridge tiles ; and having call: up the Area, they have a Cu- fiom to make an Addition for all hollow Ware , (as rhey call Ridge-tiles , Corner , Gutter , and Dorrnar- tiles, ) and this Addi- tion (I think) is in London one fuperficial Foot for every fuch Foot of fuch hollow Ware But I am fure,in fome f-art* of Spa in Vis the. Cuftom to reckon one fuperficial Foot for every fuch [ Tile ; 100 of which they reckon one Square of Wo:k, and add it to the Area before found. 3 Price of — ] Tiling is com- monly done by the Square, which in new Work , ( fays Mr. Leyhoum ) and the Work- man finding all Materials, as Tiles, Mortar, Laths, and Nails, is ufually valu'd at 30, or 32 s per Square. (Mr. Hat- ton reckons but 28 s.per Square.) 4md for ripping of old Work, and new Lovering, and making good the old, they reckon 12 or 14 .r. the Square, according as they find t^ie old Tiling. But for Workmanfhip only they reckon for new Work 5 s. per Square at London, in the country various. Mr. Wing fays, 3 in P^utland, in fomd places, fays he is. 6 d. In ieveral parts of Sujfix, I know ’t is commonly done for 3 s. per Square, and 1 am inform’d (at fecond hand) that in fome parts of Kent they do it for 2 s 6 d . per Square 3 but then their Liles are large, and they lath wide, at 8 Inches Gages, and pin but half their Tiles, the other half they lay Travers Tiles. And for Ripping, and HeaL ing again, ( only Workman- fhip ) our Sujfex Bricklayers reckon 3 s. 6 d. per Square, and if they Counter-lath it, then 3 s.gd 01*4/. Butin fome parts of K nt, they Rip, and Heal, and Counter lath, for 3 s per Square, which is very cheap ; but then ’tis fup* pos’d their Work is done ac- cordingly. 4, JLa'hs and Nails to a Square of--] f or the number of Laths and Nads, , commonly allow’d to T Y V A to a Square of Tyling. See ! Laths, N 8, and Nails, N. 23. 5 . Mortar to a Square of — ] Mr. Leybourn fays, That about a quarter as much Mortar as is allow’d to a Rod of Brick- \ work, will do for a Square of Tyling. See Mortar, N. 12. j 6. Pins to a Square of — ] Mr, ! Lybourn fays, T hey ufuallyal-; low a Peck of Tyle plnns ('from j 2 s. to 4 s the Bulhei) to every Thoufand of Tyles ; but Pure- ly this muft be a Mift ake, for an Experienced Workman tells me, He ufes but about a Peck of Pins to three Square of Healing, which at feven Inch Gage, (the ilze he commonly Gages,) is more than enough for 2000 Tyles. And I think this Work man told me he reckon’d Tyle- plnns at 6 d. per Gallon. 7 Without Mortar — ] Some lay Tyles without Mortar, or any thing elfe, laying them dry as they come from the Kiln. Others lay them in a kind of Mortar made with Lome and Horfe-dung, (See Mortar, N. 20 ) In fome parts of Kent they have a way of laying Tyles in Mofs; when the Workmen get the Mofs themfelves, they are allow’d 2 d. in a Square the more for their Work. But an old Work- man of theirs condemns this way of Tyling with Mofs ; for be tells me, That in windy wet Weather, when the Rain, Snow, cr Sleet is driven under the Tyles ( in the Mofs ) if there follow a Froft while the Mofs is wet, it then freezes and raifes the Tyles out of their Places. 8. With P ait- tyles. ] Thefe Tyles are for the moll pare laid dry without any Mortar 3 yet fometimes pointed within fide. The Laths whereon they hang, are 10 or 12 Foot long, an Inch and an half broad, and an Inch thick. They are ufually fold at 2 d. or 3 d. the Lath, or at 10 or 13/. the Hundred. The Gage for nailing on thefe Laths (with 4 d Nails) is ten Inches and an half, and the breadth of a Tile when laid eight Inches; whence a* bout 170 Tiles will cover a Square, (of 100 Foot) of this kind of Tiling. A great Covering with thefe, fpends but little Mortar (if pointed) and but little Time f in laying. Mr Wi ng reckons it worth about is. 8 d. per Square, Workman Ihip 9 of Its Weight J See Kor* flyam'ttone, N. 4. Valleys. T HE Gutters over the Sleepers in the Roof of a Building. See Gutters . Vefilhle . Among the Ancients was a large open Space before the Door, or at the Entry of a Houfe which they cal r d atri- um Pcpnlatum & Veslibulum . be- ing dedicated, as Mart'mts tells us, to the Goddels Kfa, whence he wi 1 ! have the word deriyed, *. Veft* stabulum y it being being ufaal for People to flop here, before they went within Doors. The word may like- wife be derived from the Latin Vejlis, a Garment, and awbu. lare to