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THE 
 
 GOLD COINS OF ENGLAND, 
 
 ARRANGED AND DESCRIBED: 
 
 BEING A SEQUEL TO MR. HAWKINS’ 
 
 SILVER COINS OF ENGLAND, 
 
 BY HIS GRANDSON 
 
 KOBBBT BLOYB KENYOISY 
 
 See p. 15. 
 
 Principalln from the collection in the British Museum, a)id also from couis 
 and information communicated hy J. Evans, Esq., President of the Numismatic 
 Society, and others. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 BERNARD QUARITCH, 15 IBCCADILLY 
 
 MDCCCLXXXIV. 
 
LONDON : 
 
 NORMAN AND SON, PRINTERS, HART STREE'I , 
 
 COVENT GARDEN. 
 
THE 
 
 GOLD COINS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 As gold coins are now the sole standard measure of 
 value in this kingdom, so their prototypes of the same 
 metal are believed to have been the earliest coins struck in 
 Britain. About 150 years before Christ the ancient Britons 
 are thought to have made their first coins, taking for their 
 model the coins then current in Graul, which were them- 
 selves copied from those of Philip of Macedon, which have 
 the laureate head of Apollo, or as some think, of Mars, on the 
 one side, and a two-horsed chariot on the other. This head, 
 therefore, and this chariot, more or less unsuccessfully imitated, 
 form the types of our earliest known coins. The metal used 
 was gold. Silver and copper coins of similar types were soon 
 afterwards introduced, and the original designs were gradually 
 more and more departed from as time went on, and as succes- 
 sive artists took for their models the imitations made by 
 their predecessors, instead of earlier copies, or the original 
 Macedonian prototype. After the landing of Julius Caesar 
 the influence of Roman art becomes very apparent on these 
 British coins, and about the reign of Claudius they were 
 altogether discontinued, and gave way to the regular 
 Roman coins, which were thenceforward for more than 300 
 years the sole currency of the island. The last Emperor 
 who is believed to have struck coins here is Magnus 
 Maximus, who assumed the purple in this country in a.d. 
 383, and was defeated and put to death by Theodosius at 
 Aquileia in a.d. 388. 
 
 The gold coins of Philip of Macedon weigh about 133 
 grains. The British gold coins vary in weight from about 
 
 I 
 
120 to 84 grains^ becoming, like most other series of coins, 
 gradually lighter as time went on. The Aureus of the early 
 Eoman Empire was in like manner from time to time dimin- 
 ished in weight, and Diocletian in a.d. 296 abolished all other 
 gold coins and fixed the weight of his Aureus at 72 grains. 
 Constantine introduced a new coinage, which lasted as long 
 as the empire of Kome, consisting of a double Solidus, a 
 Solidus weighing the same as the former Aureus, 72 grains, 
 and a Triens which weighed 24 grains. A Solidus of 
 Magnus Maximus, in the British Museum, is engraved in 
 the frontispiece to this volume, fig. 1. The letters AYG 
 in the exergue are interpreted to mean Augusta, by which 
 name Ammianus Marcellinus, a contemporary historian, 
 informs us that the ancient city of Lundinium was then 
 called. See Num, Chron. N. S. vii. 61, 329. The letters 
 OB which follow it stand for 72, and indicate that 72 of 
 these solidi were coined out of a pound of gold. 
 
 We do not, however, propose to enter upon a description 
 of the British and Eoman coins in this volume. They form 
 two series, very distinct from each other, and very distinct 
 also from the coins afterwards struck in England. The 
 British are fully described by Mr. Evans in his Ancient 
 British Coins/^ and a short account of them, including the 
 gold and copper as well as the silver, is given at the 
 beginning of Hawkins’ Silver Coins of England,^^ 2nd 
 edition. Such of the Eoman coins as were known in 1844 
 are included in Akerman^s Coins of the Eomans relating 
 to Britain 
 
 At the beginning of the 5th century, about twenty years 
 after the death of Maximus, the Emperor Honorius com- 
 mitted to the Britons the care of their own safety,^’ and the 
 Eomans finally retired from the island. From this time 
 till the 8th century the history of the coinage is involved 
 in great obscurity. During the 5th century Eoman coins 
 would no doubt continue to form the bulk of the currency, 
 and coins would be imported in some numbers from the 
 
3 
 
 continent by the bands of Saxon invaders^ who were 
 continually arriving here during the latter part of the 4th, 
 and the whole of the 5th century ; and at the end of the 
 6th century the landing of Augustine established a new link 
 between Britain and the other countries of Europe. The 
 fact, therefore, that early barbaric coins have from time to 
 time been found in England, goes but a short way to establish 
 a presumption that they were struck here, especially as they 
 have nearly always been found in the southern counties, 
 between which and the continent the intercourse would be 
 the greatest. Nevertheless, we believe that it is certain 
 that between the 6th century, w^hen the Saxons got possession 
 of the island, and the 8th century when the coinage of 
 pennies was introduced, some coins were struck here both 
 of gold and silver. It is probable, a jpriori, that some of the 
 numerous princes or ecclesiastical foundations would try to 
 imitate on their own account the Koman or other foreign 
 money circulating in their neighbourhood, and the inscriptions 
 on some of the coins which have been found here show that 
 they actually did so. The silver coins of this period, which 
 were called sceattae, from the Saxon word sceat, ^‘^aportion,^^ 
 are described in Hawkins^ Silver Coins of England,^^ 2nd 
 ed., pp. 23 to 30, but none of those to which dates can with 
 any confidence be assigned were struck before the middle 
 of the 7th century. The laws of Ethelbert, King of Kent, 
 at the beginning of that century, mention Solidi and 
 Sceattae, but although coins must have been then circulating 
 under those names, this does not prove that they were 
 struck in England. Such gold coins as seem to have the 
 best claim to have been struck in this country, we will now 
 proceed to describe. 
 
 2. Obv^. bust in profile to right, in armour, a cross and 
 perhaps a letter in front of the face, A behind the head. 
 Kev. three small heads with other ornaments, but without 
 inscription. Frontispiece, fig. 2. There are four specimens 
 of this coin in the British Museum, which also contains a. 
 
 1 . * 
 
4 
 
 silver sceatta of the same type, engraved in Hawkins’ 
 Silver Coins ” (554). They are evidently imitations of the 
 coins of Magnus Maximus, fig. 1. This type was a common 
 one upon Roman coins, and was by no means confined to the 
 London mint ; but a remarkable penny of Ceolwlf II, a.d. 
 874, Hawkins’ Silver Coins ” (580), on which the same 
 type is reproduced, affords a curious proof that it was long 
 well known in England, and may justify us in claiming these 
 coins as being not improbably struck in this country, though 
 it does not appear where they were found, nor can an exact 
 date be at present with any confidence assigned to them. 
 The A behind the head connects them with several of the 
 coins afterwards described. The gold pieces are of the 
 weight of a French triens, about 20 grains, a denomination 
 of coin commonly used in France under the Merovingian 
 dynasty. In the time of Archbishop ^Ifric, at the end of 
 the 10th century, a triens was equivalent to 10 pennies. 
 
 3. Obv. very rude head to left, legend, probably, ABBONI 
 MANET, but the first and last letters are imperfect. Rev. 
 an uninterpreted device, possibly imitated from the Christian 
 symbol, or labarum, common on Roman Christian coins. No 
 legend. Frontispiece, fig. 3. Unique, The hoard of coins of 
 which this and several of those afterwards described form 
 part, was found at Crondale, in Hampshire, in 1828, by C. E. 
 Lefroy, Esq., of Itch ell Manor, Winchfield, to whose son and 
 successor, C. J. Maxwell-Lefroy, Esq., it now belongs. It 
 has been twice described in The Numismatic Chi'onicle, 
 vol. vi, p. 171, and New Series, vol. x, p. 164, with 
 engravings of nearly every variety of coin contained in it ; 
 and the whole has been most kindly placed in the hands 
 of the author for examination. It is to this hoard that 
 we owe the greater part of our knowledge of the earliest 
 Anglo-Saxon coins. 
 
 The Crondale hoard consists of exactly 100 pieces, 
 together with two small gold chains, each having a hook at 
 one end, and at the other a triangular ornament set with 
 
rubies^ having a cross in the centre, and evidently intended 
 to symbolize the Trinity. The workmanship is pronounced 
 by Mr. Akerman to be doubtless anterior to the 8th century. 
 Three of the coins are blanks, which seems to prove that 
 the whole belonged to a moneyer. Nine are imitations of 
 coins of Licinius, and one of Leo, Emperors of the East, 
 308 to 324, and 451 to 474, respectively. Five bear the 
 names of French cities, Mettis, Marsallo, Parisius. Thirty- 
 nine are of the seven types described in these pages. The 
 remaining forty-three are of twenty-two different types, 
 and all are in weight and general appearance similar to 
 Merovingian trientes. The average weight is 19*9 grains, 
 and very few individual coins differ much from this. 
 
 With respect to Abbo, whose name appears on this coin, 
 the Yicomte de Ponton d^Amecourt, who has paid great 
 attention to the Merovingian series, has shown in the 
 
 Annuaire de la Societe Fran^aise de Numismatique for 
 1873, that Abbo was a moneyer at Chalon-sur-Saone, pro- 
 bably under Grontran, King of Burgundy, a.d. 561 to 593 ; 
 that to Abbo, a moneyer at Limoges, probably the same 
 person, was intrusted the education of St. Eligius, about 
 A.D. 604 j and that this coin found at Crondale bears a 
 considerable resemblance, especially in the form of the 
 letters of the legend, to those struck by Abbo at Chalons 
 and Limoges. Assuming as an indisputable fact that the 
 greater part of the coins found at Crondale were struck in 
 England, he concludes that Abbo was one of the Franks 
 who accompanied St. Augustine to England in 596 or 597, 
 that he established a mint in this country, and that after 
 staying here some years, he returned to France and settled 
 at Limoges in or before a.d. 604. If this be so, — and the 
 ascertained facts certainly seem to make it probable, — then 
 this coin, rude as it is, becomes of extreme interest, as being 
 struck under the immediate influence of St. Augustine 
 himself, and forming the connecting link between the 
 coinage of this country and that of France. 
 
6 
 
 4. Obv. bust to left, two or three letters in front, EA 
 behind. Eev. a device like an anchor, between letters, 
 perhaps V and C, within a beaded circle. The letters 
 outside this do not seem to form a legend. The letter A 
 is at the top and bottom of the coin, and others seem to 
 be repeated merely to fill up the space. Frontis'piece, fig. 
 4. Found at Crondale. Unique. 
 
 This coin, quite worthy of Abbo in point of design, is 
 included in the English series on account of the letter A, 
 which is peculiarly and carefully formed, and seems to be 
 intended as a distinguishing mark on the coin. The shape 
 of the letter is not uncommon in the legends of other coins, 
 and occurs on some of those struck by Abbo at Chalons. 
 The same letter, however, formed in the same manner, and 
 used in the same prominent way, occurs on fig. 6 of the 
 frontispiece, and on some of the early English silver 
 coins with Eunic legends described in Hawkins^ Silver 
 Coins of England,^^ 2nd ed., pp. 25-27 ; as well as 
 on other coins not yet attributed (see Euding^s Plates 
 of Sceattae, I. 1, ii. 22). It is true that it is also 
 used as a symbol, perhaps of the town of Aristalium or 
 Herstal, on coins of Pepin-le-bref ; but the coins with 
 Eunic legends on which it appears are almost certainly 
 English, and the type and place of finding of this coin 
 make it probable that it ought not to be separated from 
 them. The letter A probably denotes the town or kingdom 
 where the coin was struck, just as on the Merovingian series 
 the town is often denoted by the first one or two letters of 
 its name, and as this same letter was used in the 9th 
 century as the symbol of East Anglia on the pennies of 
 that kingdom. This coin is probably of nearly the same date 
 with that of Abbo, in company with which it was found. 
 
 5. Obv. bust in profile to right, in armour, an object 
 like a trident in front of the face, three ornaments pendent 
 from the back of the head. No legend. Eev. a cross 
 moliiie within a beaded circle, round which is a legend 
 
7 
 
 wholly or partly in Runic characters, which has not yet 
 been interpreted. Frontispiece^ fig. 5. This figure is taken 
 from an electrotype in the British Museum of a coin found 
 near Canterbury, and published in Num. Ohron,, N. S., v. 
 166. Mr. Akerman considered it to be an Anglo-Saxon 
 prelatical coin, probably of Canterbury, and this attribution 
 is confirmed by the fact that no less than twenty-one coins 
 of this type, though differing from each other in some 
 details, were included in the Crondale hoard described on 
 page 5 ; and still more by their resemblance to our figure 
 7, which has the inscription Dorovernis Civitas. The bust 
 is evidently copied from a Roman coin. The trident is 
 similar to that on the reverse of Abbots coin, figure 3, but 
 has an addition to the central prong, which is probably not 
 accidental. 
 
 6. Similar to the last, but having a legend, much clipped, 
 behind the head, a letter apparently in front of the trident, 
 and A at the foot of it. Frontispiece, fig. 6. Of the 
 twenty-one coins of this type found at Crondale, only two 
 had any trace of this legend, and from one of them our 
 engraving is taken. On the other specimen, of which there 
 is a woodcut in The Numismatic Ghronicle, N. S., vol. x, 
 p. 172, much less of the legend is visible, but the A is very 
 distinct, and a lower row of five or six beads is shown on 
 the collar. The A, which is of the same shape with that 
 on figure 4, connects these coins with it, and with the silver 
 coins with Runic legends mentioned on p. 6. 
 
 7. Obv. bust in profile to right, filleted, in armour. 
 Around it is the legend EYSEBII MONITA. Rev. Cross 
 moline, legend -f DOROYERNIS CIYITAS. Frontispiece, 
 fig. 7. The engraving is from an electrotype, in the British 
 Museum, of a coin in the French national collection. This 
 coin was the first triens ever attributed to the Anglo- 
 Saxons, and was so attributed by M. de Longperier in The 
 Numismatic Journal, vol. ii, p. 232. The bust is copied 
 from Roman coins of the 6th century, and the reverse is 
 similar to that of the coins just described, figures 5 and 6. 
 
8 
 
 Of Easebius, who was probably, from his name, an eccle- 
 siastic, we know nothing ; but Dorovernis is the name given 
 to Canterbury by Bede, and in the charters of the 7th and 
 8th centuries, and we know of no other town which can be 
 signified b^^- that name. The weight of this coin is given 
 in The Numismatic Ghroniclej vol. ii, p. 204, as 25 grains, 
 which is heavier than other English or French trientes 
 of the 6th and 7th centuries. 
 
 8, Obv. bust to right, filleted, a cross in front of face, a 
 smaller one below it. Legend AVDYABLD EEGE. Kev. 
 cross resting on a small globe, within a beaded circle. 
 Legend MEALLDENVS. Frontispiece^ fig. 8. From the 
 Crondale hoard. Unique. These legends were read by Mr. 
 Haigh, ^^Audvarid Eeges,^^ and ^^Meassgenus.^^ The author, 
 however, believes the above readings to be more correct, 
 and if so the coin may be safely attributed to Mealdunes- 
 berg, or Malmesbury. The name on the obverse of the 
 coin has no resemblance to that of any known king of the 
 West Saxons, in which kingdom Malmesbury was situated ; 
 but it may perhaps be meant for Eadbald, King of Kent, 
 A.D. 616 to 640, whose father Ethelbert held a supremacy 
 over the West Saxons for a considerable time. Eadbald 
 lost this supremacy, but he may have retained it sufficiently 
 long to allow of coins being struck at Malmesbury in his 
 name. The first extant charter to the monastery of Malmes- 
 bury is dated 675, but it existed in a humbler manner for 
 a considerable time previously. Eadbald at the beginning 
 of his reign rejected Christianity, to which he soon after- 
 wards returned. But even if this coin were struck while 
 the king was Pagan, the Bishop or Abbot striking it is 
 not unlikely to have placed on it the crosses which were 
 the emblems of his own religion. The Vicomte de Ponton 
 dWmecourt possesses a coin of this type, which is said to 
 read pretty distinctly on the reverse AMBALLONDENVS ; 
 but it seems not improbable that it is intended for 
 the same legend as on our coin. — Num. Ghron. N. S., 
 xii. 72. 
 
9 
 
 9. Obv. head, full-faced, tonsured, a small cross rising 
 from each shoulder, no legend. Eev. cross resting on a 
 small globe, the same as on the last coin, within a plain 
 circle, legend LONDYNIV. Frontispiece, fig. 9. Seven 
 specimens of this were found at Crondale, and are the only 
 ones known. The legend is quite distinct, and there can 
 be no doubt that the coins were struck at London, and that 
 the portrait is that of an ecclesiastic, perhaps Mellitus, 
 first Bishop of London, 604 to 617. The cross above each 
 shoulder is probably meant for the termination of the stole. 
 Mellitus was expelled in 617, when the East Saxon king- 
 dom (which included London) returned to Paganism, and the 
 next Bishop of London was Cedd, who was consecrated about 
 656, and died 664. These coins are closely connected with 
 that last described by the type of the reverses, and are 
 more likely to have been struck in the time of Mellitus than 
 in that of Cedd. 
 
 10. Obv. head to right, surrounded by a rude ornament. 
 No legend. Eev. cross crosslet within a beaded circle. 
 The legend is double struck, but is apparently the same as 
 that of the coin next described. Frontispiece, fig. 10. 
 Found at Crondale. Mr. Evans has a similar but not 
 identical coin found near Dover and engraved in Smithes 
 Collectanea Antiqua, Vol. I., PI. xxii. 9 ; and a gold-plated 
 coin of nearly the same type was found in Ayrshire. Arch, 
 and Hist. Coll, of Ayr and Wigton, 1882, p. 46. 
 
 11. Obv. as the last, though not from the same die. 
 Eev. plain cross within a beaded circle, legend + LUOON 
 MONA. Frontispiece, fig. 11. Six of these coins were 
 found at Crondale, but they are from several different dies. 
 The one engraved has perhaps the clearest legend. The 
 others seem to read LUOONUS MVAL. The first letter 
 on all of them is like a Z, and may be intended for N. 
 The placing a moneyer^s name on the coins, and omitting 
 that of the king, is very common on Merovingian coins, 
 and very inconvenient to the modern numismatist. 
 
 12. Obv. head to left. Otherwise as the last. The legend 
 
10 
 
 appears to be composed of tbe same letters as tbe last, but 
 arranged almost at haphazard. The coin is perhaps copied 
 from the last by a money er who did not understand the 
 legend. Frontispiece, fig. 12, Found at Crondale. Unique. 
 
 These coins, figures 10, 11 and 12, cannot be attributed 
 to any individual, but the fact of their having been all 
 found in Britain raises a presumption that they were struck 
 here; and moreover they resemble the London coins too 
 much in workmanship and general appearance to be re- 
 moved far from them either in locality or in date. 
 
 We have now come to the end of the trientes at present 
 attributable to England. The coins enumerated above are 
 of unquestioned authenticity, and were all found in England, 
 excepting perhaps Nos. 2 and 7, whose place of finding 
 is not known. This of itself raises some presumption 
 that they are English coins. Moreover, an English gold 
 coinage of this sort in the 7th century is, a priori, highly 
 probable, as we know that a similar one prevailed at 
 that time in France, with which country after the landing 
 of Augustine there was considerable intercourse, so that 
 we should naturally expect to find coins struck in England 
 of the same general appearance, type, and weight, as 
 those current in France, an expectation to which the coins 
 before us exactly answer. The names Dorovernis, Londuni 
 and Mealldenus, can only mean Canterbury, London and 
 Malmesbury ; and the other coins described are too closely 
 associated both by type and by place of finding with those 
 bearing these names to be assigned to a difi’erent country. 
 We have, therefore, no hesitation in claiming them as 
 English, and it is probable that some of the other coins 
 found at Crondale may also belong to this country, but 
 it would be premature to claim them until some further 
 progress has been made in deciphering their legends. 
 
 With respect to date, the evidence is not conclusive, 
 as none of the coins in the Crondale hoard can be assigned 
 with certainty to a known individual. Figure 2 may 
 
 possibly be of the 6th century, though if the cross on it 
 
11 
 
 be intended^ as it probably is, for the Christian symbol, 
 it can hardly be earlier than the 7th. As to the coin by 
 Abbo, fig. 3, a considerable probability has been shown 
 that it is of the time of St. Augustine. We see no reason 
 to think that the others are very much later, and in our 
 opinion all the evidence at present obtainable points to 
 the whole of these trientes belonging to the first half of 
 the 7th century. Gold would be likely to be used as the first 
 material for a native currency, on account of its dignity, and 
 silver coins to have been struck afterwards, as was the case 
 with the ancient British coinage; and the earliest date 
 to which any silver sceatta has with any confidence been 
 attributed is the reign of Peada, King of Mercia, a.d. 656. 
 How long a gold coinage continued to exist in England 
 later discoveries may show, but probably the metal was 
 not sufficiently plentiful to keep it up very long. The 
 pieces we are about to describe are very much later in 
 date than the trientes, and were probably rather medals 
 or pattern pieces than current coins, 
 
 13. In the collection of the late Due de Blacas was an 
 Arabic Dinar, equivalent in weight and value to a mancus 
 (30 pence), which bore the name of Ofia, King of Mercia, 
 A.D. 757 to 796. The following is a description of this 
 curious coin. Obv. round the coin an Arabic legend, 
 meaning, In the name of God was corned this dinar in the 
 year 157^^ (a.d. 774). Across the field, Mahommed is 
 the Apostle of God/^ in three lines, between which, but 
 upside down, are the words OFFA KEX. Eev. round the 
 coin, Mahommed is the Apostle of God, who sent him 
 with the doctrine and true faith to prevail over every other 
 religionJ^ Across the field, ‘‘ There is no other God hut the 
 one God ; He has no equald^ Frontispiece, fig. 13. The- figure 
 is placed last in our plate by mistake. M. de Longperier 
 and Mr. Akerman were probably right in thinking that this 
 is a copy of an Arabic coin, made in England by a work- 
 man ignorant of the Araln'c language, and is a specimen of 
 
12 
 
 tlie coins sent by Offa to the Pope in fulfilment of his 
 promise to send him 365 gold mancuses every year. It was 
 procured in Eome^ Num, Chr. 0. S._, iv. 232. There is reason 
 to believe that gold coins both of the Greek Empire and 
 of Arabic princes had some circulation in England during 
 Saxon times, as they are occasionally found in this country ; 
 and if this coin was really struck for the purpose of paying 
 Offals tribute to the Pope, it would be pretty conclusive 
 evidence that there was no native gold currency in which 
 that tribute could be paid. The coin is unique, and it is 
 very unlikely that any great number of such pieces were 
 ever struck. When the tribute was paid at all, it was 
 probably paid in foreign gold, and a few pieces of this sort 
 may have been struck to make up a deficiency in such gold 
 procurable in some one year. 
 
 14. A gold piece in the British Museum, of the size and 
 weight of a mancus, has on the obverse a full-faced bust of 
 an ecclesiastic, with the legend VIGMVND AREP. Rev. a 
 small cross within a wreath ; MVNYS DIYINVM. Weight, 
 68 grs. Frontispiece, fig. 14. Yigmund was Archbishop 
 of York, A.D. 831 to 854. The place of finding this piece is 
 not known, and its authenticity has been questioned. It has 
 a hole drilled on each side of the neck, as if for suspension ; 
 and it is curious that a coin in the British Museum of 
 Louis le Debonnaire, of the same denomination and with 
 the same type and inscription on the reverse, found in 
 Scotland, has exactly similar holes. Yigmund^s piece, which 
 is unique, must be considered rather as a medal than a coin, 
 and was perhaps intended to be suspended as an ornament 
 or amulet round the neck. 
 
 15. Obv. ^THELRiED REX ANGL. King^s bust 
 to left, hel meted and with a radiated crown, oval shield 
 on left shoulder, within beaded circle. Rev. LE OF WINE 
 MIO L^WE. A long cross voided, with pellet in the 
 centre, each limb terminating in three crescents and dividing 
 the legend, over a lozenge-shaped compartment with concave 
 
13 
 
 sides and three pellets at each corner. Weight, 51|^ grs. 
 Frontispiece, fig. 15. This coin was found at Hellingly, in 
 Sussex, about the year 1808, and was immediately bought 
 by Mr. Martin, in the possession of whose daughter, Mrs. 
 Holroyd, it now is. The type is exactly the same as that of 
 some silver pennies of the same king, Hawkins (203), and 
 the place where it was found is only thirteen miles from 
 Lewes, its place of mintage. See Nwn. Gliron. N. S., xix. 62. 
 We are indebted to the courtesy of the Rev. J. Carter, 
 Mrs. Holroyd^ s son-in-law, for the cast from which our 
 engraving is taken. The coin has either been worn, or is 
 struck from worn dies. 
 
 16. Obv. EDWERD REX. King^s bust to left, filleted; 
 sceptre in front. Rev. LVEINC ON W.^RINC. Cross, 
 limbs gradually expanding, issuing from a central circle, 
 with four crescents in the angles, and a pellet in the 
 third quarter. Wt. 54^ grs. Frontispiece, fig. 16, which is 
 copied from Rud. H. 44, and has accidentally been transposed 
 in our plate with fig. 13. The type is the same as that of 
 the silver pennies, Hawkins (219), and there is, perhaps, no 
 sufl0.cient reason to doubt its authenticity, though its place 
 of finding is not known. It was in the collection of Mr. T. 
 H. Spurrier, of Edgbaston, near Birmingham, in which town 
 it was bought. See Num, Journ, ii. 54. Wserinc signifies 
 Warwick, the place of mintage. The four last-named coins 
 are the only known Saxon pieces, other than the trientes, 
 struck in gold, and we have thought it desirable to bring 
 them together and engrave them in our frontispiece. The 
 Arabic Dinar, however, was clearly not a current coin, and 
 tends strongly to disprove the existence of any native gold 
 currency in Ofia^s time. Vigmund’s piece is probably a 
 medal ; and those of ^thelred and Edward the Confessor 
 appear to have been struck from dies intended for silver 
 pennies, either as pattern pieces or by a mere freak of the 
 moneyer. We do not believe that there was any regular 
 Saxon gold coinage later than the trieiites. 
 
14 
 
 Heney III, 1216 TO 1272. 
 
 From the end of the 9th century there was no gold coinage 
 either in England or in any of the neighbouring countries 
 till the reign of Henry III. The gold bezants of the Greek 
 Empire, and the gold coins struck during the 9th and 10th 
 centuries by the Arabic princes in Sicily, were probably 
 used more or less in mercantile transactions all over Europe, 
 and are found occasionally in this country, but they had no 
 legal currency here and were probably accepted merely as 
 bullion. In the middle of the 13th century, however — an age 
 of revolutions and of new ideas all over the world~a native 
 gold coinage was almost simultaneously adopted by the 
 European nations. The first gold Florin was issued by 
 the republic of Florence in 1252. Louis IX introduced gold 
 coins in France, and the Emperor Frederick II in his kingdom 
 of Naples, and at about the same time the same innovation 
 took place in England. On the 16th of August, 1257, a 
 writ dated at Chester was issued commanding the Mayor of 
 London to proclaim in that city that the Gold Money 
 which the king had caused to be made should be imme- 
 diately current there and elsewhere within the realm of 
 England, in all transactions of buying and selling, at the 
 rate of 20 pennies of sterlings {i.e., 20 silver pennies) for 
 every gold penny The times, however, were by no means 
 favourable to the issue of pieces of a denomination so much 
 higher than had been previously known. The kingdom was 
 in a very disturbed state ; the ^^mad parliament,^^ by which 
 the king was practically deposed, was to meet the next year, 
 and so great distress prevailed throughout the country that 
 
15 
 
 a quarter of wlieat, the average price of which was about 
 ^s, is said to have sold this year for as much as 24^. 
 Accordingly, on the 4th of November in the same year, the 
 City of London petitioned against these coins, and the king 
 had to issue another proclamation that no one was obliged 
 to take them, and that whoever did might bring them to 
 his Exchange, and receive there the value at which they 
 had been made current, deducting only a halfpenny for 
 each piece. The coins nevertheless continued to be current^ 
 and are mentioned in several records down to the year 1270 j 
 and in 1265, the year of MontforEs Parliament, their value 
 was raised by proclamation from 20 to 24 pence; probably 
 equivalent in purchasing power to £2. 10s at the present 
 day. It is not likely that any great number of these coins 
 was ever struck, and being unpopular and, from their high 
 value, inconvenient, they would soon be melted down, a 
 process which would be greatly facilitated by the fact that 
 they were of pure gold, without alloy of any kind ; and this 
 will account for their being at present of extreme rarity, 
 only three or four specimens being known. The type is, 
 obv. the king crowned, in royal robes, seated on his throne, 
 holding a sceptre in his right hand, an orb in his left ; the 
 legend, HENEIC EEX III, is interrupted both at top and 
 bottom by the king^s figure, and the cross on the orb separates 
 the H in Henric from the E. Eev. a cross of double limbs, 
 each botone, extending nearly to the edge of the coin, as on 
 the silver pennies of 1248, a pellet in the centre of the cross, 
 and a rose surrounded by three pellets in each angle; a 
 beaded inner circle ; legend, WILLEM ON LYND. MB, 
 End. vSuppl. pi. vi. 18. Or with the arms and legs of the 
 throne formed by pellets instead of straight lines, legend 
 WILLEM ON LVNDE. MB. Num. Chron. N. S., hi. 
 190. The weight of both these coins is 45 J grains. One 
 of them was bought for £41. 10s. See woodcut on title- 
 jjage. Another, reading LVNDEN, sold at Capt. Murchi- 
 son^s sale in 1864 for £140. Mr. J. Evans has a fourth 
 
16 
 
 specimen^ reading LYND, and having a hole through the 
 field, which was formerly Mr. Cuff^s and Mr. Wigan^s. 
 They are the last English gold coins on which the name of 
 a moneyer appears, and are the only ones which have been 
 struck of pure gold. The amount of gold contained in 
 them is about of that in a modern sovereign, but their 
 purchasing power may be considered equal to that of £2 or 
 £2. IO 5 of our present money. 
 
 Edward IIT, 1327 to 1377. 
 
 No further attempts were made, after the ill-received 
 coinage of Henry III, to provide a gold currency for this 
 kingdom, until the 17th year of King Edward III, 1343. 
 Gold coins were, however, used in the countries with which 
 our principal commerce was carried on, notably in North 
 Italy, France, and Flanders ; and in 1343, in order to 
 increase the quantity of money in the kingdom and to 
 facilitate the trade with Flanders, the Council resolved, 
 after examining before Parliament certain merchants, 
 goldsmiths, and moneyers, that one kind of gold money 
 should be made both in England and Flanders, provided the 
 Flemings were willing, to be current at such weight, alloy, 
 and value, as should be appointed by the king and Council, 
 and that all other gold money should be prohibited in both 
 countries. Accordingly, in that year an indenture was 
 made between the king and the masters and workers and 
 changers of the money, according to which three monies 
 of gold were to be made ; one, which was called a florin, 
 to be current at 65 , to be equal in weight to two petit 
 florins of Florence of good weight, ^.e., 108 grains ; and 
 of the same fineness, namely, 23 carats 3J grains pure 
 gold to ^ grain alloy ; and the half and quarter florin in 
 proportion. This money was made current by a proclama- 
 tion on the 27th of January, 1343 ( 0 . /S'.), in which the new 
 coins were described as one coin with two leopards, each 
 piece to be current for six shillings, another piece of one 
 
17 
 
 leopard, and another piece of one helm, being respectively 
 the half and quarter of the larger coin, and of proportional 
 value, and were ordered to be received by all persons 
 throughout the realm. The same indenture was renewed 
 the next year, 1344, with a new master and worker; but 
 it was discovered that the coins were valued too high 
 in proportion to the silver, and were consequently generally 
 refused, and accordingly a proclamation was issued on the 
 9th of July to order that they should be taken in payment 
 only with the consent of those to whom they were offered, 
 and another on the 20th of August of the same year, 1344, 
 declared them no longer current without the consent of the 
 receiver, but they were to be considered as bullion and 
 taken according to their value as such. 
 
 It is not to be wondered at that under these circum- 
 stances the florin and its parts are extremely rare. Of 
 the florin two specimens only are known, both of which 
 were found together in the river Tyne. They have on 
 the obv. the king crowned and robed, seated under a 
 canopy, holding a sceptre in his right hand, an orb in his 
 left ; two leopards, as mentioned in the proclamation, are 
 placed one on each side the throne ; fleur-de-lys are 
 sprinkled over the field. Legend, BOWR D GRA ^ REX " 
 ANGL ® Z ® FRANC ° DNS ® HIB. Rev. tressure of four 
 curves, with a beaded interior foliated at each angle, con- 
 taining a short cross with quatrefoiled and foliated ends, and 
 a quatrefoil in the centre, upon a beaded cross voided ; in each 
 curve of the tressure is a crown, and outside each angle of 
 the tressure is a lion or leopard. Legend J IHC x TRAN- 
 SIENS ^ PE J MEDIYM ^ ILLORYM J IBAT ; One of 
 these pieces is in MB., pi. 1 (1) ; the other, which differs in 
 having a fleur-de-lys between the king’s right arm and his 
 body, and a greater number of fleur-de-lys in the field, was 
 sold at Mr. Forster’s sale in 1868 for £113, and is now in 
 the collection of Mr. Evans. It weighs 107 grs. 
 
 HALF-FLORIN. Obv. a leopard crowned, a banner 
 
 2 
 
18 
 
 bearing* tbe arms of France and England quartered is fas- 
 tened to bis neck and flows back on bis shoulder. EDWAR® 
 D « GRA « REX ANGL ^ Z « FRANC ° DNS « HIB. 
 Rev. a tressure of four curves, with a beaded interior wilflb a 
 lis at each angle, containing a cross nearly tbe same as that 
 on tbe florin ; a lion outside eacb angle, o DOMINE o NE o 
 IN 2 FYRORE I TVOi ARGYAS 2 ME 2 MB. PI. 1 . (2). 
 Rud. SuppL part ii, plate iii, 6 . Or without tbe J before 
 and after tbe legend. EVANS. These are tbe only two 
 specimens at present known. 
 
 QUARTER FLORIN. Obv. a lion crowned standing on 
 a cap of maintenance surmounting a helmet, attached to 
 which is the mantling or curtain, which was worn both for 
 ornament and as a protection against the sun. The field is 
 strewn with lys. EDWR J R J ANGL C Z 2 FRANC 2 D 2 
 HIB. Rev. a short cross potent upon a beaded cross 
 voided, with foliated ends, a quatrefoil in the centre. 
 2 EXALTABITYR 2 IN 2 GLORIA 2 PI. l^S). MB. 
 Wt. 27 grs. A brilliant specimen of the quarter florin 
 was sold at Capt. Murchison^s sale in 1864 for £170. One 
 in the Hunter Museum at Glasgow is engraved in Rud. 
 Gold Coins, I. 1, Suppl. part ii, pi. iii, 6 . Mr. Evans has 
 one like this, but reading EXALTABITAR. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE, 1344. The issue of gold florins 
 had been as unsuccessful as that of gold pennies ; but in 
 the same year in which the florins were called in, a new 
 indenture was entered into between the king and the master 
 of the mint, by virtue of which a Tower pound of gold was 
 to be coined into 39| nobles, at 65 8d each, or a proportion- 
 able number of half and quarter nobles ; and this new money 
 was made current by a proclamation which declared that 
 the coins were to be called Nobles, Maille Nobles, and 
 Ferling Nobles respectively, and that no one could refuse 
 to take them in payment of sums of 20 ^ and upwards, and it 
 was ordered that no person should carry, nor cause to be 
 carried out of tlic realm gold or silver in plate or in money. 
 
19 
 
 except the hinges money of gold aforesaid. It had been long 
 unlawful to export silver plate or money, and this prohibition 
 was extended to gold plate in 1331. The principal object 
 of the gold coinage, however, was to facilitate the trade 
 between England and Flanders, and the exportation of the 
 gold coins was therefore freely allowed for the present, though 
 it was stopped upon the representations of the Commons, 
 a few years afterwards. The reason for preventing the 
 exportation of uncoined gold was probably that it might be 
 brought to the mint to be coined, and a certain profit 
 obtained thereby for the king. 
 
 The weight of the new noble v/as 138j^ and the 
 fineness the same as before. The type is, obv. the king 
 in armour, crowned, holding in his right hand a sword, 
 in his left a shield, bearing the arms of France and England 
 quarterly, standing in a ship, the upper part of the side 
 of which is ornamented with three lions, behind each of 
 which are two lis. There are three ropes from the mast to 
 the stern of the ship, two to the prow. The French arms 
 are not, as they subsequently became, three lis only, but 
 seme de lys, i.e.j an indefinite number of lis on the shield. 
 Legend EDWAE S; D ^ GEA J EEX J ANGL J Z J 
 FEANC X ENS J HYB. Eev. within a compartment of 
 double moulding of eight arches, having a trefoil in each 
 spandril, is a short cross potent upon a beaded cross voided 
 with foliated ends, having L (for London) in the centre, 
 within a compartment of four arches and four angles, with 
 a trefoil at each angles and there is a lis opposite each 
 end of the cross, and a lion passant guardant with a 
 crown above it in each angle, x IHO J TEANSIENS J 
 PEE ^ MEDIVM ^ ILLOEYM ^ IBAT J PI. i. (4). Eud. 
 ii. 1. MB. Wt. 135 grs. Ext. rare. 
 
 The half-noble of this coinage is not known. 
 
 The quarter noble has on the obv. a shield with the 
 arms of France and England quarterly, within a double 
 tressure of six arches, a trefoil in each spandril, a pellet 
 
 2 * 
 
20 
 
 at eacli angle. EDWAE EEX ANdL Z FEANC D HYB. 
 A mark like an inverted comma between eacb word. Eev. 
 within a compartment of eight arches is a cross with 
 foliated ends^ having L in the centre, within a compartment 
 of four arches and four angles, with a trefoil at each angle ; 
 there is a lis opposite each end of the cross, and a lion 
 passant guardant in each angle. J EXALTABITVE ^ IN 
 JGLOEIAJ PL i. (5). MB. Wt. 334 grs. Ext rare. 
 One was sold at Mr. Cuff^s sale in 1854 for £10, and another 
 at Mr. Forster^s sale in 1868 for £9. Mr. Eashleigh has 
 a quarter noble weighing 344 grs. which has Q instead of 
 L in the centre of the reverse. It was bought at Mr. 
 Whitbourn^s sale in 1869. 
 
 The ship which appears upon these nobles is said to 
 commemorate the great naval victory which the English 
 fleet, commanded by the king in person, obtained over 
 the French fleet off Sluys, on Midsummer Bay, 1340, and 
 also to be intended to assert Edward^s claim to the 
 sovereignty of the seas. Their name is supposed to be 
 derived from the noble nature of the metal of which they are 
 composed, and however this may be, their beauty seems to 
 have made a great impression on the people, and a legend 
 was long current that they were made by alchemy, and the 
 inscription, Jesus autem transiens per medium illorum 
 ibat (Luke iv. 30) was explained to mean that as Jesus 
 passed invisible and in most secret manner by the middest 
 of the Pharisees, so gold was made by invisible and 
 secret art amidst the ignorant ; and it was said that it was 
 put upon the coins because Ripley, the Alchymist, when 
 lie made gold in the Tower, tlie first time he found it spoke 
 these words ^per medium eorum/ i.c., per medium ignis 
 et sulphuris.^^ It appears, however, that this text was 
 considered to be a charm against dangers in war and also 
 against thieves ; and it was perhaps its virtue in this last 
 respect which caused the authorities to place it on so 
 valuable a coin as the gold Noble. 
 
21 
 
 THIED COINAGE, 1346. In the King’s 20th year, 
 1346, by indenture with Percival de Porche, master of the 
 mint, the weight of the money, both of gold and silver, was 
 diminished, 42 nobles instead of 39^ being ordered to be 
 made out of the Tower pound, so that the noble was now 
 to weigh only 128ygrs., and the half and quarter in pro- 
 portion. In the same year also, upon the petition of the 
 Commons, an ordinance was made that no person, of what 
 estate or condition soever, should carry out of the realm the 
 king’s good money, including apparently the gold coins, 
 which it had hitherto been lawful to export. The coins of 
 this period, like all previous ones, are very rare. 
 
 NOBLE. Exactly the same as that of 1344, except that it 
 has Q, the initial of the king’s name, instead of L in the centre 
 of the reverse. Eud. ii. 2. MB. Wt. 127 grs. Very 
 rare. Three specimens were sold at Mr. Cuff’s sale in 1854, 
 of which Mr. Evans has one. 
 
 HALF NOBLE. Type as the noble, but three ropes 
 from each end of the ship, and three lions each followed by 
 a lis on the side. EDWAE. DEI. G. KEX. ANGL. 
 Z. FRANC. D Rev. DOMINE NE IN FVRORE 
 TVO J ARGYAS ^ ME. G in centre, lis before head of lion 
 in second quarter, two dots over upper limb of cross. PL i. 
 (6). MB. Wt. 60 J grs., considerably clipped. Very rare. 
 The object in the centre of the reverse is probably an G, but 
 is not very distinct. The Ns on the reverse of this coin are 
 of the Roman shape, not, as on all previous coins, Lombardic. 
 
 QUARTER NOBLE. Type as the previous issue of 1344, 
 but the compartment on the reverse is double, and it has 
 G instead of L in the centre. ^ ED WAR ^ R J ANGL x Z J 
 FRANE J D ^ IIYB ^ J EXALTABITVR ^ IN ^ GLORIA J 
 PL i. (7). MB. Wt. 32’3 grs. Two of these were sold at 
 Mr. Cuff’s sale in 1854 for 12.? and 13s respectively, and 
 one at Mr. Duncombe’s sale in June, 1869. Very rare. 
 
 FOURTH COINAGE, 1351. Notwithstanding the 
 diminution made in the weight of the nobio in IdIO, 
 
22 
 
 it was still found that the English coins had hitherto been 
 so much better than those of any other nation, that they 
 were exported, and base money brought into the realm, to 
 the impoverishment of the people and accordingly in 
 1351 the weight of the coins both of gold and silver was 
 still further reduced, and the noble, retaining the same 
 nominal value of 6s 8d5, was now to weigh only 120 grs., 
 45 being made out of the Tower pound, and the others in 
 proportion. An ordinance was made at the same time 
 forbidding all persons to carry out of the realm any gold or 
 silver, either in plate or in money ; but this would appear to 
 be repealed by the Statute of the Staple, in 1353, which 
 provided that no one should carry out of the realm the old 
 sterlings nor any other money hut the hinges new money of 
 gold and silvery’ so that an implied permission was given 
 to export new money. This permission was revoked by a 
 statute of 1381. 
 
 The pieces of the fourth coinage are of the same type as 
 those of former years, but they may be divided by their 
 legends into three periods, namely, from 1351 to 1360, 
 when the title of King of France appears on the coins, but 
 not that of Lord of Aquitaine ; from 1360 to 1369, when, in 
 accordance with the treaty of Bretigny in the former year, 
 the title of King of France was omitted and that of Lord of 
 Aquitaine substituted for it; and from 1369 to the king^s 
 death in 1377, when, the treaty of Bretigny having been 
 broken by Charles V, both titles were used. The pieces of 
 this coinage are by no means uncommon. 
 
 NOBLES. Type like those of 1346, having O in the 
 centre of the reverse, and trefoils in the spandrils. 
 
 1351 to 1360. The title King of France appears upon all 
 of these, but never that of Duke of Aquitaine ; and with the 
 exception of the first coin described, all of them have a 
 lis over the head of the lion in one quarter or other of the 
 reverse, and are ornamented, either between the words or 
 in the field of the reverse, with annulets. The letters of the 
 
23 
 
 legend are generally of tlie old English or Lombardic shape, 
 but with one exception (No. 16), the Ns are always of the 
 Eoman shape. 1. EDWAED DEI GEA ^ EEX ANGL ^ 
 Z ^ FEANC ^ D h. Three ropes from stern, one from prow; 
 three lions, each preceded by two lis, on the side of the 
 ship. Eev. IHE X AYTEM ^ TEANCIENS ^ P >< MEDIYM ^ 
 ILLOEYM X YBAT. Two dots over upper limb of cross. 
 MB, This coin was found with No. 12 in the cloisters of 
 Westminster Abbey. 2. Same but D HYB, three ropes 
 from each end of ship, three lis only in French arms on 
 shield, IBAT, two annulets instead of dots over upper limb 
 of cross, lis over head of lion in second quarter. MB, 
 
 3. EDWAED X DEI x GEA x EEX x ANGL x Z x FRANC ^ 
 D X HYB. Three ropes from stern, none from prow, three lis 
 only in French arms, ornaments on ship as I. Eev. IHC ® 
 AYTEM « TEANCIENS « MEDIYM HLLOEYM MB AT, 
 MM crown, lis over head of lion in second quarter. MB. 
 
 4. Same, but with one rope from the prow, French arms 
 seme de lys ; the stops are an annulet before Edward and 
 between all the words except after Edward, Rex, D, and 
 Illorum. PL ii. (8). MB. 5. « E DWARD « DEI « GRA^ 
 ANGL ° Z ° FRANC D ® HY B ° E. Ropes and orna- 
 ments as No. 1. Rev. legend as No. 3, lis in second 
 quarter. MB. Mr. Evans has one like 3, but without 
 the MM; two ropes from prow, EDYARD, no x after 
 D; and another in bad condition but apparently like 3, 
 without the MM, three ropes from prow, IB for Ibat. 
 6. As No. 1, but D HYB, IBAT, ornaments on side 
 of ship are lion, lis, lion, lis, lion. Lis in second quarter, 
 two annulets over upper limb of cross. Rud. ii. 3. 
 MB. 7. Obv. as No. 6. Rev. IHC x AYEM (sic) 
 X TRANCIENS x p x MEDIYM x ILLORYM x IPAT. 
 One annulet to right of upper limb of cross, lis in 2nd 
 quarter. MB. 8. x EDWERD x PBI x GRA x REX x 
 ANGL X Z X FRANC D B, two ropes from stern, one from 
 prow, three lis only in French arms, ornaments on ship as 
 
24 
 
 No. 6. Rev. as No. 1, but IHC^ IBAT, two annulets over 
 upper limb of cross, lis in 2nd quarter. MB. 9. EDWARD ° 
 DEI « GRA REX ANGL ^ Z « FRANC D ° HYB ; two 
 ropes from stern, one from prow, ornaments on ship as No. 6. 
 Rev. IHC ^ AVTEM ^ TRANCIENS ^ P ^ MEDIYM 
 ILLORVM IB AT. Lis in second quarter. EVANS. 10. 
 Same as last, but three ropes from prow, no annulet after D, 
 saltire after every word on rev. MB. 11. Obv. legend as 
 9, but FR ° ANC three ropes from each end of ship, 
 ornaments on ship lis, lion, lis, lion, lis, lion, lis ; lettering 
 smaller than usual. Rev. IHES AVTEM ^ TRANCIENS 
 ^ PER ° MEDIY ® ILDORYM ® IBAT, lis in second quarter. 
 EVANS. 12. Obv. legend as 9, but HYBE, no stops 
 between the words, three ropes from each end of the ship, 
 ornaments on ship one lis, lion, two lis, lion, two lis, 
 lion, two lis, lettering small. Rev. as the last. MB. 
 Mr. Evans has one reading ED WAD & ILLORY, and 
 with I between the words on rev. 13. Legends as 9, 
 but HI for Hyb, ropes and ornaments as 12, annulet 
 between words on both sides, lis in third quarter. MB. 
 14. Same as last, but HYB, IBA, and with lis in first 
 quarter instead of third. Rud. i. 2. MB. 15. Legends as 
 9, three ropes from stern, four from prow, annulet between 
 words on both sides, lis in first quarter, ornaments on ship 
 are two lis, lion, two lis, lion, two lis, lion, two lis. MB. 
 IG. Obv. legend as 9, three ropes from each end of ship, 
 ornaments on ship one lis, lion, two lis, lion, two lis, lion, 
 one lis. Rev. IHC J TRANSIENS J PER ^ MEDIYM J 
 ILLORYM X IBAT. Lis over head of lion in first quarter. 
 MB. The Ns on the reverse of this coin are of the Lombardic 
 not the Roman form. 17. Obv. as last. Rev. IHE^AYTEM ® 
 TRANCIENS " P " MEDIYM " ILLORYM " IBA" Hs over 
 head of lion in second quarter. MB. 
 
 1360 to 1369. These differ from the previous nobles in 
 that, in consequence of the treaty of Bretigny, the name of 
 France never appears on them, but that of Aquitaine gene« 
 
25 
 
 rally does. Most of them are marked with annulet s_, but 
 these never occur, as on former nobles, between the words 
 of the legend. On many coins of this time annulets are 
 substituted for trefoils at the angles of the central compart- 
 ment on the reverse. 
 
 18. EDWAKDYS J DEI J GRA ^ REX ^ ANGL ^ DENS J 
 HYB. Three ropes from stern, two from prow ; ornaments 
 on ship as Nos. 16 and 17. Rev. IHC ^ AYTEM J PER ^ 
 MEDIYM J ILLORYM ^ IB AT. Lis over head of lion in 
 second quarter, annulet instead of trefoil at each angle of 
 centre compartment, three pellets, for trefoil, in each span- 
 dril. PI. ii (11) MB, On this coin the N in ANGL is of the 
 Roman shape, that in DEN S of the Lombardic. On all subse- 
 quent nobles the Lombardic shape only is used. 19. Obv. 
 from the same die as the last. Rev. IHC ^ AYTEM J TRAN- 
 SIENS X PER X MED ^ ILLORR ^ IB AT. Lis and annulets 
 as the last. MB, The last two coins omit the French title 
 but do not add that of Aquitaine ; but the lis over the head 
 of the lion in the second quarter, and the ornaments on the 
 ship, connect them closely with the last of the coins struck 
 before 1360, and show that they must have been struck very 
 soon after that date. The blunders in the legends on these 
 and the next coins seem to show that the change of title 
 caused some confusion in the mint. 20. EDWARDYS ^ 
 DEI ^ GRA ^ REX ; ANGLIE ^ Z ^ AQYTA ^ D ^ Eh 
 Three ropes from each end, ornaments on ship as Nos. 16-19. 
 Rev. IHC ^ AYTEM ^ TRANSIEYS J P ^ MEDIYM J 
 ILLORR ^ IB AT Lis and annulets as the two last. 
 MB, 21. EDWARD DEI GRA ^ REX ^ ANGL ^ DNS ^ 
 HIBN ^ Z ^ AQ. Three ropes from each end, ornaments as 
 Nos. 16-20. Rev. IHC ^ AYTE ^ TRANSIENS J PER J 
 MEDYM X ILLORR ^ IBAT. Lis and annulets as the three 
 last. MB. 22. Obv. legend as last but HYB ^ Z ^ AQT, 
 two saltires between all the other words, and before Edward ; 
 three ropes from stern, two from prow ; ornaments on side 
 of ship are a lion, two lis, a lion, two lis. Rev. IHC J 
 
26 
 
 AVTEM J TEANSIENS ^ PEE J MEDIYM J ILLOEV ^ 
 IBAT. Trefoils at angles of centre compartment. MB, 
 23. Same as last without saltires before Edward, and 
 reading MEDIV ^ ILLOEYM ^ MB, 24. Same as last 
 with annulet before Edward. MB, 
 
 Calais. The foregoing coins all have Q, for the name of 
 the king, in the centre of the reverse, with the possible 
 exception of No. 20, on which the letter may be either Q or 
 Q ; but there are three coins of this period, 1360 to 1369, 
 in the British Museum which have a Q instead of C in that 
 place, and which also differ from the others in having a flag 
 at the stern of the ship ; and it is supposed that these coins 
 were struck at Calais. A mint was estabhshed at Calais as 
 early as the year 1347, immediately after its conquest by 
 the English, but it is not till the year 1363 that there is 
 any proof of gold being coined there. In that year the 
 Mayor was commanded to enforce an ordinance which had 
 been previously published forbidding the currency of any 
 money in the town except that which was coined at the 
 mint there ; and all persons importing wool from England 
 to Calais were ordered to bring, for every sack of wool so 
 imported, five shillings in weight of fine gold, or other 
 bullion of gold or silver, to the Calais mint. In 1364 
 Guater de Barde, master of the mint in the Tower of 
 London, undertook to coin the king^s money of gold and 
 silver at Calais, of the same weight and alloy as the money 
 of the Tower. It is probable that the three following coins 
 are specimens of this money ; and although, as being struck 
 at Calais, they cannot strictly claim a place among English 
 coins, yet we insert them here for the present because, even 
 though struck at Calais, they no doubt had a legal currency 
 in England ; and also because it is possible that, after all, 
 the C, on which we rest their appropriation, may have been 
 intended for an E, and that they may therefore, like the 
 rest, have been struck at the Tower. In any case it is 
 probable that the dies were made at tlic Tower, in order to 
 
27 
 
 ensure their uniformity with those of the English coins. 
 25. Same as 22, but with no saltires before Edward, a flag 
 at the stern of the ship, and CC in the centre of the reverse. 
 MB, 26. Same as the last, with small open quatrefoil 
 before Edward. See Rud. i. 4. MB, 27. Same as the last, 
 omitting the saltires after PER. MB, A Calais noble 
 without the flag was sold at Mr. Cuflf^s sale in 1854 for 
 £3. I 5 . Mr. Evans has one exactly like 23, but reading 
 HYB AQYT. 
 
 1369 to 1377. During this period the names both of 
 France and Aquitaine appear upon the coins. The annulet 
 mark is sometimes used, but never either between the 
 words of the legend or at the angles of the central compart- 
 ment on the reverse. All except the first mentioned in this 
 class have three ropes from the stern, one from the prow of 
 the ship, and have the side of the ship ornamented by a lis, 
 lion, lis, lion, lis, lion, lis. 
 
 28. ° EDWARD J DEI J a J REX J ANG ^ Z ^ FRA J 
 DNS X HYB ^ Z ^ AT. Otherwise exactly the same as 
 No. 24. MB, See Rud. i. 3. 29. EDWARD ^ DI GRA ^ 
 REX ^ ANGL Z ^ FRANC ^ DNS HIB Z ^ AQYIT. 
 Flag at stern. Rev. IHC J AYTEM ^ TRANSIENS ^ PER J 
 MEDIYM X ILLORYM x IBAT. Pellet after the Q in the 
 centre, two dots over the lis on the top and bottom limbs 
 of the cross. Rud. Suppl. pi. vi. 19. MB, This is the 
 only noble with a flag at the stern of the ship which has 
 not got Q instead of G in the centre of the reverse. 30. 
 Like the last, but without the flag, no pellets over the 
 limbs of the cross, saltire after Ibat. MB. 31. Same but 
 reading EDWARDYS, AQT. MB. 32. Same, with no 
 saltire after Ibat. MB, 33. Legends as 29 but AQ, small 
 cross after the 0 in the centre, annulet at spring of first 
 arch. MB. 34. Legends as 29 but AQ, MEDIY, ILLORY. 
 G in centre reversed, two saltires before Gra and Aq. MB. 
 A noble with Edward^s name, but with R in the centre of 
 the reverse, will be found described under Richard Il^s reign. 
 
28 
 
 Calais. Q in centre of reverse. Otherwise exactly like 
 28, but AQT, ILLORY. EVANS. 
 
 HALF NOBLES, 1351 to 1360. These, like the nobles 
 of the same period, which they very closely resemble, have 
 the titles of England and France but not of Aquitaine. 
 The type and legends are similar to those of the earlier half 
 nobles. Annulets occur between the words of the legends 
 on coins of this class only. 1. ED WAR ^ DEI ^ G ^ REX ^ 
 ANGL ^ Z ^ FRANC D (Hyb omitted). Three ropes from 
 stern, one from prow. Oruaments on ship lis, lion, lis, lion, 
 lis, lion, lis. Rev. DOMINE NE IN ^ F YRORE TYO ^ 
 ARGYAS ^ ME. Two dots over upper limb of cross on rev. 
 MB. Cf. noble No. 1, and half noble of 1346. 2. EDWAR « 
 D « GRA « REX « ANGL Z FRA D « HY. Three ropes 
 from stern, four from prow. Ornaments on ship two lis, 
 lion, one lis, lion, two lis. Rev. DOMINE NE ^ IN J 
 FYRORE J TYO ^ ARGYAS J ME. Lis over head of 
 lion in second quarter. MB. 3. Same but HYB, no 
 annulet before Gra, G in centre of reverse placed diagonally, 
 no lis in second quarter. PI. ii (9). MB. Cf. nobles. 
 Nos. 15-17. 
 
