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POETLAND CEMENT FOE USEES 
 
PORTLAND CEMENT 
 FOR USERS 
 
 By henry FAIJA 
 
 MS.MBER OF THR INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, HONORARY ASS 'CIATE OF THH 
 ROTAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS 
 
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LONDON : 
 
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 CITY ROAD. 
 
 THE GETTY RESEArvCH 
 INSTITUTE LIBRARY 
 
PEEFACE. 
 
 The numerous papers which have during the last 
 few years been presented to the various learned and 
 professional institutions of the country, having for 
 their object the elucidation of the properties and 
 capabilities of Portland Cement, have suggested to 
 the author that a short treatise on the subject, de- 
 signed especially for those who have occasionally 
 to use cement, but who have neither the time nor 
 the means at their command to study all that 
 has been written on the subject, would be extremely 
 useful. 
 
 The author's experiments and researches have 
 led him to make certain deductions, which he has 
 arranged in a compact and classified form, and 
 which he trusts will commend the volume to his 
 readers. 
 
 In the Appendices will be found several tables, by 
 different experimenters, which bear out the various 
 statements made in the body of the work. 
 
PEEFACE TO THTED EDITION. 
 
 4 
 
 In tlie decade tliat has passed since the First Edition 
 of this work was published, the means employed for 
 testing cement have altered considerably ; so much 
 so indeed, that it has been found advisable to amend 
 the work in several parts, and to add an additional 
 chapter in order to bring the matter up to date. 
 
 Users of cement are now more in accord than they 
 were ten years ago as to the special properties which 
 a good cement should develop in a short time, and 
 hence specifications are now not only much simpler, 
 but are more reasonable in their requirements. 
 
 Cement is now ground finer, and the tensile 
 strength demanded is now generally less than was 
 formerly the case, and tests at two dates (three and 
 seven days) are almost always asked for. The 
 twenty-eight days test has been practically dis- 
 carded as useless, and the sand test is but seldom 
 specified ; but a new test, viz. a test for soundness, 
 has been devised which is of the greatest value. 
 
 The additional chapter is therefore principally 
 devoted to a discussion on specifications and the 
 means of testing, and the Author trusts that the 
 alterations and additions he has made will make 
 the work of continued value to users of cement. 
 
 Henry Faija. 
 
 2e(h June, 1890. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Chapters — 
 
 I. Introductory 1 
 
 II. Weight « . 4 
 
 III. Fineness 8 
 
 IV. Gauginq 12 
 
 V. Setting 17 
 
 VI. Tensile Strength 22 
 
 VII. Sand Test 28 
 
 VIII. Chemistry 32 
 
 IX. General Remarks 37 
 
 X. Summary 42 
 
 XI. The Application of Cement 46 
 
 XII. Supplementary 53 
 
 Appendices — 
 
 No. I. Having reference principally to Chaps. II. 
 
 AND III 63 
 
 No. II. Various forms of Briquettes, Testing Ma- 
 chines, &o. 70 
 
 No. III. Tensile Strength of Various Samples of Cement 83 
 
 No. IV. Having reference to Chaps. III. and VII. . 85 
 No. V. The Result of Experiments as to the Expan- 
 sion OF Cement, and of the Power of Cement 
 TO Resist a Crushing Force . . . .92 
 
 No. VI. Giving the Analysis of Various Clays and Lime- 
 stones SUITABLE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PORT- 
 LAND Cement, and also ov some samples of 
 Portland Cement ...... 99 
 
 No. VII. Specific Gravity of Materials ; and on the 
 Cohesive and Adhesive Powers of Cement and 
 Building Stones .104 
 
LIST OF TABLES. 
 
 TABLE 
 
 I. Experiments with sifted and unsifted Cements 
 II. Ditto Cement as delivered and ground 
 
 fine 
 
 IIL Ditto ditto 
 
 IV. Ditto as to the relative weight of the 
 
 coarse and fine parts in a Cement 
 V. Relation between the Specific Gravity, Weight per 
 Bushel, and Fineness of Ten Samples of Cement . 
 VI. Experiments as to the Tensile Strength of Fifteen 
 
 Samples of Cement at Various Dates . 
 VII. Experiments having reference to the Strength of 
 Cements of Different Fineness Gauged with Sand 
 
 ditto 
 
 ditto and Gauged Neat 
 relating to the Expansion of Cement 
 relating to the Expansion of 
 
 Cement Gauged with Sand 
 relating to the Crushing Strength 
 of Cement .... 
 relating to the Shearing Strength 
 of Cement .... 
 relating to the Tensile Strength, 
 &c. of the Cements Experimented with in Tables 
 
 XII. and XIII 
 
 White Chalk 
 
 Derbyshire Limestone . • . . 
 Blue Lias Stone . . • • , 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Ditto 
 
 IX. 
 
 Ditto 
 
 X. 
 
 Ditto 
 
 XL 
 
 Ditto 
 
 XIL 
 
 Ditto 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Ditto 
 
 XIV. 
 
 Ditto 
 
 XV. Analysis 
 
 XVI. 
 
 Ditto 
 
 XVIL 
 
 Ditto 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 Ditto 
 
 XIX. 
 
 Ditto 
 
 XX. 
 
 Ditto 
 
 XXL 
 
 Ditto 
 
 XXII. 
 
 Ditto 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 Ditto 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 Ditto 
 
 XXV. 
 
 Ditto 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 Ditto 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 Ditto 
 
 XXVIIL Specific 
 
 PAGT? 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 67 
 
 83 
 
 85 
 86 
 87 
 92 
 
 93 
 
 95 
 
 95 
 
 96 
 99 
 99 
 100 
 
 Grey Chalk 100 
 
 Clay from Stockton-on-Tees • .100 
 Kiver Mud from India . . ,101 
 
 Blue Lias Shale 101 
 
 Gault Clay . ^ 101 
 
 River Mud from the Medway . .102 
 
 Dorsetshire Clay 102 
 
 Portland Cement 102 
 
 Portland Cement made on the Thames 103 
 ditto in Germany . . .103 
 ravity of Various Samples of Portland 
 Cement and Other Materials , . . .104 
 XXIX. Experiments relating to the Comparative Adhesive- 
 ness of Cement to Bricks and Various Sorts of Stone 105 
 XXX. Experiments relating to the Comparative Cohesive- 
 
 II ess of Various Sorts of Stone . . . .106 
 Table of Kilogrammes and Centimetres reduced to 
 lbs. and inches 91 
 
PORTLAND CEMENT FOR 
 USERS. . 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 Portland cement is generally made from two 
 materials (chalk and clay), which are mechanically 
 combined previous to calcination, the proportions of 
 which are therefore always liable to variation ; 
 and as the results obtained will have different pro- 
 perties, the necessity of testing at once becomes 
 apparent, not solely to detect a bad or imperfect 
 cement, but also to determine the peculiar pro- 
 perties which the particular cement under con- 
 sideration m?y possess, and as a guide to the means 
 to be employed in order that it may be used to the 
 best advantage. 
 
 If Portland cement was as constant in its pro- 
 perties as lime, for instance, which is merely the 
 calcination of a natural stone, the quality of which 
 from any one pit may be considered constant, 
 
 h 
 
2 
 
 PORTLAND CEMKNT FOll USERS. 
 
 testing it would be a very simple matter, as tlie 
 good would be easily distinguishable from the bad ; 
 but not only may a cement be produced from many 
 different proportions of the same raw materials, but 
 these raw materials may also vary to a considerable 
 extent in their composition, and yet by proper treat- 
 ment they may be made to produce a good, or it may 
 be, an excellent cement, although differing per- 
 haps in many important particulars from a true 
 Portland cement. In fact, so numerous are the pos- 
 sible variations that it may safely be said that no 
 two manufacturers make an exactly similar cement. 
 
 The various experiments which have been made 
 not only in this country, but abroad, have led to a fair 
 general knowledge of the properties as well as of the 
 future behaviour and the ultimate strength of dif- 
 ferent qualities of Portland cement, so that by 
 noting the properties developed during the process 
 of testing, the future of a cement may be predicted 
 with a fair amount of accuracy. In Germany and 
 Austria and some other countries on the Continent, 
 the matter of testing cement and other building 
 materials has been taken in hand by the Govern- 
 ments, and in each of these countries a uniform 
 means of testing cement, and a uniform standard of 
 quality, have been adopted, much to the advantage 
 of the trade generally as well as to the users. In 
 England however, where the Government is not so 
 paternal^ only general vague laws and regulations 
 laid down by practice have been adopted, and as a 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 3 
 
 consequence the results obtained by different experi- 
 menters are not so uniform as could be desired, each 
 having used the means and adopted the standard of 
 quality which appeared to him to be the best. 
 
 The great publicity, however, which has of late 
 years been given to the subject, has resulted in the 
 practice becoming general of estimating the quality 
 of a cement by ascertaining its weight per striked 
 bushel, its specific gravity, its colour, the fineness 
 to which it is ground, its tensile strength, its quick- 
 ness of setting, and its behaviour when made into 
 pats and left in air or placed in water. These pro- 
 perties may be divided into the problematical and 
 the absolute, the absolute being the tensile strength, 
 setting powers, and the immunity from either 
 expansion or contraction ; while the weight, specific 
 gravity, colour, and fineness may be designated the 
 problematical, it being evidently possible to obtain 
 a material which would comply with all these 
 requirements, and yet be of no value as a cement, 
 they are therefore of but little use until the absolute 
 properties have been ascertained, when they assist in 
 determining the probable future behaviour of the 
 sample under consideration. 
 
 B 2 
 
cnAriER iL 
 
 WEIGHT. 
 
 Of tlie problematical properties appertaining to a 
 cement it has always been usual in the first place to 
 ascertain the weight, as being the most important, 
 and until lately it was considered that a bushel 
 measure filled as lightly as possible, and struck 
 level on the top, should weigh 112 lbs. Increased 
 knowledge has, however, proved that this weight in 
 itself is no criterion of quality, and that there are 
 many cements which weigh less that are of a high 
 class, while some that weigh more are worthless. 
 
 Like all the other details of testing, uniformity of 
 apparatus and of procedure must be adopted, in 
 order that comparative results may be obtained, and 
 as the weight will be affected by the way in which 
 the measure is filled, a uniform means should be 
 employed ; for to say that it must be filled as 
 
 lightly as possible " is no guide at all, as manu- 
 facturers and users will have very different ideas as 
 to the definition of the term. In a manufactorj% 
 the cement, w^hen weighed at all, is generally allowed 
 to run into the measure direct from the mill-stones, 
 
WEIGHT. 
 
 5 
 
 the foreman will give it a stir round with a stick 
 and then strike it level, the result being that the 
 cement will be of any desired weight. It is need- 
 less to say that such a means of filling the measure 
 was never contemplated by those who specify that 
 it shall be filled as " lightly as possible." 
 
 A very good way of filling the measure in order 
 to secure uniform results is by using the apparatus 
 shown in Appendix IL, Fig. 9. The mouth of the 
 hopper is not directly over the measure, and until 
 the handle is turned which actuates a worm con- 
 veyor, no cement falls into the measure. On turn- 
 ing the handle, the cement is brought by the worm 
 conveyor from the mouth of the hopper to the 
 opening in the trough immediately over the centre 
 of the bushel measure, into which it falls in an even 
 and continuous stream so long as the handle is 
 turned ; and it will be conceded that as the cement 
 is conveyed to the opening over the measure by 
 mechanical means, it must always fall into the 
 measure with a uniform density, thus ensuring accu- 
 rate and consequently comparable results. 
 
 Some experimenters kick the measure, and other- 
 wise shake the cement down into it as much as pos- 
 sible; it will then weigh, no doubt, 130 lbs. or 
 140 lbs. per bushel, but what object is gained by 
 such a procedure it is difficult to see, as the amount 
 of shaking must determine the weight in the mea- 
 sure, with but little regard to the weight or specific 
 gravity of the cement. 
 
6 
 
 PORXr.AND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 The weight of a cement will vary in accordance 
 with the fineness to which it is ground, that is to 
 say, the finer a cement is ground the less will be its 
 weight per striked bushel ; and as all authorities are 
 at last agreed on the one point, that fineness is a 
 matter of considerable importance, it will be seen 
 that the w^eight per bushel when taken by itself is 
 no true guide as to quality. 
 
 It must be remembered that this test was originally 
 designed to determine the amount of calcination to 
 which the raw materials had been subjected, thus a 
 light weight per bushel meant a lightly burned 
 cement, and a heavy weight per bushel meant a well 
 calcined one. There is no doubt that the test is a 
 good one, and it may be useful, even by itself, to the 
 manufacturer who has always the same raw materials 
 to deal with, and carries out his manufacture by a 
 uniform method ; but to the user who receives his 
 cement from different makers, and knows nothing of 
 the manufacture of the cement delivered to him, the 
 weight per bushel when considered alone is of little 
 value, and may mean anything but what he hopes to 
 determine by it. 
 
 The specific gravity of a material is no doubt a 
 more correct definition of its weight than the weight 
 per striked bushel, but so far as cement is concerned 
 the difference between the best and the worst is so 
 small that great accuracy is required in taking it. 
 A Mann's * gravimeter is a sufficiently correct in- 
 ♦ Vide Appendix No. VII., Table XXVIII. 
 
WEIGHT. 
 
 7 
 
 strument, and the results obtained with it satisfac- 
 tory if the operator uses only a moderate amount of 
 care. Or the specific gravity may be determined 
 directly by using paraffin, or other liquid in which 
 the cement will not set, instead of water, it being 
 then only necessary to determine the specific gravity 
 of the liquid used before commencing the experi- 
 ment. The specific gravity will be a better guide 
 as to the amount of calcination which a cement has 
 received than is possible by taking the weight per 
 bushel ; by it, two of the elements of error are done 
 away with, viz. the fineness to which the cement is 
 ground and the mode of filling the measure, and 
 there only remains, in addition to the amount of 
 calcination, the composition of the cement to affect 
 its specific gravity, and this may within certain 
 limits be determined by other tests. 
 
ClIAPTEIl 111. 
 
 FINENESS. 
 
 T r has already been stated that the weight per bushel 
 of a cement is to a certain extent governed by the 
 fineness to which it is ground. The two — weight and 
 fineness — should always be considered together and 
 accurately ascertained, for the fineness to which a 
 cement is ground will materially afiect the work for 
 which it is used. 
 
 In the composition of a mortar or concrete it is 
 evidently important that each particle of sand and 
 aggregate should be completely surrounded by a film 
 of cement, thus uniting each particle, and it is also 
 evident that any two grains of sand or aggregate which 
 are in absolute contact become a source of weakness 
 to the mass, inasmuch as they are not cemented 
 together, but are only held in position by their 
 surroundings, and in order to secure this condition 
 with the minimum quantity of cement, the first 
 essential is, that it should be finely ground. 
 
 In the manufacture of cement it is impossible that 
 the clinker should all be burned to an equal degree 
 
FINENESS. 
 
 9 
 
 of hardness, and in passing through the mill-stones 
 it is the softer pieces, or those which have received 
 the least calcination, that are ground finest, and the 
 thoroughly and well-burned clinker is only reduced 
 to granules, not to powder ; and as it is the best- 
 burned clinker which should produce the best cement, 
 the value of fine grinding of the well-burned clinker 
 is apparent. 
 
 It may seem somewhat curious that in sifting 
 cement, no matter through what meshed sieve, that 
 which is retained in the sieve has practically no 
 setting power. For example, take any ordinary 
 cement, gauge it with a little water, and it sets ; if 
 some of the same cement is sifted through a sieve 
 having, say, 625 holes to the square inch, that 
 which passes the sieve will set on being gauged 
 with water, but that which remains in the sieve will 
 not The same experiment may be tried with sieves 
 of any mesh up to 5,000 holes to the square inch, and 
 the same result will be obtained. This seems to prove 
 conclusively that cement to be efiective must be 
 ground to an impalpable powder, and further, that 
 all granulation is inert. 
 
 Independently, therefore, of the power of amal- 
 gamating with and surrounding each particle 
 and aggregate of a concrete, fine grinding mate- 
 rially improves the quality of the cement itself. 
 
 The results of many experiments on the strength 
 of fine cements have been published, but they relate 
 almost entirely to sifted, not ground, cements, and 
 
10 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 hence the " core," or hard-burned portion, which may 
 generally be considered the best, has been rejected. 
 
 In some experiments carried out by the author — 
 the results of which are given in Appendix No. 1 — the 
 cements treated were ground and sifted, and all that 
 was retained on the sieve returned to the mill until 
 it all passed the desired mesh. By this means the 
 whole of the cement, both light and hard burned, 
 was used, and consequently a more accurate result 
 arrived at. 
 
 The two matters of weight or bulk, and fineness, 
 are so intimately interwoven, that in specifying or 
 determining the quality of a cement they must be 
 considered conjointly ; and if an extreme fineness is 
 required, a corresponding decrease of weight should 
 be allowed. This at once shows the advantage, or 
 at all events the desirability, of determining the 
 specific gravity, which being the same, no matter to 
 what degree of fineness the cement is ground, will at 
 once determine^ in conjunction with the weight and 
 fineness, the probable degree of calcination to which 
 the cement has been subjected. 
 
 Much has been said by manufacturers about the 
 expense of fine grinding — wear and tear of mill- 
 stones, &c. — but there are many manufactories where 
 sifting is carried out with great advantage to the 
 quality of the cement, and with economy so far as 
 the wear of the mill-stones is concerned. One of the 
 reasons which operates against fine grinding is that 
 cement is sold; not by the bushel, as is supposed, but 
 
FINENESS. 
 
 11 
 
 by a reputed bushel only, wliich m 100 lbs. by weight. 
 Now 100 lbs. of finely ground cement is more bulky 
 than 100 lbs. of coarse, so that if it were really sold 
 by the bushel measure, part, if not all the extra cost 
 of grinding and sifting — urged by the manufacturers 
 as practically excluding finely ground cement from 
 the market as not being remunerative at present 
 prices — would be counterbalanced by the increased 
 bulk. 
 
 It is too much to expect an entire revolution, such 
 as has been suggested above, in the retail trade of a 
 thoroughly established and staple manufacture ; hv^> 
 whether this could be accomplished or not, the iiiL- 
 portance of fine grinding cannot be over-estimated, 
 and the author feels that he cannot too much impress 
 it upon all users, and he is also convinced that if 
 manufacturers would but adopt well-designed sifting 
 machinery they would find the cost of production but 
 little, if at all, increased, and the product considerably 
 improved. Sieves take but little power to drive, and 
 need not be complicated in detail; in fact, some simple 
 hexagonal revolving ones, which the author designed 
 some years back, have given most satisfactory result 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 GAUGING. 
 
 Having in the two preceding chapters considered 
 the problematical, there remain the more absolute 
 properties of tensile strength and the setting powers 
 of the sample, to determine. The preliminary inves- 
 tigations relating to the weight and fineness are 
 operations comparatively easy, and it should be pos- 
 sible to arriA^e at these properties in a cement without 
 error ; but the absolute tests necessitate the addition 
 of water to the sample, and its proper manipulation 
 when wet ; this operation, called gauging,*' requires 
 considerable practice and skill in order that the best 
 results may be obtained. 
 
 In testing the tensile strength of a cement, it must 
 be premised that the object is to obtain the very best 
 result possible, compatible with certain rules which 
 custom has laid down, and which may therefore be 
 considered as a fair test.'' To arrive at this, the 
 chief points to be considered are : the form of bri- 
 quette, the amount of water used in gauging, and the 
 skill with which that operation is performed. The 
 
GAUGING. 
 
 13 
 
 form of briquette, though it may be considered the 
 least important, has been mentioned first because the 
 most approved form can be obtained by any one, with 
 or without a knowledge of the subject, but the amount 
 of water to be used and the gauging of a sample are 
 matters which can only be acquired by experience 
 and practice. 
 
 The requirements in a briquette mould are many, 
 though the mould in itself is a simple thing enough. 
 The briquette should be of such form that when 
 placed in the clips of the testing machine, and the 
 weight applied, no strain except that of tension is 
 exerted, as should a crushing force, or torsion, or 
 other undue strain come into play, the fracture may 
 not take place at the point of smallest area, and the 
 result obtained will consequently be false. The 
 mould should be of such form and construction that 
 the briquette may be removed from it easily, for it 
 must be remembered that when the briquette is 
 removed from the mould the cement is in a very deli- 
 cate condition, and that any violence it may sustain 
 will materially affect the results in the testing ma- 
 chine.* 
 
 The action of setting, in a cement, is purely chemi- 
 cal, and it is necessary to ascertain the proper quan- 
 tity of water to effect the object. If an excess of 
 water is used, that which does not chemically com- 
 bine with the cement will remain suspended in the 
 mass and be a source of weakness, while if an 
 
 * Vide Appendix No. II., Figs. 1 to 7, 
 
14 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 insufficient quantity is used, a chemical action will 
 have been set up without the possibility of its being 
 completed, and as a result will be equally fatal to the 
 strength of the cement. 
 
 It has been asserted by some practical users of 
 cement that an excess of water is no detriment to a 
 concrete, in fact, that it is not only desirable but 
 essential. It would seem to be one of those points 
 on which theory and practice are inclined to disagree, 
 but there are many differences in the use of cement in 
 the testing-room and on the works which should be 
 considered before such a conclusion is arrived at. 
 In the testing-room, all cement, whether gauged 
 neat or with sand, is, after gauging, placed on a 
 glass or other non-porous bed, so that all the water 
 which has been mixed with it is absorbed by the 
 cement. In practice a concrete foundation is laid in 
 the trenches, perhaps on a gravelly or other porous 
 soil, and the excess of water which has been used 
 will drain away. Again, in the testing-room, the 
 amount of water which a particular sample of cement 
 requires may be determined with great exactitude, 
 while in practice a considerable latitude must be 
 allowed. The author, however, prefers a concrete 
 made just so stiff that it can be rammed with either 
 wood or iron rammers until the water is brought to 
 the surface, and concrete which he has laid in this 
 manner he is convinced gives the best result. 
 
 The amount of water required to properly gauge 
 a cement will vary with almost every sample, and 
 
GAUGING. 
 
 15 
 
 can only be ascertained by experiment. Most 
 cements take from 17 to 18 per cent, of water, a 
 quick setting one requiring more than a slow setting 
 one ; but the fineness will also affect the quantity 
 required. It is seldom that a cement can be gauged 
 with less than 16 per cent, of water, or that more 
 than 20 per cent, is required. In testing cement 
 with sand, the water required is considerably less, 
 being only from 9 to 9*5 per cent, when the sand 
 and cement are in the proportion of 3 to 1. 
 
 It is not possible to give full instructions in the 
 art of gauging a cement. It can only be acquired 
 by practice. The cement must be brought, by dex- 
 terously working it with the trowel, into a pasty y 
 tenacious mass, that will remain in almost any form 
 into which it is beaten — and this condition should be 
 attained with the minimum of water and in the 
 shortest possible space of time. When it has been 
 brought into a sufficiently plastic condition it may 
 be put into the briquette moulds or made into pats 
 as desired. In filling the briquette moulds consi- 
 derable care is required to get rid of the air in the 
 cement, and to make the briquette solid. By gently 
 shaking the mould and tapping it on the sides the 
 air will come to the top in bubbles, and the briquette 
 may then be smoothed off with the trowel. The 
 whole operation of gauging and filling the mould 
 should not occupy more than five or six minutes 
 from the time of adding the water to the cement to 
 the time when the briquette is completed and left 
 
16 
 
 POiriLAND CEMEKT FOR USEKS. 
 
 at rest, and the quicker it is done, provided it is 
 done properly, the better will be the result. When 
 the briquette is finished it should not be touched 
 again or shaken until it is sufficiently set to bear 
 removal from the mould. 
 
 The operation of gauging is much facilitated by 
 using the little cement gauge shown in Appendix II., 
 Fig. 12. It is an adaptation of the author's con- 
 crete mixer, and by its use the operator is relieved 
 of all wrist work ; and with very little practice an 
 inexperienced person can successfully gauge the 
 briquettes. 
 
CnAPTETl Y. 
 
 SETTING. 
 
 The operation of gauging the cement having been 
 successfully performed, the time which it takes to 
 set should be noted. Several pats about half an 
 inch thick and three or four inches square should 
 be made on pieces of glass, one of which should be 
 placed in water as soon as the cement is set, another 
 two or three hours afterwards, and a third left in 
 the air, and they should all be examined every day. 
 
 It may be well before describing the object of 
 making the pats and the information which is to be 
 gained by their examination, to decide on what is 
 meant by the word " set." In general the word is 
 used to express a period when a substance origi- 
 nally in a liquid, semi-liquid, or glutinous state, has 
 attained the ultimate hardness due to its nature, and 
 if it is desired to express an intermediate period, 
 the qualification sufficiently is added. With 
 cement, however, which may not attain its ultimate 
 hardness for years, the word set has a somewhat 
 different signification, and it is understood that a 
 
18 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 cement sets " in a few minutes or hours, after 
 which it hardens. The means usually employed to 
 fix the period when the setting is completed and 
 the hardening commences, are, in the author's 
 opinion, rather at fault, inasmuch as it is the hard- 
 ness of the sample which by the ordinary process is 
 alone considered, either by pressing it with the 
 thumb-nail, or by using a Vicat needle. 
 
 As previously stated, the setting of a cement is 
 purely chemical in its action ; it is commenced with 
 the addition of the water to the cement, and con- 
 tinues until the cement has attained its ultimate 
 hardness. Continuous, however, as this chemical 
 action may be, there are periods, at all events dur- 
 ing the early stages, that may be defined, and it 
 would appear desirable to express by the word ^*sef 
 one of these periods. 
 
 When a cement is gauged and made into a pat or 
 briquette, the first change observable is that the 
 water comes to the surface, the next that the water 
 is absorbed by the cement, the sample will then 
 begin to heat, and lastly it will gradually return to 
 its original, or what may be called its normal tem- 
 perature, and it is this last period that may with 
 justice be understood by the word " set.'* It has 
 nothing whatever to do with the hardness, as some 
 cements will be hard enough to withstand the im- 
 press of the thumb-nail before, and some not till 
 long after, the time when the author considers a 
 cement set.'' 
 
SETTING. 
 
 19 
 
 The advantage or disadvantage of using a quick 
 or a slow-setting cement must be determined by the 
 nature of the work for which it is required, and it 
 is therefore impossible to say that either property 
 is bad ; the peculiar characteristics of each, however, 
 are, that a quick-setting cement will probably 
 attain fair strength in a short time, but will not 
 improve much afterwards, while the slower setting 
 sample will be far exceeded by the quick one at 
 early dates, but will eventually attain a much 
 greater strength^ The quick-setting ones will also 
 generally develop greater heat than the slow ones 
 during setting. Cement may be rendered slow in 
 setting by exposure to the air, but such a treatment 
 does not give to a quick-setting one the charac- 
 teristics and ultimate strength of a naturally slow 
 setting cement. It is needless to say that the time 
 taken by a sample to set and the heat developed 
 will materially assist in determining its nature. 
 
 By the examination of the pats, the immunity of 
 the cement from either expansion or contraction may 
 be learned. The first indications of any movement 
 will be discernible by small cracks appearing round 
 the edges — by fine hair cracks commencing from the 
 centre — or by the pat lifting from the glass at the 
 sides — or by other alterations in form. These 
 defects will generally appear soonest in the pat 
 which was first put in the water, but in exceptional 
 cases, the pat which is left in the air will give the 
 first indications. 
 
20 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR TSERS. 
 
 Nearly all cement will give some signs of blowing 
 if used too fresh, or before it has had sufficient time 
 to air slack, or, as it is called, purge itself. Theo- 
 retically, a true Portland cement should be fit to use 
 directly it leaves the mill-stones, but in practice it is 
 found to be always unsafe to use a cement too fresh, 
 and it is questionable if there is a cement in the 
 market which would not be improved by proper 
 warehousing. For this reason all large users of 
 cement, where possible, lay the cement out in thin 
 layers on a dry floor, and turn it over several times 
 before using it. By this means it is effectually 
 "purged," and any free lime which may be in it is 
 slacked and rendered inert. 
 
 The next step to be considered is the time that 
 should elapse between the gauging and the placing 
 in water of a briquette, in order that the best results 
 may be obtained when testing it for tensile strength. 
 One cement may be sufficiently hard to bear removal 
 from the mould in a very short space of time, while 
 another may take several hours ; and if the bi'iquette 
 is subjected to the unavoidable handling of removing 
 it from the mould before it has acquired a certain 
 strength it is liable to be damaged, even though the 
 greatest care be used ; and although most cements 
 will give the best results when they are placed in 
 water in the soonest possible time after gauging, it 
 is unwise to hurry the matter too much. The author, 
 in his testing-room, has fixed from three to seven 
 hours as the time to be allowed for quick-setting 
 
SETTING. 
 
 21 
 
 cements, and from sixteen to twenty hours for tlie 
 slow-setting ones. This arrangement accommodates 
 itself to most cements, and it has the advantage of 
 convenience, as a quick-setting cement can be gauged 
 in the morning and the briquettes placed in water 
 in the afternoon, while a slow-setting cement can be 
 gauged in the afternoon and the briquettes taken 
 from the moulds and placed in water the next morn- 
 ing, and by this arrangement comparative results of 
 different samples are obtained. 
 
CHAPTER VL 
 
 TENSILE STRENGTH. 
 
 No matter what results may be obtained by tte fore- 
 going experiments and tests, they determine after all 
 only certain properties that a good cement should 
 possess, and give no definite information as to its 
 strength ; it is necessary, therefore, to carry out 
 further tests, extending over any desired period, so 
 that its strength may be ascertained at different 
 dates and under varying conditions. 
 
 Smeeton, Vicat, and others, both in England and 
 abroad, towards the end of the last and at the begin- 
 ning of this century, made numerous experiments 
 with natural and artificial hydraulic limes, and it is 
 to their investigations, in a great measure, that the 
 present knowledge of the subject is due. To ascer- 
 tain the quality of their products, they were invari- 
 ably satisfied with the hardness which the samples 
 acquired within certain periods. When Pasley and 
 Frost, after several years of experimv^nting, succeeded 
 in producing an artificial hydraulic cement, similar 
 to that which was made by Parker, by the calcination 
 
TENSILE STRENGTH. 
 
 23 
 
 of the septaria found at Sheppey and Harwich, and 
 which was known as Parker's, or Roman cement, 
 the art of testing advanced a stage, and the strength 
 of a cement was ascertained by cementing bricks 
 together projecting from a wall like a cantilever, and 
 its strength was determined by the number of bricks 
 which could thus be united. Beams of bricks in 
 cement were also made, and weighted in the centre 
 until fracture occurred. Pasley then made experi- 
 ments as to the adhesive power of his cements to 
 various building stones and bricks, by cementing 
 two pieces together and pulling them asunder by 
 suspending the upper one by means of nippers or 
 clips under an artillery gin or tripod, and by similar 
 clips suspending weights to the lower one ; thus the 
 two stones or bricks were pulled asunder by a tensile 
 strain. This seems to have led to the adoption of a 
 tensile strain being applied to test Portland cement, 
 with the difference that instead of using the rough 
 appliances which Pasley had at hand, many most 
 accurate machines * have since then been invented, 
 which allow the tensile strength of a sample being 
 determined with great accuracy and precision. 
 
 There is, perhaps, no better way of testing cement 
 than by a tensile strain — it is easily applied and may 
 be measured with great accuracy ; at the same time 
 it is doubtful if sujh a strain is ever put on the 
 cement ; but as it is almost impossible to determine 
 what are the exact nature of the strains which occur 
 • Vide Appendix No. II., Figs. 10 and 11. 
 
24 
 
 POKTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 in actual practice, any test can be but comparative, 
 and under these circumstances it is best to adopt that 
 which is the easiest of application. 
 
 Many experiments have been made of late years 
 with crushing and shearing strains applied to cement, 
 but no very reliable results have been obtained. Of 
 the crushing test little can be said in its favour, for 
 a cement will bear more weight being put upon it 
 without fracture than it can possibly be subjected to in 
 practice ; roughly speaking, a cubic inch of cement,* 
 unsupported, will carry two tons without fracture 
 twenty-eight days from gauging. The shearing test 
 has more to recommend it, inasmuch as it is a 
 strain which may occur in practice ; but it is difficult 
 to apply, and there are more chances of errors in 
 carrying it out than there are with the tensile test. 
 It is no doubt interesting to know the relative 
 strength of a material under different conditions, 
 but when once that relationship has been determined, 
 there seems no object, except for special purposes, in 
 carrying the experiments further, and the tensile 
 strength of a cement may, therefore, be considered 
 sufficient evidence of its strength under other con- 
 ditions. 
 
 Cement being a material which continues to in- 
 crease in strength for a considerable period, it is 
 evident that the length of time which is allowed to 
 elapse between gauging a briquette and testing it, 
 will affect the result obtained, and it is therefore 
 * Vide Appendix No. V. 
 
TENSILE STRENGTH. 
 
 25 
 
 important, in order to obtain trustworthy comparative 
 results, that the time should be the same in all cases. 
 
 It was formerly considered sufficient to test a cement 
 for tensile strength at the expiration of seven days 
 from the time of gauging. But experience has shown 
 that there are many cements of which it is impossible 
 to judge the value in so short a time, and it has, 
 therefore, now become customary to make tests also 
 at the expiration of twenty-eight days. The seven 
 days' test in conjunction with the other tests, which 
 have been explained, enabling an opinion to be 
 formed, which may be either confirmed or varied 
 when the strength of the sample at the longer date 
 has been ascertained. 
 
 No matter whose make of machine is used for 
 testing, the strain must be applied to the briquette 
 at a uniform rate,* otherwise a false result will be 
 obtained, for if the weight is put on very quickly the 
 briquette will bear a greater strain than if it is 
 applied slowly. 
 
 Much has been said about the impossibility of 
 waiting twenty-eight days before knowing the value 
 of a sample of cement ; and if it were really necessary 
 to wait that length of time there would be some 
 excuse for the objections which many seem to have 
 to test the cement they use ; but on any large works 
 the cement should be delivered at least a fortnight 
 before it is wanted^ in order to air slack it, and there 
 would therefore be no great difficulty in arranging 
 
 * Vide Appendix No. II. 
 C 
 
26 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 that the first delivery should arrive three or four 
 weeks before it is required ; this would enable a full 
 and complete test being made before the cement was 
 used, and for all future deliveries the seven days' 
 test would be suflGicient, unless a great difterence was 
 apparent in any particular delivery, a matter which 
 would not be likely to occur unless the cement came 
 from another maker. 
 
 The actual sectional area of the briquette will 
 not materially affect the results obtained, and it is 
 therefore desirable to adopt that which is found to 
 be the most convenient. Until lately it was the 
 universal custom to use a briquette inches square, 
 thus giving a sectional area of 2^ inches ; but of late 
 years a briquette having only 1 square inch of section 
 has come much into use, with attendant advantages, 
 one being that sufficient cement can be gauged in 
 one operation to fill five or even ten moulds, thus 
 securing a better average than is possible from five 
 or more briquettes which have each been gauged 
 separately. For this reason alone it is preferable to 
 use the smaller section. 
 
 The discrepancy between the results obtained from 
 briquettes which have been gauged at the same time 
 and under similar conditions, and placed in the same 
 water-tank, and broken at the same time, has never 
 been satisfactorily explained. Variations amounting 
 to 20 or 30 per cent, are not uncommon. The 
 author does not hope to throw much light upon this 
 point, and can only suggest that the variation may 
 
TENSILE STUEXGTH. 
 
 arise from tlie impossibility of making two things 
 exactly alike^ and as the operations attending the 
 formation of and testing a briquette are numerouSj the 
 slightest discrepancy in either may account for the 
 difference in the result obtained. By using the 1 inch 
 section, and having five moulds in a nest, which can 
 all be filled at one operation, the limit of deviation 
 should not, and in the author's test-room never does, 
 exceed 10 percent., and it is no uncommon thing for 
 five or ten briquettes to break with a difierence 
 between the highest and lowest of only ten pounds. 
 Such a result, however, is much dependent on the 
 strain being applied at the same regular rate of sj)et?d 
 in each case.* 
 
 * FroceedingSf Inst. Civil Engineersy vol. 75, p.ige 225. 
 
 c2 
 
CHAPTER VIL 
 
 SAND TEST. 
 
 Cement, though tested neat, is hardly, if ever, used 
 in that condition, but is mixed with sand or ballast, 
 and is made into either concrete or mortar. Tho 
 difference is that a cement is tested for cohesion, 
 while when used, it is its adhesion, on which the 
 strength of the structure depends. As a matter of 
 fact, a Portland cement which shows great cohesive 
 strength will generally have great powers of adhe- 
 sion if only fairly used ; but there are cements 
 which, though having less cohesive strength, show 
 to advantage when tested for adhesion, and it conse- 
 quently is of importance that the general charac- 
 teristics which determine this property of a cement 
 should be alluded to. 
 
 The desirability of ascertaining the adhesive power 
 of a cement has led to what is now known as the 
 sand test. It is carried out by gauging cement with 
 sand in certain fixed proportions, and testing the 
 briquettes so made in the ordinary manner for ten- 
 sile strength ; but it is essential, in order to obtain 
 
SAND TEST. 
 
 29 
 
 a reliable result, that the sand should always be of 
 exactly the same nature, as any variation would of 
 necessity destroy the value of the test. 
 
 By sifting the sand through particular meshed 
 sieves and washing it, a uniform size of grain and 
 cleanliness are ensured ; but it is not so easy to arrive 
 at the nature, form, and peculiarity of the grain, or 
 the presence of granular foreign matter, which can- 
 not be separated from the sand by the usual modes 
 of sifting and washing. 
 
 Mr. Grant says"^' that he ^*had recently met with 
 two sands, which, though both clean sifted through 
 the same sieves and not much unlike each other 
 even under the microscope, gave results that differed 
 by 50 per cent/^ Such a statement by one who is 
 not only an authority, but an advocate for the sand 
 test, cannot be overlooked with impunity, when con- 
 sidering its value as a test for cement. 
 
 In Germany, where this test is much in favour^ 
 the matter is somewhat different, for the Govern- 
 ment, from their testing-room in Berlin, sell a 
 standard sand to all who require it, at a moderate 
 price ; and it is the result of tests carried out with 
 this particular standard sand that there governs the 
 estimation of the value of a cement. Here, having 
 no such Government or official testing- room, experi- 
 menters must get their own sand where and how 
 they can, and until they have tried — as the author 
 has — to procure a really good sand, always obtain- 
 * Froceedings^ Inst. Civil Engineer vol. 62, page 244, 
 
30 
 
 POlirLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 able, they will not be able to fully appreciate hia 
 reasons for objecting to the sand test, and up to now 
 he sees no reason to in any way vary his statement 
 on this question made to the Institution of Civil Engi- 
 neers.* In order, therefore, to obtain satisfactory 
 results it would be necessary to adopt a plan of test- 
 ing the sand before testing the cement. In the face 
 of this dijfficulty he would prefer that the cement 
 should be tested as usual, and that if a sand test 
 w^as required the sand employed for the purpose 
 should be the sand used in the actual works, and not 
 any standard sand." 
 
 The importance of a sand test cannot be denied ; 
 but to find a standard sand for use wherever it is 
 required to test cement is out of the question, and 
 the only means therefore by which a satisfactory 
 result can be arrived at, is to carry out the test with 
 the sand to be used in the works. 
 
 Another objection to the standard sand test pre^ 
 sents itself, when it is considered that the cement is 
 being tested with a material which may have no 
 similarity whatever with the material with which 
 the cement is to be used. And it is questionable 
 whether the standard sand test afi'ords any further 
 information as to the ultimate strength of the struc- 
 ture, than is gained by simply testing the cement 
 neat and carefully observing its various properties. 
 As previously stated (Chap. III.) the fineness to which 
 a cement is ground (the aggregate being the same) 
 * Proceedings^ Inat, Civil E»gineersy vol. 62, page 186. 
 
SAND TEST. 
 
 31 
 
 will practically determine its adhesive power, and 
 therefore if the cement gives satisfactory results when 
 tested neat, and is finely ground, there can be no 
 reason to doubt that it will carry its fair proportion 
 of sand. 
 
 The advantage of testing the cement with the 
 sand to be used, has also the advantage of deter- 
 mining the ultimate strength of the structure, and 
 the suitability of the sand, for if the cement has given 
 good results when tested neat, and possesses every 
 property of a good cement, and yet fails when tested 
 with the sand, it may fairly be assumed that it is 
 the sand which is at fault and not the cement. 
 