walk; becaufe the Vefti. ble in the modern Houfes be- ing an open Place at the bot- tom of a large Stair-cafe, fer- ving as aThorough-fare to the feveral Parts of the theHoufe, ’tis here that the Robes are firft let fall in Vifits of Cere- mony. Veftible is alfo fome- times ufed to fignifie a little kind of Anti-chamber before the Entrance of an ordinary Apartment. Vault • Is a Piece of Mafonry, arch’d without-fide, and fup- ported in the Air by the Art. ful placing of the Stones which forta it ; its principal Ufe being for a Cover or Shel- ter- The chief Vaults in a Building are call’d Matter- Vaults, to fdittinguifli them from the other lefs conttderable ones, which only ferve to co- ver Gates, Windows, Paflages, ire. Double Vaults are thofe which are built over another, to make the Beauty and Deco- ration of the Infide, conttftent with that of the Outfide: A Chafin or Vacancy being left between the Convexity of the one, and the Concavity of the other ; Jnftances of which we have in the Dome of St. Peter s at Rome , St. Paul's in London, and in that of the Invalides of Paris. Under- finning, 1 . What. ] By this Term is meant, the bringing it up with Stone under the Ground-fells of a Building. Sometimes ic fignifies the Work it felf, when done. 2. Price of] In feveral parts of SuJJex, I know the ufual Brice (for the Workmanfhip only) is x d. per Foot Superfi- cial. In fome Parts of Rent they have three Half-pence per Foot. In fome places ’tis the Cuftom fin Meafurlng it) to take in half the Sell into their Mcafure, Volute « From Volvo to fold, is one of the principal Ornaments of the lonick and Compofite Capital reprefenting , a kind of Bark wreath’d or twitted into a Spi- ral Scroll There are eight angular Volutes In the Corinthi- an Capital , and thefe are ac- companied with eight other lit- tle ones, call’d Helices . Urn. Comes from the Latin , Urna, a Vettel to draw Water in, and fignifies a low wide Vaf*, fer- ving as a Crowning overBallu- ftrades, (and las an Attribute* to Rivers, River-Gods, &c. in the Grotto’s and Fountains in Gardens. A Funeral tJrn is a kind of cover’d Vafe enrich’d with Sculpture, and ferving asf the Crowning, or Finiftiing of a Tomb, a Column, Pyramid, or VV A W A or other Funeral Monument ;J made in imitation of the An- cients^ho depofited the Allies of their deceafed Friends in this kind of Urn. VouJJoirs . The Stones that form the Arch : A French Word. Wainfcot y H E Pannefd Work round (againft the Walls ofj a Room. 1. What.] the making, and fetting up of Wainfcot is cal- led Wainfcotting. 2. A Note in — ] Somejoyn ers, (as I am inform d ) put Charcoal behind thePannels of their Wainfcot, to prevent the Sweating of Stone and Brick- wallsfrom unglueing thejoynts of the Pannels, which other, wife, (efpecially in fome pla ces) ’tis very apt to do ; and others make ufe of Wool in the fame manner, and for the fame purpofe ; yet neither of thefe ways will prevent their unglue- ing in fome Houfes : But the moft effe&ual way to prevent it, is by priming over the Back-fidcs of the Joynrs well with White-lead , Spanijb- brown., and Linfeed-oyl. 3. Of Meafuring.] Wainfcot is generally meafur’d by the Yard fquarq, i. e. nine Super- ficial Feet. Their Cufiom is to take the Dimenfions with a String, prefling it into the Mouldings ; for they fay, (and ’tis but Reafon) we ought to be paid for all where the Plain goes. Therefore when Joyners would take the Dimenfions of a Room they have Wainfcct- ted ; they take up a Line on the top of the corner of the Room, and as they Carry it down to the bottom, they prefs it (with their Fingers) into all the Mouldings ; this they ac- count the breadth, and ( they meafure) the Circumference of the Room from the length : Some Joyners will meafure this alfo with a String, but others do not. The Dimenfions be- ing thus taken in the Feet, they multiply the length by the breadth, and the Product is the Content in Feet ; which being divided by 9, the Quo- tient is the Content in Yards, But. Note, ( 1.) That you muffc make Deduction for ail Win- dow Fights and meafure the Window boards , Cheeks , and Sa- p beta s by themfelves. (2) 1 hat for Window- (but- ters, Doors , and fuch things as are wrought on both fiSes, they reckon Work and half ; for indeed the Work is half more. (3 J That Cornices, Bafcs and Sub.bafes are fometimes mea- fur’d by the Foot, Lineal Mea- fure ; io alfo are Freezes, Ar- chitraves, and Chimney pieces meafur’d ; unlefs agreed for by the Great. (4 ) i rice of—l] The Price of Wainfcotting is various, ac- cording to the Variety of Stuff and W^rkmanjbip.. T Warm W A W A Wainfcotting with Norway Oaky the Workman finding Stuff, is worth 6 or 7 s. per Yard. The Workmanfhip on* ly is about 2 s. in London, in Rutland 3 /. 