FIGHTING RHST WITH SUBLIMED BLUE LEAD ■s»=; % % ' " m % Franklin Institute Library PHILADELPHIA Classes Book£IiS!L....3... Accession^.^ 2 O >9 REFERENCE GIVEN BY a FIGHTING RUST WITH SUBLIMED BLUE LEAD A typical piece of galena ore as mined by the Eagle-Picher Lead Company that contains approximately 80 per cent lead and 11 per cent suli)hur in combination to form lead sulphide, the balance being zinc sulphide and other constituents. This ore smelted in special furnaces produces fumes which are collected and ground with oil and marketed by the Eagle-Picher Lead Company as Picher Sublimed Blue Lead, and described in Chapter 3. Figure 1 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead AN ASSEMBLY OF FACTS CONCERNING THE PROPERTIES AND USES OF SUBLIMED BLUE LEAD THE EAGLE-PICHER LEAD COMPANY CHICAGO 1923 Copyright, 1923 THE EAGLE-PICHER LEAD COMPANY CHICAGO, ILL. FOl^FAVORI) Since the remarkable rust-inlhbitive and weatlier-protective properties of Sublimed Blue Lead are so little known outside of the paint manu- facturing industry, it occurred to us that architects and all engineers who are in charge of the erection or maintenance of steel structures should have use for a concise presentation of the principal data covering the properties of Sublimed Blue Lead, together with directions for its use. Accordingly we have prepared the present pub- lication, it being clearly understood that it is merely an assembly of reliable data for use by engineers who specify paint and painting as an incide)ifal part of their work, and who require only such information as has a practical bearing on the results obtained. AVe have tried to confine ourselves to things of interest to the user and to anticipate his (luestions. How well we have succeeded can only be told by our readers, and we trust they will favor us with their criticisms. The Eagle-Picher Lead Company. 7 ^ 2 ^ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/fightingrustwithOOeagl TABLE OF CONTENTS. Chapter Page I Corrosion of Iron and Steel 9 II Rating of Rust-Proofing Paints by the Ameri- can Society for Testing Materials 21 III Sublimed Blue Lead 25 IV Use of Sublimed Blue Lead 37 V Suggested Painting Specifications for Struc- tural Steel Work 55 VI Estimates, Data and Tables 59 . -.j FIGHTING RUST WITH SUBLIMED BLUE LEAD CHAPTER I COKROSION OF IRON AND STEEL Corrosion is the relentless enemy of iron and steel. It operates nnceasingiy, transforming com- mercial metal into the oxides of iron of a character similar to natural ores, thus undoing the work that was performed by man when he reduced the iron ore to metal suitable for his purposes. In this great l)attle between man and corrosion, corrosion has been the winner up to the present time. The best that man has been able to do is to prolong the fight; corrosion has always won in the end. This remarkable success of corrosion in achiev- ing the destruction of the utility of iron and its alloys is due principally to properties peculiar to iron itself. Affinity of Iron for Oxygen To begin with, iron has such a strong affinity for certain other elements, especially oxygen, that it is never found in nature as a pure metal. In fact, pure iron is one of the rarest sights in the world. It may be purified artificially in the laboratory, but it must be kept sealed and free from contact with 9 10 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead otlier elements; otherwise it instantly al)Sorbs im- purities in the presence of air and moisture and reverts to oxides tliat possess none of the charac- teristics which make iron so valuable to man. To give stability and to impart those character- istics most desirable in different kinds of engi- neering work, iron is alloyed with small amounts of various substances and put through suitable processes of heat treatment and mechanical work- ing. These processes of converting iron ores into commercial forms of iron and steel suitable for all kinds of construction work, do not, however, elimi- nate corrosion. The great chemical activity of the iron still remains and in the presence of air and moisture the metal, unless protected, is rapidly dis- integrated by corrosion and becomes a heap of dust, worthless unless resmelted and worked through the various metallurgical processes by which it was originally transformed into commercial metal. Iron and Steel Industry To realize the magnitude of the iron and steel in- dustry and the importance of these metals to the very existence of our present-day material pros- perity is to appreciate the seriousness and the im- portance of the corrosion problem. Altogether the United States produces annually approximately 3(),0()0,()00 tons* of finished steel, 76 per cent of which is used by ten principal in- *E. C. Kreiitzberg, Iron Trade Review, 1-5-22. Corrosion of Iron and Steel 11 (lustries. As shown in the Table I, bnilding leads the list with more than 5,000,000 tons. This in- cludes all structural shapes, plates, concrete rein- forcing rods, ornamental iron work, fire escapes, elevators, safes, vaults, window sash, plumber supplies, heating and ventilating equipment, and equipment employed in the manufacture of build- ing materials, such as cement, brick and tile. TABLE I FINISHED STEEL OUTPUT Estimates in net tons Groups Normal Annual Requirements Per Cent Entire Normal Output Building 5,100,000 14 23 Export 4,815,000 13.43 Automotive 3,540,000 9.82 Car and Locomotive Railroad, construction, mainte- 3,350.000 9.34 nance and repairs 2,795,000 7.79 Oil, gas and water 2,780,000 7.75 Machinery and hand tool 1 600,000 4.46 Agricultural 1,290,000 3.59 Food container 1,120,000 3.12 Shipbuilding 950,000 2.65 All other requirements 8,500,000 23.71 Totals 35,840,000 99.89 Practically every pound of this enormous pro- duction, except steel rails, is protected from the ravages of corrosion by covering the surface with some rust-resisting material. The cost of this protection is the first tax of cor- rosion upon the finished steel. General practice is to coat sheet metal, wire and small parts with 12 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead Figure 2 It has been estimated by experts on corrosion of iron and steel that approxi- mately one million tons a year of steel are being destroyed at the present time by corrosion. This steel if made into structural members would supply enough to build forty Woolworth buildings. Corrosion oj Iron and Steel 13 metals, such as zinc, tin or lead. About GO per cent of all zinc produced in this country is used for gal- vanizing iron and steel. The larger shapes, such as structural steel, framework of machinery, cast- ings, etc., are protected l)y painting. ]\Iany ex- posed surfaces are ])rotected l)y nickel, copper and brass i)lating, and machined surfaces are usually protected by oil and grease. In sjiite of all the protective measures the losses due to corrosion are enormous — over a million tons a year! If this loss were all made into structural shapes it would he sufficient to build forty Wool- worth buildings ! Surely this is one of the world’s big problems ! Indeed, some of the best scientific thought and effort in recent times have l)een directed to the solution of this problem, and though we have come a long way there is as yet not even a universally accepted theory as to the actual process of corro- sion. Corrosion Theory If corrosion is to he combated successfully, there must he developed a working theory that is sound. So far we have only a number of hypotheses. Of all the various hypotheses (and there have been many) that have l)een advanced, the electrolytic has received the largest measure of support. Lately, Friend’s colloidal hypothesis, which was advanced to meet some of the objections that were urged against the electrolytic hypothesis, has shared honors with its older competitor. 