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FRONTISPIECE. 
 
 VIEW FROM THE EXCAVATED PALACE ON THE ACROPOLIS OF T1RYNS, 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 I 
 

T I RYN S 
 
 THE PREHISTORIC PALACE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 KINGS OF TIRYNS 
 
 THE RESULTS OF THE LATEST EXCAVATIONS 
 
 BY 
 
 DR. HENRY SCHLIEMANN 
 
 wrw D CL OXON AND HON. FELLOW OF QUEEN’S COLLEGE, OXFORD; 
 F.S.A ; HON' CORRESP. MEMBER AND GOLD MEDALLIST OF THE ROY. INSTITUT 
 
 OF BRIT. ARCHITECTS; 
 
 AUTHOR OF “TROY AND ITS REMAINS.” “ MYCENAE,” “ ILIOS,” 
 
 ' TROIA.” AND “ ORCHOMENOS. 
 
 THE PREFACE BY PROFESSOR F. ADLER, AND CONTRIBUTIONS 
 BY DR. WM. DORPFELD 
 
 WITH 188 WOODCUTS, 24 PLATES IN CHROMOLITHOGRAPHY, 
 ONE MAP. AND FOUR PLANS 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS 
 
 1885 
 
 The right 0/ Translation is rescn’cd 
 
Copyright, 1885, 
 
 BY CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS. 
 
 Press of J.J. Little & Co., 
 
 Nos. 10 to 20 Astor Place, New York. 
 
TO 
 
 JAMES FERGUSSON, Esq., 
 
 C.I.E., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.IBA, M.R.A.S., 
 
 HON. MEM. R.S.L. &c., 
 
 THE HISTORIAN OF ARCHITECTURE, 
 
 EMINENT ALIKE FOR HIS KNOWLEDGE OF THE ART, AND FOR THE 
 ORIGINAL GENIUS WHICH HE HAS APPLIED TO THE SOLUTION 
 OF SOME OF ITS MOST INTERESTING PROBLEMS; 
 
 Cljis Work is gibicalcb, 
 
 IN GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF HIS INTEREST IN MY LABOURS 
 AND THE HELP DERIVED FROM HIS SCHOLARSHIP AND 
 PROFOUND ARCHAEOLOGICAL LEARNING 
 SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE DISCOVERIES AT TROY. 
 
 HENRY SCHLIEMANN. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 When the Author invited me to write a Preface to his 
 work on Tiryns, I declared my readiness to do so without 
 hesitation; for he thus afforded me a welcome opportunity 
 of adding my personal thanks — for the substantial advan- 
 tages that had accrued to my own studies in the history 
 ol architecture — to the universal tribute offered so justly 
 from every side to the indefatigable explorer of the oldest 
 civilisation of Greece and Asia Minor. 
 
 I hope to express this feeling most practically by an 
 attempt to gather the results — as regards the technical 
 and artistic aspect of architecture — which follow from 
 Dr. Schliemann’s excavations in Troy, Mycenae, Orcho- 
 menos, and Tiryns, and, as far as this is possible to-day, to 
 shape them into a picture ol the oldest art of building in 
 Greece and in Asia Minor. 
 
 No doubt, there are still great gaps, owing to various 
 causes, and it is certain that our present materials will 
 sooner or later be substantially supplemented. Yet I would 
 justify this essay as a necessary preliminary, which only an 
 architect can supply, to further inquiries as to the develop- 
 ment of art in one of the most attractive, though one of 
 the most obscure, regions of classical antiquity. If I 
 have reached beyond Dr. Schliemann’s personal work, by 
 utilising the architectural harvest of the latest discoveries 
 in Attica and Argolis, I plead my desire to make my sketch 
 as complete as possible. 
 
 Three kinds of architecture have been materially illus- 
 
vi THE CITADELS PERGAMOS AND TIRYNS 
 
 trated by the successful work of the spade: (i) Fortresses, 
 (2) Palaces, (3) Tombs. The important branch of Temples 
 is still missing from the list. 
 
 True, MM. Schliemann and Dbrpfeld had taken two 
 large ruins, lying parallel on the Pergamos (of Priam), to be 
 temples, and supported this view even in Troja (pp. 76-86, 
 seq .), which appeared in 1884. But they forthwith aban- 
 doned this view, when analogous but better-preserved 
 architectural remains at Tiryns proved to be parts of a 
 great palace, plainly discernible as such in its main features. 
 As here, so in Troy, these rooms, superior to the rest in 
 proportion, plan, and strength of walls, were certainly the 
 chief halls of the kingly residence. Hence the fact is to 
 be noted, that no trace has hitherto been found, in any of 
 the three citadels, of buildings for the purpose ol worship, 
 dating from the ancient period. The very slight archi- 
 tectural fragments, of Doric style, found at Mycenae and 
 Tiryns, which may be the remnants of stone temples, 
 are certainly far more recent than the ancient royal 
 palaces, and hence offer no material for the solution of 
 this important problem. 
 
 As regards Fortresses, the foitifications of Troy, 
 Mycenae, and Tiryns can alone be considered, since the 
 Acropolis of Orchomenos has not yet been subjected to an 
 accurate investigation. All three are built on an almost 
 identical plan, and show a similarity of situation. For the 
 site, there was always chosen a rocky eminence of more or 
 less height. Tiryns (26 m. over the sea) is the lowest ; then 
 comes Troy (40 m.), while Mycenae lies ten times as high 
 as Tiryns: its summit rises to 277 m. The former are 
 strongholds in the plain. The latter is a proud mountain- 
 fastness. 
 
 The scanty room enclosed by the surrounding walls 
 proves that, in the first foundation, only the security of 
 the chieftain was the object aimed at not the protection 
 of a town-like settlement, or the erection of a great depot 
 
WATCH SEA AND LAND. 
 
 vii 
 
 for war. Even as in the Middle Ages, huts and houses 
 may somewhat later have sprung up round the citadel. 
 When the increase of population, and the growing wealth, 
 necessitated an enlargement of the existing bulwarks, this 
 extended fortification, even when rationally and skilfully 
 laid out, did not always increase the defensive power of the 
 fortress ; nay, it often impaired it. 
 
 In the case of Mycenae, such a combination of town 
 and fortress is certain from the name, from literary evi- 
 dences, and from architectural remains. The same may be 
 assumed at an early period in the case of Troy, even if we 
 do not regard the evidence of Homer as decisive, because 
 the wells lying to the S.W. were indispensable for a pro- 
 longed defence of the fortress, and must therefore soon 
 have been embraced in the fortifications. The town there- 
 fore lay certainly S. of the Pergamos. From later times 
 we have also evidence of a town-like settlement beside 
 Tiryns ; but its origin is as obscure as the course of its 
 surrounding walls. Probably the town lay not to the west 
 near the sea, but to the east in the plain, protected from 
 pirates by the citadel. This situation seems to be indicated 
 also by a find of coins. 
 
 Two citadels, Pergamos and Tiryns, were meant to 
 watch both sea and land. The former commanded the 
 most extensive view, and lay, moreover, on a great high- 
 road of the world’s traffic. Mycenae, on the contrary, is 
 a stronghold thrown forward as an outpost into the moun- 
 tains, to dominate important passes ; hence its natural 
 strength is greatest. Then follows Tiryns ; and last of all, 
 Troy. This last only had, at least on its E., W., and S. 
 sides, a dry moat, which was not needed by the others, 
 built, as they were, on steep rocks. 
 
 The other indispensable conditions for defence are . 
 fulfilled by all alike : with economy of circuit, a minimum 
 of gates and posterns ; then, walls of sufficient height and 
 strength, with easily blocked approaches ; and finally, a 
 
ALL HAVE ONLY TWO GATES, 
 
 viii 
 
 suitable utilising of the inner enclosed ground with a view 
 to dominating the lower parts, i.e. a terrace formation of 
 higher and lower citadel. At all times, strongholds have 
 been narrowly girdled, for a small circuit of wall is more 
 quickly built ; it diminishes the cost of construction and 
 maintenance, and permanently facilitates the defence. But 
 sometimes the first narrow girdle of defence did not long 
 suffice for the fast growing requirements of the place. 
 Then, on one or more sides, extensions were undertaken. 
 The still existing remains prove this fact in the case oi 
 Troy, to the E. and S., as well as at Mycenae along the S. 
 side. Tiryns, on the other hand, has always preserved the 
 line of its old bounds, and seems certainly a building of 
 uniform plan, though the citadel is not the first, but the 
 second structure on the same site. 
 
 The second condition — a minimum of gates and pos- 
 terns— is obvious in rationally planned fortifications, seeing 
 that every gate, however small, constitutes a weak point, 
 and that every useless postern diminishes the primary 
 intention of safety by enhancing the danger of treason. 
 Hence Tiryns, in addition to two very small apertures in 
 the walls for the purposes of patrolling and getting infor- 
 mation, always possessed only one main gate and one 
 postern. The same is the case at Mycenae; besides the 
 Lions’ Gate, there is here only, at the N.E,, a postern 
 which, in addition to military purposes, served for getting 
 water from a neighbouring well (Perseia?). So also tor the 
 citadel of Troy, two gates sufficed from the beginning — - 
 namely, the central gate at the S., and the one leading to 
 the wells, S.W. This number has never been exceeded; 
 for when the extension of the fort made it necessary to 
 plan a new (third) gate S.E., the old central gate was per- 
 manently walled up, and the traffic between town and 
 citadel again confined to two gates. 
 
 Besides these fundamental points of agreement in ancient 
 fort-building, there are also points of variance, which must 
 
AND THE FLANKING SYSTEM. 
 
 IX 
 
 not be overlooked. They concern the arrangement of the 
 walls in ground-plan and in section ( trad and profile). 
 
 If we turn first to the ground-plan, we find already in 
 the Pergamos that the ancient walls were flanked by 
 salient, massive, tower-like bastions recurring at pretty 
 regular intervals, from which the intervening wall-sections 
 could be watched and laterally swept by the missiles thrown 
 from the beleaguered stronghold. 
 
 This is specially shown in the old central gate — a 
 colossal, massive structure with a narrow, tunnel-like gate- 
 way, which in the first instance was intended to defend 
 the causeway crossing the moat, but which also served to 
 flank the S. side, and therefore assuredly stood out like a 
 great tower over the walls. From the fact that, in the 
 later extension of the fortress, the flanking position of this 
 tower was almost wholly abandoned, we may be certain 
 that its construction must belong to the time of the second 
 citadel, the method of fortification in the earliest settlement 
 being unknown. At all events, this structure represents, in 
 its conception, a combination of gate-tower and of salient 
 outwork, which is architecturally of great value. 
 
 The flanking system, the application of which, in the 
 heroic age, was even recently still so strangely denied, is 
 absent neither from Mycenae nor from Tiryns ; but, on 
 account of the varying conditions of the ground, it has 
 in neither of these citadels been so thoroughly carried out 
 as at Troy. In the former two cases it was confined to a 
 few very important points. At Troy, it was most fully 
 developed. 
 
 To the circuit wall belongs the entrance way into 
 the fort. The final ascent for pedestrians and horsemen 
 was provided for by inclines, which were either simply 
 formed of earth, or paved, and had a moderate incline 
 (20-25°) °f varying breadth (5-8 m.). At Tiryns and 
 Mycenae (I speak here of the first foundation of the 
 citadel, before the southern extension was undertaken and 
 
X 
 
 TROJAN WALLS OF SUN-DRIED BRICKS. 
 
 the Lions’ Gate built) these ramps lay (and still lie) 
 close along the walls, in such a manner that the assailant 
 was forced to expose his unshielded right side to the 
 defenders. In Troy, on the contrary, where a dry moat 
 had to be crossed, the dam-like ramps lead direct to the 
 gates, and are consequently at right angles with the line 
 of the wall. Both the ground-plans and the sections 
 of the circuit walls show marked differences. The variety 
 of the building materials and of the site accounts for that. 
 
 The walls of the Pergamos show the simplest structure, 
 because lime quarry-stones of middling size have been used 
 for the substructures, while sun-dried bricks were used lor 
 the upper part. The limestones are laid horizontally in 
 layers without any sort of cement ; but the wall is escarped 
 from without (the angle of Inclination is at first 45 0 , then 
 6q°) while the inner side rises vertically. The scarp, or 
 batter, fulfils a twofold object ; it makes the undermining 
 of the wall more difficult, and also diminishes the absolute 
 heights for the upper structure. This latter, built of sun- 
 dried bricks with clay mortar, had an average thickness of 
 3 l_ 4 m., and 'within, a similar height. Its strength was 
 increased by means of inserted beams of wood, which recur 
 at fixed levels and are placed longitudinally in the wall 
 as well as across it— a structure often repeated in stone 
 building. There must have been a rampart way along the 
 top of the wall with a protecting parapet. We can also 
 infer from the existing remains an average elevation of 
 9-10 m.; and thus the wall was externally secure from 
 escalade. The weakest front was the south side; it was 
 therefore provided with a dry moat, the width of which can 
 be inferred from the flank measurements of the gateway, 
 and may be fixed at 16-17 m. Its depth cannot have been 
 
 less than 3 m. 
 
 Quite different are the fortifications of Tiryns and 
 Mycenae. The escarped substruction of free-stone was 
 omitted, being replaced by the rising rock which could 
 
CYCLOPEAN WALLS BONDED WITH CLAY. 
 
 XI 
 
 easily, where necessary, be made inaccessible by subsequent 
 chiselling. Then, as good free-stone was to be found 
 quite close by, the use of sun-dried bricks could be con- 
 siderably limited, or entirely dispensed with. 
 
 The greater part of the walls of Tiryns consists of lime- 
 stone blocks of large, even colossal size, the interstices 
 being filled up with smaller stones. Throughout, a hori- 
 zontal jointing is attempted, as far as possible, with the 
 stones already split in the quarry to obtain an under- 
 surface, and rudely worked with heavy hammers on the 
 other surfaces. There is no trace of ashlar masonry, or 
 real polygonal bonding; but it is obvious, from mathe- 
 matical considerations, that at the numerous salient and in- 
 verted angles the rude, longish, polyedra must have been 
 wrought into clumsy parallelopipeda to construct these 
 angles. Hence, upon careful examination, there is clearly 
 to be seen in many* places an approach to a horizontal 
 jointing, though rising and falling in crooked lines. 
 
 I conjecture that in the construction of all so-called 
 Cyclopean walls a strong mortar of loam, or potter’s clay, 
 was used as bedding material, which facilitated the laying, 
 joining, and further piling up of the stones, but dried up 
 afterwards, and, by being gradually washed away, finally 
 disappeared. Hence there resulted, in many places, both 
 vertical and horizontal joints sufficiently large to make 
 the scaling of the wall possible to experienced climbers, 
 especially if the wall itself was slightly escarped. As close 
 fitting with oblong or polygonal blocks was not yet usual, 
 this danger was obviated by choosing, for the lowest and 
 middle courses, blocks so large that they could not be 
 surmounted either by upward or oblique climbing. This 
 view is supported, first, by the circumstance that some 
 stones in the interstices lie there loosely now, because they 
 are no longer held together by pressure, and chiefly by the 
 fact, that the largest blocks are only found in the lower and 
 middle courses on the outside. Hence I am disposed to 
 
xii EARLIEST AND LATER SETTLEMENT AT TIRYNS. 
 
 attribute the use of the colossal quarry-stones at Tiryns at 
 least as much to this practical reason as to the ambition 
 of the founder of the stronghold. He has indeed, in this 
 latter respect, raised for himself a monument of the first 
 rank. I have myself measured in many instances on the 
 upper citadel, blocks of 2 *90-3* 20 m. in length, by 1 • 10- 
 1-50 in height. Their depth was not measurable, but 
 may be taken at 1-20-1-50 m. We thus obtain a weight 
 of from 12-13,000 kgs. for a rudely-prepared block, the 
 transport of which, to its exact place on a high and narrow 
 site, was only possible with the aid of many technical devices 
 — inclined planes and scaffolding — and a host of workmen. 
 Even middle-sized stones, easily measurable in their chief 
 dimensions, weigh 3700-4000 kgs. These figures are im- 
 portant, as proving that the citadel we see before us, and 
 whose gigantic blocks even in antiquity excited astonish- 
 ment and admiration, cannot have bffen built in a hurry, 
 in the sight of the enemy, or as the first stronghold of an 
 invasion based on maritime supremacy. If, indeed, the 
 country was here suddenly invaded from the seaside, the 
 first fortress must have consisted of wood and sun-dried 
 bricks ; for the colossal walls tell every one able to read the 
 language of stones, that their erection can only have been 
 effected in a long period of peace, by a ruler with unusual 
 resources of power, and who had trained workmen under 
 his permanent control. 
 
 In support of the idea, that we have in Tiryns not the 
 first, but the second structure on that site, many additional 
 reasons may be adduced. In the first place, under the 
 foundations of the palace on the upper citadel, occur 
 undoubted traces of older buildings; among them, the 
 substructure of a huge gate-tower, over which the outer 
 Propylaeum was afterwards erected. But if the inner part 
 of the citadel was made a good stronghold, the outer 
 must have been so a fortiori. This confirms my second 
 observation, that in the wall of the nether citadel there are, 
 
THE WALLS OF MYCENyE. 
 
 Xlll 
 
 in many places, vertical joints coming down, sometimes, to 
 the rock, which show clearly that this part was not built at 
 one and the same time, but in several divisions. Probably 
 the older and cheaper defence of wood and sun-dried 
 bricks was retained here till it could be replaced gradually 
 bv a more solid stone structure. 
 
 The section of the wall is not uniform, but is generally 
 massive in the nether citadel. Here the depth varies from 
 7 to 9 m. ; the outer height, no longer measurable, may have 
 also been 9 m. The broad rampart way along the top of 
 the wall was contracted closely by massive towers in several 
 places, perhaps even blocked, so that it might be defended 
 in sections. There are deep niches in the wall, covered 
 by rude corbelling out of the blocks, not so much to 
 save material as to gain room. In the upper citadel the 
 thickness of the wall increases to 13, 15, even 1 7 m., but no 
 longer represents a massive block of wall — e.g. in the S.E. 
 corner and along the S. front — but a systematically con- 
 nected cluster of rooms (stairs, galleries, magazines, cisterns, 
 and casemates), which are all built of large blocks, and are 
 all covered on a system of corbelling, so as to be fireproof. 
 The whole, though partially fallen in, is an astonishing 
 specimen of fortification and construction dating back to 
 hoary antiquity. A huge double tower, with cellars, which 
 perhaps contained prisons, flanked the south part of the 
 W. wall. A second, still greater, in the E. wall, com- 
 manded the main entrance. Smaller solid towers were 
 probably here distributed along the wall, as well as in the 
 lower citadel. 
 
 The walls of Mycenas do not possess the general uni- 
 formity which marks those at Tiryns ; one recognises there 
 various kinds of work, done at periods the succession 
 of which cannot now be determined The construction of 
 the nucleus is, no doubt, almost everywhere the same : it 
 consists of roughly-shaped limestone blocks piled up one 
 upon the other, and bonded by small stones and clay. 
 
XIV 
 
 OLDEST OUTER WALLS OF MYCENAE 
 
 But there also appear, outside, large stretches of perfectly 
 horizontal ashlar-masonry ; in some spots even the best 
 close-fitting polygonal bonding. It is known from the 
 history of Greek architecture that this last kind of budding 
 belongs everywhere to a comparatively late period, and has 
 no connection with the so-called Cyclopean constructions. 
 At Mycenm this best, but most costly, kind of wall seems 
 to have been applied only where damaged places (breaches, 
 slips) had to be subsequently repaired permanently, or 
 completely renewed. 
 
 Considerably older than this patchwork with polygonal 
 blocks is the ashlar masonry, which first occurs here, and 
 which consists of layers of oblong rectangles, with studied 
 variation in the vertical joints. That this does not belong 
 to the earliest building of the fort, is at once clear from the 
 fact, that the northern wall of the approach to the Lions’ 
 Gate consists of two parts separated vertically : first, of a 
 thick core of limestone piled up in Cyclopean fashion ; and 
 then, of a relatively thin coating of oblong blocks of breccia, 
 in the lower strata of which no bond-stones are to be found. 
 The southern wall of the same approach shows the same 
 oblong ashlar masonry of breccia, not laid on, howecer, 
 as a mere coating without binding-stones, but joined 
 thoroughly with the core-structure. From both observa- 
 tions it follows with absolute certainty that the oblong 
 ashlar masonry must be more recent than the old Cyclo- 
 pean limestone building, and is only connected with the 
 extension of the fortress towards the south, and with the 
 erection of the Lions Gate. 
 
 The oldest outer wall of Mycenae is all of the same 
 stamp m , it is built in Cyclopean fashion, like that of Tiry ns, 
 but throughout with smaller blocks of stone. It closely 
 surrounded a triangular hill, which is in places very r steep, 
 and which could only be terraced with the help of 
 numerous supporting walls, and thereby 7 ' made fit to beai 
 an upper fortress in the middle, and two lower ones ; the 
 
ITS LIONS’ GATE. 
 
 XV 
 
 latter lying to the east and west respectively. The old 
 ascent with its incline was probably at the S. side, above 
 the well-known pit-graves discovered by Dr. Schliemann ; 
 and the last part of the ascent went from E. to W., so that 
 the unshielded side of the assailant was here again exposed. 
 From the first there were two gates here. Besides the 
 chief gate — in the middle of the old south front — the 
 position of which cannot be determined without further 
 excavations, there was the above-mentioned water-gate on 
 the N.E., which, like the central gate at Troy, had a tower 
 as a superstructure. The circuit-wall is, generally speaking, 
 much thinner than that of Tiryns ; its average thickness is 
 5 rn. However, in the N. and S.E. there are portions 
 increasing to the thickness of 14 m. The occurrence, in 
 one place in the N. wall, of remains of a gallery leads to 
 the conjecture that, later on, a careful examination of the 
 masses of ruins which have tumbled down, will bring to 
 light similar arrangements of stairs, galleries, store-rooms, 
 and casemates, to those at Tiryns. 
 
 At a later period the fortress was enlarged southward ; 
 evidently to gam more room for the increased requirements 
 of kingly power. Then, not only was a new gate — the 
 well-known Lions’ Gate — added ; but the whole N.W. 
 corner, in order to give it a grander appearance, was 
 dressed with the above-mentioned thin coat of oblong 
 square blocks of breccia. Better than this strengthening, 
 which was only for show, was the erection of the strong 
 oblong tower of the same material, jutting out at the S. 
 side like a mole, and destined to defend the approach to 
 the new gate, and make the western finish to the new 
 extension wall on the S. It was a very necessary advanced 
 work for the security of the weak gate. Then, also, the 
 old ascent to the fort, which came from the S.W. and 
 swept round, loop-like, towards the W , was given up ; and, 
 as a further consequence, the Castle ramp was carried up 
 from another direction. It now went straight up from the 
 
XVI 
 
 MONUMENTAL SHAPE OF THE GATES. 
 
 Lions’ Gate, hence in a favourable position for the assailant ; 
 but the builder could afford to make this apparent error, 
 because the ramp lay now no longer outside, but inside the 
 circuit-wall, and was therefore amply protected. 
 
 The gates show differences not less significant than 
 those of the walls. The oldest kind of construction is 
 exhibited in the S. central gate of the Pergamos of Troy, 
 that primitive and massive solid structure of sun-dried 
 bricks, cut through by the narrow gateway. Its roof was 
 constructed, as in the gallery of a mine, by side posts with 
 close timbering above, and it had an upper storey with a 
 platform and breast-work. This rude and simple structure 
 shows that the very old Oriental method of vaulting with 
 sun-dried bricks was unknown at Troy, and that they 
 strove to solve the problem before them in a not very 
 monumental fashion. The covering of the S.W. gate 
 leading to the wells was probably similar ; but trustworthy 
 indications are wanting in the excavated remains. 
 
 When the central gate was abandoned in consequence 
 of the enlargement of the fort, the S.W. gate was rebuilt 
 on another plan, suggested by the S.E. gate — viz. in the 
 form of a sluice-chamber with two portals, and with short 
 vestibules bounded by side-walls. This form of gate is 
 also characteristic of Troy, and deserves all the more atten- 
 tion, as we here have the fundamental idea of the later 
 propugnaculum. Tiryns and Mycenae do not, it is true, 
 possess this form of gate ; but in the Propylaea of the 
 palace of Tiryns a similar architectural principle has been 
 applied, and indeed in a more advanced form. 
 
 If in the gates of Troy we still find wood largely 
 used, the gates of the other two fortresses show, on the 
 contrary, a perfectly monumental shape. The cases neces- 
 sary for the doors consist here of great and hard stones 
 (breccia), and the lintel is relieved of the superincum- 
 bent weight by obliquely corbelled layers of stone, which 
 close above in triangular form. Thin slabs — one or two, 
 
THE PORTAL POSTERN AT TIRYNS. . xvii 
 
 according to the depth-— fill this triangular opening, in 
 order to prevent climbing over the closed gate. Such a 
 structure with two slabs is still preserved in the little N.E. 
 gate at Mj xente, while the Lions’ Gate probably always 
 possessed but the one with the famous relief. The proximity 
 in situation, as well as the historical connection expressed 
 in the legends, explain the many points of similarity in the 
 two fortresses, not only in structure but in detail — to wit : 
 the identical measurements in the clear, and other tech- 
 nical aids to fortification, such as the construction of the 
 threshold, the arrangement of the bolting-bar for the gate 
 wings, See. This is also true of the little side gates, posterns 
 with their modest triangular structures of corbelled layers, to 
 which, as there were no framing stones, a closing apparatus 
 could only be applied in a very incomplete manner. The 
 most interesting postern is found in the western semi- 
 circular structure of the wall of Tiryns. It is connected 
 by a flight of sixty-five steps, first, with the middle fortress, 
 but also by a second flight of steps and by a narrow zigzag 
 passage with the interior of the palace, as well as with the 
 upper circuit-wall. Accordingly, messengers might come 
 and go — particularly in the direction of the sea — by this 
 secret way, without using the main entrance ; and during a 
 siege the semicircular structure could at the same time be 
 used to collect troops for a sortie. Moreover, the remains 
 of a chamber, found at a considerable height above it, show 
 that at this important point a look-out was established. 
 
 N ext to the outer shell of walls and gates comes 
 naturally the examination of the core, which was the 
 dwelling-place of the ruler. Unfortunately, there is far less 
 material extant for this second kind of architecture than foi 
 the first. The citadel Pergamos gave but few results, 
 because the separation of the strata of building was here 
 very difficult, because in the earlier years of the excavations 
 much had been inadvertently destroyed. Nevertheless, 
 some comparisons are possible. It is even more to be 
 
 b 
 
xv iii the royal palace at tiryns. 
 
 deplored that the extensive ruins on the acropolis of 
 My cense continue to be a book with seven seals, which 
 every scholar must long to have soon opened by systematic 
 researches. For even now a surface of ^0—60 m., which 
 fairly corresponds, as the site for a palace, to that at Tiryns, 
 can be recognised on the highest top. From the graduated 
 formation of the ground we may conclude that the acropolis 
 of Mycenae, with its palace, must have made outwardly a 
 far more imposing impression than the princely dwelling 
 at Tiryns, which was half hidden behind its gigantic walls. 
 
 Under these circumstances, the results which we owe 
 to the closer examination of the fortress at Tiryns, are of 
 all the greater value. This is, so far, the only source 
 from which we can draw a direct and clear idea of the 
 architecture of an ancient Greek royal palace. 
 
 What first strikes us in examining the ground-plan, is 
 the orientation, towards the S., of the rooms most used. 
 This arrangement seems due to two causes. First, the 
 palace was to be made habitable at all seasons ; for the 
 warmth of the sun was required in winter, the summer heat 
 being kept off by the national method of building with 
 thick walls of sun-dried bricks and roofs of wood, covered 
 with clay. Secondly, it was desirable to keep an eye always 
 on the neighbouring Nauplia and the broad entrance of 
 the gulf. An architect’s eye is next attracted by the very 
 skilful distribution of all the portions of the building on 
 the space afforded by nature and much limited by art. 
 If, as was obvious, the principal room of the palace — the 
 Men's Hall— was to occupy the highest place, and, on 
 account of the outlook on Nauplia, had to be moved as 
 near as possible to the S. side, then these two require- 
 ments could only be satisfied by making the eastern 
 approach start from the N., ascend in a great sweep, and 
 end at a suitable distance from that main room. This was 
 done, and indeed so as to make the first greater section of 
 the way everywhere still capable of defence. It is only with 
 
MEN’S AND WOMEN’S HALLS. 
 
 XIX 
 
 the great Propylaeum that the huge rampart whose only- 
 aim and object, at first, was security, makes way for a 
 style of building intended for the purposes of comfortable 
 human occupation. The form and grouping of its rooms 
 had to satisfy the various demands which a princely house- 
 hold has made for itself at all times, both in a real and 
 an ideal sense. Proud seclusion towards without ; suitable 
 accommodation for guards and domestics about roomy 
 courts ; dignified approaches up to the reception room ; 
 finally, convenient connection of the dwelling-rooms 
 proper, both one with another and with the outer rooms — 
 and all this well lighted, and yet shady and cool : these are 
 the requirements of a palace in the South. If with this 
 basis to go upon we add the aids given us by Homer in his 
 characteristic descriptions of princely life, we are able, in 
 spite of sundry gaps, to explain correctly the wonderfully 
 well-preserved ground-plan in its main features. 
 
 There can be no doubt about the central part of the 
 plan. The large Men’s Hall, distinguished by a stately 
 ante-room, and the very much smaller Women’s Hall, 
 each lying contiguous to an inner court surrounded with 
 colonnades, are conspicuous at once ; next, the remarkable 
 bath-room, close to the larger Megaton. Considering the 
 custom of the Heroic Age of giving strangers a bath 
 soon after their arrival, the position of the guest-chambers, 
 as well as of the servants’ rooms, must be sought near the 
 bath-room — that is, at the W. side of the principal court, 
 where now, by the fall of the circuit-wall, there is a great 
 gap. In the same way, we may set down the small inner 
 court, lying close beside the Women's Court (XXX on 
 Plan II.), as a yard devoted to the domestic economy, 
 and the adjoining rooms to the S. as housewifery rooms ; 
 for it is worthy of remark that this court is not con- 
 creted, and, doubtless, on account of the continual inter- 
 course with the outside, was in direct communication with 
 the first great Propylaeum. Finally we have here, and 
 
 b 2 
 
XX 
 
 THE ALTAR OF ZEUS HERKEIOS. 
 
 here only, two separate conduits within the domestic 
 rooms, which carry off water southward, and point to a 
 large use of water. The rooms in the N.E. corner, closely 
 connected with the women s apartment, were at once, and I 
 think rightly, designated as the bed-chamber of the married 
 pair, and the armoury and treasure rooms of the ruler. 
 
 Moreover, this handsomely and practically arranged 
 building was not wanting in an ideal centre-point, where 
 the ruler, surrounded by his people, thankfully offered 
 sacrifices to the gods or sought their will ; and this was 
 the altar of Zeus Herkeios, built under the open sky, in 
 the shape of a circular sacrificial pit. Like a guardian of 
 the threshold, it stands in the main court, close to the 
 inner vestibule ; forming, at the same time, the end of the 
 main axis of the Men’s Hall. It was an admirably chosen 
 spot for setting up a structure the importance of which 
 needed no enhancement from art, which was to remind 
 one of peace, to afford protection, and to hallow the going 
 in and the coming out. 
 
 But although the plan of the inner palace is intelligible 
 in its main features, it is less easy to tell with certainty the 
 destination of the buildings about the great fore-court. In 
 position and form, it is true, the two pillared vestibules are 
 at once distinguishable. Their object, too, is plain; they 
 were to separate, practically, the inner and the outer parts, 
 and combine them artistically. In addition, we may also 
 regard the rooms between the two gates as very well suited 
 for guards and servants. But everything else to the W. 
 and S. remains doubtful ; the fall of the western wall, and 
 the erection of the Byzantine Church to the S., have 
 destroyed all useful indications. Yet this loss must not be 
 over-estimated. To the W., not much more than a portico 
 can have stood, as the course of the upper circuit-wall 
 leaves but little room ; and to the S., the almost immediate 
 vicinity of the gigantic fortification, with its stairs, galleries, 
 and magazines, suggests, that with the exception of some 
 
THE ORIENTAL INFLUENCES. 
 
 XXI 
 
 buildings for outer husbandry uses, the majority of rooms 
 once here situated must also have served for defensive 
 purposes. 
 
 N. of the palace extends a somewhat lower terrace, 
 with an average breadth of 30 m. — the so-called middle 
 citadel — the excavation of which has scarcely led to any 
 satisfactory results. Neither its connection with the lower 
 citadel, nor its immediate connection with the approach to 
 the Castle, has been established. Yet we may conjecture 
 that here, too, a part of the garrison was posted, because the 
 important way to the W. postern and sally-gate passed 
 through here, and the not less important back-stairs to 
 the palace began here. So momentous a point of the 
 citadel must have been under permanent military guard. 
 Hence it results that the house of the prince was shut in, 
 and carefully guarded on all sides, by gates, walled ap- 
 proaches, watch-posts, and barracks. This main feature 
 in the plan seems to point to Oriental influences. 
 
 What kind of buildings the lower citadel once enclosed, 
 is as unknown as their order, form, and size, the spade 
 having only felt its way here, instead of excavating ; so that, 
 excepting some graves, nothing important has been as yet 
 discovered. Perhaps the first town settlement stood here. 
 
 The ground-plan of the palace shows, in my opinion, a 
 distinct uniformity of design, in spite of some later addi- 
 tions and alterations, and gives us a very favourable idea of 
 the talent and experience of its architect. The principal 
 rooms are arranged in clear order about courts admitting 
 full light and air ; they are suitably disposed and easily 
 accessible. They have no want of good and often twofold 
 connection. Particular facility is afforded for the separate 
 home work of serving-men and maids ; and the urgent need 
 of secret exit and intercourse with the outside is not 
 forgotten. 
 
 We obtain valuable hints also as regards the technical 
 capabilities of the builder. The walls, constructed of sun- 
 
XXII ALL PILLARS AND PILASTERS OF WOOD. 
 
 dried bricks with tie-beams, rest on foundations of free-stone 
 bonded with clay. The thresholds consist partly of wood, 
 mostly of stone ; they show us the dimension, arrangement, 
 and method of fixing of the thick wooden doors. Astonish- 
 ment is created by the monolith floor of the bath-room, 
 weighing 2,0,000 kg. What mechanical efforts must its 
 transport and placing at this elevation have cost! Its site, 
 when once chosen, must have been decisive for the 
 arrangement of all the chief rooms, and so we may infer that 
 essential changes of the first plan never took place. Else- 
 where, too, the laying of the floors in most of the rooms and 
 chief courts is carefully considered, and, in connection there- 
 with, the important question of draining systematically 
 treated— a sure proof of an advanced state of culture. 
 
 The structure shows much variety in the formation of 
 its rooms : large and small courts ; pillared and unpillared 
 vestibules ; even a three-aisled state-room, with ante-room. 
 Like the roofs, all the supports, pillars, pilasters, and door- 
 posts were of wood. That the visible wooden surfaces 
 were even coated with sheet-metal is not impossible, but 
 scarcely probable, or else some remains of the metal sheets 
 would have been found in the ruins. As to the form of 
 the pillars, nothing certain could be discovered. But the 
 still measurable traces of their standing-places, of various 
 dimensions — together with the heights, which we are taught 
 by experience can be deduced from the thickness of the 
 walls — lead us to the sure inference, that the pillars were of 
 slender proportions : namely, 1 : 7 or 1 : 8 ; sometimes even 
 1 : 10. If, for example, we assume for the side-walls of the 
 Men’s Hall, which are 1 ■ 32 m. thick, five times this height — 
 which is rather too little than too much — we obtain a height 
 of 6 • 60 m. up to the lower surface of the two thick girders 
 which carried the roof, and so with the now measurable 
 lower diameter of the pillars (o' 66 m.), a proportion of 
 1 : 9 • 9 1 . A similar result — viz. 1 : 9 — is obtained by a com- 
 parison of the corresponding measurements of the great 
 
LIGHTING OF THE ROOMS. 
 
 XX111 
 
 Prothvron. These are also the minimum proportions com- 
 monly employed in wooden structures for supports. 
 
 The rotting, dry or wet, of the shafts was obviated by 
 a moderate elevation of the base on fiat stone supports. 
 We do not know, however, how the mischief of settlement 
 and splitting of the wooden pillars, caused by their drying, 
 was technically counterbalanced ; yet, this point, so im- 
 portant practically for any southern climate, has been well 
 considered in the construction of the pilasters. Both in 
 Troy, and in Tiryns it was preferred to make the antes, 
 throughout, of a number of thin posts rather than of 
 one beam. 
 
 As to the construction of the wooden roofs, as well as 
 the form, division, and connection of the roof beams, we 
 are left to conjecture in the absence of certain indications. 
 From the fact that the widest span does not exceed 5 • 64 m., 
 we may indeed infer roofs of great weight ; but we cannot 
 determine whether they were made in the primaeval, simple 
 fashion of a close row of unhewn round beams, such as the 
 Lycian rock-tombs represent, and the Lions’ Gate relief and 
 the faqade of one of the beehive-tombs at Mycenae suggest ; 
 or of hewn beams set at fixed intervals, with a cover of 
 boards and a coating of clay. Probably both methods were 
 used side by side, the first for the subordinate chambers, 
 the latter for the chief rooms. In no case can we assume 
 an artistic formation of overhanging roofs with architectural 
 members of terra-cotta. 
 
 The lighting of separate rooms was certainly, according 
 to southern habits, through the door ; the majority, how- 
 ever, probably obtained their light by elevated lateral aper- 
 tures. I suppose that the triple-naved Men’s Hall was also 
 lighted only by an uninterrupted row of side windows 
 treated after the manner of a frieze, between the beam-ends 
 close under the roof. Lighting on the clerestory principle, 
 immediately over the hearth, is too objectionable practically, 
 especially for winter weather, to make it, in my opinion, 
 
XXIV 
 
 DESIGNS FROM EGYPTIAN SOURCES. 
 
 likely. The construction of a wooden central nave on 
 slender and widely-separated pillars is in itself complicated 
 enough, and as regards the weight produced by the widely- 
 projecting roof, not without danger in the case of violent 
 storms. 
 
 Then, the important discovery of the so-called kyanos- 
 frieze of alabaster is to be taken into account. As this 
 architectural member, so remarkable for its original beauty 
 and decorative splendour, must certainly have been intended 
 to be clearly seen, it required a specially good lateral light- 
 ing, and it is therefore very possible that it was situated 
 over the place where it w f as found, on the side wall ot the 
 vestibule, close under the roof. With this I connect the 
 further conjecture, that the axes of the upper windows 
 of the great Megaron between the beds of the beams, 
 and also the beams themselves in their main measurements, 
 may have agreed with the corresponding architectural 
 members of the kyanos-frieze, so that these latter may 
 afford us an important basis for the graphic reconstruction 
 of the Megaron roof. The extraordinary simplicity of the 
 system which results therefrom, both for roofing and 
 lighting, recommends this hypothesis. 
 
 Lastly, the palace also possessed the important artistic 
 and sympathetic element of coloured decoration — of a 
 decoration which was not confined to the introduction of 
 organic or geometrical ornaments, but even embraced 
 figure-painting. We may expect the complete reproduc- 
 tion and full discussion of this epoch-making find of most 
 archaic wall-painting to form a lasting basis of an important 
 chapter in classical art history. Of great value is, at any 
 rate, the easily recognisable fact that certain decorative 
 designs here painted on the wall, and repeated in chiselled 
 relief on the stone-roof at Orchomenos, undoubtedly come 
 from Egyptian sources. 
 
 On the citadel of Troy also stood a palace of similar 
 plan and construction to that at Tiryns ; this is now a 
 
THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE TOMBS. 
 
 XXV 
 
 fact established beyond the possibility of cavil, after the 
 renewed reproduction and discussion of some large struc- 
 tures, formerly regarded as temples. In the walls, unfor- 
 tunately much destroyed, certain chief rooms, and parti- 
 cularly characteristic architectural parts, can be forthwith 
 recognised and determined, as soon as the plan of Tiryns is 
 brought into comparison. I refer to a stately Men’s Hall 
 lying S.E. (larger than that at Tiryns), with a hearth and a 
 vestibule ; close to it, a smaller hall with vestibule and 
 special back-room — perhaps the women’s apartment ; and 
 in front of both, separated by a court, a Prothyron of 
 modest dimensions, no doubt, but closely allied in form 
 and structure to the Propylasa of Tiryns. As regards the 
 construction of walls and antes, there is also so unmistak- 
 able an analogy, that missing architectural members, such 
 as pillars, the vestiges of whose standing-places are gone, 
 can be supplemented with great probability. This point 
 too — the surprising agreement of Tiryns and Troy, both 
 in the artistic and the technical aspects of their style 
 of building — is one of the most important facts for the 
 history of art, which we owe to Dr. Schliemann’s latest 
 researches. 
 
 A third kind of architecture , that of tombs, has also 
 received much elucidation. Though the number of such 
 monuments has been but little increased, valuable analogies 
 to older and well-known buildings of this kind have turned 
 up, and new forms of graves were discovered. It was still 
 more important that a methodically conducted inquiry 
 repeatedlv came upon still untouched graves, and succeeded 
 in preserving all their contents, with an accurate account 
 of all the facts of the find. Hence we have before us 
 materials as extensive as they are significant ; their thorough 
 scientific treating has only just commenced. I confine 
 myself to the accentuation of some principal points of view 
 as regards their architectural side. 
 
 How comfortably and securely the ruler dwelt in his 
 
XXVI 
 
 ROCK-TOMBS AND PIT-GRAVES. 
 
 castle through his life, the architectural remains of Tiryns 
 and Troy have proved to us. How he was laid to rest 
 at his death, and how gracefully, nay monumentally, his 
 last abode was adorned, we learn from the sepulchres of 
 Mycenae and Orchomenos, especially from the beehive- 
 tombs of both places. We are sorry to miss the analo- 
 gous cases which might have been furnished by Tiryns 
 and Troy. The former, apart from some simple earth- 
 graves in the lower citadel, has yielded us no material ; 
 and of Troy almost the same may be said. For, the im- 
 mense barrows which surround Troy at various distances, 
 were unexpectedly found by the excavations to be ceno- 
 taphs. Some of them have indeed a core of stone, circular 
 and parting walls to secure the earth, but no chambers or 
 receptacles for bodies. As, with two exceptions — that of 
 the tumulus of Besika Tepeh in the Plain of Troy, and 
 the so-called tomb of Protesilaus in the Chersonesus, 
 which was excavated, but not architecturally examined — 
 all these barrows seem to be of more recent date than the 
 epoch of the walls, gates, and palaces of the Pergamos, 
 they are beyond the range of our present subject. 
 
 Of subordinate value, architecturally, are the rock- 
 tombs of Nauplia and Spata. Their ground-plans, con- 
 sisting of an approach and one or more chambers, are 
 very simple ; the proportions are small, and the technical 
 arrangement is confined to what is absolutely necessary. 
 The only ascertained fact of importance is, that these 
 tombs, though temporarily closed, were still used for a 
 long time. Plence the architectural features admit of 
 no inference as to their date; only the objects found, 
 which are partly very peculiar, point to an epoch not 
 far removed from that of the buildings of Tiryns and 
 Mycenae. 
 
 A distinct contrast to these grotto-tombs is afforded 
 by the six so-called pit-graves , in the southern extension of 
 the fortress of Mycenae, which, in the year 1876, yielded 
 
THE GRAVE-TERRACE AT MYCENAL 
 
 XXV] l 
 
 the fortunate discoverer a splendid museum of precious 
 objects of art. In my opinion the dead were here as else- 
 where buried ; not, however, in quadrangular rock-chambers, 
 but in flat rock-cut graves, which were covered with earth, 
 and marked with unadorned tombstones. It was only after 
 a little necropolis (seventeen persons in six graves) had 
 gradually arisen,* that it was changed into a sepulchral 
 terrace of moderate height at the foot of the precipitous 
 cliff, by means of a semicircular supporting wall, and with 
 sculptured tomb -steles. The forming of a level tomb-terrace 
 in a place where it would have been quite easy to hollow 
 out the adjoining rock-walls into sepulchral chambers, is 
 a fact of great importance. It proves, I think, that the 
 founder who ordered the building, seeing that he followed 
 a wholly different custom from that of the men who were 
 buried then or a little later at Spata and Nauplia, must 
 have been of different race from them. We may further 
 see in the choice of the place, as well as in the artistic, 
 though very simple, arrangement of the structure with its 
 marking stones, the deliberate object of maintaining the 
 memory of individual members of the family here buried. 
 This object has been attained. Even at the critical 
 time when the citadel had to be extended to the S., 
 this terrace, in spite of pressing architectural needs, was 
 spared with pious care. Nothing proves this plainer than 
 the suddenly and abruptly changed course of the southern 
 circuit-wall, at the S.W. corner, which was made in order 
 to bring the way necessary for communication in its full 
 width along the terrace surrounded by the circular wall. 
 Nay, even more was done. Finally — either immediately 
 after the building of the Lions’ Gate, or even later — the 
 grave-terrace was again raised, surrounded with a boundary 
 of broad stone slabs set upright ; and by means of a gate 
 
 * See my contrary view, at the end of this Preface.— Henry 
 SCHLIEMANN. 
 
xxvili THE BEEHIVE-TOMBS AT MYCENAE ; 
 
 through this boundary towards the N., a direct and solemn 
 entrance was attained from the Lions’ Gate. 
 
 Considering all this, and moreover the manifold and 
 extremely rich contents of the pit-graves, there can be 
 no doubt that the remarkable necropolis re-discovered by 
 Dr. Schliemann contains the resting-place of the founder 
 of the Castle and his kin. It was for ever held sacrosanct. 
 Originally lying outside, at the old approach to the 
 fortress, and afterwards included in the circuit of the walls, 
 this family sepulchre was at last made into a sacred enclo- 
 sure with an entrance gate, in order to celebrate solemn 
 rites there. It was therefore no agora , but a temenos , 
 like the Pelopion or Hippodameion at Olympia, but 
 circular in form, and with far more real contents than 
 those hallowed places. As the legend only recognises one 
 founder of Mycenae — Perseus, — we are entitled to designate 
 these pit-graves as those of the Persidae. 
 
 It is only with the help of this theory, slowly and care- 
 fully elaborated from repeated and careful examination of 
 the place, as regards the original situation and arrangement 
 of the pit-graves, that we can explain two facts, otherwise 
 very puzzling : first, that, against all rules and principles of 
 fortification, a considerable part of the lower citadel was 
 sacrificed to a cemetery which acted as a most incon- 
 venient bar ; and secondly, that the graves lie not only 
 under an artificial accumulation of earth 7-8 m. deep, but 
 are moreover cut into the adjoining rock. 
 
 Whilst, therefore, the chief value of the pit-graves — apart 
 from their precious and, in some degree, unique contents — 
 lies for us in the gain for the topography and relative chrono- 
 logy of Mycenae, the beehive-tombs found there afford the 
 most valuable materials for the history of architecture. 
 
 Beehive-tombs, in the strict sense, have hitherto only 
 been found on Greek soil. Asia Minor as yet gives us 
 none ; and similar buildings in Italy are but late deriva- 
 tions from old Greek models. 
 
THEIR TECHNICAL EXECUTION. 
 
 XXIX 
 
 Beehive-tombs consist of conically erected round 
 chambers of ashlar stones, which in building were already 
 covered externally with small stones bedded in clav-mortar, 
 and when finished, so completely piled over with earth 
 that they appear, outside, like simple barrow-graves. They 
 are, therefore, artificial subterranean chambers, with a 
 central chamber containing only two boundary surfaces ; 
 namely, the natural floor, and the artificial wall. As the 
 horizontal layers of stone, on a system of corbelling, 
 form the roof, nb separation is visible between wall and 
 roof. Both together form a unity. This simple structural 
 formation points to very ancient models, such as round 
 tents, half-subterranean earth huts, &c. ; but it appears 
 here in its monumental and artistic execution, at least in 
 three cases, as a climax which certainly was attained only 
 after many earlier attempts. 
 
 The technical execution was not easy, as the sepulchral 
 chamber was to be kept dry, and also to be for a long time 
 accessible in dignified manner, in order to allow of other 
 bodies being entombed after the first interment. A door 
 aperture was therefore required, as well as an approach, the 
 former of which was walled up or closed when a beginning 
 was made with the filling up of the approach. The hut- 
 ment, in the construction, was afforded by the thrust of the 
 earth piled on it from without in connection with the 
 adjoining rock, in which, in spite of the troublesome 
 labour of quarrying it out, the whole building was some- 
 times embedded up to a certain height. Twice — at 
 Orchomenos and at Mycenas — the neighbouring rock-wall 
 was even first smoothed down vertically, and then hollowed 
 out, in order to obtain a separate rock-chamber in addition 
 to the beehive-chamber built beside it in the open. The 
 approach ( dromos ), laid out in the form of a trench, but 
 flanked by strong supporting walls, shows, by the expen- 
 siveness of these constructive accessories, what stress was 
 laid upon easy access to the tomb for a long space of 
 
XXX 
 
 THE BEEHIVE-TOMB OF MENIDI. 
 
 time. The doors, which for reasons of practical use 
 are remarkably high and correspondingly broad in dimen- 
 sions, required huge lintels; and these again, to save their 
 being broken, wanted relief from the weight of the wall 
 above. The lintels, therefore, which also acted as tie- 
 beams, were relieved by a triangular aperture, produced by 
 corbelled layers of stone, and in the best examples, at all 
 events, closed within by thin rows of stones ; without, by 
 slabs. This relieving device never served for lighting ; 
 most beehive-graves were permanently covered up, and 
 therefore dark. Only a small minority was kept per- 
 manently open, and received what light was necessary for 
 the beehive-chamber through the door. 
 
 As to orientation, there was no fixed rule : doors and 
 approaches face in all directions. No doubt, the ground 
 and its roads often determined the site. Equally varied is 
 the quality of the building: it rises from the simplest 
 structure of necessity to that of monumental splendour, 
 but is never without a certain solidity, demanded by the 
 very nature of the construction. The proportions also 
 widely differ : the diameter below in the smallest tomb 
 averages 7*20 m. ; in the greatest, 14-62 m. The altitudes 
 seem to have been equal to the span in the clear, or at 
 least approached this proportion. 
 
 Down to the present time we know of eleven beehive- 
 graves in Greece. Six lie before the citadel of Mycenae ; 
 single ones near the Heraeon of Argos, at Pharis in Laconia, 
 at Menidi in Attica, at Orchomenos in Boeotia, and at Volo 
 in Thessaly. As to the subterranean circular chamber on 
 the citadel of Pharsalos, it was certainly a cistern. Four 
 only have been accurately examined, besides the largest at 
 Mycenae : those of the Heraeon, of Menidi, and of Orcho- 
 menos. The second largest Tholos at Mycenae awaits, in 
 spite of the important indications it has afforded, a yet more 
 complete excavation. The tomb of Menidi maintains a 
 certain pre-eminence, because it was found untouched with 
 
THE TOMBS WITH FACADE. 
 
 XXXI 
 
 its rich contents, and when excavated was recognised for 
 certain as the common tomb of six persons. Materially 
 as well preserved, but superior in technical and artistic 
 respects, is the largest beehive-tomb of Mycenae, still erro- 
 neouslv designated as the Treasure-house of Atreus. All 
 the other examples, after the washing away of their cone 
 of earth, have lost their upper part by pulling down, and 
 are filled up with debris as high as the lintel of their 
 portals. 
 
 According to my investigations, this whole species of 
 graves falls into two classes : ( i ) tombs where the approach 
 was blocked up with earth, as soon as interments were 
 over ; (2) tombs where the Dromos remained always open. 
 This distinction is based on the existence of peg-holes 
 in the stone lintels and thresholds of the portals. Peg- 
 holes imply the existence of doors turning upon their 
 hinges ; and so the intention of a permanent access to the 
 beehive-chamber is proved. 
 
 But if the stately portal was to remain for ever visible, 
 then its framing and crowning, and also the slabs closing the 
 relieving space, as well as the upper parts, must be artistically 
 adorned ; in other words, such tombs were furnished with 
 a facade. This was the form and arrangement of the two 
 largest beehive-graves at Mycenae, of that of Orchomenos, 
 probably also of that of Pharis. On the other hand, the 
 excavations at Menidi and the Heraeon have shown, that 
 the portals of all tombs lacking this distinctive feature in 
 their lintels and thresholds, were blocked up with quarry- 
 stones and clay mortar, in order that the approach might 
 be filled up. Besides the two last-named, this also applies 
 to the four smaller tombs at Mycenae, which lie W. and 
 N.W. of the town-hill; none of them had a faqade. 
 
 It is well known that these peculiar buildings were long 
 explained in various ways, sometimes as treasure-houses, 
 sometimes as Chthonian shrines, and, according to vulgar 
 analogies, even as well-chambers. They can never have 
 
XXXii PAUSANIAS’ VISIT TO MYCENAE. 
 
 served the first or third of these uses, for never has a well 
 oi watercourse been found in them, whilst their number 
 and scattered position about Mycenae excludes all possi- 
 bility of their being treasuries. No prince ever kept his trea- 
 sures outside the circuit-wall of his fortress, and therefore 
 the so-called Treasury of Orchomenos, distant ii km. from 
 the Acropolis, cannot, in the ordinary sense of the word, 
 have been the treasury of Minyas, though in Pausamas’ 
 days this title was already fixed upon it by tradition. The 
 origin of the name can be guessed, when we compare the 
 splendid architectural results of the excavation of Orcho- 
 menos with the notice of Pausanias (ix. 38, 2). Beside the 
 beehive-chamber, Dr. Schliemann found a richly-decorated 
 side-chamber cut into the rock, which could be separately 
 closed. This circumstance, as well as the splendid decora- 
 tions of the side chamber, lead us to regard it as the tomb 
 of the founder of the city (either Minyas or Orchomenos), 
 the more so as Pausanias mentions the tombs of Minyas and 
 Hesiod immediately after the Treasury, the structure of 
 which he characterizes very well. Hence we may regard 
 the beehive-chamber as the Heroon of the founder, which, 
 for the purpose of worship, had always to remain accessible, 
 and which, from its original or later furnishing with costly 
 heirlooms or votive gifts, gave rise to the erroneous legend 
 of a treasury. The same explanation probably applies to 
 the Treasury of Hyrieus, to which clung, in the time of 
 Pausanias, the old Egyptian builder’s legend of its having 
 been plundered by the architects Trophonius and Agamedes. 
 
 It is only in this century that the false description has 
 been further extended to the largest beehive -tomb at 
 Mycenae, which has been called the Treasury of Atreus. 
 Pausanias is innocent of this ; his account even contradicts 
 it. The traveller comes to the citadel-walls, passes through 
 the Lions’ Gate, and sees under the ruins of the citadel, 
 besides the artificial well called Perseia, the subterranean 
 treasuries of Atreus and his sons (II., 16, 6). It is then 
 
DISTRIBUTION OF THE ATRIDxE GRAVES. 
 
 XXXlll 
 
 only that his way leads him to the graves of the Atridae, 
 six of which he mentions by name ; adding the express 
 remark, that the last tomb— that of Klytaemnestra and 
 JEgisthus — lay some distance from the city wall, as both 
 were thought unworthy of being buried where Agamemnon 
 and those murdered with him were reposing. From this I 
 draw two conclusions. First, that Pausanias considered his 
 description of the citadel completed when he came to 
 examine the graves of the Atridae. Secondly, that five of 
 these graves lay within the city walls, — namely, those of 
 Atreus, Agamemnon, Eurymedon, the children of Kas- 
 sandra, and Elektra. Now, there are still extant, on the 
 slope of the hill adjoining the fortress to the S.W., six 
 tholoi (vaulted structures), one of which — the north-western 
 one — lies lowest and furthest outside,*' while the two 
 grandest were built close to the citadel on the declivity, 
 and adorned with splendid faqades. From this, the obvious 
 conclusion seems to me perfectly justified, that in these six 
 peculiar structures we not only still possess, in their main 
 parts, the tombs of the Atridae period, which Pausanias saw 
 and described as such, but that we may also designate the 
 two beehive-tombs on the E. slope as the graves of Atreus 
 and Agamemnon, owing to their select position beside the 
 old approach to the fortress, as well as on account of their 
 size and costly building. In accordance with the sequence 
 mentioned by Pausanias, the northern tomb would thus 
 have to be fixed as that of Atreus, the southern as that ot 
 x\gamemnon. Again, of the remaining three, one surpasses 
 the two others in technical execution, in size, in material, 
 and in select position. This is the Tholos, situated only 
 room, from the Lions’ Gate on the N.'VV . slope of the 
 saddle between the town and fortress hills, and which, even 
 
 * The city wall certainly included the upper well of Charvati, and 
 therefore probably ran along the west side, following the hill curve 
 pretty closely at a height of 166 m. (above the sea) as far as the northern 
 ravine. Cf. Steffen, Karten veil Mykenai , Plate 2. 
 
 C 
 
xxxiv COMPARATIVE MEASUREMENTS OF TOMBS. 
 
 on account of its favoured site, may be set down as being, 
 in all likelihood, that of Electra. This assumption again 
 corresponds accurately to the enumeration of Pausanias. 
 For the tourist coming out of the citadel, it was the most 
 natural course, by using the old approach to the Castle, to 
 pass first round the eastern, and then round the western 
 slope of the town hill, and so to end with the tomb of 
 Electra near the Lions’ Gate. The tomb of zEgisthus and 
 Klytaemnestra, lying far away outside the city wall, thus 
 naturally fell into the last place of the peregrination. 
 
 Hence we obtain the following series : at the east slope 
 (i) Atreus, (2) Agamemnon; at the west slope, (3) Eury- 
 medon ; near it, to the west, (4) the children of Kassandra ; 
 
 (5) Electra; and 540 m. to the west of that grave, 
 
 (6) Klytaemnestra and iEgisthus. Now, is it mere accident 
 that of the four tombs on the W. slope, No. 4 is by far 
 the poorest in workmanship, and the smallest in size? As 
 a proof of this statement, I adduce the only point which, 
 owing to the blocking up of the tombs, we can at present 
 bring forward, beyond the examination of the material and 
 technique. I mean the comparison of the upper width of 
 the portals in ten beehive-tombs. The width in the clear, 
 in them, is as follows : 
 
 Orchomenos . . 2-47111. Tomb at the Heneon 1-65111. 
 
 Tomb of Atreus . . 2-4601. Tomb of Eurymedon i-6om. 
 
 Tomb of Agamemnon . 2-42111. Tomb at Menidi (pro- 
 
 Tomb of Electra . 2-3301. bably) . . . 1-5301.* 
 
 Tomb at Pharis . . 1-8301. Tomb of the children: 
 
 Tomb of Klytaemnestra 1-71 ni. only . . . 1-3001. 
 
 We see, from this, the close relation of the measurements 
 of the tombs of Atieus, Agamemnon, and Electra, and 
 what a great contrast, as regards measurement, is offered by 
 the children’s tomb. Its isolated position, also, is surely 
 not without significance. 
 
 Now, although the questions here raised can only be 
 
 An exact statement is wanting. 
 
THE BEEHIVE-TOMB OF MENIDI. 
 
 XXXV 
 
 finally settled after the excavation of all the tholoi at 
 Mycenae, yet so much is already certain, that treasuries are 
 out of the' question, since Tiryns has yielded its evidence— 
 that is, since the remarkable structures in its circuit walls 
 (galleries, magazines, cisterns, &c.), described in this book, 
 have been brought to light. W hat Pausanias saw in the 
 ruins of Mycenae, and admired as the subterranean trea- 
 suries of Atreus and his sons, were not the beehive-graves, 
 but iu x ta-posited vaulted chambers within the quaintly 
 massive structure of the walk, similar to those at Tiryns. 
 And here I may further support my view by bringing the 
 fact to mind, that the so-called treasure of Priam, as well 
 as the larger finds of precious metal at Troy, were dis- 
 covered in like places, namely, close to, or in, the fortress 
 wall: a striking evidence that people used such fireproof 
 and concealed places either permanently, or temporarily — 
 in times of danger— as treasuries. Hence the record ol 
 Pausanias concerning Mycenae rests on a true basis; but 
 his brevity, and the misleading analogy of the Treasury 
 of Minyas, have led to frequent misunderstanding of him. 
 The substantial distinction between treasuries and beehive- 
 tombs rendered it necessary for me to discuss again this 
 much-commented passage. 
 
 The beehive-tomb of Menidi has the oldest archi- 
 tectural character, either because it is really the earliest ot 
 those known to us up till now, or because, from want ot 
 means, it was made in a cheap and rude way of rubble lime- 
 stone. Besides the small dimensions — diameter, 8*35 m. ; 
 width of the approach, 3 m. ; lower width of portal, 1-55 m. 
 
 the first theory would be supported by the absence ot 
 
 all chiselling, and by the fact that the tomb is embedded, 
 not in a rocky slope, but in an earth hill ; also, that there 
 is no pavement, and that the requisite external impermea- 
 bilisation has been much neglected. Most significant, 
 moreover, are the different ways in which the relieving of 
 the lintels has been managed: outside by means of several 
 
XXXVI 
 
 SUPERIORITY OF THE HERTON TOMB. 
 
 slabs laid one over the other, and separated by empty 
 spaces ; inside by a trapezoid gap, closed with stones. 
 Those outside slabs look like a reminiscence of wooden tie- 
 beams, from an older manner of building, working with 
 different materials. 
 
 In all these respects the beehive-tomb at the Herason is 
 superior, although the dromos (approach) is of the same 
 width, and the diameter not much greater. In particular, 
 that tomb produces a better effect by the solid stone work 
 in the dromos walls and the portal. Whilst the supporting 
 walls of the approach are, from the very starting-point, 
 at first made of small, hard, poros-stones with mortar, we 
 come, further in, upon carefully cut, oblong, and cubic 
 blocks, with broadly marked mortar-jointings — just as in 
 northern granite buildings. The walls themselves slightly 
 project, from above, towards the interior. The portal, 
 narrowing a little towards the top, is built of clean-cut 
 square blocks, with a double fascia in front, and three lintel 
 stones of breccia, lying one behind the other ; the hinder- 
 most of which attains the considerable weight of 7800 kg. 
 In the entry there is rude rubble masonry, owing to the 
 walling-up of the tomb, which was no doubt intended 
 from the first, and carried out later. But in the circular 
 chamber the work again improves, although the pointing 
 is not so carefully done as that of the dromos. At the 
 same time a thorough outer impermeabilisation is obtained 
 by means of broken stones in clay-mortar, and the floor 
 paved with pebbles. The whole structure, in spite of its 
 modest treatment, has a certain air of distinction, as 
 compared with the coarse, rustic production at Menidi. 
 
 A still higher stage is represented by the Atreus-tomb 
 at Mycenae, the excavation of which has not been com- 
 pleted. This is all the more regrettable, as probably the 
 decorative members of the faqade are here more fully pre- 
 served, than in the neighbouring tomb of Agamemnon, 
 which was early rifled. Being of almost the same size, and 
 
THE ATREUS-TOMB AT MYCENAE. 
 
 XXXV11 
 
 similarly furnished with a permanent approach, it yet differs 
 from it by the absence of a side-chamber, and by the 
 use of smaller stones in the tholos. It is, nevertheless, 
 a costly and important monumental structure, in which, 
 for example, are preserved the cleanly cut covering stones 
 on the supporting wall — a proof, if such were still needed, 
 that the approach was never meant to be blocked up, and 
 in itself a valuable help in determining the plane angle of in- 
 flection of the earth hill. The facade is built, in exemplary 
 style, of polished breccia blocks, and simply but artistically 
 arranged. The wall strips, slightly projecting at both 
 sides, joined above by a slab, and crowned by a bipartite 
 epistyle, form the frame all round. There are embedded 
 in it, above, the triangular relieving space; below, the 
 doubly framed door, which gradually narrows a little. The 
 triangular hollow space was closed outside by thick slabs 
 of red marble, and is still now completely walled up within 
 by rows of flat square slabs, so that, in presence of this fact, 
 all notion of an original lighting by means of windows 
 must be abandoned. The relieving triangle rests on a 
 lintel of leek-green marble ; while, instead of the head- 
 moulding of the door, there appears a projecting slab oi 
 blue-grey marble, on which, frieze-like, there is cut, in flat 
 relief, the front side of a beam-roof made of round poles. 
 Right and left, this roof is bordered by widely overhanging 
 abacus-slabs of breccia, which bore some plastic ornament 
 (a very rude lion-head of grey trachyte, which I saw in the 
 Museum at Charvati in 1878, might come from here), and 
 is supported beneath by embedded columns. Parts of 
 them have been found, consisting of dark-grey alabaster, 
 and fluted like Doric work. Unfortunately, the capitals 
 have not yet been recovered, and the bases, which are 
 certainly there, are not yet laid bare. The embedded 
 pillars, as the impressions in the walls show, tapered slightly 
 downward, and were of very slender proportions, reminding 
 us of wooden buildings. The lintel of the door is formed 
 
xxxvm 
 
 THE TOMB OF AGAMEMNON. 
 
 of three stones ; in the centre one are the pivot holes for 
 the door-wings, which opened inwards. The inmost block 
 projects far into the wall on both sides, and joins a stone- 
 course of the same height, running right through, and 
 made of thirteen blocks, which, being provided with several 
 skew-notches, form a real tie-beam. The remaining square 
 blocks are very much lower, and, speaking exactly, cut 
 like slabs. Including that larger stone layer, twenty-five 
 courses are visible ; the upper rows have disappeared, and 
 the lower are not yet uncovered. In the upper courses the 
 depth of the blocks is i’30 m. ; and behind them comes, 
 as protection from rain-water, a coat of clay mortar mixed 
 with fragments of stone. In the interior there are no nail- 
 holes for a metal-coating. In the front, there are plain 
 traces of the enormous pressure to which the head beams 
 have been exposed, on account of the relieving hollow 
 space. The corbelled stone-courses of the relieving trian- 
 gular space have broken the front upper lintel at both 
 ends, and this break has extended down through almost all 
 the courses of the inner fascia. 
 
 The tomb of Agamemnon represents the highest stage 
 of the tholoi at Mycenae, not only in plan, but also in 
 structure and design of faqade ; for, despite much similarity 
 to, or even agreement with, the Atreus-tomb, the workman- 
 ship here is very much more solid, and the adornment by 
 far more splendid. Here, the constructive power and rich 
 experience of the architect appear quite a match for the 
 resources of the prince. One point only surprises us : it is 
 the curious plainness of the roomy rock chamber (6*50 m. 
 square), with a hardly indicated plinth, half-smoothed walls, 
 and similarly treated roof. Was this intended as a contrast, 
 or was the builder hindered by sudden death from finishing 
 the tomb ? Two low oblong plinths, like basement stones 
 in profile, are the last enigmatical remains of the former 
 decoration. 
 
 The effect of the conical chamber is imposing, in 
 
MECHANICAL POWER OF THE ARCHITECT. XXXIX 
 
 spite of the absence of all architectural divisions. The 
 room makes the impression of a natural vault, simply by 
 its proportions, its disposition, and its texture. Perfect work- 
 manship corresponds to materials of rare excellence ; and 
 at the same time the enormous inner stone of the lintel 
 affords documentary proof of the mechanical power at the 
 architect’s command in those days. A clean-cut block, 
 weighing 122,000 kg., or more than six times as much as 
 the largest block in the citadel of Tiryns, tells the practised 
 eye a great deal, and suggests many questions besides. 
 Where was it quarried ; how dressed on all sides ; by what 
 means was it brought to this height, and at last safely laid on 
 its supports ? A most extraordinary spending of time and 
 strength is contained in this mass, which has been Iving 
 firmly in its place for three thousand years. The thirty-four 
 courses within, including the key-stone, are of various 
 heights, also divided very differently in square blocks ; yet 
 they are perfectly joined, and care has been taken to have 
 neat upright joints everywhere. The chief effect depended 
 on the perfect smoothness of the wall ; but, as special orna- 
 ment, there were two frieze-strips of bronze-sheets (probably 
 gilt), set on the fifth and ninth courses. A complete coating 
 of metal, such as has often been supposed, was not applied. 
 Only the little double door leading from the thoios to the 
 rock tomb, had a similar covering ; and thicker bronze 
 plates seem to have covered the greater threshold, and to 
 have made a special frame for the principal door. Clear 
 traces of the same manner of decoration with metal ornament, 
 are also preserved on the outer side of the lintel. 
 
 We have, unfortunately, not sufficient material for a 
 graphic reconstitution of the stately portal. The front 
 surface, built of polished breccia blocks, was once coated, in 
 its upper part, with slabs of red, green, and white marble ; 
 but the greater portion of this splendid incrustation is gone. 
 According to technical indications, it was only added after 
 the completion of the building, and clamped on, so that it 
 
xl 
 
 DOWNWARD TAPERING PILLARS. 
 
 could easily be removed. The greed of subsequent genera- 
 tions did so, and partly dragged it off to neighbouring 
 churches. Precious fragments are now in London, Athens, 
 Munich, and Berlin. It remains, therefore, doubtful for 
 the present, whether the same important faqade system, with 
 pilaster-strips, was here architecturally carried out — that is, 
 in full plastic existence — as on the tomb of Atreus, or only 
 indicated by painting on the stone. Double, delicately- 
 grooved fascias surround the lofty portal ; while here, too, 
 the outer frame was formed by two slender, embedded pillars 
 of dark-grey alabaster, the shafts of which, richly orna- 
 mented with sharp zigzags and spirals, w'ere dowelled into 
 very low, rebated, oblong base stones. That they tapered 
 downwards — a point which has been much disputed — is 
 certain. Equally so we can demonstrate, from the identity 
 of the clamping holes, that the architectural member 
 known to us since the beginning of this century, which 
 consists of a leaf-covered cavetto, and an echinus richly 
 adorned with rhomboid and spiral friezes, together with an 
 abacus, was not the base, but the capital of these embedded 
 pillars. On its polished back side it bears a pattern-like 
 division of clearly-cut, parallel, vertical and horizontal lines, 
 which reminds us of the like practice of Egyptian sculptors. 
 
 It is obvious — and this is a point of special importance 
 — that the embedded pillars of both tomb faqades are closely 
 related to the pillar of the heraldic relief on the Lions’ Gate. 
 In both of them we find the shafts dowelled in below, and 
 thickening upwards ; and a form of capital, which is the 
 basis of a distinct variety of the old Doric capital. From a 
 comparison with the Atreus-tomb, with its indicated roof of 
 round poles, we can recognise in the little cylinders (not 
 plates — as appears clearly from looking at them sideways) 
 over the capital of the Lions’ Gate pillar, nothing but a 
 reduced reproduction of that important, shade-giving, 
 architectural member of the princely dwelling. In any case, 
 the close agreement demonstrates that the celebrated Lions’ 
 
THE ORCHOMENOS TOMB. xli 
 
 relief, and consequently the gate and adjoining S. wall, 
 belong to the same epoch as the beehive-graves, and that, 
 therefore, the Atridae were the extenders and adorners of 
 the citadel, whilst the first foundation was due to the 
 Persidee. 
 
 The last of the tombs which I have to discuss, is that 
 of Orchomenos.* It is only a little smaller than that of 
 Agamemnon, and resembles it in possessing a side chamber 
 for burial purposes, but is distinguished from it both in 
 material and the peculiar construction of the special grave 
 chamber. The structure is composed of moderately-sized 
 blocks of dark-grey marble brought from Lebadeia, and 
 executed in such a manner that not only the dvomos and 
 tholos walls, but also the walls and roof of the moderately 
 large grave chamber are made of it. The founder s evident 
 and manifestly exhibited intention was, that his tomb, by 
 its chisel work, should receive a stamp as thoroughly 
 uniform as it was to be highly artistic. For this object, a 
 wide shaft had to be sunk from above for the proposed 
 Thalamos in the rocky slope, down to its floor, so as to 
 build up in clay mortar, from within, the surrounding walls 
 which would be able to serve as supports for the marble 
 roof slabs, whilst at the same time they could be them- 
 selves coated with ornamental marbles. The roof, consist- 
 ing of four slabs, was treated as a uniform whole ; namely, 
 in delicate relief, like a spread-out carpet, with centre 
 pattern and very broad outer bands. The main ornament 
 was of spiral maeanders, with fan-flowers in the corners, 
 while the borders of the centre-piece, as well as of the whole 
 carpet, were formed of rich rosettes. Special precautions 
 were required to prevent any collapse of this splendid 
 ceiling by pressure of the earth from above. How this 
 important supplementary construction was managed, is 
 not yet known. But it is a fact, that it served its purpose 
 
 * Insufficiency of materials prevents my entering upon a discussion 
 of those of Pharis and Laminospito, near Volo. 
 
xlli BRONZE PLATES OF ORCHOMENOS TOMB. 
 
 for more than three thousand years ; the regrettable partial 
 collapse having only taken place a few years ago. The 
 considerable expense of time and trouble demanded by 
 this structure, which for the present must be regarded as a 
 unique one, is doubtless closely connected, in the first place, 
 with the choice of the valuable material, the fine quality of 
 which acted as an inducement for chiselling work. More- 
 over, there cannot be any doubt that the founder thought 
 no sacrifice too great to leave a monument for posterity, 
 which was to perpetuate his name, and to afford a lasting 
 and speaking evidence of his wealth and artistic taste. 
 
 It is, therefore, very probable that later generations at 
 Orchomenos, justly proud of this monument, granted the 
 honour of a tomb in the old royal Thalamos to Hesiod, 
 the great bard of Bceotia ; for Pausanias speaks of the 
 graves of Minyas and Hesiod immediately after his 
 description of the Thesauros, and several finds in the 
 beehive-chamber seem to be apt to support this supposition. 
 
 There have been found distinct traces of the splendid 
 adornment of the beehive- chamber with bronze plates. We 
 gather from them that this kind of decoration was used 
 more extensively — and at the same time with a greater 
 variety of pattern — than in the tholos of Agamemnon. 
 That such a splendid structure had a rich faqade like the 
 portal fronts of the Atridae tombs, may be assumed as 
 certain ; but the account of the excavations, so far as it is 
 before us, leaves this important point unexplained. Inside, 
 only the fragments of a small pillar, said to be like the 
 relief pillar on the Lions’ Gate, and also several thin 
 marble slabs with spiral ornaments were found ; both 
 perhaps remains of an incrustation of the faqade. 
 
 If it follows with certainty from these observations that 
 the architects of that early time had command of great re- 
 sources in the matter of structures, architectural members, 
 and ornaments capable of further development, we are still 
 more struck when finding that some of the motives, 
 members, and decorations, adopted and worked by them 
 
REPRODUCTIONS OF THE LIONS’ GATE RELIEF. xllil 
 
 on a large scale, were also used in the manufacture of 
 obiects of luxury and ornaments on a much smaller, even 
 a minute, scale. Such is the design of the Lions’ Gate 
 relief, which reappears repeatedly, with altered position of 
 the lions, on an ivory dagger-handle found at Menidi. So 
 with a design consisting of a kerbed post and two half- 
 rosettes leaning against it, which is the fundamental orna- 
 ment of the so-called kyanos frieze at Tiryns, and which 
 existed in similar size in the palace of Mycenae, as is shown 
 by two fragments from Mycenae. So with a cast plate of 
 glass, which was probably used for the decoration of drapery 
 ILlike enamel in modern dress— which turns up at Menidi. 
 So, also, the peculiar architectural members under the 
 pillar of the Lions’ Gate, which remind us of stone seats, 
 have served as a model in making hne gold ornaments and 
 graceful glass plates, as is shown by specimens from Spata 
 and Menidi. Finally, the downward-tapering embedded 
 pillars of the Atridae tombs, and of the Lions Gate, w^ere 
 frequently used as types for furniture and glass ornaments. 
 There are three ivory specimens, in light and in vigorous 
 proportions, from Spata ; another of glass, in the form of 
 a slender pilaster, from Menidi. A further model, in which 
 the embedded pillar appears as the separating member 
 between rows of long-legged sphinxes, is afforded by a 
 curious ivory plate from Menidi. 
 
 Few as these finds, and the results deducible therefrom, 
 are, they yet deserve careful notice. Never, in the history 
 of the art of building, has a new phase in architectonic 
 development occurred in consequence of new utensils or 
 ornaments having been brought by trade into a country . 
 But inversely, when the greater architectonic evolution 
 was very far advanced, or had completed us couise, the 
 wmrker of small objects of art-industry or house-implements 
 appropriated to himself the “ language of forms which had 
 been gradually elaborated in works carried out on a grand 
 scale; adapting it, in a minor degree, and in somewhat 
 changed manner, to his own ends. How ; e\er, as we know 
 
xiiv AMALGAMATION OF TWO BUILDING SYSTEMS. 
 
 from experience that a long period of time is required before 
 such a process of gradual adaptation is realised, we may 
 conclude, that the architecture the striking remains of 
 which have come down to us partly in the original, partly 
 in imitations of artistic handicraft, must have gone through 
 a long course of evolution, and that it cannot have been 
 confined to a narrow area. 
 
 There are but very few places in Greece and Asia 
 Minor, which, on account of their architectural ruins and 
 the discoveries made there, could be touched upon here, 
 rather in a cursory than in an exhaustive way ; and yet 
 they have furnished a rich harvest for the knowledge of the 
 oldest architecture in those lands. With astonishment we 
 see the different epochs opening out, more and more, before 
 our eyes. A real primitive architecture is nowhere to be 
 found ; even in Troy the first steps of development are long 
 passed. Within certain limits, the materials are already 
 under full control, and worked variously, according to the 
 available means and the ends required. A moderate, but 
 yet very fruitful, store of detail forms is already gathered, 
 so as to cover the gradually elaborated shapes of rooms 
 with significant adornments full of meaning. In some 
 peculiarly favoured places, the domain of the higher monu- 
 mental architecture has already been entered upon with 
 decisive success. In the face of such extended and yet 
 closely connected achievements, which form a consistent 
 whole, the attempt to search for the roots from which arose 
 this early bloom of the art of building, is doubly attractive. 
 
 Among the architectural monuments here discussed, 
 the highest stage is represented by the beehive graves ; and 
 among them, by those with faqades. In my opinion they 
 are a remarkable, though a too early, attempt to amalgamate 
 two opposed systems of building, viz. that of wooden roofs 
 and that of beehive-roofs. The faqade in relief is, in 
 design, nothing but the schematically reduced type of the 
 pillared, shady vestibule of the Men’s Hall — a type most 
 
PHRYGIAN ORIGIN OF ARCHITECTURE IN GREECE, xlv 
 
 clearly recognisable in the Atreus-tomb, and indicated in 
 closer form — only, sketch-like — by the Lions’ Gate relief. 
 This Prothyron, which certainly was held to be the main 
 part and feature of the Prince’s palace — many allusions in 
 Greek tragedy point to it — was meant to be combined with 
 the beehive-chamber, in order to mark it outwardly as a 
 royal tomb. This was the sum and substance of the archi- 
 tectural program at Mycenae and Orchomenos. But still 
 more important is the information we obtain from an 
 analysis of the second system. I think, indeed, I can see in 
 the tholos and its drcmos the last monumental form of a most 
 ancient national mode of architecture that ol 1 hrygia. 
 Vitruvius reports from Greek sources that the Phrygians 
 dwelling in valleys were wont to construct their habitations 
 artificially underground, in that, over an excavated hill of 
 earth, they set up posts in conical form, which they bound 
 together at the top. They covered these posts with reeds 
 and brushwood, and then put upon the whole the gieatest 
 heap of earth it would bear. The entrance was made by 
 cutting in passages from below ; and these dwellings, he said, 
 were very warm in winter and very cool in summer. The 
 main features of this construction are repeated by Xenophon 
 and Diodorus with regard to the Armenians, who were akin, 
 in race, to the Phrygians ; and even to-day we find similar 
 constructions in the same districts. 
 
 Now, the beehive-tomb is composed of a deeply cut-in 
 approach and a central chamber, afterwards made subter- 
 ranean by heaping earth upon it. So striking an agreement 
 is surely the result, not of accident, but of tradition. As 
 men’s pretensions advanced, the wooden posts were first 
 omitted from the primitively simple, conical hut covered 
 with earth ; for they were always perishable and liable to 
 fire : they were replaced by thick walls of sun-dned bricks, 
 with wooden tie-beams. Still later, the bricks were re- 
 placed by stone walls : first in rude layers of slabs, as at 
 Menidi; then in polished blocks, as at Orchomenos and 
 
xlvi ORIENTAL INFLUENCE IN THE FAQADE SYSTEM. 
 
 Mycenae — so that every reminiscence disappeared of the 
 old earth-and-wood structure which had been the starting- 
 point. The peculiar form of the primitive dwelling only 
 was maintained as the proper tomb type for distinguished 
 families and illustrious princes. 
 
 We do not know when and where the important transi- 
 tion took place from wood to brick building. But as it was 
 certainly in a land of bricks, we may at once think of the 
 broad valley of the Hermos, possessing inexhaustible layers of 
 clay, whose natural central point, the magnificent residence, 
 Sardis, still consisted, in the opening of the fifth century b.c., 
 of clay-houses covered with reeds, which could be as easily 
 destroyed as they dould be rapidly rebuilt. Now, it is from 
 the Hermos valley, from Sipylos, that the rich princely scion, 
 Pelops, came to Greece — as the ancient tale says. His race 
 attained the highest power and celebrity, then and afterwards: 
 the proverbial riches of the Atridag are visible even to-day in 
 the Castle and royal graves of Mycenae. All this, I opine, 
 supports my view, that we have to look upon the beehive- 
 tombs as architectural creations whose fundamental prin- 
 ciple has arisen from the national style of building among 
 the Phrygians, and that the transference of this style to 
 Greek soil is connected with the immigration of distin- 
 guished Phrygian families. The frequently referred-to relief 
 of the Lions’ Gate points to an origin in the same primeval 
 home — now more than ever, since Prof. Ramsay was for- 
 tunate enough to find in great rock-faqades in Phrygia the 
 older and severer prototypes of well-known later derivations 
 from this kind of composition. 
 
 Whilst the kernel structure of the royal tombs has pre- 
 served, despite all veiling changes, the still easily discernible 
 building methods of an early Greek race, the influence of 
 the Orient appears distinctly in the architectural system of 
 the splendid faqades. It is in particular the pilaster-strips 
 — both in the upper and in the lower part of the Atreus- 
 tomb — as well as their upper connection and crest-work, 
 
THE CYCLOPEAN BUILDERS FROM LYCIA. xlvii 
 
 which point to such Eastern influence. How important a 
 part is played by the system of vertical wall bands in 
 Oriental architecture, is amply known from Assyrian, Per- 
 sian, and Old-Syrian monuments. All the more surprising 
 is the fact, that its transplanting to Mycenae led to no 
 further developments in Greece. It is still an open ques- 
 tion, so far as I know, what was the original home of this 
 faqade system. 
 
 The embedded pillars — including that of the Lions’ 
 relief — prove by their slender proportions, and their dowel- 
 ling into the threshold, their origin from the building with 
 wood. The same is true of the ceiling made of round 
 wooden beams, twice indicated in relief. We may conclude 
 therefrom, with some certainty, that such ceilings were 
 used in every palace of that day — not only as being prac- 
 tical, but as having the sanction of ages. In this connec- 
 tion, the local legends of Argos deserve special attention, 
 which record explicitly the close relations between Proitos, 
 the founder of Tiryns, and early civilised Lycia. As an 
 exile, this princely scion from Argos is said to have gained 
 the hand of the Lycian king’s daughter. Returning with 
 an army of his father-in-law, he maintained himself in the 
 land; and by means of the expert Cyclopes whom he 
 summoned from Lycia, he built the invincibly strong 
 Castle of Tiryns. His nephew Perseus is said then to have 
 employed the same skilled workmen to build Mycenae. 
 In both places, men afterwards knew of, and showed, Cyclo- 
 pean altars, hearths, vestibules, and walls. Now, Lycia is 
 that part of Asia Minor, in the innumerable tombs of 
 which are perpetuated ceilings of round beams, lying close 
 together, and protruding far out in front. Nay, the same, 
 most archaic, feature is still to be seen now in the structure 
 of their huts. To Lycia, also— apart from this kind of 
 ceiling— the undeniable popular legend ascribes the build- 
 ing of walls with immense blocks of stone, which gradually 
 displaced from fortification architecture the old brick build- 
 
xlviii DOUBTFUL ORIGIN OF THE EMBEDDED PILLARS. 
 
 ing, and led to new developments. But if two countries 
 with kindred populations in Asia Minor transferred to 
 Greece their ancient national styles of building as well as 
 newly acquired methods — of course, not all at once, or in 
 passing, but during a considerable period — there is no 
 difficulty in understanding, how from such rich sources, 
 and with the continual stimulus from splendour-loving 
 courts, there arose a brilliant epoch of architecture which 
 reached its perfection at Mycenae, owing to the political 
 power and greatness of the Atridae, but which is also to 
 be presumed as having been in existence at other royal 
 cities — such as Spata, Orchomenos, Hyriae, Larissa in 
 Thessaly, &c. 
 
 If the origin of round timber ceilings is thus established, 
 we still lack the proof of the origin of the embedded 
 pillars. It is a fact that in no rock-tomb of Lycia have 
 such pillars yet been found as are seen at Mycenae, Spata, 
 and Menidi. Pillars are entirely wanting in the earliest 
 rock-tombs. Only uprights at the corners and on the 
 walls, with some cross-bars, form the constructive design 
 of the tomb, which either stands free, or is constructed in 
 relief. The embedded columns must, therefore, come from 
 another home than Lycia, or be the independent creation 
 of that early epoch. 
 
 1 consider the latter view all the more probable, as the 
 most diligent search among our large stock of monumental 
 materials has led, as yet, to the discovery of no analogy what- 
 ever in other styles of architectonic art, and the connection 
 with the decorative manner of the stelce above the Persidae 
 tombs, and with a great many objects discovered in them, 
 is unmistakable. Their tapering downward remains a 
 mystery, and its explanation is the more difficult, as free 
 pillars of that period have not yet been found, and the 
 embedded pillars may possibly depend on the then accepted 
 laws of relief style. On mechanical grounds there is no 
 objection to a moderate tapering downward of wooden 
 
EGYPTIAN INFLUENCES IN DECORATION. xlix 
 
 supports ; and, practically speaking, some additional room 
 was even gained thereby for thoroughfare especially if 
 very broad epistyles were considered necessary for the 
 laying of the roof beams, and hence large diameters were 
 required above. But perhaps neither of these suggestions 
 hits the real solution. Perhaps it was a mere temporary 
 vagary of taste, like that which created, within the stiff: 
 hieratic art-rules of Egypt, nay, even during a good artistic 
 epoch, in the temple of Kiarnak, those curious downward 
 tapering stone pillars, with their flower capitals reveised in 
 the same way.* 
 
 There are other points of resemblance to Egypt. The 
 beautifully chiselled ceiling in the grave-chamber at Orcho- 
 menos, treated like a carpet, and adorned with spiral 
 maeanders, besides fan-shaped flowers and stripes of rosettes 
 for borders, is clearly derived from Egyptian prototypes— 
 however, as it appears, not directly, but indirectly. The 
 Palace of Tiryns possessed the same kind of wall-decoration 
 in many places, though applied as a frieze, and worked 
 out in simpler manner in detail— as in rosettes. Hence this 
 palace, or some other similar one, may easily have served 
 as a model for the ceiling at Orchomenos. 
 