 1360 to 1369. Without the title of France, but generally 
 with that of Aquitaine. All of these have three ropes from 
 the stern, two from the prow. 4. EDWARDYS ^ DEI ^ 
 G J REX ANGL ^ D ^ H. Ornaments on ship lis, lion, 
 lis, lion, lis, lion. Rev. DOMINE ^ IN J FYRORE ^ TYO J 
 ARGYAS X M (omitting the important word NE). Annulet 
 at each angle of central compartment, lis over head of lion 
 in second quarter. MB. Major Thorburn has one reading 
 EDWARD and HIB with ^ between each word on obv. ; 
 and ME on rev. Cf. nobles. Nos. 18, 19. 5. ED ^ 
 DEI ^ GRA ^ REX ^ ANGL DNS ^ HIB ^ Z ^ AQ Q 
 Rev. DOMINE ^ IN SS FYRORE ^ TYO ^ ARGYTS ^ ME. 
 Otherwise as the last. MB. 6. Obv. from same die as the 
 last. Rev. as last, but ARGYAS instead of arguts, one 
 saltire after each word on rev. MB. 7. ^ EDWARD ^ 
 
29 
 
 DEI ^ G J REX J ANGL J D J HYB Z " AQT. 
 Ornaments on ship lion, two lis, lion, two lis. Rev. 
 DOMINE ^ NE J IN ^ FVRORE J TVO J ARGYAS ^ ME, 
 Cf. noble. No. 22. MB. 8. Same as the last, with annulet 
 instead of saltire before Edward. MB. Cf. noble. No. 24. 
 Major Stewart Thorburn has two similar ones with no mark 
 before Edward, one of which has a small trefoil instead of 
 ^ each side of Z. 
 
 Calais. — These have Q instead of Gt in the centre of the 
 reverse. 9. Same as 7, but with no mark before Edward. 
 PI. ii. (12) MB. 10. Same as the last, but with a flag at 
 the stern. Rud. i. 5. MB. 
 
 1369 to 1377. The nobles of this period have the titles 
 both of France and Aquitaine, but the latter does not appear 
 upon any half nobles. We attribute, however, to this period 
 those half nobles which, bearing the French title, differ 
 from the others which bear it by having a flag at the stern 
 of the ship and three ropes from the stern and only one 
 from the prow, like the nobles of the same period. The flag 
 appears upon no coins before the treaty of Bretigny in 1360. 
 
 1 1 . EDWARD X DI " GR A ^ REX ^ ANGL Z ^ FRANC ^ 
 D. Ornaments on ship, lis, lion, lis, lion, lis. Rev. legend 
 as 7, with saltire after ME. Cf. noble. No. 30. (14) AIB. 
 12. Same as last, omitting D. It is not clear whether 
 this coin has Q or Q or even R in the centre of the 
 reverse. 
 
 Calais. Same as No. 12, with no saltire after Franc or 
 Me, and with C in the centre of the reverse. MB. 
 
 QUARTER NOBLES, 1351-1360. These have for type, 
 obv. a shield with the arms of France and England quarterly 
 within a double tressure of eight arches, a trefoil at the 
 angle of each arch ; the whole within an inner circle. The 
 name of France always appears in the legend, but never 
 that of Aquitaine. Rev. within a double tressure of eight 
 arches is a cross having some ornament in the centre, 
 the extremities are foliated, and there is a lis opposite 
 
30 
 
 eacli of them^ and a lion passant guardant in each angle. 
 The whole within an inner circle. The following varieties 
 occur: 1. EDWAR ^ E ^ ANGL ^ Z FEANO ^ Eev. 
 EXALTABITYE ^ IN ^ GLORIA. Doubtful object in centre, 
 two dots over upper limb of cross. MB, 2. Obv. as last, 
 but annulet instead of saltire between the words. Rev. 
 GAhLOEI for Gloria, pellet ? in centre, one annulet over 
 upper limb of cross ; saltire between words. MB. 3. Same 
 as 2, but GhLORIA, annulet between words on both sides 
 and after Ghloria, none over cross, pellet in centre of 
 cross. MB, 4. EDWAE " D ° G ° EEX « ANGL Z « 
 EEANC. Eev. EXALTABITYE IN ^GhLOEIAg Gin 
 centre of cross. PL ii. (10) MB. 5. Same as 4, but 
 annulet after exaltabitur, no marks after the other words on 
 rev. MB. 6. Obv. as 5. Eev. EXALTABITYE « IN g 
 GLORIA ° A ; G in centre of cross. MB. 7. EDWAE ° 
 E " ANGL Z FRANC " D HYBEE. Rev. as 6. MB. 
 8. EDWAE EEX ANGL Z FEAE « D HYB. 
 
 Eev. as 6, but AI instead of A, one annulet after exaltabitur 
 and in, two after Gloria. Eud. i. 9. MB. 9. Obv. legend 
 as 1, but two saltires after E, none after D. Eev. 
 EXATABITYR {sic) ^ IN ^ GLORIA; G in centre of 
 cross. MB. 10. EDWE ^ E ^ ANGLIE ^ F DNYS ^ 
 HY. Rev. EXALTABITYE ^ IN ^ GLORIA G in 
 
 X 
 
 centre of cross. MB. 
 
 1360 to 1369. These quarter nobles are distinguished 
 from the previous ones by the omission of the title of King 
 of France. The title of Duke of Aquitaine, however, which 
 was placed upon the larger coins of this period, does not 
 appear on these, and the French title does not seem to have 
 been reintroduced upon them in 1369, so that the quarter 
 nobles struck during the observance of the treaty of 
 Bretigny are not distinguishable by their legends from 
 those struck after the breach of that treaty. Those which 
 we are now about to describe may, however, safely be 
 attributed to this period, on account of having annulets in 
 
31 
 
 the angles of the cross on the reverse, a peculiarity which 
 appears on nobles and half nobles of this date only. In 
 other respects they resemble the previous quarter nobles in 
 type, except that the ornaments in the centre of the cross 
 on the reverse are different, and that they never have 
 annulets between the words of their legends. Neither Q 
 nor Q ever occurs in the centre of the cross. 
 
 11. EDWAE DEI J GEAC ^ EEX ^ ANGL ^ D. 
 Annulet instead of trefoil at the angle of each arch, trefoil 
 in each spandril. Eev. EXALTABITYE J IN J GLOEIA J 
 Pellet within annulet in centre of cross, annulet in each 
 angle, pellet in each spandril. PI. ii. (13) MB. 12. Obv. 
 as 11, omitting D, with one saltire only between each word, 
 and pellet instead of trefoil in each spandril. Eev. as 11, 
 omitting the saltires after Gloria. Eud. i. 7. MB. 13. 
 Obv. legend as 11, trefoil at each angle, pellet in each 
 spandril. Eev. as the last. MB, Major Thorburn has one 
 with obv. as 12, but with trefoil at each angle, EEWAE, 
 GEA ; rev. as 11, but GLEIA H* Obv. as 13, but 
 trefoil instead of pellet in each spandril. Eev. legend as 1 1, 
 pellet within compartment in centre of cross, annulet in each 
 angle, trefoil in each spandril, no saltires after Gloria. MB. 
 15. EDWAE ^ DEI ^ GEA^ EEX ^ ANGL. Trefoil at each 
 angle, pellet in each spandril. Eev. EX AL TBIT YE ^ IN ^ 
 GLOEIA ^ Pellet in centre of cross, in each angle, and in 
 each spandril. MB. This coin much more closely resembles 
 those that have than those that have not annulets in the 
 angles of the cross, and is therefore placed with them, but 
 at the end of the period. The legend is blundered, as is 
 the case on so many of the coins struck about the time 
 when a change of type or legend was in progress at the mint. 
 
 1369 to 1377. Legend like the quarter nobles of the 
 last period, and type the same except that in the centre of 
 the cross on the reverse is a compartment having a trefoil 
 at each angle, like that on the coins previous to 1360 ; 
 within the compartment is some ornament. 
 
32 
 
 16. EDWAKD J DEI J dRA J REX J ANGL. Trefoil 
 at each angle, nothing in the spandrils, cross within annulet 
 over shield. Rev. EXALTABITVR ^ IN J GLORIA, annulet 
 in centre of cross, nothing in spandrils. MB. 17. Same 
 as last with pellet or annulet before Edward. MB. 18. 
 Obv. as 16, but cross over shield. Rev. as last, 
 but open quatrefoil in centre of cross. (15) MB. 19. 
 Legends as 16. Obv. trefoil at each angle, nothing in 
 spandrils. Rev. quatrefoil in centre of cross, nothing in 
 spandrils. Rud. i. 8. MB. 20. Obv. as last, with annulet 
 before Edward. Rev. as last, but lis in centre of cross. 
 MB, 21. Obv. as 19. Rev. as 19, but lis in centre of 
 cross ; one saltire only between each word. MB. On some 
 of these last coins the trefoils at the angles on the obverse 
 look more like rosettes. 
 
 London and Calais seem to have been the only places at 
 which gold coins of the English type were struck during 
 this reign, for though the king had a mint at York it does 
 not appear to have issued gold coins, and those which were 
 struck in Aquitaine were of an entirely different denomina- 
 tion and type. The ecclesiastical mints, at which the 
 smaller silver pieces were coined, were never allowed to 
 strike gold. In 1346 the king made a treaty with the 
 Flemings for the purpose of making a uniform gold cur- 
 rency for the two countries, of having his own gold coins 
 struck in Flanders, and of dividing between the two 
 countries the profits which should arise from such a 
 coinage ; and he appointed William Stury and Gilbert de 
 Wendlyngburgh to coin Pennies, Halfpennies, and Farthings 
 (of gold) called Nobles, in Ghent, Bruges, and Ipre. It 
 does not appear, however, that this coinage was ever 
 actually carried out. 
 
 Mint-marks, usually so called, that is to say, peculiar 
 marks placed at the beginning of the legend on one or both 
 sides of the coin, for the purpose of distinguishing one 
 coinage from another, were not regularly used until the 
 
33 
 
 reign of Edward lY. But Edward III and all succeeding 
 monarclis placed marks for tins purpose on some part or 
 other of the coins in order that the pieces for which one 
 master of the mint or one moneyer was responsible might 
 be known from those of another ; and if proper records of 
 the proceedings of the mint could be founds we should no 
 doubt be able to arrange the coins by means of these marks 
 almost as accurately as if they had dates upon them. 
 
 The following is a table of the principal of these marks 
 on the money of Edward III, the crosses showing upon 
 what coins in the British Museum the marks in question 
 are now found : — • 
 
 Tabular View. 
 
 Elor. 
 
 1 Flor. 
 
 4 Flor. 
 
 1st Coinage, 1343, 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 2nd Coinage, 1344, nohles, Wt. 1381% 9'^^’ 
 
 Noble. 
 
 ^ Noble. 
 
 i Noble. 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 L in centre of reverse 
 
 Q in centre of reverse . 
 
 
 
 Eash- 
 
 leigh. 
 
 3rd Coinage, 1346, nohles, Wt, 128f grs. 
 
 
 
 
 Q in centre of reverse . 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 „ „ lis in second quarter, 
 
 two dots over upper limb of cross 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 4th Coinage, 1351, nobles, Wt. 120 grs. 
 1351-1360. Title of King of England 
 
 
 
 
 and France. 
 
 
 
 
 Two dots over upper limb of cross on rev. 
 Lis in 2nd quarter, 2 annulets over upper 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 limb of cross .... 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 „ MM crown, annulets in rev. 
 
 
 
 
 legend . . . . 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 „ MM crown, annulets in legends 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 „ annulets in legends 
 
 ,, 2 annulets over upper limb of 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 cross, 3 lions and 2 lis on ship . 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 „ 1 annulet over upper limb of 
 
 
 
 
 cross, 3 lions and 2 lis on ship 
 Pellet in centre of rev., 1 annulet over 
 upper limb of cross, annulets in obv. 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 legend ..... 
 Lis in 2nd quarter, annulets in obv. legend 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 c 
 
 + 
 
 > 
 
34 
 
 lions and 4 lis on ship 
 
 55 55 55 
 
 3 lions and 7 lis on ship 
 is in 2nd quarter, annuh 
 3 lions and 7 lis on ship 
 ellet in centre of rev. anni 
 [ in centre of rev., annulel 
 is in 3rd quarter, annulei 
 1st ,, ,, 
 
 „ ,, annule 
 
 3 lions and 8 lis on ship 
 
 3 lions and 6 lis on ship 
 
 ” . 
 
 3 lions and 6 lis on ship 
 Annulets in obv. legend 
 €( in centre of rev., no annulets 
 
 1 in legends, 3 
 
 Noble. 
 
 Evans. 
 
 rev. legend, 
 
 + 
 
 s in legends. 
 
 Evans. 
 
 ets in legends 
 in legends 
 in legends 
 
 + 
 
 ,, 
 
 + 
 
 ; in legends. 
 
 + 
 
 obv. legend 
 
 + 
 
 legends. 
 
 + 
 
 . 
 
 -b 
 
 1 Noble. 
 
 I Noble, 
 
 1360-1369, title of King of France omitted. 
 That of Dulce of Aquitaine is generally 
 used on the nohles and half nobles. 
 
 Lis in 2nd quarter, annulet at each angle 
 of centre compartment on rev. 
 
 Pellet within annulet in centre of cross 
 on rev., annulet at angle of each arch 
 on obv. and in each angle of cross 
 on rev. .... 
 
 Pellet within annulet in centre of cross 
 on rev., annulet in each angle 
 Pellet within compartment in centre of 
 cross on rev., annulet in each angle . 
 Pellet in centre of cross on rev. and in 
 each angle .... 
 
 No lis in field, trefoils at angles 
 Same, with annulet before Edward 
 Calais. — No peculiar marks 
 Flag at stern of ship 
 „ quatrefoil before Edward 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Evans. 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1369 to 1377, titles of King of France and. 
 Fuke of Aquitaine both used on nobles. 
 Flag at stern of ship on half nobles. 
 
 Annulet in centre of rev., cross within 
 annulet over shield on obv. . 
 
 Same as last with annulet before Edward 
 Annulet before Edward 
 Q and pellet in centre of rev., two dots 
 over lis on top and bottom limbs of 
 cross, flag at stern of ship 
 Flag at stern of ship 
 H and pellet in centre of rev. 
 
 Q and cross in centre of rev., annulet at 
 spring of first arch 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 j_. 
 
 “b 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + + + *f + + + + 
 
35 
 
 
 Noble. 
 
 5 Noble. 
 
 3 Noble. 
 
 Q reversed in centre of rev. 
 
 Open qnatrefoil in centre of rev., cross 
 
 + 
 
 1 
 
 
 over shield on obv. 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 Qnatrefoil in centre of rev. 
 
 Lis „ ,, annulet before 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 Edward .... 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 Lis in centre of rev. 
 
 Calais.— Flag at stern of ship . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 No flag 
 
 Evans. 
 
 
 
 Eichard II, 1377 TO 1399. 
 
 The coins of Eichard II resemble in all respects the last 
 issued by his grandfather^ excepting that they have Eichard^s 
 name on the obverse^ and E instead of E in the centre of the 
 reverse. The noble continued to weigh 120 grs.^ and was 
 current for 6s 8d, and the others in proportion ; but from 
 several petitions presented to Parliament in this reign^ and 
 from the examination of some witnesses upon this point before 
 the House of Lords in 1381 and 1382^ it appears that the 
 intrinsic value of the gold coins was higher than their 
 nominal value. Great complaints were also made of the 
 clipping of the coins, both of gold and silver, and of their 
 exportation; and accordingly a statute was passed in 1381 
 forbidding their exportation except for the wages of the 
 king^s fortresses beyond the sea. The gold coins are not 
 common. At Mr. Bergnes^ sale, in 1873, two half nobles 
 sold for £10. lO.s and £15 respectively. 
 
 NOBLES. Type exactly like Edward IIPs last nobles, 
 with, like them, three ropes from the stern, one from the 
 prow. 1. Obv. from a die of Edward III, EDWAED ^ HI ^ 
 GEA ^ EEX ANGL Z ^ FEANC ^ HNS ^ HIB Z ^ AQ 
 Annulet ? before Edward. No flag. Ornaments on ship5s 
 side, lis, lien, lis, lion, lis, lion, lis. Eev. IHC x AVTEM J 
 TEANSIENS ^ PEE ^ MEHIVM ILLOEVM IBAT ^ 
 E (for Eichard) in centre of cross. MB. 2. EICAED J H J 
 G ^ EEX ^ ANGL ^ Z ^ FEANC ^ H ^ HIB ^ Z ^ AQ Flag 
 at stern, ornaments on ship as No. 1. Eev. from a die of 
 Edward III, with G in the centre. Legend as the last but 
 
 :3 * 
 
36 
 
 ILLORV. MB. Mr. Evans has one with obv. as 2, rev. as 
 1 but ILLORV ^ IBAT. 3. Obv. same^ but omitting A in 
 Ricard, and having no flag at stern. Rev. as but MEDIV ^ 
 ILL OR V X no saltires after Ibat. MB. This coin, and 
 Nos. 4, 7, and 11, were found in the cloisters of Westminster 
 Abbey. Captain Stewart Thorburn has a similar one with 
 only one cross after Ricard and Z, and reading TRANSIES. 
 4. RICARD ^ DI ^ C ^ REX J ANCL ^ Z J FRANC ^ D J 
 HIB ^ Z ^ AQ. No flag ; ornaments on ship as 1. Rev. as 1, 
 but MEDIV no saltires after Ibat. MB. 5. RICARD ^ 
 DEI J GRA " REX ^ ANGL DNS ^ HIB ^ Z ^ AQT. Flag 
 at stern, ornaments as 1. Rev. as the last. MB. See Rud. 
 i. 10, which reads DI. 6. Same as the last, but without 
 the flag ; two saltires after Ricard. Rev. legend IIIC ^ 
 AVTEM J TRANSIENS ^ PER ^ MEDIV ILLORV ^ 
 IBAT. (16) MB. 7. Obv. as 5, but omitting Z and the last 
 lis on the ship’s side, and reading AQ. No flag. Rev. as last 
 but IHC ^ MB. 8. RICARD >< DI GRA ^ REX J ANGL ^ 
 Z ^ FRANC ^ DNS HIB ^ Z ^ AQ. No flag ; ornaments 
 on ship as 1, lis on the rudder. Rev. as 1, but MEDIV no 
 saltires after Transiens or Ibat. MB. 9. RICARD ^ DI 
 GRA REX ^ ANGL ^ Z ^ FRANC ^ DNS ^ HIB Z AQ. 
 Flag at stern, ornaments on ship as 1, pellet above the shield. 
 Rev. as 1, but only one saltire after Ihc, none after Ibat. MB. 
 10. Same, but D instead of Dns, and AQT (?) ; ornaments 
 on ship lion, lis, lion, lis, lion ; MEDIV x instead of Medium. 
 MB. 11. Obv. as 9 but AQT; ornaments on ship as 10, 
 small dot at corner of shield instead of pellet above it. 
 Rev. as 7. MB. 12. Rud. ii. 4 gives an obverse like this 
 without the dot at the corner of the shield, and with no 
 flag, but with an escallop shell on the rudder. 13. Obv. as 
 11 without the dot. Rev. IHC J AVTEM x TRANSIENS J 
 PER ^ MEDIV ^ ILLORVM ^ IBAT. MB. 
 
 HALF NOBLES. Type like the previous ones. The 
 ornaments on the ship seem always to be three lions, with a 
 lis between each, as on the last nobles, except No. 3, which 
 lias none. 1 . RICARD M3 G " REX ANGL " Z " FRANC " 
 
37 
 
 D ^ h. Flag at stern. Eev. DOMINE ^ NE IN J FVEORE ^ 
 TVO ARGVAS ^ ME. Q in centre, from a reverse die of 
 Edward III. Of. noble. No. 2. MB. End. ii. 5 gives an 
 obverse similar to tbis but reading DI ^ GEA ^ EEX ^ ANGL ^ 
 Z FEANC ^ D X HYB. 2. Obv. as 1, but with AQ 
 following h, a saltire in the field near the rudder, two after 
 Eex, one between the other words. Eev. as 1, but E 
 stamped over 0 in the centre. MB. 3. EICAED ^ DI ^ 
 GEA ^ EEX ^ ANGL ^ Z ^ FE ^ D ^ h J Z ^ No flag, and no 
 lion or lis on side of ship. Eev. as No. 1, except that in 
 the die an E seems to have been cut upside down over the 
 a. {17) MB. 4. EICAED^DI^G^EEX^ANGL^Z^F^ 
 DNS HIB A. No flag. Eev. as 1, but E in centre, saltire 
 after Me. MB. 5. EICAED ^ D J G J EEX J ANGL J Z J 
 F X D X HIB J Z X AQ. No flag. Eev. as 1, but E in centre. 
 MB. 6. EICAED DEI ^ GEA ^ EEX ^ ANGL ^ DNS ^ 
 HIB Z AQ. No flag. Eev. as last. Eud. i. 11. MB. 
 7. Same, but D, AQT. THOBBUBN. 
 
 QUAETEE NOBLES. Like the last ones of Edward III. 
 1. EICAED DEI J GEA J EEX J ANGL. Trefoil at each 
 angle, nothing in spandrils. Eev. EXALTABITVE x IN x 
 GLORIA. Lis in centre of cross, nothing in spandrils. 
 Except the king^s name, this is almost identical with the 
 last of Edward IIFs quarter nobles. (18) MB. 2. Same, 
 but DI x^ ANG X MB. or ANGL, dot before and two 
 after rev. legend. EVANS. 3. EICAED J D ^ GEA ^ 
 EEX X ANGL X Z X F. Small cross or quatrefoil above 
 shield on obv., a single saltire between words on rev. 
 Otherwise as 1. EVANS. 4. EICAED ^ D ^ GEA ^ EEX ^ 
 ANGLIE ; obv. as last. Rev. EXALTABITVE " IN " 
 GLORIA. Pellet in centre. MB. 5. EICAED DI G ^ 
 EEX X ANGL Z FEAC. Trefoil at each angle, nothing in 
 spandrils; trefoil, or three annulets united, above shield. Rev. 
 EXALTABITVE x IN x GLORIA. Pellet in centre of rev. 
 This is in the collection of Mr. H. Montagu, 34, Queeids 
 Gardens. 6. As 1, but escallop over shield on obv., pellet 
 in centre of rev., two saltires after every word. MB. 
 
38 
 
 7. Same as 2, but pellet in centre of reverse, MB. 
 
 8. EICAKD " DI X GRA ^ REX ANGL Trefoil at 
 
 each angle and in each spandril. Rev. as 1, but pellet in 
 the centre. MB. 9. Same as 1, but legends RIG ARE J 
 DI J GRA ^ REX J ANG ^ Rev. EXALTABITVR ^ IN J 
 GLORIA. Two pellets in centre of reverse. THOBBURN. 
 10. Same as 1, but two saltires after Ricard, R in centre. MB. 
 
 Richard II does not appear to have used any mint except 
 that in the Tower. 
 
 Tabular View. 
 
 
 Xoble. 
 
 1 Noble. 
 
 f Xoble. 
 
 Obverse from die of Edward III 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Reverse from die of Edward HI, flag 
 
 
 
 
 at stern .... 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 
 
 ^ _ 5 * flag 
 
 
 
 
 at stern, saltire in field near rudder . 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 ,, no 
 
 
 
 
 flag, no lions or lis on ship 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 Xo flag nor special marks 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Flag, no special marks . 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Lis in centre of cross on rev. 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 Xo flag, last lis on ship’s side omitted 
 
 
 
 
 „ lis on rudder 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Flag, pellet above shield 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Lis in centre of rev., cross or quatrefoil 
 
 
 
 
 above shield . 
 
 
 
 Evans 
 
 Pellet in centre of rev., cross or quatre- 
 
 
 
 
 foil above shield 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 Pellet in centre of rev., trefoil above 
 
 
 
 
 shield ..... 
 
 
 
 Montagu 
 
 Flag, dot at corner of shield 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Pellet in centre of rev., escallop above 
 
 
 
 
 shield ..... 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 Xo flag, escallop on rudder 
 
 Rud. 
 
 
 
 Pellet in centre of rev., no special 
 
 
 
 
 marks ..... 
 
 
 
 
 ,, „ „ trefoils in 
 
 
 
 
 spandrils . . , . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 Two pellets in centre of rev. 
 
 
 
 Thorburn 
 
 R in centre of rev. 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 Henry IV, 1399 to 1413. 
 
 Henry IV^s coinage, until the year 1412, when the weight 
 was reduced, was continued on the same principles as that 
 of his predecessors, the noble remaining of the weight of 
 120grs., and of the current value of 6s 8dj and the fineness 
 being, as before, 23 carats 3| grs. pure gold to ^ gr. alloy. 
 The type also continued exactly the same. 
 
39 
 
 NOBLES. 1399-1412. Type as before ; obv., the king 
 in armour^ crowned, holding in his right hand a sword, in 
 his left a shield bearing the arms of France and England 
 quarterly, standing in a ship ornamented on the side with 
 lions and lis. The number of lis in the French arms varies. 
 Kev. within a compartment of double moulding of eight 
 arches, having a trefoil in each spandril, is a cross potent 
 upon a beaded cross voided, with corniced and foliated 
 ends. In the centre of the cross is h for Henry within a 
 compartment of four arches and four angles, with a trefoil at 
 each angle ; opposite each extremity is a lis, and in each angle 
 is a lion passant guardant with a crown above it. The known 
 varieties are, 1. HENRIC HI HRAEEX ANGL Z FRANC 
 T)NS HI Z AQ. No flag, French arms seme de lys, three 
 ropes from stern, one from prow, as on Richard Il^s coins, 
 ornaments on ship, lis, lion, lis, lion, lis, lion. Rev. IHC 
 AVTEM TRANSIENS PER MEDIY ILLORYM IBAT. 
 Rrd. Suppl. vi. 20. Wt. 1191 grs. 2. HENRIC . . . . . 
 ANGL Z ^ FRANC ^ D ^ HIB ^ Z AQE. Flag at stern, 
 French arms seme de lys, three ropes from stern, one from 
 prow, ornaments on ship, lion, lis, lion, lis, lion, lis. Rev. as 
 l,with saltire between each word. Rud. i. 13. The weight 
 of this coin is given as only 105 grs., but it has evidently 
 suffered so much from clipping that it must originally have 
 belonged to the heavy coinage. 3. Obv. legend as 1, flag at 
 stern, three lis only in French arms, ropes and ornamentg 
 as 2. Rev. as 1, two saltires between the words. EVANS. 
 Wt. only 103J grs., but considerably clipped. 4. HENRIC 
 HI ^ GRA REX ^ ANGL ^ Z ^ FRANC ^ DNS ^ HIB Z AQ. 
 No flag. Three lis only in the French arms, four ropes 
 from stern, one from prow, ornaments on ship, lis, lion, lis, 
 lion, lis, lion, lis. Rev. as 1, with two saltires between each 
 word. MB. Wt. 118*8 grs. See Rud. ii. G. This coin 
 was purchased in 1848 from the Pembroke collection for £21. 
 5. HENRIC ^ DI ^ GRA ^ REX ^ ANGL ^ Z FRANC " 
 DNS ^ HIB ^ Z ^ AQI ^ No flag, three lis only in the French 
 arms, ropes and ornaTiienis as 2. Rev. IIIC ^ AYTEM ^ 
 
40 
 
 TEANSIENS J PER J MEDIVM ^ ILLORVM J IBAT. 
 Cross in second quarter above the lion’s tail. (19) EVANS. 
 Wt. 118i grs. 6. HENRIC ^ DI GRA ^ REX ^ ANGL Z 
 ERANC DNS ^ HYB. Trefoil or quatrefoil after Hyb, 
 trefoil ? at king’s wrist_, trefoil at prow ; three lis only in the 
 French arms ; three ropes from stern^ two from prow^ 
 ornaments on side of ship^ lion, two lis, lion, two lis; 
 annulet below them; annul et ? between the king’s arm and 
 his sword. Rev. IHC AVTEM ^ TRANSIENS ^ PER J 
 MEDIY ^ ILLORV ^ IBAT. Trefoil or quatrefoil over head 
 of lion in second quarter. Rud. iii. 3. Wt. 113 grs. Very rare. 
 
 HALF-NOBLES. 1399 to 1412. We know of no ; 
 specimens. In Henfrey’s Guide to English Coins,” the/ 
 legends are given as Henric Di Gra Rex Angl z Franc/ 
 Rev. Domine ne in furore tuo arguas me. Gold half nobleg 
 seem to be intimately connected with silver half groats^ 
 frequently having the same mint-marks, &c. ; and of heavy 
 half groats of Henry IV only one or two specimens are knowb. 
 
 QUARTER NOBLES. 1399 to 1412. Type as before. 
 HENRIC ..... ANGL Z FRAN. French arms seme 
 de lys. Crescent over shield. Rev. EXALTABITVR IN 
 GLORIA. Pellet in centre of cross. (20) EVANS. Weight 
 30 grs. Ext. rare. 
 
 Throughout this reign constant complaints were made in 
 Parliament of the want of gold and silver money, and 
 various enactments were passed to prevent its exportation ; 
 and at last in the 13th year of the king, 1411, ‘‘^because of 
 the great scarcity of money at this time within the realm of 
 England, and because of other mischiefs and causes mani- 
 fest,” the weight of all the coins was reduced, so that a 
 pound of gold. Tower weight, which had previously been 
 made into 45 nobles, was now to be made into 50, thus 
 bringing down the weight of the noble to 108 grains. Its 
 nominal value was still 6s 8d^ and the fineness was the same 
 as before. This statute came into operation at Easter, 1412, 
 and as the king died on the 20th of March, 1412-13, the 
 coins struck by virtue of it in his reign must all have been 
 
41 
 
 struck in ratker less than a year_, and they are accordingly 
 rare. The great rarity of the earlier coins is easily accounted 
 for^ as they were scarce before the statute,, and would 
 naturally be melted down as soon as the weight was reduced. 
 
 A little before this reduction of weight, the number of 
 lis in the French arms, which had hitherto been indefinite, 
 was reduced to three by Charles YI ; but the old form con- 
 tinued to be used on the quarter nobles of Henry IV till 
 the end of his reign, and any light nobles or half nobles 
 having the French arms seme de lys would necessarily be 
 attributed to this second coinage ; but we do not know of 
 the existence of any of these. The new form was used by 
 Henry V, when Prince of Wales, as early as the sixth year of 
 his father, and seems to have been adopted upon the heavy 
 nobles at about the same date. It is necessary, therefore, 
 to look for some other means than the form of the French 
 arms to distinguish the last coinage of Henry lY from that 
 of his son, and a comparison of the gold with the silver 
 coins of this period leads us to believe that all or almost all 
 of the nobles and half nobles, as well as of the groats and 
 half groats, struck in the last year of Henry lY, were 
 marked in some part or other with a trefoil, as is the last 
 described of his heavy nobles. The trefoil occurs also on a 
 few coins which we attribute to the beginning of Henry Y^s 
 reign, but in that case it seems to be always connected with 
 a pierced cross at the beginning of the legend, which is a 
 distinguishing mark of the silver coins of Henry Y. These 
 trefoil-marked coins are certainly the earliest we possess of 
 the light coins of the three Henries, and it is very unlikely 
 that no specimens of the coinage of 1412 should have come 
 down to us. According to this rule, the following coins 
 belong to Henry lY. 
 
 NOBLES, 1412. Type as before. There are only three 
 lis in the French arms, and there is no flag at the stern of 
 the ship. 1. HENIHC ^ HI ^ OR A " REX " ANGL " Z " 
 FRANC ^ HNS ^ HIB ^ Z A. Three ropes from stern, one 
 from prow. Ornaments on ship lis, lion, two lis, liun, iis. 
 
42 
 
 Slipped trefoil below them on the side of the ship. Eev. 
 THC J AYTEM ^ TRANSIENS S; PEE MEDIYM J 
 ILLOEY IBAT. Trefoil at head of lion in third quarter. 
 (21) MB. Wt. 106 grs. 2. Same but FEAC, AQ, 
 ILLOEYM^ annulet as well as trefoil on side of ship^ trefoil 
 in second instead of third quarter of rev., saltire between 
 each word on obv., two on rev. JEVANS. Wt. 108 grs. 
 
 HALF NOBLES, 1412. Type as the nobles. 1. HEN- 
 EIC ^ DI ^ O ^ EEX ANOL Z FEAC IL^AQ, 
 Two ropes from, stern, one from prow. Ornaments on ship, 
 lion, lis, lion, lis, lion ; annulet and trefoil below them. Eev. 
 DOMINE ; NE ^ IN ^ FYEOEE ^ TYO ^ AEGYAS ^ ME. 
 Trefoil at head of lion in first quarter. EVANS. 2. Same, 
 but trefoil in second quarter instead of first. EVANS. 
 3. Same, but trefoil in fourth quarter, two saltires after 
 Me. (22) EVANS. Weight of all three about 53 grs. 
 
 QUAETEE NOBLES, 1412. These are not all marked, 
 like the nobles and half nobles, with a trefoil in the field, 
 but nearly all of them have more than three lis in the French 
 arms, and are distinguishable by this means from the coins 
 of Henry Y and YI. Type like the first issue, viz. Obv. 
 a shield with the arms of France and England quarterly 
 within a double tressure of eight arches, having a trefoil at 
 each angle; the whole within an inner circle. MM cross 
 patee. Eev. within a double tressure of eight arches is a 
 cross having an annulet or lis in the centre, the extremities 
 are foliated, and there is a lis opposite each of them, and 
 a lion passant guardant in each angle. The whole within 
 an inner circle. MM cross patee. 1. HENRICYS x El J 
 GEA X ANGL ^ Z FEAN. Crescent? above shield. 
 French arms seme de lys. Eev. EXALTABITYE ^ IN ^ 
 GLORIA. Annulet in the centre of the cross. Eud. i. 14. 
 Wt. 254 grs. 2. HENRICYS " D ^ GEA ^ REX J ANGL. 
 French arms semi de lys. Rev. as last but a lis in centre 
 of cross, saltire after Gloria. MB. Wt. 18’8 grs. 3. HEN- 
 EIC DEI GEA EEX ANGL. Four lis in first quarter 
 of shield, three in fourth quarter. Trefoil after Henric, 
 
43 
 
 other stops doubtful. Rev. as 2, but stops doubtful, 
 h after Gloria. MONTAGU. Wt. 23i grs. 4. HEN- 
 RIC X REI X GRA X REX x ANG. Lis above the shield, 
 slipped trefoil with annulet below it on each side of the 
 shield; French arms seme de lys. Rev. EXALTABITVR 
 IN GLORIA, lis in centre of cross, stops between words 
 doubtful. (23) MB. Wt. 20-8 grs. 5. HENRIC ^ OI 
 GRA ^ REX ^ ANGL. Lis above the shield, slipped trefoil 
 with annulet below it on each side. Three lis only in the 
 French arms. Rev. EXALTABITVR ^ IN GLORIA^ 
 Lis in centre. MB. Wt. 20 grs. 
 
 Henry IV appears to have struck coins in London only, 
 and they are all rare. At Mr. ForsteFs sale, in 1868, a noble 
 of the first coinage sold for £12, and one of the second 
 coinage for £11. 
 
 Tabular View. 
 
 1st Coinage, 1399-1412. 
 French arms se?ne de lis, no flag 
 
 Noble. 
 
 ^ Noble. 
 
 1 Noble. 
 
 Eud. 
 
 
 
 „ „ flag at stern 
 
 „ „ crescent above 
 
 Eud. 
 
 
 
 shield ..... 
 French arms three lis, flag at stern 
 
 Evans 
 
 
 Evans 
 
 „ „ no'flag . 
 
 „ „ cross in 2nd 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 quarter .... 
 
 Evans 
 
 
 
 „ „ trefoil ? after 
 
 
 
 
 Hyb, at prow, at wrist, and in 2nd 
 quarter, annulet on side of ship and 
 
 
 
 
 between arm and sword 
 
 End. 
 
 
 
 2nd Coinage, 1412. 
 
 
 
 
 Trefoil on side of ship and in 3rd 
 
 
 
 
 quarter .... 
 
 Trefoil and annulet on side of ship, 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 trefoil in 1st quarter . 
 
 
 Evans 
 
 
 „ 2nd quarter . 
 
 Evans 
 
 Evans 
 
 
 ,, 4th quarter . 
 
 French arms seme de lis, crescent above 
 
 
 Evans 
 
 
 shield, annulet in centre of rev. 
 
 
 
 Eud. 
 
 ,, ,, lis in centre of 
 
 
 
 
 rev. . . . . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 ,, „ lis in centre of 
 
 rev., trefoil in obv. legend 
 
 
 
 Montagu 
 
 „ ,, lis in centre of 
 
 
 
 rev. and above shield, trefoil and 
 annulet on each side 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 French arms three lis, otherwise as last 
 
 
 
 + 
 
44 
 
 Henry Yj 1413 to 1422* 
 
 The coins of Henry Y resemble those of his predecessor, 
 and are of the Y^eight established in 1412. The king^s 
 name is not distinguished by numerals on any of the coins 
 of Henry lY, Y, or YI, but the earlier coins of Henry lY 
 may be known by their weight, and all his later ones have 
 either a trefoil ornament in the field or more than three lis 
 in the French arms. On Henry Y^s coins there are never 
 more than three lis in the French arms, and any which have 
 a trefoil in the field have also a pierced cross at the beginning 
 of the legend on one side or the other, a mark which we 
 believe never appears on coins of Henry lY, and very 
 rarely on those of Henry YI before his restoration. On 
 Henry Y^s coins no other mark than a cross ever appears 
 at the beginning of the legend, nor is there anything but 
 saltires between the words. The marks on the gold series 
 correspond to a great extent with those on the silver, and 
 this enables us to arrange the coins with much greater 
 certainty than we could otherwise have attained. 
 
 Several complaints were made in Parliament during this 
 reign of the clipping, filing, washing, and counterfeiting of 
 the coins. In 1421 the gold coins are said to have been less 
 scarce than the silver, so much so that silver money could 
 not be obtained in exchange for a noble even of full weight; 
 but the gold coins must have been in a very bad condition, 
 for in this year the tax collectors, who generally received 
 money only by weight, were ordered to accept any noble 
 which by its weight was of the intrinsic value of 5s 8d, in 
 full payment of the sum of 6s 8t?, which was its original 
 value ; and by a statute of this same year all gold coins 
 which were less than their lawful weight were ordered to be 
 brought to the Tower of London to be recoined. This was the 
 only place in England at which gold coins were struck 
 during this reign. In June, 1420, Henry married Catherine, 
 daughter of the King of France, and by the treaty made on 
 
45 
 
 this occasion he agreed to relinquish the title of King of 
 France and adopt that of Heir of France instead^ during the 
 lifetime of Charles YI ; but this agreement does not seem 
 to have been acted upon in England, as all his coins bear 
 the title of King of France. 
 
 NOBLES. Type as those of Henry lY. There is no 
 flag at the stern of the ship. They all have a mullet in the 
 field below the king’s wrist, and a quatrefoil in the second 
 quarter of the reverse, thus corresponding with the second 
 class of the groats and half groats of Henry Y. 
 
 1. HENRIC HI ^ GRA ^ REX ^ ANGL ^ Z ^ FRANC 
 DNS HYB. Quatrefoil after Hyb, trefoil at prow, three 
 ropes from stern, two from prow, ornaments on side of ship 
 lion, two lis, lion, two lis ; annulet below them and between 
 the king’s arm and his sword. Rev. THC AYTEM ^ 
 TRANSIENS J PER ^ MEDIY ^ ILLORY ^ IBAT MM 
 cross pierced. See Ym?i. Chron., N. S., v. p. 174, No. 1. 
 Wt. 107 grs. This is almost identical with Rud. iii. 3, the 
 weight of which, however, shows that it was struck before 
 1412, whereas the pierced cross appropriates this coin to 
 Henry Y. 2. Obv. legend as last, but DNS J, quatrefoil 
 after Hyb, two ropes from stern, one from prow, ornaments 
 on ship, lion, two lis, lion, two lis (?), annulet below them. 
 Rev. legend and MM as last, trefoil in first quarter. MB. 
 3. Same as 2, with broken annulet (?) between the king’s 
 arm and his sword. Ornaments on ship, lis, lion, lis, lion ; 
 pellet instead of trefoil in first quarter. (24) MB. 4. Same 
 as 1 without the quatrefoil after Hyb, the trefoil at prow, 
 and the annulet between the king’s arm and his sword; the 
 annulet on the side of ship is broken. MB. 5. Same as 1, 
 but without the trefoil at prow and the annulet between the 
 arm and the sword ; slipped trefoil and broken ? annulet on 
 side of ship, ornaments and ropes as 1. Rev. MM cross 
 and pellet. MB. Wt. 106’3 grs. 6. Same as 1 but : after 
 Z and Dns, no trefoil at prow, no annulets. Rev. MM 
 plain cross and pellet. MJi. 
 
46 
 
 HALF NOBLES. Type like the nobles. They all have 
 a mullet over the shield on obv. 1. HENRI C "" HI ^ GRA ^ 
 REX ^ ANGL ^ Z ^ FR ^ D ^ HYB. Mullet over shield, 
 three ropes from stern, two from prow. Ornaments on ship, 
 lion, two lis, lion, two lis ; broken annulet below them. Rev. 
 DOMINE X NE ^ IN FVRORE ^ TVO J ARGYAS ^ ME 
 MM plain cross, broken annulet in first quarter. (25) MB. 
 Wt. 52*8 grs. 2. Same, but H for Hyb, broken annulet in 
 second quarter instead of first. EVANS. 3. As 1, but 
 reading F ^ DN ^ HY, two ropes from stern, one from prow, no 
 annulet visible on side of ship, pellet in first quarter, annulet, 
 not broken, in second ; no trefoils in spandrils on rev. MB. 
 4. As the last, but reading D HY and omitting the last two 
 lis. Rev. MM pierced cross, trefoils in spandrils. EVANS. 
 
 QUARTER NOBLES. Type similar to the former ones, 
 obv. a shield with the arms of France and England quarterly, 
 those of France being three lis only, within a double 
 tressure of eight arches, the whole within an inner circle. 
 All of them have a lis above the shield. Rev. within a 
 double tressure of eight arches is a cross having a lis in the 
 centre within a compartment of four arches and four angles, 
 the limbs are foliated, and there is a lis opposite each of 
 them, and a lion passant guardant in each angle. The 
 whole within an inner circle. 
 
 1. Legends transposed, EXALTABITYR J IN ^ GLORIA 
 being placed on the shield side of the coin. MM pierced 
 cross, lis above shield, trefoil ? and annulet on each side, 
 two annulets below; annulet at each angle of tressure. Rev. 
 HENRIC REX ANG Z FRAN, MM pierced cross, one 
 or two saltires between the words. EVANS. 2. HENRIC ^ 
 REX ^ ANGL ^ Z ^ FRANC. MM pierced cross, lis above 
 shield, trefoil on one side, mullet on the other, annulet at 
 six angles of the tressure. Rev. EXCYLTABITYR J IN J 
 GLORIA, MM pierced cross. (26) MB. 3. Exactly the 
 same, but only one saltire between words on rev. MB. 
 4. HENRIC ^ REX ^ ANGL ^ Z " FRANC. MM piercdd ? 
 
47 
 
 crosSj lis above sbield, broken annulet on one side^ mullet 
 on the otber^ annulet at six angles of the tressure. Rev. 
 EXALTABITVR ^ IN ^ GLORIA. MM cross pierced. 
 MB. See Rud. i. 17^ where the MM on both sides is a plain 
 cross^ and the stops on the obverse are represented as 
 trefoils. 5. HENRIC ^ REX J ANGL Z ^ FRACIE MM 
 plain cross^ lis above sbield_, broken annulet ? at each side, 
 annulet at each angle of the tressure. Rev. as the last, but 
 only one saltire after each word, MM plain cross. MB. 
 Wt. 20grs. 
 
 Tabular View. 
 
 MM pierced cross ; mullet, trefoil, and 
 annulet in field ; annulet on ship ; 
 quatrefoil in legend and in 2nd 
 quarter .... 
 
 ,, „ mullet in field ; 
 
 annulet on ship ; quatrefoil in legend 
 and in 2nd quarter ; trefoil in 1st 
 quarter . . . . 
 
 „ ,, mullet and broken 
 
 annulet in field ; annulet on ship ; 
 quatrefoil in legend and in 2nd 
 quarter; pellet in 1st quarter 
 ,, ,, mullet in field ; 
 
 broken annulet on ship ; quatrefoil 
 in 2nd quarter 
 
 MM plain cross and pellet ; mullet in 
 field ; trefoil and broken annulet on 
 ship ; quatrefoil in legend and in 2nd 
 quarter . . . . 
 
 ,, ,, mullet in 
 
 field, quatrefoil in legend and in 2nd 
 quarter . . . . 
 
 MM plain cross ; mullet in field ; broken 
 annulet on ship and in 1st quarter 
 ,, ,, „ broken 
 
 annulet on ship and in 2nd quarter . 
 „ ,, ,, pellet in 
 
 1st quarter, annulet in 2i]d 
 
 MM pierced cross ; other marks as last 
 ,, ,, lis above shield ; 
 
 trefoil and annulet each side, two 
 
 annulets below 
 
 „ ,, lis above shield, 
 
 trefoil and mullet at sides 
 „ ,, lis above shield, 
 
 broken annulet and mullet at sides . 
 
 M M plain cross ; lis above shield ; 
 broken annulet each side 
 
 Noble. 
 
 1 Noble. 1 
 
 N}7i. Clir. 
 
 Noble. 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Evans 
 
 + 
 
 Evans 
 
 Evans 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
48 
 
 Henry YI, 1422 to 1461. 
 
 Henry YFs coinage^ until his deposition in 1461, was 
 conducted on the same principles as that of his father. The 
 noble continued to weigh 108 grs., and to be of the nominal 
 value of 65 8 (i, and the type remained exactly the same, so 
 that, as his name was not distinguished by numerals from 
 that of his father, their coins can only be known apart by 
 the various small marks which appear in the field or within 
 the legend, and which were used by the mint for the 
 express purpose of distinguishing the various coinages. 
 Of these marks the most conspicuous on Henry YFs gold 
 coins is a lis, which was used as a mint-mark at the 
 beginning or end of the reverse legend on nearly all struck 
 by him before his deposition in 1461, whereas nothing but 
 a cross was ever used in that place by his father or grand- 
 father. The coins struck during his short restoration in 
 1470 were of a different type, weight, and value, and will be 
 described afterwards. 
 
 The coins struck before the deposition may be divided 
 into four classes, of which the distinguishing marks are 
 respectively, annulets, rosettes, pinecones, and trefoils, 
 corresponding with the first four issues of silver coins. But 
 of the first and third of these, very few coins seem to have 
 been struck. 
 
 NOBLES. None of these have any mint-mark at the 
 beginning of the legend on the obverse, and they all have 
 two ropes from the stern, one from the prow. 
 
 Of the first, or Annulet Coinage, no nobles are known. 
 
 Class II. Bosette Coinage. 1. HENRIC HI GRA REX 
 ANGL Z FRANC DNS HYB. Rosette after every word. 
 Flag at stern. Ornaments on ship lis, lion, lis, lion, lis. 
 Rev. IHC " AVTEM ^ TRANSIENS J PER ^ MEDIY ^ 
 ILLORV ^ IBAT MM plain cross. Rud. ii. 10. 2. Obv. 
 as last with lis below the king^s wrist. Rev. IHC AVT 
 TRANSIENS PER MEDIVM ILLORY IBAT. MM lis^ 
 
49 
 
 lis over head of lion in second quarter, mascle after Per, 
 rosette between the other words. (27) MB. 3. As last, but 
 no flag on obv., and rev. legend IHC AYT TRANCIENS 
 PER MEDIYM ILLOYR IBAT. MB. A mascle after 
 certain words of the legend is a distinguishing mark of the 
 second and third issues of silver coins. 
 
 Class III. Bine-cone coinage. 4. Obv. legend as 1, but 
 HIB. No flag. Lis below king^s wrist, mascle after Rex, 
 rosette after every other word. Ornaments on ship as No. 1. 
 Rev. IHC AYT TRNCIENS PER MEDIYM ILLORY 
 IBAT. MM lis, lis in third quarter, mascle after per, pine- 
 cone after every other word. The h in the centre is upside 
 down. Num. Chron., N. S., v. 175, No. 4. The weight of 
 this coin is said to be 111 grs., which is 3 grs. more than the 
 proper full weight. The rosettes and cones, the characteristics 
 of the second and third coinages, both appear on this piece. 
 5. Same as the last, but HYB, rosette instead of mascle after 
 Rex. Rev. as last, but TRANCIENS, lis in second instead of 
 third quarter, h placed correctl}^ EVANS. 6 . Obv. legend 
 as 1, but HIYB. Mascle after Rex, cone between the 
 other words except on each side of Z. Ornaments on 
 ship as 1. Rev. IHC AYT TRANCIES PER MEDIYM 
 ILLORYM IBAT. MM lis, lis in second quarter, mascle after 
 per, cone between the other words. (28) EVANS. Num. 
 Chron., N. S., v. 175, No. 5. 7. Obv. legend as No. 1, but 
 
 HY. Pellet each side of the h in Henric, two after Henric, 
 annulet after Di, Gra, Rex, and Franc, saltire each side of 
 Z, lis between cone (?) and annulet under the shield. 
 Ornaments on ship as 1. Rev. IHC ^ AYT ^ TRANSIENS 
 PER MEDIYM ILLORY IBAT. MM lis, the h in the centre 
 upside down. EVANS. Num. Chron. ,N. S., v. 175, No. 6. 
 The annulets on this piece connect it with the next coinage. 
 
 Class IV. Trefoil coinage. 8. Obv. legend as No. 1, but 
 FRAN, HY. Annulet at king^s wrist, trefoil after every 
 word. Ornaments on ship, lis, lion, lis, lion, lis. Rev. IHC 
 AYT ° TRANSIENS « PER « MEDIYM " ILLOR " IBAT. 
 
 i 
 
50 
 
 MM lis^ trefoil after Ilic, annulet instead of trefoil in one 
 spandril. MB. 9. As 8 but legend as 1^ no trefoil after 
 Hyb. Kev. as 8 but ILL OR Y, mullet after Ibc^ trefoil in 
 second quarter near lion^s bead. THOBBUBN. 10. Obv. 
 legend as No. 1, annulet at king^s wrists lis after Henric, 
 trefoil betvreen the other words. Ornaments on sbip^ lion, 
 two lis, lion, one lis. Rev. IHC AYT " TRANSIENS « 
 PER « MEDIYM " ILLORY " IB AT. MM lis, mullet after 
 Ibc, annulet instead of trefoil in one spandril. MB. Rud. 
 
 i. 15, where, however, a trefoil is represented in every 
 spandril. 11. Same as the last, but reading HIB. MB. 12. 
 Same as 10, but with a flag in the stern of the ship, orna- 
 ments as 8. Rud. ii. 7. MB. 13. Same as 10, but with 
 a lis over the stern of the ship, ornaments as 8. MB. Rud. 
 
 ii. 9, where, however, a trefoil is represented in every spandril. 
 
 Calais. 14. Exactly like 12, but with C inclosing a 
 
 pellet, instead of h, in the centre of the reverse. MB. 
 
 HALF NOBLES. These seem to belong to the rosette 
 and trefoil coinages only; but as the characteristics of 
 both classes occasionally appear on the same coin, there 
 was probably no great interval of time between the two, and 
 rosettes may have continued to be used on the smaller pieces 
 after they had been discontinued on the nobles. The 
 smaller coins with rosettes, however, are not numerous, and 
 accordingly in 1423 we find the Commons complaining to 
 the king that little or nothing of small coins was struck, 
 but only nobles and groats, to the great harm of the people 
 and the singular advantage of the master of the mint,^^ who 
 was paid according to the weight of money coined, and to 
 whom it therefore answered better to coin large pieces than 
 small ones, as the expense and trouble of coining would be 
 greater in proportion to their weight for small than for 
 large coins. The type of the half nobles remained exactly 
 the same as before, and like the nobles. 
 
 Class II. Bosette coinage. 1. HENRIC DI GRA REX 
 ANGL Z FRANC. Lis at king^s wrist, rosette after every 
 
51 
 
 word. Rev. DOMIN NE IN FVRORE TVO ARGVAS 
 ME. MM lis^ rosette between each word. Rud. iii. 2. 
 This is the only specimen we know of this class. 
 
 Glass IV. Trefoil coinage. 2. Obv. legend as No. 1, 
 annulet at king’s wrist^ lis after Henric^ trefoil after every 
 other word; ornaments on sbip^ lis^ lion^ lis, lion, lis. Rev. 
 legend as No. 1, but DOMINE. MM lis, mullet after 
 Domine, annulet between the other words, annulet instead 
 of trefoil in one spandril. Rud. ii. 8. MB. 3. Same as 
 the last, with a flag at the stern of the ship. Rud i. 16. 
 4. Same as No. 2, but with a lis over the stern of the ship. 
 (29) MB. 
 
 Calais. 5. Exactly the same as No. 3, but with C 
 instead of h in the centre of the reverse. MB. Another, 
 said to have a star over the shield, was sold at Mr. Cuff’s 
 sale for £2. 3s. These four half-nobles Nos. 2 to 5, corre- 
 spond exactly with the nobles Nos. 10, 12, 13, and 14. 
 
 QUARTER NOBLES. Type exactly like those of Henry Y. 
 
 Class I. Annulet coinage. 1. HENRI C DI ^ OR A ® REX 
 ANGL. MM pierced cross, lis above shield, mullet after 
 Henric. Rev. EXALTABITYR IN GLORIA. MM pierced 
 cross, mullet before IN. MB. The pierced cross mint-mark, 
 andone or more annulets in the legends, are the distinguishing 
 marks of the first silver coinage of Henry YI. The pierced 
 cross was soon discontinued, and not revived for about forty 
 years. This coin, which closely resembles the other quarter 
 nobles of the same reign, is extremely rare. Mr. Montagu 
 has another specimen. 
 
 Class II. Rosette coinage. 2. Legends as the last, MM 
 on both sides lis, lis above shield, rosette at each side of 
 shield and between each word on both sides. (30) MB. 
 
 Class III. Pine-cone coinage. None known. 
 
 Class IV. Trefoil coinage. 3. Same as 1, but MM on 
 both sides lis, lis after Henric, trefoil between the other w^ords 
 on obv. Rud. iii. 1. MB. 4. As the last, but reading 
 ANGLI, and with a trefoil below the shield. (31) MB. 
 
 4 * 
 
52 
 
 6. As 3, with lis at each side of shield^ annulet instead of 
 trefoil after DI. MB, 
 
 Coinage of the Restoeation^ 3 Oct. 1470 to 14 Ape. 1471. 
 
 In the interval between 1461 and 1470, while Edward IV 
 was on the throne, two changes had been made in the 
 weight and value of the nobles, and a new coin, called from 
 its device an angel, had been introduced. At the restora- 
 tion these alterations were adopted, and an indenture was 
 made on the 7th of March, 1470-71, with Sir Richard 
 Tonstall, master of the mint, in the same terms as those of 
 the fifth year of Edward IV. According to this the nobles 
 were now to weigh 120 grains each, as they had done before 
 the reduction of their weight in 1412, but they were to be 
 current, not for 6s 8d as before, but for lOs. The angel 
 was to be current for 65 8d, and was to weigh 80 grains. 
 Half and quarter nobles were also authorized, and angelets, 
 or half angels. 
 
 No nobles or half nobles of this coinage have yet been 
 discovered. 
 