 Though deprecating the sand test as at present 
 carried out, it must be admitted that the knowledge 
 of the adhesive power of a cement must be of value^ 
 more especially where great strength of construction 
 is desired, and it is almost questionable if it would 
 not be more satisfactory to go back to General Pas- 
 ley's tests, and stick two bricks together with the 
 mortar to be used, than to make a problematical 
 experiment with sand. 
 
 Laboratory experiments are made with the object 
 of gaining knowledge of a material, and the experi- 
 ments which have been made in testing cement with 
 sand have proved most valuable, as certain qualities 
 and properties of cement have been learned by it. 
 But it is scarcely an experiment that will bear con- 
 version into a test for general use. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 CHEMISTRY. 
 
 Ir is almost impossible to describe the various 
 peculiarities developed by different cements, without 
 in some measure alluding to the chemistry of its 
 manufacture. But as this volume is intended for 
 the assistance of the user and not of the manufacturer, 
 this portion of the subject will be considered only so 
 far as is actually necessary to enable the user to have 
 a foundation for his argument. 
 
 Portland cement, and indeed all other cements, 
 have for their bases before calcination, carbonate of 
 lime, which is either found naturally combined with 
 silica and alumina, or the mixture is arrived at arti- 
 ficially, and the proportions which the lime, silica, 
 and alumina bear to each other, the intimacy of 
 their mechanical admixture, and the degree of heat to 
 which they are subjected, will determine the quality 
 and properties of the result, so far as the chemistry 
 of the matter is concerned. The fineness to which 
 the grinding is carried, the warehousing, and care 
 bestowed on the cement to maintain it in good con- 
 
CHEMISTRY. 
 
 33 
 
 dition, having evidently nothing to do with the 
 chemistry of its manufacture. 
 
 The rich, poor, hydraulic, and eminently hydraulic 
 limes, as well as Roman cement, are all products by 
 caHnation of natural raw materials, anddevelope more 
 or less hydraulicity and strength, according to the 
 proportions of silica and alumina which they contain. 
 Portland cement being generally made from two 
 materials, the one containing carbonate of lime and the 
 other silica and alumina, that are mechanically com- 
 bined previous to calcination, it is evidently possible to 
 mix them in such proportions that the finished cement 
 may compare with either a lime or Roman cement, 
 or be a true Portland. It will thus be under- 
 stood that Portland cement is unique only in name, 
 and the importance, therefore, of being able to deter- 
 mine by the general characteristics which a sample 
 developes in a short time, to which particular class it 
 belongs, cannot be over-estimated. 
 
 For different purposes, different properties may be 
 required, and the colour^ quickness or slowness in 
 setting, together with the tests which have already 
 been alluded to, may to different people have differ- 
 ent values, according to the use to which the cement 
 is to be applied, and it may be a perfectly good 
 cement and suitable for many classes of works with- 
 out being what is known as a true Portland cement. 
 
 The properties of a cement or lime being thus 
 determined by its composition and the degree to 
 which it has been calcined, the production of bad or 
 
34 
 
 POKTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 indifferent cements must be due to the unfitness of the 
 raw materials from which they are made (owing to the 
 presence of substances acting deleter iously on the 
 compound) ; from imperfect mechanical combination 
 of the raw materials ; or by other improper treatment 
 during the process of manufacture. Assuming that 
 the raw materials are of approved quality, the propor- 
 tion in which they are amalgamated will determine 
 the amount of calcination to which they should be sub- 
 jected in order to produce a good cement. Unfortu- 
 nately this rule is not worked up to in practice, and 
 there are consequently many cements put on the 
 market which are only moderate in quality, or per- 
 haps absolutely bad, simply from a want of care in 
 this detail of manufacture. As, for example, it can 
 readily be understood that it would be impossible to 
 make a Roman cement compound, into a Portland 
 cement, no matter to what degree of calcination it 
 might be subjected ; and, in like manner, it is equally 
 impossible to make a Roman cement from a true 
 Portland cement compound, no matter how lightly 
 it is burned. Each compound requires its proper 
 amount of calcination, and any deficiency or excess, 
 though it must necessarily affect to a greater or 
 lesser extent the result obtained, cannot change its 
 distinctive character. 
 
 Before concluding these remarks on the chemistry 
 of Portland cement^ it may be well to state that car- 
 bonate of lime is obtained from the many varieties 
 of limestone deposit which exist in nearly every part 
 
JHEMISTRY. 
 
 35 
 
 of tlie globe. In England the immense chalk deposits 
 give an easily worked and well suited material, the 
 white chalk being almost a pure carbonate of lime, 
 and the grey having a slight admixture of silica 
 and alumina. The blue lias formation again sup- 
 plies carbonate of lime in the stone, and silica and 
 alumina in the shale. In fact, any stone which can 
 be burned into a lime may, with the addition of the 
 requisite proportions of silica and alumina, be made 
 into a cement. But there are many limestones 
 which are too hard or granular by nature, to allow of 
 their thorough mechanical admixture with the other 
 ingredients. 
 
 When Pasley commenced his experiments with 
 the object of making an artificial cement, he ob- 
 tained silica and alumina in a pure state, and 
 mixed them with chalk. But it is needless to say 
 such means were found to be attended with too much 
 expense even for experimental purposes, and he was 
 obliged to have recourse to difierent clays. All clays 
 have in their composition silica and alumina, in 
 greater or lesser proportions to each other and in a 
 more or less pure state, and it is their proportion to 
 each other and their comparative freedom from other 
 matter that renders the clay fit or unfit for the pro- 
 duction of a good Portland cement. 
 
 From this brief explanation of the nature of the 
 raw materials which are usually employed, and of 
 the chemical action which takes place in the manu- 
 facture of Portland cement, the reader will be better 
 
36 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 able to understand what is meant by an under or 
 over-burned cement, by a cement being over or 
 under-limed, or over or under-clayed, it being 
 remembered tbat the amount of calcination should 
 in all cases be in accordance with the proportions of 
 carbonate of lime, silica, and alum-na in the com- 
 pound. The proportions which these materials 
 should be^ir to each other and the amount of calci- 
 nation due to varying proportions, are hardly 
 matters which would be of interest to the user or 
 facilitate his estimation of the value of a cement. 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS 
 
 To determine the properties which a cement may 
 develope in after years, it is necessary to minutely 
 watch the results obtained in the testing-room, as 
 experience and science together have laid down 
 certain formula which permit of its peculiarities 
 being foretold by means of this preliminary exami- 
 nation. 
 
 Dr. Michaelis has stated in a communication to 
 the Institution of Civil Engineers that,* No Port- 
 land cement was more reliable than one which gave 
 good results, even when lightly burnt.'' He would 
 undoubtedly be a bold man that would refute the 
 statement for it must be admitted that it is tanta- 
 mount to saying that, there is none so good as the 
 best," but as he afterwards says, that if the same 
 were heavily burned it would give a better result, 
 the remark proves of value, because in prejudging 
 the value of a cement it is only possible to generalise, 
 and it points out that there are exceptions to every 
 
 * Froceedings, Imt. Civil Engineers^ vol. 62, page 230. 
 
38 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 rule, which it is right to be prepared for. The follow* 
 ing must therefore be considered only what is gene- 
 rally the case : — 
 
 A light colour denotes light burning. 
 
 A light weight denotes light burning, or perhaps 
 an over-clayed cement. 
 
 A dark colour denotes a heavily burned cement, 
 or it may occasionally be due to a peculiarity in the 
 raw materials. 
 
 A heavy weight denotes a heavily burned cement, 
 or perhaps an over-limed one. 
 
 It will be found that, with few exceptions, a light 
 colour and a light weight are characteristic of a 
 quick-setting cement, and a heavy weight and dark 
 colour of slow-setting cement. 
 
 A true Portland cement is of a cold grey colour, 
 has a specific gravity of from 3 to 3*1, sets slowly, 
 and in the course of a short time acquires great 
 strength, and continues to increase in strength for 
 years. It practically neither expands nor contracts 
 in setting, and sets and hardens equally well in air 
 or water ; theoretically it may be used directly it 
 comes from the mill-stones ; it does not change 
 colour with age, and a pat of neat cement broken at 
 the expiration of a few months has a vitrious, 
 almost metallic appearance. When placed in water 
 immediately after being gauged, it (unless sup- 
 ported) falls to pieces, but will afterwards set in the 
 form into which it has fallen. The same true Port- 
 
GENERAL REMARKS. 39 
 
 land cement compound — if only lightly burned — 
 would be more of a buff colour, the specific gravity 
 would be under 3, it would be quick-setting and 
 would not attain the ultimate strength of the pro- 
 perly burned sample, though it might be equal to it 
 at short dates, and it might under certain conditions 
 blow, owing to the lime in it not being in perfect 
 chemical combination with the silica and alumina. 
 
 All over-clayed cements have a tendency to con- 
 tract, and never attain any very great strength ; 
 they are always quick-setting, and may at once be 
 detected by their retaining their form, more or less, 
 when placed in water directly after being gauged. 
 An over-limed cement, on the contrary, has a ten- 
 dency to expand, and is certain, either sooner or 
 later, to blow, and is always slow-setting. The 
 presence of an undue proportion of clay in a cement 
 may therefore be considered only as a passive evil, 
 while the presence of too much lime is an active 
 one, as the former is only deficient in strength, while 
 the latter is actually destructive, and a source of 
 danger in itself. 
 
 The weight per bushel of a cement, if properly 
 ground, should be from 108 lbs. to 116 lbs. But, as 
 already stated, it must not be forgotten that the 
 fineness to which it is ground will, to a marked extent, 
 determine the weight. For all ordinary purposes, a 
 cement that will all pass through a sieve having 
 625 holes to the square inch, and will leave a residue 
 of not more than 10 per cent, when sifted through a 
 
40 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 sieve having 2,500 holes to the square inch, will be 
 found to give good results combined with a due 
 regard to economy of production. 
 
 The tensile strength and the time taken in setting 
 must also to a certain extent be considered together, 
 for it is manifestly unfair to expect a slow-setting 
 true Portland cement to attain the strength of a 
 quick-setting one in the short space of seven days, 
 though in twenty- eight days it will have probably 
 overtaken it. When great ultimate strength is de- 
 sired, a moderate tensile strength of from 400 lbs. to 
 450 lbs. per square inch of section, combined with 
 slow-setting, is to be desired, but the sample should 
 show a marked increase in strength at the expiration 
 of twenty-eight days. 
 
 In a Paper which the author had the honour of 
 reading before the Royal Institute of British Archi- 
 tects in February, 1880,* he stated that— ''The 
 greater the increase per cent, is between the seven 
 and twenty-eight days^ tests, the stronger and harder 
 is the cement likely to become ; and in another part 
 of the same Paper he stated that that increase ''should 
 be at least 25 per cent." This opinion, formed after 
 due consideration and many experiments, he sees no 
 reason to in any way modify ; but, on the contrary, 
 has every reason to enforce it, and to enjoin the 
 strictest attention to the percentage increase in 
 strength between the seven and twenty-eight days' 
 tests where great ultimate strength is desired — the 
 * Proceedings^ Boy al Inst. British Architects^ 1879—80, page 117. 
 
GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 41 
 
 more so, as there are some who think a cement which 
 attains 90 per cent, of its final strength in seven 
 days infinitely preferable to one which is slower in 
 attaining its strength. To argue the matter is of 
 course out of the question; it is simply giving a 
 preference to a quick-setting cement ; for it is im- 
 possible that a true Portland cement should develope 
 90 per cent, of its ultimate strength in the short 
 space of seven days. If it were so, the seven days' 
 test would evidently be sufficient to determine the 
 value of the sample, and the twenty-eight days' test 
 would be a waste of time and labour. 
 
 A cement that increases only, say 10 per cent, in 
 strength between the dates already mentioned, has 
 practically told its history, and it is known within a 
 fraction the ultimate strength to be expected of it, but 
 it may fairly be expected that a cement whose increase 
 of strength in the same time amounts to 25 or 30 per 
 cent, will continue to increase for a considerable period, 
 and that its ultimate strength will be great ; given, 
 therefore, that a minimum strength at the expiration 
 of seven days is specified, the increase in strength in 
 the next three weeks is one of the surest guides as to 
 the ultimate value of the cement, for it determines 
 without doubt whether the slowness of set is due to 
 error in manufacture, to damage and exposure, or 
 to a properly proportioned and true Portland cement. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 Having described in detail the means and appliances 
 by which the quality and properties of a cement 
 may be ascertained, it remains but to arrange those 
 properties which a good cement should possess, in 
 the order in which they should be considered, which 
 may best be done by taking them one by one, as in 
 a specification. 
 
 SPECIFICATION'. 
 
 No. 1. Fineness. — To be such that the Cement will all pass 
 through a sieve having 625 holes (25^) to the square inch, and 
 leave only 10 per cent, residue when sifted through a sieve having 
 2,500 holes (50^) to the square inch. 
 
 No. 2. Expansion or Contraction. — That a pat made and sub- 
 mitted to moist heat and warm water at the temperatures and in 
 the apparatus already described, shall show no signs of expansion 
 or contraction (blowing) in twenty-four hours.* 
 * Vide Chapter XII. 
 
 No. 3. Tensile Strength. — Briquettes which have been gauged, 
 treated and tasted in the prescribed manner, to carry an average 
 tensile strain, without fracture, of at least 250 lbs. per square inch 
 at the expiration of three days from gauging, and those tested at 
 the expiration of seven days from gauging to show an increase of 
 at least * per cent, over the strength of those at three days, but 
 to carry an average tensile strain of at least 350 lbs. per square 
 ]nch. 
 
 • NOTE. — If a twenty-eight days* test is required, the average tensile 
 strength should he at least 450 lbs. per square inch, and it must he noted 
 that the increase in strength developed between the different dates it> an 
 indicatiofi of the growing strength of the Cement, and admits of an ap- 
 proximation being formed of itsultimnte strength ; but it is impossibli- to 
 lay down any hard and fast rule as to what the increase between the 
 
SUMMARY. 
 
 43 
 
 different dates should he ; a slow setting Ceynent vnll prohahhj mcrease 
 50 per cent, between the three and seven days' test, and 25 per cent, 
 between the seven and twenty-eight day s\ whereas a quick setting Cement 
 may increase hut very little. All Cements should however show an ap- 
 preciable increase in strength between the different dates^ but as the 
 ijicrease in strength is not so great ivith quick setting Cements as with 
 slow setting ojies, the tensile strength of a quick setting Cement should 
 be greater at the shorter dates than a slow setting one. All cements, 
 m,ore especially quick setting^ ones, become sloiver setting and generally 
 improve in tensile strength with age. 
 
 In applying the strain to a Briquette when testing for tensile 
 strength, it is important that the strain should be applied evenly 
 and always at the same rate. A difference of 25 per cent, may be 
 obtained by applying the strain very quickly or very slowly. The 
 standard of speed now adopted is 400 lbs. per minute. 
 
 A cement that possesses the foregoing properties 
 may be considered a fair sample of a true Portland 
 cement, and would be suited to any work where 
 great ultimate strength is required, and at the same 
 time it is such a specification that no manufacturer 
 would object to work up to. 
 
 A finer ground cement w^ould perhaps be desirable, 
 and without doubt, as it has already been explained, 
 the fineness of a cement has much to do, not only 
 with the strength of the mortar, but also with its 
 economy in use ; but if a higher standard of fineness 
 is specified there should be a corresponding decrease 
 in the weight per bushel, thus, a cement that leaves 
 from 12 to 15 per cent, of residue when sifted through 
 the sieve having 2,500 holes to the square inch 
 should weigh 112 lbs. and upwards per striked 
 bushel, while the same cement, if ground so fine as 
 to leave only 5 or 6 per cent, when sifted through 
 the same sieve would probably not weigh more than 
 108 lbs. or 110 lbs. to the bushel. 
 
 The weight per bushel and the specific gravity 
 
44 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 will also vary with the length of time a cement takes 
 to set, and if therefore a quick-setting cement is 
 required, the weight and specific gravity may be 
 correspondingly reduced, but the specific gravity 
 should never be less than 2*92. 
 
 With a quick-setting cement the required minimum 
 tensile strength at seven days should be increased 
 proportionately with its quickness up to 500 lbs. per 
 square inch, and the required increase per cent, of 
 strength between that and the twenty- eight clays' test 
 should be correspondingly decreased to 15 or 10 per 
 cent. 
 
 The colour of a quick-setting cement will generally 
 differ from that of a true slow- setting Portland by 
 being lighter and browner, technically called 
 foxey." 
 
 Such are a few of the more salient points of difier- 
 ence between a true Portland and a quick- setting 
 cement; the gradations between them and the other 
 varying properties of cements have already been 
 fully stated, and their recapitulation would be useless, 
 and to put them in a tabular form almost impossible, 
 as the user must, after deciding on the class of cement 
 which he requires, determine the special features by 
 referring to the chapters which treat of them, and so 
 balancing his requirements in each particular as to 
 secure a sound and good cement. 
 
 In drawing up a specification it is desirable to give 
 some directions as to the manner in which the sam- 
 ples will be taken, and the mode in which they will 
 
SUMMARY. 
 
 45 
 
 be tested, more especially in regard to the weight 
 per bushel and the gauging of the briquettes. 
 
 As the sample which is to be tested should be 
 considered to indicate the quality of the entire 
 delivery, it is better to take a little from at least 
 half-a-dozen sacks or casks, as the case may be, and 
 to well mix them before commencing the test, than 
 to take the sample entirely from one sack or cask. 
 
 The means of ascertaining the weight per bushel 
 have already been fully discussed in Chapter II. ; and 
 with respect to the gauging, the amount of water to 
 be used should be specified, or at all events it should 
 be mentioned that the minimum required will be 
 used, and the time which is to elapse before placing 
 the briquette in water should be stated. So far as 
 the form of briquette is concerned it is manifestly to 
 the manufacturers' advantage that the most approved 
 be adopted, as it is also to his advantage as well as 
 to that of the users that a thorough understanding 
 should exist as to the way in which the cement will 
 be treated in the testing-room, and until the time 
 arrives when there will be an acknowledged formula 
 for carrying out a cement test, the user must take 
 upon his own shoulders the responsibility of specify- 
 ing to the manufacturer the means which will be 
 employed in determining the quality of the cement 
 delivered. 
 
CHAPTER XL 
 
 THE APPLICATION OF CEMENT. 
 
 It might be considered that, having defined the pro- 
 perties of a true Portland cement, and given such 
 information as may enable the user to determine the 
 quality of the cement which is delivered to him, 
 there would remain little else to say, as the applica- 
 tion of the material might be left to the builder or 
 contractor ; but cement, though not now a new 
 material, requires a certain amount of technical 
 knowledge to manipulate properly, and in its early 
 days many prejudices were raised against its use. It 
 was no uncommon thing to hear of the so-called 
 failure of Portland cement. Houses fell down, bridges 
 gave way, and the catastrophe was attributed to 
 the cement. It is not necessary to investigate any 
 other of the possible causes of the catastrophe, but it 
 may be the cement was bad, and should never have 
 been used, and increased knowledge would now 
 discover the fault before using the cement. It may 
 be the cement was good, and that the fault lay with 
 the manner in which it was used ; in either case the 
 reputation of Portland cement had to sufier for the 
 
THE APPLICATION OF CEMENT. 
 
 47 
 
 indiscreet use of a bad material, or for the want of 
 knowledge on tlie part of those to whom the applica- 
 tion of it was entrusted. 
 
 It is, of course, useless to attempt to defend the 
 vagaries of a bad cement ; it may blow, it may 
 crumble, it may never set — in fact it may do almost 
 anything except what is desired and expected of it. 
 But with a true Portland cement its failure must be 
 attributed to the manner of using it. 
 
 The great enemy of cement is loam, clay, or 
 dirt, and in all concretes or mortars it is of the 
 first importance that the aggregates and the sand 
 should be perfectly clean, in order that the best 
 results may be obtained. The materials with which 
 the cement is to be incorporated should be tho- 
 roughly well mixed with it before the water is 
 added. The water should be added gradually, and 
 the mass continuously turned and shovelled over 
 while the water is being poured over it, so that all 
 the aggregates, as well as the cement, may be 
 thoroughly and evenly wetted before the mass is laid 
 in position. To add the water too quickly, or out of 
 a hose without a rose nozzle, simply means washing 
 the cement away from the aggregates. When mixed 
 and ready for putting in position it should be 
 wheeled and tipped gently out of the barrows, or 
 better still, when possible, it should be mixed where 
 it is actually to lay. The custom of tipping a con- 
 crete into position from a height cannot be too much 
 condemned ; the idea, of course, is that the fall gives 
 
48 
 
 PORTJ.AND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 solidity to the mass ; but unfortunately the result is 
 that the larger pieces of the aggregate fall to the 
 ground first ; the smaller pieces next, and last of all 
 the mortar, so that the aggregate and matrix get 
 separated, and the value of the mass, as an even and 
 solid concrete, destroyed. 
 
 In Chapter IV. it was explained that a minimum 
 of water gave the best results, so far as the actual 
 strength of the cement was concerned, but when 
 laying a concrete there are certain things to consider, 
 which should determine the amount of water to be 
 used. There is, in the first instance, the nature 
 and size of the aggregate, for it is evident that a 
 broken brick, or a porous stone, would absorb a 
 large quantity of water, and thus take it from the 
 cement, while a shingle or ballast would absorb but 
 little, and consequently a larger quantity of water 
 would be required to form a solid concrete when 
 using the former aggregate than when using the 
 latter. The nature of the soil, also, if the concrete 
 is to be used for foundations, should be considered ; 
 for if it is of a clayey or other non-porous nature, a 
 less amount of water will be needed than if it is 
 gravelly or sandy, and where a large quantity of the 
 water in the concrete may drain away. 
 
 So far as the nature and proportion of the aggre- 
 gate is concerned, a rough surface and a fairly even- 
 sized aggregate is to be desired, so proportioned 
 with sand and cement that a solid concrete may be 
 obtained, without there being any spaces left between 
 
THE APPLICATION OF CEMENT. 
 
 49 
 
 the aggregates, and at the same time without an 
 excess of the sand and cement, or what may be 
 called the mortar. 
 
 In work above ground, or where a finished surface 
 has to be made, the practice of putting a differently 
 proportioned concrete as a finishing coat cannot be 
 too much deprecated ; for this finishing coat^ even 
 when great care has been used, is nearly sure to 
 crack or peel off, and the appearance of the work 
 irretrievably spoiled. Let the whole concrete be, if 
 necessary, of a better class, and work the face up 
 with a trowel or float, and let it be seen that it is 
 concrete, and not attempt to disguise it by scratching 
 lines across it, and pretending that it is stone. The 
 value of cement, when used as a matrix for concrete, 
 is to give strength combined with economy. It is 
 too good a material for stucco, and should not be 
 wasted for such imitative purposes. 
 
 In using a cement mortar every precaution should 
 be taken to insure the thorough saturation with 
 water of the surfaces between which it is to be 
 placed, in order that the moisture in the mortar may 
 not be drained away from it, and so that the adhesion 
 between the mortar and the brick or stone may be 
 perfect ; and in such cases as tiled flats and other 
 structural purposes, the strength of which is depen- 
 dent on the thorough and perfect adhesion of the 
 mortar to the materials, they should be placed in 
 water and allowed to remain there at least twelve 
 hours before they are required for use, so that the 
 
50 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 saturation may be perfect, and thus a thorough 
 adhesion secured. 
 
 No doubt one of the difficulties attending the use 
 of cement mortar is, that there is always a tendency 
 on the part of the workmen to mix too much at a 
 time. This, however, under proper superintendence 
 is a matter of detail, which can be overcome, and in 
 order to secure satisfactory work must be attended to, 
 for cement will not bear working up like a lime 
 mortar, the great essential for its success being that 
 it should be gauged, laid in position, and left at 
 rest in as short a time as possible. 
 
 The erroneous impression regarding the cost of a 
 cement mortar or concrete, as compared with one of 
 lime, is another point which has hitherto in many 
 cases precluded it from being used ; but inasmuch 
 as a concrete or mortar can be made with a very 
 much smaller proportion of cement than of lime, and 
 yet be of greater strength, it becomes a simple 
 matter of calculation which is the cheaper and will 
 still satisfy the requirements of the work. 
 
 If an ordinary lime concrete is required to be say 
 12 inches thick to support a given weight, and 
 the proportion of lime to the aggregate be as one 
 to four, an equally strong foundation would be 
 secured by using a cement concrete only 6 inches 
 thick, and with a proportion of cement to the aggre- 
 gate of not more than one to seven or eight, so that 
 there would be a saving, not only in the amount of 
 cement used as against the quantity of lime ; but 
 
THE APPLICATION OF CEMENT. 
 
 51 
 
 there would also be the saving due to the less amount 
 of labour necessary to produce the smaller amount of 
 concrete. That good concretes and mortars may be 
 produced with a very small portion of cement, and 
 at a very low cost, is shown by what Mr. Bernays 
 has done at Chatham.* The proportion he used for 
 the dock walls was one of Portland cement to twelve 
 of river shingle. And he explains that the con- 
 crete thus made was cheaper and stronger than the 
 lime concrete, which it was originally intended to 
 use. Mr. Bernays also calculates the cost of a cubic 
 yard of cement concrete, based on ordinary London 
 prices, at — 
 
 Per cubic 
 yard, 
 s. d. 
 
 Twelve parts shingle to one of Portland cement . • 7 2 
 Nine „ „ „ „ . . 8 2| 
 
 Six „ „ „ „ . . 10 3 
 
 Mr. Colson f gives the cost of a grey lime mortar, 
 the proportion being one of lime and two of sand, at 
 11 '83 shillings per cubic yard, and its tensile strength 
 at six months at 36*86 lbs. per square inch, and 
 compares it with the three following Portland 
 cement mortars : — 
 
 Tensile Cost per cubic 
 Cement. Sand. strength. yard. 
 
 lbs. shillings. 
 No. 1 . . 1 6 103-79 U'o(j 
 
 Ko. 2 . . 1 8 68-80 9-93 
 
 No. 3 . . 1 10 60-16 8-88 
 
 * FroceecVmgs, Inst. Civil EngincerSj vol. 62. 
 
 t Proceedings^ Inst, Civil Engineers, vol. 54, pages 268 — 9. 
 
 D 2 
 
52 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOK USERS. 
 
 So that it seems, that cement may be used in the 
 small proportion of one to ten of sand, and still be 
 stronger than a lime mortar of the proportion of one 
 to two. 
 
 That cement is, therefore, a more economical mate- 
 rial for use than lime there can be no doubt, but 
 that it is advisable to use it as mortar with such 
 a very large proportion of sand is somewhat doubtful. 
 It would be found to be so very gritty and unmanage- 
 able, that a small proportion of loam would have to 
 be added to render it mellow and workable. This 
 would of necessity reduce its strength, and it would, 
 perhaps, be desirable to be satisfied in procuring a 
 greater strength without reducing the cost, as com- 
 pared with a lime mortar. 
 
 In conclusion it must be stated that the economic 
 use of cement, and its proper and judicious manipu- 
 lation must, in a great measure, be left to the discre- 
 tion of those who have charge of the work ; but as 
 the best results are obtained in the testing-room by 
 following out certain rules, so the best results will 
 be obtained in practice by adhering to, as nearly as 
 the exigencies of the case will admit of, the experience 
 and practice of the testing- room. 
 
CHAPTER XIL 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY. 
 
 This chapter, being written ten years after tte 
 work was first published, is intended to bring the 
 knowledge of cement testing up to the present date, 
 and must therefore be read and considered in con- 
 junction with the several chapters which the parti- 
 cular subject referred to more • especially treats of; 
 taking them in their order, the first point which 
 calls for attention is the present mode of determin- 
 ing the weight per bushel (Chap. II.). 
 
 That the weight per striked bushel of a cement is 
 any indication of its value is still a moot point, and 
 though the author thinks it is of little value to the 
 user, still, as it is a test which is often demanded, it 
 is as well that it should be carried out in a proper 
 manner, and all chances of error eliminated. The 
 machine now used for the purpose is described and 
 shown in Appendix II., Fig. 9, and the absence of error 
 ensured by its use, and its advantages over other and 
 previous means will be readily conceded ; but there is 
 still an element of error which is continually obtruding 
 itself when this test is insisted upon ; this, however, 
 
54 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 is due to the cement itself, which increases in bulk 
 with age, and consequently a lesser quantity suffices 
 to fill the measure when the cement has been long 
 in stock than when it is freshly ground. This fact 
 has curiously enough only lately been recognised, 
 and the author's attention was first drawn to it by 
 some cement which was sent to one of our distant 
 colonies, and which was tested here previous to ship- 
 ment and again on its arrival in the colony. The 
 cement when tested here for weight always fully 
 complied with the terms of the specification, viz. 
 112 lbs. per bushel, but when tested for weight in 
 the same manner upon its arrival in the colony, it 
 never would weigh more than 104 lbs. or 106 lbs. 
 per bushel ; this led to a series of experiments being 
 made, with the result that it was found that freshly 
 ground cement might weigh 120 lbs. or more per 
 striked bushel, that the same cement a few days 
 old weighed only 112 lbs. or 114 lbs., that when 
 six months old it weighed only 100 lbs., and that 
 when a year old its weight per bushel had fallen 
 to 95 lbs.* 
 
 With respect to the setting of a cement (Chap. V.), 
 a slight variation in terms is now acknowledged, 
 the definition of the word set as described in 
 Chap. V. has been practically abandoned, as it does 
 not give the user suflicient information on the sub- 
 ject, but in its stead two periods have been substi- 
 
 * For details of this experiment vide Proceedings, Society of 
 Engineers, March, 1888. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY. 
 
 55 
 
 tuted, and are designated the initial set and 
 set hard.'' The time of initial set is the time 
 which elapses between adding the water of gauging 
 to the cement and the period when setting just 
 commences ; now this period in most cements is 
 very readily determined, as it is the moment when 
 the plasticity of the cement can no longer be main- 
 tained by working it with the trowel ; and the term 
 set hard is given to the cement when it is not 
 possible to indent it with a moderate pressure of the 
 thumb nail. The thumb-nail test has been often 
 maligned, and considered unscientific, and no doubt 
 justly so, but for the object in view it is as good a 
 test as can be found, because it must be remembered 
 that the time a cement takes to set hard is of but 
 little value in itself, as it only indicates the time 
 which must elapse before the cement has attained 
 a certain amount of cohesion, and though incapable 
 of supporting any great pressure, is capable of at 
 all events, supporting itself, and of resisting the 
 action of water. The time of initial set is of 
 more importance, because it defines the time when 
 the cement must be left at rest ; the chemical action 
 of setting has then commenced, and any disturbance of 
 it will be to the detriment of the ultimate strength 
 of the cement.* 
 
 The time of initial set " and the time when a 
 cement is hard set" bear no definite relation to 
 one another ; a cement may have a quick initial set, 
 
 * Vide Froceedinf/s, Societi/ of Engineers, 'M.a.voh^ 1888. 
 
56 
 
 PORTLAND CEMEJST FOR USERS. 
 
 and yet may be a long while before it is hard set; 
 and though it is usual for a quick initial set to be 
 indicative of a cement that quickly sets hard, it by 
 no means follows as a consequence ; and, again, with 
 really slow setting cements the initial set is so slow 
 that it is impossible to determine, with any degree 
 of accuracy, when the setting really commences ; of 
 course, under such conditions the time of initial set 
 is ignored, as indeed it generally is when the time 
 exceeds half an hour ; the knowledge of it would 
 under such circumstances be of no value, and in no 
 way give any useful information. The value of the 
 test being to enable the user to know for how long 
 a time after adding water to the cement he may 
 manipulate or use it, without fear of detrimentally 
 affecting its strength, and the work in which it is 
 being used. 
 
 Perhaps the most important innovation that has 
 been introduced into cement tests is the test for 
 soundness (Chap. Y. Specification). By the sound- 
 ness of a cement is meant its absolute immunity 
 from all destructive agencies within itself. The in- 
 dications of an unsound cement, or, as it is often 
 called, a blowey cement, are the development 
 after it has set of cracks — of small pit holes — which 
 with time increase in size, of friability or falling 
 into powder ; in fact, the development of any pecu- 
 liarity which shows that some action is going on 
 within the cement itself, which must eventually end 
 in its destruction, and in consequence the destruc- 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY. 
 
 57 
 
 tion of the work in which it has been used. But it 
 does not necessarily follow that because a cement 
 mortar, or concrete disintegrates, or falls to pieces, 
 or " blows," that the failure is due to the cement ; 
 it may in such case be due to an improper manipu- 
 lation, the use of improper aggregate, or loamy sand, 
 or to an impure or dirty water having been used, or 
 even to climatic influences, such as frost or sun, attack- 
 ing the face of the concrete before it has hardened 
 sufliciently to resist their action ; and it is therefore 
 most important, in the interest of both user and 
 manufacturer, and in order that future disputes 
 may be avoided, that the absolute soundness of a 
 cement should be determined before it is used. 
 
 The soundness of a cement must be considered its 
 most important property, for of what value is a 
 cement that developes great strength at the three 
 and seven days' test, and a few days or weeks after- 
 wards commences to crack and disintegrate and fall 
 to pieces ? Better surely to be satisfied with a lesser 
 strength, and to be sure that the cement is sound. 
 In fact, if a cement proves itself sound, and is 
 ground to a sufficient degree of fineness, and com- 
 plies with the general properties of a cement with 
 respect to setting powers, it is, in ninety-nine cases 
 out of a hundred, strong enough for any purpose to 
 which it can be applied. 
 
 Let it be remembered, however, that neither the 
 weight per bushel, the time of *4nitial set," or of "hard 
 set,'' or even the tensile strength at short dates are 
 
 d3 
 
58 
 
 PORTLAND CEMEJST FOR USERS. 
 
 any of them any indication as to whether a cement 
 is sound or not ; a cement may be light or heavy in 
 weight, light or dark in colour, quick-setting or 
 slow-setting, very strong or very weak, and still 
 may blow and disintegrate. Again, a cement may 
 
 Fig. 1 
 
 blow when exposed to the air, or when placed under 
 water; it may blow within twenty- four hours of 
 its being gauged, or it may not give any indications 
 of being unsound for several months. The blowing 
 tendency of a cement is most subtle, it occurs when 
 least expected, and unless the user has satisfied him- 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY. 
 
 59 
 
 self tliat the cement he is employing is a sound one, 
 he should not be surprised if some morning when he 
 looks at his work, he notices the first indications of 
 disintegration. 
 
 The blowing of a cement being of such a subtle 
 character, the importance of being able to determine 
 the soundness of the sample before using it is most 
 important, and the only way in which it can be done 
 is by accelerating the setting and hardening of the 
 sample, for it is clear that if by artificial means the 
 hardness of weeks can be given to a cement in a few 
 hours, the future history of those weeks is ascer- 
 tained in as many hours. It is well known that heat 
 generally, and moist heat in particular, greatly ac- 
 celerates the setting and hardening of cement, and 
 it is by applying this medium artificially that the 
 test for soundness is carried out. 
 
 The apparatus in which this test is made is shown 
 in Fig. No. 1.* 
 
 The inner vessel, which is only half filled with 
 water, is the actual working chamber; the outer 
 vessel, in which it is placed, is also filled with water, 
 but this simply acts as a jacket, and assists in main- 
 taining an even temperature in the inner or work- 
 ing vessel. By means of the gas jet underneath, the 
 water in both vessels is warmed, that in the working 
 vessel being maintained, night and day, at a fairly 
 even temperature, ranging from 112° to 117° Fahr. 
 
 * Vide Proceedings, Institution Civil Engineers, vol. 75, pp. 213 to 
 229. 
 
60 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 There is, of course, a considerable amount of vapour 
 rising from the water in the working vessel, so 
 that the upper part is filled with a damp warm 
 atmosphere. 
 
 To work the apparatus a pat of cement is made 
 about 3 inches long by 2 inches wide, and about 
 J inch thick, and is placed on a slip of glass ; im- 
 mediately it is gauged it is placed on the rack in the 
 upper part of the working vessel, i.e. in the warm 
 damp atmosphere ; there it is allowed to remain for 
 three or four hours, and it will be noted that even 
 the very slowest setting cement becomes " set hard 
 under this influence in a very short time, while a 
 quick setting cement is often set hard in ten or fifteen 
 minutes ; in a few hours the pat is taken off* the 
 rack and placed bodily into the hot water, and there it 
 is allowed to remain for twelve or fifteen hours ; it 
 is then taken out and examined. 
 
 If the pat when taken out of the hot bath is still 
 adhering firmly to the glass slip on which it was 
 made, there is no need for further examination ; there 
 is no doubt but that the cement is perfectly sound.^ 
 If, however, as is generally the case, it has becpthe 
 removed from the glass, an examination with a mag- 
 nifying glass is necessary, and if nothing in the way 
 of fine cracks or pitholes can be detected, then again 
 the cement is undoubtedly quite sound. If, how- 
 ever, large cracks are developed, or the pat is soft, 
 or it is rounded on the under side, i,e, the edges 
 lifted from the glass, the cement can be condemned 
 forthwith. But there are intermediate stages be- 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY. 
 
 61 
 
 tween the perfectly sound and the undoubtedly 
 unsound, which require discrimination before coming 
 to any decided opinion. Any fine hair cracks or 
 small pitholes may simply be due to the extreme 
 freshness of the sample, or the pat may have been 
 put in the hot water before it had become sufficiently 
 hard set.'' In all these cases of doubtful blow some 
 cement should be laid out in a thin layer for a few 
 days, and another pat made and tested, and it will 
 generally be found that the second trial shows the 
 cement to be sound ; in fact, the author's rule is to 
 accept the first test as correct if the sample proves 
 sound, but never to condemn a cement until after 
 having made two or three experiments, and if the 
 sample then shows signs of blowing, it would be 
 manifestly unwise to accept the cement, notwith- 
 standing that it might with age become a perfectly 
 sound and safe cement to use ; but manufacturers 
 must not forget that the object of carrying out a 
 test is to determine the actual quality and properties 
 of the cement as supplied, and not to speculate on 
 those properties which it probably would possess if it 
 ha^been in bulk a month or two longer. 
 
 With respect to specifications (Chap. X.), it may 
 be generally stated that the shorter they are the 
 better, but in every case they should clearly set out 
 the properties and the tests with which the cement 
 is to comply. The general failing in specifications 
 is, that users will enter into the manufacturer's pro- 
 vince, and define, either vaguely or definitely, the 
 percentage of lime, alumina, silica, magnesia, or 
 
62 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 what not that are to compose the cement. Now, 
 the user has nothing to do with all this ; it is purely 
 the manufacturer's business to compound and calcine 
 the cement as he thinks best, and he undoubtedly 
 should know better than the user how to make the 
 cement in order that it may comply with the speci- 
 fication which the user puts before him ; if the cement 
 so supplied blows, or does not comply in other re- 
 spects with the terms of the specification, it is the 
 manufacturer's fault and his loss, and so far as the 
 user is concerned there the matter ends. 
 
 The only real points in a specification with which 
 the user has to deal, is the tensile strength, the fine- 
 ness of grinding, and the soundness of the sample ; 
 and these may generally be the same for all pur- 
 poses ; then follows as a secondary matter the time 
 of set ; generally a fairly slow-setting cement pro- 
 duces better work than a quick-setting one, as it 
 allows more time for manipulation ; but, of course, 
 under some conditions, as, for instance, for tidal 
 work or underpinning, a quick-setting cement is 
 absolutely necessary ; the question of colour, which 
 for constructional work is of no importance, Aeed 
 only be considered when the cement is to be 
 used for stucco, decorative work, or other special 
 purpose. In Chapter X. a specification is given 
 which may be adapted to suit all requirements, 
 and would ensure the delivery of a good sound 
 cement, and the author trusts that he has put it 
 in such a form that it may prove of value to his 
 readers. 
 
APPENDIX No. I. 
 
 HAVING REFERENCE PRINCIPALLY TO CHAPTERS 
 
 11. AND III. 
 
 TABLE I. 
 
 Proceedings^ Inst. Civil Engineers, vol. 62, page 149. — Mr. Grant. 
 
 Eight Varieties of Portland Cement. 
 
 Unsifted, and sifted through a 48 x 48 per square inch sieve. 
 The average of 10 briquettes to each test, kept in water. 
 