 Not less important is the decorative border of the 
 kyanos-frieze with blue smalt at Tiryns, because this 
 technique , of which traces have been found at Mycenae, was 
 familiar in Egypt from the oldest times, and treated with 
 such careful preference, that the materials required for it 
 became precious articles of trade. As the Phoenicians 
 managed their import, it is possible that this whole decorative 
 stvle came through that nation to Greece. But still, 
 Egypt wall always have to be looked upon as the starting- 
 point— and not Babylon, where the Egyptian invention 
 of ornamenting with smalt was early adopted because the 
 kyanos-frieze at Tiryns is connected with stone woik and 
 
 * Cf. Lepsius, Denzmaler, I., PI. 31. 
 
 d 
 
1 
 
 CRETAN INFLUENCES. 
 
 chiselling, not with the special formations of brick archi- 
 tecture. 
 
 How are such important relations to be explained: 
 We may, first of all, think of the early settlements of 
 Phoenicians at the mouths of the Nile ; then, of the con- 
 tinued wars which Libyan tribes, allied with northern coast 
 and island people, carried on against Egypt since the 
 14th century before our era. That long-continued peaceful 
 intercourse, as well as these sudden warlike encounters 
 which once brought the invaders even as far as Memphis, 
 surely held out much inducement for becoming acquainted 
 with Egyptian architecture — both in buildings of sun- 
 dried bricks and in buildings of quarried stone. But when, 
 as we know in the case of talented races, the slumbering 
 instincts for culture are once awakened, then valuable 
 booty, such as the daggers and swords, the cups and bowls 
 from the Mycenaean pit-graves — whose Egyptian origin is 
 beyond doubt, owing to their peculiar and highly-developed 
 technique — would permanently foster and spread this 
 artistic tendency. 
 
 There can, moreover, have been no lack of intermediate 
 localities and people, to bring about such a slow and long 
 continuing transference, lasting for generations — now, 
 according to the favour or disfavour ot circumstances, in 
 an increasing, now in a lessening degree. And this sup- 
 position brings us back to Tiryns and its above-mentioned 
 connection with Lycia, if we remember that, according to 
 all tradition, the oldest culture of that land came from 
 Crete — that is to say, from an island lying at the gates of 
 Egypt and Libya, and therefore destined, before all other 
 islands, to spread throughout the archipelago the elements 
 of civilisation of the highly developed kingdom of the 
 Pharaohs, which Crete had acquired either in war or peace. 
 Hence this island, though an accurate examination and 
 classing of its oldest monuments has not yet taken place, 
 comes within the sphere of our present reflections. Here, 
 
COMPARISON WITH ARCHITECTURE IN TROY. ll 
 
 in Crete, it was, that by a wise combination of tribes as 
 lit for culture as they were competent at sea, the earliest 
 national power of Greek antiquity was founded. To Crete 
 is attached the rare title of fame of “the 100-citied, as 
 a speaking proof of the early culture and the flourish- 
 ing wealth of an island state ruled by strong hands. 
 With the venerable name of Minos is connected indis- 
 solubly the name of Daedalos, the oldest hero of Greek 
 architecture ; and from here, commonwealths were founded, 
 and cults established. A structure belonging to that latter 
 category is, it seems to me, still extant. The remarkable 
 grotto in Delos, at the foot of Kynthos, which I am 
 inclined to regard as a shrine of Eileithyia, is probably a 
 branch foundation from Crete in the heyday of its power ; 
 for the structural system of the very peculiar roof, com- 
 posed in masterly manner of ten great counterfort stones, 
 certainly came from Egypt, whose gigantic buildings, 
 with their enormous superincumbent weight, compelled 
 men at an early time to solve that kind of constructive 
 problem. This roof, which was able to carry a small 
 mountain, proves what men had seen and learned in Egypt. 
 It affords another useful support for the theory, started 
 by others, of a very early influence from Egypt— a theory 
 derived from gems, as well as from the discovery of 
 beautiful metal-work, of an ornamented ostrich egg, &c., 
 found in the Perseid graves. 
 
 Compared with the architecture of Mycenae, Orcho- 
 menos, and Tiryns, that of Troy is distinctly inferior. Still, 
 with all its gaps, it is for this reason very instructive, because 
 the existing remains — looked at as a whole gire us an 
 older phase of architectural development than the ret 
 known monuments on Greek soil. 1 his is true^ of the 
 walls and gates, as well as of the palace of the ruier. At 
 the same time, however, our judgment must at present rest 
 rather on the technical than the artistic aspects of Trojan 
 architecture. For, as regards the latter, it is much to be 
 
 d i 
 
Ill OLDEST CITADELS OF TROY AND TIRYNS ALIKE. 
 
 regretted that neither royal graves, nor architectonic details 
 were found in Troy. On the other hand, at the side of 
 the characteristic system of fortifications (with its dry moat, 
 its escarped wall substructions, its flanking towers, &c.), the 
 antique building method of forming all the walls — in citadel 
 and house — of sun-dried bricks with wooden tie-beams, is 
 of very peculiar importance. First, because all these features 
 prevail in Egypt, both in the Delta and in Upper Egypt; 
 secondly, because the walls of the palace at Tiryns still were 
 of a like or a similar structure. This method, then, was 
 widely used, and long maintained from practical as well as 
 economical grounds. Its application at Tiryns, too, is the 
 more easily explained when we remember the fact above 
 mentioned, that the present citadel at Tiryns certainly 
 followed upon an older and simpler one, which can hardly 
 have been very different from that found at Troy. 
 
 There was indeed no kind of building so serviceable, as 
 this, for the first provisional securing of any newly occupied 
 point on the coast, as soon as the two materials, clay and 
 wood, could be found in the neighbourhood. Hence we 
 may justify the conjecture, that the numerous, absolutely 
 necessary forts established on the Greek coasts and islands 
 tor the protection of Phoenician depots, must have been of 
 an architectural kind not requiring expensive and tedious 
 stone masonry, but that the prompt and cheap building 
 system of sun-dried bricks, with wooden beams, was chosen. 
 From such a foundation, a citadel of a higher class, than 
 that of Troy, might easily be developed. 
 
 It will hardly be denied that all these briefly discussed 
 structures must be older than the Trojan war; the most 
 fully developed of them, contemporaneous with it, or very 
 little younger. To go further than this general chronology, 
 the closer determination of which is still in dispute, seems 
 premature in the present state of our researches into the 
 monumental records. The paths, on which we must pro- 
 ceed, are marked out clearly enough. We want continued 
 
LIMITED PHOENICIAN INFLUENCE. liii 
 
 new discovery of materials, and their methodical and critical 
 sifting. Besides the pressing need of excavating the citadel 
 of Mycenae, the oldest architectural monuments of Lycia 
 and Crete, especially, must be surveyed, and brought 
 together for comparison, in order to facilitate the solution 
 of the all-important question, how far the Phoenicians were 
 instructors of the Greeks in monumental architecture. I 
 do not deny this influence, but can only admit it to a limited 
 extent for the oldest period, whose architecture had here 
 to be discussed, because hitherto no buildings can be shown 
 an v where on the Syro-Phoenician coast or the islands, which 
 can compete with the peculiarly severe organism of the 
 beehive-tombs, and the masterly arrangement of the 
 palace at Tiryns. How very far, indeed, does the latter 
 surpass all known ground-plans of Assyrian Royal Palaces 
 in simplicity and clearness ! I see in these early creations 
 of architecture, on the soil of Hellas, the conscious expres- 
 sion of the old Greek mind, and evidences, as genuine as 
 they are indelible, of the primitive national connection of 
 the tribes on both shores of the iEgean Sea. 
 
 F. ADLER 
 
 Berlin, 31st July , 1885 . 
 
 Postscript. 
 
 It is only since reaching this place, after concluding 
 this Preface, that I see, from Dr. Dorpfelds supplemental 
 accounts, that my conjecture recorded last May, and printed 
 above on p. xi, regarding the use of clay for the bonding 
 of Cyclopean walls, is confirmed by closer investigation. 
 Had this fact been known to me earlier, I should of course 
 have used a different expression. 
 
 F. ADLER. 
 
 Pontresina, 16 th August , 1885 . 
 
NOTE. 
 
 My honoured friend, the learned author of the Preface, having 
 expressed the opinion (p. xxvii) that the little necropolis in the Citadel 
 of Mycenae had gradually arisen, I feel it my duty to state that this is 
 an error. I have made the excavations of the royal tombs of Mycenae 
 in the presence, and with the continual superintendence, of two distin- 
 guished archaeologists, the Ephoros (the late General Ephoros of 
 Antiquities), Panagiotis Stamatakis, who had been associated with me 
 by the Greek Government to superintend the works, and of Professor 
 Phendiklis, of the University of Athens. The excavations have shown 
 beyond any doubt, that the bodies could not possibly have been buried 
 gradually, but that all of them must necessarily have beeti buried simul- 
 taneously. I have proved this in my work Mycenae by a most minute 
 account of the internal arrangement of the graves. All my statements 
 are fully corroborated by the Ephoros Stamatakis in his diary, which 
 is to be published by the Greek Archaeological Society. Happily, 
 Professor Phendiklis is still living to confirm them on his part. 
 
 PIenry Schliemann. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PREFACE.— By Professor F. Adler ... 
 
 CHAPTER L— The Excavations 1 
 
 II. — Topography and History of Tiryns ... n 
 
 III. — The Objects of Terra-cotta, Stone, & c., 
 
 FOUND IN EXCAVATING THE LAYERS OF 
 
 Debris of the Oldest Settlement in 
 Tiryns ■■■ ••• ••• 55 
 
 IV. The Objects found in the D£bris of the 
 
 Second Settlement of Tiryns 84 
 
 1. Vase Paintings with Geometrical Pat- 
 
 terns ... ••• ••• ••• 9 ° 
 
 2. Vases Painted with glossy White Colour 103 
 
 3. Vase Paintings, with representations of 
 
 Birds or Stags . . ... io 7 
 
 4. Vase Paintings, representing Marine 
 
 Animals ••• ••• io 9 
 
 5. Vase Paintings, with Spiral Ornamenta- 
 
 tion ... • ••• 110 
 
 6. Pottery of Various Kinds ... IJ 5 
 
 7. Pottery with Architectural Designs ... 127 
 
 8. Vases with Various Ornamentation ... 131 
 
 9. Various Objects of Terra-cotta ... 140 
 
 10. Idols of Baked Clay ... ••• ••• I 5 ° 
 
 11. Objects of Metal ... ••• 
 
 12. Objects of Stone ••• 1 7 
 
 13. Objects of Ivory, Wood, and Glass ... 176 
 
 n V. — The Buildings of Tiryns. By Dr. Wilhelm 
 
 Dorpfeld ... ••• ••• I 77 
 
 A. — The Citadel and its Wall ... ••• 1 7 7 
 
Ivi 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CHAPTER V. — B. — The Palace in the Upper Citadel ... 189 
 
 1. The Gate of the Upper Citadel ... 192 
 
 2. The Great Propylseum of the Upper 
 
 Citadel ... ... ... ... 194 
 
 3. The Great Front Court ... ... 199 
 
 4. The Gate into the Men’s Court ... 20T 
 
 5. The Court of the Men’s Apartments... 203 
 
 6. The Men’s Apartment ... ... 208 
 
 7. The Bath-room and other Apartments 
 
 West of the Megaron ... ... 229 
 
 8. The Court of the Women’s Apartments 236 
 
 9. The Women’s Hall and its Vestibule 239 
 
 10. The Thalamoi in the North-east corner 
 
 of the Palace... ... ... ... 242 
 
 rr. The Outer Court XXX, with its Ad- 
 joining Rooms ... ... ... 244 
 
 12. The Roof and the Upper Storey ... 248 
 
 C. — The Architectural Remains of an older 
 
 Settlement ... ... ... ... 250 
 
 D. — Building Material and Construction ... 253 
 
 1. The Walls ... ... ... ... 253 
 
 2. The Parastades (Pilasters) ... ... 263 
 
 3. The Pillars ... ... ... ... 269 
 
 4. The Roof and Roofing ... ... 272 
 
 5. The Floor ... ... ... ... 275 
 
 6. The Doors ... ... ... ... 276 
 
 E. — Isolated Fragments of Architecture ... 284 
 
 1. The Kyanos Frieze ... ... ... 284 
 
 2. Sculptured Spiral Band ... ... 292 
 
 3. Doric Capital ... ... ... ... 293 
 
 4. Archaic Antefix ... ... ... 295 
 
 F. — The Wall-paintings ... ... ... 296 
 
 G. — Later Remains on the Citadel ... ... 307 
 
 n VI. — The Excavations of the Year 1885. By 
 
 Dr. Wilhelm Dorpfeld ... ... ... 309 
 
 A.— The Citadel Wall ... .. ... 312 
 
 1. The Out- Wall of the Palace ... ... 314 
 
 2. The Out- Wall of the Fore-court F ... 316 
 
 3. The Enclosure-Wall of the Central 
 
 Citadel (Z) ... ... ... ... 326 
 
 4. The Side Ascent to the Upper Citadel 327 
 
 5. The Main Ascent to the Castle ... 332 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VI.— B. — Technical Remarks 
 
 C. — Supplements to Chapter V. 
 
 1. The Altar in the Courtyard of the Men’s 
 
 Apartments ... 
 
 2. The Gate of the Men’s Court 
 
 3. The Megaron of the Men 
 
 4. A Drain 
 
 5. The Roof-tiles of Terra-cotta 
 
 6. Additional Wall-paintings 
 
 £). Separate Finds in 1885. By Dr. Ernst 
 
 Fabncius 
 
 g The Find of Terra-cotta Objects made 
 
 at the South-East Corner of the Castle 
 
 APPENDIX.— Mycenaean Amber imported from the Baltic. 
 
 By Otto Helm 
 
 Ivii 
 
 PAGE 
 
 335 
 
 337 
 
 337 
 
 34 ° 
 
 340 
 
 341 
 34 1 
 34i 
 
 344 
 
 357 
 
 368 
 
 373 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 NO. PAGE 
 
 1. Hand-made Terra- cotta Vase with double pierced excres- 
 
 cences at the sides ... ... ••• 5 ^ 
 
 2. Vase of Green Basalt, with double vertically bored excres- 
 
 cences at the sides ... ... • • • ■ • • • ■ 59 
 
 3. Hand-made one-handled Jug ... ••• ••• 65 
 
 4. Jug with projections on the sides, and handle ... ... 66 
 
 5. Vessel in the form of two Shells laid together, with white 
 
 lines of decoration ... ••• ••• ■ 67 
 
 6. Basin of Terra-cotta ... ... ••• 67 
 
 7. Terra-cotta Vessel with projections right and left 68 
 
 8. Fragment of brim of a large Jar ... ... ... 68 
 
 9. Fragment of a large Jar ... ... ••• ••• 69 
 
 10. Deep Plate of Terra-cotta .. 7 ° 
 
 11. Fragment of an Idol of Terra-cotta .. . ... ... • •• 77 
 
 12. Object of black Stone ... • •• • •• ••• • • 77 
 
 13. Polishing Stone of black Marble, speckled red and white ... 79 
 
 14. Polishing Stone of fine reddish Marble 79 
 
 15. Polishing or Grindstone of fine black Granite, with white 
 
 grains ... • • • • • ■ ■ • • • • • • • • • • • 79 
 
 16. Embroidering Needle of Bone ... ••• ••• ••• 82 
 
 17. Pierced Bead of blue-painted Glass 82 
 
 18. Fragment of Vase with Female Figures and Geometrical 
 
 Patterns ... ••• 95 
 
 19. Fragment of a Vase with Cranes and Shells ... 96 
 
 20. Fragment of a Vase, with a Man, a Horse, and a Fish ... 99 
 
 21. Fragment of Vase with concentric Circles and Crosses ... 101 
 
 22. Ram’s Head in Clay ... ••• ••• IQ 6 
 
 23. Fragment of a Vase with a Swan ... ••• r °7 
 
 24. 25. Vase-Fragments, with representation of the purple shell 
 
 (Murex) very common in Mycenae, and often found in 
 Tiryns ... ••• ••• ••• I0 9 
 
 26. Vessel for baking Cakes ... ••• ••• ••• - IJ 6 
 
 27. Goblet ... ••• ••• ••• ir 7 
 
lx 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 NO. PAGE 
 
 28. Large Vase ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 118 
 
 29. Jug with spout ... ... ... ... ... ... 119 
 
 30. Jug with sieve-like spout ... ... ... ... ... 120 
 
 3 1 - J u g 120 
 
 32. Mug ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 121 
 
 33. Fragment of a Vessel ... ... ... ... ... 122 
 
 34. Neck of Vase ... ... ... ... ... ... 122 
 
 35. Upper part of a Pitcher ... ... ... ... ... 122 
 
 36-47. Fragments of Vases ... ... ... ... 124-133 
 
 48, 49. Vases ... * 133 
 
 50, 51. Vessels 134 
 
 52, 53. Vessels with Rosettes ... ... ... ... ... 135 
 
 54. Vase-Fragment with Rosette ... ... ... ... 136 
 
 55 - J u g 137 
 
 56. Vessel ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 138 
 
 57. Vessel with tube-shaped spout ... ... ... ... 138 
 
 58. Torch-holder... ... ... ... ... ... ... 141 
 
 59-61. Vase-Lid with perforated handle ... ... ... 142 
 
 62. Dish with Balls shaped like dumplings ... ... ... 143 
 
 63. Stand with a Dog ... ... ... ... ... ... 143 
 
 64. Stopper of Terra-cotta ... ... ... ... ... 144 
 
 65. Object of Clay ... ... ... ... ... ... 144 
 
 66. Object of Clay ... ... ... ... ... ... 144 
 
 67. Ear of Clay... ... ... ... ... ... ... 144 
 
 68. Object of Clay in form of a Foot ... ... ... ... 145 
 
 69. Object of Clay with nine penetrations ... ... ... 146 
 
 70. Object of Clay ... ... ... ... ... ... 146 
 
 71. Cylinder with two perforations ... ... ... ... 147 
 
 72. Disc of Clay ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 147 
 
 73. Wheel-shaped Clay Ring ... ... ... ... ... 148 
 
 74. Wheel-shaped Clay Disc ... ... ... ... ... 148 
 
 75. Handle of Clay in form of an animal ... ... ... 149 
 
 76. Bread-making figure ... ... ... ... ... 149 
 
 77-84. Idols 150-15S 
 
 85. Idol with Child on the arm .. . ... ... ... ... 155 
 
 86. Upper part of an Idol ... ... ... ... ... 156 
 
 87-89. Sitting Idols ... ... ... ... ... 157, 158 
 
 90. Lower part of a sitting Idol ... ... ... ... ... 159 
 
 91. Sitting Idol ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 159 
 
 92. Upper part of an Idol ... ... ... ... ... 159 
 
 93. Head of an Idol with Phrygian Cap 159 
 
 94,95. Upper parts of Idols ... ... ... ... ... 160 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Ixi 
 
 NO. 
 
 96. Idol ... 
 
 97. Helmeted Warrior of Bronze 
 
 98. Bronze Chisel 
 
 99. Tool of unknown use 
 
 100. Double-edged Battle-axe of Bronze .. . 
 
 xoi. 102. Little Bronze Saucer 
 
 103. Basin of hard Limestone 
 
 104-107. Two-edged Knives of Obsidian 
 
 108-rn. Arrow-heads of Obsidian 
 
 112. Gallery in the Eastern Wall .. . 
 
 1 1 3. The Men’s Apartment, with antechamber and vestibule ... 
 
 T14. Western Antae of the Vestibule of the Megaron 
 
 1 15. The Central part of the Pergamos of Troy 
 
 1 16 Pattern of the Floor in the Megaron 
 
 1 1 7. Plan of the Bath-room ••• • 
 
 118. Pipe of Terra-cotta ... 
 
 1x9. Door of the Women's Apartment 
 
 120. Bronze Sheath for the Pivot of a door 
 
 121. Side-door in the Vestibule of Womens Hall 
 
 122. Doric Capital. (Front view, section and plan) 
 
 123. Archaic Antefix of Terra-cotta. (Front- and side-view) ... 
 
 124. The sculptured Ceiling of Orchomenos 
 
 125. The Upper Citadel of Tiryns, with the excavations of 
 
 1885 
 
 126. Transverse Section of the Southern Wall 
 
 127. Longitudinal Section of the Southern Wall 
 
 128. Ground Plan of the Eastern Wall of Tiryns 
 
 129. Ground Plan of the V all of Byrsa ... 
 
 130. Transverse Section of the Semicircular projecting Structure 
 
 at the Western Wall 
 
 1 31. Perspective View from the crown of the Semicircular pro- 
 
 jecting Structure on the Staircase of the lateral ascent... 
 
 132. View into the Gallery of the Eastern Wall 
 
 133. Stone with a Bore-hole 
 
 134. Stone with a Bore-hole 
 
 135. Portion of the Western Citadel Wall 
 
 136. Portion of the Western Citadel Wall . 
 
 137. Ground Plan of the Altar (sacrificial pit) 
 
 138. Section of the Sacrificial Pit ” 
 
 139. Fragment of Painted Wall-Plaster ... 
 
 140. Fragment of Painted Wall-Plastei 
 
 14 1. Fragment of Painted Wall- Plaster ... 
 
 PAGE 
 
 162 
 
 166 
 
 167 
 
 167 
 
 168 
 170 
 172 
 174 
 
 174 
 
 184 
 209 
 21 1 
 
 225 
 
 226 
 230 
 234 
 27a 
 
 281 
 
 282 
 293 
 295 
 299 
 
 3°9 
 3*9 
 320 
 324 
 3 J 4 
 
 328 
 
 3 2 9 
 
 334 
 
 33 6 
 
 336 
 
 33 6 
 
 338 
 
 339 
 339 
 342 
 
 342 
 
 343 
 
Ixii 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 NO. 
 
 142. Fragment of Painted Wall-Plaster ... 
 
 143. Vase-Fragment with brown parallel lines ... 
 
 144. Rosettes of different form ... 
 
 145 a and b. Two fragments of an Ornament 
 
 146 a and b. Two fragments of an Ornament 
 
 147. Legs of a Bird 
 
 148. Fragments of two Birds 
 
 149. Body of a Bird 
 
 150. Fragments of various Animals 
 15 1 Fragment of a Horse 
 
 152. Fragment of a Chariot 
 
 153. Vase-Fragment with a Horse-head and Warrior ... 
 
 154. Vase-Fragment with Horse-feet 
 
 155. Vase-Fragment with a Warrior and a Chariot 
 
 156. Idol for suspension ... 
 
 H7. Terra-cotta Group. Two persons sitting on a couch 
 
 158. Weight of Terra-cotta with a Number 
 
 159. Archaic Idol ... 
 
 160. Archaic Idol. (Side view) ... 
 
 161. Sitting Idol of Terra-cotta ... 
 
 162. Terra-cotta Figure. Woman with a Pig ... 
 
 163. Terra-cotta Figure. Woman with a Pig ... 
 
 164 Upper part of a Woman with a Pig 
 
 165. Female figure of Terra-cotta 
 
 166. Torso of an Archaic Terra-cotta Figure 
 167 Head with Polos of Terra-cotta 
 
 168. Female Head with Diadem .. . 
 
 169. Little Bowl ... 
 
 170. Cup with two handles 
 
 171. Tripod Kettle 
 
 172. Little Pan 
 
 173. Small Dish ... 
 
 174. Basket with openings in the body of Terra-cotta ... 
 
 175. Vessel with three openings in the Dody 
 
 176. Vessel with two handles 
 
 177. Little Vase with two hanoles 
 
 178. Flat Plate in form of a Flower 
 
 PAGE 
 
 343 
 
 346 
 
 349 
 
 35° 
 
 35i 
 
 35i 
 
 351 
 
 35 2 
 
 35 2 
 
 35 2 
 
 353 
 353 
 
 353 
 
 354 
 35 6 
 356 
 35 6 
 
 359 
 
 360 
 
 360 
 
 361 
 361 
 
 363 
 
 36.3 
 
 363 
 
 3 6 4 
 
 3 6 4 
 
 365 
 365 
 365 
 
 365 
 
 366 
 366 
 366 
 
 366 
 
 367 
 3 6 7 
 
LIST OF PLANS AND PLATES. 
 
 View of the Southern portion of the Plain of Argos, with 
 
 the Ruins of the Palace of Tiryns in the foreground.. .Frontispiece. 
 
 To face 
 
 Map of Argolis * ase 1 
 
 Plate I. The Citadel of Tiryns. After the excavations by 
 Dr. Schliemann, 1884. Designed and drawn by 
 
 Dr. W. Dorpfeld l 7 % 
 
 Plate II. The Upper Citadel of Tiryns. Surveyed in 
 
 May, 1884, by Dr. W. Dorpfeld “ 180 
 
 Plate III. Acropolis of Tiryns I ^4 
 
 Plate IV. Frieze inlaid with Glass-paste. Sculptured Or- 
 nament. Frieze from Mycense. Glass-paste 
 
 from Menidi 2I ^ 
 
 Plate V. Wall Painting in the Palace of Tiryns “ 232 
 
 Plate VI. a , Gold Ornament from Mycenae ; b , Ivory Or- 
 nament from Menidi ; c, d, e, Wall Paintings in 
 
 the Palace of Tiryns. “ 256 
 
 Plate VII. Wall Painting in the Palace of Tiryns “ 272 
 
 Plate VIII. Wall Paintings in the Palace of Tiryns “ 288 
 
 Plate IX. Wall Paintings in the Palace of Tiryns “ 296 
 
 Plate X. Wall Paintings in the Palace of Tiryns “ 304 
 
 Plate XI. Wall Paintings in the Palace of Tiryns “ 3 12 
 
 Plate XII. Wall Painting in the Palace of Tiryns ; fac- 
 simile of natural size • 33 ^ 
 
 Plate XIII. Wall Painting in the Palace of Tiryns ; rep- 
 resenting a Man dancing on a Bull ‘ 35 2 
 
 Plate XIV. Fragment of a large Vase, with two Warriors, Atend 
 
 a Horse, and a Dog of volume. 
 
 Plate XV. Fragments of two large Vases, on which are 
 
 represented a Man in a War-chariot, and por- 
 tions of two other Men 
 
 Plate XVI. Fragments of Vases. a represents a Horse 
 and other decorations ; ^ and r, a Procession of 
 Women with Branches 
 
Ixiv LIST OF PLANS AND PLATES. 
 
 Plate XYII. Fragments of large Vessels, a, a series of 
 Women who are bearing Branches ; b , two War- 
 riors ; c, two Warriors running and a Woman 
 
 standing 
 
 Plate XVIII. Fragment of a large Vase with Geometrical 
 Patterns, a Man, two Horses, two Fishes, etc... 
 Plate XIX. Three Fragments of Vases, a, a Horse; b, a 
 series of Cranes and horizontal strokes; c, rep- 
 resenting a vertically bored breast-like ex- 
 crescence 
 
 Plate XX. Fragments of Vases, a and b represent Geo- 
 metrical Patterns ; c , the upper part of a Stag ; 
 
 d, a Bird and part of another 
 
 Plate XXI. a, Fragment of a Vase with representation of 
 a Horse ; b. Fragment with part of a Horse’s 
 Head; c, d, and e, Gold Ornament ; /, a Goblet ; 
 g, a Whorl of violet-colored stone with decora- 
 tion 
 
 Plate XXII. Fragments of Vases with various Ornamen- 
 tation 
 
 Plate XXIII. a and b, Vase Fragments, the first repre- 
 sents a Man, the second two Birds ; c, an Arm- 
 chair ; d, a bottle of Terra-cotta 
 
 Plate XXIV. a and b, Idols of Flera in form of Cows ; c, 
 a Vase ; d and e, Fragment of a Bathing Tub of 
 
 Terra-cotta 
 
 Plate XXV. Terra-cotta Idols of various form 
 
 Plate XXVI. Fragments of Vases with various Ornamen- 
 tation 
 
 Plate XXVII. Pottery with various Ornamentation 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
) R I JV T 
 
 I 
 
 © 
 
T I R Y N S. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Excavations. 
 
 In the beginning of August 1876, I had worked at Tiryns 
 for a week with 5 1 men, had sunk on the high plateau of 
 the citadel 13 pits and several long trenches down to the 
 rock, and had also examined by 7 pits the lower plateau of 
 the citadel and its immediate neighbourhood.* In a 
 trench dug at the west side of the higher plateau I had 
 rediscovered the rectangular plinth, together with the 
 3 pillar-bases, which had been found by Fr. Thiersch and 
 Al. R. Rangabe, who had dug here for one day in 
 September 1831.! In seven or eight of the pits on the 
 higher plateau I had found walls built of large stones 
 without mortar, which I considered to be the Cyclopean 
 housewalls of the prehistoric inhabitants of Tiryns. But 
 afterwards I began to doubt this, and my doubts were 
 strengthened by the results of my excavations at Mycenae 
 and Troy. I was therefore very desirous for years back 
 to explore Tiryns thoroughly, but was prevented by other 
 pressing work; for after I had finished in 1876 my very 
 
 * Cf. my work Mycentz (London, John Murray, 1878), p. 9. 
 f An account of this is found in Fr. Thiersch’s letters to his wife, 
 published in his Life (Leipzig, 1866), by W. J. Thiersch, II. 68. See 
 also Al. R. Rangabe’s communication in the Memoires des Savants 
 Etrangers , presentes h l’Acade'mie de France, I. Se'rie, Tome V. 1857, 
 p. 420. 
 
 B 
 
2 EARLIER EXCAVATIONS. [Chap. I. 
 
 successful excavations at Mycenae, I was engaged all 
 through 1877 with the German* * * § ' and English editions 
 of my work Mycence , and with the French f up to the 
 summer of 1878. Then I thought it of most importance 
 to explore Ithaca, and to prosecute the work of exploring 
 Troy and the so-called heroic tombs of the Troad, which 
 kept me busy till June 1879. The concurrent editing in 
 German J and English § of my book Ilios occupied 
 another year and a half. Then came the exploration of 
 the great Minyan treasure-house at Orchomenos, which 
 took several months. I then made a journey through 
 the whole of the Troad, and my writings on these subjects, 
 Orchomenos, \\ and a Journey in the Troad, % together 
 with other affairs, kept me busy till the end of 1881. 
 The excavations at Troy (renewed March 1st, 188a) lasted 
 five months, and my publications on this in German** * * §§ 
 and English ff called Troja, together with the French 
 edition of Ilios occupied me till the end of 1883. In 
 February 1884. I excavated the so-called tomb of the 192, 
 Athenians at Marathon, §§ and it was not till March 1884 
 that I was able to realise my long-deferred hope of explor- 
 ing Tiryns. The necessary permission was readily granted 
 me by M. Boulpiotes, the learned Minister of Education, 
 who was constant in helping me to overcome the many 
 
 * Mykena (Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus, 1878). 
 
 t Mycenes (Paris, Hachette & Co., 1879). 
 
 + Ilios (Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus, 1881). 
 
 § Ilios (London, John Murray, 1880). 
 
 || Exploration of the Boeotian Orchomenos in the Journal of Hellenic 
 Studies, London, 1881, Vol. II., and in German Orchomenos (Leipzig, 
 F. A. Brockhaus, 1881). 
 
 Reise in der Troas (Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus, 1881 
 
 ** Troja (Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus, 1884). 
 
 ft Troja (London, John Murray, 1884). 
 
 ++ Ilios (Paris, Firmin-Didot & Co., 1885). 
 
 §§ Zeitschrift fur Ethnologic , Organ der Berliner Gesellschaft fiir 
 A nth ropologie, Ethnologic und Urgeschichte , 1884, II. Heft, p. 85-88, 
 
Chap. I.] PREPARATIONS FOR THE WORK. 3 
 
 obstacles arising during the operations. It is with great 
 pleasure that I here repeat my thanks to this worthy man 
 for the inestimable services he has rendered to science, for 
 without his ready help, it would have been impossible to 
 carry out effectually the exploration of Tiryns. 
 
 in order to ensure that none of the information likely 
 to be obtained from architectural fragments should be lost, 
 I ao-ain obtained the assistance of the eminent architect of 
 
 O 
 
 the German Archaeological Institute at Athens, Dr. Wilhelm 
 Dorpfeid, who had conducted for four years the architec- 
 tural department of the German excavations at Olympia, 
 and who had helped me for five months at Troy in 1882. 
 I also re-engaged, as overseer (at 180 frs. per month), 
 G. Basilopoulos from Maguliana in Gortynia, who had 
 served me in the same capacity under the name of Ilos at 
 Troy, and now entered on the new campaign under this 
 title; I also engaged Niketas Simigdalas of Thera, for 
 150 frs. per month. My third overseer was my excellent 
 servant CEdipus Pyromalles. who had also been with me in 
 Troy, and had now much leisure. 
 
 The necessary apparatus I brought from Athens, viz. 
 40 English wheelbarrows with iron wheels ; 20 large 
 
 iron crowbars ; one large and two small windlasses ; 5° 
 large iron shovels ; 5° pickaxes ; 25 large hoes, known 
 ail through the East by the name of tschapa , and used in 
 vineyards ; these were again of the greatest use in filling the 
 baskets with debris. The baskets necessary, known ever, 
 in Greece by the Turkish name senbil , I bought in Nauplia. 
 For the storage of these tools, for the stabling of my horse, 
 and for the lodging of my overseers, I hired rooms (at 
 50 frs. per month) in the buildings of the model farm 
 started by Capo d’Istria, close to the south wall of Tiryns. 
 It has now decayed into a tumbledown farmhouse. 
 
 Dr. Dorpfeid and I found this house too dirty ; and as 
 there was near Tiryns only one suitable residence, for which 
 they asked 2000 frs. for three months, we preferred to live in 
 
 b a 
 
OUR DAILY HABITS AT TIRYNS. 
 
 [Chap. I. 
 
 4 
 
 the Hotel des Etrangers, in Nauplia, where we got for 6 frs. 
 per day a couple of clean rooms, as well as a room for 
 (Edipus, and where the worthy host, Georgios Moschas, 
 did all he could to make us comfortable. 
 
 My habit was to rise at 3.45 a.m., swallow 4 grains of 
 quinine as a preservative against fever, and then take a 
 sea bath; a boatman, for 1 fr. daily, awaited me punctually 
 at 4 o’clock, and took me from the quay to the open sea, 
 where I swam for 5 or 10 minutes. I was obliged to 
 climb into the boat again by the oar, but long practice 
 had made this somewhat difficult operation easy and safe. 
 After bathing, I drank in the coffee-house Agamemnon , 
 which was always open at that hour, a cup of black coffee 
 without sugar, still to be had for the old sum of 10 Lepta 
 (a penny) though everything had risen enormously in 
 price. A good cob (at 6 frs. daily) stood ready, and took 
 me easily in twenty-five minutes to Tiryns, where I always 
 arrived before sunrise, and at once sent back the horse for 
 Dr. Ddrpfeld. Our breakfast was taken regularly at 8 a.m., 
 during the first rest of the workmen, on the floor of the 
 old palace at Tiryns. It consisted of Chicago corned beef, 
 of which a plentiful supply was sent me by my honoured 
 friends Messrs. J. H. Schroder & Co., from London, bread, 
 fresh sheep-cheese, oranges, and white resined wine ( 'rezinato ), 
 which, on account of its bitter, agrees with quinine, and is 
 more wholesome during heat and hard work than the 
 stronger red wines. During the workmen’s second rest, 
 beginning at 12 and lasting at first an hour, in greater 
 heat one hour and three-quarters, we also rested, and two 
 stones of the threshing-floor at the south end of the Acro- 
 polis, where we afterwards found the Byzantine Church, 
 served us for pillows. One never rests so well as when 
 thoroughly tired with hard work, and I can assure the 
 reader, that we never enjoyed more refreshing sleep than 
 during this midday hour in the Acropolis of Tiryns, in 
 spite of the hard bed, and the scorching sun, against which 
 
Chap. I.] 
 
 RESINED WINE. 
 
 5 
 
 we had no other protection than our Indian hats laid fiat 
 upon our faces. 
 
 Our third and last meal was at our return home in the 
 evening, in the restaurant of the hotel. As my London 
 friends had also supplied me with Liebig’s Extract of Meat, 
 we had always excellent soup ; this, with fish or mutton, 
 fried in olive- oil, cheese, oranges, and resined wine, com- 
 pleted our menu. Fish and many kinds of vegetables, as 
 potatoes, broad beans, French beans, peas and artichokes, are 
 excellent here, but are so ill-cooked with quantities of olive- 
 oil, that to our taste they are almost useless. 
 
 Although wine mixed with resin is not mentioned by 
 any ancient Greek author except Dioscorides, and even 
 Athenaios makes no allusion to it, yet we may assume with 
 high probability that it was in common use in the ancient 
 Greek world, for the fir-cone was sacred to Dionysos, and 
 the thyrsos, a light staff wound with ivy and vine branches, 
 which was carried in processions by the priests of Bacchus, 
 was ornamented at the upper end with a fir-cone. Pliny 
 also, among the various fruits useful for making wine, 
 enumerates the fir-cone, and says that it is dipped and 
 pressed in the must.* 
 
 The passage in Dioscorides, which is very characteristic 
 and instructive, runs thus : “ Concerning resined wine. 
 Resined wine is prepared by various peoples, but it is most 
 abundant in Galatia, for there, on account of the cold, the 
 grapes do not ripen, and therefore the wine turns sour if it 
 be not tempered with pine resin. The resin is taken off 
 along with the bark, and half a Kotyle (a piece of two 
 ounces) is mixed in an Amphora. Some filter the wine 
 after fermentation, and thus separate the resin ; others leave 
 it in. When the wine is long kept it becomes sweet. But 
 
 * Plinius, JV. H. XIV. 19, 3-4 : “ Vinuin fit, et e siliqua Syriaca, et e 
 piris, malorumque omnibus generibus. Sed e Punicis, quod rhoiten 
 vocant : et e comis, mespilis, sorbis, moris siccis, nucleis pineis. Hi 
 musto madidi exprimuntur : superiora per se mitia.” 
 
6 
 
 WORKMEN’S PAY AND DUTIES. 
 
 [Chap. I. 
 
 a ll wines so prepared produce headache and dizziness, yet 
 promote digestion, are diuretic, and to be recommended 
 for coughs and colds ; also to those suffering from gastric 
 complaints, dysentery or dropsy, &c., and for internal 
 ulcers. Also the dark rezinato constipates more than the 
 white.” * 
 
 I commenced the excavation on the 17th of March, 
 with sixty workmen, who were shortly increased to seventy, 
 and this" remained the average number of my labourers 
 during the two and a half months’ campaign at Tiryns in 
 1884. 
 
 The daily wages of my workmen were at first 3 francs ; 
 this, however, increased as the season advanced, and 
 before Easter rose to 32 francs. I also employed women, 
 finding them quite as handy at filling baskets as men ; their 
 wages^at first were ih francs, and later were increased to 
 2 francs. At sunrise all the workers came with the tools 
 and wheelbarrows from the depot to the citadel, where as 
 soon as I had called over the roll, work began, and lasted 
 till sundown, when all tools and wheelbarrows were again 
 returned to the depot. In spite of these precautions, many 
 tools and a wheelbarrow were stolen from me. 
 
 For work with the pickaxe I chose the strongest men, 
 as it is the heaviest ; the others suited for the wheelbarrows, 
 for filling the rubbish into the baskets, and for clearing 
 
 * Pedanii Dioscoridis Anazarbei De Materia Medica, Y. 43 : (ITepi 
 
 prjTLVtTOV olvov.') 'O 8e prjTiVLTV.g KCU KCLTo. t a tOvf] ctkc va^erar ir\eova£ec 8e 
 iv TakaTia, 8ia to u.7coEvvc(t6(U tov olvov dvrCTravTOV pevovarjg rrjg o-Ta<f>v\r}s, 
 Sea to i/Ax etv ’ € ‘ M 7ra f ia7rKaK V vf.VK.Lvri ■ KOTrrerat 8e c rw tw <f>\oiy r) prjTLvrj, 
 kcll r(T) KCfxxply piyvvTaL rjpiKOTvXiov . kcu ol pev a-n-rjOovtTL pcTa to aTro^icraL, 
 ympiiovTCg TYJV pr]TLV7]v, ol 8e etocri . -rr a\aiw6 cvt eg §€ yiyvovTai p8eig . TTOVTCg 
 8e Kecf>a\a\yeis ol tolovtol kcu cjKOTwpaTLKOi, ttctttlko'i pevToi kcu ovprjTLKOi, 
 KCU KO.Tappol'Copivotg ko. t fSrjcrcrovatv appd'CjM’Tcs kou kolXlcikols, SvcrtvTepLKOv;, 
 vSpWTTLKOLg KCU pOLKCUS yWCLl £1 ' TOIS 81 Iv fiddeL el\KU>p€VOLS tyK^VCTpa ■ (TTVTTTL- 
 
 KWTepos pivTOL tov XtvKov t<TTLv 6 peXavi^mv. — This passage was pointed 
 out to me by M. Ach. Postolaccas, Director of the National Collection 
 of Coins at Athens. 
 
Chap. I.] 
 
 THE WORK BEGUN. 
 
 7 
 
 them again. As I desired to provide my people with good 
 drinking-water, I set aside a labourer for the purpose, that 
 he might fetch it in barrels upon a wheelbarrow from the 
 nearest spring. 
 
 Another workman, with some knowledge of carpentry, 
 I set aside for the repairs of wheelbarrows and tools ; a 
 third served me as groom. Unfortunately, I was debarred 
 the pleasure of employing my old servant Nikolaos Zaphyros 
 Giannakis, who since the beginning of 1870 had served me 
 in all my archaeological campaigns as comptroller of the 
 household and cashier, for, unhappily, he was drowned in 
 August 1883, in the Skamander, on the east of Yeni Shehr, 
 so I had to manage without him. 
 
 The labourers were mostly Albanians from the neigh- 
 bouring villages of Kophinion, Kutsion, Laluka, and Aria. 
 I had only about fifteen Greeks from the village of Charvati, 
 who had worked with me eight years ago in Mycenae, and 
 who distinguished themselves by their industry above the 
 Albanians. 
 
 The winter, 1883-84, had been very mild, and on our 
 arrival on the 15th of March the trees were already clothed 
 in the richest green and the fields decked with flowers. We 
 saw flocks of cranes only on the 16th of March. These 
 birds do not nest here, but stay only a few hours, and then 
 continue their northward flight. Storks are never seen in 
 Argolis, though often in the marshy plains of the Phthiotis, 
 where they build. 
 
 Our first great work was to dig away the rubbish down 
 to the floor made in the manner of mosaic, of lime and 
 small stones, which stretches over the whole higher plateau 
 of the Acropolis, and was covered i-i| metres deep with 
 debris consisting of fragments of brick, tumbled-down 
 masonry of stones bonded with clay and mostly calcined, 
 and of black earth. It then appeared that the walls 
 found by my excavations of 1876, consisting of large 
 stones without mortar, were only the foundation-structure 
 
8 TOUGHNESS OF THE BURNT WALLS. [Chap. I. 
 
 of an immense palace, occupying the whole of the upper 
 citadel. Of its walls, the lower portion, built of smaller 
 stones and clay about 0-50-1 metre high, had been remark- 
 ably preserved by the close covering of debris over all the 
 building, which came down from the higher walls of the 
 edifice made of unburnt bricks, and from the flat roofs, 
 which consisted probably of clay. This preservation is 
 also due to the conflagration by which the palace was 
 destroyed ; for its heat was such, whenever beams of timber 
 fed the flames, that the stones were calcined, the binding 
 clay turned into real brick, and the whole reduced to so 
 hard a mass, that our strongest men had the greatest diffi- 
 culty in breaking it with pickaxes. Many of these walls 
 thus burnt were visible on the surface, and had misled the 
 best archaeologists, as they were assumed to be mediaeval, 
 and it had never been imagined that they could be perhaps 
 2000 years older, and belong to the palace of the mythical 
 Kings of Tiryns. In all guide-books for Greece, therefore, 
 the opinion is expressed that nothing of interest is to be 
 found at Tiryns. As regards the building of this palace 
 and its extant architectural fragments, I refer the reader to 
 Dr. Dorpfeld’s full description in the fifth chapter, and his 
 excellent plans at the end of the volume. 
 
 Owing to these many remains of walls as hard as stone, 
 reaching to the surface, which the peasants could not break, 
 the upper plateau could never be tilled — a circumstance 
 which may have contributed not a little to the preservation 
 of the remains of the palace. But the lower terrace, as 
 well as the lower Acropolis, and the narrow tract of land 
 around the citadel, and enclosed by the roads (cf. Plan I.), 
 were let to a peasant in Kophinion, who had sowed it with 
 caraway, and sued me at law for the damage done by my 
 excavations. By the friendly intervention of M. J. Mav- 
 rikos, in Nauplia, the Director of the Excise, the damage 
 was carefully estimated by experts, and fixed at 275 frs., 
 with which the farmer had to be content. Many other 
 
Chap. I.] 
 
 FOUR STAGES IN THE WORK. 
 
 9 
 
 services were kindly rendered me by M. Mavrikos and 
 M. G. Tsakonopoulos, of Nauplia, during my stay at 
 Tiryns ; for which I here again tender them my sincerest 
 thanks. 
 
 Our second great work was the clearing of the mid- 
 terrace (Plan L), where Dr. Dorpfeld thinks badly-built 
 dwelling-houses must have once stood, which required 
 frequent renewing, for we there found at various successive 
 levels thin walls of broken stones and clay, with no plan now 
 recoverable. The accumulation is there about 6 metres. 
 
 Our third work was the opening in the lower citadel of 
 two trenches — a wide one along and a smaller across it 
 (cf. Plan I.) — reaching down to the rock, by which it was 
 shown that there also buildings, or at least foundations of 
 buildings, exist. The accumulation of debris here reaches 
 a height of 3 metres, though occasionally the rocks pene- 
 trate to the surface. 
 
 As our fourth work, I may mention the excavation and 
 clearing of the ascent to the palace on the east side of the 
 citadel. This gave us immense trouble, on account of the 
 enormous quantity of huge blocks which had fallen on to 
 it from the walls, and which had to be cleared away or 
 broken up. Further, we cleared a part of the great gallery 
 to the south-east (cf. Plan I.), of which the upper part forms 
 a pointed arch, and it should be remarked that we found 
 therein a floor formed of concrete. We also cleared one 
 of the niches or window openings of this gallery, and 
 partly excavated three other similar galleries (cf. Plans I. 
 and III.). 
 
 The trenches which we opened in all directions -under 
 the Acropolis, in which we found the same pottery as in the 
 citadel, and much dSbris of burnt bricks, leave no doubt 
 that the lower rown extended round the citadel. 
 
 Dr. Dorpfeld and I have carefully cleared, before our 
 departure, all parts of the walls of Tiryns which had been 
 covered up during the excavations, and I can assure the 
 
IO 
 
 DISTINGUISHED VISITORS. 
 
 [Chap. I. 
 
 reader that not two stones of the old masonry remain 
 hidden by the dSbris shot by me. This can for the rest 
 be easily proved by Hauptmann Steffen’s excellent map * 
 on which all remnants of the walls of Tiryns are carefully 
 indicated. I have left the debris only in those places where 
 the slopes of the Acropolis consist of native rock or of 
 earth covered with sporadic stones, and where, conse- 
 quently, the clearing away of the newly-shot debris was to 
 
 no purpose. 
 
 My excavations in Tiryns had the high honour, m 
 April 1884, of a visit from his Royal Highness the Crown 
 Prince of Saxe-Meinmgen, so distinguished by Ins love of 
 science and learning: also from Herr Eduard Brockhaus, 
 senior of the publishing firm of F. A. Brockhaus, in Leipzig, 
 and his son Herr Arnold Brockhaus. Among other learned 
 visitors to my excavations in April and May, I may further 
 mention the American Ambassador to the Greek Court, 
 Mr. Eugene Schuyler, author of the popular work Life 
 of Peter the Great , and Mrs. Schuyler ; the well-known 
 historian, Professor J. P. Mahaffy, of Dublin, accompanied 
 by Dr. Panagiotes Kastromenos, from Athens ; also Gymna- 
 sial-Director Dr. Schultz, of Charlottenburg, and Pro- 
 fessor Piischel, of Berlin, the last of whom unfortunate y 
 died of typhus fever at Nauplia. Also Lord and Lady 
 Pembroke ; Dr. Ernst Fabricius, from Strassburg, author 
 of a well-known work, De Architectura Grceca ; Dr. De- 
 metrius Bikellas, the celebrated author of Loukis Larras 
 and translator of Homer and Shakespeare; Dr. Meyer, 
 from Pesth ; Messrs. Hugh and James A. Campbell, from 
 St. Louis; Dr. Flemming, from Gustrow ; and the archi- 
 tect Karl Siebold, who is conducting the building of the 
 new museum at Olympia. 
 
 - Hauptmann Steffen und Dr. H. Lolling, Karten von Mykena, 
 Berlin, 1884. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 Topography and History of Tiryns. 
 
 The plain of Argos was apparently in early prehistoric 
 times a bay running far inland ; this was gradually filled 
 up by the deposit of the numerous streams descending 
 from the surrounding hills, which, though now bare and 
 barren, were then covered with forests. These mountains are 
 highest and wildest on the west, where Artemision, 1772 m. 
 high, forms the natural boundary between Arkadia and 
 Argolis, and is the centre point from which the not much 
 lower KreVia (comb) chain runs towards the south-east, 
 to w'hich again the still lower Parthenion (now 'PotVw) 
 unites itself in the south-west, and runs north and south. 
 From the central chain branch many parallel ones, reaching 
 eastward, and divided by deep and narrow valleys ; the 
 most northern is the Lyrkeion, from the north-western 
 slopes of which springs the Inachos (now Panitza), and 
 flows round the northern foot of the mountains into the 
 plain,, The second mountain chain is the Chaon, with the 
 eastward-stretchmg Mount Lykone,* which in the days of 
 classical antiquity was clothed with cypress. Close to its 
 eastern foot lies a high, sharp rock (270 m„), on which 
 stood the fortress of Larisa, the Acropolis of Argos The 
 town itself lies below the hill in the plain. 
 
 The third parallel mountain chain is that of Pontinos, 
 of which the base, separated only by a narrow strip of 
 strand from the sea, forms the south-western end of the 
 plain. 
 
 * Paus. II, 24, 6 : £v Se£ia Se (jov * Apyovs) opos iurlv y AvKwrrj, SevSpa 
 Kvrra.fn<Trrov p.aX.iaTa eyovao... 
 
I2 NEIGHBOURING RIVERS AND MARSHES. [Chap. II. 
 
 To the north side of this plain lie the rough and steep 
 mountains of Treton and Kelossa ; in the north-east corner, 
 to the north and south-east of the Acropolis of Mycenae, 
 are the two highest summits of Mount Euboea,* on the 
 most northern of which (807 m. high, according to Haupt- 
 mann Steffen and Dr. H. Lolling f) stands an open chapel 
 of the Prophet Elias, with a tree visible far off in the plain. 
 
 On the east side the western spurs of the mountains 
 of Epidaurus slope gently to the plain. In the south, a 
 broad band of marshy lowland borders the plain towards 
 the sea. At the south-west corner, at the foot of Mount 
 Pontinos, numerous springs form the marsh of Lerna, 
 notorious for malaria, with a small lake 60 m. in depth, 
 where, according to fable, Hercules slew the nine-headed 
 Hydra.J The myth gives apparently a symbolic account 
 of an early attempt to drain the' marsh and introduce 
 agriculture. 
 
 In the north-east part of the plain, in the neighbour- 
 hood of the villages of Chonika and Merbaka, there are 
 still extensive swamps, used only tor the culture of rice 
 and cotton, but which with careful drainage might be 
 easily laid dry. 
 
 The most important streams are the above-mentioned 
 Inachos, which runs through the whole length of the plain 
 of Argos, and its tributary the Charadros (now called 
 Rema or’Xerias), on whose banks, as Thukydides § tells 
 us, it was the custom of the Argives to assemble their 
 armies when returning from foreign service, and hold upon 
 them a court-martial before they were allowed to enter the 
 
 city. 
 
 Both rivers have for the most part of the year no water 
 in their broad beds, filled with pebbles and sand, and this 
 
 * So called by Pausanias, II. 17, 2. 
 
 t Hauptmann Steffen und Dr. H. Lolling, Karten von Mykena , 
 Berlin, 1884. 
 
 + Apollod. II. 5, 2. § Thukydides, V. 60. 
 
Chap. II.] THE RIVERS OF THE ARG 1 VE PLAIN. 13 
 
 was so in the time of Pausanias, who says'* that he found 
 the sources of the Inachos on Mount Artemision, but that 
 the flow of water was quite insignificant, and the stream ran 
 but a short distance ; and further, "j* “ neither the Inachos, 
 or other rivers named (Kephisos and Asterion) have any 
 water, unless after rain ; in summer their beds are dry, ex- 
 cept those in the district of Lerna.” This would point to 
 the fact, that even at that time the East-Arcadian moun- 
 tains were as treeless as now. 
 
 As, however, the river Inachos plays an important part, 
 in the myths of Argolis, where he appears as the husband of 
 Meleia and the father of Phoroneus, the first King of Argos, 
 and of the Moon-goddess lo, the later Hera, there can be little 
 doubt that in prehistoric times the Inachos was an impor- 
 tant river, and this is only credible on the supposition that 
 the Arcadian Mountains were at that time covered with 
 forest. And we possess another proof that during many 
 thousand years the Inachos must have been a considerable 
 river, for, as already mentioned, the whole plain of Argos 
 was formed by the deposit of its rivers and streams, and 
 especially from that of the Inachos. 
 
 The third river of the plain is the Kephisos (K-^tcro's) 
 mentioned by Pausanias, J which seems to be indicated by 
 a narrower river-bed which one passes on the road from 
 Argos to Mycenae. I mention also the spring Kynadra, 
 or the so-called ’E \ev64piov vbcop, and the rivulet Asterion, 
 between which, at the foot of Mount Euboea, was situated 
 the famous Heraeon.§ The Kynadra afforded the sacred 
 water for the Temple, used in religious ceremonies ; while 
 on the banks of the Asterion grew the Asterion plant (a 
 sort of aster) sacred to Hera, from the leaves of which 
 crowns were woven for the goddess. And the name of the 
 
 * Paus. II. 25, 3. t Ibid. II. 15, 5. j Ibid. 
 
 § See Hauptmann Steffen and Dr. H. Lolling, Karten von Mykence, 
 p. 40, ff. 
 
THIRSTY ARGOS. : 
 
 [Chap. II. 
 
 hill Euboea appears to point to a time when it furnished a 
 fair pasture land, whilst now it is bare and sterile as the 
 banks and beds of the Kynadra and the Asterion. 
 
 In conclusion, I mention the river Erasinos, which has 
 its source at the foot of the mountain chain of Chaon, and 
 is an important stream, turning many mills, and empty- 
 ing itself after a short course into the Gulf of Argos. This 
 Erasinos was throughout antiquity regarded as identical 
 with the Stymphalos, which disappears into two subterra- 
 nean passages beneath Mount Apelauron in Arcadia. Its 
 great fountain-head at the foot of Chaon is now called 
 Ke(f)a\api. 
 
 In ancient days the plain or Argos was famed for its 
 breed of horses, and seven times in the Iliad * does Homer 
 celebrate the most famous pastures of the plain by the 
 epithet ltttto^oto^ : so also Horace, 
 
 Plurimus in Junonis honorem 
 
 Aptum dicet equis Argos ditesque Mycenas.t 
 
 On account of the great dryness of the soil, the vine and 
 cotton can only be grown on the fruitful lower plains, and 
 some corn and tobacco are now the only products of the 
 highlands. Even at the beginning of the Greek Revolution 
 (1821) there must have been more moisture, for then the 
 whole plain and even a large part of the highlands were 
 covered with mulberry, orange, and olive trees, which are 
 now only to be seen in the low plains occasionally. 
 
 The epithet nokvS^Loy, which Homer gives to the plain 
 of Argos, suits its present condition well, as does also the 
 myth related by Pausanias.+ “ Poseidon and Hera quarrelled 
 for possession of the land (the plain of Argos) and Phoro- 
 neus, son of the river Inachos, the Kephisos, the Asterion, 
 and the Inachos were appointed to decide the claim. They 
 allotted the plain to Hera, upon which Poseidon caused the 
 
 * II. II. 287; III. 75, and 258; VI. 152; IX. 246; XV. 30; 
 XIX. 329. t Carm. I. 7, 8, 9. + Paus - IL x 5 > 5 - 
 
Chap. II.] 
 
 THE NAME TIRYNS. 
 
 1 5 
 
 water to disappear. On this account neither the Inachos, 
 nor yet any of the rivers named, has any water unless 
 Zeus sends rain (Zen? net). In summer all streams are dry 
 except the Lerna springs.” 
 
 In the south-eastern corner of the plain of Argos, on the 
 west and lowest and flattest of those rocky heights which 
 here form a group, and rise like islands from the marshy 
 plain, at a distance of 8 stadia, or about 1500 m. from 
 the Gulf of Argos, lay the prehistoric citadel of Tiryns,* 
 now called Palaeocastron. 
 
 * According to Professor Mahaffy, “The etymology of Tiryns is 
 unknown, as is also the language from which it was borrowed, for the 
 form is not Greek— all such endings ’losing one of the closing consonants. 
 Thus, in Greek, Tirys would have been the necessary form. All the 
 endings in as (yvros) are a proof of this. T he few instances in Cretan 
 dialect of the violation of this phonetic law are hardly in point, much 
 more, however, the sister forms Kopiv^os, Zukw0os, TlepivOos, which show 
 that Ttpwflos was a possible form, as we actually find it in two places 
 cited below. There seems even to have been an avoidance of the 
 nominative, as if Tfpwtfos had not been generally accepted, while Tipws 
 was felt to be barbarous. The dictionaries cite vapivs and eA/xtvs, as 
 if such words existed in Greek. In neither case do we find any but 
 oblique cases (TrelpivOa., ekfiun) in use.” Professor Mahaffy is therefore 
 disposed to refer the form Tipws to late grammarians, framing it by 
 analogy from the oblique cases (Tlpwua, & c.) occurring in classical 
 writers. 
 
 Professor E. Curtius ( Peloponnesos , II. 567) thinks it related to the 
 Latin turris. Professor C. T. Newton considers it the remains of a 
 very ancient form, but refers me to H. L. Ahrens (De dialecto D orica , 
 Gott. 1843, p. 107) who regards Tipws as the Argive (?) or Cretan form ; 
 also to Paulus Cauer’s Delectus Inscr. Grcec ., who cites several Cretan 
 words, inserting an v in the nom. and accus., ex. gr. rrdvaav, iirdpxovcrav, 
 KaOLCTTavaa ; also to G. Curtius Studicn (Leipzig, 1871, p. 7^> and 
 Leipzig, 1875), where we see that the accusative as comes from a primi- 
 tive avs, tos from rovs, yapicis from yapievs, anima from animans. But all 
 these show precisely the change which Professor Mahaffy postulates. 
 Professor Sayce, of Oxford, thinks also that the probable Tipvs was a 
 Doric corruption of a prehistoric and pre- Aryan T ipwd, which dates from 
 the days of the older inhabitants of the Peloponnesus, before the Greeks 
 reached it, and he can find neither an Aryan nor a Semitic derivation 
 for it. [ 1 h e 
 
i6 
 
 EARLIER NAMES. 
 
 [Chap. II. 
 
 It was held in the highest veneration as the birthplace 
 of Herakles, and was famed for its Cyclopean walls, which in 
 ancient days were regarded as a miracle. Pausanias indeed 
 places them side by side with the Pyramids of Egypt, 
 saying, “ Now the Hellenes have a mania for admiring 
 that which is foreign much more than that which is in 
 their own land, and thus the most eminent writers have 
 agreed to describe the Pyramids with the greatest minute- 
 
 The earliest occurrence of the actual form Ttpws is in the fragments 
 of the so-called Skylax, pp. 19, 49 I AoKtSoi/xova ttoXk eo-rh/Apyos, 
 
 Kol iv avTrj NawXta ttoAis k<u Xl . ptr/v ■ iv [xtaoytla. Se KXemval Kal MvKyvcu 
 K al T ipvvs. [After Lacedaemon comes the city of Argos, and at it the 
 city and harbour of Nauplia. In the interior are Cleonse and Mycenae 
 and Tiryns.] The date of the fragment is very uncertain and may be 
 very late. The form Tipwflos occurs in Apollod. II. 7, 18, and in 
 Hesiod’s Scutum, 81 : r)X0e, Xnriov Tlpw6ov ivKTifievov irroXUOpov. Lobeck 
 (Paralip. 167) wishes to read Tt pw6a here. 
 
 The town appears at first to have been called Likymnia, for Strabo 
 (VIII. 373) says that a citadel of this name lay 12 stadia from Nauplia, 
 which agrees exactly with the distance from Nauplia to Tiryns. Strabo 
 does not indeed expressly say that he means 1 iryns ; but this appears 
 clearly from a passage in Pindar (01. 7, 47) : 
 
 Kal yap ’AA Kp-fjvas Kaalyv-prov vAdov aKairrcp Bivav 
 
 (TKkrjpas i\a'ias tKTav’ iv Ti- 
 
 pvv0 1 AiKvp.viov, i/tOAvT* iK BaXapov MiSe'as 
 
 Tas 5 4 TTOTt X®°VUS OlKi(XTT}p 
 
 [For he (Tlepolemus) in anger slew with a club of hard olive in Tiryns 
 the bastard brother of Alcmene, Likynrnios, sprung from the chamber 
 of Midea (Tlepolemus being) once the founder of the town (Tiryns).] 
 Apollodorus (II. 8, 2) confirms this, saying, however, that he slew him 
 by mistake : T. ovv, KTCiVa? oix AtKvp.viov, rrj (3aKTr)pia yap avrov 
 
 OtpairtvovTo. TvXrja-<rovTo<i virthpap.t. [ I . slew Likymnios by mistake, who 
 ran under his stick as he was striking a servant.] Eustathius says the 
 first name of Tiryns was Halieis or Haleis, as fishermen first settled on 
 that rock. This is repeated by Stephanus Byzantinus, sub voc. Tipws . 
 ’Ekci/VeIto 8e irportpov 'AAaets Sta to -rroXXovs 'Ep/xtoveas aXitvofxevovs outttv 
 avrov. (It was first called Halieis, because many fishermen from Her- 
 mione settled there.) E. Curtius, however (Pelop. II. 567), thinks 
 this to be probably a confusion with the later refuge of the Tirynthians 
 in Halike. According to Pausanias II. 25, 7, the town was called after 
 Tiryns, a son of Argos. 
 
Chap. II.] 
 
 PAUSANIAS ON TIRYNS. 
 
 J 7 
 
 ness, whilst they bestow not a word on the treasure-house 
 of Minvas or the walls of Tiryns, which nevertheless are 
 fully as deserving of admiration.”* Even Homer expresses 
 his admiration by the epithet ret^idecrcra, which he bestows 
 on Thebes — 
 
 “ For those that held Argos and the walled Tirynth.” + 
 
 Eustathios remarks on this Homeric passage (//.VI. 559) 
 ttjv Se T. reryidecrcrat' Xeyei Sta to ev Tere lyLaOcu. Pausanias 
 says further of the walls of Tiryns, “ The surrounding wall, 
 which is all that remains (of Tiryns) was built by the Cy- 
 clopes. It is formed of unhewn stones, each of which is so 
 large, that a yoke of two mules could not move the smallest 
 from its place ; the interstices are filled with little stones, in 
 order to fix the great stones more firmly in their beds.”t 
 
 The stones of the surrounding wall are on an average 
 about 2 m. in length and o' 90 m. broad, and to judge 
 from the existing remains the entire height must have been 
 about 15 m. Had the blocks been hewn, they would cer- 
 tainly have disappeared centuries since ; they would have 
 been used in building the neighbouring towns of Argos 
 and Nauplia, but the gigantic size of the blocks and their 
 roughness protected the walls ; for later builders found it 
 easier and more convenient to hew out their own materials 
 from the foot of the rock, than to disturb the walls and 
 break up the colossal stones. 
 
 The quarry from which the blocks of the wall of Tiryns 
 
 Paus. IX. 36 , 5 : r/ EAA?yves Se apa eial Set vol ra virepopia iv OavpaTi 
 riOeahaL /xet'.^oi'L r/ ra ot/ceta, o 7 rore ye avSpdcr iv i7n(f>avicnv es crvyypacf)r]v 
 TrupapxSas pev ras irapa AlyrnTTLOts iwi jXdev i^rjyrjcracrdcu 7 rpos to a/cpt/JeVraroi', 
 Oqcravpbv Se rov Mt vvov /cat ra refor] ra iv Ttpw#t ovSi Itt t /3pa^v r/yayov 
 p.vrjp.rjs, ovSev ovra iXarro vos 6 av par os. 
 
 + II- II. 559: ot S’ “Apyos t etyov Ti'pvvda re retytoecro'av. 
 
 + Paus. II. 25, 8 : To 8^ retyos, o Sy povov ru>v epet7rtcor A etVerat, 
 kvkAc/ttojv p.ev icrriv epyov, TrerroLipat. Se apyibv Xidiov, peyedos eycop e/caoros 
 XiOos cos u.-rr avrwv pr) S’ dv apyA K.LVr)6rjV(u rov piKporarov inro £evyovs rjpiovwv • 
 XxOia Se b/rjppocrrou 7raAat cos pdXiara avTu>v e/cacrTov appov iav rois peyaXots 
 XiOols etvat. 
 
 C 
 
i8 
 
 THE CYCLOPEAN BUILDERS. 
 
 [Chap. II. 
 
 were hewn can be easily recognised at the foot of a rock on 
 the high road between Tiryns and Nauplia, upon the sum- 
 mit of which stands a chapel dedicated to Elias the prophet. 
 Yet this quarry has not formed a ravine like the Latomiae 
 in Korinth, Baalbek, or Syracuse, for the Cyclopean archi- 
 tects contented themselves with hewing their blocks from 
 the surface. 
 
 It may here be not out of place to mention that the 
 name “Cyclopean walls” is frequently misapplied to dif- 
 ferent kinds of masonry. The name evidently arises from 
 the myth, that the Cyclopes were excellent builders. Ac- 
 cording to Apollodorus,* * * § Pausanias,f and Strabo, I Proitos, 
 King of Tiryns, caused seven of their number to come from 
 Lykta to build for him the walls of Tiryns. By these seven, 
 or by other Cyclopes, were built, according to the myth, 
 many other buildings in Argolis, in particular the walls of 
 Mycense, for which reason Euripides calls the whole of 
 Argolis “ the Cyclopean land,” ya KVKkanria. ^ The houses 
 also of Mycense are described as Cyclopean. || The same 
 poet also calls Mycenae kvkXojttwv dv^eXcu, the altars ot the 
 Cyclopes,^ Mvk^vcll kvkXojttml, the Cyclopean Mycenae,** 
 also, 
 
 KaXeis iroXur fio. Ilspcretos, 
 
 KVkXu>TTL(i)V 7TOVOV xepwv 
 
 (Do you speak of the town of Perseus, the work of Cyclop hands ?)++ 
 
 Again, 
 
 7rpos ras Miwr/i'a? et/xi Xd(v(rO(U xpeuiv 
 /jloxXov s SudXXas & d>s ra kvkXiottmv fldQpa. 
 
 C f>OLVLKL KOJVOVL K<XL TVKOLS TJpflOO’fXeVCL 
 (TTp€TTT(JJ CTL$Tfjp(p O’VVTpLCLLVOiO’O) 7 ToXtP. 
 
 * Apollod. II. 2, i. + Paus. IL 16, 4. 
 
 + Strabo, VIII. 372: rrj piev ovv TipwOi opp.^ptu) xPW a(T ^ aL ° 0KU 
 UpotTOS Kal retx tcrat KvkXwttuiv, ovs b rra pXv etvai KaXeicrOai Se yaijTepd- 
 
 xet pa S rpe^op.eVous £K rijs Te>r/s, r/Ketv Se peraTrepyrrovs he AvAas. 
 
 § Euripides, Orestes , 965. ^ 9 , 
 
 j| Euripides, Iphig. Taur. 845 : (cvKAWSes emi, <5 Trarpts, Mvktjvo. 
 ^'Xa. IT Euripides, Iphig. Aid. 152. 
 
 ** Ibid. 265. ++ Abid. 1 500-1. 
 
Chap. II.] CLASSICAL ALLUSIONS TO TIRYNS. 
 
 I 9 
 
 (I go to Mykenas ; I will take bars and spades, to destroy with worked 
 iron the threshold of the Cyclopes, which is well joined with rule and 
 hammer of stone.*) 
 
 Seneca says of the walls of Mycenae, 
 
 Again, 
 
 majus mihi 
 
 Bellum Mycenis restat, ut cyclopea 
 Eversa manibus saxa nostra concidant. 
 
 cerno Cyclopum sacras 
 Turres, labores majus humano decus ; 
 
 And finally: Ulixes ad Ithacae suae saxa sic properat, quem- 
 admodum Agamemnon ad Mycenarum nobiles muros.f 
 
 We cannot, however, reasonably doubt that walls built 
 of large blocks received the name of Cyclopean walls, 
 without any historical ground , from the fabulous Lykian 
 race of the Cyclopes. 
 
 Tiryns is also called kvkXgjttlol Trpo6vpa,\ “Cyclopean 
 court we also find T ipvvdiav npos kXltvv § “ at the slope 
 of T.,’' where Herakles casts Iphitos from the top of the 
 towering plateau (an axpas wpyoj&ovs 7r\a/cd?).|| It is 
 specially to be remarked that in Hesychios we hear of 
 Tin nthian brick building (TipwObov TrXivdevpba), which 
 agrees, as will be seen below, remarkably with the construc- 
 tion of the great palace I excavated there. 
 
 The great towers of Tiryns, of which one still stands 
 on the east side, may have occasioned the fame of the 
 Tirynthians as the inventors of tower building (cf. Aris- 
 toteles and Theophrastus in Pliny, H. N. VII. 56.) 
 
 Theophrastus relates that the Tirynthians had an extra- 
 ordinary inclination to laughter, which made them useless 
 
 Euripides, Herakles furens , 943—946. 
 
 + Seneca, Epistul. Mor. Liber VII. Ep. 4 (6b). 
 
 + Pindar, Fragm. 642, ed. Bockh. 
 
 § Sophocles. Track. 270, 271. || Ibid. 273. 
 
 IF The first attributes tower-building to the Cyclopes, the second to 
 the Tirynthians. 
 
 c 2 
 
20 
 
 T1RYNTHIAN LAUGHTER. 
 
 [Chap. II. 
 
 for all serious work : he adds, “ The Tirynthians desired 
 to overcome their inclination to laughter, and consulted 
 the oracle how they might do so. The god replied tiat 
 the evil would disappear if they could, without laughing, 
 sacrifice an ox to Poseidon, and cast it into the sea. The 
 Tirynthians, who feared that they should not succeed in 
 obeying the god’s commands, ordered that no children 
 should be present at the sacrifice. One child, however, 
 had heard of the affair, and strayed in among the crowd. 
 The child was being driven away and scolded, when he 
 suddenly cried out, ‘ Are ye then afraid that I should 
 overturn your sacrifice r ’ Hereupon all burst out laughing, 
 and the Tirynthians were convinced that the god desired to 
 teach them that a long-indulged habit is not easily shaken 
 
 off." * , „ 
 
 Although the legend of the Cyclopes points rather to 
 Asia Minor than to the Phoenicians, as Prof. A. H. Sayce 
 remarked to me, yet I must observe, that according to the 
 Odyssey, f the Cyclop Polyphemus is a son of Poseidon, 
 and as Mr. Gladstone has ingeniously argued, J a con- 
 
 * Theophrastos apud Athenaeum, VI. 261 : Ttpflijw ^ ® eo ' 
 (hpao-TOS kv t <2 7T.pl KOf/xoiStas efnXo-ykXws oVa S , a X P«W hi irposra cnrouScuoTepa 
 
 rod iraeovs, *al t ov tf.dv dv.W a*n*, (Warns r<? Ho-W ravpa, 
 iyeXaarl to Crop erfa, Aaxnv as r W 66 .X array, iravaarOcu oc he hehcores p? Star 
 Japrcoac rod Xoylov rod, TralSa, ewXvcrav irapelvcu r V 6 va ^ . fiaftov ow as 
 K ol vvyKara^xOeU, krreLrrep ^dcov dTT.WvovT.s airdv, ti 8t,t j «b, ^ aTe 
 ^ Ja^ov AvaTptya.; yeWavTcop 8i S/xaflov epya. rov 0eop 8a£avra 
 
 <5> s dpa to TToXvxphvtov rj6o s a/J.rj X 0-V0V kern 6epairev6rjv<u. 
 
 t dW. IX. 528-530. ... . 
 
 4- Cf . w. E. Gladstone’s Preface to my PP- V1U - 1X - • 
 
 “The buildings improperly called Cyclopean, and still more improper y 
 endowed with the alternative name of Pelasgian, have ong een 
 known, more or less, to exist in Argolis ; but Dr. Schhemann 
 thrown some light on what I may perhaps be allowed to call t e 
 diversity of style. He admits three forms found in this kind of building. 
 I have objected to the current names, the first because it does not 
 inform; the second because it misleads, for these buildings have no 
 true connection with the Pelasgian tribes. What they indicate is the 
 
Chap. II.] 
 
 CONNECTION WITH PHOENICIA. 
 
 ‘21 
 
 nection with this god frequently points to one with the 
 Phoenicians. The connection of Tiryns with this people 
 is specially indicated by the position of the hero Herakles, 
 the Phoenician God Melkarth, who according to myth was 
 born and long dwelt there. And as Karl Victor Miillenhoff 
 has shown beyond all doubt in his Deutsche A Itertkuins- 
 kunde * Herakles is the representative of the Phoenicians. 
 This is also noted by A. H. Sayce, who writes, “ The whole 
 circle of myths grouped around the name of Herakles 
 points as clearly to a Semitic source, as do the myths of 
 Aphrodite and Adonis.” f 
 
 The same friend has also observed to me that the 
 legend of Nauplios, the son of Poseidon J, the founder of 
 the seaport Nauplia,^ at a distance of only four km. from 
 
 handiwork of the great constructing race or races, made up of several 
 elements, who migrated into Greece, and elsewhere on the Mediterranean, 
 from the south and east, and who exhibit an usual, though perhaps not 
 an invariable connection with the Poseidon-worship ; a worship, with 
 which the Cyclopean name is, through the Odyssey, perceptibly asso- 
 ciated, and which is one of the main keys, as I have long been persuaded, 
 wherewith in time to unlock, for Hellenic and Homeric regions, the 
 secrets of antiquity. The walls of Troy were built by Poseidon ; that 
 is, by a race who practised the worship of the god. How far those 
 walls conform to any of the minuter points of the descriptions of ‘ Cy- 
 clopean’ architecture by Dr. Schliemann (pp. 42, 123), I cannot say. 
 But if he is right, as seems probable, in placing Troy at Hissarlik, it is 
 important to notice that this work of Poseidon had a solidity, which 
 bore it unharmed through the rage of fire, and kept it well together 
 amidst all the changes which have buried it in a hill of rubbish and pro- 
 miscuous remains. And of course the modes, used by the very same 
 race in the business of building, could not but vary much with the 
 circumstances of each case, and especially with the material at hand. 
 I am tempted, at least until a better name can be found, to call this 
 manner of building Poseidonian. At any rate, whatever it be called, I 
 note it as a point of correspondence between the Poems and the dis- 
 coveries ; admitting at the same time that the matter is not sufficiently 
 developed to warrant me in laying upon it any considerable stress.” 
 
 * W. Christ, Die Topographie der Troianischen Ebene, p. 225. 
 
 + Contemporary Review December 1878. 
 
 % Apollod. II. 1, 5. § Pans. II. 38, 2 ; IV. 35, 2. 
 
PHCENICIANS IN GREECE. 
 
 [Chap. II. 
 
 22 
 
 Tiryns, and of his clever son Palamedes, show a connection 
 with Phoenicians. He writes on this subject : “ I have long 
 since been convinced that the myth of Palamedes con- 
 tains a tradition of Phoenician influence on Greece in pre- 
 historic times. It would otherwise be difficult to explain 
 the fact, that to him is ascribed the discovery of the sixteen 
 primitive letters of the alphabet (Euseb. Chr. I. 13). 
 Besides, his name is apparently a ‘ Volksetymologie ’—a play 
 upon the word TraXapdopcu, to describe him as ‘ the crafty 
 one.’ If however his name were of Greek origin, it would be 
 improperly formed ; at all events its relation to Palaimon, the 
 title under which Melicertes or Melkarth, was worshipped 
 at Corinth, is unmistakeable. But so far I can offer no 
 Semitic etymology for it.” 
 
 The name of the village near the Elerason, in the 
 Argolic plain, Chomka, seems to be merely a corruption 
 of Phoinika, especially as there are remains there of an 
 ancient settlement. As regards other traces of the presence 
 of Phoenicians in the Argolic plain, Dr. H. Lolling has 
 just called my attention to Max Dnncker, Hist, of Greece 
 (trans. Alleyne ; Bentley & Co., 1883), I. Chap. IV., and also 
 pp. 15 1 sq., where the names Malea ( nuxlah , height) and 
 Marathon,* are considered evidence of Phoenician settle- 
 ments. Along the whole eastern coast of the Morea, from 
 the isthmus to Malea, and also on the coast of Elis there 
 were these settlements.! The name Phoinikaion at the 
 isthmus confirms this. J The town of Kyphanta, the ruins 
 of which Curtius places at the citadel of Kypanssi, was a 
 Phoenician settlement; there are further evidences in names: 
 Bay of Tyros, with a promontory Tyru sheltering it to the 
 south, which has a remarkable fort with very ancient 
 polygonal masonry .§ So also the islands Kranae || and 
 
 * Cf. Marathus = Anirit in Crete, and on the Phoenician coast. 
 
 t E. Curtius, Pelopcnnesos , I. 62. 
 
 + Ibid. II. 517. § Ibid. II. 305, 306, 332. 
 
 || Ibid. II. 269. 
 
Chap. II.] 
 
 PHOENICIANS IN GREECE. 
 
 2 3 
 
 Kythera,* * * § Gytheion.f and Patrai,| as well as other places 
 in the Gulf of Patras, § were once flourishing Phoenician 
 settlements. Even in Attica, almost in Athens, there was a 
 Phoenician deme , Melite, which was supposed to derive its 
 name from a nymph attached to Herakles, and hence had a 
 famous temple to this hero, where he was worshipped as a 
 god . || Professor Savce writes to me: “It is very prob- 
 able that there was a Phoenician settlement in Athens itself, 
 but so far we have no distinct proof for it.” I add that the 
 following facts, not as yet considered, point to the same con- 
 clusion : (i) the remains of Cyclopean wails built of great 
 unhewn blocks near the Propylaea, and at other parts of the 
 Acropolis; (2) the terra-cotta vessels found in the oldest 
 debris of the Acropolis, which in form and decoration 
 are identical with those found at Ialysos, and at other 
 ancient Phoenician settlements. By anticipation, I here call 
 attention to the striking likeness of these terra-cottas, and 
 of the eighty-nine rude idols found with them and pre- 
 served in the Acropolis Museum, to the idols and pots 
 found at Tiryns, which will be described and drawn in my 
 fourth chapter. 
 
 The foundation of Thebes in Boeotia by Kadmos, whose 
 name the Acropolis of the town (Kadmeia) bore through 
 antiquity, points directly to the Phoenicians. 
 
 Again, the appearance of Semitic names of places in the 
 immediate neighbourhood of Tiryns, as for example Me- 
 gara, from nuo (cave), and Salamis, from d^>c? (safety), 
 
 * E. Curtius, Peloponnesos, II. 299. 
 
 t Conrad Bursian, Geographic von Griechenland , II. 145. 
 
 % Ernst Curtius, op. cit. I. 439. 
 
 § Ibid. I. 456, 476. 
 
 || Strabo, I. 66, 67 ; Pausanias, I. 23, 11 ; Pliny, IV. 7, n ; Schol. 
 Aristoph. Ranee, p. 113. This Phoenician origin of Melite is con- 
 clusively proved by Curt. Wachsmuth in his Stadt A then, I. pp. 404- 
 45, where the whole subject is fully discussed. 
 
 11 Kiepert, Lehrbuch der alien Geographic, p. 242, note 1; p. 273, 
 note 1 ; cf. also Olshausen in the Rhein. Mus. VIII. (1S53), 
 
24 
 
 PHOENICIAN SETTLEMENTS IN GREECE. [Chap. II. 
 
 can only be explained by the supposition of Semitic 
 colonization. 
 
 In like manner the name Ithaka points to a Phoenician 
 settlement, being a Semitic word, of the same loot asUtika, 
 and meaning settlement or colony.f I here particularly 
 note the Cyclopean walls, more or less preserved in many 
 parts of Ithaka, which in the old capital of the island, on 
 Mount iEtos, are of enormous dimensions, and very like 
 those of Tiryns.J With great probability, therefore, we may 
 assume that these walls, as also the ruins of the ancient 
 capital of the island §, are to be attributed to the Phoeni- 
 cians. And also the Homeric name for Korfu (tx^p^v) 
 appears to be a Phoenician word and to mean dyopd or 
 
 market-place (compare the Arabic to buy). And it 
 may be that the name of its inhabitants Phaeakians (Stances), 
 is only a corruption of <3>oAuces.^j Further, the King ot 
 
 PP- 33°— 3 3 2 ; W. Helbig, Das Homerische Epos aus den Denkm'dlern 
 erkl'drt , p. 46. (Leipzig, 1884.). The enormous layers of purple-fish 
 shells on the small island of Hagios Georgios, close to Salamis, seem 
 also to point to a Phoenician settlement. 
 
 t Bursian, Geographie von Griechenland (Leipzig, 1868), II. 368 : 
 “The name of the island Ithaka, like that of the larger sister-island, 
 Same, seems to be Semitic, and to point to an ancient mart of the 
 Phoenicians, of which the Greeks had not preserved even a mythical 
 recollection.” T< 9 d/a? = ’It vm\ (Utica) = piny “ colonia” : cf. Olshausen 
 in the Rhein. Mus. N. F. VIII. p. 329. 
 
 % Schliemann, Ilios, p. 47-8. 
 
 § Cf. my Ilios, p. 48-50. II Ibid. p. 57 - 
 
 1 T This was the view of Col. Mure (Hist. Gk. Lit. I. Appendix El, 
 who thought that the whole picture of the Phteacians was satirical, and 
 intended to paint the foibles of some well-known naval people. Prof. 
 Mabaffy thinks that this application, which is almost suggested by the 
 comic sea-names given to the Phseacian grandees (Od. VIII. hi, sq.)— 
 
 apro fxev ’ AKp6it€cos Te Ka i ’{IkvclAos Kal ’EA arpevs 
 NauTeus re II pvfiveus re Kal 9 Ayx La ^- 0S KaL 
 IT 01 /revs t 6 Tlpwpevs re, J A vafiy)(JLV£a)S T6 
 
 ’ A(i(pici\6s 6 ’ vibs Uo\vut]Ov TeKTOitLdao‘ 
 
 cannot be intended for so thoroughly non-Hellenic a people as the Phoeni- 
 cians, but is perhaps meant for the Phokaeans, in early days (7th cent. 
 E.c.), a very adventurous naval state. 
 
Chap. II.] PHCENICIAN SETTLEMENTS IN GREECE. 
 
 2 5 
 
 the island, Alkinous, was a grandson of Poseidon.'* * * § As 
 other Phoenicians settlement in Greece we may mention the 
 towns Boulis (BouXi?) in Phokis,f and ChalkisJ in Euboea; 
 also Karthaia,§ once the most important town of the island 
 Keos (Cyclades), and of whose Cyclopean walls, which are 
 very like those of Tiryns, considerable traces remain. As 
 similar walls are found in many other parts of Keos,|| we 
 may fairly infer that the whole island was once colonized 
 by Phoenicians. A very rich settlement of the same kind 
 was also on the island Thasos, which, according to tradition, 
 was colonized by the Phoenicians under Kadmos, and 
 called after one of his companions Thasos, the son of 
 Agenor (or Poseidon, Apollodoros III. 1. i).^[ I add to 
 the list the island of Antiparos,** where, as I shall more 
 fully detail below, Mr. J. Theodore Bent has lately exca- 
 vated and found very ancient pottery, which has many 
 analogies with the oldest terra-cottas of Tiryns. So also the 
 island of Melos, ff which is said to have been called Byblis, 
 Memblis, or Mimalhs.JJ JVTelos and the neighbouring 
 island Kimolos have large beds of obsidian, the material 
 from which very ancient arrow-heads and blades are made, 
 which are found in such masses at Tiryns and Mvcenm, 
 
 * Od. VII. 54-63. 
 
 + Conrad Bursian, Geographie von Griechenland ’, I. 185. 
 
 + Ibid. II. 413. 
 
 § Ibid. p. 472. 
 
 || Panagiotes Kastromenos in the Journal 'E/ISo/xds, no. 32, 7 Oct. 
 1884. 
 
 H Herodot. II. 44; VI. 47 ; Pausanias, V. 25, 12 ; Konon, Narr. 
 p. 37 ; Stepn. Byz. 
 
 ** Conrad Bursian, op. cit. II. 483. 
 
 ++ Ibid. op. cit. II. 498. 
 
 XX Steph. Byz. sub voce M?}Aos ; Plin. IV. 12, 70 ; Hesych. sub voc. 
 Me/z/ 3 Ats and Mt/xaAAts. Euseb. Chron. ad a. Abrah. 590 (ed. Schone, 
 P 35 ) : “ Melus et Pafus et Thasus et Callista urbes conditae.” Paulus 
 (eo. Muller, p. 124, n) makes the Hero-eponymos Melos (cf. 
 Eustath. ad Dionys. Per. 530) a Phoenician. 
 