6 d. or 4 s. per Yard 5 and if the Mouldings are large, $ s. fays Mr. Wing. Plain-fquare Wainfcotting, (the Workman finding Deal) is worth 3 s or 3 s. 6 d. per Yard. For only Workmanfhip about 1 s. per Yard. Ordinary BifeCHon Wain- fcotting, (the Workman find- ing Deaf) is worth in London 3 s. 6 d ; in the Country, 4 s. 6 d. per Yard. The Work* manfhip only about is. 6 d. per Yard. Large Bife£Hon-work is worth 6 or 7 s. per Yard of Dantzick Stuff. 5 Of Painting of Wainfcot ] See Painting. Walls. I. What .] By this Term in Archite&ure is meant the In- elofures of whole Houfips, or particular Rooms; as alfo of Gardens, Orchards, &c. if made of Brick or Stone. Walls are either entire and continual, or intermitted ; and the Inter- miffions are either Pillars or PyJalters II Kinds of—] There are feve- ral kinds of Walls diflinguifh- able by different Names, ac- cording tothe fubdance where- of they are made, as Plaficrd or Mud-walls , Brick-walls , Stone- walls t Flinty or Boulder -walls, and Boarded- walls ; of all which I fhall difcourfe in the following Numbers, Ilf. Plainer dy or Mud — Thefe kind of Walls are com- mon in Timber Buildings, efpecially of ordinary Build- ings; for fometimes the Walls are made of Brick betwixt the Timber : But this is account- ed no good way ; becaufe the Mortar corrodes and decays the Timber. Thefe Mud-walls, ( as they are call d in fome places) are thus made. The Walls being quarter’d and lathed between the Timber, (or fometimes lathed over all) are Piafter’d with Lome, (See Lome , alfo, fee Mortar , N. 8. and 11 ) which being almoft dry is Plaider’d over again with white Mortar, (See Mortar , N. 4.) This kind of Work is com- monly meafur’d by the Yard. For the Price of it, See Par - geting, N. and llaili ering, N. 1. IV. Brick—.] Here I fhall fay fomething. 1 . Of Building them ] And here are feveral things to be conlider’d and taken notice of ; as firH, That all Walls ought to be mod exaftly Perpendi- cular to the Ground-work ; for the right Angle (thereon depending; is the true caule of all Stability , both in Arti- ficial and Natural Pofition, a Man likewife Handing firmed when he Hands uprighteH. Secondly , That the mafiieft and heavieH Materials be the lowed, as fitter to bear than to be born. Thirdly , That the Walls as they rile, diminilb f proporti- onally ) in thicknefs, for eafe both of Weight and Expence. Foruthfy , W A W A Fourthly . That certain Cour- fes, or Ledges of more ftrength than the reft, be interlay ’d, like Bones, to fuftain the Fabrick from total Ruin, if the under- parts fhould decay Fifthly, That(a!l aJong)care be taken inlaying the Bricks, con- cerning which, fee Bricks, N.8 Sixthly , That the Angles be firmly bound, which are the Nerves of the whole Edifice ; and therefore are commonly fortify ’d by the Italians \ even in their Brick-buildings, on each fide of the Corners, with well fquared Stone, yielding both Strength and Grace. Seventhly , In working up the Walls of a Building, do not work any Wall above three Foot high before you work up the next adjo>ning Wall, that fo you may joyn them toge- ther, and make good Bond in the Work : For ’tis an ill Cu- ftom among fome Bricklayers, to carry, or work up a whole Story of the Party walls, be- fore they work up the Fronts, or other Work adjoining, that fhould be bonded, or work’d up together with ’em, which occafions cracks and fetlings in the Walls. Eighthly , That if you build (a Houfe) in the City of Lon - don , you muft make all your Walls of fuch thickneftes, as the dff of Parliame?jt f r Re- building of the faid City en- joyns; ('which jiff you may fee mH:ufe N. 4.) but in other places you may ufe yourDifcre- tion ; yet for fome Directions in this Matter. See Houfe, N, 3. Ninthly , It may be worth your Notice, that a Wall of a Brick and half thick, With the Joynt, will be in thicknefs 14 Inches, or very near ; whence 150, or 160 Bricks will lay a Yard Square meaufur’d upon the Face of the Building, and to the Square