 A, 
 B. 
 C, 
 
 E, 
 F. 
 G. 
 H. 
 
 Weight in lbs. 
 
 119 
 
 120 
 122 
 
 ' tenth of a 
 bushel. 
 
 ' tenth of a 
 shel after 
 sifting. 
 
 >arse residue 
 sieve after 
 sifting. 
 
 iter used for 
 •auging. 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 Cm 
 
 o 
 
 11-58 
 
 10-63 
 
 19-70 
 
 20-60 
 22-50 
 
 10-68 
 
 9-80 
 
 24-96 
 
 22-88 
 25-77 
 
 10-97 
 
 9-61 
 
 24-06 
 
 20-40 
 25-00 
 
 10-67 
 
 9-03 
 
 28-03 
 
 22-52 
 25-00 
 
 10-78 
 
 
 15-79 
 
 20-68 
 22-50 
 
 10 73 
 
 9-37 
 
 23-84 
 
 21-57 
 26-00 
 
 11-27 
 
 9-72 
 
 24-96 
 
 21-00 
 21-00 
 
 11-37 
 
 9-62 
 
 28-46 
 
 21-00 
 
 Percentage. 
 
 Broke in lbs. per 
 square inch at 
 sixty days. 
 
 770 
 627 
 774 
 646 
 625 
 816 
 614 
 656 
 
 828 
 688 
 774 
 677 
 632 
 779 
 681 
 661 
 
64 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 TABLE II. 
 
 Proceedings, Royal Institute British Architects, 1879—80, page 112 
 Mr. Henry Faija. 
 Four Samples of Cement. 
 Each test the average of Ten Briquettes. 
 
 
 
 after 
 a 50x 
 
 
 
 
 Eesidue per cenl 
 sifting through 
 60 per inch si( 
 
 Wejo-ht 
 
 per 
 Bushel 
 in lbs. 
 
 
 Cement as delivered . 
 
 25 
 
 114 
 
 No. 1 
 
 do. ground to pass 
 [ the 50 X 50 sieve 
 
 nil 
 
 104 
 
 
 Cement as delivered 
 
 16 
 
 116 
 
 No. 2 
 
 do. ground to pass 
 the 50 X 50 sieve 
 
 nil 
 
 109 
 
 
 Cement as delivered 
 
 14 
 
 116J 
 
 No. 3 
 
 do. ground to pass 
 the 50 X 50 sieve 
 
 nil 
 
 112 
 
 
 Cement as delivered 
 
 33 
 
 118i 
 
 No. 4 
 
 do. ground to pass 
 the 50 X 50 sieve 
 
 nil 
 
 105 
 
 Broke in lbs. per 
 square inch at 
 
 7 days 28 days. 
 
 535 
 
 572 
 509 
 
 542 
 476 
 
 505 
 693 
 
 666 
 
 661 I 
 
 650 ) 
 
 075 j 
 
 662 ^ 
 
 710 ) 
 
 728 \ 
 
 810 j 
 
 TABLE III. 
 
 Pioceedings^ Royal Institute British Architects, 1879 — 80, page 113. 
 Mr. Henry Faija. 
 Three Samples of Cement. 
 Each test the average of Ten Briquettes. 
 
 
 Sample No. 1 
 broke in lbs. per 
 square inch at 
 
 Sample No. 2 
 broke in lbs. per 
 square inch at 
 
 Sample No. 3 
 broke in lbs. pel 
 square inch at 
 
 
 7 days. 
 
 28 days. 
 
 7 days. 
 
 28 days. 
 
 7 days. 
 
 28 days 
 
 Cement as delivered . 
 do. all ground to 
 pass a 50 X 50 sieve 
 
 535 
 572 
 
 661 
 
 509 
 542 
 
 650 
 675 
 
 481 
 505 
 
 650 
 710 
 
 Cement, siftin2:s only 
 that passed the 
 50 X 50 sieve . . 
 
 547 
 
 697 
 
 573 
 
 668 
 
 452 
 
 629 
 
APPENDIX I. 
 
 TABLE IV. 
 Mr. Henry Faija. 
 Three Samples op Cement. 
 "Relative weight of the coarse and fine parts in a cement. 
 
 I 
 
 Cement as delivered 
 
 Siftings that passed 
 through sieve with 
 2,500 holes per sq. 
 in 
 
 Coarse, that was re- 
 tained in sieve with 
 2,600 holes per sq. 
 in 
 
 Cement, all ground, to 
 pass a sieve with 
 2,500 holes per sq. 
 in 
 
 Coarse, all ground, 
 to pass a sieve with 
 2,500 holes per sq. 
 in 
 
 Cement as delivered . 
 
 Siftings that passed 
 a sieve with 2,500 
 holes per square in. 
 
 Coarse, that was re- 
 tained in sieve with 
 2,500 holes per sq. 
 in 
 
 Cement, all ground, 
 to pass a sieve with 
 2,500 holes per sq. 
 in 
 
 Coarse, all ground, 
 to pass a sieve with 
 2,500 holes per sq. 
 in 
 
 
 >* 
 
 Finencrf., 
 
 Weight pe 
 mshel in 11 
 
 ecific gravi 
 
 Per cent, of residTn 
 when sifted through 
 a sieve having . . . 
 holes per square inch. 
 
 
 ft 
 
 625 
 
 2,500 
 
 4,900 
 
 116i 
 
 3-000 
 
 
 11 
 
 30 
 
 mi 
 
 2-97 
 
 
 nil 
 
 
 121 
 
 3-07 
 
 
 all 
 
 
 112 
 
 
 
 nil 
 
 
 115 
 
 
 
 nil 
 
 
 116 
 
 3.03 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 104 
 
 2-94 
 
 
 nil 
 
 
 130i 
 
 3-04 
 
 
 all 
 
 
 109 
 
 
 
 nil 
 
 
 115 
 
 
 
 nil 
 
 
66 
 
 rOKTLAND CEMEiNT FOR USERS. 
 TABLE 1\ ,— continued. 
 
 No. 3 
 
 Cement as delivered . 
 
 Siftings that passed 
 a sieve with 2,500 
 holes per sq. in. . 
 
 Coarse, that was re- 
 tained in sieve with 
 2,500 holes per sq. 
 in 
 
 Cement, all ground, 
 to pass a sieve with 
 2,500 holes per sq. 
 in 
 
 Coarse, all ground, 
 to pafl'i a sieve with 
 2,500 holes per 
 in 
 
 114 
 
 100 
 
 128 
 
 104J 
 
 109 
 
 3-02 
 2 91 
 
 3-035 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Per cent, of residue 
 when sifted through 
 a sieve having . . . 
 holes per square inch. 
 
 625 2,500 4,900 
 
 25 
 nil 
 
 aU 
 
 a: I ^ 
 
APPENDIX I. 
 
 67 
 
 TABLE V. 
 Mr. Henry Faija. 
 
 Ten Samples of Portland Cement. 
 
 Relation between the specific gravity, weight per bushel, and 
 fineness. 
 
 
 
 
 Fineness 
 
 —Residue per cent, after 
 
 
 Specific 
 
 "Weight per 
 
 sifting through a sieve having . . holes 
 
 No. 
 
 g. avity. 
 
 bushel in lbs. 
 
 
 per square men. 
 
 
 
 
 25 X 25 
 
 50 X 50 
 
 75 X 75 
 
 1 
 
 2-90 
 
 93 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2-84 
 
 98 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 30 
 
 3 
 
 3-09 
 
 116 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 4 
 
 3-07 
 
 111 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 H 
 
 
 6 
 
 3-00 
 
 116i 
 
 0 
 
 14 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 2-99 
 
 118 
 
 4 
 
 28 
 
 37 
 
 7 
 
 3-03 
 
 115 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 
 8 
 
 2-96 
 
 116 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 2-90 
 
 118J 
 
 8 
 
 33 
 
 
 10 
 
 2-90 
 
 111 
 
 7 
 
 30 
 
 
 Nos. 1 and 2, both light cements. The specific gravity of No. 
 1 is greater than that of No. 2, and yet No. 2 weighs more per 
 bushel, which may be ascribed to its not being so finely ground. 
 
 Nos. 3 and 4, both heavy cements. Here again the fineness to 
 which No. 4 is ground has reduced its weight per bushel out of 
 all proportion to the difi'erence in the specific gravity of the two 
 samples. 
 
 In Nos. 5 and 6, which may be considered as cements of medium 
 weight, the same property is shown. 
 
 Nos. 7 and 8, the weight and fineness being the same, the difi'er- 
 ence in specific gravity must be due to some other cause than 
 calcination, and the same so far as weight is concerned would apply 
 to Nos. 9 and 10. 
 
68 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS 
 
 Table I., by Mr. Grant, gives some valuable 
 information in respect to sifted cements. It will be 
 noted that tbe weight per tenth of a bushel is in- 
 variably less in the sifted sample than in the un- 
 sifted. This is not only due to the fineness but also 
 to the hard-burned portion of the cement, unr£^- 
 duced by the grinding, being extracted ; as a con- 
 sequence the specific gravity would also be less, 
 and the sample practically reduced to a light-burned 
 cement. The strength is therefore not increased to 
 the extent due to the fineness, in fact, in no case is 
 the strength increased more than about 10 percent., 
 and in some instances the cement when sifted gives 
 worse results than when unsifted, although the ex- 
 amples are all representative of coarsely ground 
 cements. 
 
 Table II. gives the difference in the weight per 
 bushel of four samples of cement by grinding (not 
 sifting), in which case the specific gravity will be 
 unaltered, and the tensile strength of the samples 
 as delivered and as ground at seven and twenty- 
 eight days ; while Table III. gives the results of ex- 
 periments of the tensile strength of three samples of 
 cement at seven and twenty-eight days as delivered, 
 ground, and sifted. In these two Tables the fineness 
 of the cements as delivered is not mentioned, but it 
 may be stated that they were all, with the exception 
 of No. 4 in Table II., what may be termed finely 
 ground, i.e. they none of them left 15 per cent, of 
 residue when sifted through a No. 50 sieve. In 
 
APPENDIX I. 
 
 69 
 
 Table lY. is given the weight per bushel and the 
 specific gravity of the coarse and fine particles of 
 three samples of cement. It would be easy, if neces- 
 sary, to give many other examples, but these are 
 sufiicient to show the great difi'erence in the weights 
 due to variations in the degree of calcination in the 
 core and body of a cement. 
 
 The results shown in these Tables give undeniable 
 proof of the advantage derived from fine grinding 
 in the cohesive power of cement, but they also show 
 that it should be grinding and not sifting to which 
 the fineness should be due, and demonstrate the 
 advisability of always taking the specific gravity of 
 a sample when determining its value. They also 
 show that the specific gravity, weight per bushel, and 
 fineness of a sample, are properties which must be 
 considered conjointly, and that either one by itself 
 without relation to the other two does not allow of 
 any satisfactory estimation of the quality of a cement 
 being aiTived at. 
 
APPENDIX ^0. II. 
 
 VARIOUS FORMS OF BRIQUETTES, TESTING 
 MACHINES, &c. 
 
 The form of briquette shown in Fig. 2 was that 
 originally adopted ; the mould in which it was made 
 
 Fig, 2. Fig. 3. 
 
 was in one piece, and when the cement was set the 
 briquette was pushed out of it, an operation which 
 often resulted in breaking it, or at all events so 
 damaging it that a satisfactory result was but seldom 
 
APPENDIX II. 
 
 71 
 
 obtained in the testing machine, added to which 
 the square corners are contrary to all recognised 
 rules of constructive strength, and the fracture gene- 
 rally occurred as shown by the dotted line instead 
 of at the centre of the section. 
 
 Fig. 3 shows a form which is still used by many : 
 small steel plates are put into the square holes, which 
 rest upon knife edges in the testing machine, so that 
 the strain is applied as nearly centrally as possible ; 
 but the whole briquette is so cumbersome, one for 
 the 1| inch section taking quite 5 lbs. of cement, that 
 the mere operation of gauging is laborious, and of a 
 necessity such good results are not obtained as when 
 a smaller quantity of cement has to be gauged. 
 
 Fig. 4 is the form which was originally adopted 
 by Mr. V. de Michele for his testing machine ; it 
 
 Fig. 4. Fig. 5. 
 
 does not give altogether satisfactory results, as the 
 briquettes often fracture as shown by the dotted 
 lines, from the clips of the machine not bearing 
 perfectly evenly at all of the four points of contact, 
 and thus exerting a crushing force in addition to 
 
72 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 that of tension. The author believes that Mr. 
 Michele has now adopted a different form of briquette 
 for use with his machine which gives satisfactory 
 results. 
 
 Fig. 5 is the form which has been designed by Mr. 
 Grant of the Metropolitan Board of Works, and it is 
 the one which undoubtedly gives the best and most 
 regular results. The clips of the machine, which 
 are curved both ways, forming a sort of round centre, 
 hold it at the points marked A. If the briquette is 
 placed truly in the clips of the machine the fracture 
 invariably occurs at the point of smallest section, and 
 the results obtained with it are higher than with any 
 other form yet introduced. 
 
 Fig. 6 is the briquette which is in use in Germany. 
 It is needless to say the fracture generally occurs at 
 the smallest section, owing to the nick at that point, 
 
 Fig. 6. Fig. 7. 
 
 but that those results are the best obtainable cannot 
 be maintained, as the sudden alteration in the sec- 
 tional area must reduce its strength considerably. 
 Fig. 7 is the adaptation of Mr. Grant's briquette 
 
APPENDIX II. 
 
 78 
 
 used by the author in his testing-room. The form 
 of briquette and the clips are exactly the same as 
 in No. 5, but the top is made sloping instead of flat, so 
 that it may come more easily out of the moulds, the 
 apex also forming a centre by which the briquettes 
 maybe placed truly in the clips of the testing machine. 
 
 Fig. 8 shows a nest of five such moulds, which can 
 be filled at one gauging : the bed is a piece of plate 
 glass let into wood, two strips being fixed on each 
 side to hold the moulds endways, and at each end 
 other pieces, in one of which is fitted a screw to 
 tighten the moulds up into their places. The moulds 
 each come apart at the points marked b, so that 
 when the cement has set the screw c may be loosened 
 and the briquettes taken out one by one without any 
 trouble or force. 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 Fig. 9 gives a side sectional elevation of an appa- 
 ratus designed by the author to ensure the bushel 
 measure being always filled to an equal density. 
 The cement to be weighed is placed in the hopper 
 A, the bushel measure b, being placed under the 
 
 K 
 
74 
 
 PORTLAND CEME]NT FOR USERS. 
 
 apparatus. It will be seen that the cement does 
 not fall directly out of the hopper a, into the mea- 
 sure B, but only into the conveyor trough c. By 
 turning the handle d, which actuates the conveyor- 
 worm, the cement is brought from the mouth of the 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
 hopper A, to a hole e, in the conveyor trough im- 
 mediately over the centre of the bushel measure, 
 into which the cement falls in an even and con- 
 tinuous stream so long as the handle is turned. 
 When the measure is piled full, the hole e, in the 
 conveyor trough is closed by means of a slide actu-. 
 
APPENDIX II. 
 
 75 
 
 ated by the handle f. A straight-edge is then 
 taken, and the cement struck level on the top, and 
 the measure with the cement in it weighed ; the 
 tare of the measure having been first ascertained, 
 the weight of the cement in it is determined. 
 
 Of testing machines, it is difficult to say which is 
 the best ; they are all necessarily adaptations of 
 simple, compound, or bent levers. There are, how- 
 ever, certain requirements with which a cement 
 testing machine must complj^, the first of which, of 
 course, is accuracy, and it may be assumed that all 
 types of machines when delivered from the makers' 
 are accurate, but it is also necessary that their accu- 
 racy may at any time be easily tested and verified ; 
 then again, they should be capable of successfully 
 withstanding hard wear and rough usage, for the 
 testing room in a cement works is the intermediate 
 department between the manufactory and the chemi- 
 cal laboratory ; the foreman generally tests the 
 briquettes, and although he no doubt fully appre- 
 ciates the value of the machine, he cannot be ex- 
 pected to have a sufiBciently light hand to be able 
 to successfully use a too delicate instrument ; and 
 lastly, all knife edges and wearing parts should be 
 sufficiently hard not to be injured by the fine cement 
 dust w^hich is always present about a cement works. 
 The steelyard is perhaps the simplest form, and from 
 its length of arm is perhaps the most accurate ; but 
 with the improved form of briquette and clips it does 
 not work so satisfactorily as with the old form, on 
 account of the almost inevitable slipping of the clips 
 
76 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 on the sloping sides of the briquette ; thus as the 
 weight is run along the yard, the slip allows it to 
 get depressed beyond the horizontal line^ when it is 
 necessary to run the weight back and screw up the 
 clips till the yard is brought again to its proper 
 position, when the weight is again run forward ; this 
 
 e 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 of course is an objection, as the result obtained can- 
 not possibly be the best, for it is impossible to tell 
 to what extent the briquette was strained when the 
 weight was put upon it the first time. The steel 
 yard is, however, a most useful machine, and for low 
 weights up to five or six hundred pounds, is on 
 
APPENDIX II. 
 
 77 
 
 account of its accuracy to be preferred over other 
 machines. Fig. 10 gives a sketch of a small 
 one, which the author uses in his testing-room ; it 
 has a range of from 80 lbs. to 500 lbs., and for 
 mortars and similar materials is of great use. The 
 briquette to be broken is placed in the clips A, and 
 the yard is then brought level by means of the screw 
 and wheel b; the weight d is slung to a carriage 
 which runs along the yard, and which is moved 
 either way by turning the handle c ; when it is re- 
 quired to test mortars of only a few days old, the 
 balance weight e is hooked on to a couple of studs on 
 the yard at r, which so balances it and the weight d, 
 that the strain put upon the briquette commences at 
 nothing. 
 
 The compound lever machines differ from the steel 
 yard, insomuch that the length of lever bears a 
 fixed proportion to the short arm, the weight being 
 gradually increased to produce the strain on the 
 briquette. Dr. Michaelis' machine is, perhaps, the 
 best of this class, being compact, portable, and 
 well finished. He hangs a can to the end of the 
 long lever, into which he allows shot to fall until 
 the briquette which is being tested breaks, when 
 an automatic arrangement prevents any more shot 
 from running into it ; the can is then unhooked 
 from the machine and weighed with the shot in it, 
 which weight, by means of a fixed scale, determin^^ 
 the strain which was upon the briquette when the 
 fracture took place. 
 
78 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 Other makers run water into the can instead of 
 shot, and by means of a vertical scale on it are 
 enabled to read off the strain put upon the briquette, 
 and thus the necessity of weighing the can and shot 
 is avoided, but the great depth which it is necessary 
 for the can to be, in order to hold sufficient water 
 and to allow of the scale being legible, renders it a 
 somewhat cumbersome machine. 
 
 Mr. Michele's machine is again based on another 
 principle, viz. that of a bent lever. By turning a 
 handle a quadrant is actuated, between which and 
 the short arm of the bent lever, the briquette to be 
 tested is held in clips. As by the movement of the 
 quadrant the short arm is depressed, the long arm 
 which is loaded with a definite weight is raised, the 
 power passing through the briquette which is being 
 tested, and the strain at which the briquette breaks 
 is read off by the position of the long arm on a gra- 
 duated scale at the moment of fracture. 
 
 Fig. 11 is a side elevation of Faija's testing 
 machine, which is, as will be seen, a simple lever 
 machine, the proportions between the long and short 
 arms being as ten to one. The briquette to be tested 
 is placed in the clips r, g, in which it is fixed by 
 turning the wheel e attached to the lower clip f. 
 The strain is applied by turning the handle m, which 
 by means of gearing, depresses the end of the Ion 
 arm of the lever, and the strain applied to the bri- 
 quette is measured by the spring balance c, through 
 which the power depressing the long arm is passed. 
 
APPENDIX 11. 
 
 79 
 
 The pointer on the dial carries a loose finger, which 
 stops at the position on the dial plate indicating the 
 strain in pounds at which the briquette broke. The 
 gearing is so arranged, that by turning the handle m, 
 at an easy pace, the strain is applied to the briquette 
 at the standard rate of 400 lbs. per minute, and by 
 throwing it out of gear when the briquette is broken, 
 the machine is rapidly returned to zero. In this 
 
 Fig. 11. 
 
 design the author has tried to avoid faults which he 
 found in other machines, but he does not claim any- 
 thing for it beyond that it is very handy and port- 
 able, and that its accuracy is very easily tested at 
 any moment, and any error adjusted. The small 
 machine has a range of from zero to 1,000 lbs., and 
 the larger machine from zero to 1 ton, so that the 
 very weakest lime-mortars or the strongest cements 
 can be equally well tested in it. 
 
80 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 Mucli has been said from time to time about the 
 vibration set up by some testing machines seriously 
 affecting the accuracy of the result obtained, but it 
 seems to the author that this argument is based on 
 entirely false premises, inasmuch as when the weight 
 or strain is being applied to a briquette the whole 
 machine is in a state of rigid tension, and that it is 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 consequently impossible for vibration to exist ; of 
 course the weight on a steel yard may be allowed to 
 swing, or the shot or water may be let to run care- 
 lessly into the can, and by these means an unequal 
 and varying tension be exerted, but these are surely 
 not faults in the machines but in the handling of 
 them, and are points, therefore, which should be 
 guarded against. When the briquette breaks there 
 is of necessity a jerk and a vibration but it comes 
 too late to yffect the result of the test : it seems, 
 
APPENDIX IT. 
 
 81 
 
 therefore, that the theory of vibration may certainly 
 for all practical purposes be discarded. Another 
 point, which is of infinitely more importance, is the 
 regularity and speed with which the strain is 
 applied ; its reasons have already been explained in 
 Chapter VI. 
 
 Fig. 12 is a sectional elevation of the small cement 
 gauger referred to in Chapter IV. As the handle 
 is turned, the stirrers or mixers on the spindle re- 
 volve in one direction on their own axis, and in the 
 reverse direction round the central axis of the ma- 
 chine ; and furthermore, the gearing is so arranged 
 that the stirrers cover a different portion of the pan 
 at each revolution, so that a thorough gauging of 
 the cement with the water is obtained. It is cus- 
 tomary when using the machine, to determine by 
 previous experiment, the exact amount of water 
 which the particular cement to be tested requires 
 in order to properly gauge it, and after weighing 
 the cement and putting it in the gauger, to weigh 
 out the exact quantity of water required and put 
 it in the machine all at once ; and then, by turning 
 the handle for half a minute, a very perfect gauge 
 is effected. The top of the machine to which the 
 stirrers are connected is then removed, the pan 
 lifted, and the gauged cement turned out on to the 
 gauging table, when it is in a perfect condition to 
 be filled into the briquette moulds. 
 
 As this appendix is devoted entirely to the ap- 
 paratus used in testing cement, it may not be out 
 
 E 3 
 
82 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 of place to impress on the novice in cement testing 
 the necessity of keeping all apparatus perfectly- 
 clean and in a fit condition for use. When the 
 briquettes are removed from the moulds, the moulds 
 should be cleaned at once, the cement which 
 adheres to them being scraped ard wiped off before 
 it has become so hard and firmly attached that 
 injury to the mould may result from its removal, 
 and above all the edges and the interior surface of 
 the moulds should be preserved with the greatest 
 care. The same remarks apply to the ganger, and 
 the testing machine should also from time to time 
 be taken to pieces and all old oil and dirt wiped off, 
 and all knife edges and other wearing parts care- 
 fully attended to and re-oiled when necessary. In 
 fact the care displayed in maintaining the appa- 
 ratus in good working order is indicative of the 
 care displayed in carrying out the tests. 
 
APPENDIX III. 
 
 83 
 
 o 
 
 P 
 
 Ph 
 <1 
 
 
 365. 
 
 o 00 
 
 1—1 00 <o 
 
 05 i>- 00 
 
 ll 
 "sis 
 
 a: S a 
 
 ?2 
 
 O O 
 
 <x> o CO 
 
 00 00 t>- 
 
 e inch of 
 having 
 whole ti 
 
 182. 
 
 CO (NO COOtOOOOO r-l 
 
 00 i->-o TtHoo»-t-^';o05 o 
 
 00 *>-t— t^t^iXtOO^^I^. 00 
 
 at lbs. per squar 
 lys from gauging 
 in water the 
 
 OS 
 
 OCOOO.— Ir^i0»0^ OU5C<IC<IO 
 
 I>»t^t>-O5?oi>.>oco t^i>.t>.t>.i>- 
 
 CO 
 
 oor— oo-'^osco-rHOs.-'oococot^co 
 
 
 t> 
 
 OStoO— lCi?OCO.-^(MC<»CO00«300CO 
 OOr-^OOOOCOrH,— iCOCt)rt<0001>. 
 
 Eemarks on 
 time taken to 
 set, &c. 
 
 Slow 
 Quick 
 Quick 
 Very Quick 
 
 Slow 
 Very Slow 
 Quick 
 Quick 
 Slow 
 Slow 
 Quick 
 Medium 
 
 Slow 
 Medium 
 Medium 
 
 Placed in 
 water 
 hours 
 alter 
 
 gauging. 
 
 I— 1 rHf-H C<lt-H rH(MT-»rH 
 
 Per- 
 centage 
 1 of water 
 used in 
 gauging. 
 
 00C<J(Mi0 00»-0 5<IO'*r-i|>.,-(t^|>.(M 
 l>.Tt<aJOi0005050C<IOO<OOOCOCO 
 
 cent, 
 rough 
 
 
 coco <M<MC^<MCO(M<MCOr-HCO 
 
 due per ( 
 ifting th 
 eves Nog 
 
 s 
 
 CD0Cr-(OC0C0f-l0500i-tOr«»'?t<C0r}< 
 rHC<J.-MCOC<l<-lr-l i-l(M(M,-H(M 
 
 Eesi 
 after s 
 si 
 
 (M 
 
 'M rt< mIc^i W ^'-lOOOf-t'-i^f-iCOOO 
 
 Specific 
 gravity. 
 
 Oi050iOCO-^S<100l-^0(MC005tOO 
 00500050050500000^0505050 
 
 OOC^i<IC<ICOCA!f^'NfNC<IC<l<^ 
 
 Weight 
 
 striked 
 bushul. 
 
 COOO-^i— 'UtlTtiCO C<JO f-< CO 
 
 ^i-Hf-tr-Hf-M.— (f-J — « 
 
 No. 
 of 
 sam- 
 ple. 1 
 
 — » d CO «0 1— 00 O O 1 S<1 00 '"^ »o 
 
81 PORTLA^'D CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 Table YI. gives the weight per bushel, specific 
 gravity and fineness of grinding of fifteen samples 
 of cement, as well as the percentage of water which 
 was found necessary to properly gauge them, the 
 time which elapsed between the operation of gauging 
 and the removal of the briquettes from the moulds 
 and placing them in water, and the tensile strength 
 of the samples at different dates, from seven days to 
 a year. The examples are taken quite indiscri- 
 minately from the author's testing-book, and are not 
 in any way meant to illustrate the theories which 
 have been propounded, for it is needless to say that 
 any theory to be of value must be proved by a very 
 considerably larger number of experiments than are 
 here given. They illustrate, however, the great 
 uncertainty which attends the divination of the 
 future strength of a cement. Sample No. 4, for 
 instance, a quick-setting cement, seems to have 
 attained its ultimate strength in only seven days, 
 while No. 6, a very slow-setting cement, is even at 
 the end of a year increasing about 50 lbs. every three 
 months. No. 5 again attained the marvellous 
 strength of 900 lbs. in the short space of three 
 months. Of the ten briquettes of this sample which 
 were tested at the three months, the lowest fracture 
 was 860 lbs., while one carried 950 lbs. before it broke. 
 It is much to be regretted that more briquettes were 
 not made of this cement, as it would be interesting 
 to know what its ultimate strength would have 
 been. 
 
APPENDIX IV. 
 
 85 
 
 (X) to 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 p ^ 
 
 pq a. 
 
 « M 
 
 |t ^ d ^* 
 
 e g=+H d 
 
 •11:^1 
 
 bp 
 
 d CD ^ 
 
 ■ d 
 
 CO O 
 
 <M C^J r-H 
 f-H I— I (M 
 
 CO Oi ^ 
 f-' CO -M 
 rH rH (M 
 
 CDOSkft QO000OI>- i-H0i05Q0 t^05(M 
 <MC<JCO i-lTt<i— I i-HCOC<l(MCO 
 
 i-H(M(M(NCO i-iCO rHCO(MC^<M 
 
 cot— OCOOO !>. CO OOOOril--. 005«M 
 
 CO . 
 
 CO 
 
 113 . 
 
 I!" 
 
 ooooo ooooo ooooo ooo 
 
 : o 
 
 .Q 
 
 o 
 
 ■a 
 
 d 
 
 ■a 
 
 d 
 
 rd 
 
 rd 
 
 d 
 
 s-4 r- 
 CO 6C 
 
86 
 
 PORTJ.ANU CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 op 
 
 One 
 year 
 
 o 
 »o 
 
 
 
 
 
 <M 
 
 
 CO 
 
 Op 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 Twent 
 
 five 
 week 
 
 
 Oi 
 
 «-* 
 
 
 CN 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oi 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 tH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 6> 
 1— ( 
 
 Eh ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ip 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 >o 
 
 cq 
 
 Fom 
 weeki 
 
 l>- 
 
 co 
 
 cq 
 
 CO 
 
 
 <b 
 
 (M 
 
 io 
 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 Seve 
 days 
 
 4l 
 
 us 
 
 4h 
 
 t—i 
 
 o 
 
 (M 
 
 
 05 
 
 Oi 1 (» 
 
 O r 
 
 GO 
 
 CO 
 
 ''^ 1 
 
 ^ ^ a 
 
 g 9 > 
 g o ce 
 
 M « B 
 
 oo 
 I— » 
 
 U3 
 
 400 
 square 
 ceiiti- 
 
 10-2 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 CQ 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 Tim 
 
 of 
 settin 
 
 g 
 
 w 
 
 rH 
 
 P3 CO 
 
 
 (=1 
 
 o3 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 p 
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 53 
 
 in ^ 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 P 
 
 a 
 
 I 
 
APPENDIX IV. 
 
 pi So 
 
 Kilogrammes per square 
 
 I centimetre. 
 
 1 
 
 Five of 
 sand. 
 
 »-l T^l rH CO 
 
 C<l 1^3 A. 
 
 CO O tJ< 
 
 cq b ^ 
 
 I— 1 I-H 
 
 CO 05 00 Oi 
 
 Tt< CO 05 rH 
 
 <M 00 CO c> 
 
 <N b oo b 
 
 Three of 
 sand. 
 
 to ^- lO rH 
 
 O ^ 00 (M to 
 
 ^ f-l C<1 0\ 
 
 CD (M C<1 Tt< 
 
 CO CO C5 
 
 (M CO 
 Oi OC CO 
 rH ^ CM 
 
 CO O to 05 
 
 iO C<I 't' t-- 
 m-t I— 1 rH 
 
 O,^ 00 lO 05 cp 'TP 
 9 Oi ^ 05 b 
 
 Q M rH C<l CO ^ 
 
 OiyH'Tt*'^ TT<O>p00 
 
 ibcOOob rllrllOOrH 
 
 rHC<j(McO CSICOCCtH 
 
 Oi Oi O CO 
 
 oo b «o 
 
 iH (N CO CO 
 
 Neat 
 cement. 
 
 CO Oi C<l CO lO 
 
 ^ CO 4h 
 
 <M CO CO CO CO 
 
 -rfi to CO CO 
 
 b CO b 
 
 C<1 CM C<1 CO 
 
 CO 00 »H ip 
 
 TjH b W rH 
 <M T*1 '•tl 
 
 00 to tJ4 
 
 ^ ^, ^ 
 
 (M CO O 
 
 1 
 
 Tested 
 after 
 weeks. 
 
 I-H '^t* OC (M >0 
 rH (M 
 
 I-H "^Ji 00 
 
 rH 00 (M 
 
 iH 00 <N 
 
 IH 
 
 Per- 
 centage 
 of water 
 
 used. 
 
 1 
 
 <M 
 
 o 
 I'o 
 
 (N 
 
 o 
 lb 
 
 <M 
 
 o 
 lb 
 
 (M 
 
 Percentage left in 
 sieve having— 
 
 1 
 
 i 900 meshes 
 , per square 
 i centimetre. 
 
 2-3 
 
 CO 
 
 »b 
 
 10-3 
 
 00 
 
 ob 
 
 rH 
 
 400 meshes 
 per square , 
 centimetre, i 
 
 CO 
 
 b 
 
 op 
 
 rH 
 
 ip 
 »b 
 
 10-2 
 
 Weight of! 
 
 1 Litre. 
 Grammes. 
 
 1,303 
 
 1,307 
 
 1,235 
 1,428 
 
 Time of 
 setting. 
 
 Minutes. 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 rH 1 C<» 
 
 CO 
 
 
88 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 Table VII. is an extract from a very voluminous 
 experiment by Mr. Grant, of forty different samples 
 of cement under various conditions of fineness, and 
 with different proportions and fineness of sand. The 
 examples selected are those which have been carried 
 out with standard sand, i.e, of a size of grain that will 
 pass through a No. 20 sieve, and is caught on a No. 
 30 sieve, all the finer and the coarser particles being 
 rejected ; and used in the proportion of three of sand 
 to one of cement. The experiments prove so conclu- 
 sively what has been said in Chapter III. of the 
 value of fineness in a cement, that it would be simply 
 supererogation to refer to them in a more detailed 
 manner. 
 
 The two Tables, VIII. and IX., are the result of 
 some experiments by Messrs. Dyckerhoff, and are 
 well worth careful examination if additional evidence 
 is needed to prove the value of fine grinding. They 
 are further of interest, inasmuch as they give in a 
 very clear and comprehensive form the difference in 
 the behaviour of quick and slow- setting, and coarse 
 and fine-ground cements, when gauged neat and 
 when gauged with three parts of standard sand. In 
 Table VIII. the first sample, which, though slow- 
 setting, is a coarse ground cement, is of air strength 
 when used neat, but when gauged with sand shows a 
 great falling off even when compared with its own 
 sittings, which by their weight and comparatively 
 quick-setting may be assumed to be only very lightly 
 burned. Sample No. 2 when compared with No. 1 
 
APPENDIX IV. 
 
 89 
 
 also points conclusively in the same direction. In 
 Table IX. Messrs. Dyckerh off have experimented with 
 two cements, samples No. 3 and No. 4, which take the 
 same time to set, but one of which is nearly twice as 
 coarse as the other, which would fully account for 
 the difference in the weight per litre of the two 
 samples, and they may therefore be considered as the 
 same cement, with only the difference of the degree 
 of fineness to which the grinding has been carried, 
 and the result of the experiment may therefore be 
 considered most conclusive in support of the argu- 
 ment and statements made as to the great import- 
 ance of a cement being finely ground. In fact, it 
 would be no very rash assertion to say that, given 
 a cement of average quality, its fineness has more to 
 do with the strength of the mcrtar or concrete in 
 which it is used, than almost any other property 
 which it may possess. 
 
 Having in this Appendix given examples of the 
 sand test, and as it may be considered almost exclu- 
 sively a German one, it may be of interest to quote 
 the regulations in force in that country for the 
 uniform delivery and testing of Portland cement. 
 
 I. — The weight of the casks and sacks in which 
 Portland cement is packed for commercial purposes 
 shall be uniform, the casks used shall be 180 kilos, 
 gross, and 170 kilos, nett ; and the sacks 60 kilos, 
 gross. 
 
 Loss during transfer, as also incorrect weight, can- 
 not be claimed if not exceeding 2 per cent. 
 
90 
 
 PORTJ.AND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 Casks and sacks must be marked with the name of 
 the firm and the amount of gross weight. 
 
 II. — Portland cement may be required to be slow 
 or quick setting according to the purpose to which it 
 is to be applied. 
 
 For most purposes slow-setting cement can be 
 used; and on account of easier working and more 
 certain results, as well as its superior cohesive 
 strength, it is to be given the preference. 
 
 The term slow-setting is applied to such cements 
 as do not set within half-an-hour. 
 
 III. — The volume of Portland cement shall not 
 alter. 
 
 The decisive test for this shall be, that a thin cake 
 of the cement formed on a glass plate or a tile and 
 immersed in water, shall not show even after a con- 
 siderable period any sign of crumbling or of crack- 
 ing round the edges. 
 
 IV. — Portland cement shall be so finely ground 
 that on sifting the same through a sieve of 900 meshes 
 per square centimetre not more than 20 per cent, of 
 residue shall remain on the sieve. 
 
 V. — The strength of Portland cement must be 
 ascertained by testing a mixture of cement and sand. 
 The test shall be one of tensile strength, according 
 to a universal method, and must be performed with 
 briquettes of similar form and sectional area and 
 by means of similar testing machines. 
 
 The test must be made with briquettes of 5 square 
 centimetres section at the point of fracture. 
 
APPENDIX IV. 
 
 91 
 
 VL — Good Portland cement when mixed with 
 clean, sharp sand, in the proportion of three parts 
 by weight of sand to one of cement, on being tested 
 after 28 days from gauging, 1 day in air and 27 
 under water, shall bear a minimum strain of 10 kilos, 
 per square centimetre. For special purposes, how- 
 ever, a greater strength may be required. 
 
 The standard quality of sand used for this pur- 
 pose is obtained as follows : — Natural sand is sifted 
 with a sieve of 60 meshes to the square centimetre 
 and by this means the finest particles are removed. 
 
 The briquettes must be tested immediately on 
 being taken out of the water. 
 
 Cement which shows a higher strength than 
 10 kilos, per square centimetre admits of a 
 larger proportion of sand being used with it, and 
 regarded from this point, as also on account of 
 greater strength with a similar quantity of sand, it 
 may be expected to fetch a correspondingly higher 
 price. 
 
 In the case of quick-setting cements the tensile 
 strength of 10 kilos, per square centimetre after 28 
 days cannot be demanded. 
 
 Table of Kilogrammes and Centimetres reduced to lbs. 
 and inches. 
 
 6*45137 square centimetres . . 1 square inch. 
 
 900 meshes per square centimetre =i 5806 meshes per sq. in. 
 
 1 kilogramme .... — 2 20462125 lbs. 
 
 i kilogramme per square centimetre — 14*228 lbs. per sq. in. 
 
PORTLAND CEMENT FOR UaERS. 
 
 s 
 
 B 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 3 
 
 O CD 
 
 is 
 
 gll 
 
 2 = a 
 
 5 2-^ 
 
 OC^lt^OOOC:5CO>OOC^kO'— < 
 
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 ooooooooo o o o 
 
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 oci'-HeotcoOr-ioi'OO'-ocO'O 
 
 »— lOOr- IO.-H— ' — O'-'OO 
 
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 OsLoooooooooo 
 
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 oooooooooooo 
 
 l>.>0t^^»OO':0'>DO00r^00 
 
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 oooooocpooooo 
 oooooooooooo 
 
 coO'-^i^coo»o.— loocoror^ 
 
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 OOOOOOOOOOO^ 
 
 oooooooooooo 
 
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 o 
 
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 TiHCOCOCOrJ^OCOOOOC^CMCO 
 CM CO to <X) CD Tjw r-( 
 
 aj-enbs soqsam 
 
 006 P 9A91S 
 
 O^O'Cl^tOt^C^OOkOGOOCCO 
 
 »o<»t^oc^o^Oioo6>r-05 
 
 »-H(MCO'»i^«I>COl^GOOiOi— IC<I 
 
APPENDIX V. 
 
 60 
 
 CD 0) 
 
 (Hi 
 
 
 0-0317 
 0-0100 
 0-0316 
 0-0574 
 0 0217 
 00117 
 0-0432 
 0-0457 
 
 From nine 
 to twelve 
 months. 
 
 0-0057 
 0-0000 
 0-0044 
 0-0037 
 0 0000 
 0 0028 
 0-0043 
 0-0010 
 
 From six 
 to nine 
 months. 
 
 0-0033 
 0-0007 
 0-0033 
 0 0030 
 0-0087 
 0-0005 
 0-0019 
 0 0000 j 
 
 From three 
 to six 
 months 
 
 0-0050 
 0-0000 
 0-0038 
 0-0020 
 0-0011 
 0 0000 
 0-0053 
 0-0048 
 
 From one 
 to three 
 months. 
 