2 6 PHOENICIANS ON THERA AND RHODES, [Chap. II. 
 
 but also elsewhere in Greece* As other Phoenician 
 colonies, 1 also specify with great probability the Sporad 
 island Amorgost and Anaphe,* the latter called of old 
 Membliaros, which was the name of one of kadmos com- 
 panions. § The same may be said of Thera, of whic 
 Bursian writes : || “ Greek tradition tells that kadmos, 
 seeking his abducted sister Europa, landed on the island 
 then “ailed Kalliste, and built a shrine to Poseidon and 
 Athene and left there a number of companions under the 
 command of Membliaros, son of Poikiles." 1 These Phmni- 
 cians, as the story seems to indicate by the name I oikdes 
 (the vanegator), established a branch of industry, which 
 flourished later at Thera-the making of many-coloured 
 stuffs, known to other Greeks from their place of manufac- 
 ture as Theresa .** Eight generations after Membliaros, 
 
 the story goes on, the Kadmeian Theras, son of Autesion, 
 led a band of Minyans from Laconia to the island, where 
 the descendants of Membliaros gave him the control, and 
 
 he called it Thera after himself. 
 
 On the island of Rhodes there were also flourishing 
 
 Phoenician colonies. Mr. Sayce writes ^ me : “ kadmos 
 (i.e. the Phoenicians) seeking Europa, reached the 1 si an o 
 Rhodes, and then built a temple to his grandfather, Poseidon 
 
 * Cf. Finlay, Ua P ar VP ^ hrl - 'EA/Wa ko! 'EAAaSf T/wrropufr 
 
 dp X <uoAoyias (Athens, 1869), p. 17- 
 t Conrad Bursian, op. cit. II. 5 X 3- 
 
 t Ibid. II. 518. ' 
 
 § Steph. Byz. sub voce ’A vd<£i? and Me/r/3A«x pos. 
 
 II Conrad Bursian, op. cit. II- 524. , TV 
 
 m Herodot IV. 147 ; Theophrast. m schoi. Pindar. Pyth. IV. , 
 ’ * 8; Pausanias, III. 7 1 Steph. By, sub voce »*». 
 
 ? eb led Schone p. 35) makes the fouudation of Kalhsta contempo- 
 fa“ry with that of Melos, Paphos, and Thasos in the year of Abraham, 
 c qo. Cf. Movers, Phonizier , II. 2, p. 266 et sqq. , , . 
 
 5 ** Poll VII. 48 and 77 1 Hesych. sub voce e,r»™ ,p,f 
 X. 444 ; cf. H. Bliimner, die gmerUiche Thltigte ,t ier Volker des 
 
 klassischen Alterthums , p. 9 6 - 
 
Chap. II.] 
 
 ALSO IN CRETE. 
 
 2 7 
 
 {Diodor. Sic. V. 58). The primitive people of Rhodes 
 were the Heliades, i.e. the descendants of the Semitic Sun- 
 god (Konon in Phot. Bibl. 186). But Konon also says that 
 the Heliades were conquered by the Phoenicians; these 
 again by the Karians, and these by the Dorians. On the 
 other hand two Rhodian authors, Ergias and Polyzelos, 
 alleged that when Iphiklos and the Dorians came to 
 Rhodes, they found the Phoenicians still in possession of 
 the island, and entrenched in their citadels Kameiros and 
 lalysos under their prince Phalas {Diet. Kret. I. 15 ; 
 IV. 10). Phalas reminds us of Palaimon and Palamedes. 
 According to Diodorus (V. 56), Zeno had seen Kadmeian 
 inscriptions in the temple of Athene at Lindos ; he also 
 says that the population of lalysos was partly Greek and 
 partly Phoenician (V. 58). The excavations of Kameiros 
 and lalysos have proved how deep the Phoenician influence 
 must have been in both places.” 
 
 I repeat what I shall expound fully in the following 
 pages, that the pottery of lalysos has the greatest similarity 
 to that of Tiryns and Mycenas. 
 
 The greatest and most flourishing settlement of Phoeni- 
 cians must have been in Crete, as is proved both by the 
 oldest of the legends, and the Phoenician names still left on 
 the island.* Cyclopean walls, like those of Tiryns and 
 Mycenae, are found in many places in Crete. 
 
 The close intercourse of Greece with the Phoenicians in 
 distant prehistoric days is also proved by the many words of 
 Semitic origin in the earliest forms of the Greek language. 
 Thus for example, as W. Helbig concludes, f the name of 
 the garment ^ ltojv , klOSv, is formed from a word which in 
 
 * So, for example, the name of the town Kairatos (changed to 
 Knossos afterwards) suggests the Phoenician kart , and the name of the 
 river Jardanos (Homer, Od. III. 292, and Eustathios’ note; Pausanias, 
 VI. 19), the Jordan, &c. 
 
 + Wolfgang Helbig. Das Homerische Epos aus den Denkm'dlern 
 erlautert , p. 131. (Leipzig, 1884.) 
 
28 
 
 POSITION OF THE FORT. 
 
 [Chap. II. 
 
 Hebrew is Kuttonet , in Chaldean Kittun * and also the 
 name of linen raiment, 666u V , from the Semitic word W 
 in Hebrew, which in that language describes thread, or 
 spinning (Proverbs of Solomon, vii. i6).f 
 
 Professor Sayce has remarked to me that the Phoeni- 
 cians’ method of building is now well known to us, through 
 the discovery of Phoenician writing on the walls of Mount 
 Eryx (San Giuliano), in Sicily, and that this discovery also 
 shows that the gigantic blocks of the lower walls of the 
 Temple of Baalbek are of Phoenician origin. 
 
 We may therefore assume, with great probability, that 
 the gigantic walls of Tiryns were built by Phoenician 
 colonists, and the same is probably the case with the great 
 prehistoric walls in many other parts of Greece^ 
 
 Pliny says J that there are to be found at Tiryns small 
 snakes which grow out of the earth, and whose bite is 
 harmless to natives, but deadly to strangers. Further, 1 
 observe that Tiryns appears as the boundary ot Argeia. 
 in the oracle quoted by the Schol. ad Theocr. xiv. 48 : 
 re [xeo-riyv T Cpvvdos valovai kcu ’ApfcaSo?? TroXv^rjXov. 
 
 Since Tiryns, as already mentioned, is only i£ km. 
 from the sea, and lies in so flat a plain that the high road 
 at the western foot of the fortress is only 3-4 m. above 
 sea-level, § it inevitably gives every traveller the impression 
 that within historic times it was situated immediately 
 on the sea, and that the tract of swamp which now 
 separates them is a later growth of the plain. This is 
 however, a great mistake, of which we have complete proof 
 
 * Movers, Die Phonizier, III. 1, P- 27 I Helm, Die Kulturpflanzen 
 
 und Hausthiere , 3rd ed. p. 4-6- , , 
 
 t Wolfgang Helbig, of. dt p. ia8. Cf. Movers m Ersch und 
 
 Gruber's Encyklopaiie, 3 Sektion, 24 Thl. p. 35 s . u!,der Jle ' v<m 
 
 “ Phonizien.” . •„ 
 
 + Plinv H. N. 84: lam quaedam ammaha mdigems mnoxia, 
 
 advenas mterimunt : sicut serpentes parvr m Tirynthe : quos terra nasci 
 Pr °§ Cf. the first-rate map of Hauptmann Steffen (Berlin, 1S84). 
 
Chap. II.] LOCAL FEATURES LITTLE CHANGED. 
 
 29 
 
 in the remains of the small port at a distance ot about 
 2 km. south-west of Tiryns, near the chapel of Hagios 
 Panteleemon, for here the remains of the buildings and 
 harbour dam are of huge unhewn blocks, pointing to great 
 antiquity. The ancient harbour is now nearly dried up 
 and scarcely 30 cm. deep, but the old dam can be traced 
 in almost its full extent, and 3000 years ago cannot have 
 stretched above 100 m. further into the sea than it does 
 to-day. Doubtless the sea-waves once washed the rocks of 
 Tiryns, but this was probably at a time when our planet 
 was not yet the home of man. 
 
 In fact, the topography of the plain south of Tiryns 
 appears to have altered very little, if at all, since a time of 
 high antiquity, for the northern shore of the gulf is occu- 
 pied chiefly by deep morasses, which still extend far into 
 the land. For the former existence of these morasses in 
 the plain of Argos we have the testimony of Aristotle, who 
 says : “ At the time of the Trojan war the land of Argos 
 was marshy, and could only support few inhabitants ; the 
 land of Mycenae, on the contrary, was good, and highly 
 esteemed. Now, however, the opposite is the case, for the 
 land of Mycenae is dried up, and therefore lies idle ; 
 while the land of Argos, which was a marsh, and therefore 
 fallow, is now good and arable land.”* 
 
 The myth of the birth of Herakles in Tiryns, and of 
 the twelve labours laid upon him by Eurystheus, the king 
 of the neighbouring Mycenae, is, I believe, to be ex- 
 plained by his double nature, as Phoenician Sun-god, and 
 as Hero.f It is but natural that fable should place the 
 birth of this mightiest of all heroes within the strongest 
 walls in the world, which were regarded as the work of 
 
 * Aristot., Meteorol. I. 14 : eVt p.\v yap rCov Tp<oi7ca>v p.ev Apydmv 
 (xojpa), Sta to <AojO//s (tv (j.l, oAtyous rjSvvaro Tpitfjav • rj 8e XlvKrjvai'a tcaAtus 
 (lyy • Sto (.vTip.ore.pa r/v. Nw 8( TovvavTiov Sta rr)v dpr)p.(vriv amav • y] p,ev 
 yap dpyr] yeyove /cat $r]pd Traptrav, Try; 8e, to. tot( Sta to Xipya^av apya, i w 
 XprjcrLpjx yiyovev. t Max Muller, Essays, IT. 79. 
 
LEGENDS OF ARGOS. 
 
 [Chap. II. 
 
 3 ° 
 
 supernatural giants, and as Sun-god he must have had 
 many temples in the plain of Argos, and a famous cult in 
 Tiryns, for the marshy lowlands by which the fortress 
 was surrounded, are even at this day in some places barren 
 on account of their moisture, and in ancient days, as at 
 present, produced pestilential fever, and could only be 
 improved by incessant toil and the beneficent influence 
 of the sunshine. 
 
 Thus the fable appears quite natural that Herakles as 
 Sun-god had to perform the twelve labours for Eurystheus, 
 king of Mycenae, to whom the whole plain belonged ; 
 these twelve labours being none other than the twelve 
 signs of the Aodiac, through which the sun appears to 
 pass in the annual rotation of the earth. 
 
 The German colony which settled fifty years ago imme- 
 diately west and north-west of Tiryns, never succeeded ; 
 "almost all the settlers were seized by the deadly fever, and 
 none remain : here and there stand their ruined dwellings. 
 
 On account of its great fertility and remarkable situa- 
 tion on the noble gulf, the plain of Argos was the natural 
 central and starting-point of all the political and social 
 development of the land, and thus merited the name given 
 by Sophocles (. Electro. , 4) to TrakaCov 'Apyos. Here, as the 
 legend tells, Phoroneus, son of Inachos and the Nymph 
 Meleia, with his wife Niobe, first gathered the hitherto 
 scattered inhabitants into a community, and founded a 
 town which he ealled clcttv QopwviKov (Pausanias, II. 1 5 > 5 > 
 cf. Plato, Tim.), which was renamed by his grandson 
 Argos, and formed the nucleus of a great Pelasgic state 
 (cf. PEsch. Supp. 250). We find incontrovertible evi- 
 dence for this Pelasgic settlement in the names Argos and 
 Larissa, which are Pelasgic, the first meaning plain, , the 
 last fortress ; and again in the myth of the old Pelasgic 
 moon- and cow-goddess lo, daughter of Inachos. Argos 
 was succeeded by his son Enasos, and he again by Gelanor, 
 who surrendered the government to Danaos, who came 
 
Chap. II.] LEGENDS OF ARGOS. 31 
 
 from Egypt* * * § To these succeeded Lynkeus, followed by 
 his son by Hypermnestra, daughter of Danaos, Abas, who 
 aeain by Okaleia was father of the twin sons Akrisios and 
 
 O J 
 
 Proitos.y Akrisios drove out Proitos, and became ruler of 
 Argos. 
 
 The ground of quarrel between the brothers is said to 
 be that Proitos seduced Danae, the daughter of Akrisios. J 
 Proitos fled to Lykia, to King Iobates, and married his 
 daughter Anteia, § or Stheneboia, || or Antiope. Iobates 
 returned with Proitos and an armed force, and subdued 
 Tin ms.** The two brothers now divided the rule of the 
 land ; Akrisios retaining Argos, while Proitos took Tiryns, 
 with control of Mideia and the coast of Argolis. yj 
 
 The quarrel between the brothers, however, continued, 
 and Pausanias saw as he went from Argos to Epidaurus 
 “ on the right hand, a building like a pyramid, and on it 
 are sculptured shields of Argolic form. Here took place 
 the fight between Proitos and Akrisios, who contended for 
 mastery, and they say that the result of the battle was 
 not decisive, and so a reconciliation took place, as none 
 could gain mastery of the other, and they themselves, 
 together with their armies, are said to have first fought 
 here armed with shields. And to those who fell, seeing 
 they were all fellow-citizens and akin, there was raised in 
 this place one common tomb.” J J 
 
 * Apollod. II. 1,3 and 4. t Apollod. II. 2, 1. 
 
 f Apollod. II. 4, I : Tavrrjv (rrjv Aai'd-pv), <1? evioi Xeyovcnv, ecjsOeipe 
 
 Ilpcd/ros • ottev aureus Kal q (Trains e KivrjOrj . 
 
 § Apollod. II. 2, I ; Homer, Iliad , VI. 160; Eustathios, 631, 20. 
 
 || Apollod. II. 2, 1 ; Eustathios, 632, 4. 
 
 IT Serv. on Virgil’s Ed. VI. 48. 
 
 ** Apollod. II. 2, 1 ; Schol. ad Eurip. Orestes , 953 ; Paus. II. 16, 2. 
 ++ Paus. II. 16, 2. 
 
 ++ Paus. II. 25, 6 : ’Epyop.Aoi? Se v Apyous cs rqv ’'EmSavpiav kttlv 
 OLK oSop.qp.o. ev Se£ia Trvpafudi p.a/Wra eiKacrfrivov, Se danriSas cry?//xa 
 
 ’ApyoAiKas €iretpyao-/xAas - evravQa IIpotTa) rrepl rqs upxys Trpos ’Anpicnov 
 p-dyj] yiverat, kua. reAos p.ev icrov uyln'i crvp.f3r)i'cu ( /) tun. kcll an avrov 
 
LEGEND OF PROITOS. 
 
 [Chap. II. 
 
 3 2 
 
 Of this monument no trace remains. Strabo * says : 
 « Proitos seems to have used Tiryns as his basis of opera- 
 tions, and to have had it fortified by Cyclopes, who were 
 seven in number, and were called belly-hands, because they 
 lived by their craft, and who were sent for from Lykia ; 
 and perhaps the caves about Nauplia, and the woik in 
 them is [also] called after them.” 
 
 The legend of this mythic king in Tiryns, which must 
 be placed about 1400 b.c., is mentioned, among many other 
 ancient writers, by Homer, f according to whom Belle- 
 rophon of Corinth, having committed a murder, came to 
 the court of Proitos to seek absolution from him. Here 
 he was met by a fate similar to that of Joseph in Egypt. 
 The Queen Anteia fell in love with the stranger, on whom, 
 as the poet tells, the Immortals had bestowed beauty and 
 strength. As, however, Bellerophon rejected the loVe of 
 Anteia, and refused her proposals, she, inflamed with 
 passion, complained of him to the King, as though he had 
 offered her violence.^ According to the legend, Proitos 
 
 SiaAAayas varepov, d>s ouSerepoi fie/3a ta>s icpareiv eSwavro • avpf3a\elv Se 
 kiyovaiv aai n'trt irpunov rore /cal avrovs /cal to aTt^ravjia iyir\L<rp.evov<; • 
 rol? Se vrea-ovaiv a <£’ e/carepwv, ttoXltcu y'ap /cat avyyeveis ijaav, broipi} ravrrj 
 p.vrj/J.o. ev KOiVw. 
 
 * Strabo, VIII. 372 : T fj plv ovv TlpvvOi opp.r]Tr)plu> xPW ac r @ ai ^ 0K€ ~ L 
 IIpoiTo? /cat T «x‘o-a i 8m KukXoWwv, ovs kirr'a jAv dvai Kakelcrdai Se yaorepo- 
 X etpas Tp€<t>op,evov<; Ik rf/s re^s, rjKuv Se /xeraTre'/xTrroLS it c AWas • /cat t'acus 
 rd <TTrtjX<xUL ra Trept rtjv Nai/TrXtav Kat rd e’v airots epya toutwv iirwvpd eVru/. 
 
 t II. VI. 1 5 5-1 94. Anteia’s love for Bellerophon is also mentioned 
 by Apollodorus, II. 3, 1, and Tzetzes, Lykophron , 17. 
 
 + | quote from the prose translation of Messrs. Lang, Leaf, and 
 Myers (Macmillan, 1883). “Then spake she lyingly to King Proitos : 
 ‘ Die, Proitos, or else slay Bellerophon, that would have converse in love 
 with me against my will.’ So spake she, and anger gat hold upon the 
 King at that he heard. To slay him he forbare, for his soul had shame 
 of that ; but he sent him to Lykia, and gave him tokens of woe, graving 
 in a folded tablet many deadly things, and bade him show these to 
 Anteia’s father, that he might be slain. So fared he to Lykia by the 
 blameless convoy of the gods. Now when he came to Lykia and the 
 stream Xanthos, then did the King of wide Lykia honour him with all 
 
Chap. II.] 
 
 THE DAUGHTERS OF PROITOS. 
 
 33 
 
 and Antiope, or Stheneboia or Anteia, begat Megapenthes 
 and three daughters, Lysippe, Iphinoe (or Hipponoe), and 
 Iphianassa (or Kyrianassa),* or, as some say f only two, 
 Elege and Kelane. When these maidens grew up, they 
 were punished with madness, because they had laughed at 
 the statue of Hera, in the temple at Argos.^ They were 
 afterwards cured by Melampous, who caused them to be 
 bathed in a fountain, § or treated them with fumigations 
 of asphalt. || Upon this, they married him and his brother 
 Bias. f Their dwellings were below the fortress, towards the 
 coast, and were still existing in the time of Pausanias.** 
 There now remains, however, no trace of them. On 
 account of the morass, it is impossible that they could 
 have been subterranean. 
 
 King Proitos is also mentioned by Pindar, ff and it was 
 
 his heart. Nine days he entertained him, and killed nine oxen. And 
 when on the tenth day rosy-fingered dawn appeared, then he questioned 
 him and asked to see what token he bare from his son-in-law, even 
 Proitos. Now when he received of him Proitos’ evil token, first he 
 bade him slay Chimaira, the unconquerable. Of divine birth was she 
 and not of men, in front a lion and behind a serpent, and in the midst a 
 goat ; and she breathed dread fierceness of blazing fire. And her he 
 slew, obedient to the signs of heaven. 
 
 “ Next fought he the famed Solymi ; this, said he, was the mightiest 
 battle of warriors wherein he entered. And thirdly, he slew the Amazons 
 women peers of men. And as he turned back therefrom, the King devised 
 another cunning wile ; he picked from wide Lykia the bravest men and 
 set an ambush. But these returned nowise home again ; for noble 
 Bellerophon slew them all. So when the King now knew that he was 
 the brave offspring of a god, he kept him there, and plighted him his 
 daughter, and gave him the half of all the honour of his kingdom.” 
 
 * Serv - L x - t PElian, V. H. III. 42. 
 
 + Apollod. II. 2, 2. 
 
 § Strabo, VIII. 533 ; Ovid, Met. XV. 325 ; cf. Paus. VIII. 18, 3. 
 
 || Clemens, Srpoi/i-arets, VII. 713; Voss on Virgil, Ed. VIII. 82. 
 
 IT Apollod. II. 2, 2. 
 
 Paus. II. 25, 8 : K.a.Ta{ 3 avra>v Se o>S t7rt 6a\aacrav ivravOa ol 6a.Xap.01 
 tCjv JlpoLTOv Oxr/arepa >v etcrtV. 
 
 ft Pindar, Nem. X. 77, 78 : 
 
 viKacpop'iais yap oaais Ylpoirov 
 rtS’ LTnroTp6(pov 6.arv OaArjaeu. 
 
 D 
 
34 TIRYNS BECOMES A VASSAL OF ARGOS. [Chap. II. 
 
 apparently after him that one of the gates in Boeotian 
 Thebes was named Proitean * (iWXcu Upolrov or IliAcu 
 
 Upoiribed)- . . a 
 
 As to the name Proitos, which appears to us distinctly 
 
 not Greek, Eustathios says {Iliad VI. 157), and he H 
 surely wrong; 6 Se Upolros ry irvpoXoyi a npoiryriKO s 
 Waiver aO elvai koX bppyrias drrb rod rrpolevai- bib kcu hi a 
 bubOoyyov ypa<f>erai. 
 
 Proitos was succeeded by his son Megapenthes, who 
 exchanged his kingdom for that of Perseus, king of Argos, 
 son of Danae, daughter of Akrisios, and mythical founder 
 of Mycenae. f He was followed by his son Elektryon, the 
 father of Alkmene, mother of Herakles, who, as well as 
 his father, is said to have dwelt at Mycenae* Elektryon 
 resigned the kingdom of Tiryns and Mycenae to Am- 
 phitryon, son of Alkaios, and grandson of Perseus and 
 Andromeda. § Amphitryon married Alkmene, mother of 
 Herakles, but was driven out by his uncle Sthenelos, son 
 of Perseus and Andromeda, || who now became King o 
 Argos, Tiryns, Mycenae, Mideia, and Heraion.^ Sthendos 
 and Nikippe, the daughter of Pelops, begat Eurystheus, 
 who became King of Mycenae, and as the myth relates, 
 laid upon Herakles the twelve labours. The latter con- 
 quered Tiryns, and resided there for a long time, in 
 consequence of which he is commonly called the Tiryn- 
 
 thian.if , . , n • . 
 
 On the return of the Herakleids, which all ancient 
 
 traditions agree in placing about eighty years after the 
 Trojan war, Tiryns, Mycenae, Hysiae, Mideia, and other 
 
 * iEschyl. Sept. 377, 395 > Euripides, Phan. 
 + Paus. II. 16, 3 ; Apollod. II. 4 - 
 + Apollod. II. 4 ; Paus. II. 22, 8 ; II. 25, 9. 
 § Apollod II. 4 ; Hesiod. Sent. Here. 86. 
 
 || Homer, II. XIX. 116. 
 
 ** Ovid, Met. IX. 273 ; cf. Her. IX. 25. 
 ft Pindar, 01 . IX. 40 ; Ovid. Met. VII. 410 
 
 1109. 
 
 H Apollod. II. 4. 
 
 • Virgil, sP. 7 i. VII. 662. 
 
DATE OF TIRYNS AND MYCENAE’S DESTRUCTION. 33 
 
 towns were obliged to submit to Argos, and lost their 
 independence. Tiryns remained nevertheless in the hands 
 ot its Achaian population, and, together with the town of 
 Mycenae, sent 400 men to the battle of Plataea* Conse- 
 quently the name of the Tirynthians was inscribed, together 
 with those of all the other Greek citizens who took part in 
 this battle, on the bronze pedestal of the golden tripod, 
 which the Spartans offered as a tenth part of their spoil to 
 the Pythian Apollo at Delphi, and which now ornaments 
 the Mai'dan at Constantinople, opposite the Byzantine Hip- 
 podrome. The fame which Tiryns thus acquired is said to 
 have aroused the jealousy of the Argives, who had taken no 
 part in the Persian War, and who besides began to regard 
 the town as a dangerous neighbour, particularly when it 
 fell into the hands of the revolted slaves (Fup,z/r/crtoi), who 
 for a long time held their own within its Cyclopean walls, 
 and ruled the country around. At last the insurgents were 
 overcome,! but shortly after (Olympiad 78, 1, or 468 b.c.), 
 the Argives are said to have destroyed the town, ruined a 
 portion of the surrounding Cyclopean wall, and forced 
 the Tirynthians to settle in Argos.! According to other 
 accounts they fled to Epidaurus. § 
 
 But I cannot here resist quoting the learned dissertation 
 of Professor Mahaffy, ‘ On the Destruction of Mycenae by 
 the Argives,’ || from which it appears, beyond all doubt, 
 that the destruction of Mycenas and Tiryns by the Argives 
 should be placed at a very much earlier date. 
 
 “ No one seems to have found any difficulty in the state- 
 ment of Diodoros, which Pausanias repeats, that the town 
 of Mycenae was destroyed by the people of Argos after the 
 Persian Wars, though I fancy most scholars, when they 
 first come to attend to it, are surprised that the ancient 
 
 * Herodot. IX. 28. + Herodot. VI. 83. 
 
 + Paus. II. 17, s ; VIII. 27, 1. § Strabo, VIII. 373. 
 
 II In the Dublin University Journal, Hermathena , V. pp. 60, sqq. 
 
 I) 2 
 
36 DATE OF TIRYNS AND MYCENAE’S DESTRUCTION. 
 
 city of Mycenae should have lasted so long in close neigh- 
 bourhood to Argos, and yet have made so little figure in 
 Greek history. I suppose any doubt of this kind is allayea 
 by the recollection that Herodotos mentions eighty Myce- 
 naeans as having joined the Greeks at Thermopylae, and 
 that he also enumerates both Tirynthians and Mycenaeans 
 among the cities or tribes of Greeks which were inscribed 
 on the pedestal of the tripod at Delphi as joining in the 
 repulse of the Persians. The actual pedestal at Constan- 
 tinople confirms him, for we read in the list Mvicares and 
 Tlovv0lol, and thus the existence of Mycenaeans and 
 Tirynthians up to the year 47° B - c - « beyond all doubt 
 « I have, nevertheless, grave suspicions whether either 
 historian has given us a true account of the matter, and 
 therefore propose the following hypothesis, to invite dis- 
 cussion. If 1 have overlooked any decisive evidence, I 
 hope it will be put forth in refutation of my conjecture. I 
 will first quote all Pausamas’ statements on the point, but 
 will group them into two classes, irrespective of their order, 
 for the sake of more convenient discussion : 
 
 II 15 4. “But I shall give the cause of the settlement, 
 
 and why the Argives afterwards expelled the Mycenaeans. 
 16,5. But the Argives destroyed Mycenae through jealousy ; 
 for when the Argives remained neutral at the invasion of 
 the Medes, the Mycenaeans sent to Thermopylae eighty 
 men, who shared with the Lacedaemonians in their deeds 
 [this is inaccurate]. This ambition brought them destruc- 
 tion, by inciting the Argives. * 
 
 “Then follows (Paus. II. 16, 6) the famous passage 
 about the ruins, and about the tombs of Agamemnon and 
 
 * Pausanias, II. 15, 4: alriav re ypdif/a) tou olxurp-ov, /cat Si 
 
 TrpocbcLcnv ’ApyeToi Mi^vaiovs vcrr epov <W<m?aw. II. 1 6 5 . Mirras 
 Se ’Apyeloi xaOdikov lira £r/A -orWas • W a ^ VTa)V W TwV Apyeioiv Kara 
 rw brurrpaTaav roS MrjSov, Mwnjvawi W/mtowtiv eis ©cp/wrruXas oyS orjKovra 
 avSpas ot AaKeSai/xovwMS ^cr X ov rov [inaccurate] ■ rouro r,vey K e 
 
 atfturiv oXeOpov to cjuXorla^a irapo£wav Apycunx. 
 
DATE OF TIRYNS AND MYCENAE’S DESTRUCTION. 37 
 
 his party, which Dr. Schliemann has brought into such 
 fresh notoriety. 
 
 “ Pausanias, V. 23, 2. [In the list of cities inscribed on 
 the monument of the victory over the Persians, which 
 Pausanias saw at Olympia, and which appears not to have 
 been an exact duplicate of that of Delphi.] ‘ But from 
 the Argive country the Tirynthians, . and the Platasans 
 alone of the Boeotians, and of the Argives those who dwelt 
 in Mycenae.’ Pausanias, V. 23, 3 : ‘ Of these cities, the 
 following were in our day abandoned : the Mycenaeans and 
 Tirynthians were expelled by the Argives after the Median 
 invasion,’ &c.” * 
 
 “For in the case of the Mycenaeans their strong fortress 
 could not be taken by storm by the Argives (for it had 
 been fortified in the same way as that of Tiryns [not accu- 
 rate] by the so-called Cyclopes), but the Mycenaeans were 
 forced to abandon their city because food failed them. 
 And some of them retired to Cleonae. More than half the 
 people fled to Macedonia to that Alexander, to whom 
 Mardonius, the son of Gobryas, entrusted the message to 
 bring to the Athenians. But the rest of them came to 
 Keryneia, and for the future Keryneia became more powerful 
 through the increase of its inhabitants, and more distin- 
 guished on account of the settlement of the Mycenmans.'f' 
 
 “ Nothing seems more precise than this. Pausanias was 
 
 Pausanias, V. 23, 2: h < Se x°V> as rrj<s ’Apyeias TipwBioi, IlXaraiek 
 6e p,ovoL Boiarrdiv, /cat Apyeicjv 01 e^ovre s. Pausanias, V. 23, 3. 
 
 TOVTW TO IV 7rdAeo>v TocraiSe rprav ief> rjp.Cw epyjpioi. MvKrjvaloi p.ev Kal 
 TlpVvOlOl TOIV M 77 Sikwv VCTTCpOV CyeVOVTO VITO ’ApyeiW dj/dcrraToi. 
 
 "t Pausanias, VII. 25, 5 • XlvKrjvaiois yap to p.ev rectos aXuivai Kara to 
 I crxvpov ovk iSvvaTO vtt'o ’ApyeiW (keTei^urro yap Kara raira [this is not 
 accurate] tw ev ’TipvvOi vtto tCjv K ukAgjttguv KaXovpieveov') Kara dvdyKrjv Se 
 ck\clttov<tl XIvKqvaioi rpv 7t6Xlv eTnXenrovTOJV o-<£as tCjv cn.ruov, Kal aXXoi 
 p.cv rives k KAeojvas u/rroyhypovotv i£ atjTuw, tov Sr/piov Sc ttXcov pAv f) r/pucrv 
 k MaKcSoviav Karaefyevyovo-i reap a 'AXeEavdp v, (5 MapSoVios 6 Tw/3pvov tt)v 
 dyyeXiav l/rlrrrevaev k ’A Orjvaiow; d-rrayyeTXai. 6 Se aXXos 8rjp.o s cl^Ikovto k 
 Tqv Kepvveiav, Kal Swarairepa re rj Kepweia oiKrjTopwv -n-Xr/Oei Kal k to 
 CTTCLT a iyevcTO kru^o.vttTTepa Sid Tqv crwoiK-qeriv Tuw Mu/cpvaiojv. 
 
38 DATE OF TIRYNS AND MYCENAE’S DESTRUCTION. 
 
 evidently quite sure of his facts, though one of them— the 
 participation of the Mycenaeans in the battle of Thermopylae 
 —was certainly wrong according to Herodotos. They went 
 there, indeed, but retired with the other Greeks, who left the 
 Spartans and Thespians with Leonidas. Apart from this, it 
 seems, then, that the Argives were so jealous of the fame of 
 Mycenae on account of this glorious battle (at which Myce- 
 naean s never fought), that they undertook the siege of the 
 great Cyclopean fort, and having starved out the popula- 
 tion of the place, which they could not storm, they drove 
 them out of the land to Kleonae, Keryneia, and to Macedonia. 
 The same lot befell the Tirynthians for the same reason, 
 though Pausanias adds no details about the siege of their 
 equally wonderful fort, which excited his loudest admiration. 
 
 « Herodotos corroborates the participation of Mycen- 
 leans and Tirynthians in the Persian Wars, and says they 
 together furnished four hundred men to the army of the 
 Greeks, which fought at Plataea. He is perfectly silent as 
 
 to the consequences of this act. 
 
 “ Let us now examine a very different passage. ‘ But 
 the Arcadians came together into Megalopolis to gain 
 strength, as being aware that the Argives in olden times 
 were almost every day in danger of war with the Lacedae- 
 monians. But when they increased Argos in its popu- 
 lation, abolishing Tiryns and Hysiae, and Orneae, and 
 Mycenae, and Mideia, and whatever other place in Argolis 
 was of no account, their relations towards the Lacedae- 
 monians were more secure, and they gained strength as 
 regards their country dependants (period).'* 
 
 * Pausanias, VIII. 27, 1 : avvykOov 8 e xnrep i<r;(dos is avrrjv [sc. t^v 
 Meyd/Yrp 7rdA.1i'] 01 ’ApxdSes, are Kal Apya'ous e7naTap.evoi ra p.ev en 
 7ra\at orepa p.ovov oh Kara p. lav r/p.epav eKaarrjv KivBvvevovras vtto AaKeSai- 
 povtaiv Trapa<TTr]vaL red 7roX.lp.ijj, tVeidr; Se avOpwTriov TrApOeL to Apyos 
 brr/vfrrav KaraA-wavres T tpvv6a Kal 'Yc nas re K al ’Opveds Kal Mvie^vas Kal 
 MiSetav Kal el 8r/ ri d/YAo Trdkurpa ovk dfidAoyov ev rfj ApyoAiSi r)V, ra re 
 cltto AaKeOaxp.oviMV dSeearepa rods ’Apyeiois virap^ovra Kat ap a es rovs 
 irepiOLKovs Icrxvv yevopevrjv a vtols. 
 
DATE OF TIRYNS AND MYCENAE’S DESTRUCTION. 39 
 
 “ This passage is corroborated by 11. 25, 6 and 8, in which 
 the destruction of Orneas and of Tiryns is mentioned in 
 the same way. Thus, in § II. 25, 8, ‘But the Argives 
 dispossessed the Tirynthians, wishing to have them as 
 fellow-settlers, and to increase the power of Argos.’* 
 
 “This account appears not only inconsistent with the 
 former, but contradictory to it. There the inhabitants of 
 Mycenae are expelled, and added to the strength of other 
 cities ; here, the special reason of the dispute is to secure 
 more citizens for xArgos, and to increase and consolidate its 
 power. Any one who considers the conditions of the ques- 
 tion for one moment will not hesitate to prefer this latter — ■ 
 a sound political view — to the sentimental story about 
 Argive jealousy. The crwouaor/xo? of the A r give territory 
 was like that of Thebes, of Athens, and of Megalopolis ; 
 and there can be no doubt that the importance of Argos in 
 Greek history was wholly due to its early success in this 
 most difficult and unpopular revolution. 
 
 “But is it possible that it took place after the Persian 
 Vi ars ." I think not. In the face of the patriotic conduct 
 of 1 iryns and Mycenae, and at the moment of Argos’ 
 greatest national unpopularity, any such attempt to destroy 
 free Greek cities would have brought down the vengeance 
 of all Greece. Moreover, early historians are silent about 
 it. Herodotos and Thucydides never allude to it. What 
 is still more remarkable, the contemporary AEschylus, 
 though composing plays which ought to have had their 
 scene laid at Mycenae, never once mentions Mycenae, and 
 transfers the palace of Agamemnon to Argos.f If the more 
 
 Pausanias, II. 25, 8. aveo-Tr)<rav Se xal Ti pwOiovs ’Apydoi, (rwot/covs 
 Trpocr Aa/jetT /cat to ’Apyos hrav^rj<raL ^eAr^cravves. 
 
 + “This mistake seems to have been noted by critics of an early date, 
 for both Sophocles and Euripides mention and distinguish the two cities, 
 though they seem to confuse the inhabitants. I was unable, when on 
 the spot, to make out the picture suggested at the opening of Sophocles’ 
 Electro,, which seems, as it were, drawn on the spot, but is more probably 
 
4<D DATE OF TIRYNS AND MYCENAE’S DESTRUCTION. 
 
 ancient city, whose inhabitants had fought with him in the 
 great Persian struggle, had only lost its independence in 
 his mature age, is such a curious ignorance on his part 
 conceivable ? I think, then, that the (rwowcurps ot the 
 Argive territory must have taken place long before, and 
 that Pausanias was misled by the monuments ot the Persian 
 War to transfer it to an impossible period. 
 
 « If we look back into earlier history, and consider at 
 what time Argos was daily expecting an attack from 
 Sparta, and found it necessary to strengthen its power, I 
 think the most natural period will be not immediately after 
 the Persian, but immediately after the Messenian W ars, 
 that is, the second Messenian War, which was concluded in 
 Ol. 29. According to our revised chronology, the develop- 
 ment of Pheidon’s power at Argos must be placed close to 
 this time, and it was probably the twenty-eighth Ol. which 
 he celebrated with the Pisatans at Olympia to the exclu- 
 sion of the Eleans. Of course the Spartans were bound 
 to interfere, but the Messenian War must have greatly 
 hampered their vigour. When this war was over, and 
 Sparta had acquired new territory and prestige, the Argives 
 must have expected that they would be the first to suffer. 
 Hence I attribute to Pheidon, and to his policy, the con- 
 solidation of all the smaller towns in Argos, and perhaps 
 this may have been the secret of his greatness. 
 
 “ But how then is the existence of Tirynthians and 
 Myceneeans during the Persian War to be explained? I 
 suppose that these towns, though conquered, and their 
 gods transferred to Argos, nevertheless continued to exist 
 as kuixcu or villages, but inhabited by Argive citizens, and 
 that accordingly the descendants of the old inhabitants, 
 who took the patriotic side, and had not forgotten their 
 history, joined the Hellenic army under these obsolete 
 names, which the nation was glad to sanction as a slight to 
 
 a fancy sketch. But Mycenae is very prominent in it. Sophocles even 
 wrote a play called Mu/o/varai.” 
 
DATE OF TIRYNS AND MYCENAE’S DESTRUCTION. 4 I 
 
 the neutral Argives.* The very small number of men they 
 were able to muster (80 from Mycenae at Thermopylae, 
 400 from Mycenae and Tiryns together at Plataea) strongly 
 corroborates this view ; for in that day the smallest Greek 
 towns had a considerable armed population — Plataea, for 
 example, had 600. It is very likely that the Argives were 
 nettled at this conduct, and determined to efface these 
 places altogether ; and this change, which was very unim- 
 portant, as the real crwoi/acr/ud? had been long accomplished, 
 attracted little notice at the time, but gave rise afterwards 
 to a distortion of history. 
 
 “ I will quote, in conclusion, what seems to me a parallel 
 case. Pausanias says, I that the Minyae of Orchomenos 
 were expelled by the Thebans after the battle of Leuctra. 
 We know very well that the power of Orchomenos was 
 gone long before, but the increased strength of Thebes, 
 and some offence on the part of the subject city during 
 the struggle with Sparta, determined its complete extinction 
 by the Thebans. But this was no great siege or subjuga- 
 tion of a free city. That had been done by the Thebans 
 long before. So I believe the capture of the great fort at 
 Mycenae probably occurred long before the Persian Wars. 
 
 “ The explicit passage in Diodoros,J which seems at 
 
 * “ Of course they need not have come directly from Tiryns and 
 Mycenae, but may have been exiles , who came together under the name of 
 their old city.” 
 
 t Pausanias, IV. 27, 10: ’Opyop.evLOL Se ol Mivvou yuera ryv yuaypv 
 ttjv iv Aewerpots eKTrecroVres inr 6 ®rj/ 3 ato)V it ' OpyopLevov KaTr/^drjcrav. 
 
 f Diodoros Siculos, XI. 65 : Mera. Se raura ’AOr/vrjo'L pikv r/v ap^uiv 
 ©eayeveto'ps, iv Pojp .77 S’ vvaroi KadeLcrTrjKecrav AevKios Aip. 1 A. 10 s Maptep/cos 
 kou AevKios StovSlos TotAos, 6X.vp.Tnas S’ r/X^V IfiSop-YjKocrT-i] kou oySo-p, k off fjv 
 ivLKa crraStov Ylaftp.evldrjs riotretSai warps • €7rt Se tovtluv ’Apyetois /cat 
 AlvKryaloLS ivearq 7roA.e/xos Sea roiailra? air las. AlvKrjvaZoL Sta to 7raA.at ov 
 afioj/xa rps iSlas irarplSos ovy Wnr/Kovov rots ’Apyetois Mcnrep at Xouirol 7roAets 
 at Kara rpv Apyelav, aAA.a Kar tStav rarroptevot rots ’Apyetois ov TTpoaelyov ‘ 
 r/p.(f)L<Tf3rp-ovv de /cat 7rept rail' tepcov Trjs Hpas, Kat rov ayoiva tov Neyxeatoi' 
 rjE low eo-vrovs SioiKelv ' rrpos Se tovtols ort rwv ’Apyetaw i//77<^>tcrap,ei'wi' yur) 
 (Tvp.p.ayelv els ©epyucTriAas rots AaKeSaiptowots, eav y ay yuepos rr/s ryyeptowas 
 
42, DATE OF TIRYNS AND MYCEN^’S DESTRUCTION. 
 
 first sight a conclusive corroboration of the ordinary view, 
 only strengthens my conviction that it is wrong. Diodoros 
 is precise about the date. He says that in the 78th Ol. 
 (468-4), while the Spartans were in great trouble on 
 account of a destructive earthquake and rising of the 
 Helots and Messenians, the Argives took the opportunity 
 of attacking Mycenae. But they did so because Mycenae 
 alone of the cities in their territory would not submit to 
 them. This distinctly asserts that all the other towns, such 
 as Tiryns and Midea, had been formerly subdued, and con- 
 tradicts Pausanias. Diodoros then enumerates the various 
 claims of Mycenae to old privileges about the Heraeon and 
 the Nemean Games, and adds what Pausanias says about 
 Mycenaeans joining the Greeks at Thermopylae, alone 
 among the Argive cities. The share taken by Tiryns with 
 Mycenae at Plataea seems unknown to both authors. But 
 after long waiting for an opportunity, the Argives now 
 collected a considerable force from Argos and the allied 
 cities, and made war upon Mycenae — upon Mycenae, which 
 was only able, jointly with Tiryns, to supply 400 men at 
 
 av tois 7 rapaSujcri, povoi twv ryv ’Apytiav KaroLKOvvTwv (rvvep.d\yaav oi 
 Mwcyvaioi tois AaKtSaipoviois * to St (Tvvoaov {nrwirrevov avrovs pr/TTOTf 
 lo’xvcravTe's iirl 7tA .eov rrjs yyep.ovtas afJLefHO-fiyTyauMTL rots ’Apyeiois Sia to 
 iraXcu ov ef)p6vyp.a rys 7rdAea)S ■ Sia Sy rairras rd? air [as dAAorptws Sia/eeipevoi 
 7 raAat p-ev fWftiSov apai ry v iroXtv, Tore St Kaipov evOerov e^eiv ivop.i£ov, 
 6pu5i'T€S rods AaKtSaipovious TfTa7reij/«ptVow k at ay Svvapevovs Tots 
 MvKyvaiois fHoydelv • aOpotaavTiS ovv agiokoyov 8vvap.iv t/c re "Apyows Ka i ck 
 twv (Tup.p.a^t'Sojv 7rdAea>v OjTpaTtvuav h r avrovs, viKyeravres Se p.ax(l tovs 
 Mwijvatous Kal cruy/cAei'a-avres eVrds eirokiopKovv ryv 7toAiv ■ oi St 
 
 Mwyvaioi xpovov p.tV riva rods TroXiopKOVvras tuTovtus ypvvovTO, p.era St 
 raura kuiropevoL tw irokep.w Kal rwv AaKtSaipoviW py Svvapevwv f3oy6y<raL 
 Sta rods iSious iroAtpow./cai Tyv tK twv aeurpwv yevopevyv airois crvpejjopdv, 
 dAAaiv S’ ow ovrcov avppaywv, t’pypi a r<Sv tmKovpovvTwv Kara Kparos yAiocrav ' 
 01 St ’Apyeloi rods Mwyvaiovs dvSpa7rcSwrd/ieFOi Kai S eKaryv e£ avrwv tw Oew 
 KaOtepwaavres, tos M vKyvas KareeTKaxpav • amy pev ovv y ttoAis evSalpwv ev 
 tois ap^a/ois xpovo is yevopevy Ka i pty aAous avSpas e^overa Kai Trpa^ti? 
 . ddioAoyous f 7 riTfAtcrapfVy, Toiaxnyv ttr^e Tyv Karacrr pocfjyv, Kal Sitptivtv 
 aoiKyros pt^pi rtui' ypds xpovwv. f I his too is false, cf. below, p. 470 
 
DATE OF TIRYNS AND MYCENAE’S DESTRUCTION. 43 
 
 Plataea, and which, when unaided, sent 80 men to Ther- 
 mopylae ! The Argives first defeated them in battle, and 
 then besieged the fortress, which, after some time, through 
 lack of defenders (which is indeed credible), they stormed. 
 Here again Pausanias is contradicted. Diodoros con- 
 cludes with stating that they enslaved the Mycenaeans, con- 
 secrating a tenth of the spoil, and levelled the town with 
 the ground. 
 
 “ I think my theory is perfectly consistent with the criti- 
 cal residue which may be extracted from this passage. It 
 is probably true that the Argives chose the opportunity of 
 a Messenian war to make this conquest, but it was the 
 second, not the third, Messenian war. It is probably true 
 — nay, I should say certainly true — that they levelled 
 the houses of Mycenae with the ground in the 78th Ol. ; 
 but this was not their first conquest of it. If they enslaved 
 the then inhabitants, this harsh measure was probably by 
 way of punishment for the impertinence of a subject town 
 in sending an independent contingent to a war in which 
 the sovereign city had determined to maintain a strict neu- 
 trality. That the facts related by Diodoros should have 
 caused no general comment throughout Greece, or that no 
 early echo of it should have reached us, seems to me in- 
 credible. There is a possible corroboration of Diodoros’ 
 statement that Mycenae was the last conquered of the 
 subject cities in the Homeric Catalogue, where Tiryns is 
 mentioned as already subject to Argos, while Mycenae is 
 the capital of Agamemnon. But even when that Catalogue 
 was compiled, Argos had conquered all the seaboard of the 
 Argolic peninsula, and Mycenae lies at the extreme south 
 of the territory (chiefly Corinthian and Sicyonic) which is 
 assigned to Agamemnon. Possibly the traditions were still 
 too strong for the poet to make Mycenae subject to Argos, 
 but he plainly denies any hegemony of Mycenae over the 
 A r give plain.” 
 
 Such is Professor MahafFy’s theory, published before 
 
44 
 
 DATE OF TIRYNS AND MYCENAE’S DESTRUCTION. 
 
 my excavations at Mycenae and Tiryns had brought 
 archaeological evidence to bear upon it. 
 
 Professor A. H. Sayce draws my attention to a passage 
 in Homer, which, in his opinion, appears to support this 
 hypothesis, and categorically to refute the statements which 
 Pausanias and Diodoros have borrowed from Ephoros.* 
 The latter appears to have fallen into error with regard to 
 the era of Pheidon of Argos, for according to Theopompos, 
 and Diodoros apud Syncellum, ‘ Chronicon p. 262, he 
 belongs to the beginning of the ninth century before Christ , 
 with which also the Parian Chronicle , Ep. 31, agrees. 
 The Homeric passage is as follows : — 
 
 “ Then Hera, the ox-eyed queen, made answer to him: of a surety 
 three cities are there that be dearest far to me, Argos and Sparta and 
 wide-wayed Mycenae, these lay thou waste, whene er they are found 
 hateful to thy heart ; not for them will I stand forth, nor do I grudge 
 thee them. For even if I be jealous, and would forbid thee to overthrow 
 them, yet will my jealousy not avail, seeing thou art far stronger than I.” + 
 
 According to Professor Sayce, it appears that Homer in 
 this place implies the destruction of at least one of the 
 three towns named by him, and as Argos and Sparta were 
 not destroyed, the destroyed city could be no other than 
 Mycenae. Sayce concludes from the word Sia7repcrai that 
 the destruction must have been complete. If such is the 
 case, the citation from Homer gives us the highest proof 
 that Mycenae as well as Tiryns must have been destroyed 
 
 * Professor Sayce, who has carefully examined the fragments which 
 remain of Ephoros, is of opinion that these fragments, as well as other 
 indications, show that Diodoros had copied some portions of his account, 
 word for word, from Ephoros, and in large part had reproduced the 
 writings of that author 
 
 t It. IV. 50-56 : 
 
 T bu 5’ ^jLietjSer’ inreira fiowTris irdwa e, Hpr) • 
 jrfTOl Tpe7s }A€V 7T0\V (plATCtTCU €l(Tl TT0A7]€S 9 
 
 v Apyos re ^irdprir] re kol\ evpvdyvia M vkt]vt) * 
 t as fiicnrepo'cu 9 ot* dv tol aTrexOwvTCU irepi KT\pi * 
 
 Taw*' out 01 eyu irp6<j9 5 < l(JTOLfJ.cu, ovSe p.€yaipcv * 
 eln ep yap (PQovzu) T€ kol\ ouk e*w SiaTreptra*, 
 ouk cli/vco (bOoveovo 1 ’ * e7re*7] ttoAv <p€pT€pos effcri. 
 
DATE OF TIRYNS AND MYCE NEE’S DESTRUCTION. 45 
 
 at a very early date, for, as I have already shown, Tiryns 
 had long before Homer’s time lost its independence, and 
 become a vassal of Argos. 
 
 Now this hypothesis finds remarkable confirmation in 
 the monuments of Mycenae and Tiryns. I would remind 
 the reader of what I have written in my work Mycence * 
 on the destruction of the wall of the Acropolis of Mycenae. 
 “ On the west side the Cyclopean wall has been nearly 
 demolished for a distance of 46 feet, and on its interior 
 side a wall of small stones bound with earth has been built 
 to sustain its ruins. It must remain mere guesswork when 
 the Cyclopean wall was destroyed and the small wall built ; 
 but at all events this must have occurred long before the 
 capture of Mycenae by the Argives in 468 b.c., because 
 the small wall was buried deep in the prehistoric debris ' ’ 
 
 Further, I would remark that the following inscription 
 found in Mycenas, of which we know with certainty that it 
 
 T*eE!?oo^ E M 
 
 belongs to the sixth century before Christ, is scratched 
 upon a fragment of that lustrous black lacquered Hellenic 
 pottery which must be at least three centuries later in date 
 than the archaic terra-cottas which are found in Tiryns and 
 Mycenas everywhere, on the surface of the ground, and 
 which must necessarily have been in common use at the 
 time of the destruction of both towns. 
 
 I further recommend to the particular attention of 
 archaeologists the numerous very ancient idols found by me 
 in Tiryns and Mycenae, either of simple female figures, or 
 in the form of a female with horns starting at both sides 
 of the breast, or in the form of a cow. In Mycenae I 
 found these even in the uppermost archaic strata. In 
 
46 DATE OF TIRYNS AND MYCENAE’S DESTRUCTION. 
 
 Tiryns 1 found them everywhere in the rooms of the great 
 prehistoric palace occupying the entire upper citadel. It 
 is therefore to be assumed as certain that these idols were 
 still in universal use at the time of the destruction of the 
 palace of Tiryns as well as at the destruction of Mycenae. 
 It appears to us, however, incredible that the tutelary 
 goddess of Tiryns and Mycenae was still in the fifth cen- 
 tury before Christ represented in this most ancient form ; 
 almost equally improbable does it appear to us that at such 
 a comparatively late period the rude knives and arrowheads 
 of obsidian were still in use, which are found in very large 
 quantities of very primitive form in Mycenae as well as 
 in the citadel of Tiryns, inside and outside the palace. 
 There can be no doubt that in the Homeric poems Hera 
 is a woman without any of the characteristic marks of a 
 cow, the only remembrance being preserved in the title 
 /3ow7m, hallowed by the use of centuries, which yet in 
 Homer cannot be held to signify more than “large-eyed. 
 
 It is to be assumed with certainty that in the time of 
 Homer the habit of representing Juno in cow’s form, or 
 with characteristic cow features, had long passed away ; 
 and therefore a pre-Homeric date must necessarily be 
 ascribed to the catastrophe ot the great destruction of 
 Mycenae and Tiryns. In fact, when I consider the char- 
 acter of the monuments discovered by me, and the absence 
 of all coins or inscriptions (save that above) of early date, 
 to which Professor Mahafty has called particular attention, 
 I have no hesitation in ascribing the destruction of both 
 towns, not to 468 b.c., but to the time of the Done 
 Migration, and the ruin of Mycenae and Tiryns by the 
 Herakleids would explain to us the remarkable fact that 
 Orestes did not rule in Mycenae, and that tradition only 
 gives us an account of the very ancient kings of both 
 towns, of whose further fate we know nothing. 
 
 In my excavations at Mycenae I brought the most 
 positive proofs to light that the place was re-settled, pro- 
 
Chap. II.] 
 
 THE LATER CITY OF TIRYNS. 
 
 47 
 
 bably, as the pottery indicates, from about the beginning 
 of the fourth to the beginning of the second century before 
 Christ * 
 
 In the Acropolis of Tiryns, on the other hand, we 
 found even on the surface, numerous sherds of painted 
 prehistoric pottery, which during the excavations were 
 brought to light in immense quantities, whilst in spite of 
 most diligent search on the upper and middle terraces we 
 failed to find a single potsherd of Hellenic or Roman time. 
 We found, on the contrary, in the excavations of the gate- 
 way on the east side of the Acropolis many potsherds of 
 this kind, as well as broken pieces of roof-tiles, an iron 
 spearhead, and other articles of iron, from which it appears 
 to me certain that this road was roofed over in Greek or 
 Roman times, and served for habitation. At the same 
 period there may have been some small houses on the 
 lowest terrace of the citadel, for there also we found 
 remnants of roof-tiles, as well as occasional late Greek or 
 Roman potsherds. 
 
 Though we may assume with certainty that, since the 
 destruction, in far prehistoric days, of the palace of the 
 ancient kings or Tiryns, its site on the upper citadel has 
 never been profaned with human dwellings, it has never- 
 theless once served for the higher purpose of Divine 
 worship, for on the south end we brought to light the 
 foundations of a little Byzantine church surrounded by 
 many graves. (See Plans I. and II.) 
 
 There was, indeed, in classical times a town of Tiryns 
 which stretched around the citadel on the site of the lower 
 town of the more ancient Tiryns. This is proved by 
 the numerous shafts which I sank round the citadel, in 
 which I found near the surface Hellenic potsherds, and, 
 in the lower deposit, painted and monochrome prehistoric 
 terra-cotta fragments, together with knives and arrowheads 
 
 * Cf. Mycence , p. 63. 
 
48 CYCLOPEAN BUILDINGS IN THE ENVIRONS OF TIRYNS. 
 
 of a very primitive form of obsidian. This is also shown by 
 a small treasure of bronze coins discovered some twenty- 
 five years ago on the east side beneath the citadel, which, 
 as the Director of the National Collection of Coins at 
 Athens, M. Achilles Postolaccas maintains, belong mostly 
 to the fifth [?~] century before Christ, and perhaps partly to 
 the Macedonian period, and have on one side a head of 
 Apollo, on the other a palm with the legend ti. tirvn or 
 
 TIPYNGinN. * 
 
 Of the history of this newer Tiryns, we know however, 
 if possible, even less than of that of ancient Tiryns, for it 
 is mentioned by no ancient author, and must, to judge 
 from the Tirynthian coins, of which none is more than a 
 centimetre in diameter, have been a small poor town. 
 
 To the south-east of Tiryns, at the foot and to the east 
 of a steep rock called Castron, which is 203 m. high and 
 crowned with a chapel dedicated to St. Elias, lies a small 
 church, dedicated to St. Taxiarchis. This stands on the 
 site of a Cyclopean building, of whose huge unhewn blocks, 
 many have been built into the church, but the greater part 
 yet lie without in situ. Many similar blocks, which one 
 may see south of the church, leave no doubt that many 
 buildings once stood here. 
 
 And I further think that in the village Spa'ftziku (cf. 
 the map of Argolis), which is about three miles south-east 
 of Tiryns, one may recognize in the rough-hewn limestone 
 blocks 1 m. 20 long by 1 m. 10 broad, the foundations of 
 a prehistoric building, which may date from the days of the 
 glory of Tiryns and Mycenae, for the neighbouring fields 
 are strewn with painted prehistoric potsherds. 
 
 Of the neighbouring towns, which certainly flourished 
 contemporaneously, and probably also were destroyed at 
 the same time as Tiryns and Mycenae, 1 must allude to 
 
 * Cf. A. de Courtois in the Ranee numismatique, 1864, p 178 sqq., 
 and 1866, pp. 153 sqq . ; Weil in Alfred von Sallet’s Zeitschrift fiir 
 Numismatik, I. pp. 217 sqq. 
 
Chap. II.] THE PREHISTORIC CITADEL OF ASINE. 
 
 49 
 
 the citadel of the old town of Asine, which lay about eight 
 kilometres to the south-east of Tiryns on the sea-shore (see 
 the map of Argolis), of which the walls, partly built of 
 neatly fitted polygonal blocks and partly of layers of trape- 
 zoids uneven in level, are still better preserved than those 
 at Tiryns. Colossal towers, projecting about 7 m. and 
 12 m. broad, give the walls an imposing appearance. The 
 terrace of the fortress, where apparently most of the 
 buildings stood, is 37 -50 m., the highest point 50 m., above 
 the sea. On the terrace are still evident the foundation 
 walls of numerous chambers, formed of unhewn Cyclopean 
 stones. In the middle of one of these, which is 5 • 80 m. 
 long and 3-30 wide, may be seen a great rough hewn stone 
 o 62 m. in diameter, in which is a hollow o’ 24 m. long, 
 o*io m. broad, and 0-15 m. deep. In many places the 
 rock is skilfully smoothed for building purposes ; there 
 is also a large cistern hollowed out in pear shape, whose 
 opening is 1 m. in diameter; there are besides three smaller 
 cisterns. Asine was the old town of the Dryopes, and is 
 mentioned' in Homer’s Catalogue* According to Strabo, f 
 Diodorus^ and Pausanias,^ viz., according to the same 
 authorities who record for us the conquest and destruction 
 of Tiryns and Mycenae by the Argives, Asine was also 
 destroyed by the Argives, who spared only the sanctuary 
 of Apollo Pythaeus, and united the territory of the town to 
 their own. On the Acropolis of Asine are found extra- 
 ordinary masses of potsherds of that painted prehistoric 
 kind peculiar to Mycenae and Tiryns, and which, though 
 
 * Mad, II. 559, 560 : 
 
 Ot 5’ " Apyos t’ zT.x ov Tipvvdd re reixi6e<r<rav, 
 'Ep/uidi/Tjy, ’ AtnvTfu re, 0a6vy Kara koKttov exovcras. 
 
 + Strabo, VIII. 373. 
 
 § Paus. II. 36, 4; IV. 34, 9. 
 
 + Diodoros, IV 37. 
 
50 THE CYCLOPEAN WALLS AT NAUPLIA. [Chap. II. 
 
 exposed to the open air for thousands of years, have lost 
 little or nothing of their freshness, also very many saddle- 
 querns of trachyte, corn-bruisers, &c., rude hammers of 
 diorite or granite, and great masses of knives and arrow- 
 heads of very primitive form, made of obsidian. Together 
 with the^e is to be found black and red lacquered late Hel- 
 lenic or Roman pottery, which points to a later settlement. 
 In any case, the fortress must have been occupied in the 
 late Middle Ages, for in many places one sees in the walls 
 and towers considerable repairs dating from the Venetian 
 period. 
 
 Only four kilometres south of Tiryns there lay, and still 
 dies, on a small peninsula stretching westward into the bay, 
 and connected by an isthmus with the mountain chain 
 which encloses the Argive plain, the town of Nauplia, now 
 to Nau7rXtov, with an excellent harbour on the north side. 
 As already mentioned, it was founded, according to legend, 
 by Nauplios, a son ot Poseidon, and appears, as we have 
 seen by its origin, to point to a connection with the Phoeni- 
 cians, who may have built the town as an outpost against 
 the inhabitants of the plain. 
 
 It is very likely that Nauplia flourished at the time 
 when the King of Tiryns still ruled in his palace, for in 
 the walls of the old Acropolis, now called Itsch-Kale, are 
 to be seen important remains of the old Cyclopean sur- 
 rounding wall, which is built of perfectly fitting polygons, 
 and is therefore probably, like the walls of Asine, of a 
 somewhat later date than those of Tiryns. 
 
 The heaps of debris which occur in some places in 
 this fortress are not suited for archaeological research, for 
 they were brought here from other places to form batteries 
 in the time of the insurrection of 1862, and contain a 
 mixture of pottery from the Roman period, the Middle 
 Ages and modern times. I could not find in them a single 
 prehistoric potsherd. 
 
Chap. II.] CAVES, ETC., OF CYCLOPEAN ARCHITECTURE. 5 I 
 
 The son of Nauplios, Palamedes, had a sanctuary on 
 the high steep rock.* The fortress upon it bears his name, 
 which, strange to say, the Frankish conquerors found in 
 use as the name of a mountain. This name also, as 
 Curtius thinks, | was certainly not invented in the Middle 
 Ages, but kept alive by oral tradition from the days when 
 the Heroon of this mvthical hero stood there. The old 
 town, which is mentioned by Herodotos ^ and Skylax,^ 
 was, according to Euripides and Strabo, || the haven of the 
 Argives, but of no great importance, partly in consequence 
 of the transference of the inhabitants by the Lacedae- 
 monians to Mothone, at the close of the second Messenian 
 War, about the 29th Olympiad.^]" In the time of Pausanias 
 it was in ruins and deserted.** 
 
 Strabo says, “ Hard by Nauplia are caves and the 
 labyrinths constructed in them, which are called the 
 Cvclopean.”ff However in Nauplia, nothing is known of 
 caves, whether with or without labyrinths. Outside the 
 town, in spite of long search, I have not been able to find 
 any trace of them. I imagine therefore they exist in the 
 western slope of the rock of the old Acropolis, and are 
 concealed by the houses of the modern town of Nauplia. 
 And I venture to conjecture that these caves, with the 
 labyrinths of Cyclopean architecture, may contain the 
 graves of the ancient Kings of Tiryns, for in the imme- 
 diate neighbourhood of Tiryns there is nothing to point to 
 their existence. I am the more disposed to believe this, 
 because, on the north-east side of Nauplia, at about the 
 distance of a mile, there have been discovered a number of 
 
 * Ernst Curtius, Peloponnesos , II. 390. t Ibid. 
 
 + Herodotos, VI. 76. § Skvlax, p. 19, ed. Huds. 
 
 || Euripides, Orestes , 54; Strabo, VIII 368. 
 
 IT Pausanias, IV. 24, 4; 27, 8 ; 35, 2. 
 
 ** Ibid. II. 38, 2. 
 
 ++ Strabo, VIII. 368 : ’E Se rfj NawAia ra <nn)\a.ia Kai ol ev 
 avrols olKodOfj/rjrol \af3vpcvdoi, Ku/cA.u>7raa 8 ovofi.o.( > ovcnv. 
 
 E 2 
 
5' 2 PANORAMA SEEN FROM TIRYNS. [Chap. II. 
 
 small graves ot the beehive form, together with a drovios , 
 whose construction completely corresponds with that of 
 the so-called treasure-houses of Mycenae, and the painted 
 terra-cotta vases and idols found in them are also entirely 
 of the same character as those of Mycenae and Tiryns.* 
 The panorama which stretches on all sides from the 
 top of the citadel of Tiryns is peculiarly splendid. As I 
 gaze northward, southward, eastward, or westward, I ask 
 myself involuntarily whether I have elsewhere seen aught 
 so beautiful, and mentally recall the ascending peaks of the 
 Himalayas, the luxuriance of the tropical world on the 
 Islands of Sunda, and the Antilles ; or, again, I turn to 
 the view from the great Chinese wall, to the glorious valleys 
 of Japan, to the far-famed Yo-Semite Valley in California, 
 or the high peaks of the great Cordilleras, and I confess 
 that the prospect from the citadel of Tiryns far exceeds all 
 of natural beauty which I have elsewhere seen. Indeed the 
 magic of the scene becomes quite overpowering, when in 
 spirit one recalls the mighty deeds of which the theatre was 
 this plain of Argos with its encircling hills. 
 
 The view given as frontispiece is taken from the north 
 side of the royal palace explored by me, of which the ruins 
 may be seen in the foreground. 
 
 Of the view in the background, Dr. H. Lolling has 
 kindly furnished me the following description, which also 
 completes the panorama on the other side : — 
 
 Looking from the Citadel of Tiryns southward, you 
 see, as appears in our panoramic view (cf. Frontispiece), 
 straight before you the long Palamidi rock with its three 
 tops, of which the westernmost is crowned with the striking 
 Venetian fort, commanding all the surrounding country. 
 Joined to this by a narrow saddle there projects westward 
 into the Argolic Gulf the precipitous cliff’ of old Nauplia, 
 
 Cf. H. Lolling’s account of excavations at Palamidi in the Mit- 
 theilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts , Y. 143, sqq. 
 
Chap. II.] 
 
 PANORAMA SEEN FROM TIRYNS. 
 
 53 
 
 now called Itsch-Kale, and clothed on the south side with 
 the so-called Frankosykiae. In the gulf is the small rocky 
 island of Burzi, on which the Venetian fort is now the 
 residence of the public executioner, who is here watched 
 by a picquet of soldiers day and night. On the west side 
 of the gulf are the bleak chains of mountains, through 
 which the way leads southerly over the Zavitza mountains, 
 an arm of the Parthenion, to the district Thyreatis, so long 
 contested by Sparta and Argos ; to the westward a good 
 carriage-road goes by Hysiae (now Achladokampos) and the 
 Byzantine fort of Muchli into the rich Alpine plain of 
 Tegea. As we look, the top of Zavitza lies right beyond 
 the island fort of Burzi. The mountain chains traced in 
 fainter lines, and appearing to join Palamidi to the south in 
 our panorama, belong to the district of Kynuria; they 
 are parts of the Parnon chain (now Malewo), reaching down 
 to Cape Malea. The mountain next Zavitza, on the right 
 (north), which also reaches the Argolic Gulf, is Pontinos, 
 from the point of which, at the 4 mills of Nauplia,’ the 
 great spring of Lerna bursts a full river from the rock.” 
 
 “So far our panorama reaches. Let us now, standing- 
 on the rock of Tiryns, let our eyes wander northward 
 over the Chaon range, where the already-mentioned great 
 fountain-head of Kephalari rises, to the fine acropolis of 
 Argos, standing out from Lykone into the plain, with 
 its well-preserved mediaeval fort. Above the lower hills 
 stretches the long ridge of Artemision, across which two 
 steep paths, the Prinos way and the Klimax way, lead over 
 to Mantinea. Past the fort of Argos, and beyond the large 
 village of Kutzopodi, the eye reaches to Mount Kelossa, 
 on the north of which was the district of Phlius. The 
 hills which here bound the Argive plain to the north-west 
 meet the Treton ridge at Mycenae. Between them is the 
 principal pass in-land from the plain of Argos, the pass 
 of Dervenaki, which connects the land of Argos with that 
 of Kleonae, and so with Korinth. Connected with Treton 
 
54 
 
 PANORAMA SEEN FROM TIRYNS. 
 
 [Chap. II. 
 
 are the mountains in the west near Mycenae and the 
 Heraeon, and further south the western outposts of the 
 gigantic Arachnaeon, to the south of which a deep, sheltered 
 valley reaches to the famous shrine of Asklepios in the 
 land of Epidauros. The southern spurs of Arachnaeon 
 approach the Palamidi, and so conclude the great circle 
 of mountains which stand like a protecting wall round the 
 Argive plain.” 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Objects of Terra-cotta, Stone, etc., found in 
 
 EXCAVATING THE LAYERS OF DEBRIS OF THE OLDEST 
 
 Settlement in Tiryns. 
 
 As was before mentioned,* according to Eustathios and 
 Stephanos Byzantinos the first name of Tiryns was Halieis 
 or Haleis, as fishermen first settled on the rock; and, as 
 a matter of fact, my excavations have discovered on various 
 parts of the hill, especially on the middle terrace (Plan I.), 
 clear traces of a very ancient shabby settlement, which 
 must have anticipated the building of the great Cyclopean 
 walls and the royal palace. We are indeed badly informed 
 about the style of building and plan of these oldest houses 
 of the primitive settlement. Their floors, preserved in 
 many places, were of beaten-down clay, and in this quite 
 different from the floor of the palace, built together with 
 the Cyclopean walls on the upper citadel, for this is always 
 of lime concrete. The most important traces of the oldest 
 settlement we found at the south-west corner of the middle 
 citadel, where we discovered, 3-30 m. under the last step of 
 the communicating staircase (Plan II.), the clay floor, show- 
 ing deep marks of a conflagration, of a room, two of whose 
 walls made of clay and rough stones remained to a height 
 of o’ 75 tn. So also the pottery of the oldest settlement 
 (with the single exception of cups) was in form, workman- 
 ship, and decoration quite distinct from that used by the 
 inhabitants of the palace, from which we collected many 
 whole vessels and a vast heap of fragments. These latter 
 are, with few exceptions, turned on the wheel, painted, and 
 
 * p. 16. 
 
56 ANALOGOUS PREHISTORIC POTTERY. [Chap. III. 
 
 in general very like those I found at Mycente,* and are 
 also analogous to those found in the deepest strata of the 
 Acropolis of Athens, f at the foot of the temple of Demeter 
 at Eleusis, in the bee-hive tomb of Menidi,| in the tombs 
 of Spata § and AlikiJ) near Chasani in Attika, of Nauplia,«[[ 
 of Salamis,*' of Ialysos at Rhodes, in Knossos ( Crete). 
 This pottery of the primitive settlers at Tiryns belongs to 
 the stage of the last four prehistoric towns excavated by 
 me at Troy,§§ as well as to the stage of the settlers on the 
 site of the tumulus of Protesilaos on the shore of the 
 I hracian Chersonese, |||| and like the very ancient pottery 
 found in the Necropolis of Antiparos. w 
 
 * Cf. Schliemann, Mycentz (London, 1878). 
 
 t This pottery is to be seen in the Museum of the Acropolis. 
 
 t Das Kuppelgrab bei Menidi , Mittheilungen des Deutschen Archdolo- 
 gischen I/istituts in Athen (1880), p. 5. 
 
 § Ct. Schliemann, Mycenae, XLIII. • also the A. 6 r)va.iov (1877), 
 VI. 167-172 ; Mittheilungen des Deutschen Archdologischen Instituts in 
 Athen , II. 82-84 an d 261—276; Bulletin de Correspondance hellenique , 
 
 I. 261-264, II- PI- XIII-XIX. pp. 185-228 ; A. Milehhofer, die Museen 
 Athens, pp. 102-104. 
 
 || Dr. H. Lolling informs me, that the excavations at Aliki and the 
 pottery discovered therein, will be discussed in the forthcoming con- 
 tinuation of Ad. Furtwangler and G. Loschcke’s Mykenische Thongefdsse. 
 
 f (1878), VII. 183-201 ; (1879) VIII. 517-526; Mitthei- 
 
 lungen des Deutschen Archdologischen Instituts in Athen , V. 143-163. 
 
 These tombs were discovered by Capt. A. Miaoules, Director of 
 the Arsenal at Salamis, on the N. of the island, and their contents are in 
 his house near the arsenal. 
 
 ft Archaologische Zeitung (1873), pp. 104-105 ; Charles T. Newton, 
 Essays on Art, p. 284, sqq. ; Gazette archeologique, V. (1879), PI. XXVI. 
 XXVII. p. 202 ; Francois Lenormant, Lcs Antiquities de la Troade, 
 
 II. 34; Albert Dumont et Jules Chaplain, Les Ceramiques de la Grace 
 propre, PI. III. pp. 43-46. 
 
 ++ Albert Dumont et Jules Chaplain, Les Ceramiques de la Grece 
 propre (Paris, 1881), pp. 64, 65. 
 
 §§ Cf. Schliemann, Ilios (London, 1880) pp. 264-586, and Schlie- 
 mann, Troja (London, 1884), pp. 52-192 
 
 llll Schliemann, Troja, pp. 254-262. 
 
 1111 The excavations of the prehistoric Necropolis on the island of 
 Antiparos were made in the spring of 1884 by Mr. J. Theodore Bent, 
 and the pottery he found is now provisionally in the British Museum. 
 
Chap. III.] DIFFERENT POTTERY— DIFFERENT RACES. 57 
 
 The wide contrast of the pottery of the two settlements 
 on the rock of Tiryns in form, technique , and decoration 
 are the clearest evidence that they belong to totally 
 different peoples. For, as my friend George Dennis well 
 remarks : * “ The several styles of art of the same race at 
 different periods are bound to one another like the links of 
 a chain ; and it is impossible for a people, after having- 
 wrought out a style of pottery which had acquired among 
 them a sacred and ritual character, to abandon it on a 
 sudden, and adopt another style of a totally different 
 character. A people may modify, develop, perfect, but 
 can never utterly cast aside its own arts and industry, 
 because in such a case it would deny its own individuality. 
 When we find, therefore, between two styles of art so 
 many and such strongly pronounced discrepancies, that it 
 becomes impossible to perceive the most remote analogy 
 between them, it is not enough to attribute such diversities 
 to a difference of age, or stage of culture ; we can only 
 ascribe them to different races.” 
 
 If therefore we believe the oldest colonizers of Tiryns to 
 have been the first inhabitants of the land, we may with 
 great probability attribute the later settlement, to which 
 the great palace and the gigantic Cyclopean walls belong, 
 to that great Asiatic people, which about the middle of the 
 second millennium before Christ, covered the whole of the 
 mainland of Greece, as well as the islands of the Ionian 
 and zEgean seas, with settlements, and which had already 
 attained a high level of culture.')' 
 
 Passing on now to a closer description of the objects 
 discovered, I begin with those belonging to the earliest 
 Tirynthian settlement, and exhibit in No. 1 a small hand- 
 
 * The Cities a. 7 id Cemeteries of Etruria (2nd ed., London, 1878). 
 This passage is repeated from I/ios, p. 279. 
 
 t Compare pp. 22, sqq., what is said of the settlements of Phoe- 
 nicians in Greece. Compare also Max Duncker, History of Greece 
 (London, 1884), Vol. I. chap. iv. 
 
58 
 
 THE EARLIEST POTTERY. 
 
 [Chap. III. 
 
 made shell-shaped vase, covered with reddish-yellow 'day, 
 and more baked than is usual.* * * § It has on each side of the 
 body an excrescence with two vertical perforations, and 
 brings, therefore, before us exactly the most common type 
 found in the first town at Troy,f but which is also found 
 in the second, or burnt town. J 
 
 The holes at the sides, which were repeated in a corre- 
 sponding position in the covers, ^ served as well for suspen- 
 sion as for closing the vases by means of a string.|| 
 
 A like arrangement is seen in the vase of green basalt, 
 No. a, of which the rim is somewhat raised ; the bottom is 
 
 No. i. Hand-made terra-cotta vase with double pierced excrescences at the sides. Half size. 
 
 Depth 4 m. 
 
 wanting. Vases of bluish-grey stone appear in the beehive 
 tomb at Menidi,*y of black granite in Mycenag,** in Spata,ff 
 
 * The depth at which this and all other objects illustrated in this 
 work were found, was always noted on them by the inspectors of the 
 excavations, and I only repeat their statements without vouching per- 
 sonally for their accuracy. 
 
 + Compare Schliemann, Ilios , pp. 214—5, Nos. 23-5^ Troja , p. 32, 
 No. 3. 
 
 + ibid. Ilios , p. 363, Nos. 282-3. 
 
 § Ibid. p. 215, No. 26. 
 
 || Compare Ilios, pp. 356-7, and No. 252. 
 
 H Das Knppelgrab bei Menidi, published by the Deutsches Archiiol. 
 Institut at Athens (Athens, 1880), pp. 20, 23, 25, PI. IX. Nos. 5, 6, 7, 
 Cf. Schliemann, Mycenae, pp. xlvi-xlvii. ft Ibid \ 
 
Chap. III.] 
 
 THE EARLIEST POTTERY. 
 
 59 
 
 and in the Acropolis at Athens. The specimens found at 
 Mycenae and Spata have holes for suspension at the sides. 
 
 ^ farther example, with similar arrangement for suspen- 
 sion and closing, is represented in Plate XXIII., under 
 Fig. d. It was found at a depth of 2 m., and is a hand- 
 made spherical vase, of well-cleaned green clay, only 3 mm. 
 thick, covered over with a shining black glaze. In the 
 narrow neck, which is only 4 cm. in height, there is on the 
 right and left side a vertically perforated excrescence for 
 suspension. 
 
 We found, besides, fragments of hand-made bowls, of 
 
 2. \ ase of green basalt, with double vertically bored excrescences at the sides. Half size. 
 
 Depth 4P to 5 m. 
 
 grey, coarse and slightly baked clay. They have a broad, 
 horizontally projecting brim, with two vertical perforations 
 on each side, which was made separately and joined on 
 while the clay was yet moist. The vessel was then polished, 
 and before baking was repeatedly dipped in a solution of 
 red clay, by which means it took both on the inner and 
 outer side a brick-coloured tint. 
 
 \ ases with similar vertically bored excrescences on both 
 sides, are rare everywhere, except at Troy, and only a few 
 are found in the most ancient settlements. The National 
 Museum at Athens has but one such vase, which was found 
 in Attica, and is numbered 2185. The small collection in 
 
6o 
 
 ANALOGOUS EXAMPLES. 
 
 [Chap. III. 
 
 the French School at Athens of pottery from the island of 
 Thera (Santorin), found under three layers of pumice and 
 volcanic ashes, contains three hand-made vases provided 
 with the same arrangement for suspension. We see the 
 same on many fragments of hand-made vases which I 
 found in my excavations in BoeotiaA 
 
 Several other hand-made vases of the same kind are to be 
 seen in the collection of prehistoric antiquities, provisionally 
 placed in the British Museum, which were dug up by 
 Mr. J. Theodore Bent, from the prehistoric Necropolis on 
 the island of Antiparos.f 
 
 In the royal tombs at Mycenae I found a fragment 
 of a similar vase of terra-cotta, J as well as many perfect 
 examples in gold.§ Fragments of similarly designed terra- 
 cotta vases were found by Dr. Max Ohnefalsch-Richter in 
 his excavations in Cyprus. The Museum of St. Germain- 
 en-Laye contains several fragments of the like hand-made 
 vases, of which one was found in a cave in Andalusia, add 
 three others in dolmens in France; and also the casts of 
 two other such fragments, of which the originals, preserved 
 in the Museum of Vannes, were found in the dolmen 
 of Kerroh, near Locmariaker. The Royal Museum of 
 Northern Antiquities in Copenhagen contains three hand- 
 made vases, closed with lids, and sixteen separate vase lids ; || 
 the Royal Museum at Stockholm, three vases on the same 
 plan. 
 
 Fragments of similar vessels were found in the caves at 
 Inzighofen, on the Upper Danube.^} The collection of 
 
 Cf. Schliemann, Orc/wme?ios, Leipzig, 1881, p. 40, No. 2, and 
 p. 41, No. 3. 
 
 t J. Theodore Bent, Prehistoric Graves at Antiparos, in the 
 Athenceum of May 3rd, 1884. f Cf. Schliemann, Myce?ice , p. 158. 
 
 § Ibid. p. 205, No. 318; p. 206, No. 319 ; p. 207, No. 320-2. 
 
 || J. J. A. Worsaae, Nordiske Oldsager (Kjobenhavn, 1859), 
 PI. XIX. Nos. 95, 98 ; PI. XX. No. 99. 
 
 H Ludwig Lindenschmit, Die Vaterldndischen Alterthiimer der Hohen- 
 zollerschen Sammlungen (Mainz, r86o), PI. XXVI. Nos. 7, 8. 
 
Chap. III.] ANALOGOUS EXAMPLES. 6l 
 
 Babylonian antiquities in the British Museum contains a 
 portion of a hand-made earthen vessel, and the collection 
 of Assyrian antiquities in the same institution three entire 
 hand-made vases ol the same system. This design is also to 
 be seen on a hand-made vessel from Cyprus, in the Louvre, 
 on the fragment of a vase in the collection of Count Bela 
 Szechenyi in Hungary,* as well as on a hand-made vase 
 found in a cone-shaped grave, called in German Hiinen- 
 g ra -b , at Goldenitz in Mecklenburg, which, under the 
 number 1094, is preserved in the Grand-ducal Museum 
 at Schwerin. Further, the Museum at Parma possesses 
 tvo hand-made vases, found in the Terramare in Emilia, 
 of which one has a single, and the other two, tubular holes 
 on each side ; two similar hand-made vessels of the same 
 origin and construction are in the Museum at Reggio (in 
 Emilia). Two other hand-made vases with this system are 
 in the Museo Preistorico in the Collegio Romano at Rome, 
 of which one was found in the Terramare of Gastello, 
 near Bo\ olone (Province of Verona), and the other in the 
 ancient lake dwellings of the Lake of Garda. A vase, 
 also hand-made and with a similar arrangement, was found 
 ui an ancient grave at Corneto (Tarquinii), and may be 
 seen in the museum of that town. The fragment of a 
 similar hand-made vessel found in the Grotto del Fame, 
 near Bologna, is in the prehistoric collection in the Bo- 
 lognese Museum, f A similar hand-made vessel was found 
 in a Terramare near Campeggine (Province of Reggio di 
 Emilia). J There were also found in ancient graves near 
 Bo\ olone, which are admittedly of the same period as the 
 
 * Joseph Hampel, Catalogue de P Exposition prehistorique des Musees 
 de province et des collections particulieres de la Hongrie (Budapest 1876) 
 
 p. 71, No. 55. 
 
 t Edoardo Brizio, La Grotta del Fame (Bolosma, 1882) n 20 
 
 PI. III. No. 17. 
 
 + Bullettino di Paletnologia Italiana , 1877 , pp. 8, 9, PI. I. No. 5. 
 
62 
 
 ANALOGOUS EXAMPLES 
 
 [Chap. III. 
 
 Terramare of Emilia, a pair of hand-made burial-urns, with 
 vertical piercings for suspension at the side.* 
 
 A vase with the same arrangement, which was found in 
 Umbria, is in the Prehistoric Museum at Bologna; another 
 from the cave of Trou du Frontal-Furfooz in Belgium, is 
 in the Museum at Brussels. The Prehistoric Museum at 
 Madrid contains five fragments of hand-made vases, with 
 similar vertically perforated excrescences at the sides ; 
 these w'ere discovered in caves in Andalusia, inhabited 
 during the Stone Age. Another fragment of similar design, 
 also from an Andalusian cave, is in the Museum at Cassel. 
 A hand-made earthen vessel with vertically perforated ex- 
 crescences, found in the Landdrostei of Llineburg, is in the 
 collection of the Historical Society for Niedersachsen in 
 the Museum at Hanover. The splendid private collection 
 of Senator Friedrich Culeman in Hanover likewise contains 
 a hand-made vase of the same kind. A box made in the 
 same way, with vertical perforations on both sides, in the 
 brim and in the lid, was found in the district of Guben, in 
 Prussia.^ A hand-made terra-cotta vase, with vertical per- 
 forations in the excrescences on the upper edge, as well as 
 in the rim of the foot, w^as found in Platkow.J Several 
 fragments of hand-made vases with vertically perforated 
 excrescences were collected in the excavations of the 
 prehistoric settlement on the mount called “ Grosser 
 Brucksberg,” near Kbnigsaue.§ Further, in Grone, near 
 Gottingen, a hand-made terra-cotta pitcher, on which at 
 each side are two strong, narrow handles, one above the 
 other, with vertical perforations. || In a megalithic tomb at 
 
 * Bullettino di Paletnologia Italiana , (1880), pp. 182-192, and 
 PI. XII. 
 
 t Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie, Organ der Berliner Gcsellschaft fiir An- 
 thropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, 1882, pp. 392-396. 
 
 £ Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft fiir Anthropologic , Ethno 
 logieund Urgeschichte ; Sitzung 20 October, 1883, p. 426. 
 
 § Ibid. Sitzung 19 July, 1884, pp. 360-362. 
 
 || Ibid. Sitzung 20 October, 1883, p. 429. 
 
Chap. III.] FROM THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD. 
 
 6 3 
 
 Janischewek in Cujavien,* * * § a hand-made cup-shaped vessel, 
 having on one side two flat excrescences with narrow vertical 
 perforations; in Faliszewo, the rim-fragment of a hand- 
 made terra-cotta vessel, having a broad, flat, vertically per- 
 forated Ansa lunata affixed; f in Giissefeld, in the district 
 of Salzwedel, a terra-cotta urn with a vertical and doubly- 
 pierced broad ear. ^ Further, the prehistoric burying- 
 ground near the tile-yard of Tangermiinde has yielded a 
 certain number of similar hand-made vessels for suspension 
 with vertically-pierced ears,§ and several hand-made vases 
 of the same class were discovered in prehistoric graves at 
 Wulfen, in the district of Koethen, || as well as in the 
 oldest graves in a tumulus in Anhalt, in the neighbour- 
 hood of Bernburg.^ The antiquities from this burial 
 mound are preserved in the collection of the Historical 
 Society of Bernburg. I would also mention a hand-made 
 urn** found at Dehlitz, near Weissenfels, on the Saale. 
 This specimen has on three sides vertically-bored projec- 
 tions, and indeed on two sides they are double, one above 
 the other, the lowest being close to the bottom ; on the 
 third side there is only one. 
 
 As in the German graves, which contain pottery of this 
 class, objects of metal are extremely scarce, whilst bone 
 implements and polished stones are characteristic and usual. 
 Professor Rudolf Virchow, with great probability, attri- 
 butes them to the Neolithic Period.jf I may add that 
 the Museum at Breslau, under the direction of Dr. H. 
 Luchs, possesses twelve or fifteen hand-made vessels, with 
 vertically bored excrescences on two sides, which were found 
 
 * Verhandi l ungen der Berliner Gesellschaft fur Anthropologie , Ethno- 
 logie und Urgeschichte , Sitzung 20 October, 1883. pp. 430-432, and 
 
 H. VII. No. 2. + Ibid. p. 434. 
 
 X Ibid. p. 437, note. 
 
 § Ibid. pp. 438-442, and PL VIII. Nos. 2, 4. 
 
 || Ibid. p. 444. IT Ibid. pp. 445. 446. 
 
 Ibid. Sitz. 28 November, 1874, p 7. ft Ibid. p. 448. 
 
64 
 
 EVIDENCE OF EARLY CONNECTION. [Chap. III. 
 
 together in prehistoric graves in Silesia. And the Museum 
 at Prague, whose director is Herr Vrtiasko Ant. Jaroslav, 
 possesses one vase of the same design found in Bohemia. 
 The Prehistoric Collection in the Museum at Geneva 
 contains some fragments of vases found in France,* 
 which are provided with the same vertical perforations for 
 suspension. 
 