of 10 Foot(which is 100 fquare Feer) are ufually allow’d 1700, or 1800 Bricks, and 4600, or 50C0 Bricks will compleatly lay, ereCt, or build one Rod, Pole, or Perch fquare ; which Rod, Pole, or Perch, (for by all thefe Names ’ds call’d) contains in length, (according to the Statute) 16 i Feet ; whofe Square is 272 ~ Feet, fuperficial Meafure, which is 30 Yards and a quar- ter. But tho’ I have here laid down the number of Bricks for each of thefe Squares, yet thefe Numbers are not to be rely’d on as absolutely exadl; for no exa&nefs can be difeo- ver’d as to this Particular, and that for feveral Reafons : For tho’ the Bricks were all made in the lame Mould, and burnt in the fame Kiln, cr Clamp ; yet the Nature, or Quality of the Earth whereof they are made, (whereby fome fhrink more than ether fame) and the Bricklayers Hand and Mortar, may caufea confiderable Vari. ation, and befides fome Bricks are warp’d in burning, (where- by they will not lie fo clofe in the Work) fome mifearry, (or are broken) in every Load, or 500 Bricks and the Tally, or Tale is (for the moft part, if not lock’d after) too little: And belides ail thefe Uncer- tainties, when Bricks are dear, and Lime cheap, the Wok- T 2 man • W A W A man (by the Great,) will ufe duce all their Walls, and thi* more Mortar, and make the Standard is one Brick and a hatf ampler Joyncs, which is much 1 thick , as they phrafe it, (/. e. worfe for the Building. 1 the length of one Brick, and Tenthly , It may be alfo no- the breadth of another, fothat ted, That (when all Materials a Wall of three Bricks (length) are ready) a Workman with thick of the fame heighth and his Labourer will lay in one Day 1000 Bricks, and fome 12 or 1500. Eleventhly, All Brick-work, according to thefe Rules, is fuppos’d to be one Brick and half thick, which is the Stan- dard Thicknefs. If they are thicker, or thinner, they muft be reduc’d to that thicknefs, length with another of 1 - 2 - Brick thick, the former will contain twice as many fquare Rods as the latter. Now,^to reduce any Wall to this Standard thicknefs, take this plain and eafie Rule : Say, as 3 is to the thicknefs of the Wall in half Bricks, [that is in the breadth of Bricks, the as lhall be fhewn how in the j breadth of a Brick being al- next Seftion of this Number 1 Of Me afar' ng them ] Brick- layers moll commonly Mea- fure their Walls by the Rod lquare, each Rod, Pole, or P ways half its length,] lo is the Area before found, to the Area at their Standard thick- nefs of 1 \ Brick. Thus, If the Wall be all of fch, (for by all thefe Names j 0 ne thicknefs from the Foun- ’tis call’d) being (by the Sta- ; dation to the top, it is eafily tute) 16 v foot long; fo that : reduc’d to the Standard Thick- a fquare Rod contains 272 ^ | nefs of 1 \ Brick. But if the Superficial Feet. |Wall be of different thicknef- Therefore having taken the |f es (as in Brick Houfes they Dimenfions, (viz. the length, 1 commonly are, being made and heighth ) of a Wall in j thickefi: below, and thinner at Feet, multiply the length by the every Story ; ) then the beft heighth, (See Crofs-multiplica- tion,N. 2.) and divide the Pro- duct by 272 F, and the Quoti- ent (hews the number of lquare Rods in the Superficies of that Wall. But it being troublelome to divide by 272 Workmen commonly have a Cuftom to way is to meafure every diffe- rent thicknefs by it felf, and reduce it to the Standard thicknefs ; then add all thefe feveral Area’s into one Sum, out of which deduct the Doors and Windows (mea- fur’d by themfelves,) and fo divide 272 only, which gives the Remainder will be the the Content fomething more true Area, or Content of the than the Truth, which not- withftanding they take for it. Having thus found the Area, or Content of the whole Su- peificies of a Wall, they next confider its Thicknefs ; for they have a certain Standard Thicknefs, to which they re- whole Wall. See more (concerning mea- suring of Brick- walls.) N. V. of this W’ord, viz. in Fence- walls. Alfo fee Brick-rvcrk. Note, In fome Places Tisthe Cuftom to meafure by the Rod of 18 Foot long, in ethers by the W A W A the Rod of 16 Foot : In the former Cafe, you muft divide the Area in Feet by 324, in the Jatter by 3 56. 3. Of their Price. 