 ANGrELS. These have for type, obv. the Archangel 
 Michael, with a glory round his head, and expanded wings, 
 trampling with his left foot on the dragon, and piercing 
 him through the mouth with a spear, the other end of 
 which ends in a cross-crosslet which marks the termination 
 of the legend. Rev. upon a ship, with two ropes to the 
 mast from the stern, one from the prow, and concealing 
 part of the side of the ship, is a shield bearing the arms of 
 France and England quarterly, surmounted by a large 
 broad cross, which conceals the lower part of the mast, at 
 the top of which is the topcastle, and, above that, a cross- 
 crosslet j h to left of cross, lis to right. This type is the 
 same as that which had been introduced by Edward IV, 
 except that h and a Us are substituted in the field of the 
 reverse for E and a rose ; and the topcastle and cross- 
 
53 
 
 crosslet take the place which on Edward IV^s earliest 
 angels is occupied by the rays of the sun^ his own peculiar 
 badge. The angels of Henry VII are distinguished from 
 those of Henry VI by having h and a rose in the fields 
 and also by their mint-marks. The Ks in the legends of 
 Henry VHs angels often look more like Bs. The legend 
 is an abbreviation of Per crucem tuam salva nos Christe 
 redemptor, 
 
 1. HENBICVS HI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANCIE. 
 Small trefoil before Henricus and after every word. Rev. 
 PER CRYSE TYA SALVA XOS XPC REDET. MM 
 pierced cross at beginning of legend_, two small trefoils 
 after Per^ one after Nos. MB. 2. Legends as the last but 
 ERANC^ REDEMOR. Trefoil between words on both 
 sides, MM on both sides, at end of legend, pierced cross. 
 MB. 3. Legends as the last but CRVCSE. Trefoil 
 between words on both sides except after Per, and one 
 before Henricus and between E and T in Rede’tor. MM 
 pierced cross at end of obverse legend. MB. 4. HENRIO 
 HI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANC. Trefoil before Henric 
 and after every word. Rev. as 2. MB. 5. Same as the 
 last, but no trefoil after Hi, nor after Per, Tua, or Salva ; 
 MM plain cross at beginning of legend on rev. Rud. n. 14. 
 6. Obv. as 4. Rev. PER CRVSE TYA SALVA NS XPC 
 REDEMTOR. MM plain cross at beginning of leg’end, 
 trefoil after Cruse and Ns. MB. 
 
 Bristol. 7. Legends as 1 but DEI, FRANC. Small 
 trefoil before Henricus and after every word on obv. except 
 Rex, two after Franc. Rev. MM pierced cross before 
 legend, two dots after Per, trefoil after Nos, trefoil at each 
 side of shield, B, for Bristol, under the ship. (32) MB. 8. 
 Obv. as last but legend HENRICV DI GRA REX ANGL 
 Z FRANC DNS. Rev. PER CRVCE TVA SALVA 
 NOS XPC REDE TOR. No MM, trefoil after Cruce, Tua, 
 Nos, and Rede, nothing at sides of shield, B under the ship. 
 EVANS. The mint at Bristol, which had been disused for 
 
54 
 
 a long time,, was re-established by Edward lY about the 
 year 1465. Bee post, p. 68. Very rare. 
 
 ANGELET. Type as the angels. HERIC DEI GRA 
 REX ANGL Z ER. Trefoil between words except after 
 Dei. Rev. 0 CRYX AYE SPES YXICA. Trefoil each 
 side of the X in crux, and after ave, two after unica, three 
 between the Y and N in unica. MM lis at end of legend. 
 (33) Rud. iii. 16. MB. Ext. rare. 
 
 QUARTER NOBLE. We assign to this coinage the 
 following quarter noble, because it has for MM a crown, a 
 MM which is found upon no other coin, gold or silver, of 
 any of the Henries, but which occurs on several coins, both 
 of gold and silver, of Edward lY struck after his fourth 
 year, and probably about the time of Henryks short restora- 
 tion. It also differs from the other quarter nobles of 
 Henry YI by having a pellet instead of a lis in the centre 
 of the reverse, and by having the French title in the obverse 
 legend, which title also appears on several of the quarter 
 nobles of Edward lY. Except in the particulars mentioned 
 its type is the same as that of the previous quarter nobles 
 of Henry YI, and different from those of Edward lY, but 
 the reason of this is obvious. Henry, upon his restoration, 
 adopted the devices upon Edward^s angels, in which there 
 was nothing peculiarly appropriate to the Yorkist as distin- 
 guished from the Lancastrian faction ; but the device which 
 Edward had placed upon the reverse of his nobles and half 
 and quarter nobles consisted of his own badge, the rose and 
 sun united. It was impossible, therefore, for Henry to 
 adopt this; and if nobles were to be coined at all, as by 
 the indenture with Sir R. Tonstall they were directed 
 to be, it was necessary to recur to the old type ; and the 
 following coin proves that this was actually done. Obv. 
 HENRIC ^ DI ^ GRA ^ REX ANGL ^ Z ^ FRA ^ 
 No MM. Rev. ^ EXALTABITYR J IN ^ GLORIA J 
 MM crown. Pellet in centre of cross. (34) MB. Weight 
 25 grs. The proper weight of a quarter noble at this time 
 
55 
 
 was 30 grains. Before the fifth year of Edward IV_, the 
 proper weight was 27 grs., but this coin seems to have lost 
 decidedly more than 2 grains by wear. Ext, rare, 
 
 Henry VI, like his predecessors, used no mint but those 
 of London and Calais for his coins of the English type, 
 except during his short restoration, when a few coins were, 
 as we have seen, struck at Bristol. Some of his earlier 
 coins are common, but those of the restoration are very 
 rare. At Capt. Murchison^s sale, in 1864, a Bristol angel 
 was sold for £10, and the angelet for £30. 10^. 
 
 Tabular View. 
 
 1st Coinage, with annulets. 
 
 MM pierced cross, mullet and annulets 
 in legends, lis above shield . 
 
 Noble. 
 
 h Noble. 
 
 i Noble. 
 
 + 
 
 2nd Coinage, tvith rosettes, 
 
 MM plain cross, rosettes in obv. legend, 
 flag at stern .... 
 
 MM lis, rosettes in legends, lis at 
 king’s wrist and in 2nd quarter of 
 rev., mascle after Per ; flag at stern . 
 
 „ as last, without flag. The 
 mascle, and the lis in 2nd quarter, 
 are also omitted on the ^ noble 
 ,, rosettes in legends and at 
 each side of shield, lis above shield . 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 Eud. 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Eud. 
 
 + 
 
 3kd Coinage, with pine cones. 
 
 MM lis, lis at king’s wrist and in 3rd 
 quarter of rev., rosettes and mascle 
 in obv. legend, pine cones and mascle 
 in rev. legend 
 
 ,, ,, ,, 2nd 
 
 quarter of rev., rosettes in obv. 
 legend, pine cones and mascle in rev. 
 legend . . . . 
 
 „ lis in 2nd quarter, pine cones 
 and mascles in legends 
 
 „ cone, lis, and annulet under 
 shield on obv., pellets and annulets 
 in obv. legend 
 
 '^um. Chr. 
 
 Evans 
 
 Evans 
 
 Evans 
 
56 
 
 Tabular View — continued . 
 
 4th Coinage, with trefoils. 
 
 MM lis, trefoils in obv. legend, trefoil 
 and annulets in rev. legend, annulet 
 at wrist and in one spandril on rev. 
 
 „ same but mullet instead of trefoil 
 in rev. legend, trefoil in 2nd quarter. 
 
 „ lis and trefoils in obv. legend, 
 mullet and annulets in rev. legend. 
 (The nobles and half nobles have also 
 an annulet at the king’s wrist and in 
 one spandril on rev., and the 5 nobles 
 have a lis above the shield) . 
 
 „ same as last, with flag at 
 stern of ship .... 
 
 „ same as last but one, with 
 trefoil below shield on obv. . 
 
 „ same as last but two, with 
 lis over stern of ship on nobles and 
 5 nobles, and with lis at each side of 
 shield, and annulet after Di, on i 
 nobles ..... 
 
 Calais, with C in centre of reverse. 
 MM lis, lis and trefoils in obv. legend, 
 mullet and annulets in rev. legend, 
 annulet at king’s wrist and in one 
 spandril on rev., flag at stern 
 
 Coinage of the Eestoration. 
 MM pierced cross, trefoils in legends . 
 MM plain cross, trefoils in legends 
 MM lis, trefoils in legends 
 MM crown, pellet in centre of cross 
 on rev. .... 
 
 Bristol, B under ship. 
 
 MM pierced cross, trefoils in legends 
 and at each side of shield 
 ISo MM, trefoils in legends 
 
 Noble. 
 
 \ Noble. 
 
 i Noble. 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Thorbum 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Eud. 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 Angel. 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 5 Angel. 
 
 ^ Noble. 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 Evans 
 
 
 
 Edward IV^ 1461 to 1483. 
 
 No indenture with the master of the mint during this 
 reign has been preserved, earlier than one with William 
 Lord Hastings, dated the 13th of August, 1464, in the 
 king’s fourth year, by which the weight of the silver coins 
 was reduced, and the gold coins, though their weight was 
 to remain as before, were raised in nominal value, so that 
 a noble, which had hitherto been current for 6s 8d, was 
 now to pass for 8s Ad. Silver coins of Edward IV were 
 
57 
 
 certainly struck before this depreciation of the currency^ but 
 whether gold ones were or were not, we have no means of 
 knowing. The two following nobles, however, were certainly 
 struck before 1465, when another alteration in the gold 
 coins was made. They are of the same type as those of 
 the preceding kings. 1. EDWARD DI GRA ^ REX ANGL 
 Z ^ ERAXC ^ DNS. HYB. No MM. Pellet to left of 
 king^s crown, lis under the shield, no flag or rudder 
 to the ship, the ornaments on which are lis, lion, lis, 
 lion, lis, as on most of Henry YI^s nobles. Rev. 
 IHC AVT TRANSIENS PER MEDIYM ILLORY 
 IB AT. MM lis. There is an E in the centre of the 
 cross, but it appears to have been stamped over an h 
 which has been placed upside down, as on Henry YI^s 
 nobles. Nos. 4 and 7. Wt. 107J grs. Num, GJiron, xvi. 38. 
 EVANS. 2. Same as the last but from a different die, 
 pellet each side of crown. Wt. 107^ grs. (35) Num. Chron. 
 xix. 8. EVANS. These two nobles are the only specimens 
 known of gold coins of Edward lY, struck before his fifth 
 year, 1465. The first was found with one of Henry YI^s latest 
 nobles. No. 13. They are both in the collection of Mr. J. Evans, 
 In the king^s fifth year, 1 465, by another indenture with 
 Lord Hastings, the gold coins were again altered, and it 
 was ordered that 45 nobles only, instead of 50 as in the 
 last two reigns, were to be made of a pound of gold. This 
 brought back the weight of the noble to 120 grs., as it had 
 been from 1351 to 1412, but its value was raised to ten 
 shillings. At the same time new coins impressed with 
 angels were ordered to be made, 674 to struck from a 
 pound of gold, and each to be of the value of 6^ 8d, that 
 is to say, the new angel which weighed 80 grs. was to be 
 of the same value as the noble had been which weighed 
 108 grs. The new nobles, to distinguish them from the 
 old ones, were called rose nobles, from the rose which is 
 stamped on both sides of them, or ryals, or royals, a name 
 borrowed from the French, who had given it to a coin which 
 
58 
 
 bore tbe figure of the king in his royal robes^ which the 
 English ryals did not. Notwithstanding its inappropriateness, 
 however, the name of ryal was given to these ten-shilling 
 pieces, not only by the people but also in several statutes 
 of the realm, and by that name, instead of noble, we shall 
 designate them. The new six and eightpenny pieces were 
 named, from their device, angels, and were sometimes called 
 
 noble angels,^^ as being of the value of the former nobles. 
 Half and quarter ryals were also coined, and angelets, or 
 half angels. 
 
 KYALS, or EOSE NOBLES. Obv. the king standing in 
 a ship, crowned, holding a sword in his right hand, a shield 
 bearing the arms of France and England in his left. The 
 ship has three ropes from the stern to the mast, one from 
 the prow, at the stern is a flag marked with the letter E, 
 and on the side of the ship is a rose, with a lion and lis on 
 each side of it. Eev. within a double tressure of eight 
 arches, having a trefoil in each spandril, is a cross, the 
 centre concealed by a rose upon a sun, the extremities cor- 
 niced and ending in a lis between two cartouches ; a lion, 
 and a crown above him, in each quarter; the whole within 
 an inner circle. The rose on the side of the ship, and the 
 rose and sun on the reverse, are the badges of Edward lY, 
 who is said to have adopted the sun in consequence of the 
 appearance of three suns in the heavens immediately before 
 his first battle, that of Mortimer^s Cross in 1460, in which 
 he was successful. The white rose was the well-known 
 badge of his family. 1. EDWAED HI GEA EEX ANGL 
 Z FEANC DNS IB. Trefoil after every word and between 
 I and B; one after Ed, two after Di ; lis after Franc and 
 IB. Eev. IHC AVT TEANSIENS PEE MEDIYM 
 ILLOEYM IBAT. MM. Eose. Trefoil after Aut, Transiens, 
 and Illorum, and between I and B in Ibat, two between I and 
 E in Transiens and after Medium. MB. This coin in the 
 British Museum is counter-marked with a double cross, 
 surmounted by a crown, being the arms of Dantzic, which 
 
59 
 
 were doubtless stamped upon the coin in order to make it 
 current in that town. 2. Obv. as the last. Eev. legend as 
 last. MM sun^ trefoil after every word and between I and 
 B in Ibat, two after Transiens and Medium. (36) MB. 3. 
 Legends as 1, but HIB^ HIBAT. MM sun on both sides. 
 Trefoil between all the words except after Franc and Per, 
 two after Di, Transiens, Medium, and Illorum, one between 
 I and B in Hib. MB. The difficulty of the aspirates was 
 evidently felt 400 years ago. The maker of these coins found 
 it necessary either to leave out the H in Hibernige, or to add 
 it to Ibat ! 4. Legends as 1. MM sun on both sides. Trefoil 
 after every word except Franc and Ibat, two after Di, 
 Transiens, and Medium, one between I and B in IB, each 
 side of the I in Transiens, and after the I in Illorum. MB. 
 5. Legends as 1, but TRANNIENS. MM sun on both sides. 
 Trefoil after every word except Per and Ibat, before Dns, and 
 after I^s in Ib and Ibat, quatrefoil also after Franc, two trefoils 
 after Tranniens, Medium, and Illorum. MB. 6. Legends as 1, 
 but DEI. MM sun on rev. only. Trefoil after last six words 
 on obv., before Dns, and between I and B, two after B 
 one after every word on rev. and between I and B in Ibat, 
 two after Illorum and Ibat. MB. This coin in the Museum 
 is countermarked as No. 1. 7. Legends as 1, but ILLORV. 
 MM sun on rev. only. Trefoil after every word except Per 
 and Ibat, before Dns, and after Ed in Edward and the 
 I^s in IB and Ibat, two after Di, Medium, and Illoru. MB. 
 8. Legends as 1, but FRAN, ILLORV. MM crown on rev. 
 only. Trefoil after Ed in Edward and after every word 
 except Ihc, one also before Dns. MB. 9. Same as last, with 
 trefoil after Ihc. MB. This coin in the Museum is counter- 
 marked with a shield on the breast of a double-headed eagle, 
 being the arms of the towns of Groningen and Cambrai. 
 10. Legends as 1, but TRANSIES. MM crown on rev. only. 
 Nothing after Di, Dns, Ib, or Illorum, two trefoils after Ibat, 
 one after every other word, before Dns, and between I and 
 B in Ibat. The trefoils in the spandrils are formed by three 
 
60 
 
 pellets. MB. Rud. iii. 4, where however the trefoils 
 are arranged differently. 11. Legends as 1 but MEDYM. 
 MM cross fitchee on rev. only. Trefoil after every word 
 except Edward and Ibat^ one before Dns and after the Fs in 
 IB and Ibat, two after Ed in Edward. Trefoils in spandrils 
 formed by three pellets. MB. This last is the only ryal 
 which appears to have been struck after 1470, the year of 
 the restoration of Henry YI, when the crown MM was in use. 
 After this, few coins except angels and half angels were issued. 
 
 Bristol. With B under the ship. 1. Obv. legend as 
 the first London ryal. Trefoil after every word except 
 Gra, two after Di and Ib, one before Dns, and between 
 I and B in Ib. Rev. IHC AYT TRANSIENS B MEDIYM 
 ILLORYM IBAT. MM sun. Rose after Illorum, trefoil 
 after every other word, and between I and B in Ibat, two 
 after Transiens. MB. 2. Obv. same as last. Rev. legend 
 as last, but PER instead of B, MM sun, trefoil after every 
 word, and between I and B in Ibat, two after Illorum and 
 Ibat. MB. 3. Obv. as the others, Rev. as last, but MM 
 crown, and no trefoils after Ibat. MB. See Rud. Suppl. 
 vi. 22, obv. only. 
 
 Coventry. With C under the ship. EDWARD DI GRA 
 REX ANGL Z FRNC DNS IB. Trefoil after every 
 word except Rex, and between I and B in Ib. Rev. IHC 
 AYT TRANSENS B MEDIYM ILLORYM IBAT. MM 
 sun. Rose after Illorum, trefoil after every other word and 
 between I and B in Ibat, two after Ibat. Rud. iii. 5. MB. 
 
 Norwich. With N under the ship. Obv. legend as 
 the Coventry coin. Trefoil after Edward, Gra, Rex, Angl, 
 and Z, before Dns, and between I and B in Ib ; two after 
 Di, quatrefoil after Erne. Rev. legend as the first London 
 ryal, MM sun, trefoil between every word and between 
 I and B in Ibat, two after Medium. MB. See Rud. Suppl. 
 vi. 24, obv. only. 
 
 York. With E (for Eboracum) under the ship. Legends 
 as first London ryal. MMs, on rev. only, sun and lis, with 
 
61 
 
 two trefoils between them. Trefoil after every word except 
 Das and Per^ one before Dns, two after Medium, Illorum, 
 and Ibat, and between I and B in Ibat, trefoil and quatre- 
 foil after IB on obv. MB. 
 
 ANGELS. The type of these has already been described 
 by anticipation under the reign of Henry YI, who in his 
 short restoration copied the current coins of Edward lY. 
 On the earliest angels, however, Edward placed over the 
 mast of the ship his own badge, the rays of the sun, and 
 this seems to have continued till it was removed by 
 Henry YI in 1470. In the field, on each side of the 
 cross on the reverse, are a rose and a sun, both being 
 emblems or badges of Edward and his family. 1. 
 EDWARD DI ^ GRA ^ REX ^ ANGL =< Z FRANC ^ 
 DNS Rev. PER CRYCEM TYAM SALYA NOS 
 
 XPC REDEMPTOR. No MM on either side, crown with 
 rays descending from beneath it over the mast, sun to left, 
 rose to right of cross ; trefoil after Per, Salva, and Nos, two 
 after Crucem and Tuam. (37) Rud. iii. 13, rev. only. 
 MB. 2. Same but CRYCE TYA, small rosette before 
 rev. legend, rays as on the last but no crown above them, 
 rose to left, large sun to right of cross, small trefoil above 
 the ropes on each side. Trefoil between all the words 
 except after Z, Per, and Cruce, one between I and B in Ib, 
 and before D in Redemptor, two after Di, Angl, and Nos ; 
 two pellets after Per. See Rud. Sup. vi. 23. MB. 
 
 These are the earliest angels, and were doubtless struck 
 before 1470. The mint-mark then in use was a crown, as is 
 proved by its adoption on the quarter noble struck in that 
 year by Henry YI. Neither this nor any previous mint- 
 mark appears on Edward lY^s angels, but the annulet 
 enclosing a pellet, which on the silver series immediately 
 succeeded the crown, does. We conclude, therefore, that the 
 angels with the sun^s rays, and wdth no mint-mark, were the 
 only ones issued before Henry YI^s restoration. Afterwards, 
 the regular series of mint-marks, the same as on the other 
 
62 
 
 coins, was adopted, and the sun’s rays, which had been 
 removed by Henry YI, were not replaced. Instead of them, 
 there is the topcastle on the top of the mast, surmounted 
 by a cross-crosslet, which was introduced by Henry YI ; 
 and E and a rose in the field ; except on the first coin now 
 to be described. 
 
 3. EDWARD DEI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANC. Rev. 
 PER CRYCEM ^ TYA ^ SALYA ^ NOS ^ XPE ^ 
 REDEMPT. MM annulet enclosing pellet on both sides, no 
 crown or rays above the mast, but instead of them an object, 
 possibly intended for a topcastle. E to left, sun to right of 
 cross. Trefoil after the first four and last words on obv. MB. 
 
 The rest all have a topcastle above the mast, surmounted 
 by a cross-crosslet, and E to the left, a rose to the right of 
 the cross. 
 
 4. EDWARD DEI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANC. Rev. 
 PER CRYSE TYA SALYA NOS XPC REDEMTOR. MM 
 annulet on obv. only. Trefoil between all the words except 
 after Dei, Tua, and XPC. MB. 5. Same but REDETO, 
 trefoil between all the words except after Gra and XPC, one 
 after Franc. MB. 6. As 4, but MM to left instead of 
 right of the angel’s head, trefoil before Edward and after 
 first four words on obv., and after Cimse, Salva, Nos, and 
 XPC on rev. MB. 7. As 4 but DI, REDETOR. Trefoil 
 after Di and last four words on obv., and after Cruse, 
 Salva, and XPC, and between E and T in Redetor on rev. 
 MB. 8. Legends as last. MM cross pierced on obv. only. 
 Trefoil after every word on obv., no stops on rev. MB. 9. Obv. 
 legend as 4. Rev. PER ^ CRYCEM TYA SALYA 
 NOS ^ XPC REDEMPT MM on each side a cross pierced. 
 Saltire after Rex, Angl, and Z, three after Franc. 10. 
 Legends as last, MM on each side a cross pierced with a 
 pellet in one angle, saltire after every word on obv., four 
 after Franc, two after Crucem and Tua, one after Salva and 
 Nos. MB. 11. Same but one saltire between each word 
 on rev., none after Franc. MB. 12. Legends as 9, MM 
 
63 
 
 on each side a cross with a pellet in each angle. Saltire 
 after every word on obv. except Dei^ two saltires, a trefoil, 
 and another saltire after Franc. No stops on rev. MB. 
 Kud. iii. 11, where the pellets in the obv. MM are omitted. 
 13. Legends as 9, but EEDEMP. MM on both sides 
 heraldic cinquefoil. Saltire after every word on obv. 
 except Z, no stops on rev. MB. 14. Same as the last 
 but EEDEMT, two saltires after Franc and Crucem, one 
 after Tua and Salva. MB. 15. Same but saltire only, on 
 obv., after Edward, Gra, and Angl, two after Dei. Rev. 
 same as last. MB. 16. Same as last with no saltires 
 after Dei, four after Franc. MB. 17. Legends as 9, MM 
 as 13. Saltire after Edward, Dei, and Angl, two after 
 Franc, one after each word on rev. except the first and 
 last. (38) MB. 18. Same with saltire after Edward, Rex, 
 and Angl, two after Dei and Gra. MB. 19. Legends 
 as 9, MM on both sides rose and sun united. Saltire after 
 first four words on obv. and two after Franc, one after 
 Crucem, Tua, Salva, and XPC. MB, A similar coin, 
 having R instead of E in the field on the reverse and 
 therefore struck for Richard III, will be found described 
 under his reign. Coins with MM rose and sun are some- 
 times attributed to Edward V, and therefore fetch high 
 prices. Mr. Sheppard’s was sold in 1861 for £10. 
 
 BRISTOL. With B under ship. Legends as 4 but 
 REDETOR. MM annulet on obv. only. No stops on 
 obv., but two trefoils after Franc ; trefoil after Cruse, 
 Salva, Nos, and XPC, two after Per. MB. We know of no 
 provincial angels other than these, which are very rare. The 
 Museum specimen was bought at Mr. Cuff’s sale for £12. 
 
 HALF-RYALS. Type same as the ryals. None of them 
 appear to be later than 1470. 1. EDWARD DI GRA REX 
 
 ANGL Z FRANC. MM sun, followed by two trefoils and a 
 quatrefoil. Trefoil between every word, two between F and 
 R in Franc. Rev. DOMINE NE IN FVRORE TVO 
 ARGVAS ME. MM crown, trefoil after the first five words. 
 
64 
 
 MB. 2. Same but no MM on obv., nothing after Franc or 
 between F and R, two trefoils after DOMINB. MB. 3. Same 
 as 1 but FRAN, no MM, nothing after Z or Fran, or between 
 the F and R, no trefoil after Furore. MB. 4. Legends 
 as 1, lis under the ship in the same place as the dis- 
 tinguishing letter on the provincial coins ; MM obv. rose, 
 rev. crown, quatrefoil after the rose, trefoil after Edward, 
 Gra, Rex, Angl, and Z, and after Domine, Ne, Furore 
 and Tuo, two between the R and A in Franc. (39) MB. The 
 lis on this coin looks as if it was intended to denote some 
 mint other than that of London, 
 
 No coins are known to have been struck at Calais in 
 this reign ; but the Statute 3 Edward IV, c. 1, enacts 
 that any plate or bullion of silver or gold^^ received 
 by merchants in Calais in payment for wool sold there, 
 shall be taken to be coined at the mint of Calais. Whether 
 this enactment was ever carried out is doubtful. Bat 
 though there are no coins in existence bearing the name 
 of that mint, yet there are a few silver groats which, with 
 the name of London on the reverse, have on the obverse 
 the marks generally used under Henry Y and VI at the 
 Calais mint. These were struck before the reduction of the 
 weight of the silver coins in the king^s fourth year. The 
 half-ryal with the lis under the ship cannot have been struck 
 before the fifth year, and the crown mint-mark is probably 
 three or four years later than this ; but as it is evident that 
 in the king^s third year there was an intention to strike 
 coins at Calais, it is not unlikely that during the next year 
 or two dies for this purpose were prepared at the Tower, 
 and that some of them, not being required at Calais, were 
 used at the Tower for the obverses of the gold and silver 
 coins in question. 
 
 Bristol. With B under the ship. 1. Legends as 
 London No. 1, but ARGYS, trefoil after every word except 
 Di, Gra, In, and Me, after Ed in Edward and before Franc, 
 two after Tuo and Argus. MMs on rev. only, a rose and 
 
65 
 
 a sun separated by two trefoils. MB. 2. Legends as London 
 ISTo. trefoil after first three words on obv. and after 
 Franc, lis each side of Z_, trefoil after Ne^ Tuo^ and Arguas^ 
 two after Domine_, qiiatrefoil and two trefoils after Me. 
 MM crown on rev. only. Rud. hi. 7, obv. only. MB. 
 
 Coventry. C under ship. Legends as London No. 3 
 but ARGYS. Trefoil between all the words except affcer 
 In^ and one also before Fran, two after Di, Rex, Tuo, 
 and Arguas. MMs as Bristol No. 1. The trefoils in the 
 spandrils, all except three, are omitted. MB. 
 
 Norwich. N under ship. Legends as London No. 1, 
 trefoil after Franc, Ne, and In, two after Domine, Tuo, 
 and Me. MM rose on rev. only. MB. It is doubtful 
 whether there are any stops between the words on the 
 obverse of this coin, and it differs from other half-ryals in 
 having no lis on the side of the ship. 
 
 York. E under ship. Legends as London No. 1. 
 1. Small cross after each word on obv., and before Franc, 
 two after Rex. Trefoil after each word on rev. except 
 Ne and Me, two after Tuo. MMs rose and lis on rev. 
 only. MB. 2. Trefoil between all the words on obv. and 
 before Franc, two after Di; one after Domine and Ne, 
 two after Tuo and Arguas. After Me are two trefoils, 
 a quatrefoil, and the MM, a lis. There are no trefoils in 
 the spandrils. MB. 3. Trefoil after every word on obv. 
 except Rex, one after E in Edward and before Franc ; two 
 after Domine, one after In and Furore. MM sun on rev. 
 only. Rud. hi. 6. MB. 
 
 ANGELETS. Type same as the later angels, and as 
 the angelets of Henry YI. 1. EDWARD DI GRA REX. 
 ANGL ^ Rev. 0 ^ CRYX AYE SPES YNICA. MM 
 annulet on both sides, rose after Crux, trefoil after Ave, 
 Spes, and Unica. MB. 2. A coin with the same obverse as 
 this, except that it has a small cross instead of a pellet after 
 Rex, has on the reverse the king\s titles, EDWARD DI GRA 
 REX. ANGL. Z. FR, instead of any other legend, with no 
 MM. MB. 3. On another coin the legends are transposed, 
 
 5 
 
66 
 
 so that it has on the obv.^ with the figure of St. Michael^ 
 the legend 0 CHYX AVE SPES VNIOA, with a pierced 
 cross for MM., and on rev. EDM^AED DI G-EA EEX. 
 AXGL. Z. PEA, v^ith no MM. Trefoil after Crux, Ave, Spes, 
 and Unica, and after the first letter in Unica. (40) MB. 4. 
 Legends as 1, MM obv. pierced cross, rev. pierced cross 
 and pellet. Saltire after every word on obv., two before 0 
 and after 0, Crux, and Spes, rose after Ave, sun after Unica. 
 MB. 6. EDWAED ^ DEI GEA EEX ANGLE ^ Eev. 
 legend as 1, MM plain cross on a circle. Small cross after 
 Spes, two before 0 and after 0 and Unica, rose after Ave. 
 MB. 6. Legends as last but ANGL. MM plain cross on rev. 
 only. No stops on obv., saltire after every word on rev., 
 two each side of 0. End. iii. 12. 7. As 6 but MM cinque- 
 
 foil on both sides, rose after Crux and Spes. THORBUBN. 
 8. Legends as 1 but MM rose and sun united on both sides. 
 Saltire after Edward and Di, and after Spes and Unica, two 
 each side of 0. It is doubtful whether there are any marks 
 on either side of Ave. MB. There are no provincial half 
 angels. 
 
 QUAETEE EYALS. 1. Within a double tressure of eight 
 arches, having a trefoil at each angle, is a shield with the 
 arms of France and England quarterly, a rose above it, the 
 whole within an inner circle. EDWAED ^ DI ^ GEA ^ 
 EEX ^ ANGL Z F. MM sun. Eev. Within a double 
 tressnre of eight arches is a cross, the centre concealed by 
 a rose upon a sun, each limb ending in a lis between two 
 cartouches, a lion passant guardant in each angle. EXAL- 
 TABITVE IN GLOEIA. Trefoil after Exaltabitur and 
 Gloria, two after In. MM rose. End. iii. 10, obv. only. MB. 
 
 The type of all the rest is, obv. within a tressure of 
 four arches, having a trefoil in each spaudril, is a shield 
 bearing the arms of France and England quarterly, the 
 whole within an inner circle. Eev. type as No. 1. 
 2. EDWAED DI GEA EEX ANGL FE or ANGLIE 
 (tlio last two letters are doubtful). E above shield, lis below, 
 sun to left, rose to right. MM rose. Lis after Edward, 
 
67 
 
 trefoil after two after Gra. Eev. EXALTABITYR IN 
 GLORIA CN. MM sun. Two trefoils after Exaltabitur, 
 In^ and Cn. (4T) MB. It docs not appear vdiat On. 
 stands for. 3. EDWARD DI GRA REX ANGL. 
 Trefoil after Edward and Gra^ two after Di and Rex j 
 MM sun; otherwise as 2. Rev. EXALTABITYR IN 
 GLORIA. MM crown^ trefoil between the words. MB. 
 4. As the lasL but two trefoils also after Gra, EXATA- 
 BITYRj rose after each word on rev. Rud. iii. 8, obv. only. 
 MB. 5. Legends as 3 ; E above shield^ lis below^ rose to 
 lefL sun to right; MM obv. crowiij rev. rose and crown; 
 trefoil after Edward Di and Rex and on each side of In. 
 There is no lis at the extremity of the right hand limb of 
 the cross upon this coin. MB. 6. Obv. as 5 ; rev. legend 
 same, but lis before, rose after In, MM clipped off. THOR- 
 BURN. 7. Same as 5, but no trefoils in the spandrils or 
 between words on obv., rev. MM crown only, two trefoils 
 between each word, lis at each extremity of cross. MB. 
 8. Same as the last, with Z after Angl, a small cross after Di, 
 and a lis instead of trefoils after each word on rev. MB. 9. 
 EDWARD DI GRA RE A. MM crown on obv. only, orna- 
 ments round shield as 5, two or three dots instead of trefoil in 
 each spandril, rev. legend as 3, the word Gloria blundered, 
 a star, apparently, before the R; no stops between the 
 words. MB. This is a very rudely executed coin. 10. 
 EDWARD DI GRA REX ANGL Z. MM cross fitchee, 
 trefoil after Z, ornaments round shield as 2. Rev. legend as 3, 
 MM rose and cross fitchee, trefoil between each word. MB. 
 11. Legends as last, MM obv. plain cross (perhaps intended 
 for cross fitchee), rev. rose, E above shield, nothing below, 
 rose to left, sun to right, trefoil (?) after each word. Rud. 
 iii. 0. 12. EDWARD DI GRA REX ANGL Z ER. MM lis, 
 trefoil after first three words, ornaments round shield as 5. 
 Rev. legend as 3, MM lis? trefoil before each word, saltire 
 after Gloria. MB. The lis does not appear as a MM on 
 any silver coins of Edward lY except those struck at York, 
 of which mint it is a common maiL ; and as all the other 
 
 5 * 
 
68 
 
 MMs on tlie London gold coins occur also on the silver 
 ones of the same place^ and as we have no quarter ryals 
 marked with an E like the ryals and half-ryals to denote 
 that they were struck at York^ it is possible that this coin 
 may be from that mint. 
 
 Edward lY was the first English king who struck gold 
 coins at any place in England^ except London. His 
 provincial mints^ which were at Bristol^ Coventry^ Norwich^ 
 and Yorkj were probably established in or about the year 
 1465^ to assist in the great recoinage then taking place, 
 and those at Bristol and York were made use of by Henry 
 VI in 1470 ; but they seem to have been discontinued 
 after a short time, as none of the later mint-marks appear 
 on the provincial coins ; and their coinage of gold seems to 
 have been almost confined to ryals and half-ryals. No coins 
 are known to have been struck at Calais during this reign, 
 though it was at one time intended to do so, and some dies 
 appear to have been made for the purpose. See ante, p. 64. 
 
 From a comparison of the numerous silver coins of 
 this reign, it appears that the mint-marks followed each 
 other in the order in which they are here arranged. The 
 approximate date of each coin may be thus ascertained. 
 
 Tabular View. 
 
 1st Coinage. 
 
 MM lis, lis under shield on 
 obv., pellet to left of crown . 
 
 „ „ pellet 
 
 each side of crown . 
 
 Nobles 
 
 
 
 
 
 Evans 
 
 Evans 
 
 
 
 
 
 2nd Coinage, 1465. 
 
 MM rose. Lis after Franc and 
 Ib, trefoils in legends 
 
 MM sun. As the last . 
 
 MM sun, rev. rose. Tressure 
 of 8 arches on obv., rose 
 above shield, trefoils in rev. 
 legend 
 
 MM rose, rev. sun. E above 
 shield, lis below, sun to left, 
 rose to right. Lis after 
 Edward, trefoils in legends. 
 
 Eyals 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Angels 
 
 i Eyals 
 
 ^Angels 
 
 lEyals 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
69 
 
 Tabular View — continued. 
 
 MM sun. Trefoils in the 
 legends 
 
 „ „ quatrefoil 
 
 after Franc . 
 
 MM sun, rev. crown. Trefoils 
 in the legends, two trefoils 
 and a quatrefoil after ohv. 
 MM . . . . 
 
 „ „ Trefoils in 
 
 the legends, E above shield, 
 lis below, sun to left, rose to 
 right .... 
 
 „ . As the last, but 
 
 rose after each word on rev. 
 
 MM crown, rev. rose and 
 crown. Trefoils in the 
 legends, E above shield, lis 
 below, rose to left, sun to 
 right .... 
 
 MM crown. Trefoils in the 
 legends 
 
 MM crown. E above shield, 
 lis below, rose to left, sun 
 to right. Trefoils in obv. 
 legend, lis and rose in rev. . 
 
 „ As last, but trefoils in 
 rev. legend, none in obv. 
 
 ,, As last, but no trefoils, 
 lis after each word on rev. . 
 
 ,, As last, but no trefoils 
 or lis on rev., star ? in rev. 
 legend 
 
 No MM. Trefoils in legends 
 
 ,, Trefoils in rev. legend, 
 sun to left, rose to right of 
 cross .... 
 
 ,, Trefoils in legends and 
 in field on obv., rose to left, 
 sun to right of cross 
 
 MM annulet enclosing pellet. 
 Trefoils in obv. legend, E to 
 left, sun to right of cross 
 
 MM annulet. Trefoils in 
 legends 
 
 „ Trefoils in rev. 
 
 legend, rose after Crux 
 
 „ Eing’s titles on 
 
 both sides 
 
 MM cross fitchee. Trefoils in 
 legends 
 
 „ „ Ecv. rose 
 
 Eyals 
 
 + 
 
 Angels Eyals 
 
 5 Angels 
 
 i Eyals 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 4 - 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Thorb. 
 
 + 
 
 -f- 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
70 
 
 Tabular View — continued. 
 
 and cross fitcliee. Trefoils in 
 legends. E above shield, lis 
 below, sun to left, rose to 
 right . . . . 
 
 MM cross, rev. rose. Trefoils in 
 legends, E above shield, rose 
 to left, sun to right. . 
 
 MM cross pierced. Trefoils in 
 obv. legend 
 
 „ „ no trefoils 
 
 „ „ rev. cross 
 
 pierced with pellet in one 
 angle. Hose after Ave, sun 
 after TJniea 
 
 MM cross pierced with pellet in 
 one angle 
 
 MM cross with pellet in each 
 angle : trefoil after Eranc 
 
 MM plain cross upon a circle. 
 Eose after Ave 
 
 MM plain cross . 
 
 MM heraldic cinquefoil 
 
 MM rose and sun united 
 
 MM rose, rev. crown. Quatre- 
 foil after obv. MM, trefoils 
 in legends. Lis under ship. 
 [Calais?) 
 
 MM lis. E above shield, lis 
 below, rose to left, sun to right. 
 Trefoils in legends ( York ?) . 
 
 Bkistol. 33 under ship. MM 
 rose and sun. Trefoils in 
 legends 
 
 „ MM 
 
 sun. Trefoils in legends, rose 
 after Illorum . 
 
 MM 
 
 sun. Trefoils in legends 
 » . MM 
 
 crown. Trefoils in legends . 
 
 „ „ . . MM 
 
 crown. Trefoils in legends, 
 lis each side of Z, quatrefoil 
 after Me 
 
 » „ MM 
 
 annulet. Trefoils in legends . 
 
 CovENTEY. C under ship. MM 
 rose and sun. Trefoils in 
 legends 
 
 „ MM 
 
71 
 
 Tabular View — continued . 
 
 sun. Trefoils in legends, rose 
 after Illorum 
 
 I^ORWiCH. IN' under ship. MM 
 rose. Trefoils in legends 
 
 „ / mm 
 
 sun. Trefoils in legends, 
 
 quatrefoil after Frnc . 
 
 York. E under ship. MM rose 
 and lis. Trefoils in rev. 
 
 legend . . . . 
 
 „ ,, MM sun 
 
 and lis. Trefoils in legends, 
 quatrefoil after Ib. 
 
 „ ,, MM lis. 
 
 Trefoils in legends, quatrefoil 
 after Me 
 
 ,, „ MM sun. 
 
 Trefoils in legends 
 
 Eyals 
 
 Angels 
 
 ^Eyals 
 
 ^Angels 
 
 fEjals 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Edward Y, April 9 to June 26^ 1483. 
 
 On the 20th of May^ after Edward lY^s deaths Sir 
 William Hastings was appointed Master and Worker of the 
 Mintj and also Warden of the Exchange^ for life^ with all 
 the profits of the office and without paying any rent to the 
 king, according to the form of an indenture to be made 
 between the king and him. This indenture was never 
 executed ; but Eoss of Warwick; who wrote early in 
 Henry YIEs reign; sayS; in a passage cpioted by Ending; 
 
 In the new king^s name the laws were; as usual; adminis- 
 tered; the money then made was struck and fashioned in his 
 name; and in his name all the usual forms were observed 
 which his dignity as king required.^'’ It seems therefore 
 that money was actually struck in his name ; and even had 
 this passage not existed; it would perhaps have been reasom 
 able to attribute to him certain very rare angels and groats 
 of the same type as his father’s but having for MM the boar’s 
 head; which is vv^ell known as the badge of the Protector 
 
72 
 
 Gloucester, afterwards Eichard III, but wliicb is not known 
 to have been used by any other of the descendants of 
 Edward III, by whom it had been originally adopted. 
 Gloucester was never in such power or favour at his 
 brother's court as to make it likely that his badge should 
 be placed upon his brother's coins, whereas none would 
 have been more likely to have been placed on those of his 
 nephew during his own protectorate. 
 
 The only angel we know with this MM is of identically 
 the same type as the later ones of Edward lY, and reads 
 EDWAED ^ DI GKA ^ EEX ANGL Z FEANC ^ ^ 
 Eev. PER CEVCEMTYA SALYA NOS XPC REDEMP^ 
 MM obv. boards head, rev. rose and sun united. (42) MB. 
 
 No other denominations of gold coins with the boards 
 head MM are known. All those which have the rose 
 and sun MM are sometimes attributed to Edv^ard Y, hut 
 the rose and sun was the well-known cognizance ; of 
 Edward lY, and is therefore as likely as the boaPs head is 
 unlikely to have been placed on his own coins ; and though 
 the dies of Edward lY, with his last MM, are very likely to 
 have been used, as on the above coin, in conjunction with 
 the new ones of Edward Y, and also, as we shall see was 
 the case, with those of Richard III, it is very improbable 
 that more than one new MM can have been authorized for 
 the coinage during the very short reign of Edward Y. 
 
 Richard III, 1483 to 1485. 
 
 The only gold coins known to have been struck by 
 Richard III are angels and angelets, and they are all very 
 rare. They are of exactly the same type as those of Edward 
 lY, but have R to left, rose to right of the cross on rev. 
 They were struck at London only, by Robert Brakenbury, 
 Master Worker of the Money in the Tower."’^ 
 
 ANGELS. 1. Obv. from a die of Edward lY, MM rose 
 and sun united. EDWARD DI ^ GRA ^ REX ANGL ^ 
 
73 
 
 Z FRANC. Rev. PER CRYCEM TVA SALVA NOS 
 XPC REDEMPT, MM rose and sun united. MB. 2. 
 RICAD ^ DI ^ ORA ^ REX ANGL Z FRANC ^ Rev. as 
 last^ but CRV CE^ saltire also after XPC. MM^ on both sides^ 
 rose and sun united. MB. Or RICARD. Rud. iv. 1. EVANS. 
 
 3. Same as last, but CRYSEM, rev. MM boaFs head. MB. 
 
 4. RICARD X DI ^ ORA ^ REX ANGL Z FRANC ^ Rev. 
 
 PER CRYCE TYA ^ SALYA NOS XPC ^ REDEMP. MM 
 obv. boaPs head, rev. rose and sun united. MB. 5. Same, 
 but only one saltire after Franc, and reading REDEDMT. 
 MB. 6. MM boards head on both sides, legends as 4 but no 
 saltire after Franc or XPC, one after Salva and Nos. (43) 
 MB. Or legends as 4 but REDEMPT. EVANS. 7. Obv. 
 legend as 4, rev. as 3, MM boards head both sides. Saltire 
 after every word on obv. except Rex and Z, two after Franc, 
 one after Salva and XPC. Rud. hi. 17. 8. MM boaPs head 
 
 on both sides, legends as 4 but TYAM, REDE, saltire after 
 every word except Gra, Franc, and Per^ two after Rede. 
 TEORBUBN. 
 
 ANGELET. 1. RICARD DI^ GRA ^ REX ^ ANGL 
 Rev. 0 CRYX AYE X SPES ^ YNICA L MM rose (no 
 doubt a mistake for rose and sun united) on both sides. 
 Rud. hi. 18. 2. Same, but MM on both sides a boaPs 
 
 head. Rud. iv. i. 3. Legends as 1 but ANG, MM boards 
 head on both sides, no saltire after Rex or Uiiica, two each 
 side of 0. (44) MB. 
 
 Table of Mint Males. 
 
 Rose and sun united. Oby. from die 
 
 lY . . . . 
 
 1 
 
 of Edward 
 
 Angels 
 
 + 
 
 h Angels 
 
 Rose and sun united 
 
 
 
 Rudi 
 
 ,, rey. hoar’s head 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 Roar’s head, rev. rose and sun united 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 Roar’s head . 
 
 
 + 
 
 
74 
 
 Henry YII^ 1485 to 1509. 
 
 The coins o£ Henry YII were of the same 'weighty fine- 
 nessj and value as those of Edward lY^ but some changes 
 were introduced in the type during his reign_, and he struck 
 coins both in gold and silver^ namely sovereigns and 
 shillings^ of a larger denomination than had ever been struck 
 before. In his first year Sir Giles Daubeney and Bartholo- 
 mew Keed were appointed joint masters and workers of the 
 mint; to coin pieces of the same description as had been 
 coined under Edward lY ; and in 1489 the same persons — 
 Sir Giles having now become Lord Daubeney— were ordered 
 to make a new money of gold according to the print and 
 form of a piece of lead annexed to the Letters Patent. The 
 new money was to be of the standard fineness; to be double 
 the weight of the ryal; and to be colled the sovereign; and 
 was to be current for 20s. Out of every pound weight of 
 gold to be coined in the Tower; two of these pieceS; and no 
 more; were to be made; unless the king should command the 
 contrary. Sovereigns are again mentioned in a statute of 
 the year 1504; and also half-sovereignS; but the latter are 
 not mentioned in this indenture. 
 
 SOYEPEIGHS. Of these there are four distinct typeS; 
 which are here described in the order in which they appear 
 to have been issued. 
 
 1. The king; front-faced; robed and crowned; holding the 
 sceptre in his right hand; the orb in his left; seated on a 
 throne; the back of which is concave; and reaches about half- 
 way up the king^s head. The base of the throne is solid; 
 without legS; and the seat is a wide one; part of it being 
 visible on each side of the king; it has armS; and at each 
 corner is an ornamented pillar; the pillars in front of the arms 
 being surmounted by a slender ornament; which may be a 
 lis. There are no ornaments in the field. The king’s crown 
 is arched, the principal arch being surmounted by a globe and 
 crosS; and supported by two lower arches which cross each 
 
75 
 
 other at right angles. All the arches are ornamented. There 
 is a trefoil after every word^ two after Trancies and Ibat. 
 MM heraldic cinquefoil. HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL 
 FRANC Z DNS IB ARNE (for Hibernise). Rev. upon a 
 large double rose,, which fills the whole field_, is a shield bearing 
 the arms of France and England^ surmounted by a large crown 
 with a double ornamented arch^ the globe and cross on the 
 top of which extend to the edge of the coin. MM a 
 cinquefoil. IHS AYTE TRANCIES PER MEDIV 
 ILLORY IBAT. (45) EVANS. Rud. iv. 11. The MM 
 and legend on the obverse are not quite accurate on this plate. 
 
 2. Similar to the lasE but the throne has a low straight 
 back of the same height as the arms_, and at each corner of 
 it is a slight unornamented pillar. The lower arches of the 
 crown are plain. The field is chequered and covered with 
 lis. HENRICYS ^ DI ^ GRACIA REX ^ ANGLIE ^ ET 
 FRANC ^ DNS I ^ BAR. Rev. like the last_, but with no 
 croAvn over the shield; the rose is not so large^ and is 
 enclosed within a double tressure of ten arches^ having a 
 small lion and lis alternately in each arch^ and a trefoil in 
 each spandril. The whole within the inner circle. MM 
 cross fitchee. IHC AYTEM TRANSCIENS PER 
 MEDIYM ILLORYM IBATHE. Trefoil after first, third, 
 and fourth words, two after second, fifth, and sixth. (46) 
 Rud. iv. 3. MB. What the two last letters on the reverse 
 mean is not clear. Possibly they were copied by mistake from 
 the obverse of the last coin, as the spelling of Transciens^^ 
 shows that the artist was a blunderer. 
 
 3. Similar to No. 1, but the back of the throne is lower 
 and there is a canopy of three ornamented arclies, the 
 centre one being over the king^s head. The seat projects 
 beyond the base, and the arms are very low and far away 
 from the king, and there are two small ornamented pillars 
 in front of each. The field is strewn with lis, but is not 
 chequered. The kingY crown has only one arch, which is 
 surmounted by a globe and cross, MM lis. HENRICYS ^ 
 
76 
 
 DEI ^ GEA EEX ANGL ET ^ EEAN ^ DNS ^ HIBN. 
 Eev. like tke last but botli rose and shield considerably 
 smaller^ and two saltires instead of trefoil in each spandril. 
 MM dragon. ^ IHESYS ^ AYTEM J TEANSIENS J 
 PEE ^ MEDIYM ^ ILLOEYM IBAT. Four saltires and 
 a rosette after Ibat. (47) End. iv. 4. MB. 
 
 4. Like the last_, but the throne is highly ornamented^ the 
 back is high and in three divisions^ but with no arch oyer 
 the king^s head. The seat is entirely covered by the king’s 
 robes, the arms are curved and rather high, and in front of 
 each is a thickish pillar, that on the king’s right being 
 surmounted by a greyhound, that on his left by a dragon. 
 The principal arch of the king’s crown is supported by a 
 plain arch at right angles to it. MM dragon. Legend as 2 
 but DEI, FEANCIE, the letters being large and mostly of 
 the Eoman form, instead of, as on all the others, the old 
 English ; two mullets, or stars with five points, after the 
 first, second, seventh and eighth words, one after the third, 
 fourth, and fifth. Eev. like the last, but the letters larger 
 and coarser, nothing in the spandril s, mullet before Ihesus 
 and after each word, two after Per and Illorum, four after 
 Ibat. (48) Eud. iv. 5. MB. 
 
 EYAL. Obv. the king, nearly full face, with crown 
 with upper and two lower arches all plain, standing in a 
 ship, holding a sword in his right hand, a nearly square 
 shield with the arms of France and England in his left. 
 The upper part of the side of the ship is ornamented with 
 lions and lis ; there are three ropes from the stern and two 
 from the prow, and at each end of the ship is a fiag, that 
 at the stern bearing a dragon, that at the prow an h. No 
 MM. HENEIO DI GEA EEX ANGL Z FEANC DNS 
 IBAE. Trefoil between every word, one before E in 
 Henric. Eev. spade-shaped shield bearing arms of France 
 only upon a large double rose, within a tressure of ten 
 arches, a trefoil at the point of each arch and in four span- 
 drilsj the whole within inner circle. MM cross fifcchee. 
 
77 
 
 IHO AVTEM TRANSIENS PEE MEDIY ILLOEY 
 IBAT. Trefoil between the words^ except after Per. (49) 
 End. iv. 6. MB. This is doubtless tbe coin mentioned as 
 a balf- sovereign in tlie statute 19 Henry Yll, c. 5, with 
 respect to clipped coins. It must have been struck by 
 virtue of tlie authority to strike ryals^ which were of 
 exactly half the value of the sovereign^ because the inden- 
 ture for striking sovereigns contains no mention of half- 
 sovereigns_, nor is there any other authority known for the 
 issue of half-sovereigns. It is^ therefore^ properly called a 
 ryal_, and its obverse is similar in general design to the ryals 
 of Edward lY^ but as the reverse is unlike the ryals and the 
 same as that of the sovereigns^, it would very likely be 
 popularly called a half-sovereign. The alteration of type was 
 made necessary by the fact that the rose and sun combined^ 
 which had formed the typo of the former ryals_, was 
 the peculiar badge of Edward lY;, and^ therefore^ could 
 not be used by Henry YII, who claimed to represent the 
 Lancastrian family. 
 
 ANGELS. First coinage. Type like those of Henry YI^ 
 but with a rose instead of a lis to the right of the cross. 
 The obverse legend is always HENEIC HI GEA EEX 
 ANGL Z EEANC. Mr. EvanS; however^ has one which 
 differs from all the others in adding HNS^ apparently, to 
 this legend, and in having three instead of two ropes from 
 the stern of the ship. The MM is doubtful. The reverse 
 legend is PEE CEYCE TYA SALYA NOS XPC EEDE- 
 TOE. 2. MM rose, saltire between every? wmrd, two after 
 Franc. Eev. PEE CEYSE TYA SALYA NOS XPC 
 EEDEMPT. MB. 3. Same but MM lis upon rose, 
 CEYCEM, EEDET, two saltires after Hi, none on rev. MB. 
 4. As last but EEDEM. MB. 5. Obv. MM heraldic 
 cinquefoil, trefoil after every word. Eev. no MM, PEE 
 CEYC TYA SALYA NOS XPC EEDETOE. Trefoil after 
 every word except the first and last. MB. 6. No MM. 
 Eev. legend as on the ryals, IHC AYTE TEANSIENS 
 
78 
 
 PER MEDIV ILORY, Saltire before Henric, trefoil after 
 every? word except Per and Mecliu. (50) MB. 7. MM 
 obv. heraldic cinquefoil^ rev. escallop, rev. legend like the 
 last, IHC AYT TRANSIBNS PE MEDIY ILLOR IB. 
 Stops doubtful. MB. 8. MMs as last, trefoil after every 
 word on obv. Rev. PER CRYCE TYA SALYA NOS 
 XPE REDE. Two rosettes between each v/ord. The 
 shield on the reverse of the last two is broader and rounder 
 than on previous ones, and rests on the top of the side of 
 the ship instead of being in front of and hiding part of it ; 
 as on the angels of the second coinage. MB. 
 
 Second coinage. The type of these is somewhat different 
 from that of the previous angels. Obv. the Archangel 
 Michael, with a glory round his head, and expanded wings, 
 both knees bent, both heels resting on the Dragon, to whom 
 his back is half turned, while he is piercing him through 
 the mouth with a spear, the handle of which is generally 
 shaped like a cross-crosslet and marks the termination of the 
 legend. Rev. upon a ship, with two ropes to the mast 
 from the stern, one from the prow, and filling up the whole 
 space within the ship, but not concealing any part of its 
 side, is a shield bearing the arms of France and England 
 quarterly, surmounted by a large broad cross which conceals 
 the lower part of the mast, at the top of which is a top-castle ; 
 h to left of cross, rose to right. 9. MM. on both sides escallop 
 shell. HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGLI Z FRANC. Rev. 
 Legend like that on the ryals, IHC AYTE TRANSIES 
 PE MEDIY ILLOR IB. Rosette between w^ords on both 
 sides. The Es in the legend are peculiar, and more like 
 reversed 3s. EVANS. 10. MM escallop shell. HENRIC 
 DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRAN. Rev. PER CRYCEM 
 TYA SALYA NOS XPE REDEM. Rosette between 
 each word. The Es on the reverse are like those on the 
 last coin. (51) MB. 11. MM cinquefoil. Obv. legend as 
 last but FR, rev. PER CRYC TFA SALYA NOS, etc. (the 
 last two words illegible). Rosette between each word. MB. 
 
79 
 
 12. Same but ANG-LI Z FRAOI^ XPE PEDB. Saltire 
 between eacli word on obv.; rosette after every word on rev. 
 MB. 13. MM cinquefoil^ obv. legend as 10 but FEANO. 
 Saltire between tlie w^ords. Eev. PEE J CKVC^ TVA ^ 
 SALVA ^ NOS ^ XPE ^ EED. MB. 14. Same but AGLIE 
 Z FEA^ two saltires after Gra^ Kex^ and Z. MB. 15. MM 
 greyliounPs bead. HENRIC DI GEA EEX AGL Z FEA. 
 Eosette between each word. Eev. PEE ^ CEVCE ^ TYA ^ 
 SALVA ^ NOS ^ XPE ^ EED. MB. Eud. iv. 10 differs only 
 in reading E instead of Eed. 16. MM same, and legends 
 same but HENRI, FE, CEVO, and omitting EED. Saltire 
 after every word, two after Per and Nos. MB. 17. Same 
 but HENRIC, DEI, ANGL, CEVCE, XP ; no saltire at ends 
 of legends. MB. 18. MM obv. greyhound^ bead, rev. 
 ancbor. Legends as 15 but F, CRVC, SALV ; saltire after 
 every word except Eed, two after Eex. MB. 19. MM obv. 
 ancbor, rev. greybound^s bead. Legends as 15 but REDE. 
 Saltire between each word, tw^o after Per and Nos. MB. 
 20. MM ancbor. Legends as 15 but CEVC, SALV, EEDE. 
 Saltire between each word. MB. 21. Same but CEVCE, 
 SALVA. MB. 22. Same as 20 but CEVCE, SALVA, 
 EE, two saltires after Per, one after Ee. MB. 23. MM 
 ancbor. Legends as 15 but AGLIE. Saltire between each 
 word except after Z. MB. 24. MM pbeon. Legends as 
 15 but FE. Saltire between every word, two after Fr, 
 Per, and Nos. MB. 25. Same but AGLIE Z FE, only 
 one saltire after Per and Nos, one after Eed. MB. 26. 
 As 24 but ANGL, E^ D^, only one saltire after Nos. MB. 
 27. MM pbeon. Legends as 15 but ANGL, EEDE. Saltire 
 between every word, two after Eex, Per, Cruce, Tua, and 
 Nos, three after Fra. MB. See Eud. iv. 7, wbicb difiers only 
 in tbe arrangement of tbe saltires. 28. Same but EED, two 
 saltires after Henric, Eex, Angl, Z, Per, Salva, and Nos, 
 one betw^een tbe other words, four after Fra. MB. 29. 
 MM pbeon. Legends as 15 but ANGL Z FE. Two saltires 
 after Henric, Rex, and Z, and between each word on rev.. 
 