 Finally, I mention that the Greek Archeological Society 
 has found a great number of very small and very ancient 
 hand-made terra-cotta vases, only 2,-4 cm. high, in the 
 excavations made in Eleusis, at the foot of the Temple of 
 Demeter, of which very many have on two sides vertically 
 pierced excrescences for suspension: also one somewhat 
 larger vessel, with the same arrangement, and many still 
 larger which have but a single perforation for suspension at 
 the foot and rim. 
 
 I particularly draw attention to the fact, that I here refer 
 only to those vessels which have perpendicular tubular 
 rings or holes for suspending and for shutting up, not of 
 such as have horizontal perforations, for these are t ert 
 common, as well in the Swiss lake-dwellings as in Germany, 
 France, England, Denmark, and particularly in the island 
 of Cyprus. 
 
 Are then these vases with vertically perforated excres- 
 cences, which, as we have seen, occur frequently in the 
 debris of the oldest settlement of Tiryns, commonly in the 
 oldest stratum at Eleusis, by thousands in the prehistoric 
 towns of Troy, often in the neolithic period in Germany, 
 and here and there in settlements of the stone age in Italy, 
 France, Spain, &c., proofs of direct connection ? 
 
 « I am not prepared to affirm that these are proofs of 
 a direct connection. That question can only be settled 
 when the countries of the Balkan peninsula shall have been 
 more thoroughly investigated archaeologically, a thing which 
 
 * The locus of the find is not stated. 
 
Chap. III.] HANDLED JUGS. 65 
 
 is urgently to be desired. But even if a real connection 
 should appear, the question will still remain open, whether 
 the current of civilization set from Asia Minor to Eastern 
 Europe, or the reverse way ; and since the former is pre- 
 sumably the more probable, little would be gained hence 
 for the chronology of Hissarlik.” * 
 
 No. 3 represents a hand-made one-handled jug of 
 globular shape, belonging to the first settlement of Tiryns. 
 It is made of rough brick-coloured clay, baked through 
 and through, unpainted, and has an upright neck with 
 
 No. 3. — Hand made one-hand'ed jug Size 1:2. Depth about 3* m. 
 
 wide projecting spout, cut in a crescent form ; the base is 
 small and flat. Vases with a similar spout are very common 
 in the burnt as well as in the fourth town of Troy.f 
 Another specimen found by Mr. Bent in the prehistoric 
 necropolis on the island of Antiparos, may now be seen in 
 his collection, which has been temporarily placed in the 
 British Museum. 
 
 No. 4 represents a hand-made jug, slightly baked, of dark 
 
 Rudolf Virchow’s Preface to Schliemann’s llios, p. xiii. 
 
 + Cf. Schliemann, llios, p. 384, No. 357 ; p. 387, No. 364; p. 388, 
 No. 365; p. 551, Nos. 1161. 1162. 
 
 F 
 
66 
 
 HANDLED JUGS. 
 
 [Chap. III. 
 
 brown colour, which before baking was washed over with a 
 solution of finer clay ; it has a handle, the better to secure 
 which there is at the top a knob-shape projection. Besides 
 this, there is a larger excrescence on each side of the body 
 for the purpose of steadying the vessel between two stones 
 
 No. 4. — Jug with projections on the sides, and handle. Size 1 • 2. Depth 5 m. 
 
 on the fire. The spout is broken away. Vessels with similar 
 projections on the body are common in Troy.* 
 
 In No. 5 I exhibit a hand-made, slightly baked vessel, 
 in the shape of two shells laid together. It is formed of 
 very coarse brown clay, which, previous to baking, was 
 washed over with a fine brown clay, and ornamented with 
 white lines stretching irregularly from the neck to the 
 middle of the body. The vessel had a handle on the back, 
 but it has been broken off. So far as I know, there have 
 been in all but six similar vessels found. One by me in 
 Ilium, | the second also by me in Mycenae; a third was 
 discovered on the island of Amorgo. The two last may be 
 
 * Cf. Schliemann, Ilios, p. 388, No. 369.— Schliemann, Troja , 
 p. 183, No. 91. 
 
 t Schliemann, Troja , p. 216, No. 130. 
 
Chap. III.] 
 
 OTHER HAND-MADE SPECIMENS. 
 
 67 
 
 seen at Athens, one in the Mycenaean Collection, the other 
 in the National Museum. The three other vessels of this 
 kind were found together with hut-urns, under a stratum 
 
 No. 5.— Vessel in the form of two shells laid together, with white lines of decoration. 
 
 Size 1 : 2. Depth 4 m. 
 
 of peperino at Marino, near Albano, and are in the British 
 Museum. 
 
 I also exhibit in No. 6, a hand-made basin of coarse 
 grey clay, 7 mm. thick. It is not painted. The outside, 
 
 No. 6. — Basin of terra-cotta. Size 1 : 2. 4-50 m. 
 
 which was polished before baking, shows the simple brown 
 colour of the clay. All round the edge, which projects 
 slightly, may be observed an unbroken circle of round, 
 concave impressions, which apparently were made with the 
 finger before baking, while the clay was still soft. 
 
 p 2 
 
68 
 
 HAND-MADE JARS, 
 
 [Chap. Ill, 
 
 Fragments of vases with an exactly similar decoration 
 have been found in a prehistoric settlement at Imola.* 
 
 N 0 . 7 .— Terra-cotta vessel with projections right and left. Size i : 2 . Depth 4^50 m. 
 
 No. 7 shows a hand-made vessel of coarse grey clay, 
 6 mm. thick, with projections right and left, not perforated, 
 
 No. 8. — Fragment of brim of a large jar (wtSos). Size 1 : 2. Depth 4^50 m. 
 
 which may have served both as handles, and to steady the 
 vase between the stones on the fire. 
 
 In No. 8 is represented the rim fragment of a large 
 
 * Edoardo Brizio, Atti e Memorie della R. Deputazione di Storia 
 Patria per le provincie di Romagna , III. Serie, Vol. II. fasc. 2 (Modena, 
 1884), p. 19, Tav. III. Nos. 1, 2. 
 
Chap. III.] JARS WITH BANDS OF ORNAMENT. 
 
 69 
 
 hand-made jar (irCOoi), with a projecting rim 52 mm. 
 wide; it is made of coarse dark-brown day, 13 mm. thick. 
 Beneath the rim are two horizontal, parallel clay-bands, 
 which were made separately, and kneaded on when the clay 
 was still damp ; they are moulded in the surface like small 
 coins, overlapping each other. Jars of this form, with 
 similarly moulded borders, still occur in Peloponnesus. 
 The cut No. 9 exhibits the fragment of the body of 
 another large hand-made jar (tti#os) of very coarse grey 
 
 No. 9— Fragment of a large jar (rri'Sos). Size i : 3. Depth 3 m. 
 
 clay, mixed with small pebbles, badly baked, 14 mm. thick. 
 Two borders, each 35 mm. wide, pass horizontally round 
 the body of the vessel. These are stamped in relief, and 
 represent spirals, between which are ascending and de- 
 scending boughs like twigs of pine. Although this object 
 was found at a depth of only 2 m., yet I attribute it with 
 great probability to the earliest settlement. 
 
 The first settlers on the rock of Tiryns were, however, 
 acquainted with the potter’s wheel, for the deep plate repre- 
 
WHEEL-MADE SPECIMENS. 
 
 [Chap. III. 
 
 7 ° 
 
 sented in No. io, which was found by Dr. Ernst Fabricius 
 at a depth of 5 m. on the cement floor of a small house of 
 the oldest colonization, is decidedly worked on the wheel. 
 This is of half-baked, rough yellow clay, unglazed, and 
 therefore in every respect similar to the vast number of 
 plates found in Troy.* 
 
 Similar very rough, unpolished, wheel-made plates may 
 be seen in the Assyrian, Egyptian, and Cyprian collections 
 of antiquities in the British Museum, and, as I am informed 
 by Professor Joseph Hampel, are found in the excavations 
 at Magyarad, in Hungary. In Germany, Professor Virchow 
 tells me they only occur polished. 
 
 I consider it to be in the interest of knowledge that I 
 
 should here give a description of the remaining characteristic 
 pottery of the most ancient settlement of Tiryns, which is 
 
 only represented by fragments. 
 
 1. Hand-made vessels, of coarse black clay, 5 uim. 
 thick, the outside of which has been coated before baking 
 with a crust nearly 1 mm. thick of fine dark-red clay. 
 These vessels were polished both inside and out, before and 
 after the baking, and thus they have a lustrous red outside 
 and a shining black inside. 
 
 1. Large hand-made bowls with a turned-o^r edge of 
 coarse greyish-yellow clay, which before baking were dipped 
 in a solution of black clay, and are therefore black outside 
 
 Cf. Schliemann, Ilios, p. 408, Nos. 456-468. 
 
Chap. III.] FURTHER HAND-MADE SPECIMENS. 
 
 7 1 
 
 and inside. Others have been dipped in a red solution, 
 and consequently are red. The upper surface of the edge 
 in these last is in many cases painted black. The thick- 
 ness of the clay of these bowls varies between 12 and 
 15 mm. 
 
 3. ery flat hand-made bowls, in form identical with 
 that of the very numerous black bowls in the first town of 
 Troy* These are of coarse red clay, and before baking 
 were dipped in a solution of black clay, and well polished 
 on both sides, consequently they have outside a lustrous 
 black, inside a lustrous red colour ; their clay-thickness is 
 from 4 to 6 mm. 
 
 4. Small hand-made vessels of well-cleaned grey clay, 
 wdiose thickness is only 25 mm. ; they have been treated 
 like the preceding, and have on the outside a lustrous black 
 colour ; on the inside, which is not polished, the original 
 dull grey of the clay. 
 
 5. Of the finer vessels of the earliest settlement I must 
 mention the fragments of hand-made, one- or two-handled 
 vases of fine reddish clay, whose thickness in one and the 
 same vessel may vary between 1 and 4 mm. ; they are de- 
 corated all round with a band of from 13 to incised 
 parallel lines. Before baking they were dipped in a 
 solution of well-cleaned black clay, and several times 
 polished, so that they have on both sides a shining black 
 colour. 
 
 6. I mention besides the well-polished, hand-made 
 vessels of coarse reddish clay, 6 to 8 mm. thick, which on 
 the inside have the dull colour of the clay. But, on the 
 outside, they are decorated above and below with broad 
 stripes of a very common red colour ; while, in the space 
 between, run parallel horizontal brown lines and a cross 
 line of the same colour. 
 
 Cf Schliemann, Jlios, p. 228, No. 62. 
 
72 
 
 FURTHER HAND-MADE SPECIMENS. [Chap. III. 
 
 7. Further, the fragments of hand-made, well-polished 
 vases of fine clay, 7 mm. thick, outwardly of a rough, 
 crumbling, brown colour ; inside, at the rim, runs a zig- 
 zag line, and beneath it, on a light-yellow ground, a band 
 of three parallel horizontal brown lines. 
 
 8. Also the hand-made vessels, of very coarse red 
 clay, about 6 mm. thick, which are badly polished and 
 unpainted. 
 
 9. Then the very numerous large fragments of hand- 
 made vases, of very coarse greyish-yellow clay, about jh mm. 
 thick, which had been dipped before baking in a light- 
 yellow solution of clay, superficially glazed on the outside, 
 and decorated by means of a very common dull-black 
 or violet colour (apparently a clay-colour), with linear 
 ornaments of the most varied patterns, and sometimes 
 with spirals. The clay is, however, so coarse, and the 
 polishing so imperfect, that many of the small pebbles in 
 the clay project from the surface. 
 
 10. Further, the fragments of larger hand-made vessels 
 of very coarse, ill-polished, unpainted red clay, about 
 7 mm. thick ; they have round the edge a separately made 
 band of clay 30 mm. broad, about 8 mm. thick, which is 
 ornamented with parallel crescent-shaped cuttings. 
 
 11. Also the fragments of hand-made vessels of coarse 
 reddish clay, 6 111m. thick, which apparently before baking 
 were filled with a solution of well-cleaned clay; the 
 outside was not, however, dipped in it, for it retains the 
 dull-red natural clay-colour, while the inside is dark red. 
 
 12. Again, other hand-made terra-cotta vessels, of grey 
 clay, 5 mm. thick, the outside only of which was dipped in 
 a solution of line brown clay ; the inside has the natural 
 grey clay colour. 
 
 13. There are also many fragments of vessels, turned 
 on the potter’s wheel, of well-cleaned clay, of which, for 
 example, I may mention the jugs of brownish-yellow clay, 
 
Chap. III.] 
 
 GOBLETS OF TERRA-COTTA. 
 
 73 
 
 which must have been filled before baking with a solution 
 of fine grey clay, and then placed in another of fine green, 
 for inside they are grey, but outside, by polishing before 
 and after baking, of a lustrous green, and of a beautiful 
 appearance. 
 
 14. I wish particularly to draw attention to the hand- 
 made goblets of black clay of similar manufacture, which 
 are little or not at all polished, and therefore have a dull 
 green colour ; fragments of them are frequently found. 
 
 They have exactly the form of the goblets, which, in a 
 broken condition, are found in vast numbers in the Palace 
 Tiryns, and of which I represent two in the following 
 pages (cf. No. 27, and PI. XXI. Fig. /). Strange to say, 
 this is also in Mycenae the only existing form of terra- 
 cotta goblets. In fact, the various examples from Mycenae 
 and Tiryns show a variation only in colour and material. 
 W hilst in the Mycenaean royal tombs, and in the lowest 
 layers of debris outside of them, as well as in the first 
 settlement at Tiryns, we find these goblets of light-green 
 colour with black spirals, still, however, hand-made ; in 
 the higher strata of debris in Mycenae, and in the ruins 
 of the Palace of Tiryns, we see them either of simple 
 lustrous dark-red colour, of bright yellow with numerous 
 stripes of various colours, or with no other colour but that 
 of the light-yellow or white of the clay (No. 27, and 
 Mycencz , pp. 70-1, Nos. 83, 84, 88). Fragments of goblets 
 of the latter category are very common in the Palace of 
 Tiryns ; and in Mycenae they occur in such enormous 
 quantities, that I could have collected thousands of their 
 feet or stands. I found also five specimens in gold of this 
 goblet in the Mycenaean royal tombs.* An exactly similar 
 goblet, found in one of the most ancient graves in 
 Nauplia, is in the Mycenaean Museum, and four specimens 
 found in tombs in Attica, are in the National Museum at 
 
 * Schliemann, Mycentz , p. 233, No. 343 ; p. 350, No. 528. 
 
GOBLETS OF TERRA-COTTA. 
 
 [Chap. III. 
 
 74 
 
 Athens. There are also in the Acropolis Museum four 
 goblets of similar form, and about thirty of the stands, as 
 well as many other fragments of the same kind of goblet, 
 which were found in the most ancient layers of dibris on 
 the Acropolis at Athens. One, found in a tomb on the 
 island of Salamis by Captain Andreas Miaoules, is in his 
 collection at Salamis. The British Museum possesses 
 fifteen specimens of goblets of this form, of which one was 
 found on the island of Kos, and fourteen (painted) in 
 tombs at Ialysos, in the island of Rhodes. The Museum 
 of the Louvre possesses three painted examples from the 
 island of Rhodes, the exact locality is not stated ; the 
 same form of goblet occurs in Rnossos in Crete, as well 
 
 as in the first town of Troy.f 
 
 The Prehistoric Museum at Madrid contains four speci- 
 mens of similar goblets, but without handles, which were 
 found in caves inhabited during the Stone Age in Anda- 
 lusia. Of goblets of similar form found elsewhere, I can 
 only mention one from Zaborowo, in the collection of 
 Professor Rudolf Virchow, and one from Piling yet the 
 handles of both these goblets are longer, and they have 
 not the broad foot which is peculiar to all the other goblets 
 here mentioned. 
 
 15. I also mention the fragments of hand-made vessels 
 of very rough, greyish-red, slightly baked clay, 12 mm. 
 thick, mixed with small stones, which before baking 
 were placed in a solution of blackish clay, and there- 
 fore have a dull black colour. They are ornamented 
 with horizontal and vertical white lines from 5 to 10 mm. 
 wide. 
 
 * As Dr. Ernst Fabricius informs me, many examples of this goblet 
 form have been dug up by Mr. Minos Kalokairinos on the site of 
 Knossos. 
 
 + Schliemann, Ilios, p. 224, No. 51. 
 
 + Joseph Hampel, Antiquitks pr'ehistoriques de la Hongrie , PI. XIX. 
 No. 3. 
 
Chap. III.] 
 
 TRIPODS OF TERRA-COTTA. 
 
 75 
 
 1 6. I must also mention the rudely-made ladles, about 
 25 cm. long, of coarse reddish clay, which I at first supposed 
 to be the feet of large tripod vases, and only after long 
 deliberation thought to be really ladles. My conjecture 
 was turned into certainty, however, when Dr. Max Ohne- 
 falsch-Richter showed me a photograph of an analogous 
 ladle, found by him at Soli in Cyprus, the handle of which 
 is pierced through near the end. 
 
 1 7 . Finally, I must call attention to vase-feet con- 
 stantly recurring in the dibris of the most ancient settle- 
 ment of Tiryns, which show that there terra-cotta vessels 
 with three feet were in common use. Such tripods of 
 terra-cotta appear by hundreds in the five prehistoric 
 towns of Troy,* in fact most terra-cotta vessels have ttaee 
 feet. 
 
 Professor Rudolf Virchow, to whom I sent some pot- 
 sherds from the oldest settlement of Tiryns for examination, 
 writes to me thus : “ The yellow colour of the pottery is 
 only produced by baking. When the clay is black, the 
 baking has had less effect. But all these pieces have been 
 enveloped in smoke and impregnated with charcoal.” 
 
 The famous chemist, Dr. Theodor Schuchardt of 
 Gorlitz, to whom I sent four potsherds, Nos. I.-IV., of the 
 oldest settlement, and No. V. a portion of the wall plaster 
 of the palace, also Nos. VI. and VII., two fragments of 
 terra-cotta vessels found in the palace, kindly analysed 
 them and sent me the following information : 
 
 I. Potsherd; red: contains mainly silicic acid, clay, 
 iron, lime, as well as small quantities of magnesia, and 
 the faintest traces of kali. The same ingredients are 
 
 * Cf Schliemann, Ilios , p. 220, No. 44; p. 227, No. 59; p. 295, 
 No. 163; pp. 354-63, Nos. 251-281; pp. 529-545; Nos. 1018, 
 1019, 1022, 1025, 1026-1044, 1048, 1049, 1053, 1056, 1069, 1076, 
 1107, mo, .111, 1130, 1 t 3 1 ; pp. 578-9, Nos. 1308, 1310: and 
 Schliemann, Troja, p. 131, No. 55; p. 140, Nos. 68, 69; p. i 44 
 Nos. 74, 75. 
 
DR. SCHUCHARDT’S ANALYSIS. [Chap. III. 
 
 contained in VI. and VII., which are labelled “pottery of 
 the palace.” The analysis gave — 
 
 
 I. 
 
 VI. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Silicic acid 
 
 Clay 
 
 Lime . 
 
 Oxide of iron . 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 S°'7 
 
 27 -o 
 
 i9‘3 
 
 2-7 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 5°' 6 ° 
 27 • 10 
 
 I 9" 2 5 
 
 2 ' 75 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 53 ’ 80 
 28 • 10 
 
 i3‘ oc 
 
 2 "45 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 53 ' 75 
 28 • 20 
 12-85 
 
 2 -5° 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 53 ' 3 
 28-2 
 
 *3 ’ 1 
 2 ‘7 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 53’ 15 
 28 - 15 
 
 I 3'°5 
 
 2 ‘ 75 
 
 
 99 '7 
 
 99 ’ 7 
 
 97 ‘35 
 
 97 ' 3° 
 
 97 ' 3 
 
 97 ' 1 
 
 II. Potsherd; black: silicic acid, clay, iron, traces of 
 lime and magnesia. 
 
 III. Potsherd; grey with brown stripes; silicic acid, 
 lime, magnesia, carbonic acid, and traces of iron. 
 
 IV. Potsherd ; light yellow with black stripes same 
 as IIP, but more iron. 
 
 V. Wall-plaster of palace; silicic acid, lime, carbonic 
 acid, and small quantities of clay. 
 
 Dr. Schuchardt writes to me on the subject : “ "W ith 
 regard to the analysis, I have to announce to you that I 
 have conducted the qualitative analyses of all the seven 
 specimens personally, with repetition, as is necessary, in 
 important matters. Of three of your specimens, two com- 
 plete analyses give a perfectly satisfactory uniformity of 
 result. Dr. Richter conducted them with the most scru- 
 pulous accuracy. The quantitative analysis of II., III., IV., 
 V., could not, on account of insufficiency of materials, 
 be completed. Some substance containing carbonic acid 
 must be present in considerable quantity ; this is the case 
 with III., IV., and V. It is quite surprising that III. com 
 tains carbonic acid, whether as limestone pebble containing 
 carbonic acid, or as carbonic magnesia, I do not venture to 
 decide ; ac all events the well-cleaned material effervesced 
 strongly on pouring in acids.’ 
 
 Some idols of terra-cotta, of form similar to that repre- 
 
Chap. III.l 
 
 ABSENCE OF IRON. 
 
 77 
 
 sented on Plate XXV., Fig d, occur in the debris of the most 
 ancient settlement; and also the object No. 11, which I 
 also regard as a fragment of an idol. It is 60 mm. long, 
 quite flat, and made of badly polished brown clay. The 
 upper part of the body and feet are wanting. I conjecture 
 that, like an idol found by me in Mycenae and preserved 
 in the Mycenaean Museum at Athens, it had no head, but 
 only two erect horn-like excrescences, of which I fancy we 
 see the stumps. If this is so, then the two spirals attached 
 
 No. ii. — F ragment of an idol of terra-cotta. Almost 
 actual size. Depth 4 m. 
 
 No. 12. — Object of black stone. 
 Actual size. Depth about 3 m. 
 
 to it on the right and left may represent the breasts, and 
 the central one the vulva. 
 
 Although no object of metal has been found which I 
 could with certainty attribute to this oldest settlement of 
 Tiryns, yet I have no grounds to suppose that bronze and 
 copper were unknown or unused ; on the contrary, I do 
 not believe that the beautifully polished polishers and 
 other objects of very hard stone, which I am going to 
 describe, could be perfected without bronze tools. We 
 may, however, assume with certainty that iron did not 
 exist, for even in the upper palace of Tiryns I found 
 none, and neither in the prehistoric ruins of Myceme 
 
78 
 
 OBSIDIAN ARROW-HEADS. 
 
 [Chap. III. 
 
 nor in those of Orchomenos or Troy have I ever discovered 
 a trace of it. 
 
 Of silex or chalcedony I found only a couple of knives 
 or saws similar to those which I discovered at Troy ;* on 
 the other hand, there are numerous knives and arrow-heads 
 of obsidian, like those represented under Nos. 104— iii . 
 The obsidian knives, of 1-6 cm. long and upwards, almost 
 always two-edged and symmetrically formed, are quite 
 similar to the Trojan knives of the same stone.y The 
 arrow-heads (see Nos. 108— 111) however, are rudely made, 
 in fact, as rudely as the arrow-heads of silex found in 
 the cave-dwellings of the age of the mammoth and the 
 reindeer in the Dordogne in France, and to be seen in 
 numbers in the Prehistoric Museum at St. Germain-en- 
 Laye. I found, however, just such roughly finished arrow- 
 heads of obsidian in my excavations in the prehistoric 
 tumulus on the plain of Marathon, which previously had 
 been wrongly regarded as the tomb of the 192 Athenians 
 who fell in the battle of Marathon, 490 b.c.| But the 
 most remarkable thing is that obsidian knives and arrow- 
 heads, equally rude in form, are found in enormous quantities 
 under the ruins of the royal palace in the upper citadel of 
 Tiryns, and that obsidian knives of the same kind are found 
 in equally great numbers in Mycenas.§ 
 
 The many obsidian flakes and the nuclei which one 
 finds in Tiryns and Mycenae, appear to show that these 
 objects were manufactured on the spot. Most probably 
 the obsidian was imported from the Cyclades islands of 
 Milo or Antiparos,|| for, as far as I know, this kind of 
 stone does not occur elsewhere in Greece. 
 
 * Schliemann, Ilios, p. 246, Nos. 94-7. 
 
 + Ibid. p. 445, Nos. 658-63. 
 
 J Zeitschrift fur Ethnologic, Organ der Berliner Gesellschaft filr An- 
 thropologic, Ethnologie and Urgeschichte , Jahrg. XVI. (1884), Heft II., 
 pp. 85-88. § Schliemann, Mycence, p. 158. 
 
 || f. Theodore Bent, Researches amongst the Cyclades , in the Journal 
 of Hellenic Studies, Vol. V. ; April and October, 1884, p. 52: “ In the 
 
Chap. III.] 
 
 STONE POLISHERS. 
 
 79 
 
 In the engraving No. 12, I represent an object of 
 black stone, in form much resembling the Trojan idols.* 
 Two different kinds of stone polishers for pottery were 
 found. Of one kind only one specimen was discovered ; it 
 is of very hard, fine, yellow stone, and extremely like the 
 Trojan polishing stones. y The same form of polishing- 
 stone occurs in Mycenae, where I found six specimens of 
 it. The other kind, of which I represent two specimens 
 (Nos. 13 and 14), is in the form of a cylinder, with the 
 centre contracted. The former (No. 13) is of black marble, 
 
 No. 13. — - Polishing stone of 
 black marble, speck ed red 
 and white. Actual size. Depth 
 4 m. 
 
 No. 14.- — Polishing stone No. 15. — Polishing or grindstone 
 of fine reddish marble. of fine black granite, with 
 
 Size 2 : 3. Depth white grains. Size 2 : 3. Depth 
 
 4 i m. 4'5°m. 
 
 speckled red and white, 37 mm. long, 27 mm. in diameter; 
 the latter (No. 14) is of fine reddish marble, 40 mm. 
 long by 25 in diameter. Four exactly similar polishers, 
 found in the lowest debris of the Acropolis of Athens, are 
 in the Acropolis Museum. 
 
 riclier tombs on Antiparos, knives and flakes of obsidian are very 
 common. In Antiparos the inhabitants had their obsidian close at 
 hand, for a hill about a mile from the south-eastern graveyard is covered 
 with it.” 
 
 * Schliemann, Ilios, pp. 334-6, Nos. 204-222. 
 
 + Ibid. p. 443, Nos. 645, 647. 
 
8o 
 
 STONE CORN-BRUISERS. 
 
 [Chap. III. 
 
 Polishing and grinding stones of this kind of speckled 
 marble, and black granite with white grains, in the form 
 of a flat cone, or bell shape, were also found. The most 
 remarkable is represented in No. 15 ; this is 75 mm. long, 
 and at the lower end has a thickness of 53 mm. Saddle- 
 querns of trachyte, in the form of a longitudinally divided 
 egg, are occasionally found. These are common at My- 
 cenae, * * * § and abound in prehistoric Troy.f I found them 
 also in the Tumulus of Protesilaus on the Thracian 
 Chersonesus.J They are also often found in the Terramare 
 of Emilia, and many may be seen in the Museum of 
 Reggio and Parma ; others, found in the “ Caverna 
 delle Arene Candide ” near Genoa, are in the Prehistoric 
 Museum of the Collegio Romano at Rome. The 
 Museum of St. Germain-en-Laye contains six similar hand- 
 mills of sandstone, containing iron ; and the Prehistoric 
 Museum at Geneva, four from the Swiss lake-dwellings. 
 Many similar hand-mills of trachyte have lately been found 
 in the lowest debris of the Acropolis of Athens. 
 
 I have already repeatedly shown, § that by pounding 
 corn between the flat sides of two such stones, only a kind 
 of groats, and not flour, could be obtained. With regard 
 to the use of pounded corn, which could not be used for 
 baking bread, I refer the reader to a long exposition iiqmy 
 last work, Troja. j| 
 
 Roughly cut, but sometimes fairly-well polished, almost 
 globular stone tools, which are called corn-bruisers, were 
 found in numbers both in the dSbris of the most ancient 
 settlement and under the ruins of the palace. They con- 
 sist of granite, quartz, porphyry, or diorite. In Mycenae I 
 collected fifty similar tools • three specimens found in the 
 
 * Schliemann, Mycena, p. 77 - 
 
 t Schliemann, Ilios, pp. 234, 447, Nos. 74, 75, 678. 
 
 f Schliemann, Troja , p. 257. 
 
 § Schliemann, Ilios, p. 234. 
 
 || Schliemann, Troja , pp. 44-46. 
 
Chap. III.] STONE HAMMERS AND WHORLS. 8t 
 
 dtbris of the Acropolis at Athens may be seen in the 
 Acropolis Museum. These appear by thousands in the 
 prehistoric towns of Troy,* * * § and are very common in the 
 prehistoric sites of Germany, France, Hungary, and Italy; 
 others found in the most ancient ruins of Chaldea are in the 
 small Chaldean collection in the Museum of the Louvre. 
 
 There were also found in the earliest settlement about 
 a dozen hammers of primitive rudeness, made of diorite, 
 silicious stone, or granite, the size and weight of which 
 lead us to suppose that they were grasped by the hand, and 
 not fixed in a wooden handle. In Troy such large stone 
 hammers are so numerous, f that I could have collected 
 thousands. - v 
 
 Two similar rough stone hammers, found in the lowest 
 ddbns of the Acropolis of Athens, are in the Acropolis 
 Museum ; others of the same kind, collected among the 
 prehistoric remains in Chaldea, are in the Louvre IVluseum ; 
 such rough stone hammers are also common in the Terra- 
 mare of Emilia, and many specimens of them are shown in 
 the Museums of Parma and Reggio. 
 
 I must not omit to mention a well-polished axe of very 
 hard red stone, of the same form as the bronze battle-axes 
 found in Troy.J 
 
 There were also found in the primitive settlement of 
 Tin ns several cone-shaped spinning-whorls, of blue stone 
 or steatite, of which, in my excavations at Mycenre, I have 
 collected about 35 ° specimens. § Similar spinning-whorls 
 of steatite occur in Troy, but are there so rare, that during 
 my excavations there, extending over many years, I pro- 
 bably found no more than seventy ; whilst of cone-shaped 
 spinning whorls of terra-cotta, I was able to collect more 
 than 22,000. 
 
 * Scbliemann, Ilios, pp. 236, 442, Nos. 80, 81, 638, 639. 
 
 t Ibid., pp. 237, 441, Nos. 83, 634. 
 
 + Ibid ; p. 476, Nos. 806-809 ; p. 486, No. 828. 
 
 § Schliemann, Mycence, p. 18, No. 15 ; p. 76. No. 126. 
 
 G 
 
82 
 
 NEEDLES AND BEADS. 
 
 [Chap. III. 
 
 Of spinning-whorls of blue stone, several were found 
 in the prehistoric graves of Nauplia, and 157 specimens 
 were collected from the lowest debris of the 
 Acropolis of Athens ; * * * § similar stone whorls, 
 found in the graves at Kameiros in Rhodes, 
 are in the British Museum. 
 
 Of bone, only a few bodkins and one 
 embroidering-needle, 65 mm. long, with four 
 encircling furrows at the thick end, were 
 found ; the latter is represented under No. 16. 
 
 I found a similar needle at Mycenae, f 
 and many hundreds of specimens in Troy ; 
 others of the same kind were found in the 
 lowest dSbris of the Acropolis of Athens, 
 and are now in the Acropolis Museum. 
 
 ^ The above Tirynthian needle (No. 16) 
 
 No. 16. — Embroidering lay by a human skeleton in the longitudinal 
 
 needle of bone. Actual Qf ^ ^ Plan I.). 
 
 From the same trench were taken three 
 other skeletons, all lying actually on the 
 rock. Beside one of them I found a per- 
 forated bead of blue painted glass, which I 
 represent under No. 17. 
 
 Exactly similar objects were found in 
 numbers in the graves of Spata.j; In the 
 
 size. Depth 3 m 
 
 No . I7 ._pierced bead beehive-tomb at Menidi § over a hundred 
 
 of blue-painted glass. 
 
 Actual size. 
 
 3 m - 
 
 1 oLpTh specimens were collected. An object of the 
 same kind, found in a grave at Kameiros in 
 
 Rhodes, is in the British Museum. 
 
 The investigations of Professor Xavier Landerer show 
 
 * The stone spinning-whorls found in the Acropolis are to be seen 
 in the Acropolis Museum. 
 
 t Schliemann, Mycenae, p. 153, No. 229. 
 
 % Ibid. p. xliv. 
 
 § Das Kuppelgrab bei Menidi , published by the Deutsches Archaol 
 Institut in Athen (Athens, 1880), p. 28, PI. III. Nos. 4, 5, 8, 9. 
 
Chap. III.] 
 
 GLASS OBJECTS. 
 
 83 
 
 that these beads consist of glass, alloyed with much 
 protoxide of lead, which has the property of breaking the 
 rays of light, and which also imparts to these glass objects 
 a kind of silvery mirror-like glimmer. As Landerer re- 
 marks, it is soda-glass, and has the peculiarity of dividing 
 into little leaves or splinters. In Mycenas I found but one 
 similar object, of yellowish glass. Besides this, there was 
 found in the debris of the primitive settlement of Tiryns 
 but one bead of blue cobalt glass. 
 
 Besides the glass bead there were only some fragments 
 of monochrome pottery of the first settlement found with 
 the skeleton. 
 
 The second skeleton had no accompaniments ; nor 
 had the third, but it, however, presented this peculiarity, 
 that the head was separated from the trunk, and lay near 
 the feet. 
 
 In many places in the debris of the earliest settlement 
 were found great masses of burnt grains, of which I sent 
 specimens to Professor Virchow in Berlin. This friend 
 submitted them to the examination of Professor Witmack, 
 who declared them to be grape-stones of unusual size. 
 
 G 2 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The Objects pound in the Debris of the Second 
 Settlement of Tiryns. 
 
 I have already pointed out (pp. 49, 56) the close connec- 
 tion of the pottery collected in the Palace of Tiryns with 
 that found in Mycenae, Asine, Nauplia, the Acropolis of 
 Athens, Eleusis, the beehive tomb of Menidi, the tombs at 
 Spata and Aliki,* the island of Salamis, Ialysos in Rhodes, 
 and in Knossos on the island of Crete; and Dr. Lolling 
 observes to me that I may add to this list the island of 
 HSgina. He has witnessed the discovery there of several 
 tombs, which have yielded pottery similar to that of Tiryns 
 and Mycenae. Professor Rhousopoulos of Athens also 
 assures me that lie collected in the Acropolis of Megara 
 fragments of pottery and idols of the Mycenaean type. I 
 may add, that the analogy of the pottery of all these places 
 is made still more obvious by the absence of the varnished 
 Hellenic vases.f In fact, in spite of the most careful 
 
 * Aliki is situated near Cape Kolias in Attica. Dr. Lolling informs 
 me, that several rows of tombs have been discovered there close to the 
 shore. They consist of a dromos and a circular sepulchral chamber, 
 and have been found to contain terra-cotta vases and other things very 
 similar to those of Tiryns and Mycenae. 
 
 t In the Acropolis of Athens, where the debris has been more or 
 less mixed, most ancient pottery occurs in company with the black 
 polished Hellenic pottery of a much later period. 
 
 I must in this respect state, that four terra-cotta vessels, which in 
 form, fabric, and decoration closely resemble those of Mycenae and 
 Tiryns, have been found in a beehive grave near the ancient Ortygia, the 
 Syracuse of to-day, which once had a Phoenician settlement. 
 
 W. Helbig writes thus in Das Homerische Epos aus den Denkmalern 
 
Chap. IV.] 
 
 ABSENCE OF LATER POTTERY. 
 
 85 
 
 search during the whole time of the excavations, neither 
 Dr. Dorpfeld nor I have been able to find in the clibris 
 of the palace any trace of such lacquered ware, and yet 
 the fragment of a well-varnished, lustrous black Hellenic 
 terra-cotta, found by me in the upper layer of debris in the 
 citadel of Mycenae, on which is an inscription of the 6th 
 century b.c. (cf. p. 45), proves with perfect certainty that 
 this pottery was in common use in the middle of the 
 first millennium before Christ. The above fragment is of 
 
 erldutert (Leipzig, 1884) pp. 66, 67 : “A most remarkable and quite 
 peculiar occurrence is a tomb discovered at Matrensa, about 6 km. 
 from Syracuse (Annali dell’ Institute, 1877, Tav. d’ agg. E. pp. 56-58). 
 The beehive-shape of the rock-hewn chamber, and of the dromos 
 leading into it ( Annali del! Institute, 1877, Tav. d’ agg. E. p. 3) 
 remind us of the ancient beehive graves. In the chamber were found 
 two terra-cotta vessels, adorned with brownish ornaments, parallel lines 
 below, and above a design of tendrils, on a polished yellowish ground 
 (Annali dell Institute, 1877, Tav. d’ agg. E. pp. 6, 7). They show in 
 form, in fabric, and in decoration a near relation to the examples found 
 in the pit graves of Mycenae, and other similar strata (Furtwangler and 
 Loschcke, Mykenische Thongefdsse, T. III. 9, 11 ; nearest to the Sicilian 
 specimens comes a terra-cotta vessel found in Crete, at present in the 
 Berlin Museum). Besides these, the burial-chamber contained two 
 vases of black clay (Annali dell' Institute, 1877, Tav. d’agg. E. pp. 4, 5), 
 which, as Loschcke informs me, appear to be also closely allied to the 
 Mycenaean pottery. But Syracuse was far from being the oldest of the 
 Greek settlements in the west, and the Greek remains found in other 
 parts of Sicily and Italy belong evidently to a later time. I therefore 
 do not know whether this grave should be attributed to the Corinthian 
 colonists, or to a more distant pre-Hellenic period. It is known that 
 before the arrival of the Greeks, Phoenicians had settled on some 
 islands on the coast of Sicily and the peninsulas which could be easily 
 defended, in order to traffic with the natives, and to gather the purple 
 murex (Thukyd. VI. 2, 6 ; Movers, Die Phonikier , II. 2, p. 309, sqq. : 
 Olshausen, in the Rheinisches Museum, VIII. (1853 p. 328 ; Kiepert, 
 Lehrbuch der Alten Geographie , pp. 464, 465), and distinct traces point 
 to the existence of a Phoenician settlement at Ortygia (Movers, op. cit. 
 II. 2, pp. 325-328). The question then arises, whether the grave 
 at Matrensa does not belong to the Phoenicians settled at Ortygia, or 
 to the Siculi who had been influenced by them, and received from 
 them these vases.” 
 
86 
 
 EARLY DESTRUCTION OF TIRYNS. [Chap. IV. 
 
 as good quality as any terra-cotta of the same kind in later 
 times. 
 
 It is impossible that the art of making such excellent 
 polished black pottery could have been suddenly discovered ; 
 it can only occur in a school of pottery which has by the 
 labour of centuries attained to such perfection in the art. 
 I have therefore without hesitation attributed the tumuli of 
 Achilles, of Patroklos, and of Antilochos, excavated by me 
 in the plain of Troy, to the ninth century b.c., although 
 the monochrome terra-cotta collected therein, which by 
 all archaeological experience must be referred at least to 
 that date, is mixed with fragments of primitive mono- 
 chrome black polished pottery.* But as this last is wholly 
 wanting in the palace of Tiryns, and the terra-cotta found 
 there must necessarily have been in use by the inhabitants 
 to their last hour, we may unhesitatingly place the great 
 catastrophe, by which the building was destroyed by fire, in 
 the eleventh century b.c., especially as we have found 
 nothing to contradict this assumption. On the contrary, 
 the unmixed prehistoric pottery found in the palace, and 
 particularly the numerous idols of most primitive forms, 
 as well as the immense number of knives and arrow-heads 
 of obsidian of the most ancient type, compel us to accept 
 this date, which is, if possible, still more fully confirmed 
 by the absence of any trace of iron. This chronology 
 would also show a remarkable agreement with the tragic 
 end of the old citadel of Mycenae, which, as my excava- 
 tions have shown (cf. p. 46), must also have taken place in 
 a remote pre-Homeric age. We may indeed admit, with 
 the highest probability, that both Tiryns and Mycenae 
 were destroyed at the time of some great revolution, a 
 revolution so destructive in its effect, so terrible in its 
 consequences, that the civilization of Greece was com- 
 pletely overthrown, and upon its ruins arose a new and 
 
 * Schliemann, Troja , pp. 248, 249. 
 
Chap. IV.] EFFECTS OF THE DORIC INVASION. 
 
 8 ? 
 
 wholly different culture, in all the branches of human 
 industry. And in fact we possess the most trustworthy 
 historical information concerning this fearful revolution. 
 It was brought about by the Doric invasion, or the 
 so-called Return of the Heracleidas, which the tradition 
 of all antiquity with wonderful agreement places eighty 
 years after the Trojan War, or about the year 1 100 b.c. 
 
 The inhabitants of the land were either massacred or 
 enslaved, or obliged to emigrate in masses, and thus arose 
 the so-called EEolic migration to Asia Minor. 
 
 By this great historical event is explained in the most 
 natural manner the sudden and complete disappearance of 
 the flourishing but quite peculiar civilization of which we 
 have the remains in the antiquities of Tiryns and Mycenae. 
 There can, however, remain no doubt that this great revolu- 
 tion was not limited, as has been supposed, to the Pelopon- 
 nesus. It must have extended to North-eastern Greece, 
 and at least, though possibly in a less degree, to Attica, for 
 those remains of culture which we find in the beehive tomb 
 of Menidi, on the Acropolis of Athens and Megara, in 
 Eleusis, in the graves of Spata and Aliki, as well as in the 
 islands of Salamis and TEgina, and which show such close 
 connection with those of Tiryns and Mycenae, likewise 
 disappear suddenly and leave no trace. 
 
 There exist, however, in Tiryns, as well as in Mycenae, 
 numerous fragments of pottery with geometrical patterns,* 
 which, in point of manufacture, form, and decoration, are 
 closely allied to those found in Athens in the graves 
 near the Dipylon. f 
 
 These vases with geometrical patterns, of which many 
 fragments occur in the lowest stratum of debris on the 
 Acropolis of Athens, were commonly held to be the most 
 
 * Schliemann, Mycernz , p. 103, Nos. 157, 158. 
 
 + G. Hirschfeld, Vasi Arcaici Ateniesi. Estratto dagli Annali del! 
 Institute di Correspondenza archeologica (Roma, 1872). 
 
88 
 
 THE DIPYLON POTTERY. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 ancient pottery in Greece, until my discoveries in Mycenae 
 came to be known— about the end of the year 1 876. When 
 it was recognized that Mycenaean pottery was of a higher 
 antiquity, it was also found that the Dipylon graves must 
 belong to a later time, and Helbig writes on the subject : * * * § 
 “ It is now universally acknowledged that these graves be- 
 long to a later time, f It is sufficient to recall the fact 
 that in them the later habit of burning the dead pre- 
 vails, l and that in Athens during the seventh, § and even 
 apparently during the sixth century, b.c.|| pottery corre- 
 sponding to that obtained from these graves was in use. As 
 the objects in metal found with them are not sufficiently 
 known, f search is principally directed to the painted vases, 
 of which a considerable number has been found. Their 
 painted decoration shows a peculiar employment of geome- 
 trical ornament, an arrangement which from these vases has 
 been distinguished as the Dipylon style. Yet vases of this 
 kind have been found, not in Attica alone, but in many other 
 places of Eastern Greece, as well as in the islands of the 
 TEgean Sea, particularly in those of Melos and Thera, and, 
 it would appear, also in Asia Minor and Northern Africa. ** 
 From this it is to be supposed that they were not made in 
 Attica, whose industry and trade at the period in which we 
 must place the graves of Dipylon were still unimportant, 
 
 * W. Helbig, Das Homerische Epos , aus den Denkmdlem erlautert 
 (Leipzig, 1884), p. 54. 
 
 + Cf. also Furtwangler, Die Bronzefunde aus Olympia, p. 10. 
 
 + G. Hirschfeld, op. cit. 
 
 § Annali dell' Instituto, 1880, p. 133 ; Transactions of the German 
 Archaeological Institute in Athens, VI. p. 112. 
 
 || Annali dell ’ Instituto, 1878, pp. 311, 3 12 - In Olympia the habit 
 of decorating bronze articles with engraved patterns of this geometrical 
 character may be observed to the end of the sixth or beginning of the 
 fifth century b.c. Furtwangler, Die Bronzefunde aus Olympia, p. 12. 
 
 H Annali dell' Instituto, 1872, pp. 136, 154, 155. 
 
 ** Ibid. 1872, pp. 140, 151, 174; Furtwangler, Die Bronzefunde aus 
 
 Olympia , p. 19. 
 
Chap. IV.] ITS FOREIGN ORIGIN. 89 
 
 but rather further east, either among the islands of the 
 .iEgean, or in Asia Minor.” 
 
 That the vases with geometrical designs reach back 
 to the remotest antiquity, and owe their origin to the 
 Phoenicians, was shown beyond doubt, ten years ago, by 
 Helbig.* 
 
 In fact, we find these geometrical patterns on vases 
 which were brought in the reign of Thuthmes III., king 
 of Egypt ( circa 1600 b.c.), as tribute from Rutenu, i.e. 
 Southern Syria, from Kaft, i.e. Phoenicia, and the Isles of the 
 Sea, to Egypt, and of these many show those forms which 
 were usual later in Greece, j Pottery with geometrical orna- 
 ments occurs also at Nineveh, in Cyprus, and in Rhodes.^ 
 Eduard Meyer supports the idea of an Asiatic, i.e. a Syrian 
 origin, for the geometrical style, and adds, “ In Egypt 
 also, in the New Kingdom, the geometrical style is much 
 used ; all objects on which it occurs declare themselves at 
 the first glance to be imitations of a foreign style, and not 
 the product of native art.” § 
 
 e may therefore assume, with very great proba- 
 bility, that the vases found at Mycenae and Tiryns with 
 geometrical patterns were imported. For not only are the 
 objects of large size, and their form, their painted orna- 
 mentation, and the whole art of their manufacture different 
 in every way from all else found in Tiryns and Mycenae, 
 but even the kind of clay from which they are made, and 
 the peculiar manner in which they are baked, are found 
 in no other vases. These vases with geometrical patterns 
 must therefore have been imported to the Peloponnesus 
 long before the Doric inyasion, and consequently their 
 occurrence in Attica in the later centuries does not come 
 under consideration in our investigations concerning the 
 period of the destruction of Tiryns and Mycense. 
 
 Annali del T Instituto, 1875, p. 221, sqq. 
 f Eduard Meyer, Geschichte des Alterthums (Stuttgart, 1884), p. 24s. 
 t Ibid. § Ibid. 
 
9 ° 
 
 GEOMETRICAL PATTERNS. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 i. Vase Paintings with Geometrical Patterns. 
 
 I now pass on to a more particular account of the terra- 
 cottas found in the palace of Tiryns, and as I have just 
 spoken of vases with geometrical designs, I shall first moie 
 closely examine these, and commence with two fragments 
 (found at a depth of only 60-70 cm. under the surface) of 
 the upper rim of a large vessel of red clay, with a 
 wide mouth, of which a representation will be found on 
 Plate XV., Fig. a* 
 
 On the outside, the painting is in a reddish-brown tint 
 on a light-yellow ground ; its colouring varies in proportion 
 to the thickness with which it is laid on. Above this tint 
 is a decoration in white. On the upper rim is a broad 
 band, and underneath part of a chariot, in which stands 
 a man, who drives the horse attached to it. The move- 
 ment is from the left to the right. The man has a kind 
 of helmet on his head, which, however, for want of room 
 could not be drawn entirely. In one hand he holds the 
 double reins, in the other a staff. The drawing of the 
 horse is very primitive and unskilful ; the mane and ears 
 are, indeed, represented with a childlike naivett. But on 
 the fragment of another vase the mane, neck and ears are 
 represented precisely in the same manner (cf. Plate XXI., 
 Fig. b). On the extreme right, we see traces of the red 
 border which surrounded the handle. 
 
 With regard to the painting of the horse with little 
 dots and crosses of white on the red and brown ground, I 
 would point to the representation Plate XV., Fig. c, which 
 shows a further fragment of the same or a similar vessel, 
 found at a depth of 1 m. from the surface. On this may 
 be seen, under the red border, the upper body of a man; 
 
 * In the descriptions of the pottery in this chapter, Dr. Ernst 
 Fabricius has been my fellow-worker, and I here renew to him my 
 warmest thanks for the valuable aid he has given me. 
 
Chap. IV.] VASES WITH FIGURE PAINTINGS. 91 
 
 further to the right the head of another, both in profile to 
 the right ; to the left is a broken-off handle. 
 
 The colour of this fragment is somewhat more red ; the 
 fabric and decoration are, however, identical with those of 
 the two former fragments. 
 
 Another fragment, Plate XV., Fig. b, which was also 
 found 1 m. below the surface, gives us the hind leg of a 
 horse and the end of his tail ; on the left hand, one sees a 
 part of the chariot. The ground is represented by a streak. 
 Perhaps this fragment belongs to the two on Plate XV., 
 Fig. a. Another fragment, Plate XXI., Fig. <3, which comes 
 from the same depth, is a portion of a vase of red clay ; on 
 it is drawn, with red on a light-red ground, a horse, of 
 which the lower part is preserved. The fabric is the same as 
 on Plate XV., Figs, a, b, c the execution is somewhat less 
 careful. The ground is represented by two horizontal lines. 
 
 All the above fragments are coloured on the inside : on 
 Plate XV., Figs, a, b, dark-brown ; Plate XV., Fig. c, red ; 
 Plate XXL, Fig. a, light-red. This last fragment, and 
 Plate XV., Fig. c, appear from fabric and colour to be 
 parts of the same vessel. The ground colour of Plate XV., 
 Fig. b, is more reddish than on Plate XV., Fig. a. I 
 show on Plate XVII., Fig. b, a fragment of a similar 
 large vessel found at a depth of 1 *50 m. ; it was turned on 
 the potter’s wheel and is of light-red clay ; the painting is 
 blackish-brown with white touches. On the upper edge 
 one sees a broad stripe, and below, two men in profile to 
 the right. The man on the left, the upper part of whose body 
 is preserved, has his right hand on his hip, and holds the 
 left extended in a line with his shoulder to the right. 
 The man on the right, of whom only the lower half 
 remains, stood upon the chariot, as we may see from the 
 preserved rim (a vtv£) of the chariot, and from the 
 smaller proportions of the figure (cf. the chariot-driver 
 on Plate XV., Fig. a). 
 
 The outlines of the bodies are filled in with a network 
 
TYPES OF FEMALE FIGURES. [Chap. IV. 
 
 of finely-crossed lines ; on all the black lines of the drawing 
 white dots and lines are laid on. The inner side of the 
 
 vessel is monochrome black. 
 
 Further, at Plate XVII., Fig. a, another fragment found 
 at the depth of 1*50 m. of a large wheel-made vase of 
 reddish clay, with red painting. The thickness of the clay 
 is 12 mm. A portion of a girth is visible, with conven- 
 tionalized women’s figures, the heads of which are covered 
 with a cloth, and the profile turned to the right. The 
 hands are stretched out from the shoulders on both sides, 
 in such a manner, that the hands of the neighbouring 
 fio-ures touch each other and appear to hold a branch in 
 common. 
 
 The waists are represented as unnaturally narrow, and 
 raise a suspicion that even at the early date of those vases 
 ladies wore some kind of stays, in order to appear more 
 slender and to cause the breasts to project more. Yet in 
 classical antiquity nothing of the kind seems to have been 
 used, for in no ancient writer do we find reference to the 
 use of stays, and there is no name for them in Greek, for 
 onjfloSecr/AOs* and the diminutive an) 0 o 8 etrfiCrf and (rrrjdo- 
 h'a-fJuovX mean nothing more than a breast-band which 
 caught the nipple and held it back, dhe folds of the gar- 
 ments are on the right side, indicated by vertical lines. 
 The background around the upper bodies of the women 
 is filled with dots, while beneath the branches the figures are 
 separated by horizontal waving lines. The figure on the 
 right represents the commencement of the row of women. 
 
 & Professor Charles Newton, of the British Museum, 
 draws my attention to a fragment, preserved in that museum, 
 of a similar geometrical vase found in a grave at Kameiros 
 
 * poll. 7 , 66; Antonio Cocchi, Gratcorum chirurgici libri, p. 11. 
 Professor Mahaffy asks me : “Was not the o-nytfoSeovros a band under the 
 breast, which helped to make it stand out ? so often in pictures ? 
 
 + ferem. ii 32; Isaiah iii. 24; Galenus, T. 18, 1, p. 823; 17, 824, 
 2 ; Phlegon. Mirabil., p. 118, 26. 
 
 X Etym. Mag., p. 749 . 4 °- 
 
Chap. IV.] 
 
 FEMALE DRESS ON THE VASES. 
 
 93 
 
 in Rhodes, on which an almost identical female figure 
 is drawn with red colour; but in this the size of the waist 
 is natural, and the whole style of the painting seems to point 
 to a later period. 
 
 In the cloth, with which the heads of the women are 
 covered, we may recognize the KaXvTTTpr) or the KppSepu’ov, 
 concerning which Helbig writes as follows : — * 
 
 “ Besides this, there belonged to female clothing a sort 
 of mantle-like head-cloth, the KaXyurpr) or the KpyjSepvov. 
 The first, f as well as the last, J was usually drawn over the 
 back of the head, and hung down over the shoulders and 
 back. When Penelope appears before the suitors, she 
 draws the KprjSepvov modestly over her cheeks. § Even so 
 also sorrowing Demeter screens her face with the KaXvvTpp. (| 
 As, according to these quotations, the KaXvTrrprj and the 
 KprjBep.vov were used in the same way, there is no reason 
 why the words should not be considered synonymous. At 
 most they must be but slightly differing types of the same 
 piece of clothing. The archaic sculptures very often repre- 
 sent this head-cloth, and show us women, who, like 
 Penelope in the presence of the suitors, hold it before their 
 faces.”** 
 
 * W. Helbig, Das Homerische Epos aus den Denkmaleni erlautert 
 (Leipzig, 1884), pp. 123, 124. 
 
 t II. XXII. 406; Od. V. 232 X. 545. 
 
 + 11 ■ XIV - i8 41 XXII. 470; Od. I. 334; V. 346, 351, 373, 459; 
 A I. 100; X"\ I. 416 ; XVIII. 210; XXI. 65. KprjSep.i'a, Hymn. V. (in 
 Cerer .) 41. 
 
 § Od. I. 334; XVI. 416; XVIII. 210: XXI. 65: dVra 7 rap€iaa>v 
 
 ( Tgo/j-eyi 1 Xurapd Kpr/Se/xv a. 
 
 || Hymn. V. (in Cerer.', 197. 
 
 m Helbig, op. cit. p. 124. Fig. 24. Two women appear on vases 
 from Melos (Conze, Melische Thongefasse, vol. 3, Vignette, p. V.) ; Helen 
 on the Spartan base ( Annali del! Instituto, 1861, Tav. d’ agg. C. 2; 
 Loschcke, De basi quadam prope Spartam reperta , n. 1, p. 7, and fol. ; 
 Helbig, op. cit. Fig. 24, p. 124. The three goddesses on the cup of 
 Xenokles (Raoul-Rochette, Mon. ined. T. 49. 1 ; Overbeck, Gal. T. 9, 2). 
 
 ** Thus, for example, women on Spartan tombstones (Transactions 
 of the Arch. Inst, in Athens , II., PI. XX., XXI I. -XXIV.), Thetis as 
 
94 
 
 FEMALE FIGURES IN VASES. 
 
 [Ghap. IV. 
 
 On four other fragments (Plate XVI., Figs, b and c), 
 of a wheel-made vase, with red painting, we see (Fig. b) a 
 well-preserved female figure in profile to the right. It is 
 the last of a row of four somewhat more naturally repre- 
 sented women. To the right is seen a portion of the 
 lower body and of the head of the following woman, further 
 the complete head of the third, and then finally the middle 
 part of the fourth woman. As in the vase picture, Plate 
 XVII., Fig. a , the hands of the four women are raised on 
 both sides to the level of their shoulders, in such a way, 
 that the hands of two neighbouring women touch each 
 other, and appear to hold a branch in common. The first 
 branch on the left is perfect, the other two are only partly 
 preserved. The height of the complete figure, b, is 92 mm. 
 She, like the two following women, has no cloth upon her 
 head, and has, as well as the last figure (c) on the right, a 
 much wider waist, although still apparently laced. 
 
 While the folds of the raiment of the women on 
 Plate XVII., Fig. a, are represented by three straight lines, 
 those on the vase we are now considering are given by a 
 single vertical zigzag line. To the right and left of the 
 row of women are bands of vertical, and above these a 
 band of twelve horizontal zigzag lines. 
 
 Between the latter band and the very low neck of the 
 vase, which appears above, are two stripes, the lower of 
 which is formed of two parallel horizontal and the upper 
 of horizontal and waved lines. With the vertical band 
 already mentioned, on the right of the women, composed 
 of twelve zigzag lines, is connected, on the right, a field 
 with a chequer ornament. Below is a broad stripe, which 
 in Fig. b is composed of three red, and in Fig. c of six 
 dark-brown horizontal, parallel bands. 
 
 bride on the Frangois-Vase (Helbig, op. at. p. 2, note 1). Helen opposite 
 to Menelaus on dark-figured vases (Overbeck, Gal. PI. 26, 1-3 ; Mus. 
 Gregorian, II. Piate 49, 2 ; Helbig, op. at. p. 125, Fig. 25 ; cf. Loschcke, 
 op. cit. p. 7. 
 
Chap. IV.] 
 
 FURTHER SPECIMENS. 
 
 95 
 
 The thickness of the clay, which is of a red colour, is 
 10 mm. The inside is not carefully glazed. Of the same 
 vase there are also preserved some pieces which show 
 alternate straight and waved lines. 
 
 W e find the same kind of decoration, with female 
 figures, on a fragment found at a depth of i • 20 m. ; it is 
 the upper part of a large wheel-made vase, of reddish clay 
 with yellow ground. I represent it here under No. 18. 
 The painting is black, the clay 8 mm. thick. 
 
 The upper side of the rim shows alternately slanting 
 
 No. 18. Fragment of Vase with female figures and geometrical patterns. Size 1 : 2. Depth 1*20 m. 
 
 crosses and ten straight lines. The whole of the narrow 
 neck is decorated with a row of dots between horizontal 
 lines. Then follows a broad band of alternate horizontal 
 and vertical divisions, marked off below with five strong 
 horizontal stripes : the belt itself shows a mixture of 
 horizontal and perpendicular, waved, straight, and zigzag 
 lines. On the extreme right commences a procession of 
 conventionalized women in profile to the left, who, with 
 the exception that they are only half the size (so mm.), 
 
9 6 
 
 OTHER GEOMETRICAL PATTERNS. [Chap. IV. 
 
 exactly resemble the other women, and hold the branch in 
 common; but they have no cloth on their heads, like the 
 women on Plate XVI., Fig. b, c. ihe folds of the 
 garments are this time represented by three perpendicular 
 lines. 
 
 On Plate XIX., Fig < 5 , I give a large fragment of a 
 very large vessel made on the wheel, of which the clay- 
 thickness is not less than 18 mm. The painting is brown, 
 on a reddish ground ; one may distinguish four horizontal 
 stripes or bands, one above the other, separated in each 
 case by r three well-marked lines. Whilst the two lower 
 stripes are simply filled with colour, in the upper one we see 
 
 Nj- 0 jg, — Fragment of a vase with cranes and shells. Size i : 2. Depth 1 m. 
 
 a row of shells, and in the second conventional cranes in 
 profile to the right. 
 
 In quite the same manner of decoration is the small frag- 
 ment of another wheel-made vessel (No. 19), except that 
 in this the row of conventionalized cranes is above and 
 that of the shells below. To the left are three vertical 
 lines. The clay as well as the ground are reddish, the 
 painting black. The inside is red, the thickness is 12 mm. 
 Very like this is the piece of the upper part of a large 
 wheel-turned vessel (7 mm. thick), which has red-brown 
 paintings on a reddish ground. On the neck are three 
 horizontal lines ; after that, two bands separated by four lines. 
 
Chap. IV.] 
 
 97 
 
 MEANDER, ROSETTES, AND Lf^. 
 
 The upper band is decorated with a row of conventiona- 
 lized cranes in profile to the right ; the lower is ornamented 
 with alternate stripes of six perpendicular lines. These 
 stripes enclose, like triglyphs, square fields, which are filled 
 in, each with two horizontal zigzag lines. The inside of 
 the vase is brown. Similarly decorated is a fragment of the 
 body of a large wheel-made vase of reddish clay, i ^ mm. 
 thick : the painting is brown on reddish ground, and repre- 
 sents three stripes, of which the upper one is the lower 
 part of a maeander ornament, the second consists of three 
 broad lines, and the third of a row of conventionalized 
 cranes. Fragments of vases with geometrical patterns very 
 like these were also found in Mycenae.* 
 
 On Plate XVIII. I give a drawing of four fragments, 
 found at an average depth of 1*50 m., which apparently 
 belong to the upper part of a similar large wheel-turned 
 vase of reddish clay, which also has a brown painting on a 
 reddish ground. The thickness of the clay is 12-13 mm. 
 Beneath the edge, decorated with a zigzag line, we see 
 seven bands, of which four are formed of three lines each ; 
 from the broken condition one can only see two lines in 
 tne lowest band, but we may reasonably suppose that here, 
 as in the upper borders, there were three lines. In the 
 second band there are one horizontal and two upright 
 maeanders between four vertical bands of seven lines each; 
 further to the right are six horizontal zigzag-lines. Then 
 comes on the body a very broad zone, in which to the 
 right, enclosed by two bands, each of six vertical lines, is a 
 large rosette, between each leaf of which may be seen a . 
 Above and below the rosette are two horizontal bands of 
 four lines each, as well as a horizontal maeander ; below 
 we see a row of shells. To the right of this group is seen 
 a horse in profile to the left, then a man in profile to the 
 right; further on, a second horse in profile to the right. 
 
 * Schliemann, Mycence , p. 103, Nos. 157, 158. 
 
 H 
 
9 8 THE py AND THE |-fj. [CHAP. IV. 
 
 Between the horses’ legs fishes are represented. The back- 
 ground is filled everywhere with maeanders, Svastikas (LTj) 
 and shells. Above the backs of the horses are compart- 
 ments filled with horizontal zigzag-lines, and framed by 
 straight lines in the form of windows. Between the fifth 
 and seventh bands is a row of very rudely drawn cranes, in 
 profile to the right. On the inner border of the fragment, 
 Plate XVIII., are five brown parallel bands; beneath this 
 the colour is a monochrome red. 
 
 The sign L^, as well as the equally frequent p}J, I have 
 
 discussed in extenso in my works Ilios, pp. 3 d- 5 ~ 354 ? an< ^ 
 Troja , pp. 1 22- 1 29, and I have shown that it occurs in 
 countless instances in Mycenae, in the four upper pre- 
 historic towns ol Troy ; also in India (among other instances 
 four times in the Footprints of Buddha, ct. Ilios, p. 349, 
 No. 244) ; in Bactria, in China, in Ashantee, in the interior 
 of the Gold Coast of Africa, among the ancient Hebrews 
 (cf. Ezekiel ix. 4, 6, where the sign j~y, in the form of the 
 ancient Hebrew letter Tau, like the corresponding Indian 
 symbol as the sign of life, is written on the forehead) ; in 
 Gaza, on Hittite antiquities, in Lapland, and on the anti- 
 quities of all the other nations of Europe ; in \ ucatan, 
 in Paraguay ; I have shown that these two symbols are 
 an unsolved riddle, like the Nile-key or crux ansata , which 
 in hieroglyphics is read as “ ankh,” the Living One, that 
 in countless inscriptions of the Nile valley comes before 
 us in the same form as on a tomb stele in northern Asia 
 Minor.* 
 
 I therefore refer the reader to that ample treatise and 
 I especially invite his attention to the learned and im- 
 portant discussion of pp and from the pen of my learned 
 friend the famous Orientalist, Professor Max Muller of 
 Oxford, which he will find in Ilios, p. 346 sq . ; and also to 
 
 * Guillaume et Perrot, Exploration archeologique de la Galatie et de la 
 Bithynie , Atlas, Plate IX. 
 
Chap. IV.] VASES OF COMPLEX ORNAMENT. 
 
 99 
 
 the excellent work of Robert Philips Greg, On the Meaning 
 and Origin of the Fylfot and Swastika (Westminster, 
 1884). 
 
 I would mention a portion of the border of a large 
 wheel-made vase of reddish cla} r , 7 mm. thick, found at a 
 depth of 1 m. ; it is painted with red geometrical patterns 
 on a yellow ground. The cylinder-shaped edge is painted. 
 Below are seen four strong lines, and above alternate groups 
 of ten vertical straight lines, ten vertical zigzags, and a row 
 
 No. 20. Fragment of a vase, with a man, a horse, and a fish. Size 1 : 2. Depth 1*50 m. 
 
 of ten upright shells. Below the rim the space is divided 
 by groups of ten vertical lines into twenty fields, ten of 
 which are filled with zigzag lines and inclined waving lines. 
 The inside is plain red. 
 
 I must not omit to mention a fragment, found at the 
 same depth, of a wheel-made, wide-bellied vessel of reddish 
 clay, 13 mm. thick, with red paintings on reddish ground. 
 Above three horizontal and parallel bands are the remains 
 of an upright band of straight and waved lines, as well as 
 of a fish-bone pattern. On the inside are traces of colour. 
 Further, I refer to the fragment found at a depth of 
 
 h 2 
 
IOO 
 
 THE ARTIST’S HORROR VACUI. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 i -50 m. of a wheel-made vase, 14 mm. thick, of red-brown 
 clay, on which one observes in brown paint zigzag-lines 
 close together over horizontal bands. Next, a small fragment 
 of a large wheel-turned vase of reddish clay, 9 mm. thick ; 
 the painting is reddish-brown ; below we see a band of five 
 horizontal lines ; above are three compartments, of which 
 the two outer ones are incomplete. The field to the right 
 is decorated with a chess-board pattern ; the middle with 
 upright, and the left with waving lines. 
 
 The engraving, No. 20, represents a fragment of a large 
 wheel-turned vase of yellow clay, 9 mm. thick, found at a 
 depth of 1 -50 m.. The painting is black on a yellow 
 ground. The subject is analogous to that on Plate XVIII. 
 We see a horse with a bushy tail, in profile to the left. 
 Between the legs of this animal is a fish standing upright, 
 and a shell (?), and on the left a man facing left ; he 
 holds up his arms, and seems to have a whip in the right 
 hand ; the space is filled up with a maeander, with shells and 
 a p}J. Here, as in all the vases with geometrical decoration, 
 we observe the horror vactii of the primitive artist. The 
 drawing is surrounded with straight lines ; above is seen the 
 attachment of the neck of the vase ; the inside is dark brown. 
 
 A similar representation is found on a fragment of a 
 smaller wheel-made vase of yellow clay, 6 mm. thick. The 
 painting is dark-brown on a yellow ground, and shows 
 a horse in profile to the right. Between his legs is an 
 upright fish, and on the right a large star in outline and a 
 bird. Over the back of the horse may be seen the angle 
 of a compartment, which is bordered by straight and filled 
 with zigzag lines. The inside is monochrome black. This 
 fragment is said to have been found at a depth of from 
 1 * 20 to 1 • 50 m. 
 
 I give on Plate XIX., Fig. a, a fragment found at the 
 same depth of a smaller wheel-made vase of yellow clay, 
 only 3 mm. thick, with brown painting on yellow ground. 
 We see the hinder part of a horse, in profile to the left. 
 
Chap. IV.] 
 
 VASE WITH WHEEL ORNAMENT. 
 
 IOI 
 
 I give on Plate XVI., Fig. a, another fragment from 
 the same depth of a large wheel-made vase (n mm. thick) 
 of pure yellow clay. The painting is brown on yellow 
 ground. Above, to the right, is part of the frame of a large 
 circular ornament, such as is also seen on the following 
 pieces, consisting of concentric circles, the intermediate 
 spaces of which are filled, in the two upper ones with zig- 
 zag lines, in the following, with pyramids. To the left, 
 one sees the hinder part of a horse with a huge bushy tail. 
 
 No. 21. — Fragment of vase with concentric circles and crosses. Size i . 2. Depth 1-20 m. 
 
 T nder the legs of the horse appears a fish-tail, and perhaps 
 a snake. In the interstices are various ornaments, difficult 
 to describe. 
 
 The woodcut, No. 21, represents a fragment of a large 
 wheel-made vessel (16 mm. thick), of very clean red clay, of 
 which the painting is brown on a yellow ground. Below a 
 band of three lines, we see, to the left, part of concentric 
 circles and a circular zigzag-line. Further to the right, a 
 
] 02 
 
 VARIOUS GEOMETRICAL DESIGNS [Chap. IV. 
 
 cross framed with straight lines, and still further on, five 
 concentric circles, of which one is in zigzags. The inner 
 circle is filled with a cross and twelve points. At the right- 
 hand top-corner is a star. I may remark here, that I found 
 another fragment with a similar cross and points. 
 
 I present on Plate XX., Fig. b, a fragment found at a 
 depth of i ‘50, of a large wheel-made vase of reddish clay, 
 with brown painting on reddish ground. We see below a 
 star in the centre of a circle, round which is drawn a 
 broad meeander. Then follow within three concentric 
 bands, of which one is formed of three lines and two of 
 two lines, a circle of two intersecting zigzag lines, and one 
 simple zigzag-line. This circular ornament appears to 
 have occupied the centre of an oblong field, of the framing 
 of which three horizontal lines remain above. The corners 
 of the quadrangular field were filled with fantastic decora- 
 tions, of which some small remains may still be seen. The 
 inside is rough and unpainted. 
 
 On Plate XX., Fig. a , is represented another fragment 
 from the same depth of a somewhat smaller wheel-made 
 vase of yellow clay, 7 mm. thick. The painting is black on 
 yellow ground. We see on a field, formed by three 
 horizontal lines on the border and four on the body, two 
 vertical stripes, of which the left-hand one is composed of 
 at least seven waved lines, and the right-hand one of 
 straight lines. Between the two are four concentric circles, 
 of which the outmost is surrounded by slanting strokes. 
 Above and below are two pyramidal ornaments, whose 
 points are connected by weaving lines. Below is a narrower 
 band with upright waving lines ; the decoration terminates 
 below by a band of four horizontal lines, and uniform 
 black paint ; the inside is brown. 
 
 Though the group of vases with geometrical designs 
 differs in its general style from that of the peculiarly 
 Tirynthian and Mycenaean group of pottery, which I shall 
 describe in the following pages, there is yet, as Sophus 
 
Chap. IV.] BUT RELATED IN SYSTEM. 1Q ^ 
 
 Muller Aery rightly remarks,* no want of connection be- 
 tween these groups, for the straight-line system of ornament 
 stands in certain relation to the spiral system. The one 
 system, for instance, expresses in the straight lines of the 
 nueander what the other puts into curves as spirals, and 
 while but a small step was made in this way from the 
 original motif a wholly new system of ornament was the 
 result. 
 
 At the same time let me repeat, that the pottery with 
 geometrical designs is, as regards form, material and fabric, 
 quite distinct from the vases of the peculiar Tirynthian and 
 Mycenaean groups. 
 
 2. Vases Painted with glossy White Colour. 
 
 Plate XI\ . places before us seven fragments, which be- 
 long together, of the upper part of a wheel-made vessel of 
 } ellowish clay, 7 mm. thick. The outside has on a smooth 
 yellowish ground, a painting in red, with glossy white 
 colour laid on. The inside is unpainted. To the right we 
 see the remains of the handle. Beneath the brim, which 
 is marked out by a line, is a broad frieze, which is 
 bordered below by three broad lines. To the right is re- 
 presented a curious object, in which Professor Newton, of 
 the British Museum, recognizes the prow of a ship. After 
 this appear two warriors with helmets on their heads ; a 
 round shield in the left, and the lance held for hurling' in 
 the right hand. Between the extended legs of the warriors 
 hangs a long tail, and Dr. Ernst Fabricius believes that 
 it may be the tail of an animal’s skin, which is cast over 
 the back of the men. And his idea appears to be just, 
 for in an Egyptian wall-painting from Beit-el-Walli in the 
 British Museum, which represents the capture of Cush 
 
 * So P hus Muller, Ursprung und erste Entwickelung der Europaischm 
 Bronzecultur (1882). German translation by Miss T. Mestorf. 
 
io4 
 
 ORNAMENTS LAID ON IN WHITE. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 or ^Ethiopia by Ramses II., there are many ^Ethiopes, with 
 their loins girded with panthers’ skins, of which the tips of 
 the legs depend in a similar way to the long tail of the 
 Tirynthian warriors. Behind the warriors the front part of 
 a horse may be seen in profile to the right, to which 
 probably further back the chariot was attached. The hori- 
 zontal lines, over the back of the horse, are no doubt to be 
 regarded as reins. The spirals above and the arches beneath 
 serve to fill up the space. Between the legs of the horse, 
 a dog leaps towards the right, with its tail well lifted up. 
 Over the red ground colour of the drawing of the men 
 and horse are drawn parallel waving lines of glossy white 
 colour. The contours and fine strokes are all accentuated 
 by dotted lines also of glossy white. The horse wears at 
 the corner of the neck a large disc. The eyes are given 
 by a dot within a rather large circle. The edge of the 
 shield, which is covered with the ground colour, is brought 
 out by two concentric circles of white dots, and in the 
 same manner the Omphalos is marked in white. The 
 high fluttering manes are again remarkably executed in 
 white colour. It is interesting to observe that the figure of 
 the warrior is here represented twice without any variation, 
 and must therefore be regarded as conventionalized. 
 
 On Plate XXII., Fig.*, I show a fragment found at the 
 same depth of another wheel-made vase of red clay, 7 mm. 
 thick. On this is seen the hinder part of a horse, as well 
 as a portion of a chariot. The technical manipulation of 
 the painting entirely agrees witn that last described ; the 
 
 dimensions are somewhat smaller. 
 
 I show further on Plate XXIII., Fig. a, a fragment 
 found at a depth of about 50 cm. of a perfectly flat hand- 
 made plate, of which two other portions, not exhibited, 
 were found. As these show, the edge of the plate was bent 
 over. The clay is of reddish colour, and 10 mm. thick. 
 Both sides are finely polished, and painted in brownish-red. 
 The border of the upper side is decorated with inlanders 
 
Chap. IV.] SPECIMENS OF BETTER DRAWING. 
 
 I0 5 
 
 in glossy white colour, on the red varnished ground, which 
 are followed by two concentric circles extending to the 
 edge. 
 
 The centre was filled with figures, but the remains do 
 not afford sufficient detail for a complete representation. 
 On the fragment (Plate XXIII., Fig. a) we see the lower 
 half of a man, stepping to the left. The lines round the 
 feet no doubt show the straps of the sandals. The naked 
 leg steps from under the richly-ornamented chiton, and 
 Dr. Ernst Fabricius reminds me that the same kind of 
 decoration of clothing is seen on the oldest vases. The 
 man seems to place his foot on the naked thigh of his 
 conquered enemy, of whom part remains to the left. We 
 can still recognize his richly-decorated coat of mail. The 
 filling-in of the space is, as on the other pieces, effected by 
 parallel triangles. To the left we see probably the point of 
 a helmet. On one of the two other fragments we recognize 
 the legs of an upright-standing warrior turned towards the 
 right, with a part of the coat of mail with masander stripes. 
 On the under side of the fragment (Plate XXIII., Fig. a) 
 we observe indistinct remains of painting in red lacquer, 
 with glossy white laid on. 
 
 W e observe in the free and life-like drawing of the leg 
 in these fragments (Plate XXIII., Fig. a), the painting of 
 which in a technical point of view does not differ per- 
 ceptibly from that of Plate XIV. with the armed warriors, 
 an important advance in an artistic point of view; for the 
 representation, as compared with the others, is no longer 
 conventionalized, but natural. 
 
 On Plate XXVII., Fig. d, I give a drawing of a wheel- 
 made pitcher from the lower ditch, found at a depth of 
 i' 50 m.; it is of rather fine yellow clay, with a handle. 
 The height is 7 cm., the width of the mouth cm., and 
 the thickness of the clay 3 mm. The ground is dark 
 blue. Besides a broad violet band round the neck, on which 
 white leaves are drawn, and another narrower one near the 
 
io6 
 
 FURTHER SPECIMENS. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 foot, the painting is in glossy white, and consists of a band 
 on the upper rim, a narrower one below the upper violet 
 band, pretty spirals on the body and a narrow border 
 round the foot. The inside is not painted. The handle is 
 restored. 
 
 I remark here, that among the prehistoric pottery found 
 at Thera, under three strata of pumice-stone and volcanic 
 ashes, and which are now preserved in the French School at 
 Athens, there may also be seen several vases, of which the 
 
 No. 22. — Ram’s head in clay. Size 2 : 3. Depth 1 m. 
 
 ornamentation is executed in white on a dark ground. 
 Fragments of vases with spirals are exceedingly common, 
 at Tiryns as well as in Mycenae.* 
 
 I give further on Plate XXVI., Fig. d, the representa- 
 tion of a fragment from the same depth of a wheel-made 
 vase of coarse yellow clay, 6-7 mm. thick. The painting 
 is also in violet colour, and glossy white on dark-blue 
 ground. The inside is not painted. 
 
 * Schliemann, Mycence , p. 71, No. 86; PI. VIII. Nos. .30,34; 
 PI. XII. No. 58; PI. XIII. No. 64; PL XIV. No. 70; PL XV., 
 Nos. 73, 75. 
 
Chap. IV.] 
 
 DESIGNS FROM ANIMAL LIFE. 
 
 io 7 
 
 I would further mention the rim-fragment of a wheel- 
 made bowl, found at a depth of 1*501x1. of fine reddish 
 clay, 5 mm. thick. The inside is painted in red, the outside 
 in dark brown on a bright-red ground. On the rim is a 
 narrow, and beneath this, on the inside, a wider band, on 
 which mo interlacing serpentine lines are drawn in glossy 
 white. 
 
 The accompanying woodcut, No. 22, shows an object 
 found about 1 m. deep, of brown clay, in the form of a 
 ram’s head, of which the eye has been made separately and 
 attached when the clay was still soft 
 
 No. 23.— -Fragment of a vase with a swan. Actual size 2 : 3. Depth 1*50 in. 
 
 This object is apparently the fragment of a handle, and 
 seems to have been first painted with black and afterwards 
 with glossy white colour. 
 
 3. Vase Paintings, with representations of Birds 
 
 or Stags. 
 
 The fragment depicted on Plate XX., Fig. d, was found 
 2 m. deep, and is from the upper part of a large wheel- 
 made vase of light-yellow clay, 1 1 mm. thick. The painting 
 is dull black on light-yellow ground ; the rim is quite 
 covered with colour. Below this there was a row of 
 
108 DESIGNS OF MARINE ANIMALS. [Chap. IV. 
 
 water-birds in profile to the right. To the left is the 
 head of a bird with a broad bill ; to the right, the tail 
 and head of another. The inside is monochromed in 
 black. 
 
 On Plate XXIII., Fig. 6 , is a fragment from the same 
 depth of a smaller wheel-made vase of red clay, 6 mm. 
 thick. The painting is executed with brown lacquer on 
 a red ground. Under a broad band is seen a row of 
 swans ; to the right the upper part of one in profile to 
 the right, and to the left the bead of another looking 
 back. 
 
 On another fragment shown in No. 23, found at a depth 
 of 1*50 m., which belongs to a wheel-made vase of reddish 
 clay, 4 mm. thick, the painting is black on a yellow ground ; 
 to the left is the front part of a swan in profile to the right. 
 The figure is drawn with a thick outline, inside which is a 
 row of dots ; another dotted line cuts the body across. To 
 the right we observe the tail of another bird in front. I 
 may observe that I found at Mycenae a piece of pottery 
 with a very similar drawing of a swan, # which is placed in 
 the Mycenaean Museum at Athens. 
 
 The same museum contains a fragment of a prehistoric 
 vase found in a grave at Spata, with a representation of a 
 swan, but of somewhat different form. 
 
 On another fragment of a wheel-made vessel found at a 
 depth of 1 • 50 m., made of greyish-yellow clay, 8 mm. thick, 
 may be seen the hind parts and the feet of a bird turned to 
 the right. 
 
 The fragment on Plate XX., Fig. c, is of a wheel- 
 turned vessel of light-yellow clay, 7 mm. thick. On the 
 inside it is red, outside on the light-yellow ground the 
 painting is in red-brown ; below a broad band is repre- 
 sented a stag in profile to the right, with his head turned 
 back, and with huge horns, the ends terminating in spirals. 
 
 Schliemann’s Mycence, PI. VIII. No. 33. 
 
Chap. IV.] 
 
 DESIGNS OF MUREX. 
 
 I09 
 
 4. Vase Paintings, representing Marine Animals. 
 
 The representation on Plate XXII., Fig. b, shows a 
 fragment of the upper part of a wheel-made vessel of 
 medium size, found at a depth of 1 m., made of reddish- 
 clay, 6 mm. thick. 
 
 The painting is dark brown, on a reddish ground. 
 Beneath the coloured rim runs a wide zone, which is bor- 
 dered below with a brown band. In the intervening space 
 we see a fantastic ornament, apparently designed from a 
 sea-animal, which must have been a great favourite of the 
 
 No - 2 4- No. 25. 
 
 ' ase fragments, with representation of the purple shell (murex) very common in Mycenae, and often 
 
 found in Tiryns. 
 
 ancient Tirynthians and Mycenagans, since it is frequently 
 found among the ruins of both these towns. The inside is 
 monochrome black. 
 
 In the annexed woodcuts, Nos. 24 and 25, reprinted from 
 Mycena , p. 138, I represent two fragments of vases, with 
 this decoration, which is extremely common on Mycenman 
 pottery, and also frequent in Tiryns. Vases ornamented 
 with this pattern are always wheel-made, and usually of 
 yellow clay, about 5 mm, thick. 
 
 The painting, in red colour on yellow ground, shows a 
 very slender ornament, much like that shown on Plate XXII., 
 Fig. b. It represents the purple shell (murex) ; it likewise 
 
I IO 
 
 SPIRAL ORNAMENTS. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 is very common at Ialysos,* Spata,-f~ and Knossos.^ The 
 same ornament is to be seen on a vase-fragment from 
 Eleusis,§ and on another from a grave at Nauplia.j| It is 
 also found on the vases No. 2078 and No. 2081 in the 
 National Museum at Athens, which were discovered in 
 Attica, the exact place not specified. 
 
 5. Vase Paintings, with Spiral Ornamentation. 
 
 As Sophus Muller remarks,^ the spiral pattern may 
 have been borrowed from a rolled-up wire. “The drawing 
 was then carried out on a flat surface, and developed itself 
 in various ways. But the fact, that the spirals are often 
 formed of double lines, and are carried on unbroken from 
 the centre of the spiral roll, suggests to us the origin of the 
 pattern. The circular ornamentation, on the other hand, 
 may have arisen from works in bone, wood, and similar 
 soft metals. 
 
 “The central point in the circle reminds us that it arose 
 from the use of the compasses, and the further development 
 of the motive rests on its connection with semicircles, lines, 
 and bands.” 
 
 The spiral ornament so abundantly used in Tiryns and 
 Mycenae, “ appears,” as Sophus Muller says,** “ also very 
 commonly in Egypt, both in the ornamentation of pottery 
 and other objects, which were, in many cases, booty from 
 
 * Albert Dumont et Jules Chaplain, Les Ceramiques de la Gr'ece 
 propre (Paris, 1881), PI. III. 5, 6. t Op. cit. p. 66. 
 
 + Op. cit. p. 66. § Gazette archeologique, 1879, p. 202. 
 
 || This last fragment is in the Mycenaean Museum at Athens. 
 
 If Sophus Muller, Ursprung und erste Entwickelung der europaischen 
 Bronzecultur. German translation by Miss J. Mestorf, 1882, p. 338. 
 
 ** Ibid., p. 333. 
 
 ft E.g. Rosellini, op. cit. I. 100, 102, 158, 159; II. 70, 87; III. 
 17; Lepsius, Denkmaler, VII. PL 187 d \ Prisse d’Avennes , Histoire 
 de 1 ' art egyptien, op. cit. 
 
Chap. IV.] 
 
 SPIRAL ORNAMENTS. 
 
 I I I 
 
 the Phoenicians and other Oriental people ; it also occurs 
 in architectural decoration, for instance, in the Necropolis 
 at Thebes, from the last half of the second millennium 
 before Christ. 
 
 “ Here, exactly as in Mycenae, the spirals are occa- 
 sionally free and at other times connected in the centre, 
 or they wind about a circular cartouche or a rosette ; 
 sometimes, as in the ceiling-ornament of Orchomenos,* * * § a 
 flower is set in at the point where the line diverges from the 
 spiral.” Sophus Muller f further remarks: “In Phoenicia 
 the spiral ornament is universal on a certain class of anti- 
 quities, | and we also find it on those Greek islands which 
 were colonized by Phoenicians. § The origin of the spiral 
 ornament must, therefore, be sought for far from Greece, 
 in the Egypto-Phoenician domains. And, further, we find 
 the spiral ornament on the monuments at almost all points 
 which were touched by Phoenician influence, — on the 
 island of Gozo, near Malta, in South Italy, in Sardinia, 
 and in the East, in the Caucasus, and everywhere in cir- 
 cumstances indicating great antiquity, and yet never with 
 objects which can be attributed with certainty to the Bronze 
 Age proper. We are therefore obliged to conclude, that in 
 all these places the appearance of the spiral ornament points 
 to Phoenician influence.” 
 
 I may remark that we find the spiral ornament very 
 commonly in the island of Malta, which for many centuries 
 
 * Schliemann, Orchomenos (Leipzig, 1881). 
 
 + Sophus Muller, op. cit. p. 339. 
 
 + E.g. Renan, op. cit. p. 161; Description de V Egy pie, V., PI. 79-83 
 and 89 ; Leemanns, Aegyptische Monumente, I., PI. 30. 
 
 § Very characteristic is the appearance of the spiral ornament on 
 pottery at Rhodes (Salzmann, Camirus, Plates 25, 26). The Greeks 
 first occupied this island sixty years after the Doric invasion, but we 
 cannot admit that, at that remote antiquity, the spiral ornament 
 belonged to the Greek style. There is therefore no other alternative 
 but to ascribe these vessels to a still more distant age, and to attribute 
 theaa to the Phoenicians, who then owned colonies in Rhodes. 
 