 0-0003 
 0-0007 
 0-0006 
 0-0048 
 0-0000 
 0-0000 
 0-0061 
 0-0097 
 
 o . 
 
 H 
 
 o g 
 
 r-H O r-^ CO 
 
 CO t-- 
 
 O O r-. 
 
 o o o o 
 
 -sa^nmpi 
 
 o o 
 
 CO cr> 
 
 ©j'Bnbs s.)qs8ni 
 
 006 JO 
 
 no 9npis9^ 
 
 cq c» 00 CO 
 *h> 6i 6> 
 
94 
 
 POTITLANP CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 Tables X. and XI., by Messrs. DyckerhofF, would 
 seem to set at rest the much-vexed question as 
 to whether cement expands or contracts in setting 
 and hardening. If, however, we look at any exten- 
 sive concrete works, as for instance the walls of New 
 Victoria Docks, the vertical cracks most certainly 
 indicate that a contraction has taken place in the 
 mass since it was laid, in the same way a large 
 courtyard, or open space, laid with concrete in situ, 
 will show cracks — more or less — across its width, 
 which may reasonably be attributed to a contrac- 
 tion of the mass. Messrs. Dyckerhoff's Tables, which 
 are the result, there is every reason to believe, of the 
 only experiments which have been made in so volu- 
 minous and exhaustive a manner on the expansion of^ 
 cement, seem to show that some other cause must be 
 sought to account for the cracks which appear in 
 extensive concrete works. Although according to 
 the Tables the expansion is but slight, so slight that 
 in practice it may with safety be disregarded, still it 
 is expansion and not contraction that is proved to 
 take place. In the face, however, of the experience 
 of practice, the correctness of the experiment may 
 be to a certain extent doubted, and in the absence of 
 information respecting the exact size of the mould 
 in which the prism was made, and the size of the 
 prism when it was taken out of the mould, it would 
 seem possible that a contraction may occur during 
 the action of setting, which, however, is afterwards 
 replaced by a slight expansion — a theory which 
 
APPENDIX V. 
 
 95 
 
 lends itself to satisfy Messrs. DyckerhofF's experi- 
 ments as well as the experience of practice. 
 
 Ignoring, therefore, Messrs. Dyckerhoff's experi- 
 ments (although they may have a theoretical yalue) 
 in practice, when laying any large space, such as a 
 courtyard or a length of footway with a concrete 
 paving, it is advisable to lay it in sections, separating 
 each by thin wooden battens. These battens may be 
 removed in a few days, or when the concrete is 
 thoroughly set and hard, and their space filled up with 
 a similar concrete to that already laid ; by this means 
 there will be no danger of the appearance of the 
 work being spoiled by the cracking of the concrete. 
 TABLE XII. 
 
 Result of some experiments to ascertain the power of a cubic inch 
 of Portland Cement to resist a crushing force. 
 Mr. Henry Faija. 
 Average of three cubes in each case. 
 
 Sample 
 No. 
 
 Crushing weight in lbs. at months from gauging. 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 
 1 
 
 4,270 
 
 
 6,530 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4,780 
 
 7,256 
 
 
 9,092 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 4,602 
 
 5,190 
 
 
 7,155 
 
 7,264 
 
 4 
 
 4,665 
 
 
 7,369 
 
 
 TABLE XIII. 
 
 The same cements as in Table XII., fractured under a shearing 
 strain, the shearing area being one square inch. 
 Average of three tests in each ca-^e. 
 
 Shearing strain in lbs. at months from gauging. 
 
 >0. 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 2,213 
 
 2,897 
 1,943 
 2,459 
 
 
 2,387 
 3,427 
 
 3,989 
 
 
96 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT EOK USERS. 
 
 TABLE XIV. 
 
 Gives the particulars of the cements experimented upon in Tables 
 XII. and XIII., and their strength per square inch of sect. on 
 un iCr a tensile strain. 
 
 Sample 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 per 
 bushel 
 in lbs. 
 
 Specific 
 Gravity 
 
 Fineness. 
 Residue per cent, 
 on bieve No. 
 
 Tensile strength in 11 
 
 )S. at 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 70 
 
 7 days 
 
 14 days 
 
 28 days 
 
 3 
 
 months 
 
 1 
 
 109 
 
 
 0 
 
 15 
 
 
 361 
 
 
 480 
 
 520 
 
 2 
 
 111 
 
 2-999 
 
 3 
 
 !?4 
 
 35 
 
 505 
 
 589 
 
 696 
 
 771 
 
 3 
 
 112 
 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 
 447 
 
 
 563 
 
 635 
 
 4 
 
 111 
 
 
 0 
 
 11 
 
 23 
 
 512 
 
 
 680 
 
 790 
 
 Tables XII. and XIII. give the result of some 
 experiments in crushing and shearing cement, and 
 Table XIV. gives the particulars of, and the tensile 
 strength of the same samples of cement. 
 
 In Chapter VI. it was said that, roughly speaking, 
 a cubic inch of cement at the expiration of one 
 month from gauging would carry two tons without 
 fracture, but as a means of determining the quality 
 of a cement the crushing test was discarded as being 
 practically valueless. The results shown in Table XII. 
 
 give a more correct idea of the 
 power of a cubic inch of cement 
 to resist a crushing force, at 
 dates from one to eight months 
 from gauging, but the element 
 of error in carrying out the test 
 is large, inasmuch as the least 
 variation from the form of a true 
 cube will materially affect the 
 result. A cube of cement when crushed gives way at 
 
 Fig. 13. 
 
appp:ndix v. 
 
 97 
 
 first from the sides or edges, as sliown in Fig. 13. 
 A a' being the parts which break away, often with- 
 out being themselves much crushed, leaving the 
 centre part b in the form of a nearly perfect cone, 
 it will thus be seen that if the upper and lower 
 surfaces of the cube are not perfectly true and 
 parallel to each other^ the force will come first on, 
 say the side marked a', and until that has given way 
 the side a will not render any assistance to resist 
 the force to which the cube is being subjected, and 
 as a result the block will give way with a less force 
 than would be due to a true cube. A thin pad may 
 be used to equalise the force over the entire surface 
 of the cube, and other expedients may be adopted ; 
 but it is impossible to forget that this practically 
 un-measurable error may at any time lead to a false 
 result of some magnitude being obtained. Not so 
 with the tensile strain, as any little discrepancy in 
 the exact dimensions of the narrowest part of the 
 briquette, which supplies the breaking area, means a 
 result varying only in accordance with the actual 
 difference in area, which may be calculated and 
 allowed for. 
 
 The crushing strength of a cement or mortar when 
 unsupported varies inversely with its thickness, for 
 it is evident that a cube of one inch will support more 
 weight than a piece of cement one inch square and 
 two inches high ; and siiuilarly a piece one inch 
 square and only half an inch thick will carry 
 more than the inch cube. And as this strenMh 
 
98 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 would be about in an inverse proportion to the 
 square of the diagonal made with the height of the 
 block and half its width, Le, the square of the length 
 of the side of the cone, another large error may 
 be due to a very small difference in the actual depth 
 of the piece tested. 
 
 The shearing strength, the same as the crushing 
 strength, seems to bear no very fixed relation to the 
 tensile strength of a cement. It is admitted that the 
 Tables given are not very exhaustive, but from the 
 very great irregularity in the results obtained, the 
 matter did not seem worth pursuing further, but so 
 far as they go, the power of a cement to resist a 
 shearing force seems to be from three to six times, 
 and its crushing strength from six to nine times ilg 
 tensile strength. 
 
APPENDIX No. VI. 
 
 Giving THE Analysis of various Clays and Limestones suitable 
 
 FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PORTLAND CeMENT, AND ALSO OF 
 SOME SAMPLES OF PORTLAND CeMENT. 
 
 TABLE XV. 
 
 A White Chalk from the South Coast. 
 
 Moisture 0*450 parts. 
 
 Silica 0-605 „ 
 
 Alumina, with traces of iron . 0*850 ,, 
 
 Carbonate of Lime . . . 98-095 
 
 Total .... 100-000 „ 
 
 TABLE XYI. 
 Derbyshire Limestone. Two Samples. 
 
 
 Sample Nos. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Moisture at 212° 
 
 Acids ...... 
 
 Silica ...... 
 
 Alumina ...... 
 
 Oxide of Iron ..... 
 
 Magnesia ...... 
 
 Carbonate of Lime .... 
 
 Loss . . • • . 
 
 •251 
 •020 
 •240 
 •042 
 •051 
 •312 
 99-084 
 
 •270 
 •009 
 •524 
 
 1 -301 
 ] 98-773 
 
 100 000 
 
 99-877 
 •123 
 
 100-000 
 
 F 2 
 
100 
 
 rORTLA^^U CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 TABLE XVII. 
 
 Blue Lias Stone. Two Samples. 
 
 
 Sample Nos. 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Moisture and Organic Matter .... 
 
 1-60 
 11-15 
 
 1-97 
 -36 
 84-55 
 
 2-34 
 5-77 
 2-24 
 •49 
 89-09 
 
 
 99-63 
 0-37 
 
 99^93 
 •07 
 
 
 100-00 
 
 100^00 
 
 TABLU J^VIII. 
 GiiEY Chalk from the Miidway. 
 
 Carbonate of Lime • . . . 88-72 
 
 Alumina ...... i^*^2 
 
 Oxide of Iron 1*05 
 
 Silica 6 5^45 
 
 Soda and Alkalies . • • . l-VQ 
 
 foo'oo 
 
 TABLE XIX. 
 Sample of Clay from Stockton-on-Tees. 
 
 Moisture at 212^^ .... 18*990 
 Loss on Ignition (water and organic) 6*020 
 
 Oxide of Iron 13-035 
 
 Alumina 10-304 
 
 Carbonate of Lime . « . » 7*425 
 
 SiHca 44-223 
 
 99*997 
 
 Losa ^03 
 
 100-000 
 
APPENDIX VI. 
 
 101 
 
 TABLE XX. 
 Sample of River Mud from India. 
 
 Moisture at 212° 
 Loss at red heat 
 
 Silica ..... 
 Alumina with traces of Iron 
 Carbonate of Lime 
 Chloride of Sodium . • « 
 Sulphate of Soda . . • 
 Alkalies . . . • • 
 
 10-3L 
 13-92 
 37-62 
 28-40 
 3-55 
 
 2- 31 
 •36 
 
 3- 52 
 
 
 
 
 100-00 
 
 
 TABLE 
 
 XXL 
 
 
 
 
 Blue Lias Shale. 
 
 Two Samples. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sample Nos. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Loss at 212" .... 
 
 Silica 
 
 Alumina ..... 
 Iron Oxide . • . . 
 Carbonate of Lime . • • 
 Alkalies . . • • • 
 
 ; i 
 
 10-60 
 52-50 
 
 29'15 
 
 3- 64 
 
 4- 00 
 
 
 12-47 
 34-96 
 20-32 
 
 3 18 
 23-64 
 
 5-43 
 
 Loss . • • • 
 
 
 99-89 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 100-00 
 
 100 00 
 
 TABLE XXII. 
 Gault Clay. 
 
 Silica 47-230 
 
 Alumina 16-942 
 
 Carbonate of Lime . . . . 23-193 
 
 Oxide of Iron 5-108 
 
 Alkalies 7-050 
 
 99-523 
 
 Loss . . « . , -477 
 
 100-000 
 
102 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 TABLE XXIII. 
 
 KiVER Mud from the Medway. Three Samples. 
 
 
 Sample Nos. 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Loss at red heat (organic) 
 
 6-32 
 
 539 
 
 4-31 
 
 Silica 
 
 71-71 
 
 62-41 
 
 74-50 
 
 Alumina .... 
 
 6-42 
 
 18-09 
 
 10-45 
 
 Oxide of Iron 
 
 10-28 
 
 10-35 
 
 6-30 
 
 Carbonate of Lime . 
 
 4-05 
 
 1-63 
 
 1-78 
 
 Alkalies 
 
 1-10 
 
 210 
 
 2-50 
 
 
 99-88 
 
 99-97 
 
 99-84 
 
 Loss • • 
 
 •12 
 
 •03 
 
 •16 
 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 TABLE XXIV. 
 
 
 
 Dorsetshire Clay. Two Samples. 
 
 
 
 
 Sample Nos, 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Moisture at 212° . 
 
 
 6-80 
 
 13-00 
 
 Loss at red heat 
 
 
 6-90 
 
 417 
 
 Silica 
 
 
 65-00 
 
 58-10 
 
 Alumina with tr^tces of Iron . 
 
 
 20-01 
 
 20-86 
 
 Carbonate of Lime . 
 
 
 -77 
 
 1-20 
 
 Alkalies 
 
 
 •52 
 
 2-58 
 
 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 TABLE XXV. 
 One Sample of Portland Cement. 
 
 Moisture lost at 212° . . . . -66 
 
 Loss in ignition 1^10 
 
 Carbonic Acid 1-91 
 
 Sulphuric Acid . • • • . 1'04 
 
 Chlorine -02 
 
 Silica 20-30 
 
 Alumina 4-80 
 
 Iron Oxide 8-40 
 
 Lime 58-97 
 
 Alkalies 2 -SO 
 
 100-00 
 
APPENDIX VI. 
 
 103 
 
 TABLE XXVI. 
 
 Portland Cement. 
 
 Two Samples made on the Thames. 
 
 
 
 Sample Nos. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Lime 
 
 
 61-76 
 
 61 42 
 
 Alumina . 
 
 
 9-90 
 
 9-30 
 
 Silica 
 
 
 20-54 
 
 22-23 
 
 Iron Oxide 
 
 
 2-04 
 
 2-55 
 
 Soda and Potash 
 
 
 2-13 
 
 200 
 
 Carbonic Acid . 
 
 
 2-78 
 
 2-20 
 
 Sulphuric Acid . 
 
 
 •71 
 
 •30 
 
 
 
 99-86 
 
 
 Loss 
 
 • • • 
 
 •14 
 
 
 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 TABLE XXVIL 
 Portland Cement. Two Samples from Germany. 
 
 
 Sample Nos. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Lime 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Silica 
 
 Oxide of Iron 
 
 Potash ....... 
 
 Soda 
 
 Sulphuric Acid . • • • . 
 
 Carbonic Acid 
 
 Moisture and Loss 
 
 62-01 
 6-49 
 22-55 
 2-64 
 •51 
 •42 
 1-10 
 
 1- 87 
 
 2- 41 
 
 61-87 
 7-38 
 2010 
 4-19 
 MO 
 •65 
 •82 
 
 1- 21 
 
 2- 68 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
APPENDIX No. VII. 
 
 Specific Gravity of Materials ; and on the Cohesive ANH 
 Adhesive Powers of Cement and Building Stones. 
 
 TABLE XXVIIL 
 
 Table of specific gravities of various samples of Portland Cement, 
 of materials used in its manufacture, and of Sands, &c., esti- 
 mated with a Mann's Gravimeter. (Mr. Henry Faija.) 
 
 A sample 
 
 of Portland Cement No. 1 . 
 
 3-100 
 
 ty 
 
 2 . . 
 
 3-051 
 
 J* 
 
 3 . . 
 
 2-999 
 
 99 
 
 4 . . 
 
 2-92 
 
 99 
 
 5 . . 
 
 2-84 
 
 ff 
 
 „ . „ 6 . 
 
 2-701 
 
 )♦ 
 
 Blue Lias Lime 
 
 2-985 
 
 99 
 
 Eoman Cement . . • 
 
 2-900 
 
 97 
 
 Granite 
 
 2-762 
 
 99 
 
 Derbyshire Limestone 
 
 2-661 
 
 
 Blue Lias Stone 
 
 2-640 
 
 » 
 
 Pit Sand, No. 1 
 
 2-622 
 
 ») 
 
 „ „ 2 ... 
 
 2-627 
 
 99 
 
 Blue Lias Shale 
 
 2-553 
 
 99 
 
 Sand from the Thames (above 
 
 
 lock) 
 
 2-529 
 
 >1 
 
 Grey Chalk .... 
 
 2-510 
 
 >? 
 
 Dried Portland Cement Slurry 
 
 2-428 
 
 >» 
 
 White Chalk .... 
 
 2-380 
 
 99 
 
 Blue Gault Clay 
 
 2-356 
 
 9f 
 
 Old Roman Mortar from Lead- 
 
 
 
 enhall Market 
 
 2-340 
 
APPENDIX VII. 
 
 106 
 
 TABLE XXIX. 
 
 Comparative adhesiveness of cement to bricks and to various sorts 
 of stone. (Pasley, Limes and Calcareous Cements). 
 
 Bricks or sort of stone used. 
 
 No. of 
 experiments. 
 
 Age of the ce- 
 ment in days. 
 
 Adhesiveness 
 in lbs. 
 
 Bricks 
 
 12 
 
 11 to 13 
 
 1,H59 
 
 Kentish Rag Stone 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 1,349 
 
 Bath Stone . . . 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 1,103 
 
 Cornish Granite 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 900 
 
 Portland Stone 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 856 
 
 Craig Leith Stone . 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 855 
 
 Yorkshire Landing Stone 
 
 6 
 
 11 and 12 
 
 823 
 
 As an illustration of the power of adhesion of cement 
 to various materials, the above extract from Major- 
 General Sir C. W. Pasley' s work on limes and cal- 
 careous cements may be of interest. The experi- 
 ments were made about fifty years ago, and of course 
 with Roman cement, or rather with an artificial 
 cement which he made in imitation of the Roman or 
 Sheppey cement, and in which manufacture he 
 obtained a certain amount of success. The pieces of 
 stone with which he made the experiments were cut 
 into the size of a brick, and he describes the bricks 
 as "the very best that could be procured, partly 
 clamp and partly kiln burned." 
 
 Although no doubt the adhesiveness of Portland 
 cement to these materials would be greater than that 
 of Roman, there is no reason to suppose that the 
 comparative power of adhesion to each would be 
 different. The adhesion of a cement or mortar to a 
 material depends in great measure on the porosity of 
 the material, as well as on its peculiar texture, or 
 the granulation of its surface, that gives as it were 
 a tooth'' to which the cement jnay hold, and 
 
106 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. 
 
 without doubt the tooth or roughness of a brick, 
 or a piece of Kentish Rag, is superior to that of a 
 piece of granite or Portland stone. 
 
 Pasley also gives the cohesive strength of the 
 same kinds of stone, of which Table XXX. is an 
 extract, each piece of stone being cut the length and 
 width of a brick, but rather more than twice the 
 thickness, with properly cut mortices to hold the 
 clips of his testing apparatus. 
 
 TABLE XXX. 
 
 Comparative cohesiveness of various sorts of Stone. 
 
 
 Weight in lbs. that 
 tore them asunder 
 
 Average 
 cohesiv(-- 
 ness in 
 
 Description of stone experimented upon. 
 
 in experiment. 
 
 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. 2 
 
 Portland Stone .... 
 
 2,964 
 3,741 
 
 5,045 
 
 4,004 
 
 Cornish Granite .... 
 
 3,941 
 3,997 
 
 3,841 
 
 Kentish Rag Stone .... 
 
 3,549 
 3,597 
 
 3,773 
 
 Yorkshire Landing .... 
 
 3,688 
 
 3,642 
 
 Craig Leith Stone .... 
 
 2,103 
 
 2,775 
 
 2,439 
 
 Bath Stone 
 
 1,549 
 
 1,268 
 
 1,408 
 473 
 
 Sound Chalk 
 
 323 
 
 623 
 
 As the strength of a structure, independent of its 
 form, will be determined by the power of cohesion of 
 the stone or brick used, and of the power of adhesion 
 of the cement or mortar, it is important that the 
 adhesion should be thoroughly secured. One of the 
 means of securing this, viz. the fine grinding of the 
 cement, has already been fully discussed ; the other 
 important point to be observed, viz. that the stones, 
 bricks, or tiles which are to be cemented together 
 should be thoroughly saturated with water, has also 
 been referred to in Chap. XI. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 AaOHEGATE, cleanliness of, 
 47 
 
 Air slacking, 20, 61 
 
 Analyses — blue lias shale, 101 ; 
 blue lias stone, 100 ; grey chalk, 
 100; white chalk, 99; Dorset- 
 shire clay, 102 ; gault clay, 
 101 ; clay from Stockton, 100 ; 
 Derbyshire limestone, 99 ; 
 Portland cement, 102, 103 ; 
 river mud from India, 101 ; 
 Med way mud, 102 
 
 ■gERNAYS, Mr., 51 
 
 Briquettes, form of, 13, 70, 71, 72, 
 73 ; size of, 26, 71 ; lime, for 
 placing in water, 21 
 Bulk increase ed by age, 54 
 Bulk increased by fine grinding, 
 11 
 
 Bushel measure, mode of filling, 
 5, 53, 73, 74 
 
 QALCINATION, 34, 36 
 
 Cement, Portland, adhesion of, 
 28, 49, 105; analysis of, 102, 
 103 ; cohesion of, 28 ; composi- 
 tion of, 1, 32 ; contraction in 
 setting, 19, 39, 42 ; different 
 
 properties of, 33, 38 ; expan- 
 sion in setting, 19, 39 ; fine 
 grinding, 6, 8, 10, 11; fine- 
 ness as influencing the weight 
 per bushel, 39, 40, 43 ; over- 
 clayed cement, 39 ; overlimed 
 cement, 39 ; soundness of, 57, 
 58, 59, 60; specific gravity of, 
 6, 7, 43, 44, 104 ; water re- 
 quired to gauge, 12, 14, 15, 45, 
 48 ; weight per bushel, 4, 39, 
 43, 53, 54, 83, 84 
 
 Concrete, cost of, 50, 51, 52 ; how 
 to mix, 47, 48, 49 
 
 Crushing streni^th of cement, 24, 
 95, 96, 97, 98 
 
 DYCKERHOFF, Messrs , re- 
 sults of experiments on ex- 
 pansion, 92, 93, 94 ; results of 
 experiments on fineness, 87, 88, 
 89 
 
 AUGER, cement mechan'cal, 
 VJ 16, 80, 81 
 Ganging cement, 12, 15, 45 
 Grant, Mr. John, 29, 63, 68, 72, 
 
 85, 88 
 Granulation, inert, 9 
 Gravimeter, Mann's, 6, lOi 
 
108 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 KILOGRAMMES and centi- 
 metres reduced to lbs. and 
 inches, 91 
 
 LBS. and inches reduced to 
 kilogrammes and centi- 
 metres, 91 
 Lime, free, in cement, 20 
 Limes, 33 
 
 MANUFACTURER and user, 
 understanding between, 45, 
 
 62 
 
 Michaelis, Dr., 39, 77 
 
 Mortar, comparative cost of lim 
 and cement, 50, 51, 52; com- 
 parative strength, 51 ; precau- 
 tion in using, 49 
 
 PASLEY, Major-General Sir 
 C. W., 35, 105, 106 
 Portland Cement (see Cement) 
 
 RAW materials, analysis of, 99, 
 100, 101, 102; where obtain- 
 able, 35 
 
 Regulations, German, for delivery 
 
 of cement, 89, 90, 91 
 Roman Cement, 33, 34 
 
 (gAMPLES, how to take, 45 
 
 Sand, standard, the u-e of, 29 ; 
 in Germany, 29 ; uscjd on the 
 works, 30, 31 
 
 Sand tests, difficulties attending, 
 29, 30, 31 ; impoitance of, 30, 
 31 ; results of experiments, 85, 
 86, 87, 88, 89 
 Setting, action of, 13, 18 ; defini- 
 tion of, 17, 18, 54, 55, 56; 
 quick, 19, 21,44; slow, 19,21, 
 42 ; initial set, 54, 55, 56 
 Shearing strength, 24, 95 
 Sifting in manufacture, 11 
 Soundness of cem'^nts, 57, 58, 59, 
 60 ; apparatus for determina- 
 tion, 58 
 Specification, 42, 43, 61, 62 
 Specific gravity of various clays, 
 
 limestones, cements, &c., 104 
 Stone, cohesion of various speci- 
 mens, 106 
 Stones, adhesion of cement to, 
 105 
 
 TENSILE strength, 22, 23 40, 
 41, 42, 44, 83 
 Testing machines, Michaelis', 77 ; 
 Michele's, Y. de, 77 ; Faija's, 
 78,79; steelyard, 75, 76; vibra- 
 tion of, 80, 81 
 Testing-room, cleanliness of, 81, 
 82 
 
 UNIFORMITY, desirable in 
 Carrying out tests, 2 
 
 VARIATION in results of tests 
 for tensile strength, 26, 27 
 
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 tains double the amount of matter that was comprised in the original work, 
 
 \* Opinions of the Press. 
 In Its modernised form Hutton's • Templeton ' should have a wide sale, for it contains much 
 valuable information which the mechanic will often find of use, and not a few tables and notes which 
 he might look for in vain in other works. This modernised edition will be appreciated by all who 
 have learned to value the original editions of ' Templeton.' " — English Mechanic. 
 
 " It has met with great success in the engineering workshop, as we can testify ; and there are 
 a great many men who, in a great measure, owe their rise in life to this little book."— Building Neivs. 
 
 " This familiar text-book — well known to all mechanics and engineers— is of essential service to 
 the every-day requirements of engineers, millwrights, and the various trades connected with 
 engineering and building. The new modernised edition is worth its weight in gold."— Building- 
 News. (Second Notice.) 
 
 " The publishers wisely entrusted the task of revision of this popular, valuable and useful boo 
 of Mr. Hutton, than whom a more competent man they eould not have found."— 
 
MECHANICS, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. 3 
 
 Stone-worMng 3IacMnery. 
 
 STONE-WORKING MACHINERY, and the Rapid and Economu 
 cat Conversion of Stone. With Hints on the Arrangement and Management 
 of Stone Works. By M. Powis Bale, M.I.M.E. Crown 8vo, 95. 
 "Should be in the hands of every mason or student of stone-yrork."—Cfilliery Guardian. 
 "It is in every sense of the word a standard work upon a subject which th« author is fully 
 competent to deal exhaustively with." — Builder's Weekly Reporter. 
 
 "A capital handbook for all who manipulate stone for building or ornamental purposes."— 
 Machinery Market. 
 
 Tump Construction and Management. 
 
 PUMPS AND PUMPING : A Handbook for Pump Users. Being 
 Notes on Selection, Construction and Management. By M. Powis Bale, 
 M.I.M.E., Author of *' Woodworking Machinery," *' Saw Mills," &c. Crown 
 8vo, 2s. 6d. cloth. [jfust published. 
 
 " The matter is set forth as concisely as possible. In fact, condensation rather than diffuseness 
 has been the author's aim throughout ; yet he does not seem to have omitted anything likely to be 
 of use."—your?ial of Gas Lighting. 
 
 " Thoroughly practical and simply and clearly written." — Glasgow Herald. 
 
 Turning. 
 
 LATHE-WORK : A Practical Treatise on the Tools, Appliances, 
 and Processes employed in the Art of Turning. By Paul N. Hasluck, 
 Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 5s. cloth. 
 " Written by a man Avho knows, not only how work ought to be done, but who also knows how 
 
 to do it, and how to convey his knowledge to others. To all turners this book would be valuable." 
 
 —Engineering. 
 
 " We can safely recommend the work to young engineers. To the amateur it will simply be 
 invaluable. To the student it will convey a great deal of useful information."— £'«^t«^<m 
 
 "A compact, succinct, and handy guide to lathe- work did not exist in our language until Mr. 
 Hasluck, by the publication of this treatise, gave the tnttiQi aittue vade-mecum."— Hausg Dec&rai&r. 
 
 Screw-Cutting. 
 
 SCREW THREADS : And Methods of Producing Them. With 
 Numerous Tables, and complete directions for using Screw-Cutting Lathes. 
 By Paul N. Hasluck, Author of " Lathe- Work," &c. With Fifty Illustra- 
 tions. Second Edition. Waistcoat-pocket size, price is. cloth. 
 " Full of useful information, hints and practical criticism. Taps, dies and screwing-tools gene- 
 rally are illustrated and their action d^scrih^d."— Mechanical World. 
 
 Smith's Tables for Mechanics, etc. 
 
 TABLES, MEMORANDA, AND CALCULATED RESULTS, 
 FOR MECHANICS, ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, etc. 
 Selected and Arranged by Francis Smith. Fourth Edition, Revised and En- 
 larged, 250 pp., waistcoat-pocket siae, is. 6d. limp leather. 
 
 " It would, perhaps, be as difficult to make a small pocket-book selection of notes and formulae 
 to suit ALL engineers as it would be to make a universal medicine ; but Mr. Smith's wzustcoat- 
 pocket collection may be looked upon as a successful attempt." — Engineer. 
 
 "The best example we have ever seen of 250 pages of useful matter packed into the dimen- 
 sions of a csixd-casQ."— Building Neivs. "A veritable pocket treasury of knowledge."— /row. 
 
 Engineer's and Machinist's Assistant. 
 
 THE ENGINEER'S, MILLWRIGHT'S, and MACHINIST'S 
 PRACTICAL ASSISTANT. A collection of Useful Tables. Rules and Data. 
 By William Templeton. 7th Edition, with Additions. i8mo, zs. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " Occupies a foremost place among books of this kind. A more suitable present to an appren 
 tice to any of the mechanical trades could not possibly be made."— Building News. 
 
 "A deservedly popular .work, it should be in the 'drawer' of every mQchanic."— English 
 Mechanic. 
 
 Iron and Steel. 
 
 IRON AND STEEL " ; A Work for the Forge, Foundry, Factory^ 
 and Office. Containing ready, useful, and trustworthy Information for Iron- 
 masters and their Stock-takers ; Managers of Bar, Rail, Plate, and Sheet 
 Rolling Mills ; Iron and Metal Founders ; Iron Ship and Bridge Builders ; 
 Mecnanical, Mining, and Consulting Engineers ; Architects, Builders, and 
 Draughtsmen. By Charles Hoare, Author of " The Slide Rule," &c. Eighth 
 Edition, Revised and considerably Enlarged. 32mo, 6s. leather. 
 " One of the best of the pocket books." — English Mechanic. 
 
 "We cordially recommend this book to those engaged in considering the details of all kinds of 
 iron and steel vfoxks."— Naval Science. 
 
4 
 
 CROSBY LOCK WOOD SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 Engineering Constriction. 
 
 PATTERN-MAKING : A Practical Treatise, embracing the Main 
 Types of Engineering Construction, and including Gearing, both Hand and 
 Machine made. Engine Work, Sheaves and Pulleys, Pipes and Columns, 
 Screws, Machine Parts, Pumps and Cocks, the Moulding of Patterns in 
 Loam and Greensand, &c., together with the methods of Estimating the 
 weight of Castings; to which is added an Appendix of Tables for Workshop 
 Reference. By a Foreman Pattern Maker. With upwards of Three 
 Hundred and Seventy Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. cloth. 
 •'A well- written technical gfuide, evidently written by a man who understands and has prac- 
 tised what he has written about. We cordially recomrnend it to engineering students, young 
 journeymen, and others desirous of being initiated into the mysteries of pattern-making." — Builder, 
 " Likely to prove a welcome guide to many workmen, especially to draughtsmen who have 
 lacked a training in the shops, pupils pursuing their practical studies in our factories, and to em- 
 ployers and managers in engineering -works."— Hardware Trade Journal. 
 
 "More than 370 illustrations help to explain the text, which is, however, always clear and ex- 
 plicit, thus rendering the work an excellent vadc mecum for the apprentice who desires to become 
 master of his trade." — Efiglish Mechanic. 
 
 jyictionary of Mechanical Engineering Terms. 
 
 LOCKWOOD'S DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED IN THE 
 PRACTICE OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, embracing those current 
 in the Drawing Office, Pattern Shop, Foundry, Fitting, Turning, Smith's and 
 Boiler Shops, &c. &c. Comprising upwards of 6,000 Definitions. Edited by 
 A Foreman Pattern-Maker, Author of ''Pattern Making." Crown 8vo, 
 75. 6d. cloth. 
 
 "Just the sort of handy dictionary required by the various trades engaged in mechanical en- 
 gineering. The practical engineering pupil will find the book of great value in his studies, and 
 every foreman engineer and mechanic should have a copy. — Building' N'eivs. 
 
 "After a careful examination of the book, and trying all manner of words, we think that the 
 engineer will here find all he is likely to require. _ It will be argely used." — Practical Etigineer. 
 
 " This admirable dictionary, although primarily intended for the use of draughtsmen and other 
 technical craftsmen, is of much larger value as a book of reference, and will find a ready welcome 
 •'in many libraries." — Glasgow Herald. 
 
 "One of the most useful books which can be presented to a mechanic or student." — English 
 Mechanic. 
 
 " Not merely a dictionary, but, to a certatn extent, also a most valuable guide. It strikes us as 
 a happy idea to combine with a definition of the phrase useful information on the subject of which 
 it treats." — Max^hinery Market. 
 
 " This careiuUy-compiled volume forms a kind of pocket cyclopaedia of the extensive subject 
 to which it is devoted. No word having connection with any branch of constructive engineering 
 seems to be omitted. No more comprehensive work has been, so far, issued." — Kno7vledge. 
 
 "We strongly commend this useful and reliable adviser to our friends in the workshop, and to 
 •students everywhere." — Colliery Guardian. 
 
 Steam Boilers. 
 
 A TREATISE ON STEAM BOILERS: Their Strength, Con- 
 struction, and Economical Working, By Robert Wilson, C.E, Fifth Edition. 
 i2mo, 6s. cloth. 
 
 "The best treatise that has ever 1 een published on steam boilers." — Engineer. 
 "The author shows himself perfect master of his subject, and we heartily recommend all em- 
 ploying steam power to possess themselves of the \{Oz\L."—Ry land's Iron Trade Circular, 
 
 Boiler Chimneys. 
 
 BOILER AND FACTORY CHIMNEYS; Their Draught-Power 
 and Stability. With a Chapter on Lightning Conductors. By Robert 
 Wilson, C.E., Author of "A Treatise on Steam Boilers," &c. Second 
 Edition. Crown 8vo, 3^. 6d. cloth. 
 
 "Full of useful information, definite in statement, and thoroughly practical in treatment."— 
 T^he Local Government Chronicle. 
 
 " A valuable contribution to the literature of scientific building. . . . The whole subject is 
 a very interesting and important one, and it is gratifying to know that it has fallen into such com- 
 petent hands."— 77?^ Builder. 
 
 Boiler MaMng. 
 
 THE BOILER-MAKER'S READY RECKONER, With Ex- 
 amples of Practical Geometry and Templating, for the Use of Platers, 
 Smiths and Riveters. By John Courtney, Edited by D. K. Clark, M.I. C.E. 
 Second Edition, Revised, with Additions, i2mo, 5s. half-bound. 
 
 " No workman or apprentice should be without this hook."— Iron Trade Circular, 
 
 "A reliable guide to the working boiler-maker." — lro7t, 
 
 " Boiler-makers will readily recognise the value of this volume. . . . The tables are clearly 
 printed, and so arranged that they can be referred to with the greatest facility, so that it cannot be 
 doubted that they will be generally appreciated and much us^a,"— Mining- J^ournal, 
 
MECHANICS, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. 5 
 
 Steam Engine, 
 
 TEXT-BOOK ON THE STEAM ENGINE, With a Sup- 
 plement on Gas Engines. By T. M. Goodeve, M.A., Barrister-at-Law, 
 Author of "The Elements of Mechanism," &c. Tenth Edition, Enlarged. 
 With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 6s. cloth. [Just published. 
 
 "Professor Goodeve has g-iven us a treatise on the steam engine which will bear comparison 
 
 with anything- written by Huxley or Maxwell, and we can award it no higgler praise."— En£-tn€er. 
 " Professor Goodeve's book is ably and clearly written. It is a sound work." — Athenceunt. 
 ** Mr. Goodeve's text-book is a work of which every young engineer should possess himself." 
 
 —Mining- journal. 
 
 "Essentially practical in ts aim. The manner of exposition leaves nothing to be desired."— 
 Scotsman. 
 
 Gas Engines. 
 
 ON GAS-ENGINES, Being a Reprint, with some Additions, of 
 
 the Supplement to the Text-book on the Steam Engine, by T. M. Goodeve, 
 M.A. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. cloth. IJ^st published. 
 
 " Like all Mr. Goodeve's writings, the presenti s no exception in point of general excellence. 
 It is a valuable little volume." — Mechanical World. 
 
 " This little book will be useful to those who desire to understand how the gas-engine works.' 
 "—Etiglish Mechanic, 
 
 Steam. 
 
 THE SAFE USE OF STEAM. Containing Rules for Un- 
 professional Steam-users. By an Engineer. Sixth Edition. Sewed, 6d. 
 
 " If steam-users would but learn this little book by heart boiler explosions WDuld become 
 sensations by their rarity." — English Mechanic. 
 
 Coal and Speed Tables. 
 
 A POCKET BOOK OF COAL AND SPEED TABLES, for 
 Engineers and Steam-users. By Nelson Foley, Author of Boiler Con- 
 struction." Pocket-size, 3s. 6d. cloth ; 4s. leather. 
 
 " This is a very useful book, containing very useful tables: The results given are well chosen, 
 and the volume contains evidence that the author really understands his subject. We can recom- 
 mend the work with pleasure." — Mechanical World. 
 
 " These tables are desig-ned to meet the requirements of every-day use ; they are of sufficient 
 scope for most practical purposes, and may be commended to eng-ineers and users of steam." — 
 Iron. 
 
 " This pocket-book well merits the attention of the practical engineer. Mr. Foley has com- 
 piled a very useful set of tables, the information contained in which is frequently required by 
 engineers, coal consumers and users of steam." — Iron and Coal Trades Review, 
 
 Fire Engineering. 
 
 FIRES, FIRE-ENGINES, AND FIRE-BRIGADES. With 
 
 a History of Fire-Engines, their Construction, Use, and Management ; Re- 
 marks on Fire-Proof Buildings, and the Preservation of Life from Fire ; 
 Statistics of the Fire Appliances in English Towns ; Foreign Fire Systems ; 
 Hints on Fire Brigades, &c. &c. By Charles F. T. Young, C.E. With 
 numerous Illustrations, 544 pp., demy 8vo, ^^i 4s. cloth. 
 
 " To such of our readers as are interested in the subject of fires and fire apparatus, we can most 
 heartily commend this book. It is really the only English work we now have upon the subject." — 
 Eh£ ineering: 
 
 "It displays much evidence of careful research; and Mr. Younef has put his facts neatly 
 tog-ether. It is evident enoug-h that his acquaintance with the practical details of the construction of 
 steam fire engines, old and new, and the conditions with which it is necessary they should comply, 
 is accurate and full." — Eng^ineer. 
 
 Gas JLighting. 
 
 COMMON SENSE FOR GAS-USERS: A Catechism of Gas- 
 Lighting for Householders, Gasfitters, Millowners, Architects, Engineers, etc. 
 By Robert Wilson, C.E., Author of "A Treatise on Steam Boilers." 
 Second Edition, with Folding Plates and Wood Engravings. Crown 8vo, 
 price IS. in wrapper. 
 
 All ^as-users will decidedly benefit, both in pocket and comfort, if they will avail themselves 
 of Mr. Wilson's counsels." — Engineering. 
 
 Dynamo Construction. 
 
 HO WTO MAKE A D YNA MO : A Practical Treatise for A mateurs. 
 Containing numerous Illustrations and Detailed Instructions for Construct- 
 ing a Small Dynamo, to Produce the Electric Light. By Alfred Crofts. 
 Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 2S. cloth. [Just published^ 
 "The instructions g-iven in this unpretentious little book are sufficiently clear and explicit to 
 
 enable any amateur mechanic possessed of average skill and the usual tools to be found in arx 
 
 amateur's workshop, to build a practical dynamOjmachine."— -£"/tf<ri'ri«a«. 
 
6 
 
 CROSBY LOCKWOOD SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 THE POPULAR WORKS OF MICHAEL REYNOLDS 
 
 (" The Engine Driver's Friend "). 
 
 Locomotive- Engine Driving. 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE'ENGINE DRIVING: A Practical Manual for 
 Engineers in charge of Locomotive Engines. By Michael Reynolds, Member 
 of the Society of Engineers, formerly Locomotive Inspector L. B. and S. C. R. 
 Eighth Edition. Including a Key to the Locomotive Engine. With Illus- 
 trations and Portrait of Author. Crown 8vo, 4s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 "Mr. Reynolds has supplied a Avant, and has supplied it well. We can confidently recommend 
 the book, not only to the practical driver, but to everyone who takes an interest in the performance 
 of locomotive eng^ines." — The Engineer. 
 