80 
 
 one after Di Gra and Angl^ three after Fr. MB, 30. Same 
 with two saltires between each word^ except that there is 
 one only after Cruce and XPE. MB. The specimens of the 
 two last coins in the British Museum are countermarked 
 with the arms of Holland. 31. MM obv. pheon_, rev. 
 cross-crosslet. Legends as 15 but AGLIE. Two saltires 
 after first four words on obv. and after Fra and Bed. 
 Arrow head followed by saltire at end of legend on 
 rev. MB. 32. MM cross-crosslet. As last but saltire 
 before obv. MM^ only one between the words^ arrow head 
 also after Fra. MB. 33. MM cross-crosslet. Legends as 15 
 but AGLI^ saltire between every word^ two after Bex. MB. 
 34. Same but BE for Bed, no saltire after Cruce, one between 
 every other word. MB. 35. MM cross-crosslet. Legends 
 as 15 but AXGL, two saltires after first four words on obv. 
 and first five on rev., one after Angl and XPE, three after 
 Fra. MB. 36. Same but AXGLIE, two saltires after 
 Henric and Di, one after every other word except Bed. 
 MB. 37. MM cross-crosslet. Legends as 15 but FB, 
 X after Agl, Cruce, and Tua, none after Z or Bed, two 
 saltires after the other words. TRORBJJBN. 38. MM 
 Portcullis, HEBIC (?) YII ^ DI GBA BEX AGL 
 Z. FB. Bev. legend as 15. MB. If this is a coin of 
 Henry YII it is very curious, as being the only gold coin of 
 his with numerals; but the numerals are not very distinct 
 and may perhaps be intended for YIII, the coin being very 
 like some of Henry YIII with the same mint-mark. 
 
 AXGELETS. First coinage. Type like the angels of 
 the first coinage. MM, on both sides, rose and sun united. 
 Legends HEXBIC ^ DI GBA ^ BEX ANGL. Bev. S; 0 J 
 CBYX ^ AYE ^ SPES ^ YXICA, (52) FVANS. Wt. 381 grs. 
 This is the only specimen of angelets of the first coinage 
 which we have seen. The MM is a badge of Edward lY 
 and Bichard III, and occurs on no other coins of Henry YII, 
 so that this piece was no doubt struck at the very beginning 
 of his reign. 
 
81 
 
 Second Goinage. Type like tlie ang-els, with some slight 
 variations. The reverse legend is always 0 CRUX AYE 
 SPES YXICA. 1. MM cinquefoil. HEXRIC UT GRA 
 REX ANGLI. Rosette between each word on obv., one 
 before, two after, 0, two after Crux, one or two after Ave 
 and Spes, three after Unica. (53) MB. 2. MM cinquefoil. 
 HENRIC DI GRA REX AGL Z P (apparently, but this 
 specimen is double struck) . Saltire between each word on 
 obv. and before 0, two after every word on rev. MB, 
 
 3. No MM on obv., greyhound^s head ? to left of mast on 
 
 rev. Legends as last. Trefoil between words on obv. and 
 after Ave, two after Spes and Unica. The mast on this coin 
 seems to be surmounted only by a plain cross, with no 
 top-castle. MB. 4. MM pheon. HENRIC DI GRA 
 REX AGL Z. Two saltires between the words on both 
 sides, one after Unica. MB. 5. MM pheon. Legend as 
 last omitting Z, one saltire after each word on obv., two 
 after each on rev., a cross instead of a rose to the left of the 
 mast on rev. Rud. iv. 8. 6. MM Portcullis. Leo^end as 
 
 4, saltires as last. Rud. iv. 9. MB. 
 
 Henry VII^s sovereigns are very rare, a specimen having 
 several times fetched £27 or £30; the ryal is almost 
 unique, but the other coins are common. They were all 
 struck at the Tower of London. 
 
 6 
 
82 
 
 Table op Mint Marks. 
 
 
 Sovereign 
 
 Eyal 
 
 Angel 
 
 Angelet 
 
 Eose and Sun united 
 
 
 
 
 Evans 
 
 Doubtful mint-mark, 3 ropes from 
 
 
 
 
 
 stern .... 
 
 
 
 Evans 
 
 
 Eose .... 
 
 
 
 "h 
 
 
 Lis upon rose 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 Heraldic cinquefoil, 
 
 Evans 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 Cross fitchee 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Lis, rev. dragon 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Dragon, mullets between the words 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Ho MM, rev. legend as ryals 
 
 
 
 
 
 Heraldic cinquefoil, rev. escallop, 
 
 
 
 
 
 rev. legend as ryals 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 Heraldic cinquefoil, rev. escallop. 
 
 
 
 
 
 rosettes between the words on rev. 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 Escallop, rev. legend as ryals, ro- 
 
 
 
 
 
 settes between the words 
 
 
 
 Evans 
 
 
 Escallop, rosettes between the 
 
 
 
 
 
 words .... 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 Cinquefoil, rosettes between the 
 
 
 
 
 
 words .... 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Cinquefoil .... 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Greyhound’s head, rosettes be- 
 
 
 
 
 
 tween the words on obv. . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 Greyhound’s head . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Greyhound’s head, rev. anchor 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 Anchor, rev. greyhound’s head 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 Anchor .... 
 
 
 
 -f 
 
 
 Pheon .... 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Pheon, rev. cross-crosslet, arrow 
 
 
 
 
 
 head on rev. 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 Cross-crosslet, arrow head on both 
 
 
 
 
 
 sides .... 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 Cross-crosslet 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 Portcullis .... 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Henry YIII, 1509 to 1546. 
 
 The gold coinage of Henry YIII may be divided into 
 five classes^ differing from each other in various particulars 
 of type, weight, and fineness of metal. The first class began 
 at the beginning of his reign ; the second in his 1 8th year, 
 1526 j the third in his 35th year, 1543 ; the fourth in his 36th 
 year, 1544 ; and the fifth in his 37th year, 1545. 
 
 riEST COHSTAGE. This was made by virtue of an 
 
83 
 
 indenture witli Lord Mountjoy in the first year of the 
 reigUj and was similar in all respects to that of Henry YII, 
 consisting of sovereigns, ryals, angels, and angelets, 
 of the standard fineness, viz., 23 cts. 3^ grs. fine gold to 
 ^ gr. of alley. A few double sovereigns also exist, but 
 were probably patterns never issued for circulation. The 
 king^s titles are King of England and France, and Lord of 
 Ireland. 
 
 DOUBLE SOVEREIGN. Probably a pattern. Obv. 
 the king crowned and robed, with long locks, beardless, 
 holding sceptre and globe, seated on a high throne with 
 straight back ornamented with chequers. At the end of 
 each arm is a pillar surmounted by a cross with an orna- 
 mental base. Under the king’s feet, and dividing the 
 inner circle and the legend, is a portcullis (the well-known 
 badge of the Tudor family), to which is attached a chain 
 ornamented with lis, which surrounds the field. MM lis. 
 Legend HENRICVS J DEI J GRACIA ? REX ANGLIE J 
 ET ^ FRANC ^ DNS ^ HIB ^ Rev. plain shield bearing the 
 arms of Franco and England, upon a large double rose, 
 within an ornamented tressure of ten arches, within the 
 inner circle. MM cross-crosslet. IHESVS x AYTEM x 
 TRANSIENS J PER J MEDIYM ^ ILLORYM ^ IBAT J 
 Rud. V. 1. Weight 480 grs. A specimen weighing 
 788*6 grs. is in the British Museum. Another, weighing 
 476 grs., was sold at Mr. Dimsdale’s sale for £40, and at 
 Mr. Thomas’s, in 1844, for £30. 
 
 SOVEREIGN. Value 20s. Weight 240 grs. 1. Exactly 
 like the double sovereign. MB. 2. Same but MM port- 
 cullis crowned, and reading TRANCIENS ; a plain double 
 tressure of ten arches, the inner one beaded, round the rose on 
 rev., a lion and lis alternately in each arch, two small crosses 
 in each spandril ; two saltires after Et and Dns, none after 
 Ibat. (54) MB. Both the portcullis and cross-crosslet mint- 
 marks occur on Henry YII’s coins, and the former also on 
 the early silver ones of Henry YIII, For this reason we 
 
 6 * 
 
84 
 
 attribute these sovereigns, as well as the double sovereign, 
 to this period ; and we give them to Henry VIII, because 
 they resemble his other sovereigns more than those of his 
 father, because we have no other sovereigns to attribute to 
 this coinage, and because the portcullis under the king's 
 feet is common on the coins of Henry VIII, but unknown 
 on those of his father. Very rare. 
 
 EYAL. Value lOs. Weight 120 grs. Obv. king 
 standing, with sword and shield, in a ship, the mast to his 
 right, at right angles to which stretches a yard-arm 
 immediately over his head, three ropes from it to stern, one 
 from mast to prow. A bowsprit extends from the prow to 
 the edge of the coin. The upper part of the side of the 
 ship is ornamented with lions and lis, on the centre of it is a 
 rose, at the stern a banner with the letter h. Legend 
 HENRIC ^ VIII ^ HI ^ HRA REX ^ ANGL ^ Z FRANC 
 DNS ^ I ^ B. Rev. Same type as Edward IV's ryals, MM 
 portcullis crowned, legend IHC ^ AYT ^ TRANSIENS J 
 PER J MEDIVM J ILLORVM ^ IBAT. (55) MB. 
 Ext. rare. 
 
 Henry VIII had not the same objection to tracing his 
 title to the throne through his mother, a daughter of 
 Edward IV, as Henry VII had to being thought to depend 
 for a title on his wife, and consequently the son placed the 
 badge of Edward IV, the rose and sun, upon his coins 
 although the father would not. The portcullis MM shows 
 that this coin must belong to this period of his reign. 
 
 ANGELS. Value 6s 8d. Weight 80 grs. Type as the 
 second coinage of Henry VII. One coin, however, omits the 
 rose to the right of the cross on the reverse. 1. MM 
 portcullis crowned. HENRIC ^ VIII ^ HI ^ GRA ^ REX ^ 
 AGL Z X FR.^ Rev. PER ^ CRVCE ^ TVA ^ SALVA ^ 
 NOS ^ XPE ^ REDET. MB. 2. Same, but omitting the 
 rose at the side of the cross on the reverse, two saltires 
 after Fr, Per, and Cruce. Rud. v. 5. MB. 3. Same as 1, 
 but REDE, two saltires after Fr. MB. 4. Same as the last, 
 
85 
 
 with small annulet also after Fr. Num, Gliron., N. S., xii. 
 187. 5. Same as 1, but FRA, REDE, two saltires after Fra, 
 one before obv. MM, and after Rede. End. v. 6. MB. 6. 
 As 1, but F, REDE. MB. This specimen is countermarked 
 with the arms of Zealand. 7. As 1, but RED, two saltires 
 after Fr. MB. 8. As 1, but FRA, RED, saltire before 
 MM on obv. M^B. 9. Same as last, with saltire also 
 after Red. MB. 10. MM castle. Legends as 1, saltire 
 between every word, two after Rex, Fr, Per, and Nos. MB. 
 11. Same, but REDE, only one saltire after Rex, four after 
 Fr, two after Cruce. MB. 12. As last, with only two 
 saltires after Fr, one after Salva, two between all the other 
 words on rev. MB. 13. As 10, but FRA, REDE, 
 saltire between every word, two after Z and Fra. MB. 
 14. Same as last, with two saltires also after Gra, Rex 
 Per, and Nos, one after Rede. MB. 15. As 10, but FRA 
 RED, saltire after every word. MB. 16. As 10, but F, 
 REDE, two saltires after F, Per, Nos, and XPE, one after 
 every other word. MB. 17. As 10, butANGL Z F, RED, 
 saltire between each word, two after F and the first five 
 words on rev. MB. 18. As 10, but REDE, annulet after 
 Fr, two after Henric, saltire after every other word on obv. 
 and after Salva, two after Fr and between the other words 
 on rev. Num. Cliron., N. S., xii. 187. 19. Same, but F, 
 
 RED, saltire after Red. Ih. 
 
 These two mint-marks, the portcullis and the castle, both 
 occur on the silver coins of the first coinage, before 1526. 
 
 ANGELETS. Value 3s 4^d. Weight 40 grs. Same type 
 as the angels. 1. MM portcullis crowned. HENRIC ^ 
 YIII " DI ^ GRA "REX " AL Z. Rev. 0 J CRVX J AVE J 
 SPES ^ VNICA. MB. 2. MM castle. As 1, but REX" 
 AN, omitting Z, only one saltire after 0, two after Unica. 
 Rud. V. 7. 3. MM castle, HENRIC DI GRA REX AGL 
 
 Z. Saltire after every word on obv. Rev. as 1, two saltires 
 after Hnica. (56) MB. 
 
86 
 
 SECOND COINAGE, 1526 to 1543. In the years 1522 
 and 1525, in consequence, it must be presumed, of the 
 insufficiency of the English coinage, several foreign coins 
 both of gold and silver were proclaimed current in England 
 at certain declared values, and it was made penal to refuse 
 them. The gold coins so made current in 1522 were 
 every ducat large of gold at 4s fid, and every crown of 
 gold not soleil [ix. not being a French crown of the sun) 
 nor clipped at 4s; and in 1525 were added every crown 
 soleil, of weight, 4s 4d ; and other crowns named Porpynes, 
 and all other crowns being of like fineness, of weight, as the 
 crowns of the sun be, at 4s 4d sterling ; every piece of fine 
 gold named a Carolus, keeping weight, at 6s lOd; every 
 piece of base gold, named a florin, keeping weight, at 
 3s 3d j every piece of base gold of less quantity, named 
 also a florin, keeping weight, at 2s Id.'’^ Notwithstanding 
 these proclamations it appears that the amount of gold coin 
 in the kingdom was still insufficient for its wants ; and on 
 the 24th July, 1526, a writ was issued to Wolsey, then 
 Lord Chancellor, commanding him to make such alterations 
 in the king’s money as might reduce it to an equality with 
 that of foreign countries. The reason of this reduction was 
 stated, in a proclamation of August 22nd, to be that, 
 notwithstanding the law to the contrary, gold was con- 
 tinually transported by the merchants to Flanders and 
 France because it was rated at a higher value there than 
 here. By this proclamation it was ordered that thenceforth 
 the sovereign should be current for 22^, the Byal for ID, 
 the noble (angel) for 7s 4d, and the forty penny-piece 
 (angelet) for 3s Scl ; and a new coin, to be called the 
 Crown of the Bose,^^ introduced in imitation of the French 
 Crown of the Sun,” and of the same fineness and value, 
 was made current for 4s fid, to which rating the crown 
 soleil itself was raised. The single ducat large ” of fine 
 gold and due weight was also raised to 4s 8d, and the double 
 
87 
 
 ducat iu proportion. These yalues, however^ did not last 
 long^ for it was found that the exportation of coin rather 
 increased than diminislied_, and, as it was thought that this 
 exportation would be stopped by a further increase in the 
 nominal value of the coins^ another proclamation was issued 
 on the 5th of ISTovember; 152 6_, by which the sovereign was 
 made current for 22s 6d; the ryal for 11s 3d, and the half 
 •and quarter in proportion; the angel noble for 7s 6d, and 
 the half angel for 3s 9c?. Besides the angel noble, there 
 was also ordered to be made another noble^ to be called the 
 George noble^ which was to be current for 6s 8d, and a 
 half George noble in proportion ; and whereas the Crown 
 of the Sun/^ not being an aliquot part of a pound, was 
 inconvenient for calculation, another crown, called the 
 Crown of the Double Eose,^^ was to be made which should 
 be current for 5s ; and its half for 2s 6c?. No alteration was 
 made in the values of the Crov/ns of the Sun and others of 
 the same weight and fineness, but all other foreign gold 
 coin was to cease to be current except as the payer and 
 receiver should agree. By the same proclamation the Tower 
 pound, consisting of 5400 grs., which had always hitherto 
 been used in all Mint calculations, was abolished, and the 
 pound troy, of 5760 grs., substituted for it. 
 
 The weight, fineness, and type, therefore, of the gold coins 
 hitherto in use, namely, the sovereign, ryal, angel, and 
 angelet, were to remain as they had been before 1526, the 
 only alteration being that the nominal value of every coin 
 was increased. Of the new coins, the George noble and 
 half noble were to correspond in weight and fineness with 
 the old coins ; but the crowns and half-crowns, in order 
 that they might the more nearly resemble the French 
 crowns of the sun,^^ were to be made of gold of 22 cts. 
 fine only and are the first instance of a gold coin of less 
 than standard fineness in England. The Crown of the 
 Eose,^^ mentioned in the proclamation of the 22nd August, 
 is not known and was probably never struck, otherwise its 
 
88 
 
 name would have occurred in the proclamation of the 5th of 
 November^ which declares Crowns of the Sun/^ which 
 were of exactly the same value^, inconvenient pieces. A 
 double sovereign^ apparently of this period, is in the British 
 Museum, but it is believed to be unique, and is probably 
 only a pattern. No ryals or angelets of this period are 
 known, nor any half George nobles, and it is very possible 
 that none were ever struck. Although the weight, fineness, 
 and type of the old denominations of coins remained exactly 
 the same after 1526 as before, yet we are enabled by two 
 principal circumstances to distinguish with some certainty 
 between the coins of the two periods. First, the mint-marks 
 on the gold coins are much the same as those on the silver ; 
 and as the silver coins were in 1526 both reduced in weight 
 and altered in type, there is no difficulty in distinguishing 
 between the earlier and later mint-marks of that series. 
 And secondly, some of the crowns, half-crowns, and George 
 nobles have the initial besides that of the king, of Queens 
 Katherine, Anne, and Jane, and the mint-marks which occur 
 upon those pieces are thereby fixed to the dates of those 
 queens. 
 
 The king^s marriage with Katherine, who was the widow 
 of his brother Arthur, was celebrated in 1509, and was 
 formally decreed by Cranmer to be void in 1533, shortly 
 after the king had j^ublicly avowed his marriage with Anne 
 Boleyu, which had taken place in November, 1532. Queen 
 Anne was beheaded on the 19th of May, 1536, and on the 
 next day the king married Jane Seymour. Jane gave birth 
 to Edward YI on Oct. 12th, 1537, and died two days 
 afterwards. In Jan. 1540 the king married, and in July ho 
 divorced, Anne of Cleves ; on the 8th of August in the 
 same year he married Katherine Howard, who was attainted 
 and beheaded in January, 1541-2 ; and on the 12th July, 
 1543, he married Katherine Parr, Lady Latimer. 
 
 In 1540 Henry assumed the title of King of Ireland, 
 which was conferred upon him by an Irish statute of that 
 
89 
 
 year ; but it was not ratified by tlie English Parliament 
 till 1543, and does not seem to have been adopted on the 
 English coins until that year. 
 
 DOUBLE SOVEREIGN. Fattern. Exactly like that of 
 the first issue, but MM obv. lis, rev. pheon. Four saltires 
 after Ibat. Wt. 470*1 grs. Unique? This was bought by 
 the British Museum for £100. The same mint-marks occui 
 together on a groat of the second coinage, but the pheon 
 also occurs on a groat of the first coinage, and it is therefore 
 probable this piece was struck not long after 1526. 
 
 SOVEREIGNS. Value 22s or 22s 6d. Weight 240 grs. 
 Standard fineness. Type same as before. 1. MM lis. Like 
 (54) but saltire-stops as on the first double sovereign. MB, 
 2. MM lis, rev. arrow. Same as (54) but reading TRAN- 
 SIENS, with no crosses in the spandrils on the reverse. 
 MB. 3. Same, but a single ornamented tressure, without lions 
 or lis, on the reverse, as on the double sovereign. Two saltires 
 before Ihesus, one after Ibat. Rud. v. 2. MB. 4. MM 
 sun^s rays from beneath a cloud. Same as No. 2, but with 
 small crosses in the spandrils. 3IB. All rare, 
 
 ANGELS. Value 7s 4d or 7s 6d, Weight 80 grs. 
 Standard fineness. Type same as before. 1. MM pheon. 
 HENRIC ^ VIII ^ DI GRA ^ REX ^ AGL Z F J 
 Rev. PER CRVCE ^ TVA ^ SALVA^ NOS ^ XPE ^ RED. 
 (57) MB. 2. MM lis. As 1 but FRA, REDET, one saltire 
 between words on obv., two on rev. MB, 3. MM suiFs 
 rays from beneath a cloud. HENRIC VIII J D G J 
 R ^ AGL Z ^ FRA J Rev. as last but REDE. MB, 
 
 GEORGE NOBLE. Value 6s 8d, Weight 71^ grs, 
 Standard fineness. Obv. ship as on the reverse of the 
 angels, but a double rose instead of a shield above it, under 
 the cross j h to the left of the cross, K, for Queen Katherine 
 of Aragon, to the right. Rev. St. George on horseback, 
 piercing the dragon through the mouth with a very long 
 spear, the butt end of which marks the end of the legend. 
 The horse’s hind feet also pass through the inner circle and 
 
90 
 
 divide the legend. The MM is always a rose. 1. HENRIC ^ 
 DI X G R ^ AGL ^ Z X FRANC ^ DNS ^ HIBERNI. Rev. 
 TALI ^ DIG A ^ SIGNO ^ MES ^ FLYCTYARI J NEQYIT. 
 Saltire before the MM on rev. (58) MB. 2. HENRIO D 
 G R X AGLIE X Z X FRA x DNS x HIBERIE. Rev. 
 TALI X DICATA ^ SIG J MES J FLYCTYARI ^ NEQT. 
 MB. 3. HENRIC J D x G R x AGL x Z x FRANC ^ 
 DNS X HIBERI, Rev. as 1 but SIG® for signo, saltire before 
 Tali. MB. Or HIBER; two saltires between the words^ 
 rev. as 2. EVANS. 4. As 3, but HIBER, DICATT SIG^ 
 NEQT j two saltires between each ? word. Rud. v. 3. In this 
 plate an R is substituted for K in the field of the obverse. 
 These coins^ which are very rare^ must have been struck 
 between 1526 when they were first authorized; and 1533 when 
 Queen Katherine of Aragon was divorced ; or else in 1541- 
 1542; during the short reign of Queen Katherine Howard. 
 The former; however; is far the more probable; as the rose 
 was an early MM; and it is not likely that the striking of 
 these coins should have been deferred for fifteen years after 
 they were first authorized. Mr. Bergne has pointed out in 
 Num. Chr.y N. S^; v. 296; that the legend on these nobles is 
 taken from a hymn by PrudentiuS; written in the latter half 
 of the fourth century; entitled Hymnus ante somnuin;^^ in 
 which we are recommended to make the sign of the cross 
 upon our forehead and our heart when we go to bed; because 
 ^^tali dicata signo mens fluctuare nescit.'’^ The hymn is 
 preserved in a manuscript called the Liber Benediction- 
 alis,^^ in the Monastery of St* Gall; and is quoted in No. 84 
 of The Arciiwological Journal. 
 
 CROWNS. Value 5s. Weight 57fh grs. 22 ds. fine. 
 Obv* double rose crowned; a letter crowned on each side of 
 it. Rev. Shield of arms crowned. The crowns have a 
 single ornamented arch surmounted by globe and cross. 
 1. MM rose ; h to left, K to right, in the field. HENRIC x 
 YlII X RYTILANS x KOSA x SIE J SPIA. Rev. DEI J 
 G X p X AGLIE X Z X FKANC x DNS x HIBERNI. MB. 
 
91 
 
 2. Same^ but HIBEHNIE^ saltire between every word^ two 
 after Deb Aglie^ Eranc^ and Dns. End. v. 11. 3. Same as 
 
 E but SINE, AGL, HIBEENIE. One saltire after Henric, 
 E, Dns, and Hibernie, two between tbe other words. MB. 
 4. Same as 1, but SINE, HIBEEIE, saltire before obv. 
 MM, after Henric and Till, and each side of Z, two between 
 the other words. MB. 5. Same as last, but HIBBENIE, 
 saltire before obv. MM and between every word, two after 
 Dei and E. The Ns on this coin are of the Eoman, not, as 
 on the former ones, of the old English shape. 3IB. 6. 
 Same as 1, but SINE SPINA, HIBEENIE, one saltire 
 after Eosa and Sine and between each word on obv., two after 
 Eutilans and between each word on rev., Eoman Ns. MB. 
 7. MM lis. H and K crowned at sides of shield on rev. as 
 well as of rose on obv. Legends as 1 but HIBEENIE. 
 One saltire after Eosa, Sie, Z, and Franc, two between the 
 other words. English Ns. MB. 8. Same as last, but 
 SINE ^ SPINA, Eev. DEI J GEA ^ E ^ AGL ^ Z J FEANCE J 
 DNS X HIBEEIE. English Ns on obv., Eoman on rev., 
 two saltires between each word. IlIB. 9. Same as 7, but 
 SINE SPINA, one saltire between words on obv., two on 
 rev. Eoman Ns on obv., except in king^s name, English 
 on rev. MB. 10. MM arrow. These all have the English 
 N. Same as 7, but HIBEENI, one saltire after Henric, 
 Franc, and Hiberni, two between the other words. MB. 11. 
 MM arrow. H and A, for Anne Boleyn, crowned, at sides 
 of rose on obv. and shield on rev., legends as 1 but SINE, 
 HIBEENIE. Saltire between every word, two after 
 Eutilans, Eosa, Dei, and Hibernie. (59) MB. See End. v. 
 12, obv. only. The MM here given is a pheon, but this is 
 probably a mistake, as the pheon MM does not seem to 
 have been used as late as Queen Anne's time. 12. MM 
 arrow, h and K crowned at sides of rose on obv., h and I, 
 for Jane Seymour, crowned at sides of shield on rev., 
 legends as 1 but SPI, HIBEENIE, saltire between every 
 word, two after Dei. This has an obverse of the time of 
 
92 
 
 Qaeen Katherine^ before 1533, joined to a reverse of Queen 
 Jane, 1536-7. MB. 13. Same as last but I instead of K 
 at side of rose on obv., legends as 1 but HIBEENIE, 
 saltire between each word. Kud. v. 10. MB, 14. Legends 
 transposed, the king^s name being on the shield side, as on 
 the half-crowns, instead of on the rose side as on the other 
 crowns. MM arrow. H and E (for Eex) crowned at sides 
 of shield on obv. and of rose on rev. Legends HENEIC. D, 
 G. EYTILANS. EOSA. SINE SP Eev. .DEI. GEA. 
 AGL. PEA. Z. HIB. EEX. EVANS. This coin must 
 have been struck in 1543, after the English Parliament had 
 had ratified the title of King of Ireland, although Henryks 
 marriage with Katherine Parr on the 12 th of July in that 
 year had then already taken place, and therefore her initial 
 might have been placed upon the coin. 
 
 HALF CEOWNS. Value 2s Qd. Weight 28 j^grs. 22cts, 
 fine. Obv. like the reverse of the crowns. Eev. like the 
 obverse of the crowns, but the letters at each side of the 
 rose are not crowned. 1. MM rose on obv. only. HENEIC 5 
 8 ; DI J G ^ E AGL J Z J FEA. Eev. EYTILANS j 
 EOSA ^ SINE ^ SPINA ^ h and K at sides of rose. MB. 
 2. Same, but MM both sides* MB. 3. As 2, but reading 
 HENEIC 8 " DI " GEA EEX ^ AGL ^ Z J F. THOBBURN. 
 4. MM lis, rev. rose. Same as 1 but h and K at sides of 
 shield as well as of rose, only one saltire between words on 
 obv. MB. 5. Same but FEAC> SPIA, two saltires after Z. 
 MB. 6. MM lis* Legends as 1, h and K at sides of rose. 
 One saltire after Henric, none after E or Fra, two after 
 every other word. End. v. 8. 7. MM arrow, on both sides. 
 Same as 1> kut h and I at sides of rose and of shield, 
 FEANC, two saltires after Z, only one between the other 
 words on obv. (60) MB. 8. Same as last, but obv. legend 
 HENEIC ^ 8 ^ D ^ GEA EEX J AGL Z FE. MB. 
 
 THIED COINAGE, 1543. In this year a new indenture 
 was made with the master of the mint, by which the fineness 
 of the coins was reduced to 23 carats fine gold and 1 carat 
 
93 
 
 alloy. A lb. troy of this metal was to be coined into 
 £28. 16s by tale. Tbe new sovereigns were to be current 
 for 20s, half-sovereigns (now first substituted for ryals) for 
 10s, angels for 8s, angelets for 4s, and quarter angels (now 
 first coined) for 2s. The coinage of pieces of other denomi- 
 nations"seems to have been stopped. 
 
 In 1544 the standard of fineness was still further debased, 
 and the weight of the coins was lowered, making the 
 sovereign weigh 192 grs., and the other coins in proportion. 
 But unfortunately, while it is difficult to tell the fineness of 
 the metal of a coin without assaying it, and consequently 
 we cannot separate the coins of the two years by this test, 
 the weight was so inaccurately adjusted during these last 
 years of Henry VIII and during the reign of Edward VI 
 that it, too, is but a very uncertain guide to the classification 
 of the coins. The mode of arrangement we have adopted, 
 therefore, is to assign to this third coinage all those pieces, 
 whatever their weight, which have a lis for their mint-mark, 
 as that is the only mint-mark used on the angel, angelet, and 
 quarter angel, which pieces were not coined after 1543; and 
 to give to the coinages of 1544 and 1545 those pieces which 
 have the same mint-marks as the crown and half-crown, 
 which were coined in those years but not in the preceding one. 
 
 SOVEREIGNS. Value 20^. Weight 200 grs. Fineness 
 23 carats, 1. Obv. like the former sovereigns, but the 
 king^s figure is different; he wears a short beard and a ruff, 
 and the chain round the field is somewhat different. A rose 
 instead of the portcullis is under the king^s feet, and there 
 are no lis on the inner circle. MM lis. HENRIC ^ 8 ^ HI ^ 
 GRA ^ ANGLIE ERANCIE ^ ET ^ HIBE J REX 
 Saltire before MM. Rev. Shield of arms crowned, sup- 
 ported by lion and dragon, the former crowned, tablet 
 below inscribed HR in monogram. MM lis. HIES VS J 
 AVTEM J TRANCIENS ^ PER ^ MEDIVM ^ ILLORV ^ 
 IBAT. Rud. vi. 1. MB. Wt. 190-4 grs. 2. Type of obv. 
 different ; the king wears a long beard, the back of the 
 
94 
 
 throne is curved^ there is a bird with expanded wings 
 instead of a cross above the arms of the throne^ and no chain 
 round the field. Otherwise as last. MM lis. HENRIC 8 DI 
 GRA ANGL FRAN GIB Z HIBERN REX. Rev. IHS 
 AYTBM TRANSIEXS PER MEDIVM ILLORYM IBAT. 
 Trefoil after each word on obv., two between words on rev.^ 
 one after Ibat. (61) MB. Wt. 188*4 grs. 3. Same but 
 AGL, HIBER. Rev. IHS. AYTEM TRAXCIENS PER 
 MEDIY ILLORY IBAT. Two trefoils after 8 and the 
 last four words on obv.^ one after the others ; two after 
 first three words on rev._, one after the last three. MB. 
 Wt. 189*2 grs. 4. Similar^ but the king has his head on 
 one side^ and the rose under his feet is smaller and does 
 not divide the legend. MM WS in monogram, with two 
 cinquefoils on obv., one on rev., and cinquefoil between 
 every word. HENRIC 8 DEI GRA AGE FRAN Z HIB 
 REX. Rev. IHS AYTEM TRANSIENS PERMEDIYM 
 ILLOR IBAT. MB. Yit. 199*5 grs. This coin was no 
 doubt struck at Bristol, as the MM, which consists of the 
 initials of Sir William Sharington, master of the mint there, 
 occurs on the silver coins of that place only. It is assigned 
 to this rather than to the fourth or fifth coinages on account 
 of its weight, which so far exceeds 192 grs., the authorized 
 weight of the later sovereigns. All rare. 
 
 HALF-SOYEREIGNS. These all appear from their 
 mint-marks to belong to the later coinages, although there 
 are some that weigh more than 96 grs., the proper weight 
 of those coinages. 
 
 ANGELS. Value 8s. Weight 80 grs. Fineness 23 cts. 
 Type as before. MM lis. HENRIC ^ 8 ^ D ^ G ^ AGL ^ 
 FRA ^ Z HIB REX Rev. PER CRYCE TYA ^ 
 SALYA NOS ^ XPE ^ REDE Annulet to left of 
 angePs head and on side of ship. Rud. vi. 6. MB. Or 
 reading PEER, RED, and with two saltires after Rex, Peer, 
 and Nos. (62) MB. These are attributed to this coinage, 
 instead of the previous one, because they have the title of 
 
95 
 
 King of Ireland^ which does not seem to have been assumed 
 in England till it was granted by the English Parliament in 
 1543. The weight is the same as in the former coinages, 
 and angels do not appear to have been coined in 1544 or 
 1545, when the weight was reduced. 
 
 ANGELETS. Valuers. Weight AO grs. Fineness 2S ds. 
 Type as the angels. MM lis. HENPIO ^ 8 ^ D ^ G ^ AGE ^ 
 FR ^ Z ^ HIB X REX. Rev. 0 « CRYX " AYE " SPES " 
 YNICA® Annulet on side of ship. Rud. vi. 7. MB, 
 39*6 grs. 
 
 QUARTER ANGELS. Value 2s. Weight 20 grs. Fine- 
 ness 23 cts. Type as the angels. 1. MM lis. HENRICYS^ 
 YIII ^ DEI ^ GRA AGLIE. Rev. FRANCIE ^ ET J HI- 
 BERNIE>^REX. Rud.vi. 9. MB. Wt. 19-8 grs. 2. Same 
 but DI, a single saltire after every word. (63) MB. Wt. 
 18'7 grs. 3. MM lis, legend on both sides as obv. of 1, 
 but DI j h and rose at sides of cross on rev. omitted, but 
 small R at right of cross, saltire after every ? word except 
 the last on rev. Rud. vi. 8. The figure of the angel on the 
 last two of these is slightly different from that on the first. 
 All very rare. 
 
 FOURTH COINAGE, 1544. FIFTH COINAGE, 1545. 
 Another indenture, of 1544, further reduced the standard to 
 22 cts. fine and 2 cts. alloy, and a lb. troy of this metal was 
 to be coined into £30 by tale. The coins specified in this 
 indenture are sovereigns, half-sovereigns, crowns, and half- 
 crowns. In 1545 the metal was still further debased to 
 to 20 cts. fine and 4 cts. alloy, the lowest state of degra- 
 dation which it has ever reached in England. No other 
 difference was, as far as we know, made in the coins in this 
 latter year, and we are therefore unable to separate them 
 from those of 1544. We have already pointed out that the 
 weight of the coins of these two years was so inaccurately 
 adjusted that it forms no guide for distinguishing them 
 from those of the third coinage, and that v/e assign to tlieso 
 
96 
 
 years the crowns and half-crowns^ which denominations were 
 not struck in 1543, and such sovereigns and half-sovereigns as 
 seem by their mint-marks to be contemporaneous with them. 
 
 SOVEREIGNS. Value 20s. Weight 192 grs. Fineness 
 22 or 20 ets. 1. Like No. 2 of the third coinage but MM 
 annulet enclosing pellet, rev. lis. AGL, HIBER. Rev. IHS 
 AYTEM TRANCIENS PERMEDIY ILLORY IBAT. 
 One trefoil after Di, Gra, and Erancie, and the last three 
 words on rev., two after the other words on obv., and the first 
 three on rev. MB. 2. Type as the last. MM S. HENRIC 
 8 DI GRA AGL ERANCIE Z HIBERN REX. Rev. 
 IHS AYTEM TRANSIENS PERMEDIYM ILLOR 
 IBAT. Trefoil between every word and after Ibat, two 
 after 8, Agl, Z, Autem, Transiens, and Medium. Rud. vi. 10. 
 MB. Wt. 193*7, or 189*8 grs. 3. Type as the last, struck 
 at Bristol. MM WS in monogram, on obv. only. ERANCI 
 Z HIBER, ILLOR. Trefoil after Henric, Di, and Gra, 
 none after Agl, two between all the other words, two 
 quatrefoils after Rex. THOBBUBN. Wt, 184J grs. 
 
 HALE SOVEREIGNS. Value 10s. Weight 96 grs. 
 Fineness 22 or 20 cts. 1, Type like No. 2 sovereign of the 
 third coinage, MM annulet enclosing pellet. HENRIC 
 8 DI GRA AGL ERANCIE Z HIBERNIE REX. Rev. 
 IHS AYTEM TRANCIENS PER MEDIYM ILLORYM 
 IBA. The stops on both sides are only dots. MB. 94*3 grs. 
 See Rud. vi. 11, which reads TRANSIENS. 2. Same, but 
 HIBERN, TRANSIENS, IBAT. MB. 94*6 grs.; or 
 HIBERNI. MB. 94*7 grs. 3. MM as 1. HENRIC 8 D 
 G AGL ERANCI Z HIB REX. Rev. IHS AYTEM 
 TRANSIE PERMEDI ILLOR IBA. Saltire stops on 
 obv., trefoil on rev. MB. 4. MM as I. HENRIC 8 D G 
 AGL ERANCI Z HIB REX. Rev. IHS AYTE 
 TRANSI PERMEDI ILLOR IBAT. Trefoil after each 
 word on obv. and after Ante and Transi, two after 8, Agl, 
 Ihs, and Illor. MB. 97 grs. 5. Similar to last but 
 
97 
 
 TRANSIENS, 96 grs., or FRANCIE, TEANSIENS, 
 MEDIY, 97 grs. Num. Gliron., N. S., xii. 187. 6. As 4, but 
 FRANCIE, TEANSIENS ; trefoil-shaped stops. MB. 7. As 
 last_, with annulet on inner circle on obv. under GC in Kex, 
 and on rev. under B in Ibat. MB. 8. As 4_, but FEANCIE^ 
 TEANSIE PEE MEDIYM ILLOEY. Trefoil between 
 each v/ord^ two after Medium and Illoru. Annulet on inner 
 circle on obv. under X in Eex^ and on rev. under I in Ibat. 
 (64) MB. 9. As 4, but FEANCIE, ILLO. Trefoils 
 between words on both sides, two after Henric, 8, Agl, Hib, 
 and Illo. Annulet on inner circle on rev. under T in ibat. 
 MB. 10. As 4, but MM S, FEAXOIE, TEANSIE, trefoil 
 between every word, two after Eex, one after Ibat. MB. 
 94*4 grs. 11. Same, but MEDIY. Trefoil beWeen every 
 word, two after 8, Agl, Francie, and Hib, one after Eex. 
 a below shield. MB. 12. As 10, but FEANCI, TEAX- 
 SIEXS, PEEMEDIY. Trefoil after every word and before 
 Ihs, three after Agl, two after Transiens and Mediu. 0 
 under shield. MB. 13. As 10, but TEASIENS, Q under 
 shield, trefoil after every word on obv. and after Ante, two 
 after 8, Agl, Francie, Hib, Trasiens, and Medi. MB. 95 grs. 
 14. MM as 10, legends as 4 but TEANSIENS, G. under 
 shield, saltire between every word on obv., two after Henric, 
 8, Agl, and Eex ; trefoil betv/een every word on rev. MB. 
 Or TEANSIE PEEMEDIY, saltire between every word on 
 obv., two after 8, saltire after Ihs, trefoil after Transie, Mediu 
 and Illor. TIIORBTJBN . 15. MM as 10, legends as 4 but 
 
 TEANSIENS, GC under shield, saltire after rev. MM, and 
 after words on each side, two before Henric and after 8, 
 Agl, Eex, Transiens and Illor. MB. 16. As 10, but the 
 king has no sceptre, G under shield, FEANCI, TEAN- 
 SIENS. Trefoil before obv. MM and after each word on 
 obv., two before fraud, saltire between each word on rev. 
 MB. 944 grs. 17. Type as 1, MM obv. S rev. G{ ?, GC 
 under shield, legends as 4 but FEANCIE, TEANSIENS, 
 saltire after 8, D, O, Z, Aute, Transiens, and Ibat. Niom. 
 
 7 
 
98 
 
 Chron.j N. S._, xii. 188. QSJgrs. 18. Type as 1, MM 0, 0 
 under sliield_, legends as last but HIBERN. Small mascle 
 after 7i, two between tlie other words on obv. Stops on rev. 
 doubtful. MB. 94 J grs. 19. Same^ but IB A, mascles for 
 stops on rev. MB. 20. Type as 1^ MM WS in monogram 
 on obv. only^ legends as 17 y trefoil after every word^ two 
 after 8j Francie^ and Z. No letter under shield. MB. 
 This_, from its MM_, was struck at Bristol. See p. 94. 
 
 The above coins present but little difficulty except from 
 the variations in their weights ; but there is another series 
 of half-sovereigns which must evidently^ from their general 
 resemblance and their mint-marks^ have immediately suc- 
 ceeded these, but which, together with the name of Henry 
 YIII, bear the portrait of a decidedly youthful king, the 
 same portrait indeed as appears on the half-sovereign of 
 Edward VI, Eud. vii. 3. The mint-marks on these coins, 
 as well as some on the previous series, are the same as on 
 the crowns and half-crowns bearing the name of Henry YIII. 
 It seems very strange that a young face should be substituted 
 for an old one on the latest coins of Henry YIII, and 
 Mr. Evans has therefore suggested that the coins which 
 bear this young face must have been struck under Edward 
 VI, notwithstanding that his father^s name was still used. 
 This supposition appears the more probable when we consider 
 the unlikelihood of so great a variety of mint-marks, no less 
 than six altogether, having been used on the same denomi- 
 nation of coin during the two years that elapsed between 
 the issuing of the coinage of 1544 and the king^s death; 
 and, moreover, upon the contrary supposition, there must 
 have been almost a cessation of coinage for a time after the 
 accession of Edward YI, as all the early coins bearing the 
 name of that monarch are extremely rare. Such an appro- 
 priation, however, would necessitate also the removal to 
 Edward YI of the crowns and half-crowns bearing the same 
 mint-marks as these half-sovereigns, and also of tlie corre- 
 sponding silver coins ; and in the absence of any explanation 
 
99 
 
 of the reasons which could have caused the retention of 
 Henryks name on the coins after there had been time to 
 engrave a portrait of Edward_, we do not think that the 
 evidence is sufficient to justify us in making such a change. 
 W e will therefore proceed to describe these coins as we find 
 them, as belonging to the coinages of the last two years of 
 Henry YIII. 
 
 21o King^s face young, beardless, small ruflP, fur collar to 
 robe, rose under feet not dividing the legend. Throne very 
 different to the former ones, back round, not chequered, a 
 winged figure standing on the arms of the throne, the legs 
 like those of a chair, not column- shaped. Otherwise like 
 the last half-sovereigns. Ho MM on obv., S ? on rev. Ho 
 letter under the shield on rev. HEHRIC 8 D Gr AGL 
 FRAH Z HIB REX. Rev. IHS AYTE TRAHSIEH PER 
 MEDI ILLOR IBAT. Diamond-shaped stops between the 
 words on obv., none on rev. Num. Chron., H. S., xii. 188. 
 91 i grs., or TRAHSIE, diamond-shaped stops on both 
 sides, the rev. MM probably intended for an E. THOR- 
 BURN. 22. Type as the last, MM on both sides E, E 
 under the shield, legends as last, but FRAHC, AYTEM 
 TRAHSIEHS. Diamond-shaped stop before Henric and Ihs, 
 and after Henric, Franc, and Z, and each word on rev., two 
 after the other words on obv. MB, 92*2 grs. 23. Same, 
 but DEI GRA, FRA. Rud. vi. 2. 85| grs. Or with the E 
 under the shield reversed, Num, Chron., H. S., xii. 188, 
 96 grs. 24. As 21, with no MM on obv., E on rev., E 
 under the shield, FRA, TRAHSIE, IB A. Diamond-shaped 
 stop between each word on obv., except after Z, three after 
 8, one ? between each word on rev. MB. 96*4 grs. 25. 
 Type as 21, no MM on obv., E ? on rev., HEHRIC 8 D G 
 AHGL FRAHC Z HIBER REX. Rev. IHS AYTEM 
 TRAHSIEHS PER MEDIYM ILLOR IBAT. E under 
 the shield. Small pierced cross after Angl, Z, Hiber, and 
 Rex, and after the F in Franc, small saltire between the 
 other words and after Ibat. MB. 99 grs. 26. Same as 
 
 7 * 
 
100 
 
 23 but no MM_, K under shield. Eud. vi. 12^ obv. only. 
 Num. Ghron.j N. S._, xii. 188. 87^ to 93^ grs. 27. Type as 
 21. MM arrow. HENEIO 8 D G ANGL FEANO E 
 HIBEE EEX. Mascle before Heiiric and after each 
 word except E and Hiber^ two after Angl. Eev. legend 
 as 26j small cross after Autem and Ibat. Ih. 93 to 
 97 grs. 28. Obv. as last. Eev. MM as lasE IHS AYTE 
 TEANSIE PEE MEDI ILLOE IBAT, no stops. Ib. 
 93i grs. 29. Type and MM as 27. HENEIO 8 D G AGL 
 FEAN Z HIB EEX. Eev. legend as last. Mascle after 
 every word, two after 8, three after Eex. (65) MB. 
 94‘2 grs. The reverse of this coin has been double struck. 
 Or reading FEANO, AYTEM TEANSIENS, mascle after 
 every word except Per, two after Agl and Eex. THOB- 
 BUBK 30. Type and MM as 27, HENEIO 8 DEI GEA 
 AGL FEA Z HIB EEX. Eev. as 28, but AYTEM 
 TEANSIENS. Diamonds between the words. Num. Ghron., 
 N. S., xii. 189. 91 grs. 31. Type as 21, MM grappling iron. 
 Obv. legend as last. Eev. IHS AYTE TEANSIEN PEE 
 MEDIY ILLO IBAT. Dot after each word except Per. 
 Grappling iron below shield on rev. Ib. 96| grs. 32. 
 Same, but MM on obv. only. HENEIO. 8 : D. G. AGL. 
 FEA. Z. HIB. EEX; Eev. IHS. AYTE TEANSIE. 
 PEE. MEDI. ILLOE. IBA. MB. 33. Type as 21. MM 
 martlet. Legends as last but AYTEM TEANSIENS, 
 IBAT. Dot between each word and after Ibat, two after 8. 
 MB. 34. Same but FEANGI, small annulet after 8, D, and 
 G. Num. Ghron.j N. S., xii. 188. 95| grs. 35. As 33, but 
 
 DEI GEA, AYT, MEDIY ILLO. Ib. 93 grs. 36. Type 
 as 21. MM lis. HENEIO. 8:D. G: AGL. FEANGIE : 
 Z : HIB : EEX : Eev. IHS. AYTEM : TEANSIENS : 
 PEEMEDI ILLO. IBAT MB. 
 
 GEOWNS. Value 5s. Weight 48 grs. Fineness 22 or 
 20 cts. Type as those of the second coinage, with h and E 
 crowned on each side of the rose on obv. and of tlie shield 
 on rev. 1. MM annulet enclosing pellet. HENEIO 8 
 
iol 
 
 ROSA SINE SPINE. Rev. DEI GEA AGL FRA ET 
 HIB REX. Trefoil before Henric and after Fra, none 
 after Hib, two after every other word. MB. 2. MM 
 martlet. HENRIC 8 RYTLANS ROSA SIN SP. Rev. 
 DEI GRA AGE FRA Z HIB REX. MB. Wt. 47-2 grs. 
 3. Obv. MM pierced trefoil? HENRIC 8 ROSA SINE 
 SPINE X Ornamented cross and four saltires after Rosa 
 and Sine. Rev. MM WS in monogram. D. G. ANGLIE 
 FRA. Z. HIB. REX ^ Ornamented cross and two saltires 
 after An glie. MB. Wt. 47*8 grs. 4. MM WS in mono- 
 gram on rev. only, legends as the last, quatrefoil after MM 
 and after Sine, Spine, and Anglie, lis after Rosa, trefoil after 
 Henric, Fra Z, and Hib. Rnd. vi. 5. 5. MM obv. cinque- 
 
 foil, rev. WS in monogram, legends as 3 but FIENRICYS. 
 Quatrefoil after Rosa and after rev. MM, pierced cross after 
 Sine and Anglie, slipped trefoil each side of Z, small annulet 
 before Henricus. (66) MB. Wt. 48‘1 grs. 6. MM^s as 
 last. HENRIC YIII ROSA SINE SPINA. Quatrefoil 
 after YIII. Rev. D. G. ANGL. FRANC. Z. HIB. REX, 
 quatrefoil after Angl and Rex. TIIOBBUBN. Wt. 47 grs. 
 This is the only coin of the last years of the reign which 
 has YIII instead of 8. The WS shows that the last four of 
 these coins were struck at Bristol. See antej p. 94. 
 
 HALF - CROWNS. Value 2s 6d. Weight 24 grs. 
 Fineness 22 or 20 cts. Type as those of the second coinage, 
 with H and R at the sides both of the shield and of the rose, 
 but on two coins the king^s name is on the rose side instead 
 of the shield side. The stops are generally mere dots 
 between the words. 1. MM annulet enclosing pellet, king^s 
 name on shield side. HENRIC 8 D G AGL FR Z HB 
 REX. Rev. RYTILANS ^ ROSA J SINE ^ SPINA. (67) 
 MB. 2. Same, but HIB, omitting REX; SPI; mascles 
 instead of saltires on both sides; the Ns are of the Roman 
 shape. MB. 3. MM G, followed by a small quatrefoil. King^s 
 name on the rose side. HENRIC 8 ROSA SINE SPI. 
 Rev. DEI GRA ANG FRA Z HIB REX. Stops doubtful. 
 
102 
 
 MB. 4. Same, but SPIN, AGL. MB. 6. MM E on obv. 
 only. As 1, but AG FKA Z HIB, SP. No saltires. The 
 Ns on this and the two next coins are of tbe Roman, not tbe 
 English, shape. MB. 6. MM E on rev. only ?, legends as 
 1 but SPI, no saltires. Rud. vi. 4. 7. MM arrow, 
 
 legends as 1 but AG FR Z HIB, SP. The stops between 
 the words are small mascles. EVANS. 8. Same, but HI. 
 MB. 9. MM arrow. H. D. G. RYTILANS. ROSA SINE 
 SP. Rev. RYTILANS. ROSA : SINE SP The stops 
 are small mascles. Rud. v. 13. Pembroke collection. 
 10. MM WS in monogram on rev. only. As 1, but ANG 
 FR Z HIB. Two saltires after Rutilans only. Rud. vi. 3. 
 MB. 11. Same, but SPI, two saltires between each word 
 on rev. MB. The two last were struck at Bristol by Sir 
 Wm. Sharington. All rare. 
 
 Besides the mint at the Tower, at which the great 
 majority of the coins were struck, Henry YIII had a royal 
 mint, separate from the ecclesiastical one, at Canterbury; 
 in or about the year 1543 he re-established one at Bristol, 
 and in 1545 at York; but the patent for the coinage at this 
 latter city was confined to silver coins, and this was very 
 likely the case at Canterbury also. The ecclesiastical mints, 
 which were at Canterbury, York, and Durham, never struck 
 gold coins. Some, however, were struck at Bristol, and are 
 distinguishable by having for their mint-mark WS, the 
 initials of Sir W. Sharington, master of the Bristol mint. 
 A mint also existed at Southwark in the first year of 
 Edward YI, and perhaps in the last years of Henry YIII, 
 but no coins struck here in Henryks reign have yet been 
 distinguished. 
 
Table of Mint Maeks. 
 
 103 
 
Table of Mint Maeks — continued . 
 
 104 
 
 o 
 
 bC 
 
 P 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 o 
 
 bo 
 
 P 
 
 <1 
 
 + 
 
 o . 
 
 bo O 
 
 §■€ 
 
 o 
 
 be 
 
 P 
 
 <1 
 
 & 
 
 CO 
 
 + 
 
 + + +++^ ++ 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 P o 
 
 O 02 
 
 
 bO 
 
 
 w 
 
 H 
 
 ».ra 
 
 P 
 
 H 
 
 p 
 
 P.^ 
 
 p -- 
 
 P . p] 
 O P 
 
 tll2 
 
 bo 5 ‘m P 
 
 p 2 ^ 3 
 
 .p 1=J ^ p^ 
 
 2 p ■P p 
 o o 
 
 ■P rj 
 
 p: 2 peg 
 
 Q.p o-g 
 
 P P ^ 
 
 P P ^ P 
 
 j P'" P 
 
 <qtO 
 
 ^.2 
 
 ^ u 
 
 , p 
 
 2 
 
 'S p 
 
 '~rj . • 
 
 p 
 
 o 
 
 ■rP 
 
 O 
 
 qs ^ P 
 
 b fe 5 o 
 
 u p 
 P p 
 
 
 <-\j 
 
 CO CO 
 
 ■s 
 
 ^ r;® ^ 
 
Table of Mint Marks — continued . 
 
 105 
 
 JSf.C. — Numismatic Chronicle, N. S., xii. 188, 189. 
 
106 
 
 Edward YI, 1546 to 1553. 
 
 Edward YI came to the throne on the 28th of January, 
 1546-7, and although he only reigned six and a half years, no 
 fewer than four distinct series of gold coins were issued 
 during his reign. By the indentures of his first year made 
 with the masters of the mints of Southwark, Canterbury, 
 and the Tower, the money was to remain of the same weight 
 and fineness as the last coinage of his father, in his 37th 
 year. The Bristol mint also continued to be worked at this 
 time, but perhaps only silver money was issued from it, for 
 in the conviction of Sir W. Sharington, the master of the 
 mint, in 1548, for having there in the first year of the king 
 counterfeited £12,000 of coins resembling the Testoons 
 (shillings), no mention is made of gold coins. Nor do we 
 know of any gold coins having been issued at this time from 
 the Southwark or Canterbury mints. Sharington^s crime 
 was that he coined money for the use of Lord Seymour, the 
 Lord High Admiral. He confessed it, and was pardoned. 
 His counterfeit coins are not known. 
 
 No sovereigns of the first coinage are believed to exist. 
 
 HALF-SOYEBEICNS. Value 10^. Weight 96 grs. 
 Fineness 20 cts. Type like the latest half-sovereigns of 
 Henry YIII. The king in robes, with crown with a single arch, 
 seated on throne with plain round back which reaches up 
 to his head, the sides of the back fluted, the figure of an 
 angel on each arm of the throne, the king^s hands resting on 
 his knees, sceptre in his right hand, orb in his left, rose 
 under his feet. Eev. plain square shield bearing the arms 
 of France and England quarterly, supported by lion and 
 dragon, the former crowned, a crown above the shield with 
 one ornamented arch surmounted by orb and cross. Under 
 the shield a tablet which is inscribed HE, showing that the 
 reverse dies for these coins were made under Henry YIII. 
 1. MM E. EDWAED. 6 D C AG FEAN Z HIB EEX. 
 Eev. IHS AYTEM TEANSIENS PEEMEDI ILLOE 
 IBAT. E under shield. Mascle after every word except 
 
107 
 
 Ag^ two after Edward^ tliree after Eex. (68) MB. Wt. 
 95.9 grs. 2. Same but AYTE TEANSIE. 0! under 
 shield. No mascle after Ihs or Ibat. MB. 3. As No. 1 but 
 rev. legend as 2, no letter under shield, mascle before rev. 
 MM and after Per. MB. 4. MM arrow. Large cross 
 above king^s crown. Legends as 2. Mascle after Edward 
 and every word on rev., two after every other word on obv. 
 MB. Wt. 86*3 grs. See Eud. vii. 3, which, however, has 
 the tablet inscribed EE, and reads MED for Medi. 
 