1 I 2 
 
 SPIRAL ORNAMENTS. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 was settled by Phoenicians ; for instance, on a stele in the 
 Cesnola Collection at New York* on a capital from 
 Kition,f on a vase-handle from Amathus,^ and on two 
 shields. § Also, in the province of Carthage, on a capital 
 of Djezza,j| and on stelae from Carthage itself. ^ 
 
 The most interesting and remarkable fact is, however, 
 that we very often meet the spirals on the gold-work of 
 the second, or burnt town of Troy.** This fact proves 
 to us that, already while Troy flourished, the Phoenician 
 merchants navigated the vEgean Sea and carried merchan 
 dise to the shores of the Hellespont, and that therefore 
 the ruins of Troy can hardly claim the extreme antiquity 
 which many of the learned attribute to them. Thus, 
 for example, Helbig ’j”j' thinks that the ruins of Hissarlik 
 should be placed considerably before the fourteenth cen- 
 tury b.c., whilst Dumont considers them even much 
 older than the sixteenth century b.c. In fact, the Trojan 
 treasures of gold ornaments, which are now unixersally 
 supposed to be of Phoenician origin, will hardly allow us 
 to attribute the catastrophe of the second, or burnt city 
 of Troy, to a remoter age than about 1200 b.c., and this 
 date is confirmed by all traditions of antiquity. 
 
 In the first place, I would draw the reader’s attention 
 to the border fragment of a large wheel-made vase 
 
 * Georges Perrot et Charles Chipiez, Histoire de F Art dans 
 F Antiquiti, (Paris, 1881), IIP, p. 217, No. 152. 
 
 + Fbid. p. 264, No. 198. X Ibid - P- 282 > No - 2I 3 - 
 
 § Ibid. pp. 870, 871, Nos. 638, 639. 
 
 \\ Ibid. p. 3x2, No. 235. 
 
 If Ibid. p. 52, No 14; P- 54 , No. 16. 
 
 ** Schliemann, Itios, p. 460, Nos. 694—704; p. 462, Nos 7 5 2 7 64 » 
 p 488, Nos. 834, 835 ; p. 489, Nos. 836-838, 845, 848-850 ; p. 49 °, 
 No. 853, p. 495, Nos. 873, 874; p. 5 °L Nos. 9o6, 997 , 9 ° 9 - 
 
 ft W. Helbig, Das Homerische Epos aus den Denkmalern erlautert , 
 
 p. 37. 
 
 ++ Albert Dumont et Jules Chaplain, Les Ceramiques de la Grice 
 propre (Paris, 1881), p. 75 - 
 
Chap. IV.] VARIOUS SPIRAL ORNAMENTS. 113 
 
 (Plate XXII., Fig. d) of fine grey clay, 6 mm. thick, with 
 brown painting on a light-yellow ground. Between the 
 somewhat projecting rim, and three parallel horizontal 
 lines round the body of the vessel, there is a broad band 
 of figures like the Greek letter lambda, which run out on 
 the left side into spirals. The inside is monochrome 
 black : found at a depth of 1 m. 
 
 Further, I mention a hand-made vessel of green clay, 
 / tnm. thick, found at a depth of 2 m. The painting is 
 executed with very common black colour, and consists of 
 a band at the rim and two lines on the body, of which the 
 upper one forms three roughly-drawn spirals; the back 
 side is broken, and the form of the vessel can, therefore, 
 not well be determined. It had two handles. 
 
 3 - fragment found 1 "50 rn. deep, of a wheel-made 
 vase, of reddish clay, 3 mm. thick, coated with brownish- 
 yellow, and painted in red. Above a band of eight fine 
 lines we see a large spiral, in the centre of which is a 
 rosette. 
 
 Plate XXVI., Fig. r, represents a fragment, from about 
 the same depth, of the upper part and handle of a small 
 basin of reddish clay, 3 mm. thick. The painting is red 
 on a light-yellow ground. The rim is finely coloured, 
 and we see below this a band of interlacing and spiral 
 lines. 
 
 I further mention a fragment of the shoulder of a 
 wheel-turned vase of reddish clay, 6 mm. thick, with black 
 painting on a light ground ; depth 1 m. The neck is all 
 coloured, and surrounded by a broad line ; beneath are 
 large spirals. 
 
 Similar spirals are to be seen on two fragments of 
 smaller bowls in red and black colours. 
 
 Nexi, I wish to mention a fragment, found 1 * ^0 m. 
 deep, of a deep, wheel-turned bowl of fine yellow clav, 
 
 3 mm. thick. The painting is dark brown on a yellow 
 ground ; the rim is brought out by a line. Beneath there 
 
 1 
 
PERFORATED EXCRESCENCES. 
 
 [Chap. IV 
 
 114 
 
 is a broad border marked off by one broad line and 
 several paler-coloured ones, and decorated with spirals 
 twisting to the left. In the centre of each spiral is a large 
 circle, filled up by parallel lines which cross each other. 
 Each spiral is joined to the next by three waved lines. 
 
 Again, the fragment, found 1 '50 m. deep, of a wheel- 
 made vase of light-brown somewhat coarse clay, 4 mm. 
 thick, with brown painting on a paler ground. On the 
 inside we see several concentric circles, and a broad band 
 below the rim. On the outside a broad frieze-like zone 
 is marked off by three lines, and within it is repeated a 
 peculiar spiral ornament winding to the left. 
 
 I give on Plate XXVI., Fig. /, the fragment of the 
 upper part of a small hand-made vessel, found 1 m. deep, 
 of reddish clay, 3 mm. thick, with dark-brown painting. 
 Beneath the rim, which is coloured over, ran a band of 
 spirals, in which a horizontally pierced excrescence is fixed. 
 
 I mention further a fragment from the same depth of a 
 wheel-made globular vessel of reddish clay, 3 mm. thick, 
 with dark-brown painting, which likewise has a horizontally 
 perforated excrescence in an ornament of scales. These are 
 the only two pieces of pottery found in the palace of Tiryns 
 in which the horizontally pierced excrescences occur. 
 
 In the oldest settlement of Tiryns,* as also in Troy, f 
 there appear only vases with perpendicularly perforated 
 excrescences. Horizontally perforated excrescences occur, 
 on the other hand, on a vase of the Stone Age found in 
 the lake-dwellings at Estavayer on four vessels found 
 in French dolmens, and preserved in the Museum of 
 Saint-Germain-en-Laye ; on some fragments of vases in 
 the same Museum; on vessels in the Egyptian collection 
 
 * Cf. above, pp 58-9. Nos. 1, 2. 
 
 t Schliemarin, 1 /ios, pp. 214, 215, Nos. 23—25 ; pp. 220, 222, Nos. 
 
 44-46; pp. 354-3 6 9> Nos - 251-306. 
 
 + Ferd. Keller, Etablissements lacustres (Zurich, 1866), PI. XVIII. 
 No. 5 ; described by Dr. Victor Gross. 
 
Chap. IV.] ORNAMENT IN FORM OF AN IONIC PILLAR. 115 
 
 in the British Museum ; on two vases of the Stone Age, 
 in the museum at Copenhagen ; * on various vases of 
 the collection of old German antiquities in the British 
 Museum ; on one from Cyprus, in the South Kensington 
 Museum ; on some vases found in the prehistoric necropolis 
 on the island of Antiparos ; f on several vases from the 
 excavations at Piling in Hungary ; and on many vases in 
 the Museum at Schwerin. 
 
 The Markische Provinzial Museum, in Berlin, con- 
 tains a number of such vases, with horizontal ridges for 
 suspension. Some beautiful examples are also to be seen 
 in the collection of Professor Rudolf Virchow, at Berlin. 
 Moreover Consul Frank Calvert and I in our joint exca- 
 vations made in the tumulus of Hanai Tepeh,§ in the 
 plains of Troy, found vessels with horizontal tubular holes 
 only. 
 
 6. Pottery of Various Kinds. 
 
 Plate XXII., Fig. a , represents a fragment, found only 
 0-30 m. deep, of the upper part of a wheel-made small 
 bowl, made of reddish clay, 3 mm. thick, with a shining 
 yellow surface and brown painting. Round the rim we see 
 a fine line, and on the outside a fantastic ornament, of 
 which the lower half reminds us of an Ionic pillar. On 
 terra-cotta goblets in Attica we see a similar ornament, 
 together with the purple-lish (murex). We see it also 
 
 J. J. A. Worsaae, Nordiske Oldsager (1859), PI. XIX. Nos. 95, 
 98 ; PL XX. No. 99. 
 
 t J. Theodore Bent, “Researches among the Cyclades,” in The 
 Journal of Hellenic Studies, V., 1884, p. 55, No. n. 
 
 X Joseph Hampel, Catalogue de /’ Exposition prehistorique des Mu sees 
 de province et des collections particulieres de la Hongrie (Budapest, 1876), 
 p. 130, Fig. 130, and p. 41, Fig. 28; Antiquities prehistoriques de la 
 Hongrie (Gran, 1877), PI. XVIII. Figs. 2, 5, 8, 9, n, 12; PI. XIX. 
 Fig. 11 j PI. XX. Figs. 4, 8, 19 ; PI. XXI. Fig. 9 ; PI. XXII. Figs. 2, 3. 
 
 § Schliemann, Ilios, p. 710, Nos. 1546, 1547 ; p. 715, No. 1560. 
 
 I 2 
 
II( 5 VESSEL FOR BAKING CAKES. [Chap. IV. 
 
 on two sepulchral stelae of Carthage * and on a Phoenician 
 
 vase, , 
 
 At a depth of about h m. from the surface were found 
 
 several fragments of a large unpainted hand-made vessel, 
 of red clay, io mm. thick. The accompanying woodcut 
 (No. 26) shows these fragments united. The vessel is 
 of cylindrical form, about 40 cm. in diameter ; the rim 
 of the bottom projects 13 mm., the upper rim 25 mm. 
 The outside is badly polished. On the surface of the 
 bottom, from the edge to the central point, we see con- 
 centric circles of holes, 6-7 mm. deep and 6-10 mm. apart, 
 shaped like inverted cones, which were made while the 
 
 No 26. — Vessel for baking cakes. Size i: 6. Depth 0-50111. 
 
 clay was still soft. None of these holes penetrates the 
 thickness of the clay. On the bottom, outside, we see 
 strong marks of burning. Beyond all doubt, therefore, 
 tne vessel was used as a pan, probably for baking cakes, 
 on which the shape of the holes would then be produced 
 in relief. Of similar but somewhat smaller terra-cotta pans, 
 with holes of the same form, many fragments were found. 
 The same kind of pan is very common in Mycenae, but, 
 as far as I know, it does not occur elsewhere. 
 
 * Georges Perrot et Charles Chipiez, Histoire de I Art dans I' anti- 
 quit e (Paris, 1884), Vol. III. p. 5 2 > No. 14 > P- 54> No. 16 . 
 t Ibid. Vol. III. p. 74- 
 
Chap. IV.] 
 
 THE COMMON GOBLET. 
 
 XI 7 
 
 In the following woodcut, No. 27, and Plate XXI., 
 Fig. f I give a representation of a form of terra-cotta 
 goblet, very commonly used in Tiryns and Mycenae. 
 
 Most goblets of this kind are of light-yellow, badly- 
 cleaned clay, made on the wheel, unpolished and unpainted ; 
 in many cases, however, they are well polished and covered 
 with a lustrous varnish, generally red, but in a few cases 
 black. Very numerous, too, are those with a lustrous 
 light-yellow ground, painted with brown parallel horizontal 
 bands. As before stated (p. 73), there are found in the 
 
 No. 27. —Goblet. Size 1:2. 
 
 deepest layers of debris fragments of unpainted and un- 
 polished goblets of greenish clay, which appear to be the 
 oldest. 
 
 All have one handle, in rare cases two. In the com 
 monest form the foot is flat, in those of better workmanship 
 it is concave. There are often found, too, fragments of 
 such goblets, of finely cleaned yellow clay, well polished, 
 of which the outside is not painted, while on the inside 
 there are parallel bands of red. I have already (pp. 73, 74) 
 given a list of those places where goblets of a similar form 
 have hitherto been found, and refer the reader to it. 
 
 No. 28 represents a large vase found near the surface. 
 
JUG WITH SPOUT. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 1 18 
 
 It is wheel-made, of red clay, 9 mm. thick, and has two 
 handles. The height of it is 23^ cm.; the width of the 
 orifice 20 cm. It is painted inside and outside uniformly 
 red, only on the rim, between two white lines, we see two 
 violet parallel lines. This form of vase does not again 
 appear, and has never been found elsewhere. 
 
 Further, on Plate XXIV., Fig. c, is represented a 
 wheel-made vase, found at a depth of 1*50 m. It has two 
 handles, and a curved rim. It is made of fine, well-polished 
 grey clay, 4 mm. thick. Its height is 9, the width of its 
 
 No. 28. — Large vase, Size 1 : 6. Depth circa 0*50 m. 
 
 orifice 15 cm. The painting, which is in lustrous yellow 
 varnish, consists of a line on the external rim, a second 
 round the neck, a band of three lines round the body, 
 and a broad line round the foot. The shining yellow 
 colour gives it an appearance as though it were gilded. 
 
 On Plate XXVI., Fig. e, I represent the fragment of a 
 wheel-made mug, of finely cleaned grey clay, 6 mm. thick. 
 The painting is brown, on a light-yellow ground. Between 
 two stripes on the edge there is an ornament of crossing 
 lines. The whole of the lower part is uniformly coloured. 
 The inside is of monochrome grey colour. 
 
 Further, in the accompanying woodcut (No. 29) I 
 show a small wheel-made jug, with a broken handle over 
 the orifice, which is \\ cm. wide. It was found close to 
 
Chap. IV.J 
 
 JUG WITH SIEVE-LIKE SPOUT. 
 
 n 9 
 
 the surface. Its height, without the handle, is io cm., the 
 thickness of the clay 3 mm. 
 
 The jug is of line bluish-grey clay, well polished, and has 
 a spout projecting from the body. The painting is black, 
 and consists of two broad bands round the body and thirteen 
 lines round the neck. Jugs of precisely the same form 
 frequently occur in Mycenae and Troy.* Six similar jugs 
 found in graves at lalysos are in the British Museum ; 
 another specimen, which was found in the lowest layers of 
 
 No. 29. — Jug with spout. Size 1 : 2. Depth about 0*50 m. 
 
 dibris in the Acropolis of Athens, is in the Acropolis 
 Museum ; but this latter has the handle on the neck. 
 
 No. 30 represents a wheel-made jug, found at a depth 
 of 1 -50 m., of fine greyish-yellow clay, 3 mm. thick, 
 without painting. It has a sieve- like spout; a piece is 
 broken from the neck. Three similar jugs, which come 
 from Thera, f are to be seen in the small collection of the 
 French School at Athens. 
 
 * Schliemann, I lies, p. 407, No. 446. 
 
 t Albert Dumont et Jules Chaplain, Les Ceramiques de la Grice 
 propre , pp. 33-4. 
 
I '20 
 
 JUGS OF YELLOW CLAY. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 The British Museum possesses ten similar jugs, having 
 spouts with strainers, of which nine come from tombs at 
 Ialysos, and one from a tomb in Kameiros ; eight of the 
 former are tripods. 
 
 The next woodcut, No. 31, exhibits a small hand- 
 made jug, found 1 m. deep, of finely cleaned yellow 
 clay, 5 mm. thick, with black painting on a pale under- 
 ground. Round the neck is a horizontal stripe, from 
 which three bands — two of six and one of five vertical 
 ][nes — run down the sides. The handle is broken off. 
 
 No. 30. — Jug with sieve-like spout. No. 3T. Jug. Size 2: 3. Depth 1 m. 
 
 Size 1 : 2. Depth 1*50 m. 
 
 Jugs of similar form and decoration are found both in 
 Mycenae * and in the tombs at Nauplia, and may be seen in 
 the Mycenaean Museum at Athens. Jugs of the same form 
 were also found in the lowest layers of debvis on the 
 Acropolis of Athens, and are exhibited in the Acropolis 
 M useum. 
 
 No. 32 is a small hand-made one-handled mug, with 
 
 Schliemann, Mycence , p. 66, No. 27. 
 
Chap. IV.] POTTERY WITH A CHECKER ORNAMENT. 
 
 I 2 I 
 
 a convex bottom. It was found close to the surface, and 
 consists of fine yellow clay. The painting is black in 
 places, where it is laid on thick, and dark brown, where it 
 is thinner. The rim is decorated with a stripe, which is 
 continued on each side of the handle ; round the neck and 
 body of the vase are three horizontal bands. 
 
 I would further mention a rim-fragment found at a 
 depth of rjom.; it belongs to a wheel-made vase of 
 reddish clay, 3 mm. thick, with brown painting on light- 
 red ground. The straight projecting edge, is covered by a 
 
 No. 32.— Mug. Almost actual size. Depth 0*50 m. 
 
 band of two parallel lines, the space between them being 
 filled with zigzag lines, which cross each other. The 
 body of the vase as well as the inside seem to have been 
 brown. There was found, besides, another fragment of a 
 similar vase. 
 
 The accompanying cut, No. 33, shows a fragment, 
 found 2 m. deep, of the hollow brim of a wheel-made 
 vessel of reddish clay, 4 mm. thick, with reddish-brown 
 painting on a light-red ground. On the upper surface 
 there are groups each of eight oblique lines. Outside is a 
 checker ornament. 
 
122 
 
 ORNAMENT WITH THE LETTER Z- [Chap. IV. 
 
 The next woodcut, No. 34, shows the neck of a wheel- 
 made vase, found 1*5001. deep, of finely-cleaned reddish 
 clay, 3 mm. thick. The painting is dark red on a light- 
 red ground. The rim is bent out, the mouth is trefoil- 
 
 shaped. To the broad band round the rim succeed four 
 parallel horizontal bands ; and next a broad stripe, in which 
 we see a circle of figures resembling the letter Z. Beneath 
 this come six horizontal parallel lines, and then a band 
 
 No. 35.— Upper part ot a pitcher. Size i : 2. Depth 1-50 m. 
 
 decorated with straight and oblique lines, of which only a 
 small part is preserved. The inside is not painted. 
 
 The next woodcut, No. 35, represents the upper portion 
 of a wheel-made pitcher, found at a depth of 1*50 m., ot 
 
Chap. IV.] HIGHLY DECORATED SPECIMENS. 
 
 I23 
 
 reddish clay, 3 mm. thick. It has a yellow coating and is 
 painted brown. There is a band on the rim and two 
 below the neck, the lowest of which consists of a series of 
 signs like W and N in form. 
 
 I further mention the fragment, found at a depth of 
 1 m., of a wheel-made bowl of red clay, 4 mm. thick, with 
 red painting on light-red ground. The brim is coloured 
 over. Below, we see a band of six lines, of which the 
 upper and lower are strongly marked. In the middle is a 
 band composed of signs resembling the letter N. Rows of 
 exactly similar signs often occur on pottery found by me 
 at Mycenae* The same signs are seen on fragments of 
 vases from the prehistoric tombs at Nauplia, which are in 
 the Mycenaean Museum, as well as on two fragments found 
 in the lowest layers of debris on the Acropolis of Athens, 
 which are in the Acropolis Museum. 
 
 I show on Plate XXVI., Fig. b , the lower part of a 
 wheel-made vessel of cylindrical form of reddish-yellow 
 clay, 3 mm. thick, found at a depth of 1*50 m. Six 
 bands follow each other on pale-yellow ground. The 
 lowest shows small ascending triangles in red colour ; then 
 follows a band of five fine red lines, and above this a broad 
 violet band ; the fourth band has two rows of dots between 
 two double lines in red. Above, is a second violet band, 
 succeeded by a stripe of red lines. The inside is red-brown. 
 This fragment is remarkable for its fine painting. 
 
 On Plate XXVII., Fig. a, I place before the reader the 
 remains, collected from a depth of 1 -50 m., of a large wheel- 
 made vase of red clay, 6 mm. thick. There are thirty 
 fragments which fit together. The painting is shining red 
 on a yellow ground. The rim of the vessel as well as 
 the handle are covered with colour ; on the broad face of 
 the handle are club-shaped marks. The whole outside is 
 covered with a network of twisted double lines, and the 
 
 * Schliemann, Mycence, PL IX. No. 38 ; PL XIII. No. 62. 
 
124 
 
 ORNAMENT LIKE THE GREEK ۥ [Chap. IV. 
 
 interstices are filled with a fish-bone ornament. The inside 
 is not painted. This is, beyond doubt, the most beau- 
 tiful of all the vase decorations found by me, whether at 
 Mycenae or Tiryns. There was found, however, in the 
 prehistoric graves of Nauplia another specimen of a similar 
 decoration, which may be seen in the Mycenaean Museum. 
 Dr. Fabricius reminds me that on an ivory disc from Spata, 
 in the Mycenaean Museum, the same double-curved lines 
 occur, twisted together and superposed in a similar manner, 
 and that the same kind of ornament may also be seen 
 on a terra-cotta vessel dug up by Minos Kalokairinos at 
 Knossos in Crete. 
 
 No. 36. — Fragment of vase. 
 Size 1 : 2. Depth not given. 
 
 The next woodcut, No. 36, represents a fragment of a 
 very similar wheel-made vase, of red clay, 6 mm. thick, 
 which on a yellow ground has an ornament like the Greek 
 letter €. 
 
 The subject of the following woodcut. No. 37, also 
 deserves mention ; a fragment of a wheel-made vase, from 
 the depth 1-50 m., of yellow clay, 6 mm. thick, with 
 brown painting on yellow ground. One can see on this, 
 above three broad bands, an ornament of arched lines, with 
 stars between. 
 
 On Plate XXII., Fig. c, I show a fragment from the 
 same depth of a wheel-made vase of red clay, 5 mm. thick, 
 
Chap. IV.] VERTICALLY PERFORATED EXCRESCENCE. 125 
 
 with dark-brown painting on light-yellow ground. Round 
 the rim is a broad band, to which two bands round the 
 body correspond. The space between is filled with sweep- 
 ing lines and concentric circles. The inside is monochrome 
 black. Of this vase many fragments were found. 
 
 At Plate XIX., Fig. c , I show the side fragment of a 
 wheel-made vase of reddish clay, 4 mm. thick, which is 
 remarkable for its vertically perforated excrescence in the 
 form of a nipple, on which I lay particular stress. Doubt- 
 less the vase had a similar vertically pierced excrescence on 
 the other side ot the body. The painting is brown, on a 
 
 No. 38. — Fragment of vase. Size - : 3. Depth 1 m. 
 
 light-red ground. Beneath the nipple are two broad bands, 
 edged on each side by bands of small arches, in each of 
 which is a dot. Round the nipple, the point of which was 
 coloured, are three concentric circles of dotted lines. To 
 the left, the commencement of two intersecting zigzag lines 
 with dots. A vase wfith similarly painted nipples occurred 
 in the fifth grave at Mycenae-'* 
 
 In the next woodcut, No. 38, I represent a border 
 piece of a large wheel-made bowl of reddish clay, finely 
 cleaned, 4 mm. thick. The painting is dark red on light- 
 red ground. The projecting rim is painted. Between 
 
 * Schliemann, Mycence , p. 293. 
 
126 
 
 FOOTRACE OF WARRIORS. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 a horizontal band just below the rim, and another round the 
 body, consisting of three strongly marked and four finer 
 lines, we see above and below a connected ornament of 
 four concentric semicircles, joined by a vertical line of 
 twelve dots. To the right and left are fish-bone ornaments, 
 to which a decoration, apparently of concentric semicircles, 
 was opposed below. The inside is painted light red. 
 Found i m. deep. 
 
 On Plate XVII., Fig. c, I represent the border of a 
 wheel-made vase, found near the surface, of greyish-yellow 
 clay, badly cleaned, 9 mm. thick. The more developed 
 decoration of this example is much rubbed ; however, the 
 outlines, which were partly scratched in, are still recog- 
 nizable. On the cylinder-shaped edge there was represented 
 a footrace of armed warriors moving to the left. One figure 
 is completely preserved ; of a second, the back leg and the 
 right hand remain. Of the complete figure the left leg is 
 boldly advanced, while the right is raised in the air behind. 
 On the left arm the warrior carries the great round shield ; 
 on his head, the helmet with a large crest. The right hand 
 is stretched far behind. The whole body seems to have 
 been painted brown. The shield was violet, with a white 
 circle on the edge, and white rays, like the spokes of a 
 wheel. To the right of the running warrior the upper part 
 of a woman’s body remains, unfortunately much injured, 
 yet apparently we can distinguish the face, as turned 
 towards the running warrior. In any case, the woman 
 was clothed. On the shoulder of the vase, beneath the 
 rim, there was a band of fishes. The whole decoration 
 testifies to considerable artistic power. The impetuosity 
 of the race could scarcely be rendered more faithfully to 
 nature, with such simple means. It is, in fact, very re- 
 markable that we find this fragment among very primitive 
 pottery, and it must have been in some way brought here 
 from some other place. M. Achilles Postolaccas calls my 
 attention to the likeness between the heads of Pallas, on 
 
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS. 
 
 Chap. IV.] 
 
 127 
 
 the Athenian tetradrachmae of the pre-Periclean age, and 
 that of the racing warrior. 
 
 I show further, in the woodcut above, No. 39, the 
 fragment found 1*50 m. deep, of a large hand-made jug 
 with handle, of light-coloured clay, 5 mm. thick. The 
 shoulder-piece is varnished black, the body is decorated 
 with narrow brown horizontal stripes on a yellowish ground. 
 Between the second and third stripes from above is a 
 horizontal band of wedge-shaped black marks. The ridged 
 handle is ornamented with four bands of horizontal lines. 
 The inside is roughly painted black. 
 
 No. 39. — Fragment of vase. Size 1 : 3. 
 Depth 1*50 m. 
 
 No. 40. — Fragment of vase. Size 1 : 3. 
 Depth i* 50 m. 
 
 The next woodcut (No. 40) represents a fragment with 
 a handle, from about the same depth, of a wheel-made vase, 
 of light-yellow clay, 4 mm. thick. The outer edge is black ; 
 beneath this we see, on a yellow ground, a horizontal border 
 of squares standing on one of their angles, and filled in 
 with crossed hatchings, and with wedges between. Below 
 are two black bands. The inside is painted black. 
 
 7. Pottery with Architectural Designs. 
 
 We come now to a peculiar group of pottery, which 
 includes only vessels with wide orifices. The decoration 
 
i2 8 ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENTS. [Chap. IV. 
 
 of the outside has a peculiar style, which we may call archi- 
 tectural. Round the body of the vases go two horizontal 
 stripes, to which a third on the upper border corresponds. 
 
 The space between these bands is filled with a system 
 of ornaments, consisting of vertical, that is supporting, and 
 of rounded, that is of filling in members, corresponding to 
 the metopes and triglyphs of the Doric style of architec- 
 ture ; and in like manner may be seen the division of the 
 ornaments on the friezes. Of this kind I found numerous 
 specimens among the pottery of Tiryns. I shall content 
 
 myself with representing a few. I wish particularly to 
 observe, that also on the Mycenaean vases the division of 
 the zones by a supporting decoration ( triglyph ) and a 
 filling in decoration ( metope ), as above mentioned, fre- 
 quently occurs (cf eg. Mycencz, Plate XI., No. 53 ; 
 Plate XII., No. 59 ; Plate XIV., Nos. 68, 69 ; and page 71, 
 No. 86). 
 
 The woodcut No. 41 shows a fragment of a large 
 wheel-made vessel, found near the surface, of reddish- 
 yellow clay, 7 mm. thick, with red-brown painting, which, 
 where the colour is laid on thick, looks black. Round 
 
Ceup. IV.] 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENTS. 
 
 I 29 
 
 the rim is one, round the body, two horizontal bands, 
 between which we see alternate vertical stripes and spiral 
 ornaments. The vertical bands contain two rows each of 
 six lines, bound together by horizontal zigzag-lines. The 
 inside is painted plain black. The next picture, No. 42, 
 shows a piece, found close to the surface, of a large wheel- 
 made vase of finely cleaned, light-yellow clay, y mm. thick. 
 The painting is reddish-brown on light-yellow ground. 
 Below the painted rim we see two vertical stripes of seven 
 lines each, and between them a vertical row of squares 
 standing on one of their angles, filled in with crossed lines. 
 Attached to the outside are four concentric semicircles 
 surrounded with a line of dots. 
 
 I must not omit a fragment found at a depth of 
 1*50 m. of a wheel-made vase with a handle, of greyish- 
 yellow clay, 5 mm. thick. The painting is black on a light 
 ground ; round the rim there is a broad horizontal band, 
 which is connected with the two horizontal bands round 
 the body by vertical stripes of ten lines each, with stripes 
 of small arches on the outside. The inside is plain black. 
 We see a similar decoration on a fragment from the same 
 depth of a wheel-made vase of finely cleaned reddish clay, 
 
 5 mm. thick, with brown painting. Round the rim and 
 body are broad horizontal stripes, connected by perpen- 
 dicular bands of six or five lines each, to the outer borders 
 of which zigzag lines are appended. The inside is 
 varnished dark brown. 
 
 AVe recognize a similar ornament in the following 
 engraving, No. 43, of a fragment from the same depth, of 
 a wheel-made vase, of light-yellow clay, 6 mm. thick, with 
 dark-brown painting. Round the rim is one, on the body 
 are two, horizontal bands connected by a vertical one. 
 The latter consists of two bands of three lines each ; the 
 space between them is filled with five vertical rows of pear- 
 shaped marks ; on the outer border of each of the two 
 bands is appended a sort of grape ornament. In the field 
 
 K 
 
[ ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENTS. [Chap. IV- 
 
 to the left is a rosette. An exactly similar pattern is seen 
 on another fragment, and we see it repeated identically on 
 two vase fragments from the lowest strata of the Acropolis 
 
 No. 43. — Fragment of Vase. Size about 2 : 3. Depthi'som. 
 
 of Athens, which are exhibited in the Acropolis Museum. 
 
 In the next cut, No. 44, I show a fragment from a depth 
 of 1 m. under the surface of the ground, of a wheel-made 
 
 No. 44.— Fragment of vase. Size about 2 : 3. No. 45.— Fragment of vase. Size about 1 : 2. 
 
 Depth 1 m. Depth 1 m. 
 
 vase of fine reddish clay, 4 mm. thick, with dark-brown 
 painting. It has a broad marginal border, from which 
 descend two vertical stripes, each of three lines ; the space 
 
Chap. IV.] ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENTS. r ^ I 
 
 between them is filled up by a fish-bone ornament. The 
 inside is painted brown. 
 
 The engraving, No. 45, represents a fragment of a 
 wheel-made vase of fine clay, 4 mm. thick. The painting 
 is red on a reddish ground. Round the rim is a broad 
 horizontal red stripe. Beneath this, two vertical bands, of 
 which one is formed of two stripes, each of two lines, joined 
 by a zigzag ornament, the other of seven lines. These 
 two vertical stripes are connected by a grape ornament. 
 On the right is represented a pine-branch. The inside is 
 simple red. 
 
 I also found a fragment of a wheel-made vase, from a 
 depth of 1 -50 m., of fine yellow clay, 4 mm. thick. The 
 painting is black on yellow ground. The ornamentation 
 consists of perpendicular bands of two doable lines, the 
 internal border of which is decorated with a row of little 
 arches. The outer border is ornamented on each side with 
 a bow-shaped decoration. The inside is varnished black. 
 
 Further, a fragment of a wheel-made vessel of coarse 
 vellow clay, 4 mm. thick, with black painting on yellow 
 ground, found at the same depth. The ornamentation 
 again consists of two vertical bands, the middle part of 
 which is filled with an ornament of flexuous lines. The 
 external borders of the bands are decorated with rows of 
 little arches. I mention finally a fragment from the same 
 depth of a wheel-made vase of fine red clay with brown 
 painting on light-yellow ground. Here, too, we see two 
 vertical bands, between which the space is filled with hori- 
 zontal rows of arched lines. The outside borders of the 
 bands are again ornamented with rows of little arches. 
 The inside is painted plain black. 
 
 8. Vases with Various Ornamentation. 
 
 The next woodcut, No. 4 b, shows two pieces from a 
 depth of 1 *50 m. of a large wheel-made vase with a wide 
 
 K 2 
 
I 3 2 
 
 GRAPE DESIGNS, 
 
 [Chap. IV 
 
 orifice. The clay is yellow and 8 mm. thick ; the painting 
 reddish-brown on a yellow ground. Below the rim of the 
 vessel we see a horizontal band, and parallel to this, three 
 on the body. The intervening space is filled with alternate 
 upright and depending grape ornaments, each of which 
 has ten rows of berries. The inside is painted yellow. A 
 similar ornamentation we see on two vases, one of which 
 was found in Cyprus * the other in lalysos on Rhodes.? 
 
 No. 4 6. — Fragment of vase. Size about i : 2 . Depth I'som. 
 
 In the following woodcut, No. 47, I show a fragment 
 from the same depth of a small wheel-made vase of pale- 
 yellow clay, 4 mm. thick. The opening is large, the 
 painting reddish-brown on light ground. The brim is 
 decorated with one, the body with two horizontal stripes, 
 between which are upright painted semicircles, with a 
 straight line on the side of their span. The inside is 
 coloured simply brown. 
 
 * Louis Palma di Cesnola ; Cyprus, London, 1877, p. 247. 
 t Albert Dumont et Jules Chaplain, Les Ceramiques de la Grice 
 propre , PI. III. No. 15. 
 
Chap. IV.] 
 
 VASE WITH THREE HANDLES. 
 
 L 33 
 
 In the Fig. No. 48, I show a small perfect wheel-made 
 vase, found at a depth of 1 m. It has two handles, and is 
 of line yellow clay, with red painting. The whole vessel is 
 ornamented on the outside with horizontal rings. On the 
 shoulder is a band of eleven lines. The lower border of 
 
 No. 47. — Fragment of vase. Size about 1 : 2. Depth 1 m. 
 
 No. 48.-— Vase. Size about 1 : 2. 
 Depth 1 m. 
 
 this band is lined with a row of little arches, to which 
 corresponds a row of inverted arches on the upper border 
 of the broad band round the body ; the inside is mono- 
 chrome red. 
 
 The following woodcut, No. 49, represents a vase of 
 
 No. 49. — Vase. Size about 1 : 3. Depth 1 m. 
 
 very fine reddish clay, which was originally intended for 
 suspension by its three upright shoulder-handles. In the 
 neck there is a small breakage. The decoration is red on 
 light-red ground. The rim is ornamented with four bands 
 of sixteen strokes each. The outside has six horizontal 
 
134 VASE WITH BREAST-LIKE PROJECTION. [Chap. IV. 
 
 bands. Between the second and third of these bands is a 
 stripe of upright zigzag lines ; between the fourth and fifth, 
 and the fifth and sixth, are two bands, each of six parallel 
 horizontal lines. The foot is comparatively small ; the 
 inside red. 
 
 The next woodcut, No. 50, shows a wheel-made vessel 
 of fine yellow clay, 4 mm. thick, with red painting. The 
 vessel is broken on one side, and had apparently two 
 handles, of which only one, seen in the picture, remains. 
 Between a broad horizontal stripe round the border and a 
 narrow one round the foot, one sees two horizontal bands, 
 of which the upper one is formed by a thick waved line, 
 
 No. 50. — Vessel. Size 2 : 3. Depth not stated. No. 51. — Vessel. Size 1 : 3. Depth 1 m 
 
 the lower one by seven parallel horizontal lines. The 
 handle is painted ; the inside is painted in light red. 
 
 Further, I show in the annexed woodcut, No. 5 1 , a 
 wheel-made vessel with one handle, of reddish clay, 3 mm. 
 thick, with red painting. The rim, the handle as well as 
 the whole lower part, are red. Round the body we see 
 the horizontal yellow stripe of the clay-solution in which 
 the vessel was dipped before being painted. Almost in the 
 middle of the body is a breast-shaped projection, which 
 probably was repeated on the opposite side, which is 
 broken. The inner side is varnished red, only at the 
 bottom there is a circle of a lighter colour. 
 
 I would also mention another wheel-made vessel, with 
 
Chap. IV.] 
 
 VASES WITH ROSETTES. 
 
 *35 
 
 one handle, found at the same depth. It is of fine yellow 
 clay, 3 mm.-thick, and has a reddish-brown painting on a 
 pale ground. Under the border there is a broad dark 
 stripe, followed by a zigzag line ; and below, round the 
 body, is a band composed of one strong and six fine lines. 
 The foot is also painted ; inside the rim is painted red, and 
 the bottom is decorated with two concentric rings. 
 
 In the annexed woodcut, No. 52, is a wheel-made 
 broken vase, from the same depth, with only one handle, 
 but which most probably had two. It is of delicate work- 
 manship, and of dull-reddish clay, 3 mm. thick, with black 
 painting on light-red ground. On the rim is a row of 
 dots ; on the handle five spots. On both sides between 
 
 No. 52 .— \ essel with rosette. Size 1 : 3. No. 53. — Vessel with rosette. Size 1 : 3. 
 
 Depth 1 m. Depth 1 m. 
 
 the handles, is a rosette surrounded with dots ; there is no 
 other painting. 
 
 No. 53 shows a wheel-made vase, found about the same 
 depth. It is of very fine yellow clay, only 3 mm. thick, 
 very delicately made, and decorated with red painting. On 
 the edge of the rim is a circle of dots, and a large spot is 
 on the handle ; on the body, between the handles, there 
 is a small rosette ; the foot is small. This vase has a 
 remarkable similarity to the last mentioned (No. 52), but 
 it is still more delicately and carefully made, and is less 
 baked. The size of the two vases is about the same. 
 
 Another fragment deserving notice is of the upper 
 portion of a deep wheel-made bowl, of fine reddish clay, 
 3 mm. thick; it was found at a depth of 1 *50 m. It is 
 
ROSETTE ORNAMENTS. 
 
 [Chap. IV 
 
 I3 6 
 
 represented on Plate XXVI., Fig. a. The painting is 
 black on yellow ground. We see a line round the rim, 
 and beneath it a large rosette composed of three concentric 
 circles, of which the outside one consists of dots. The two 
 inner circles are intersected by a cross, with a dot in each 
 right angle. 
 
 Two other fragments of pottery, with similar rosettes, 
 have been found at Tiryns, of which I show one in the 
 annexed woodcut No. 54. The fragment consists likewise 
 of fine reddish clay, 3 mm. thick, with black painting on 
 yellow ground. The rosette lies here within a spiral, and 
 the held is bordered below by a band of eight almost 
 horizontal parallel lines, and to the left by a band of two 
 upright lines, on the outside of which is affixed a row of 
 
 N 0 . 54 . — Vase fragment with rosette. Size i : 3. Depth not given. 
 
 little arches. A similar ornament is seen on a vessel found 
 in one of the prehistoric graves in Nauplia, which is 
 preserved in the Mycenaean Museum at Athens. 
 
 Rosettes are extremely frequent in ancient Oriental art, 
 both Egyptian and Assyrian, and we repeatedly meet them 
 on Trojan * and Mycenaean f pottery and gold-work. 
 The remarkable sculptured ceiling of the Thalamos dis- 
 covered by me in the Minyan treasury at Orchomenos,t is 
 adorned with not less than 184 large rosettes. Rosettes 
 
 * Schliemann, Jlios, p. 341, No. 230 ; p. 488, No. 835 ; p. 489, 
 Nos. 842, 843, 847 ; p. 495 - No. 8 73 - 
 
 t Schliemann, Mycena , p. 216, No. 327 ; p. 227, No. 336; p. 229, 
 No. 337 ; p. 234, No. 3441 PI. XII. Nos. 56, 57 ; PI. XIII. No. 67. 
 
 + Schliemann, Orchomenos (Leipzig, 1881), PL I. 
 
Chap. IV.] VASE WITH BOW-SHAPED ORNAMENTS. 
 
 1 37 
 
 also appear on the pottery from the graves of lalysos, * 
 and likewise on the bas-reliefs of Thutmes III. (XVIII. 
 Dynasty), in which the Khetas (Hittites) bring to Pharaoh 
 vases decorated with rosettes. 
 
 Professor Sayce thinks the rosette ornament originated 
 in Babylon, and was thence introduced into the manufac- 
 tures of the Phoenicians, who brought it to the West.f 
 
 The annexed woodcut, No. 55, is a representation of 
 a globular hand-made jug, with convex bottom; it is made 
 of fine yellow clay, and was found at a depth of 1 • 50 m. 
 The neck and handle are broken off. The painting is 
 
 No. 55. — Jug. Size about 1 : 2. Depth 150m. 
 
 brown, partly dark and partly light; round the neck is 
 a horizontal border, from which depend on each side 
 two perpendicular chains of bow-shaped ornaments. The 
 decoration is completed by two rosette.,, one on each 
 side. 
 
 No. 56 is a picture of a small wheel-made vase of light- 
 red clay, found at the same depth. Instead of the usual 
 handle, there is here only a small straight projection, of 
 which half at least must be wanting. The vase is painted 
 red on a yellow ground, as far as the middle; below 
 there are brown horizontal lines. 
 
 * A. H. Sayce, in The Contemporary Review , December 1878 
 + Ibid. 
 
138 THE MOST FREQUENT FORM OF VASES. [Chap. IV. 
 
 The terra-cotta vessel, whose form is the most common 
 of all, both in Tiryns and Mycenae, is exhibited in the 
 annexed woodcut, No, 57- It a s p^ ieiaca ^ J u § yellow 
 
 No. 56.— Vessel. Size about 2 : 3 Depth 1-50111. 
 
 clay, with a small flat foot. Above there is a handle, with 
 a rest in the middle for the convenience of the fingers, and 
 greater solidity. A little below this support is the spout. 
 
 No. 57. — Vessel with tube-shap d spout. Size i : 3. Found close to the surface. 
 
 The painting is in yellow and red-brown colours. Abo\e, 
 around the support, are four figures in the form of 
 lambdas ; on the rest itself concentric circles. On the 
 
Chap. IV.] THE MOST FREQUENT FORM OF VASES. 139 
 
 body of the vessel, from top to bottom, there are hori- 
 zontal lines of different colour and width, worked on the 
 potter's wheel. 
 
 There must have been a time when this very same 
 form of vase was excessively liked and universally used in all 
 the settlements of the great Asiatic race in the Greek world, 
 for in Mycenae and Tiryns we find thousands of fragments 
 of it, as well as very many fairly complete specimens. In 
 the few graves opened at Spata there were five specimens 
 found, one in those of Nauplia and one in the beehive 
 tomb of Menidi. All these are exhibited in the Mycenaean 
 Museum. The National Museum at Athens also pos- 
 sesses eight specimens of this form of vase found in 
 Attika ; the exact place where they were discovered is not 
 stated. The Acropolis Museum of Athens contains five 
 complete specimens, and fragments of six others, found in 
 the lowest debris strata of the Acropolis. The Director 
 of the Arsenal of Salamis, Captain Andreas Miaoules, 
 possesses in his collection one discovered in a grave at 
 Salamis. The small collection of prehistoric pottery from 
 Thera, in the French School at Athens, contains one 
 specimen.* * * § At Knossos in Crete, five examples were 
 found. y 
 
 The same form of vase is common in Cyprus,^ and in 
 Egypt, and the Museum of the Louvre contains six speci- 
 mens, four from the former and two from the latter place. § 
 The British Museum possesses no less than fifty-one speci- 
 mens of exactly the same form of vase ; five came from 
 Athens, three from Egypt, and forty-three from the graves 
 
 * Albert Dumont et Jules Chaplain, Les Ceramiques de la Grice 
 
 propre, pp. 38, 65. 
 
 t Ibid. p. 65. f Ibid. p. 44. 
 
 § Sophus Muller, Ursprung und Entwickeiung dtr europdischen 
 Bronzecultur (1882) ; German translation by Miss J. Mestorf, p. 333 ; 
 Rosellini, I monumenti dell ’ Egitto e della Nubia, II., PI. 56, No. 99 ; 
 Leemanns, Aegyptische Monumente, II., PI. 66, No. 415. 
 
140 
 
 LARGE BATHING-TUB. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 of Ialysos in Rhodes, which in a remote antiquity has for 
 hundreds of years been inhabited by Phoenicians. 
 
 I would also mention that I found m Tvryns the upper 
 part of a similar vessel, which had three holes in each 
 handle for suspension. 
 
 On Plate XXVII., Fig. b, I give a drawing of a small 
 hand-made saucer, of which six specimens were found by 
 me in the palace of Tiryns ; they are made of fine yellow 
 clay, not much larger than a spoon, and some of them 
 bored through the edge. On most of these the decoration 
 consists of two bands of four lines each, which cross each 
 other at right angles and are coloured red-brown, or black , 
 on the smaller specimens there is only one painted line. 
 A small saucer, with two little handles, was also found ; 
 it is painted inside with white colour, on which two inter- 
 secting red lines are drawn. 
 
 9. Various Objects of Terra-Cotta. 
 
 One of the most remarkable objects of terra-cotta found 
 in Tiryns is that represented on Plate XXIV., Figs, d and e. 
 It was found at a depth of 1 ' 5 ° m, > an< f P ar *- of a large 
 bathing-tub. It is o - 70 m. long, and the rim is 55-60 mm. 
 thick. The thickness of the clay lower down is but 15 mm. 
 It consists of coarse red clay, with many small pebbles, on 
 account of which the polish is defective. On the side 
 is a large handle. The whole vessel is curved like our 
 present bathing-tubs. The painting is in white colour on 
 the reddish ground of the clay. Straight over the broad 
 face of the rim there are stripes. Inside, following the rim, 
 are three broad horizontal lines ; below this are large 
 spirals. On the outside beneath the wide projecting nm, 
 there are only two stripes visible. The handle is decorated 
 with eight vertical stripes. 
 
 Of jars proper ( ttIOol ) of the Trojan form (cf. I/ios, 
 pag e 378, No. 344) only fragments were found, one of them 
 
Chap. IV.] 
 
 TORCH-HOLDERS. 
 
 141 
 
 had numerous vertical perforations in the rim; two other 
 fragments were pieced together with cramps of lead. We 
 found also many single lead cramps which may have been 
 used in the same way. 
 
 There were also found in one room of the palace, stand- 
 ing near each other, two jars of cylindrical shape of very 
 coarse dark-brown clay, about 30 mm. thick, unpolished 
 outside and inside; the diameter of one is o‘66m., of the 
 other o 1 54 m. Both were broken at the top, and in their 
 
 No. 58.— Torch-holder. Size 7 : 24. 
 
 present condition only o' 60 m. high, from which we 
 suppose them to have been 1 m. high originally. 
 
 An exactly similar vessel was found in another chamber. 
 Vessels of cylindrical form, but somewhat smaller and better 
 worked, were also found under the ruins of the first and 
 most ancient town of Troy, but are wholly wanting among 
 the hundreds of Pithoi of the usual shape found in the 
 second, third, fourth, and fifth towns of Troy. 
 
 No. 58 is a remarkable object of dark-red clay, which 
 can be nothing else but a torch-holder. The height of it 
 
142 
 
 PIPE-SHAPED VESSEL. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 is 2,25 mm., the diameter of the tube 48 mm. On the 
 middle of the tube, which expands above, is affixed a kind 
 of saucer, the edges of which are now broken away. 
 
 Three similar torch-holders of clay and fragments of 
 others, found in the lowest debris of the Acropolis at 
 Athens, are preserved in the Acropolis Museum. Professor 
 C. T. Newton, of the British Museum, calls my attention 
 to Plate XLIX., No. 6, in Mionnet, Recueil des Planches , 
 where a very similar torch-holder is represented on a coin of 
 Amphipolis. From this it appears that similar torch-holders 
 were still used in classical times, and yet, so far as I know, 
 the three in the Acropolis at Athens and the one in Tiryns 
 are the only specimens ever yet found. 
 
 The three woodcuts, Nos. 59, 60, 61, show a remarkable 
 
 vase-lid, as seen from three sides. It is formed of brown, 
 well-polished, but unpainted clay; and has on the top a hori- 
 zontally perforated excrescence, which appears to indicate 
 that the cover belonged to a vase having on both sides a 
 vertically-pierced projection. As I have shown in Ihos, 
 page 35 7, No. 252, the vases of this kind could be sus- 
 pended, or carried and closed tight by means of a string 
 drawn through the side holes and the hole in the lid. On 
 the lower surface of the lid, No. 61, we see a cross and 
 fifteen points engraved. 
 
 On Plate XXVII., Fig. c, I show a small hand-made, 
 pipe-shaped vessel of reddish clay, 4 mm. thick, with red 
 decorations ; it was found at a depth of 1 • 50 m. It is orna- 
 mented with a linear decoration on the body, and with little 
 bows on the back. The handle was broken, and has been 
 
Chap. IV.] 
 
 STAND WITH A DOG. 
 
 H3 
 
 restored in the drawing. The use of this strange vessel is 
 a riddle to us; it cannot have been a lamp, and besides, 
 I have never found among prehistoric ruins any trace of 
 lamps; moreover, as I have shown,* lamps of all kinds 
 were quite unknown even to Homer. 
 
 Two exactly similar vessels were found in the excava- 
 tions in the Acropolis of Athens, and may be seen in the 
 Acropolis Museum. There are two others in a private 
 collection in Athens which came from Mycenae ; f a third, 
 said to come from Cyprus, is in the Museum at Trieste. 
 The Museum of the Louvre contains six vessels of precisely 
 
 No. 62. — Dish with balls No. 63.— Stand with a dog. Actual size. Depth 1*5001. 
 
 shaped like dumplings. 
 
 Actual size. Depth 1 m. 
 
 the same form in the Cypriote, and four in the Etruscan 
 collection. 
 
 A large fragment of a vessel was found at a depth of 
 1 m. It is of grey clay, 3-4 mm. thick, which before 
 baking was dipped in a solution of green clay, and retains, 
 therefore, a green colour. Only the outside rim and the 
 inside are painted black. 
 
 In the above woodcut, No. 62, I show an object, from 
 a depth of 1 m. of light-yellow clay, in the form of a dish 
 with dumplings. It is 32 mm. across. No. 63 is an oval 
 stand of reddish clay from a depth of 1*50 m. To the 
 left a figure is broken away, of which the traces are still 
 visible; to the right is a roughly made dog, on the 
 
 * Schliemann, Ilios, pp 620, 621 ; Schliemann, Troja , pp. 145, 146. 
 
 t Albert Dumont et Jules Chaplain, Les C'eramiques de la Grice 
 propre , pp. 57, 58, Nos. 34, 35. 
 
144 
 
 CONE-SHAPED STOPPER, 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 back of which we see four points. Round the rim of the 
 stand is a black stripe. 
 
 No. 64. — Stopper of terra-cotta. Size No. 65. — Object of clay. Actual size, 
 
 about 1 : 2. Depth 1 m. Depth unknown. 
 
 The engraving, No. 64, shows a cone-shaped stopper of 
 coarse red clay. It is 85 mm., long, and has excrescences 
 
 No. 66. — Object in clay- Actual size. 
 Depth unknown. 
 
 No. 67. — Far of clay. Size 1 : 2. 
 Depth uncertain. 
 
 on both sides. As far as I know, no similar object has been 
 found elsewhere. 
 
 At No. 65 I represent a horizontally-perforated object 
 
Chap. IV.] 
 
 FOOT OF TERRA-COTTA. 
 
 1 45 
 
 of reddish clay, of which the use is unknown. It is quad- 
 rangular, with somewhat projecting corners. No. 66 is 
 a hat circular object of fine yellow clay, with a small per- 
 forated handle. Its length is 6o mm., its width 44 mm. 
 Use also unknown. 
 
 No. 67 represents an object of very coarse yellow clay 
 in the form of an ear. It is not polished, and, as the 
 breakage on the right side would seem to show, was fastened 
 to something and broken off". Below, it is pierced by a 
 hole, and in many places we see traces of rough painting. 
 The depth at which it was found is uncertain. Professor 
 Mahafly remarks to me, that this object looks like an 
 ex voto fastened to the wall of a temple. 
 
 No. 68. — Object of clay in form of a foot. Size i : 3. Depth 2 m. 
 
 In the annexed woodcut, No. 68, I show a very curious 
 well-polished object, found 2 mm. deep, of slightly-baked 
 black clay. It is in the form of a foot, on which the 
 straps or strings used for securing the sandal seem to be 
 indicated by notching. It is 1 7 cm. long by 78 mm. broad 
 at the widest part, and 23 3 1 mm. thick. It is in a curved 
 form, and its front end is provided with a cylindrical stay, 
 which projects obliquely and seems to be intended for 
 fixing it. At the broadest end the rough surface shows 
 that it was broken off, and we are led to the conclusion 
 that we ha\ e before us the foot of a primitive statue of clav. 
 
 In the following woodcut, No. 69, I show an object of 
 well-baked red clay. Its length is 135 mm., its thickness 
 
 r. 
 
DISCS OF TERRA-COTTA. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 146 
 
 25 mm., the breadth is 35 mm. above, and below 70 mm. 
 At the top is a large perforation, and lower down eight 
 small ones. Use unknown. 
 
 There were also found sixteen objects of coarse-brown 
 clav, very little, or not at all, baked, of which one is given 
 in the woodcut No. 70. Its length is 80 mm., its width, 
 above and below, 7a mm. Towards the centre it is narrowed. 
 Similar objects of unbaked or slightly baked clay are very 
 common in Mycenae, and are frequently found in Troy, 
 both of stone and clay. Apparently they were used as 
 weights for looms. It can hardly be that they were ever 
 
 No. 6 q. — O bject of clay with nine pene- 
 trations. Size 1 : 3. Depth 1 m. 
 
 No 70.— Object of clay. Size about 1 : 2. 
 Depth 1 m. 
 
 intended for weights to fishing-nets, as the unbaked clay 
 would dissolve in water. There also occur cylinders of 
 unpolished, slightly-baked, brown clay, like that shown in 
 the woodcut No. 7 x * They are 10 cm. high, 62 cm. 
 across, and have two perforations running lengthwise. 
 Most likely they were also used as loom weights. Similar 
 cylinders with perforations were likewise found in Mycenae, 
 but I believe not elsewhere. 
 
 There were also found numerous discs, with a hole in 
 the centre, of slightly baked, very coarse yellow clay, of 
 which I show a specimen in the engraving No. 72. The 
 outside is not polished. 1 hey are on an average 62 mm. 
 
Chap. IV.] 
 
 WHORLS OF TERRA-COTTA. 
 
 147 
 
 thick and about 140 mm. wide, the breadth of the hole is 
 25 mm. They have been found in Mycenae and Orchomenos 
 of the same size. In Troy, however, all discs of this size, 
 or near it, are of stone ; the discs of clay, with a hole in 
 the centre, are there but very small. The use of large discs 
 of almost unbaked clay is a great problem to us, for they 
 could not well have been used as quoits for throwing, on 
 account of their fragility. 
 
 There were also found some small unornamented per- 
 forated whorls of brown clay and conical shape, as well as 
 
 No. 71. — Cylinder with two perforations. No. 72. — Disc of clay. Size about 1 : 3. 
 
 Size 1 : 2. Depth 1 m. Depth about 1 m. 
 
 others of exactly the form of the stone whorl shown on 
 Plate XXI., Fig. g. Of terra-cotta whorls of similar form, 
 but usually with notched ornaments, I have collected in 
 Troy more than 22,000 specimens.* In Mycenae likewise 
 were found about fifty unornamented clay-whorls. I also 
 found in the ruins of the palace several perforated cones of 
 black-varnished terra-cotta ; their height and diameter were 
 about 62 mm. ; further, a couple of very large perforated 
 
 * See references under “ Whorl,” in Index to Ilios, and under 
 “ Spinning Whorl,” in Index to Troja. 
 
 L 2 
 
148 
 
 THREE-LEGGED CHAIR. 
 
 TChap. IV. 
 
 cones of brown, sun-dried clay, 320 mm. high and broad, 
 which were a little broken, but seem to have weighed at 
 least 25 kilogrammes when they were entire. 
 
 I bring before the reader in the woodcut, No. 73 ’ 
 a wheel-shaped ring with toothed edge, made of yellow 
 clay covered with black varnish. It has an outer diameter 
 of 38 mm. and an inner one of 23 mm. Several per- 
 fectly similar specimens were found, but none of the same 
 form occurred in Mycenae or elsewhere. 
 
 The annexed woodcut, No. 74, represents an object in 
 the form of a disc of brown clay, on which traces of painting 
 in red varnish can be seen. The diameter is 45 mm. The 
 
 No. 74.— Wheel-shaped clay disc. Actual 
 size. Depth not given. 
 
 No. 73. — Wheel-shape clay ring. Actual 
 size. Depth not given. 
 
 edge is jagged all round, and near it is a perforation. A 
 large number of these were found. I am not, however, 
 aware that discs of this kind occurred elsewhere. 
 
 The picture on Plate XXIII., Fig. c, represents an 
 object of reddish clay, found at the depth ol dm.; it has the 
 form of a three-legged chair, with double-back, ol which the 
 upper part at the right side is broken off. The painting is 
 red. The outside of the back and feet is ornamented with 
 broad stripes, the inside with concentric semicircles and 
 waved lines. The upper side ol the seat is painted in 
 monochrome. The height ol the chair is 67 mm., the width 
 62 mm. Similar miniature chairs of terra-cotta also occur 
 
Chap. IV.] HANDLE IN FORM OF AN ANIMAL. 
 
 149 
 
 in Mycenae, and may be seen in the Mycenaean Museum at 
 Athens. 
 
 No. 75 represents an animal of peculiar appearance, 
 made of slightly-baked, brown, ill-polished clay, which, as 
 
 No. 75.— Handle of clay in form of an animal. Actual size. Depth not stated. 
 
 the broken parts of the back quarters seem to indicate, may 
 have served as a handle to some other object. Of the 
 character of that object, however, we can form no idea, 
 
 No. 76. — Bread-making figure. Size 7 : 8. Depth about o 60 m. 
 
 for the outward bent bow-shape of the back parts of the 
 animal is unlike any vase- form known to us. If the 
 animal was used as a handle, the humps on its back may 
 have been intended as rests for the fingers. The head 
 
150 TERRA-COTTA IDOLS. [Chap. IV. 
 
 resembles that of a sheep. The eyes are made separately, 
 and stuck on while the clay was still moist. 
 
 10. Idols of Baked Clay. 
 
 The woodcut, No. 76, shows a figure of yellow, un- 
 painted clay, 70 mm. high, found at a depth of 60 cm. 
 It stands in front of a cylindrical pillar, with a dish, in 
 which it makes bread. The head of the figure is missing. 
 
 No. 77. — Idol. Actual size. Depth about 1 m. No. 78. — Idol. Actual size. Depth 1*50 in. 
 
 In the following woodcut, No. 77, I exhibit an ex- 
 tremely rude and unpainted idol of coarse yellow clay, 
 from a depth of about 1 m. The lower part, as well as 
 the hands, are broken off ; the eyes and mouth are very 
 largely marked ; on the left side and back are remains of 
 braids of hair. The height of the figure is 90 mm. 
 
 Another very rough idol, 78 mm. high, is shown in 
 No. 78. It is also unpainted, and of light-yellow clay. 
 The face is simply pressed out between the fingers, and 
 
Chap. IV.] 
 
 TERRA-COTTA IDOLS. 
 
 I 5 I 
 
 there are no indications of eyes, mouth, or breasts. Of the 
 right arm a part remains, the left is broken ofF. 
 
 A similar unpainted figure of light-yellow clay, is shown 
 in No. 79. It is 78 mm. high, and evidently a female idol. 
 The eyes and breasts are marked ; the mouth wanting ; 
 part of the arms is preserved. The depth of the find is 
 stated to be 2 m. 
 
 Another equally rude, unpainted idol is seen in the 
 woodcut No. 80. The face and the ears are likewise 
 
 No. 79. — Idol. Actual size. Depth 2 mm. 
 
 No. 80.— =-Idol. Actual size. Depth i* 50 m. 
 
 squeezed out between the fingers ; the mouth is not shown ; 
 the right arm remains ; the left is broken away. The 
 narrowing of the body beneath the breast seems to show 
 that the primitive artist intended to represent a female idol. 
 Depth stated, 1 *50 m. 
 
 These five idols, Nos. 76-80, are extremely rude; so 
 much so, that in the first efforts of the primitive man to 
 represent the human figure, hardly anything more im- 
 perrect could be the result. The fact, however, that they 
 
FURTHER RUDE SPECIMENS. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 * 5 2 
 
 were found in the chambers of the royal palace at Tiryns, 
 proves beyond any doubt that they were still in common 
 use at the time when the residence was destroyed. 
 
 As, however, the rudeness of their execution is in strong 
 contrast with the artistic skill which is conspicuous in the 
 pottery and its decoration, as well as in the wall-paintings 
 of the palace, we are forced to conclude, that the ancient 
 Tirynthians adhered with religious zeal to the primitive 
 representation of their divinities, which had become conse- 
 crated by the precedent of ages. But, was 
 this peculiar to Tiryns ? — By no means. In 
 the lowest layers of debris in the Acropolis 
 of Athens, eighty-nine unpainted idols of 
 terra-cotta were found, which are quite 
 similar to the Tirynthian idols Nos. 77-79, 
 and, if possible, exceed them in rudeness 
 of execution. These may be seen in the 
 Acropolis Museum. 
 
 Similar and equally rude terra-cotta idols 
 were found during the excavations of the 
 Archaeological Society at the base of the 
 Temple of Demeter in Eleusis. Strange to 
 say, however, my excavations at Mycenae, 
 Orchomenos, and Troy produced no idol of 
 even approaching rudeness, and no museum has anything 
 similar to show. 
 
 On Plate XXV., Fig. k, I exhibit a perfectly flat idol, 
 painted plain black, 1 1 cm. high, the execution of which 
 already shows more artistic skill. On the head is a polos , 
 beneath which, on the neck, projects a twist of hair. The 
 eyes are large ; no mouth is given ; the arms are broken 
 off. Depth of find, 1 '50 m. 
 
 No. 8 1 represents a rude, unpainted female idol, 
 60 mm. high, whose face is formed in the same way 
 as the previous ones. The eyes and breasts are formed 
 by little lumps attached. No mouth is given. The right 
 
 No. 81. — Idol. 
 Actual size. 
 Depth 1 m. 
 
Chap. IV.J 
 
 IDOL WITH A POLOS, 
 
 l 53 
 
 arm is broken off; of the left remains a stump. Depth, 
 i m. 
 
 I mention, further, a rude idol, 48 mm. high, of yellow 
 clay. The lower part is broken off, also the right arm ; of 
 the left a stump remains. The eyes, which are formed of 
 little lumps of clay stuck on, are, from want of skill in the 
 artist, placed below the nose. The mouth is not marked. 
 
 Xo. 82. Idol. Actual size. Depth i- 5 om. No. 83.— Idol. Actual size. Depth 0-50-0- 60m. 
 
 The lower part of the body up to the arms is painted 
 black. 
 
 Further, I give in No. 82 the figure of a rude idol 
 of reddish clay, 80 mm. high, with a polos on the head. 
 The large eyes are indicated by lumps stuck on. No 
 mouth is marked. Of both arms only stumps remain. 
 The lower part of the body is red, the upper painted with 
 glossy-white. Depth stated, 1 ’50111. 
 
 The British Museum contains three idols of terra-cotta 
 from Ialysos and four from Cyprus, which approach nearly 
 
i54 
 
 THE HOMERIC HORMOS. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 in form and fabric to this and the preceding (Nos. 81, 
 82). 
 
 In the next woodcut, No. 83, I give a drawing of a 
 better-made idol, of finer reddish clay, with a turban-like 
 head-dress, which was attached after the idol was formed. 
 This was also the case with the eyes and the neck orna- 
 ment. No mouth is given. The left arm is stretched 
 out wide ; the right is broken oft'. The upper part of the 
 body shows traces of painting. Depth of find, 50-60011. 
 The ornament suspended from the neck is the Homeric 
 hormos ; for, as Helbig * * * § very truly remarks : “ The 
 
 hormos f was not a band clasping the throat, but it was made 
 to fall from the neck over the breast, and to display on the 
 bust. This is abundantly shown in two passages in the 
 Homeric Hymns. In one^ is described how the Horae 
 hang golden hormoi on “ the soft neck and silver-white 
 bosom of Aphrodite.” In the other § it is said that the 
 goddess of love wears beautiful golden hormoi on her neck, 
 and “ on her soft bosom, as if shone upon by the moon.” 
 
 “ And such neckbands hanging down on the bust are 
 
 * W. Helbig, Das Homerische Epos aus den Dcnkmdlern erlautert , 
 p 182. 
 
 + Iliad , XVIII. 401 ; Od. XV. 460, XVIII. 295; Hymn. Horn. I. 
 (in Apoll. Del.) 103, IV. (in Vener.) 88, VI. 11. 
 
 ;{; Hymn. Horn. VI. 10 : 
 
 Seipr/ -5* a/j.(p 9 a7r a\r) teal ar r)0€(nv apyvpeoiaiv 
 
 OppLOiai XP v(J '^ OLO ' Li/ £k6(T/jL€01 /, OL(TL TT€p CLVTCll 
 
 T npcu KoapLelaOrji' xpixTCfyu? tvkes' 
 
 § Hymn . Horn. IV. 88 : 
 
 oppLOL S’ a/j.(p y cnraArj deipf) TrepiKaAAees i]aav 1 
 /caAot, xputreioi, ‘KOLfjLiroiKiAoi , oos 8e o'eArji'Tj 
 arrjO€(Tiy apup* cnraAolai i Acipltteto j 6av/j.a IherrOat. 
 
 To this corresponds the considerable length of the hormos, which 
 Iris promises Eileithvia in Hymn. Horn. I. 103, 
 
 u.4yav oppLOv, 
 
 Xpvfftoii rjAEKTpOLaiv ieppLevou, ivv€CLTry)xw' 
 
Chap. IV.] FEMALE IDOL WITH A CHILD. 155 
 
 seen in Oriental,* * * § old Greek, f and Etruscan monuments,! 
 and corresponding examples have been found in Etruscan 
 graves, the contents of which offer points of connection 
 with Homeric art.” § 
 
 The following woodcut, No. 84, shows the upper part 
 of an unpainted idol of yellow clay, 62 mm. high. The 
 eves, the polos, and the plait of hair on the left temple are 
 
 No. 84. — Idol. Actual size. Depth 
 0*50-0*60111. 
 
 No. 85. — Idol with child on the arm. 
 Actual size. Depth i *50 m. 
 
 made separately and stuck on. The mouth is not given. 
 The right arm is missing ; of the left a stump remains. 
 Depth of find, 50-60 cm. 
 
 Further, I show in the next woodcut, No. 85, the 
 
 * E. g. On a Chaldean idol of Istar : Heuzey, Les figurines du 
 Louvre , PI. II. Perrot et Chipiez, Histoire de V Art, II. p. 82, Fig. 16. 
 On figures of the Cyprian Astarte : Cesnola-Stern, Cypern, PL 50, 3, 
 p. 235, PI. 45 ; Gerhard, Gesammelte Akademische Abhandlungen , 
 
 PI. XLVII. 
 
 t Thus on an archaic female figure from Kameiros : Salzmann, 
 Necropole de Camiros , PI. 15. 
 
 % Micali, Mon. ined. PI. XXVI. 3. 
 
 § So e.g. Grifi. Mon. di Cere , PL III. 2, 3; Mus. Gregor ., I., 
 PL LXVII. 3-5, PL LXXVI 1 1 ; Mon. deir Instit., VI. PI. XLYI. b; 
 Mus. Gregor. I., PL LXXIX. 5 ; PL LXXXI. 1, 2. 
 
156 
 
 IDOLS SITTING ON CHAIRS. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 picture of the upper part of a rude unpainted idol of yellow 
 clay, 42 mm. high, which carries a child on the arm. Of 
 the eyes, the right remains ; of the left, we see only the 
 little hole in which the lump representing the eye was 
 fastened. The mouth is half-moon shaped. The child 
 and the ornament on the neck were made separately and 
 stuck on when the clay was still moist. Depth 1 ‘50 m. 
 
 The following woodcut, No. 86, shows the upper part 
 of an unpainted idol of brown clay. The height of it is 
 80 mm., the width of the arms, 135 mm. Both arms 
 
 No. 86. — Upper part of an idol. Somewhat more than 1 : 2 size. Depth o'so-o^ocm. 
 
 remain, but from the right the hand is broken off. The 
 head is a shapeless lump, with no indication of eyes, nose, or 
 mouth. The breast is adorned with six bands of attached 
 clay mouldings, in which we may suppose we see fruits 
 and ears of corn. Depth, 50-60 cm. 
 
 The next picture, No. 87, shows an idol no mm. high, 
 of reddish clay, represented as sitting on a seat. The left 
 arm remains, the right is broken off. The long head- 
 dress, which hangs down low behind, is very characterise. 
 Its front is decorated with a disc ; it has been made 
 separately and fastened on when the clay was still moist. In 
 the same way the eyes, the circles on each side of the neck, 
 which probably represent earrings, the necklace (0/340?), 
 with a large circle in the middle, as well as the two bands 
 
Chap. IV.] IDOLS SITTING ON CHAIRS. 157 
 
 across the breast, which terminate on each side in a disc, 
 are separately made and attached when the figure was still 
 unbaked and moist. No mouth is given. A portion of the 
 lower part of the body and the feet of the seat are broken 
 off. This seat had only two feet, and was completed by the 
 fore part of the figure. Depth stated, 1 "50 m. 
 
 The following woodcut, No. 88, also represents a sitting 
 idol, qo mm. high. It is of red day, unpainted, and very 
 
 No. 87. — Sitting Idol. No. 88. — Sitting Idol. 
 
 Almost 2:3 size. Depth 1*50111. Actual size. Depth 1*50111. 
 
 like the preceding one, only differing in this, that here the 
 neck ornament, the feet of the chair, as well as the lower 
 part of the body, are missing. The left arm is preserved, 
 the right hand as well as the disc on the right shoulder 
 are broken off. Depth stated, 1*50 m. 
 
 In the next woodcut, No. 89, I exhibit a third sitting 
 idol ; it is of reddish clay, 90 mm. high, and very like the 
 two last, except for the head-dress, which in this seems 
 
i 5 8 
 
 IDOLS SITTING ON CHAIRS, 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 to represent a crown. The lower part of the body 
 and one foot are wanting. The depth of the find is not 
 stated. 
 
 As analogous to these three idols (Nos. 87, 88, and 
 89), I mention two very similar sitting idols, found in 
 the lowest layers of debris on the Acropolis of Athens, 
 which are placed in the Acropolis Museum. 
 
 Besides these, the National Museum at Athens con- 
 tains, under Nos. 1501-1531, thirty sitting idols, said to 
 
 No. 89. — Sitting Idol. Actual size. Depth not given. 
 
 be from the tombs at Tegea, which are, however, in most 
 cases less primitive, and apparently all belong to a later 
 period. 
 
 In the following woodcut, No. 90, I show the lower part 
 of a sitting idol, 110 mm. high; the seat had four feet, of 
 which two remain. Depth given, 60-70 cm. 
 
 The next woodcut, No. 91, shows a sitting idol of brown 
 clay, whose feet are extended on the seat. Head, arms, and 
 the four feet of the seat are broken away. Of the neck- 
 band (oppos) the central round ornament remains. The 
 
IDOL WITH A PHRYGIAN CAP. 
 
 Chap. IV.] 
 
 159 
 
 length of the idol is 50 mm., the width 55 mm. ; the 
 depth stated is 50-60 cm. 
 
 No. 90.— Lower part of a sitting Tdol. No. 91.— Sitting Idol. 
 
 Size 1:2. Depth 0*60-0*70 m. Actual size. Depth 0*50-0*60111. 
 
 I show further in the next woodcut, No. 92, a part, 
 50 mm. high, of an unpainted idol of yellow clay. 
 
 Only one eye remains ; of the other only the little 
 hollow remains, in which the lump which represented the 
 eye w 7 as placed. No mouth is marked; the head-covering 
 
 No. 93. —Head ot an Idol with Phrygian cap. 
 Size 7 : 8. Depth not stated. 
 
 is identical wuth that of the idols Nos. 82, 84, and 88. 
 Depth not stated. 
 
 In the following woodcut, No. 93 , 1 give the head, 35 mm. 
 high, of an idol with a Phrygian cap. This cap is repre- 
 sented as fastened by means of a strap or cloth round the 
 
160 MORE ADVANCED MODELLING, [Chap. IV 
 
 neck, which is marked by the projecting band. Depth is 
 not stated. 
 
 The following woodcut, No. 94, exhibits the upper 
 part of an unpainted idol of yellow clay, 40 mm. high, of 
 which the lower part is broken away. The arms remain. 
 The long plaits of hair are separately made and fixed to 
 the figure while it was still moist. The face is simply 
 formed by pressure between the fingers ; the eyes, nose, 
 and mouth are shown ; the eyes by two lumps attached. 
 Depth of find, o” 15 m. 
 
 The next woodcut, No. 95, represents the head, 35 mm. 
 high, of an unpainted idol, which shows considerable 
 
 b || 
 
 No. 94. — Upper part of an Idol. 
 
 Actual size. Depth o' 15 m. 
 
 artistic skill. It is, in fact, very remarkable that this 
 naturalistic head should be found among numbers of 
 the rudest idols. Forehead, eyes, nose, mouth and chin 
 are all symmetrically represented, and the features may be 
 called handsome. The ears are decorated with earrings in 
 the form of two concentric circles. The plaits of hair are 
 represented, both resting on the brow and falling on each 
 side of the head, and are shown hanging down behind by 
 notching. The depth of the find is not noted. 
 
 An idol, 132 mm. high, of red clay, is further shown 
 on Plate XXV., Fig. c. The head, the arms, and the 
 projecting feet, are broken away. Over the shoulders 
 lie two projecting bands of clay, which, as Mr. James 
 
 No. 95. — Upper part of an Idol. 
 Actual size. Depth not given. 
 
Chap. IV.] IDOLS WITH DISC-SHAPED MIDDLE. 
 
 1 6 1 
 
 Fergusson thinks, represent an aegis; they were, however, 
 separately made and affixed while the clay was still moist. 
 The lower band is ornamented with six vertical notches, 
 and the panels so produced are decorated each with two, 
 three, or four projecting points. These latter have been 
 separately finished in the shape of little globules, while the 
 clay was still soft, and were then stuck into little cavities fitted 
 for them. In the same way the projecting points on the 
 upper band were made. The figure is painted with a 
 network of crossing red lines, which appear to show the 
 colour of the dress. The depth is stated as 0*50 m. A 
 similar idol found in a tomb at Tegea is to be seen 
 in the National Museum at Athens. 
 
 I show, further, on Plate XXV., Figs, h and i, two 
 idols, respectively 45 and 39 mm. high, of yellow clay, 
 which are ornamented with a polos , and hold their hands 
 upon their breasts. The painting is red and brownish-red. 
 Round the rim of the polos is a line, to which is attached 
 from below a band of little arches. 
 
 Round the upper part of the head is a horizontal line, 
 from which fine strokes hang down at right angles and 
 seem to indicate a veil. The nose and eyes are painted, 
 and also the arms. The hair is indicated behind by four 
 parallel horizontal strokes. The lower part of the body is 
 ornamented in front and behind with two vertical parallel 
 lines ; it grows gradually wider, and is hollow. The depth 
 is 2 m. Painted idols of the same, or very similar form, often 
 appear in Tiryns, and are very numerous in Mycenae.* 
 
 The Louvre Museum also contains a specimen of 
 Assyrian origin which is very similar. 
 
 I would further draw attention to the female idol shown 
 on Plate XXV., Fig. a, b, which is 120 mm. high, and of 
 reddish clay. The painting is red. The face is squeezed 
 
 * Schliemann, My ence, PI. A, Fig. c; PI. C, Fig. /; PI. XVIII. 
 Nos. 99-101. 
 
 M 
 
1 62 
 
 IDOLS WITH TWO HORNS. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 out to a pointed form ; the crown of the head is painted, 
 hut there is no polos. The hair is represented as hanging 
 at length down the back. Between two horizontal bands, of 
 which one is round the neck, the other below the belly, the 
 middle of the body resembles a disc, in the shape of the full 
 moon, on which two round projections mark the breasts. 
 The lower part of the body is like that of the preceding 
 idol ; it is decorated with straight, but the disc on both 
 sides with waving, lines. The depth is given as 1 ’50 m. 
 
 A similar female idol, only 55 m. high, is shown in the 
 next woodcut, No. 96. The eyes and the very 
 
 * plump nose are separately formed, and were 
 attached while the clay was still moist. The 
 lower part of the body is flat and not hollow, 
 like the preceding idols. This figure was 
 painted simply with black colour, of which 
 we see traces on the head and nose. 
 
 Many specimens and fragments of similar 
 idols, with a disc-shaped middle and hollow' 
 foot (Plate XXV., Fig. a, 6 ), were found in 
 Tiryns. 
 
 In Mycenae they w'ere also very numerous? 
 but nearly always in fragments.* The National 
 Museum at Athens contains an idol of this 
 form, said to come from Boeotia. 
 
 A female idol of another form is shown on Plate XXV., 
 Fig. d. It is of black clay, painted black, and 122, mm. 
 high From the chest projects on either side an ex- 
 crescence in the shape of a horn, so that, taken together, 
 the two excrescences represent the form of the horned 
 moon. The head is decked with a high polos, the face 
 squeezed flat. The lower part of the body widens gradually 
 towards the foot and is hollow. The upper rim of the 
 polos is encircled by a band bordered by a row of little 
 
 No. 96. — Idol. 
 Size 7 : 8. 
 Depth not stated 
 
 Schliemann, Mycence, p. 73, No. 112 ; PL C, Fig. m 
 
Chap. IV.] 
 
 IDOLS WITH TWO HORNS. 
 
 163 
 
 arches. Over the brow is another simple encircling line, 
 meant, no doubt, to mark the limit of the polos. The 
 nose has a branch-like decoration. The eyes are of extra- 
 ordinary size. Two upward sloping lines on the neck 
 seem to mark the end of the face. The middle part of the 
 bodv is ornamented in front and behind with fine, the 
 lower part with broad, vertical lines. The depth is not 
 stated. 
 
 Idols of this form are very usual in Tiryns, and 
 appear in a fragmentary condition at Mycenae in countless 
 numbers.* 
 
 Exactly similar idols found in the prehistoric tombs of 
 Nauplia may be seen in the Mycenaean Museum at Athens. 
 The Acropolis Museum contains two of the same form 
 found in the most ancient layers of debris on the Acropolis. 
 The National Museum at Athens also has two idols of this 
 kind said to come from Boeotia. That the Phoenicians had 
 idols of the same form, appears from the fact, that one 
 was found in a tomb at Ialysos, which town, as already 
 mentioned, was in very ancient days inhabited during 
 many centuries by the Phoenicians. This idol is preserved 
 in the British Museum, which also contains a similar one 
 from Greece, but from what locality is riot stated. 1 
 show on Plate XXV., Fig. g, another small idol of this 
 kind from Tiryns. It is 60 mm. high, of red clay, and 
 painted with horizontal red stripes. Otherwise the figure 
 exactly resembles the form of the preceding idol. Depth 
 of find not stated. 
 
 The head shown on Plate XXV., Fig. e, is exactly like 
 that of the idol last described. 
 
 On Plate XXV., Fig. f, I show a somewhat different 
 head of a similar idol. It is of light-yellow clay, and wears 
 a polos which is very wide above. The painting is brown. 
 
 * Schliemann, Mycence , p. 12, Nos. 8, 10; p. 72, No. in ; PI. A, 
 Fig. d ; PI. B, Figs, e and f. 
 
 M '2 
 
164 
 
 IDOLS IN FORMS OF COWS. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 To the rim of the polos is attached a row of depending 
 arches. The forehead is decorated with a band, from which 
 on each side six line lines, which probably indicate the 
 veil, descend at right angles like a comb. In contrast with 
 those of the former figures, the eyes of this idol are 
 extremely small. 
 
 I also found here again great masses of fragments of 
 idols in the form of small terra-cotta cows, and a consider- 
 able number of perfect ones, of which two are represented 
 on Plate XXIV., Fig. «, b. In nay excavations at Tiryns, 
 in the year 1876, I had found eleven such idols,* also in 
 Mycenae many hundreds of more or less broken specimens, 
 as well as fifty-six golden cows’-heads, one of silver with 
 gold horns, and several cows’-heads engraved on gems.'j~ 
 Most of the cow idols of terra-cotta have on a light- 
 yellow ground a painting of bright red, or brown; black 
 painting is also not uncommon. 
 
 Exactly similar cows of terra-cotta were also found in 
 the prehistoric graves of Nauplia by Professor Castorches, 
 and may be seen in the Mycenaean Museum at Athens. 
 Three similar cows, which were discovered in the lowest 
 layers of debris on the Acropolis, are preserved in the 
 Acropolis Museum ; and the British Museum contains 
 two similar cows of the same size and exactly the same 
 painting, which were discovered in the prehistoric graves at 
 Ialvsos. 
 
 I have already shown in my earlier works | that, just 
 as the hundreds of female idols and vases with female 
 figures and owls’ heads, which I found in Troy, could 
 
 * Schliemann, Mycc?ice, pp. 10, ir, Nos. 2-7, and FI. A, Fig. a , b. 
 t Ibid. p. 74, Nos. 114-119; PI. A, Fig. d ; PL B, Fig. e and/: 
 PL C, Fig. k, and pp. 216, 21 7, Nos. 327, 328 ; p. 218, Nos. 329, 330 ; 
 p. 309, No. 471 ; p. 360, No. 531 ; p. 362, xNo. 541. 
 
 f Schliemann, Mycence, pp. 19-22 ; Ilios, pp. 281-290. I recommend 
 the discussions in these passages, and especially the explanation of the 
 epithets yAauKtu7ris and fiowms to the particular attention of the reader. 
 
Chap. IV.] 
 
 TAAYKQniS AND Booms. 
 
 165 
 
 onlv represent one goddess, and that Pallas Athene, the 
 tutelary deity of Troy, the more so as Homer constantly 
 names her yXavKojms (literally “ owl-faced ”), and never 
 bestows this epithet on any other goddess or on any mortal 
 woman, so the countless numbers of idols in form of terra- 
 cotta cows found in Tiryns and Mycenae, as well as cows’- 
 heads of gold, women with cow's-horn-like, crescent-shaped 
 projections from the breast, or with the upper part of the 
 body shaped like the disc of the full moon, and also the 
 idols in Mycenae, with cows’ heads, f can only represent 
 Hera, the tutelar divinity of Tiryns and Mycenae, espe- 
 cially as Homer constantly gives this goddess the epithet 
 /3oo>7tls, which originally can have had no other meaning 
 than “ cow-faced.” 
 
 I have further shown that Tiryns and Mycenae were in 
 the immediate neighbourhood of the famous Heraion, and 
 that in my opinion even the name of Mycenae seems to 
 have arisen from the bellowing (p vKacrOcu , with Homer 
 always puKom) of the cow. This theory of mine was at 
 once accepted by the learned Prime Minister of England, 
 W . E. Gladstone, J as well as by the late Franpois Lenor- 
 mant,§ the latter one of the greatest authorities in the 
 field of ancient Oriental literature, and I believe that the 
 learned are now all well disposed towards the acceptance 
 of this theory. 
 
 11. Objects of Metal. 
 
 Of gold there was found but one small object, which I 
 represent on Plate XXL, Figs, c, d, e. It resembles the 
 pedestals in the relief over the Lions’ Gate at Mycenae, on 
 
 * Schliemann, Mycenae, PI. D, Figs, n, 0, p. 
 
 t Cf. W. E. Gladstone's Preface to Schliermnn’s Mycence, pp. vi-viii. 
 X FraD9ois Lenormant, in the Gazette des Bcaux-Arts, Feb. 1, 1879, 
 p. 108. 
 
HELMETED WARRIOR. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 1 66 
 
 I 
 
 which both the pillar and the fore-feet of the two lions rest. 
 Of bronze there were also but few interesting objects found. 
 In the accompanying woodcut, No. 97, is seen a bronze 
 figure,* * * § 92 mm. high, which represents an upright beardless 
 warrior in the act of fighting. The head is covered with 
 a helmet having a very high cone-shaped 
 top. The rest of the body is naked. Nose 
 and eyes are fairly well preserved, the lower 
 part of the face is injured, the ears are dis- 
 proportionately large. The lance, held in the 
 lifted right hand, as well as the shield fastened 
 to the left, are missing. Beneath the feet are 
 two vertical supports, which give us exactly 
 the depth of the double funnel through 
 which the molten metal was run into the 
 mould. These reminiscences of the two 
 funnels, which the primitive artist could not 
 remove, not yet having files, as well as the 
 general unskilfulness which is conspicuous 
 in the whole figure, point to a high anti- 
 quity. I wish to draw attention to the re- 
 markable similarity of this statuette to a 
 Phoenician bronze figure from Tortosa in 
 Spain, and which is preserved in the Louvre 
 Museum. 
 
 Woodcut No. 98, shows a bronze chisel, 
 which appears in the same form at Mycenae, J 
 and has the strongest likeness to the Trojan battle-axes. § 
 It is 90 mm. long, and the blade is 30 mm. broad. In 
 
 No. 97. — Helrneted 
 warrior of bronze. 
 Actual size. 
 Depth 3 m. 
 
 * This figure was found by me in my excavations in 1876, and is 
 here reproduced from my Mycoice , p. 14, No. 12. 
 
 t Georges Perrot et Charles Clnpiez, Histoire de l' Art, III., pp. 404, 
 405, Fig. 277. 
 
 f Schliemann, Mycence, p. 306, No. 463. 
 
 § Schliemann, Ilios, p. 476, Nos. 806-810; p. 486, No. 828 ; Troja , 
 p. 166, Nos. 80, 81. 
 
Chap. IV.] 
 
 BRONZE CHISELS. 
 
 167 
 
 the handle is an engraved line, 20 mm. long. There were 
 two specimens of this tool discovered at a depth stated as 
 from 1-1 ‘20 m. There are seven similar bronze chisels in 
 the Museum at Copenhagen.* 
 
 In No. 99 I give a drawing of a bronze tool in the 
 Term of a bar, 135 mm. long and 6 mm. thick, with one 
 
 No. 99. — Tool of unknown use. 
 Size 2: 3. Depth 1— 1 *2o m. 
 
 No. 98. — Bronze chisel. 
 Size 2 : 3. Depth 1-1 * 20 m. 
 
 end flattened like a chisel. Similar tools were found at 
 M veenae 7 as well as at Troy.J Depth stated, 1— 1 * 20 m. 
 