1 The Price of Building of Walls is various in different Places, according to the various Prices of Mate rials. Mr Ley bourn Cays, (and with him agrees Mr. Hatton,) that the ufual Price in London , for building a Brick and half j Wall, (the Workman finding all Materials,! is five Pound, or five Pound ten Shillings /w Rod fquare. And for the Work- manfhip only 30 s per Rod fquare, which is about 1 s per Yard fquare, Mr. Wing fays, That the ufual Price in Rutland (the Workman finding all Mate- rials) is for a Brick and half Wall 3 s, per Yard fquare, [ which is but about 4 /. 10 s. per Rod ] for a two Brick-wall 4 s for a 2 4 Brick- wall 5 s, per Yard Square. And for the Workmanlhin only (of a Brick and half Wall; 8 d per Yard fquare, which is but about 20 s. per Rod, Statute Meafure. So that you fee Mr. Wings Prices are much cheaper than thofe about Lon- don } the Reafon of which, I conceive proceeds from the Cheapnefs of Commodities in his Countrey. About us in Sufftx , a Rod of a Brick and half Wall, Work- manfhip and Materials, will coft at leaft eight Pounds. For the Workmanfhip only, the ufual Price (about us) is. *4, or 25 s. per Rod fquare in a Brick and half Wall. It fhould feem, that in or about London , Workmen do fomecimes find only Morta- and Workmanfhip in building of Walls; for (fays Mr Ley* bourn) if the Bricks are laid in at the Builder’s Charge, then 2/ 10 )>(?rRod is the ufual Price. But (fays he) to ere& new Stru&ures, by taking down old Walls, it may be worth 3 Pounds, or 3 Pounds 10 Shillings per Rod; becaufe, in taking down the Walls, and clearing the Bricks there is much Time lpent, and alfo more Mortar us’d in laying them again , than in new Work. V pence — . ] Walls builc round Courts, Gardens, Or- chards, &c are commonly call’d Fence-walls. Of thefe, fome are made of Stone, feme of Flints, or Boulders, and fome of Brick ; Of the two former, I fhall fpeak in the two following Numbers, •viz. Num 6 , and 7 Of the latter I fhall fpeak here, and therein I fhall fay fomething j. Of their making) Thefe are commonly made (of Sta- tute Bricks) a Brick and half thick But in fome parts of Suffex they are commonly made of a fort of great Bricks, which are Inches long, 6 Inches broad, and 3 Inches thick. I have very often difeours’d with the old Man who firfl: introduced, not only thole fore of Great Bricks , but alfo their neceffary Concomitants, Piia~ tier and Copeing Bricks , and the Method of making Fence* walls of ’em, V. P. Bricks, Num. 3. ( ) . 4. 9. and 13. Thefe Walls are but the breadth of a Brick, (or 6 T 3 Inches J W A Inches,) in thlcknefs, only at the Pilafters, where they are the length of a Brick, (or 12 Inches thick.) They usually fet a Pilafter at every 10 Foot. I know a Wall of thefe fort of Bricks, ( of about 9 Foot high) that has been built near 30 Years, and ftands very well. 2 Of me a faring them] Fence walls built of Statute Bricks, are commonly meafur’d, as is taught above, Num. 4. §. 2. But 1 fliall here add. That fome Workmen that I know, mea fure them by the Rod in length, and one Foot in heighth, which they account a Rod of Meafure And in ta- king their Dimenfions, they do it with a Line, going over the Pilafters ; this for the length ; fo likewife for the heighth, they meafure it (alfo) bv a Line, going over all the Mouldings, (after the manner of Joyners meafuring their Work) even to the top, or middle of the Copeing. 1 {hall further add, That fome Workmen ( in Fence- walls of Statute-bricks) will, (if they can perfwade their Miller to it) meafure all that is above 1 f Brick thick, (viz The proje&ing of the Pilafters, or ButtnefTe-s, and all below the Water-table) by the folid Foot, which afterwards they reduce to Rods. But this way is a confiderable Advantage to the Workman, and a lofs to the Mifter Builder ; for it makes ^ part of Meafure mope than the Truth ; becaufe a Brick and half Wall is 14 Inch- es thick. W A Fence-walls built of great Bricks, are generally meafur’d by the Rod in length, and a Foot in heighth, (which they account a Rod of Meafure,) the Dimenftons being taken by a Line, as was faid above. 3 . Of their Price.] For the Price of Brick-walls, See (a- bove,) Num. 4. §. 3. But fome Workmen mSuJfetc reckon for building of Fence-walls, (the Workmanlhip only) of Statute Bricks ( a Brick and half thick) 1 s. 6 d per Rod, at a Rod long, and a Foot high, taking their Dimenfions by the Line, as was £hewn how in the preceeding Settion of this Number Sometimes they build thefe kind of Walls by the Square of ’ico Foot, at 8 s. per Square, which is but about 1 d p r (Superficial) Foot. For building of Fence-walls with great Bricks, the com- mon Price (for the Work- manfhip only) is 1 s . per Rod, at one Rod long, and one Foot high, the Dimenfions taken by the Line, as above. 