 " Mr. Reynolds has opened a new chapter in the literature of the day. This admirable practical 
 treatise, of the practical utility of which we have to speak in terms of warm commendation."— 
 
 " Evidently the work of one who knov/s his subject thoroughly."— Railway Service Gazette. 
 "Were the cautions and rules given in the book to become part of the every-day working of 
 our engine-drivers, we mig-ht have fewer distressing accidents to aQ^\orQ."—-Scotsma7t. 
 
 Stationary Engine Driving. 
 
 STATIONARY ENGINE DRIVING: A Practical Manual for 
 Engineers in charge of Stationary Engines. By Michael Reynolds. Third 
 Edition, Enlarged. With Plates and Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, 4s. 6d. cloth. 
 " The author is thoroughly acquainted with his subjects, and his advice on the various points 
 
 treated is clear and practical, ... He has produced a manual which is an exceedingly useful 
 
 one for the class for whom it is specially intended." — E^igineeriJig^. 
 
 " Our author leaves no stone unturned. He is determined that his readers shall not only know 
 
 something about the stationary engine, but all about it." — Engineer. 
 
 "An engineman who has mastered the contents of'M r. Reynolds's bookwill require but little actual 
 
 experience with boilers and engines before he can be trusted to look after \.\iQ.va.."—EnglishMechanic. 
 
 The Engineer^ Fireman, and Engine-Boy. 
 
 THE MODEL LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEER, FIREMAN, and 
 ENGINE-BOY. Comprising a Historical Notice of the Pioneer Locomotive 
 Engines and their Inventors. By Michael Reynolds. With numerous Illus- 
 trations and a fine Portrait of George Stephenson. Crown 8vo, 4s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " From the technical knowledge of the author it will appeal to the railway man of to-day more 
 forcibly than anything written by Dr. Smiles. . . . The volume contains information of a tech- 
 nical kind, and facts that every driver should be familiar with." — English Mechanic. 
 
 "We should be glad to see this book in the possession of everyone in the kingdom who has 
 ever laid, or is to lay, hands on a locomotive engine." — Iron. 
 
 Continuous Railway Brakes, 
 
 CONTINUOUS RAILWAY BRAKES: A Practical Treatise on 
 the several Systems in Use in the United Kingdom; their Construction and 
 Performance. With copious Illustrations and numerous Tables. By Michael 
 Reynolds, Large crown Svo, gs. cloth. 
 
 " A popular explanation of the different brakes. It will be of g-reat assistance in forming public 
 opinion, and will be studied with benefit by those who take an mterest in the brake." — English 
 Mechanic. 
 
 "Written with sufficient technical detail to enable the principle and relative connection of the 
 various parts of each particular brake to be readily grasped." — Mechanical World. 
 
 Engine-Driving Life. 
 
 ENGINE-DRIVING LIFE : Stirriftg Adventures and Incidoits 
 in the Lives of Locomotive-Engine Drivers. By Michael Reynolds. Second 
 Edition, with Additional Chapters. Crown Svo. 2S. cloth. \_Just published, 
 "From first to last perfectly fascinating. Wilkie CoUins's most thrilling conceptions are thrown 
 Into the shade by true incidents, endless in their variety, related in every page." — North British Mail. 
 
 "Anyone who wishes to get a real insight into railway life cannot do better than read ' Engine- 
 Driving Life ' for himself ; and if he once take it up he will find that the author's enthusiasm and real 
 love of the engine-driving profession will carry him on till he has read every page." — Saturday Review, 
 
 Bocket Companion for Enginemen. 
 
 THE ENGINEMAN'S POCKET COMPANION AND PR AC- 
 TICAL EDUCATOR FOR ENGINEMEN, BOILER ATTENDANTS, 
 AND MECHANICS. By Michael Reynolds. With Forty-five Illustra- 
 tions and numerous Diagrams. Second Edition, Revised. Royal iSmo, 3s. 6d,, 
 strongly bound for pocket wear. 
 
 " This admirable work is well suited to accomplish its object, being the honest workmanship of 
 a competent engineer." — Glasgoiv Herald. 
 
 " A most meritorious work, giving in a succinct and practical form all the information an engine- 
 minder desirous of mastering the scientific principles of his daily calling would require." — Miller. 
 
 " A boon to those who are striving to become efficient mechanics."— i3az7)' Chronicle. 
 
CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. 7 
 
 French-English Glossary for Engineers^ etc. 
 
 A POCKET GLOSSARY of TECHNICAL TERMS: ENGLISH^ 
 FRENCH, FRENCH-ENGLISH ; with Tables snitable for the Architectural, 
 Engineering, Manufacturing and Nautical Professions. By John James 
 Fletcher, Engineer and Surveyor ; 200 pp. Waistcoat-pocket size, is. 6d., 
 limp leather. 
 
 " It ought certainly to be in the waistcoat-pocket of every professional man. —Iron. 
 
 '* It is a very great advantage for readers and correspondents in France and Eng^land to have 
 so large a number of the words relating to engineering and manufacturers collected m a liliputian 
 volume. The little book will be useful both to students and travellers." — Architect. 
 
 The elossary of terms is very complete, and many of the tables are new and well arranged. 
 We cordiaUy commend the hook. —Mechanical IVorld. 
 
 Portable Engines. 
 
 THE PORTABLE ENGINE; ITS CONSTRUCTION AND 
 MANAGEMENT. A Practical Manual for Owners and Users of Steam 
 Engines generally. By William Dyson Wansbrough. With 90 Illustra- 
 tions. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. 
 " This is a work of value to those who use steam machinery. . . . Should be read by every- 
 one who has a steam engine, on a farm or elsewhere." — Mark Lane Express. 
 
 " We cordially commend this work to buyers and owners of steam engines, and to those who 
 have to do with their construction or use." — Timber Trades Journal. 
 
 " Such a general knowledge of the steam engine as Mr. Wansbrough furnishes to the reader 
 should be acquired by all intelligent owners and others who use the steam engine.'' — Building News. 
 
 CIVIL ENGI NEERING, SUR VEYING, etc. 
 
 MR. NUMBER'S IMPORTANT ENGINEERING BOOKS. 
 The Water Supply of Cities and Towns, 
 
 A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE on the WATER-SUPPLY 
 OF CITIES AND TOWNS. By William Humber, A-M.Inst.C.E,, and 
 M. Inst. M.E., Author of '* Cast and Wrought Iron Bridge Construction," 
 &c. &c. Illustrated with 50 Double Plates, i Single Plate, Coloured 
 Frontispiece, and upwards of 250 Woodcuts, and containing 400 pages of 
 Text. Imp. 4to, £6 6s, elegantly and substantially half-bound in morocco. 
 
 List of Contents. 
 
 Conduits.— XIII. Distribution of Water.— XIV. 
 Meters, Service Pipes, and House Fittings. — 
 XV. The Law and Economy of Water Works. 
 XVI; Constant and Intermittent Supply. — 
 XVII. Description of Plates. — Appendices, 
 giving Tables of Rates of Supply, Velocities, 
 &c. &c., together with Specifications of several 
 Works illustrated, among which will be found : 
 Aberdeen, Bideford, Canterbury, Dundee, 
 Halifax, Lambeth, Rotherham, Dublin, and 
 others. 
 
 "The most systematic and valuable work upon water supply hitherto produced in English, ©r 
 In any other language. . . . Mr. Humber's work is characterised almost throughout by an 
 exhaustiveness much more distinctive of French and German than of English techni^ treatises." 
 —Engineer. 
 
 " We can congratulate Mr. Humber on having been able to give so large an amount of infor- 
 mation on a subject so important as the water supply of cities and towns. The plates, fifty in 
 number, are mostly drawings of executed works, and alone would have commanded the attention 
 of every engineer whose practice may lie in this branch of the profession."— Builder. 
 
 Cast and Wrought Iron Bridge Construction. 
 
 A COMPLETE AND PRACTICAL TREATISE ON CAST 
 AND WROUGHT IRON BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION, including Iron 
 Foundations. In Three Parts — Theoretical, Practical, and Descriptive. By 
 William Humber, A. M.Inst. C.E., and M.Inst. M.E. Third Edition, Re- 
 vised and much improved, with 115 Double Plates (20 of which now first 
 appear in this edition), and numerous Additions to the Text. In Two Vols.i 
 imp. 4to, £6 i6s. 6d. half-bound in morocco. 
 
 "A very valuable contribution to the standard literature of civil engineering. In addition to 
 elevations, plans and sections, large scale details are given which very much enhance the instruc- 
 tive worth of those illustrations." — Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal. 
 
 "Mr. Humber's stately volumes, lately issued — in which the most important bridges erected 
 during the last five years, under the direction of the late Mr. Brunei, Sir W. Cubitt, Mr. Hawk- 
 shaw, Mr. Page, Mr. Fowler, Mr. Hemans, and others among our most eminent engineers, are 
 drawn and specified in great detail."— 
 
 I. Historical Sketch of some of the means 
 that have been adopted for the Supply of Water 
 to Cities and Towns. — II. Water and the Fo- 
 reign Matter usually associated with it.— III. 
 Ramfall and Evaporation. — IV. Springs and 
 the water-bearing formations of various dis- 
 tricts. — V. Measurement and Estimation of the 
 flow of Water— VI. On the Selection of the 
 Source of Supply.— VII. Wells— VIII. Reser- 
 voirs. — IX. The Purification of Water. — X. 
 Pumps. — XI. Pumping Machinery. — XII. 
 
8 
 
 CROSBY LOCKWOOD SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 MR. NUMBER'S GREAT WORK ON MODERN ENGINEERING. 
 
 Complete in Four Volumes, imperial 4to, price £12 12s., half-morocco. Each 
 Volume sold separately as follows : — 
 
 4 RECORD OF THE PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEER- 
 ING. First Series. Comprising Civil, Mechanical, Marine, Hydraulic, 
 Railway, Bridge, and other Engineering Works, &c. By William Humber, 
 A-M.Inst.C.E., &c. Imp. 4to, with 36 Double Plates, drawn to a large scale, 
 Photographic Portrait of John Hawkshaw, C.E., F.R.S., &c., and copious 
 descriptive Letterpress, Specifications, &c., £3 3s. half-morocco. 
 
 List of the Plates and Diagrams. 
 
 Thames, West London Extension Railway (S 
 plates) ; Armour Plates : Suspension Bridge, 
 Thames (4 plates) ; The Allen Engine ; Sus- 
 pension Bridge, Avon (3 plates) ; Underground 
 Kciilway (3 plates). 
 
 Victoria Station and Roof, L. B. & S. C. R. 
 (8 plates) ; Southport Pier (2 plates) ; Victoria 
 Station and Root, L. C. & D. and G. W. R. (6 
 plates); Roof of Cremorne Music Hall; Bridge 
 over G. N. Railway ; Roof of Station, Dutch 
 Rhenish Rail (2 plates) ; Bridge over the 
 
 •* Handsomely lithographed and printed. It will find favour with many who desire to preserve 
 In a permanent form copies of the plans and specifications prepared for the guidance of the coa- 
 tractors for many important engineering works."— £n£tneer. 
 
 NUMBER'S RECORD OF MODERN ENGINEERING. Second 
 Series. Imp. 4to, with 36 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of Robert 
 Stephenson, C.E., M.P., F.R.S., &c., and copious descriptive Letterpress, 
 Specifications, &c., £3 3s. half-morocco. 
 
 List of the Plates and Diagrams. 
 
 Birkenhead Docks, Low Water Basin (15 
 piates); Charing Cross Station Roof, C. C. 
 Railway (3 plates) ; Digswell Viaduct, Great 
 Northern Railway ; Robbery Wood Viaduct, 
 Great Northern Railway ; Iron Permanent 
 Way; Clydach Viaduct, Merthyr, Tredegar, 
 
 " Mr. Humber has done the profession good and true service, by the fine collection of examples 
 be has here brought before the profession and the public." — Practical Mechanic's Journal. 
 
 HUMBERTS RECORD OF MODERN ENGINEERING. Third 
 Series. Imp. 4to, with 40 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of J. R. 
 M'Clean, late Pres. Inst. C.E., and copious descriptive Letterpress, Speci- 
 fications, &c., £3 3s. half-morocco. 
 
 List of the Plates and Diagrams. 
 
 and Abergavenny Railway; Ebbw Viaduct, 
 Merthyr, Tredegar, and Abergavenny Rail- 
 way ; College Wood Viaduct, Cornwall Rail- 
 way ; Dublin Winter Palace Roof (3 plates j); 
 Bridge over the Thames, L. C. & D. Railway 
 (6 plates) ; Albert Harbour, Greenock (4 plates). 
 
 MAIN Drainage, Metropolis.— A^fr/A 
 Side. — Map shoAving Interception of Sewers ; 
 Middle Level Sewer (2 plates) ; Outfall Sewer, 
 Bridge over River Lea (3 plates) ; Outfall Sewer, 
 Bridge over Marsh Lane, North Woolwich 
 Railway, and Bow and Barking Railway Junc- 
 tion ; Outfall Sewer, Bridge over Bow and 
 Barking Railway (3 plates) ; OutfaU Sewer, 
 Bridge over East London Water\vorks' Feeder 
 (2 plates); Outfall Sewer, Reservoir (2 plates) ; 
 Outfall Sewer, Tumbling Bay and Outlet ; Out- 
 fall Sewer, Penstocks. Soiith Side .—0\xX.ia\\ 
 Sewer, Bermondsey Branch (2 plates); Outfall 
 
 •* The drawings have a constantly increasing value, and whoever desires to possess clear repre- 
 sentations of the two great works carried out by our Metropolitan Board will obtain Mr. Humber's 
 volume." — Engineer, 
 
 HUMBERTS RECORD OF MODERN ENGINEERING. Fourth 
 Series. Imp. 4to, with 36 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of Joha 
 Fowler, late Pres. Inst. C.E., and copious descriptive Letterpress, Speci- 
 fications, &c., £3 3s. half-morocco. 
 
 List of the Plates and Diagrams. 
 
 Sewer, Reservoir and Outlet (4 plates) ; OutfaR 
 Sewer, Filth Hoist ; Sections of Sewers (North 
 and South Sides). 
 
 THAMES EMBANKMENT.— Section of River 
 Wall ; Steamboat Pier, Westminster (2 plates) ; 
 Landing Stairs between Charing Cross and 
 Waterloo Bridges ; York Gate (2 plates) ; Over- 
 flow and Outlet at Savoy Street Sewer (3 plates). ; 
 Steamboat Pier, Waterloo Bridge (3 plates>; 
 Junction of Sewers, Plans and Sections ; 
 Gullies, Plans and Sections ; Rolling Stock ; 
 Granite and Iron Forts. 
 
 Afebey Mills Pumping Station, Main Drain- 
 age, Metropolis (4 plates) ; Barrow Docks (5 
 pUites) ; Manquis Viaduct, Santiago and VaJ- 
 pziraiso Railway (2 plates) ; Adam's Locomo- 
 tive, St. Helen's Canal Railway (2 plates) ; 
 Cannon Street Station Roof, Charmg Cross 
 Railway (3 plates) ; Road Bridge over the River 
 Moka (2 plates) ; Telegraphic Apparatus for 
 
 Mesopotamia ; Viaduct over the River Wye, 
 Midland Railway (3 plates) ; St. Germans Via- 
 duct, Cornwall Railway (2 plates) ; Wrought- 
 Iron Cylinder for Diving Bell ; Millwall Docks 
 (6 plates) ; Milroy's Patent Excavator ; Metro- 
 politan District Railway (6 plates); Harbours, 
 Ports, and Breakwaters (3 plates). 
 
 "We gladly welcome another year's issue of this valuable publication from the able pen of 
 Mr. Humber. The accuracy and general excellence of this work are well known, while its useful- 
 ness in giving the measurements and details of some of the latest examples of engineering, as 
 carried out by the most eminent men in the profession, cannot be too highly ^nz^^,"— Artisan, 
 
CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. 
 
 9 
 
 MR. NUMBER'S ENGINEERING BOOKS— continued. 
 Strains^ Calculation of. 
 
 A HANDY BOOK FOR THE CALCULATION OF STRAINS 
 IN GIRDERS AND SIMILARSTRUCTURES,AND THEIR STRENGTH. 
 Consisting of Formulae and Corresponding Diagrams, with numerous details 
 for Practical Application, &c. By William HUxVDer, A-M.Inst.C.E., &c* 
 Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo, nearly lOo Woodcuts and 3 Plates, 7s. 6d, clotb. 
 " The formulae are neatly expressed, and the diagframs gco(\."—Athenaum. 
 " We heartily commend this really handy book to our engineer and architect readers." — Eng^ 
 lish Mechanic. 
 
 Barloiv^s Strength of Materials, enlarged hyHumher 
 
 A TREATISE ON THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS i 
 with Rules for Application in Architecture, the Construction of Suspension 
 Bridges, Railways, &c. By Peter Barlow, F.R.S. A New Edition, revised 
 by his Sons, P. W. Barlow, F.R.S., and W. H. Barlow, F.R.S. ; to which 
 are added, Experiments by Hodgkinson, Fairbairn, and Kirkaldy ; and 
 Formulas for Calculating Girders, &c. Arranged and Edited by W. Humber,. 
 A-M.Inst.C.E. Demy 8vo, 400 pp., with 19 large Plates and numerous Wood- 
 cuts, 1 8s. cloth. 
 
 " Valuable alike to the student, tyro, and the experienced practitioner, It will always rank m 
 future, as it has hitherto done, as the standard treatise on that particular subject." — Engineer. 
 " There is no greater authority than Barlo-w."— Building News. 
 
 " As a scientific work of the first class, it deserves a foremost place on the bookshelves of every 
 civil engineer and practical mechanic." — English Mechanic. 
 
 Trigonometrical Surveying. 
 
 AN OUTLINE OF THE METHOD OF CONDUCTING A 
 
 TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY, for the Formation of Geographical and 
 Topographical Maps and Plans, Military Reconnaissance, Levelling, &c., with 
 Useful Problems, Formulae, and Tables. By Lieut.-General Frome, R.E. 
 Fourth Edition, Revised and partly Re-written by Major General Sir Charles 
 Warren, G.C.M.G., R.E. With 19 Plates and 115 Woodcuts, royal 8vo, i6s,. 
 cloth. 
 
 "The simple fact that a fourth edition has been called for Is the best testimony to Its meritsi 
 No words of praise from us can strengthen the position so well and so steadily maintained by this 
 work. Sir Charles Warren has revised the entire work, and made such additions as were necessaurjf 
 to bring every portion of the contents up to the present da.te."— Broad A rrow. 
 
 Oblique Bridges. 
 
 A PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL ESSAY ON OBLIQUE 
 BRIDGES. With 13 large Plates. By the late George Watson Buck, 
 M.I.C.E. Third Edition, revised by his Son, J. H. Watson Buck, M.I.C.E. 
 and with the addition of Description to Diagrams for Facilitating the Con- 
 struction of Oblique Bridges, by W. H. Barlow, M.I.C.E. Royal Svo, i2s» 
 cloth. 
 
 " The standard text-book for all engineers regarding skew arches is Mr. Buck's treatise, and it 
 would be impossible to consult a better."— Engineer. 
 
 "Mr. Buck's treatise is recognised as a standard text-book, and his treatment has divested the 
 subject of many of the intricacies supposed to belong to it. As a guide to the engineer and archi* 
 tect, on a confessedly difficult subject, Mr. Buck's work is unsurpassed." — Building News. 
 
 Water Storage, Conveyance and Utilisation. 
 
 WATER ENGINEERING : A Practical Treatise on the Measure- 
 ment, Storage, Conveyance and Utilisation of Water for the Supply of Towns, 
 for Mill Power, and for other Purposes. By Charles Slagg, Water and 
 Drainage Engineer, A.M. Inst. C.E., Author of "Sanitary Work in the Smaller 
 Towns, and in Villages," &c. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 
 7s. 6d, cloth. [Just published, 
 
 "As a small practical treatise on the water supply of towns, and on some applications of" 
 water-power, the work is in many respects exellent."— Engineering. 
 
 " The author has collated the results deduced from the experiments of the most eminent- 
 authorities, and has presented them in a compact and practical form, accompanied by very clear 
 and detailed explanations. . . . The application of water as a motive power is treated very: 
 carefully and exhaustively " — Builder. 
 
 I' For anyone who desires to begin the study of hydraulics with a consideration of the practical^ 
 applications of the science there is no better guide. '—Architect. 
 
ro CROSBY LOCKWOOD 6- SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 Statics, Graphic and Analytic. 
 
 GRAPHIC AND ANALYTIC STATICS Jn their Practical AppU. 
 cation to the Treatment of Stresses in Roofs, Selid Girders, Lattice^ Bowstring 
 and Suspension Bridges, Braced Iron Arches and Piers, and other Frameworks, 
 By R. Hudson Graham, C.E. Containing Diagrams and Plates to Scale. 
 With numerous Examples, many taken from existing Structures. Specially 
 arranged for Class-work in Colleges and Universities. Second Edition, Re- 
 vised and Enlarged. 8vo, i6s. cloth. ■ 
 "Mr. Graham's book will find a place wherever graphic and analytic statics are used or studied." 
 •—Engrineer. 
 
 " The work is excellent from a practical point of view, and has evidently been prepared with 
 •much care. The directions for working are ample, and are illustrated by an abundance of well- 
 celected examples. It is an excellent text-book for the practical draughtsman."— ^/A^«<?m?«. 
 
 Student's Text-Book on Survey ing, 
 
 PRACTICAL SURVEYING: A Text-Book for Students pre- 
 paring for Examination or for Survey-work in the Colonies. By George 
 W. UsiLL, A.M.I.C.E., Author of "The Statistics of the Water Supply of 
 Great Britain." With Four Lithographic Plates and upwards of 330 Illustra- 
 tions. Crown 8vo, ys. 6d. cloth. Ijfust published. 
 
 The best forms of instruments are described as to their construction, uses and modes of 
 ■employment, and there are innumerable hints on work and equipment such as the author, in his 
 experience as surveyor, draughtsman and teacher, has found necessary, and which the student 
 in his inexperience will find most serviceable." — Engineer. 
 
 " We have no hesitation in saying that the student will find this treatise a better guide than 
 any of its predecessors. ... It deserves to be recognised as the first book which should be put in 
 the hands of a pupil of Civil Engineering, and every gentleman of education who sets out for the 
 Colonies would find it well to have a copy." — Architect. 
 
 "A very useful, practical handbook on field practice. Clear, accurate and not too con- 
 densed." — Journal of Education. 
 
 Survey Practice. 
 
 AID TO SURVEY PRACTICE, for Reference in Surveying, Level- 
 ling, Setting-out a/nd in Route Surveys of Travellers by Land and Sea. With 
 Tables, Illustrations, and Records. By Lowis D'A. Jackson, A.M.I.C.E., 
 Author of " Hydraulic Manual," " Modern Metrology," &c. Second Edition, 
 Enlarged. Large crown 8vo, 12s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " Mr. Jackson has produced a valuable vade-mecum for the surveyor. We can recommend 
 this book as containing an admirable supplement to the teaching of the accomplished surveyor." — 
 Athenaum. 
 
 " As a text-book we should advise all surveyors to place it in their Ubraries, and study well the 
 matured instructions afforded in its pages," — Colliery Giiardian. 
 
 " The author brings to his work a fortunate union of theory and practical experience which, 
 aided by a clear and lucid style of writing, renders the book a very useful one."— Builder. 
 
 Surveying, Land and Marine. 
 
 LAND AND MARINE 5C7i?F£:y/NG, in Reference to the Pre- 
 paration of Plans for Roads and Railways ; Canals, Rivers, Towns' Water 
 Supplies; Docks and Harbours. With Description and Use of Surveying 
 Instruments. By W. D. Haskoll, C.E., Author of " Bridge and Viaduct Con- 
 struction," &c. Second Edition, with Additions. Large crown 8vo, gs. cloth, 
 " This book must prove of great value to the student. Vv'e have no hesitation in recommend- 
 ing it, feeling assured that it will more than repay a careful study."— Mechanical IVorld. 
 
 " We can strongly recommend it as a carefuUy- written and valuable text-book. It enjoys a well- 
 deserved repute among surveyors."— Builder. 
 
 " This volume cannot fail to prove of the utmost practical utility. It may be safely recommended 
 to all students who aspire to become clean and expert surveyors." — Miniftg- yourtial. 
 
 Tunnelling. 
 
 PRACTICAL TUNNELLING. Explaining in detail the Setting. 
 
 out of the works, Shaft-sinking and Heading-driving, Ranging the Lines and 
 Levelling underground, Sub-Excavating, Timbering, and the Construction 
 of the Brickwork of Tunnels, with the amount of Labour required for, and the 
 Cost of, the various portions of the work. By Frederick W. Simms, F.G.S., 
 M.Inst.C.E. Third Edition, Revised and Extended by D. Kinnear Clark, 
 M.Inst. C.E. ; Imperial 8vo, with 21 Folding Plates and numerous Wood 
 Engravings, 30s. cloth. 
 
 "The estimation in which Mr. Simms's book on tunnelling has been held for over thirty years 
 cannot be more truly expressed than in the words of the late Prof. Rankine :— * The best sourse of in- 
 formation on the subject of tunnels is Mr.F.W. Simms's work on Practical Tyxaxi^inz."'— Architect. 
 
 " It has been regarded from the first as a text book of the subject. . . . Mr. Clarke has added 
 immensely to the val^ie of the book." — Engineer. 
 
CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. ii 
 
 Levelling. 
 
 A TREATISE ON THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF 
 LEVELLING. Showing its Application to purposes of Railway and Civil 
 Engineering, in the Construction of Roads ; with Mr. Telford's Rules for the 
 same. By Frederick W. Simms, F.G.S., M.Inst.C.E. Seventh Edition, with 
 the addition of Law's Practical Examples for Setting-out Railway Curves, and 
 Trautwine's Field Practice of Laying-out Circular Curves. With 7 Plates 
 and numerous Woodcuts, 8vo, 8s. 6d, cloth. Trautwine on Curves 
 
 may be had separate, 5s. 
 " The text-book on levelling in most of our engineering schools and colleges."— 
 " The publishers have rendered a substantial service to the profession, especially to the younger 
 members, by bringing out the present edition of Mr. Simms's useful work." — Engineering: 
 
 Heatf Expansion hy. 
 
 EXPANSION OF STRUCTURES BY HEAT. By John 
 Keily, C.E., late of the Indian Public Works and Victorian Railway Depart- 
 ments. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 Summary of Contents. 
 Section L Formulas and Data. Section VL Mechanical Force of 
 
 Section II. Metal Bars. Heat. 
 Section III. Simple Frames. Section VII. Work of Expansion 
 
 Section IV. Complex Frames ; and and Contraction. 
 
 Plates. Section VIII. Suspension Bridges. 
 
 Section V. Thermal Conductivity. Section IX. Masonry Structures. 
 
 " The aim the author has set before him, viz., to show the effects of heat upon metallic and 
 other structures, is a laudable one, for this is a branch of physics upon which the engineer or archi- 
 tect can find but little reliable and comprehensive data in books." — Builder, 
 
 " Whoever is concerned to know the effect of changes of temperature on such structures as 
 suspension bridges and the like, could not do better than consult Mr. Kelly's valuable and handy 
 exposition of the geometrical principles involved in these chcuiges." — Scotsman. 
 
 I^ractical Mathematics, 
 
 MATHEMATICS FOR PRACTICAL MEN: Being a Common- 
 place Book of Pure and Mixed Mathematics. Designed chiefly for the use 
 of Civil Engineers, Architects and Surveyors. By Olinthus Gregory, 
 LL.D., F.R.A.S., Enlarged by Henry Law, C.E. 4th Edition, carefully 
 Revised by J. R, Young, formerly Professor of Mathematics, Belfast College. 
 With 13 Plates, 8vo, £1 is. cloth. 
 *' The engineer or architect will here find ready to his hand rules for solving nearly every mathe- 
 matical difficulty that may arise in his practice The rules are in all cases explained by means of 
 examples, in which every step of the process is clearly worked out."— Builder. 
 
 It is an instructive book for the student, and a text-book for him who, having once mastered 
 the subjects it treats of, needs occasionally to refresh his memory upon them." — Bttilding News, 
 
 Mydraulic Tables. 
 
 HYDRAULIC TABLES, CO-EFFICIENTS, and FORMULM 
 for finding the Discharge of Water from Orifices, Notches, Weirs, Pipes, and 
 Rivers. With New Formulae, Tables, and General Information on Rainfall, 
 Catchment-Basins, Drainage, Sewerage, Water Supply for Towns and Mill 
 Power. By John Neville, Civil Engineer, M.R.I.A. Third Edition, care- 
 fully Revised, with Additions. Numerous Illustrations. Cr. 8vo, 14s. cloth. 
 " Alike valuable to students and engineers in practice ; its study will prevent the annoyance of 
 avoidable failures, and assist them to select the readiest means of successfully carrying out any 
 given work connected with hydraulic engineering." — Minting Journal. 
 
 " It is, of all English books on the subject, the one nearest to completeness. . . . From the 
 good arrangement of the matter, the clear explanations, and abundance of formulae, the carefully 
 calculated tables, and, above all, the thorough acquaintance with both theory and construction, 
 which is displayed from first to last, the book will be found to be an acquisition."—^ rc/tzVe<:;?. 
 
 Mydraulics. 
 
 HYDRA ULIC MANUAL, Consisting of V^orking Tables and 
 Explanatory Text. Intended as a Guide in Hydraulic Calculations and Field 
 Operations. By Lowis D'A. Jackson, Author of "Aid to Survey Practice," 
 " Modern Metrology," &c. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Large cr. 8vo, 16s. cl. 
 " The author has had a wide experience in hydraulic engineering and has been a careful ob- 
 server of the facts which have come under his notice, and from the great mass of material at his 
 command he has constructed a manual which may be accepted as a trustworthy guide to this 
 branch of the engineer's profession. We can heartily recommend this volume to all v. ho desire to 
 be acquainted with the latest development of this important subject."— Engineering. 
 
 '•■ The m.ost useful feature of this work is its freedom from what is superannuated, and its 
 thorough adoption of recent experiments ; the text is, in fact, in great part a short account of the 
 great modem experiments."— //^sf^r^. 
 
12 CROSBY LOCKWOOD 6- SCAT'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 Drainage. 
 
 ON THE DRAINAGE OF LANDS, TOWNS AND BUILD- 
 INGS. By G. D. Dempsey, C.E., Author of '* The Practical Railway En- 
 gineer," &c. Revised, with large Additions on Recent Practice in 
 Drainage Engineering, by D. Kinnear Clark, M.Inst.C.E. Author of 
 " Tramways : Their Construction and Working," " A Manual of Rules, Tables, 
 and Data tor Mechanical Engineers," &c. &c. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. cloth. 
 •* The new matter added to Mr. Dempsey s excellent work is characterised by the comprehen- 
 sive grasp and accuracy of detail for which the name of Mr. D. K. Clark is a sufficient voucher."— 
 Athenceum. 
 
 " As a work on recent practice in drainage engineering, the book is to be commended to all 
 who are making that branch of engineering science their special study." — /roft. 
 
 " A comprehensive manual on drainage engineering, and a useful introduction to the student," 
 Bu ild tjtfr News. » 
 
 Tramways and their WorJcing. 
 
 TRAMWAYS : THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING. 
 Embracing a Comprehensive History of the System ; with an exhaustive 
 Analysis of the various Modes of Traction, including Horse-Power, Steam, 
 Heated Water, and Compressed Air ; a Description of the Varieties of Rolling 
 Stock; and ample Details of Cost and Working Expenses: the Progress 
 recently made in Tramway Construction, &c. &c. By D. Kinnear Clark, 
 M.Inst.C.E. With over 200 Wood Engravings, and 13 Folding Plates. Two 
 Vols., large crown 8vo, 30s. cloth. 
 
 " All interested in tramways must refer to it, as all railway engineers have turned to the author's 
 work • Railway Machinery.'"— 
 
 " An exhaustive and practical work on tramways, in which the history of this kind of locomo- 
 tion, and a description and cost of the various modes of laying tramways, are to be found. " — 
 Building News. 
 
 " The best form of rails, the best mode of construction, and the best mechanical appliances 
 are so fairly indicated in the work under review, that any engineer about to construct a tramway 
 will be enabled at once to obtain the practical information which will be of most service to him."— 
 athenceum. 
 
 Oblique Arches, 
 
 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF 
 OBLIQUE ARCHES. By John Hart. Third Edition, with Plates. In>- 
 erial ovo, 8s. cloth. 
 
 Curves^ Tables for Setting-ouU 
 
 TABLES OF TANGENTIAL ANGLES AND MULTIPLES 
 for Setting-out Curves from 5 to 200 Radius. By Alexander Beazeley, 
 M.Inst.C.E. Third Edition. Printed on 48 Cards, and sold in a cloth box, 
 waistcoat-pocket size, 3s. 6d. 
 
 Each table is printed on a small card, which, being placed on the theodolite, leaves the hands 
 free to manipulate the instrument— no small advantage as regards the rapidity of work."— Engineer. 
 
 "Very handy ; a man may know that all his day's work must faU on two of these cards, which 
 he puts into his own card-case, and leaves the rest behind." — Athenaum. 
 
 Marthworlu 
 
 EARTHWORK TABLES, Showing the Contents in Cubic 
 Yards of Embankments, Cuttings, &c., of Heights or Depths up to an average 
 of 80 feet. By Joseph Broadbent, C.E., and Francis Campin, C.E. Crown 
 8vo, 5s. cloth. 
 
 " The way in which accuracy is attained, by a simple division ot each cross section into three 
 elements, two in which are constant and one variable, is ingc\\io\i?,."—AthencEii}n. 
 
 Tunnel Shafts. 
 
 THE CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE TUNNEL SHAFTS : A 
 Practical and Theoretical Essay. By J. H. Watson Buck, M.Inst.C.E., 
 Resident Engineer, London and North- Western Railway. Illustrated with 
 Folding Plates, royal 8vo, 12s. cloth. 
 " Many of the methods given are of extreme practical value to the mason ; and the observations 
 on the form of arch, the rules for ordering the stone, and the construction of the templates will be 
 found of considerable use. We commend the book to the engineering profession." — Building News. 
 
 " Will be regarded by civil engineers as of the utmost value, and calculated to save much time 
 and obviate many mistakes."— Colliery Guardian. 
 
 Girders^ Strength of. 
 
 GRAPHIC TABLE FOR FACILITATING THE COMPUTA- 
 TION OF THE WEIGHTS OF WROUGHT IRON AND STEEL 
 GIRDERS, etc., for Parliamentary and other Estimates. By J. H. Watson 
 Buck, M.Inst.C.E, On a Sheet, zs.ed. 
 
CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. 
 
 Hiver Engineering, 
 
 RIVER BARS: The Causes of their Formation, and their Treat- 
 went by " Induced Tidal Scour ; " with a Description of the Successful Re- 
 duction by this Method of the Bar at Dublin. By A. J. Mann, Assist. Eng. 
 to the Dublin Port and Docks Board. Royal 8vo, ys. 6d. cloth. 
 
 "We recommend all interested in harbour works— and, indeed, those concerned in the im- 
 provements of rivers generally— to read Mr. Mann's interesting work on the treatment of river 
 bars . ' ' — E^iginecr, 
 
 Trusses. 
 
 TRUSSES OF WOOD AND IRON. Practical Applications of 
 Science in Determining the Stresses, Breaking Weights ^ Safe Loads, Scantlings, 
 and Details of Construction, with Complete Working Drawings. By William 
 Griffiths, Surveyor, Assistant Master, Tranmere School of Science and 
 Art. Oblong 8vo, 4s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 •* This handy little book enters so minutely into every detail connected with the construction of 
 coof trusses, that no student need be ignorant of these matters." — Practical E7igineer. 
 
 Mailway Working, 
 
 SAFE RAILWAY WORKING. A Treatise on Railway Acci- 
 dents: Their Cause and Prevention ; with a Description of Modern Appliances 
 and Systems. By Clement E. Stretton, C.E., Vice-President and Con- 
 sulting Engineer, Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants. With Illus- 
 trations and Coloured Plates, crown 8vo, 4s. 6d. strongly bound. 
 A book for the engineer, the directors, the managers ; and, in short, all who wish for informa- 
 tion on railway matters will find a perfect encyclopaedia in ' Safe Railway Working.' " — Rail-way 
 Review. 
 
 "We commend the remarks on railway signalling to all railway managers, especially where a 
 •uniform code and practice is advocated." — Herepath's Railway Jownal. 
 
 "The author maybe congratulated on having collected, in a very convenient form, much 
 valuable information on the principal questious affecting the safe working of railways." — Rail- 
 zuay Engineer. 
 
 W'ield-BooJc for Engineers. 
 
 THE ENGINEER'S, MINING SURVEYOR'S, AND CON- 
 TRA CTOR 'S FIELD-BOOK. Consisting of a Series of Tables, with Rules, 
 Explanations of Systems, and use of Theodolite for Traverse Surveying and 
 Plotting the Work with minute accuracy by means of Straig-ht Edge and Set 
 Square only ; Levelling with the Theodolite, Casting-out and Reducing 
 Levels to Datum, and Plotting Sections in the ordinary manner ; setting-out 
 Curves with the Theodolite by Tangential Angles and Multiples, with Right 
 and Left-hand Readings of the Instrument: Setting-out Curves without 
 Theodolite, on the System of Tangential Angles by sets of Tangents and Off- 
 sets : and Earthwork Tables to 80 feet deep, calculated for every 6 inches in 
 depth. By W. Davis Haskoll, C.E. With numerous Woodcuts, Fourth 
 Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 12s. cloth. 
 
 "The book is very handy ; the separate tables of sines and tangents to every minute will make 
 it useful for many other purposes, the genuine traverse tables existing all the same." — Athenceum. 
 
 "Every person engaged in engineering field operations will estimate the importance of such a 
 work and the amount of valuable time which will be saved by reference to a set of reliable tables 
 prepared with the accuracy and fulness of those given in this yoXvixaQ."— Railway News. 
 
 EartliworU^ Measurement of. 
 
 A MANUAL ON EARTHWORK. By Alex. J. S. Graham, 
 C.E. With numerous Diagrams. i8mo, 2s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 "A great amount of practical information, very admirably arranged, and available for rough 
 estimates, as well as for the more exact calculations required in the engineer's and contractor's 
 offices."— Arliiian. 
 
 Strains in IromvorJc, 
 
 THE STRAINS ON STRUCTURES OF IRONWORK; with 
 Practical Remarks on Iron Construction. By F. W. Sheilds, M.Inst.C.Ei 
 Second Edition, with 5 Plates. Royal 8vo, 5s. cloth. 
 "The student cannot find a better little book on this subject."— Bngineer. 
 
 Cast Iron and other Metals, Strength of. 
 
 A PRACTICAL ESSAY ON THE STRENGTH OF CAST 
 IRON AND OTHER METALS. By Thomas Tredgold, C.E, Fifth 
 Edition, including Hodgkin son's Experimental Researches. 8vo, izs, cloth. 
 
14 CROSBY LOCKWOOD 6* SON'S CATALOGUE, 
 
 ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, etc. 
 
 Construction* 
 
 THE SCIENCE OF BUILDING : An Elementary Treatise on 
 the Principles of Construction. By E, Wyndham Tarn, M.A., Architect. 
 Second Edition, Revised, with 58 Engravings. Crown 8vo, ys. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " A very valuable book, which we strong-Iy recommend to all students."— BidMer. 
 " No architectural student should be without this handbook of constructional knowledge."— 
 ^ rchitect. 
 
 Villa Architecture, 
 
 . A HANDY BOOK OF VILLA ARCHITECTURE : Being a 
 Series of Designs for Villa Residences in various Styles, With Outline 
 Specifications and Estimates. By C. Wickes, Architect, Author of "The 
 Spires and Towers of England," &c. 61 Plates, 4to, £1 iis. 6d. half-morocco, 
 gilt edges. 
 
 " The whole of the designs bear evidence of their being the work of an artistic architect, and 
 they will prove very vaJuable and suggestive." — Building- News. 
 