14 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead As far as assistance in formulating protective and preventive measures is conceimed, it makes little ditference which hypothesis is used as the theory. For our ])art we shall not presume to choose, hut will limit ourselves to a brief statement of each, merely giving such data as might he re- quired rather than ask the reader to refer to an- other book. Electrolytic Corrosion Hypothesis* Due to i^hysical and chemical differences at vari- ous points on the surface of any iron or steel, differ- ences of potential always exist, and whenever mois- ture is present to connect these points of different potentials electrically and act as an electrolyte. *F'or those who wish to go into details of corrosion, the following bibliography compiled by the Research Department of The Eagle-Picher Lead Company will be of use. ELECTROLYSIS AND CORROSION A. S. Cushman Proc. A. S. T. M„ VIII, 238 SOME EXPOSURE TESTS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL COATINGS C. M. Chapman Proc. A. S. T. M„ X, 401 FURTHER RESULTS OF THE WESTINGHOUSE, CHURCH, KERR & CO. PAINT TESTS A. S. Chapman Proc. A. S. T. M., XI, 628 THE INHIBITIVE POWER OF CERTAIN PIGMENTS ON THE CORRO- SION OF IRON AND STEEL A. S. Chapman Proc. A. S. T. M„ VIII, 605 THE MECHANISM OF CORROSION J. Newton Friend, J. Lloyd Bentley and Walter West Engineering, 93, 714 ; Engineer, 113, 527 PAINT AND VARNISH COATINGS AS ACCELERATORS IN THE COR- ROSION OF METALS W. H. Walker and W. K. Lewis J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 1, 754 TESTS FOR BOND AND ELECTROLYTIC CORROSION OF PAINTED REINFORCING STEEL H. A. Gardner Eng. News, 73, 136-7 (1913) PAINT VEHICLES AS PROTECTIVE AGENTS AGAINST CORROSION M. Toch ,1. Ind. Eng. Chem., 7, 51-4 (1915) .1. Soc. Chem. Ind., 34, 592-5 (19151 POWERFUL INFLUENCE OF BASIC PIGMENTS IN PROTECTING METALS I<"ROM CORROSION H. A. Gardner Eng. Record, 68, 93-4 Corrosion oj Iron and Steel 15 electricity will flow from parts of positive potential to parts of negative potential. When electricity leaves a metal and enters a liquid (electrolyte) it corrodes the metal by remov- ing particles which then dissolve in the liquid. In the case of iron, the metallic iron enters the solution where it unites with oxygen and is precipi- tated out as oxide or rust. Without oxygen the process could not continue because the electrolyte would quickly saturate with iron and the difference in potential would disap- pear, a phenomenon known as polarization. The oxygen by precii)itating the iron out of the solu- tion depolarizes the system and enables corrosion to continue indefinitely. PRESERVATION OF IRON .1. N. Friend, Carnegie Scholarship Report Iron and Steel Institute, May, 1913, 100-168 THE PRESERVATION OF IRON AND STEEL A. S. Cushman U. S. Dept, of Agr., Office of Public Roads, Bulletin 35 PRESERVATION OF IRON AND STEEL A. S. Cushman Engineering, 87, 710-42 PAINTS FOR METALLIC STRUCTURES A. S. Cushman International Association for Testing Materials, 2, (10) XXIV DOES PAINT KEEP IRON FROM RUSTING? Erik Liebreich and Fritz Spitzer Z. Elektrochem., 18, 94-9 CAN IRON RUST BE PREVENTED BY COATINGS? E. Liebreich Orig. Com. 8th Intern. Congr. Appl. Chem., 12, 143-154 METAL PROTECTIVE PAINTS H. A. Gardner Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc., 39, 223 RUST AND RUST PREVENTIVES L. Hecht J. Gasbel, 57, 113-5 THE RUSTING OF IRON; ITS CAUSE AND ITS PREVENTION BY PAINTING George Pfleiderer Z. Ver. dent Ing., 57, 221-5 THE FORMATION OF RUST UNDER PROTECTIVE PAINTS E. Liebreich and F. Spitzer Z. Elektrochem., 19, 295-301 THE FORMATION OF RUST UNDER PROTECTIVE PAINTS George Pfleiderer Z. Elektrochem., 19, 507-10 1 () Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead Colloidal Corrosion Hypothesis According to J. Newton Friend*, iron in tlie pres- ence of moisture and oxygen oxidizes into ferrous hydroxide which lie claims is in the colloidal state;** in which state substances are extra active chemically. Hence, the ferrous hydroxide imme- diately takes up more oxygen, becoming ferric hydroxide, still remaining in the colloidal state. The colloidal ferric hydroxide now extracts more iron from the original metal and the process begins all over again. The ferric hydroxide is said to act as a catalytic agent (one which transfers by contact molecules from one substance to another) taking up iron on the one hand and oxygen on the other, alternately reducing to ferrous hydroxide and then oxidizing to ferric hydroxide until the processes of convert- ing iron into rust is entirely complete. Moisture and Oxygen While there are certain definite differences be- tween the two hypotheses above set forth, the two agree absolutely on the necessity of the moisture and oxygen for the continuation of the process of corrosion ; hence, one sure way of killing corro- sion is to exclude oxygen and moisture; easily *Nevv Theory of Corrosion of Iron, Journal of the Chemical Society of London, Vol. 119 — page 932, 1921. **Colloidal state in this instance signifies minute particles (less than 0.00001 millimeter in diameter) dispersed in a licinid medium; particles too small to precipitate without coagulation and too large to pass through a membrane as they would if in true solution. Corrosion of Iron and Steel 17 stated, but practically impossible of perfect accom- plishment. Action of Basic Substances Another important point where both agree is in the action of basic, or alkaline substances upon the process of corrosion. The basicity of any sub- stance is measured by the amount of a given acid recpiired to neutralize it. Bases will inhibit corrosion by neutralizing the potential differences between the various parts of the surface, and thus eliminate the possibility of electrolytic action at areas on the iron that are naturally electro-positive. Since a basic coating neutralizes the electro-positive areas on the iron, it must prevent corrosion. Looking at the subject from the colloidal view- point, l)asic substances are found to arrest the catalytic action of the ferric hydroxide by neutral- izing the electric charges that made the action pos- sible and changing the hydroxide from a colloidal to an amorphous state, in which it ceases to pro- mote corrosion. Prevention of Corrosion No matter to which hypothesis we may subscribe, the preventive measures that suggest themselves are the same, namely : 1. Inhibitive electro-chemical or colloidal reac- tions. 2. Exclusion of moisture and oxygen. 18 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead 111 painting practice, all three of these principles should he employed; first, since we have no prac- tical way of assuring- a perfectly dry surface at the time the painting is done; and second, since the paint coating cannot he absolutely impervious to moisture, it is necessary to employ as paint a basic substance which will inhibit any corrosion that may be incipient on the surface at the time of painting, or become so later due to the penetration of mois- ture; therefore the first requirement of rust- resisting paint is that it have proper basicity. AVhile it is essential to neutralize the corrosive action by the use of a basic coating, it is also neces- sary to maintain such coating intact for a long period of time if a commercial result is to be ob- tained. To remain intact such coating must with- stand all normal atmospheric conditions of mois- ture and temjierature. It must withstand such chemical action as the atmosphere in the particular locality will inflict upon it. It must resist such mechanical actions as are present under any given service conditions. Rust-Proofing To sum up the requirements in two thoughts, the rust-proofing paint must be : 1. Itust inhibitive. 2. Weather resistive. It must l>e chemically constituted to prevent corro- sion and mechanically constituted to hold its own against the wear and tear of service conditions. Corrosion of Iron and Steel 19 Rust-Proofing Paint Paint consists in general of a pigment and a vehicle, and one is just as important as the other in determining the service qualities of the resulting ])aint. The union between the pigment and the vehicle may l)e mechanical, chemical, or both. How- ever, whether the i)ignient is linked with the vehicle by chemical or mechanical means, there are certain conditions which the ])aint must fulfill. H. A. Gardner, a well-known authority on paints, ])ainting and rust-proofing with paint, recently stated the conditions which should be fulfilled by a rust-proofing paint, as follows: “ 1 . The paint employed must he prepared in such a manner as to be easy of applica- tion by brush or spray gun and must form, when dry, a coherent layer, possessing maxi- mum power of resistance. ‘‘2. It should he prepared from pure lin- seed oil, and contain none hut pigments ground as finely as possible. The major portion of the pigments should he of a basic or chromate nature. “2. The paint should dry sufficiently in 12 hours to withstand any rainfall to which it may be exposed. “d. The grinding should lie carried so far that 99 per cent of the paste may he washed through a 325-mesh screen with a solvent. The paint shall dry with a smooth surface, and should not run down or sag when ap- plied to perpendicular surfaces. “5. The adhesion to the metal must he perfect and the dried paint must be elastic. ’ ’ 20 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead «4H ^ C o c ►« ° O c tc o"= CC 2 V O' >. M o “ C « J 2 2 : 3 ? o» ^ ^ ^ « fl) 0) Ol J= w >» g'g-s >>« 0 ,- o> -’ evi ••c 5 a. .S ^ O ec >- w _ > 3 & '"O C > c- I* ” 2 - C ^ c* rt CO sh <-l . CO UJZ 1- 0> 0> Oh O) QliQ s^s Mt; M <= S c 3 ^ 3 O-fJ O >^<>^ CHAPTER II RATING OF RUST-PROOFING PAINTS BY THE AiMKRICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS In order to obtain reliable information as to the respective rnst-prooting values of various coinnier- cial paints, the American Society for Testing Ma- terials in co-operation with the Paint Manufactur- ers ’ Association of the United States staged an outdoor test in Atlantic City. This locality was chosen as especially iinfavorahle to paint protec- tion, and therefore one which would yield results in the shortest time. Preparation of Specimens Specimens to be tested were applied to 300 steel plates which were erected as jianels of a fence. Figure 4 A portion of the Atlantic City test fence showing one of the Sublimed Blue Lead panels after four years’ exposure. 