4. Of Coping them ] Fence- walls built of Statute Bricks, are fometimes coped with tone, fometimes with Brick : If th$ former, the copeing is left out in the Meafure, and rated by it felf ; for the Price of which, fee Copeingj Num 2. If the latter, it is meafur’d into the reft of the Work. And this kind of Copeing is done thus ; on one fide the Wall is carry ’d upright to the top, and on the other fide there is two Courfes of Bricks ftand- ing on end in an Oblique Re- clining, or Slant Pofition, and a ft retch- W A W A a ft retching Courfe on the top finifhes the Wall But Fence-walls built of great Bricks, are coped with cope ini bricks, of which fee Bricks, Num. f 1 1. §. 3. And this Copeing is alfo meafur’d and rated with the reft of the Wall VI. stone. — ] Stone- walls ferve not only for Walls of Houfes, &c. but alfo for Fence- walls round Gardens, Of thefe I fhall fay fomething. 1. Of Measuring them ] Thefe are in fome Places meafur’d by the Rod of 18 Foot Square : But in moft Places (I think, they are meafur’d by the Foot fuperficial. Concerning mea- furing of Walls, there are thefe three Things to be fur- ther taken norice cf, viz.. That if the length of the Walls at the ends (of Garden, or Houfe,) be taken on the out-lide (of Garden, or Houfe,) then the length of the Walls on the Jides (of the Garden, or Houfe) ought to be taken on the in- fide. (2.) That when the Walls of a Houfe are mea- fur’d, the Doors and Win- dows are likewife to be mea fur’d, and deduced from the whole. ( 3. ) That in Mea- furing Fence-walls, they com- monly meafure the heighth by a Line (prefs’d into all the Mouldings) from the top of the Copeing, to the bottom of the Foundation. 2. Of tkeip I vice. Mr. Wing tells us, That Fence-walls, and Walls of ordinary Build ings, are each ( only the Workmanfliip) from 16 s, to 3 /. 19' ffr Rod pf 18 Foot Square, which (Tays he) de- pends upon the Goodnefs of the Work. He alfo tells us # That the fetting of Fronts in great Buildings, viz Alhlar, Architrave , Windows, and Doors, with the Ground- table, Fafcia’s, and other Members, is worth from 3 / 10 s. to 5 /. ps* Rod, which (fays he) de- pends upon the heighth, and well performing of the Build- ing. The Truth is, I don’c well underftand what he means by all this Tattle ; for he never tells us any thing of thethick- nefs of the Walls; andbefides ]/* 10 s. per Rod, is but little above 2 § d. per Foot ; and <; /. per Rod, is but little above 3 f d per Foot ; either of which is certainly too little for fuch Ornamental Work, as fetting of Fronts in great Buildings. And then, for his Fence-walls, or Waifs in or- dinary Buildings ; I catf t fee how the goodnefs, or badnefs of fuch plain Work can vary the Price from 16 /. to 3 L 10 r. per Rod ; but furely it muft be very ordinary Work that is worth but 1 6s. per Rod, which is but little above a Half- penny a Foot Mr. Hatton talks much after the fame manner ; for, fays he, one Foot of plain Work, (as Walls, &c ) is worth abouc $d working and fetting. IIs mentions nothing of the thicknefs neither. But I fhal! leave thefe Au« thors in the dark, as they have left us, and proceed to tell you, what fome experienced Work- men in Suffex rell me ; namely. That for building a 1 2 f"ch T ^ Wall, W A W A Wall, they have 2 d per Foot for an 18 Inch WJ1 j d and for a Wall of two Foot thick, they have 4 ^ per Foot. 1 hefe Prices are to be underftood of Walls that have two fair Sides ; for if they have but one fair Side, (theother {landing againft a Bank,) they have a lefs Price , for in this Cafe, I have known fome Workmen build a Wa' two Foot thick, for 1 d, § per Foot. VII. Flinty or Boulder — ^ Walls of Flints, or Boulders, are much us’d in fome parts of Sujfcx and Kent , where I have feen, not only Fence walls, round Courts, Gardens, &c. but alfo Walls of stables, and other Out-houfes built of them, which fhew’d very hand- fbme To build Walls and greater Works of Flint, whereof we want not Example in our Ifland, and particularly in the Province of Kent ( fays Sir Henry Wotton) is fas I conceive fays he) a thing utterly un. known