 Text'BooTc for Architects* 
 
 THE ARCHITECT'S GUIDE: Being a Text-Book of Useful 
 Information for Architects, Engineers, Surveyors, Contractors, Clerks of 
 Works, &c, &c. By Frederick Rogers, Architect, Author of " Specifica- 
 tions for Practical Architecture," &c. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 
 With numerous Illustrations. Crown Svo, 6s. cloth. 
 
 *' As a text-book of useful information for architects, engineers, surveyors, &c., it would be 
 hard to find a handier or more complete little volume." — Standard. 
 
 "A young architect could hardly have a better zvade-hook."— Timber Trades yournal, 
 
 Taylor and Cresy^s Home. 
 
 THE ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES OF ROME. By 
 the late G. L. Taylor, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., and Edward Cresy, Esq. New 
 Edition, thoroughly Revised by the Rev. Alexander Taylor, M.A. (son of 
 the late G. L. Taylor, Esq.), Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, and Chap- 
 lain of Gray's Inn. Large folio, with 130 Plates, hall-bound, £3 3s. 
 iV.B. — This is the only hook which gives on a large scale, and with the precision 
 
 cf architectural measurement^ the principal Monuments of Ancient Rome in plan.. 
 
 elevation, and detail, 
 
 "Taylor and Cresy 's work has from its first publication been ranked among those professional 
 
 books which cannot be bettered. . . . It would be difficult to find examples of drawings, even 
 
 among those of the most painstaking students of Gothic, more thoroughly worked out than are the 
 
 one hundred and thirty plates in this volnrae."— Architect. 
 
 Architectural Drawing. 
 
 PRACTICAL RULES ON DRA WING, for the Operative Builder 
 and Young Student in Architecture. By George Pyne. With 14 Plates, 4to, 
 ys. 6d. boards. 
 
 Civil Architecture, 
 
 THE DECORATIVE PART OF CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. 
 By Sir William Chambers, F.R.S. With Illustrations, Notes, and an 
 Examination of Grecian Architecture, by Joseph Gwilt, F.S.A. Edited by 
 W. H. Leeds. 66 Plates, 4to, 21s. cloth. 
 
 Mouse Building and Hepairing, 
 
 THE HOUSE-OWNER'S ESTIMATOR ; or, What will it Cost 
 to Build, Alter, or Repair? A Price Book adapted to the Use of Unpro- 
 fessional People, as well as for the Architectural Surveyor and Builder. By 
 James D. Simon, A.R.I. B.A. Edited and Revised by Francis T. W. Miller, 
 A. R.I. B. A. With numerous Illustrations. Fourth Edition, Revised. Crown 
 Svo, 3s. 6d. cloth. [Just published. 
 
 " In two years it will repay its cost a hundred times Qytt"— Field, 
 " A very handy hoo'k.." —English Mechanic, 
 
ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, etc. 
 
 Designing^ Measuring, and Valuing, 
 
 THE STUDENTS GUIDE to the PRACTICE of MEASUR- 
 ING AND VALUING ARTIFICERS' WORKS. Containing Directions for 
 taking Dimensions, Abstracting the same, and bringing the Quantities into 
 Bill, with Tables of Constants for Valuation of Labour, and for the Calcula- 
 tion of Areas and Solidities. Originally edited by Edward Dobson, Architect. 
 Revised, with considerable Additions on Mensuration and Construction, and 
 a New Chapter on Dilapidations, Repairs, and Contract?, by E. Wyndham 
 Tarn, M.A. Sixth Edition, including a Complete Form of a Bill of Quantities. 
 With 8 Plates and 63 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6^/. clo [Just published. 
 *• Well fulfils the promise of its title-page, and we can thoroughly recommend it to the class 
 for whose use it has been compiled. Mr. Tarn's additions and revisions have much increased the 
 usefulness of the work, and have especially augmented its value to students." — En^ineerinp. 
 
 "This edition will be found the most complete treatise on the principles of measuring and 
 valuing artificers' work that has yet been ^uhVish^d."— Building News. 
 
 JPocket Estimator and Technical Guide. 
 
 THE POCKET TECHNICAL GUIDE, MEASURER AND 
 ESTIMATOR FOR BUILDERS AND SURVEYORS, Containing Tech- 
 nical Directions for Measuring Work in all the Building Trades, with a 
 Treatise on the Measurement of Timber and Complete Specifications for 
 Houses, Roads, and Drains, and an easy Method of Estimating the various 
 parts of a Building collectively. By A. C. Beaton, Author of " Quantities 
 and Measurements," &c. Fifth Edition, carefully Revised and Priced 
 according to the Present Value of Materials and Labour, with 53 Woodcuts, 
 leather, waistcoat-pocket size, is. 6d. gilt edges. [Just published. 
 
 " No builder, architect, surveyor, or valuer should be without his ' Beaton.' "— Building- News. 
 " Contains an extraordinary amount of information in daily requisition in measuring and 
 
 estimating. Its presence in the pocket will save valuable time and ironhle."— Building- World. 
 
 Donaldson on Specifications, 
 
 THE HANDBOOK OF SPECIFICATIONS ; or, Practical 
 Guide to the Architect, Engineer, Surveyor, and Builder, in drawing up 
 Specifications and Contracts for Works and Constructions. Illustrated by 
 Precedents of Buildings actually executed by eminent Architects and En- 
 gineers. By Professor T. L. Donaldson, P.R.I. B.A., &c. New Edition, in 
 One large Vol., Svo, with upwards of 1,000 pages of Text, and 33 Plates, 
 £1 lis. 6d. cloth 
 
 " In this work forty-four specifications of executed works are given, Including the specifica- 
 tions for parts of the new Houses of Parliament, by Sir Charles Barry, and for the new Royal 
 Exchange, by Mr. Tite, M.P. The latter, in particular, is a very complete and remarkable 
 document. It embodies, to a great extent, as Mr. Donaldson mentions, 'the bill of quantities 
 with the description of the works.' ... It is valuable as a record, and more valuable still as a 
 book of precedents. . . . Sufiice it to say that Donaldson's ' Handbook of Specifications ' 
 must be bought by aU architects." — Builder. 
 
 Bartholomew and Hogers^ Specifications* 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR PRACTICAL ARCHITECTURE. 
 A Guide to the Architect, Engineer, Surveyor, and Builder. With an Essay 
 on the Structure and Science of Modern Buildings. Upon the Basis of the 
 Work by Alfred Bartholomew, thoroughly Revised, Corrected, and greatly 
 added to by Frederick Rogers, Architect. Second Edition, Revised, with 
 Additions. With numerous Illustrations, medium Svo, 15s. cloth. 
 " The collection of specifications prepared by Mr. Rogers on the basis of Bartholomew's work 
 Is too well known to need any recommendation from us. It is one of the books with which every 
 young architect must be equipped ; for time has shown that the specifications cannot be set aside 
 through any defect in them."— A rchifea. 
 
 " Good forms for specifications are of considerable value, and it was an excellent Idea to com. 
 pile a work on the subject upon the basis of the late Alfred Bartholomew's valuable work. The 
 second edition of Mr. Rogers's book is evidence of the want of a book dealing with modern re- 
 quirements and materials." — Building News. 
 
 Building ; Civil and Ecclesiastical. 
 
 A BOOK ON BUILDING, Civil and Ecclesiastical, including 
 Church Restoration ; with the Theory of Domes and the Great Pyramid, &c. 
 By Sir Edmund Beckett, Bart., LL.D., F.R.A.S., Author of "Clocks and 
 Watches, and Bells," &c. Second Edition, Enlarged. Fcap. Svo, 5s. cloth. 
 " A book which is always amusing and nearly always Instructive. The style throughout is in 
 the highest degree condensed and epigrammatic."— 7Y?/?^j-. 
 
i6 CROSBY LOCKWOOD SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 Geometry for the Architect ^ Engineer ^ etc. 
 
 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY, for the Architect, Engineer and 
 Mechanic. Giving Rules for the Delineation and Application of various 
 Geometrical Lines, Figures and Curves. By E. W. Tarn, M.A., Architect, 
 Author of "The Science of Building," &c. Second Edition. With Appen- 
 dices on Diagrams of Strains and Isometrical Projection. With 172 Illus- 
 trations, demy 8vo, 9s. cloth. 
 
 " No book with the same objects in view has ever been published in which the clearness of the 
 ■rules laid down and the illustrative diagrams have been so satisfactory." — Scotsman. 
 
 "This is a manual for the practical man, whether architect, engineer, or mechanic. . . . The 
 object of the author being' to avoid all abstruse formulae or complicated methods, and to enable 
 ipersons with but a moderate knowledge of geometry to work out the problems required."— £«^/w/t 
 Mechanic. 
 
 The Science of Geometry. 
 
 THE GEOMETRY OF COMPASSES; or, Problems Resolved 
 by the mere Description of Circles^ and the use of Coloured Diagrams and 
 Symbols, By Oliver Byrne. Coloured Plates. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 ^* The treatise is a good one, and remarkable — like all Mr. Byrne's contributions to the science 
 of geometry — for the lucid character of its teaching." — Building News. 
 
 DECO RATIVE ART S, etc. 
 
 Woods and Marbles (Imitation of). 
 
 SCHOOL OF PAINTING FOR THE IMITATION OF WOODS 
 AND MARBLES, as Taught and Practised by A. R. Van der Burg and P. 
 Van der Burg, Directors of the Rotterdam Painting Institution. Royal folio, 
 18^ by 125 in.. Illustrated with 24 full-size Coloured Plates; also 12 plain 
 Plates, comprising 154 Figures. Second and Cheaper Edition. Price £1 iis. 6d, 
 
 List of Plates. 
 I. Various Tools required for Wood Painting 
 —2', 3. Walnut: Preliminary Stages of Graining 
 and Finished Specimen — 4. Tools used for 
 Marble Painting and Method of Manipulation — 
 5, 6. St. Remi Marble : Earlier Operations and 
 Finished Specimen— 7. Methods of Sketching 
 different Grains, Knots, &c,— 8, 9. Ash: Pre- 
 iiminary Stages and Finished Specimen— 10. 
 Methods of Sketching Marble Cjrains— 11, 12. 
 Breche Marble : Preliminary Stages of Working 
 and Finished Specimen— 13. Maple: Methods 
 •of Producing the different Grains— 14, 15. Bird's- 
 eye Maple: Preliminary Stages and Finished 
 Specimen— 16. Methods of Sketching the dif- 
 ferent Species of White Marble— 17, 18. White 
 Marble: Preliminary Stages of Process and 
 
 Finished Specimen — 19. Mahogany : Sjjecimens 
 of various Grains and Methods of Manipulation 
 — 20, 21. Mahogany: Earlier Stages and Finished 
 Specimen — 22, 23, 24. Sienna Marble : Varieties 
 of Grain, Preliminary Stages and Finished 
 Specimen — 25, 26, 27. Juniper Wood : Methods 
 of producing Grain, &c. : Preliminary Stages 
 and Finished Specimen — 28, 29, 30. Vert de 
 Mer Marble : Varieties of Grain and Methods 
 of Working Unfinished and Finished Speci- 
 mens— 31. 32. 33. Oak : Varieties of Grain, Tools 
 Employed, and Methods of Manipulation, Pre- 
 liminary Stages and Finished Speciraen — 34, 35, 
 36. Waulsort Marble: Varieties of Grain, Un- 
 finished and Finished Specimens. 
 
 \* Opinions of the Press. 
 
 " Those who desire to attain skill in the art of painting woods and marbles will find advantage 
 In consulting this book. . . . Some of the Working Men's Clubs should give tneir young men 
 the opportunity to study \t."— Builder. 
 
 " A comprehensive guide to the art. The explanations of the processes, the manipulation and 
 enanagement of the colours, and the beautifully executed plates will not be the least valuable to the 
 student who aims at making his work a faithful transcript of nature."— Building News. 
 
 " Students and novices are fortunate who are able to become the possessors of so noble a 
 ■work.''— A rchitect. 
 
 Mouse Decoration. 
 
 ELEMENTARY DECORATION, A Guide to the Simpler 
 Porms of Everyday Art, as applied to the Interior and Exterior Decoration of 
 Dwelling Houses, &c. By James W. Facey, Jun. With 68 Cuts. i2mo, zs, 
 cloth limp. 
 
 " As a technical guide-book to the decorative painter it will be found reliable." — Buildinz News. 
 
 PRACTICAL HOUSE DECORATION : A Guide to the Art of 
 Ornamental Painting, the Arrangement of Colours in Apartments, and the 
 principles of Decorative Design. With some Remarks upon the Nature and 
 Properties of Pigments. By James William Facey, Author of " Elementary 
 Decoration," &c. With numerous Illustrations. i2mo, 25. 6d. cloth limp. 
 N.B.—The above Two Works together in One Vol,, strongly half-bound, 5s. 
 
DECORATIVE ARTS, etc. 
 
 Colour, 
 
 A GRAMMAR OF COLOURING. Applied to Decorative 
 Painting and the Arts. By George Field. New Edition, Revised, Enlarged^ 
 and adapted to the use of the Ornamental Painter and Designer. By Ellis 
 A. Davidson. With New Coloured Diagrams and Engravings. lamo, 3s. 6d, 
 cloth boards, 
 
 "The book is a most useful resume of the properties of pi^tnts."— Builder. 
 
 Mouse JPainting^ Graining, etc. 
 
 HOUSE PAINTING, GRAINING, MARBLING, AND SIGN 
 WRITING, A Practical Manual of. By Ellis A. Davidson. Fifth Edition. 
 With Coloured Plates and Wood Engravings. i2mo, 6s. cloth boards, 
 " A mass of information, of use to the amateur and of value to the practical man." — English 
 
 Mechanic. 
 
 "Simply invaluable to the youngster entering- upon this particular calling, and highly service- 
 able to the man who is practising it "—Fur?iitn}'e Gazette. 
 
 Decorators, Heceipts for, 
 
 THE DECORATOR'S ASSISTANT: A Modern Guide to De- 
 corative Artists and Amateurs, Painters, Writers, Gilders, &c. Containing 
 upwards of 600 Receipts, Rales and Instructions ; with a variety of Informa- 
 tion for General Work connected with every Class of Interior and Exterior 
 Decorations, &c. Third Edition, Revised. 152 pp., crown 8vo, is. in wrapper. 
 Full of receipts of value to decorators, painters, gilders, &c. The book contains the gist of 
 larger treatises on colour and technical processes. It would be difficult to meet with a work so full 
 of varied information on the painter's art." — Buildijig' Neivs. 
 
 " We recommend the work to all who, whether for pleasure or profit, require a guide to decora- 
 tion." — Plwnber a7id Decorator. 
 
 Moyr Stnith on Interior Decoration . 
 
 ORNAMENTAL INTERIORS, ANCIENT AND MODERN, 
 By J. MoYR Smith. Super-royal 8vo, with 32 full-page Plates and numerous 
 smaller Illustrations, handsomely bound in cloth, gilt top, price i8s. 
 
 /ft " Ornamental Interiors" the designs of more than thirty artist- 
 decorators and architects of high standing have been illustrated. The book may 
 therefore fairly claim to give a good general view of the works of the modern school 
 of decoration, besides giving characteristic examples of earlier decorative arrange- 
 ments. 
 
 "Ornamental Interiors" gives a short account of the styles of Interior 
 Decoration as practised by the Ancients in Egypt, Greece, Assyria^ Rome and Byzan- 
 Hum. This part is illustrated by characteristic designs. 
 
 Opinions of the Press. 
 
 " The book is well illustrated and handsomely got up, and contains some true criticism and a 
 good many good examples of decorative treatment."— 77z^ Builder. 
 
 " Well fitted for the dilettante, amateur, and professional designer."— Decoration. 
 
 " This is the most elaborate, and beautiful work on the artistic decoration of interiors that we 
 have seen. . . . The scrolls, panels and other designs from the author's own pen are very 
 beautiful and chaste ; but he takes care that the designs of other men shall figure even more thaiv^ 
 his own." — Liverpool A lbio7t. 
 
 " To all who take an interest in elaborate domestic ornament this handsome volume will be 
 welcome." — Graphic. 
 
 " Mr. Moyr Smith deserves the thanks of art workers for having placed within their reach a- 
 book that seems eminently adapted to afford, by example and precept, that guidance of which 
 most craftsmen stand in need."— Furniture Gazette. 
 
 British and Foreign Marbles. 
 
 MARBLE DECORATION and the Terminology of British and 
 Foreign Marbles. A Handbook for Students. By George H. Blagrove, 
 Author of " Shoring and its Application," &c. With 28 Illustrations. Crown. 
 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " This most useful and much wanted handbook should be in the hands of every architect and 
 builder." — Builciifto- World. 
 
 *' It is an excellent manual for students, and interesting to artistic readers generally."— 5a/wrf/«y 
 
 Revieiv. 
 
 " A carefully and usefully written eatise ; the work is essentia'13' practica}." —Scotsman. 
 
 Marble Wor Icing ^ etc, 
 
 MARBLE AND MARBLE WORKERS: A Handbook for 
 Architects, Artists, Masons and Students. By Arthur Lee, Author of " A 
 Visit to Carrara," " The Working of Marble," &c. Small crown 8vo, 2S. cloth. 
 " A really valuable addition to the technical literature of architects and msisons."— Building 
 News, 
 
 C 
 
i8 CROSBY LOCKWOOD S- SON'S CATALOGUE, 
 
 DELAMOTTE'S WORKS ON ILLUMINATION AND ALPHABETS. 
 
 A PRIMER OF THE ART OF ILLUMINATION, for the Use of 
 Beginners : with a Rudimentary Treatise on the Art, Practical Directions for 
 its exercise, and Examples taken from Illuminated MSS., printed in Gold and 
 Colours. By F. Delamotte. New and Cheaper Edition. Small 4to, 6s. orna- 
 mental boards. 
 
 "The examples of ancient MSS. recommended to the student, which, with much good sense, 
 the author chooses from collections accessible to all, are selected with judgment and knowledge, 
 as well as taste." — Athe?icetim. 
 
 ORNAMENTAL ALPHABETS, Ancient and Medieval from the 
 Eighth Century, with Numerals; including Gothic, Church-Text, large and 
 small, German, Italian, Arabesque, Initials for Illumination, Monograms, 
 Crosses, &c. &c., for the use of Architectural and Engineering Draughtsmen, 
 Missal Painters, Masons, Decorative Painters, Lithographers, Engravers, 
 Carvers, &c. &c. Collected and Engraved by F. Delamotte, and printed in 
 Colours, New and Cheaper Edition. Royal 8vo, oblong, zs, 6d, ornamental 
 boards. 
 
 " For those who insert enamelled sentences round gilded chalices, who blazon shop legends over 
 shop-doors, who letter church walls with pithy sentences from the Decalogue, this book will be use- 
 ful." — At/ientzum. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF MODERN ALPHABETS, Plain and Ornamental; 
 including German, Old English, Saxon, Italic, Perspective, Greek, Hebrew, 
 Court Hand, Engrossing, Tuscan, Riband, Gothic, Rustic, and Arabesque; 
 with several Original Designs, and an Analysis of the Roman and Old English 
 Alphabets, large and small, and Numerals, for the use of Draughtsmen, Sur- 
 veyors, Masons, Decorative Painters, Lithographers, Engravers, Carvers, &c. 
 Collected and Engraved by F. Delamotte, and printed in Colours. New 
 and Cheaper Edition. Royal 8vo, oblong, 2s. 6d. ornamental boards. 
 •'There is comprised in it every possible shape into which the letters of the alphabet and 
 
 numerals can be formed, and tlie talent which has been expended in the conception of the various 
 
 plain and ornamental letters is wonderful." — Standard. 
 
 MEDimVAL ALPHABETS AND INITIALS FOR ILLUMI- 
 NATORS. By G. Delamotte. Containing 21 Plates and Illuminated 
 Title, printed in Gold and Colours. With an Introduction by J. Willis 
 Brooks. Fourth and Cheaper Edition. Small 4to, 4s. ornamental boards. 
 
 " A volume in which the letters of the alphabet come forth glorified in gilding and all the colours 
 of the prism interwoven and intertwined and intermingled." — Sun. 
 
 THE EMBROIDERER'S BOOK OF DESIGN. Containing 
 Initials, Emblems, Cyphers, Monograms, Ornamental Borders, Ecclesiastical 
 Devices, Mediaeval and Modern Alphabets, and National Emblems. Col- 
 lected by F, Delamotte, and printed in Colours. Oblong royal 8vo, is. 6d. 
 ornamental wrapper. 
 
 "The book will be of great assistance to ladies and young children who are endowed with the 
 art of plying the needle in this most ornamental and useful pretty work." — Easi Ang-lian Times. 
 
 Wood Carving* 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS IN WOOD-CARVING, for Amateurs; with 
 Hints on Design. By A Lady. With Ten large Plates, 2S. 6d. in emblematic 
 wrapper. 
 
 " The handicraft of the wood-carver, so well as a book can impart it, may be learnt from ' A 
 Lady's ' publication." — AthencEiun. 
 
 " The directions given are plain and easily understood."— Mechanic. 
 
 Glass JPainting, 
 
 GLASS STAINING AND THE ART OF PAINTING ON 
 GLASS. From the German of Dr. Gessert and Emanuel Otto Fromberg. 
 With an Appendix on The Art of Enamelling, i2mo, 2S. 6d, cloth limp. 
 
 Letter Painting, 
 
 THE ART OF LETTER PAINTING MADE EASY, By 
 James Greig Badenoch. With 12 full-page Engravings of Examples, is. 6d. 
 cloth limp. 
 
 " The system is a simple one, but quite original, and well worth the careful attention of letter 
 painters. It can be easily miistered and remembered,"— ^«i7fi?i«^ News, 
 
CARPENTRY, TIMBER, etc. 
 
 19 
 
 CARPENTRY, TIMBER, etc. 
 
 Tredgold^s Carpentry^ Enlarged by Tarn, 
 
 THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CARPENTRY, 
 
 A Treatise on the Pressure and Equilibrium of Timber Framing, the Resist- 
 ance of Timber, and the Construction of Floors, Arches, Bridges, Roofs, 
 Uniting Iron and Stone with Timber, &c. To which is added an Essay 
 on the Nature and Properties of Timber, &c., with Descriptions of the kinds 
 of Wood used in Building ; also numerous Tables of the Scantlings of Tim- 
 ber for different purposes, the Specific Gravities of Materials, &c. By Thomas 
 Tredgold, C.E. With an Appendix of Specimens of Various Roofs of Iron 
 and Stone, Illustrated. Seventh Edition, thoroughly revised and considerably 
 enlarged by E. Wyndham Tarn, M.A., Author of "The Science of Build- 
 ing," &c. With 61 Plates, Portrait of the Author, and several Woodcuts. In 
 one large vol., 4to, price £1 5s. cloth. 
 
 "Ought to be in every architect's and every builder's l\br&ry."—Btnldey. 
 
 " A work whose monumental excellence must commend it wherever skilful carpentry is con- 
 c-erned. The author's principles are rather confirmed than impaired by time. The additional 
 plates are of great intrinsic value."--Buildin£- News, 
 
 WoodworMng Machinery, 
 
 WOODWORKING MACHINERY : Its Rise, Progress, and Con- 
 strucHon. With Hints on the Management of Saw Mills and the Economical 
 Conversion of Timber. Illustrated with Examples of Recent Designs by 
 leading English, French, and American Engineers. By M. Powis Bale, 
 A.M.Inst.C.E.,M.I.M.E. Large crown 8vo, 12s. 6d, cloth. 
 
 " Mr. Bale is evidently an expert on the subject and he has collected so much information that 
 his book is all-sufficient for builders and others engaged in the conversion of timber." — Architect. 
 
 "The most comprehensive compendium of wood-working machinery we have seen. The 
 author is a thorough master of his subject." — Btdlding News. 
 
 " The appearance of this book at the present time will, we should think, give a considerable 
 Impetus to the onward march of the machinist engaged in the designing and manufacture of 
 wood-working machines. It should be in the office of every wood-working factory." — English 
 Mechanic, 
 
 Saw Mills. 
 
 SAW MILLS: Their Arrangement and Management, and the 
 Economical Conversion of Timber. (A Companion Volume to " Woodworking 
 Machinery.") By M, Powis Bale. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 
 8vo, ICS. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " The admtnistration of a large sawing establishment is discus'^ed and the subject examined 
 from a financial standpoint. Hence the size, shape, order, and disposition ot saw-mills and the 
 like are g'one into in detail, and the course of the timber is traced from its reception to its 
 delivery m its converted state. We could not desire a more complete or practical treatise."— 
 Builder. 
 
 "We highly recommend Mr. Bale's work to the attention and perusal of all those who are en- 
 gaged in the art of wood conversion, or who are about building or remodelling saw-mills on im- 
 proved ^xvucv^Xqs."— Building News, 
 
 Carpentering. 
 
 THE CARPENTER'S NEW GUIDE ; or, Book of Lines for Car- 
 penters ; comprising all the Elementary Principles essential for acquiring a 
 knowledge of Carpentry. Founded on the late Peter Nicholson's Standard 
 Work. A New Edition, Revised by Arthur AstiPiTEL, F.S.A. Together 
 with Practical Rules on Drawing, by George PyxNs. With 74 Plates, 
 4to, £1 IS. cloth. 
 
 Mandrailing. 
 
 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HANDRAILING : Showing 
 New and Simple Methods for Finding the Pitch of the Plank, Drawing the 
 Moulds, Bevelling, Jointing-up, and Squaring the Wreath. By George 
 CoLLiNGS. Illustrated with Plates and Diagrams. i2mo, is. 6d. cloth limp. 
 "Will be found of practical utility in the execution of this difficult branch of joinery."— Builaer. 
 " Almost every difficult phase of this somewhat intricate branch of joinery is elucidated by the 
 aid of plates and explanatory iQttexpxess."— Furniture Gazette, 
 
 Circular Work. 
 
 CIRCULAR WORK IN CARPENTRY AND JOINERY: A 
 Practical Treatise on Circular Work of Sincjle and Doub e Curvature. By 
 George Collings, Author of " A Practical Treatise on Handrailing." Illus- 
 trated with numerous Diagrams. i2mo, 2S. ^d. cloth limp. 
 ^ " An excellent example of what a book of this kind should be. Cheap in price, clear in defini- 
 tion and practical in the examples selected."— i»w27<f^n 
 
20 
 
 CROSBY LOCKWOOD SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 Timber Merchant's Coinpanion. 
 
 THE TIMBER MERCHANTS AND BUILDER'S COM- 
 PANION. Containing New and Copious Tables of the Reduced Weight and 
 Measurement of Deals and Battens, of all sizes, from One to a Thousand 
 Pieces, and the relative Price that each size bears per Lineal Foot to any 
 given Price per Petersburg Standard Hundred ; the Price per Cube Foot of 
 Square Timber to any given Price per Load of 50 Feet ; the proportionate 
 Value of Deals and Battens by the Standard, to Square Timber by the Load 
 of 50 Feet ; the readiest mode of ascertaining the Price of Scantling per 
 Lineal Foot of any size, to any given Figure per Cube Foot, &c. &c. By 
 William Dowsing. Fourth Edition, Revised and Corrected. Cr. 8vo, 3s. cl. 
 " Everything is as concise and clear as it can possibly be made. There can be no doubt that 
 
 every timber merchant and builder ought to possess it."— H21II AdTertiser. 
 
 " We are glad to see a fourtn edition of these admirable tables, which for correctness and 
 
 simplicity of arrangement leave nothing to be desired." — Timber Trades Joiirnal. 
 
 "An exceedingly well-arranged, clear, and concise manuail of tables for the use of all who buy 
 
 or sell timber." — Jouriial cf Forestry. 
 
 I'ractical Timber Merchant. 
 
 THE PRACTICAL TIMBER MERCHANT. Being a Guide 
 for the use of Building Contractors, Surveyors, Builders, &c., comprising 
 useful Tables for all purposes connected with the Timber Trade, Marks of 
 Wood, Essay on the Strength of Timber, Remarks on the Growth of Timber, 
 &c. By W. Richardson. Fcap. 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 "Contains much valuable information for the use of timber merchants, builders, foresters, and 
 all others connected with the growth, sale, and manufacture of timber.' — Journal 0/ Forestry, 
 
 Timber Freight Boolk. 
 
 THE TIMBER MERCHANTS, SAW MILLER'S, AND 
 IMPORTER'S FREIGHT BOOK AND ASSISTANT. Comprising Rules, 
 Tables, and Memoranda relating to the Timber Trade. By William 
 Richardson, Timber Broker; together with a Chapter on "Speeds of Saw 
 Mill Machinery," by M. Powis I3ale, M.LM.E., &c. i2mo, 3s. 6d. cl. boards* 
 "A very useful manual of rules, tables, and memoranda relating to the timber trade. We re- 
 commend it as a compendium of calculation to all timber measurers and merchants, and as supply- 
 ing a real want in the trade." — Briilding Nc-ujs. 
 
 Faching-Case Makers^ Tables for. 
 
 PACKING-CASE TABLES ; showing the number of Super- 
 ficial Feet in Boxes or Packing-Cases, from six inches square and upwards. 
 By W. Richardson, Timber Broker. Second Edition. Oblong 4to, 3s. 6d. cl» 
 
 " Invaluable labour-saving tables." — Iromnofi^er. 
 "Will save much labour and calculation." — Grocer, 
 
 Superficial Measurement. 
 
 THE TRADESMAN'S GUIDE TO SUPERFICIAL MEA- 
 SUREMENT. Tables calculated from i to 200 inches in length, by i to 108 
 inches in breadth. For the use of Architects, Surveyors, Engineers, Timber 
 Merchants, Builders, &c. By James Hawkings. Third Edition. Fcap., 
 3s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " A useful collection of tables to facilitate rapid calculation of surfaces. The exact area of any 
 urface of which the limits have been ascertained can be instantly determined. The book will be 
 found of the greatest utility to all engaged in building operations." — Scotsman. 
 
 " These tables will be found of great assistance to all who require to make calculations In super- 
 ficial measurement."— Mechanic. 
 
 Forestry. 
 
 THE ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY. Designed to afford In- 
 
 formation concerning the Planting and Care of Forest Trees for Ornament or 
 Profit, with Suggestions upon the Creation and Care of Woodlands. By F, B. 
 Hough. Large crown 8vo, los. cloth. 
 
 Timber Importer's Guide. 
 
 THE TIMBER IMPORTER'S, TIMBER MERCHANT'S AND 
 BUILDER'S STANDARD GUIDE. By Richard E. Grandy. Compris- 
 ing an Analysis of Deal Standards, Home and Foreign with Comparative 
 Values and Tabular Arrangements for fixing Nett Landed Cost on Baltic 
 and North American Deals, including all intermediate Expenses, Freight, 
 Insurance, &c. &c. Together with copious Information for the Retailer and 
 Builder. Third Edition, Revised. i2mo, 2S. cloth limp. 
 
 " Everything it pretends to be : built up gradually, it leads one from a forest to a treenail, and 
 throws in, as a makeweight, a host of material concerning bricks, columns, cisterns, &.c."— English 
 Mechanic. 
 
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, NAVIGATION, etc. 21 
 
 MARINE ENGINEERING, NAVIGATION, etc. 
 
 Chain Cables. 
 
 CHAIN CABLES AND CHAINS. Comprising Sizes and 
 Curves of Links, Studs, &c., Iron for Cables and Chains, Chain Cable and 
 Chain Making, Forming and Welding Links, Strength of Cables and Chains, 
 Certificates for Cables, Marking Cables, Prices of Chain Cables and Chains, 
 Historical Notes, Acts of Parliament, Statutory Tests, Charges for Testing, 
 List of Manufacturers of Cables, &c. &c. By Thomas W. Traill, F.E.R.N., 
 M. Inst. C.E., Engineer Surveyor in Chief, Board of Trade, Inspector of 
 Chain Cable and Anchor Proving Establishments, and General Superin- 
 tendent, Lloyd's Committ^^.e on Proving Establishments. With numerous 
 Tables, Illustrations and 2<ithographic Drav^rings. Folio, £2 2S. cloth. 
 *• It contains a vast amount of valu^ ole information. Nothing seems to be wanting to make it 
 a complete and standard work of reference on the subject."— iVa^^zVa/ Ma£-azine. 
 
 Marine Engineering, 
 
 MARINE ENGINES AND STEAM VESSELS (A Treatise 
 on). By Robert Murray, C.E. Eighth Edition, thoroughly Revised, with 
 considerable Additions by the Author and by George Carlisle, C.E., 
 Senior Surveyor to the Board of Trade at Liverpool. lamo, 5s, cloth boards. 
 ** Well adapted to g-ive th'^ young- steamship engineer or manne eng^in* and boiler maker a 
 
 general introduction into his practical work."— A/echaKicz^ If^'orfd. 
 
 " We feel sure that this thoroughly revised edition will continue to be as popular in the future 
 
 as it has been in the past, as for ics size, it contains more useful information than any similar 
 
 treatise. ' ' — Industries. 
 
 " The information given h both sound and sensible, and well qualified to direct young sea- 
 g-oing hands on the straight road to the extra chief's certificate."— G/a^^(77^^ Herald. 
 
 "An indispensable manual for the student of marine engineering-." — Liverpool Mercury, 
 
 T'oeJcet'Boolz for JSlaval Arehiteets and Shipbuilders. 
 
 THE NAVAL ARCHITECT'S AND SHIPBUILDER'S 
 POCKET-BOOK of FormvilcB, Rules, and Tables, and MARINE ENGINEER'S 
 AND SURVEYOR'S Handy Book of Reference. By Clement Magkrow, 
 Member of the Institution of Naval Architects, Naval Draughtsman. Third 
 Edition, Revised. With numerous Diagrams, &c. Fcap., 12s. 6d. leather. 
 "Should be used by all who are engaged in the construction or design of vessels. . . . Will 
 be found to contain the most useful tables and formulas required by shipbuilders, carefully collected 
 from the best authorities, and put together in a popular and simple form." — Engir^ecr. 
 
 "The professional shipbuilder has now, in a convenient and accessible form, reliable data for 
 solving many of the numerous problems that present themselves in the course of his work." — Iron. 
 
 "There is scarcely^ subject on which a naval architect or shipbuilder can require to refresh 
 his memory which wil Jnot be found within the covers of Mr. Mackrow's hook."— English Mechanic, 
 
 I^ochet'BoGh for Marine Engineers. 
 
 A POCKET-BOOK OF USEFUL TABLES AND FOR^ 
 MULM FOR MARINE ENGINEERS. By Frank Proctor, A.I.N.A. 
 Third Edition. Royal 32mo, leather, gilt edges, with strap, 4s. 
 "We recommend it to our readers as going far to supply a long-felt vf3.nt."— Naval Science, 
 "A most useful companion to all marine engineers." — U?iited Service Gazette. 
 
 Introduction to Marine Engineering, 
 
 ELEMENTARY ENGINEERING : A Manual for Young Marine 
 Engineers and Apprentices. In the Form of Questions and Answers on 
 Metals, Alloys, Strength of Materials, Construction and Management of 
 Marine Engines, &c. &c. With an Appendix of Useful Tables. By J. S. 
 Brewer, Government Marine Surveyor, Hongkong, Small crown 8vo, 
 25. 6d. cloth. [jfust published, 
 
 " Contains much valuable information for the class for whom it is intended, especially ia the 
 
 chapters on the management of boilers and eng''nes."—Naieiical Magazine. 
 A useful introduction to the more elaborate text hooks." —Srotsman. 
 " To a student who has the requisite desire and resolve to attain a thorough knowledge, Mr. 
 
 "Brewer offers decidedly useful help." — Athenxuin. 
 
 Navigation. 
 
 PRACTICAL NAVIGATION. Consisting of The Sailor's 
 
 Sea-Book, by James Greenwood and W. H. Rosser ; together with the 
 requisite Mathematical and Nautical Tables for the Working of the Problems. 
 By Henry Law, C.E., and Professor J. R. Young. Illustrated. i2mo, 7s. 
 strongly half-bound. 
 
22 CROSBY LOCKWOOD ^ SON'S CATALOGUE, 
 
 MINING AND MINING INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Metalliferous Mining. 
 
 BRITISH MINING : A Treatise on the History, Discovery, Practical 
 Development, and Future Prospects of Metalliferous Mines in the United King- 
 dom. By Robert Hunt, F.R.S., Keeper of Mining Records ; Editor of 
 " Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines," &c. Upwards of 950 
 pp., with 230 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised. Super-royal 8vo, 
 £2 2S. cloth. 
 
 "One of the most valuable works of reference of modern times. Mr. Hunt, as keeper of mining 
 records of the United Kingdom, has had opportunities for such a task not enjoyed by anyone else, 
 and has evidently made the most of them. . . . The language and style adopted are good, and 
 the treatment of the various subjects laborious, conscientious, and scientific." — Engineering^. 
 
 "The book is, in fact, a treasure-house of statistical information on mining subjects, and we 
 know of no other work embodying so great a mass of matter of this kind. Were this the only 
 merit of Mr. Hunt s volume, it would be sufficient to render it indispensable in the library of 
 everyone interested in the development of the mining and metallurgical mdustriesof the country." 
 — AtJie7iaum. 
 
 _ "A mass of information not elsewhere available, and of the greatest value to those who may 
 be interested in our great mineral industaies." — Engineer. 
 
 "A sound, business-like collection of interesting facts. . . . The amount of infonnation 
 _Mr. Hunt has brought together is enormous. . . . The volume appears likely to convey more 
 instruction upon the subject than any work hitherto published." — Milling jfotirnaL 
 
 "The work will be for the mining industry what Dr. Percy's celebrated treatise has been for the 
 metallurgical— a book that cannot with advantage be omitted from the library."— />-<?» and Coal 
 Trades Review. 
 
 "The volume is massive and exhaustive, and the high intellectual powers and patient, persist- 
 ent application which characterise the author have evidently been brought into play in its produc- 
 tion. Its contents are invaluable." — Colliery Gnardian, 
 
 Coal and Iron. 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED 
 KINGDOM. Comprising a Description of the Coal Fields, with Returns ot 
 their Produce and its Distribution, and Analyses of Special Varieties. Also 
 an Account of the occurrence of Iron Ores in Veins or Seams ; Analyses of 
 each Variety ; and a History of the Rise and Progress of Pig Iron Manufacture 
 since the year 1740. By Richard Meade, Assistant Keeper of Mining Records. 
 With Maps of the Coal Fields and Ironstone Deposits of the United Kingdom, 
 8vo, £1 8s. cloth. 
 
 "The book is one which must find a place on the shelves of all Interested in coal and iron 
 production, and in the iron, steel, and other metallurgical industries."— Engineer. 
 
 " Of this book we may unreservedly say that it is the best of its class which we have ever met 
 ... A book of reference which no one engaged in the iron or coal trades should omit from his 
 library," — Iron and Coal Trades Review. 
 
 "An exhaustive treatise and a valuable work of reference." — Mining yournal. 
 
 Prospecting for Gold and other Metals. 
 
 THE PROSPECTOR'S HANDBOOK: A Guide for the Pro- 
 spector and Traveller in Search of Metal-Bearing or other Valuable Minerals. 
 By J. W. Anderson, M.A. (Camb.), F.R.G.S., Author of "Fiji and New 
 Caledonia." Fourth Edition, thoroughly Revised and Enlarged. Small 
 crown 8vo, 3s. ^d. cloth. [Just published. 
 
 " Will supply a much felt want, especially among Colonists, n whose way are so often thrown 
 
 many mineralogical specimens the value of which it is difficult for anyone, not a specialist, to 
 
 determine. The author has placed his instructions before his readers in the plainest possible 
 
 terms, and his book is the best of its kind." — Engineer. 
 
 "How to find commercial minerals, and how to identify them when they are found, are the 
 
 leading points to which attention is directed. The author has managed to pack as much practical 
 
 detail into his pages as would supply material for a book three times its size."' — Mining 'yournal. 
 " Those toilers who explore the trodden or untrodden tracks on the face of the globe will find 
 
 much that is useful to them in this book." — Athenaiun. 
 
 Mining Notes and Fonmilce. 
 
 NOTES AND FORMULA FOR MINING STUDENTS. By 
 John Herman Merivale, M.A., Certificated Colliery Manager, Professor of 
 Mining in the Durham College of Science, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Second 
 Edition, carefully Revised, Small crown 8vo, cloth, price 2S. 6d. 
 " Invaluable to anyone who is working up for an examination on mining subjects."— Ct'a/ and 
 Iron Trades Review. 
 