21 22 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead Each panel was carefully insulated to avoid any possibility of electrolysis from external stray cur- rents. Jtefore painting- tlie plates were carefully cleaned and dried ; three coats were applied, with ample time between coats to dry. Special pains were taken to cover tbe edges as this was consid- ered a weak point where corrosion might start. In short, every precaution was exercised to give each sample the best possible attention as far as skillful application of the paint was concerned. Committee Reports Some of tbe paints failed from the start, but no official report was made until two years had elapsed, when a committee was chosen to examine the fence and report. Each member of the com- mittee made his own individual report based on his own observations and the official report was compiled from these. In judging the condition of the paint, chalking, checking, cracking, scaling, peeling, color and con- dition for reiDainting were all considered. Sepa- rate ratings were given for condition as to corro- sion and condition as to weather protection. The final rating was a grand average of all points. The perfect paint received a rating of ten. Inspections were made at intervals of one year for four years, when the number of paints remain- ing in condition for rating was so small that the test was concluded and the final report turned in. The full account of these tests and the results were given in the Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials, Volume IX, 1909, pp. 203, Rating oj Rust-Proofing Paints 23 30*233 Figure 5 In order to make possible a comparison of the performance of Picher Sub- limed Blue Lead with other commercial pigments commonly used for paint- ing steel, the above chart of ratings was plotted year by year over the com- plete test period. The ratings here given are the averages of all those given by the different members of the Committee. The Chairman of the Committee who served through the entire period rated Sublimed Blue Lead as follows : Third year 9.5 Fourth year 9.0 Fifth year 8.5 BASIC CHROMATE OF LEAD SUBLIMED BLUE LEAD CARBON BLACK AND BARYTES CHROME GREEN WILLOW CHARCOAL RED LEAD NATURAL GRAPHITE ZINC CHROMATE ZINC AND LEAD CHROMATE MAGNETIC BLACK OXIDE 5.0 4.0 30-235 Figure 6 The above ten pigments received the highest rating as given at the last inspection of the surviving panels from the Atlantic City test fence which were exposed on Young’s Pier. 24 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead 204; Volume X, 1910, pp. 79-86; Volume XI, 1911, pi>. 192-194; \u)lume XIII, 1913, pp. 369-371; Wlume Xl^^ 1914, Part I, pp. 259, 260. After live years’ ex])osure ou the fence most of the specimens had reached tlie limit of their useful- ness, so much so that all hut twenty-three were abandoned. The twenty-three worthy of further study were transferred to the ocean-end of Young’s ^Million Dollar Pier where they were exposed for one year before the final report. Ratings .\.t the start thei'e were nearly one hundred paints ; at the end of two years only twelve scored 9 or better ; at the end of the test, six years from the start, only two paints scored 6 or better, and Sublimed Blue Lead was one of these! The only paint that rated as good or better than Sublimed Blue Lead was American A^erniillion (basic chro- mate of lead) which obtained a rating of 7.5 against Sublimed Blue Lead of 6. American Vermillion is too expensive to be used unadulterated as a paint for protecting steel ; therefore Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil stands at the head of the list of commercial paints for rust-proofing structural steel. To give an idea of the standing of Sublimed Blue Lead in comparison with pigments that are well known to engineers and architects, the ratings of some of those which made the best showing have been plotted with time in Figure 5. It is inter- esting to note that while the slope of most of these paints indicates six years as approximately the limit of useful life. Sublimed Blue Lead was declin- ing at a much slower rate than the others. CHAPTER III SUBLIMED BLUE LEAD Sulilimed Blue Lead is a fume product derived from lead suliiliide ore by smelting in special fur- naces. Used as a pigment and mixed with the proper amount of pure linseed oil as vehicle, it makes a rust-proofing paint that fulfills the five l)asic conditions set forth on page 19. Sublimed Blue Lead Analysis Sublimed Blue Lead is a basic sulphate of lead which upon analysis runs approximately as fol- lows : Lead Sulphate (PbSOi) 45-55 per cent Lead Oxide (PbO) 30-40 per cent Lead Sulphide (PbS) . . . .Not over 12 per cent Lead Sulphite (PbSO.,) .. Not over 5 per cent Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Not over 5 per cent Carbon and undetermined. Not over 5 per cent The major components of Sublimed Blue Lead are in chemical combination. A mechanical mix- ture of the proper amounts of exactly the same ingredients to give the same analysis does not in any way produce Sublimed Blue Lead and does not exhibit the same properties when mixed with pure linseed oil to make paint. 25 2 () Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead Galena The raw material used in the manufacture of Sublimed Blue Lead is Galena, lead sulphide ore. Some of the finest deposits in the world are located in the Joplin District of Missouri, where the Eagle- Picher Lead Company operates various mines and manufactures Sublimed Blue Lead. Manufacture of Sublimed Blue Lead In making Sublimed Blue Lead, the ore. Galena, which as obtained from the Joplin field shows al)Out 80 per cent lead content and 11 per cent sul- phur content, in combination to form lead sulphide, the balance beiiig zinc sulphide and other constitu- ents, is mixed in suitable proportions with bitumi- nous coal and slag and charged into furnaces of the Scotch-hearth type. These furnaces are designed and operated to pro- duce fumes that come off the surface of the molten charge and are caught by a hood which conducts them to a flue, where they are joined by fumes of other furnaces. They then pass through an enor- mous cooler made up of a series of loops 40 feet or more in height. The draft necessary to pull the fumes from the furnaces is produced l)y a fan which discharges into a collector consisting of a series of long bags held in a vertical position. These bags act as filters, allowing the gases to pass out and retaining the solid particles of Sub- Sublimed Blue Lead 27 limed Blue Lead in the same way that the hag of a vaciumi cleaner retains the dust. At intervals the hags are antoniatically shaken and the Snhlimed Bine Lead dust falls into hoppers from which it is drawn as re(inired into barrels for shipment. The principle of operation of a Sublimed Blue Lead plant is illustrated diagramatically in Fig- ure 7. Dry Sublimed Blue Lead Sublimed Blue Lead in the dry state as it comes from the smelter is used in the manufacture of paints and rubber. The Kagle-Picher Lead Com- pany sells the dry product to paint manufacturers and to rubber manufacturers. It also grinds the Sublimed Blue Lead with pure raw linseed oil and markets it in paste form ready to mix with oil, drier and thinner for rust-proofing purposes. Process diagram illustrating the manufacture of Sublimed Blue Lead. Galena Ore mixed with bituminous coal and slag is smelted in special furnaces and the fumes collected by a flue system and passed through a series of goosenecks to cool the gases. The draft for handling the fumes is produced by a fan which exhausts the fume-carrying gases into a system of vertically arranged bags that act as filters to separate the dust from the gases. These bags are shaken automatically at stated periods, the Sub- limed Blue Lead following into hoppers from which it is di*awn into con- tainers and made ready for shipment. 