to the /indents, who obferving in that Material a kind of Metalical Nature, or at lead a Suability, feem to have refolved it into nobler Life; an Art now utterly loll, or perchance kept up by a few Chymicks. Some Workmen tell me, That for building of Flint, or Boulder Walls, they ufe ro have 12 s. per Hundred, ("for fo they phrale it,) by which they mean ioo fuperficial Feet ; but 1 forgot to ask them at what thicknefs, or whether they have but one thicknefs for all their Walls. They alfo tell me, That a right and left tiand- ded Man fit well together for this fort of Wort ; for they have a Hod of Mortar pour’d own upon the Work, which they part betwixt them, each fpreading it towards himfelf ; and fo they lay in their Flints. They alfo tell me, That their Mortar (for this Work) mull be Ve ry fliff, and that ’tis bell to have a good length of Work before 'em ; for they work but one Courfe in heighth at a time ; for if they lhould do more, it would be apt to fwell Out at the Sides, and run down. They alfo fay, That in milly Weather ’tis very difficult to make the Work Band. VIII. Boarded — ] Sometimes Walls are bearded, particu- larly the Walls of fome Barns, Stables, and other Out-houfes But of this kind of Work, fee Weather- boarding. Walling. The making of Walls (of what kind foever) is call’d Walling ; therefore for the Price., &*c. of Walling., fee Walls . Walnut- tree- painting. See Fainting. Num. 4. Wafn boufe. A Room to waffi in. Water-table. In Stone, or Brick-waIJs, is a fort of Ledge left in tie Wall, fome *8 or 20 Inches, (more W E \V 1 ( more or lefs ) above the Grouqd, at which Place the thicknefs of the Wall is a- bated, (or taken in) on each fide the thicknefs of a Brick, (in Brick-walls), namely, two Inches and a quarter ; thereby leaving that Ledge, or Jutty, that is call’d a Water- table. Thefe Water tables are fome* times lefc plain, and fome- times they are wrought with Mouldings ; if the latter, (befides the plain Meafure of the Wall), they are rated at fo much per Foot, running Meafure. Water-couyfes. Thele are commonly rated by the Foot running Meafure, 'viz*. If the Workman find Materials at about 10 d per Foot, if he find no Materials, at about 8 d, W zather-hoarcling . 1 What] A Term of Archi- tecture, fignifying the nailing up of Boards again ft a Wall , (4ee Walls t Num. 8 ) Some times ’tis us’d to fignifie the Boards themfelves, when nail’d up. This Work is common- ly done with Feather-edg’d- boards, (fee Feather-cdg'd.) In plain Work they nail the thick Edge of one Board, an Inch, or an Inch and half over the thin Edge of another : But if the Work is to be a little ex- traordinary, they fet an O G on the thick Edge of every Board. a. Brice ] The Price of plain Weather-boarding, ( viz. fit- ting and nailing up the Boards) is from 8 d. to 12 d the Square, according to the length and breadth of the Boards, and Conveniency of the Place. But if the lower, (viz, the thicker) Edge of the Board? be wrought with an O G, it may be worth 18 d. per Square. This for the Workmanfliip only. But If the Workman find the Materials, (viz. Boards and Nails,) it may be worth 12, or 13 s. per Square, or about three Half pence per Foot. Weather-tyling. 1 What.] Ts the Tiling, (cr Covering with Tiles) the upright fides of Houfes 2. Price] In fome Places Weather tiling is done at the fame Price as other plain Ti^ ing- St&Tyling, Num. 3. Bun in other Places they have more, in confideration of Scaffold ing • for fome Workmen tell me they have 4 s. per Square for Work- manfhip only. mil- hole. The Hole left in a Floor for the Stairs to come up through. White - Vaintmg See Painting, Num. 7. Wind-beam. The fame as Collar-beam. ft indtws. Windows. 1. What] Every one knows that Windows are thofe parts of a Building that are made to let in the Light. 2. situation of— ] Concern* ingthe Situation of Windows, oberve, firft, that they be as* few in number, and as mode rate in Dimenfions, as may poflibly confift with other due Refpe&s : For in a word, all Openings are Weakenings. Se- condly, Let ’em be placed at convenient Diftance from the Angles, or Corners of the Buil- ding ; becaufe that part ought not to be open and infeebled, whofeOffice it is to fupport and fallen all the reft of the Build- ing Thirdly, Befure take great care that all the Win- dows be equal one with ano- ther in their Rank and Order ; fo that thofe on the right Hand may anfwer to thofe on the left and that thofe above may be right over thofe below ; for this Situation of Windows, will not only be handfome and uniform, but alfo the 'void be- ing upon the void and th efull upon the full, ’twill be a great ftrengthning to the whole Fabrick. 