 CEOWN. Value 5s. Weight 48 grs. Fineness 20 cts. 
 Type like those of Henry YIII. Obv. rose crowned, 
 between E and E each crowned. Eev. shield with arms, 
 crowned, between letters crowned. 1. MM obv. arrow, rev. 
 annulet enclosing pellet. EVTILANS EOSA SINE 
 SPINE. Eev. DEI GEA AGL PEA Z HIB EEX. h 
 and E, each crowned, on each side of the shield. Two 
 mascles after each word on obv., seven after spine. (69) 
 MB. Wt. 46 grs. The obverse and reverse are transposed 
 in the plate. 2. Obv. from the same die as the last. Eev. 
 MM arrow. EDWAED 6 D G AG EE Z HIB EEX. E 
 and E, each crowned, on each side of the shield. Mascle 
 after Eex, two after every other word. Wt. 48 grs. These 
 two coins are believed to be unique. Both belonged 
 to Capt. Murchison, and are described by him in Num. 
 Chron.j xx. 187. The former is in bad condition, and it is 
 not quite as clear on the coin as it is represented in the plate 
 whether the distinguishing letter at the side of the rose on 
 the obverse is an E or an h, while it is clear that that on the 
 reverse is an h, and that the reverse die therefore was 
 engraved under Henry YIII ; but Capt. Murchison expressly 
 states that the obverses of the two coins are from the same 
 die, and when they appeared at his sale in 1864 it is evident 
 that no doubt was entertained of their both belonging to 
 Edward YI, as the former was bought for £50 for the British 
 Museum, and the latter (which we have not seen) fetched as 
 much as £83. 
 
108 
 
 HALF-CROWNS. Value 2s U. Weight 24^ grs. Fine- 
 ness 20 cts. Type like the crowns^ .but the crown over the 
 rose on obv. is much smaller^ and the letters E and R which 
 are on each side of the rose on obv. and of the shield on 
 rev. are not crowned. MM arrow. RYTILANS ROSA 
 SINE SPINE. Rev. EDWARD 6 D G AC FR Z HI 
 REX. Rud. vii. 13. MB. Wt. 22 grs. Ext. rare. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE. On the 24th Jan., 1548, it was 
 declared by proclamation that the king had caused new 
 coins of gold and silver to be made at the same values as 
 the last issue. In this proclamation no mention is made of 
 an improvement in the standard, and it may therefore refer 
 only to a new issue of coins identical with those already in 
 circulation. Several patterns for coins of various types were 
 however made in and about this year. (See Rud. vii. 7, 11, 
 12, 14; viii. 3; Ntcm. Chron. xx. 188.) And by an inden- 
 ture of the year 1549 the fineness of the coins was some- 
 what improved by being restored to that established in 
 1544, though at the same time they were considerably 
 reduced in weight. The lb. of gold of 22 cts. fine and 
 2 cts. alloy was now to be coined into £34 by tale, into 
 sovereigns at 20^ a piece, and crowns at 5s, with their 
 halves. In the same year the French Crowns of the Sun, 
 which had been made current by Henry YIII at 4s 6d, were 
 on the 1st Aug. raised to 7s, and on the 1st Dec. reduced to 
 6s 4(Z. The pieces which remain to us of this coinage are 
 as follows : — 
 
 TREBLE SOVEREIGN. Value £3. Weight b08j\ grs. 
 Fineness 22 cts. Southwaek. Type like the last half- 
 sovereigns, except that the king has no robes^ and holds 
 a sword instead of a sceptre in his right hand* The back 
 of the throne is chequered, and there is no rose under 
 the king^s feet. There are scroll ornaments round the 
 tablet under the shield on the reverse, which is inscribed 
 ER. MM on both sides y, for Sir John Yorke, master of 
 the mint at Southwark. Legends EDWARD YI DEI 
 
109 
 
 GEA AGL FEAN ET HIBEE EEX. Eev. IHS 
 AYTEM TEANSIEXS PEEMEDI ILLOE IBAT. Eud. 
 vii. 1. MB. Wt. 605 grs. It is probable tliat tliis 
 is only a pattern_, as there is no reason to suppose that coins 
 of this denomination were made current in this reign. 
 
 SOYEEEIGN. Value £1. Weight 169 grs. Fine-- 
 ness 22 cts. London. Same as the £3 piece but MM arrow^ 
 which seems to be the mark of Sir Martin Bowes, master 
 of the mint in the Tower of London from the 18th year 
 of Henry YIII, and in the first year of Edward YI. It 
 does not clearly appear when he ceased to hold that office, 
 but it was probably about the third year of Edward YI, 
 when we find some other persons named as Commissioners 
 for performing its duties. The arrow appears to have been 
 adopted by him in reference to his own name. Legends 
 as £3 piece but HIB, MEDIYM. MB. Wt. 168*2 grs. 
 Or with no MM on obv., FEANCI ET HIB, PEE MEDIY 
 ILLOEY. (70) MB. Wt. 167i grs. 
 
 Southwark. Same as the £3 piece in all respects. 
 MB. Wt. 171*3 grs. Or with the back of the throne 
 raised higher than the king^s head, EDWAED YI D G 
 AGL FEAN ET HIB EEX, cinquefoil after Eex. Other- 
 wise as the £3 piece. End. vii. 2. MB. Wt. 169 grs. 
 
 HALF-SOYEEEIGN. Value 10s. Weight 84}-f grs. 
 Fineness 22 cts. London. 1. Obv. Bust in profile to right, 
 uncrowned, young face, very short hair, plain armour. MM 
 arrow. SCYTYM FIDEI PEOTEGET EYM. Eose 
 after each word. Eev. Oval shield crowned and garnished, 
 between E E. MM arrow. EDWAED YI D G AGL 
 FEA Z HIB EEX. Diamond-shaped stops between the 
 words. MB. Wt. 83*2 grs. 2. Same, but MM the figure 
 6. MB. (71) This MM has sometimes been called a bow. 
 3. Same as 1, but the king^s head crowned and the legends 
 transposed. MB. Wt. 82*8 grs. 4. Same as 3, but the 
 king^s crown is larger, cinquefoils rather than roses after 
 each word on rev., one before Scutum. MB. Wt., though 
 
110 
 
 in fair preservation^ only 76*7 grs. 5. As 3, but MM swan, 
 perhaps in reference to the armorial bearings of Sir M. 
 Bowes, slight drapery over armour on breast, cinquefoils 
 rather than roses between the words on rev., none after 
 Eum. MB. Wt. 82*9 grs. 6. As 3, but MM grappling 
 iron, slight drapery as on the last coin, rose after each word 
 on both sides. MB. Wt. 79*7 grs. It does not appear 
 what this MM refers to, but it occurs also on one of 
 the latest half-sovereigns of Henry YIII with the young 
 portrait. 7. Same as 3, but with MM martlet on both 
 sides, and dots between the words. EVAN'S. Wt. 83 grs. 
 
 Southwark. Same as London No. 1 but MM Y, for Sir 
 John Yorke. MB. Wt. 81 grs. Or with no rose after 
 Eum, Bud. vii. 8. MB. AYt. 81*2 grs. Or with head crowned, 
 as London No. 3, with rose before Scutum and after every 
 word on rev. MB. Kud. vii. 4, where the rose after Eum 
 is omitted. 
 
 CKOWNS. Valuers. 'Weight grs. Fineness 22 cts. 
 London. With uncrowned head, same as No. 1 half- 
 sovereign of this coinage, but MM arrow on obv. only, FR 
 for Fra, diamond-shaped stops on both sides, no roses. MB. 
 Wt. 39*7 grs. Or with crowned head, same as No. 3 half- 
 sovereign of this coinage, rose after Scutum and Fidei only. 
 (72) MB. Wt. 411 grs. 
 
 Southwark. With uncrowned head, same as the London 
 crown but MM Y. Bud. vii. 9. Or reading FBA. MB, 
 Wt. 41 i grs. With crowned head, same as No. 3 half- 
 sovereign of this coinage, but MM Y, PBOTEG for Proteget, 
 diamond-shaped stops both sides, no roses. Bud. vii. 5. 
 MB. Wt. 40*8 grs. Or with MM Y on obv. only, omitting 
 EB, and reading PBOTEGET. THOBBUBN. Or with 
 rev. MM y, legend SCYTY FIDEI PBOTEGET EYM. 
 Bose after Scutu. MB. Wt. 41*9 grs. 
 
 HALF - CBOWNS. Value 2s 6d. Weight 21^\ grs. 
 Fineness 22 cts. London. Bust with uncrowned head, as 
 No. 1 half-sovereign of this coinage, MM arrow, SCYTVM 
 
‘Ill 
 
 FIDEI PROTEGET EVM. Rev. as same but omitting 
 ER at sides of shield, no MM, EDWAR YI D G AGL ER 
 Z H R. Diamond-shaped stops on both sides. Rud. vii. 10. 
 MB. Wt. 20’3 grs. With crowned head, MM arrow, 
 EDWARD YI D'G AG ER Z HI REX. Rev. as last 
 but SCYTYM EIDEI PROTEGEE EYM. Stops as last. 
 MB. Wt. 20*7 grs., or reading PROTE. Rud. vii. 6. Or 
 with MM grappling iron, obv. legend SCYTYM EIDEI 
 PROTEG EYM. Rev. EDWARD YI D G AG ER Z H 
 REX. MB. Wt. 20-7 grs. 
 
 SouTHWAKK. With uncrowned head, same as London but 
 MMY; PROTEGE, AG, RE. MB. Wt. 20*1 grs. Or with 
 crowned head, MM Y, EDWARD YI D G A F Z II REX. 
 Rev. SCYTYM FIDEI PROTE EYM. Yery large letters, 
 diamond- shaped stops. (73) MB. Wt. 21 ^ gi’s., or reading 
 HI, and PROTEG : EY : THOBBUBN. 
 
 THIRD COIXAGE. In the year 1550 the old standard 
 of gold, namely 23 cts. 3 4 grs. fine gold to h gr. alloy, which 
 had always been used from the first coinage of Edward III 
 down to the year 1544, was restored, by commission directed 
 to Sir Edmund Peckham, Sir John Yorke, and others. The 
 pound weight of this gold was to be coined into £28. 16s by 
 tale, and the coins to be struck were sovereigns of the value 
 of 24s each, and angels at 8s each, with their respective 
 halves. It would seem, however, that this restoration of 
 the old standard and weight of the coins, notwithstanding 
 the increase in their nominal value, was a greater strain 
 than the Treasury could well bear, and extremely few coins 
 of this description were struck, or at all events have come 
 down to us. The mint-mark upon all of them is a bird^s 
 head. The first commissioner of the mint at this time was 
 Sir Edmund Peckham, Knt., who was the High Treasurer 
 of the mint from the reign of Henry YIII to that of 
 Elizabeth ; and as the crest of the Peckhams of Nyton in 
 Sussex is an ostrich, it is probable that Sir E. Peckliam 
 may have belonged to the same family, and that the mint- 
 mark on these coins may be derived from his crest 
 
112 
 
 DOUBLE SOYEEBIUN. Value 485. WeigU 480 grs. 
 Standard fineness. Obv. king seated^ bolding sceptre and 
 globe, in robes, with crown with a single arch, back of the 
 throne chequered, with jewelled sides. At each side of the 
 throne is a column supporting an ornamental cross, as on 
 Henry YIII^s sovereigns. The legs and seat of the throne 
 are hidden by the king^s robes. Under his feet is a port- 
 cullis, and round the field, within the inner circle, is a 
 tressure with a trefoil at each angle and a dot in each arch. 
 MM ostrich head. EDWARD Y1 ^ V ^ Gr ^ AUULIE 
 FBANCIE X Z J HIBERN x REX^ Rev. shield with arms 
 as usual upon a large double rose, within a double tressure 
 of ten arches, two small crosses in each spandril, all within 
 an inner circle. MM ostrich head. IHESY ^ AYTEM ^ 
 TRANSIENS ^ PER ^ MEDIYM J ILLORYM ^ IBAT 
 MB. 475 grs. Or reading HIBERNIE]. Rud. viii. 1. 504 grs. 
 It does not appear that coins of this denomination were 
 issued for general circulation, and the difference between 
 the weights of these two coins makes it probable that they 
 were both intended only for patterns. 
 
 SOYEREIG-N. Value 24s. Weight 240 grs. Standard 
 fineness. Exactly the same as the double sovereign reading 
 HIBERNIE, with two saltires after Rex and Ibat. (74) Rud. 
 viii. 2. MB. 237*3 grs. 
 
 HALP-SOYEREIGrNS of this coinage are not known. 
 
 ANGEL. Value 85. Weight 80 grs. Standard fineness. 
 Type similar to the angels of Henry YIII. MM on both 
 sides ostrich head. EDWARD ^ YI J D ^ G J AGL x FRA x 
 Z ^ HIB ^ REX L Rev. PER ^ CRYCE TYAM ^ SALYA ^ 
 NOS X XPE ^ RED X- U to left of cross, rose to right. (75) 
 Rud. viii. 4. MB. Wt. 81*4 grs. Or FR^ REDE J. EVANS. 
 One sold in 1865 is said to have MM sun on both sides, but 
 this is probably a mistake. It brought £32. Num. Ghron., 
 N. S., V. 320. 
 
 ANGELET. Valuers. Weight 40 grs. Standard fineness. 
 Same as tlie angel, but reading AE^ Z HI REX. Rev. PER 
 CRY TYA SALYA NOS XPE. Rud. viii. 5. Ext. rare. 
 
113 
 
 FOURTH COINAGE. This was issued by virtue of au 
 indenture of the year 1552^ by wliicb coins of two different 
 standards of fineness were to be struck^ namely^ sovereigns^ 
 angels_, and angelets, of the old standard_, and sovereigns^ lialf- 
 sovereignSj crowns, and half-crowns, of the metal which is 
 called crown gold, as having been first used for the crowns 
 and half-crowns when they were introduced in 1526, namely, 
 22 cts. fine, and 2 cts. alloy. The coins of the old standard 
 were to be made of the same weight as before, but their 
 nominal value was raised, as sovereigns were to be current 
 for 305, angels for IO 5 , and half-angels for 05 . If, however, 
 any coins of this standard were made by virtue of this 
 indenture, they must have been of the same type as those 
 of the last coinage, and have borne the same mint-mark, 
 and are, therefore, undistinguishable from them. A pound 
 weight of crown gold was to be made into thirty-three sove- 
 reigns at 2 O 5 a piece, or 132 crowns, with their respective 
 halves. The coins of this metal were the following : — 
 
 SOVEREIGN. Value 20s. Weight 11 ‘if ^ Fineness 
 
 22 cts. Obv. Three-quarter length of king in profile to 
 right, crowned, in figured armour, sword in right hand, orb 
 in left. The crown has two arches, and is surmounted by a 
 cross. Rev. same as sovereign of second coinao^e. 
 
 London. MM ton, from the last syllable of the name of 
 Throgmorton, master of the mint in the Tower. EDWARD 
 VI D G AGL FRA Z HIRER REX. Rev. IHS AYTE 
 TRANCI PER MEDIY ILLOR IBAT. Rud. viii. 6. MB. 
 Or IHS AVTEM TRANSIE PERMEDI ILLORV IBAT. 
 MB. 
 
 Southwark. MM y for Sir John Yorke. Same as 
 London but FRAN Z HIB. Rev. IHS AVTEM TRANCI 
 PERMEDI ILLOR IBAT. (76) MB. 
 
 HALF-SOVEREIGN. Value IO 5 . Weight Slf^grs. 
 Fineness 22 cts. Obv. type as sovereign. Rev. square 
 shield crowned between E R. 
 
 London. MM ton. EDWARD VI D G AGL FRA 
 
 8 
 
114 
 
 Z HIB EEX. Eev. IHS AYTEM TEANSIE PEE 
 MEDI ILLO IBAT. Diamond-sliaped stops on eacli side. 
 Interior of crown on rev. frosted. MB. Or ILLOE. 
 EVANS. Or HIBEE, TEANCI, ILLOE. End. viii. 7. 
 MB. Or witL the crown not frosted^ EEANOI, HIB, 
 TEANSIENS, ILLOE. MB. 
 
 SouTHWAEK. MM j. Same as the first of London, but rev. 
 crown not frosted, IHS AYTE TEANCI PEEMED ILLO 
 IBA. MB. 
 
 CEOWN. Value 5s. Weight 43 /j grs. Fineness 22 cts. 
 Same as the London half-sovereign, MM ton, with the 
 crown not frosted, but reading FEA, and rev. legend 
 SCYTYM FIDEI PEOTEGET EYM. (77) End. viii. 
 8. MB. 
 
 HALF-CEOWN. Value 2s 6d. Weight 21 grs. Fine- 
 ness 22 cts. Same as crown, but legends EDWAED YI 
 D G A FE Z HIB EEX. Eev. SCYTYM FIDEI 
 PEOTEG EYM. End. viii. 9. MB. 
 
 Edward YI^s gold coins are all rare. Only two crowns 
 of the first coinage are known, and the half-crown is 
 extremely rare. A sovereign of the third coinage, pre- 
 sumed to be the finest known, was sold at Captain 
 MurchisoiFs sale, in 1864, for £90; but Mr. ForsteFs, in 
 1868, only realized £21. 5s. Angels have sold for from 
 £21. 10s to £41. 10s; and a half-crown of the last coinage, 
 at Captain Murchison’s sale, brought £12. 6s. 
 
 The only mints which appear to have been used for gold 
 coins in this reign are those of the Tower and of Southwark, 
 the coins of the latter place being distinguishable by bearing 
 the MM Y or y, the initial of the master of the mint in that 
 place. Sir John Yorke. 
 
Table of Mint Marks. 
 
 115 
 
 i Crown. 
 
 + + + + 
 
 Angelet. 
 
 
 Crown. 
 
 ++ + + 
 
 bO 
 
 d 
 
 <! 
 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 +++ + +++ +1 + 
 
 O 
 
 m 
 
 + + + 
 
 2 Sovs. 
 
 
 3 Sovs. 
 
 + 
 
 . 2 I 
 
 n:3 
 a 
 
 o 
 fc£ 
 o> 
 
 rrj 
 
 .3 
 
 OJ 
 
 be Oi 
 
 ^ ~£ 
 
 t- 
 
 o 
 
 d 
 
 o 
 
 tH r r 
 
 * 
 
 00 
 
 iV C. — The authority for this is Capt. Murchison in Num. Chr. xx. 187. 
 
Table op Mint Marks — continued . 
 
 116 
 
117 
 
 Mary, 1553 to 1558. 
 
 Queen Mary succeeded to the throne on the 6th of July, 
 1553, and although she debased the silver coins, she com- 
 pleted the restoration of the standard of the gold coins, 
 which her brother had so nearly accomplished, by abolishing 
 the coins of crown gold,^^ which had been made under the 
 indenture of 1552. By a proclamation of the 20th August, 
 1553, and an indenture of the same date made with Thomas 
 Egerton, Thomas Stanley, and others, it was ordered that 
 the gold coins to be thenceforth made were to be the sove- 
 reign, which was to be current for 30.5 ; the half-sovereign, 
 to be called the royal of gold, and to be current for 155; 
 the angel at 10s; and the half-angel at 5s. All to be of fine 
 gold, i.e.j of the old standard, 23 cts. 3^ grs. fine gold to 
 i gr. alloy. By a proclamation of the 4th of March, 1553-4, 
 the following foreign gold coins were made current through- 
 out the kingdom, and were ordered to be paid and received, 
 on pain of imprisonment, at the rates fixed, namely, the 
 French crown of the sun at 6s 4d ; the crown of the 
 Emperor^s coin at the same rate; the double ducat of Spain, 
 with two faces, at 13s 4d ; the single ducat at 6s 8d; pro- 
 vided in all cases they were of just standard, weight, and 
 fineness. And to these were added by a proclamation of 
 May 4th, 1554, three Portuguese coins — the single crusade, 
 with the long cross, at 6s 8d ; the same with the short cross, 
 at the same rate; and the pistolett at 6s 2d. The following 
 are the descriptions of the coins struck by virtue of the 
 indenture of 1553. They are all rare. 
 
 SOVEEEIGNS. Vcdue 30s. Weight 240 grs. Standard 
 fineness. Obv. exactly like the sovereigns of the third 
 coinage of Edward YI, but with the queeifis figure sub- 
 stituted for the king^s, and with no MM. Bev. Shield with 
 arms as usual upon a large double rose, within the inner 
 circle. 1. 2 MAKIAnESG" AAG^ FEA Z^HIB^EEGINAC 
 
118 
 
 Eev. A2DN0 FACTY^EST^ISTV « Z 2 EST 2 
 MIEA ® IN o OCYL o NEIS ® A pomegranate^ the badge of 
 the house of Aragon from which the queeiEs mother was 
 descended^ is placed after Maria and Dno. Eud. ix. 1. 
 MB. 2. Same^ but with two annulets after Nris. MB. 3. 
 Same as 1, but a half-rose instead of pomegranate after 
 Maria and Dno, dots instead of annulets on rev., one dot 
 after Dno, none after In, two after Nris. MB. 4. Same 
 as last, but legends : MAEIA : : D.Gr. AND. EE A. Z : 
 HIBEENIE : EEGINA : Eev. A: DNO. FACTY. EST : 
 
 1ST Y. Z : EST : MIEA. IN OCYL : NEIS : (78) MB. 5. 
 Similar to 1, but date MDLIIII. BA8ELEIGE. Unique ? 
 
 EYAL. Value ISs. Weight 120 grs. Standard fine- 
 ness. Obv. Queen standing in a ship, full face, crowned; 
 her right hand holds a sword, her left supports a shield 
 bearing the arms of France and England. Above her head 
 is the top-castle, below which is a yard-arm and sail. Two 
 ropes from the mast to the stern, four to the prow, which 
 is on the queeAs right. At the prow is a flag marked M, 
 and there is a rose on the side of the ship, which is 
 ornamented by dots and one annulet. Legend as first 
 sovereign. Pomegranate between two annulets after Maria, 
 annulet after every other word except G, and after M and D. 
 Eev. like the ryals of Edward lY and Henry YIII, within 
 a double tressure of eight arches is a cross, the centre 
 concealed by a rose upon a sun, the extremities corniced 
 and ending in a lis between two cartouches ; a lion, and a 
 crown above him, in each quarter; the whole within an 
 inner circle. A ^ DNO « FACTY " EST « ISTYD Z « EST " 
 MIEABI " IN 2 OCYL « NEI " Eud. ix. 2, where NEIS is 
 erroneously substituted for NEI. (79) MB. Ext. rare. 
 A fine specimen was sold for £63 at Capt. MurchisoAs 
 sale in 1864 ; and Mr. Cufl^s brought £80 in 1854. Collectors 
 must beware of forgeries of this coin. 
 
 ANGELS. Value 106*. Weight 80 grs. Standard fine- 
 ness. Type like those of Henry YIII and Edward YI, 
 
119 
 
 witli M to left^ rose to right of cross on rev. 1. MARIA 2 
 S D ° G ° ANG « FRA « Z ° HIB ° REGIN " Rev. A « DNO " 
 FACTV « EST ^ ISTVD Z " EST « MIRABI ° Z« This last 
 Z is an abbreviation for etcetera. Pomegranate after Maria 
 and after Istud. Rud. ix. 3^ where the stops are not 
 accurately marked. MB. 2. Same^ but REGI for Regin^ 
 annulet before Maria, only one after it. TIIORBURN. 
 3. As 2j with annulet also before A, only one after the first 
 Est; two before the second Est^ one at end of rev. legend. 
 MB. 4. As but dots instead of annulets, one dot each 
 side of each pomegranate, REGINA, one dot before A and 
 after each word on rev. MB. 5. As 1, but the legend on 
 the obverse is entirely in Roman letters, and reads REGI. 
 Half-rose ? after Maria, dot after every other word on obv. 
 Rev. Pomegranate between two dots after Istud, dot before 
 A and after every word. BYAN8. On all her other coins 
 most of the letters are old English. Rare. 
 
 HALF-ANGELS. Value hs. Weight 4.0 grs. Standard 
 fineness. Type as the angels. MARIA D ® G ° A ° FR ° Z ° 
 HIB « REGI. Rev. A « DNO ^ FACTV « EST ISTVD « Z ^ 
 (for etcetera). Pomegranate after Maria and Est. (80) MB. 
 Rud. ix. 4, where the stops are slightly different. Very 
 rare. Capt. Murchison^s sold for £51, but Mr. Cuffs went 
 for £5. 5§. 
 
 The queen was married to Philip of Spain on the 25th 
 of July, 1554, and as he was given the title of King of 
 England, the legends of the coins had to be altered. This 
 was done by virtue of a Proclamation of the 26th of 
 December following, but the coins with the altered legend 
 are rare. Philip is said to have brought with him to 
 England an enormous quantity of coined gold and silver as 
 well as of bullion, and it may be that these foreign coins, 
 having a legal currency by virtue of the proclamations of 
 the March and May previous, made it unnecessary to under- 
 take any large coinage of English gold. The only gold coins 
 known of Philip and Mary are angels and half-angels. 
 
120 
 
 ANGELS. Similar in all respects to the previous ones, 
 but with P and M, instead of M and rose, to left and right of 
 cross on reverse, and having a lis for MM both on obv. 
 and rev. The legends are, 1. PHILIP. Z. MAEIA. D. 
 G. EEX. Z. EEGIN. Eev. A. DNO. FACTVM. EST. 
 ISTVD. Z. EST. MIEABI. MB. 2. Legend same, but 
 EEGINA, MIEABILE. Two dots between every word 
 on obv., one after Eegina, before and. after A, and after 
 Dno andZ; two after Pactum, Est, Istud, and Est. (81) 
 Eud. ix. 5. MB. 3. Same as 1, but EEGINA. A, 
 MIEAB. Two dots after Z, Maria, Pactum, Istud, Z, Est. 
 None after Mirab. THORBUBJSf. 4. Same as last, but 
 EEGINA : AN., MIEABILE. Dot between all the words 
 and after An, two after Z, Maria, Z, Eegina, Factum, Est, 
 and Istud. MB. Bare. 
 
 HALF- ANGEL. Exactly like the angels. PHILIP. Z. 
 MAEIA. D. G. EEX. Z. EEGI, Eev. A. DNO. FACTVM. 
 EST. ISTVD. Z. EST. MIE (82) Eud. ix. 6. MB. 
 Bare. 
 
 Money for the use of King Philipps foreign dominions 
 seems also to have been coined at the Tower during this 
 reign. See Strype^s Annals,^^ vol. i. p. 27. 
 
121 
 
 Table op Mint Maeks. 
 
 
 Sov. 
 
 Eyal. 
 
 Angel. 
 
 i Angel. 
 
 
 Mary. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pomegranate in legends 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 „ in obv. legend . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Half-rose in legends . 
 Half-rose on obv. pomegranate 
 
 + 
 
 
 Evans 
 
 
 
 on rev. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Philip and Mart. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lis .... 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 Elizabeth^ 1558 to 1602. 
 
 Elizabeth succeeded to the throne on the 17th Nov. 1558. 
 She was in the habit afterwards of boasting that she had 
 restored the coinage to the proper standard ; but the boast 
 was true only as regarded the silver coins. The old standard^ 
 23 cts. grs. fine gold to h gr. alloy^ had been the only one 
 used for the gold coins during Mary^s reign; but Elizabeth^ 
 by her first proclamation^, dated Dec. 31st_, 1558, re-intro- 
 duced a baser currency by ordering a gold coinage similar 
 in all respects to that of 1552, namely sovereigns, angels, 
 and angelets of the old standard at 30^, 10^, and 5^, 
 respectively, and sovereigns, half-sovereigns, crowns, and 
 half-crowns of crown gold, viz., 22 cts. fine, at 20^, 10.9, 
 5s, and 2s 6d respectively, and all of the same weight as in 
 1552. 
 
 In the indenture of the 8th Nov., 1560, ryals of the old 
 standard at 15s each were added to the list, and half-crowns 
 were not mentioned, though they nevertheless continued to 
 be coined; and on the 4th of March, 1561-2, the nominal value 
 of all the current coins, both of gold and silver, was reduced. 
 Of those of fine gold, the sovereign was now to be current for 
 20s, the ryal for 10s, the angel for 6s 8d, and the angelet for 
 3s ; and of crown gold, the sovereign for 13s 4<i, the half- 
 
122 
 
 sovereign for 6s Sd, the crown for 3s 4id, and the half-crown 
 for Is 8c?. By the indenture, however, of the 19th April, 
 1572, made with John Lonison, only three gold coins were 
 to be made, namely, angels, angelets, and quarter angels, of 
 the old standard and the same weight as before, and these 
 were to be current at their old values of 10s, 5s, and 2s 6c^ 
 respectively. 
 
 On the 19th Dec., 1578, a commission was made out, 
 authorizing Lonison slightly to debase the coins, making 
 the gold 23 cts. 3^ grs. fine instead of 23 cts. 3^ grs. ; and 
 a pound weight of gold, which had hitherto been coined into 
 £36 by tale, was now to be coined into £36. Is lOJd, so 
 that the angel would now weigh 79-|y grs. instead of 80 grs. 
 In 1582-3, however, by an indenture with Richard Martin, 
 the old standard and weight were restored, and the coinage 
 was to be as ordered in 1572, and in 1583-4 half-sovereigns 
 and sovereigns, under the name of nobles of 15s a-piece, 
 and double nobles of 30s a-piece, were again ordered to 
 be coined. In 1592 or 1593 another commission was 
 granted to Martyn (now Sir Richard, and spelling his name 
 with a y) to recommence the coinage of crown gold as 
 ordered at the beginning of the reign. 
 
 On the 29th of July, 1601, the weight of the money both 
 of gold and silver was somewhat reduced, a commission 
 being granted to Sir R. Martyn and his son for making 73 
 instead of 72 angels out of a pound weight of gold of the old 
 standard, and 33J instead of 33 sovereigns out of a pound 
 of crown gold, and the other coins in proportion, all 
 retaining the same nominal value as they had had before. 
 
 The following is a description of the coins which were 
 struck by virtue of these several indentures and com- 
 missions. We have enumerated only the coins we actually 
 know to exist, but the list might no doubt be made more 
 complete. 
 
 SOVEREIGNS. 1558 to 1561. Value 30^. Weight 
 240 ^rs. Sta7idard fineness. Type as before; obv., queen 
 
123 
 
 seated on tlirone, crowned and robed, holding sceptre and 
 globe, back of the throne chequered, jewelled sides, column 
 at each side supporting ornamented cross, portcullis under 
 queen^s feet. The tressure round the field is divided by 
 the back of the throne. Rev. square shield bearing arms 
 of France and England quarterly on a large double rose 
 within a double tressure of ten arches, all within the inner 
 circle. 1. MM lis. ELIZABETH : H : G. ANG. : FRA. Z : 
 HIB: REGINA: Rev. A : DNO. FACTV. EST : ISTV. 
 Z : EST : MIRABI. IN : OCY. NRI MB. 2. MM cross- 
 crosslet. ELIZABETH : D. G. ANG. FRA. ET HIRE. 
 REGINA : . Rev. A : DNO. FACTY. EST. ISTYD : ET. 
 EST. MIRAB. IN : OCYLIS. NRIS. On this coin, but 
 not on the previous one, a chain hangs down on each side 
 of the portcullis under the queeAs feet. (83) MB. 
 
 Between 1561 when the value of the sovereign of fine 
 gold was reduced to 20^, and 1572 when the mint ceased to 
 be authorized to make sovereigns at all, none but those of 
 
 crown gold,’^ afterwards described, seem to have been 
 struck. 
 
 1584 to 1601. Value, weight and fineness as in 1558. 
 Type as before, except that the tressure on the obverse is 
 not divided by the back of the throne, but only by the 
 queeAs head. There is a chain from each side of the 
 portcullis, but not exactly like that on the coin with MM 
 cross-crosslet. MM : A : ELIZABETH : D. G. ANG. FRA. 
 ET : HIB. REGINA Rev. MM . A. A, DNO. FACTY. 
 EST. ISTYD. ET. EST. MIRAB. IN. OCYLIS. NRS 
 MB. MM scallop ; as last, without the dot on each side 
 of the reverse MM ; MB. Or having the sides of the back 
 of the throne ornamented with lis instead of jewels, annulets 
 instead of dots within the chequers on the back, one dot 
 after each word on obv., and first four and last on rev. ; MB. 
 Or reading NRIS, sides of back of throne ornamented with 
 annulets, dots within the chequers, one dot after obv. MM 
 and after each word on both sides. MB, MM crescent; 
 
124 
 
 like A but reading OCVL^ sides of back of throne orna- 
 mented with annnletSj one dot each side of obv. MM and 
 between each word. MB. The MM on rev. is struck over 
 a scallop. MM ton; like A but reading OCYL^ dot after 
 each word except Ang and Istud. MB. End. ix. 8. 
 
 We know of none struck after 1600. 
 
 SOVEEEIGNS. 1561 to 1572. Value 135 4d. Weight 
 grs. Fineness 22 cts. The coinage of sovereigns of 
 crown gold was authorized in 1558, but none appear to have 
 been actually struck before 1561-2, when their value was 
 reduced from 205 to ISs 4d. They are of a type very 
 different from that of the coins of fine gold, having on the 
 obverse the queen^s bust to left, crowned, with ruff and ermine 
 mantle, within an inner circle formed of a single line and 
 touched only by the breast of the bust. Eev. Shield, 
 slightly garnished, crowned, bearing arms of France and 
 England, between the letters E E, within an inner circle 
 which is pierced by the top of the crown. MM rose. 
 Legends ELIZABETH : D. G. ANG. FEAN. ET : HIB. 
 EEGINA. Eev. IHS. AYTEM : TE.ANS. PEE : MEDIY. 
 ILLOE. IB AT. Eud. x. 11. Very rare. 
 
 1592 to 1601. Value 205. Weight ll^^Yxgrs. Fineness 
 22 cts. In 1572 the coinage of crown gold was stopped, 
 but it was restored in 1592. The sovereigns subsequently 
 coined are like the former ones in general type, but the 
 queen^s bust is much larger and reaches down to the inner 
 circle, which is pierced above by her crown. There is no 
 ermine mantle, but the dress is richly ornamented j the hair 
 flows down over both shoulders, the crown on both sides 
 has high pointed arches, and the E and E on the reverse are 
 smaller than on the earlier coins. The inner circle on both 
 sides is beaded instead of being a mere line. Legends 
 ELIZABETH ” D " G " ANG " FEA " ET 2 HIB " EEGINA ^ 
 Eev. SCYTYM C FIDEI ^ PEOTEGET ^ EAM " MM obv. 
 lion and ton, rev. ton. (84) MB. The lion MM belongs 
 to the years 1566 and 1567, the ton to 1592-5; how they 
 
125 
 
 come to be united on tbis coin is difficult to understand. 
 MM ton ; dot after each word on obv._, two after Et^ rev. 
 as last. MB. MM woolpack^ annulet after each word. 
 MB. See Kud. x. 3; whicb reads Hi. MM obv. woolpack, 
 rev. key ; dot after each word on obv., two after Elizabeth, 
 D, and Et, annulet after each word on rev. MB. MM 
 key, same, but two dots after Elizabeth, Et^ and Hib, one 
 after every other word on both sides. MB. MM anchor_, 
 as last, but ornaments on dress a little different. MB. 
 MM 0 (signifying the date 1600), dot after every word, 
 dress not so elaborately ornamented. MB. 
 
 1601-2. Vahte20s. Weight 171^^ grs. Fineness 22 cts. 
 Type and legends as before, dress as on the coin with MM 
 0, dot after each word. MM 1 : (for 1601), MB. End. 
 X. 10. MM 2 : (for 1602)^ MB. The sovereigns of crown 
 gold, though less elaborate in design, are better executed 
 than those of the old standard, are much neater in appearance, 
 and have a graining outside the legend to the edge of the 
 coin, in order to show at once if the coin has been clipped. 
 Their edges, however, are not milled, and their mint-marks 
 are those of the hammered money, to which series all the 
 sovereigns of this reign belong. 
 
 EYALS. 1560 to 1572, and 1584 to 1601. Value lbs or 
 lOs. Weight 120 grs. Standard fineness. These, which 
 were in fact the half-sovereigns of the old standard, were 
 first ordered in 1560, were reduced to the value of 10^ in 
 1561-2, were ordered not to be struck in 1572, but were 
 restored at 15s each in 1584. The only specimens we have 
 seen, however, seem to have been struck about the year 
 1584. Their type is like that of previous ryals. Obv. 
 queen standing in a ship, three-quarters to left, crowned, 
 sceptre in right hand, globe in left, wearing a ruff. The 
 ship has a very high quarter-deck, from which rises a 
 mast with furled sail on yard-arm and three ropes. Mast 
 behind queen, yard-arm over her head, two ropes to it from 
 prow, three from stern, flag at prow bearing letter H. Eose 
 
126 
 
 on side of ship^ wMch is adorned^ on eacli side of the rose^ 
 with a lion between two lis. Ee7. as Mary^s ryal^ with a 
 trefoil in each spandril of the tressure. 1 . MM on rev. only 
 .A. Legends ELIZABET. ANGL. MA. D. G. P 0. A. L. 
 EEGINA. Eev. IHS. AYT. TEANSIENS. PEE. MEDIY. 
 ILLOEYM. IB AT. N (85) MB. 2. Similar with only two 
 ropes to the mast on the quarter-deck^ three from prow to 
 yard-arm, ELIZAB. D. G. ANG. EE. Z. M. PE. A. 
 EEGINA. Eev. IHS. AYT. TEANSIENS. PEE. MEDIY. 
 ILLOEYM. IB AT MB. End. x. 1. 3. Type as 1, but 
 
 obv. legend ELIZAB. D. G. ANG. EE. ET. HIB EEGINA. 
 Eev. legend as 2. MB. SeeEud. ix, 7. 4. As last, but MM 
 scallop ? MB. 5. One said to have MM crescent, very 
 fine,^^ was sold at the Whitbonrn sale in 1869 for £22, and 
 one with the same MM from the Jackson collection in 1872, 
 for £9. 7s 6d, Num. Ghr., N. S., ix. 289 ; xii. 220. All 
 very rare. 
 
 The legends on the obverses of the two first of these coins 
 have not been explained. The N at the end of the reverse 
 legend of No 1 may be compared with the NE at the end of 
 the reverse legend on Henry YII^s sovereign (46), but we 
 cannot explain its meaning. It may possibly be a mint- 
 mark here, but it does not appear as such on any other 
 coin. 
 
 HALE-SOYEEEIGNS. 1 558 to 1572. Value 10^ or 
 6s 8d. Weight 87j\ grs. Fineness 22 cts. Not milled. 
 These are in type like the first sovereigns of crown 
 gold, except that the queen is dressed in armour instead of 
 an ermine mantle, and that the bust extends nearly down 
 to the inner circle, which is beaded. The reverse is also 
 similar, but the shield is plain, the crown placed higher in 
 the coin, and the inner circle beaded. MM cross-crosslet. 
 ELIZABETH i D. G. ANG. EEA. ET. HI. EEGINA Eev. 
 SCYTYM. EIDEI. PEOTEGET : EAM End. x. 2. MB. 
 MM rose, same but only one dot after Elizabeth, two after 
 each word on rev. (86) MB. MM portcullis, as cross- 
 
127 
 
 crosslet but FE^ two dots after Elizabeth and Et and 
 between words on rev. MB. MM coronet, as last, but 
 SCVTVh MB. Or FR., SCVTVM. BVANS. 
 
 1561 to 1572. Value 6s 8d. Weight and fineness as 
 hefore. Milled. In 1561, about the same time that the 
 nominal value of the coins was reduced, a new process of 
 coining, by means of the mill and screw, was introduced into 
 England from France, apparently by a Frenchman called 
 Eloye Mestrell. The old process had been to place the 
 blank piece of metal upon a die firmly fixed below, and to 
 place another die above it, and then to raise the impressions 
 upon it by striking the upper die with a hammer. The 
 improvement consisted in attaching the upper die to a 
 screw, so as to bring it down on the metal below at once 
 with greater force and greater accuracy, and at the same 
 time the edges of many of the coins so struck were marked 
 with straight lines or milled,^’ probably by means of 
 including the blanks in a collar so marked, slightly wider 
 than themselves, to the size of which they would expand on 
 being struck with the upper die, and which might be opened 
 to take them out. The new process was used for a time 
 concurrently with the old, but it was not approved of by the 
 officers of the mint, and was but little used after 1572, until 
 it was re-introduced in the reign of Charles II. 
 
 The milled half-sovereigns are of similar type to the 
 hammered ones, but the queen’s bust is larger, and her 
 armour much more richly ornamented, and there is no inner 
 circle on either side. MM star. ELIZABETH. D. G. 
 ANG. FR. ET. HIB. REGINA Rev. SCVTVM. FIDEI. 
 PROTEGET. EAM. Dot before rev. MM, edge plain. 
 MB. Or with armour slightly different, reading FRA. MB. 
 Or with armour very slightly different again, reading FRA, 
 and having a slight graining on the edge, and the queen’s 
 crown frosted. (87) MB. Or with different bust, face and 
 crown smaller, crown on both obv. and rev. has high 
 pointed arches, more of bust shown, much richer dress. 
 
128 
 
 shield on reverse larger^ coin large, workmanship altogether 
 much better, edge grained ; legends as before, with FEA. 
 BVANS, MM lis, like the first with MM star, but armour 
 rather different, FE-A, no dot after Earn or before rev. MM, 
 edge milled, coin smaller. MB. Eud. x. 7. Bare, 
 
 1592 to 1601. Value IO 5 . Weight and fineness as before. 
 Not milled. Type similar to the first with MM star, but 
 dress different, beaded inner circle on both sides. MM ton. 
 .ELIZABETH. D. G. ANG. FEA. ET. HI. EEGINA. 
 Eev. .SCYTVM. FIDEI. PEOTEGET. EAM. MB. 
 
 With much larger bust, greater profusion of hair, crowns 
 on both sides have high double arches and pierce inner 
 circle. Eich armour. Shield on rev. smaller. Workman- 
 ship good. MM ton. ELIZAB. D. G. ANG. FEA. ET : 
 HIB. EEGINA Eev. SCVTYM : FIDEI: PEOTEGET: 
 EAM. MB. Or reading EEGIN*, one dot after each word 
 on rev. (88) MB. Or with bust rather smaller, shield 
 on rev. rather larger, crown over it more like that on the 
 half-sovereigns with MM cross-crosslet, and legends same. 
 MM woolpack. Dot after each word. MB. Eud. x. 4. 
 MM key, ELIZAB, HIB. MB. 
 
 1601-2. Value IO 5 . Weight 85|| grs. Fineness 22 cts. 
 Type and legends as the last, dot after each word. MM 1 ; 
 MB. 
 
 ANGELS. 1558 to 1578. Value 10s or 6s 8d. Weight 
 80 grs. Standard fineness. Type as usual, the ship on the 
 reverse is sailing to the right, and has two ropes from the 
 prow, three from the stern. E and rose at sides of cross. 
 MM lis. ELIZABETH: D. G. ANG. FEA. Z. HIB. 
 EEG. Eev. A: DNO. FACTYM. EST. ISTYD. Z. EST. 
 MIEABI. Thin plain inner circle on both sides. WANS. 
 MM lis, ELIZABETH: D. G: ANG. FEA. Z. HIB. 
 EEGI. Eev. A. DNO. FACTYM. EST. ISTYD. Z. EST. 
 MIEABI. Beaded inner circle on obv., thin plain one on rev. 
 MB. On all the rest of the angels the inner circle on both 
 sides is beaded. MM cross-crosslet. ELIZABETH. D. G. 
 
129 
 
 ANG. FRA. ET. HIB. REGINA. Rev. A. DNO. 
 FACTYM. EST. ISTYD : ET EST. MIRABI. MB, 
 Rud. ix. 9 reads FR, and the stops on rev. are different. 
 MM coronet; obv. as last_, but readiug FR and with three 
 dots after Regina. Rev. as last, with one dot after Duo, 
 two after every other word. MB. MM ermine. ELIZA- 
 BETH: D. G. ANG. FR. ET : HI. REGINA Rev. A: 
 DNO: FACTYM: EST: ISTYD: ET: EST: MIRABI. 
 Ship sailing to left instead of right. (89) MB. Or reading 
 HIB. MB. MM acorn, same, reading HI, but with no 
 stops before Istud. MB. This specimen is countermarked, 
 but with what arms is not clear. MM cinquefoil, same as 
 ermine, reading HI, only one dot after Dno. MB. 
 
 1578 to 1582. Value IO 5 . Weight 79^1 gi's. Fineness 
 23 cts. 3J grs. Type as before, ship is always sailing to the 
 right. MM plain cross, legends as ermine with HI. MB. 
 Or with only one dot after Factum, Est, Et, and Est. MB. 
 MM sword, legends as ermine with HI. MB. MM bell, 
 same. MB. This last may have been struck either before 
 or after the restoration of the old standard, as the bell MM 
 was used from 1582 to 1581. 
 
 1582 to 1601. Value IO 5 . Weight 80 grs. Standard 
 fineness. Type as before, ship sailing to right. MM A. 
 ELIZABETH : D. G. ANG. FR. ET : HI. REGINA. 
 Rev. A : DNO : FACTYM : EST : ISTYD : ET : EST : 
 MIRABI. MB. MM scallop, same, but only one dot after 
 A. MB. MM crescent, same as the last. MB. MM hand, 
 as A, with only one dot after A. MB. MM ton, as A, with 
 no dot after Regina, nor before Istud, and reading, by a 
 blunder, MIRARI for Mirabile; with no dot after it. MB. 
 MM key, as A, with only one dot after each word on obv., 
 and after A on rev., and the ship has no bowsprit. MB. 
 MM 0, as A, but no stops after the last four words on 
 obv., HIB for HI, no stops before Istud, the ship on the 
 reverse is smaller than usual. ALB. 
 
 AYe do not know of any angels struck after the reduction 
 of weight in 1601. 
 
 9 
 
130 
 
 ANGtELETS. These correspond in value, weight, and 
 fineness, with the angels, and are of exactly the same type, 
 except that there is only one rope to the mast from the 
 prow, and two from the stern, and that the ship is always 
 sailing to the right. 
 
 1558 to 1578. Value 5s or 3s 4c2. Weight 40 grs. 
 Standard fineness. MM cinquefoil. ELIZABETH : D : 
 G: AhTG: FR : ET HI REGINA Rev. A. DNO. 
 FACTVM. EST: ISTVD ET. EST MIRA : WANS. 
 
 1578 to 1582. Value 5s. Weight 39|-y grs. Fineness 
 23 cts. 3|: grs. MM plain cross. ELIZABETH : D : G : 
 ANG : FR : ET : HI : REGINA Rev. A : DNO : 
 FACTVM : EST : ISTVD : ET : EST : MIRA (90) MB. 
 MM sword. ELIZABETH : D. G. ANG. FR. ET. HI. 
 REGINA Rev. as cross. MB. MM bell, as sword. 
 MB. 
 
 1582 to 1601. Value 5s. Weight 40 grs. Standard 
 fineness. MM scallop. ELIZAB D. G. ANG FR. ET 
 HIB REGI Rev. A DNO FACTVM EST ISTVD ET 
 EST MIRA Rud ix. 10. MM crescent, as sword. MB. 
 MM hand. ELIZABETH D G ANG FR ET HIB 
 REGINA, no stops. Rev. A. DNO FACTV. EST. 
 ISTVD. ET. EST. MIRAB. MB. 
 
 We do not know of any later angelets than these. The 
 hand MM was superseded by the ton in 1592. 
 
 CROWNS. 1558 to 1572. Value 5s or 3s 4cL Weight 
 43|-j grs. Fineness 22 cts. Not milled. Type like the 
 earliest half-sovereigns of crown gold, p. 1 26. MM. cross- 
 crosslet. ELIZABETH : D. G. ANG. FR. ET. HI. 
 REGINA Rev. SCVTVM : FIDEI : PROTEGET : EAM 
 MB. Or HIB. WANS. MM lion, same but bust smaller, 
 111., PRTEGET: ALB. MM coronet, like the first but 
 AN, two dots after Et. MB. 
 
 1561 to 1572. Value os 4d. Weight 42-^j grs. Fineness 
 22 cts. Milled. Typo as the hammered crowns, but bust 
 and shield both larger, dress richer, crown over shield 
 somevdiat different, no inner circle. MM star, ELIZA- 
 
131 
 
 BETH. D. G. ANG. FRA. ET. HIB. REGINA Rev. 
 SCVTVM. FIDEI. PROTEGET. EAM. Edge plain. 
 Bud. X. 8. MB, MM lis^ type like the hammered crowns^ 
 but crown on rev. rather smaller, plain inner circle on rev. 
 only. Legends as last but Z. HIB. REGI, dot before rev. 
 MM. Edge plain. (91) MB. Or with edge grained, exactly 
 like the milled half-sovereign MM lis, but reading FIDIEI. 
 MB. These milled crowns are rare, and have been sold for 
 from £10 to £15. 15s each. 
 
 1592 to 1601. Value 5s. Weight grs. Fineness 
 22 cts. Type like the corresponding half-sovereigns, p. 128, 
 with an inner circle which is pierced by the crown. MM ton. 
 ELIZAB. D. G. ANG. FRA. ET. HIB. REGI. Rev. 
 SCVTVM : FIDEI : PROTEGET : EAM MB. MM wool- 
 pack, same, but with only one dot between words on rev. 
 and reading E A for Earn. MB. Or REGforRegi. Rud. x. 5. 
 Or FR. for Fra, with MM at end instead of beginning of 
 obv. legend. THOBBURN. MM. 0, as last but FR. ET. 
 HI : REGINA, dot after Ea. MB. 
 
 1601-2. Value 5s. Weight 42|f- grs. Fineness 22 cts. 
 Like the first with MM woolpack. MM 2 : (92) MB. 
 
 HALF-CROWNS. 1558 to 1572. Value 2s Qd or Is 8d. 
 Weight 21^j- grs. Fineness 22 cts. Not milled. Type like 
 the corresponding half-sovereigns. Legends ELIZABETH : 
 D. G. AN. FR. ET : HI. REGINA Rev. SCVTVM: 
 FIDEI : PROTEGET : EAM MM cross-crosslet. TIIOR- 
 BTJRN. MM lion. MB. MM coronet. MB. MM castle, 
 same but reading ANG. EVANS. 
 
 1561 to 1572. Value Is 8d. Weight 21^j- grs. Fineness 
 22 cts. Milled. Type like the corresponding half-sove- 
 reigns, p. 127. Legends as the last half-crowns but ANG. 
 FRA. ET. HIB., one dot between each word. MM star. ALB. 
 MM lis. MB. Rud. x. 9. These coins, though struck by 
 the mill, have the edges plain. Rare. 
 
 1592 to 1601. Value 2s 6d. Weight grs. Fineness 
 22 cts. Type as corresponding half-sovereigns. Legends 
 
 9 * 
 
132 
 
 ELIZAB. D. a. ANG. ER. ET. HIB. REGI. Eev. 
 SCVTYM : EIDEI : PROTEGET : EAM. MM ton. MB, 
 Or with MM ton on rev. only, two dots after Et. MB. 
 MM woolpack, as last. MB, Rud. x. 6, which reads HI, 
 PROTEGE. MM 0, as ton, but ET. HI ; , only one dot 
 after each word on rev. (93) MB. 
 
 1601-2. Value 2s Qd. Weight 2\^ grs. Fineness 22 cts. 
 Type and legends like the first with MM ton, one dot 
 between words on rev. MM 2 : MB, Or with EA for 
 EAM. TEOEBITEN. 
 
 QUARTER ANGELS. These correspond in every 
 respect with the angelets. They are not mentioned in the 
 indentures for the coinage before 1572, but a few exist with 
 the rose MM, the date of which is 1565. If these are not 
 patterns, it proves that quarter angels, like half-crowns, 
 were coined under the indenture of 1560 although not 
 mentioned therein. The legends on all are ELIZABETH 
 D G ANG PRANCIE. Rev. ET HIBERNIE REGINA 
 EIDEI. 
 
 1558 to 1578. Value 2s 8d or Is 8d, Weight 20 grs. 
 Standard fineness. MM rose. EVANS. TEOEBUEN. MM 
 acorn, two dots after Elizabeth, Ang, Regina, and Fidei, one 
 after Etand Hibernie. Rud. ix. 11. MB. MM cinquefoil, 
 two dots after Elizabeth and Ang and every word on rev. MB, 
 
 1578 to 1582. Value 2s 6d. Weight 19^f grs. Fineness 
 23 cts. 3J g7's. MM plain cross, two dots between words 
 on obv., one after each word on rev. MB. MM bell, same. 
 MB. 
 
 1582 to 1601. Value 2s 8d. Weight 20 grs. Standard 
 fineness. MM A, as cross. MB. MM crescent. EVANS. 
 MM ton, two dots after Elizabeth, one after Ang and 
 between words on rev. (94) MB. 
 
 We do not know of any later quarter angels. 
 
 Besides the English coins above described, a considerable 
 number of foreign coins had a legal currency in the kingdom 
 during this reign. Those made current by Queen Mary 
 
183 
 
 have been already enumerated. On the 9th October^ 1560, 
 the current value of the French and Imperial crowns was 
 reduced from 4cZ to 6sj and that of the Portuguese 
 Pistoletts from 6s 2d to bs lOdj at which latter value four 
 other coins, namely two of Spain, one of Venice, and one 
 of Florence, were made current under the same name of 
 Pistoletts; but on the 15th November, 1561, the legal 
 currency of all foreign coins except the French crown 
 and the Flemish or Burgundian crown was abolished by 
 proclamation, and on the 4th March the value of these last 
 was reduced to 4s each, at which rate they were continued 
 during the rest of the reign. 
 
 In the following list of mint-marks the dates are those 
 which occur in conjunction with the same mint-mark 
 on the sixpences, and other dated silver coins. The mint- 
 marks 0, 1, and 2, of which the first has generally been 
 called an annulet or circle, obviously refer to the date of 
 the year, 1600, 1601, and 1602, in which they were used. 
 
Not Milled. 
 
 134 
 
 fee 
 
 rt 
 
 Evans 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Evans 
 
 + 
 
 ji Crown. 
 
 Tliorbrn. 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Evans 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Crown. 
 
 + ++ ++ + + 
 
 Angelet. 
 
 I+++ i++ 
 
 Angel. 
 
 + + + ++++++++++ + + + 
 
 
 + ++ + +++ + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Nm. Cl/r. 
 
 Sot. 
 
 crwngld. 
 
 ^ ++++++++ 
 
 Sot. 
 
 fine gold. 
 
 + + + ++ + 
 
 Date. 
 
 o 
 
 O tH i-H CO 
 
 lO rflr?CpCfe(?.l lOCDOOr^ (?1 
 
 rH»0CDC01>.C^Ac0C0t>.01C10^'^lAo 
 
 CD CO CD CD CO CO !>. !>. t>. t>. 00 00 00 00 GO 05 05050505000 
 
 lO«0»O»O»O»Ol0iO»-0iOiLr3»OU0»O»O«0 lOWlOUOCOCOCO 
 
 r— IrHrHrHi— ir— li — li — lrHp-<rHr— Ip— *rHi — Ir— < i—ii — IiHp-Ip— It— li-H 
 
 1, 
 
 Martlet . . . ■ 
 
 Eleur-de-ljs 
 
 Cross-crosslet 
 
 Plieon 
 
 Eose 
 
 Portcullis . 
 
 Lion 
 
 Coronet 
 
 Castle 
 
 Ermine 
 
 Acorn 
 
 Cinquefoil . 
 
 Cross 
 Sword 
 Pell 
 A . 
 
 Scallop 
 Crescent . 
 
 Hand 
 
 Lion (1566-7) and ton 
 Ton 
 
 Woolpack . 
 
 Key 
 
 Anchor 
 
 0. . 
 
 1. . 
 
 2 
 
135 
 
 Milled. 
 
 
 2 Sov. 
 
 Crown. 
 
 2 Crown. 
 
 Star, 1561-6 .... 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Fleur-de-lis, 1567-70 
 
 Mullet pierced, 1570 
 
 Castle, 1571 .... 
 
 Mullet, 1574-5 .... 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 James 1603 to 1625. 
 