28 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead Linseed Oil Tlie vehicle is just as important as the pigment in determining the (pmlity of a rust-proofing paint. There has been a long sustained effort on the part of paint technicians to develop other oils that could he substituted for a linseed oil, l)ut up to the pres- ent time there is no oil that can he counted on to give the service that can be ol)tained with pure raw linseed oil. Boiled linseed oil is si)ecified by many for use with Sublimed Blue l^ead because it dries quicker. J\aw linseed oil can he given the same drying char- acteristics by adding suitable drier, and many be- lieve that superior durability is obtained with raw oil. Linseed oil has been exhaustively studied and engineering specifications for judging its suitabil- ity for paint surfaces have been prepared by, and may be obtained from, the American Society for Testing iMaterials.* Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil The grinding of Sublimed JBue Lead powder with oil is a mighty important oj)eration, and un- less done in a thorough-going manner, the result- ing paste will make inferior paint. The Lagle-Picher Lead C\nnpany produces Sub- limed Blue Lead in Oil l)y the most modern inetli- *Linseed Oil Specifications, 1921, A. S. T. M. Standards, pages 655-658. Sublimed Blue Lead 29 n tn^hr Figure 8 Grinding Sublimed Blue Lead with oil. The process of grinding Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil as conducted by the Eagle-Picher Lead Company takes place in two stages ; carefully settled pure raw linseed oil and dry pure Picher Sublimed Blue Lead are mixed in accurate proportions of 9 to 1 in a Chilean mill or Chaser, the mill taking one batch at a time. The batch when thoroughly mixed is dumped into a mixer which is merely a tank equipped with an agitator. From here it flows by gravity in a continuous stream to a burrstone mill, going in at the eye and coming out at the periphery. The degree of grinding required is obtained by the use of two mills in series and the final product is delivered directly into containers. 30 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead ods. No other raw materials are employed. These two are accurately weighed and mixed in a propor- tion of nine parts of Sublimed Blue Lead to one part oil by weight, in a Chilean mill, which consists of a large shallow pan, over the bottom surface of which a solid iron roller travels. Steel scrapers follow the roll and turn the mixture from both sides hack into the path of the roll, thus aiding in the thorough mixing of the two ingredients. This ma- chine is completely enclosed to avoid dust and pre- pares a batch at a time. When the mixing of the oil in the pigment is complete, the batch is dumped into a vat or tank equipped with an agitator, aiid from this mixing tank it flows continuously into the eye of a burrstone mill. From this mill it flows into a second mill, and from there into a cooling tank shaped like a hopper, from which it is pumped by a rotary pump into kegs and other containers as required for shipment. Physical Properties of Sublimed Blue Lead Dry Sublimed Blue Lead is a slate gray colored jugment of an almost impalpable fineness. With the exception of lamp black. Sublimed Blue Lead is the finest pigment in use today, the particles l)eing of the order of 0.0002 millimeter (0.2/>) in diameter. An idea of how small this really is may l)e obtained by comparing this with cement par- ticles. Ordinary dry cement leaves approximately 22 per cent on a 200-mesh screen, while Sublimed 13lue Ijead will pass completely through a .325-mesh Sublimed Blue Lead 31 screen. A 200-mesli screen has 40,000 holes per square inch, while a 325-mesh screen has 106,000 holes. The relative size of these screens is shown plainly in Figure 9. richer Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil mixed with pure raw linseed oil and not more than 5 per cent by weight of drier will fonn a coating the modulus of elasticity of which is far above that required by any deformation that can take place by expansion of the metal to which it is applied. The specific gravity of Sublimed Blue Lead is 6.67, that is, it weighs 6.67 times as much as an equal volume of water. One solid gallon weighs 55.56 pounds and one pound bulks 0.018 gallon. Paint Characteristics of Sublimed Blue Lead Sublimed Blue Lead paste mixed with proper proportions of pure linseed oil makes a rust- proofing paint, possessing nnusually fine qualities. Mixing with Oil Sublimed Blue Lead mixes perfectly with pure linseed oil and once mixed it remains in suspension. Therefore, Sublimed Blue Lead in oil does not harden or liver in the container and can be kept without deterioration. Inhibition of Rust Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil being a basic (mate- rial electro-positive toward iron), inhibits rusting. 32 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead 200 mesh screen. 325 mesh screen. Fig 1 'RE 9 As a means of visualizing the fineness of Sublimed Blue Lead, a 200-mesh and a 325-mesh screen are reproduced v^ith a 50 diameter enlargement from photomicrographs. Dry cement leaves approximately 22 per cent residue on the 200-mesh screen, w-^hile Sublimed Blue Lead will wash through a 325-mesh screen without any residue. Stiblimed Blue Lead 33 Red Lead. Figure 10 Comparison between photomicrographs (2,000 diameter enlargement) of Picber Sublimed Blue Lead and pure red lead, indicating the difference in uniformity of size and shape of the particles, as well as the distribution of the particles in the oil film. 34 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead Adhesion Siibliined Blue Lead iu Oil, being composed of uniform and extremely fine particles that remain in suspension in oil, enters into intimate contact with every part of the iron surface, whether rough or smooth, thus assuring perfect adhesion. Cohesion Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil, because of its exceed- ingly small particles evenly distributed in the oil, flows together behind the brush, eliminating brush marks and forming a coating of even thickness that does not sag. Drying Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil dries in twelve hours to form a tough and elastic coating that will stand the wear of severe weather conditions and take subsequent coats with ])erfect adhesion between the two. Opacity Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil, due to the uniformity of the coat and the color, has a remarkable hiding power. A gallon of properly mixed Sublimed Blue Lead in oil will cover approximately 800 square feet per gallon on surfaces of average smoothness. Color The natural color of Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil is slate gray, ft can be mixed with other materials, such as chrome green, chrome yellow, red lead. Sublimed Blue Lead 35 etc., to obtain a variety of colors without appre- ciably cbaiiging its remarkable rnst-proofing quali- ties. Temperature Heat and cold within the range of normal atmos- pheric conditions do not affect the use of Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil, nor retpiire a change in the for- mula of its mixture. Once applied, its elasticity, its adhesion and its cohesion cause it to go and come with the metal without damage to its rust-proofing power. Gases Sulphur and carbon dioxide present in the atmos- phere, especially in industrial centers, do not de- teriorate the rust-proofing quality of Blue Lead in oil. Brushing Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil, due to its texture and perfect mixture with the oil, spreads easily and uniformly over rough surfaces and smooth. It permits fast work and requires less muscular power on the part of the painter. Durability Sublimed Bine Lead in Oil proved its durability at Atlantic City (see page 23). 3(3 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead Repainting Sublimed Blue Lead when ready for repainting needs simply to be brushed in order to furnish a perfect surface to receive more coats. This was proven at the Atlantic City tests (see page 23). CHAPTER IV U8K OF SUBLIMED BLUE LEAD Snl)liiued IBue Lead in Oil may be employed for rust-proofing wherever iron or steel is used. In short, it fills a need in every industry, including building, railroad, marine, mining, manufacturing, public utility and agriculture. With the whole world as a field, it is impossible even to consider a specific description of every use of Sublimed Blue Lead. It is proposed here to limit the discussion to general principles that apply to iH-actically all cases. New Surfaces Paint must come into intimate and perfect con- tact with sound metal if it is to perform its rust- proofing functions for any appreciable length of time. Therefore, the first re(iuisite for a satisfac- tory job of rust-proofing is a dry surface free of rust, dirt and grease. New metal from hot rolling or heat treating pro- cesses is usually covered with mill scale (black oxide of iron) which must be removed before paint- ing. To paint on top of scale is useless, as the scale is sure to come off once the steel is in service where it is subjected to changes in