 The woodcut, No. 10c, gives a picture of a two-edged 
 bronze battle-axe, 205 mm. long, 45 mm. wide, with a 
 long oval hole in the centre. Depth of find 1-1*50 mm. 
 Two similar double-edged axes of bronze were found in 
 
 * Sophus Muller, Ur sprung und erste Entwickelung der europaischen 
 Bronzecultur , German translation by Miss J. Mestorf, 1882, p. 348. 
 
 + Such a tool from Mycenae, is in the Mycenaean Museum at Athens. 
 X Schliemann, llios, p. 482, Nos. 816, 817. 
 
1 68 
 
 DOUBLE-EDGED BATTLE-AXES. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 my excavations at Mycenae.* * * § On the gold ornaments 
 in the royal tombs at Mycenae I also found double-axes 
 of this form commonly represented, as eg., between the 
 horns of fifty-six cows’-heads.f We find, moreover, a 
 similar double-edged axe on a gold signet-ring of archaic 
 Babylonian style, J and another on a remarkable gem of 
 agate. § A similar two-edged axe of copper was found in 
 Hungary. || This type of axe was characteristic of Asia 
 Minor ; and Zeus Labrandeus in Caria derived his name 
 from Labranda , which in Carian meant a double-edged axe, 
 on which account it also occurs as a symbol on Carian 
 coins, and on all coins of Tenedos. The double battle-axe 
 
 No. ioo. — Double-edged battle-axe of bronze. Size i : 2. Depth 1 — 1*50111. 
 
 made of bronze is common in Assyria and Babylonia, and 
 two similar ones, but of copper, were found, one in the 
 lake-dwellings at Luscherz,^[ and one on the lower Danube 
 respectively.** A similar double-bladed axe, also of pure 
 copper, was found by Dr. Victor Gross in the lake-dwell- 
 
 * Schliemann, Mycence , p. iii, No. 173. 
 
 t Ibid. p. 218, Nos. 329, 330. 
 
 + lbid - P- 354 , No. 530. 
 
 § Ibid. p. 362, No. 541. 
 
 II Joseph Hampel, Catalogue de 1 ' Exposition prehistorique dcs Musees 
 de province, p. 139, No. 147. 
 
 H Cf. Sitzungsbericht der Berliner Gesellschaft fib- Anthropologie, 
 Ethnologie, &c., for Oct. 18, 1879, PI. XVII. Nos. 2 a and 2 b. 
 
 Ibid. Nos. 3 a and 3 b. . 
 
Chap. IV.] 
 
 VOTIVE DOUBLE-AXES. 
 
 169 
 
 ings at Locras, in the Bienne Lake, in Switzerland.* * * § A 
 bronze axe from Cyprus of the same kind, and of Phoenician 
 origin, is preserved in the Bibliotheque nationale at Paris.'}' 
 This same type of double-edged axe is also found in 
 Assyria, Asia Minor, South Russia, Central Europe, Sar- 
 dinia, and on later Greek monuments.^ The Museum at 
 Copenhagen contains thirteen such bronze double-axes. § 
 Sophus Muller says, || “ Of votive axes over twenty were 
 found in Olympia, 2-7 cm. long, all double-axes, the blades 
 of which are more or less curved. Only in some is the 
 handle preserved, in most it is lost, and in some the eye, 
 though partly cut, does not go right through. That some 
 at least of these objects, reach back to the oldest times of 
 Olvmpia, is plain from the fact, that the votive objects 
 generally lay in the lowest strata of debris. One of the 
 swords and an axe were found even under the Opistho- 
 domos of the Heraion, with a number of extremely primi- 
 tive votive animals. These axes cannot, however, be 
 attributed, any more than the other objects of bronze here 
 described, to the culture of a general bronze age in 
 Europe. Their forms are distinctly Greek, and votive 
 objects of this kind are not found in Europe beyond the 
 boundary of ancient Greek influence. At Olbia similar 
 objects have been found of lead (Ermitage at St. Peters- 
 
 * Victor Gross, Les dernieres trouvailles dans les habitations lacustres 
 du Lac de Bienne (Porrentruy, 1879), PI. I. No. 1. 
 
 t Georges Perrot et Charles Chipiez, Histoire de 1 ' Art, III. 867, 
 No. 634. 
 
 X Sophus Muller, Ursprung und erste Entwickelung der europdischen 
 Bronzecultur , 1882, Germ, trans. by Miss J. Mestorf, p 329 ; Rawlinson, 
 The Five Great Monarchies (London, 1862), II. 65 ; Perrot et Delbet, 
 La Ga/atie et la Bithynie (Paris, 1872), p. 338; La Marmora, Voyage 
 en Sardaigne (Paris et Turin), PI. 34, 3 ; Lindenschmit, Alterthiimer 
 unserer heidnischen Vorzeit, II. 3, 2, Fig. 1. We also see the double-axe 
 on many coins from Italy and Greece. 
 
 § Sophus Muller, op. cit. p. 348. 
 
 II Ibid. p. 344. 
 
170 
 
 ARROW-HEAD WITHOUT BARBS. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 burg), and from Siebenbiirgen we have votive axes of the 
 same kind as those mentioned, but with three blades.”* 
 Under Nos. 10 1, 102 I exhibit a small flat bronze 
 saucer found in the palace, the use of which is an enigma. 
 It had two handles, of one of which the half only remains, 
 and on each side of the handle was a holder of the same 
 length. Dr. Dorpfeld thinks that the object may have 
 been used as an ornament for some piece of furniture. Of 
 the other bronze things found in the palace of Tiryns, I 
 mention two punches ; one bracelet, of which the ends 
 
 I ittle bronze saucer. Size 2 : 3. Depth not given. 
 
 run out in spirals ; a brooch, with a globular head, stuck 
 through a lead bead ; thirteen very common rings, and an 
 arrow-head of very primitive form without barbs, 55 mm. 
 long, which is extremely like the Trojan arrow-heads, but 
 somewhat longer. f 
 
 On the ramp leading to the gate on the east side of the 
 upper citadel (see Plans I.— I II.), which was certainly roofed 
 and inhabited at a later date, were found, among many 
 bricks of Greek time, and many fragments of black and red- 
 glazed pottery dating from the 5th to the 2nd century b.c., 
 a bronze lamp and an iron lance-head with a hole for the 
 
 * The find of Klein-Propstorf and Schelken in the Museum of 
 Hermann stadt. 
 
 + Cf. Jlios, p. 505, Nos. 931, 933, 942, 944 , 94 6 - 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE BRONZE. 
 
 Chap. IV.] 
 
 171 
 
 shaft ; but we need not further consider these objects, since 
 they obviously belong to a comparatively modern date. 
 
 The above-described tools from Tiryns have not yet 
 been analysed. The bronze objects from Mycenae, analysed 
 by the famous chemist, Dr. John Percy of London, gave 
 the following result 
 
 Fragment of a Sword; Analysis. 
 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Copper. 0 
 
 86-41 
 
 86-31 
 
 86-36 
 
 Tin 
 
 I 3'°5 
 
 1 3 ‘ °7 
 
 13-06 
 
 Lead ..... 
 
 
 O ’ I I 
 
 0 • 1 1 
 
 ! Iron 
 
 0-17 
 
 
 0-17 
 
 ; Nickel 
 
 0-15 
 
 .. 
 
 0-15 
 
 Cobalt ..... 
 
 Traces 
 
 
 Traces 
 
 
 
 
 99-85 
 
 Fragment of a Vase-Handle; Analysis. 
 
 Copper . . . . 89-69 
 Tin . . . . . 10-08 
 
 99 ’ 77 
 
 We may therefore suppose that the Tirynthian bronzes 
 were similarly compounded. 
 
 Besides the iron lance-head of later date found on the 
 ramp, there was not found during the excavations at 
 Tiryns the slightest trace of iron. Of silver there was onlv 
 found a simple signet-ring with a star engraved on it ; yet, 
 considering the numerous objects of this metal found in 
 the royal tombs at Mycenae, we cannot doubt that the 
 inhabitants of the palace of Tiryns had silver in common 
 use. Lead we found in many places, and this metal, among 
 others, was used by the Tirynthians in repairing large 
 
172 
 
 BASIN OF STONE. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 earthen vessels. There were found numerous fragments 
 of large vases and jars bound together with clamps of lead, 
 as well as occasional lead clamps, which must have served 
 the same purpose. We found, also, many large melted 
 lumps of lead, as well as one large piece in the form of half 
 a pig, and several fragments of sheet-lead. 
 
 j 2 . Objects of Stone. 
 
 Of the objects of stone, I mention, first, a small basin 
 ot hard limestone, only 70 mm. long which I present to 
 the reader in the following woodcut, No. 103. It has two 
 solid disc-shaped handles and a convex bottom. 
 
 As already mentioned (p. 80), a large number of 
 
 No. 103. — Basin of hard limestone. Actual size. Depth about 1 m. 
 
 almost globular corn-bruisers of granite, quartz, porphyry, 
 or diorite, were found in the ruins of the palace, as well as 
 several very rudely-formed hammers, without a hole, of 
 silicious rock or granite, and a pair of oval saddle-querns 
 of trachyte of the kind already described (p. 80). Of axes of 
 diorite, one solitary example was found in the palace ; it 
 exactly resembles both those found by me in Mycenae,* 
 and a specimen found in the neolithic necropolis of Tan- 
 germiinde on the Elbe ; j its length is 54 mm., its width 
 38 mm. at the edge, and 25 mm. at the thick end. Its 
 greatest thickness, which is about in the middle of its 
 length, is 10 mm. The two surfaces, therefore, arch towards 
 
 * Schliemann, Mycencc , p. 76, No. 126. 
 
 t Zeitschrift fur Ethnologic, Organ der Berliner Gesellsehaft fur An- 
 thropologie , Ethnologie und Urgcschichte , 1884, Heft III. p. 117, Fig. 2. 
 
Chap. IV.] OBSIDIAN KNIVES AND ARROW-HEADS. 1 73 
 
 the centre; the sides are straight; the polish is good. In 
 the lowest strata of cUbris on the Acropolis at Athens 
 there were found four beautifully polished axes of diorite, 
 which may be seen in the Acropolis Museum. 
 
 As in Troy and Mycenae, so in Tiryns, stone implements 
 were in use at the same time as tools of bronze. I wish to 
 mention on this occasion, that, according to Professor 
 Heinrich Brugsch, battle-axes with stone hammers were 
 among the spoil which Thutmes III. brought back from 
 the highly-civilized states of Western Asia, together with 
 weapons and armour of bronze, and gold and silver works 
 of art.* * * § 
 
 A fine specimen of a slate whetstone was found ; it is 
 342 mm. long, 61 mm. broad, and 30 mm. thick, narrowing 
 somewhat to the end. Also a good specimen of fine clay- 
 slate, which is 84mm. long, 58 mm. broad, and 20 mm. 
 thick. 
 
 If the primitive pottery described in the foregoing pages 
 should not suffice to convince us that the palace of Tiryns 
 was destroyed in prehistoric times, we must yield to the 
 additional evidence afforded by the countless knives and 
 arrow-heads of obsidian ; for, as already remarked (cf. p. 78) 
 these must, at the time of the destruction of the build- 
 ing, have been still in common use by its inhabitants. Of 
 such knives, good average specimens are represented in 
 the woodcuts Nos. 104- 107, of the arrow-heads in those 
 at Nos. 108-111. Knives of obsidian similar to those 
 represented in Nos. 104-107, are also exceedingly com- 
 mon in Mycenae.f On the other hand, the Mycenaean 
 arrow-heads of obsidian have two barbs, and the three 
 specimens J found in the upper strata of debris , as well 
 as the thirty-five § from the fourth royal tomb, are made 
 
 * Heinrich Brugsch, Geschichte Aegyptens , p. 344. 
 
 t Schliemann, Mycenae, p. 76, No. 126. 
 
 % Schliemann, Mycenae , p. 26, No. 176. 
 
 § Ibid. p. 272, No. 435. 
 
174 OBSIDIAN KNIVES AND ARROW-HEADS. [Chap. IV. 
 
 with great care, and are of the same type. In fact, the 
 Mycenaean arrow-heads are master-pieces when compared 
 to the only kind found in Tiryns — extremely rude and 
 primitive arrow-heads without barbs (cf. Nos. 108-111). 
 
 No. 104. 
 
 No. 105. No. 106. 
 
 Two-edged knives of obsidian. Actual size. 
 
 That the knives and arrow-heads were made on the spot 
 appears to be proved satisfactorily as well by the obsidian 
 splinters as by the nuclei of obsidian from which they were 
 cut, and which we found in large quantities, especially in 
 the middle fortress 
 
 Arrow-heads of obsidian. Actual size. 
 
 I further mention a flat implement of green stone, 
 20 cm. long, 2 cm. broad, the use of which is unknown, as 
 well as an egg of alabaster, which resembles the egg of arago- 
 nite * found in Troy, and which may have been an offering. 
 
 Schliemann, Ilios, p. 430, No. 556. 
 
Chap. IV.] CURIOUS DISCS OF STEATITE. 1 75 
 
 We found many spinning-whorls of blue stone, also 
 some of steatite ( lapis ollaris ) ; almost all are cone-shaped, 
 are perforated vertically, and resemble exactly the 350 stone 
 whorls found in Mycenae.* There were, however, some 
 stone whorls in the shape of a blunt cone, and among them 
 a very remarkable one of violet-blue colour, which I show 
 on Plate XXI., Fig. g. The surface is ornamented with 
 two encircling engraved zones, of which the lower one is 
 filled with a band of zigzags between two horizontal lines ; 
 the upper one with bands of three slanting lines, which 
 converge in the shape of triangles, between two slanting 
 crosses, the arms of which are terminated by circles. 
 
 The same form of whorl appears in the prehistoric 
 tombs in Nauplia, Spata, and Ialysos on Rhodes, as well 
 as in Knossos, and in great numbers in the debris from the 
 lowest strata in the Acropolis of Athens. The 157 whorls 
 of lapis ollaris found there, with ninety of blue stone, are 
 in the Acropolis Museum. 
 
 We also found numerous specimens of small discs of 
 steatite, with an average diameter of 20 mm., which have 
 on one side in the middle a projecting tube, 5-10 mm. 
 high ; on the other side they are hollowed round the per- 
 forated central point ; on account of their lightness and 
 smallness they cannot possibly have been used as spinning- 
 whorls. The projecting tube which occurs in all, and 
 which must have occasioned the primitive artist no small 
 trouble, must have had some special use, and I think these 
 objects may have served as decorations on the doors into 
 which they were secured by the tubes, and that in the 
 hollow on the other side some small ornament of bronze or 
 cobalt glass may have been placed. 
 
 In my excavations at Mycenae, I found these objects in 
 very' great numbers, and for their form I refer to the draw- 
 ing in my Mycence , p. 76, No. 126, to the right and left in 
 
 * Schliemann, Mycence , p. 18, No. 15. 
 
176 
 
 IVORY, WOOD AND GLASS. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 the upper row. Exactly similar objects have been found 
 in the graves at Nauplia and Spata* as well as in the exca- 
 vations in the Acropolis at Athens, where twelve exactly 
 similar specimens of steatite, and fifty-five somewhat more 
 cone-shaped ones of the same stone, have been collected 
 and placed in the Acropolis Museum. The National 
 Museum at Athens has two specimens from Attica. The 
 British Museum also contains numbers of similar objects 
 found in the tombs of Ialysos. Of other stone objects, I 
 can only further mention a pair of weights of beautifully 
 polished hematite. 
 
 13. Objects of Ivory, Wood, and Glass. 
 
 Of ivory there was only one broken comb, of common 
 bone a bodkin, and an instrument 78 mm. long and in the 
 broadest part 28 mm. wide, which has the form of a lance- 
 head, and may have been used as an arrow-head. All the 
 wood discovered was one piece of charred pine. I further 
 mention a pearl of cobalt glass and some small objects of 
 glass-paste. Exactly similar blue-glass beads appear among 
 the finds of northern Europe, and many may be seen in 
 the Museum at Copenhagen.^ Precisely similar objects are 
 found in Egypt. 
 
 * Schliemann, Mycence, p. XLVI. 
 
 t Sophus Muller, Ursprung und erste Entwickelmg da- enropaischen 
 Bronzecultin p. 340. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 The Buildings of Tiryns. 
 
 By Dr. Wilhelm Dorpfeld. 
 
 A. — The Citadel and its Wall. 
 
 Tiryns was built on an isolated limestone rock, which 
 originally formed an island in the Argolic Gulf, but ap- 
 parently was already surrounded in prehistoric limes by 
 land. The rock forms a ridge running from north to south, 
 300m. long, and nearly 100m. wide; its highest point 
 S. rises about 22 m. above sea-level, and 18 m. over the 
 present surface of the surrounding plain. As the rock is 
 some metres lower on the northern than on the southern 
 side, the lower citadel was built on the north, and the upper 
 on the south part. Both divisions are of almost equal size, 
 and both have an elliptical form. Separated from the upper 
 citadel is a small section, somewhat lower in position, which 
 divides the upper from the lower fortress, and which we 
 shall call the middle citadel. 
 
 In the highest part of the citadel, which was surrounded 
 by a double wall, lay the dwelling of the ruler, the royal 
 palace. The middle fortress, which was in direct communi- 
 cation with the palace by means of a narrow staircase, con- 
 tained apparently lodgings for the servants ; in the lower 
 citadel were probably situated the store-rooms, stalls for 
 • horses, and the rooms of retainers. 
 
 The two first portions were completely excavated by 
 Dr. Schliemann in the summer of 1884, and have presented 
 us with astonishing results. 
 
i7« 
 
 THE OUTER WALLS. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 In the upper citadel almost the entire palace with its 
 gateways, courts great rooms and chambers, ca[ be Z 
 
 1 to i m^hfh' 26 I M ° St 0t thC Wal,S 3re Stil1 stand 'ng, 
 
 2 o m. in height, numerous bases of pillars are still in 
 
 ie.r p ace, and m the doorways still lie the huge stone 
 door-sills. The middle citadel yielded only the remains of 
 foundation walls. The buildings were here of worse con 
 s ruction than in the palace of the upper citadel, and were 
 therefore more frequently rebuilt in ancient times and at 
 he destruction of the fortress suffered more severe^ The 
 ower citadel ,s not yet excavated; though, by sinking two 
 trendies, one lengthwise and another across, down to the 
 natural rock, it has been proved that here also the founda 
 tions of various buildings still exist; what the ground-plan 
 of these buildings was, is still unknown. 
 
 The massive walls which surround the whole citadel 
 a.c formed of great irregular blocks of limestone The 
 huge stones are piled upon each other without mortar and 
 only keep them position by means of their great weight 
 re interstices are filled with small stones. This method 
 of building ,s known as Cyclopean, on account of the 
 legend which relates that King Promos, the founder of 
 myns, caused the Cyclopes, skilled in building, to come 
 arn nuld for him the massive walls. Thus we learn that 
 these huge walls excited the wonder even of the ancients 
 w o believed them to be the work of no ordinary builders 
 l he statement of Pausamas, that a yoke of mules rauld noi 
 stir the smallest stone in Tiryns, is, however, an exavgera 
 ion, for many of the stones of the citadel walls mifht be 
 moved by a single workman. On an average the blocks are 
 however, of very great dimensions ; stones o'f front t to ,7 
 long by , m. in height and , m. in thickness, are to be 
 found among them in very great numbers. Probable 
 there » no other citadel ,n Greece with walls built of such 
 great blocks and in this rude manner. At Mycenrn for 
 nstance, the average dimensions of the stones are distinctly 
 
PLATE I. 
 
 PLAN 
 
 CORNFIELD 
 
 from the excavations of 
 
 DR. H. SCHLIEMANN IN 1884. 
 
 MADE AND DRAWN BY DR. W. DORPFELD. 
 
 
 
 RMRi 
 
 ^\'\v'uAV. 
 
 Ifjpcl 
 
 usss& 
 
 
 
 " 1. SLOPE UP TO THE GATE 
 
 2. GATEWAY 
 
 ^ 3. GATE OP THE UPPER FORTRESS 
 
 4. UPPER FORTRESS 
 
 5. MIDDLE FORTRESS 
 
 REFERENCES 6 * LOWER FORTRESS 
 
 __ 7, TOWER 
 
 Fortress Wall covered up or destro} r ed s ‘ trench 
 
 fiBBl Fortress Wall still preserved. ®‘ 
 
 j . * IO. GALLERY 
 
 & —Shafts sunk iu 1884. n. propylaeum 
 
 The numbers show the altitude above sea level CART road 
 (according to Steffen). 
 
 CORNFIELD 
 
 ■i i 4 00oJ 
 
 GREEK AGRI. SCHOOL 
 
Chap. V.] LIMITS OF THE EXCAVATIONS. 1 79 
 
 less. In fact, in respect of size and grandeur, these walls 
 of Tiryns are unrivalled, and well deserved to be compared 
 by Pausanias with the Pyramids of Egypt. 
 
 In the absence of a strong cement, we owe the com- 
 paratively good condition of the walls to the size of the 
 individual stones ; for had these been smaller, the walls 
 would either have fallen down of themselves during the 
 lapse of ages, or else the stones would have been carried off 
 by the inhabitants of neighbouring towns and villages— to 
 supply material for their dwelling-houses. 
 
 The walls stand at this day, almost as Pausanias saw 
 them 600 years after the destruction of the citadel by the 
 Argives, though more than 2300 years have passed since 
 this destruction. 
 
 As the excavations were confined almost entirely to the 
 inside of the fortress, very little new material for the re- 
 construction of the ground-plan or section of the walls has 
 been obtained. Only at isolated points has the plan of 
 Hauptmann Steffen, drawn before the commencement of 
 the excavations, been completed.* 
 
 Until further excavations take place, and the entire 
 encircling wall is exposed, the object and meaning of 
 the various walls, with their towers and gates, cannot be 
 completely recognized and explained. 
 
 The course of the wall is shown in Plate I., which, 
 according to the older plans, presents the whole fortress, 
 together with its immediate neighbourhood, on the scale 
 of 1 : 1000. Those portions of the wall which are still 
 visible, I have indicated by cross hatchings. Where, on the 
 other hand, the hatchings are single, there is no longer any 
 trace of the walls ; they are either destroyed, or concealed 
 by heaps of ruins or earth. 
 
 Round the lower citadel the wall is simple, being of the 
 same thickness above and below, without any set-off The 
 
 * Karten von Mykma, by Hauptmann Steffen, PI II. 
 
 N 2 
 
NICHES IN THE WALLS. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 180 
 
 thickness varies from 7 to 8 m., and in most places is about 
 7 60 m. The height cannot be ascertained, since in no 
 place has the complete elevation been preserved. The 
 height of the wall, where it is most perfect, is about 
 7 ’ 5 o m., and this point lies about 3 m. above the ancient 
 floor of the lower citadel. 
 
 In the inner side of the eastern wall are left several niches 
 the most southern of which can still be accurately measured 
 (3 • 20 m. wide by 3 - 70 m. deep). The others are filled 
 with debris, and their dimensions can only be approximately 
 determined. Apparently these niches had originally pointed 
 arches, which were formed merely by overlapping the ends 
 of the successive courses of masonry, hr somewhat further 
 south, near the great tower on the east side of the middle 
 fortress, exists a niche, also given in the plan, which still 
 pieserves its ogival vault; and although its horizontal 
 measurement is smaller than that of the niches in the 
 lower citadel, yet doubtless the method of roofing was the 
 same in all. 
 
 It is impossible to say with certainty what was the object 
 of these niches. Possibly they served as store-chambers. 
 More probably, as it seems to me, they were intended to 
 economize material in building the wall. On the top of 
 the wall, for defensive purposes, the widest possible plateau 
 was desirable, while lower down the wall might be con- 
 siderably slighter. Both conditions were best fulfilled by 
 forming these niches on the inner side, and by closing 
 them beneath the upper wall-plateau. Many nations have 
 in later times built their fortress walls in a similar way ; on 
 the inner side the walls were strengthened by projecting 
 buttresses, united by vaulted arches, and thus a wide surface 
 above was obtained. In the niches of the citadel-walls of 
 Tiryns we may probably recognize the beginning of this 
 construction. 
 
 r I he wall of the lower fortress has another remarkable 
 peculiarity. On its outer side may be observed, in many 
 

 towei 
 
 prinJcipai 
 
 ENTffANCl 
 
 DRAWN IN MAY. 1884. BY DR. W. DORPFELD. 
 
 XXIV 
 
 REFERENCES : 
 
 y = Main Road to the Upper Acropolis. 
 
 = Water Conduit or Drain. 
 
 — Open Court. 
 
 Figures = Height above the threshold or Ihe 
 Gate to the Upper Acropolis. 
 Figures — Horizontal distances. 
 
 S - Shafts sunk in 187(1 
 
 XXVJIl 
 
 xxin 
 
 XXXVIJI 
 
 ; later 
 WALLS 
 
 COURT 
 
 Later 
 
 yvALLS 
 
 «•* 333 
 
 J.ENT WITH THE PROPYlTk 
 — i 
 
 ■vi A 
 
 COURTYARD 
 OF THE 
 WOMEN'S 
 APARTMENTS 
 
 XY1 
 
 CONNECTING THE WOMEN’S > 
 *±±*± il 
 
 XXXI 
 
 XXXIX 
 
 WOMEN'S HALL 
 
 xxx rv 
 
 XXXIII 
 
 SIDE GATfel 
 
 j xxxvii 1 
 
 *ORT H 
 
 ANTE- 
 
 CHAMBER 
 
 COURTYARD OF 
 
 ALTAR 
 
 LARGE OPEN 
 
 THE MEN'S 
 
 15,77 
 
 APARTMENTS 
 
 MEN'S HALL 
 
 j YTI i 
 
 SMALL 
 
 PlROPYLAEl 
 
 -41 -f 
 
 XXX X 
 
 STAIRCASI 
 
 INE CHURCH 
 
 THIS PART OF THE FORTRESS IS ENTIRELY DESTROYED BY A LANDSLIP 
 
 Foundation 
 
 Walls 
 
 Parastades 
 in Situ 
 
 Stone 
 
 Threshold.' 
 
 Byzantine 
 Wal]s_ _ 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 an 
 
 
 /0U,3.}8 j 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 VERTICAL JOINTS IN THE WALLS. 
 
 1 8 1 
 
 places, a vertical joint extending the whole height of the 
 wall. He who visits Tiryns for the first time and observes 
 one of these joints, usually believes that in this place another 
 wall was built on to the angle of a more ancient wall, and 
 that this indicates a later extension of the fortress. When, 
 however, he follows the course of the wall, and observes 
 other joints of the same kind, this explanation will be 
 found unsatisfactory. That the wall of the lower citadel 
 should have been built at such varying periods as would 
 correspond with all these complete joints, is most unlikely ; 
 it was certainly built, in its whole extent, at one time. 
 
 We must therefore seek for another explanation. As 
 the vertical joints occur always either at a salient or at a 
 re-entering angle, it might be supposed that the builders 
 could not well produce with rough stones corners with an 
 angle so obtuse as nearly to approach a straight line, and 
 they therefore preferred to juxtaposit two corner-nocks. 
 
 But another explanation is perhaps more probable. 
 Between two of those vertical joints on the east side of the 
 lower citadel I measured a distance of 11*3° tm This 
 measure corresponds exactly with the inner breadth of the 
 great tower beside the main entrance to the citadel, and 
 there being a complete vertical joint between this tower and 
 the adjoining masonry, I am led to believe that the portion 
 of wall between the two vertical joints must also have been 
 a tower. If so, the probable origin of the joints is that the 
 towers were first of all built at suitable places on the rock, 
 and then they were joined by walls. This explanation, 
 which has much in its favour, did not occur to me till after 
 my departure from Tiryns, and I was therefore unable to 
 test its application to all the other upright joints. 
 
 The lower citadel is separated from the middle citadel 
 bv a wall, the direction of which we can determine by many 
 remains yet visible ; but both height and width are as yet 
 unknown to us, because the excavations stopped at this 
 point. It was doubtless a retaining wall, as it supports 
 
182 
 
 WALL OF THE UPPER CITADEL. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 the higher middle fort, and has an outer front only on the 
 north side. At its eastern extremity there appears to have 
 been a gate, which connected the lower fort with the main 
 entrance to the upper citadel which lies further south (see 
 
 Plans I. and II.). 
 
 The surrounding wall of the Upper Citadel is not con- 
 structed as simply as that of the lower fort. The upper 
 plateau was too far above the foot of the rock to permit 
 ot a vertical wall being built with rough stones without 
 moitar from the foot of the rock up to its level. Such a 
 wall would have been thrown down by the thrust of the 
 earth settling behind it. In order to build a high wall of 
 this kind, without exact horizontal joints or mortar, it is 
 necessary either to escarp the outside (that is to say, make 
 it slope at an acute angle), or to make the outside retreat 
 in successive steps. The former method is particularly 
 suited to small stones, and was employed in the Acropolis 
 wall ot ancient Ihon ; the latter we find at the upper fort 
 in Tiryns. Here a vertical lower wall is first built on the 
 rock, and over it there is a vertical upper wall, starting 
 about 6*50 m. behind the former. 
 
 On Plate III. I have given a section of the eastern wall 
 of the upper citadel on the scale of 1 : 250. I have marked 
 the preserved parts with cross-hatchings, the restored with 
 single hatchings. The section is made east of the larger 
 I ropylaeum (No. I. on Plan II.), because the wall is here 
 best preserved, and also partly cleared of the dibris. 
 
 The whole thickness of the wall is 10 '90 m., of which 
 4-45 m. belong to the upper and 6-45 m. to the lower wall. 
 The total height, from the way round the citadel to the 
 floor of the upper wall surface, is about 16 m., of which 
 nearly 5 m. belong to the upper wall. The remainder 
 ( 1 1 m.), which gives the height of the plateau of the lower 
 wall above the plain, includes the height of the rising cliff 
 and that of the lower wall. How much each of them is, 
 we cannot tell at the east side of the upper fort, because’ 
 
Chap. V.] STRUCTURE OF THE GALLERIES. 183 
 
 there this lower wall is still covered with great blocks of 
 stone and ddbris. We cannot therefore tell how much of 
 the height is natural. The height given in the plan (6 m.) 
 is a conjecture formed upon another part of the fort, where 
 the wall is exposed. 
 
 While the lower wall, so far as we know, is a solid mass 
 of stones, we find galleries introduced into the upper wall, 
 which have often been examined and described. Their 
 position and construction may be clearly seen in the section. 
 Two parallel walls, the outer 1-15 m., the inner 1*65 m. 
 thick, enclose a passage of 1-65 m. wide. To a height of 
 about 1 • 75 m. both walls are perpendicular, with several 
 courses of stones ; but above this the stones gradually over- 
 lap, and so form a roof shaped like a pointed arch. For 
 this purpose stones, which, when lying horizontally, have 
 a side sloping inwards obliquely, are generally selected. 
 Hence the inclination is made gradually, and not in steps. 
 The result is that from within, the roofs of these galleries 
 look like real vaults of pointed arches, whereas they are really 
 not vaults at all. Some stones, indeed, because they do not 
 lie honzontallv, may exercise an inward thrust, and in some 
 places the uppermost stone may really act as the key-stone 
 of an arch ; but these galleries cannot be regarded as real 
 arches, because, generally speaking, there is no lateral 
 thrust. 
 
 From this covered passage, the floor of which, made 
 of beaten clay, is on a level with the plateau of the lower 
 wall, a series of doors * open on the lower wall. These 
 are 1*50 m. to 1 • 70 m. wide, and about 2'75 to 
 
 their vertex. Their distance from centre to centre is on 
 the average 4-75 m. On Plate III. (right corner below) 
 there is a longitudinal section of a part of these gal- 
 leries given, with a view of these doors, and below it a 
 ground-plan of this part. The adjoining sketch, No. 1 12, 
 gives also a section of the upper wall with an inner view 111 
 perspective. In both it will be seen that the doorways are 
 
1 84 
 
 THEIR USE. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 roofed by the converging of the upper stones in the form 
 of a pointed arch. Generally only two large blocks are 
 used for the purpose, which either lean against each other 
 at the upper edges directly, or against a third stone set 
 between them from above. 
 
 1 he object of these passages has long been disputed ; 
 they were supposed to be storing-places for food and arms 
 
 No. 1 12. — Gallery in the Fastern Wall. 
 
 of the garrison, or stalls for horses or cattle* Steffen was 
 the first to give a correct explanation in the text to his 
 maps of Mycenae : they are covered passages inside the 
 upper wall, from which the defenders could step out upon 
 the lower wall, and resist the assailants. Small steps or 
 
 E. Curtius, Peloponnesos , II. 387. Gottling {Arch. Zeitimg , 1845, 
 p. 17, sq.) even thought he recognized in these galleries the chambers 
 of the daughters of Proitos, mentioned by Pausanias, II 25, 8. 
 
PLATE III. 
 
 MIDDLE FORTRESS 
 
 ALTAR 
 
 CONTINUATION OF UPPER DIAGRAM 
 
 SECTION OF THE GALLERY. 
 
 tl/liW/Mli. Walls destroyed or covered up. 
 iMMM. Walls still preserved. 
 
 Earth and debris. 
 
 -7*S^r Limestone rock. 
 
 5 — Shafts sunk down to the rock. 
 
 The numbers indicate the altitude above sea level. 
 
 1. TRENCH 
 
 2. CROSS TRENCH 
 
 3. LOWER FORTRESS 
 
 4. DIVISION WALL 
 
 5. MEN’S HALL 
 
 6. VESTIBULE 
 
 7. LARGE COURT 
 
 8. LARGE ANTI-COURT 
 
 9. BYZANTINE CHURCH 
 
 10. PASSAGE ON THE TOP OF THE WALL 
 
 11. LOWER WALL 
 
 ROAD 
 
 GROUND PLAN OF THE GALLERY. 
 
 SECTION OF THE EASTERN WALL 
 
 SCALE 1: 250. 
 
 TAKEN AND DRAWN BY DR. W. DORPFELD. 
 
 SECTION. NORTHERN HALF. 
 
 NORTHERN FORTRESS WALL 
 
 ROAD o 
 
 CONTINUATION BELOW TO THE LEFT 
 
 SECTION. SOUTHERN HALF. 
 
 HORIZONTAL SCALE 
 
 L — I L 1 L I L I l" I l" I l‘* I i“ i i* I l M ft eter 
 
 VERTICAL SCALE 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >>■ 
 
 
 
 
i»5 
 
 Chap. V.] COLONNADE ON THE UPPER WALL. 
 
 ramps probably led down to the galleries from the upper 
 citadel, but hitherto none of these have been discovered. 
 Possibly of the two galleries situated in the south wall the 
 upper one may be such a passage leading down to the 
 lower gallery. For purposes of defence the lower wall 
 must have had on its top either a breastwork or a covered 
 passage ; there are now no remains of either, for the upper 
 portion of the wall is everywhere destroyed. In the cross 
 section on Plate III. I have therefore conjecturally drawn a 
 simple breastwork. 
 
 It must, on the other hand, be considered peculiarly 
 fortunate that in one place important remains of the sum- 
 mit of the upper wall still exist, by which means we are 
 better instructed regarding the shape of the upper than 
 of the lower wall. The remains exposed by excavations 
 consist of four bases of columns, which were found at the 
 inner edge of the east wall opposite the greater Propylseum 
 in situ. The bases consist each of a great stone, on the top 
 of which a circle is raised by cutting. The diameter of the 
 circles averages o'55 m ' ihe first, second, and fourth of 
 these pillar-bases lie almost exactly on the same level, whilst 
 the third, a larger square block, is about o’ 28 m. higher. 
 There can be no doubt that we have here the remains of a 
 colonnade, which formed an upper covered passage round 
 the wall. Of the construction of this colonnade we know 
 very little, but from that of a later Greek wall, well known 
 to us, we may form an approximate idea of it. 
 
 From the well-known inscription describing the resto- 
 ration of the Athenian walls (Corpus Inscriptionum Atti- 
 carum, II. 167) we know that on these walls, built ol 
 clay-bricks, a covered gallery was constructed. It consisted 
 on the inner side of a row of separate piers ; on the outside 
 there was a continuous brick wall, with window-like open- 
 ings, furnished with movable wooden shutters ; it was 
 roofed with strong beams of wood, clay, and baked tiles. 
 
 The passage on the citadel-walls of 1 iryns was pro- 
 
186 ™ E TYPE 0F GREEK FORTRESS-WALLS. [Chap. V. 
 wall' 7 ;™ ged 'V Simi ' ar ^ inner side of the 
 
 wood at dtsTanles^fabo^ri^r^orTh ° f 
 
 must suppose a dead brick wall, which foruLThe LJk 
 
 ope ^gs for P dTf:fc’e an Th7 ^ 
 
 C L hr L aetence ; That this wall was indeed built of 
 brickii/^hich f th a great of half-baked 
 
 S eno ff ^^iove“h^:r ^ “ d ' he 
 
 mus^liave been a supple roof of wood and 
 
 wit,, the oil;: 1 ; i ^ - - flU sh 
 
 height of ,h,s colonnade “ini Lt V ° f th * ■ 
 in Plate HI. i s conjectural. & h ‘ Ch 13 marked 
 
 afford- US thC . eaStern Wal1 ° f the u PP er fortress of T.ryns 
 us a \ery interesting and comparatively perfect re 
 presentation of an ancient Greek fortress-wall. 7 The tech' 
 "j 11 " 3 ” ece f sit y , ot building the wall in two offsets was ve v 
 
 x&issszr- - 
 
 . , ..S'Vg”"LT/,rti7h,A;“,Vw.r , SL v a ll ;„“”h 15 
 
 wall a second line of defence which . 16 u PP er 
 
 steps which led down to the lower’ wall ^ ° 0S '" S i ° f ^ 
 difficult to overcome as the first. ’ 3t ^ “ 
 
 Whether the west and south walls of the upper citadel 
 were constructed exact! v in citadel 
 
 «ZZ 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 THE ENTRANCE. 
 
 I8 7 
 
 the enemy had ever gained an entrance in one place on 
 the lower wall, the whole line of defence was not in his 
 hands yet, but he found himself in a comparatively narrow 
 space, from three sides exposed to the missiles of the de- 
 fenders, who not only from the upper wall, but also from 
 the towers on each side, could discharge upon him stones 
 and darts. 
 
 In former descriptions of Tiryns one frequently finds 
 the statement that the citadel had two chief entrances , one 
 on the south-east corner, and one in the middle of the east 
 side. This, however, is incorrect, for the excavations show 
 that at the south-east corner there cannot have been any 
 entrance, and that therefore there was but one great 
 entrance to the citadel. How the south-east corner ter- 
 minated is uncertain, for the wall there is not yet quite 
 exposed. But the position of the ground already shows 
 clearly, that at most a small side-door existed here, such as 
 occurs in several places in the citadel. 
 
 The only great gate lay about in the middle of the east 
 wall, that is, on the side of the citadel facing landwards, 
 and not towards the sea. A ramp, built of large blocks, 
 led from the north along the east wall up to the citadel. It 
 is still fairly well preserved, and might be restored at small 
 cost. Its width is 4- 70 m.; the length cannot be fixed, 
 as the lower part is hidden by the ruins of the citadel-wall, 
 and on this account also we cannot measure the gradient 
 of the ascent. At the upper end of the ramp one comes 
 upon a passage, also 4 ‘ 7 ° m - wide, in the wall, but the 
 lower part of this passage is reduced to a width of about 
 2’jO m. by blocks built up at its sides. 
 
 Here we confidently expected to find some remains oi 
 a gate-portal; but our researches' were without result, tor 
 neither a stone threshold nor any doorposts have been 
 found. 
 
 On the north side of the entrance rises a tower which 
 is still, at the present day, more than 7 m. high, built of 
 
1 88 
 
 the ramp. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 gigantic blocks. Its area forms a rectangle 7*50 m. broad 
 and 10-30 m. long. The tower commanded the entrance 
 completely, for it lies, in accordance with the ancient law of 
 fortification, on the right and unshielded side of the as- 
 sailants.. Whether we should supply a second tower on the 
 south side of the entrance cannot be decided from the 
 remains, but it might reasonably be concluded from the 
 position of the ramp in relation to the adjoining lower 
 wall on the south. It would have been easy to reach the 
 lower wall from the upper end of the ramp, which is about 
 the same height, if it had not been shut off from the ramp 
 by a tower. r 
 
 Having passed through the entrance, one reaches a 
 passage running from north to south, and shut in by high 
 walls on both sides. On the N., or right hand, it leads 
 first to the middle fort, and then further down to the lower 
 citadel. Going to the left, one soon comes to a great gate 
 on passing through which a gradual ascent leads up to’ 
 the palace in the upper citadel. Of this gate and way to 
 the upper citadel we shall learn more when we come to the 
 description of the palace. 
 
 The road on the right-hand which leads to the lower 
 citadel is not yet quite excavated, and therefore we know 
 not whether particular gates shut off the middle and lower 
 citadels. Huge boulders of stone, fallen from the sidewalls, 
 at present block the way. We removed many of them 
 with great difficulty, but were unable to finish the work 
 before the conclusion of the excavations, which was rendered 
 necessary by the commencement of the summer heat. 
 
 Besides this chief entrance, the citadel had several 
 posterns or sally-ports, which apparently partly served for 
 purposes of defence. Posterns of this kind are still to be 
 seen at the northern end and at the south-west corner of 
 the lower citadel; their disposition and construction can 
 only be ascertained by further excavation. 
 
 Ihe small postern in the great semicircular building, 
 
Chap. V.l I 
 
 THE PALACE. 
 
 I 89 
 
 attached to the west side of the upper citadel, is of peculiar 
 interest. We had just begun to clear this, when the intense 
 heat put an end to our work. The purpose of this great 
 screen is therefore not yet ascertained. Hauptmann Steffen 
 coniectures that it was an assembling place, where the 
 warriors gathered for a sortie, and that it was connected by 
 steps with the upper fort. These steps and walled passages 
 are very probably still preserved, and it would be a task 
 likely to repay the trouble to continue the excavations at 
 this point, and to bring to light that postern and its 
 connection with the upper citadel. 
 
 In closing this description of the citadel wall and its 
 gates, I cannot repress the earnest wish, that tne whole of 
 these walls might be cleared as soon as possible, as com- 
 pletely as the inside of the upper fort has been by Dr. Schlie- 
 mann. Then only will it be possible thoroughly to under- 
 stand these interesting walls with their towers, galleries, 
 gates, and posterns, and to answer with certainty the 
 questions which still remain unanswered. 
 
 B. — The Palace in the Upper Citadel. 
 
 In order the better to understand the description of the 
 Duilding of the various rooms, we shall first take a general 
 survey of the Palace, its gateways, courts and chambers. 
 
 If we ascend the great ramp on the east side to the chief 
 entrance, and, having passed the tower, turn to the south, 
 we find ourselves in a high-walled approach, and in a few 
 steps reach a great folding gate, which in dimensions and 
 construction corresponds closely with the Lions Gate of 
 Mycenae. If we pass through, we are led by an ascending 
 way between the eastern citadel-wall and the terrace wall of 
 the upper citadel to a large court, on the E. side of which 
 we observe a portico, the covered passage on the citadel 
 wall. On the west side of the court, opposite to the portico, 
 lies a stately gateway. The folding-door is furnished with 
 
IQO 
 
 general description. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 a roomy outer and inner vestibule, both of which have 
 the well-known form of the temple in antis, that is, two 
 columns between two farastades or antis. We cross this 
 I ropylaeum and come upon a large outer court, in „ hlc h 
 
 But the h ga M' ‘ W0 rf P ° rtiCOeS ’ 3nd S ° me Cambers. 
 But the buildings of this outer court are much injured 
 
 church 6 h , Unn u g r’ e MldC ” e A S CS a smal > Byline 
 church was built, the foundations of which still remain 
 
 At the north-west corner of this outer court lies a second 
 
 ropyteum somewhat smaller than the first, but likewise 
 
 consisting of an inner and outer hall, adorned with pillars. 
 
 Through the double doors of tins gateway we enter the 
 
 due court ot the palace, the court of the men’s apartments. 
 
 On ,s four sides there are porticoes; on the south side, 
 
 beside the inner hall of the Propylmum, a narrow two- 
 
 pdlaretl Stoa; on the north side, the spacious vestibule of 
 
 the megaton; and on each of the other two sides, a three- 
 pillared portico. 
 
 The floor of the court is composed of a strong concrete 
 of small pebbles and lime, and even now produces a very 
 hne effect. In the middle of the south side, immediately 
 beside the north-east pilaster of the Propylteum stands 
 a great altar built of quarried stones. It was apparently 
 
 Th W eUS ’ i ' a ' tar ' he Palace of Odysseus, 
 d he Megaron, the hall of the men, lies with its vest,- 
 
 u C and antechamber on the north side, directly in the 
 
 axis of the court. We first come to the vestibule already 
 
 mentioned, which ,s formed of two columns and two P ara- 
 
 s ades or ante Three folding-doors, side by side, lead into 
 
 the antechamber, and from thence by a large door we come 
 
 to the chief hall. Four pillars supported the roof of this 
 
 huge room, which is almost 10 m. wide by 12 m loner- a 
 
 large circle in the middle of the hall probably indicates the 
 
 situation of the hearth. The antechamber has in its west 
 
 wall a small side door, giving access to various corridors 
 
 anti chambers. Ot the last, one in particular is interest- 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 
 
 191 
 
 ing __the bath-room, of which the floor is composed of 
 
 one gigantic block of stone. o f c ' y 2 4 
 
 Near the great court of the men’s dwelling, the palace 
 contains a second smaller court, with porticoes and 
 chambers, in which we may without hesitation recognize 
 the women’s dwelling. This is only to be reached from 
 the men’s dwelling by roundabout passages and narrow, 
 corridors. As the Megaron of the men is connected 
 with the great court, so the Megaron of the women, with 
 an open vestibule, lies to the north side of this smaller 
 court. No separate anteroom like that in the men’s 
 dwelling is found here, but from the vestibule one passes 
 directly through a wide single doorway to the women’s 
 hall. ' A square place in the floor also shows where the 
 heartrh was, in the middle of the chamber. 
 
 The women’s room is surrounded on three sides by 
 corridors, leading to further chambers; one appears to 
 have had steps to the upper storey, or to the roof. In the 
 outermost north-east corner of the palace lies a separate 
 corridor, from which four chambers of various sizes are 
 accessible. Finally, on the east side of the court of the 
 men’s dwelling many foundations of walls have been un- 
 covered ; but, on account of their ruinous condition, it is 
 impossible to give any comprehensible ground-plan of the 
 rooms in this quarter. 
 
 The picture which rises before us, as we thus wander 
 round the citadel, of the palace and its arrangements, is still 
 in some points misty ; but, taken all in all, is surprisingly 
 complete. The dwelling-house of a ruler in the Heroic 
 age was until now only known to us by the descriptions of 
 Homer. Nothing remained of the palaces of Menelaus, 
 of Odysseus, or the other heroes ; the few crooked walls at 
 Ithaka, which in histories of architecture usually pass for 
 the Palace of Odysseus, had in truth no claim to the 
 name 
 
 The nearest resemblance or approach to an ancient 
 
' 91 ™ E ILtUSTRATI0N OF HOMER'S PALACE. [Chap. V. 
 royal palace was the dwelling of the ancient ruler of Trov 
 
 an r g the bui,di ^ s “ ^ S 
 
 that „ l H ; but these buildin g a were so destroyed 
 
 that no clue to the connection of the various rooms could 
 
 be found. How clearly, on the other hand, rises before us 
 
 f om these discoveries at Tiryns the image rf the horn of 
 
 he prehistoric king ! We see the mighty walls, with their 
 
 otters aru gates, and enter into the palace by the pillar- 
 
 decked Propylma. We recognize the men's "court with 
 
 die'smmh Me SUrr ° Unded i ^ P ° rtic ° es; we ^ther, 
 
 ) egaron, with its anteroom and vestibule- 
 
 we even enter the bath-room; and finally pass on to the 
 
 chambers Th" 8 ’ US and numerous 
 
 chambers. This is a picture which floats before the mind 
 
 Of every reader ol Homer-for example, in the description 
 
 of the return of Odysseus and the massacre of the suite, rs - 
 
 a picture which many a savant has endeavoured to recon- 
 
 sti net after the data given by Homer. 
 
 All .attempts hitherto made at representing the “lordlv 
 house of Homer have been to some extent unsatisfactory 
 
 — I bm r 7" deSCT,beS thC Pa,aces of heroes 
 
 allusions' The { US occas!onal and accidental 
 
 allusions. I here always remained questions to which all 
 
 ; n the ™ rld 7 part of Homeric scMa " 
 could git e no answer in the words of the poet Manv 
 
 o t ese riddles are now solved by the palace at Ti n 
 No doubt it must differ in some details from the palaces 
 O dysseus, Alkmous, and Menelaus, but in general it 
 certainly g.ves us a true picture of a Homeric dwelling 
 
 at ing now taken a general survey of the palace of 
 Tiryns, let us examine the details of the building. 
 
 I . 
 
 The Gate of the Upper Citadel. 
 
 Between the eastern citadel-wall and the terrace of the 
 upper citadel, about , 5 m. south of the mam entrance, the 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 THE GREAT GATE. 
 
 ! 93 
 
 wav leading up into the higher citadel is barred by a gate. 
 This corresponds in arrangement and measurement very 
 closely with the celebrated Lions’ Gate at Mycenae. On 
 an enormous threshold, 1*45 m. broad and more than 3 m. 
 long, there stand two immense doorposts of breccia, 1 ’40 m. 
 broad, 0-95 m. deep, and 3- 20 m. high; one of them still 
 in its place, the other, the eastern one, with its upper 
 half broken off. These uprights are not mere squared 
 blocks, but in the outer side a special door-rebate or door- 
 case is wrought (cf. the ground-plan on Plan II.) against 
 which the. great doors rested. The width of the gate within 
 this door-rebate is 2 • 86 m., a measure recurring precisely 
 in the same part of the Lions’ Gate at Mycenae, and there- 
 fore probably some definite amount of ancient feet or 
 cubits (6 cubits are 9 feet). On the inner side the gate 
 is 3U6 m. in width. As its height is also 3*20 m., the 
 folding-door formed an exact square. In the threshold, 
 immediately behind each stanchion of the door-case, there 
 is preserved a round hole 0*1501. in diameter, in which 
 the pivot of the gate turned. There were, no doubt, two 
 corresponding holes in the lintel. The latter is gone, but 
 most probably consisted, as at the Lions’ Gate at Mycenae, 
 of a large lintel, over which a relieving aperture of tri- 
 angular shape was arranged. Nothing was discovered of 
 any relief which might have filled such an aperture. But 
 the arrangement for shutting the gate can still be clearly 
 seen. In each of the two uprights, 1*55 m. above the 
 threshold, and therefore exactly at mid height, there is a 
 cvlindrical hole 0*17 m. in diameter, meant to receive a 
 large wooden bolt. This bolting beam was round, and, 
 when the gate was to be opened, could be pushed back 
 through the eastern doorpost into the wall of the fort ; 
 when the gate was shut, the great bolt was drawn out of 
 the wall, and run across into the western post, where the 
 hole was only 0*41 m. deep. 
 
 The broad wall on the west side of the gateway, which 
 
 o 
 
194 
 
 THE GREAT PROPYL/EUM. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 strengthens considerably the great eastern supporting wall 
 of the palace, is clearly built for the defence of gate and 
 gateway; for, as the rooms of the palace reach right up 
 to the eastern edge of the terrace, there was on this latter 
 no room for defenders. Hence an additional wall had 
 been added along the terrace, from the top of which 
 the gate could be easily defended. Another object was 
 likewise attained by this wall; the gateway was narrowed, 
 and therefore rendered more easily defensible. 
 
 2. The Great Propyl^eum op the Upper Citadel. 
 
 When we pass through the gate, and go up to the 
 higher citadel, there lies before us a great outside court, on 
 the west of which was a stately gate-building. The actual 
 gate-wall, which held a folding-door, had vestibules before 
 and behind it (east and west). Both these halls are built 
 like temples in antis — that is, their respective fronts con- 
 sist of two pillars between two pilasters. Simple as this 
 plan of the gate is, its importance for the history of Greek 
 architecture is great, for we see in it the form of later 
 Greek gates almost complete. The idea of supplying the 
 actual gate-wall with halls before and behind was substan- 
 tially maintained throughout all ages in Greece, from this 
 gate building of the heroic age to the rich Propyleea of the 
 Acropolis of Athens. 
 
 The gate building is fairly well preserved. The great 
 door-sill of stone lies in its place ; the ancient floor is pre- 
 served in the whole building; the walls still rise up to 
 o‘5° m. above the ground. Of three antce (pilasters), the 
 lowest large stone is still preserved ; and of the four 
 columns, the bases are all in situ. There cannot therefore 
 be the smallest doubt about the ground-plan. 
 
 The ante-chamber, y 50 m. deep and 11-25 m - broad, 
 is surrounded on three sides with walls of limestone-rubble 
 and clay, 1*05 m. to 1*18 m. thick. The north wall 
 
Chap. V.] DOOR-SILLS AND DOOR-POSTS. 1 95 
 
 varies in thickness, as it must correct the variation in direc- 
 tion between the gateway and the rooms adjoining on the 
 north side. A stone of the northern ant a still lies above 
 the floor in its place, while of the southern anta only the 
 foundations remain. This stone is limestone, and is fitted 
 above with round dowel-holes to fasten in the wooden antes. 
 The bases of the two pillars are formed of large blocks of 
 limestone with irregular edges, on the upper surface of 
 which is worked a circle of 0*75 m. diameter, and about 
 4 cm. high. We shall show, further on, that the pillars 
 themselves and the upper parts of the antes were of wood. 
 
 The great door-sill is formed of a limestone block with 
 irregular edges, almost 4 m. long and 2 m. broad. In 
 order to fix it firmly on the foundation, it is supported 
 onlv at both ends ; in the middle the foundation does 
 not reach its lower surface. The whole upper surface of 
 this door-sill is polished, and along its centre a band of 
 1 - 0 8 m. in width, corresponding to the width of the wall, 
 is brought up in relief about 3 cm. high. This band formed 
 the visible door-sill, against which the wooden folding- 
 doors were closed. The lower and irregular part of the 
 door-sill was covered with the composite of the floor, and 
 therefore, not visible. In the part of the threshold, which 
 projects from the line of the wall, the grooves were made 
 in which the pivots of the huge folding-doors turned. 
 They are round holes, o' 21 m. in diameter and o’ 04 m. in 
 depth; in form, the section of a sphere. From centre to 
 centre they are 3' 12 m. apart, from which it appears that 
 the clear width of the actual gates was about as great as 
 that of the gate above described (2*86 m.). The two 
 folding-doors were made of great beams of wood, as the 
 size of the pivot holes (o’ 21 m.) clearly shows. In the 
 description of the doors (below, § 6) it will appear that 
 the wooden posts did not work directly in the grooves, 
 but were shod with bronze. It was therefore bronze, and 
 not wood, which turned in the stone groove. The ruin 
 
 o 2 
 
196 DETAIL OF THE PROPYLjEUM. [Chap. V. 
 
 affords no evidence as to the arrangements for shutting 
 this gate. 
 
 The back vestibule, into which you pass by the folding 
 doors, was planned like the anteroom, but was somewhat 
 deeper (6 *73-6 ’85 m. as compared with 5 -50 m.). Its 
 front is formed of two pillars between two antes. Of the 
 former, only their irregular bases are left, which show in 
 the upper surface the circle raised on the one 2, on the 
 other 3 cm. In both the spaces between antes and pillars 
 there are now low walls, starting from the antes , and not 
 reaching quite to the pillars. They end also in antes - blocks 
 of their own. I thought that these walls were later, and 
 that the two pillars had been got rid of when they were 
 built, for the northern pillar base was found about half 
 covered by a later concrete floor. But there is this objection, 
 that the greater cox x\zx- antes are not carefully worked on 
 their inner side, and were therefore never meant to be visible. 
 Two explanations are possible. Either the front of the 
 posterior hall consisted originally of two pillars between 
 two antes ; later on, the pillars were removed and the side 
 walls built, in order to have only one broad entrance. 
 Or else the two low walls were erected together with the 
 pillars, but were only 1-2 m. high ; then the pillars must 
 have been removed later. In the plan, I have adopted 
 the former hypothesis, and have accordingly noted the 
 little walls as later work. 
 
 The whole floor was covered with a concrete of pebbles 
 and lime, which is still well pieserved in most places. In 
 some can be seen later repairs done with a material almost 
 exclusively lime, and therefore less durable than the older 
 concrete. The holes about 2 m. long, seen in some parts 
 of this floor, are Byzantine tombs, to be discussed when 
 describing the Byzantine Church. 
 
 In the central passage through the gate, indicated in 
 the plan by two lines, the concrete has sunk about 0*30 m. 
 as compared with the floor of the two ‘ side aisles,’ so that 
 
SIEBOLD’S HYPOTHESIS. 
 
 197 
 
 Chap. V.j 
 
 the threshold, which maintains its original level, is to that 
 extent raised above the floor of the ‘ nave.- The cause of 
 this lies in the variety of foundation. The side aisles rest 
 in their whole breadth on huge foundation walls, while the 
 nave or central passage has no foundation. The earth 
 piled up under the floor of the latter subsided consideiably 
 even in olden times, as did the whole court west of the Pro- 
 pylaeum. Hence the concrete of the central passage 
 has sunk, while that of the sides, supported by walls, has 
 maintained its original position. 
 
 But why were the sides supported by great foundations 
 yi m . thick ? It is obvious to compare the Athenian P ro- 
 py laa ; in those too the central passage, in contrast to the 
 sides, is not on a foundation, no doubt because it must be 
 passable for horses and carriages. Perhaps for the same 
 reason the central passage at Tiryns was not supported by 
 a foundation wall. Yet in this case it remains inexplicable 
 how carnages could get over the high threshold, after the 
 central way had already sunk considerably ; it is also re- 
 markable, that on this great threshold no sign of wheel 
 tracks has been found. My architect friend, Herr Siebold. 
 who during his long visit at Tiryns was kind enough to 
 talk over all these problems with me, has proposed another 
 theory for the supporting of the side aisles, which has much 
 to be said for it, and which therefore I shall not omit. He 
 thinks that the strong walls with a passage between them 
 of about 2 -75 m. wide are the remains of an older gate, 
 whose floor lay much deeper, and was enclosed with thick 
 walls. To support this hypothesis there are various grounds. 
 First, there are in many parts of the palace, at a deeper 
 level, undoubted traces of older buildings; secondly, the 
 open court east of the Propylaeum is made of vemblai of 
 red, or burnt-brick debris, which also points to an older 
 destroyed settlement ; thirdly, it could thus be explained 
 how the foundation under the middle of the great threshold 
 does not reach up to it, but lies considerably deeper. 
 
[Chap. V 
 
 [ 9$ PROBABLE DESIGN OF THE GATE 
 
 In the north wall of the back vestibuie a side door has 
 been discovered, which leads to some rooms (XXXVIII ) 
 and by means of a long corridor to the women’s apartments! 
 In this long passage the lime-floor is almost everywhere 
 well-preserved, so that even now you can pass up easily 
 between the walls, about i m. high, to the higher court of 
 the women s residence. 
 
 Of the upper structure of the gateway we can form only 
 a conjecture, as we know nothing, or next to nothing 
 about its height and artistic details. The principal (east) 
 front had four supports, two pillars between two antes • 
 the latter were 1-35 m. broad, the lower diameter of the 
 pillars may be assumed at o ■ 65 m., to judge from the bases, 
 ihe central intercolumnar space was wider than the rest • 
 the width in the clear from pillar to pillar was 3 -45 m.’ 
 while that of the others was about 3 ’15 m. But this 
 difference was merely caused by the varying strength of the 
 supports for from axis to axis the three distances were 
 exactly the same, 4 - 10 m. We know nothing of the form 
 o the pillars, and can only surmise that their capitals were 
 not unlike those of the great beehive tomb at Mycenm 
 and the Lions’ Gate there. 
 
 Over the four supports there must have been an epistyle 
 to receive the ends of the great roof-beams, for, considering 
 the width in the clear of the gate (n- a5 m.), the latter 
 could not possibly have been set parallel to the front, but 
 must have been at right angles with it. The ends of the 
 beams were perhaps visible over the epistyle, and orna- 
 mented after the manner of triglyphs; otherwise they may 
 have been round, like the beam-ends shown on tomb fhcades 
 and the Lions’ relief at Mycenae. Over these great beams 
 we must imagine boards, which, as a protecting entablature, 
 reached out far beyond the edge of the roof. They were 
 probably covered with rushes and a thick layer of clay 
 which formed a horizontal roof. In order to secure a better 
 escape for ram water, the clay-coating was doubtless much __ 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 THE GREAT FRONT COURT. 
 
 199 
 
 thicker in the centre than at the sides. Thus the surface 
 of the roof obtained the form of a very flat cupola, as we 
 see it on the temple of Thetis in the well-known vase of 
 Ergotimos and Klitias in Florence, generally known as the 
 Francois- Vase. The appearance of the back hall probably 
 corresponded to the front hall as now described. 
 
 As regards the Homeric word for the Propylaum , there 
 can be no hesitation in identifying it with the tt P 69v P op 
 (or TT P 69v P a). The palace of Odysseus had, according to 
 Homer, apparently only one tt P 69v P op (vestibule), the gate 
 of the court; when the palace was larger, and had an 
 exterior court as well, this latter must have had its own 
 7 t P o9v P ov. 
 
 3. The Great Front Court. 
 
 (No. II. on Plate II.) 
 
 Having passed through the Propylaeum, we come to a 
 large court of irregular shape, surrounded with colonnades 
 and some rooms. At its east side, immediately south of the 
 Propylaeum, there is a small colonnade (XXXIX. on the 
 Plan). It was designed like a temple in antis ; of its two 
 pillars the stone bases, 0*47 m. in diameter, are still in 
 situ ; they are of limestone and have the form of frustum 
 of a cone, or a Doric capital turned upside down. Ot the 
 southern anta too, a great limestone block is still in posi- 
 tion ; it has on its upper surface no dowel-holes, as is the 
 case with other antce. The northern anta is gone. 1 he 
 distance from axis to axis of the pillars is 2'o6 m. ; the 
 depth of the colonnade about 2 ”40 m. The narrow space, 
 1 ■ 20 m. broad, behind the back wall was excavated pretty 
 deeply, but we could not determine its object, or whether 
 it had been at all accessible. 
 
 A second colonnade of the same form appears to have 
 existed south of the Byzantine Church ; but this is not 
 certain, as not even the pillar bases were preserved. By the 
 
200 
 
 THE NORTH SIDE OF THE COURT. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 building of this Byzantine Church, not only this colonnade, 
 but all the other buildings on the south side of the court 
 were much injured. Foundations only are left, and even 
 these are so much destroyed, that the connection of the 
 various walls is hardly to be made out. 
 
 The west side of the court is even worse. Here, at 
 some time or other, the great citadel-wall gave way ; the 
 terrace of the fort thus lost its support, and slipped away 
 with all its buildings and foundations. Hence every trace 
 of ancient buildings is gone on the west side of the citadel. 
 The great western citadel-wall is probably still preserved 
 here in its lowest courses, but it will require considerable 
 excavations to determine accurately its direction and con- 
 struction. 
 
 The north side of the court is, fortunately, better pre- 
 sen ed. The great Propylaeum is joined on the west side 
 by a small corridor, which was closed by doors, and formed a 
 direct secondary connection between the main court and 
 the preceding court. The floor of this corridor is still 
 preserved, and consists of lime-concrete. As the difference 
 of level of the two courts exceeds i m., the way leads up 
 with a steep gradient to the Men’s Court. Westward 
 follow two chambers, first, a larger one 6*22 m. wide, and 
 then one of 3-09111.; both are 4-29111. deep. There is 
 no trace of the position of the doors, but as remains of the 
 concrete floor of both rooms are preserved, it could be 
 ascertained that the floors were only a few centimetres 
 higher than the outer court, but about 0-67 m. lower than 
 the court of the men s apartments, and so these chambers 
 were intended to be entered from the former, and not the 
 latter. The doors must therefore have been at that point 
 of the south wall where there is now no masonry left. As 
 to the use of the two rooms, nothing can be safely deter- 
 mined ; we can only surmise that they may have served to 
 lodge the door-keepers. 
 
4> The Gate into the Men’s Court. 
 
 ( TLpodvpov rrjs av\fj$.) 
 
 Westward of the rooms just described lies a gate 
 building (No. III. on Plan III.), which connects the outer 
 with the main court. Its plan agrees substantially with 
 that of the great Propylaeum, except that all the measure- 
 ments are somewhat smaller. Here too the wall of the 
 gate, which had folding-doors, was furnished with a front 
 and back vestibule, both of which probably opened with 
 two pillars between two antes. I say probably , because we 
 found the southern vestibule so destroyed, that its form 
 was no longer discernible. For by the fall of the western 
 citadel -wall this gateway was also greatly injured ; its whole 
 west wall is gone, and of the southern there are only scanty 
 foundations left. The back vestibule, on the contrary, is 
 still well-preserved ; on its north side there still stand two 
 pillar bases and two #7z/^-blocks, of which the western only 
 is somewhat displaced. In the east wall we still see a large 
 stone-sill belonging to a side door, which led into the south 
 portico of the court ; in the gate wall itself there yet lies 
 the great door-sill of breccia with two pivot-holes for the 
 double folding-doors ; the lime concrete floor of the back 
 vestibule is almost completely preserved. 
 
 As no trace of a pillar was found in the front vestibule, 
 it might be considered doubtful whether the building was 
 really a Propylaeum. One might suppose that the room 
 looking north was only the vestibule of a room adjoining 
 it to the south. But this idea can be easily refuted. First, 
 it would indeed be curious if a chamber furnished with a 
 vestibule were itself no deeper than this appendage. Again, 
 the well-preserved pivot-holes for the doors are found to be 
 inside the north room, thus proving it to be the inner part 
 of the structure, and that the room to the south was indeed 
 the vestibule or entrance. Lastly, the way leading from the 
 
2-02 GATE OF THE MEN’S COURT. [Chap. V. 
 
 great Propylaeum rises considerably towards the west, and 
 only attains the level of the men’s court south of our build- 
 ing. This is therefore the point where the lie of the ground 
 forces us to place the connection of the two courts, even if 
 no trace of this lesser Propylaeum remained. 
 
 Hence it is certain that the building under consideration 
 is a gateway, whose destroyed vestibule we can reconstruct 
 from the well-preserved back-hall, and in accordance with 
 the plan of the great Propylaeum, as an open hall with 
 two pillars between two antes. 
 
 The existing foundations of the gate are all of lime- 
 stone rubble ; portions of the wall above ground are only 
 preserved at the east wall, and are of the same material, with 
 clay-mortar. The foundation of the middle wall is widened 
 southward, after the manner of steps, probably because here 
 th eremblai of the building ground required a broad found- 
 ation. A real flight of stairs is not to be thought of here. 
 The great door-sill in the central wall is made of a single 
 block of breccia, 3*50 m. long, towards the south cut away 
 smoothly flush with the wall line, towards the north uneven, 
 and advancing beyond the wall. In this advancing portion 
 the pivot-holes are set, each 0*19 m. in diameter. Their 
 distance from centre to centre is 2* 85 m. ; the width of the 
 door was therefore by some centimetres smaller than that 
 of the door in the great Propylaeum. The lesser door-sill 
 in the east wall of the back-hall is of limestone, and has 
 apparently no pivot-hole. It is remarkably long in relation 
 to the possible width of the side door, and must therefore 
 have reached far southwards into the wall. 
 
 The two antes - piers of the back hall are of breccia, and 
 show above holes bored for wooden dowels, which served 
 to fasten the wooden parastaeles. Their front face is 1 • 30 m. 
 broad. Between them he the two pillar bases of limestone, 
 o’ 70 m. in diameter, so that the diameter of the wooden 
 pillar would be about o 1 60 m. 
 
 1 he axes of the pillars are 3*67 m. apart, those of 
 
Chap. V.] THE COURT OF THE MEN’S APARTMENTS. 203 
 
 pillars and antes only 2*92 rn. ; hence the central inter- 
 columniation was considerably the wider (3*0701. instead 
 of 1 -97 m.). This considerable difference, far exceeding 
 that observed in the great Propylaeum, appears to be due 
 to the desire of giving the central passage the maximum 
 width possible, in spite of the narrow dimensions of the 
 whole Propylaeum. 
 
 The Homeric word for our gate is 7 rpoOvpov, or npoOvpa. 
 The court-gate of the palace ol Odysseus must have been 
 situated, at least in Homer’s mind, just as it is in Tiryns, 
 for he describes Athene standing on the threshold ol the 
 gate, and looking at the suitors, who in the court before 
 the entrance to the men s apartments amused themselves 
 with games* 
 
 3 . The Court of the Men’s Apartments. 
 
 (r) av\rj.) 
 
 Through the Prothyron we enter a great court, sur- 
 rounded with colonnades. This is the men s court, the 
 centre of the whole palace. The ground-plan is approxi- 
 mately a rectangle, 15 75 m. deep by 20*23 m. broad, 
 not counting the depth of the colonnades. The whole 
 floor is still covered with thick lime concrete, injured 
 only here and there. In the great shaft at the noith- 
 eastern corner of the court, which Dr. Schliemar.n sunk in 
 1876, the various strata of this concrete floor are plainly 
 discernible. Lowermost on the remblai , there is a thick 
 stratum (40—70 mm.) of stones and lime, a sort of Beton , 
 intended as a secure basis for the actual concrete ; then 
 
 * Od. I. 103-7 : 
 
 77 5 ’ ’ WoLKrjs ivl br\p.(p iirl TrpoOvpois OSvcrijos. 
 OuSov eV auXeiov' ttglAc i/xr) 5’ ?x 6 X^ Keov 
 elbofiev 7] T acp'uav 7)yr]Topi M ei/ry- 
 
 eupe 5’ apa pv'ntrr^pas ayrjvopas * ol p.€j/ eneira 
 ‘jreo’O’o'iaL irpoTrapoLde dvpawv Qvfibv erepirou, 
 
204 
 
 DRAINAGE APPLIANCES. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 follows a second layer about 25 mm. thick, consisting of 
 pebbles and a very solid reddish lime. Uppermost lies a 
 layer of about 18 mm. thick, made of lime and small 
 pebbles, and affording a most durable concrete. In some 
 places, especially in the east colonnade, repairs had already 
 been made in ancient times, and with an inferior mortar, 
 consisting almost exclusively of lime. 
 
 The escape of rain-water is very carefully provided for, 
 for the surface of the concrete is not a horizontal plane, 
 but so levelled that the water runs off to a single point on 
 the south side. There we find a vertical shaft, built of 
 rubble, and covered with a stone flag. Through a hole in 
 this covering stone the water fell down the shaft, and so 
 reached a walled horizontal canal, which probably led it to 
 some reservoir. No trace of this reservoir, which must 
 have been some metres below the floor of the palace, has 
 yet been found; but its existence may with some con- 
 fidence be assumed, since the inhabitants of the citadel 
 would hardly have left the water gathered by the roofs and 
 floors to be wasted. E. Curtius ( Peloponnesos , II. 388) 
 indeed mentions a cistern, as lying near the south wall. 
 We have found no trace of it. 
 
 The so 7 ith side of the court was occupied by two 
 colonnades, of which the western has already been men- 
 tioned as the back-hall of the gateway. The other 
 (No. XXXV.) consists likewise of two pillars between two 
 antes, and immediately adjoins the gateway. The site of 
 the pillars is only indicated by two irregular stones, which 
 show on their upper surface no raised circle, as is the case 
 with the pillar-bases before-mentioned. Hence the axal- 
 distance of the pillars could only be determined approxi- 
 mately at 3*90 m. By means of a side-door, the colonnade 
 stands in direct connection with the back-hall of the gateway, 
 so that both really form but a single continuous stoa ; but 
 the back hall is considerably deeper than the colonnade 
 (3*60 m. and 1 * 60 m. respectively). 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 COLONNADES ROUND THE COURT. 
 
 205 
 
 On the west side of the court lie three pillar-bases, 
 and a quadrangular pilaster ; they are the pillars which 
 Dr. Schliemann found in 1876, and which have been 
 measured and described by many travellers. The quad- 
 rangular pilaster is an irregular block of limestone, on 
 whose upper side a square of 1 ' 05 m. is worked ; it pro- 
 bably formed the east end of a wall coming from the west ; 
 but of this latter no trace has been found. The pillar-bases 
 consist likewise of irregularly-edged limestone blocks, on 
 the upper surface of which there is a circle raised a few 
 centimetres, of 0*59 m. diameter. The distance of their 
 axes is 3 • 20 m. To the north the pillars are flanked by 
 no parastas or anta, as we should expect, but the epistyle 
 over the pillars continued on the cross wall. 
 
 Unfortunately we cannot say whether this row of 
 pillars belonged to a narrow stoa or a deep room, because 
 no trace, even of foundations, of the back wall has been 
 found. But the former was probably the case, as we may 
 assume that a portico was arranged on the west side as on 
 the other sides of the court. Between the south anta of 
 this portico and the north-western corner of the gateway a 
 narrow corridor seems to have led to rooms lying westward, 
 but now destroyed. Digging deep in the neighbourhood 
 of the western colonnade, we found about 1 m. under the 
 floor of the court remains of older concrete, which proves 
 that even in this part of the palace there were new buildings 
 
 added in very ancient times. 
 
 On the east of the court lies a colonnade consisting of 
 three pillars between two antes (No. XXXIV.). Its southern 
 anta of breccia belongs also to the south colonnade of the 
 court. The three pillar-bases are not as well worked as 
 those on the west side of the court, and are merely irregular 
 stones, somewhat smoothed on the top ; it is only from 
 their equal distances that we could infer that they carried 
 pillars. The north anta consists of two blocks of sand- 
 stone set on end, and resting on a stone base. Their 
 
206 THE ALTAR OF THE MEGARON. [Chap. V. 
 
 vertical joint, the close fitting of which reminds one of 
 the later masonry of the Greeks, is very remarkable. On 
 the top of this anta there are square holes for the reception 
 of wooden dowels. Neither height nor diameter of the 
 pillars can be determined ; their axal distance can be fixed 
 at 3*90 m. The depth of the colonnade without the pillars 
 is nearly 1 • 90 m. 
 
 The above-mentioned connecting corridor (No. 
 XXXVII.) which joins the court with the great front 
 court, forms precisely the southern prolongation of the east 
 colonnade. At the north end a door leads into the little 
 room, No. XXXIII., which is separated from the colonnade 
 No. XXXI. by a very thin wall. Unfortunately we do 
 not know whether this wall was carried up, or was merely a 
 sort of threshold. If this latter was the case, then there 
 was here a connection between the men’s and the women’s 
 dwelling ; but the existence of such a passage is very 
 questionable. 
 
 In the middle of the south side of the court, beside the 
 north anta of the lesser Propylasum, we found, in digging, a 
 quadrangular block of masonry, made of flat-shaped quarry 
 stones and clay. It was 3 -25 m. long by 2*68 m. broad; 
 on its west side, but not exactly in the middle, a small 
 square block of masonry is annexed. We could have no 
 doubt as to the meaning of this structure ; it was a great 
 altar , lying exactly in the central axis of the court opposite 
 the megaron. Its size was sufficient to burn a whole victim 
 at once. Perhaps the addition on the west side was the 
 place for the sacrificing priest to stand. What the altar 
 once looked like, we could not tell ; it is probable that the 
 rough rubble masonry was not meant to be visible, but the 
 surface was covered with a coating of lime or some other 
 material ; of this, however, no trace remains. The height 
 of the altar is also indeterminable ; what remains rises only 
 o’ 35 m. above the floor of the court. 
 
 Such an altar Ilomer often describes in the inner court; 
 
CHAP. V.] 
 
 THE ALTAR. 
 
 207 
 
 here the house-master, as priest, used to offer victims; 
 Xestor for instance, relates that he came with Odysseus to 
 Peleus ’ and found him sacrificing* “ But the aged Peleus 
 burned on the grass of the court the fat thighs of an ox to 
 the thunder-loving Zeus, and poured from a golden goblet 
 sparkling wine on the blazing sacrifice. You were busied 
 with the meat of the ox, while we were standing m the 
 
 vestibule.” 
 
 In the palace of Odysseus also stood an altar ol Zeus, 
 for durum the murder of the suitors Phemius the singer, 
 who was in the megaron, deliberates whether he will run to 
 the altar of Zeus, and sit there as a supphant.f “ He stood 
 with the clear-toned harp in his hand, hard by the postern 
 gate • and he meditated two ways in his mind, whether he 
 should slip forth from the hall and sit down at the well- 
 built altar of the great Hercaean Zeus, whereon Laertes and 
 Odysseus had burnt many thighs of oxen. 
 
 Besides the altar, there is also a Tholos mentioned m 
 the court of Odysseus’ palace, on the shape and intention of 
 which Homeric scholars are widely at variance. In the 
 court at Tiryns there has been no circular building found, 
 so that the question so far cannot be settled. By some 
 scholars the Thalamos (bed-chamber) of Telemachus is 
 also placed in the midst of the court, but this rests on what 
 seems to me a false interpretation of the phrase Trepio-Keirry 
 
 * II. XI. 772-7 : 
 
 Teoav 8’ ImrnXira nijAevs 
 vlova wpi’ iKaie Qobs Ail -repiviKepabvcp 
 
 av\Tj s iv X 6 PTV *X* s « XP^ L0V 
 tnrevSwv alduira olvov fir' alQopivois tepoicriv. 
 
 2<p£>i plv ap<p\ frobs eicerov Kpea, vuC S’ fneira 
 (TTTjfJ-SV ivl irpodupoicri 
 
 t Od. XXII. 332-6 : 
 
 ■'Eonj 8’ eV xeipeaw <J>°PW7“ Xlyaa-, 
 ayx L nap’ op<ro0upw 5 ‘X“ 5 * < PP ecr '‘ M e PP- 7 )P 1 C 6J '> 
 tl 4 kSvs ptydpoio A tbs p eydXov irorl 0wp<5v 
 Epicetov i(oito rervypeyov, evO’ &pa zroAAa 
 Aaeprris ’OS 1 / 1 revs re fiowv eirl pvp*- e/crjai'. 
 
208 
 
 PLAN OF THE HOMERIC COURT. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 ivl x^PV- 1 thin k those are right, who place this chamber 
 close to the outer wall of the palace, so that Telemachus 
 could have a wide prospect into the country. There 
 may have been several such Thalamoi at Tiryns, especially 
 on the west side ot the court ; inside the court nothing of 
 the kind has been found, and it contains no building but 
 the altar in its open space. 
 
 In describing a Greek dwelling-house, Vitruvius says * 
 that the Greek court (peristylion) had colonnades on three 
 sides, west, south, and east, and on the north side lay the 
 Prostas, a vestibule, to which the large rooms adjoined. 
 This is the very arrangement of the court at Tiryns. On 
 the south side lies the back hall of the irpoOvpov and a little 
 aWovora av\ps, east and west larger aiOovcra t ; at the north 
 side, between two advancing antes, the megaron is placed 
 with a vestibule (aiOovcra. Sw/xaro?). This agreement is 
 striking, and is an important proof that the plan of the 
 late historical Greek dwelling-house was developed from 
 the Homeric dwelling-house. 
 
 Finally we note the two epithets which Homer gives 
 to the colonnades of the court, ^eerro? and ipiSoviro 5. 
 The former probably refers to the polished plastering, which 
 covered the back wall of the colonnade, and to the polished 
 pillars of wood, which were probably covered with metal, 
 the latter to the loud echo which the colonnades of the 
 court produced. 
 
 6. The Men’s Apartment. 
 
 (to peyapov.) 
 
 At the north side of the court lies the largest room of the 
 palace, the megaron for the men, with an antechamber and 
 
 * Vitruv. De Arch. VI., 7. Id peristylion in tribus partibus habet 
 porticus; in ea parte, quae spectat ad meridiem, duas antas inter se spatio 
 amplo distantes . . . Hie locus apud nonnullos 7rpocrrds, apud alios 
 TrapacTTw; nominatur. In his locis introrsus constituuntur oeci magni 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 THE MEGARON. 
 
 209 
 
 a vestibule. The present condition of these three rooms 
 may be seen on the ground-plan of the palace (Plan II.), 
 in which the existing foundations are given in light colour, 
 
 No. 113.— The Men’s Apartment (to neyapov). 
 
 the still-standing walls in a darker one. r l he next figure, 
 No. 1 13, gives a restored plan, to which we shall refer in the 
 following description. The light colour here indicates 
 masonry, and the dark, wooden structure. The little 
 
 v 
 
2 10 
 
 VESTIBULE WITH TWO STEPS. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 squares denote the designs of the concrete floor produced 
 by scratched lines. 
 
 The megaron, with its entrance chambers, is the most 
 important part of the palace, and is indicated as such in 
 various ways. In the first place it occupies the highest part 
 of the citadel, as may easily be seen by the altitudes marked 
 in red on the Plan II. From the gate of the upper citadel 
 to the first Propylaeum you ascend 3 ’33 m. ; from there to 
 the second Propylaeum, 1*07 m. ; and the floor of the 
 megaron lies still o’ 64.01. higher. Secondly, the vestibule 
 of the megaron is the only building of which the front is 
 furnished like a Greek temple with steps in its full width; 
 for two neatly worked stone steps lead from the court 
 up to the vestibule. Thirdly, the megaron is the largest 
 covered room in all the palace, and has therefore thicker 
 walls than any of the rest. Fourthly, the position of the 
 megaron in relation to the court shows the importance of 
 this building. The north side of the court is planned in 
 accordance with the axis of the megaron ; to the front of 
 the vestibule are joined at either side walls 3 m. long, with 
 cross walls, which end in front with parastades. The altar 
 is likewise set up exactly in the axis of the megaron. All 
 these points prove that the building on the north side of 
 the court was the most important part of tiie palace, the 
 men’s apartment, with its anterooms. 
 
 Let us now examine the details of the structure. The 
 vestibule is built as a rao? iv Trapaarra ctl, its front consists of 
 two pillars between two antce (pilasters). In the adjoining 
 sketch in perspective (Fig. 114) the western parastas and 
 one of the pillar bases are given ; in front are seen the two 
 steps, which raise the floor of the vestibule above that of the 
 court. The upper step consists of slabs of red limestone 
 of various length, joined with great accuracy. The height 
 of this step is o’ 08 m., and is therefore very small, the tread 
 measures o ’ 39 m. The lower step is built of sandstone slabs, 
 in height and width corresponding with the measurement 
 
Chap. V.] WESTERN ANTJE OF THE VESTIBULE. 
 
 21 I 
 
 of the upper step, but the length of the single slabs is 
 greater. As may be seen from the sketch and the plans^ 
 the upper step only lies between the two antes , while the 
 
 lower reaches to their outer corners ; immediately in front 
 of the antes the lower step has double the height. 
 
 The two pillar bases are large irregular limestone blocks, 
 with a circle, o’ 7 6 m. in diameter, worked on the top. 
 Their axal width is 3*80 m. Each of the parastades or 
 
 v a 
 
212 
 
 STRUCTURE OF THE ANTsE. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 antes consists of a large block of breccia, only worked on 
 two sides. The other sides, being hidden in the masonry, 
 could be left rough. The treatment of these a ice we shall 
 discuss in speaking of the materials used in the building. 
 The two surfaces which show, are on the average 1*43 m. 
 broad and o*6i m. high. On the upper side, and parallel 
 to the outer surface, a band o' 30m. broad is smoothed 
 and furnished with live round dowel-holes ; the rest was left 
 rough and is some centimetres higher (cf. Fig. 1 14). There 
 was therefore no second stone laid over the first, for, to 
 secure it, the upper surface must have been at least approxi- 
 mately levelled. We must rather conclude, from the form 
 of the surface, that the upper part of the antes consisted of 
 wooden posts, fitted to the lower block by wooden dowels. 
 These posts must have been about o’ 30 m. thick. From 
 the number of the mortice-holes, we may infer that each 
 ant a consisted of five vertical posts, but we must not 
 forget that possibly a horizontal beam may have been laid 
 immediately over the stone anta, the same beam which, 
 as longitudinal beam, went through the whole wall. The 
 wood of the antes was probably coated with metal, for we 
 know that such metal-coating took a prominent place in 
 the Homeric palaces. No certain remains of such metal- 
 coating have, however, been found in Tiryns. 
 
 If we examine carefully the ground-plan of the vesti- 
 bule, the remarkable relation of the pillar-bases to the antes 
 strikes us. For while they lie strictly in a line with the 
 inner surface of the antes, they retite about 0-56 m. from 
 the outer line of the building. Why was this ? and of what 
 kind are we to imagine an architrave if one was 1 resting on 
 the pillars? Three possible explanations occur to me. If 
 the architrave was about as thick as the diameter of the 
 bases, and lay exactly over the middle of the pillars, the 
 antes advanced about 0-5611-1. in front of the architrave 
 and reached probably up to the projecting corona (yetcrov). 
 If, however, the architrave was of the breadth of the antes 
 
Chap. V.] CONJECTURES ON THE ARCHITRAVE. 
 
 2I 3 
 
 ( i '42 m.), and agreed with them both back and front, then 
 we cannot understand why the pillars were not set under 
 the middle of it, the more so as it must have consisted of 
 several longitudinally-set beams, and therefore in the first 
 place required support in the middle. In the third place, 
 we might suppose that the architrave lay as first described, 
 but that the front surface of the antce was so much tapered 
 upwards, that at the top it matched the architrave. If this 
 tapering of the anta were less considerable, this last hypo- 
 thesis would be the most admissible, because in later Greek 
 edifices the upward tapering of the parastades was conspi- 
 cuous. But in our vestibule the tapering would have been 
 so considerable, that we cannot implicitly decide for the 
 third theory, and tne first theory, which brings the parastas 
 in advance of the architrave, and up to the corona (yeicrov) 
 deserves attention (see the Fran^ois-Vase for bracket- 
 capitals). 
 
 Concerning the proportions of the facade we know 
 nothing, as all the altitudes throughout the buildings of 
 the citadel are completely lost. We can only make a pos- 
 sible picture of the outside of the vestibule, which would 
 agree in the main with the view of the great Propylaeum, as 
 we have described it (see p. 198). On two low steps there 
 rose two pillars and two corner antce . The diameter of the 
 former is less than 0^75 m., the antce are at least twice 
 as thick. The four supports, counting from axis to axis, 
 are almost equidistant; but as the antce are considerably 
 thicker than the pillars, the intercolumniations at the 
 sides must be less than in the centre. The precise form 
 of the entablature is unknown to us; we only know that 
 the roof-beams did not lie parallel over the vestibule, but 
 at right angles to the front ; that they must therefore have 
 been set on the epistyle and not on the side walls. Perhaps 
 the beam-ends were visible over the architrave, and used for 
 a triglyph-frieze arrangement. 
 