 The union of the two crowns by the accession of James 
 VI of Scotland to the throne of England^ on the 24tb of 
 March, 1602-3, is commemorated in various ways upon liis 
 money. His first coinage was struck by virtue of an 
 indenture made with Sir R. Martyn, and dated the 21st 
 of May, 1603, and was similar to that of the last two years 
 of Elizabeth, except that the Scotch title was inserted in 
 the legend, and that the shield, which had hitherto borne 
 the arms of France in the first and fourth quarters, and 
 those of England in the second and third, now bore, 1 and 
 4, France and England quarterly ; 2, Scotland ; 3, Ireland ; 
 and this arrangement was continued throughout the reign. 
 This first coinage consisted of sovereigns, half-sovereigns, 
 crowns, and half-crowns, all of which have for MM the 
 Scotch thistle. They are made of crown and are- 
 
 all rare. 
 
 On the 20th of October 1604, a proclamation was issued 
 ordering the title of King of Great Britain, France and 
 Ireland to be used on the coins, and on the 11th of Novem- 
 ber an indenture for a new coinage was made with Sir 
 R. Martyn and his son. Crown gold was to be exclusively 
 employed, and a pound weight of it was to be made into 
 £87. 4s by tale. The pieces to be coined were, the Unite, 
 at 20s j the double crown, at lOs; the Britain crown, at 
 5s ; the Thistle Crown, at 4s, and the half-crown, at 2s Qd j 
 and they were made current on the 16th o£ the same 
 month. The union of the kingdoms is referred to both 
 in the names and in the legends of these coins. The 
 
136 
 
 Unite reads Faciam eos in genteni unam/^ from Ezek, 
 xxxvii. 22. The Britain crown has ^^Henricus rosas regna 
 Jacobus/^ Henry united the roses^ but James unites the 
 kingdoms and the Thistle crown^ which is of a denomina- 
 tion never coined before or sincOj ^^Tueatur unita Deus/^ 
 
 May God protect the united (kingdoms) 
 
 To these coins were added next year, by an indenture of 
 July 16th, 1605, some others of the old standard, namely 
 Kose Eialls at 305, Spur Kialls at 155, and Angels at IO 5 . 
 A pound of gold of the old standard was to be made into 
 £40. IO 5 by tale. 
 
 By a proclamation of Nov. 23rd, 1611, the nominal value 
 of all the gold coins was raised 25 in the £, so that the 
 Unite was to pass for 225, and the Eose Eiall for 335, and 
 the others iii proportion. The indenture, however, made 
 in accordance with this proclamation on May 18th, 1612, 
 made a slight increase in the weights of the coins, ordering 
 a pound of crown gold to be made into £40. I 85 4<^, and a 
 pound of the old standard into £44. Not many coins were 
 struck by virtue of this indenture, but the only half-angels 
 made during the reign were now struck, though they are not 
 mentioned in the indenture. 
 
 The values fixed for the coins in 1611 being found to be 
 very inconvenient, a proclamation for a fourth coinage was 
 issued on July 31st, 1619. The value of the coins now 
 to be made was reduced to that which had been fixed in 
 1604 and 1605, and the denominations were to be the 
 same, omitting Thistle crowns and Half-crowns; and the 
 weight was reduced proportionally — that is to say, both 
 weight and value were reduced by one-eleventh. As the 
 new pieces were to be current simultaneously with the 
 old ones to which they so nearly approached in weight and 
 value, they were all made very different in type, so as to 
 be easily distinguished. Those made of crown gold have 
 the king’s head wreathed with laurel instead of being 
 crowned, and were hence named by the people Laurels, 
 
137 
 
 and half or quarter Laurels. The Laurels were also called 
 Broad Pieces. In 1623 the weight was again reduced^ and 
 the pound o£ crown gold was made into £41 by tale, and the 
 pound of the old standard into £44. lOs. Sir K. Martyn, 
 master of the mint, died in 1617, and was succeeded by 
 Thomas Lord Knyvet and Edmund Doubleday, and they, in 
 or before 1623, by Kandal Cranfield, who was removed for 
 misconduct in 1625. 
 
 Besides the above, the Scottish six-pound piece of gold 
 was on April 8th, 1603, made current in England for 10s 
 sterling. The Erench Crown of the Sun also continued to 
 be current in this country. No legal value had been fixed 
 for it since 1561, when it was ordered to be taken for 4s, 
 but in 1610 it is said to have passed for 7s ^d. 
 
 The following is a description of the types of the various 
 English coins above mentioned. 
 
 KOSE KYALS. 1605 to 1612. Value 30s or 33s. 
 Weight 213J grs. Old Standard. These are similar in 
 type to Queen ElizabetlEs sovereigns, but with some altera- 
 tions. Obv. king seated on throne, crowned and robed, 
 holding sceptre and globe, portcullis under his feet. The 
 throne has a high narrow back, reaching above the king^s 
 head nearly to the edge of the coin, the arms terminating 
 in a column supporting a small ornament. Tressure 
 of 19 arches round field within inner circle, each arch 
 terminating in a trefoil. Both tressure and inner circle are 
 interrupted by the portcullis and the back of the throne. 
 Legend lACOBVS. D. G-. MAG-. BRIT. FRAN. ET. 
 HIRER. REX. Dot each side of MM. Rev. upon a large 
 double rose within a double tressure of ten arches is a 
 square shield, bearing in the first and fourth quarter the 
 arms of England and France, in the second Scotland, and 
 in the third Ireland. Legend .A. DNO. FACTVM. EST. 
 ISTVD. ET. EST. MIRAB. IN. OCVLIS. NRIS. MM rose. 
 Rud. xii. 1. MB. Scallop, same. AdB. Coronet, same, but 
 omitting the dot after Brit. AIB. Mullet, as coronet. AIB. 
 
3 612/ol619. Value ?>os. Weight 216 grs. Old Stan- 
 dard, Exactly like that with MM coronet^ except that 
 they read OCV for Oculis. MM’s tower^ trefoil. (95) MB. 
 The trefoil seems to be struck over a tower. These do not 
 now weigh more than the earlier ones, but the proper 
 difference between them is so small, that perhaps it can 
 hardly be expected to be now perceptible. 
 
 1619 to 1625. Value 305. Weight 196j\ or 194J^ grs. 
 Old Standard. These have quite a different type. Obv. 
 king seated on throne, crowned and robed, wearing a ruff 
 and the collar of the Garter, sceptre and globe in his hands, 
 his feet resting on portcullis. The throne has a broad 
 square flowered back which reaches nearly as high as the 
 king^s crown, its sides jewelled, curved arms, field chequered 
 and ornamented with roses and lis, within a beaded inner 
 circle which is divided by the portcullis and the back of 
 the throne. Eev. shield shaped like the last but much 
 larger, upon cross fleury within two beaded circles, the 
 inner one of which is cut by the ends of the cross. Between 
 the two circles, in each quarter of the cross, is a lion 
 between a lis and a rose. Above the shield XXX, to 
 indicate the value. Legends lACOBYS D : G : MA 
 BEI: EE: ET HIB : EEX. Eev. A DNO : FACTVM 
 EST ISTYD ET EST MIEAB : IN OC : NEIS. MM^s 
 spur rowel (96) rose, thistle (Eud. xii. 5), lis, trefoil. 
 MB. That with MM lis differs in having : after NEIS 
 (as has the plate of Eud. xii. 5), and that with MM 
 trefoil reads HI : and MIEA : and has no dot after NEIS, 
 and the back of the throne is quite plain instead of being 
 flowered. 
 
 SOYEEEIGN, 1603-4. Value 20s. Weight grs. 
 
 Fineness 22 cts. Obv. king in profile to right, half length, 
 crowned, in armour, sceptre in right hand, orb in left; the 
 crown and top of sceptre pierce the beaded inner circle. 
 Eev. square shield garnished, crowned, between I and E. The 
 arms are arranged as on the Eyals. Legends . lACOBYS. 
 
139 
 
 D. G. ANG. SCO. FRAN. ET. HIB. REX. Rev. 
 .EXYRGAT. DEYS. DISSIPENTYR. INIMICI. MM 
 thistle. MB. Rud. xi. 1. Another with the same MM 
 has the king^s figure larger and the armour more 
 ornamented^ and the face is perhaps rather older. (97) 
 MB. The legend on the reverse is taken from Ps. Ixviii. 1. 
 
 UNITE. 1604 to 1612. Value 20s or 22s. Weight 
 154ff grs. Fineness 22 cts. Type like the sovereign. 
 MM lis_, figure as on the second sovereign^ legends 
 .lACOBYS. D. G. MAG. BRIT. FRAN. ET. HIB. 
 REX. Rev. .FACIAM. EOS. IN. GENTEM. YNAM. 
 Dot before the MM both on obv. and rev. MB. A 
 similar coin_, with MM thistle and a different figure of the 
 king^ is Scotch and not English. The Thistle mint-mark 
 was superseded by the lis in England on the 22nd of May^ 
 1604, and it was not till the 20th of Oct. 1604 that the 
 title of King of Great Britain was ordered to be used on the 
 coius. Some silver crowns and half-crowns do indeed seem 
 to have been struck after this with the old mint-mark ; but 
 the Unite in question is further distinguished from English 
 coins by the substitution of & for ET in the legend, and 
 by the ornamentation of the crown both on obv. and rev., 
 which is decorated, like the Scotch coins, with a lis between 
 two crosses, instead of, like the English ones, with a cross 
 between two lis. A shilling and other silver Scotch coins 
 similar to this are noticed in Hawkinses Silver Coins 
 of England,^^ second ed., p. 306. MM rose, like lis. Rud. 
 xi. 5. MB. MM scallop, like lis but armour much 
 plainer, falling collar with lace edge. MB. MM grapes. 
 MONTyiGU. MM coronet, same as scallop but HI. for Hib, 
 MB. MM key, like coronet but no dot before or after obv. 
 legend. MB. MM bell, like scallop but FRA. ET. HI., no 
 dot after Rex. MB. jMM mullet, like scallop but FRA._j 
 no dot after Rex or Unam or before Faciam. MB. 
 
 1612 to 1619. Value 22s. Weight 154| 4, J grs. Fineness 
 22 cts. MM tower, type like MM scallop, but reading 
 
140 
 
 BRI. FEA. ET. HI. MB, MM trefoil. MONTAGU, 
 MM cinquefoil^ face and collar different^ and reading 
 JACOBYS. D. a. MA. BEI. FEA. ET. HI. EEX. Eev. 
 .FACIAM : EOS : IN : GENTEM : YNAM (98) MB. MM 
 ton^ face slightly different, armour nearly as on MM scallop, 
 legends as cinquefoil but one dot after each word on rev. 
 MB. MM book. MONTAGU. MM crescent, same as ton. 
 MB. MM cross, same as ton but face slightly different. MB. 
 
 UNITE or LAUEEL. 1619 1625. Value20s. Weight 
 
 140|U or 140|J- grs. Fine7iess 22 cts. These have a type 
 quite different from that of the former Unites, and are the 
 first English coins since the conquest on which the king’s 
 head is represented wreathed with laurel. From this 
 circumstance the people soon gave them the name of 
 Laurels. MM spur rowel. Obv. Bust in profile to left, not 
 crowned, laureate, scarf fastened in a bow on left shoulder, 
 nearly concealing the armour. The figures XX, indicating 
 the value, behind the head. The whole within an inner 
 circle. Eev. Plain square shield on cross fleury, crown 
 above it concealing top of cross. The harp in the shield 
 is ornamented by a bird’s or griffin’s head. lACOBYS 
 D: G: MAG: BEIT: FEAN: ET HIBEEN : EEX Eev. 
 FACIAM EOS IN GENTEM YNAM MB. Or reading 
 BEI : FEAN : ET : HIB :, with : after Eos. End. xi. 9. 
 MM rose, face different and very plain, bust smaller, 
 more of armour showing. .lACOBYS D: G: MAG: BEI: 
 FEA : ET HIB : EEX. Otherwise like the first. MB. 
 MM thistle, like the last but bust a little larger, harp has not 
 got griffin’s head, no dot before or after obv. legend, MB. 
 Eud. xi. 10, which has : after Eos. MM lis, similar but 
 bust not identical. MB. Or reading FEAN : BVANS. MM 
 lis, same but bust smaller than before, face different and 
 looking rather bloated. (99) MB. MM trefoil, bust broader, 
 face not so bloated, .lACOBYS. U. G. MA. BEI. FEAN. 
 ET. HIBE. EEX. MB. Or with two dots between each word 
 on obv., none before lacobus, HIB instead of Hibe. MB. 
 
141 
 
 SPUR RYAL. 1605 to 1612. Value lbs or 16s Gd. 
 Weight 106§ grs. Old Standard. Obv. King standing in 
 ship, crowned, sword in right band, large shield bearing the 
 arms, arranged as on the Rose Ryals, on his left arm. Mast 
 on each side of the king, none visible behind him, but 
 three ropes from above his head to each end of the ship. 
 The ship has a beak and is sailing to left, flag marked I at 
 prow, two rows of port-holes. Rose on side of ship. Beaded 
 inner circle. Rev. like former ryals, rose on sun concealing 
 centre of a cross, each limb of which ends in a lis between 
 two cartouches, a lion with a crown above him in each 
 angle, all within a double tressure of eight arches, having a 
 trefoil in each spandril. .lACOBYS. D. Gr. MAG. BRIT. 
 FRAN. ET. HIB. REX. Rev. .A. DNO. FACTYM. EST. 
 ISTYD. ET. EST. MIRABILE. MM rose. Rud. xii. 2. 
 MB. Scallop, MB. Star or mullet, Guff’s sale catalogue. 
 
 1612 to 1619. ValuelQs 6d. Weight 108 grs. Old Standard, 
 Exactly like the others. MM tower, (100) MB. Trefoil, 
 Num. Ghron.j'N, S., ii. 232. Cinquefoil, ih. iv. 229. Book,ilfJ5. 
 
 1619 ^0 1625. Vakie lbs. Weight 98 fj ov 97-^^ grs. Old 
 Standard. Obv. lion crowned standing on his hind legs, 
 holding in his right fore-paw a sceptre, his left supporting 
 in front of him a shield bearing the royal arms. To left of 
 shield X, to right Y, indicating the value of the coin. The 
 lion^s crown extends to tbe top of the coin, dividing the 
 circle, which is beaded, and the legend. Rev. Rose on sun 
 concealing centre of a cross, each limb of which terminates 
 in a lis, with a crown above it; a lion with a crown 
 above him in each angle; all within a double tressure 
 of eight arches, having a pellet in each spandril. lACOBYS 
 D : G : MAG : BRIT : FRA : ET HI : REX Rev. A 
 DNO : FACTYM EST ISTYD ET EST MIRABI : 
 MM spur rowel, with a dot on each side of it on the obverse. 
 MB. Rud. xii. 6. MM rose, same. MB. MM trefoil, no 
 such dot, and reading BRI : PR : and MIRABILE. (101) 
 MB. Spur ryals are all rare; fine specimens of those 
 
142 
 
 before 1619 have sold for from £8 to £13^ and those of the 
 later dates for from £9 to £17. 
 
 HALF-SOVEREIGN. 1603-4. Value 10^. Weight 
 7 9^'^' Fineness 22 cts. Obv. small bust in profile to 
 rigbtj crownedj in armour, within inner circle. Rev. Plain 
 square shield crowned between I and R, the crown dividing 
 inner circle and legend. MM thistle. .lACOBVS. D. G, 
 ANGL. SCO. FRAN. ET. HIRER. REX. Rev. 
 .EXYRGAT. DEVS. DISSIPENTVR. INIMICI. (102) 
 Bud. xi. 2. MB. 
 
 DOUBLE CROWN, or HALF UNITE. 1604 to 1612. 
 Value 10s or 11s. Weight 77^f- grs. Fineness 22 cts. Type 
 like the half-sovereign, but the bust is not the same, the 
 king wears a falling collar with lace edge, and his armour 
 is more ornamented. .lACOBVS. D. G. MAG. BRIT. 
 FRAN. ET. HIB. REX. Rev. .HENRICVS. ROSAS. 
 REGNA. lACOBVS. (Henry united the roses, James 
 unites the kingdoms.) MM lis. MB. MM rose, same. MB. 
 Rud. xi. 6. MM scallop, face somewhat different and 
 different armour. (103) MB. MM coronet, same. MB. 
 
 1612 to 1619. Value 11s. Weight 77f§|- grs. Fineness 
 22 cts. Like the last but face and armour different, hair 
 longer, I and R on rev. much smaller ; and reading MA. 
 BRI. FRA. MM ton. FVAN8. MM cross, MA BRI 
 FRAN. MB. 
 
 DOUBLE CROWN or HALF-LAUREL. 1619 to 1625. 
 Value 10s. Weight 70||-J- or 70 grs. Fineness 22 cts. 
 Type like the corresponding laurels. The harp on all of 
 them has got the griffin^s head. Figure X behind bust. 
 .lACOBVS D : G : MAG : BRI : FRA : ET HI : REX. 
 Rev. HENRICVS ROSAS' REGNA lACOBVS MM spur 
 rowel. MB. MM rose, bust similar to that on corresponding 
 laurel, legends as last, but HIB :, no dot before or after 
 obv. legend, the MM on rev. is placed after Regna. (104) 
 MB. Another specimen has a slightly different bust. MB. 
 MM lis, same, with same bust as one of those with MM 
 
143 
 
 rose. MB. Or reading lACOB^ for Jacobus on both sides. 
 MB. Or like the last, with HENBIC, and a dot after Eex. 
 MB. Or lACOBYS D : G : MAG : BE : FEA : ET HI : 
 EEX Eev. HENEIC EOSAS EEGNA lACOB MB. MM 
 trefoil, bust like those with MM lis. Obv. legend like 
 spur rowel, but no dot before or after it. Eev. HENEIC. 
 EOSAS EEGNA lACOB. The MM on rev. is placed after 
 Eegna. MB. Or lACO. EVANS. End. xi. 11 reads FE : 
 ET. HIB:. 
 
 ANGEL. 1605 to 1612. Value 10s or 11s. Weight • 
 71-^ grs. Old Standard. Obv. St. Michael and the dragon, 
 as on previous angels. Eev. Ship as on previous angels, 
 but with no cross above the shield in front of the mast, on 
 which is a top-castle. Two ropes from mast to each end of 
 ship, which is sailing to right. Arms on shield arranged as 
 on ryals. I to left, rose to right of mast. .lACOBVS. D. 
 G. MAG. BEIT. FEA. ET. HI. EEX. Eev. .A. DNO. 
 FACTVM. EST. ISTVD: MM rose. MB. Scallop. MB. 
 Coronet, End. xii. 3. MB. On these three the ship has a 
 bowsprit. MM mullet, same, but with no bowsprit. (105) MB. 
 The A in FEA is omitted in the plate. 
 
 1612 to 1619. Value IH. Weight 72 grs. Old Stan- 
 dard. MM tower, like mullet, but MA. BEI. FE., one dot 
 after Istud. MB. Ml\l trefoil, like mullet, but only one 
 dot after Istud. MB. MM cinquefoil, like tower. EVANS. 
 MM ton, like tov/er, but FEA. MB. MM crescent, like 
 tower, but no dot after Istud. MB. 
 
 1619 to 1625. Value 10s. Weight 65-^j. or 64§f grs. Old 
 Standard. Type of obv. as before, but with the figure X, 
 indicating the value, under the angefis left wing. Eev. 
 Very different ship, sailing to left, side ornamented with 
 lions and lis alternately, a row of port-holes below them ; lis 
 on poop, three masts, one largo sail set embroidered with 
 the royal arms, above it a pennon with two streamers, 
 embroidered with a lion. A small lion holding a sword 
 stands on the ship^s beak, and a small lion crowned on the 
 
144 
 
 stern. lACOBYS D: G: MAG: BRIT: FRA: ET HI; 
 REX. Rev. A DNO: FACTVM. EST. ISTYD : Scroll 
 ornament after A. MM spur rowel. This MM is placed on 
 both sides of the mast on rev. MB. MM rose, similar, but 
 reading BRI : and HIB : Rev. A DOMINO FACTYM 
 EST ISTYD. No ornament after A, no MM to left of 
 mast on rev., ship slightly different. MB. Rud. xii. 7. 
 MM thistle. Guff’s Sale Catalogue. MM lis, EVANS. 
 MM trefoil, legends as rose, but dot before A and after 
 every word on rev., none after Rex. Ship almost the same 
 as the last. (106) MB. 
 
 HALF-ANGEL. 1612 to 1619. Value bs 6d. Weight 
 3G grs. Old Standard. Type like the angels. .lACOBYS 
 D. G. MA. BRI. FRA. ET. HI. REX. Rev. .A. DNO. 
 FACTYM. EST. ISTYD. MM tower. EVANS. MM 
 cinquefoil. (107) MB. MM cross, same, but lACOBYS. 
 D. G. MA. BR. FR. ET. H : REX, no dot before A on 
 rev. MB. Rud. xii. 4. One in Mr. Cuff^s collection was 
 catalogued as having MM mullet, and if so it would have 
 belonged to the second coinage, and have been struck in 
 1611-12. Half-angels are not mentioned in any of the 
 indentures or proclamations, and it is only by their mint- 
 marks that we know when they were struck. 
 
 CROWN. 1603-4. Value 5s. Weight 42 gf grs. Fine- 
 ness 22 cts. Obv. like half-sovereign, and rev. similar, but 
 the shield descends through the inner circle nearly to the 
 bottom of the coin, I and R are above it on each side of the 
 crown. MM thistle .lACOBYS. D. G. ANG. SCO. 
 FRA. ET. HIB. REX. Rev. .TYEATYR. YNITA. 
 DEYS. (108). MB. Rud. xi. 3. 
 
 BRITAIN CROWN. 1604 to 161 2. Value 5s or 5s 6d. 
 Weight grs. Fineness 22 cts. Like the former crown, 
 but the shield on rev. does not descend through the inner 
 circle, and the crown above it is much smaller. . lACOBYS . 
 D. G. MAC. BRIT. FRA. ET. HIB. REX. Rev. 
 .IlENRICYS. ROSAS. REGNA. lACOBYS. MM lis. MB. 
 
145 
 
 Eos6j Eud. xi. 7. MB. Scallop. MB. Or with a different 
 and larger bust, armour rather plainer, no dot before or after 
 obv. legend, MM mullet. ATB. 
 
 1612 to 1619. Value bs 6d. Weight 38|-§^ grs. Fine- 
 ness 22 ds. Type as before but bust different again, 
 beard more projecting, armour different, MA. BEI. 
 TEA. ET. HI., no dot at end of legends. MM ton. 
 (109) AIB. 
 
 CEOWN or QUAETEE LAUEEL. 1619^ol625. Value 
 bs. Weight or 35 ^^^ Fineness 22 cts. Type like 
 
 the corresponding laurels, but Y behind head. The harp 
 on the first three has not the griffiids head, on those with 
 MM trefoil it has. The MM on the reverse is placed after 
 the word Eegna, except on the coin with MM lis. lACOBYS. 
 D : G : MAG : BEI : EE : ET HIB : EEX Eev, HEN- 
 EICVS EOSAS EEGHA lACOBYS MM rose. AIB. 
 MM thistle, same but FEA : ET HI : MB. MM lis, as 
 last but lACOB’ on obv. instead of Jacobus, the MM on 
 rev. placed at the beginning of the legend. MB. MM 
 trefoil, bust slightly different, obv. legend as rose but HI : 
 Eev. HENEIC EOSAS EEGNA lACOB, the harp has a 
 griffin^s head. (110) AIB. Or same as last with no inner 
 circle on rev. MB. Or as last but one, but reading FEA : 
 End. xi. 12. 
 
 THISTLE CEOWN. 1604 to 1612. Value 4s or 4s 4^d. 
 Weight SOFJ- grs. Fineness 22 cts. Obv. rose on stalk with 
 two leaves, crowned, between I and E. The crown divides 
 the legend. Eev. Thistle on stalk with two leaves, 
 crowned, between I and E ; the crown divides the 
 legend. .lA. D. G. MAG. BE. F. ET. H. EEX. 
 .TYEATYE. YNITA. DEYS. MM lis. (Ill) ABB. Eose, 
 Eud. xi. 13. Scallop, AIB. Bell, AdB. Mullet, AfB. 
 Those with the last two mint-marks differ in haviner no 
 stop before or after obv. legend. These coins do not seem 
 to have been struck after 1611, when the addition to their 
 value made them extremely inconvenient for reckoning. 
 
 10 
 
146 
 
 HALF-CROWN. 1603-4. Value 2s M. WeigU 
 
 2 Iff Fineness 22 cts. Like tlie earliest crown^ but 
 tbe crown over the shield on rev. is larger in proportion, 
 though the globe and cross on its top alone divide the 
 legend. lACOBVS. D. G. AN. SC. FR. ET. HI. REX 
 Rev. . TVEATVR YNITA. DEVS MM thistle. Rud. xi. 4. 
 
 1604 to 1612. Value 2s 6cl or 2s 9d. Weight 19f|- grs. 
 Fineness 22 cts. Same type as before, but bust different. 
 Legends .1. D. G. ROSA. SINE. SPINA. Rev. 
 .TVEATVR. VNITA. DEVS MM lis, MB. Rose (112) 
 MB. Or with stop after Deus. MB. Scallop, Rud. xi. 8. 
 MB. Coronet. EVANS. 
 
 1612 to 1619. Value 2s 9d. Weight 19J|-^ grs. Fine7iess 
 22 cts. As the last but different and larger head, beard 
 more prominent, no dot after Tueatur. MM cinquefoil. 
 TIIOBBUBN. Same with dot after Tueatur, none after 
 Deus, two after Spina, MM ton. MB. Another with the 
 same MM has the bust different again, different armour, 
 broader collar ; the shield on rev. scarcely descends through 
 inner circle and does not divide legend, the crown above 
 it does. Only one dot after Spina, none after Deus. MB. 
 One with this reverse was sold at the Pembroke sale, in 
 1848, as having MM crescent. Gold half-crowns were not 
 coined after 1619. 
 
 The following list of mint-marks is copied from Hawkinses 
 
 Silver Coins of England,^' and was copied for that book 
 from Snell in g. 
 
Table op Mint Marks, 
 
 147 
 
 2 
 
 hq 
 
 +++ $ 
 
 
 + + 
 
 + 
 
 + + + 
 
 + 
 
 be 
 
 S3 
 
 <1 
 
 + + + + 
 
 1^2 s ^ 
 
 ^ O ® ^ ^ 
 
 h.o 5 ^ 
 
 -IM 
 
 + 
 
 + ++ + 
 
 + + 
 
 V< P-H* 
 
 Si c3 
 
 G. >, 
 
 02 pq 
 
 + + 
 
 o _4 
 
 o ^ 
 O d 
 02-S d 
 
 +++-S++ + + 
 
 
 +■ 
 
 o .— ; 
 
 w ed 
 O 
 
 H- + 
 
 -f 
 
 + + 
 
 o 
 
 G rG 
 
 t^'Ti O 
 o 9 ^ 
 ■rt S 
 
 
 »o to t:* ^ 05 o 
 
 OOoOOo^i-i 
 OCOtO'^'^OCO'— t 
 rH rH i— I r— I r— ( i— ( CO 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ I— I 
 
 Ol O O O t— I t>, r-T ^ 
 
 (M (M ^ CO rH ^ ^ Ci 
 3 G3 S O 
 
 H-l G G d^, MMlrH 
 
 r'^ 
 
 Ol CO 
 
 T— < t— ( 
 
 o CO 
 
 01 GO 
 
 oi o^ 
 
 w 
 
 o 
 
 
 pq 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 H 
 
 r/3 
 
 1— ( 
 
 liistlc 
 
 0 
 
 k, 
 
 01 
 
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 pq o o r2 pq 
 
 
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Table of Mint Marks— conifmi/ecZ. 
 
 148 
 
 a 
 
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 ^ d 
 .11 
 HO 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 bo 
 
 fl 
 
 <i 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + ++ + 
 
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 bC 
 
 J=1 
 
 HMp O H 
 
 s+ + 
 
 ++^ I + 
 
 o 
 
 
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 CCPd 
 
 + 
 
 + + 
 
 5 - ! 
 
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 0^0 
 
 “'3 J 
 
 ++I 
 
 ++ 
 
 + + + ^+ 
 
 CQ P 
 
 o ^ 
 
 c^Ph 
 
 + + + + + 
 
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 (>'7:^0 
 
 Q “ 
 
 CO lO ^ ^ 00 _ 
 
 ggoSgS 
 
 ^ ,H »— ' 0<l ^ Oi 
 
 O ^ ^ hi 
 
 Oi O ^ 
 
 I— t ^ I— I CO 0^ 
 o 'X' (M ^ CO 
 r— t X CO 
 
 ^ tH ^ 
 
 O CO „ 
 
 (M (M 00 CO 
 
 vV 0) (D f. O 
 
 ^ fl a P 
 -j p p O p 
 ht, >-o ho h^ 
 
 zn p 
 
 rp o ^ 
 
 ,o -+^ 
 
 h-i C2 '''J 
 
 ^ ^ <o 
 
 ^ _M w 
 Ch -1 W2 . p 
 
 rt p O cj pj , — t 
 
 ,p o o Sh ,— ( CS 
 
 OHPPOHOi 
 
 w 
 
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 Ph *4 *r^ 
 
 h{ ^ "ot c 3 
 
 g,§a.2 2 
 
149 
 
 Charles I, 1625 to 1648. 
 
 Charles I succeeded his father on the 27th of March^ 
 1625, and was proclaimed the following day; and on the 
 1st of April a commission was directed to the wardens of 
 the mint. Sir Edward Yilliers and Sir Wm. Parkhurst, and 
 others, to continue the mint at work according to the last 
 indenture of James I, which had expired upon his death. 
 The dies of the late king were to be used until others 
 should be provided. The coins thus ordered to be made 
 were Unites, Double Crowns, and Britain Crowns, of 
 
 crown gold, and Kose Kyals, Spur Kyals, and Angels of 
 the old standard or angel gold, and, excepting that no 
 Eyals were actually coined, and that during the civil war £3 
 pieces were issued at Oxford, no alteration was afterwards 
 made during the reign either in the denominations of 
 the coins or in the purity of the metal. Considering the 
 straits to which the king was often driven for want of 
 money, and considering that Henry VIII, Elizabeth, and 
 James I, had all either increased the nominal value of 
 the coins or diminished the quantity of gold contained 
 in them, this fact must be considered creditable to 
 Charles I and his advisers. There was indeed a Com- 
 mission issued on the 14th of August, 1626, which, after 
 stating that the king had resolved to continue his monies, 
 to be coined at his mint, of the same standard as they then 
 were, proceeds to order that the pound of crown gold 
 should be made into £44 by tale (£41 being the amount 
 previously fixed) and the pound of silver into £3. IO 5 6d 
 (instead of £3. 2s). The Commission contains no recital of 
 an intention to diminish the weight of the coins, and it is 
 probable that no such intention existed, and that the sums 
 named were inserted by mistake, for on the 4th of September 
 a proclamation was issued that all monies of gold and silver 
 coined since the 1st day of August in any other manner 
 than according to the proclamations which were in force on 
 that day, should be esteemed as bullion and not be current; 
 and a commission of the 7th of September to Villiers and 
 
150 
 
 Parkhursfcj and an indenture of tlie 8th of November with 
 Sir Eobert Harley^ fixed the same weights as in the last 
 indenture of James I. Angels were not coined after 1634, 
 and ever since that time crown gold has been the only 
 standard used for the coins. 
 
 Several mints besides that in the Tower were used 
 during this reign, both before and after the breaking 
 out of the civil war, but those at Bristol and Oxford 
 are the only ones at which gold is known to have been 
 coined. The legends introduced by James I were all dis- 
 continued, and instead of them were used Amor Populi 
 Praesidium Eegis,^^ Florent Concordia Eegna,^^ and 
 
 Cultores sui Deus Protegit ; but during the civil wars 
 
 Exurgat Deus dissipentur inimici (Ps. Ixviii. 1) was 
 revived upon the coins struck by the king’s party, together 
 with an abbreviation of Eeligio Protestans, Leges Anglise, 
 Libertas Parliamenti,” referring to Charles’s declaration 
 at Wellington, September 19th, 1642, that he would 
 
 preserve the Protestant religion, the known laws of the 
 land, and the just privileges and freedom of Parliament.” 
 The type upon which this inscription occurs is hence called 
 the Declaration ” type. 
 
 No legal currency was given to any foreign gold coins 
 during this reign, though about the year 1644 several are 
 said to have been commonly current in the southern and 
 western counties. 
 
 The types and descriptions of the various coins are as 
 follows : — 
 
 UNITES. Value 20^. Weight 140|rr g^^'s. Fineness 
 22 cts. These are of several different types, corresponding 
 to a great extent with those of the silver shillings. The 
 dates of the various mint-marks are given in the table on 
 p. 165. 
 
 Tower Mint. Type 1. King’s bust in profile to left, 
 crowned, with ruff, royal mantle, and collar of the garter, 
 XX behind head. Two inner circles, the innermost thin and 
 plain, the outermost beaded. CAEOLVS D. G. MAC. BE. 
 
151 
 
 FR. ET HI. REX. Rev. square sliield garnisliecl, the crowu 
 over it divides the legend. Inner circles as on obv. Tlie harp 
 in the arms has a bird^s or griffin^s head. FLORENT : 
 CONCORDIA : REGNA: MM lis. (113) MB. Rud. xiii. 
 1 reads BRI, and has a different arrangement o£ dots. MM 
 cross on step, same, but only one inner circle on obv., no 
 stops on rev. MONTAGU. 
 
 Type la. Different bust, crowned, with ruff, armour 
 nearly concealed by scarf fastened on left shoulder, only 
 one inner circle, which is beaded, and is slightly pierced 
 both by crown above and by front of scarf below. The rest 
 of the bust does not touch the inner circle. XX behind 
 head. Rev. square shield very slightly garnished. The 
 harp always has a griffin^s head except with the Plume 
 mint-mark. MM cross on step. Legends as type 1, but 
 only one dot after Regna. THORBUBN. Or BRIT. 
 FRA., dot after Carolus, Et, and Regna, none after 
 other words on rev. 3IB. MM negroes head, legends as 
 type 1, but two dots instead of one on obv., none after Rex 
 or on rev. MB. Or reading CAROLYS. D : G : MAG. BRI : 
 FR. ET. HIB. REX., one dot after each word on rev. MB. 
 Or BR., no dots on rev. EVANS. MM castle, legends 
 and dots as type 1, but dot before Carolus, none after 
 Rex or on rev. MB. Or dot before Carolus and after 
 every word except Carolus on obv., none on rev. MB. 
 Or reading BRI, dot before Carolus and after every word 
 except HI on obv., one before and after rev. legend, 
 but none between words on rev. MB. BRI, no dots 
 except after D and G. THORBUBN. Or BR, HIB, dot 
 before Carolus and after every word on obv., none on rev. 
 MB. MM anchor, BR. FRA. ET HIB., dot after every 
 word on obv. except Et and Rex, none on rev. MB. Or 
 with the obv. mint-mark placed under the bust, . . BRI. 
 FRA. ET. II., dot after every word on obv., none on rev. AFB. 
 Or reading MA. BR. FR ET HI, no stops on rev. ALON-- 
 TAGU. MM heart, much neater workmanship, plain inner 
 circle on both sides within beaded one, .CAROLYS. D. G» 
 
152 
 
 MA. BE . . FE. ET. HI. EEX., dot after every word on rev. 
 and after rev. mint-mark. MB. MM obv. heart, rev. plume. 
 HIB. Plain circle on both sides of beaded inner circle. 
 EVANS. MM plume, like the last but one, but : after the 
 abbreviated words on obv., no stops between words on rev., 
 no plain inner circle on rev. MB. One with MM plume and 
 with the same bust as the preceding ones has a thick plain 
 inner circle on obv. and reads CAEOLYS D : G : MA : BE : 
 FE : ET HI : EEX Eev. like the next type, with dot before 
 Florent, after every word, and after mint-mark. MB. 
 
 Type 2. Obverse nearly the same, but rather more 
 armour visible. CAEOLYS. D. G. MAG. BEIT. FE. ET. 
 HIB. EEX. Eev. oval shield garnished, crowned, between 
 C and E, dot in field each side of crown. .FLOEENT. 
 CONCOEDIA. EEGNA. Dot after mint-mark. Plain 
 inner circle within beaded one on both sides. MM plume. 
 
 MB. Eud. xiii. 4. Or with dot before Carolus, none before 
 Florent. MB. MM large rose, no plain inner circle on rev., 
 no dot before Carolus or Florent. MB. Or BEI. FEA., as 
 first of this type but no plain inner circle on obv. MB. Or 
 MM small rose on obv., large rose on rev. BE. FE. ET. HI. 
 Eude workmanship. EVANS. 
 
 Type 3. Bust crowned to left, in armour, face larger, no 
 ruff nor scarf, long hair, lovelock on left shoulder, deep 
 falling collar edged with lace, ribbon of the garter suspended 
 on breast. XX behind head. .CAEOLYS. D. G. MAG. 
 BEIT. FEA. ET. HIB. EEX. Eev. oval shield garnished, 
 different from the last, crowned, between C and E crowned. 
 Beaded inner circle on both sides interrupted by crown. 
 FLOEENT COXCOEDIA EEGNA, MM harp. MB. Eud. 
 xiii. 5 reads BEI. FE. MM portcullis, bust rather smaller, 
 less shoulder visible, BE. FE. ET. HI. No dot before or after 
 obv. legend, one after Florent and Concordia, three after 
 Eegna. MB. Or HIB, with no stops on rev. MON- 
 TAGU. MM bell, .CAEOLYS. D. G. MA. BE. FE. 
 ET. HIB. EEX. Dot before Florent, after every word on 
 rev. and after rev. mint-mark. MB. MM crown, as bell 
 
153 
 
 but HIj no dots on rev. MB. MM toU; as crown^ but dot 
 between words on rev. MB. MM prostrate anclior_, as 
 bell, but no dot before Florent or after Eegiia. MB. Or 
 reading B. FE. ET. HI : : TEOllBURN. MM (P), as bell, 
 but MAG. BEI. FEA. MB. This coin is later than most 
 of those next to be described, as the (P) mint-mark is placed 
 by Folkes and Ending immediately before, and by Pollet, 
 who is probably right, immediately after the (E) mint-mark. 
 
 The following are of similar type, but the face is more 
 marked, the armour different, the lace on the collar of a 
 stellate pattern. MM triangle, CAEOLYS. H. G. MAG. 
 BEI. FEA. ET. HIB. EEX, dot after every word on rev. 
 and after rev. mint-mark. (114) MB. MM star, same vutli dot 
 each side of obv. mint-mark. MB. AIM triangle within 
 circle, as last. MB. Or reading FLOEEENT by mistake for 
 Florent. TIIOBBUBK AIM (E), bust very slightly different, 
 dot before Florent, otherwise as last. MB. One with AIM 
 eye is mentioned in Num. Ghron., i, p. 33. With bust 
 different, hair brushed more forward, collar smaller and 
 lace of a different pattern, armour different, harp in arms 
 much smaller, MM sun, legends as star. MB. AIM sceptre, 
 same, with legends as triangle. MB. 
 
 Briot. The coins executed by Nicholas Briot, who was 
 first employed in England in 1628, and was appointed chief 
 engraver in 1633, are smaller and much neater and better 
 executed than the others. 1. Bust similar to type 3 but 
 better executed, Avith scarf fastened by rosette over left 
 shoulder, -XX* behind head. CAEOLYS. D : G. MAGN. 
 BEITANN. FEAN. ET. HIB. EEX. Eev. Square shield 
 garnished, croAvned, bet\Amen C and E croAAmed, a lozenge 
 beneath each of these letters. .FLOEENT. CONCOEDIA. 
 EEGNA. MM on obv. floA\mr AAntli B (for Briot) under it, 
 on rev. B only. The dots are all lozenge shaped. (115). MJk 
 2. Same but B to left of, instead of under, obv. MAI, 
 HIBEE for Hib. Eev. C and E placed higher in the field, 
 no lozenge under them, nor before or after legend. MB. 
 Eud. xiv. 1 is like this but reads BEITAN and HIB 
 
i54 
 
 and lias lozenge before and after rev. legend. 3. Bust 
 like that on the coins with MM triangle, &c., letters 
 behind head larger. .CAROLYS. D : G. MAG. BRIT. 
 FR. ET. HIB. REX. Rev. similar to the last but one. 
 FLORENT. CONCORDIA. REGNA. MM anchor. Dots 
 all lozenge shaped. MB. There is no B on this coin to 
 show that it was executed by Briot, but there is a B on a 
 shilling with the same MM. 
 
 Oxford Unites. The mint originally established for 
 coining silver at Aberystwith, and brought from that place 
 to Shrewsbury at the beginning of the civil war, was 
 removed to Oxford and set up there in New Inn Hall on 
 the 3rd of January, 1642 (old style), under the direction 
 of Sir William Parkhurst and Thomas Bush ell. The only 
 distinction between the coins struck at Shrewsbury and 
 at Oxford in 1642, seems to be in the form of the plumes 
 in the field of the coins, the plumes on the Shrews- 
 bury coins springing from a large coronet with no bands 
 under it, those on the Oxford ones from a small coronet 
 with bands. We are not aware of the existence of any 
 Shrewsbury gold coins, but the following varieties were 
 struck at Oxford. 
 
 1642. Half-length figure in profile to left descending 
 to inner circle, crowned, in armour, plain falling collar, 
 large sword upright in right hand, olive branch in left, XX 
 behind head. CAROLYS: D: G: MAG: BRIT: FRAN: 
 ET : HI : REX. Rev. Inscription in two lines across 
 the field, RELIG: PROT: LEG ANG: LIBER: PAR, 
 a wavy line above, between, and below the two rows of 
 words, three plumes, with bands beneath them, above, 1642 
 below. Legend EXYRGAT : DEYS : DISSIPENTYR: 
 INIMICI : No MM. (116) MB. For the meaning of the 
 inscription see ante, p. 160. 
 
 1643. The workmanship in this year is decidedly better 
 than in 1642. 
 
 1. Bust descends through inner circle to edge of coin, 
 hair much longer, deep falling lace collar, longer sword in 
 
155 
 
 riglit hand, longer olive branch in left, badge of the Garter 
 suspended by chain on breast, XX behind head. Legend 
 begins at bottom of coin. .CAROLYS. D : G : M : BR : 
 FR : ET. HI : REX. Rev. type as the last, but the 
 inscription is in three lines and is placed on a scroll 
 connected with the inner circle, so that the le 2 ;end and 
 inscription read continously. .EXVRGAT: DEVS:. DISSI- 
 PENTYR: INIMICI RELIG: PROT LEG: AXG LIBER: 
 PAR. No MM. Date 1643 below scroll, three plumes 
 above it. MB. 
 
 2. Obv. same. Rev. similar but scroll shaped rather 
 differently, no dot before Exurgat, one after each word of 
 legend and before Leg, ANGL : for Ang. MB. This is almost 
 identical with a double crown, Rud. xiii. 11, -post, p. 162. 
 
 3. Obv. similar, but the figure does not descend through 
 the inner circle, the crown slightly pierces it above. A 
 good deal of the lace collar is shown behind the hair and 
 over the left shoulder, the olive branch slopes backwards 
 more than on the previous coins. The legend begins at the 
 top of the coin, CAROLYS : D : G : MAG : BRIT : FR : 
 ET : HI : REX. Rev. scroll shaped as on No. 2, EXYRGAT : 
 DEYS : DISIPENTYR (sic) : INIMICI RELIG : PROT 
 LEG : ANG LIBER : PAR Plumes above, 1643 below. MB. 
 
 4. Obv. similar to the last, but the figure is smaller and 
 the crown does not pierce the inner circle ; no collar visible 
 behind the hair, the badge suspended on the breast is 
 larger and much more prominent. Legend CAROLYS : 
 D : G. MAG : BR : FR : ET : HIRER : REX Rev. similar 
 to the last, EXYRGAT. DEYS. DISSIPENTYR. INIMICI: 
 RELIG: PROT: LEG : ANG: LIBER: PAR MB. 
 
 5. Obv. from the same die as the last. Rev. scroll of 
 different shape, otherwise as No. 3 but DISSIPENTYR : j\IB. 
 
 1644. 1. Similar to 4 but figure different, medal on 
 breast and letters behind head much smaher, olive branch 
 much larger. MM very small plume. CAROLYS. D : 
 G: MAG: BRI: FR : ET. HIB : REX. Rev. like 1643 
 
156 
 
 (1), but date 1644, with OX for Oxford below it. 
 .EXVEGAT DEVS. DISSIPENTYK. INIMICI. EELIG : 
 PEOT LEG: .ANG: LIBEE : PAE. MB. End. xiii. 10. 
 
 2. Figure similar but placed lower in field, interrupting 
 inner circle but not legend, head and crown larger. MM 
 plume, and legend as last but BE :, HI :, dot before Carolus. 
 Eev. Inscription in three lines across field within inner 
 circle, a straight line above and below it, three plumes 
 between two lozenges above it, below. EXYEGAT. 
 
 DEYS. DISSIPENTYE .INIMICI: Inscription EELIG. PE. 
 LEG. ANGL LIBEE. PA. All the dots are lozenge-shaped, 
 except those between the words of the inscription. MB. 
 
 1645. Bust almost identical with the first of 1644 but 
 placed rather lower in field, olive branch smaller, MM 
 and legend same but BEIT :, HI :, two dots between every 
 word. Eev. similar but scroll of different shape, date 1645, 
 without OX, below it; no dot before Exurgat, one after it, 
 two after Prot, none after Par. MB. 
 
 1646. Bust similar, but neater and better executed. No 
 MM. CAEOLYS. D : G : MAG : BEI : FEAN : ET. 
 HIB : EEX. Eev. usual legend on a band round the 
 field, the ends of which are separated at the top of the 
 coin by the MM plume. Dot between each word. In- 
 scription in three lines on wavy scroll, EELIG : PEO 
 LEG : ANG LIBEE : PAE Nothing except the MM 
 above it, 
 
 Bristol Unite. Bust similar to the second Oxford one 
 of 1644, but ruder, collar of different shape, sword very 
 small, crown pierces inner circle, which is not interrupted 
 by the bust. The letters XX behind the head are large. 
 MM BE in monogram. .CAEOLYS. D : G : MAG : BE : 
 FE : ET : H : EEX. Eev. Inscription on scroll continuous 
 with the legend, but divided from it by the monogram 
 BE; three very small plumes above inscription, 1645 below. 
 EXYEGAT. DEYS. DISSIPENTYE. INIMICI. :EEL : 
 PEO LEG : AN. LIB : PA : MB. This, as well as some 
 
157 
 
 silver coins of dates from 1643 to 1645^ is ascribed on 
 account of the mint-mark to Bristol, which was in the king’s 
 hands during those years. The workmen for this mint must 
 no doubt have been brought from Oxford. A specimen of 
 this coin was sold for £29 at Capt. Murchison’s sale in 1864. 
 Nuin, Ghr.j N. S., iv. 229. That in the Museum was bought 
 for £12. Compare the Double Crown (124). 
 
 Uncertain Unites. 1. Small rude bust, copied from 
 the Tower Unite with MM triangle. The type of the 
 whole coin is the same, but the execution much ruder. 
 MM plume. : CAEOLVS. D. C. MA. BE. FE. ET. HI. 
 EEX : Eev. .FLOEENT. CONCOEDIA. EEGNA. Dot 
 after mint-mark. MB. It seems not improbable that this 
 may have been executed at Aberystwith, though we know 
 no record of gold having been coined there. The mint at 
 Aberystwith was worked from 1637 or 1638 to 1642, and 
 the type of some of the silver coins struck there is identical 
 with that of the coins struck at the Tower with the triangle 
 MM, the date of which is 1639. The mint-marks on the 
 Aberystwith silver coins are a Book or a Crown, but all 
 coins struck there were ordered to be marked on both sides 
 with a plume, and this Unite, which has the plume on one 
 side though not on both, may have been struck at Aberyst- 
 with during the period of confusion in 1642, while the 
 regular workmen of the mint were removing to Shrewsbury 
 and Oxford. (See Hawkins’s Silver Coins,” 2nd ed., pp. 
 316, 322.) 
 
 2. Type like an uncertain shilling, Hks. (530), End. 
 E. 11, but no dots on armour, medal on breast much smaller, 
 XX behind head. Shield oval, garniture similar but not 
 identical with that on the shilling, crowned, between C and 
 E crowned. MM on obv. only, uncertain. CAEOLVS : 
 D : G. MA : BE. FE : ET HIE. EEX. Eev. " FLOEENT 
 CONCOEDIA^ EEGNA® MB. The silver coins of this 
 type resemble those which are believed to have been 
 struck at Weymouth, and they as well as this gold coin 
 
158 
 
 were probably therefore produced there^ or at least by the 
 same artists. 
 
 THREE POUND PIECES. Value 6 O 5 . Weight 
 421^f- grs. Fineness 22 cts. These are all of the type 
 of the Oxford Unites, and were all probably struck in that 
 city. Like the silver pounds, they occur of the dates 
 1G42 to 1644. 
 
 1642. 1. Exactly like the Unite of 1642, but plume 
 with bands below it instead of the figures behind the head, 
 and rev. inscription in three lines across the field, .III., indi- 
 cating the value, and three plumes, above it, 1642 below. 
 MM plume on obv. CAROLYS : D : G : MAG : BRIT : 
 FR : ET : HIB : REX Rev. -i-EXYRGAT : DEYS : 
 DISSIPENTYR : INIMICI RELIG : PROT LEG : 
 ANG LIBER : PAR MB. Rud. xiii. 9 is similar, but reads 
 FRAN : ET : HI : and has only two dots before Exurgat. 
 
 2. Similar, but king^s figure smaller, not touching inner 
 circle, sword smaller, FRAN : ET : HI : Rev. similar, but 
 the inscription is on a scroll in continuation of the inner 
 circle. LEGI : Only one dot before Exurgat. MB. 
 
 1643. 1. Same as the last, but inner circle is made part 
 of the scroll; LEG : Date 1643. MB. The reverse is 
 identical with that of the first Unite of 1643, except for 
 the .III. above the inscription. 
 
 2. Obv. like the first Unite of 1643, but the bust is 
 confined within the inner circle, and has a large scarf 
 flowing out behind it, and plume instead of figures behind 
 the head. The legend begins at the top of the coin, 
 CAROLYS : D : G : MAGN : BRIT : FR : ET : HI : 
 REX MM plume. Rev. almost exactly the same as 
 Unite No. 5, but EXYRGAT : DEYS : ET : DISSIPEN- 
 TYR : INIMICI : RELIG : PROT : LEGI. : ANGL : 
 LIBER : PAR. MB. 
 
 3. Like last but without scarf, figure rather smaller, 
 FRAN : ET : HIB : REX Only one dot after Carolus and 
 G. Rev. identical with the Unite of 1643, No. 4, except 
 
159 
 
 that it has III above the scroll^ and has : after PHOT as 
 well as before LEG. MB, 
 
 4. Obv. from same die as last. Eev. similar_, but a 
 rosette each side of two after each word in legend and 
 inscription except Par^ three after ProL two before Leg^ 
 one before Liber and after Par. Oxon in small letters under 
 date^ rosette each side of it and each side of date. (118) 
 MB. Very rare. 
 
 1644. 1. Bust almost the same as Unite of 1643, No. 3, 
 
 coin considerably smaller and thicker than the former ones. 
 CAEOLYS. D : G : MAG : BEI : PEA : ET. HIBEE : EEX. 
 MM plume. Eev. Scroll of rather different shape from the 
 last, legend and inscription the same, plumes above scroll 
 very small, below it. Lozenge each side of III and 
 
 date, after Eelig, Leg, Aug, and Liber, and before Leg, 
 two before Exurgat and between words of legend, one 
 between four dots after Inimici. MB. 
 
 2. Obv. from same die as last. Eev. same but Oxon, dots 
 instead of lozenges, one between each word of legend, after 
 Liber, and each side of date and Oxou, tw^o after Eelig, Eeg, 
 Ang, and Par, and before Leg, five after Inimici. MB. 
 
 3. As last but coin still smaller and thicker, crown does 
 not pierce inner circle, lozenges instead of dots on obv. Eev. 
 as last, but of rather neater execution, plumes larger, one 
 dot after each word of legend, two after each word of inscrip- 
 tion and before Leg, one each side of date and Oxon. MB. 
 
 ANGEL. Value lOs. VMtgld 64-g^ grs. Old Standard. 
 Obv. St. Michael and the Dragon, as usual. SjDear pierces 
 dragon’s mouth and comes out the other side. Two inner 
 circles, the innermost plain, the otlier beaded. CAEOLYS. 
 D. G : MAG : BEI : EE : ET. HI : EEX Eev. as James Its 
 latest angels. AMOE. POPYLI. PEEESIDIYM. EEGIS : 
 MM cross on step, placed to left of St. MichacTs head 
 and right of mast. (119) 4471. MM negroes head, X in 
 
 field by Dragonhs head, rev. mint-mark to kit of mast, EEA. 
 ET. IlIB., only one dot between each w'ord, none at end of 
 
160 
 
 legends. MB. MM castle^ as cross on step but X in 
 field by St. MicbaePs left wing, rev. mint-mark to left of 
 mast, no dots after Eegis. MB. MM anchor, same but : 
 after D on obv., no stops on rev. MB. MM heart, hought 
 hy Mr. Shepherd at Mr. Cuff^s sale. MM rose, X under 
 St. MichaeFs right wing, pellet between his legs above the 
 dragon. Only one dot between words on obv., none on rev. 
 MB. The mint-mark on this specimen seems to be struck 
 over the preceding MM plume. MM portcullis, as last but 
 BEIT. FEA., dot after Eex and between words on rev. 
 MB. MM bell, as last, dot after rev. mint-mark. Eud. xiii. 
 8. This is erroneously stated to be in the British Museum. 
 
 Briot. Like the other angels, but the coin is con- 
 siderably smaller and the workmanship neater. Type as 
 before but St. MichaeTs figure is smaller and has both legs 
 straight, X under his left wing. CAEOLYS. D : G. MAG. 
 BEITANX. FEAN. ET. HIB. EEX. Eev. more rigging 
 visible, the harp on the sail not concealed, as on the other 
 coins, by the foremast, cannons protruding from the port- 
 holes, no flag above sail but one marked with cross at stern, 
 no lion on prow or stern but small B (for Briot) in front 
 of prow, with lozenge above and below. AMOE. POPYLI. 
 PEA^SIDIYM. EEGIS. All the stops are lozenge-shaped. 
 MB. Eud. Suppl. vi. 25. 
 
 DOUBLE CEOWN. Value 10s. Weight 701J- grs. 
 Fineness 22 cts. These correspond in type to the Unites. 
 They all have X behind the head, to indicate the value. 
 
 Type 1. Like Unites type 1, but shield rather differently 
 garnished. CAEOLYS. D. G. MAG. BE. FE. ET. HIB. 
 EEX. Eev. CYLTOEES SVI DEYS PEOTEGIT. MM 
 lis, which on rev. is to right of crown. MB. Or with rev. 
 MM to left of crown, : after D, Mag, Br, Fr, and Hib, 
 
 . before Cultores, after each word on rev., and after rev. 
 mint-mark. MB. Eud. xiii. 2 reads HI : and has the stops 
 rather different. 
 
 Type la, like Unites type la, but the crown does not 
 
161 
 
 pierce the inner circle. CAROLYS : D : G : MAG : BRI 
 FRA: ET: HI: REX. Rev. CVLTORES SYI DEYS 
 PROTEGIT MM cross on step. MB, MM negroes 
 head^ same with no inner circle, BR. ER., one dot before 
 Carolus, after every word, and each side of rev. mint- 
 mark. MB, MM castle^ as last but no dot before or 
 after Carolus or after Et, two between the other words on 
 obv., one after Rex, none on rev. MB, Or reading BRI. 
 FR. ET. HIB., only one dot between each word on obv. 
 TBLORBURN, MM anchor, as cross on step, but no inner 
 circle on obv., BR : FR :, no dots after Carolus, Et, or Rex, 
 one between each word on rev., beaded inner circle on rev. 
 MB, Or MA. BR. FR. ET. HIB., faint plain inner circle 
 on rev. BVAN8, MM heart. These differ slightly by 
 having the front part of the bust descending nearly to the 
 edge of the coin and dividing the legend. The X in the 
 field is larger than before, and there is an inner circle on 
 both sides. Legends as first with MM lis, but MA., HI., 
 no dot after Rex. MB, Or with dot after every word on 
 both sides, except Sui ; before Cultores, and after rev. mint- 
 mark. (120) MB, Or with dot also after Sui, none after 
 Rex or before Cultores. MB, MM plume, bust similar but 
 smaller, dividing inner circle but not legend ; X smaller. 
 Rev. as before but the harp is smaller and has no head. 
 Inner circle both sides. Legends as first with MM lis but 
 MA., dot after every word and before Cultores, and after 
 rev. mint-mark. 3IB, Or legends as first with MM plume 
 but HI., plain and beaded inner circle on rev. EVANS, 
 
 Type 2. Like Unites type 2 but no dot each side of 
 crown on rev. MM rose. Legends as first with MM lis, 
 dot after every word on both sides except Carolus, before 
 Carolus and after rev. mint-mark. (121) MB. 
 