temperature. Scale is removed by scraping, sandblasting or pickling. The particular process employed is a 37 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead 38 Figure 11 Steel seed storage tanks painted with Picher Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil. Use of Sublimed Blue Lead 39 Figure 12 Steel seed storage tanks painted with Picher Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil. 40 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead •5 ^ c cq c 5 a 3 S o Wc c ^ •- J5 I’g m a Use of Sublimed Blue Lead 41 matter to be decided on the ground, wliere full knowledge of local conditions is available. Steel that is pniiclied, drilled or otherwise ma- chined is always smeared with grease and dirt. Brushing and scraping are never completely suc- cessful in removing grease and oil. Sandblasting and pickling are hotli effective in cleaning such surfaces. From the standpoint of the painter, it makes little difference Iwir a surface is cleaned, so long as it is clean and dry at the time the paint is ap- plied, and this is more important for the first coat than for any other as far as rust-proofing is con- cerned. Old Surfaces When painting over old surfaces that have been painted before, the same principles as set forth under New Surfaces also obtain, except that old paint which firmly adheres to the metal may be re- garded as good as sound metal upon which to apply new paint. If the old paint does not adhere well, it should be completely removed by scraping, burning with a torch or sandblasting. In any case, the whole sur- face should be brushed and cleaned of all loose dust, grease and moisture. Each successive coat of paint can be no better than the weakest coat beneath it. 42 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead figure 14 Twin City Tractors shown in action in the above photographs are all painted with Picher Sublimed Blue Lead applied by spraying. Use of Sublimed Blue Lead 43 Galvanized Iron Oalvaniziiig' is seldom so perfect as to afford sheet metal a sure protection from corrosion. Any imperfection in tlie coating will start intense cor- rosive actioii and soon puncture the iron. There- fore, all galvanized sheet metal should be rust- l)roofed with suitable paint. The natural surface of new galvanized iron is so smooth that paint will not adhere pro^jerly to it. To prevent ])eeling by assuring uniform and per- fect adhesion of the juunt, the surface can be rough- ened by brushing it with a weak copijer solution, n. xV. Gardner* recommends as solution 4 ounces of copper acetate, copper chloride, or copper sul- phate dissolved in 1 gallon of water. An hour or so after the surface is brushed with this solution it may be lightly rubbed ol¥ with a dry lu'ush, after which it is ready for a priming coat of Sublimed Blue Lead. Tin Plate Tin plating of sheet iron, like galvanizing, can )iot be relied upon to prevent corrosion, because minute imperfections not only permit but actually intensify the corrosive processes. 44ie surface of new tin plate is slightly greasy; therefore, in order to prepare it for painting, it must be cleaned dry. This may be done by using benzine or turpentine and a soft cotton rag. *Gardner International Association of Alaster Car & Locomo- tive Painters’ Convention, 1915. 44 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead Paint Formulas The inixing’ of Siil)limed Blue Lead paste and linseed oil to make paint is a very simple matter, l)ut strange to say, there are almost as many ideas as to relative (piantities of these two substances in the mixture as there are painters who use it. For- mulas recommended range all the way from 50 per cent to 70 per cent pigment hy weight. The State standards for highway bridges in Iowa recpiire that Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil paint shall not contain less than 60 per cent pigment in the shop coat and not less than 50 per cent in the field coat. Boiled oil is specified in both cases. The State standards for bridges and concrete reinforcing rods in Illinois require that Sublimed Blue Ijead in oil paint shall not take less than 50 per cent nor more than 54- per cent pigment. Boiled oil is specified in all cases. The Eagle-Picher Besearch Department recom- mends 70 per cent pigment to 30 per cent pure raw or boiled linseed oil. If raw linseed oil is used, a suitable quantity of drier (not to exceed 5 per cent) must be added. Tables giving quantities of oil, pigment and paste involved in mixtures of various proportions are given on pages 62 and 63. Brushing To he effective, even on surfaces that are per- fectly prepared, rust-proofing paint must be prop- erly and conscientiously applied. The architect or Use of Sublimed Blue Lead 45 Figure 15 Train load of twenty-seven threshing machines, all of which are painted with Picher Sublimed Blue Lead. 46 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead eiig’ineer writing specifications for painting can do little more than to specify the size and kind of brushes, and require thorough and proper brush- ing. A competent paint contractor is the surest if not the only way to assure proper api)lication of the paint to the surfaces to he protected. Supervision is only a rough check. It can never be sufficiently detailed to compensate for the lack of conscientious workmanship. Figure 16 Rust-Proofing Twin City Tractoi*s in plant of the Minneapolis Steel & Ma- chinery Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Illustration shows workman applying with Paschc air brush a finishing coat of Picher Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil tinted gray with Eagle Sublimed White Lead. The first coat used on these tractors is Picher Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil, thinned with naphtha, to which 5 per cent of oil has been added. Use of Sublimed Blue Lead 47 The kind of brushes used varies with the charac- ter of the work. In general, brushes that are too large should be avoided, especially brushes that are wide and flat. For structural steel round brushes are preferred, as they enter corners and other places difficult of access. Then, too, the round brush applies more pressure and requires more strokes than a flat brush — all of which is good for the paint. Spraying Sublimed Blue Lead because of its fine particles and its perfect suspension in oil is excellently adapted to application with a spraying device. The ideal application of spraying is in connec- tion with production work in manufacturing pro- cesses, where articles of the same character must be kept moving through the manufacturing process at a given rate. In such cases wonderfully uniform results are obtained with a minimum of labor and space. Spraying is also well suited for painting large areas, such as walls, roofs and ceilings. Time can often be saved where rough surfaces are in- volved by combining spraying and brushing. The paint is first applied very rapidly with a spray and then brushed out to a uniform film. In mixing Sublimed Blue Lead for spraying pur- poses, the same proportion of pigment to oil is used as for brushing, namely, 70 pigment, 30 oil. To this a volatile thinner, such as turpentine, benzine, or gasoline, is added until paint of the proper con- 48 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead sistency for application with the spraying appa- ratus is obtained. Dipping Sublimed Blue Lead, having no tendency to settle or harden when mixed properly with oil, makes an excellent paint for dipi)ing. Dipping is applicable only to shop or factory work. It re(piires facilities for handling the arti- cles to he di])ped, as well as for draining and dry- ing them. There is no practical limit on the size of article that can he dipped except the equipment for handling it. PTglire 17 Sublimed Blue Lead in oil mixed with linseed oil and thinned with naphtha is here used for dipping. The perfection of the suspension of Sublimed Blue Lead in linseed oil and the fineness and uniformity of the pigment give a non-settling, non-livering paint especially well suited to dipping applications, Use of Sublimed Blue Lead 40 Dipping is not satisfactory for structural steel. In fact, good practice will not tolerate anything but brushing for the shop coat on structural steel. The formula for dipping paint will vary some- what with the character of work. The following formula has been successfully used : 100 Ih. of Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil. 7 gal. of raw pure linseed oil. 2 pt. of drier. G pt. of benzine or naphtha. Number of Coats A number of thin coats, each one thoroughly dry before the next is applied, make the most durable job. However, since the time and labor factors are of such importance in most operations, practice has finally settled down to the use of three coats as standard for general rust-proofing work. The first coat on steel work is applied in the fab- ricating shop and is called the “shop coat.” The second and third coats are applied on the job at the time of erection and are called “field coats.” In order to facilitate inspection by enabling an inspector to tell at a glance what coat or coats have been applied, it is usual to specify a definite color for each coat. Colors The natural color of Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil is slate gray, a very agreeable color for outdoor 50 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead Figure 18 City Hospital in Buffalo, N. Y. Architects, F. J. and W. A. Kidd. All the steel work in these buildings was painted with I’icher Sublimed Blue Lead according to specifications. Use of Sublimed Blue Lead 51 structures, and one wliicli blends well with natural surroundings. When other colors are desired, pigments, such as American Vermillion, Red Lead, Chrome YeL low, may be added to the Sublimed Blue Lead. Such pigment should be in paste form and when mixed with Sublimed Blue Lead paste and linseed oil the propoi'tion, 70 pigment to 30 oil, should be maintained. 