 Inside trie vestibule we have still to speak of the two 
 
214 
 
 FLOOR OF THE VESTIBULE. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 short side walls, which show one remarkable feature. 
 Immediately behind the pilasters, the wall, which is built 
 of rubble and clay, becomes about o'4om. thinner, clearly 
 because some coating of different material was here applied. 
 Now on the south wall there still remain portions of a 
 splendid alabaster-frieze, which we shall describe at length 
 in its place. They occupy exactly the whole space from 
 the antes to the cross wall. But it will be clearly shown 
 that the frieze cannot have stood here originally, but at 
 some other place. We must therefore assume some other 
 material for the wall-coating of the vestibule; I conjecture 
 it to have been wood. As the back wall of the vestibule 
 has been proved to have consisted entirely of wood, and as 
 the pillars and antes , with the exception of the bases and 
 socles, were also of that material, the short side walls would 
 have been the only plastered surfaces of the vestibule, if 
 they had not also been cased with wood. Whether this 
 wood was covered with bronze or some other metal, cannot 
 be decided, but is probable. 
 
 1 he floor of the vestibule was covered with a concrete 
 almost entirely of lime, which is mostly preserved ; under 
 the upper layer, about 15 mm. thick, lies another of in- 
 ferior mortar. The upper edge of the concrete lies on an 
 exact level with the top step, while the two pillar bases are 
 raised about 2 cm. above the floor. In the north-west 
 corner one can still see that it was divided into squares 
 and narrow rectangles of scratched-in lines ; in the restored 
 plan (Fig. 1 1 3 ) the design is reproduced. The length of 
 the vestibule contains thirteen, the depth about six of these 
 squares. The latter measure could not be accuratelv 
 determined, because close to the steps the lines are now 
 gone. Each line in the plan was really formed by bands of 
 three parallel strokes, as is shown in Fig. 116. for the floor 
 of the megaron. 
 
 I liree large folding-doors connect the vestibule with 
 the anteroom (see woodcut No. 1 13, and Plan II., No. VI.) 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 DETAILS OF THE DOORS. 
 
 215 
 
 They occupy almost the whole partition wall, leaving room 
 only for four narrow doorposts. The three huge door- 
 sills are still in their place — breccia blocks 050-60 m. 
 broad by about 2 • 30 m. long. On the short sides they 
 are irregular in edge, but at the long sides they are cut 
 smooth, not like the limestone thresholds, which are mostly 
 unfinished all round. Each door-sill has two pivot-holes, 
 about 90 mm. diameter and 25 mm. deep, and 1*72 m. 
 apart. These are not, as in the door-sills formerly described, 
 outside the course of the wall, but are set in the sill itself, 
 about O' 35 m. from its outer edge. Hence it follows, the 
 three doors must each have had a separate door-case about 
 0-30 m. thick, into which the doors fitted when shut. 
 When opened, they remained fiat against the pilasters, or 
 fitted into the door-case so as not to narrow the entrance. 
 In the restored plan (woodcut No. 113) this is indicated 
 by dotted curves. Considering the narrow separation of 
 the doors, this arrangement was necessary , as, according to 
 the usual arrangement, the opened wings must have collided 
 in the interior of th <z prodomos. Of the posts between the 
 doors, Homer’s crrad[xol , we shall speak again in our general 
 treatment of the doors ; we need only here observe that 
 they were all four certainly of wood. Hence nothing of 
 them could be extant except the foundations. 
 
 The anteroom itself, which we enter through the three 
 great doors, is of about the same dimensions as the vestibule. 
 It is about 4-72 m. deep by 9 • 70 m. broad, thus in about 
 the ratio of 1 : 2. On the floor are the remains of concrete 
 made of lime and pebbles ; there are no lines scratched 
 on it visible. The door in the west wall, leading to the 
 bath-room and other apartments on the west side of the 
 megaron , has still its great sill of breccia, with only one 
 pivot-hole left ; it was therefore a single door, as the restored 
 ground-plan (Fig. 113) shows. Huge beams of wood, pro- 
 vided on the front side with a separate door-case, enclosed 
 the door on both sides. With the exception of some 
 
THE MEGARON. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 216 
 
 charcoal, nothing of these posts is left ; but their exist- 
 ence is proved by the state of the adjoining wall, which is 
 thoroughly burnt through, and reduced to a solid mass. 
 
 When we discovered the small door, we expected to 
 find a similar one in the east wall of the anteroom, which 
 would have established a direct connection between the 
 men’s apartment and the court of the women’s habitation ; 
 but this was not so. There was no door in the east wall, 
 for the masonry of the whole wall still remains unbroken. 
 
 A large door, about 2 m. broad, in the midst of the north 
 wall, leads us to the Mens Hall. The great breccia door- 
 sill, 3 m. long by 1 ’ 25 m. broad, is still in its old place. 
 On the left of the door, as the ground-plan (Plate II.) 
 shows, there still stand endwise two stone slabs terminating 
 the masonry. The doorposts were of wood, and were 
 destroyed with the citadel. In Fig. 113 I have denoted 
 them by a dark colour. Strange to say, in the door-sill we 
 were unable to find any pivot-hole. We must assume, there- 
 fore, that the doorway was only closed by drawing a curtain. 
 
 The megaron is a large room, 1 1 * 8 1 ni. long by 
 9-73 m. to 9-86 m. broad,* thus having a ground surface 
 °f 1 15 ’75 square metres. It exceeds in size the cellas ot 
 many Greek temples, eg. that of the Theseion at Athens is 
 only 75*5 square metres. So great a space could hardly 
 be spanned by a free roof, and therefore four inner pillars 
 were set, on which lay strong supports to carry the roof 
 beams. Of these pillars the round stone bases remain. 
 They are o’ 78 m. in diameter and a little wider below. 
 On their surface is an inner circle about o’ 66 m. in dia- 
 meter, within which the stone is well preserved, while the 
 
 * The measurements at opposite sides of this hall do not agree, 
 as there were small variations in the building, and in the subsiding of 
 the walls. It must also be observed, that rude rubble walls admit of no 
 accurate measurements. I have therefore in most cases given average 
 measures. I note the fact here, on account of the large amount of the 
 variation. 
 
PLATE IV. 
 
 •FRIEZE IN ITS-ACTUAL STATE-1 : 50. 
 
 PLAN OF THE ■ FRIEZE - 1 : 
 
 ■SCULPTURED ORNAMENT-1 : 5. 
 DRAWN BY W. DORPFELD. 
 
 GLASS PASTE FROM MENIDI. 
 
Chap. Y.] 
 
 THE LIGHTING. 
 
 21 7 
 
 surrounding edge was eaten by fire, and partly chipped 
 away. This condition of the bases shows us that they 
 were of wood, and smaller in diameter than the bases. 
 
 On the arrangement of the wooden epistyle we can say 
 nothing, as we have no safe data to go upon. Either there 
 were only two great beams from the south wall resting each 
 on two pillars and reaching to the north wall, thus dividing 
 the hall into three naves ; or the same arrangement ran east 
 and west ; or both of these were used ; or else there was 
 only a square of architraves lying on the four pillars, which 
 did not reach the walls. Without deciding for any one 
 of these, the last arrangement may fairly be rejected, as 
 requiring four diagonal beams and a great many dragon- 
 pieces (hammer-beams), a construction certainly avoided 
 in ancient times. 
 
 Closely related to the roof-problem is that of lighting. 
 We cannot decide the one without the other, and must 
 therefore here say a word about the lighting of the megaron. 
 There can be no doubt that the scanty light which the 
 door admitted cannot have sufficed to light the megaron. 
 For in front of this door lay not only the deep vestibule, 
 but also the equally deep anteroom. Direct sunlight could 
 therefore never be obtained from the south door, and the 
 little indirect light was hardly sufficient to illumine the 
 great chamber. There must have been some other supply 
 of light. It may indeed be argued that Homer calls the 
 megaron o-Kioei?, and so implies its twilight. But o-Kidee? 
 only refers to the shady part of the men’s apartments, in 
 contrast to the sunny halls and courts. 
 
 How then was light obtained ? not by windows, or 
 apertures in the side walls, for the chamber was surrounded 
 by others. At the south-east corner alone it adjoins the 
 court of the women’s apartments, but just there an opening 
 of attainable height would hardly have been made. But it 
 is very conceivable that the corridors and rooms surround- 
 ing the megaron were lower, and so over their roofs there 
 
2I 8 WAS IT BY CLERE-STORY? [Chap. V. 
 
 could be apertures in the exterior walls of the megaron. 
 
 In the case of horizontal roofs, which we must assume for 
 Tiryns, this arrangement is peculiarly suitable ; with sloping 
 roofs it presents many difficulties. The spaces between the 
 beams of the roof were obviously suited for windows, and 
 I do not doubt that such was the case in many rooms at 
 Tiryns. But in the megaron we can imagine yet a different 
 kind of windows. 
 
 The arrangement of the four inside pillars and of the 
 great hearth in their centre appears to me to point to there 
 having been some aperture in the middle of the hall. It 
 might be assumed that the whole square between the pillars 
 was open ; but so large an aperture, even in the southern 
 climate of Tiryns, would have made the hall temporarily 
 uninhabitable in winter. It would answer much better to 
 cover the square included by the pillars, after the manner 
 of a basilica, with a higher roof ; in the vertical walls of 
 the upper structure (clere-story) smaller or larger apertures 
 could be introduced, through which not only light would 
 enter into the megaron, but also the smoke from the hearth 
 would find an easy escape. I have therefore thus restored 
 the megaron in the longitudinal section in I late III. The 
 vertical measurements of this reconstruction are, however, 
 as I particularly mention, hypothetical, and are therefore 
 not in any wise to be depended on.* 
 
 This basilica form of raising part of a building above 
 the rest offers so many advantages, that it has been used 
 from the oldest times for obtaining light and air in the 
 
 * iy[ r . James Fergusson observes to me: “The question whether 
 Greek interiors were lighted by vertical triglyphal openings, or by hori- 
 zontal skylights, is the principal subject discussed in my work on the 
 Parthenon published in 1883. Either mode is no doubt applicable to 
 tins megaron ; but the dimensions of the various parts required for the 
 Basilican arrangement suggested in the text, present to my mind such 
 difficulties of construction, that on the whole 1 would prefer the theory 
 that it was lighted by vertical openings in the upper parts of its side- 
 walls.” 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 BASILICAL PLAN PROBABLE. 
 
 219 
 
 case of closely adjoining buildings. It is proved by monu- 
 mental evidences that the pillared halls of the Egyptian 
 temples were often lit with this basilica upper-lighting 
 (clerestory windows) ; and it is well known that the 
 •basilica was a form adopted in many Roman private and 
 public buildings. Although Greek buildings with clere- 
 story windows are not preserved, their existence cannot 
 be doubtful.* There must certainly have been from the 
 earliest to the latest times many buildings in Greece which 
 had a basilical cross-section, and were therefore lighted 
 from a lateral clerestory. 
 
 In my opinion the megaron of Tiryns belongs to 
 these ; its central part was probably raised above the roof 
 of the hall, and contained window-apertures in the vertical 
 walls under the eaves. We have still to enquire whether 
 the whole central nave was so raised, or only the part 
 enclosed by the four pillars. I think the form of the 
 ground-plan gives us the means of answering this question. 
 For if the whole central nave had been so raised, then two 
 strong beams must have rested as epistyles upon the pillars 
 from the front to the back wall. Then the two pillars 
 intended for the support of each epistyle would probably 
 have been so set, that the three resulting intercolumniations 
 should have been about equal. But this is not the case; 
 the distance between each pair of pillars is much greater 
 than their respective distance from the w^alls. Hence it 
 seems to me to follow, that the higher roof lay only over 
 the part enclosed by the four pillars. 
 
 If w 7 e assume this kind of lighting, it follows that the 
 roof w'as constructed by laying two or four great girders 
 
 * Konrad Lange is about to treat fully the important question of the 
 origin and spread of the basilica in his forthcoming work : Hans tend 
 Halle , Studien zur Geschichte des IV 'ohnhauses und der Basilika. Even 
 before he saw the ground-plan of the megaron of Tiryns, he thought it 
 probable that the megaron of the Homeric dwelling-house was lighted 
 like a basilica. 
 
220 HOMERIC TERMS FOR THE ROOF. [Chap. V. 
 
 upon the pillars, which supported directly the beams of the 
 lower roof. The beams covering the central structure lay 
 somewhat higher. Over the beams of both portions were 
 cross-beams, covered probably with a layer of reeds or 
 straw, over which was laid a eery thick lajer of cl a} . 
 Such a clay roof is very heavy, and requires powerful 
 beams, but leaves very little to be desired as regards solidity, 
 provided the clay when washed away by rain is supplied 
 with a new layer. 
 
 As regards the names which Homer gives for the 
 various parts of the roof, Buchholz ( Homevische Recihui , 
 p. 109), and those whom he has followed, seem to me to 
 have hit the truth. I, therefore, simply repeat his words. 
 He first cites the passage in the Odyssey referring to the 
 roof : 
 
 “ O, father, surely a great marvel is this that I behold with mine 
 eyes ; meseems that the walls of the hall and the fair spaces between 
 the pillars, and the fir-tree beams, and the lofty columns, are bright as 
 it were with burning fire.” t 
 
 and he continues — - 
 
 “The very way in which here the roiyoi, p,e<xdS/xcu, 
 Sokol, and Aoves are brought together, seems to point to 
 then being the members of some system or plan. But if 
 we enquire into the precise meaning of these architectural 
 terms, there can be no doubt about the rotyo'- an( l wove ? — 
 the walls of the Andronitis , and the pillars or pilasters 
 which supported the beams of the roof. More difficult 
 
 * In just the same way all the village houses in the Tioad, and 
 all over Asia Minor, are roofed to the present day. Besides, Mr. 
 Theodore Bent found many houses so covered in the more remote 
 Cyclades. Cf. his recent book, The Cyclades (London, 1885). 
 t Od. XIX. 36-9. 
 
 *n 7T<XT<Fp, i) pey a Bavfia toS’ b<p6oAp.oi<rLV dpu/xaC 
 ep-irps fioi to?xoi peyapwv K a\al re [xeabSpai, 
 elXaTtvai re Bokoi Kal Kiot/es v\ f/od exovres, 
 
 < palvovr ’ 6(pSaXp.o7s, were ! -rrvpbs alBopevoio. 
 
Chap. V.] HOMERIC TERMS FOR THE ROOF. 
 
 22 I 
 
 is it to explain the peo-oSpaL and their relation to the Sokol. 
 Galen * * * § gives of the pecroSpp the following definition : rd 
 piya £vXov dub tov irepov Toiyov upos rbv irepov Slt)kov. 
 Hence it was a beam, reaching from wall to wall, and 
 with this again the notice in the Etymologicum Magnum 
 (581, 5) that peo-oSprj is derived by syncope from pecro- 
 Soprj, is in perfect agreement, as the word, formed from 
 /xecros and Sipco, means something inserted between two 
 things, and combining them. Hence nothing prevents 
 us from taking pecroSpaL to be cross-beams between the 
 TolyoL of the piyapov, and producing a junction between 
 them. This agrees with the view of Rumpf, who translates 
 pecrobpp by transversaria trabsy If we further enquire in 
 what relation the pecroSpou stand to the Sokol, I think the 
 Schol. on Od. XIX. 37 can here lead us in the right track, 
 who gives a gloss rd, pera^v Sokojv on peaoSpcu, which 
 were accordingly the transverse beams between the longi- 
 tudinal Sokol. 
 
 “ All the pecroSpcu and Sokol together form the whole 
 frame on which the roof (opo^p) lies, which Homer 
 designates as piXaOpov, so that old commentators have 
 identified piXadpov with the ceiling. So the Schol. on Od. 
 XXII. 239 : piXadpov, rpv opofptjv, and in Etym. M., piyapov 
 Si icTTiv 6 oIkos- piXadpov 8e rj opoefnj, duo tov peXaiveadat 
 vuo tov Kauvov, d>s 'Opppos, y. 239.^ The other rooms, 
 as well as the Andronitis, are also supplied with a piXadpov, 
 like the former Thalamos of Hephaestus, § and of Jocaste.|| 
 
 * Cf. his 4th Memoir o?i Hippocrates , irepl dpQpuv, ed. Kuhn, 
 vol. xviii. pars I. p. 738. 
 
 T Rumpf, De ad. Horn., pars II. p. 30: Me<r68p.r) ilia fuisse trans- 
 versaria trabs cuivis videbitur. 
 
 % Adn. ad. Et. M. ed. Kulenhamp, p. 960, where Block cites the 
 above gloss from the Cod. Havn. Cf. Rumpf, De ad. Horn., pars II. 
 P- 34- 
 
 § Od. VIII. 279 : ttoXXo. Se Kai KaOvirepOe p.e\a0p6efnv fftKt^wro. 
 
 || Od. XI. 277 : r) S’ (f3r) els ’At'Sao 7rvXdpTao Kparepdio, \ dif/ap.evr) 
 Ppo\ov alirvv d(j> vij/7]Xdlo p.eXd8pov. 
 
222 
 
 THE HEARTH. 
 
 [Chap. V 
 
 In a wider sense the pika Opov is put for the whole roof 
 (crrey-T)), as is said of the preying eagle, which Penelope sees 
 in her dream, flying up after killing the geese, and lighting 
 ini vpovxovri peXddpco* by which we must understand 
 the outermost end of the roof, starting like a cornice from 
 
 the wall.” 
 
 I must add to these words, that the relation of the 
 peo-6Zpcu to the Sokol' is perhaps not quite rightly conceived ; 
 to me the pecrdSpaL seem rather to be the main beams, the 
 Sokol the roof-beams. 
 
 In the exact centre of the hall, and therefore within the 
 square enclosed by the four pillars, there is found in the 
 floor a circle of about 3 • 30 nr. diameter, within which there 
 is no concrete. It is surrounded by an upright rim ot 
 plaster, which makes it probable that the core of the circle 
 which rose over the ground was made ot clay, or clay-bricks 
 covered with mortar. Of this core nothing is preserved. 
 There can be little doubt that this circle indicates the 
 position of the hearth in the centre of the megaron. The 
 hearth was in all antiquity the centre of the house, about 
 which the family assembled, at which food was prepared, 
 and where the guest received the place of honour. Hence 
 it is frequently indicated by poets and philosophers as the 
 navel or centre of the house.f In the oldest times it 
 was not only symbolically but actually the centre of the 
 house, and especially of the megaron. It was only in 
 later days, in the great palaces of the Romans, that it was 
 removed from the chief rooms, and established in a small 
 
 by-room. 
 
 Homer generally calls the hearth eV x <*p? ; it is only in 
 the oath, “ so may Zeus, first of the gods, attest it, and the 
 hospitable table, and the hearth of the blameless Odysseus 
 
 * Q ( f' XIX. 544 : duf/ 8’ e\6o)v KdT dp e£er’ (o ateros) £7rt 7rpoi>x°i'ri 
 ixeXddpw. 
 
 f Winckler, Die Wohnhauser der Hcllenen , p. 120, sqq. 
 
CHAP. V.] THE HEARTH. 223 
 
 to which I come," * that the word icrroy is used. Homer 
 does not indeed tell us precisely in what part of the megaton 
 the hearth used to stand, but from his description of the 
 house of Alkinoos we can infer that it was placed as at 
 Tirvns ; for Nausicaa advises Odysseus to go as suppliant 
 to her mother Arete and embrace her knees. She describes 
 the way to the palace, and then says of her mother, “ She is 
 seated at the hearth in the light of the fire, plying the 
 wondrous fair spindle with purple wool ; leaning against 
 the pillar.” f This description agrees very well with the 
 arrangement of the megaron of Tiryns, for the four pillars 
 stand at such a distance from the round hearth, that those 
 sitting at it must often have leant against them. Most 
 probably the ground-plan of the megaron at Tiryns was a 
 tvpical one, occurring in an identical manner in many 
 heroic palaces. The arrangement is indeed both simple 
 and practical ; the hearth, being in the middle of the hall, 
 could be approached from all sides to obtain warmth in the 
 winter. The four pillars surrounding the hearth are so far 
 apart, as to allow a convenient passage between them and 
 the hearth, and even room to sit there. The smoke, too, 
 did not fill the room, but found a convenient outlet 
 through the openings of the central dome. 
 
 In a later wall, built within the megaron, we found two 
 sandstone blocks, curved on the outer side, and thus be- 
 longing to a circular building. We thought at first that 
 they belonged to the hearth, but found that the radius of 
 their curvature was less than that of the hearth. They can, 
 
 * Od. XIV. 158-9; 
 
 'lO’TCO VVV Z €VS TTpCOTa 06C VV, £ev'l7) T€ rpaire^a, 
 larir) T* ’O bvayos ap.vp.ovos , $7 v dcpLKdvoo- 
 
 t Od. VI. 305-7 : 
 
 . . . 7] S’ 7](TTai eV’ taxapy iv irupbs avyrj 
 r)\a.Kara arpoo(pcocr' a\nrop<pupa, 6avp.a IbeaQaij 
 Kiovi K€K\ip.4vy bp.wal be oi eiar 9 uTriadev, 
 
224 
 
 ANALOGIES OF TIRYNS AND TROY. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 therefore, only belong to it if we assume that the hearth 
 was built up in retreating steps. 
 
 It is hardly an accidental coincidence, that in the middle 
 of the largest hall in the Pergamos of the Homeric Troy 
 (second town at Hissarlik) a large circle is to be seen in the 
 concrete of the floor. We have hitherto been uncertain as 
 to the intention of the great hall at Hissarlik, and its central 
 circle. Now that we know the plan of Tiryns, there can be 
 no doubt that at Troy too the spacious hall, with its vesti- 
 bule (the large so-called Temple A), was the megaron, and 
 the circle in its centre marked the place of the hearth. A 
 special ante-room does not exist at Troy, but then both 
 vestibule and hall have larger dimensions than those at 
 Tiryns. Even the diameter of the Trojan hearth, which 
 can only approximately be fixed at 4 m., exceeds that of 
 the hearth at Tiryns by about 0-75 m. 
 
 In the adjoining figure, 115, byway of comparison, the 
 central part of the Acropolis of Troy is given. Of the 
 three separate buildings the largest contained the main 
 hall with a vestibule. The second smaller one adjoining- 
 possessed, besides megaron and vestibule, a large back-room. 
 The relations of these two buildings — whether the greater 
 was the men’s, and the lesser the women’s dwellings, or 
 whether the second was a smaller men’s house — we cannot 
 determine. As in Tiryns, so there lies in Troy, opposite 
 the megaron, a small gateway, the door of which is furnished 
 with a large stone door-sillA This is wrought just like the 
 thresholds of Tiryns. This agreement in ground-plan and 
 details of construction between the citadels of Tiryns and 
 Troy is of course of great importance, and gives us addi- 
 tional evidence to solve the Trojan problem. 
 
 Round about the hearth in Tiryns the whole floor of 
 the megaron was covered with excellent concrete, which 
 
 * In the plan of the Acropolis in Schliemann’s Troja, by a mistake 
 of the lithographer, this door is filled up by a continuous wall. 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 THE MEGARON OF TROY. 
 
 225 
 
 still occupies a great part of the hall. It consists of two 
 successive layers, which are not, as might be supposed, 
 of different periods, but of which the lower, and less solid, 
 is merely the substratum for the more carefully smoothed 
 upper layer. In the polished surface are deeply scratched 
 lines, the pattern of which may be seen in the adjoining 
 
 No. 115. — The central part of the Pergamos of Troy. 
 
 figure, 116, and in the restored ground-plan (Fig. 113). 
 It is identical with that of the vestibule, but the squares are 
 somewhat smaller. In the northern part of the hall there 
 are still distinct traces of red colour on the larger central 
 squares of the concrete. On the small strips separating 
 these are faint traces of blue. Hence the floor was origi- 
 nally of a bright simple carpet-pattern. 
 
226 WOODEN LONGITUDINAL BEAMS. [Chap. V. 
 
 I may here mention a small basin, which was found in the 
 megaton before the middle of the east wall (cf. Plan II.). 
 It is formed of a row of slabs, rising only a few centimetres 
 over the floor, and enclosing an oblong rectangle. The 
 fact, that several of these slabs had on their hidden face 
 a spiral ornament in relief, shows that the basin is not 
 contemporaneous with the building of the megaron, but 
 later. The object of this basin, or whatever it was, is 
 unknown. 
 
 The outer walls which surround the hall are all preserved 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lg 
 
 © - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 <3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 i 0.105 
 
 
 
 J 0.660 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 No. 1 1 6. — Pattern of the floor in the Megaron. 
 
 to a height of o’ 4° m -> except at the north-west corner; 
 they are built of limestone with clay-mortar. The single 
 stones are on the average 0*65 m. long by 0-35 m. high, 
 and larger than the rubble used in the other walls of the 
 palace. The wall, so far as it now exists, has only one 
 course of stones. There is, indeed, some higher masonry on 
 the east wall, but this belongs to a later complete alteration 
 of the megaron. Above the lowest course there appear to 
 have been on both faces of the wall wooden longitudinal 
 beams, such as we find them also in the Trojan buildings. 
 Over these beams the surrounding walls were probably of 
 
Chap. V.] THE HOMERIC ’OPSOOY'PH. 227 
 
 clav-bricks, as the inside of the megaron was almost filled 
 up with half- burnt clibris of bricks. These bricks are dis- 
 cussed in the section on the building materials (pp. 256- 
 273). The wall was covered on both sides with a coating 
 1-8 cm. thick of clay, over which was a good lime plaster; 
 remains of both are found on the west wall, showing clear 
 traces of fire. The clay-plaster has in places been reduced 
 to red terra-cotta. 
 
 Almost all authorities on the Homeric house assume a 
 door in the back wall of the megaron, leading directly to the 
 women’s apartments. They support this by a number of 
 passages ( Od . I. 333 ; XVI. 415 ; XVIII. 209; XXL 64, 
 236), in which they suppose it to be implied. But in the 
 first four of these passages, the doorposts of the great door 
 into the megaron are intended, and in the last the poet 
 only speaks of the well-folding doors of the women’s apart- 
 ment, without in the least implying that it opened into the 
 men’s hall. We may even infer from the fact, that here 
 Odysseus orders the door of the women’s hall to be shut, 
 not to keep the suitors from escaping, but to keep the 
 women undisturbed within, that this door did not open on 
 the men’s hall, in which the suitors were afterwards shut in. 
 In the megaron of Tirvns there is no such direct connection, 
 and it may even safely be asserted that such never existed. 
 Whoever wished to pass from the men’s to the women’s 
 hall could only do so by going around long corridors and 
 passing several doors.* In the Odyssey the account of the 
 massacre of the suitors mentions another door into the 
 megaron, about which Homeric scholars differ widely in 
 opinion; it is the opaodvpy 7, mentioned Od. XXII. 126, 
 
 * Professor J. P. Mahaffy observes : “ This is strongly corroborated 
 by a passage in Od. VI. 50, where Nausicaa is represented as proceeding 
 ota Sojp-a#’, through the buildings , not through a door, to find her parents. 
 She finds her mother sitting at the hearth, but meets her father face to 
 face (Op-ph-qro), as he was coming out of the main door of the /Hy apov, 
 on his way to a council. Hence she came in by no side door.” 
 
 Q 2 
 

 8 ’OPSOOY'PH AND AAY'PH. FChaP. V 
 
 132, and 333. The last passage has already been men- 
 tioned. The other two are contained in the following : 
 
 ’Oprrodvpr) Se tls trrKtv tv8p.r)ra 4v\ roixv, 
 cacpdraroi' Se Trap’ oiiSbv ivaradeos peydpoio 
 odds es Aavp-pv, traviSes S’ exov apccpuTar 
 rpv S’ ’OSvaevs <ppd(ea9at dvw yei Slav v<popfiiv 
 Imadr’ ayx’ o.vtv,s • pia S’ air) yiyver’ irpoppp 
 toIs S’ ’AyeAews pereenrev, tiros rrdvreffcn ■mrpavcnr.oiv, 
 
 T n (plAoi, ovk kv Si) tls av’ dp<ro0vpi)v dva&olr) 
 
 K al eiTTOi AaoTcri, j8 oy 8’ &Kitrra yzvoiro ; * 
 
 “ Now there was a certain postern in the well-built wall : and near 
 the furthest threshold of the well-reared palace was a way to a narrow 
 passage, but well-fitted doors enclosed it ; this Odysseus bade the godly 
 swineherd to guard, standing near it, for it was the only approach. But 
 Agelaos addressed them, and declared the word to all : 4 Friends, will 
 not some one go up to the postern, and tell the people, and an alarm 
 would be raised straightway ? ’ ” 
 
 Even the ancients differed about the meaning of opcro- 
 Ovp-q and \avpr), and among recent commentators there 
 are hardly two (independent) who are agreed about them. 
 Unfortunately the discoveries at Tiryns cannot altogether 
 decide this problem. There are indeed small corridors, 
 which may be identical with the \avpr), but no 6 pcro 9 vpr) has 
 been discovered. No doubt this may have been a pecu- 
 liarity of the palace at Ithaca, and need not therefore have 
 occurred at Tiryns. But even supposing it had existed at 
 Tiryns, it could hardly have been preserved, as it clearly 
 follows from Homer’s words that it was situated not on the 
 floor, but in the upper portion of the wall or in the ceiling. 
 These parts of the megaron are irrevocably destroyed. 
 Under these circumstances it is useless to waste time on the 
 opcroOvpr], for it is not the object of this book to add new 
 hypotheses to those already existing on the subject. The 
 case is the same with the pcuyes peyapoio of Od. XXII. 143 ; 
 some think them small passages, others a stair leading to 
 the upper storey. We pass by this controversy, as the 
 excavations afforded us no materials to explain it. 
 
 Od. XXII. 126-34, 
 
Chap. V.] THE BATH-ROOM. 229 
 
 Lastlv, I must mention the reconstruction of the 
 megaron carried out in later days. The changes made may 
 be seen in Plan II., where I have denoted the later walls by 
 yellow colour. The new plan was a narrow rectangle 
 containing a square vestibule and a hall about 1 5 m. long 
 bv 6 m. broad. The west longitudinal wall was completely 
 rebuilt. Xo special foundation was laid, but the old con- 
 crete was used as such. The eastern longitudinal wall was 
 built on the remains of the older and thicker walls. The 
 date of this reconstruction cannot be determined, but was 
 certainly not till after the complete destruction of the older 
 megaron. The doorposts and pillars cannot have been 
 standing when the new walls were built. The fact too that 
 these latter contain no marks of fire, is another proof of 
 their later construction. It is not impossible that here, oil 
 the summit of the hill, there was a Greek temple built in 
 later times, and that the remaining walls were its found- 
 ations. Possibly, also, the pieces of Doric architecture, 
 which we shall discuss presently, belonged to this building. 
 In some places we had to break away small pieces of the 
 wall, to uncover what they had hidden of the old structure : 
 originally the wall was as shown in Plan II. 
 
 7. The Bath-room and other Apartments West 
 of the Megaron. 
 
 The north-west corner of the palace is occupied by a 
 number of small rooms and corridors, whose connection 
 and use it is scarcely possible to determine ; the walls are in 
 part too much damaged, in part wholly destroyed. We 
 now proceed to discuss the rooms in detail. 
 
 Next to the great court comes Room VIII. ; its 
 southern half is so destroyed that we can no longer tell 
 whether the door lay west or south. The northern part is 
 better preserved; the rubble masonry still stands O' 50 m. 
 high, and the concrete floor is still in its place. On two 
 
2 3 0 
 
 THE BATH-ROOM. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 sides this room is bounded by a corridor (IX.) which leads 
 from the west colonnade of the court to the anteroom. 
 At both ends it could be closed by doors provided with 
 stone sills. A third door leads to a little antechamber, and 
 then into the Bath-room (XL). The position of this was 
 most convenient, for if a stranger was to be brought there, 
 
 4 ■•loo.' 
 
 SECTION 
 
 o j a 5 h 
 
 No. 117. Plan of the Bath-room. 
 
 hsM. 
 
 before entering the megaron, he could reach it at once 
 from the west colonnade of the court through corridor IX. 
 When washed and anointed, he went through the same 
 corridor to the anteroom, and thence into the megaron. 
 
 The bath-room is certainly one of the most interesting 
 discoveries at Tiryns, for who could have imagined that 
 we should ever find one of the rooms in which the Homeric 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 THE BLOCK OF THE FLOOR. 
 
 231 
 
 heroes actually bathed and anointed themselves ? The 
 adjoining figure, No. 117, gives a ground-plan and cross- 
 section of the chamber. The walls surrounding the room 
 are cross-hatched ; where only foundations are preserved, 
 there are merely simple hatchings. 
 
 The whole floor is occupied by one gigantic block 
 of limestone, over 3 m. broad, nearly 4 m. long, and 
 averaging 070 m. in thickness. It contains therefore 
 about 8i cubic metres, and it weighs more than 20,000 
 kilogrammes. Its edges are not worked, if we except a 
 smoothed edge at the southern side ; the under side is quite 
 rough, the upper surface carefully levelled and polished. 
 There was no solid foundation built to support this enor- 
 mous block, but it was laid on walls supporting its four 
 sides, with a cavity under its central part. The upper 
 surface is the most important part ; the well-polished 
 surface forms a rectangle of 2 ’65 m. broad by 3 “05 m. 
 long, surrounded by a border raised about 3 mm. and 
 o* 12 m. to o' 13 m. broad. The projecting parts of the 
 block are or were covered up by the masonry of the walls. 
 In the border along the wall are bored a large number of 
 holes, about 3 cm. in diameter, marked in the above 
 ground-plan by dots. They are not made at random, 
 but alternate regularly between o ' 1 1 and o ' 1 2 m., and 0*50 
 and o' 52 m. in distance, the latter measure being slightly 
 diminished at the corners. The intention of these holes 
 was clearly to receive round wooden dowels, which served 
 to fasten the wainscot to the floor. The present condition 
 of the still standing fragments of the wall shows clearly 
 that this wainscot consisted of wooden panels, for the 
 stones of the wall are burnt partly into lime, the clay- 
 mortar into red terra-cotta. The panels were about o • 1 2 m. 
 thick, and, as may be safely inferred from the arrangement 
 of the dowel-holes, they were o' 61 to 0*64 m. wide. 
 They stood upright in a row, and were dowelied together 
 below at both corners; hence the vertical joints occurred 
 
HOMERIC BATHING-TUBS. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 232 
 
 regularly between the closer pair of dowel-holes. On 
 the shorter sides of the room there were four such panels, 
 on the longer, five; at the corners there were set up 
 special posts. 
 
 Had this wainscot left its traces on all the four walls, 
 we might have assumed the building to have been a great 
 reservoir for water. But the dowel-holes are wanting for 
 the most part of the south wall ; there remain only four 
 at its eastern end. Hence this southern wall had only one 
 panel, the rest of it no coating. As the small antechamber 
 lies exactly outside this uncased part, there must have been 
 a door, which, with its lateral jambs, occupied the space of 
 four panels. Hence the room cannot have been a reservoir. 
 But what was it ? Another feature in the stone floor tells 
 us. At its north-east corner a square gutter is cut out 
 which carries off' all the water from the floor, and takes it 
 eastward ; where the large stone ends, a stone pipe is applied, 
 which reaches through the eastern wall. From the existence 
 of this pipe, along with the other arrangements of the room, 
 
 I think it certain that we have here found the bath-room, 
 which must have existed in every Homeric palace. 
 
 In the room there must have stood a tub , to be filled 
 with water for the bather. By a fortunate accident we 
 found a fragment of such a bathing-tub, which teaches us 
 that it was made of thick terra-cotta ; that its form agreed 
 pretty nearly with that of our bathing-tubs; that it was 
 furnished with a thick upper rim and with strong handles 
 on the sides, and that it was painted within ^ with spiral 
 ornament. Such then were the acra^ivOoi evgec ttol, the 
 well-polished bathing-tubs, often mentioned by Homer. 
 
 The using of this tub required a stone floor, for had 
 the latter consisted merely of lime concrete, the water 
 would soon have destroyed it. No doubt it was from 
 unpleasant experiences that the architect felt himself com- 
 pelled to construct his floor in so expensive a way, of one 
 huo-e stone. For after the bath the water need only be 
 
PLATE V. 
 
 WALL PAINTING IN THE PALACE OF TIRYNS 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 EARTHENWARE PIPE. 
 
 2 33 
 
 emptied on the floor, to escape through the gutter and pipe 
 without damage to the floor. No doubt also, the masonry 
 of the walls of quarry-stones and clay would soon have 
 been injured and destroyed by the water, had it not been 
 wainscoted with thick panels, which, like the sides of a ship, 
 were no doubt well joined and made water-tight. 
 
 The bath-room contains another peculiar arrangement 
 of which the object is uncertain. As the ground-plan and 
 section show, there are in the north wall two round re- 
 ceptacles, coated on the inner side with well-smoothed 
 lime-plaster 25 mm. thick. Their diameter is above o ’ 44 
 to 0*48 m. and diminishes somewhat below. How high 
 they reached we cannot say; they are now only o’ 20 m., 
 their bottom being 0*25 m. higher than the great stone 
 floor. We presume they were intended to hold water, 
 or rather oil, which was largely used by the ancients after 
 bathing. If the lime-coating of the receptacles seems 
 insufficient to retain the oil, we may assume large earthen 
 jars built into the wall. Our visitors at Tiryns made many 
 other conjectures as to the use of these receptacles, but 
 none of them seemed to me satisfactory. 
 
 The lighting of the bath-room was obtained either by 
 carrying up its walls higher than the adjoining walls, and 
 making apertures in the clerestory, or the adjoining room, 
 No. X., was not roofed, and so the bath in this direction 
 would have an ordinary window. 
 
 Room X. has a floor made of stone slabs, which has a 
 considerable slope, and lies 0*50-0 75 m. under the level 
 of the bath-room. The channel coming from the bath- 
 room opens into the southern part of it ; the water gushing 
 out was led through box-shaped pipes of terra-cotta into a 
 larger drain of masonry, which led it beneath the ground 
 out to the south-east. I conclude that this latter is identical 
 with the canal which Dr. Schliemann already discovered, in 
 1876, in the room XXXII., east of the megaron. 
 
 The shape of the earthenware pipe is given in the 
 
2 34 
 
 THE LUMBER-ROOM. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 adjoining cut, No. 1 1 8 ; it consists of pieces o' 68 m. in 
 length, open on the upper side, and having a rectangular 
 cross-section. Their junction is contrived by making them 
 considerably narrower at one end, so that they could 
 be simply fitted one into the other. The clay of which 
 they are made is very coarse, and very insufficiently 
 baked. Similar earthenware pipes have been lately dis- 
 covered in the famous aqueduct of Eupahnos at Samos. 
 The single pieces have almost exactly the same propor- 
 tions as those at Tiryns ; but there is a marked difference 
 in the method of joining them. There the width in the 
 clear of each pipe remains constant, but nevertheless the 
 single pieces could be easily fitted, the thickness of the clay 
 of both pipes having been reduced to one- half where the 
 
 CMS 
 
 V 
 
 No. 118. — Pipe of terra-cotta. 
 
 pipes join. This is a much more advanced construction 
 than that of the pipe at Tiryns, which is, therefore, older 
 than the conduit of Eupalinos, which dates from the 
 6th century b.c. 
 
 Room X., which contains this drain-pipe, is also of the 
 greatest importance, because here were found the largest 
 and best fragments of pottery, and the best remains of the 
 painted wall-plaster. This room must have been used in 
 ancient times as a lumber-room for broken vessels and all 
 kinds of debris , for the many objects here found were 
 mixed with perfectly black earth, such as is not found 
 anywhere else in the palace. 
 
 * £ Fabricius in the Mitth. des deutschen archaol. Instituts in 
 
 Athen , 1884, p. 185. 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 THE STAIRS. 
 
 2 35 
 
 On the west side, by the bath-room, lies a long corridor 
 (XII. on Plan II.), which is comparatively well preserved. 
 It retains almost all its concrete floor, and the lime-plaster 
 of the walls is still there in many places. In the south- 
 west part there are still traces of colouring on the floor. 
 Geometrical ornaments were painted in red on the yellow 
 or white concrete. In one field is a zigzag pattern of 
 straight lines, in another wavy red lines. Although these 
 traces of an ornamental painting of the floor are very 
 scanty, we may use them as important evidence of the rich 
 stvle of decoration of the whole palace. For if the floor 
 of an unimportant side-corridor was so adorned, we may 
 be sure the floor of the greater rooms must have been 
 similarly, if not more richly worked. 
 
 In corridor XII. there are also remaining three stone 
 sills for single doors, one leading to the bath-room, the 
 others to rooms adjoining the west wall of the citadel, and 
 now almost entirely gone. In the remaining corner of 
 one of them (XIII.) there is still a fragment of lime- 
 concrete floor coloured red. A fourth door led to cor- 
 ridor XIV. It never possessed a stone door-sill, but rather 
 one of wood, as the charred remains of this material here 
 clearly show. We shall meet such wooden door-sills at 
 several other doors. 
 
 The object of the walls which lie between corridor 
 XIV. and Room X. is not clear. Although they are pre- 
 served above the floor-level of the corridor, they show no 
 openings for doors. 
 
 But the rooms contained by them may possibly, for 
 some reason unknown to us, have had their floors on a 
 higher level, so that doors may have existed in the higher 
 parts of the walls now destroyed. It is also possible that 
 here there were stairs leading to the upper storey or the root. 
 But no certain traces of such steps have been found. It is 
 also to be observed that these walls, as well as those lying 
 to the north-west of them, have a direction somewhat 
 
236 COURT OF WOMEN’S APARTMENT. [Chap. V. 
 
 different from those of the megaron and the bath. This 
 variation was probably caused by the orientation of tile 
 adjoining west wall of the citadel. 
 
 From corridor XIV. you can pass down to the middle 
 citadel by a comparatively well-preserved flight ot steps; 
 nine steps and a large landing-step of stone are still dis- 
 cernible. It is remarkable here, as in the two steps leading 
 to the aWovo-a Scares, that the height of the step is so 
 small in relation to its depth, on the average o' 10 m. to 
 0-44111. In later Greek times steps were not so com- 
 fortably built, and even nowadays such proportions are 
 very rare. The steps consist of stone slabs of various 
 length, very regularly worked, and joined without any 
 
 cement. 
 
 g Court of the Women’s Apartments. 
 
 (XVI. on Plan II.) 
 
 In the north-west part of the palace lies a small court, 
 with colonnades and adjoining rooms, which has no direct 
 connection with the main court ; it is the court of the 
 women’s dwelling. You must pass many doors and cor- 
 ridors to reach this inner part of the palace. There appear 
 to have been three ways of reaching it. First, from the 
 back-hall of the great Propylaeum, through the long pas- 
 sage XXXVI., to the colonnade XXXI.; and from this, 
 through the outer court XXX., to the east colonnade of 
 the women’s court. Secondly, you could go from the great 
 court or from the megaron, past the bath-room, into cor- 
 ridor XII., and then through passages XIV., XV., and 
 XIX., to reach the vestibule of the women's apartments. 
 A third way probably went from the east colonnade ot the 
 great court, through Room XXXIII., into the colonnade 
 XXXI., and then along the first way into the court of the 
 women’s apartments. All these three approaches are stopped 
 in several places by doors, and the women’s apartment was 
 
OLDER CONCRETE FLOOR. 
 
 Chap. A'.] 
 
 237 
 
 therefore quite separated from the great hall and men’s 
 court. 
 
 The commentators on Homer have disputed much 
 whether the heroic palace had a separate women’s court, 
 like that described by Vitruvius in later Greek houses. 
 The latest inquirer * concludes his discussion of this ques- 
 tion thus : “ Everywhere in Homer an avXtj is mentioned, 
 never avXai, so that the view of those who assert that there 
 were two, may be regarded as finally disposed of.” This 
 sentence is directly refuted by the palace at Tiryns. There 
 mav indeed have been palaces in Homer’s time which had 
 onlv one a vXtj ; but we now know for certain that some 
 there were which contained two. Whoever concludes from 
 Homer’s always mentioning the court of the royal palaces, 
 that in addition to this main court (the court /car’ ifjoyjjv), 
 there was no second, forgets that Homer never gives us a 
 formal description of a palace, but only mentions such parts 
 of them as are necessary or desirable to explain the scenes 
 taking place there. In the Homeric palace the court of 
 the men’s apartments is the avXtj ; the women’s court is 
 subordinate, and so happens never to be mentioned by 
 the poet. 
 
 The women’s court at Tiryns is a rectangle of 18 '45 m. 
 long by 9'2om. broad. In the plan 1 have marked both 
 courts with cross-lines, so that they might at once be 
 recognized as such. The floor is of sand and coarse pebbles, 
 in some spots (especially at the north side) there are under 
 this some traces of lime-concrete. In front of the vesti- 
 bule leading to the women’s hall there are found, several 
 centimetres under this floor, traces of an older, carefully- 
 smoothed concrete floor, which have a steep decline to the 
 north, and go down under the door-sill of the vestibule. 
 They point to ancient rebuilding on this site. 
 
 As the great court was well arranged for carrying ofF 
 
 * E. Buchholz. die Homerischen Realien , II. p. 93. 
 
THE COLONNADES. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 238 
 
 the rain-water, so the women’s court also possesses a good 
 system of drainage. There is a vertical shaft of rubble 
 masonry at the lowest point of it, covered with a slab 0*50 
 to o' 55 nr. in size. Through a hole in the middle of this 
 slab the water of the court passed into the shaft, and so 
 reached a horizontal drain of rubble masonry which carried 
 it away. The upper edge of the covering-slab lies 0*29 m. 
 deeper than the floor of the women’s hall, and 0-53 m. 
 deeper than that of the men’s. Closer information about 
 the proportions of level of the court and its surrounding 
 halls can be obtained from the figures on Plan II. 
 
 On the east side of the court lay a colonnade with a 
 front of two columns between two quadrangular pilasters. 
 Both column bases of limestone are still in their place, and 
 have a diameter of o ’ 41 to 0*45 rn. The pilaster at the 
 north corner is a sandstone block, 0*76 m. broad, 0-85 m. 
 long, and 0*53 m. high, on whose upper surface ten square 
 dowel-holes are visible. One of these holes was found full 
 of charcoal, and so proved that these holes contained 
 wooden dowels, which fastened the upper part of the 
 pilaster, which was of wood, firmly to the stone basis. The 
 unusually large number of the dowel-holes is owing to the 
 pilasters being made of several parallel pieces of wood. The 
 south pilaster of the colonnade is considerably longer than 
 the northern, because it forms the side wall of a small ante- 
 chamber which lies before the main entrance to the women’s 
 apartment. This door, whose limestone sill is still in its 
 place, was single, and led directly, not to the court, but 
 into the east colonnade, so that one could pass from all 
 rooms of the women’s apartment, even in rain, to the 
 entrance, under shelter. The east colonnade is immediately 
 joined on the north side by another smaller portico which 
 has only one pillar between two pilasters. The round lime- 
 stone pillar-base is o ‘ 62 m. in diameter, and shows clear 
 traces of burning. In its centre is a circle of 0-30 m. in 
 diameter, which is not so affected, while the outer edge is 
 
Chap. V.] WOMEN’S HALL AND VESTIBULE. 239 
 
 much damaged by fire. e infer from this, that the 
 diameter of the burnt wooden pillar was only a little above 
 o • 30 m. Clear traces on the concrete floor and the plaster 
 of the back wall show that there were benches here for 
 sitting, presumably of wood ; their breadth is, on the 
 average, o • 45 m. 
 
 In speaking of the court, we have lastly to consider the 
 reconstruction undertaken at its south-east corner. There 
 a room was built in, which was entered from the east 
 colonnade. Although its walls are of the same rubble 
 masonry as the walls of the palace, and its floor is covered 
 with a well-smoothed lime-concrete, yet this room must be 
 a later addition, because it disfigures the court, and shuts 
 up part of the east colonnade. But it must also have 
 been built before the destruction of the citadel, for its wails 
 show evident traces of the great fire which destroyed the 
 whole palace. We cannot tell whether, before the building 
 of this room, there was in the south-east corner of this 
 court a second door for direct communication between the 
 court and outer court, or, as indicated in the plan in dotted 
 lines, the south wall of the court reached without interrup- 
 tion to the east colonnade. The probabilities are in favour 
 of the latter plan 
 
 9. The Women’s Hall and its Vestibule. 
 
 As the men’s apartment with its anterooms lies on 
 the north side of the great court, so the megaron on the 
 north side of the lesser court is arranged as the women’s 
 apartment. The similarity of these halls in proportions is 
 obvious on the plan of the palace. The women’s apartment 
 with its vestibule is a reduced copy of the great megaron ; 
 but almost all its dimensions are considerably smaller, and 
 the anteroom between the vestibule and the men’s hall is 
 not here repeated. 
 
 The vestibule forms a rectangle of 5 ‘ 05 by 5 ' 59 rn., and 
 
240 
 
 MEGARON OF THE WOMEN. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 therefore nearly a square. In the middle of its north wall 
 is the main door leading to the hall. The two side walls 
 have each a side door, and end m parastades . The south 
 side, looking into the court, is quite open. The separation 
 of the two parastades is so small (5 '59 m -)? that the archi- 
 trave over them required no support. The two still-existing 
 antes blocks are 1*03 to i'o6 m. broad, 0*58 m. high, 
 and at most only 1 * 23 m. long ; they are made of hard 
 limestone. Only the visible surfaces are well worked, those 
 hidden by the masonry have remained more or less rough. 
 On the upper side are round dowel-holes, of which every 
 two are, curiously enough, so close together as to form 
 one oblong hole. The front line of the antes is connected 
 by a stone sill, which separates the floor ol the vestibule 
 from that of the court. Such a threshold seems to have 
 surrounded the whole court, for in front of the east colon- 
 nade it can still be made out in all its length. 
 
 The floor of the vestibule now consists of a lime con- 
 crete, m m. thick, which in many places crosses the 
 
 door-sill. But this is not the original floor, for underneath 
 are found remains of an older concrete beautifully smoothed, 
 which agrees perfectly with the older concrete discovered in 
 the court. 
 
 The existence of the two side-doors, which led from 
 the vestibule into a corridor surrounding the megaron, is 
 proved by the two great door-sills of limestone, which still 
 show the pivot-holes for single doors. One of these doors, 
 the ground-plan of which is seen in jNo. 121, we shall 
 discuss in treating of the doors generally. The same is 
 to be said of the main door in the middle of the back- 
 wall, which connects the vestibule and women’s hall. Tne 
 ground-plan is given in Fig. 119. 
 
 The megaron of the women , a rectangle, 5 ’ ^4 by 
 7-60 m., is considerably smaller than that of the men, but 
 is still to our notions a large room ; a considerable number 
 of people could find comfortable room in it. Both side 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 LIGHTING OF WOMEN'S MEGARON. 
 
 241 
 
 walls still stand 0*50 m. high in their southern half, tile front 
 wall is also fairly preserved ; of the back wall only the founda- 
 tions remain. All these walls are of rubble, with clay-mortar, 
 they were covered with clay-plastering, and over it with 
 lime-plastering. In the south-east corner this coating is still 
 well preserved ; even the early painting is here still visible. 
 These scanty remains of wall-painting are very valuable 
 to us, because all the other fragments of painted plaster 
 found in the other rooms have fallen from the walls. The 
 women’s hall is therefore the only place in the palace where 
 we can study this decoration in situ. In the section on 
 wall-painting we shall return to it. The door of the hall is 
 still almost completely covered with the old lime concrete, 
 consisting of two layers, each 18 mm. thick. The upper 
 one shows in some places scratched-in lines and red colour. 
 
 In the middle of the room was a square place where 
 there was no concrete — its breadth 1 * 24 m., its length not 
 accurately determinable. The analogy of the men’s hall 
 leads us to regard this as the place of the hearth , which 
 could hardly have been dispensed with in this room. The 
 smoke of the dre must have escaped through the door, or 
 high lateral windows in the walls. The latter is the more 
 probable conclusion, the more so as such high windows 
 were the most obvious way of lighting the room. But it 
 must be admitted, on the other view, that the door, if left 
 quite open, would give light enough for the room. But as 
 keeping the door open at all times and seasons was not 
 convenient, it can hardly have sufdced to let the light in 
 and the smoke out. Sufficient window-apertures could be 
 easily managed, if the roof of the corridor running round 
 the hall was lower than that of the hall ; it would then 
 only be necessary to leave the interstices between some of 
 the roof-beams (what were later the metopes') open, to obtain 
 light enough and excellent ventilation. I regard the exist- 
 ence of this method of lighting the women’s megaron as 
 highly probable, if not actually proved. 
 
 R 
 
242 
 
 THE THALAMOI. 
 
 [Chap. V 
 
 In the south-west corner of the megaron we discovered 
 an imperfect rectangle built into it, which I have noted m 
 Plan II. in yellow. It does not belong to the original 
 building, but has been added later. Yet it was there before 
 the destruction of the citadel, as it shows strong traces of 
 the great fire. For the clay bricks of which it consists are, 
 together with the mortar, turned into regular baked bricks. 
 Near the wooden door-posts, where the heat was greatest, 
 the bricks are even melted on the surface, and now covered 
 with a thick glaze. As to the intention of this building 
 
 I cannot even offer a conjecture. 
 
 On three sides the megaron and its vestibule are sur- 
 rounded by the corridor XIX., which is 1-39 to 1 ’48 m. 
 broad. Its main object seems to have been to establish 
 such a connection between the men’s apartments and the 
 chambers at the north-east corner of the palace, as to avoid 
 passing through the women’s rooms. At its south-western 
 end it was stopped by a wall, which is now indeed destro) ed, 
 but of the existence of which there are clear traces. At its 
 south-eastern end there is a stone door-sill, which proves the 
 existence of a single door connecting the passage with the 
 north hall of the women’s court. The corner pilaster still 
 standing at the eastern side of this door is of sandstone, and 
 provided with square dowel-holes. 
 
 10. The Thalamoi in the North-east cokner of 
 the Palace. 
 
 In Odysseus' palace there were, according to Homer, in 
 the farthest recess of the building (eV [xv X V §o/mu) a series 
 of rooms, among which are expressly named the husband 
 and wife’s bedroom, the armoury, and the treasury. ihe 
 last is called (Od. XXL 8, 9) the flaXa/xos ecr X aro ? , and there- 
 fore the furthest from the entrance gate. In Tiryns also we 
 find in the north-east corner, furthest removed from the 
 great court and its protliyron , , a number of chambers, which, 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 TH ALAMO I AND ANTEROOMS. 
 
 ^43 
 
 from their position and form, we may clearly identify with 
 those just described in Odysseus’ palace. There is first the 
 Thalamos XXII., a square of about 5 m.; it had a broad 
 folding-door, whose great limestone sill is still in situ. The 
 anteroom XXI. separated it from the corridor XIX. From 
 the anteroom you reached a closed passage (XXIII.) upon 
 which three other thalamoi opened. The largest is XXIV., 
 occupying exactly the north-east corner of the whole palace ; 
 was accessible from the corridor through a single door, 
 whose sill we found. Beside it lies the small thalamos XXV., 
 Drovided with a very small anteroom, and therefore capable 
 of double closing ; the sills of both doors are still in situ. 
 The third thalamos (XXVI.) was directly accessible from 
 the corridor : its doors appear to have had not a stone, but 
 a wooden, sill. There are in addition two small rooms 
 together (XX.) in the north-east corner of the palace, 
 which from their dimensions (on the average each is only 
 i - 50 m. wide) cannot have been dwelling-rooms. I think 
 I can recognize in them the place of the stairs leading to 
 the roof or upper storey, and will describe them more fully 
 in treating of the m repcoov. 
 
 W e have, accordingly, in the fivyos of our palace, besides 
 corridors, four thalamoi and two anterooms. If we desire 
 to compare them individually with those of Odysseus’ house, 
 XXII. would correspond best to the bedroom of the royal 
 pair, and the doubly closed room XXV. to the treasure- 
 room : the other two may have served for keeping arms and 
 other valuables. But as these details cannot be certain, I 
 have not mentioned them on the Plan II. 
 
 As regards the construction of these thalamoi and 
 their internal arrangements, we can say even less than in the 
 other parts of the palace, because these rooms, lying at the 
 edge of the upper citadel, were naturally most damaged. 
 The outer walls, which form also the boundary wall of the 
 upper citadel, are nowhere preserved higher than the floor 
 of the thalamoi, and therefore we can neither tell how thick 
 
 r 2 
 
244 
 
 THE OUTER COURT. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 the outer walls were in their upper part, nor can we give 
 the accurate dimensions of these chambers. The measures 
 of breadth of the out-walls given in the Plan II. only indi- 
 cate those of the foundations, that is, of the terrace wall of 
 the upper citadel. Of the partition walls ol the thalamoi, 
 on the contrary, several still stand about i m. high, and 
 their plastering is here and there extant. Both walls and 
 coating, as well as the remains of concrete floor found in 
 some of the rooms, are made in the same manner as those 
 already described in other parts of the palace. 
 
 When we found m the wall between the corridor X.XIII. 
 and the eastern portico of the women’s court the two stone 
 pilasters noted in the plan, we surmised tnat there was a 
 door between these pilasters. "W hether such a connection 
 was originally planned, is difficult to decide ; this much is 
 certain, that it did not exist when the citadel was destroyed, 
 for the wall between these pilasters happens to be particu- 
 larly well preserved, and is still covered on its eastern face 
 with the old coating of plaster. 
 
 ii. The Outer Court XXX. with its Adjoining 
 
 Rooms. 
 
 South-east of the women’s court lies an open space, which 
 we may best designate as the outer court of the women s 
 apartments. That it was not covered, is pro’s ed, botn by its 
 measurements, and by the portico along its western side. 
 Neither traces ol a concrete floor, nor ol a water-escape 
 have been found in it. The front of the stoa on the western 
 side was formed by two pillars between two antes. Both 
 pillar-bases and the bases ol both pavastades are still tn situ. 
 The northern intercolumniation was closed by a later wall 
 built of clay-bricks. Into this stoa the long corridor opens 
 which comes from the south between the Propylasum and 
 the women’s habitation, and which was ended at its entrance 
 to the portico by a door with a wooden sill. Phe three 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 CLAY-CYLINDERS. 
 
 245 
 
 little rooms to the west of the portico were most probably 
 accessible from here, but it can only be proved in the case 
 of Room XXXII., in the eastern wall of which a door is to 
 be seen. There are indeed clear traces of a door connecting 
 the two other rooms, but the rest of their walls is too much 
 destroyed to determine any other door-places with safety. 
 
 In Room XXXII. Dr. Schliemann sunk a shaft in 
 1876 (noted by S on Plan II.), in which the water-drain 
 already mentioned was found. This canal is built of 
 rubble masonry with clay-mortar, and covered with slabs 
 of the same material. To save it from injury by the 
 water, its lower surface is formed by a quadrangular pipe 
 of terra-cotta, open above, like that which we found east of 
 the bath-room. But its pieces are smaller than those there 
 described, and the edges rounded as well within as at both 
 ends. The strength of the clay of the pipe is below, 23 mm., 
 at the upper edge, only 12 mm. The material is very im- 
 pure clay, only slightly baked. The level of the actual 
 water-course is about 1*75 m. under the floor of the 
 chamber. It may safely be assumed that this canal is 
 connected with the water-drain of the bath-room, the 
 escape pipe in the women's court, and also with the 
 vertical shaft in the great court, so that the palace possessed 
 systematic draining arrangements. 
 
 Of the rooms east and north-east of the court, 
 Nos. XXVII. and XXVIII. only are sufficiently preserved 
 to enable us at least to recognize their doors. In the latter 
 were found three curious clay- cylinders, at a place marked 
 on Plan II. Their manufacture is very rude, with nc 
 smooth surface within or without. They have an average 
 diameter of o ‘501x1., and are about 1 m. high, but broken 
 at the top. W hen found, they were filled with red burnt 
 bnck-debris. As to their use, I can offer no suggestion. 
 
 The three rooms connected with them to the south are 
 so changed or destroyed, partly by the ruin of the citadel, 
 partly by later restorations, that I could not recover their 
 
OLDER FOUNDATIONS. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 246 
 
 original ground-plan. They suffered particularly, because 
 immediately east of them lies the way, 4 m. lower, which 
 leads to the upper citadel, and into which most of the walls 
 tumbled down. 
 
 The part of the citadel lying south of the outer court 
 XXX. is even worse preserved ; there we find a mere chaos 
 of intersecting walls, from which it is impossible to guess 
 any ground-plan. Some of these walls are so destroyed, 
 that even their direction is lost. Even the a anous direc- 
 tions of the walls shown in the plan, prove that here we 
 have buildings of widely different epochs. On I lan II. 
 
 I have coloured all the thin walls, which show about the 
 same system of orientation, yellow, to indicate them as later 
 buildings. But they too cannot all be of the same date, for 
 some cross others and some have foundations, while others 
 have not. We do not know when these thin walls were 
 built, but one thing we may assert; they are later than 
 most of the other walls of the palace, all of which have 
 thicker walls. 
 
 On a level with these later walls we discovered two water 
 conduits, marked on Plan II. The western was built of 
 stone slabs set on end, and covered with the same; the 
 eastern is made of square terra-cotta pipes. The single 
 members of this latter agree in form with those before de- 
 scribed, which were found close to the bath-room and in 
 the room XXXII.; but the measures of the profile are 
 smaller. The box-shaped pieces are o 6q m. long, the 
 actual aperture 0*07— o' 10m. broad and o‘o8m. high. 
 The thickness of the sides varies from 35 mm. below, to 
 15 mm. at the upper edge; the corners are rounded. Both 
 watercourses fall towards the south, and appear to have led 
 the rain-water into some reservoir lying in that direction. 
 
 In some places under the thin walls, as shown in Plan II., 
 there are remains of older foundations of greater strength, 
 which, strangely enough, have almost the same direction 
 as the great Propylaeum. We conclude from these founda- 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 DOOR-KEEPERS’ ROOMS. 
 
 247 
 
 tion-walls that the eastern part of the palace had once quite 
 a different arrangement; but the scantiness of the extant 
 remains will not admit of a reconstruction. What rooms 
 there were here earlier and later, whether work-rooms for 
 female servants or their bedrooms, we cannot decide. 
 
 The east supporting wall of the palace-terrace seems 
 to have been here exceptionally thick, but is destroyed so 
 completely as to allow no safe measurements. At its south 
 end only, where the ascending way to the upper citadel 
 widens into a larger space, the wall is comparatively well 
 preserved. It is here as much as 5 -30 m. thick, probably 
 Decause there was here a tower to defend the approach to 
 the citadel. How far this tower reached north is, however, 
 not to be determined. 
 
 Finally, we may mention briefly the rooms immediately 
 north of the great Propylaeum, lying, two of them west, and 
 three east of the long corridor leading to the women's apart- 
 ments. Of the two former the northern is accessible from 
 the great court, while the other is connected by a door with 
 the short corridor between the great Propylaeum and the 
 men’s court. 
 
 The opening in the east wall of this room is no door, 
 but a gap made by the digging of a shaft by Dr. Schliemann 
 in 1876. The three rooms lying east are so connected by 
 doors, that the first two must be passed through to reach 
 the third. This latter has now, indeed, by an opening in 
 the western wall, a direct connection with the corridor 
 XXX\ I., but tins hole was also made by Dr. Schhemann 
 in 1876. In the north-east corner of Room XXXVIII. 
 there is a great rude clay cylinder, such as we have already 
 found in Room XXVII. As to the use of these rooms, 
 it seems likely that one or more were meant for door- 
 keepers, but there can be no certainty about it. 
 
12. The Roof and the Upper Storey. 
 
 (to virepcpov.) 
 
 We have frequently alluded, in describing the great 
 Propyleeum and the Megaron, to the fact that they had 
 horizontal roofs. We must assume this kind of roof tor 
 the whole palace, as will be shown presently in discussing 
 the roof-question. Flat roofs, on which people can walk 
 about and can sleep, are still common in the East, and that 
 they were also usual in antiquity is proved by many passages 
 in classical authors and in the Bible. 1 * As the Greeks 
 and Orientals now often sleep in the open air on roofs or 
 balconies, so people, no doubt, did in early days. Thus 
 Homer, in the ‘ Odyssey,’ f tells how Elpenor, when in- 
 toxicated, goes up on the roof of Eirkes house, and there 
 falls asleep ; awakened suddenly by the noise of his com- 
 panions, he forgets where he is, and by a false step is killed. 
 To sleep on the open roof was of course only possible in 
 fine weather, so that probably from the earliest days there 
 were rooms on the roof partially closed, to protect from 
 wind and rain, while admitting the cool night-air. If the 
 building-ground was limited, and the room required by the 
 family considerable, there were no doubt many such looms 
 in the upper storey. But in general the ancient house, as 
 appears from its ground-plan, was one-storeyed ; it an upper 
 storey existed, it was appropriated to the sleeping-apartments. 
 
 We found no trace in Tiryns of an upper storey itself, 
 as the walls are nowhere preserved more than i m. in 
 height, but there are traces of stairs which must have led 
 to the roof, which consequently thus formed the upper 
 storey. The Room XX., lying between the women’s apart- 
 ment and the thalamoi, is divided by a cross-wall into two 
 
 * Cf. Winckler, die Wohnhduser der Hellenen, p. 56. 
 t Od. X. 552-60, and XI. 60-5. 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 ROOF AND UPPER STOREY. 
 
 249 
 
 narrrow compartments each about r^om. broad; in the 
 northern of them the concrete floor is still well preserved, 
 and moreover slopes considerably upward from west to east. 
 1 presume that the proper stairs began at the east end of 
 the southern compartment; that here it rose from east to 
 west, then passed into the northern compartment, and there, 
 going west to east, reached the roof. In this way the form 
 and position of these two rooms can be very well explained. 
 The slight rising of the floor in the north compartment 
 may have been caused by the intention, that the steps might 
 also be reached from the corridor XXIII. as well. In 
 speaking of the rooms south of the megaron, it was said 
 (P- 2 35) that possibly there was here also a stair to the 
 roof, but the extant traces of it are less clear than in the 
 case of the stair in the women’s apartment. Still it is quite 
 conceivable that there were two stairs. 
 
 hether they led to the roof, or whether upon it there 
 were also rooms (vvepuov), we cannot decide. The existing 
 walls of the ground-floor are in any case strong enough to 
 sustain the walls of upper rooms. 
 
 W e now close our description of the plan of the palace. 
 It is very circumstantial, perhaps too much so for some 
 readers. But I had my reasons for making the description 
 of the individual rooms, and especially of the important 
 halls and courts, very full. The remains of Tiryns, after 
 the recent excavations, must be regarded of the first im- 
 portance in the history of Greek architecture. Not merely 
 the architect and the archaeologist, but every cultivated 
 man must regard and study the plan of Tiryns with 
 peculiar interest. From this alone I was bound to give as 
 accurate a description as possible, in order to make the 
 understanding of it easier and clearer. But there is a 
 further reason. Those parts of the palace which are built 
 of imperfect materials— e.g. the floors of lime and the walls 
 of rubble and clay — are doomed to certain destruction. The 
 
250 THE DISCOVERER OF CREMATION OVENS. [Chap. V. 
 
 Greek Government, indeed, intends to cover a large part of 
 the palace with a roof, and in other ways to protect the walls 
 and floors from destruction ; but such measures can only 
 delay, they cannot prevent, their destruction. It was there- 
 fore imperatively required to explain fully and accurately 
 the present state of the ruins, so that it might hereafter be 
 certain what still remained of the palace of Tiryns when it 
 was excavated, and what was already destroyed. 
 
 (V The Architectural Remains of an older 
 
 Settlement. 
 
 In describing the palace, we have repeatedly spoken of 
 remains of walls and floors, which, when the fort was des- 
 troyed, were already covered by other buildings, and must 
 therefore have been older than the palace as shown in Plan II. 
 We must not attribute all these remains to an older 
 settlement, but must distinguish between such as belonged 
 
 * “ I trust Plan II. and its full description may suffice to persuade 
 Herr Hauptmann Botticher of the Prussian artilleiy, the discoveiei of 
 the ancient cremation ovens, that Tiryns was not a ‘ fire-necropolis of 
 terraced construction,’ but an inhabited palace. I shall surely not be 
 expected to add a word of refutation to so original a hypothesis. But 
 I cannot resist the temptation of quoting a few sentences from the 
 latest « epoch-making ’ essay of the gallant officer, as characteristic of the 
 man and diverting to the reader. He says (Zeitschrift fur Muscologie, 
 &c., 1884, pp. 189-91) : ‘A year has passed since my fire-necropolis 
 illumines the nations. The recognition of the necropolis of Hissarlik 
 and Tiryns is of vast application. It is the beginning of a new epoch 
 (sic!) in archaeology and extends its widening circles ! No wonder that 
 antiquated (!) and tottering systems strain themselves against it. They 
 must fall, for they are built up on error, on the confusion of tombs and 
 dwelling-sites, and can only explain the utensils of the dead, often 
 shabby and unusual, by want of civilization, as if they had always been 
 in parallel use among the living. Let us build up the primitive history 
 of mankind on a thoroughly different foundation, fair and beautiful ; 
 for such a brutal condition, as is sketched in some theories, has never 
 
 existed !’ ” 
 
 This may suffice for the reader. 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 OLDER ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS. 
 
 251 
 
 to the great palace itself, and were only put out of use by 
 alterations in its details, and such as really belong to a much 
 earlier epoch. Most of the remains we have mentioned 
 belong to the former kind. A careful examination of the 
 ground-plan (Plate II.) will convince any one that it cannot 
 have come into existence as an unity. As a whole, the 
 palace may from the beginning have had the general 
 character it now exhibits, but in the course of decades 
 or centuries many changes of detail were certainly under- 
 taken. We cannot here enter upon these successive 
 changes of structure, as the number of original fragments 
 ot the palace is not enough to tell us what was the original 
 plan and what the various changes. To obtain materials 
 for writing an architectural history of the palace of Tiryns 
 it were necessary to undertake deep excavations in many 
 parts of the fort, and uncover completely various older 
 pieces of masonry. 
 
 We, however, may briefly discuss the older remains of 
 the second kind, in order to prove the important fact, that 
 Tiryns was occupied before the building of the palace. 
 The clearest traces of earlier settlement were found in the 
 south-west corner of the middle citadel. In a shaft (S on 
 Plan I.) sunk immediately west of the little connecting stair 
 between the upper and middle citadels, there was found at 
 the depth of 3*30 m. under the level of the lowest step a 
 concrete floor, consisting of clay, and showing strong traces 
 of fire. Digging further, we found also two walls of about 
 0-75111. height, built of rubble with clay-mortar. They 
 belong to a room, whose floor was made of that day con- 
 crete. The debris , which filled and covered the room 
 several metres deep, consisted chiefly of clay, wood-ashes, 
 and fragments of brick burnt red. Among the latter are 
 several broken and even whole burnt bricks. They are 
 0-36-7111. long, by o-2i m. broad, and 0*12-301. high, 
 and were of clay and straw. In the debris there was also 
 found pottery almost exclusively monochrome, which is 
 described in Chapter III. 
 
25 _ 2 OLDEST SETTLEMENT. [Chap. V. 
 
 There can be no doubt that we have here the remains 
 of a settlement older than the palace ; for in the first place, 
 all the objects of clay found here belong without exception 
 to an older epoch than those found in the palace ; secondl}, 
 their age is proved by the great depth of the walls and 
 floors ; thirdly, it can clearly be seen on the spot that this 
 deep room was long covered up by debris , when the boun- 
 dary wall and stairs of the upper citadel were built. This 
 latter ground seems to me indeed decisive; it can easily 
 be shown at the west part of the terrace wall of the upper 
 citadel, that to make a foundation for this wall a trench 
 was dug in the brick debris , and that, after laying the 
 foundation, the remaining empty space was filled with 
 clay and sand. Hence the terrace wall cannot have been 
 built till the red-brick debris covered the older house, with 
 its clay floor, several metres high. 
 
 In the other shafts sunk, both in the middle fort and in 
 the palace, like incontestable traces of an older settlement 
 have not been found ; but they almost all disclosed some 
 faint traces of it. Several of these shafts contain one or 
 two deeper floors of clay, others showed traces of older 
 walls ; in almost all were found wood-ashes and potsherds. 
 In several shafts there also turned up the debris of burnt 
 walls made of sun-dried bricks. In the great cruciform 
 trench dug by Dr. Schliemann in 1876 in the south part 
 of the citadel, when it was being widened, 2 m. under the 
 floor of the palace were found pieces of lime-plaster with 
 traces of colour, which exactly correspond to the plaster 
 found in the palace. It is indeed doubtful whether these 
 fragments of lime-plaster belong to the older settlement, 
 or whether they belong to the palace, and at the tall of the 
 west fort wall and of the buildings close to it, found their 
 way down so deep. This I do not venture to decide. 
 
 The existence of an older settlement in Tiryns is there- 
 fore certain, but of its size and form we know hardly 
 anything. We do not even know whether it was sur- 
 rounded with a wall. For I regard it as certain that the 
 
Chap. V.] BUILDING MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION. 253 
 
 present gigantic wall, which is still preserved, does not 
 belong to the earlier settlement, but was built at the same 
 time as the stately palace. 
 
 D. — Building Material and Construction. 
 
 1. The Walls. 
 
 The principal building materials found in the walls of 
 Tiryns are limestone, breccia, sandstone, clay, lime, and 
 wood. Let us first consider the various kinds of building- 
 stone. 
 
 Limestone has been used both in the rough shape from 
 the quarry and in a hewn form ; the rough stones being 
 employed for the fortress-walls, the foundations, and the 
 rising walls of the houses ; the ashlars for thresholds, antcs- 
 blocks, pillar-bases, steps, and for the floor of the bath- 
 room. It was quarried from the rocks lying to the south 
 and east of Tiryns, where there are still distinct traces of 
 ancient quarrying. For rubble building the blocks broken 
 from the rock were not further hewn, except, perhaps, 
 roughly with a hammer. The larger blocks were used for 
 the outer wall of the citadel, the smaller for the walls of 
 the buildings inside. But whenever they were to be 
 employed as ashlars for antcc- blocks, steps, &c., the surfaces 
 were regularly cut with saws, hammers, and other instru- 
 ments. 
 
 Breccia , a conglomerate of pebbles, is used as free-stone 
 for door-sills and anlce- blocks; the gigantic doorposts of 
 the gate of the upper fort are also of this material. In 
 proportion to limestone, breccia was very little used ; for it 
 is harder, and hence more troublesome to quarry. It is not 
 certain where the blocks used at Tiryns came from ; possible 
 from Charvati, a village close to Mycenae (about eight miles 
 distant), since there are there large beds of breccia, which 
 
BURNT LIME WAS USED. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 254 
 
 have also furnished the material for the buildings of 
 Mycenre. But there may be, for all I know, beds of 
 breccia in greater proximity to Tiryns, at the foot of the 
 eastern mountains. 
 
 Sandstone is used even less than breccia ; only, indeed, 
 for some antes - blocks and for the lower step of the 
 great megaron. Whence these blocks came, I could not 
 discover. 
 
 Among the walls built with these various sorts of stone 
 we have to distinguish two kinds, according as mortar was 
 used or not. The fortress walls and foundations of the 
 houses are built without it, whereas for the rising walls of 
 the buildings clay-mortar has always been used. In the 
 fortress walls mortar could be spared, because only huge 
 blocks were employed, which were kept in their place 
 by their great weight, and therefore required no cement. 
 Although smaller stones were used in the foundations of 
 the houses, no mortar was used, because the mass of 
 earth on either side prevented any giving way of the indi- 
 vidual stones. But for the comparatively light house-walls, 
 mortar, and indeed exclusively clay-mortar, was necessarily 
 employed. The masonry of these house-walls, consisting 
 of limestone rubble and clay-mortar, was just such as is 
 now common, not only in Greece, but also in many other 
 countries. All the interstices of the stones, which are for 
 the most part very irregular, are filled up with small pebbles 
 and with clay-mortar. This mortar consists of clay and 
 water mixed with straw or hay. 
 
 Burnt lime was known to the builders of Tiryns, for 
 they have made the wall-plaster of pure lime, and that of 
 the floors of lime and gravel, but they did not use it as 
 binding material for quarry-stone work. This agrees 
 exactly with the long-established fact, that the Greeks 
 from the earliest times made plaster and concrete floors 
 of lime, but that the use of lime as binding material for 
 quarry-stone or brick walls became usual with them only 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 PLASTER AND BEAMS. 
 
 255 
 
 very late.* Only in aqueducts do the Greeks in early 
 times seem to have used lime-mortar. 
 
 W alls of rubble and clay would not have resisted the 
 direct effects of the weather had they not been covered on 
 the outer surface with a good plaster, for rain would soon 
 have washed out the clay from the joints of the wall, and 
 so in a short time produced the fall of the walls. Such a 
 wall-coating consists, in Tiryns, first of a layer of clay of 
 very various thickness, because it levels all the unevennesses 
 of the masonry, and then of a plaster of lime 1- 2 cm. thick, 
 smoothed on the surface, and painted. 
 
 Besides this protecting plaster, another means is used 
 to strengthen the walls. Beams were built longitudinally 
 into the outer surface, which greatly contributed to the 
 solidity of the walls. This sort of building is still much 
 used in the East, and was often used in antiquity, as we 
 know from allusions in classical authors.^ The lowest 
 
 * Nissen (Pomp. Studien, p. 45), cites two instances, where in com- 
 paratively early days lime-mortar was said tohave been used in Greece ; 
 first in the foundations of the long walls of Athens, and secondly in the 
 Philippeion at Olympia. If this were really so, then the statement in the 
 text would be wrong, but both instances are exceedingly doubtful. The 
 former is taken from Plutarch’s description of the long walls ( Plut. Cim. 
 13), where he says : yaXiKi n roXXfj kou Allots /Japecri rwv eXa>y mecrOiVTutv. 
 The word however, need not mean lime, but is more correctly 
 
 translated gravel. A foundation of pebbles and larger stones was in any 
 case better on a marshy site than one of stones and lime-mortar, for the 
 lime, unless it were hydraulic or water-lime, would not have hardened 
 in the marsh. That the Greeks frequently used gravel and pebbles in 
 the foundations of walls has been sufficiently proved by excavations. 
 
 The second alleged instance has been confuted by the excavations at 
 Olympia. From the notice of Pausanias, that the Philippeion was built 
 of baked bricks, Nissen concludes that lime-mortar must have also been 
 used in it. But it has been shown that the cella-wall of the Philippeion 
 was of ashlar-masonry in poros-stone. The notice of Pausanias is 
 therefore false, and perhaps refers only to the roof, which indeed was 
 made of baked tiles. Hence the Philippeion can no longer be considered 
 as a brick-building, and still less as a building with lime-mortar. 
 
 t Cf. Winckler, Die Wohnhduser der Hellenen. p. 77, sqq. Such 
 quarrystone-walls with longitudinally placed beams have also been found 
 
EXTENSIVE USE OF CLAY-BRICKS. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 256 
 
 longitudinal beam in those walls of Tiryns, which are so 
 constructed, lies o* 45-0’ 60 m. over the floor. The wood 
 itself is gone ; but in several places one can distinctly trace 
 the empty space in the walls which it once filled. In the 
 south-east corner of Room XVI If. there was even char- 
 coal found in such a hollow space. 
 
 Before such a beam could be built in longitudinally, 
 there must first be a horizontal bed made for it with thin 
 slabs of stone, which are still to be found in several walls. 
 Generally the masonry immediately over the empty space 
 is much burnt — another proof that these longitudinal holes 
 have once been filled with wooden beams. Whether cross- 
 beams were used in addition to the long beams we could 
 not ascertain. 
 
 Whilst the lower part of all the house-walls was con- 
 structed of rubble masonry, in the upper part clay-bricks 
 appear, besides the former material. There must have been 
 a very extensive use ol bricks in Tiryns, lor almost ah the 
 rooms ol the palace were filled with half-burnt bricks and 
 red brick -debris. Unfortunately, however, but in a few 
 places of the palace brick masonry is preserved, lor at 
 highest the walls are now only 1 m. over the ground, whilst 
 lor the most part the brick-work only commenced at that 
 height. In two places alone (in the Women’s Hall XVIII. 
 and in the Court XXX.) the brick-work walls started from 
 the ground, and therefore are still in good preservation. 
 Daring the destruction of the citadel both these walls were 
 so thoroughly burned, that the sun-dried bricks became 
 fire-baked. In the first place named, those bricks which 
 were in immediate contact with a large wooden doorpost 
 were even completely vitrified. 
 
 When one observes the partially well-baked bricks, the 
 
 at Thera (Bursian, Geogr. von Griechenland , II. 523). In Troy, too, 
 there is preserved in a quarrystone-wall a round longitudinal bed for a 
 wooden beam. 
 
PLATE VI. 
 
 WALL PAINTINGS IN THE PALACE OF TIRYNS. 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 WHICH WERE SUN-DRIED. 
 
 257 
 
 first idea is that they are really baked bricks, burnt before 
 they were used. But the circumstance, that the mortar 
 between the bricks is baked in the same manner as thev 
 are, satisfactorily proves that the baking only took place 
 after the building of the wall. The burnt mortar, however, 
 is not only to be seen in the brick-walls still in situ , but also 
 among the loose bricks found inside the rooms, which are 
 frequently baked into lumps together with the mortar. 
 For the burning of the bricks there are but two conceivable 
 solutions. Either the walls having been built of raw clay- 
 bricks were then purposely baked, or the baking resulted 
 from the fire used by the conquerors for the destruction of 
 the citadel. With the brick walls of Troy, I was led from 
 peculiar technical indices to infer at first the possibility of 
 the former solution, but later I convinced myself on the 
 spot of the incorrectness of this judgment. The Trojan 
 citadel and house-walls were unbaked clay-brick walls until 
 the destruction of the city, and the holes in them were 
 intended for the reception of cross and longitudinal 
 beams. 
 
 As in Troy, so in Tiryns, the baked bricks were originally 
 sun-dried clay-bricks, which during the destruction of the 
 citadel first became baked bricks. That during the exca- 
 vations almost none but baked-brick masonry was found can 
 be plainly accounted for by the fact, firstly, that in the 
 course of ages the unbaked portions of the wall crumbled 
 away ; and secondly, that during the excavations the few 
 remaining law bricks can only be observed and saved by 
 the greatest possible attention. Many may wonder why 
 the strong clay-brick walls found in Troy should have been 
 so completely and regularly burnt in the conflagration at 
 the destruction of the city as was in fact the case. This 
 appearance is, however, easily explained by the material of 
 the bricks. The clay of which bricks and mortar are 
 alike composed had been mixed with a quantity of straw, 
 
 s 
 
THE MANUFACTURE OF THE BRICKS. [Chap. V. 
 
 258 
 
 which furnished fuel to the flames, and when consumed, 
 the hollows left gave free access for the heat to penetrate 
 the bricks and walls. The beams built-in also, if they had 
 not decayed before the destruction of the fortress, would 
 everywhere abundantly feed the fire. 
 
 On account of the importance of sun-dried brick 
 building in antiquity, and more especially in the most 
 ancient period, it may be permitted in connection with the 
 notices of Vitruvius,* and on grounds of the discovery of 
 ancient brick walls, to give some more accurate account of 
 the sun-dried brick and its uses. 
 
 As material for the sun-dried brick, Vitruvius names as 
 most suitable chalk ( terra cretosa), or an argilliferous sand 
 (sabulo masculus ) ; but practically all kinds of earth have 
 been used. Especially in building the fortress they were 
 not very critical, and usually employed the earth thrown out 
 in digging the trench round the fortress for the manufacture 
 of bricks, even should this not be very suitable for the 
 purpose. The clay to be used should further be as pure 
 as possible ; but this requirement has also frequently been 
 disregarded. For example, the bricks of Troy contain 
 countless shells, large and small, and in Troy as well as 
 Tiryns I have frequently found potsherds and large pebbles 
 in the bricks. 
 
 In order to strengthen the bricks and at the same time 
 to facilitate drying, cut straw was mixed with the clay, and 
 its presence can still be distinctly recognised even in the 
 puj-j-jf- bricks. The clay was kneaded with water, mixed 
 with straw, and then the mass was shaped. The drying took 
 place either in the open air, or, still better, under a shelter- 
 ing roof, and lasted a long time. If the bricks were to be 
 
 * The two most important passages are Vitruv. II. 3, and II. 8, 
 8-18. Cf. also Blumner, Technologie bei Grieclien uni Romern, p. 8, 
 sqq., and Nissen, Pompeianische Studien, p. 22, sqq. 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 THE SIZES OF THE BRICKS 
 
 2 59 
 
 perfectly dry, they had to remain two full years, for only 
 after the lapse of this time did the inside of the brick lose 
 all its moisture. In Utica, indeed, as Vitruvius informs us, 
 the clay-bricks were not used till they were five years made, 
 and until their age was attested bv an official certificate.* 
 For the manufacture of bricks the most suitable seasons 
 were spring and autumn, for in summer they were so 
 quickly and completely dried outside by the great heat, that 
 the moisture contained inside could hardly escape ; and if 
 such bricks are used, they soon split, and the masonry is 
 not lasting. 
 
 The forms of the bricks were very various. According 
 to Vitruvius, there were three kinds : (i) The Lydian brick, 
 1 2 ft. long and i ft. broad (o' 44 m.-o • 30 m.), which was 
 specially used in Italy ; (2) the Pentadoron, which was 5 
 palms (o'jym.) square, and was particularly used in the 
 public buildings of the Greeks ; (3) the Tetradoron, of 4 
 palms (oqom.) square, which was used in Greek private 
 houses. 
 
 At the time of Vitruvius probably only these kinds were 
 in common use. But of the bricks whose origin was cen- 
 turies earlier, those of Troy, Hanai-Tepeh, Tiryns, Mycenae, 
 and Eleusis, for the most part, show other sizes.f For more 
 convenient survey I place the principal sizes of the bricks 
 
 * See Vitruvius, II. 3. 
 
 f Herr Hauptmann Botticher maintains in the Zeitschrift fiir Museo- 
 logie , 1884, p. 190, that it is “ absolutely impossible ” to build a wall of 
 dry clay-bricks and moist clay-mortar ; that clay-bricks can only be used 
 when they are moist, as otherwise they do not bind with the mortar. 
 What Vitruvius writes of sun-drie 1 brick- buildings in antiquity is evidently 
 unknown to Herr Hauptmann Botticher ; neither, evidently, does he 
 know that to the present day in the East many houses, nay whole cities, 
 are built in exactly that manner, which he considers to be “ absolutely 
 impossible.” If the “ village - architect,” whom Herr Hauptmann 
 Botticher cites as his authoriiy, is still ignorant of this kind of building, 
 I can recommend it to him for imitation, from my own experience, in 
 the strongest manner. 
 