 Type 3. Like Unites type 3, but bust not the same, 
 confined within inner circle, lace different, more hair, 
 MM rose, that on obv. being much larger than that on rev. 
 and of a different shape. Legends as first with MM lis but 
 
 11 
 
MA. , HL; dot after every word except Eex, two before 
 Cultores. MB. 
 
 With bust like Unites type 3, but confined within inner 
 circle. MM harp. . CAEOLYS. D. G. MAG. BEI. FE. ET. 
 UIB. EBX. Eev. CVLTOEES SVI DEYS PEOTEGIT 
 (122) MB. MM portcullis^ same with dot between each 
 word on rev. MB. MM bell, MA. BE. FE. ET. HI. Dot 
 after each word on rev. and after rev. mint-mark. MB. 
 ,Eud. xiii. 6. MM crown, as last but no dot either side of 
 rev. mint-mark. MB. MM upright anchor, copied from 
 the last but ruder, legends as MM bell, but no dot 
 before or after obv. legend, dot between each word on rev. 
 and after rev. mint-mark. MB. MM prostrate anchor, 
 similar to but not identical with the last, dot before Carolus. 
 
 MB. MM triangle, identical with last, but FEA. ET. 
 HIB., dots on obv. as MM harp. MB. 
 
 With bust similar but broader, the figures in the shield 
 larger, and letters and crowns on each side of shield larger'. 
 MM star. Legends as MM harp but BEI : FEA : ET. 
 HI no dot before or after Carolus, one after every word 
 on rev. and after rev. mint-mark. MB. 
 
 Beiot. 1. Exactly like BrioFs first Unite, but BEITAN., 
 no lozenge after Eex, rev. legend CYLTOEES. SYI. DEYS. 
 PEOTEGIT. All the dots are lozenge shaped. MB. 
 
 2. Same, but lozenge with B under it instead of mint-mark 
 on obv., MAG. BEITAN., lozenge after Eex. MB. 
 
 3. Obv. exactly like Briot^s second Unite, but MAG. 
 BEITAN. FEAN. ET. HIB. EEX Eev. same as the last 
 two. MB. Eud. xiv. 2. 
 
 , OxFOED Double Ceowns. 1642. Coin very broad and 
 thin, bust copied from type 3 but ruder workmanship, 
 within inner circle; 'X* behind head. MM plume. CA- 
 EOLYS : D : G : MAG : BE. FE : ET : HI : EEX Eev. 
 Type like the Oxford Unites, inscription on scroll which is 
 connected with the inner circle, three plumes, with bands 
 under them^ above it, 1642 below. EXYEGAT. DEYS. 
 
163 
 
 DISSIPENTYR : INIMICI : RELIG- : PHOT LEG : ANG 
 LIBER: PAR. (123) MB. 
 
 1643. Bust mucli larger^ lace and armour different, bust 
 descends to edge of coin, legend begins at bottom, and is 
 the same as on the first Unite of 1643 (p. 154), except that 
 there is no dot before Carolus. Rev. same as second Unite 
 of 1643, with small annulets for stops. There is one before 
 Exurgat and Liber, and after every word. MB. Rud. 
 xiii. 11. 
 
 1644. A coin similar to the last but reading MAG 
 and with the date 1644, OX, is said to have been sold at 
 Miss Currer^s sale in 1862, in extremely fine preservation, 
 for £43, and another, very fine, with four pellets and a 
 lozenge after Inimici, at Capt. Murchison’s sale in 1864 for 
 £40. JSfum. Ghr.y X. S., ii. 232 ; iv. 229. 
 
 Bristol Double Crown. Like the Bristol Unite, but 
 bust small, entirely confined within inner circle. MM'BR* 
 in monogram between two plumes. .CAROLYS. D. G. 
 MAG : B : F : ET. HIB : REX. Rev. EXYRGAT. DEYS. 
 DISSIPENTYR. INIMICI. REL : PRO : LEG : ANG : 
 LIB : PAR : Monogram BR. between legend and inscrip- 
 tion. Date under scroll, 1645. (124) MB. 
 
 BRITAIN CROWN. Valuers. Weight 3b'£jgrs. Fine- 
 ness 22 cts. These correspond in type to the double 
 crowns, but have Y instead of X behind the head. 
 
 Type 1. MM lis, exactly like the first double crown 
 with MM on rev. to right of crown, but HI. instead of HIB. 
 MB. Rud. xiii. 3 reads BRI. for Br. and omits the reverse 
 mint-mark. 
 
 Type la. MM cross on step, like double crown with 
 same mint-mark. CAROLYS. D. G. MAG. BR. FR. ET. 
 HI. REX Rev. CYLTORES. SYI. DEYS. PROTEG, dot 
 after rev, mint-mark. MB. MM negro’s head, same, but 
 breast divides legend, MA., PROTEGIT, dot before Carolus, 
 none on rev. MB. MM castle, no inner circle, breast does 
 not divide legend, CAROLYS D : G : MA : BR : FR ET. 
 
 11 * 
 
164 
 
 HI EEX Eev. CVLTOEES SYI DEYS PEOTEQ: MB. 
 or MAG^ BVANSy or PEOTEGIT, no stops on rev., : after 
 Er and Hi, none after Et. MB. MM heart, like negroes 
 head, but smaller and neater. Dot after every word except 
 Protegit, one before Carolus, Er, and Cultores, and after 
 rev. mint-mark, two after D, G, Ma, Er, and Hi. MB. 
 MM plume, same, with no dots on rev. MB. 
 
 Type 3. MM harp, like double crown with same mint- 
 mark, but reading BE. EE. ET. HI., and with no inner 
 circle. THOBBUBJSf. MM portcullis, like double crown 
 with same mint-mark. CAEOLYS. D. G. MA. BE. EE. ET, 
 HI. EEX Eev. CYLTOEES. SYI. DEYS. PEOTEGIT 
 MB. MM crown, same with dot before and after obv. 
 legend, none on rev., shield on rev. smaller. MB. MM 
 ton, as last, but dots as portcullis. MB. Eud. xiii. 7. 
 MM anchor, prostrate on obv., upright on rev., bust slightly 
 different, hair finer, legends as portcullis but no dot after 
 Hi, shield as crown and ton. (125) MB. MM triangle, 
 type copied from the last. CAEOLYS. D. G. MAG BEI. 
 EE ET HI. EEX Eev. CYLTOEES. SYI. DEYS. 
 PEOTEGIT MB. MM star, same as last but D : G : 
 MA BE : EE : ET HI MB. On this coin the MM star 
 on the obverse is struck over a triangle. MM triangle 
 in circle, same as triangle but MAG. BE. EE. ET. HIB. 
 THOBBJJRN. MM (P) on obv. only, type as MM crown, 
 legends as triangle but EEA. MB. MM sun, type as 
 crown, .CAEOLYS. D : G : MAG: BEI: EEA: ET. HIB: 
 EEX. Eev. as triangle. MB. 
 
 Briot. Same as his second double crown, but obv. 
 legend CAEOLYS. D ; G. MAG. BEIT. EE, ET. HIB. 
 EEX MB. 
 
 No gold coins of this small denomination seem to have 
 been struck at any of the provincial mints. 
 
 The dates attached to the mint-marks in the following 
 table are those given by Ending, who copied them from 
 Eolkes. 
 
Table of Mint Marks. 
 
 Type 1. 
 
 Unite. 
 
 £3. 
 
 * Angel. 
 
 Double Cr. 
 
 Brit. Cr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lis, 1625. Bust in ruff 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and collar of garter; 
 sq. shield 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 d- 
 
 Cross on step, 1625, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1626 . 
 
 Montagu 
 
 
 
 
 
 Type la. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gross on step, 1625, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1626. Bust in ruff, 
 armour, sq. shield . 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 d- 
 
 *f 
 
 Kegro’s head, 1626, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1627 . 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 d- 
 
 Castle, 1627 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 d- 
 
 d“ 
 
 Anchor, 1628 . 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 d- 
 
 
 Heart, 1629 
 
 + 
 
 
 Cuff 
 
 d- 
 
 + 
 
 Heart, rev. Plume 
 
 Evans 
 
 
 
 
 
 Plume, 1630 . 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 d- 
 
 „ „ oval sh. . 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Type 2. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Plume, 1630, Bust in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ruff, armour, oval sh. 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pose, 1631 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 d- 
 
 
 Type 3. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eose, 1631, Bust in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 collar, oval shield . 
 
 
 
 
 d- 
 
 
 Harp, 1632 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 d- 
 
 Thorburn 
 
 Portcullis, 1633 
 
 + 
 
 
 ! d- 
 
 d- 
 
 d- 
 
 Bell, 1634 
 
 + 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 Eud. 
 
 d- 
 
 
 Crown, 1635 
 
 + 
 
 1 
 
 
 d- 
 
 d- 
 
 Ton, 1636-1638 
 
 d- 
 
 
 
 d- 
 
 Upright Anchor, 1638 
 
 
 
 
 d- 
 
 Prostrate Anchor, 1638 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 d- 
 
 d- 
 
 Triangle, 1639 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 d- 
 
 d- 
 
 Star, 1640 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 d* 
 
 d- 
 
 Triangle in circle, 1641 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Thorbuin 
 
 (P), 1643 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 d- 
 
 (E), 1644 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eye, 1645 
 Sun, 1645 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' + 
 
 
 
 
 d- 
 
 Sceptre, 1646 . 
 
 + 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Beiot. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Flower and B, rev. B., 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ^1632 
 
 + 
 
 
 i 
 
 + 
 
 
 Ho MM on ohv., rev. B. 
 B on both sides 
 Anchor, 1638 . 
 
 ■ + 
 
 
 ! d- 
 
 d- 
 
 1 
 
 d- 
 
 1 
 
 * Tlic descriptions of type do not apply to the angels. 
 
166 
 
 Table op Mint Marks — continued . 
 
 Oxford. 
 
 Unite. 
 
 £3. 
 
 Angel. 
 
 Double Cr. 
 
 Brit. Cr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1642, Declaration type 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ MM plume 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1643, Declaration type 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 ,} MM plume 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 , , Oxon , MM plume 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 1644 Ox., MM plume. 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 NO 
 
 
 „ Oxon,MMplume 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 1645, MM plume 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 1646 Ox., MM plume . 
 
 -f 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bristol. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1645, BE, declaration 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 type . 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 Uncertain. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Plume, bust in collar, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 oval shield . 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 A round object 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Commonwealth, 1648 to 1660. 
 
 On the 6th of Fehruary, 1648-9, what then remained of 
 the House of Commons voted that the House of Peers was 
 useless and daugerous and ought to be abolished, and on the 
 7th that the kingly office was unnecessary, burdensome, and 
 dangerous, and ought to be abolished. The bills carrying 
 out these resolutions were not declared to be statutes till 
 the 17th and 19th of March, but on the 13th the House 
 ordered that money of gold and silver should be coined with 
 its own style and authority, and the type and inscription were 
 settled by a resolution of the 25th of April and an Act of 
 the 17th of July, 1649. This alteration Sir Kobert Harley, 
 master of the mint, refused to carry out, and he was accord- 
 ingly removed, as well as other officers of the mint who 
 refused either to deliver up their patents from the late king 
 or to accept new ones ; and Dr. Aaron Guerdain was 
 appointed master of the mint. 
 
 The new coins were all of crown gold, and consisted of 
 
167 
 
 pieces of 20^^ 105^ and 5^, all bearing the same device, from 
 the appearance of which they got the name of breeches 
 mouey/^ The weight of the Unite was 140| grs., and 
 the others in proportion. They all have on the obverse 
 a shield bearing St. George^s Cross, with a sprig of laurel 
 to the right, and of palm to the left, with the inscription 
 THE COMMONWEALTH OF ENGLAND ; and on the 
 reverse two shields, one bearing the cross of St. George, the 
 other the harp, touching at the top, within an inner circle, 
 numerals indicating the value above the shields. Legend 
 GOD WITH VS, and the date above. The mint-mark is 
 always a sun or an anchor, and is placed on the obverse only. 
 Coins with the anchor mint-mark are rare. 
 
 UNITES. MM sun, . XX . above shields on rev., dot after 
 every word, before The, and after date. 1649, Kud. xiv. 4. 
 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653 with no dot after VS or THE (or 
 with dot, EVANS)j 1654 and 1656 like 1649, 1657 ; there are 
 two dies of this last date, the principal difference being in 
 the shape of the laurel branch. The dots, &c. are as in 1649. 
 MM anchor, 1660, otherwise as 1649. (126) All in MB, 
 except that of 1654, which is in Mr. Evanses collection. 
 
 DOUBLE CROWN. MM sun, . X . above shields, other- 
 wise as first Unite. 1649, 1650 (127), 1651 no dot before 
 or after obv. legend, 1652 and 1653 like 1649. MM anchor, 
 1660, otherwise as 1649. Rud. xiv. 5. All in MB, 
 
 BRITAIN CROWN. MM sun, . V . above shields, no dot 
 before or after obv. legend, otherwise as first Unite, 1649. 
 1650 with dots (128), 1651 with no stops on obv. 1652, as 
 1649, or with no stops on obv. and reading ENGLAN. 1653, 
 as 1651. 1654, dot after every word and before legend on 
 
 both sides of the coin. MM anchor, no stops on obv., 
 ENGLAN, 1658, Rud. xiv. 6, 1660. All in MB, except 
 that of 1654, which is in Mr. Evanses collection. 
 
 On the 23rd February, 1656-7, the proposal was made to 
 the House of Commons, which was afterwards carried, to offer 
 to the Protector the title of King; and on the 4th February^ 
 
168 
 
 1657-8, the Protector dissolved his last Parliament after a 
 16 days’ Session, because it was not submitting to his 
 authority. The idea of exalting the personal authority of 
 Cromwell was therefore rife in those years; and this may 
 explain the fact that in 1656 and 1658 the officers of the 
 mint struck some 20^ pieces, as well as some silver coins, 
 with Cromwell’s head on one side and a shield crowned 
 on the other side. They were beautifully engraved by 
 Simon, and were made with the mill and screw which 
 were now re-introduced ; and upon them the name and title 
 of OLIYAR D. G. K. P. ANG. SCO. ET. HIB &c PRO 
 (Protector of the Republic of England, &c.) takes the place 
 of the name of the Commonwealth ; but he appears never 
 to have ventured to put them into circulation, and they 
 therefore do not come within the design of this book as 
 current coins. Those of 1656 did not occur in the trial of 
 the Pix made on the 3rd December, 1657, as they would 
 have done if they had been then current ; and there was but 
 little time to put those of 1 058 into circulation before the 
 death of the Protector, which took place on the 3rd September 
 ill that year. They are not mentioned in the proclamation 
 of 1661, which called in all coins stamped with the name of 
 the Commonwealth. 
 
 Table of Mint Marks. 
 
 
 Unite. 
 
 Double Cr. 
 
 Brit. Cr. 
 
 Sun, 1649 .... 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1650 .... 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1651 .... 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1652 .... 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1653 .... 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1654 .... 
 
 Evans 
 
 
 Evans 
 
 1656 .... 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1657 .... 
 
 ++ 
 
 
 
 Anchor, 1658 .... 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 1660 .... 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
169 
 
 Charles II, 1660 to 1684. 
 
 Charles II upon his restoration made no alteration in the 
 coins^ except by restoring the type used by his father^ with 
 a laureated bust substituted for a crowned one. The inden- 
 ture for this coinage was made with Sir Ralph Freeman^ on 
 the 20th of July^ 1660, and Unites, Double Crowns, and 
 Britain Crowns were made by virtue of it, the dies being 
 engraved by Simon. But it was very soon resolved to 
 establish permanently in the mint the improved process of 
 coining by the mill and screw, a process which had been 
 introduced and abandoned in the reign of Elizabeth, and 
 re-introduced under the Protectorate, though in consequence 
 of the opposition made to it in the mint it was only used for 
 CromwelFs pattern pieces, and not for the public currency. 
 In 1661 it was ordered that the necessary engines should be 
 erected; in 1662 Blondeau was engaged to make the new 
 money, and Roettier to engrave the dies, and it was first 
 coined on the 6th of February, 1662-3, and was made 
 current by a proclamation of March 27th, 1663. Of the new 
 gold money, pieces of 100^, 40^, 20^, and lOs were made ; 
 but previously to this, on August 26th, 1661, the value of all 
 current gold coins had been raised, the first unites of James I, 
 1604 to 1619, being raised to 23s 6d, and all coined since 1619 
 to 21s 4d, and the other coins in proportion; and accordingly 
 the new pieces, which were of the same standard as before, 
 had to be made lighter than the old ones, the 20s pieces 
 now weighing 131|-f-grs. The ancient coins made of gold 
 of the old standard were also raised at the same time, the 
 rose ryal of James I to 35s, and the angels of James I and 
 Charles I to 11s 8d. As a great deal of the gold of which 
 the new coins were made had been imported from Guinea 
 by the African Company, the new 20s pieces received the 
 name of Guineas, the old ones being distinguished by the 
 name of Broads. In 1670 the weight was still further reduced, 
 it being ordered that a pound of crown gold should now be 
 
170 
 
 made into £44. 10s by tale, the same sum wbicb Charles I 
 had made out of a pound of the old standard. This made 
 the weight of the guinea 129|f grs., and all subsequent 
 guineas have been of this weight. All the coins were made 
 of crown gold, i.e., 22 cts. line to 2 cts. alloy, a mixture 
 which has ever since been exclusively used. ' 
 
 HAMMERED MONEY. Of this there are two different 
 coinages, one weighing 140f^ grs. to the unite and having 
 no numerals behind the head, the other weighing 131f|grs. 
 to the unite and having the value of the coin indicated by 
 numerals behind the head. Neither has any inner circle. The 
 date of the second coinage is fixed by a warrant of November 
 28th, 1661, which ordered the values of all new pieces 
 to be stamped upon them. On all these pieces the king^s 
 bust is represented in profile to the left, laureate, long hair, 
 neck bare, armour with scarf over it. The reverse has an 
 oval shield garnished, crowned, between C and R. The shield 
 is the same as on Charles I^s type 3, but the crown is 
 broader and flatter, and the C and R at the sides are not 
 crowned. The legends on the unites and double crowns 
 are CAROLYS. II. D. O. MAO. BRIT. ERAN. ET. HIB. 
 REX Rev. ELORENT. CONCORDIA. REONA. The 
 crowns have the obverse legend slightly abbreviated. They 
 all have MM crown on obv. only, and they are the last coins 
 on which any mint-mark appears. Of the first coinage, we 
 have the Unite, Rud. xv. 2, MB. One of these has . before 
 and after the reverse legend. The Double Crown, of which 
 one variety has two dots after D and one before and after the 
 reverse legend, MB., and the other has a different scarf over 
 the armour, (129) MB. ; and the Crown, of which one variety 
 reads ER and has a dot before and after the reverse legend, 
 Rud* XV* 4, MB., and the other reads BR: ERt ETt HI ;, 
 and has all the letters smaller, s between each word on obv., 
 rev. as the last. (130) MB. 
 
 Of the second coinage, with the numerals XX, X, or Y, 
 behind the head, the Unite is like the first unite, except 
 
1?1 
 
 that the scarf is the same as that on the second double 
 crown, and that the coin is rather smaller and thicker. 
 Eud. xiv. 9, where, however, the difference in the scarf is 
 scarcely shown. (131) MB, The Double Crown has bust 
 and legends like the first unite, but the letters, and the coin 
 itself, are much smaller and neater than in the former coinage, 
 and there is a dot before and after the rev. legend. (132) 
 Eud. xiv. 10. MB. The Crown is almost exactly the same as 
 the first crown, reading FE. ET. HIB. Eud. xv. 1. MB. 
 
 Milled Money. 
 
 For the engraving of the dies for this money there was a 
 competition between Simon, who had made those for the 
 hammered money and for CromwelTs milled patterns, and 
 Eoettier, a native of Antwerp, who had been presented to 
 the king before the Eestoration. Some patterns for gold 
 unites and double crowns (Eud. xiv. 8, xv. 3), as well as 
 for silver coins, were executed by Simon, but those of 
 Eoettier were approved and adopted, and Simon was not 
 afterwards employed upon English coins. 
 
 The milled coins have the king’s bust to the right 
 (instead of like the hammered ones to the left), laureate, 
 long hair, no drapery. The bust descends nearly to the 
 edge of the coin, and divides the legend both above and 
 below. Eev. four shields placed crosswise, crowned, England 
 above, France below, Scotland to right, Ireland to left. In 
 the centre between the shields are four Cs interlinked, from 
 which issue four sceptres, one in each interval between the 
 shields, terminating respectively in an orb, thistle, lis, and 
 harp. The legends on all are CAEOLYS. II. DEI. CEATIA, 
 Eev. MAGr. BE. FEA. ET. HIB. EEX., with the date at the 
 top of the coin. There is no inner circle on either side. 
 Before 1670 the weights were in the proportion of 13T|J-grs. 
 to the guinea, afterwards 129f |J grs. The current value of 
 the guinea throughout the reign was 20^, and the metal was 
 crown gold, 22 cts. fine. 
 
172 
 
 Many of tlie coins have an elephant with^ after 1675, a 
 castle on his back, under the bust. These are the coins 
 which were made of the gold imported by the African 
 Company, whose charter gave them the privilege of having 
 coins made of gold or silver imported by them thus marked. 
 
 FIVE GUINEAS. These have their edges marked with 
 the words DECYS ET TVTAMEN (the legend being so 
 placed for the purpose of being both an ornament and a 
 protections^ to the coin against being clipped), followed by 
 the date ANNO EEGNI YICESIMO, or as the case may 
 be. The reign was calculated as haviug begun on the day 
 of the death of Charles I. 
 
 Type 1. Lovelock in front of shoulder, truncation of bust 
 pointed. 1668, with and without elephant under bust, 
 ANNO EEGNI YICESIMO. (133). 1669, with elephant, 
 YICESIMO PEIMO. These are of the weight of 651|f-grs. 
 The following weigh only 647J^ grs. 1670, YICESIMO 
 SECYNDO. 1672, YICESIMO QYAETO. 1673, YICESIMO 
 QYINTO. 1675, YICESIMO SEPTIMO, all without the 
 elephant. 1675, YICESIMO SEPTIMO with the elephant. 
 1676, YICESIMO SEPTIMO without the elephant. 1676, 
 YICESIMO OCTAVO with the elephant and castle. 1677, 
 YICESIMO NONO, with and without elephant and castle. 
 1678, TEICESIMO, with elephant and castle. All these 
 are in MB, Eud. xv. 5. 
 
 Type 2. 'Weight 647^|- grs. Bolder work, no lovelock, 
 truncation rounded. 1678, 1679, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 
 without, and 1681 and 1684 with, elephant and castle. The 
 dates on the edges are respectively TEICESIMO, and 
 TEICESIMO PEIMO, SECYNDO, TEETIO, QYAETO, 
 QYINTO, SEXTO. All in MB. Eud. xv. 9. 
 
 TWO GUINEAS. These are similar to the five guineas, 
 but their edges are milled and have no inscription. Type 1, 
 weight 263-H grs., type like the first five guineas; 1664, 
 both with and without an elephant under the bust. MB. 
 Eud. XV. 6. 
 
173 
 
 Type 2. Weight 258|f grs,, type like tlie second type of 
 tke five guineas j 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1681, 1683, 
 1684, witliout, and 1676 and 1684 witli elephant and castle 
 under bust. All in MB. (134) Eud. xv. 10. 
 
 GUINEAS. Similar to the two guineas. 
 
 Type 1, weight 131 grs., type like the first type of the 
 five guineas, 1663 with and without the elephant. MB. 
 
 Type 2, like the former guineas but the head a little 
 broader, and the hair brought more forward on the shoulder, 
 1664 and 1665 with the elephant, Eud. xv. 7, 1664, 1666, 
 1667, 1668, and 1670, without. (135) MB. 
 
 Type 3. Weight 129|f grs., type like the second type of 
 the five guineas ; every year from 1672 to 1684 inclusive 
 without, and 1675, 1676, 1677, 1682, 1683, with the elephant 
 and castle under the bust. All in MB. Eud. xv. 11. 
 
 HALF-GUINEAS. Similar to the two guineas. 
 
 Type 1 like the first type of the five guineas, 1669, 
 weighing 65-H grs., and 1670 weighing 64®4 grs., without 
 the elephant. MB. Eud. xv. 8 has an elephant, but the 
 reverse is not given, and it does not appear what the date 
 or the weight is. 
 
 Type 2. Weight 64f J grs., type like the second type of 
 the five guineas; 1672, 1675, 1676, 1679, 1681, 1683, and 
 1684 without, and 1676, 1677, 1678, with, elephant and 
 castle under bust, all in MB. (136) Eud. xv. 12. 
 
 Hammeeed Money. 
 
 
 
 Unite. 
 
 Double Cr. 
 
 Brit. Cr. 
 
 16G0-1 MM crown, 
 
 no numerals . 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 95 5 
 
 , smaller 
 
 
 
 
 letters 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 55 5 
 
 , different 
 
 
 
 
 scarf 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1661-2 „ numerals behind 
 
 
 
 
 the head . 
 
 . 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
174 
 
 Milled Monet, 
 
 
 5 guas. 
 
 2 guas. 
 
 1 gua. 
 
 igua. 
 
 1663 Lovelock, truncation 
 
 
 
 
 
 pointed , 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 1663 „ „ elephant 
 
 1664 „ broad bust 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 on guinea 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1664 „ „ elephant 
 
 1665 „ „ broad 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 bust, elephant . 
 
 
 
 4 . 
 
 
 1666 „ broad bust 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1667 „ broad bust 
 
 1668 „ broad bust 
 
 
 
 4" 
 
 ■ . 
 
 on guinea 
 
 4- 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 1668 ,, „ elepiant 
 
 1669 „ 
 
 •k 
 
 
 
 4* 
 
 1669 „ „ elephant 
 
 1670 „ „ broad 
 
 
 
 
 
 bust on guinea . 
 
 4- 
 
 
 d- 
 
 4* 
 
 1672 „ 
 
 1672 No lovelock, truacation 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 rounded , 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 4" 
 
 1673 Lovelock, truncation 
 
 
 
 
 
 pointed . 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 1673 No lovelock, truncation 
 
 
 
 
 rounded . 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 1674 ,, ,, ,, 
 
 1675 Lovelock, truncation 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 pointed , 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 1675 „ ,, elephant 
 
 1675 No lovelock, truncation 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 rounded . 
 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 + 
 
 1675 „ „ elephant 
 
 
 
 
 
 and castle 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 1676 Lovelock, truncation 
 
 
 
 
 pointed . 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 1676 Lovelock, truncation 
 
 
 
 
 
 pointed, elephant and 
 castle 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 1676 No lovelock, truncation 
 
 
 
 
 
 rounded . 
 
 
 -f 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1676 „ „ elephant 
 
 
 
 
 and castle 
 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 1677 Lovelock, truncation 
 
 
 
 
 pointed . 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 1677 ,, M elephant 
 
 
 
 
 
 and castle 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 1677 No lovelock, truncation 
 
 
 
 
 
 rounded . 
 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 
 1677 „ ,, elephant 
 
 
 
 
 
 and castle 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 1678 Lovelock, truncation 
 
 
 
 
 
 pointed, elephant and 
 castle 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
175 
 
 Milled Money — continued . 
 
 James 1G81 to 1688. 
 
 James succeeded liis brother on the Gth of February, 
 1G84-5, and continued the coinage on the principles 
 established in 1670, the metal being crown gold, and the 
 guinea weighing 129-|| grs., and being current at 206\ The 
 legends arc, obv. lACOBVS. II. DEI. GEATIA, Kev. 
 .MAG. BE. FEA. ET. HIB EEX. with the date. The type 
 is the same as that of his brother, except that the bust is 
 turned to the left and the hair is differently arranged, a long 
 lock lying aloug the side of the neck ; and the Cs in the 
 centre of the reverse are omitted. The elephant and castle 
 appears on some of the coins, but not the elephant alone. 
 
 FIVE GUINEAS. These are inscribed on the edge 
 DECVS ET TVTAMEN ANNO EEGNI, Ac. 1G8G 
 vSECVNDO. On this piece the sceptres are erroneously 
 arranged, the harp and lis having changed places, the harp 
 being placed between the French and Irish, and the lis 
 
176 
 
 between the Irisb and Englisb sbields. There is no elephant. 
 (137) MB. The rest have the sceptres correctly arranged, 
 1G87 TERTIO and 1688 QYARTO without^ and the same 
 dates with^ elephant and castle under bust. All in MB. 
 Rud. XV. 13j 17. 
 
 TWO GUINEAS. Like the five guineas, except that 
 the edges are milled instead of being inscribed, and that the 
 sceptres are always correctly arranged. 1686 with elephant 
 and castle, Rud. xv. 18. We do not know this coin, and 
 Ruding does not say in what collection it was to be found. 
 1687, 1688, without elephant and castle. MB. Rud. xv. 14. 
 
 GUINEAS. Like the two guineas; 1685, 1686, 1687, 
 1688 without, and the same dates with, the elephant and 
 castle. All in MB. (138) Rud. xv. 15, 19. 
 
 HALF GUINEAS. Like the two guineas. 1686, 1687, 
 1688 without, and 1686 with the elephant and castle. All 
 in MB. Rud. xv. 16, 20. 
 
 
 5 guas. 
 
 2 guas. 
 
 1 gua. 
 
 igua. 
 
 1685 .... 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 With elephant and castle 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1686 Sceptres erroneous on 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 guas 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 With elephant and castle 
 
 
 Rud. 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1687 .... 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 -f 
 
 + 
 
 With elephant and castle 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1688 .... 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 With elephant and castle 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
177 
 
 William and Mary, 1688 to 1694. 
 
 Throughout this reign gold continued to be coined on 
 the principles established in 1670. The type of all the 
 coins is, obv. busts of king and queen to right, necks bare, 
 he laureate; legend GYLIELMVS. ET. MAEIA. DEI. 
 GKATIA Rev. square shield, garnished, crowned, bearing 
 the arms of, in first and fourth quarter France and England 
 quarterly, second Scotland, third Ireland ; those of Nassau 
 on an escutcheon of pretence ; legend MAG. BE. FR. ET. 
 IIIB. EEX. ET. REGINA, with the date at the top of the 
 coin. There is no inner circle. 
 
 FIVE GUINEAS. These have on their edge, like the 
 previous ones, DECVS ET TVTAMEN ANNO REGNI 
 &c. They occur of the dates of 1691 TERTIO, 1692 
 QVARTO, and 1693 QYINTO, without, and the same dates 
 and 1694 SEXTO with the elephant and castle under the 
 busts, the mark of the African Company {ante, p. 172). 
 End. xvi. 1, 5. All are in MB, except that of 1693 without 
 the elephant. 
 
 TWO GUINEAS. Like the five guineas, but edges 
 milled, not inscribed; 1693 and 1694 without, and 1694 
 with elephant and castle under busts. (139) Rud. xvi. 2. 
 MB. Ruding, xvi. 6, gives also 1691 with elephant, but he 
 gives no authority for the coin. On all his representations 
 of the coins of this and the last reign the castle on the 
 elephant’s back is omitted. 
 
 GUINEAS. Like the two guineas, but the shield on rev. 
 is scarcely garnished ; 1689, 1690, 1691, 169^, 1693, 1694 
 without, and 1689, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1694 with elephant and 
 castle. Rud. xvi. 3, 7. That of 1694 with elephant and 
 castle was exhibited to the Numismatic Society in Februaiy, 
 1881, by Mr. Copp. The others are in MB, 
 
 HALF-GUINEAS. These are like the guineas, but the 
 busts on that dated 1689 have the hair arranged differently, 
 none being drawn down over either forehead, and the ring- 
 
 12 
 
178 
 
 lets curling back from the neck. This coin is without the 
 elephant. (140) The others have the busts like those on 
 the guineas, with the ringlets hanging down the side of the 
 neck, and occur of the dates 1690, 1691, 1692, 1694 without, 
 and 1691 and 1692 with the elephant and castle. Hud. xvi. 
 4, 8. That of 1694 was in Mr. Marshall’s collection, the 
 others are in MB. 
 
 
 5 guas, 
 
 2 guas. 
 
 1 gua. 
 
 1 gua. 
 
 1689 Hinglets on 1 gua. curling 
 
 
 
 
 
 back 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 elephant and castle 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1690 .... 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 
 1691 .... 
 
 4- 
 
 
 “f 
 
 + 
 
 elephant and castle 
 
 + 
 
 Bud. 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 1692 .... 
 
 -h 
 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 elephant and castle 
 
 -1- 
 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 1693 .... 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 
 
 elephant and castle 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1694 .... 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Mar shall 
 
 elephant and castle 
 
 + 
 
 H- 
 
 Copp 
 
 
 William III, 1694 to 1701. 
 
 Queen Mary died on December 28th, 1694. At this 
 time the silver coins in circulation had become so much 
 deteriorated that they contained on an average scarcely 
 more than half their proper quantity of silver, and, 
 accordingly, the guinea, which was nominally worth 20^, 
 was usually given and received for SOs. In 1695 a pro- 
 clamation put an end to the currency of all silver coins 
 clipped within the ring from the ensuing 13th of 
 February, and an Act was passed for calling in and re- 
 coining all such clipped money, which w^as carried into 
 effect in the two following years. In consequence of these 
 measures the current value of the guinea fell rapidly. The 
 House of Commons resolved, on the 15th of February, 
 1695-6, that no guineas should pass in any payments at 
 above the rate of 28^, which they reduced on the 28th of 
 
179 
 
 tli 0 same montli to 26s, In accordance with the latter 
 resolution an Act was passed to impose a penalty on any 
 person who should^ after March 25th, 1696, receive or pay 
 any guineas at a higher rate than 26s, or the other gold 
 coins in proportion ; provided that nothing in the Act should 
 be construed to compel any person to receive guineas at that 
 rate ; and, by another Act of the same session, the penalty 
 is extended to all who, after April 10 th, 1696, shall receive 
 or pay them at a higher rate than 22s for a guinea. A third 
 Act called in all the hammered silver money and made it no 
 longer current from December 1st, 1696 ; and in 1698 the 
 House resolved that no one was obliged to take guineas at 
 22s, and their current price fell to 21s 6d, at which rate they 
 were received by the officers of the revenue. 
 
 The bad state of the silver coins having raised gold coins 
 to so high a price, a great quantity of gold bullion was 
 imported by private persons, who got it coined at the Tower 
 and made thereby great profits, since, by an Act of the 
 18th Charles II, which, though originally temporary, had 
 been constantly renewed, all bullion of gold and silver was 
 there coined, without any charge whatever, for the person 
 who brought it. In 1695 700,411 guineas were so coined 
 for private persons, besides 21,389 for the African Company. 
 While 80s could be obtained for a guinea, this occasioned 
 a great drain of silver coins of good weight out of the 
 kingdom, for gold was imported and coined to buy them, 
 and when bought they were melted down, and the bullion 
 exported ; so to stop this it was enacted in 1695 that, 
 from March 2nd, 1695, to January 1st, 1696, no guineas 
 should be imported, and the mint should be under no 
 obligation to receive or coin any gold whatever except for 
 the Eoyal African Company, whose gold, imported in return 
 for goods sent to Africa, was to be coined into half-guineas. 
 This Act, however, was repealed almost as soon as it came 
 into force, and the great recoinage of silver soon reduced 
 the gold coins to their proper proportional value. On 
 
 12 -t. 
 
180 
 
 February 5tb, 1700-1, a proclamation was issued that the 
 French louis d^or and the Spanish pistole should not go for 
 more than 17^, which brought such a vast quantity of them 
 to the mint that £1,400,000 was coined out of them. This 
 abundance in the country of French coin gave rise to a 
 report, mentioned by Burnet, that it was imported by 
 the French ambassador. Count Tallard, for purposes of 
 corruption. See also Smollett, vol. i. p. 419. 
 
 No gold was coined during this reign elsewhere than 
 at the Tower, the country mints used during the great 
 recoinage of silver having been employed for that metal 
 only. 
 
 William III^s coins have on the obverse his bust to right, 
 laureate, long hair, neck bare. GYLIELMYS. III. DEI. 
 GRA. Rev. four shields placed crosswise, each crowned, 
 England above, France below, Scotland to right, Ireland to 
 left, like the coins of Charles II and James II. Between 
 them, in the centre of the coin, is the shield of Nassau, 
 whence issue four sceptres, terminating respectively in orb, 
 thistle, lis, and harp. Legend *MAG. BR. FRA. ET. HIB. 
 REX. with the date. 
 
 FIYE GUINEAS. These have the edge inscribed 
 DECYS ET TYTAMEN ANNO REGNI, &c. The bust 
 has a lovelock brought forward on the shoulder. Dates 
 1699 YNDECIMO, with and without the elephant and 
 castle (141); 1700 DYODECIMO without; 1701 DECIMO 
 TERTIO without ; the work of this last is much finer and 
 bolder than the others. Rud. xvi. 9, 13. MB. 
 
 TWO GUINEAS. These were only struck in 1701, 
 and are like the five guineas of that year, except that there 
 is no lovelock on the shoulder, and that the edge is milled, 
 not inscribed. (142) Rud. xvi. 10. MB. One with the 
 elephant and castle, dated 1699, given in Rud. xvi. 14, is, 
 according to his editor of 1840, ^Ainknown and supposed to 
 be imaginary. 
 
 GUINEAS. The following arc like the five guineas, 
 
181 
 
 but tlie lovelock is not brought forward on the shoulder, 
 and the edges are milled; 1695, 1696 without, and 1695 
 with the elephant and castle. (143) Eud. xvi. 11. The 
 following are similar, but the head is somewhat larger, 
 and berries are introduced in the laurel wreath ; the letter- 
 ing also is somewhat bolder; 1698, 1699, 1700, 1701 without, 
 and 1699, 1700 with the elephant and castle. Eud. 
 xvi. 15. Another of 1701, without the elephant and castle, 
 is like the five guinea of that date, with the lovelock 
 brought forward on the shoulder, and the workmanship 
 bolder. (144) All in MB.j except the guineas of 1696 and 
 1699 without the elephant, which were in Mr. MarshalFs 
 collection. 
 
 HALF-GUINEAS. Like the guineas of 1698. Dates 
 1695, 1697, 1698, 1700, 1701 without, and 1696, 1698 
 with the elephant and castle. (145) Eud. xvi. 12, 16. MB. 
 
 
 5 guas. 
 
 2 giuis. 
 
 1 gua. 
 
 i gua. 
 
 ■' 
 
 1G95 .... 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 „ With elephant and castle . 
 
 i 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1696 . 
 
 i 
 
 
 Marshal 
 
 
 ,, With elephant and castle . 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 1697 . . . _ . 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 1698 Head large, berries in 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 wreath . 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 ,, ,, witli ele- 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 phant and castle 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 1699 Lovelock on shoulder 
 
 i + 
 
 
 
 
 „ „ elephant 
 
 
 
 
 
 and castle . . 1 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Head large, berries in I 
 
 
 
 
 
 wreath . . . | 
 
 
 
 Marshall 
 
 
 ,, ,, with ele- 
 
 
 
 
 
 phant and castle . j 
 
 i 
 
 Ivud. 
 
 + 
 
 
 1700 Lovelock on shoulder . j 
 
 + 1 
 
 
 
 
 Head large, berries in | 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 wreath 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 „ ,, with ele- 
 
 
 
 
 
 phant and castle 
 
 
 
 
 
 1701 Head large, berries in 
 
 
 
 
 
 wreath . . . | 
 
 j 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Lovelock on shoulder, line I 
 
 
 
 
 
 work . . . 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 + 
 
 
 Fine work, no lovelock . | 
 
 ' 1 
 
 + j 
 
 
 
182 
 
 Anne^ 1701 TO 1714. 
 
 Anne succeeded her brother-in-law on March 8^ 1701-2, 
 and carried on the coinage on the same principles as before. 
 Her coins have her bust turned to the left, hair filleted. 
 She is said to have objected to being represented with bare 
 neck and breast, as her predecessors had been, and accord- 
 ingly, although there is a pattern guinea of 1702 without 
 drapery, all her current coins have drapery over the 
 shoulders, which is fastened in front by a brooch. The 
 reverse has four shields crosswise crowned, with sceptres 
 between them, like William III^s coins. The elephant and 
 castle is placed under the bust on the coins made from the 
 gold of the African Company, and the word YIGO on some 
 coins struck in 1702 and 1703, of gold captured in the town 
 of Vigo, in Gallicia, which was taken from the Spaniards in 
 October, 1702. An alteration in the arms took place after 
 the Union with Scotland on May 1st, 1707, the arms of 
 England and Scotland impaled being then placed in the top 
 and bottom shield, France to the right, Ireland to the left. 
 The Articles of Union provided that the coin should be of 
 the same standard and value throughout the United King- 
 dom as it was at that time in England ; and that a mint 
 should be continued in Scotland under the same rules as 
 the mint in England, and the present officers of the mint 
 continued, subject to such regulations and alterations as 
 Her Majesty, her heirs and successors, or the Parliament 
 of Great Britain, should think fit. The silver coins struck 
 after this time at the Edinburgh mint have E under the 
 bust ; but it does not appear that any gold was struck there. 
 The mint there was finally abolished in 1817, and the 
 buildings sold. 
 
 FIVE GUINEAS. The first of these have the bust to 
 left, hair filleted, two small curls above fillet on top of head, 
 fillet tied in a bow, of which both ends but only one loop 
 
183 
 
 are visible behind the bead, lovelock brought over right 
 shoulder, drapery over the shoulders, fastened in front by 
 a brooch. ANNA. DEI. GRATIA. Rev. Four shields 
 placed crosswise, crowned ; England above, France below, 
 Scotland to right, Ireland to left. In the centre, between 
 the shields, is a rose, from which issue four sceptres, termi- 
 nating respectively in an orb, thistle, lis, and harp. ’MAG 
 BR. FRA ET. HIB REG. with the date. On the edge 
 DECYS ET TVTAMEN ANNO REGNI, &c. These 
 occur of the dates 1703 SECYNDO with YIGO under the 
 bust, Rud. xvi. 17; 1705 QYARTO ; 1706 QYINTO. 
 After the Union the obverse remained as before, but on the 
 reverse the top and bottom shields were England and Scot- 
 land impaled, with France to right, Ireland to left, and in 
 the centre the star of the Order of the Garter took the place 
 of the rose. BRI. FR. is substituted for BR. FRA. 1706 
 QYINTO, this date is a mistake, as, though the Act of 
 Union was passed in 1706, it did not come into operation till 
 1707. 1709 OCTAYO, on this the letters of the legends 
 
 are larger. The following have the reverse like the last, 
 but the bust is different, flatter work, the hair in front curls 
 over the fillet, there is only one curl above it, and both 
 loops of the bow are seen behind; 1711 DECIMO; 1713 
 DYODECIMO (146), 1714 DECIMO TERTIO. Rud. 
 xvii. 4, 8. All in MB. 
 
 TWO GUINEAS. These were only coined after the 
 Union, and are like the five guineas of 1706 after the 
 Union, except that the edges are milled, not inscribed. 
 1709, 1711, 1713, 1714. Rud. xvii. 9. MB. Ruding^s 
 xvi. 18 and xvii. 5, dated respectively 1703 with YIGO, 
 and 1705, with shields as before the Union, but the 
 star in the centre of the reverse, are imaginary, and do 
 not exist. 
 
 GUINEAS. Before the Union, like the five-guinea pieces 
 of 1705, but edge milled not inscribed, 1702; 1703 with 
 YIGO under the bust (147), Rud. xvi. 19 ; 1705, Rud. xviu 
 
184 
 
 2; 1706; 1707. After tlie Union^ like tke five-guinea 
 of 1706 after tke Union. 1707, 1708, 1710, 1711, 1712, 
 1713, 1714 without, and 1707, 1708, 1709, with elephant 
 and castle under the bust. Eud. xvii. 3, 6, 10. Eud. xvii. 1, 
 dated 1704, and with an object described as a George in the 
 centre of the reverse, is not known, and if it exists it is 
 probably a pattern. That of 1707 before the Union was in 
 Mr. Marshalhs collection. The others are in MB. 
 
 HALF-GUINEAS. Before the Union, like the guineas 
 before the Union; 1702; 1703 YIGO under the bust, Eud. 
 xvi. 20; 1705. After the Union, like the guineas after 
 the Union, every year from 1707 to 1714 inclusive. (148) 
 Eud. xvii. 7, 14. All in MB. except 1712, which was in 
 Mr. Marshall's collection. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 guas. 
 
 2 guas. 
 
 1 gua. 
 
 A gua. 
 
 
 Befoee the Union. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1702 Eose in centre of rev. 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1703 
 
 j) 
 
 j) 
 
 Vigo 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1705 
 
 
 j) 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1706 
 
 
 )> 
 
 . 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1707 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Marshall 
 
 
 
 Aftee the Union. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1706 Star in centre of rev. 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 1707 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 elephant 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 castle 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1708 
 
 J 5 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 elephant 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 castle 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1709 
 
 
 9 9 
 
 large letters on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 giias. 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 5) 
 
 
 elephant 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 castle 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1710 
 
 
 99 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1711 
 
 >> 
 
 
 two loops 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bow on 5 
 
 guas. 
 
 . 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1712 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 Marshall 
 
 1713 
 
 
 99 
 
 two loops 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bow on 5 ffuas. 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1714 
 
 
 )* 
 
 
 
 H- 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
185 
 
 George I, 1714 to 1727. 
 
 No alteration was made during this reign in the weight 
 or metal of the coins ; but the value of gold coin as com- 
 pared with silver had been steadily going down since the 
 great re-coinage of silver under William III. A guinea, 
 which was coined at the mint at 20^, but which in 1695 had 
 passed current for 30^, was reduced in 1698 to 21s 6d, and 
 although it was generally received and paid at this latter 
 rate during the reign of Queen Anne, yet Sir Isaac Newton 
 gave it as his opinion that it was not worth in silver bullion 
 more than 20s 8d, and in consequence of an address from 
 the House of Commons its current value was on December 
 22nd, 1717, reduced to 21s. The same proclamation ordered 
 that the ancient gold coins of the kingdom which had been 
 current at 23s Qd (which would be the unites from 1619 
 to 1661, the weight of which was 140|-J- grs.) should be 
 received at 23s and no more, and those which had’ been 
 current at 25s 6cZ (which would be the two first unites of 
 James I, 1604 to 1619) at 25s and no more. The only 
 other alterations in the coins during this reign were the 
 issuing quarter guineas for the first time in 1718, and the 
 changes in the royal arms and titles. The following is a 
 description of the coins. 
 
 FIVE GUINEAS. Bust to right, laureate, a loop and one 
 end of the tie appear behind, hair long and curly, one lock 
 drawn forward on the shoulder, no drapery. GEOBGIVS. 
 D. G. M. BE. EE. ET. HIB. EEX. F. D. Eev. four 
 shields crosswise, each crowned; England and Scotland 
 impaled above, France to right, Ireland below, the shield 
 of the Electorate to the left; in the centre, between the 
 shields, is the star of the Garter, from which issue four 
 sceptres, terminating respectively in an orb, thistle, lis, and 
 harp. BEVN ET. L. DVX S. E. I. A. TH ET. EL. 
 with the date. On the edge DECYS ET TYTAMEN 
 ANNO EEGNI, &c. The meaning of tho^Tcversc legend 
 
186 
 
 is Brunsvicensis et Lunenburgensis Dux, Saucti Eomani 
 Imperii Arcbi-Thesaurarius et Elector/^ The E D on the 
 obverse for Fidei Defensor appears now for the first time on 
 the coins, though the title had been used on the great seal 
 ever since it had been granted by the Pope to Henry YIII. 
 The dates of the five-guinea pieces are 1716 SECYNDO; 
 1717TEETIO; 1720 SEXTO; 1726 DECIMO TERTIO. 
 The D upon the edge of the coin of 1717, and the Ns on 
 that of 1726, are turned upside down. On those of 1716 
 and 1717 there is a cross before Decus and after Tutamen. 
 (149) Kud. xvii. 12. All in MB. 
 
 TWO GUINEAS. Like the five guineas, but the edge 
 milled with oblique lines, not inscribed. 1717, 1720, 1726. 
 Eud. xvii. 13. All in MB. 
 
 GUINEAS. Bust to right, similar to that on the five 
 guineas, laureate, two ends of the tye but no loop appearing 
 behind, hair long and curly but not brought forward upon 
 the shoulder, no drapery. GEOEGIYS. D. G. MAG. BE. 
 EE. ET. HIB. EEX. F. D. Eev. like the five guineas but 
 legend BEYN. ET LYN. DYX S. E. I. A. TH. ET. PE. 
 EL. 1714. Edge milled with oblique lines. (150) Eud. 
 xvii. 16. MB. rare. The obverse of this is of much better 
 workmanship than the other coins of this reign, and in 
 higher relief. The letters PE mean Prince and appear on 
 no other coins. 
 
 The next guineas resemble the five guineas, except that 
 the edge is milled with oblique lines, not inscribed, and 
 that two ends of the tye and no loop appear behind. 1715, 
 there are two different busts of this date, one larger and in 
 rather less relief than the other. (151) (152) MB, The rest 
 of this type have a head rather larger than either of those 
 of 1715, and the tye has a loop and only one end. 1716, 
 1717, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1721 ; 1721 with elephant and castle 
 below the bust; 1722, 1723. (153) Eud. xvii* 14, 18. MB. 
 
 The following have a bust similar to the preceding, but 
 the back of the neck is more bare, the hair curls back from 
 
187 
 
 the side of the face, and no lock is brought forward upon 
 the shoulder ; the tye has two ends and no loop, the face is 
 older, and the relief higher. Dates 1723, 1724, 1725, 1726, 
 1726 with elephant and castle, 1727. All in MB. 
 
 There is also a guinea of 1727 with reverse from the same 
 die as the last, and with the same obverse legend, but with a 
 very different bust, which, and especially the neck, is longer 
 than on any of the previous pieces and in much higher 
 relief ; the laurel has no berries, and its points extend into 
 and divide the legend, the hair is long and in four ringlets, 
 one of which comes forward on the breast, as in the five 
 guineas. This cannot have been engraved by Croker, who 
 executed the other dies, and it is evidently the work of 
 some young artist, but it is not known who he was. There 
 is nothing to show that pieces from this die were ever in 
 circulation, and it was very likely executed as a pattern by 
 some pupil of Croker^s. MB. 
 
 HALF-GUINEAS. Kesembling the guineas of 1715, 
 dates 1717, 1718, 1719, 1722. Eud. xvii. 15. Eesembling 
 the guineas of 1724, dates 1725, 1726, 1727. (154) All 
 in MB. 
 
 QUAETEE GUINEAS. These are all dated 1718, and 
 resemble the guineas of 1724. (155) Eud. xvii. 17. MB. 
 They were coined, no doubt, to supply the want of small 
 money occasioned by the great scarcity of silver currency 
 which was felt at that time, but as they were the first of their 
 kind, a great number seem to have been laid by as curiosities, 
 and they did not enter into circulation to any very appreciable 
 extent. The amount of them coined was only 210 lb., or 
 £37,380. 
 
188 
 
 
 5 guas. 
 
 2 guas. 
 
 1 gua 
 
 1 gua. 
 
 i gua. 
 
 1714 Tye witlitwo ends, PE.EL. 
 
 1715 Tye -with two ends, lock 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 on shoulder 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Similar, but larger head 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1716 Tye with loop and one end. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lock on shoulder 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1717 „ 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Tye with two ends, lock on 
 
 
 
 
 
 shoulder 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1718 „ loop and one end. 
 
 
 
 
 
 lock on shoulder 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 ,, two ends, lock on 
 
 shoulder 
 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 ,, two ends, no lock 
 
 on shoulder, old head 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 1719 Tye with loop and one end. 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 lock on shoulder 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ two ends 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1720 „ loop and one end 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 1721 „ 
 
 1721 As last, elephant and castle 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 under bust 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1722 Tye with loop and one end. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lock on shoulder 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 „ two ends, lock on 
 
 shoulder 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1723 Tye with loop and one end. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lock on shoulder 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1723 Tye with two ends, no lock 
 
 
 
 
 
 on shoulder, old head 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1724 „ „ „ 
 
 1725 „ 
 
 1726 Tye with loop and one end. 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 lock on shoulder 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Tye with two ends, no lock 
 on shoulder, old head 
 As last, elephant and castle 
 
 . + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 under bust 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1727 Tye with two ends, no lock 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 on shoulder, old head 
 Long head, long points to 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 wreath, lock on shoulder 
 
 
 j 
 
 + 
 
 
 
189 
 
 George 1727 to 1760. 
 
 The coinage of George II was conducted on the same 
 principles as that of his father^ and his coins were of the 
 same denominations and value_, except that no quarter 
 guineas were made. In 1732-3 all hammered gold coins, 
 hitherto current by the name of broad pieces at the rates of 
 25s and 23s, with their halves and quarters, having become 
 much diminished by wear and clipping, were called in and 
 declared to be no longer current, a measure which had been 
 adopted with respect to the hammered silver money by 
 William III. And a practice having been discovered of 
 filing the edges of the milled money and imitating the 
 milling with a file, in 1739 new dies were made for every 
 species of coin, and the graining, which had hitherto been 
 by diagonal strokes, was now on the two-guineas and 
 guineas made with curved lines, so as to be more difficult 
 to imitate with a file. The dies up to this time had been 
 engraved by Croker ; those for these new coins were made 
 by Tanner, and the head is older in appearance, and becomes 
 older still after 1745. On all the gold coins of this reign the 
 armorial bearings are emblazoned upon one shield, as on 
 William and Mary^s coins, instead of upon separate shields 
 placed crosswise, as they had been on all other milled money 
 and on all the silver coins of this reign. On some of the 
 coins the letters E I C are placed under the king^s bust, 
 indicating that they were made for the East India Company, 
 or from gold sent by them to the mint. LIMA, in the same 
 position, occurs on coins dated 1745 and 174G, which, 
 according to Pollet, were made from bullion captured by 
 the Prince Frederick and Duke privateers, but, according 
 to others, from the gold taken by Lord Anson in the great 
 Acapulco galleon, which traded between Manilla, in the 
 Philippine Islands, and Acapulco, in Mexico, exchanging at 
 the latter place the merchandize of Manilla for the ore of 
 Peru. This vessel was captured in Juno, 1713; but Anson 
 
190 
 
 did not arrive witli tlie treasure in England till June, 1744, 
 having previously, during the same voyage, captured a 
 considerable quantity of bullion in a ship bound from Callao, 
 which is the port of Lima, to Valparaiso, and a much larger 
 quantity in the Peruvian town of Paita. On all the bullion 
 so captured the name of Lima, the capital of Peru, might not 
 inappropriately be inscribed. 
 
 FIVE GUINEAS, Bust to left, laureate, young head, 
 two ends of the tye appear behind, hair long and curly, no 
 drapery. GEOEGIVS. II DEI. GEATIA Eev. Shield 
 garnished, crowned, bearing in the first quarter England 
 and Scotland impaled, second France, third Ireland, fourth 
 Electorate. M. B. F. ET. H. EEX. F. D. B. ET. L. D. S. 
 E. I. A. T. ET. E. with the date. For the meaning of 
 this legend see ante, p. 186. On the edge DECVS ET 
 TVTAMEN ANNO EEGNI, &c. Dates 1729 TEETIO; 
 some with this date have E I C under the bust for East 
 India Company (156). End. xviii. 5. 1731 QVAETO j 
 
 1738 DVODECIMOj 1741 DECIMO QVAETO. The 
 young head is retained on this coin, though an older one 
 had been substituted for it on the two-guinea pieces in 
 1739. Eud. xviii. 1. The following have an old head, but 
 resemble the previous coins in other respects, except that a 
 lock of hair is brought forward over each of the king^s 
 shoulders, and that a loop as well as ends of the tye appear 
 behind. 1746 DECIMO NONO, with LIMA under the 
 bust, Eud. xviii. 13. 1748 VICESIMO SECUNDOj 
 
 1753 VICESIMO SEXTO. Eud. xviii. 9, 17. All in MB, 
 
 TWO GUINEAS. Type like the five-guinea pieces, but 
 edge milled, not inscribed. Like the earliest five guineas, 
 with young head, edge milled with diagonal straight 
 lines, dates 1735, 1738, 1739. With edge milled with 
 curved lines, and head older, similar to but not so old as 
 that on the later five guineas, 1739, 1740. (157) Eud. 
 xviii. 10. With edge as the last and head older, like that 
 on the later five guineas, 1748, 1753. All in MB. Ending 
 
191 
 
 gives also one dated 1727^ stated to have been in Dr*. 
 Walker’s collection, End. xviii. 2^ and others dated 1729 
 with EIC under the bust, 1746 with LIMA^ and 1747, 
 all of which may be imaginary. End. xviii. 6, 14, 18. 
 