52 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead Figure 19 This corrugated steel building was painted in 1914 with Picher Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil. It is still in good condition and has protected the metal from corrosion. The building in the upper illustration, which is part of the same plant, was painted in 1921, seven years after the painting of the main shop buildings, and is proof that the owners, Shoemaker-Satterthwait Bridge Company, Pottstown, Pa., were satisfied with the performance of Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil. Use of Sublimed Blue Lead 53 Pure Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil 50 per cent Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil and 50 per cent Commercial Chrome Yellow. SO per cent Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil and 20 per cent Commercial Chrome Yellow. 95 per cent" Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil and 5 per cent Commercial Chrome Yellow. 50 per cent Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil and 50 per cent Commercial Chrome Green. 50 per cent Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil and 50 per cent Red Lead. 50 per cent Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil and 50 per cent Eagle White Lead. CHAPTER V SUOGESTP]D PAINTING SPECIFICATIONS EOK STKUCTUPAL STEEL WORK 1. GENERAL. All paint and materials for painting shall he of the (piality herein specified. Paints or pastes which have hardened on standing or which have thickened or otherwise deteriorated will not he acceptable, and the use of dry pigment mixed with the vehicle by the contractor will not he permitted. Pastes shall he ground to a uniform and smooth consistency. When it is specified that the paint shall be tinted, the tinting material shall be thoroughly and uniformly incorporated wfith the paint to produce a uniform shade. 2. PREPARATION OE NEW METAL SUR- EACES. All surfaces to be painted shall be cleaned thoroughly, removing all rust, dirt, mill scale, grease and other foreign matter, using scrap- ers, chisels or sandblast to accomplish the specified result. Bright steel should he exposed in all cases. If sandblasting is used, the first coat of paint must follow immediately. 3. PREPARATION OE OLD METAL SUR- EACES. All dirt, loose scale, dead paint and rust shall be removed entirely. All bare spots shall he chipped, sanded or wire-brushed to expose clean metal and then shall be covered with paint specified hereinafter. 55 ")() Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead 4. THE PAINT. The paint used shall consist of Suhlimed Blue Ijead iu Oil paste mixed with pure raw linseed oil in the following })roportions ; too Ih. of Suhlimed Blue Lead in Oil, 4 gal. of })ure raw linseed oil thinned with not more than 2 pt. of turpentine and not more than 2 pt. of a good drier. 5. The Suhlimed Blue Lead shall he a chemical comhination of lead sulphate and lead oxide, and certain other ingredients, which upon analysis will conform to the following specifications : Jjcad Sulphate (IdjS 04 ) 45-55 per cent Lead Oxide ( PhO) 30-40 per cent Lead Sulphide (PbS) . . . .Not over 12 per cent Lead Sulphite (PhSO.s) • -Not over 5 per cent Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Not over 5 per cent Carbon and undetermined. Not over 5 per cent 6. The vehicle shall he raw linseed oil from North American seed and shall conform to the following reephrements :* iMa.ximum Minimum Specific (Jravity at 15.5° C 1 0.936 0.932 15.5° or Specific (Jravity at 25° C. . 0.931 0.927 Jo Acid Number . . 6.00 Saponificatiou Number . . . .195. 189. Unsaponitiahle matter. per cent . . 1.50 Refractive Index at 25° C . . 1.4805 1.4790 Iodine Number (Hanus). 180. *Linseed Oil Specifications, 1921, A. S. T. M. Standards, pages 655-658. Painting Specifications for Structural Steel 57 7. COLORS. In order to distinguish l)etween tlie successive coats, tlie paint shall he mixed as follows : 8. First coat shall be in accordance with the for- mula set forth in paragraph 4. 9. The second coat shall consist of paint mixed in the proportions of 95 Ih. Sublimed Blue Lead in oil, 5 11). chrome yellow in oil, with 4 gal. of raw linseed oil thinned with not more than '1 })t. of turpentine and not more than 2 pt. of a good drier. 10. The third coat shall consist of paint mixed in the proportions of 50 lb. Sublimed Blue Lead in oil with 50 11). red lead in oil with 4 gal. of raw lin- seed oil thinned with not more than 2 pt. of turpen- tine and not more than 2 pt. of good drier. (Note. — If other colors are desired than those here recommended, formulas such as shown on page 58 may he substituted.) 11. APPLICATION OF PAINT. Ordixary Surfaces. All surfaces of (state whether structural steel, cast iron, etc.) shall be given one shop coat of paint and two field coats. 12. All surfaces shall be covered thoroughly, using pound brushes. Make sure that all rivet or l)olt heads and all similar surfaces are given the same number of coats as specified for the remaining surfaces. 18. All places that will be inaccessible after erec- tion shall he painted before erection. 58 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead 14. APPLICATION OF PAINT. (jalvanized Sukeaces. All galvanized metal sur- faces shall have brushed over them l)efore paint is to he ai)plied, a coat of coi)i)cr acetate in the propor- tions of four ounces to one gallon of water. This coating shall he allowed to dry for one hour, after which it shall be l)rushed with a stiff brush before the first coat may 1)C applied. 15. APPLICATION OF PAINT. Tinned Surfaces. All tinned metal surfaces shall be cleaned by rubbing with a soft cotton rag moistened with benzine or turpentine, after which the first coat may he applied. CHAPTER VI KS1^i:\rATES, DATA AN]) TABLES Paint Per Square Foot Sublimed Blue Lead mixed with imre liuseed oil ill the proportions of 70 jier cent pigment to 30 per cent vehicle and applied to a fairly smooth, clean surface by brushing will cover approximately 800 square feet per gallon, hiding a white surface. The quantity of paint re(|uired when applied with a spray or by dipping will depend so much upon the actual local conditions and the character of the sur- faces painted that it is impossible to give spread- ing rates more closely than the one that has been determined for brushing. Relation between spreading rate of paint in square feet per gallon and thick- ness of paint film. 59 (•)() Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead When t]io mmiLor of scjoare feet over which a gallon has been spread is known, the thickness of the film can he determined from the diagram in Figure 20. Painting Calculations In making calculations for painting with Sub- limed Blue Lead, the (juantities of oil and Sublimed Blue Lead paste are determined by the following factors : 1. Batio of pigment to vehicle. 2. Surface to he covered. 3. Character of surface. Once the ratio of pigment to vehicle has been de- cided, the number of gallons of oil and the number of pounds of Sublimed Blue Lead paste required to make the paint can he determined from Table I. TABLE I PAINT QUANTITIES Ratio Pounds Paste Gallon Oil Pigment Vehicle 1 Gallon Oil 1 Gallon Paint 25 75 2.99 0.951 30 70 3.89 0 937 3 o 65 4.94 0.920 40 60 6.21 0.899 45 55 7.76 0.874 50 50 9.71 0.842 55 45 12.21 0.812 60 40 15.54 0.747 65 35 20 18 0.672 70 30 27.20 0.558 Estimates, Data and Tables G1 Kxample: Assume 1800 sq. ft. to he painted witli oTie coat of Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil mixed in the ]U‘oportion of 70 per cent pigment to 30 per cent vehicle hy weight. One gallon will cover 800 sq. ft.