3. Dimenfions of — ] In mak ing of Windows, you muft be careful, not to give them more , of lefs Light than is needful, that is, make them no digger, nor lefs than is convenient ; wherefore you ought to have regard to the bignefs of the Rooms that are to receive the Light 5 ic being evident, that a great Room has need of great* er Light , and confequently of a greater Window, than a little Room , & ) contra. The Apertures of Windows in middle fiz’d Houfes, may be 4 L or 5 Foot between the Jambs, and in greater Build- ings they may be 6 or 7 Foot, and their heighth may be double the length at the lead But in high Rooms, or larger Buildings, their heighth may be a third, a fourth, or half their breadth more than double their length. Thefe are the Proportions for Windows of the firft Sto- ry, and according to thefe muft all the reft of the Win- dows in the upper Stories be for their breadth; but for their heighth they muft diminifti : For the fecond Story may be one third part lower than the firft. and the third Story one fourth part lower than the fecond. 4. Price of making.] Window* frames are ufually agreed for by the Light, ( fays Mr. Ley - bourn) fo that if a Window have four Lights, and it bedou* ble rabitted, (as the Workmen call it) it may be worth 1 a s. that is 3 s a Light for Materi- als and VVorkmanfhip. But if the Builder find Timber and Sawing, then 1 s. a Light is fair, Tranfom-wlndows , ( fays Mr, Wing ) are worth making (for great Buildings) is. 9 d. pqr Light, or 7 t. per Window. Some Workmen tell me, they make ’em for 1 2 d. i^d. 16 d. OS'- z o W I or 1 8 d per Light, according to their bignefs Luthern Windowvfays Mr. Wing, the making and fetting up, are valu’d from 9 to 14*. per Window, according to their bignefs- Some Workmen tell me, that (if they faw the Tim- ber) they commonly have 20 s. per Window Shop Windows, ( fays Mr. Leybourn) will be afforded at the fame Rate as plain or bat ton’d Doors. See Doors. 5. Price of Painting] The Painting of Widow-frames, ffays Mr. Leybourn) is not ufu- ally meafur’d, but Valu’d at 3 d 4 d. or 6 d. per Light, ac- cording to their bignefs, and Cafements at three Half-pence or 2 d. per piece, and ffon-barrs at 1 ^ or more, if very large See Painting. With , Thefe are us’d by Thatch- ers to bind theirThatching rcds to the Rafters. They are com- monly fold at 6 d the LIun» dred, and a Hundred of ’em will do about three Square of Thatching; for fome Work- men tell me, That they ufe about 33, or 3 4 Withs, and as many Thatching-rods, (which are of the fame Price with the Withs) in a Square ; for they bind down their Straw at every Foot, or thereabouts, viz. at every other Lath ; (for they Lath but 2 Laths in a Foot,) and each Courfe of Thatch- ing ("bound down with one length of Rods ) is about three Foot in breadth* Xyftos. A Mong the Ancient Greeks was a Portico of uncom- mon Length, either covered or open, wherein the Athleta ufed to exercife themfelves in run- ning Races and Wreftling. The word is derived from Xyein, to polifh, it being their cuftom to anoint their Bodies with Oil before the |Encoun- ter to prevent their Antago- nifts from faftning Hold of them. The Rmajis too, had their Xyjlus ; which was a long Ifle or Portico , fometimes roof- ed over, and at other times open, and ranged on each fide with Rows of Trees, forming an agreeable Place for the Peo- ple to walk in. Zrccolo. T H E fame as Plinth It is an Italian word, and fignihes a fort of wooden Shoes or Sandals : From the Latirtf Seccus, the Buskin wore by the ancient Aftors. In Ar- ch it eft ure it is a fquare Body, lefs in Heighth than Breadth, and placed under the Mouldings of the Bafes of Pedejia/s , &c. not under th e Bafes as Perrault's Tranflator has it. It is call’d in Englifh , Socle or Zocle Zopherer, z o z o Zophoros. The fame as Freeze A large flat Member which feparates the Architrave from the Cornice. It is deriv’d from the Greek Zoophoros, (». e. Animahbear- ing) it being ufual for Ani. mals to be reprefented upon it. 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