 GUINEAS. Like the two-guinea pieces. With young 
 head, and edge milled with diagonal straight lines, 1727, 
 of this there are two varieties, one having the shield larger, 
 and being altogether a broader coin than the other; 1729 
 with EIC under the bust, 1731, 1731 with EIC, 1732 with 
 EIC, 1733, 1734, 1735, 1736, 1737, 1738. With old head 
 and curved milling, 1739, 1739 with EIC, 1740, 1745, 1745 
 with LIMA, 1746. Similar but older head, the letters on 
 the obverse of these are larger, and are placed nearer the 
 edge in order to show whether the coin has been diminished 
 by clipping. 1747, 1748, 1749, 1750, 1752, 1753, 1755, 
 1756, 1758, 1759, 1760. (158) Eud. xviii. 11, 15, 19. All 
 in MB. 
 
 HALF-GUINEAS. Like the two guineas, except that 
 the edges of all of them are milled with diagonal straight 
 lines, being perhaps too narrow for the curved lines. With 
 young head, 1728, 1729, 1729 with EIC, 1731, 1732, 1734, 
 1736, 1737, 1738, 1739. Eud. xviii. 4, 8. With old head, 
 1740, 1745, 1745 with LIMA, 1746. (159). With older head, 
 1753, 1755, 1756, 1758, 1759, 1760. Eud. xviii. 12, 16, 20. 
 All in MB. 
 
192 
 
 
 
 
 5 guas. 
 
 2 guas. 
 
 1 gua. 
 
 igua. 
 
 1727 Young Lead . 
 
 
 
 Eud. 
 
 -h + 
 
 
 1728 
 
 ,, straight milling * 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 1729 
 
 V JJ 
 
 5> 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 )f 5» 
 
 „ EIC . 
 
 + 
 
 Eud. 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 
 1731 
 
 M >> 
 
 99 • 
 
 + 
 
 
 H- 
 
 4- 
 
 
 99 99 
 
 „ EIC . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1732 
 
 99 99 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 „ EIC . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1733 
 
 
 99 * 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1734 
 
 99 9 9 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1735 
 
 99 99 
 
 
 
 -h 
 
 + 
 
 
 1736 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 
 1737 
 
 >> 5» 
 
 99 • 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1738 
 
 >> 5J 
 
 99 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 
 1739 
 
 •» 
 
 99 • 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 4- 
 
 1739 Old head, curved milling* 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 99 99 
 
 „ EIC . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1740 
 
 9 9 9 9 
 
 99 • 
 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 
 + 
 
 1741 Young head 
 
 • • • • 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 1745 Old head, curved 
 
 milling* 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 
 
 99 99 
 
 „ LIMA. 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 
 1746 
 
 99 99 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 
 Older head, curved milling,* LIMA 
 
 + 
 
 Eud. 
 
 
 
 1747 
 
 99 99 
 
 99 • 
 
 
 End. 
 
 + 
 
 
 1748 
 
 9 9 9 9 
 
 99 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 1749 
 
 99 9 9 
 
 99 • 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1750 
 
 99 99 
 
 99 • 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1752 
 
 99 99 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1753 
 
 99 99 
 
 99 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 
 1755 
 
 99 99 
 
 99 • 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1756 
 
 99 99 
 
 99 • 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 
 1758 
 
 99 99 
 
 99 • 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 
 1759 
 
 99 99 
 
 99 • 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 
 1760 
 
 9 9 99 
 
 99 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Tlie edges of tlie five guineas are not milled. Those of the half- 
 guineas are tlirougliout the reign milled \Tith diagonal straight lines. 
 
193 
 
 Geoege III, 1760 TO 1820. 
 
 The earlier coinages of George III consisted of guineas 
 and half-guineas of the same standard, weight, and value 
 as those of his grandfather, with the addition of one issue, 
 in 1762, of quarter guineas. An indenture made between 
 the king and the Honourable C. S. Cadogan, master of the 
 mint, in 1770, provided for the making of five and two- 
 guinea pieces, guineas, half-guineas, seven shilling pieces, 
 and quarter guineas ; but it was declared that the master 
 should not be obliged to coin seven-shilling pieces or quarter 
 guineas except when he should be ordered to do so by the 
 king or the lord high treasurer or the commissioners of the 
 Treasury for the time being. Patterns of five-guinea pieces 
 were made in 1770, 1773, and 1777, and of two-guinea 
 pieces in 1768, 1773, and 1777, but none were ever issued 
 for circulation ; the only quarter guineas made during this 
 reign were those issued in 1762, and a pattern in 1764 ; and 
 although patterns for seven shilling pieces were made in 
 
 1775 and 1776, none were issued for circulation till 1797. 
 
 In 1774 the gold coins in circulation had become very 
 
 much diminished in weight by filing and other mal- 
 practices, while those issued new from the mint were melted 
 down and exported ; and accordingly an Act of that year 
 called in and made no longer current (except for payment 
 of taxes) all gold coins below a weight, which was fixed by 
 proclamation at 128 grs. to the guinea for coins made since 
 Dec. 31st, 1771, and at 126 grs. for earlier coins; and in 
 
 1776 all coins weighing less than 128 grs. to the guinea 
 were made no longer current. In 1797, there being very 
 great lack of silver money, a proclamation was issued for 
 giving currency to a new gold coin of the value of 7s, which 
 was intended to some extent to supply the deficiency. It 
 was to be of the same standard as the other gold coins, and 
 to weigh 43T46 grs., being almost exactly one-third of a 
 guinea. These pieces continued to bo coined down to 1813. 
 
 13 
 
194 
 
 In the year 1800 the kingdoms of Great Britain and 
 Ireland were united, and on the 1st January following, a 
 proclamation was issued that from thenceforth his Majesty^s 
 royal style and title should be Georgius Tertius, Dei Gratia 
 Britanniarum Rex, Fidei Defensor; and that the arms of 
 the United Kingdom should be, quarterly, first and fourth 
 England, second Scotland, third Ireland ; and on an 
 escutcheon of pretence the arms of his Majesty’s dominions 
 in Germany, ensigned with the electoral bonnet, for which 
 in 1817, in consequence of the treaty of Vienna having 
 erected the Electorate of Hanover into a kingdom, was 
 substituted a royal crown. This change, by which the title 
 and arms of France were tacitly abandoned, was immediately 
 carried out upon the coins. 
 
 In 1813 was the last coinage of guineas, half-guineas and 
 seven -shilling pieces ; in 1816 gold coins were made the sole 
 standard measure of value and legal tender, the silver coins 
 being diminished in weight and made legal tender for 40^»* 
 only ; and in 181 7 a new coinage was issued of sovereigns and 
 half-sovereigns, the sovereign to weigh 123’27447 grs. and 
 to be current for 20^, and the half-sovereign in proportion. 
 No alteration was made in the fineness of the metal, but the 
 type was entirely different from that of the guinea, having 
 St. George and the Dragon on the reverse, and the coins 
 themselves were smaller and thicker. No sovereigns lighter 
 than 122|: grs. were to be current, nor half-sovereigns lighter 
 than 61^ grs. Guineas, &c., when not below the weights 
 fixed in 1776, were to remain current money. 
 
 The following are the types and dates of the gold coins 
 struck for circulation in England during this long reign. 
 
 GUINEAS. Type 1. Bust to right, laureate, wreath 
 curved, the tye has two ends, hair long, curling towards 
 the face, no drapery. GEORGIYS. III. DEI GRATIA 
 Rev. shield garnished, crowned, similar to that of George 
 II, and arras arranged in the same way. M. B. F. ET. H. 
 REX. F. D. B. ET. L. D. S. R. I. A. T. ET. E. Date 1761. 
 
195 
 
 (160) Rud. Suppl. pt. 2^ pi. iii. 10. MB. Type 2. Bust to 
 rights laureate^ no laurel berries^ tye has two ends^ hair long 
 and curly^ a lock in front of left shoulder^ no drapery. 
 Legends and rev. as type 1. 1763^ 1764. Both in MB. 
 Bud. Suppl. vi. 28. Type 3. Similar to the last^ but the head 
 larger^ the laurel extending upwards within the legend and 
 bearing berries. 1765 to 1773 inclusive. (161) MB. On 
 one specimen of 1773 in MB. the berries are omitted. 
 
 The dies for all the preceding coins were engraved by 
 Yeo ; those for the next were by Thomas Pingo. Type 4. 
 Large bust to rights laureate^ dividing the legend above and 
 below, tye has two ends, hair curls forward on both shoulders 
 and under the bust, concealing the back of the neck. 
 Legends and rev. as before. 1 774, 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778, 
 1779,1781,1782, 1783, 1784, 1785,1786. (162) AllinilfB. 
 
 Type 5. In 1787 a new type was adopted, for which the 
 dies were engraved by Lewis Pingo. Smaller bust, not 
 dividing the legend above, to right, laureate, the tye has a 
 loop and two ends, and encloses all the hair behind, curl on 
 right shoulder. Bev. spade-shaped shield, whence the coin 
 has obtained the name of the spade guinea • crowned, not 
 garnished ; the crown is small, and differs from the previous 
 ones in having the arches angular. Legends same as type 1, 
 but that on the reverse begins at the bottom of the coin and 
 is not interrupted by the shield or crown. The date is at 
 the bottom of the coin under the shield. All dates occur 
 from 1787 to 1799 inclusive, and all are in the Museum 
 except that of 1796. (163). 
 
 Type 6. After 1799 the only guineas issued were those of 
 1813, the dies for which were by Lewis Pingo, who coj)ied 
 the bust from a model by Marcliant. The obverse has a 
 small bust of the king, to right, laureate, the tye lias a bow 
 and two long ends, hair short, neck bare, legend GEOBGIYS 
 I II DEI GBATIA, not interrupted by tlie kingis head. 
 Idle king^s title and arms having been changed in 1801, the 
 reverse is different from the previous ones. The shield is small 
 
 13 * 
 
196 
 
 and angular^ bearing 1 and 4 England, 2 Scotland, 3 Ireland, 
 with the arms of the German dominions on an escutcheon 
 of pretence surmounted by the Electoral cap. The shield 
 is inclosed within the garter inscribed HONI SOIT QUI 
 MAL Y PENSE, with a small crown above; legend com- 
 mencing at top BPITANNIAEUM EEX EIDEI DEFEN- 
 SOE. In the field under the shield is the date, 1813. 
 (164) MB. 
 
 HALF GUINEAS. Type 1. Bust to right, laurel 
 wreath with berries, tye has two ends, hair long, descending 
 below the bust, no drapery. Legends and rev. like the 
 first guinea. 1762. (165) MB. Type 2. Like the second 
 guinea, but the tye encloses one lock of hair. 1 763. Eud. 
 Suppl. vi. 29. MB. Type 3. Like the last, but laurel bearing 
 berries, the tye less bent, and not enclosing any hair, dates 
 1764, 1765, 1766, 1772, 1773, 1774. (166) All in MB. 
 Type 4. The later half-guineas of 1774 and those of 1775 
 (167), 1776, 1777, 1778, 1781, 1784, 1785, 1786, are copied 
 from the guinea of 1774, but those of 1774 and 1775 are of 
 inferior workmanship to the coins of the subsequent years. 
 All in MB. Typeh. Same as the guinea of 1787. Dates 
 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 
 1798, 1800. All in MB. Type 6. Obverse as the last, 
 reverse like the guinea of 1813, but letters smaller. 1801, 
 1802, 1803. (168) All in MB. Type 7. Same as the guinea 
 of 1813, but letters on rev. smaller. 1804, 1806, 1808, 1809, 
 1810, 1811, 1813. All in MB. End. Suppl. pt. ii., pi. iii. 13. 
 
 SEVEN SHILLING PIECES. Type 1. Bust to right, 
 laureate, hair short, tye has two loops and two long ends, 
 neck bare. GEOEGIVS III DEI GEATIA. Eev. a crown, 
 with angular arches, of the same shape as on the guineas of 
 1787. Legend beginning at bottom of coin, MAG. BEI. 
 FE. ET. HIB. EEX. Date at bottom of coin, under the 
 crown. 1797, 1798, 1799, 1800. All in MB. (169) Eud. 
 Suppl. pt. ii. pi. iii. 12. Type 2. After the union with 
 Ireland and change of the king^s titles. Like the previous 
 
197 
 
 ones, but rev. legend + BlIITANNIAliUM REX FIDEI 
 DEFENSOR beginning at top of coin. Date in field under 
 the crown, 1801, 1802, 1803. (170) All in MB. Type 3. 
 Obverse like the guineas of 1813, reverse same as last, 
 except that there is a mullet instead of a cross at beginning 
 of legend. 1804, 1806, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1813. 
 Very few were issued of this last year. Mr. Cuff had one, 
 but there is no specimen in the British Museum, which has 
 all the rest. (171) The dies for all are by L. Pingo, but 
 the bust on type 3 is copied by him from MarchanPs model. 
 
 QUARTER GUINEAS. These were only issued in 1762, 
 and are of the same type as the guinea of 1763. (172) Rud. 
 Suppl. vi. 30. MB. 
 
 SOVEREIGNS. Weight 123*27447 grs. These are 
 much smaller and thicker coins than the guineas. They 
 have on the obverse tlie king’s head to right, laureate, 
 hair short ; the tye has a loop and two ends ; neck bare. 
 Legend commencing at bottom of coin, GEORGIUS III 
 D : G : BRITANNIAR : REX F : D : Date at bottom 
 
 of coin under bust, 1817, 1818, 1820. Rev. St. George 
 and the Dragon within the garter, which takes the place 
 of the legend and is inscribed with its usual motto, 
 IIONI. SOIT. QUI. MAL. Y. PENSE. On the ground, 
 under the broken shaft of the spear, are the letters BP 
 incuse, the initials of the artist, B. Pistrucci ; but they are 
 extremely small, and on many coins hardly visible. (173) 
 Rud. Suppl. pt. ii. pi. xiv. 6. MB. This device was 
 originally intended for a gem to be engraved for Lord 
 Spencer, but Sir Joseph Banks having seen and admired it, 
 recommended its adoption on the forthcoming coinage. 
 
 HALF SOVEREIGNS. Weight 61*63723 grs. Bust 
 same as the sovereigns, legend GEORGIUS III DEI 
 GRATIA, beginning at bottom of coin. Date at bottom, 
 under head, 1817, 1818, 1820. Rev. Angular shield, 
 crowned, bearing 1 and 4 England, 2 Scotland, 3 Ireland, 
 the German dominions on an escutcheon of pretence sur- 
 
198 
 
 mounted by a royal crown. Legend beginning at bottom ^ 
 interrupted by the crown^ •BRITANNIARUM REX EID : 
 DEE : (174). Rud. Suppl. pt. ii. pi. xiv. 7. MB, 
 
 
 
 
 gua. 
 
 i gua. 
 
 7s, 
 
 1 gna. 
 
 1761 First bust, by Yeo 
 
 + 
 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 
 1762 Similar bust 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Second bust, by Yeo 
 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 1763 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1764 
 
 
 if 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Third bust, by Yeo 
 
 
 H- 
 
 
 
 1765 
 
 j) 
 
 fi 
 
 -h 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1766 
 
 
 a 
 
 + 
 
 H- 
 
 
 
 1767 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 1768 
 
 5 ) 
 
 a 
 
 •f* 
 
 
 
 
 1769 
 
 jy 
 
 99 • 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 1770 
 
 
 
 H- 
 
 
 
 
 1771 
 
 
 a 
 
 d- 
 
 
 
 
 1772 
 
 5 ) 
 
 if 
 
 + 
 
 -h 
 
 
 
 1773 
 
 
 if 
 
 + -[- 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1774 
 
 99 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bust by T. Pingo 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1775 
 
 99 
 
 a 
 
 “h 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1776 
 
 99 
 
 a 
 
 + 
 
 + ! 
 
 
 
 1777 
 
 99 
 
 a 
 
 + 
 
 + i 
 
 
 
 1778 
 
 99 
 
 a 
 
 + 
 
 + 1 
 
 
 
 1779 
 
 99 
 
 a 
 
 + 
 
 1 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 1781 
 
 99 
 
 a 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 1782 
 
 99 
 
 a 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 1783 
 
 99 
 
 a 
 
 -f 
 
 
 
 
 1784 
 
 99 
 
 a 
 
 -f- 
 
 + 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1785 
 
 99 
 
 a 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1786 
 
 99 
 
 a 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1787 Bust by L. Pin^o 
 
 
 + 
 
 1 
 
 
 1788 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 I 
 
 
 1789 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 + 
 
 -f- 
 
 1 
 
 
 1790 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 + 
 
 "f 
 
 
 
 1791 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1792 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 1793 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 + 
 
 .JU 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1794 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1796 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1796 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1797 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 1798 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 + 
 
 + 1 
 
 
 
 1799 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 "f i 
 
 
 + i 
 
 
 1800 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 
 H- 
 
 + 
 
 
 1801 
 
 „ after the Union . 
 
 
 -H 
 
 + i 
 
 
 1802 
 
 99 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 1 
 
 
 1803 
 
 99 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 
 4- ' 
 
 + ! 
 
 
 1804 Bust by Marcbant 
 
 i 
 
 + i 
 
 ■ _u 1 
 
 t 
 
 
199 
 
 
 glia. 
 
 i gua. 
 
 7s. 
 
 1806 Bust by Mareliant 
 
 
 H- 1 
 
 + 
 
 1808 „ „ . . 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1809 „ „ . . 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1810 „ „ . . 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1811 „ „ . . 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1813 „ „ . . 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 ! Cuff 
 
 
 Soy. 
 
 5 Sov. 
 
 1817 Bust by Pistrucci 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1818 „ „ . . . 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1820 „ „ . . . 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 George IV, 1820 to 1830. 
 
 Tlie first gold coins of George IV were sovereigns and 
 half-sovereigns, wfiicli were struck by virtue of an Order 
 in Council, dated March 5th, 1821, and were made current 
 by proclamation on May 5th ; the sovereign was ordered to 
 have St. George and the Dragon on the reverse, and the 
 half-sovereign the arms in a shield surrounded by the rose, 
 thistle, and shamrock, with the word Anno and the date of 
 the year. These coins were of the same value and weight 
 as those of George III, but the minimum weight for a 
 current coin fixed in 1817 having been found to be too 
 high, a proclamation of February 6th, 1821, ordained that 
 every sovereign weighing not less than 12 2 ^ grs., and every 
 half-sovereign weighing not less than 61 1 grs., should 
 bo thenceforth received as current money ; and these 
 still remain the least current weights. The half-sovereign 
 of this coinage was, however, soon suppressed, because 
 the type was so like that of the sixpence that the latter 
 v/as gilt and passed for a half-sovereign; and an Order 
 in Council of September lOlli, 1823, directed tbc coinage of a 
 
200 
 
 double sovereign and of a new half-sovereign, the reverse 
 of which, though described in the order in the same way as 
 the first had been, was differently executed to distinguish it 
 from the sixpence. 
 
 A new coinage both of gold and silver was ordered on 
 June 14th, 1825. The gold coins mentioned in this order 
 are the £5 piece, £2 piece, sovereign, and half-sovereign, 
 but though patterns were made for the two former pieces, 
 none were actually issued for currency. 
 
 The types of the coins are as follows : — 
 
 DOUBLE SOVEREIGN. Bust to left, head bare, not 
 laureate, hair short, neck bare, I.B.M., the initials of the 
 engraver Merlin, below the bust. Legend, beginning at 
 bottom and interrupted by the head, GEORGIUS IIII 
 D : G : BRITANNIAR : REX F : D : Rev. St. George 
 
 and the Dragon. No legend, but 1823 in the exergue, 
 with B.P., the initials of Pistrucci, in small letters ; on the 
 ground, under the broken shaft of the spear, WWP for 
 William Wellesley Pole, the master of the mint. On the 
 edge, DECUS ET TUTAMEN ANNO REGNI IV. (175) 
 Rud. 2 R. 10. MB. The obverse of these coins was by 
 Merlin, who copied the bust from one by Chantrey; the 
 reverse was by Pistrucci. The latter had been ordered to 
 engrave the obverse also, but the king insisted that the 
 bust should be copied from Chantrey^s model, which 
 Pistrucci thought it beneath his dignity to do, and Merlin 
 was accordingly employed instead. Some were struck also 
 with the dates 1825, 1826, both of which have on the edge 
 ANNO REGNI SEPTIMO in very slightly raised letters. 
 They are of similar type to the later sovereigns, but were 
 not issued for circulation. MB. 
 
 SOVEREIGN. The first of these have on the obverse 
 the king^s bust to left, laureate, tye has a loop and two ends, 
 hair short, neck bare, BP (for Pistrucci) below the bust. 
 Legend and reverse as the double sovereign ; edge milled. 
 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825. The later sovereigns have 
 
tlie kiiig^rf bast to left, not laureate, hair short, neck bare, 
 date under bust. Eev. Square shield, arms as on George 
 III^s half-sovereigns, garnished, crowned, crown interrupting 
 legend, which begins at bottom, BEITANNIAKUM REX 
 FID : DEF: Dates 1825, 1826, 1827, 1829, 1830. All in 
 MB. (176) Rud. 2 R. 13. The earlier sovereigns arc by 
 Pistrucci; of the later ones the obverse was engraved by 
 W. Wyon, the bust being copied from a medallion of the 
 size of life by Chantrey ; the reverse was by Merlin . 
 
 HALF SOVEREIGNS. The first of these have the 
 same obverse as the first sovereigns, but on the reverse a 
 garnished shield crowned, surrounded by roses, thistles, and 
 shamrocks ; arms as on George III^s half-sovereigns ; 
 ANNO to left, 1821 to right of shield, the feet of the letters 
 being towards the edge of the coin. The letters WWP 
 (for William Wellesley Pole, master of the mint) are in the 
 respective centres of three of the shamrock leaves. (177) 
 Rud. 2 R. 11. MB. These half-sovereigns being with- 
 drawn in consequence of their resemblance to the sixpences, 
 the next, having the same obverse, have on the reverse a 
 plain square shield, arms as before, colours marked; under- 
 neath it a thistle and shamrock issuing from a rose. ANNO 
 to left of shield, date 1823, 1821, or 1825 to right, the feet 
 of the letters being tov/ards the shield. (178) Rud. 2 R. 12. 
 All in ALB. The later half-sovereigns are exactly like the 
 later sovereigns, and are dated 1826, 1827, 1828. All in 
 ALB. A mint return shows that 4205 half-sovereigns were 
 coined in 1829, but as none are known with this date they 
 must have been struck with the dies of the previous year. 
 
202 
 
 
 2 Sovs. 
 
 Sov. 
 
 h Sov. 
 
 1821 By Pistrucci ; head laureate 
 
 j 
 
 1 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 ” 
 
 1 
 
 4“ 
 
 
 „ plain 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 shield on | sov. 
 
 1 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 
 Oby. Chantrey and Merlin, rev. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Pistrucci 
 
 + 1 
 
 
 
 1821 Pistrucci, head laureate, plain 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 shield on h sov. . ; 
 
 
 ■f 
 
 4- 
 
 1825 „ 
 
 
 4" 
 
 4- 
 
 Obv. Chantrey and Wyon, rev. 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 Merlin 
 
 + ' 
 
 + 
 
 
 1826 „ „ „ . i 
 
 i + 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 
 1827 ,, 
 
 I 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 
 1828 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 1829 
 
 
 4“ 
 
 
 1830 
 
 
 4" 
 
 
 William TV, 1830 to 1837. 
 
 A¥illiam IV succeeded his brother on the 26th of June^ 
 and an Order in Council of the 22nd Nov.^ 1830^ directed 
 the coinage of a double sovereign^ sovereign^ and half- 
 sovereign of gold, and the usual silver and copper coins. 
 These were made current by proclamation on April 13th, 
 1831, but though proof s were struck of the double sovereign, 
 no coins of that denomination were actually issued for 
 currency. No alteration was afterwards made in the gold 
 coins, excepting that a Treasury order of April 14th, 1835, 
 directed that a half-sovereign should be coined, of the same 
 weight and type as the former ones, but reduced in size ; 
 but the only half-sovereigns answering this description are 
 those which are dated 1834. 
 
 SOVEREIGN. Bust to right, head and neck bare, WW 
 (for William Wyon) incuse on the truncation of the neck. 
 Legend, beginning at bottom and interrupted by king^s head, 
 GULIELMUS nil D : G : BRITANNIAR : REX F : D : 
 
20B 
 
 Eev. Square shield^ garnished^ crowned^ arms as George IIGs 
 half-sovereigns,, colours not marked; under the shield the 
 date, A^^XO 1831, 1832, 1833, 1835. (179) 2IB. The 
 obverses vrere executed by Wyon, after a model by Chantrey ; 
 the reverses were by Merlin. 
 
 HALF SOYEEEIGXS resemble the sovereigns, and 
 occur of the dates 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837. All in 21B. 
 Those of 1834 are a good deal smaller in diameter than 
 the previous and later ones, though of the same weight. 
 (180) The date 1832, given in Eud. 2 E. 20, is a fanciful 
 one, as no half-sovereigns were struck between 1828 and 
 1834. 
 
 
 Sov. 
 
 1 h Sov. 
 
 1831 Obv. by Chantrey and Myon, rev. by 
 MerUn .... 
 
 + 
 
 1 
 
 j 
 
 ! 
 
 1832 
 
 1 + 
 
 1 
 
 1833 
 
 + 
 
 
 1834 
 
 
 ! + 
 
 1835 ,, ,, ,, 
 
 H- 
 
 1 
 
 1836 ,, ,, 
 
 
 I -r 
 
 1837 „ ,, „ 
 
 1 
 
 1 + 
 
 1 
 
204 
 
 Yictoria. 
 
 Queen Yictoria began her reign upon the death of her 
 uncle on the 20th June, 1837, and, whatever may be the case 
 in other respects, no reign has ever been more Conservative 
 than hers with regard to the type and denomination of the 
 gold coins. An order in Council was issued on the 8th 
 of June, 1838, followed by a proclamation on the 5th of 
 July, ordering the making of £5 pieces, sovereigns, and 
 half-sovereigns, all of the same type, which is described 
 in the order. Two patterns for five-pound pieces were 
 produced, not, however, of this type, but having Una and 
 the Lion on the reverse, in reference it is presumed to the 
 government of the British nation by a queen ; but no such 
 coins have ever been issued to the public, and the sovereign 
 and half-sovereign are the only gold coins which have been 
 struck for currency during this reign. A coinage of £5 and 
 £2 pieces is, however, provided for by the Coinage Act, 1870, 
 by which tbe coinage is at present regulated, and Her 
 Majesty in Council has power to order any other denomina- 
 tions of coins to bo coined at the mint, provided that the 
 weight and fineness of such coins shall be proportioned to 
 that of the existing sovereigns and half-sovereigns. 
 
 The standard fineness of the coins is the same as that 
 of all coins since the Eestoration, namely 22 carats fine 
 gold to 2 carats alloy ; and the weight is that which was 
 fixed in 1817, namely 123'27447 grs. to the sovereign. No 
 sovereign weighing less than 1221 grs., and no half-sovereign 
 weighing less than 61|^ grs., is lawful tender. 
 
 Until the year 1871 both obverse and reverse of the gold 
 coins remained unchanged. The portrait of the Queen on 
 the sovereigns is the same as on most of the silver coins, 
 and is thus described by Mr. Hawkins in the Silver Coins 
 of England The bust of the Queen is represented 
 turned to the left, the head is bound with a double fillet. 
 
205 
 
 and tlie liair gracefully collected into a knot bekind. The 
 likeness of Her Majesty is excellent^ and is copied from a 
 model in wax taken from the life by Mr. Wyon^ the chief 
 engraver to the mint_, by whom the dies are engraved 
 with admirable taste and skill.-’^ The legend is YICTOEIA 
 DEI GRATIA, with the date below the bust, and WW, 
 the initials of the engraver William Wyon, in relief on 
 the truncation of the neck. On the reverse is a square 
 shield, ungarnished, crowned, bearing the arms of England 
 in the first and fourth quarters, Scotland in the second, and 
 Ireland in the third. The colours are expressed. The arms 
 of Hanover are, of course, omitted, as the right to that 
 kingdom is limited to the male line only, and devolved, after 
 the death of William IV, on his next brother the Duke of 
 Cumberland. A branch of laurel is placed on each side of 
 the shield, and the legend is BRITANNIAEUM REGINA 
 FID: DEE: (181). 
 
 The half-sovereigns are exactly like the sovereigns, except 
 that the letters W W do not appear on the obverse, and on 
 the reverse the shield is garnished, and the laurel branches 
 are omitted. (183.) 
 
 On the reverses of some of the gold coins of 1863, and 
 on all those of the following years, may be observed a very 
 small numeral under the shield. On figure (181) the numeral 
 is 18. These numerals were placed on the dies in order to 
 test how long each particular die lasted, every die having a 
 different numeral, and the series of numerals beR’inninn- 
 again at the beginning of each year. Thus every sovereign 
 of the year 1868, with the numeral 18 on it, is made from 
 the same identical die. Of course, as every die was made 
 by the same punches, there is no substantial difference, 
 except the numeral, between one die and another. It was 
 found that a single die could generally produce 100,000 
 sovereigns before wearing out. dhiese numerals were used 
 on the sovereigns as long as the shield of arms continued to 
 be the type of the reverse, and on the half-sovereigns until 
 
206 
 
 1880 inclusive. They v/ere not found, however, to be of 
 any practical use, and are now discontinued. 
 
 On the 14th of January, 1871, an order in Council was 
 issued, authorizing the use of the type of St. George and 
 the Dragon on the reverse of the coins, and the remarkable 
 expedient was adopted of reviving, for the sovereigns, the 
 old reverse dies, engraved by Pistrucci for George TV, with 
 no alteration whatever except of the date in the exergue 
 (182). The obverse remained as on the Queen^s former 
 sovereigns, except that, as there was no legend on the 
 reverse, the full title, VICTORIA D : G : BRITANNIAR : 
 REG : F : D : was placed on the obverse. These were 
 struck concurrently with sovereigns bearing the shield on 
 the reverse from 1871 to 1874, and since 1874 no other type 
 but that of St. George and the Dragon has been used on 
 sovereigns struck in England. The half-sovereigns have 
 continued the same throughout the reign. 
 
 We have seen that in former reigns the coins of foreign 
 countries were frequently made current in this country at 
 certain specified values by royal proclamation. But the 
 power to do this appears to have been taken away by the 
 Act of the 56th year of George III, c. 68, by which the 
 great recoinage of silver in 1816 was regulated; for that 
 Act declares the gold coin of this realm to be the only 
 legal tender for payments within the United Kingdom of 
 any higher amount than forty shillings, and that its weight 
 and fineness shall be regulated by the indenture at that time 
 in force with the master of the mint. But the immense 
 discoveries of gold in Australia made it very convenient 
 to establish a mint there, and accordingly in 1863 an Act 
 was passed (26 & 27 Yict., c. 74) which, after reciting 
 that Her Majesty had by proclamation established at Sydney 
 a branch of the Royal Mint for making gold coins of the 
 same weight and fineness and of the same denominations as 
 the gold coins issued by Her Majesty’s mint in London, 
 enacted that it should ^Me lawful for Her Majesty by 
 
207 
 
 proclamation, issued with the advice of her Privy Council, 
 to declare that, after a date specified in such proclamation, 
 gold coins made at the said branch mint, of designs 
 approved by Her Majesty, at Sydney aforesaid, and being 
 of the same weight and fineness as are required by law 
 with respect to gold coins of the same denominations made 
 at Her Majesty^s mint in London, are to be a legal tender 
 for payments within the United Kingdom of Great Britain 
 and Ireland/^ And in I860, by the Colonial Branch Mint 
 Act, 1866 (29 & 30 Viet., c. 65), a general power was given 
 to Her Majesty, by proclamation issued in like manner, to 
 declare that gold coins so made at any colonial branch mint 
 which she had established, or might thereafter establish, 
 are to be a legal tender for payments within any part of 
 Her Majesty^s dominions, to be specified in such proclama- 
 tion, in which gold coins issued from Her Majesty^s mint in 
 London shall, at the date of the issue of such proclamation, 
 be a legal tender. The only branch mints established at 
 present are at Sydney and Melbourne, of which tbo former 
 was opened on the 14th of May, 1855, and the latter on 
 the 12th of June, 1872 ; and by virtue of the two Acts 
 above mentioned the coins there struck have been made 
 legal tender in this country. Those struck at Sydney 
 were at first of a different type from those struck in 
 this country; the bust of the Queen is different, though 
 similar, and the head is encircled with a laurel wreath. 
 The legend on the obverse is the same as on the sovereigns 
 with St. George and the Dragon, and the date is under 
 the bust, but the reverse is entirety different, having 
 AUSTRALIA across the field, with a crown above it, 
 the words SYDNEY MINT above, and ONE SOVEREIGN 
 or HALF-SOVEREIGN below. Those now issued at 
 Sydney, however, are exactly the same as those struck in 
 London with the arms on the reverse, except that a minute 
 S, for Sydney, is placed under the arms in the position 
 occupied on the English sovereigns by the small numeral 
 
208 
 
 to wliicli we Lave already alluded. The Melbourne sovereigns 
 are the same as the London ones with St. George and the 
 Dragon, but have M, for Melbourne, below the bust. The 
 half-sovereigns of both mints have the arms on the reverse. 
 The dies for all the Australian coins are made in London. 
 
 The gold coins of the present reign cannot be said to bo 
 rare, although few people, perhaps, are able to obtain quite 
 as many of them as they would like to possess. None 
 of them are dated 1837, and in 1881 and 1882 there was 
 no coinage of English gold at the mint, partly because the 
 buildings and machinery there were being rearranged and 
 altered during those years ; but from 1838 to 1880 inclusive 
 sovereigns have been struck every year except in 1840, 
 1867, 1875, and 1877, and half-sovereigns every year except 
 in 1840, 1862, and 1868; and the mint returns show that 
 the number of sovereigns coined in London during this 
 reign to the end of 1882 is 162,656,796, and the number 
 of half-sovereigns is 54,116,322 ; besides which, 45,990,500 
 sovereigns and 2,170,500 half-sovereigns have been issued 
 from the mint at Sydney, and 21,126,600 sovereigns and 
 393,000 half-sovereigns from that at Melbourne down to the 
 end of the same period. Of these coins a considerable 
 number are believed to find their way into the melting pots 
 of working goldsmiths and jewellers, who obtain by this 
 means gold of a known standard ; but the figures never- 
 theless indicate the enormous extent of a commerce which 
 can require such a circulating medium. It has been pointed 
 out by previous writers that the designs upon the coins are 
 not such as enable an artist to exhibit his taste and skill, 
 and that devices containing allusions to important historical 
 events are never allowed. Such devices were frequently 
 adopted in former times. The coinage of Edward III, for 
 instance, alludes to his claim of sovereignty over the seas ; 
 that of James I to the union of the kingdoms; and that 
 of Charles I to the king^s declared principles of government ; 
 the mint-marks contain constant allusions to contemporary 
 
personages ; and several military and commercial successes 
 are recorded on tlie coins from Cliarles II to George II. 
 In a reign so eventful and so prosperous as the present it 
 would surely not be difficult to find achievements, whether 
 military, or scientific, or social, of which not one party only 
 but the whole nation is proud, and which might well be 
 commemorated on our national coinage. We have no doubt 
 that artists would be found equal to the occasion, and 
 a grand opportunity would thus be utilized of rewarding 
 illustrious services and of developing artistic taste. 
 
 FAREWELL. 
 
TABLE 
 
 Showing the current value of a coin containing 113 grains 
 of pure gold, being equivalent to our modern sovereign, 
 from the first coinage of gold by Henry III to the present 
 time. 
 
 
 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 1257 to 1265— 
 
 113 grs. 
 
 of pure gold 
 
 = 4 
 
 2d 
 
 ‘^4 
 
 1265—1343 
 
 }} 
 
 77 
 
 5 
 
 oi 
 
 1343—1344 
 
 }) 
 
 77 
 
 6 
 
 
 1344—1346 
 
 
 7 7 
 
 5 
 
 5| 
 
 1346—1351 
 
 
 77 
 
 5 
 
 lOf 
 
 1351—1412 
 
 >7 
 
 77 
 
 6 
 
 3! 
 
 1412—1464 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 7 
 
 0 
 
 1464— 1465 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 1465— 1526 
 
 77 
 
 7 7 
 
 9 
 
 Si 
 
 1526 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 1526—1543* 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 1543 
 
 77 
 
 7 ? 
 
 11 
 
 9i 
 
 1544 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 1545_1549 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 14 
 
 U 
 
 1549 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 14 
 
 64 
 
 1550—1552 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 11 
 
 
 1552—1561* 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 14 
 
 H 
 
 1561—1572* 
 
 7 7 
 
 77 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 1572—1578 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 14 
 
 91 
 
 -4 
 
 1578—1582 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 14 
 
 3i 
 
 1582—1601* 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 14 
 
 H 
 
 1601—1604 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 * In these instances crown gold and standard gold were being 
 coined simultaneously, and the value of a coin containing 113 grains 
 of pure gold would vary by a penny or two, according to the quantity 
 and value of the alloy mixed with it. The values given in these 
 instances in the table are the values for crown gold, which is the 
 metal of which the present sovereign is made. The coins of standard 
 gold from 1552 to 1561, and from 1582 to 1601, were of the same value 
 as from 1572 to 1578, during which latter period standard gold only 
 was coined. 
 
212 
 
 1604 to 161 1—113 
 
 grs. of pure gold 
 
 S. 
 
 = 15 
 
 d. 
 
 11 
 
 1611— 1623* 
 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 1623— 1661 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 1661— 1670 
 
 
 18 
 
 8| 
 
 1670— 1698 
 
 
 19 
 
 04 
 
 1698— 1717 
 
 
 20 
 
 5f 
 
 1717—1884 
 
 
 20 
 
 0 
 
 The above table shows the comparative value of gold 
 and silver money in England ever since the former was 
 first coined^ and it may be found useful in estimating 
 the real prices paid for articles at various periods of our 
 history. Thus wheat, for instance, is said to have been 
 most extraordinarily dear in 1257, when it was sold at 24s 
 a quarter ; but the above table shows that it would have 
 taken nearly six coins containing the same amount of gold 
 as our modern sovereign to make up those 24s, so that the 
 real price of a quarter of wheat, in our present language, 
 was not 24s, but £5. 14s l\cl. The Statute of Labourers in 
 1350 fixes the price of a bushel of wheat at lOd, and a 
 day’s wages for haymaking at Id. But at that time our 
 present sovereign was worth only 5s lOfd, so Id at that 
 time was equivalent in metal value to about 3-|d of our 
 money. Of course it must not be forgotten that metal 
 value is a very different thing from purchasing value ; for 
 instance, lOd in 1350 would purchase about ^ part of a 
 sovereign, or about 34d of our present money ; but it would 
 also purchase a bushel of wheat, which, according to the 
 last tithe averages, would now cost about 5s 8d. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A, symbol of English coins, 4, 6, 7 
 Abbo, moneyer, history of, 5 
 Acapulco galleon captured, 189 
 African company, coins of, 169, 
 172, 175, 177, 179, 182, 186 
 Alchemy, coins supposed to be 
 made by, 20 
 
 Angels, first coined, 52, 57 
 • — — last coined, 150 
 Anson, Lord, gold captured by, 189 
 Apollo’s head on coins, 1 
 Aragon, badge of, 118 
 Arms, on English coins, of 
 
 Electorate, 185 
 
 France, 18, 19, 41, 194 
 
 Hanover, 194, 205 
 
 Ireland, 135, 194 
 
 Nassau, 177 
 
 Scotland, 135, 182, 194^ 
 
 Art, Eoman, on English coins, 1, 
 4 
 
 Aspirates, difficulty of, 59 
 Augusta, Eoman name for London, 
 2 
 
 Augustine, St., coin struck under, 5 
 
 Aureus, Eoman, 2 
 
 Australia, coins struck in, 206, 207 
 
 Banks, Sir Joseph, 197 
 Blondeau, 169 
 
 Blunders on coins explained, 25, 
 31, 59, 75 
 
 Breeches money, 167 
 Bretigny. treaty of, carried out on 
 coins, 22 
 
 Broad pieces, 137, 169, 189 
 
 Cedd, Bishop of London, 9 
 Ceolwlf II, penny of, 4 
 Chantrey, models by, 200, 201,203 
 Chariot on coins, 1 
 Charm on coins, 20 
 Chester, first writ for gold coins 
 dated at, 14 
 
 Clipping of coins, 35, 39, 44. 67, 
 77, 172, 178 
 
 Coinage, bad condition of. ll. 178, 
 193. 
 
 Coinage for Companies, 172, 179, 189 
 
 for private persons, 179 
 
 processes of, 127 
 
 Coins, small, why few struck, 50 
 Colours of shield expressed on 
 coins, 201, 205 
 
 Company, African, coins of, 169, 
 172, 175, 177, 179, 182, 186 
 
 East India, coins of, 189 
 
 Countermark of Cambrai, 59 
 
 Dantzig, 58 
 
 Groningen, 59 
 
 Holland, 80 
 
 Zealand, 85 
 
 doubtful, 129 
 
 Countermarks on coins, use of, 59 
 Cranmer, Abp., 88 
 Crown, Britain, 135 
 
 double, 135 
 
 of the rose, 86 
 
 — of the double rose, 87 
 
 thistle, 135 
 
 Crown gold, 113, 121, 170 
 
 made sole standard, 
 
 150, 170, 204 
 
 Crown, shape of on Scotch coins, 139 
 Crowns, first struck, 86, 87 
 last struck, 170 
 
 Declaration type, meaning of, 150 
 Devices on coins, meaning of 
 Elephant, 172 
 
 Elephant and castle, 172, 177 
 Portcullis, 83 
 Eose, 58, 61 
 
 Eose and sun united, 54, 58, 77, 
 84 
 
 Ship, 20 
 Star, 183 
 Sun, 58, 61 
 Sun’s rays, 53, 61 
 Dies, durability of, 205 
 Drajiery on Queen’s bust, 182 
 
 Eadbald, King of Kent, coin of, 8 
 East India Company’s coins, 189 
 Ecclesiastical coins, 3, 7, 8, 9, 12, 
 32, 102 
 
214 
 
 Edward the Confessor, coin of, 13 
 Engravers — 
 
 Briot, 153, 160, 162, 164 
 Croker, 187, 189 
 Marchant, 195, 197 
 Merlin, 200, 201, 203 
 Pingo, L., 195, 197 
 
 T., 195 
 
 Pistrucci, 197, 200, 201, 206 
 Poettier, 169, 171 
 Simon, 168, 169, 171 
 Tanner, 189 
 Wyon, 201, 202, 205 
 Yeo, 195 
 
 Etlielred II, coin of, 12 
 Exportation of money, 18, 19, 21, 
 22, 35, 40, 86, 87, 179, 193 
 of plate forbidden, 18 
 
 Piling coins, 44, 189, 193 
 Find of coins in 
 Ayrshire, 9 
 Canterbury, 7 
 Crondale, 4 
 Dover, 9 
 Hellingly, 13 
 Tyne, the river, 17 
 Westminster Abbey, 36 
 Flag at stern of ship, 27, 29 
 Flanders, trade with, 16, 19 
 Florins, first coined at Florence, 
 14 
 
 — in England, 
 
 16 
 
 Foreign coins current in England 
 Arabic, 12, 14 
 Burgundian, 133 
 Flemish, 133 
 Florentine, 133 
 
 French, 86, 108, 117, 133, 137, 
 180 
 
 Greek Imperial, 12, 14 
 Imperial, 117, 133 
 Portuguese, 117, 133 
 Saxon, 3 
 Scotch, 137 
 Sicilian, 14 
 
 Spanish, 117, 119, 133, 180 
 Pom an, 1, 2 
 Venetian, 133 
 Various, 86, 87, 150 
 Foreign coins not now current in 
 England, 206 
 Forgeries, 44, 106, 118 
 Fnince adopts gold coinage, 14 
 anus of, 19, 41, 44 
 title of, on coins, 17, 22, 45, 194 
 
 Garter, order of, on coins, 138, 152, 
 155, 183, 185, 196 
 George noble, 87, 89 
 George, St., on coins, 89, 184, 194, 
 197,206 
 
 Gold and silver coins, connection 
 between, 40, 41, 44, 48, 49, 61, 
 64, 67, 68, 83, 85, 88, 89, 139 
 Gold coinage, Saxon, 3, 10, 13 
 
 — — — none in Europe from 
 
 9th to 13th centuries, 14 
 
 petitioned against by 
 
 City of London, 15 
 Gold coins, no one compelled to 
 take, 15, 17 
 
 Gold currency, uniform with Flan- 
 ders, proposed, 16, 32 
 Gold, pure, coins of, 15, 16 
 Gold, proportion of to silver, 211 
 Gold, standard of — see Standard 
 Gold used for coinage earlier than 
 silver, 1, 11 
 
 Guinea first coined, 169 
 
 last coined, 194, 195 
 
 meaning of name, 169 
 
 spade, 195 
 
 quarter, first issued, 185 
 
 last issued, 193, 197 
 
 H, left out and put in, 59 
 Half-sovereigns, first mentioned, 
 92 
 
 Half-crowns, gold, first coined, 87, 
 
 77 
 
 last coined, 146 
 
 Hammered money, how made, 127 
 
 last made, 169, 170 
 
 ceases to be current, 189 
 
 Hymnus ante somnum, 90 
 
 Importation of money, 2, 14, 22, 
 119, 179, 180, 207 
 
 Ireland, title of King of, 88, 92, 
 95 
 
 Kent, coin of Eadbald King of, 8 
 Labarum, 4 
 
 Laureated bust, 136, 169 
 Laurels, 137, 140 
 Legends on coins explained 
 Abboni Manet, 4 
 Arabic,' 11 
 B.P., 197 
 
 ! Brun. et L. Dux, &c., 186 
 ' Decus et Tutamen, 172 
 1 Porovernis Civil as, 8 
 
215 
 
 E. L C., 189 
 Eusebii Monita, 8 
 Exurgat Deiis, &c., 139 
 Faciam eos, &c., 136 
 
 F. D.,186 
 
 Henricus rosas, &c., 136 
 
 I.B.M.,200 
 
 Jesus autem, &c., 20 
 
 Lima, 189 
 
 Luoou mona, 9 
 
 O.B.,2 
 
 PE., 186 
 
 Eeligio protestans, &c., 150 
 Eunic, 6, 7 
 Tali dicata, &c., 90 
 Tueatur imita Deus, 136 
 Vigo, 182 
 W. W., 202, 205 
 W. W. P., 200 
 Leopards on coins, 16 
 Lettering on coins, 21, 23, 24, 25, 
 91, 101, 119 
 
 Liber Benedictionalis, 90 
 London, Eoman name of, 2 
 
 Macedonian coins, prototypes of 
 British, 1 
 
 Magnus Maximus, last Emperor 
 who struck coins in England, 1, 2 
 
 , imitations of coins of, 4 
 
 Maintenance, cap of, 18 
 Mantling to helmet, use of, 18 
 Mars’ head on coins, 1 
 Masters of the Mint : — 
 
 Bowes, Sir Martin, 109, 110 
 Brakenbury, Eobert, 72 
 Bushel, Thomas, 154 
 Cadogan, Hon. C. S., 193 
 Cranfield, Eandal, 137 
 Daubeny, Sir Giles, 74 
 Houbleday, Edmund, 137 
 Egerton, Thomas, 117 
 Freeman, Sir Ealph, 169 
 Guater de Barde, 26 
 Guerdain, Dr. Aaron, 166 
 Harley, Sir Eobert, 150, 166 
 Hastings, Lord, 56, 57 
 Hastings, Sir William, 71 
 Knyvet, Lord, 137 
 Louison, Jolin, 122 
 Martyn, Sir Eichard, 122, 135 
 Mount] oy, Lord, 83 
 Vewton, Sir Isaac, 185 
 Parkhurst, Sir Wra., 149, 154 
 Peckharn, Sir Edmund, 111 
 Pole. W. W., 200, 201 
 Eced, Bartholomew, 74 
 
 1 Sharington, Sir Wm., 94, 102, 
 
 I 106 
 
 I Stanley, Thomas, 117 
 I Throgmorton, 113 
 
 Ton stall. Sir Eichard, 52 
 Villiers, Sir Edward, 149 
 Yorke, Sir John, 108, 111 
 
 , how paid, 50 
 
 Mellitus, Bishop of London, coin 
 of, 9 
 
 Melting down of coins, 15, 41, 179, 
 193, 208 
 
 Merovingian coins, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10 
 Mestrell, Eloye, 127 
 Milled coins, 127, 168, 169, 189 
 Milling imitated with file, 189 
 Mint-marks explained : — 
 
 Arrow, 109 
 B, 153 
 
 B E, 156, 157 
 Boar’s head, 71 
 Figure 0, 1, 2 ; 125, 133 
 
 6 ; 109 
 
 Ostrich head. 111 
 Plume, 157 
 Pomegranate, 118 
 Eose, 58, 61 
 
 Eose and sun united, 54, 58,72, 80 
 Sun, 58, 61 
 Swan, 110 
 I Thistle, 135, 139 
 I Ton, 113 
 W S, 94 
 y, 108 
 
 Y, no 
 
 Mint-marks, use of, 32 
 
 — last used, 170 
 
 Mints : — 
 
 Aberyswith, 154, 157 
 Aquitaine, 32 
 
 Bristol, 53, 55, 60, 63, 64, 68, 94, 
 96, 98, 101, 102, 106, 150, 156, 
 163 
 
 Bruges, 32 
 
 Calais, 26, 28, 29, 32, 50, 51, 55, 
 64, 68 
 
 Canterbury, 7, 102, 106 
 Coventry, 60, 65, 68 
 Durham, 102 
 Ecclesiastical, 3, 32, 102 
 Edinburgli, 182 
 Ghent, 32 
 Tpre, 32 
 Lewes, 12 
 
 London, 2, 9, 15, 19, 20, 32, 38, 
 43, 44, 55, 64, 68, 72, 81, 102, 
 106 . 114 , 120, 150 . J70, 180 
 
216 
 
 Malmesbury, 8 
 Marseilles, 5 
 Melbourne, 207, 208 
 Metz, 5 
 
 Norwich, 60, 65, 68 
 Oxford, 149, 150, 154, 157, 158, 
 162 
 
 Paris, 5 
 
 Shrewsbury, 154 
 Southwark, 102, 106, 108, 109, 
 no, in, 113, 114 
 Sydney, 207, 208 
 Warwick, 13 
 Weymouth, 157 
 York, 32, 60, 65, 67, 68, 102 
 Money, scarcity of, 16, 40, 44, 86, 
 187, 193 
 
 Moneyer’s name on coins, 4, 7, 9, 
 12, 13, 15, 16 
 
 Naples adopts gold coinage, 14 
 Nobles first coined, 18 
 
 meaning of word, 20 
 
 Numerals after King’s name, 44, 
 80, 84, 101 
 
 to mark dies, 205 
 
 Ofia, King of Mercia, coin of, 11 
 
 Patterns of coins, 13, 83, 88, 89, 
 108, 109, 112, 132, 171, 182, 184, 
 193, 200, 204 
 Penny, gold, 14 
 
 Peter’s pence, coin struck to pay, 12 
 Philip of Macedon, his coins proto- 
 types of British coins, 1 
 Pix, trial of, 168 
 
 Privateers, gold captured by, 189 
 Prudentius, hymn by, 90 
 Pure gold, coins made of, 15, 16 
 
 Queens of Henry VIII, 88 
 
 Kipley, the alchemist, 20 
 Koman art on English coins, 1, 4 
 Homan coins formed currency of 
 Britain, 1, 2 
 
 Homans withdraw from Britain, 2 
 Hose nobles first coined, 57 
 Hoss of Warwick, 71 
 Hyals, first coined, 57 
 
 Hose, 136 
 
 Spur, 136 
 
 why so called, 58 
 
 Saxon gold coinage, 3, 10, 13 
 Sceattu', meaning of word, 3 
 
 Scotch coins, shape of crown on, 139 
 Seas, sovereignty of, asserted on 
 coins, 20 
 
 Seven-shilling pieces struck, 193, 
 196 
 
 Seymour, Lord High Admiral, 106 
 Shamrock on coins, 199 
 Shilling first struck, 74 
 Ship on coins, meaning of, 20 
 Silver coins, weight reduced, 88, 
 194 
 
 see gold 
 
 Sluys, battle of, commemorated on 
 coins, 20 
 
 Small coins, why few struck, 50 
 Sovereign, double, first struck, 200 
 Sovereign first struck, 74 
 Spencer, Lord, gem for, 197 
 Standard fineness. 16, 87, 204 
 Standard measure of value, 1, 194 
 Standard of gold coins, depre- 
 ciated by 
 Edward III, 16 
 Henry VIII, 87, 92, 93, 95 
 Elizabeth, 121, 122 
 Standard of gold coins raised by 
 Edward VI, 108, 111 ; Mary, 
 117 
 
 Sterling, meaning of word, 14 
 Solidus, in laws of Kent, 3 
 Homan, 2 
 
 Tallard, Count, Ambassador, 180 
 Tender, what is legal, 17, 18, 194, 
 206, 207 
 
 Thistle on coins, 135, 136, 139, 199 
 Three-pound pieces struck, 149, 
 158 
 
 Titles on English coins : — 
 Aquitaine, 22 
 Brunswick, &c., 185 
 . Eidei Defensor, 186 
 France, 17, 22, 45, 194 
 Great Britain, 135, 139 
 Ireland, 88, 194 
 Prince Elector, 186 
 Scotland, 135 
 
 Trade with Flanders, 16, 19 
 Triens : — 
 
 English, 4, 7, 11 
 
 French, 4 
 
 Homan, 2 
 
 Una and the lion on patterns, 204 
 Union with Ireland, 194 
 
 Scotland, 182 
 
 Unite first coined, 135 
 
217 
 
 Value of coins, raised by : — 
 Henry III, 15 
 Edward IV, 52, 56, 57 
 Henry VIII, 86, 87 
 Edward VI, 111, 113 
 Elizabeth, 122 
 James I, 136 
 Charles II, 169 
 William III, 179 
 
 of coins reduced b}’’: — 
 
 Elizabeth, 121, 133 
 James I, 136 
 George I, 185 
 
 of coins, intrinsic higher than 
 
 nominal, 35, 178 
 
 of money, 15, 16, 211 
 
 marked on coins, 138, 150, 
 
 167, 170, 207 
 
 standard measure of, 1, 194 
 
 Vigmund, Abp. of York, coin of, 
 
 12 . 
 
 Weight, deficiency of, in coins, 44, 
 193 
 
 Weight gradually diminished, 2 
 — — inaccurately adjusted, 93, 95 
 
 least current, 193, 194, 199,204 
 
 Weight of gold coins altered by : — 
 Edward III, 16, 18, 21, 22 
 Henry IV, 40 
 Edward IV, 52, 56, 57 
 Henry VIII, 93 
 Edward VI, 108, 111, 113 
 Elizabeth, 122 
 James I, 135, 136, 137 
 Charles I, 149 
 Charles II, 169 
 
 Weight, standard of, at Mint, 87 
 Wellington, declaration made at, 
 by Charles I, 150 
 Wheat, price of, 15, 212 
 Withdrawal of coins from circula- 
 tion, 15, 17, 133, 149, 168, 178, 
 179, 189, 193, 199 
 Wolse}’’, Lord Chancellor, 86 
 
 Young face on Henry VIII’s half- 
 sovereigns, 98 
 
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