* — 1800 sq. ft. would require 2.25 gal. According to Table T in the foni'th column, there will he 0.558 gal. of oil required for each gallon of paint, or 2.25 X 0.558 = 1.25 gal. of oil for the job. Refer- ring to the third colnmn, it is found that for every gallon of oil there is required 27.2 lb. of Sublimed Blue Lead paste, or 1.25 X 27.2 = 34.0 lb. of Sublimed Blue l.ead for the joh. *See page 70. Figure 21 These gas holders have demonstrated the suitability of Picher Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil for protection of steel work in this class of service. ()2 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead TABLE II Number of Pounds of Sublimed Blue Lead Neces- sary TO Mix with a Given Quantity of Linseed Oil for Painting Consistency About 70 % Pigment and 30 % Oil Oil Gallons Pounds Sub- limed Blue Lead — Dry Pounds Sub- limed Blue Lead in Oil Oil Gallons Pounds Sub- limed Blue Lead — Dry Pounds Sub- limed Blue Lead in Oil 1 18.1 27 2 26 470.6 707 2 2 36.2 54 4 27 488.7 731.4 3 54.3 81 6 28 506.8 761 . 6 A 72.4 108.8 29 524.9 788.8 5 90.5 136 0 30 543.0 816 0 () 108.6 163 . 2 31 561 . ] 843 2 7 126.7 190.4 32 579.2 870.4 8 144.8 217.6 33 597.3 897.6 9 162 9 244.8 34 615.4 924.6 10 181 0 272.0 35 633.5 952 0 11 199 . 1 292.2 36 651 6 979.2 12 217.2 326.4 37 669.7 1006 4 13 235.3 353.6 38 687.8 1033 6 14 253.4 380.8 39 705.9 1060 8 15 271.5 408.0 40 724.0 1088 0 16 289 6 435.2 41 742.1 1115 2 17 307.7 462.4 42 760.2 1142.4 18 325.8 489.6 43 778.3 1169.6 19 343.9 516.8 44 796.4 1196.8 20 362.0 544 0 45 814 5 1224.0 21 380 1 571.2 46 832.6 1251.2 22 398.2 598.4 47 850.7 1278.4 23 416.3 625.6 48 868.8 1305 6 24 434.4 652.8 49 886.9 1332 8 25 452.5 680.0 50 905.0 1360.0 Estimates, Data and Tables 63 TABLE III Quantity of Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil and Linseed Oil Necessary to Make a Given Number of Gallons of Paint of the Proportion 70 % Pigment to 30 % Oil Gallons of Paint Required Pounds of Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil Required Gallons of Raw Linseed Oil 1 15.17 .558 2 30.34 1.116 3 45.51 1.674 4 60.68 2.232 5 75.85 2.790 6 91.02 3.348 7 106.19 3.906 s 121.36 4 464 9 136.53 5.022 10 151.70 5 . 580 11 166.87 6.138 12 182.04 6.696 13 197.21 7.254 14 212.38 7.812 15 227 . 55 8.370 16 242.72 8.928 17 257.89 9.486 18 273.06 10.044 19 288.23 10.602 20 303.40 11,160 21 318.57 11.718 22 303.74 12.276 23 348.91 12.834 24 364.08 13.392 25 379.25 13.950 Gallons of Paint Required Pounds of Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil Required Gallons of Raw Linseed Oil 26 394.42 14.508 27 409.59 15.066 28 424.76 15.624 29 439.93 16.182 30 455 . 10 16.740 31 470.27 17.298 32 485.44 17.856 33 500.61 18.414 34 515.78 18.972 35 530.95 19.530 36 546.12 20.088 37 561.29 20.646 38 576.46 21.204 39 591.63 21.762 40 606.80 22.320 41 621.97 22.878 42 637 . 14 23.436 43 652.31 23.994 44 667.48 24.552 45 682.65 25.110 46 697.82 25.668 47 712.99 26.226 48 728.16 26.784 49 743.33 27.342 50 758.50 27.900 64 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead Structural Shapes To facilitate the estimation of surface areas, factors are given in Tables IV and V, which when multiplied by the length in feet of the steel specified in the tal)les will give the total S(piare feet to be painted. I>y dividing these figures by the pounds per foot of the structural shape specified in the table, the square feet per pound will be obtained. TABLE IV SURFACE OF STRUCTURAL SHAPES Example: Assume that in a given structure 12,000 lb. of 12-in. I-beams are to be painted with Estimates, Data and Tables 65 Figure 22 Grand Avenue Viaduct, St. Louis, painted with Picher Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil. G(3 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead Olio coat of Sublimed Blue Lead in Oil, it being re- quired to determine tlie number of square feet sur- face area to be painted. Beferring to Table IV, the surface area per lineal foot is given as 3.7 sijuare feet. Keferring to a book of structural sliapes, such as issued by steel companies, we find that this particular I-beam weighs 35 lb. per foot. 3dierefore the surface per pound is 3.7 35 =0.106 siiuare feet per pound, or 12000 X 0.106 = 1270 sipiare feet total. TABLE V SURFACE OF ANGLES Square Feet Surface, Per Foot Length Inches 1 in. 2 in. 3 in. 4 in. 5 in. 6 in. 8 in. 1 0 . 33 . 9 0 5 0.66 0.83 3 0 60 0.83 10 12 13 1 5 4 0.83 1.0 1.2 1,3 1.5 1.7 5 1.0 12 13 1.5 1.7 1.8 6 1 2 1.3 15 17 1.8 2.0 8 1.3 15 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.7 Estimates, Data and Tables 67 TABLE VI SURFACE OF PLATES Square Feet Surface per Pound in Inches Vs M 54 % y» 1 0.4 0,2 0.13 0 1 0.8 0 66 0.057 0.05 Cylinders Interior and exterior surfaces of pipes, tanks and other cylindrical shells can be estimated by multiplying the factors given in Tables VII, VIII and IX by the length in feet of the cylinders. TABLE VII CIRCUMFERENCE IN FEET OF PIPES Diameter in Inches Circumference in Inches Circumference in Feet 1 3.14 0.26 2 6.28 0.52 3 9.42 0.78 4 12.56 1.05 5 15.71 1.31 6 18.85 1.57 7 21.99 1.83 8 25.13 2.1 9 28.27 2.4 10 31.41 2.6 11 34.56 2.9 12 37.70 3.1 13 40.84 3.4 14 43.98 3.7 15 47 . 12 3.9 16 50.26 4.3 17 53.41 4.5 18 56.55 4.7 19 59.69 5 . 20 62.83 5.2 ()8 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead TABLE VIII CIRCUMFERENCE IN FEET OF CYLINDRICAL TANKS Diameter in Inches Circumference in Inches Circumference in Feet 30 94.25 7.9 3.5 110. 9.2 40 126. 10.5 45 141, 11.7 50 157 . 13.1 55 173. 14.5 60 1S8. 15.7 65 204. 17. 70 220. 18.3 75 236. 19.7 SO 251. 20.9 85 267. 22.2 00 283 23.6 95 298. 24.8 100 314 26.2 TABLE IX CIRCUMFERENCE IN FEET OF CYLINDRICAL RESERVOIRS Diameter in Feet Circumference in Feet Diameter in Feet Circumference in Feet 10 31.5 35 110. 15 47. 40 126. 20 63. 45 141. 25 78.5 50 157. 30 94.5 Example: Assume a tank of 80 inches in diame- ter and 10 feet high to be painted inside and out- side with Siililimed Blue Lead in Oil. The area to Estimates, Data and Tables ()9 Figure 23 These mining buildings in Oklahoma painted with Picher Sublimed Blue Lead have demonstrated the suitability of this paint for use in atmospheres heavily charged with sulphur fumes. 70 Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead ])Q painted is ol)tained l)v inultiphdiig the height l)v the circumference in feet as given in tlie tliii’d col- umn of Table VIII, thus 20.9 X 10 = 209 square feet on one side. For inside and outside it is mul- tiplied liy 2, giving -118 scpiare feet total. Since a gallon of Suhlimed Jllue Lead will cover 800 square feet, one gallon will he i)ractically enough for two coats. Corrugated Iron Corrugated surfaces can he estimated by figur- ing the area as if it were flat and then multiplying by the fact(U‘ given in Table X. TABLE X ACTUAL AREA CORRUGATED SURFACES Nominal Width Inches Area Factor Nominal Width Inches Area Factor 5 1.10 2 l.OS 3 1 os IM 1 .04 -/2 l.OS 1 04 FiXample: Assume a side of a building 100 feet long and 20 feet high to be covered with corrugated steel having 2V2-inch corrugations. The area of this side without corrugations would be 2000 scpiare feet, but on account of the corrugations this area must be multiplied by the factor given in Table X, Estimates, Data and Tables 71 namely, 1.08, which gives tlie total area on one side to he painted as 2160 s(jnare feet. Cost of a Gallon of Paint The cost of Sublimed Bine Lead in Oil when mixed in the proportion of 70 per cent pigment to 30 per cent oil by weight is given in Table XI for a range of prices that more than covers the normal fluctuations in the market. From this table the cost of pure linseed oil per gallon of paint, the cost of Sublimed Blue Lead in oil for a gallon of paint, as well as the cost of the resulting paint, may be instantly read. For instance, with oil selling at $1.25 a gallon and Sublimed Blue Lead at 13c a pound, the cost of the oil for a gallon of paint will be found at the top of the table immediately under the cost per gallon ($0.70). The cost of the Sub- limed Blue Lead in Oil per gallon of paint will be found at the left opposite the 13c price ($1.98), and the cost of the paint which is the sum of the cost of the oil and the cost of the Sublimed Blue Lead will be found at the intersection of the column under the $1.25 price and the row opposite the 13c price ($2.68). COST OF SUBLIMED BLUE LEAD PAINT PER GALLON* COST OF LINSEED OIL PER GALLON Fighting Rust With Sublimed Blue Lead lO CO o ' r>\ C'l 'M CO 1 o 05 O t'- 01 O 05 O I'- »0 05 O OT' CO OC O Cv O 05 05 CO -T to CO CO CO O C5 o r — 1 ,-H 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 01 05 05 05 lO o ^ 00 CO -t- o O ^ cc 05 c: I'- »C o ic GC' OO O O ^ 05 CO -t lO CO 5^ CO O'. o *— 1 ^ 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 o CO 00i0C0^X'C0C0’-^0CC0'^r--^05COCO^»OcOcOt^ODC5 o — ^ ^ 