 " The author has done his work in an exceedingly creditable manner, and has produced a book 
 that will be of service to students, and those who are practically engaged in mining operations.'"— 
 E7tgineer 
 
 " A vast amount of technical matter of the utmost value to mining engineers, and of consider- 
 able interest to siVLdQnts."— Schoolmaster. 
 
MINING AND MINING INDUSTRIES, 23 
 
 Golclf Metallurgy of. 
 
 THE METALLURGY OF GOLD: A Practical Treatise on the 
 Metallurgical Treatment of Gold-bearing Ores. Including the Processes of 
 Concentration and Ctilorination, and the Assaying, Melting and Refining of 
 Gold. By M. Eissler, Mining Engineer and Metallurgical Chemist, formerly 
 Assistant Assayer of the U. S. Mint, San Francisco. Second Edition, Revised 
 and much Enlarged. With 132 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, gs. cloth. 
 
 [Just published. 
 
 "This book thoroughly deserves its title of a * Practical Treatise.' The whole process of gold 
 milling, from the breaking of the quartz to the assay of the bullion, is described in clear and 
 orderly narrative and with much, but not too much, fulness of 6.e\d.\\."—Saticrday Revte^u. 
 
 " The work is a storehouse of information and valuable data, and we strongly recommend it o 
 all professional men engaged in the gold-mining industry." — Miiiijig journal. 
 
 " Anyone who wishes to have an intelligent acquaintance with the characteristics of gold and 
 g-old ores, the methods of extracting the metal, concentrating and chlorinating it, and further on 
 of refining and assaying it, will find all he wants in Mr. Eissler's book." — Financial News. 
 
 Silver^ Metallurgy of. 
 
 THE METALLURGY OF SILVER : A Practical Treatise on the 
 Amalgamation, Roasting and Lixiviation of Silver Ores. Including the 
 Assaying, Melting and Refining of Silver Bullion. By M. Eissler, Author 
 of "The Metallurgy of Gold.'' With 124 Illustrations. Crown 8vo', los. 6d, 
 cloth. [Just published. 
 
 " A practical treatise, and a technical work which we are convinced will supply a long-felt want 
 
 amongst practical men, and at the same time be of value to students and others indirectly connected 
 
 with tne industries." — Mining- Journal. 
 
 " From first to last the book is thoroughly sound and reliable."— C^i/Z/^ry Guardian. 
 
 "For chemists, practical miners, assayers and investors alike, we do not know of any work 
 
 on the subject so handy and yet so comprehensive. "— G/aj^(?Z£/ Herald. 
 
 Mineral Surveying and Valuing, 
 
 THE MINERAL SURVEYOR AND VALUER'S COMPLETE 
 GUIDE, comprising a Treatise on Improved Mining Surveying and the Valua- 
 tion of Mining Properties, with New Traverse Tables. By Wm. Lintern, 
 Mining and Civil Engineer. Third Edition, with an Appendix on " Magnetic 
 and Angular Surveying," With Four Plates. i2mo, 4s. cloth. 
 " An enormous fund of information of great value." — Mining- yonrftal. 
 Mr. Lintern's book forms a valuable and thoroughly trustworthy guide."— /w« ajid Coal 
 Trades Review. 
 
 " This new edition must be of the highest value to colliery surveyors, proprietors and mana- 
 gers." — Colliery Gtiardian. 
 
 Metalliferous Minerals and Mining. 
 
 TREATISE ON METALLIFEROUS MINERALS AND 
 MINING. By D. C. Davies, F.G.S., Mining Engineer, &c.. Author of "A 
 Treatise on Slate and Slate Quarrying." Illustrated with numerous Wood 
 Engravings. Fourth Edition, carefully Revised. Crown 8vo, 12s. 6d. cloth. 
 "Neither the practical miner nor the general reader interested in mines can have a better book 
 
 for his companion and his guide." — Mining jfournal. 
 
 "The volume is one which no student of mineralogy should be without."— Co//zVr^ Guardian^ 
 "A book that will not only be useful to the geologist, the practical miner, and the metallurgist, 
 
 but also very interesting to the general public." — Iro7t. 
 
 " As a history of the present state of mining throughout the world this book has a real value, 
 
 and it supplies an actual want, for no such information has hitherto been brought together within 
 
 such limited space." — Atheruzum. 
 
 Earthy Minerals and Mining. 
 
 TREATISE ON EARTHY AND OTHER MINERALS AND 
 MINING. By D. C. Davies, F.G.S. Uniform with, and forming a Com- 
 panion Volume to, the same Author's " Metalliferous Minerals and Mining." 
 With 76 Wood Engravings. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 12s. 6d. cloth. 
 "It is essentially a practical work, intended primarily for the use of practical men. . . , We 
 do not remember to have met with any English work on mining matters that contains the same 
 amount of information packed in equally convenient form." — Academy. 
 
 " The book is clearly the result of many years' careful work and thought, and we should be 
 inclined to rank it as among the very best of the handy technical and trades manuals which have 
 recently appeared."— ^rzYw-^ Quarterly Review. 
 
 " The volume contains a great mass of practical information carefully methodised and pre* 
 sented in a very intelligible shape." — Scotsman. 
 
 "The subject matter of the volume will be found of high value by all— and they are a numer- 
 ous class— who trade in earthy minQXdXs."—Athen(eum, 
 
24 CROSBY LOCKWOOD SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 Underground I^umping Machinery. 
 
 MINE DRAINAGE. Being a Complete and Practical Treatise 
 on Direct-Acting Underground Steam Pumping Machinery, with a Descrip- 
 tion of a large number of the best known Engines, their General Utility and 
 the Special Sphere of their Action, the Mode of their Application, and 
 their merits compared with other forms of Pumping Machinery. By Stephen 
 MiCHELL. 8vo, 15s. cloth. 
 
 •*Will be highly esteemed by colliery owners and lessees, mining- engineers, and students 
 generally who require to be acquainted with the best means of securing^ the drainag-e of mines. It 
 lis a most valuable work, and stands almost alone in the literature of steam pumping machinery." — 
 Colliery Guardian. 
 
 " Much valuable information is g^iven, so that the book is thoroughly worthy of an extensive 
 circulation amongst practical men and purchasers of machinery. ' — Mi?iing- '■jfounial. 
 
 Mining Tools. 
 
 A MANUAL OF MINING TOOLS. For the Use of Mine 
 Managers, Agents, Students, «&c. By William Morgans, Lecturer on Prac- 
 tical Mining at the Bristol School of Mines. i2mo, 2s. 6d. cloth limp. 
 ATLAS OF ENGRAVINGS to Illustrate the above, contain- 
 ing 235 Illustrations of Mining Tools, drawn to scale. 4to, 4s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " Students in the science of mining, and overmen, captains, managers, and viewers may gain 
 practical knowledge and useful hints by the study of Mr. Morgans' manual." — Colliery Guardian. 
 
 "A valuable work, which will tend materially to improve our mining literature." — Mining 
 journal. 
 
 Coal Mining. 
 
 COAL AND COAL MINING: A Riidimentary Treatise on. By 
 Sir Warington W. Smyth, M.A., F.R.S., &c., Chief Inspector of the Mines of 
 the Crown. New Edition, Revised and Corrected. With numerous Illus- 
 trations. i2mo, 4s. cloth boards. 
 
 " As an outline is given of every known coal-field in this and other countries, as well as of the 
 principal methods of working, the book will doubtless interest a very large number of readers." — 
 Mining Journal. 
 
 ixvanite Quarrying. 
 
 GRANITES AND OUR GRANITE INDUSTRIES. By 
 George F. Harris, F.G.S., Membre de la Societe Beige de Geologic, Lec- 
 turer on Economic Geology at the Birkbeck Institution, &c. With Illustra- 
 tions. Crown 8vo, 2S. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " A clearly and well-written manual for persons engaged or interested in the granite industry." 
 — Scotsman. 
 
 " An interesting work, which will be deservedly esteemed. We advise the author to write 
 again." — Colliery Guardian. 
 
 " An exceedingly interesting and valuable monograph, on a subject which has hitherto received 
 junaccountably little attention in the shape of systematic literary treatment." — Sc ottish Leader. 
 
 NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE. 
 
 Text BooJc of Electricity. 
 
 THE STUDENTS TEXT-BOOK OF ELECTRICITY. By 
 Henry M. Noad, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S. New Edition, carefully Revised. 
 With an Introduction and Additional Chapters, by W. H. Preece, M.I.C.E., 
 Vice-President of the Society of Telegraph Engineers, &c. With 470 Illustra- 
 tions. Crown 8vo, i2^. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " The original plan of this book has been carefully adhered to so as to make it a reflex of the 
 existing state of electrical science, adapted for students. . . . Discovery seems to have pro- 
 .gressed with marvellous strides ; nevertheless it has now apparently ceased, and practical applica- 
 tions have commenced their career ; and it is to give a faithful account of these that this fresh 
 edition of Dr. Noad's Vcduable text-book is launched fox\h."—Extract/rom Introduction by W. H. 
 Preece, Esq. , 
 
 " V^e can recommend Dr. Noad's book for clear style, great range of subiect, a good mdex 
 and a plethora of woodcuts. Such collections as the present are indispensable. '—Athenaum. 
 
 "An admirable text book for every student — beginner or advanced — of electricity."— 
 Engineering, 
 
 Electricity. 
 
 A MANUAL OF ELECTRICITY: Including Galvanism, Mag^ 
 netism, Dia-Magnetism, Electro-Dynamics, Magno-Electricity, and fhe Electric 
 Telegraph. By Henry M. Noad, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S. Fourth Edition. 
 With 500 Woodcuts. 8vo, £1 4s. cloth. 
 
 Vlt is worthy of a place in the library of every public institution."— Mining Joumak 
 
NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE. 25 
 
 Electric Light. 
 
 ELECTRIC LIGHT : Its Production and Use, Embodying Plain 
 Directions for the Treatment of Voltaic Batteries, Electric Lamps, and 
 Dynamo-Electric Machines. By J. W. Urquhart, C.E., Author of " Electro- 
 plating : A Practical Handbook." Edited by F. C. Webb, M.I.C.E., M.S.T.E. 
 Second Edition, Revised, with large Additions and 128 Illusts. 7s. ^d. cloth. 
 " The book is by far the best that we have yet met with on the subject." — Athenceum. 
 " It is the only work at present available which gives, in language intelligible for the most part 
 
 to the ordinary reader, a general but concise history of the means which have been adopted up to 
 
 the present time in producing the electric light." — Metropolitatt. 
 
 "The book contains a general account of the means adopted in producing the electric light, 
 
 not only as obtained from voltaic or galvanic batteries, but treats at length of the dynamo-electric 
 
 machine in several of its forms." — Colliery Guardian. 
 
 Electric Lighting. 
 
 THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC LIGHT- 
 ING. By Alan A. Campbell Swinton, Associate I.E.E. Second Edition, 
 Enlarged and Revised. With 16 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, is. 6d. cloth. 
 "Anyone who desires a short and thoroughly clear exposition of the elementary principles of 
 
 electric-lighting cannot do better than read this little work." — Bradford Observer, 
 
 Dr. Lardner^s School Handbooks. 
 
 NATURAL PHILOSOPHY FOR SCHOOLS. By Dr. Lardnef. 
 
 328 Illustrations. Sixth Edition. One Vol., 3s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " A very convenient class-book for junior students in private schools. It is Intended to convey, 
 in clear and precise terms, general notions of all the principal divisions of Physical Science."— 
 British Quarterly Review. 
 
 ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOR SCHOOLS. By Dr. Lardner. 
 With 190 Illustrations. Second Edition. One Vol., 3s. 6d. cloth. 
 "Clearly written, well arranged, and excellently illustrated." — Gardener s Chronicle. 
 
 Ur. Lardner^s Electric Telegraj^h. 
 
 THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. By Dr. Lardner. Re- 
 vised and Re-written by E. B. Bright, F.R.A.S. 140 Illustrations. Small 
 8vo, 2S. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " One of the most readable books extant on the Electric Telegraph." — E)iglish Mechanic. 
 
 stronoimj • 
 
 ASTRONOMY. By the late Rev. Robert Main, M.A., F.R.S., 
 
 formerly Radcliffe Observer at Oxford. Third Edition, Revised and Cor- 
 rected to the present time, by William Thynne Lynn, B.A., F.R.A.S., 
 formerly of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. i2mo, 2s. cloth limp. 
 
 "A sound and simple treatise, very carefully edited, and a capital book for beginners." — 
 Kno-wledgc. [tional Ti7nes, 
 
 " Accurately brought down to the requirements of the present time by Mr. Lynn." — Educa- 
 
 TJie Bloivpipe. 
 
 THE BLOWPIPE IN CHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, AND 
 GEOLOGY. Containing all known Methods of Anhydrous Analysis, many 
 Working Examples, and Instructions for Making Apparatus. By Lieut. - 
 Colonel W. A. Ross, R.A., F.G.S. With 120 Illustrations. Second Edition, 
 Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 5s. cloth. { Just published, 
 
 "The student who goes conscientiously through the course of experimentation here laid down 
 will gain a better insight into inorganic chemistry and mineralogy than if he had 'got up' any of 
 the best text-books ot the day, and p'assed any number of examinations in their contents." — Chemi- 
 cal News. 
 
 J7ie Military Sciences. 
 
 AIDE-MEMOIRE TO THE MILITARY SCIENCES. Framed 
 
 from Contributions of Officers and others connected with the different Ser- 
 vices. Originally edited by a Committee of the Corps of Royal Engineers. 
 Second Edition, jmost carefully Revised by an Officer of^the Corps, with many 
 Additions; containing nearly 350 Engravings and many hundred Woodcuts. 
 Three Vols., royal 8vo, extra cloth boards, and lettered, 3^*4 los. 
 "A compendious encyclopaedia of military knowledge, to which we are greatly indebted."— 
 Edinburgh Review. 
 
 "The most comprehensive book of reference to the military and collateral sciences."— 
 Volunteer Service Gazette. 
 
 Field Fortification. 
 
 A TREATISE ON FIELD FORTIFICATION, THE ATTACK 
 OF FORTRESSES, MILITARY MINING, AND RECONNOITRING. By 
 Colonel I. S. Macaulay, late Professor of Fortification in the R.M.A., Wool- 
 wich. Sixth Edition, crown 8vo, cloth, with separate Atlas of la Plates, las. 
 
26 
 
 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &- SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 Temperaments. 
 
 OUR TEMPERAMENTS, THEIR STUDY AND THEIR 
 TEACHING. A Popular Outline. By Alexander Stewart, F.R.C.S. 
 Edin. In one large 8vo volume, with 30 Illustrations, including A Selection 
 from Lodge's Historical Portraits," showing the Chief Forms of Faces. 
 Price 15s. cloth, gilt top. 
 "The book is exceedingly interesting, even for those who are not systematic students of an- 
 thropology. ... To those who think the proper study of mankind is man, it will be full of attrac- 
 tion."— Z^a/Zy Teleg7'aph. 
 
 "The author's object is to enable a student to read a man's temperament in his aspect. The 
 work is well adapted to its end. It is worthy of the attention of students of human nature."— 
 Scotsman. 
 
 " The volume is heavy to hold, but light to read. Though the author has treated his subject 
 exhaustively, he writes in a popular and pleasant manner that renders it attractive to the general 
 reader."— Pwwc/f. 
 
 Antiseptic Nursing. 
 
 ANTISEPTICS : A Handbook for Nurses. Being an Epitome of 
 Antiseptic Treatment. With Notes on Antiseptic Substances, Disinfection, 
 Monthly Nursing, &c. By Mrs. Annie Hewer, late Hospital Sister, Diplomee 
 Obs. Soc. Lond. Crown 8vo, is. 6d. cloth. ijust published. 
 
 " This excellent little work ... is very readable and contains much information. We can 
 Strongly recommend it to those who are undergoing training at the various hospitals, and also to 
 those who are engaged in the practice of nursing, as they cannot fail to obtain practical hints from 
 its perusal."— Zance^. 
 
 " The student or the busy practitioner would do well to look through its pages, offering as they 
 do a suggestive and faithful picture of antiseptic mefhod?,"— Hospital Gazette. 
 "A clear, concise, and excellent little handbook."— 77?^ Hospital. 
 
 I^netimatics and Acoustics. 
 
 PNEUMATICS : including Acoustics and the Phenomena of Wind 
 Currents, for the Use of Beginners. By Charles Tomlinson, F.R.S., 
 F.C.S., &c. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. With numerous Illustrations. 
 i2mo, IS. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " Beginners in the study of this important application of science could not have a better manual." 
 ^Scots77ta7t. 
 
 " A valuable and suitable text-book for students of Acoustics and the Phenomena of Wind 
 Currents." —Schoolmaster. 
 
 Conchology. 
 
 A MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSC A : Being a Treatise on Recent 
 and Fossil Shells. By S. P. Woodward, A.L.S., F.G.S., late Assistant 
 Palasontologist in the British Museum. Fifth Edition. With an Appendix 
 on Recent and Fossil Conchological Discoveries, by Ralph Tate, A.L.S., 
 F.G.S. Illustrated by A. N. Waterhouse and Joseph Wilson Lowry. 
 With 23 Plates and upwards of 300 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, ys. 6d. cloth 
 boards. 
 
 " A most valuable storehouse of conchological and geological information."— Science Gossip. 
 
 Geology. 
 
 RUDIMENTARY TREATISE ON GEOLOGY, PHYSICAL 
 AND HISTORICAL. Consisting of " Physical Geology," which sets forth 
 the leading Principles of the Science ; and " Historical Geology," which 
 treats of the Mineral and Organic Conditions of the Earth at each successive 
 epoch, especial reference being made to the British Series of Rocks. By 
 Ralph Tate, A.L.S., F.G.S. , &c., &c. With 250 Illustrations. i2mo, 5s. 
 cloth boards. 
 
 " The fulness of the matter has elevated the book into a manual. Its information is exhaustive 
 and well arra.ngQd."~-Sc/iool Board Chronicle. 
 
 Geology and Genesis. 
 
 THE TWIN RECORDS OF CREATION; or, Geology and 
 
 Genesis : their Perfect Harmony and Wonderful Concord. By George W. 
 
 Victor le Vaux. Numerous Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo, ss. cloth. 
 
 " A valuable contribution to the evidences of Revelation, and disposes very conclusively of the 
 arguments of those who would set God's Works against God's Word. No real difficulty is shirked, 
 and no sophistry is left unexposed." — The Rock. 
 
 " The remarkable peculiarity of this author is that he combines an unbounded admiration of 
 science with an unbounded admiration of the Written record. The two impulses are balanced to 
 a nicety ; and the consequence is that difficulties, which to minds less evenly poised would be seri- 
 ous, find immediate solutions of the happiest \:\xi.ds."— London Review. 
 
NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE. 27 
 
 DR. LARDNER'S HANDBOOKS OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 THE HANDBOOK OF MECHANICS. Enlarged and almost re- 
 written by Benjamin Loewy, F.R.A.S. With 378 Illustrations. Post 8vo» 
 6s. cloth. 
 
 "The perspicuity of the original has been retained, and chapters which had become obsolete 
 have been replaced by others of more modern character. The explanations throughout are 
 studiously popular, and care has been taken to show the application of the various branches oi 
 physics to the industrial arts, and to the practical business of life." — Mining yournal. 
 
 "Mr. Loewy hcis carefully revised the book, and brought it up to modern requirements."— 
 Nature. 
 
 "Natural philosophy has had few exponents more able or better skilled in the art of popu» 
 larising the subject than Dr. Lardner ; and Mr, Loewy is doing good service in fitting this treatise, 
 and the others of the series, for use at the present time." — Scotsman. 
 
 THE HANDBOOK OF HYDROSTATICS AND PNEUMATICS. 
 New Edition, Revised and Enlarged, by Benjamin Loewy, F.R.A.S, With 
 236 Illustrations. Post 8vo, 5s. cloth. 
 
 "For those 'who desire to attain an accurate knowledge of physical science without the pro- 
 found methods of mathematical investigation,' this work is not merely intended, but well adapted.'' 
 — Chemical News. 
 
 "The volume before us has been carefully edited, augmented to nearly twice the bulk of tha 
 former edition, and all the most recent matter has been added. . . . It is a vciluable text-book." 
 — Nature. 
 
 " Candidates for pass examinations will find it, we think, specially suited to their requirements.* 
 English Mechanic. 
 
 THE HANDBOOK OF HEAT. Edited and almost entirely re- 
 written by Benjamin Loewy, F.R.A.S., &c. 117 Illustrations. Post 8vo, 6s. 
 cloth. 
 
 " The style is always clear and precise, and conveys instruction without leaving any cloudiness 
 or lurking doubts behind." — Ettgincering. 
 
 "A most exhaustive book on the subject on which it treats, and is so arranged that it can be 
 
 understood by all who desire to attain an accurate knowledge of physical science Mr. 
 
 Loewy has included all the latest discoveries in the varied laws and effects of heat." — Standard. 
 
 "A complete and handy text-book for the use of students and general xqz.^qxs."— English 
 Mechanic, 
 
 THE HANDBOOK OF OPTICS. By Dionysius Lardner,D.C.L., 
 formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in University 
 College, London. New Edition. Edited by T. Olver Harding, B.A. Lond.js 
 of University College, London. With 298 Illustrations. Small 8vo, 44& 
 pages, 5s. cloth. 
 
 "Written by one of the ablest English scientific writers, beautifully and elaborately illustrated. 
 
 Mechanic's Magazine. 
 
 THE HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM, AND 
 ACOUSTICS. By Dr. Lardner. Ninth Thousand. Edit, by George Carey 
 Foster, B.A., F.C.S. With 400 Illustrations. Small 8vo, 5s. cloth. 
 " The book could not have been entrusted to anyone better calculated to preserve the terse and 
 
 lucid style of Lardner, while correcting his errors and bringing up his work to the present state of 
 
 scientific knowledge." — Popular Science Review. 
 
 \* The above Five Volumes, though each is Complete in itself, form A Com* 
 PLETE Course of Natural Philosophy, 
 
 JDr» Lardner^s MandhooTc of Astronomy. 
 
 THE HANDBOOK OF ASTRONOMY. Forming a Companion 
 to the " Handbook of Natural Philosophy.'' By Dionysius Lardner, D.C.L., 
 formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in University 
 College, London. Fourth Edition. Revised and Edited by Edwin Dunkin, 
 F.R.A.S., Royal Observatory, Greenv/ich. With 38 Plates and upwards of 
 100 Woodcuts. In One Vol., small 8vo, 550 pages, gs. 6d. cloth. 
 " Probably no other book contains the same amount of information in so compendious and v/ell- 
 arranged a form— certainly none at the price at which this is offered to the ^\ih\\c"—Athenceum. 
 
 "We can do no other than pronounce this work a most valuable manual of astronomy, and we 
 strongly recommend it to all who wish to acquire a general — but at the same time correct — acquaint- 
 ance v/ith this sublime science." — Quarterly Jotirnal of Science, 
 
 "One of the most deservedly popular books on the subject . . . We would recommend not 
 only the student of the elementary principles of the science, but he who aims at mastering the 
 higher and mathematical branches of astronomy, not to be without this work beside \i\va.."— Practi- 
 cal Magazine, 
 
ttS CROSBY LOCKWOOD SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 DR. LARDNER'S MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART. 
 
 THE MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART, Edited by 
 DiONYSius Lardner, D.C.Lm formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy and 
 Astronomy in University College, London. With upwards of 1,200 Engrav- 
 ings on Wood. In 6 Double Volumes, £1 is., in a new and elegant cloth bind- 
 ing ; or handsomely bound in half-morocco, 31s. 6d. 
 
 Contents : 
 
 The Planets: Are they Inhabited Worlds ?— 
 Weather Prognostics — Popular Fallacies in 
 -Questions of Physical Science— Latitudes and 
 Longitudes — Lunar Influences — Meteeric 
 Stones and Shooting Stars— Railway Accidents 
 —Light— Common Things : Air — Locomotion 
 Jn the United States— Cometary Influences — 
 Common Things : Water— The Potter's Art- 
 Common Things : Fire — Locomotion and 
 Transport, their Influence and Progress — The 
 Moon — Common Things: The Earth — The 
 Electric Telegraph — Terrestrial Heat — The 
 Sun— Earthquakes and Volcanoes— Barometer, 
 'Safety Lamp, and Whitworth's Micrometric 
 Apparatus— Steam — The Steam Engine— The 
 Eye — The Atmosphere — Time — Common 
 Things : Pumps— Common Things : Spectacles, 
 the Kaleidoscope — Clocks and Watches — 
 Microscopic Drawing and Engraving— Loco- 
 
 motive — Thermometer — New Planets : Le- 
 verrier and Adams's Planet— Magnitude and 
 Minuteness— Common Things : The Almanack 
 — Optical Images— How to observe the Heavens 
 — Common Things : The Looking-glass — 
 Stellar Universe— The Tides— Colour— Com- 
 mon Things: Man— Magnifying Glasses — In- 
 stinct and "intelligence— The Solar Microscope 
 — The Camera Lucida— The Magic Lantern— 
 The Camera Obscura— The Microscope— The 
 White Ants : Their Manners and Habits— The 
 Surface of the Earth, or First Notions of 
 Geography — Science and Poetry — The Bee — 
 Steam Navigation — Electro-Motive Power — 
 Thunder, Lightning, and the Aurora Borealis 
 —The Printing Press— The Crust of the Earth 
 —Comets— The Stereoscope— The Pre-Adam- 
 ite Earth — Eclipses — Sound. 
 
 Opinions of the Press. 
 
 "This series, besides affording popular but sound instruction on scientific subjects, with which 
 the humblest man in the country ought to be acquainted, also undertakes that teaching of ' Com- 
 cnon Things ' which every well-wisher of his kind is anxious to promote. Many thousand copies of 
 this serviceable publication have been printed, in the belief and hope that the desire for instruction 
 -and improvement widely prevails ; and we have no fear that such enlightened faith will meet with 
 disappointment."— TVwej-. 
 
 " A cheap and interesting publication, alike informing and attractive. The papers combine 
 .subjects of importance and great scientific knowledge, considerable inductive powers, and a 
 popular style of Ues.\.men\."—Sj>ectaior. 
 
 "The ' Museum of Science and Art' is the most valuable contribution that has ever been 
 jp.ade to the Scientific Instruction of every class of society."— Sir DAVID BREWSTER, in the 
 North British Reziiew. 
 
 " Whether we consider the liberality and beauty of the illustrations, the charm ot the writing, 
 .or the durable interest of the matter, we must express our belief that there is hardly to be found 
 -among the new books one that would be welcomed by people of so many ages and classes as a 
 valuable present." — Examiner, 
 
 *** Separate boohs formed from the above, suitable for Workmen's Libraries^ 
 Science Classes, etc. 
 
 dommon Tilings Explained, Containing Air, Earth, Fire, Water, Time, 
 Man, the Eye, Locomotion, Colour, Clocks and Watches, &c. 233 Illus- 
 trations, cloth gilt, 5s. 
 
 SChe Microscope, Containing Optical Images, Magnifying Glasses, Origin 
 and Description of the Microscope, Microscopic Objects, the Solar Micro- 
 scope, Microscopic Drawing and Engraving, &c. 147 Illustrations, cloth 
 gilt, 2S. 
 
 Popular Geology* Containing Earthquakes and Volcanoes, the Crust of 
 
 the Earth, &c. 201 Illustrations, cloth gilt, 2S. 6d. 
 JPoptilar Phi/sics. Containing Magnitude and Minuteness, the Atmo- 
 
 <Bphere, Meteoric Stones, Popular Fallacies, Weather Prognostics, the 
 
 Thermometer, the Barometer, Sound, &c. 85 Illustrations, cloth gilt, 2S. 6d. 
 Stenm arid its Uses, Including the Steam Engine, the Locomotive, and 
 
 Steam Navigation. 89 Illustrations, cloth gilt, 23. 
 
 Topular Astronomy, Containing How to observe the Heavens — The 
 Earth, Sun, Moon, Planets, Light, Comets, Eclipses, Astronomical Influ- 
 ences, &c. 182 Illustrations, 4s. 6d. 
 
 BThe Bee and White Ants : Their Manners and Habits. With Illustra 
 tions of Animal Instinct and Intelligence. 135 Illustrations, cloth gilt, 2S. 
 
 The Electric Telegraph JPopidarized, To render intelligible to all who 
 can Read, irrespective of any previous Scientific Acquirements, the various 
 iorms of Telegraphy in Actual Operation. 100 Illustrations, cloth gilt, 
 IS. 6d, 
 
COUNTING-HOUSE WORK, TABLES, CALCULA TORS, etc. 29 
 
 COUNTING- HOUSE WORK, TABLES, etc. 
 
 Accotmts for 3Ianufactiirers. 
 
 FACTORY ACCOUNTS: Their Principles and Practice. A 
 Handbook for Accountants and Manufacturers, with Appendices on the No- 
 menclature of Machine Details; the Income Tax Acts; the Rating of Fac- 
 tories ; Fire and Boiler Insurance ; the Factory and Workshop Acts, &c., 
 including also a Glossary of Terms and a large number of Specimen Rulings. 
 By Emile Garcke and J. M. Fells. Third Edition. Demy 8vo, 250 pages, 
 price 6s. strongly bound. [Just published. 
 
 " A very interesting description of the requirements of Facto'y Accounts, . . . the principle 
 
 of assimilating the Factory Accounts to the general commercial books is one which we thoroughly 
 
 agree with."— A ceo j-inian^s' Journal. 
 
 " Characterised by extreme thoroughness. There are few owners of Factories who would 
 
 not derive great benefit from the perusal of this most admirable -woik."— Local Government 
 
 Chronicle. 
 
 Foreign Commercial Correspondence. 
 
 THE FOREIGN COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENT: Being 
 Aids to Commercial Correspondence in Five Languages — English, French, 
 German, Italian and Spanish. By Conrad E. Baker. Second Edition, 
 Revised. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. [Just published, 
 
 "Whoever wishes to correspond in all the languages mentioned by Mr. Baker cannot do better 
 than study this work, the materials of which are excellent and conveniently arranged. They con- 
 sist not of entire specimen letters, but w>iat are far more useful— short passages, sentences, or 
 phrases expressing the same general idea in various {orm'^.''—Athen(Zum. 
 
 "A careful examination has convinced us that it is unusually complete, well arranged and 
 reliable. The book is a thoroughly good one." — Schoolmaster. 
 
 Intuitive Calculations. 
 
 THE COMPENDIOUS CALCULATOR: or, Easy and Con- 
 cise Methods of Performing the various Arithmetical Operations required in 
 Commercial and Business Transactions, together with Useful Tables. By 
 Daniel O'Gorman. Corrected and Extended by J. R. Young, formerly 
 Professor of Mathematics at Belfast College, Twenty-seventh Edition, care- 
 fully Revised by C. Norris. Fcap. 8vo, 3s. 6d. strongly half-bound in leather. 
 " It would be difficult to exaggerate the usefulness of a book like this to everyone engaged iii 
 commerce or manufacturing industry. It is crammed full of rules and formulae for shortening and 
 employing cdlcu\a.t\ons."—Kno'zuledg-e. _ _ • ^ ^ 
 
 " Supplies special and rapid methods for all kinds of calculations. Of great utility to persons 
 engaged in any kind of commercial transactions."— 5£-i;/j;;za«. 
 
 Modern Metrical Units and Systems. 
 
 MODERN METROLOGY : A Manual of the Metrical Units 
 and Systems of the Present Century. With an Appendix containing a proposed 
 English System. By Lewis D'A. Jackson, A. M.Inst. C.E., Author of "Aid 
 to Survey Practice," &c. Large crown 8vo, 12s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 "The author has brought together much valuable and interesting information. . . , We 
 cannot but recommend the work to the consideration of all interested in the practical reform of ouir 
 weights and measures." — Nature. 
 
 "For exhaustive tables of equivalent weights and measures of all sorts, and for clear demonstra- 
 tions of the effects of the various systems that have been proposed or adopted, Mr. Jackson's 
 treatise is without a rival." — Academy. 
 
 The Metric System and the BritisJi Standards, 
 
 A SERIES OF METRIC TABLES, in which the British Stand- 
 ard Measures and Weights are compared with those of the Metric System at present 
 in Use on the Continent. By C. H. Dowling, C.E. 8vo, ios. 6d. strongly bound. 
 "Their accuracy has been certified by Professor Airy, the Astronomer-Royal." — Builder. 
 " Mr. DowUng's Tables are well put together as a ready-reckoner for the conversion of one 
 system into the other." — Athenceum. 
 
 Iron and Metal Trades^ Calculator. 
 
 THE IRON AND METAL TRADES' COMPANION. For 
 expeditiously ascertaining the Value of any Goods bought or sold by Weight, 
 from IS. per cwt. to 112s. per cwt., and from one farthing per pound to one 
 shilling per pound. Each Table extends from one pound to 100 tons. To 
 which are appended Rules on Decimals, Square and Cube Root, Mensuration 
 of Superficies and Solids, &c. ; Tables of Weights of Materials, and other 
 Useful Memoranda. By Thos. Downie. 396 pp., 95. Strongly bound in leather. 
 " A most useful set of tables, and will supply a want, for nothing like them before existed."— 
 Building- News. 
 
 " Although specially adapted to the iron and metal trades, the tables will be found useful ia 
 every other business in which merchandise is bought and sold by vi&^ghx,"— Rail-way News. 
 
30 
 
 CROSBY LOCK WOOD S- SON'S CATALOGUE, 
 
 Calculator for Numbers and Weights Combined. 
 
 THE NUMBER AND WEIGHT CALCULATOR, Contain- 
 ing upwards of 250,000 Separate Calculations, showing at a glance the value 
 at 421 difierent rates, ranging from ^^h of a Penny to 20s. each, or per cwt., 
 and £20 per ton, of any number of articles consecutively, from i to 470. — 
 Any number of cwts., qrs., and lbs., from i cwt. to 470 cwts.— Any number ot 
 tons, cwts., qrs., and lbs., from i to 23^ tons. By William Chadwick, Public 
 Accountant. Second Edition, Revised and Improved, and specially adapted 
 for the Apportionment of Mileage Charges for Railway Traffic. 8vo, price 
 i8s., strongly bound for Office wear and tear. {.Just published. 
 
 This comprehensive and entirely unique and original Calculator is adapted 
 for the use of Accountants and Auditors, Railway Companies, Canal Companies^ 
 Shippers, Shipping Agents, General Carriers, etc. Ironfounders, Brassfounders, 
 Metal Merchants, Iron Manufacturers, Ironmongers, Engineers, Machinists, Boiler 
 Makers, Millwrights, Roofing, Bridge and Girder Makers, Colliery Proprietors, etc. 
 Timber Merchants, Builders, Contractors^ Architects, Surveyors, Auctioneers, 
 Valuers, Brokers, Mill Owners and Manufacturers, Mill Furnishers, Merchants and 
 General Wholesale Tradesmen. 
 
 \* Opinions of the Press. 
 The book contains the answers to questions, and not simply a set of ingenious puzzle 
 methods of arriving at results. It is as easy of reference for any answer or any number of answers 
 as a dictionary, and the references are even more quickly made. For making up accounts or esti- 
 mates, the book must prove invaluable to all who have any considerable quantity of calculations 
 involving price and measure in any combination to do." — Enghieer. 
 
 " The most complete and practical ready reckoner which it has been our fortune yet to see. 
 It is difficult to imagine a trade or occupation in which it could not be of the greatest use, either 
 in saving human labour or in checking work. The Publishers have placed within the reach of 
 every commercial man an invaluable and unfailing assistant." — The Miller. 
 The most perfect work of the kind yet prepared." — Glasgow Herald. 
 
 Comprehensive Weight Calculator. 
 
 THE WEIGHT CALCULATOR. Being a Series of Tables 
 upon a New and Comprehensive Plan, exhibiting at One Reference the exact 
 Value of any Weight from i lb. to 15 tons, at 300 Progressive Rates, from id. 
 to i68s. per cwt., and containing 186,000 Direct Answers, which, with their 
 Combinations, consisting of a single addition (mostly to be performed at 
 sight), will afford an aggregate of 10,266,000 Answers ; the whole being calcu- 
 lated and designed to ensure correctness and promote despatch. By Henry 
 Harben, Accountant. Fourth Edition, carefully Corrected. Royal 8vo, 
 strongly half-bound, ^^i 5s. 
 
 A practical and useful work of reference, for men of business generally ; it is the best of the 
 kind we have seen."— Iro7tmonger. 
 
 "Of priceless value to business men. It is a necessary book in all mercantile offices." — She/- 
 field htdependeiit. 
 
 Comprehensive Discount Guide* 
 
 THE DISCOUNT GUIDE. Comprising several Series of 
 Tables for the use of Merchants, Manufacturers, Ironmongers, and others, 
 by which may be ascertained the exact Profit arising from any mode of using 
 Discounts, either in the Purchase or Sale of Goods, and the method of either 
 Altering a Rate of Discount or Advancing a Price, so as to produce, by one 
 operation, a sum that will realise any required profit after allowing one or 
 more Discounts : to which are added Tables of Profit or Advance from i| to 
 go per cent., Tables of Discount from i| to 98I per cent., and Tables of Com- 
 mission, &c., from I to 10 per cent. By Henry Harden, Accountant, Author 
 of '* The Weight Calculator." New Edition, carefully Revised and Corrected. 
 Demy 8vo, 544 pp. half-bound, £1 5s. 
 
 "A book such as this can only be appreciated by business men, to whom the saving of time 
 means saving of money. We have the high authority of Professor J. R. Young that the tables 
 throughout the work are constructed upon strictly accurate principles. The work is a model 
 of typographical clearness, and must prove of great value to merchants, manufacturers, and 
 general traders." — British Trade Journal. 
 
 Iron Shipbuilders^ and Merchants^ Weight Tables* 
 
 IRON -PLATE WEIGHT TABLES: For Iron Shipbuilders, 
 Engineers and Iron Merchants. Containing the Calculated Weights of up- 
 wards of 150,000 difierent sizes of Iron Plates, from i foot by 6 in. by | in. to 
 10 feet by 5 feet by i in. Worked out on the basis of 40 lbs. to the square 
 foot of Iron of i inch in thickness. Carefully compiled and thoroughly Re- 
 vised by H. Burlinson and W. H. Simpson. Oblong 4to, 25s. hall-bound. 
 ••This work will be found of great utility. The authors have had much practical experience 
 
 of what is wanting in making estimates; and the use of the book as ill save much time iu making 
 
 elaborate calculations. ^English Mechanic. 
 
INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. 31 
 
 INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. 
 
 Soap-making. 
 
 THE ART OF SOAP-MAKING : A Practical Handbook of the 
 Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, etc. Including many New 
 Processes, and a Chapter on the Recovery of Glycerine from Waste Leys. 
 By Alexander Watt, Author of " Electro-Metallurgy Practically Treated," 
 5;c. With numerous Illustrations. Third Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 
 ys, 6d. cloth. 
 
 "The work wiH prove very useful, not merely to the technological student, but to the practical 
 soap-boiler who wishes to understand the theory of his art." — Chemical News. 
 
 "Really an excellent example of a technical manual, entering-, as it does, thoroughly and 
 exhaustively both into the theory and practice of soap manufacture. The book is well and honestly 
 done, and deserves the considerable circulation with which it will doubtless meet." — Knowledge. 
 
 "Mr. Watt's book is a thoroughly practical treatise on an art which has almost no literature in 
 our language. We congratulate the author on the success of his endeavour to fill a void in English 
 technical literature." — Nattire. 
 
 JPctps}^ jyjEaTcing % 
 
 THE ART OF PAPER MANUFACTURE : A Practical Hand- 
 book of the Manufacture of Paper from Rags, Esparto, Wood and other Fibres. 
 By Alexander Watt, Author of "The Art of Soap-Making," -'The Art of 
 Leather Manufacture," &c. With numerous Illustrations. Cr, 8vo. [Inthe press. 
 
 Leather Manufacture. 
 
 THE ART OF LEATHER MANUFACTURE, Being a 
 Practical Handbook, in which the Operations ot Tanning, Currying, and 
 Leather Dressing are fully Described, and the Principles of Tanning Ex- 
 plained, and many Recent Processes introduced; as also Methods for the 
 Estimation of Tannin, and a Description of the Arts of Glue Boiling, Gut 
 Dressing, &c. By Alexander Watt, Author of " Soap-Making," " Electro- 
 Metallurgy," &c. With numerous Illustrations. Second Edition, Crown 
 8vo, gs. cloth, 
 
 " A sound, comprehensive treatise on tanning and its accessories, . . An eminently valuable 
 production, which redounds to the credit of both author and publishers."— C/;^^zVa/ Review. 
 