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 lO CO LOOlOCC-OCOOGOiOCOi— ‘GTCOCOi— ic: o lO GC C: O O ^ O 5 05 CO -t- LG' to cC OC X o o r-i ( I — 1 i-H 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 OI 05 05 o COOXCOCO^XOCO— 'Ccco^^ccf-- C5 »o t- X X O C- 05 CO ^ IC cc f"- t-^ X o o ^ ^ ^ ,05 05 05 05 05 05 0 5 05 05 05 05 05 LO GO Ol'^iCXOXiOXOXCCXi— XCO-^ GC X C^'O O 1-H OI X CO ^ »0 CO CD X o o 1-H f-H t— 1 t— ( 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 o lO 05 O i-O 0 5 O »-0 CO O X lO CO i-< CO O I> X CC' c: O ' 05 05 X 'T' *-0 IC CO X o o ^ ^ ^ r-t r-( 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 lO 05 ^ ^ O 05 o ^ 05 o 05 O X CO t ^ X O O O ^ 0 5 X -f ^ LO CO' o o 1— ' th 1—1 ,-H ^ 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 o o X CO ^ O cO n- 1 -^ 05 ^ 05 cc »C CO COCOt'-XOOOr-^05 05 X-tiOiOCOt^ o o ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 05 C5 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 »o 5^ O O -f 05 OJ 5" ^ 05 05 I'- lO <^5 O »0 X cO CO iC' CO X X O O 1-^ ' 05 X 40 LO CO t- o o ^ ^ ^ 1-H ^ 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 o CO X ^ O^. CO -p ^ O CO ^ 05 O 05 O CO CO LO CO I"- 1''- X O O CO — ' 05 X X -t »0 CO I-'- o o ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ o flO 1-4 I— J h-i p^i-i ^ «r'o CO C3 c/3 0^0' o o = h4 0) s c> c3 2 o C3 < OJ OJ 05 05 05 Hln rtlM ■-(|(N »-l|C» -H|N fH[C^ ‘XGCCiOOO’-^’— '05 05COCO'^-n'iCiO oooooooooooooooo Cost of Sublimed Blue Lead Paint per Gallon*. Cost of Linseed Oil per Gallon — Cont’d. Estimates, Data and Tables 78 »o 00 o ID CO o or »D CO O or CD X CD -t !>. o 04 D4 CO • D iD CD OC CX' 05 O 04 o D4 CM CM 04 04 CM 04 04 04 ►04 04 CO CO CO CO CO o iD -f 04 o 4^ tD 04 o ID CO o rr ID CO t-H Ci 04 CO rt- D CD 1— 00 O-J o o 04 CO O 04 C^4 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 CO CO CO CO X to CO to D1 o 00 ID CO r> or ID CO cr CD CO »-H fTi CD o 04 CO CO -t LD CD CD X 05 05 O 04 04 o D1 04 04 CM CM 04 CM CM CM 04 04 04 CO CO CO CO o o 04 O iD 04 O »D 04 o or D CO o X CD CD C5 1-H 04 CO iD lD CD 00 00 05 o 04 o D4 04 04 CM CM 04 CM 04 04 CM CM 04 CO CO CO CO ID l>- C5 CD 04 ct: 'O 04 C5 »D 04 o ID CO »D 00 o 04 CO cej CD CD 00 05 o o 04 o DJ 04 04 CM 04 CM 04 04 04 Ol CM 04 CO CO CO CO- o CD CO c-D CD C5 CD CM 05 04 o »o CO O 1— ( 04 04 CO iD ID CD 00' (JJ 05 o t-H 04 1-H o 04 CM 04 04 CM 04 04 04 04 04 04 CM 04 CO CO CO ID CO o 00 CD CO rr) CD CO 1-H 05 CD rn 00 o CM CO -b LD CD 00 05 o o o 04 CM 04 04 04 CM CM 04 04 CM CM 04 04 CO CO X o Ci rr. CD 05 o r-H or -b CM 05 D 1- o o 04 CO CO ID CD CD 00- 05 05 o o D1 04 04 04 CM CM 04 04 04 04 CM 04 04 04 CO CO iD CD 00 iD CO CO CD CO cr »D 05 CO -b 04 CO OJ O 04 CM CO ID D CD oc OC 05 o o 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 CM 04 04 04 04 04 CO CO o CO ID 04 o or CO CO o or lD 04 rr. CD CO , , 05 CO O O 04 CO D CD 00 05 o o o '-' 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 CM 04 04 04 CO CO lO o 04 O ID 04 o t-- LD 04 05 cr> LD CO o rr CD (M o o o 04 c<: CO -t ID ID CD 00 05 05 O o 04 04 04 04 04 04 Ol 04 04 04 04 04 04 CO o C5 o 04 05 r- -H 04 C5 ID 04 o »D CO CD 00 o o 04 CO iD CD c/.. 05 O O 04 04 CM 04 04 04 04 04 04 CM 04 04 CM CO 'M lO C-l O lO O'! O CO CO O 00 O C^C^lCO'^iOOOt^OOOOO’-HC'lC^lCO t-h,— 1,-^,— (r-Hi-H.-H.-Hi— Ii— ti-HC^'MiO‘lCvlC'1 -hIC-I f-IC'c iH|N rH|?< COOOOOOO^T— iCNOJCOCO*^rfiOiO oooooooooooooooo o c2 s: ^ i— ^ ^ a O „r O O o ^ TJ g g ^ bfi g ^ s ^ [7 c3 G 0*3 u « 1-4 . sW — o — GT? O , G 4-> q; ^ = a- u s-< (p Q> a ft oo ^ M CC C (y .« iJ"^ OJ o G S IcS -'ll •T3 4/ G h4 ^ c-“ S'h'" be og: ‘E-te ® ^ O'O Z 4> M G <1' >. ? oT ; '^'G'G -M : ^ S 3 c c ■ G 2 i £‘G I, « K a ( C 'HJ > 'O »- ® . ^ r® e ; Qj o;pjH = • h 45 ;2 i S|gS = i ^ -o ® fail a C C G 41 g o S § o c a o G — ■ G cu £ IGOO _Q X) G ^ W o «TH S-> O o Vi Vi ’73'V C C G G O O a a q> O T 4> * M 'G § bO^ ■*■’ O '5 m ^ a ?«^-G u C cfl 'G _£ 3 O G 'G ^ PI CL) £- 01 ."G 50 INDEX. A. Page Adhesion, sublimed blue lead paint 34 Agricultural industry, steel consumption 11 American Society for Testing Materials, Atlantic Cit}", rust-proofing tests 21 Angles, surface, per foot 66 Architects, painting specifications 55 Atlantic City, rust-proofing paint tests 21 Automotive industry, steel consumption 11 B. Basic materials, effect on corrosion of iron and steel ... 17 Brushing — riualities, sublimed l)lue lead jjaint 35 requirements for rust protection 44 Building industry, steel consumption 11 Bulk, sublimed blue lead 31 C. ('alculations, painting 60 Carbon black, Atlantic C’ity tests 23 Channel irons, surface, per foot 64 Chaser definition 30 Chilean mill, definition 30 Cdrrome green, Atlantic City tests 23 C'oal tar, Atlantic C’ity tests 23 Coats, number, for rust protection 49 Cohesion, sublimed blue lead paint 34 ('olloidal state, definition 16 75 76 Index C — Concluded. C'olor — Page formulas 49, 51 rust-proofing coats 57 sublimed blue lead jmint 34 sublimed blue lead paint, tinted 49, 51 C'ontractor for rust -proofing work 46 (’orrosion — action of basic substances 17 bibliography 14 colloidal hypothesis 16 electrolytic hypothesis 14 iron and steel 9 losses, iron and steel 13 prevention 17 Corrugated iron, surface 70 C'ost, sublimed blue lead paint, per gallon 71 Cylinders, surface, per foot of height 68 1). Dipping with — sublimed blue lead 48 sublimed blue lead, formula 48 Drying, sublimed blue lead paint 34 Durability, sublimed blue lead paint 35 E. Elasticit}^ sublimed blue lead 31 F. Fence, rust-proofing tests, Atlantic City 21 Film thickness, relation to spreading rate 59 Fineness — Portland cement 30 sublimed blue lead 30 Index G. CJalena — Page definition 20 typical piece 2 Galvanized surfaces, preparation for painting 43 Galvanizing, quantity of zinc used 13 Gas industry, steel consumption 11 I. I beams, surface, per foot G4 Illinois, sublimed blue lead, paint formulas 44 Iowa, sublimed blue lead, paint formulas 44 Iron — affinity for oxygen 9 and steel industry 10 corrosion 9 L. Leail — chromate, Atlantic City tests 23 sublimed blue (see sublimed blue lead). Linseed oil — cost, per gallon of paint 72 requirements 28 specifications 50 M. Machinery manufacture, steel consumption 11 Magnetic black oxide, Atlantic City tests 23 Mill scale, removal for painting 37 N. Natural graphite, Atlantic City tests 23 7S Index (). Pa^e ( )il industry, steel consumption 11 Oil, per gallon of paint GO, 63 Opacity, sublimed blue lead paint 34 P. Paint — formulas, sublimed blue lead 44 rust-proofing requirements 19 sublimed blue lead, cost per gallon 71 Painting — calculations GO specifications 55 steel work with brushes 44 with sublimed blue lead 37 Picher sublimed blue lead, Atlantic City tests 23 Pipes, surface, per foot of length G7 Plates, steel surface, per pouiul GG R. Railroads, steel consumption 11 Rating of commercial rust-proofing paints 23 Red lead — Atlantic City tests 23 photo-micrograph 33 Red oxide of iron, Atlantic City tests 23 Repainting characteristics, sublimed blue lead paint . 3G Reservoirs, surface per foot of height G8 Rust, inhibition with sublimed blue lead 31 Rust-proofing — • coats, specification 57 paint requirements 19 paint specifications 55 requirements 18 Index 79 S. Page Screens, 200 and 325 mesh Shiplniilding, steel consumption Specific gravity, sublimed blue lead Specifications for painting structural steel. Spraying sublimed blue lead Spreading rate — relation to thickness of paint film. . . sublimed blue lead painf Steel — and iron industry corrosion cpiantity export Structural shapes, surface, per foot Sublimed blue lead — analysis Atlantic City tests dry, per gallon of oil grinding in oil process in oil, cost per gallon of paint in oil, per gallon of paint in oil, per gallon of oil manufacture paint, brushing qualities paint characteristics paint cost per gallon paint dipping paint drying qualities paint durability paint formulas paint properties paint, repainting characteristics paint spraying paint spreading rate 32 11 31 55 47 59 34 10 9 11 . 64 . 25 , 23 . 62 . 28 . 72 . 63 60, 62 . 27 . 35 . 31 . 71 . 48 . 34 . 35 . 44 . 31 . 36 . 47 . 34 80 Index S — Concluded. Sublimetl blue lead — Concluded — Page photo-micrograph 33 physical properties 30 resistance to gases 35 resistance to temperature changes 35 specifications 56 tinted for color, formulas 53 Surfaces — galvanized, preparation for painting 43 old, preparation for painting 41 preparation for painting 37 tinned, preparation for painting 43 T. Tanks, surface per foot of height 68 Tests, rust-proofing, Atlantic City 21 Tin plate, preparation for painting 43 W. Water works, steel consumption 11 Weight, sublimed blue lead 31 Willow charcoal, Atlantic City tests 23 Z. Z-bars, surface per foot 64 Zinc chromate, Atlantic City tests 23 Lillibridge 30-0202 “if/ S\tci>L f.FTTY CENTER LIBRARY v\\\\\'^\\\\\\'*-'^ - ;■'V^^ ; <0 s, '