 "This volume is technical without being tedious, comprehensive and complete without being 
 prosy, and it bears on every page the impress of a master hand. We have never come across a 
 better trade treatise, nor one that so thoroughly supplied an absolute want."— Shoe and Leather 
 Trades' Chr07ticle. 
 
 Boot and Shoe Making, 
 
 THE ART OF BOOT AND SHOE-MAKING. A Practical 
 
 Handbook, including Measurement, Last-Fitting, Cutting-Out, Closing and 
 Making, with a Description of the most approved Machinery employed. 
 By John B. Leno, late Editor of St. Crispin, and The Boot and Shoe-Maker, 
 With numerous Illustrations. Third Edition. i2mo, 2s. cloth limp. 
 "This excellent treatise is by far the best work ever written on the subject. A new work, 
 embracing all modern improvements, was much wanted. This want is now satisfied. The chapter 
 on clicking, which shows how waste may be prevented, will save fifty times the price of the book." 
 — Scottish Leather Trader. 
 
 " This volume is replete with matter well worthy the perusal of boot and shoe manufacturers 
 and experienced craftsmen, and instructive and valuable in the highest degree to all young 
 beginners and craftsmen in the trade of which it \xq^.\.s.''— Leather Trades' Circiclar. 
 
 Dentistry. 
 
 MECHANICAL DENTISTRY : A Practical Treatise on the 
 Construction of the various kinds of Artificial Dentures. Comprising also Use- 
 ful Formulae, Tables and Receipts for Gold Plate, Clasps, Solders, &c. &c. 
 By Charles Hunter. Third Edition, Revised, With upwards of 100 
 Wood Engravings. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. 
 " The work is very practical."— Review of Dental Surgery. 
 
 "We can strongly recommend Mr. Hunter's treatise to all students preparing for the profession 
 of dentistry, as well as to every mechanical dentist." — Dublin Jour^tal of Medical Science. 
 
 " A work in a concise form that few could read without gaining information horn."— British 
 journal of Dental Science. 
 
 Wood Engraving. 
 
 A PRACTICAL MANUAL OF WOOD ENGRAVING. With 
 a Brief Account of the History of the Art. By William Norman Brown. 
 With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 2S. cloth. 
 
 " The author deals with the subject in a thoroughly practical and eaisy series of representative 
 lessons." — Paper and Printing Trades Journal. 
 
 " The book is clear and complete, and will be useful to anyone wanting to understand the first 
 elements of the beautiful art of wood engraving."— Gra/AzV. 
 
32 CROSBY LOCKWOOD ^ SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 HANDYBOOKS FOR HANDICRAFTS. By PAUL N. HASLUCK. 
 
 These Handybooks are written to supply Handicraftsmen with informa- 
 tion on workshop practice^ and are intended to convey^ in plain language, technical 
 knowledge of the several crafts. Workshop terms are used, and workshop practice 
 described, the text being freely illustrated with drawings of modern tools^ appliances 
 and processes. 
 
 N.B. The following Volumes are already published, and others are in preparation. 
 
 Metal Turning. 
 
 THE METAL TURNER'S HANDYBOOK, A Practical Manual 
 for Workers at the Foot-Lathe: Embracing Information on the Tools, 
 Appliances and Processes employed in Metal Turning. By Paul N. Has- 
 LucK, Author of " Lathe-Work." With upwards of One Hundred Illustra- 
 tions. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 2S. cloth. 
 
 " Altogether admirably adapted to initiate students into the art of turning." — Leicester Post. 
 " Clearly and concisely written, excellent in every way, we heartily commend it to all interested 
 In metal turning."— Alec/ianical fVorld. 
 
 Wood Turning. 
 
 THE WOOD TURNER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual 
 for Workers at the Lathe: Embracing Information on the Tools, Appliances 
 and Processes Employed in Wood Turning. By Paul N. Hasluck. With 
 upwards of One Hundred Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 2S, cloth. 
 "We recommend the book to young turners and amateurs. A multitude of workmen have 
 hitherto sought in vain for a manual of this special industry."— Mechanical World. 
 
 Watch Hepairing. 
 
 THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual 
 on Cleaning, Repairing and Adjusting. Embracing Information on the Tools, 
 Materials, Appliances and Processes Employed in Watchwork. By Paul N. 
 Hasluck. With upwards of One Hundred Illustrations. Cr. 8vo, 2S. cloth, 
 "AH young persons connected with the trade should acquire and study this excellent, and at 
 the same time, inexpensive work." — Clerkemuell Cftrojiicle, 
 
 Pattern Making. 
 
 THE PATTERN MAKER'S HANDYBOOK, A Practical 
 Manual, embracing Information on the Tools, Materials and Appliances em- 
 ployed in Constructing Patterns for Founders. By Paul N. Hasluck. 
 With One Hundred Illustrations. Crown 8vd, 2s. cloth. 
 
 We commend it to all who are interested in the counsels it so ably gives." — Colliery Guardian. 
 "This handy volume contains sound information of considerable value to students and 
 artificers." — Hardware Trades yournal. 
 
 Mechanical 3Ianipitlation. 
 
 THE ME CHA NICS WORKSHOP HA NDYBOOK. A Practical 
 Manual on Mechanical Manipidation. Embracing Information on various 
 Handicraft Processes, with Useful Notes and Miscellaneous Memoranda. 
 By Paul N. Hasluck, Crown 8vo, 2S. cloth. 
 
 " It is a book which should be found in every workshop, as it is one which will be continually 
 referred to for a very great amount of standard information." — Sattirday Review. 
 
 Model Engineering. 
 
 THE MODEL ENGINEER'S HANDYBOOK : A Practical 
 Manual on Model Steam Engines. Embracing Information on the Tools. 
 Materials and Processes Employed in their Construction. By Paul N. 
 Hasluck. With upwards of loo Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 2S. cloth. 
 
 " Mr. Hasluck's latest volume is of greater importance than would at first appear ; and indeed 
 he has produced a very good little hook.."— Builder. 
 
 " By carefully going through the work, amateurs may pick up an excellent notion of the con- 
 struction of full-sized steam ^n^xn^^."— Telegraphic journal. 
 
 Clock Bepairing. 
 
 THE CLOCK JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK : A Practical Manual 
 on Cleaning, Repairing and Adjusting. Embracing Information on the Tools, 
 Materials, Appliances and Processes Employed in Clockwork. By Paul N. 
 Hasluck. With upwards of ioo Illustrations. Cr. 8vo. 2S. cloth. [Just ready ^ 
 
INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. 
 
 33 
 
 Electrolysis of Gold, Silver^ Copper^ etc. 
 
 ELECTRO-DEPOSITION : A Practical Treatise 07t the Electrolysis 
 of Gold, Silver, Copper, Nickel, and other Metals and Alloys. With descrip- 
 tions of Voltaic Batteries, Magneto and Dynamo-Electric Machines, Ther- 
 mopiles, and ot the Materials and Processes used in every Department of 
 the Art, and several Chapters on Electro-Metallargy. By Alexander 
 Watt, Author of ** Electro-Metallurgy," &c. With numerous Illustrations. 
 Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, gs. cloth. 
 Eminently a book for the practical worker in electro-deposition. It contains minute and 
 I'i .'.clical descriptions of methods, processes and materials as actually pursued and used in the 
 workshop. Mr. Watt's book recomcnends itself to all interested in its subjects." — Engineer, 
 
 Electro-Metallurgy, 
 
 ELECTRO-META LL URG Y ; Practically Treated. By Alexander 
 Watt, Author of " Electro Deposition," &c. Ninth Edition, including the 
 most recent Processes. lamo, 4s. cloth boards. 
 
 "From this book both amateur and artisan may learn everything necessary for the successful 
 prosecution of electroplating."— /^-c?;;, 
 
 JSlectr opiating, 
 
 ELECTROPLATING : A Practical Handbook on the Deposi- 
 tion of Copper, Silver, Nickel, Gold, Aluminium, Brass, Platinum, &c. &c. 
 With Descriptions of the Chemicals, Materials, Batteries and Dynamo 
 Machines used in the Art. By J. W. Urquhart, C.E., Author of " Electric 
 Light," &c. Second Edition, Revised, with Additions. Numerous Illustra- 
 tions. Crown 8vo, 5s. cloth. 
 , An excellent practical manual." — Engineering. 
 
 •This book will show any person how to become an expert in electro-deposition.''— •-ff^iVrf'^n 
 •An excellent work, giving the newest information." — HorologicaL jfournal. 
 
 Electrotyping. 
 
 ELECT ROTY PING : The Reproduction and Multiplication of Print 
 ing Surfaces and Works of Art by the Electro-deposition of Metals, By J. W 
 Urquhart, C.E. Crown 8vo, 5s. cloth. 
 
 The book is thoroughly practical. The reader is, therefore, conducted through the leading 
 aws of electricity, then through the metals used by electrotypers, the apparatus, and the depositing 
 p ocesses, up to the final preparation of the work."— -^r^ Jotirnal. 
 
 Goldsmiths' Work. 
 
 THE GOLDSMITH'S HANDBOOK, By George E. Gee, 
 Jeweller, &c. Third Edition, considerably Enlarged. i2mo, 3s. 6d. cloth. 
 "A good, sound, technical educator, and will be generally accepted as an authority.."— /^oro- 
 
 cgical Journal. 
 
 "A standard book which few will care to be without."— ye wc/Zfi/* and Metalworker, 
 
 Silversmiths' Work. 
 
 THE SILVERSMITH'S HANDBOOK, By George E. Gee, 
 Jeweller, &c. Second Edition, Revised, with Illustrations. i2mo, 3s. 6d, cloth. 
 "The chief merit of the work is its practical character. . . . The workers in the trade will 
 
 speedily discover its merits when they sit dov.n to study it." — English Mechanic. 
 
 The above two works togetlter, strongly half-bound, price ys. 
 
 Bread mid JBisciiit Baking. 
 
 THE BREAD AND BISCUIT BAKER'S AND SUGAR- 
 BOILER'S ASSISTANT. Including a large variety of Modern Recipes. 
 With Remarks on the Art of Bread-making. By Robert Wells, Practical 
 Baker. Crown 8vo, 2s. cloth. LJust published. 
 
 'A large number of wrinkles for the ordinary cook, as well as the ha.kev.''—Sat7(fday Review. 
 " A book of instruction for learners and for daily reference in the bakehouse."— Times. 
 
 C o Yhfe ctio 21/ e r'i^» 
 
 THE PASTRYCOOK AND CONFECTIONER'S GUIDE. 
 For Hotels, Restaurants and the Trade in general, adapted also for Family 
 Use. By Robert Wells, Author of "The Bread and Biscuit Baker's and 
 Sugar Boiler's Assistant." Crown 8vo, 2S. cloth. [Just published, 
 
 " We cannot speak too highly of this really excellent work. In these days of keen competition 
 our readers cannot do better than purchase this book." — Baker's Times. 
 
 "Will be found as serviceable by private families as by restaurant chefs and victuallers in 
 g eneral. "— -il/z7/e^. 
 
 Laundry Work* 
 
 A HANDBOOK OF LAUNDRY MANAGEMENT. For Use 
 in Steam and Hand-Power Laundries and Private Houses. By the Editor 
 of The Laundry Journal. Crov/n 8vo, 2s, 6d. cloth. [Just publish^*' 
 
 D 
 
CROSBY LOCKWOOD 6- SON'S CATALOGUE, 
 
 Horology. 
 
 A TREATISE ON MODERN HOROLOGY, in Theory and Prac- 
 tice. Translated from the French of Claudius Saunier, ex-Director of the 
 School ot Horology at Macon, by Julien Tripplin, F.R.A.S., Besancon, 
 Watch Manufacturer, and Edward Rigg, M.A., Assayer in the Royal Mint. 
 With Seventy-eight Woodcuts and Twenty-two Coloured Copper Plates. 
 Second Edition. Super-royal 8vo, £2 2s. cloth ; £2 10s. half-calf. 
 " There is no horological work in the English langxiage at all to be compared to this produc- 
 tion of M. Saunter's for clearness and completeness. It is alike good as a guide for the student and 
 as a re erence lor the experienced horologist and skilled workman." — Horological jfournal. 
 
 " The latest, the most complete, and the most reliable of those literary productions to which 
 continental watchmakers are indebted for the mechanical superiority over their English brethren 
 —in fact, the Book of Books, is M. Saunier's 'Treatise.'"— Jeiveller and SUvers7niih, 
 
 Watchmaking. 
 
 THE WA TCHMA KER 'S HA NDBOO K. Translated from the 
 French of Claudius Saunier, and considerably Enlarged by Julien Tripp- 
 lin, F.R.A.S., Vice-President of the Horological Institute, and Edward Rigg, 
 M.A., Assayer in the Royal xMint. With Numerous Woodcuts and Fourteen 
 Copper Plates. Second Edition, Revised. With Appendix. Cr. 8vo, gs. cloth. 
 •* Each part is truly a treatise in itself. The arrangement is fjood and the language is clear and 
 concise. It is an admirable ^uide for the young watchmaker."— i;7z^z>z^^rz«^. 
 
 " It is impossible to speak too highly of its excellence. It fulfils every requirement in a hand- 
 book intended for the use of a worKman. Should be found in every workshop."— Watch and 
 Clockmaker. 
 
 CHEMICAL MA NUFACTURES & COMMERCE. 
 
 Alkali Trade, Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, etc* 
 
 A MANUAL OF THE ALKALI TRADE, including the 
 Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, Sulphate of Soda, and Bleaching Powder. 
 By John Lomas, Alkali Manufacturer, Newcastle-upon-Tyne and London. 
 With 232 Illustrations and Working Drawings, and containing 390 pages of 
 Text. Second Edition, with Additions. Super-royal 8vo, £1 los. cloth. 
 "This book is written by a manufacturer for manufacturers. The working details of the most 
 approved forms of apparatus are given, and these are accompanied by no less than 232 wood en- 
 Sfravings, all of which may be used for the purposes of construction. Every step in the manufac 
 ture is very fully described in this manual, and each improvement explained.' —/4//tm£?«?«. 
 
 " We find here not merely a sound and luminous explanation of the chemical principles of the 
 trade, but a notice of numerous matters which have a most important bearing on the successfu 
 conduct of alkali works, but which are generally overlooked by even experienced technologica 
 &nlYioxs."— Chemical Revit-w. 
 
 Brewing. 
 
 A HANDBOOK FOR YOUNG BREWERS, By Herbert 
 Edwards Wright, B.A. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d, cloth. 
 
 " This little volume, containing such a large amount of good sense In so small a compass, ough 
 to recommend itself to every brewery pupil, and many who have passed that ^stage." — Brewers 
 Guardian. 
 
 " The book is very clearly written, and the author has successfully brought his scientific know 
 ledge to bear upon the various processes and details of brewing." — Brewer. 
 
 Commercial Chemical Analysis. 
 
 THE COMMERCIAL HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL ANA- 
 LYSIS; or. Practical Instructions for the determination of the Intrinsic or 
 Commercial Value of Substances used in Manufactures, in Trades, and in the 
 Arts. By A. Normandy, Editor of Rose's "Treatise on Chemical Analysis." 
 New Edition, to a great extent Re-written by Henry M. Noad, Ph.D., 
 F.R.S. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 12s. 6d. cloth. 
 "We strongly recommend this book to our readers as aguide, alike indispensable to the house- 
 wife as to the pharmaceutical practitioner." — Medical Times. 
 
 " Essentia) to the analysts appointed under the new Act. The most recent results are given, 
 and the work is well edited and carefully wtiii&n.."— Nature. 
 
 Explosives. 
 
 A HANDBOOK OF MODERN EXPLOSIVES. Being a 
 Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and Application of Dynamite, Gun- 
 Cotton, Nitro-Glyceiine, and other Explosive Compounds. By M. Eissler, 
 Mining Engineer , Author of " The Metallurgy of Gold," " The Metallurgy 
 of Silver," &c. With about 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. iln the press. 
 
AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, etc. 
 
 Dye^Wares and Colours* 
 
 THE MANUAL OF COLOURS AND DYE-WARES : Their 
 
 Properties, Applications, Valuation, Impurities, and Sophistications. For the 
 use of Dyers, Printers, Drysalters, Brokers, &c. By J. W. Slater. Second 
 Edition, Revised and greatly Enlarged. Crown 8vo, ys. 6d. cloth. 
 _ "A complete encyclopaedia of the materia tinctoria. The information given respectingf each 
 article is full and precise, and the methods of determining the value of articles such as these, so 
 liable to sophistication, are given with clearness, and are practical as well as valuable." — Chemist 
 and Druggist, 
 
 " There is no other work which covers precisely the same ground. To students preparing 
 for examinations in dyeing and printing it will prove exceedingly \Xi,^i\x\."— Chemical News. 
 
 THE ARTIST'S MANUAL OF PIGMENTS. Showing 
 their Composition, Conditions of Permanency, Non-Permanency, and Adul- 
 terations; Effects in Combination with Each Other and with Vehicles ; and 
 the most Reliable Tests ot Purity. Together with the Science and Arts 
 Department's Examination Questions on Painting. By H. C. Standage. 
 Second Edition, Revised. Small crown 8vo, 2.9. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " This work is indeed multu77t-in-parvo, and we can, with good conscience, recommend it to 
 all who come in contact with pigments, whether as makers, dealers or users." — Chemical Review, 
 
 "This manual cannot fail to be a very valuable aid to all painters who wish their work to 
 endure and be of a sound character ; it is complete and comprehensive." — Spectator. 
 
 " The author supplies a great deal of very valuable information and memoranda as to the 
 chemical qualities and artistic effect of the principal pigments used by painters." — Builder. 
 
 Ocmging. Tables and Rules for Revenue Officers, 
 
 ^B'i^civst^s etc. 
 
 A POCKET BOOK OF MENSURATION AND GAUGING: 
 Containing Tables, Rules and Memoranda for Revenue Officers, Brewers, 
 Spirit Merchants, &c. By J. B. Manx (Inland Revenue). Oblong i8rao, 45. 
 leather, with elastic band. 
 
 " This handy and useful book is adapted to the requirements of the Inland Revenue Depart- 
 ment, and will be a favourite book of reference. The range of subjects is comprehensive, and the 
 arrangement simple and clear."— Cimlian. 
 
 "A most useful book. It should be in the hands of every practical hrevfer "— Brewers' 
 yoiirnal. 
 
 AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, etc. 
 
 Agricultural Facts and Figures. 
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AGRICULTURAL FACTS AND FIGURES 
 FOR FARMERS AND FARM STUDENTS. By Primrose McConnell, 
 Fellow of the Highland and Agricultural Society ; late Professor of Agricul- 
 ture, Glasgow Veterinary College. Third Edition. Royal 32mo, full roan, 
 gilt edges, with elastic band, 4s. 
 
 *' The most complete and comprehensive Note-book for Farmers and Farm Students that we 
 have seen. It literally teems with information, and we can cordially recommend it to all connected 
 with as'cuilture."— North British Agriculturist. 
 
 Youatt and Burn^s Complete Grazier. 
 
 THE COMPLETE GRAZIER, and FARMER'S and CATTLE- 
 BREEDER'S ASSISTANT. A Compendium of Husbandry; especially in 
 the departments connected with the Breeding, Rearing, Feeding, and General 
 Management of Stock ; the Management of the Dairy, &c. With Directions 
 for the Culture and Management of Grass Land, of Grain and Root Crops, 
 the Arrangement of Farm Offices, the use of Implements and Machines, and 
 on Draining, Irrigation, Warping, &c. ; and the Application and Relative 
 Value of Manures. By William Youatt, Esq., V.S. Twelfth Edition, En- 
 larged by Robert Scott Burn, Author of " Outlines of Modern Farming," 
 " Systematic Small Farming," &c. One large 8vo volume, 860 pp., with 244 
 Illustrations, £1 is. half-bound. 
 
 The standard and text-book with the farmer and grazier." — Farmer's Magazine. 
 
 "A treatise which will remain a standard work on the subject as long ais British agriculture 
 endures." — Mark Lane Express (First Notice). 
 
 "The book deals with all departments of agriculture, and contains an immense amount of 
 valuable information. It is, in fact, an encyclopaedia of agriculture put into readable form, and it 
 Is the only work equally comprehensive brought down to present date. It is excellently printed on 
 thick paper, and strongly bound, and deserves a place in the library of every agriculturist." — Mark 
 Lane Express (Second Notice). 
 
 "This esteemed work is well worthy of a place in the libraries of agriculturists."— A^<>r//f 
 British Agi-icHlt-nrist, 
 
CROSBY LOCK WOOD &- SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 Flour Mamtfactnre, Milling^ etc. 
 
 FLOUR MANUFACTURE : A Treatise on Milling Science 
 and Practice. By Friedrich Kick, Imperial Regierungsrath, Professor of 
 Mechanical Tccbnolof^y in the Imperial German Polytechnic Institute, 
 Prague. Translated from the Second Enlarged and Revised Edition with 
 Supplement. By H. H. P. Powles, A.M.I.C.E. Nearly 400 pp. Illustrated 
 with 28 Folding Plates, and 167 Woodcuts. Royal 8vo, 25s. cloth. 
 "This valuable work is, and will remain, the standard authority on the science of milling'. . . 
 The miller v/ho has read and digested this v.oi k will have laid the foundation, so to speak, of a suc- 
 cessful career ; he will have acquired a number of general principles which he can proceed to 
 apply. In this handsome volume we at last have the accepted text-book of modern milling in good 
 sound English, which hasHttle, if any, trace of the German idiom." — The MiUer. 
 
 " The appearance of this celebrated work in English is very opportune, and British millers 
 will, we are sure, not be slow in availin)^ themselves of its pages "—Mii^ers' Gazette, 
 
 Small Farming* 
 
 SYSTEMATIC SMALL FARMING; or, The Lessois of my 
 Farm. Being an Introduction to Modern Farm Practice for Small Farmers. 
 By Robert Scott Burn, Author of " Outlines of Modern Farming." With 
 numerous Illustrations, crown 8vo, 6s. cloth. 
 
 "This is the completest book of its class we have seen, and one which every amateur farmer 
 will read with pleasure and accept as a guide." — Field. 
 
 "The volume contains a vast amount of useful Information. No branch of farming is left 
 untouched, from the labour to be done to the results achieved. It may be safely recomm.ended to 
 all who think they v.ill be in paradise when they buy or rent a three-acre i^xmr—Glasgonu Herald. 
 
 Modem Farming. 
 
 OUTLINES OF MODERN FARMING. By R. Scott Burn. 
 Soils, Manures, and Crops — Farming and Farming Economy — Cattle, Sheep, 
 and Horses — Management of Dairy, Pigs and Poultry — Utilisation of 
 Town-Sewage, Irrigation, &c. Sixth Edition. In One Vol., 1,250 pp., half- 
 bound, profusely Illustrated, 12s. 
 The aim of the author has been to make his work at once comprehensive and trustworthy, 
 ana in this aim he has succeeded to a degree which entitles him to much credit."— 3forntns' 
 Advertiser. " No farmer should be without this hooy.:*— Banbury Guardian. 
 
 Agricxiltural Engineering. 
 
 FARM ENGINEERING, THE COMPLETE TEXT-BOOK OF. 
 
 Comprising Draining and Embanking ; Irrigation and Water Supply ; Farm 
 Roads, Fences, and Gates ; Farm Buildings, their Arrangement and Con- 
 struction, with Plans and Estimates; Barn Implements and Machines ; Field 
 Implements and Machines; Agricultural Surveying, Levelling. &c. By Prof. 
 John Scott, Professor of Agriculture at the Royal Agricultural College, 
 Cirencester, &c. In One Vol., 1,150 pages, half-bound, 6co Illustrations, 12s. 
 " Written with great care, as well as with knowledge and ability. The author has done his 
 
 work well ; we have found him a very trustworthy guide wherever we have tested his statements. 
 
 The volume will be of great value to agricultural students." — Mark Lane Express. 
 
 "For a young agriculturist we know of no handy volume so likely to be more usefully studied. 
 
 — Bell's Weekly Messenger. 
 
 English Agriculture* 
 
 THE FIELDS OF GREAT BRITAIN : A Text-Book of 
 
 Agriculture, adapted to the Syllabus of the Science and Art Department, 
 For Elementary and Advanced Students. By Hugh Clements (Board of 
 Trade). Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. i8mo, 2S. 6d. cloth. 
 
 "A most comprehensive volume, giving a mass of information." — Agricultural Economist. 
 "It is a long time since we have seen a book which has pleased us more, or which contains 
 such a vast and useful fund of linov/Xedse."— Educational Times. 
 
 New Focket Book for Farmers. 
 
 TABLES, MEMORANDA, AND CALCULATED RESULTS 
 
 for Farmers, Graziers, Agricultural Students, Surveyors, Land Agents Auc- 
 tioneers, etc. With a New System of Farm Book-keeping. Selected and 
 Arranged by Sidney Francis. Second Edition, Revised. 272 pp., waist- 
 coat-pocket size, IS. 6d., limp leather. [Just published. 
 " Weighing less than i oz , and occupying no more space than a match box, it contains a mass 
 of facts and calculations which has never before, in such handy form, been obtainable. Every 
 operation on the farm is dealt with. The work may be taken as thoroughly accurate, having been 
 revised by Dr. Fream. We cordially recommend it."— Bell's Weekly Messenger. 
 
 " A marvellous little book. . . . Tlie agriculturist who possesse's himself of it will not be 
 disappointed with his investment."— 77^^ Farm. 
 
AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, etc. 37 
 
 Farm and Estate Book keeping. 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING FOR FARMERS & ESTATE OWNERS. 
 A Practical Treatise, presenting, in Three Plans, a System adapted to all 
 Classes of Farms. By Johnson M. Woodman, Chartered Accountant. Second 
 Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 3s, 6cl. cloth boards ; or 2S. 6d. cloth limp. 
 " The volume is a capital study of a most important subject." — Agricultural Gazette. 
 "Will be found of great assistance by those who intend to commence a system of book-keep- 
 
 Ir-g-, the author's examples being- clear and explicit, and his explanations, while full and accurate, 
 
 being- to a large extent free from technicalities." — Live Stock journal. 
 
 Farm Account Book. 
 
 WOODMAN'S YEARLY FARM ACCOUNT BOOK. Giving 
 a Weekly Labour Account and Diary, and showing the Income and Expen- 
 diture under each Department of Crops, Live Stock, Dairy, &c. &c. With 
 Valuation, Profit and Loss Account, and Balance Sheet at the end of the 
 Year, and an Appendix of Forms. jRuled and Headed for Entering a Com- 
 plete Record of the Farming Operations. By Johnson M. Woodman, 
 Chartered Accountant, Author of "Book-keeping for Farmers." Folio, 
 7s. 6d. half bound. iculture. 
 "Contains every requisite orm for keeping- farm accounts readily and accurately."— ^^ri- 
 
 Early Fruits^ Flowers and Vegetables. 
 
 THE FORCING GARDEN ; or, How to Grow Early Fruits, 
 Flowers, and Vegetables. With Plans and Estimates for Building Glass- 
 houses, Pits and Frames. Containing also Original Plans for Double Glazing, 
 a New Method of Growing the Gooseberry under Glass, &c. &c., and on Venti- 
 lation, &c. With Illustrations. By Samuel Wood. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6^^. cloth. 
 " A g-ood book, and fairly fills a place that was in some degree vacant. The book is written with 
 
 ^•reat care, and contains a great deal of valuable teaching-." — Gardeners' Magazine. 
 
 " Mr, Wood's book is an original and exhaustive ansv/er to the question ' How to Grow Early 
 
 Fruits, Flowers and Vegetables ? ' "—Land and V/ater. 
 
 Good Gardening. 
 
 A PLAIN GUIDE TO GOOD GARDENING ; or, How to Grow 
 
 Vegetables, Fruits, and Flowers. With Practical Notes on Soils, Manures, 
 Seeds, Planting, Laying-out of Gardens and Grounds, &c. By S. Wood. 
 Third Edition, with considerable Additions, &c., and numerous Illustrations. 
 Crown 8vo, 5s. cloth. 
 
 " A very g-ood book, and one to be highly recommended as a practical guide. The practical 
 directions are excellent." — Athencsum. 
 
 " May be recommended to young- gardeners, cottagers and amateurs, for the plain and trust 
 worthy information it gives on common matters too often neglected." — Gardeners' Chronicle. 
 
 Gainful Gardening. 
 
 MULTUM-IN-PARVO GARDENING] or, How to make One 
 
 Acre of Land produce £"620 a-year by the Cultivation of Fruits and Vegetables ; 
 also. How to Grow Flowers in Three Glass Houses, so as to realise £176 per 
 annum clear Profit. By Samuel Wood, Author of ** Good Gardening," &c» 
 Fourth and cheaper Edition, Revised, with Additions. Crown 8vo, is. sewed. 
 "We are bound to recommend it as not only suited to the case of the amateur and gentleman's 
 gardener, but to the market grower."— Gardeners' Magazine. 
 
 Gardening for Ladies. 
 
 THE LADIES' MULTUM-IN-PARVO FLOWER GARDEN, 
 2nd Amateurs' Complete Guide. By S. Wood. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " This volume contains a good deal of sound, common sense instruction." — Florist. 
 
 "Full of shrewd hints and useful instructions, based on a lifetime of expetien.ce."—Scolsman, 
 
 Receipts for Gardeners. 
 
 GARDEN RECEIPTS. Edited by Charles W. Quin. i2mo 
 IS. 6d. cloth limp. 
 
 "A useful and handy book, containing a good deal of valuable 'm{orim.tion."— A fhenceum. 
 
 3Iarket Gardening. 
 
 MARKET AND KITCHEN GARDENING. By Contributors 
 to " The Garden." Compiled by C. W. Shaw, late Editor of "Gardening 
 Illustrated." i2mo, 3s. 6d. cloth boards. [jfust published. 
 
 The most valuable compendium of kitchen and market-garden work published."— /^ar^T^fr. 
 
 Cottage Gardening. 
 
 COTTAGE GARDENING; or, Flowers, Fruits, and Vegetables or 
 Small Gardens. By E. Hobday. lamo, is. 6d. cloth limp. 
 ••Contains much useful information at a small charge."— G/a^^ow Herald. 
 
38 CROSBY LOCK WOOD SON'S CATALOGUE, 
 
 ESTATE MANAGEMENT, AUCTIONEERING, LAW, etc. 
 
 Hudson^s Land Valuer^s JPocket-BooTc. 
 
 THE LAND VALUER'S BEST ASSISTANT: Being Tables 
 on a very much Improved Plan, for Calculating the Value of Estates. With 
 Tables for reducing Scotch, Irish, and Provincial Customary Acres to Statute 
 Measure, &c. By R. Hudson, C.E. New Edition. Royal 32mo, leather, 
 elastic band, 4s. 
 
 "This new edition includes tables or ascertaining the value of leases for any term of years; 
 and for showing how to lay out plots of gfround of certain acres in forms, square, round, &c., with 
 valuable rules for ascertaining- the probable worth of standing timber to any amount ; and is of 
 'ncalculable value to the country gentleman and professional man."— Farmers' jfournal, 
 
 MxvarVs Land Improver^s Pocket-Book. 
 
 THE LAND IMPROVER'S POCKET-BOOK OF FORMULA, 
 TABLES and MEMORANDA required in any Computation relating to the 
 Permanent Improvement of Landed Property. By John Ewart, Land Surveyor 
 and Agricultural Engineer. Second Edition, Revised. Royal 32mo, oblong, 
 leather, gilt edges, with elastic band, 4s. 
 " A compendious and handy little \o\u.me.'"—SJ>€Ctator. 
 
 Complete Agricultural Surveyor's Tocket-Book. 
 
 THE LAND VALUER'S AND LAND IMPROVER* S COM- 
 PLETE POCKET-BOOK. Consisting of the above Two Works bound to- 
 gether. Leather, gilt edges, with strap, 7s. 6d. 
 
 " Hudson's book is the best ready-reckoner on matters relating to the valuation of land and 
 crops, and its combination with Mr. Ewart's work greatly enhances the value and usefulness of the 
 latter-mentioned. ... It is m.ost useful as a manual for reference."— North of England Farmer. 
 
 Auctioneer's Assistant. 
 
 THE APPRAISER, A UCTIONEER, BROKER, HOUSE AND 
 ESTATE AGENT AND VALUER'S POCKET ASSISTANT, for the Valua- 
 tion for Purchase, Sale, or Renewal of Leases, Annuities and Reversions, and 
 of property generally; with Prices for Inventories, &c. By John Wheeler, 
 Valuer, &c. Fifth Edition, re-written and greatly extended by C. N orris, 
 Surveyor, Valuer, &c. Royal samo, 5s. cloth. 
 
 A neat and concise book of reference, containing an admirable and clearly-arranged list ot 
 prices for inventories, and a very practical guide to determine the value of {urmture,&c."— Standard. 
 
 " Contains a large quantity of varied and useful information as to the valuation for purchase, 
 sale, or renewal of leases, annuities and reversions, and of property generally, with prices for 
 inventories, and a guide to determine the value of interior fittings and other effects."— Builder. 
 
 Auctioneering. 
 
 AUCTIONEERS : Their Duties and Liabilities, By Robert 
 Squibbs, Auctioneer. Demy 8vo, los. 6d, cloth. 
 
 "The position and duties of auctioneers treated compendiously and cleairly. "—Builder. 
 "'Every auctioneer ought to possess a copy of this excellent work." — Iro7ttnonger. 
 " Of great value to the profession. . . . We readily welcome this book from the fact that it , 
 treats the subject in a manner somewhat new to the profession." — Estates Gazette. 
 
 Zicgal Guide for Pawnbrokers. 
 
 THE PAWNBROKERS', FACTORS' AND MERCHANTS' 
 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF LOANS AND PLEDGES. With the 
 Statutes and a Digest of Cases on Rights and Liabilities, Civil and Criminal, 
 as to Loans and Pledges of Goods, Debentures, Mercantile and other Se- 
 curities. By H. C. FoLKARD, Esq., Barrister-at-Law, Author of " The Law 
 of Slander and Libel," &c. With Additions and Corrections. Fcap. 8vo, 
 3s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " This work contains simply everything that requires to be known concerning the department 
 of the law of which it treats. We can safely commend the book as unique and very nearly perfect." 
 —Iron. 
 
 *' The task undertaken by Mr. Folkard has been very satisfactorily performed. . . . Such ex- 
 planations as are needful have been supplied with great clearness and with due regard to brevity." 
 City Press. 
 
ESTATE MANAGEMENT, AUCTIONEERING, LAW, etc. 39 
 
 Mow to Invest, 
 
 HINTS FOR INVESTORS : Being an Explanation of the Mode 
 of Transacting Business on the Stock Exchange. To which are added Com- 
 ments on the Fluctuations and Table of Quarterly Average prices of Consols 
 since 1759. Also a Copy of the London Daily Stock and Share List. By 
 Walter M. Playford, Sworn Broker. Crown 8vo, 2s, cloth, 
 "An invaluable guide to investors and speculators." — Ballionist 
 
 Metropolitan Hating Appeals. 
 
 REPORTS OF APPEALS HEARD BEFORE THE COURT 
 OF GENERAL ASSESSMENT SESSIONS, from the Year 1871 to 1885. 
 By Edward Ryde and Arthur Lyon Ryde. Fourth Edition, brought down 
 to the Present Date, with an Introduction to the Valuation (Metropolis) Act, 
 1869, and an Appendix by Walter C. Ryde, of the Inner Temple, Barrister- 
 at-Law. 8vo, 16s. cloth, 
 
 " A useful work, occupyingf a place mid-way between a handbook for a lawyer and a guide to 
 the surveyor. It is compiled by a gentleman eminent in his profession as a land agent, whose spe- 
 cialty, it is acknowledged, lies in the direction of assessing property for rating purposes."— Z,a«fl? 
 As^eftts' Record. 
 
 House Property. 
 
 HA NDBOOK OF HO USE PROPERTY. A Popular and Practical 
 Guide to the Purchase, Mortgage, Tenancy, and Compulsory Sale of Houses and 
 Land, including the Law of Dilapidations and Fixtures ; with Examples of 
 all kinds of Valuations, Useful Information on Buildings, and Suggestive 
 Elucidations of Fine Art. By E. L. Tarbuck, Architect and Surveyor. 
 Fourth Edition, Enlarged. i2mo, 5s. cloth. 
 The advice is thoroughly practical."— /.aw journal. 
 " For all who have dealings with house property, this is an indispensable guide." — Decoration. 
 "Carefully brought up to date, and much improved by the addition of a division on fine art. 
 " A well-written and thoughtful work."— Z,<j:«c3J Agents Record. 
 
 Inwoo<Vs Estate Tables, 
 
 TABLES FOR THE PURCHASING OF ESTATES, Freehold, 
 Copyhold, or Leasehold; Annuities, Advowsons, etc. , and for the Renewing of 
 Leases held under Cathedral Churches, Colleges, or other Corporate bodies, 
 for Terms of Years certain, and for Lives ; also for Valuing Reversionary 
 Estates, Deferred Annuities, Next Presentations, &c. ; together with Smart's 
 Five Tables of Compound Interest, and an Extension of the same to Lower 
 and Intermediate Rates. By W. Inwood. 23rd Edition, with considerable 
 Additions, and new and valuable Tables of Logarithms for the more Difficult 
 Computations of the Interest of Money, Discount, Annuities, &c., by M. Fedor 
 Thoman, of the Societe Credit Mobilier of Paris. Crown 8vo, 8s. cloth. 
 "Those interested in the purchase and sale of estates, and in the adjustment of compensation 
 
 cases, as well as in transactions in annuities, life insurances, &c., will find the present edition of 
 
 eminent service. " — Engineering, 
 
 • Inwood's Tables ' still maintain a most enviable reputation. The new issue has been enriched 
 
 by laree additional contributions by M. Fedor Thoman, whose carefully arranged Tables cannot 
 
 fail to De of the utmost utility." — Mining yournal. 
 
 Agricultural and Tenant-Might Valuation. 
 
 THE AGRICULTURAL AND TENANT-RIGHT-VALUER'S 
 ASSISTANT. A Practical Handbook on Measuring and Estimating the 
 Contents, Weights and Values of Agricultural Produce and Timber, the 
 Values of Estates and Agricultural Labour, Forms of Tenant-Right- Valua- 
 tions, Scales of Compensation under the Agricultural Holdings Act, 1883, 
 &c. &c. By Tom Bright, Agricultural Surveyor. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. 
 " Full of tables and examples in connection with the valuation of tenant-right, estates, labour. 
 
 contents, and weights of timber, and farm produce of all ^mds."— Agricultural Gazette. 
 
 " An eminently practical handbook, full of practical tables and data of undoubted interest and 
 
 value to surveyors and auctioneers in preparing valuations ot all kinds." — Farmer. 
 
 Plantations and Underwoods, 
 
 POLE PLANTATIONS AND UNDERWOODS : A Practical 
 Handbook on Estimating the Cost of Forming, Renovating, Improving and 
 Grubbing Plantations and Underwoods, their Valuation for Purposes of 
 Transfer, Rental, Sale or Assessment. By Tom Bright, F.S.Sc, Author of 
 "The Agricultural and Tenant-Right-Valuer's Assistant," &c. Crown 8vo, 
 3s. 6d. cloth. [Just published, 
 
 "Very useful to those actually engag'ed in managing wood."— Bell's IVeekly Messenger. 
 
 " To valuers, foresters and agents it will be a welcome aXd."— North British Agriculturist. 
 
 "Well calculated to assist the valuer in the discharge of his duties, and of undoubted interest 
 and use both to surveyors and auctioneers in preparing valuations of all kinds. '—Kent Herald. 
 
40 CROSBY LOCK WOOD SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 A Complete Epitome of the Jbaivs of this Country. 
 
 EVERY MAN'S OWN LAWYER: A Handy-Book of the 
 Principles of Law and Equity. By A Barrister. Twenty-sixth Edition. 
 Reconstructed, Thoroui^hly Revised, and much Enlarged. Including the 
 Legislation of the Two Sessions of 1888. and including careful digests of The 
 Local Government Act, 18S8; County Electors Act, 1888; County Courts Acl, 
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