 S 2 
 
2 6o the SIZES OF THE BRICKS. [Chap. V. 
 
 of these different towns in a table together — the numbers 
 mean centimetres. 
 
 
 
 Length. 
 
 Breadth. 
 
 Height. 
 
 
 
 1. 
 
 67-72 
 
 44-48 
 
 12-13 
 
 ) 
 
 
 2. 
 
 66 
 
 3 ° 
 
 12 
 
 \ II. City. 
 
 Troy . 
 
 3 - 
 
 69-71 
 
 19—20 
 
 I I — 12 
 
 j 
 
 ( 
 
 4 - 
 
 5 - 
 
 3 ° 
 
 42 
 
 3 ° 
 
 ? 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 } III.-V. City. 
 
 
 6. 
 
 28 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 
 \ 
 
 7 - 
 
 25-28 
 
 20-25 
 
 6-7 
 
 
 Hanai-Tepeh 
 
 8. 
 
 45-48 
 
 30 - 3 1 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 9 - 
 
 41 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 
 ( 
 
 10. 
 
 49 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 in the great Megaron. 
 
 
 I I. 
 
 47-48 
 
 36 
 
 10 
 
 | in the primitive settle- 
 
 Tiryns . . s 
 
 12. 
 
 i 3 - 
 
 14. 
 
 36-37 
 
 5 2 -53 
 
 43 
 
 2 1 
 
 ? 
 
 25-26 
 
 12-13 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 [ ment. 
 
 in the Room XXX. 
 in the Room XVIII. 
 
 Mycenae . 
 
 i 5 - 
 
 ? 
 
 35 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 kO 
 
 
 Eleusis . 
 
 16. 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 9 
 
 
 This list shows how extraordinarily various the sizes of 
 ancient bricks were. Among the bricks cited, evidently only 
 very few correspond in measurement with any of the kinds 
 mentioned by Vitruvius. This may in part arise from the 
 difference of the cubits which were used in the different 
 towns, for it makes no trifling difference in the size of a brick 
 whether we assume the Graeco-Roman cubit of o‘44 m, ° 1 ' 
 the Samian cubit of o' 52 m. Thus, for instance, in the 
 first case, the Lydian brick of Vitruvius would measure 
 o * 44 m. by o ' 30 m. ; but in the second, o * 5 2 m. by o 35 m - 
 In order, therefore, to compare the sizes enumerated with 
 the notice of Vitruvius, we must know in the first place 
 
 * The bricks of Hanai-Tepeh are described by Frank Calvert in 
 Schliemann’s Ilios, p. 7 ° 9 - 1 have m y self measured most of these 
 
 bricks. 
 
Chap. V.] THE VARIOUS BRICKS OF VITRUVIUS. 261 
 
 what cubit was in use in Troy, in Mycenae, in Tiryns, or 
 elsewhere. This preliminary inquiry as to the size of the 
 individual cubits cannot be here discussed completely. I 
 mention, however, for those who wish to compare in detail 
 the dimensions of the bricks mentioned with the statements 
 ol A itruvius, that, according to my computation, in Troy 
 a cubit of about 0-51 : 0-52 m., in Mycenm and Tiryns 
 a cubit of 0*48 m., and in Eleusis the Attic cubit of 0*44 
 appear to have been in common use. 
 
 The first is the Samian cubit of Herodotus, of which a 
 specimen has been found lately on a measuring table at 
 Assos ; the second is the so-called Olympian cubit, which 
 was used in the older buildings of Olympia, and by which 
 Herakles is said to have measured off the Stadion there. 
 These results are, however, only afforded by a proximate 
 computation, and are therefore by no means perfectly 
 assured. We hesitate, therefore, to compare the dimen- 
 sions of the bricks found with the measurements of Vitru- 
 vius, and confine ourselves to the above table of the 
 various sizes of the bricks without regard to their absolute 
 measurements. 
 
 Of square bricks there are but few among them, 
 namely, No. 14, from the cities above the ruins of Troy, 
 and No. 16 from Eleusis. But as in building a wall with 
 square bricks of more than one brick in thickness it is im- 
 possible to effect a systematic bond without half bricks, we 
 must add to the number of square bricks those whose 
 length is double their width. Of such half bricks we find 
 several in the table, for instance, No. 2, from Troy, Nos. 6, 
 9, 10, from Hanai-Tepeh, and perhaps, too, No. 13, from 
 Tiryns. All the other bricks mentioned are rectangular, 
 and therefore resemble the Lydian brick of Vitruvius, but 
 besides the proportion of 2:3, between the sides of the 
 latter, 3 : 4 and 3 : 5 also occur. With bricks of such 
 dimensions, even without half bricks, an exact bond 
 could be effected, in which neither on the surface of the 
 
262 
 
 LONGITUDINAL AND CROSS-BEAMS. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 wall, nor within it, two joints come vertically one above 
 the other. 
 
 The common brick of Tiryns appears to have been 
 No. 1 1 ; several perfect specimens of this sort have been 
 found in the great court as well as in the men’s hall. The 
 length of 0*47-0 ‘4801. corresponds probably to a cubit 
 or six hands, whilst the width is 0*36 m. or 4! hands. In 
 the wall of the megaron, which is 1*33 m. thick, a good 
 bond could best be made by two bricks in length and one 
 brick in width to form the thickness of the wall. Each 
 course then contained two bond- courses and one stretching- 
 course, and these changed so, that in one course the stretchers 
 were inside and in the following outside. But we cannot 
 make an accurate statement of the bond adopted at Tiryns, 
 the two well-preserved brick-walls being only half-brick 
 thick. At Troy, on the other hand, we could determine, 
 that with the bricks of the size No. 1 a wall had been built 
 in such a manner, that the courses consist alternately of 
 two bond-courses and one stretching-course. The bond of 
 the two half-brick thick walls in Tiryns is a simple block- 
 bond, which is not, however, quite regularly carried out, 
 for mostly the side-joints do not hit exactly in the centre of 
 the brick beneath. 
 
 That in Tiryns also longitudinal beams and cross- 
 beams were used in the brick walls, maybe concluded with 
 reasonable certainty from the presence of such wood in the 
 basement of some walls. The way in which thdfce beams 
 were used for the strengthening and securing of the brick 
 walls, we can best learn from the ruins of Troy. In the 
 two buildings A and B, of which the ground-plan is 
 given Fig. 115, beams were built-in longitudinally both 
 outside and inside, one over another ; in the building A, 
 in every fifth course. To connect these longitudinal beams 
 there were cross-beams laid between them at intervals ot 
 4 m., which had a height equal to three courses of bricks, 
 and thus reached just from one long beam to the next 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 THE PARASTADES OR ANTAE. 
 
 263 
 
 above. The beams thus formed, in building A, a strong 
 frame, which was filled with bricks and clay-mortar (cf. 
 Troja, Figs. 20-22*). 
 
 The sun-dried brick-walls were undoubtedly coated with 
 clay and lime-plastering in the same manner as was the 
 case with the quarry-stone walls. Remains of this, however, 
 have not been preserved. 
 
 2. The Parastades (Pilasters). 
 
 As all walls were formed of quarry-stones or clay-bricks, 
 and so of perishable materials, their frontal sides must be 
 strengthened by a facing of a more solid material, either 
 free-stone or wood. Without such a provision all the 
 exposed corners would in a short time have been iniured 
 or destroyed. And thus arose the well-known parastades , 
 or antce, which never fail in the later Greek stone-temples, 
 but in them had no constructive but only an artistic inten- 
 tion to fulfil. The parastades were not applied to every 
 wall-corner, but only where an end of wall was exposed in 
 three directions, for instance, in the facing-walls of the 
 vestibules and in the doorways. 
 
 Whilst in Troy the parastades consisted of juxtaposited 
 posts of wood which rested on a common base-stone of 
 inconsiderable height, in Tiryns their lower part was all of 
 stone and only their upper part of wood. In the description 
 of the various buildings composing the palace at Tiryns we 
 have already learned something about these parastades. 
 The base-stone is mostly o - 50-0' 60 m. high, and is either 
 of a single block, or made of several flat pieces set edge- 
 ways together. Altogether there are twenty-six such anta:- 
 stones in the different parts of the palace in situ. They 
 are partly of breccia, partly of sandstone, and partly of 
 hard limestone. Especially interesting is the manner of 
 
 * In Figs. 20-22 the places in which the beams rested are erro- 
 neously represented as hollows. 
 
264 THE SAWING OF THE STONES. [Chap. V. 
 
 preparation of the smooth surfaces of the breccia and lime- 
 stone blocks. From the present appearance of the vertical 
 outer surfaces one can easily see that they were not worked 
 with a pick-hammer or chisel, but with a saw. In fact, on 
 the stone one can see numerous bow-shaped lines, which 
 arose from the backward and forward motion of the saw. At 
 Fig. 1 14 I have distinctly drawn these curves on the outer 
 surface of the antes. This stone was cut from above, from 
 below on the left, and from below on the right, until it 
 was only attached by a small part in the middle to the 
 mass from which it was to be separated. Then this piece 
 was broken off, and in this way there remained on the 
 stone a visibly fractured surface showing the form of a 
 spherical triangle. 
 
 As all the traces of the saw visible on the stone are 
 concave, they cannot have been caused by the common 
 stone-saw, which is held at each end by a workman and 
 drawn backwards and forwards, for in that case the traces left 
 would be straight lines or convex curves ; but the saw must 
 have had the form of a common knife, which a single 
 worker grasped by the handle, and with the point of which 
 he made the incision. The saw had certainly no teeth, for 
 only the very softest stone can be cut with the toothed- 
 saw. The hard limestone, and particularly the breccia of 
 Tiryns, belong, however, to the class of hard stones which 
 could only be cut through with a smooth saw and extremely 
 sharp sand (emery). 
 
 On several stones in Tiryns and on some in Mycenae the 
 width of the incision made by the saw can be measured, 
 it is only 2 mm. When the stone was sawn some centi- 
 metres deep, the piece to be removed was struck off, as far 
 as the incision reached, and the sawing was begun anew. It 
 is of these separate incisions that the still visible curves 
 remain on the stones. This primitive method of sawing 
 had the effect of leaving the surface not quite even, but 
 often very warped. On this account, too, the antes seem 
 
Chap. V.] THE BORING OF THE STONES. 265 
 
 to have been all covered with lime-plastering, although 
 traces of this coating only remain on some of them. 
 
 The cutting of stone by means of the saw (XiOoirpicrT^ 
 Trpicov) was much used in antiquity. Many authors tell us 
 or it, and in Egypt, Greece, Italy, and Germany undoubted 
 traces of stone-sawing have been observed in ancient 
 quarries and on the buildings.* 
 
 The buildings of Tiryns and Mycenae afford a valuable 
 addition to the known evidences. These two citadels are 
 probably older examples of the use of the stone-saw in 
 antiquity than any others in Italy or Greece. 
 
 Among the stones of Tiryns on which the traces of the 
 saw may be most clearly recognized, I would mention the 
 antes of the vestibule to the men’s hall, those of the great 
 Propylaeum, and those of the vestibule to the women’s hall. 
 In Mycenae there lies in the space between the ring of slabs 
 encircling the tombs and the outer citadel-wall a block of 
 breccia, upon which we can study the manner of sawing 
 very completely ; even the width of the sawn incision can 
 still be measured on this stone. 
 
 Whilst the blocks of hard limestone and breccia which 
 were used for antes and door-sills have probably all been 
 sawn on account of their great hardness, it may be that 
 other instruments were employed for cutting the softer 
 sandstone ; yet I do not venture to speak with certainty 
 on this point. The outer surface of the sandstone blocks 
 is, in almost every case, too much injured by fire to allow 
 observation on the method of their preparation. 
 
 The same difference which is seen in the manner of 
 working the different sorts of stone, is t*o be observed again 
 in the making of the dowel-holes in the upper surface of 
 the antes blocks. Thus while the two hard stones have 
 round-bored holes, the sandstones have squared-cut hollows. 
 In the soft sandstone it was possible with a sharp instru- 
 
 * Cf. Bliimner, Technologie bei Griechen unit Rbmcrn, II. pp. 216- 
 222, and III. pp. 75-78, where all information about the saw is given. 
 
2,66 
 
 SIMPLE CYLINDERS USED AS BORES. [Chap. V. 
 
 ment to cut or sink a square hole without much difficulty. 
 But with the hard breccia or the fine-grained limestone this 
 was scarcely possible, for these stones it was, therefore, 
 necessary to use the auger.* 
 
 That this instrument was known to the ancients is 
 proved by the accounts of numerous authors, and by the 
 bore-holes found in buildings and on statues.f For boring 
 stone, the hand-bore was naturally not suited, but a drill 
 or revolving auger would be needed, which in antiquity was 
 usually set in motion by a bow-string twisted round it. 
 This kind of boring is very clearly described to us by 
 Homer in Od. IX. 3 82-3 86, J where Odysseus bores the 
 burning stick into the eye of the Cyclops. 
 
 “ They, seizing the bar of olive wood, sharp at the point, thrust it 
 into his eye, while I from my place above moved it round ; as when a 
 man bores a ship’s beam with an auger, while his fellows below, having 
 bound it with a thong on each side, move it, and the auger runs round 
 continually.” 
 
 A similar drill-auger, twisted backwards and forwards by 
 means of a string, was certainly used in liryns. The lower 
 end of the auger had, however, a different shape from the 
 common bores of antiquity, which Bliimner describes 
 loc. cit ., and which exactly resembled our modern ones. 
 
 The appearance of the Tirynthian bore-holes shows us 
 rather that they were made with a simple cylinder, hollow 
 inside, and that thus the auger had the form of a strong 
 reed. With even very rapid twisting one could not bore a 
 hole in a hard stone with such an auger, unless, as with the 
 
 * a V ery curious auger of bronze was discovered by Dr. Schliemann 
 in the second, the burnt city of Troy ; see Schliemann, Troja, p. 99, 
 Fig. 34A. This appears to be the first auger ever found in prehistoric 
 
 remains. 
 
 t Cf. Bliimner, Technologic bci Griechen nnd R'omcrn , 111 . pp. 223- 
 226. 
 
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 TpUTTUVCp, 01 §6 T* EVtpdz V UTTO(T (X£10V(TIV ip.Q.VTl 
 
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Chap. V.] 
 
 CURIOUS DOWEL-HOLES. 
 
 267 
 
 saw, a sharp sand (emery) were strewed into the bore-hole. 
 W hen the sand was moved about by the auger, it rubbed 
 away small particles of the stone, and thus there was 
 gradually formed a cylindrical hole, in the middle of which 
 a thin cylinder of stone remained standing. When the 
 hole reached the required depth, this cylinder was removed 
 by some instrument, and the dowel-hole was complete. As 
 might be expected, the central stone-cylinder was not 
 always by this procedure completely removed at the lower 
 end, but generally a portion of it remained at the bottom 
 of the hole. These upright remains of the little cylinders 
 can be still plainly seen in many dowel-holes, and it is from 
 them we have obtained an insight into the method of 
 boring. 
 
 The diameter of the holes varies from 28 to 45 mm., 
 and the depth from 40 to 60 mm.* 
 
 Whilst in most of the antes, the bore-holes stand alone, 
 and at a great distance from each other, we find in the 
 antes of the vestibule to the women’s hall always two holes 
 immediately beside each other, so that both together form 
 a single long dowel-hole which has somewhat this form 
 Its breadth is 29, its length 55, and its depth 45 mm. 
 W hat advantage these coupled-holes had over the simple 
 dowel-holes is not clearly seen ; it must have been that the 
 tenon fixed in it, and consequently also the upper wooden- 
 beam of the anta could not turn on its axis. 
 
 * The English archaeologist Flinders Petrie has published, in his 
 work, The Pyramids atid Temples of Gizeh (p. 173), an investigation on 
 the tools used by the ancient Egyptians n the working of the hard kinds 
 of stone. He comes to the result that, as in Tiryns, the hard stones were 
 worked with saws and cylindrical augers of metal, but he believes the 
 edges and points of these tools to have been laid in with diamonds or 
 other jewel stones. I take this notice from the Centralblatt der pra/s 
 sischen Bauverwaltung , 1884, p. 24, and do not know whether such 
 instruments have really been found in Egypt. I believe that, even 
 without inlaid diamonds, very hard kinds of stone can be cut and bored 
 with common emery. 
 
268 THE PARASTADES CONSISTED OF WOOD. [Chap. V. 
 
 The parastades of sandstone have quadrangular dowel- 
 holes, which are partly square and partly oblong rect- 
 angular ; the dimensions of such a dowel-hole are, for 
 example, breadth 30, length 52, and depth 80 mm. The 
 number ot these dowel-holes varies in different antcs^ in 
 some there are only three, in some many more. The north- 
 east corner pillar of the women’s court has even as many 
 as eight dowel-holes. 
 
 We have already shown in the description of the two 
 parastades in the vestibule of the megaron that wooden 
 beams stood over the stone basement. We concluded this 
 particularly from the surface of the anta, which was quite 
 unfit to receive another stone-block. This proof, however, 
 is not forthcoming for all the other parastades , for most of 
 them are perfectly smoothed on the top, and could have 
 well supported a second square stone. We are able, how- 
 ever, to prove that these antes also had only a base-stone, 
 and that their upper part was also of wood. 
 
 In the palace there are in all twenty-six antes blocks 
 remaining in situ , and in every case these are the lower 
 stone ot the compound pilaster. In five places the base- 
 stone is missing, and these all occur in the periphery of the 
 palace ; in the inside there is but one base-stone missing, 
 that is to say, at the door of the men’s hall. These numbers 
 show, first of all, that the destruction of the palace was 
 not effected by the carrying away of building materials 
 by the destroyers for use elsewhere, but that they burnt 
 the palace, and perhaps tore down the roofs, but left all 
 the materials on the spot. 
 
 But if such is the case, we must consider it further 
 impossible that a second square stone ever stood upon the 
 preserved antes- blocks, for surely on at least one we should 
 expect to find such a square stone remaining. On the 
 other hand, we must not conclude that the whole palace 
 was levelled to the height of the lower antes- blocks, for 
 in many places the quarrystone-walls are preserved to a 
 
THE PILLARS. 
 
 Chap. V.] 
 
 269 
 
 height of above 1 m., whilst the antes are everywhere only 
 about ^ m. high. 
 
 When we consider that almost all antes blocks have 
 dowel-holes above, and therefore must have borne some 
 other material than rubble-masonry or clay-bricks, there 
 can in my opinion remain no further doubt that the upper 
 part of the antes consisted of wood. 
 
 About the construction of these wooden antes we can- 
 not say much, as not a single one has been preserved. We 
 can only conclude from the position of the dowel-holes, and 
 the cutting of the upper surface of the stone-base, that the 
 wooden lining of the wall-ends was o' 25-0 '30 m. thick, 
 and consisted of posts or boards of this strength. Such 
 antes were applied not only at the frontal side of the walls, 
 but wherever a beam of the epistyle reached the wall. It 
 is in the very same places exactly that the antes stand in 
 the stone temples of the Greeks, though they no longer 
 fulfil any constructive purpose. But while in Tiryns the 
 antes were still intended to strengthen the ends of the walls, 
 which were of less resisting material, and to sustain the 
 heavy pressure of the architrave-beams on the wall ; in 
 later Greek buildings they merely suggest artistically these 
 functions, which they no longer perform. We have 
 accordingly here an important instance how the Greek 
 artistic forms of the later stone-buildings were derived from 
 the constructive members of older buildings. 
 
 3. The Pillars. 
 
 The pillar plays a prominent part in the palace at 
 Tiryns ; thirty-one pillar-bases being still extant in the 
 upper fort, besides several others, whose bases are missing, 
 which can with certainty be restored to their places. For 
 a single palace this number is considerable, especially if we 
 consider that hitherto the Homeric house has been credited 
 with but very few columns. 
 
270 
 
 THE PILLARS ALSO OF WOOD. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 As to the form or decoration of these pillars we know 
 almost nothing, as only their stone bases have been pre- 
 served; both shafts and capitals are gone. Among the 
 bases now discovered there are two kinds ; first, large cal- 
 careous blocks with irregular edges, on the smoothed 
 surface of which is raised a circle about 3 cm. high ; 
 and secondly, irregular foundation blocks, which are only 
 smoothed on the surface. The former kind is both 
 more usual and older; the second, which only occurs at 
 the east and south porticoes of the great men’s court, 
 is due to the later reconstruction of the palace. 
 
 The appearance of the first kind is given in Fig. 1 14, 
 where the western base-stone of the vestibule of the megaron 
 is given. The block, which is quite rough on its sides and 
 lower surface, always lies so deep in the ground that the 
 rough parts are not seen, as the lime concrete of the floor 
 exactly covers the deeper lying portion of its upper surface. 
 The central circle stands up 1—2 cm. above the concrete 
 floor. As the diameter of the pillar was a little less than 
 that of this circle, it afforded a visible basis for the pillar, 
 just as Egyptian pillars are generally provided with a simple 
 
 base much greater in breadth.* 
 
 All the pillars and capitals were of wood, as can be easil) 
 proved. First, not a single stone drum has been found, 
 whilst of twenty-six antce the lower block of stone is pre- 
 served; it is, accordingly, inconceivable that all traces of 
 the drums would have disappeared unless they had been 
 of wood. They must have been of some material which 
 could be destroyed with the fortress. It is proved, 
 secondly, by the diameter of the bases, which is far smaller 
 than that of the pai'astades , that the pillars cannot have 
 been of stone. Thirdly, all the antce consisted, as we ha\ e 
 seen, of wooden posts ; but to wooden antce naturally 
 would belong wooden epistyles and wooden pillars, for had 
 
 * Cf. Perrot et Chipiez, Geschichte der Kunst , p. 103. 
 
Chap. V.] EARLY DESTRUCTION OF THE PALACE. 
 
 27 1 
 
 the latter been of stone, why not the antce also ? Fourthly, 
 we can adduce as evidence the present condition of some 
 of the pillar-bases. For several of them are severely burnt 
 round about with fire, while their centres show only slight 
 traces of being burnt. This peculiarity is to my mind 
 only to be explained by assuming the shaft of the pillar 
 to have been of wood. If the pillar was set on fire, the 
 centre of the base could hardly be injured, whereas the 
 outer edge was subject to all the damage of the flames. 
 
 These reasons are so convincing, that no one would 
 dream of the existence of stone pillars had not an old Doric 
 capital of sandstone been found on the upper citadel, which 
 will be more closely described in the section on the archi- 
 tectural members found in the ruins (cf. Fig. 122). 
 
 But this capital did not lie in one of the rooms of the 
 palace, but was built into a rude later wall, which ran in 
 a bow shape above the great court. Above the altar we 
 have left in situ some blocks of this wall, which only 
 consisted of a single course of stones ; the rest we have 
 taken away. When this wall was built, the palace was 
 already hidden under the ground, and hence the capital 
 may very well have been dragged up here in the Middle 
 Ages from some other part of the citadel. It is further 
 to be noticed, that two fragments of a Doric gabl a-sima 
 (yeLarov) of the very same sandstone were found at the 
 eastern declivity of the upper citadel close to the gate, 
 where also several clay tiles, some fragments of Hellenic 
 pottery and iron objects were found. Hence it seems 
 certain that in early Hellenic days a building in the Doric 
 style was erected close to the main ascent to the fort, to 
 which the stone capital, the sivitx (yeicrov), and the tiles 
 belonged. I have already (PT229) offered the conjecture, 
 that the later walls discovered in the megaton of the 
 palace are the foundations of a Doric temple. If this 
 be so, the palace must have been destroyed very earl}', 
 for the capital, and the antefix, which probably belongs 
 
THE ROOF AND ROOFING. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 272 
 
 to the same building, seem to be older than the fifth 
 century B.c. 
 
 But neither the capital nor the rest of these members 
 can possibly belong to the old palace, for had its pillars 
 and cornices consisted of sandstone, and the roofs of tiles, 
 then in the cttbris filling the courts and rooms there must 
 have come to light at least a single fragment of sandstone 
 or of clay tiles. This was not so, and is therefore con- 
 clusive. 
 
 If the pillars of the palace were of wood, then first we 
 can explain why their basis was raised above the floor. The 
 wooden pillar must not reach the floor, or it would be 
 affected and soon destroyed by damp. The wooden pillars 
 of the palace were probably of single stems, for had they 
 been constructed of several uprights fastened together, then 
 the single posts would surely have been fastened into the 
 bases by dowels, as has been done in the case of the antes. 
 For a single thick tree no dowel was required. 
 
 As regards the capitals, we can only conjecture that they 
 were of the form seen at the Lions’ Gate of Mycenae, and 
 at the entrance of the so-called Treasury* of Atreus. The 
 exact correspondence of these two, the only capitals still 
 extant from the days of the building of Tiryns and 
 Mycenae, gives great probability to this conjecture. 
 
 4. The Roof and Roofing. 
 
 In describing the details of the palace we have often 
 already touched the question of the roofing. To answer 
 this we must first of all determine the roofing material em- 
 ployed, as it is of vital importance for the form of the roof. 
 
 * In the newest work on the subject, die Architektonik der Hellenen, 
 by Dr. R. Adaray (p. 84), the capital from the Treasury of Atreus is still 
 represented as a pillar-base, though it has long since been proved to be 
 a capital. 
 
PLATE VII 
 
 WALL PAINTING IN THE PALACE OF TIRY 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 CONSTRUCTION OF THE ROOF. 
 
 2 73 
 
 and also of the roofing, whether baked tiles, or rushes, or 
 clay, or some other material was used for the thatching. 
 
 As repeatedly mentioned, not a single tile of baked 
 clay was found anywhere in the palace ; it is therefore 
 impossible that the roofs can have been covered with 
 clay-tiles. Between the main entrance to the citadel and 
 the gate of the upper fort, some good Hellenic tiles and 
 an archaic antefix were indeed discovered, and near the 
 Byzantine Church at the south end of the fort, various 
 Byzantine roof-tiles have been found, but neither can be 
 assumed as used on the roof of the palace. It must 
 have been thatched with a material which was either burnt 
 up when the palace was burnt, or at least has left no 
 visible trace. It seems to me that accordingly only two 
 substances can come into question, rushes and clay. 
 
 The tent of Achilles was covered with rushes, as we read 
 in the Iliad , XXIV. 450-1. 
 
 arb.p KadvTrepdcv tpe.ipav 
 
 Aa xyr/evr’ opocfaov \eip,wvo6ev O-p.r/rravTc;. 
 
 “But they thatched it from above, having gathered a rough roofing 
 from the meadow.” 
 
 Rush-thatching, according to Herodotus (V. 10 1), was 
 in use at Sardis, when the town was taken by the lonians 
 (Kakdfxov elyov ra? 6po<^a?). If these rushes were frequently 
 used in olden times, yet it can be easily shown that the 
 roofs of the palace of Tiryns were not so covered. A 
 rush-thatch, like one of straw, requires a steep roof, that 
 the water may not penetrate, but run down the individual 
 straws. Such a roof may be well suited for an isolated 
 house ; but to thatch a great system of buildings like the 
 palace of Tiryns in such a way is simply impossible, for if 
 the whole building were to be provided with one single 
 ridged roof, the height at its centre would be far too high ; 
 but if you make several, then there must be gutters between 
 each of them, which could never be made water-tight with 
 rushes. 
 
 T 
 
274 CONSTRUCTION OF THE ROOF. [Chap. V. 
 
 There remains the covering with clay. Every clay roof: 
 must be nearly horizontal, if the first heavy shower is not 
 to wash down the whole covering. We have above indi- 
 cated how such a roof is to be conceived. Over the great 
 epistyles and girders came the rafters proper, either separated 
 or close together, like the round timber on the faqade of 
 the beehive tombs, or in the lions’ relief at Mycenae. In the 
 former case, the intervals were bridged with cross-pieces 
 or boards of wood; in the latter, rushes were sufficient to 
 afford a close bed for the clay. As lime was well known 
 to the builders of Tiryns, it might be supposed that they 
 covered the roof with lime-plaster instead of clay. But in 
 the first place, a lime concrete is not better for a roof than 
 a coat of clay, because it easily cracks, and is then no longer 
 impervious. In the second place, had the roof been so 
 covered, we must have found remains of this lime-coating 
 in the palace. This not being the case, we must assume 
 that the whole roof, as is still commonly the case in the 
 East, was covered with a thick layer of clay . 
 
 While with raised roofs there was often in the interior 
 of the houses a separate horizontal covering, in horizontal 
 roofs these two are always identical. In most rooms of 
 Tiryns the ceiling therefore consisted either of a number 
 of juxtaposited roof-beams, or a smaller number of beams 
 joined by cross-timbers. In the larger rooms, especially in 
 the men’s hall, there were added strong girders or sleepers, 
 to diminish the span of the roof-beams. All the woodwork 
 of this ceiling was doubtless carefully polished, so far as 
 
 * “All over Asia Minor the horizontal wooden roofs of the village- 
 houses are covered with a layer of rushes or sea-weed. Thereon is put 
 a thick layer of clay, which is consolidated by a powerful stone cylinder, 
 or in most cases by a smooth drum of an ancient marble column. I 
 have myself built at Hissailik a dwelling- and a kitchen-house with such 
 a roof, and can testify to the fact, that if it is once yearly slightly 
 reoaired, it is perfectly solid and rain-proof. In the Troad this is the 
 only kind of roof used in the villages ; indeed, I have never seen there 
 any other kind of roof.” — Henry Schliemann. 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 THE CONCRETE FLOOR. 
 
 2 75 
 
 it was visible, as Homer often calls the woodwork of his 
 palaces shining. Still in the course of years the fixe of the 
 hearth and torches blackened the ceiling, which he there- 
 fore calls sooty (ai^aXdets) A 
 
 0 
 
 5. The Floor. 
 
 Homer describes the floor in the palace of Odysseus as 
 simply beaten-in clay, in which Telemachus planted the 
 axes in the contest with the bow.f This is the sort of floor 
 in the megaron, and in several other rooms of the Pergamos 
 of Troy. At the destruction of the town it was covered, in 
 consequence of the intense heat, with a sort of glaze, but 
 was originally nothing but a layer of clay stamped or 
 beaten smooth. A similar floor we also find in the oldest 
 settlement on the hill of Tiryns, the remains of which we 
 have described above (p. 251). 
 
 The palace of Tiryns, however, shows right through 
 another kind of floor, namely a concrete made of lime 
 and small pebbles, or altogether of lime. In describing the 
 various rooms, we have already noticed the still remaining 
 portions of these floors, and mention therefore only briefly 
 the various kinds now. In some rooms there is only a single 
 layer of mortar immediately on the substratum of earth and 
 clay; in others this layer is doubled, and in this way that 
 below is a thick, less firm layer of mortar as a bed for the 
 upper tough concrete. Pebbles are added to the mortar 
 wherever it was peculiarly exposed to the weather, e.g. in 
 the great men’s court and the great Propylaeum. In the 
 latter the pebbles so predominate, that we may describe the 
 floor as a mosaic of pebbles. 
 
 In the rooms these pebbles are generally absent, and 
 
 * The tools for working wood in Homeric times are described by 
 Helbig in his recent work, das Homerische Epos , p. 76. The Homeric 
 names for the parts of the roof or ceiling we have already cited above, 
 t Od. IV. 627; XVII. 169; and XXI. 120. 
 
 T 2 
 
[Chap. V. 
 
 2 y 5 THE DOORS. 
 
 accordingly they have a smoother floor ; but instead, the 
 mortar in several of them is made into a carpet-pattern of 
 scratched-in lines. Such may still be recognised in the 
 men’s hall, its vestibule, and the women’s hall. Remains of 
 red and blue colour found in several rooms show that the 
 floor was also painted. In one place (corridor XII.) we 
 could still perceive the colouring of the floor with red 
 geometrical ornaments (circular and waving lines). Floors 
 of wood or of stone slabs, such as are now almost universal, 
 were not known in the palace of Tiryns, for the floor of 
 the bath-room, consisting of one great block (p. 230), 
 cannot be counted among the stone-slab floors. 
 
 6. The Doors. 
 
 The excavations have added greatly to our knowledge 
 of the door-arrangements in the Homeric palace. More or 
 less distinct traces of forty doors are preserved. Among 
 them seven are certainly double-winged or folding, some 
 were apparently closed only with a curtain ; the rest were 
 single. The folding-doors were in the gate of the upper 
 citadel, the two Propylsea, the vestibule of the men's hall, 
 and in Thalamos XXII., which was probably the bed- 
 chamber of the prince. Homer calls the door dvpa or 
 dvperpov ; the plural, Ovpai or Ovperpa, seems frequently 
 to mean folding-doors, not several doors. 
 
 As to the material of the door-sill or threshold, Homer 
 distinguishes between stone, oaken, ashen, and bronze 
 thresholds.* Accordingly we find in Tiryns stone and 
 wooden door-sills : twenty-two well-preserved stone speci- 
 mens lie still in situ; the wooden are gone, but remains of 
 charcoal testify to their place. It might be suspected that 
 this charcoal comes from the doors, so that here too three 
 
 * XaiVos, Spmvos, /xeAii/os, and xaA.K£os o£8o's, Od. VIII. 80 ; XV II. 339 ; 
 XXI. 43 ; and II. VIII. 15. 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 THE DOOR-SILLS. 
 
 2 77 
 
 were originally stone sills. In some cases this is possible, 
 but in most one can easily convince oneself that they can 
 never have had a stone sill. Of the twenty-two extant 
 door-sills, only six are of breccia, the rest of close-grained 
 limestone. The kind of wood in the other sills is not 
 known, nor whether perhaps some of them were covered 
 with bronze plates. 
 
 To explain the arrangement and construction of the 
 doors, I choose two specimens, which are particularly well 
 preserved. Let us first examine the door of the women’s 
 apartment, the plan of which is given in Figure iip 
 The present condition is as follows : in the middle of the 
 wall separating the apartment from its vestibule lies a 
 great door-sill of limestone with irregular edges on all 
 sides; its extreme dimensions are 2 01.-1*25 m. The 
 upper face is all smoothed, but not in one plane, for in 
 the middle is a strip 0*90 m. broad, about 2 cm. higher 
 than the irregular edge of the stone. The deeper part 
 was covered by the concrete of the floor, and was not 
 visible, while the higher strip was so, and formed the real 
 door-sill, raised very little above the floor of the rooms. 
 
 t he ends of the threshold there adjoin it on both sides 
 three irregular stones, the smooth surface of which is on a 
 level with it. Next to these come great sandstone blocks, 
 regular 1\ cut, the form of which can be seen m the ground- 
 plan. Each of these piers is made up of two blocks of 
 different sizes, and is 0*78 m. broad, 1*20 m. deep, and 
 o' 60 m. high. At the side facing the aperture of the door 
 there are two grooves worked, each 0*15-0*16 m. broad, 
 and 0*03-4 m. deep, forming a rebate of 0*08 m. from the 
 outer edge. On the upper side, both towards the vestibule 
 and towards the women’s hall, there is a strip sunk 0*02- 
 o 04 m. deep and o 28—0*32 m. wide, which probably 
 held the lowest longitudinal beam of tjie adjoining rubble- 
 masonry wall. 
 
 If the door-sill were not there, any one would suppose 
 
2,78 
 
 DOOR OF WOMEN’S APARTMENT. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 that the two sandstone piers were the an ice of the door, 
 and so that the latter had a width of 2*90 m. in the clear. 
 
 At most, it might have been inferred from the rebates in 
 the sandstone piers that there was some thin coating, and 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 THE DOOR-POSTS WERE OF WOOD. 
 
 279 
 
 so have subtracted a few centimetres from the width of 
 the door. The door-sill proves for certain that such an 
 inference is false; the door had only a width of 1 -6o m., 
 and was enclosed by stout wooden pilasters, about 0*65 m. 
 broad and I'oqm. deep. The facts from which we infer 
 this are as follows : of course the irregular ends of the 
 threshold, and the rude foundation stones adjoining, were 
 not visible ; moreover, the door-sill must have carried the 
 door-posts on both ends, because the most important object 
 of every sill is to afford a safe and uniform support for them. 
 Further, it can be distinctly seen, from the different degrees 
 of wearing on the surface of the threshold, that the passable 
 aperture of the door was only r6om, wide. With this 
 agrees, that just where the surviving traces of the eastern 
 door-post end, the groove for the door pivot occurs. 
 Lastly, the existence of a wall of sun-dried bricks, which 
 from the north side meets the western door-post, shows that 
 the door-aperture cannot have reached to the sandstone 
 pier. All these reasons confirm the width of the door 
 as only 1 -6o m., and on either side huge posts. 
 
 Of what material were these door-posts ? The very 
 existence of the rebates in the sandstone piers proves that 
 they must have been of wood, for to join one stone to 
 another such cutting is useless. The condition of the 
 sandstone piers and of the sun-dried brick wall also points 
 to wooden pdasters, for they have both been much affected 
 by fire, the sun-dried bricks near them have been even 
 completely glazed. But quite decisive is the circumstance, 
 that not only here, but at at all the doors of the palace the 
 side-posts are gone, and must therefore have been destroyed 
 with the palace. Indeed, the walls preserved are completely 
 burnt near the doors, and in many doorways we found 
 remains of charcoal. 
 
 I have insisted with much detail on the former existence 
 of wooden door-posts, because this question is of vast im- 
 portance for all ancient architecture. The Greeks, and 
 
280 the DOOR-POSTS WERE OF WOOD. [Chap. V. 
 
 especially the Dorians, associated them so intimately with 
 the very idea of a door, that even in the marble structures 
 of the fifth century, e.g. the Parthenon and its Propylaea, 
 they made the door-jambs of wood, though such a con- 
 struction in marble buildings is to us inconceivable. The 
 fancy for wooden door-posts is only to be accounted for 
 by the late and exceptional occurrence of regular ashlar- 
 masonry in Greece, and that in older times all, in later 
 times most, buildings were made of poorer material, of 
 quarry-stone with clay-mortar and of sun-dried bricks. 
 
 As regards our Tirynthian door-posts, we have still to 
 inquire whether they were made of one thick tree, or of 
 planks with the inside hollow. While the absence of dowel- 
 holes in the door-sill speaks for the former view, for the 
 latter the two rebates suggest a construction with boards of 
 about o' 1 6 m. thick. I prefer the former, because I think 
 that for a hollow post made of several juxtaposited planks 
 the base would have consisted of a single block. But I do 
 not therefore think that the post was all ol one stem, but 
 rather of two at least (each 0*57 to o’ 65 m.). 
 
 In Fig. 1 19 I have given the cross-section of the door- 
 post a perfectly rectangular shape, but probably it was 
 fascia - like profiled like the stone doorcase in the so-called 
 Treasury of Atreus. So also is it explained why the 
 door-post immediately beside the sandstone block has a 
 depth of 1 • 04 m., while the breadth of the door-sill is only 
 o' 90 m. The diminution of the post in thickness was 
 therefore 0-07 m. on each side. 
 
 But if the doorposts were of wood, then what were the 
 sandstone blocks beside them intended for ? If they lay 
 flush with the rubble-masonry of the wall, it might be 
 assumed that they were intended to finish off the irregular 
 rubble-work of the wall ; but as they stand out 4 cm. like 
 ant a from the wall, they must really have been pilasters, 
 which enclosed the door on both sides. They were therefore 
 like the two semi-columns at the Treasury of Atreus, which 
 
Chap. V.] BRONZE SHEATH FOR PIVOT. 2 8l 
 
 also enclosed a door framed with a double band (fascia). 
 Similar antes occur in Tiryns elsewhere only in the great door 
 of the men’s hall, and probably also in the Propylseum of 
 the court ; all the other doors had only a wooden framing. 
 
 Concerning the upper part of the doorway the mins 
 of Tiryns give us no information ; if we wish therefore to 
 imagine a picture of it, we must refer to the doors of the 
 beehive tombs at Mycenae, Orchomenos, Menidi, &c. 
 They all agree in this, that the side jambs with the same, 
 or at least similar profile, also form the upper door-frame, 
 or lintel. This is how we must restore the doors at Tiryns. 
 The presence of only one pivot-hole in the sill of the 
 
 No. 120. — Bronze sheath for the pivot of a door. 
 
 door into the women’s apartment shows, that in spite of its 
 width (i - 6 o mb, the door was single. Of the appearance 
 of this door we know nothing. But by a lucky chance we 
 are well informed about the arrangement of its turning- 
 joints. For in excavating the door we found the great 
 bronze pivot, represented in Fig. 120, still in its socket. 
 From its position we could tell that the door was half-open 
 when it caught fire and was burnt. The pivot was a hollow 
 cylinder of 1 1 8 mm. diameter inside, and closed below like 
 a ball. It therefore formed a sheath for the strong wooden 
 turning-pn ot of the door, to which it was secured with three 
 
282 
 
 SIDE-DOOR IN VESTIBULE. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 nails. The square cut in the cylinder is to receive the lower 
 frame of the door, which was morticed into the side beam 
 used as the turning-post. The lower frame, to judge from 
 the dimensions of the cut in the cylinder to receive it, was 
 75 cm. broad and 95 mm. thick. When the door opened, 
 the bronze pivot turned in the socket drilled into the stone 
 door sill. How the corresponding pivot at the top of the 
 door was managed we cannot tell. 
 
 Besides this door, we give in Fig. 121 as a second 
 specimen a simpler door — one of the side doors in the 
 vestibule of the women s hall. Here, too, distinct traces 
 were found of the great wooden posts, which framed in the 
 door. The walls of quarry-stones and clay -bricks joined 
 
 No. 1 21. — Side-door in the vestibule of W omen s Hall. 
 
 these posts ; there were no additional pavcistadcs, as in the 
 door before described. The door-sill of limestone was 
 worked just like that of the door into the women s hall ; 
 its limit inside the vestibule I was obliged to indicate by 
 dotted lines, as it was covered by the concrete floor, and 
 therefore not visible. The material difference between the 
 two doors is the way in which the door-wing is applied. 
 While in the door to the women’s hall the wing from 
 without strikes against the door-posts, the post was here 
 provided with a special rebate, against which the wing lay 
 when the door was shut. When open, the wing lay against 
 the inner side of the door jamb. 
 
 Of the doors of the palace, the stone sills of which are 
 extant, the majority show this latter construction. Only a 
 
Chap. V.] HOMERIC NAMES FOR DOOR-MEMBERS. 283 
 
 few, such as the doors of both Propylasa, opened like that 
 of the women's hall, but differ from it in being double. 
 
 As regards the doors with wooden sills, they were pro- 
 bably similarly constructed to those with stone sills. But 
 the pivot was probably not provided with a bronze shoe, 
 the wood turning immediately in the wooden socket. So 
 it was, at all events according to Homer, with the door 
 leading to the armoury of Odysseus, for 4 as a bull roars that 
 is pasturing in a flowery meadow, so mightily roared the 
 beautiful doors stricken with the key’ (Od. XXL 48, 49). 
 Whoever has heard the noise of the primitive Oriental 
 carts, where the wooden axle turns in its wooden bed, will 
 well understand Homer’s simile. 
 
 Our knowledge of the locking-arrangements on the 
 doors of the Homeric palaces has not been increased by 
 the excavations. I therefore avoid any discussion of either 
 bolts and keys, and merely refer to Winckler and Proto- 
 dikos,* who have brought together the existing materials. 
 
 In conclusion, I mention the principal names, which 
 Homer has given to the various members of the door. 
 That he calls the door-sill ovSog, and knows four different 
 kinds of it, has already been said. He often calls it fee rrd§ 
 (Od. X\ III. 33, and XXII. 72), which suits the smooth 
 sills at Tiryns very well. For the door-post he frequently 
 uses the word crraO /xos (e.g., Od. VI. 19; XVII. 96; 
 XXII. 120) ; in the palace of Odysseus they were in part of 
 cypress-wood, KvrrapicrcrLvos (Od. XVII. 340); and in that 
 of Alkinoos, covered with silver (dpyvpeos, Od. VII. 89). 
 The lintel is vTrzpOvpiov (Od. VII. 90). The door-wings 
 consisted of planks (craHSe?), “ polished,” “ well joined,” 
 and ‘closely fitted (eufecrrai, KoWrjTai and ttvkivgjs 
 dpapvlai, Od. XXI. 137; II. 344 ). The door-posts are 
 themselves called by these epithets (Od. XXIII. 194). 
 
 Die IVohnhauser der Hellenen, p. 42 ; and Be sEdibus Homericis , 
 p. 64, sq. 
 
284 
 
 THE KYANOS FRIEZE. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 E. — Isolated Fragments of Architecture. 
 
 In this section we shall speak of those separate pieces 
 of architecture found in the upper citadel, of which the 
 place in the palace, or in the building to which they belong, 
 is unknown. These are a great frieze of alabaster inlaid 
 with glass paste, a sculptured spiral ornament, a Doric 
 capital, and an archaic ante fix. 
 
 1 The Kyanos Frieze. 
 
 In the vestibule of the men’s hall we found at the 
 western wall a large frieze composed of several alabaster 
 slabs, which occupied the whole space between the anta 
 and the southern wall of the vestibule. On Plate IV. at 
 the left centre is given a sketch of the frieze as it appeared 
 when found. On the left is the anta of the vestibule, to 
 which seven slabs join on to the right ; four of them are 
 less in breadth than height, and resemble Doric triglyphs ; 
 the three others are square, and look very like metopes. 
 In the small plan under the restoration on Plate IV. we 
 can see that the narrow slabs overlap their square neighbour 
 slabs, just as in many Doric buildings the triglyphs over- 
 lap the edge of the metopes. All the slabs are much 
 injured, especially those to the left, on which no trace of 
 ornaments is now left. As the small sketch shows, the lower 
 part of those to the right are best preserved. Here it is 
 still distinctly to be seen that the frieze was decorated with 
 sculptured ornaments, and adorned with inlaid blue-glass 
 paste. From the remains here preserved the reconstruction 
 on Plate IV. is attempted. As unfortunately there remained 
 in no slab the finishing at the top, the reconstruction must 
 remain incomplete in that part. So also some parts of the 
 frieze were left blank, because the ornament applied to it 
 could no longer be determined. 
 
Ch.ap. V.] 
 
 THE KYANOS FRIEZE. 
 
 285 
 
 The reconstruction shows to the left a half-triglyph (as 
 we may call the narrow slabs, for brevity’s sake) ; next, a 
 metope ; then another triglyph ; and to the right again, 
 part of a metope. The sculptured ornaments are given by 
 shading, the inserted pieces of blue glass by blue colour. 
 The triglyph shows in its lower edge a row of rectangular 
 pieces of glass, each 19 mm. broad and 24 mm. high; over 
 it is a continuous strip of glass, 9 mm. broad. The upper 
 part is divided by four vertical rows of little pieces of glass 
 (10-13 mm -) into three fields, of which the two outer ones 
 are adorned with rosettes. The centre field, as the plan 
 shows, is rounded off in profile, and seems to have had no 
 ornament. The form of the rosettes could not be accu- 
 rately determined, as the extremities of the leaves were 
 broken off. The middle of each rosette is occupied by a 
 round piece of glass of 26 mm. in diameter. How many 
 rosettes there were in each field is uncertain, as we do not 
 know how high the triglyph was, and whether there was 
 not at its upper edge a band which corresponded to the 
 lower strip. 
 
 The metopes are even more richly adorned than the 
 triglyphs. Two semi-ellipses, which touch in the middle, 
 occupy the whole field. The whole of each is treated as a 
 great rosette with nineteen double leaves. How the centre 
 was designed we do not know. The rosette is surrounded 
 by a broad band, which consists of a band of spirals encom- 
 passed by two bands of inlaid pieces of glass. The pieces 
 of glass of the inner row are rectangles, of 9 by 16 mm., 
 the outer, 9 by 1 8 mm. The eyes of the spirals are also 
 formed of round pieces of glass-paste, inlaid. 
 
 All kinds of ornaments which are conspicuous in the 
 frieze are already known to us from other finds belonging 
 to the same epoch at Mycenae, Menidi, Orchomenos, See. 
 The rosette is indeed the favourite ornament of this period, 
 and the spiral strip framed with two rows of little rectangles 
 meets us in the very same form in the semi-columns and 
 
2 g6 GLASS OBJECT FROM MENIDI. [Chap. V. 
 
 in the capitals of the Treasury of Atreus. But besides 
 the separate ornaments, the whole composition of the 
 frieze does not appear here for the first time ; for among 
 the finds at Mycenae there are two different stone friezes, 
 which show the same series of metopes with two semicircles, 
 and triglyphal vertical stripes, and in the beehive tomb at 
 Menidi little pieces of glass-paste with the same composi- 
 tion have been found. I have given one of the friezes of 
 Mycenre, and the glass-paste of Menidi on Plate IV. for 
 comparison. The Mycenaean friezes are smaller than our 
 alabaster frieze, and therefore not so richly ornamented ; 
 above all, they want what makes our discovery so im- 
 portant, the inlaid pieces of blue glass. 
 
 The object of glass from Menidi is much smaller in 
 scale, and therefore much more reduced in its ornament. 
 But it is of great value, because it teaches us that we have 
 hitherto misunderstood the composition of the frieze. It 
 is not the two semicircles standing together and touching 
 in a so-called metope, which belong together, but the two 
 semicircles which stand one at each side of a triglyph form 
 the group. They represent the parts of an elongated ellipse, 
 joined in the middle by a band. We may best conceive 
 such ellipse as a richly formed clasp ( agrafe ) ; the whole 
 frieze is then a chain of agrafes linked together. If in our 
 alabaster frieze the analysis of the separate parts does not 
 agree with this theoretical division of the ornament, it is 
 owing merely to technical difficulties. In the first place, 
 the single blocks would have been too large, if we only had 
 a joint at the junction of such two ellipses, and in this case 
 also a great part of the slab’s thickness must be cut away 
 over the semicircles. The composition chosen by the 
 archaic artist was no doubt the most advantageous, and 
 technically the soundest, even though its joints do not 
 agree with the divisions of the ornament. Our indication 
 of the slabs as triglyphs and metopes is therefore not quite 
 accurate ; there are indeed sundry external resemblances 
 
Chap. V.] FRIEZE IN ALKINOOS’ PALACE. 287 
 
 between this frieze and the triglyph of a Doric edifice, but 
 the form of the ornament does not allow us to regard the 
 frieze of Tiryns as a proto-Doric triglyph. 
 
 But this circumstance gives to our frieze a peculiar 
 interest, that Homer mentions such a frieze adorned with 
 blue glass in the Palace ot Alkinoos. In describing the 
 palace he says, Od. VII. 86-7 : 
 
 XoAkeoi pev yap tol^oi eprjpeSaT ivBa K al cvOa, 
 
 Es p-vxov i£ ovSov ‘ Trepl 8e OpiyKOS Kvdvoio • 
 
 viz., “ bronze walls ran this way and that from the threshold 
 to _ the inmost chamber, and round them was a frieze of 
 KyanosT It is due to R. Lepsius * to have first proved 
 clearly that kvovo? was not blue steel, as was universally 
 believed, but either the natural lapis lazuli , and the real 
 ultramarine colour, or the artificial blue Egyptian glass. 
 Prof. Helbig has fully accepted and further developed this 
 in his recent book.f The reader will welcome the extract 
 which I here append in Helbig’s words. 
 
 Kg anos is generally explained as blue steel, an assump- 
 tion warmly defended still very recently by Evans* But 
 there is this objection, that the word always has another 
 signification in later Greek. For it means 'first the stone, 
 called sapphire (crdn^eipos, lapis lazuli) ; and next the 
 blue ultramarine colour, which is obtained by pulverising 
 this stone; and, thirdly, the minerals used for imitating 
 this stone or the true ultramarine. The classical passage 
 is in Theophrastus {on Stones , § 55). This author dis- 
 tinguishes between the natural (avTcnfivyjs) anti artificial 
 (cTKevacrTos) kyanos. That by the first lapis lazuli is 
 intended, appears from another passage (§ 39), when the 
 gold-dust distinctive of the lapis lazuli is cited as the 
 
 I 
 
 ~ Die Metalle in den Agyptischen Inschriften, , Abhandlungen der 
 .Berliner Akademie, 1871. 
 
 + Das Homerische Epos , p. 79, sq. 
 
 X The Age of Bronze (London, 1881), p. t 4 . 
 
288 HELBIG’S EXPLANATION OF K VAN OS. [Chap. V. 
 
 peculiarity of the natural kyanos. After distinguishing 
 the natural and artificial kyanos, Theophrastus continues : 
 
 4 There are three kinds of kyanos, the Egyptian, Scythian, 
 and Cyprian. The best for the darker colours is the 
 Egyptian, for the lighter the Scythian. The Egyptian is 
 artificially prepared. And those who write about the 
 kings tell which king first, to imitate natural kyanos, 
 prepared the melted kyanos (tcvavos yvros), and allege that, 
 amongst others, from Phoenicia came a tribute of kyanos, 
 partly natural and partly burnt (tov pev arrvpov, tov Se 
 TreTrvpwpevov).' 
 
 44 By the interpretation of the Egyptian inscriptions and 
 wall-paintings, and by chemical analyses applied to Egyptian 
 works of art, Lepsius succeeded in identifying all the kinds 
 mentioned by the Greek writer. The different materials, 
 which the Greeks call kvclvos, are indicated in Egyptian 
 inscriptions by the word yesbet. Lapis lazuli and the 
 ultramarine colour gained from it are called yesbet-ma, 
 e.g. genuine yesbet , sometimes 44 good yesbet from Babylon/ 
 or 44 good yesbet from Tefrer (Tefiel).” The main source of 
 lapis lazuli is Tartary, particularly the present Badakhshan. 
 From here the precious stone came through Part hi a and 
 Media to Babylon, and to the coasts of the Mediterranean. 
 Tefrer, or Tefiel, was probably not the mine, but, like 
 Babylon, one of the marts, through which the stone came 
 on its way to Egypt. As the present Badakhshan, where 
 most of the lapis lazuli is found, is reckoned by post- 
 Herodotean writers to Scythia, there can be little doubt 
 that Theophrastus means by Scythian kyanos this very 
 material and the colour obtained from it. 
 
 “ The inscriptions distinguish from the genuine yesbet 
 the artificial yesbet-iri-t , which corresponds to Theophrastus’ 
 Kvavos cr/ceuacrros. This was a glass-paste coloured blue 
 with copper ore, sometimes with cobalt, which imitated 
 lapis lazuli . The Egyptians moulded or carved out of it 
 little figures, amulets, e.g. scarabaei, and ornaments, such 
 
PLATE VIII. 
 
 WALL PAINTINGS IN THE PALACE OF TIRYNS. 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 HELBIG’S EXPLANATION OF KYANOS. 
 
 289 
 
 as necklaces and breast-jewellery. Besides, this glass was 
 pounded, and the blue powder used as a substitute for the 
 genuine ultramarine, a proceeding known even to the old 
 Memphitic dynasties. Finally, smaller or larger objects of 
 clat or stone were covered like faience with blue or greenish 
 \esbet paste, and denoted as made of yesbet. 
 
 '• In near relation to our investigation stands the practice 
 of coating parts of walls with tiles enamelled in this way. 
 That this custom reached back to the days of the Old 
 Empire is proved by the great pyramid of Sakkarah, where 
 the entrance of a chamber is framed with several courses of 
 blue glazed tiles.* 
 
 Theophrastus unfired kyanos (curupo?) was clearly the 
 pigment which was mixed with the glass, the azurite, or 
 mountain-blue. This material occurs in crystals, or in 
 more earthy form near copper-beds, and a blue colouring- 
 powder can be made of it, which, however, under the 
 action of the air easily loses its tone,— a difficulty which the 
 Egyptians sought to meet by combining the azurite with 
 glass fluor, and using this, when powdered, as a pigment. As 
 we know that the main source of copper in the south-eastern 
 part of the Mediterranean is Cyprus, and the Phoenicians 
 had for a long time complete control of this island, all 
 probability speaks for the airvpoq kyanos, which the Phoeni- 
 cians (according to Theophrastus) brought to the Pharaohs, 
 being the azurite found in the mines there. 
 
 “ We have now to determine which kind of kyanos is to 
 be assumed in the megaron of Alkinoos. As lapis lazuli is 
 only found in small pieces, it is not to be assumed that 
 long bands on the walls, as the frieze, could be encrusted 
 with this precious material. Still less can we suppose 
 painting with ultramarine or a colour imitating it, for the 
 poet could not possibly speak of such a frieze as consisting 
 
 Perrot et Chipiez, Hist, of ancient Egyptian Art, Vol. II np ?6o 
 399 (Eng. ed.). 
 
 u 
 
290 
 
 HELBIG’S CONJECTURE CONFIRMED. [Chap. V. 
 
 of kyanos. There only remains blue-glass fluor or smalt. 
 The Mycenaean and kindred discoveries* show that various 
 objects of this material were already used by the Greeks in 
 the pre-Homeric epoch. Such are also square, oblong, or 
 circular little plates of bluish or greenish smalt, the decora- 
 tion of which shows several of the ornaments characteristic 
 of the period. As the great majority of these plates have 
 holes or sockets, and the ornamented specimens are generally 
 repeated in many examples in the same tomb,y we may 
 assume with certainty that these little plates, set in rows on 
 some under-surface, formed some sort of frieze-pattern. Of 
 course it is doubtful whether such friezes were applicable 
 to the walls of a tomb. The small size of the plates points 
 rather to wooden sarcophagi or chests. But even in the 
 latter case these friezes are of importance to us, for it was 
 no great stride to transfer them from a piece of furniture to 
 a wall. It was specially suggested, when the early lonians, 
 as might easily happen, had heard of the practice common 
 in Egypt, Chaldaea, and Assyria, of coating parts of the 
 walls with blue marked tiles. Hence I think it reasonable 
 to conjecture, that the poet conceived the upper band of 
 the wall in the megaron of Alkinoos as coated with blue 
 glass-paste or smalt.” 
 
 Helbig’s conjecture has been brilliantly confirmed by 
 the discovery of our frieze, and there can be no doubt that, 
 in mentioning his OptyKos Kvavoio , Homer had in view a 
 frieze, which — like that in Tiryns — was inlaid with blue 
 glass-paste. 
 
 * i n one of the deep graves were found blue-glass cylinders (Schlie- 
 mann, Mycence, pp. 157-8), and in two other objects of bluish smalt, 
 p. 241, Nos. 350, 351 ; p. 242, No. 352. 
 
 + Such a specimen was found at Mycenae, not in a deep grave, but 
 in the debris (Schliemann, Mycence , pp 109, no; cf. the moulds, 
 pp. 107, ioq). From Menidi we may cite Das Kuppelgrob von Menidi, 
 PI. III. 12, 13 ; IV. 3, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19 i v - 3 2 > 43’ 45- From Spata, 
 Bulletin de Corresp. hellen ., II. (1878) pp. 192-204. From lalysos, 
 Dumont et Chaplain, Ceram ques, &c., I. p. 61, Fig. 36. 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 WHERE WAS THE FRIEZE PLACED? 
 
 291 
 
 Regarding the chemical composition of the material 
 used for the frieze, Professor Virchow writes : “ The stone 
 consists of sulphate of lime (gypsum), but in a form which 
 reaches here and there the transparent blue of alabaster. 
 The glass-paste consists of a calcium-glass, which is 
 coloured with copper ; it contains no admixture of cobalt.” 
 
 V e have still an important question before us : What 
 place did the alabaster frieze occupy at Tiryns ? We found 
 it at the western wall of the vestibule of the men’s hall ; it 
 stood on the ground, and occupied the whole surface from 
 the anta to the back wall of the hall. But this cannot have 
 been its original place, as can be proved by sure evidence. 
 (1) In the north-western corner of the vestibule the floor is 
 still pretty well preserved ; its western limit, clearly to be 
 recognised, was in a straight line. But the lower border of 
 the frieze forms a broken line, seeing that the metopes are 
 about 4 cm. thinner than the triglyphs ; the gap so caused 
 between the foot of the metopes and the edge of the floor 
 is filled with earth. Hence it was certain that when the 
 frieze was set up, the floor was already made. (2) The 
 alabaster slabs are from 0*15 to 0*20 m. thick, while the 
 shrinking of the wall, where the frieze stands, is nearly o * 30 m. 
 Hence the slabs could not occupy the whole space, and so 
 the interstice between them and the wall is filled with debris. 
 But this is no construction suitable for so splendid a frieze. 
 The thinning of the wall by about 0*30 m. probably served, 
 as was explained (p. 214), to admit a panelling of thick 
 boards. At the eastern wall of the vestibule we found the 
 room thus saved filled up half its height with a layer of 
 rubble ; nothing of an alabaster frieze was there to be seen. 
 (3) The triglyphs have on their under-surface a pretty 
 smooth border, o'io m. broad, and then a dowel of 
 o ' 07 m. width, rising o • 02 m. This tenon-shaped addition 
 has no meaning where the frieze now stands; it rather 
 points to the frieze being originally pretty high in position, 
 and that the tenon was meant to obviate the falling of the. 
 
 u 2 
 
292 
 
 SCULPTURED SPIRAL BAND. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 slabs. These are the grounds which have persuaded us that 
 the frieze was only transferred to the western wall of the 
 vestibule in later times, and that it was once placed elsewhere. 
 We cannot determine where this place can have been. 
 
 a. Sculptured Spiral Band. 
 
 On Plate IV. to the left below, a sculptured ornament 
 is represented of which several pieces were found in the 
 men’s hall. It is a corner-piece ; the ornament terminates 
 to the left and continues on the adjoining surface. The 
 material is a light-green very hard stone, and the pieces 
 are therefore in most cases very well preserved. Most of 
 them can. be put together. They formed a continuous 
 moulding, o ‘ 1 2 m. high, which was sunk in the wall about 
 o' 28 m. deep. On the upper and lower surfaces are bore- 
 holes, 26 mm. in diameter and 15-25 mm. deep; they 
 evidently contained wooden pegs* by means of which the 
 moulding was fastened. 
 
 The ornament represents a spiral band, such as has 
 been already observed in Mycenae, and also occurs in the 
 wall-paintings of Tiryns (Plate VIII., Fig. a). The 
 corners between the separate spirals are filled with flowers. 
 Although the spirals are not drawn with perfect regularity, 
 yet the execution is so excellent and the profile ot the 
 moulding so fine, that the artist who made the spirals 
 must have possessed tools quite perfect. I he position ot 
 this find unfortunately gives us no certainty as to the place 
 which this moulding originally occupied. We found the 
 separate pieces in the small hollow which is in the middle 
 of the east wall of the men’s hall. In a later reconstruction 
 of the palace, when a part was already destroyed, they were 
 used as common building stones in such a manner that the 
 ornament was not visible. 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 THE DORIC CAPITAL. 
 
 293 
 
 3. Doric Capital. 
 
 In a later wall which ran across the great court about 
 i m. above the concrete-floor, there was found an old 
 
 Arf 
 
 Doric capital, of which the plan, front view, and section 
 are given in No. 12a. The material is a porous sand- 
 stone of light colour, which did not very well bear the 
 weather, and was therefore covered with fine lime-plaster 
 1—2 mm. thick. Although the capital is only partly pre- 
 
DORIC BUILDING AT MYCENAE. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 294 
 
 served, and is broken in many pieces, yet fortunately all the 
 important measures could be taken. The only parts no 
 longer distinguishable were the upper termination of the 
 flutings and the form of the annulets. The capital belongs 
 probably to the oldest Doric capitals in existence ; in any 
 case, it is older than the fifth century b.c.* 
 
 It has sixteen shallow flutings, which evidently ter- 
 minated above as overhanging leaves. The echinus is very 
 strongly curved, and is connected with the shaft by two 
 narrow rings below. The abacus is comparatively high, 
 even somewhat higher than the echinus. The projection 
 of the capital must be considered as very marked, for the 
 upper diameter is to the width of the abacus as 3 : 7. The 
 lower joining surface is smooth, and has a round dowel-hole 
 44 mm. in diameter and 70 mm. deep. The upper surface 
 has a quadrangular scamillum and an irregular hole, which 
 latter may have been made later. 
 
 To which building this capital belonged is unfortunately 
 unknown to us. Conjectures have been offered above 
 (p. 229) on this subject. Of the shaft which belonged to it, 
 and which assuredly once existed, nothing has been found. 
 
 On the other hand, between the gate to the upper 
 citadel and the chief entrance two fragments of cymatium 
 have been dug up, which most probably belonged to a 
 gable geison. They are formed of the same material as the 
 capital, and may therefore be supposed to belong to the 
 same building. 
 
 I would here recall the fact, that in the Acropolis of 
 Mycenae also, remains of an old Doric building were found, 
 which were of similar material to that of the capital of 
 Tiryns. In Mycenae, besides the capital, triglyphs, metopes 
 and an architrave have been preserved. 
 
 * Mr. James Fergusson holds this capital to be of about 600 b.c., 
 and observes to me : “ There are some in Sicily probably older, but not 
 much.” — See Serra di Falco, plates of Artemis at Ortygia and elsewhere. 
 See also Parthenon , page 71. 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 ARCHAIC ANTEFIX. 
 
 295 
 
 4. Archaic Antefix. 
 
 In the doorway to the north of the gate to the upper 
 citadel, together with a number of Greek roof-tiles, an 
 
 antefix of baked clay was found, of which the front and 
 the side views are shown (No. 123) It forms the end of a 
 common gable-shaped coping-tile, about o*2im. wide. 
 
296 THE WALL-PAINTINGS. [Chap. V. 
 
 The material of the antefix is a light-yellow clay, with many 
 small red stones. Its whole outside was covered with a 
 layer of well-cleaned yellowish clay, on which the hatched 
 ornament in the drawing is executed in red-brown colour. 
 The pattern has not been drawn, but it is impressed in low 
 relief, as was often done on antefixes. 
 
 This antefix particularly deserves notice, because it 
 accurately preserves the profile of the coping-tile, and does 
 not, as is commonly the case, project considerably beyond 
 it ; the consequence is that the palmetto , which crowns the 
 two spirals, is relatively extremely small ; hence its very 
 archaic appearance. Apparently the antefix belonged to 
 the same building as the Doric capital. An antefix of 
 similar form, which also had a remarkably small palmetto , 
 was recently found in the excavations at Eleusis. 
 
 F. — The Wall-paintings. 
 
 Among the finds of Tiryns the numerous remains of 
 wall-paintings take one of the chief places. As up to the 
 present time almost nothing was known of early Greek 
 painting, the smallest remains would have been of great 
 interest ; and the numerous pieces of plaster found in the 
 palace of Tiryns, which show not only a great number of 
 different ornaments but also representations of figures, are 
 the more deserving of universal attention. 
 
 All the walls of the palace had first a plastering of clay, 
 and over this a plastering of lime. In spite of the great 
 destruction which the palace has undergone in the course 
 of ages, this can be proved with certainty, because there 
 still exist in nearly all rooms at least small remnants of wall- 
 plastering. The wall-painting has, of course, everywhere 
 disappeared, for owing to the inconsiderable thickness of 
 the layer of earth which covered the ruins, the rain-water 
 could easily reach the plastering and destroy the colours. 
 The only chamber in which we still found remains of 
 
PLATE IX. 
 
 WALL PAINTINGS IN THE PALACE OF TIRVNS 
 

Chap. V.] ONLY FIVE DIFFERENT COLOURS. 297 
 
 painting on the plastering is the women’s hall. In Its south- 
 east corner we distinguish, still fairly well, the shape of the 
 ornaments, but the colours are not so clear. But many 
 fragments of plastering with well-preserved colours were 
 found in the dbbris of the various rooms, most of them 
 in the room which borders the bath-room on the north- 
 east side. 
 
 All these fragments had fallen from the walls, and were 
 preserved by the covering dtbris from the influence of the 
 weather. Those fragments were best preserved of which 
 the painted surface lay downwards. Altogether several 
 baskets were filled with fragments of such plastering. The 
 most valuable pieces have been brought to Athens, but the 
 larger number are in the Museum fitted up at Tiryns. 
 
 A selection of the best-preserved pieces is given on 
 Plates V.-XIII. The original fragments of the orna- 
 mental painting are represented with their colours ; the 
 restored parts are rendered in black tone. The colours are 
 not in every case a facsimile, but from the colours of the 
 best-preserved pieces I have decided on that of the more 
 injured. On Plates V.— XI. all objects are represented half 
 the actual size. In order, however, to give some idea of 
 the real condition of the paintings in their natural size, on 
 Plate XII. a fragment is shown in exact facsimile. Plate 
 XIII. contains a bull in facsimile colours, but somewhat 
 diminished in size. 
 
 It appears to me that in all these paintings only five 
 different colours occur — namely white, black, blue, red, and 
 yellow. Only simple pure colour has been used, no mixed 
 colour occurs ; even green colour is altogether excluded.* 
 At the same time we frequently see among the pieces 
 found, blue or red colour of quite different shades ; but 
 
 * According to Perrot and C'nipiez ( Aegypten , 5, 743, German 
 edition), the six colours, white, black, red, yellow, blue, and green, occur 
 in the Egyptian wall-paintings. 
 
THE CEILING OF ORCHOMENOS. [Chap. V. 
 
 these deviations are due not to a different mixing of the 
 colours, but to the different degree of preservation of each 
 piece. One can best see this by comparing two fragments 
 found at different places, but which originally formed one 
 piece, for they frequently show greatly differing tones of 
 colour, though they were undoubtedly originally painted 
 with the same colour. 
 
 1 he greater or less moisture of the debris in which the 
 separate fragments lay for ages imbedded, or even a different 
 composition of these dSbris has altered the colours in a 
 different manner. 
 
 The painting was executed al fresco , as may be seen in 
 many fragments. For instance, while the white parts which 
 show the ground-tone of the lime remain for the most part 
 perfectly white, in painted parts we can often clearly observe 
 how the pencil has entered into the lime and has made the 
 surface rough. Especially in pieces painted blue I have 
 been struck by these pencil-strokes. 
 
 Let us now consider, on Plates V.-XIII., the decorative 
 and figure painting. 
 
 Plate V. shows an ornament composed of four frag- 
 ments, in which at the first glance we recognise the pattern 
 of the ceiling of Orchomenos, a corner of which I represent 
 here in No. 124. We see a frieze composed of two rows 
 of spirals, which is bordered above by plain stripes, below 
 by stripes and a band of rosettes. The large spirals are 
 drawn with black lines on a white ground; their centres are 
 red. The spaces between each group of three spirals are 
 filled with large flowers, which have the, same two-leaved 
 cup and the same long stalk as the flowers in Orchomenos. 
 
 The upper border consists of a yellow band with red 
 strokes, and a blue band with black strokes. These narrow 
 bands, which are apparently imitations of the rows of gay- 
 coloured pieces of glass in the alabaster frieze, recur in very 
 many paintings, as, for instance, in the bull, Plate XIII., and 
 in the ornament still in situ in the women’s hall. Also in 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 LARGE-WINGED CREATURE. 
 
 299 
 
 the ceiling at Orchomenos, and in the pillars of the treasure- 
 house of Atreus we see them in plastic form. 
 
 The lower edge is formed by a row of single rosettes, 
 which are again enclosed on each side by such double bands 
 as are described above. The rosettes, which are more simple 
 than those of the ceiling at Orchomenos, show us by a very 
 instructive example that the wall-paintings of Tiryns were 
 all executed, not by the stencil - board (Schablone), but by 
 free-hand. No rosette exactly resembles another; most of 
 
 No. 124. — The sculptured ceiling of Orchomenos. 
 
 tnem are slanting and irregular, and we see plainly that tne 
 whole painting was made ofF-hand and carelessly. 
 
 Plate VI. shows below (Fig. e) a large and peculiar 
 object. Its importance first became clear to me after I left 
 Tiryns, and when it was therefore no longer possible for 
 me to search among the mass of plaster fragments for the 
 pieces which belonged to it. The curious figure is a part 
 of a large-winged creature, of which the neck and the joint 
 of one wing remains. 
 
 The most easily distinguished part is the neck-ornament, 
 which is formed of a row of strung-beads, long in shape and 
 
3 °° 
 
 LARGE-WINGED CREATURE. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 blue and red in colour ; and of three rows of drop-shaped 
 beads of the same colours. The face-like ornament con- 
 nected with it appears to be a clasp or agrafe, with which 
 the wing-arm is fastened to the body. The arm itself is 
 covered with several spirals, which gradually diminish in 
 size towards the end. At the last spiral we can see the 
 beginning of feathers. The wing, which was immediately 
 connected with the arm, is represented on Plate VII. 
 
 Further than this we have, so far, found nothing of this 
 winged creature, but the existing pieces are sufficient to 
 show that the creature represented must have had a similar 
 shape to several small gold winged-figures found in Mycenae. 
 One of these is placed for comparison on Plate VI., Fig. a 
 (cf. Schliemann’s Mycence , No. 277). On this figure also 
 we observe the neck-ornament, and we seem to recognise 
 the clasp and the spirals of the winged arm. 
 
 On Plate VI., Fig. c, there is also represented another 
 fragment, on which are traces of a drawing of another 
 similar winged creature. The neck-ornament is here formed 
 of small pendent flowers, alternating with small beads. The 
 wing was here to the right of the clasp. Only a corner of 
 the spirals and the beginning of the feathers are preserved. 
 For the sake of comparison, I have adjoined (Plate VI., 
 Fig. b) a drawing of an ivory ornament from Menidi, which 
 evidently represents a perfectly similar clasp. 
 
 Further, I have drawn to the right above (Plate VI., 
 Fig. d ) a fragment of a wing, which is particularly in- 
 teresting from the fact, that the feathers are arranged to 
 right and left of a central line. The fragment must there- 
 fore have belonged to some figure of which the two wings 
 met below. 
 
 Plate VII. shows some fragments of a wing half the 
 actual size. Fragments of this kind are found in large 
 numbers among the plaster remains, a proof that winged 
 creatures frequently appeared in the wall-paintings of the 
 palace. Besides the wing-joint, we see small feathers, painted 
 
Chap. V.] OTHER PAINTED DECORATIONS. 30I 
 
 with red colour on a yellow ground ; these are joined by 
 four rows of larger feathers, and by rotation a yellow, a 
 blue, a yellow and a white row ; the separating strokes 
 of each feather are drawn in black, the middle-lines in 
 red. The rayed long lines which divide the various 
 feather groups are not only painted, but cut deep into 
 the plaster. 
 
 With how little care the wall-painting was here and 
 there executed is seen in the example of these wings. Not 
 only have the individual feathers quite different forms, and 
 are in part very irregularly drawn ; but, besides this, the 
 inaccurate painting of the differently coloured feathers is 
 very characteristic. The points of the large yellow feathers 
 are often blue, and those of the blue often yellow. This 
 inaccuracy arose thus : the painters first drew a band of 
 blue and then a band of yellow of the same width, and 
 then marked off on these the various feathers with black 
 and red lines, without caring that the points of the feathers 
 often stretched over into the neighbouring colour. 
 
 On Plate VIII. I have placed six different spirals 
 together, all in half the actual size. Fig. a shows a spiral 
 combined from two fragments which exactly corresponds 
 with the sculptured ornament (Plate IV.) described on 
 pp. 284-292. Each spiral is composed of a blue and a 
 yellow band, unfolding on a white circle. The spiral Fig. b 
 is simpler and more irregularly drawn. One might even 
 doubt whether it should be described as a spiral, since it has 
 but one winding. It agrees with the plastic spiral-band on 
 the metopes of the kyanos-frieze. Fig. c looks like the pre- 
 ceding example ; the spiral is drawn with a broad black line 
 on a white ground, the eye is red. Fig. d shows the fragment 
 of a red spiral painted on a white ground. The meaning of 
 the adjoining yellow spot is unknown. Fig. e is a black 
 spiral drawn on yellow ground ; by its irregular form we 
 judge that it was drawn rapidly with a tree hand. The 
 fragment shown under Fig. f contains red spirals on a 
 
3°2 
 
 TAPESTRY PATTERNS. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 yellow ground, which apparently diminish in size towards 
 the right. 
 
 Plate IX. gives live different fragments. Fig. a shows 
 six bulls’- feet walking towards the right on a blue back- 
 ground. Below these come the gay-coloured stripes with 
 cross-lines, described above (Plate V.). Below are leaves 
 of various colours on a black ground in a row, and in the 
 following order : yellow, red, white, blue, yellow. Similar 
 leaves of glass-paste are among the finds of Mycenae 
 
 Fragment b contains in its upper part rosettes like 
 those drawn on Plate V. ; in its lower part leaves, which are 
 very like those before named. In Fig. c I have drawn a 
 part of a flower of the same pattern as on Plate V., because 
 on this piece the little leaves or anthers between the calyx 
 and the stalk are painted differently. The connected semi- 
 circles make the flower still more like those in the ceiling 
 of Orchomenos (see No. 124). The representation in 
 Fig. d is not quite comprehensible. Fig. e , put together 
 from two fragments, shows a very large spiral, black on 
 white ground. 
 
 On Plate X. I have placed together various different 
 patterns. Fig. a shows spirals of very small proportions, 
 with black drawing on yellow ground. The fragments 
 Figs, b and c belong to some figurative representation. We 
 recognise in it starfishes, with arms red and blue in colour, 
 painted on a black ground, on which the white points 
 have been superadded in glossy white. Figs, d to / suggest 
 no remark ; indeed some among them (Figs, f and /) are 
 inexplicable. 
 
 Plate XI. contains three variations of one motif, which 
 was largely applied in later Greek art, and is even yet fre- 
 quently used among us in tapestry patterns. In Fig. a the 
 pattern is in red on a yellow ground. What is intended 
 by the comb-like object which occurs in the separate fields 
 of the pattern is not clear to me. The fragments Figs, b 
 and c give the same pattern in black and red colours ; the 
 
Chap. V.] THE BULL WITH ITS RIDER. 303 
 
 first is broader in its proportions, the latter considerably 
 smaller. A similar pattern occurs on vases (cf. Plate 
 XXVI L, Fig. a). 
 
 Plate XII. gives a piece of the winged creature shown 
 on Plate VI., namely the clasp of the wing; it is a fac- 
 simile, and shows the actual size of the original. The 
 colours are exactly those now visible on the fragment, and 
 therefore they have not their original brightness, which, 
 however, returns in the original when the plaster is mois- 
 tened. 
 
 On Plate XIII. the largest preserved fragment of the 
 wall-plastering is shown somewhat diminished in size ; it 
 represents figures, and therefore commands special interest. 
 Dr. E. Fabricius, who gave particular attention to this 
 fragment, has kindly furnished me with the following 
 remarks upon it : — 
 
 “ On a frieze-like band, which is limited above by a 
 painted ornament, there is represented running wildly 
 towards the left a mighty bull. He has his head lifted up, 
 and his long curved horns reach up into the border; the 
 mouth is closed. The wildness of the animal has been 
 chiefly expressed by the artist by means of its large round 
 eye. The breast is very high ; the short, thick forelegs are 
 advanced as if for a leap; the hind legs are stretched far 
 backwards ; the long tail is raised high, and swung forwards. 
 The genitals are indicated. Above the back of the beast 
 we see a man in a very peculiar position, also in profile to 
 the left. He kneels with the right knee on the back of the 
 bull, so that the knee only and the tip of the toe touch the 
 back. He has stretched the other leg far back, and so 
 high that the heel almost touches the upper edge of the 
 frieze. In this unnatural position the figure is supported 
 by the grasp of the right hand on the horn of the bull ; 
 the left hand is beneath the breast. The colours used in 
 the painting are the following ; — The ground round the 
 figures is bhie, and this blue is painted up to the outline of 
 
3 ° 4 
 
 THE BULL WITH ITS RIDER. 
 
 [Chap. V 
 
 the bull, which has been first painted-in in white , and of 
 which the contour is quite clear from the blue, although 
 the blue is thicker. The nose of the bull is drawn with 
 fine blue lines. 
 
 “ Thus, while the bull has at first hand been grounded 
 white, the artist has painted the man’s figure in glossy white 
 on the blue ground. In spots where the glossy white has 
 been chipped off, the blue ground appears again. Following 
 the outline of the bull, there are painted all over large 
 semicircular spots in red ; smaller red spots in groups of 
 three or four are executed on the white ground between 
 the larger ones. Drawn with somewhat thicker paint, and 
 therefore showing darker, there are painted on the large 
 spots waved lines, which give life to the whole. There are 
 other parts brought out with red — the feet above the 
 hoofs, the shoulder-blades by a fine line, the upper half of 
 the tail and the genitals. The eye of the bull is put in 
 with black , and here and there the contours are strengthened 
 by a black line — for instance, on the extended leg of the 
 man, and on the tail of the bull. Just below the body of 
 the bull there was drawn a black line, as if it were to indicate 
 the shadow, but it is now almost washed away, in conse- 
 quence of which the genitals appear at present as if they 
 were separated from the body. 
 
 “The muscles and genitals of the man’s figure are 
 brought out with black and yellow lines, and the extended 
 left leg is covered with black cross-bands ; yellow bands may 
 be observed also on the hoofs of the bull. The orna- 
 mented border on the upper edge of the picture, reckoned 
 from above downwards, consists of a blue, a yellow, and a 
 white band ; in the yellow band there are vertical red lines. 
 
 “ Dimensions. — The thickness of the fragment mea- 
 sures between o' 02 and o' 04m.: length, 0*47 m.; height, 
 o' 29 m. Height of the ornamental border above, o' 031- 
 o' 032 m. For the sizes of the separate parts I refer to the 
 drawing. 
 
PLATE X, 
 
 WALL PAINTINGS IN THE PALACE OF TIRYNS. 
 
Chap. V.] THE BULL WITH ITS RIDER. 305 
 
 “ Preservation. — Below and on both sides are dis- 
 tinctly seen broken edges. The whole was found in seven 
 pieces. A piece is wanting just from the middle of the 
 bull, which is determined by the following four points : the 
 onset of the back of the bull, the middle of the back, the 
 middle of the body, and the onset of the fore legs with the 
 right knee of the man ; the hind legs of the bull are also 
 wanting, which were originally stretched far behind. The 
 piece on which the head of the bull is preserved is much 
 obliterated. 
 
 “ In the figure of the man, the glossy white is chipped 
 off the extended right arm, the upper part of the thigh of 
 the left leg, also off the head, the shoulders, and breast ; 
 but the outline can still be distinctly traced. Further, the 
 blue underground is in many places almost washed out, 
 and in consequence parts of an original grounding of the 
 bull have come to light : we see that the artist had at first 
 painted the bull somewhat longer, that he had twice grounded 
 the tail differently before he gave it its present position, and 
 the fore feet were also originally drawn somewhat higher. 
 The parts of the first grounding were, as we plainly see 
 from what remains, completely covered with the blue 
 ground colour. 
 
 “The Drawing is peculiarly free and skilful: the 
 forms of the bodies are, as in the early archaic vase- 
 paintings, too slender ; the head of the bull (height without 
 horns, o'o58; horns, o - Q75 m.) is too short in proportion 
 to the height of the breast (about o'ioo m.) and to the 
 back. 
 
 “As both the Technique of the painting and the pre- 
 paration of the colours, as well as the style of ornamentation 
 on the upper border, are quite the same as the other wall- 
 paintings of Tiryns, where especially the yellow band with 
 vertical red stripes often appears, the idea is precluded that 
 this piece with the bull might belong to a different epoch 
 from the other fragments. 
 
 x 
 
306 THE BULL WITH ITS RIDER. [Chap. V. 
 
 “ As regards the explanation or meaning of the repre- 
 sentation, we might suppose that the man on the back of 
 the bull should be regarded as a performer of feats of bull- 
 riding or a bull-tamer, who shows his skill by leaping on 
 the back of the beast in wild career, just as in the well- 
 known passage in the Iliad (XV. 67 9), the horse-tamer 
 leaps from the back of one of the four galloping horses 
 which he has yoked together, on to the back of another.” 
 
 All these paintings, as well those of artificial design as 
 those with figures, were certainly applied to the walls of 
 the rooms, for the roof consisted of wood and was not 
 plastered, while the concrete floor, wherever it was at all 
 coloured, had a much simpler design. But we may ask what 
 the arrangement of the paintings on the wall was, whether 
 they covered the whole wall, or were applied only above or 
 below as friezes or dados. We should be quite in the dark 
 as to the answer, had there not been preserved a large piece 
 of the wall-plastering with its painting in situ in the S.E. 
 corner of the women’s apartment. We there see that a 
 dado about o • 60 m. high is separated by a band of several 
 colours from the upper part of the wall, and painted with 
 ornaments. The separating band is like that given on 
 Plate V., and consists of a yellow band with red cross- 
 strokes, and a blue band with black strokes. This dado 
 resulted from the construction of the wall, which often 
 consisted of materials differing below and above. If, for 
 example, the wall was made of sun-dried bricks it was 
 necessary, to save it from damp, to have a dado of stone. 
 So we find in the palace of Tiryns the very same painted 
 wall dado which we find in most of the Pompeian houses. 
 Above the dado the surface of the wall had at Tiryns partly 
 a single uniform colour (numerous pieces of plaster painted 
 simply blue or red were found), partly it was certainly 
 covered with ornaments and figure subjects. 
 
 As Homer never, either in Iliad or Odyssey, distinctly 
 mentions plastered walls, Helbig infers that wall-painting 
 
Chap. V.] LATER REMAINS IN THE CITADEL. 307 
 
 was at that time not yet known in Greece. He says (das 
 Homerische Epos , p. 76) “ Thus we must imagine the walls 
 [of the Homeric palace], even if built of stone, as panelled 
 within with wood, for plaster-coating was, as has already 
 been remarked, unknown ” But as we now know that wall- 
 plaster occurs both at Mycenae and Tiryns, this statement 
 of Helbig's is incorrect. Though Homer makes no direct 
 mention of plaster, we may perhaps infer from the epithets 
 <fec rro?, which he gives to porticoes, and Traji^avouq, which 
 he gives to walls (ivcoma), that he alludes to the smooth, 
 painted plaster-coating of the walls. 
 
 G. — Later Remains on the Citadel. 
 
 We cannot determine accurately when the stately palace 
 with its crowds of pillars and its wall-paintings perished. 
 All the architectural finds we made on the citadel are older 
 than the 5th cent, b.c., and so far confirm the ordinary 
 tradition, that Tiryns was destroyed not later than 468 b.c. 
 and never again rebuilt. But among them there are found 
 some (the Doric capital, the geison , and the antejix ) which 
 did not belong to the palace, but to a building erected after 
 the destruction of the palace (cf. p. 229). If this be so, 
 then the palace must have been destroyed long before the 
 year 468. Nor do the architectural designs of the palace 
 refute this view, so far as we know them ; for the sculptured 
 frieze of Kyanos, the wall-paintings, and the construction 
 of the a 7 itce and pillars not only may, but must, be older 
 than the Doric architectural remains just alluded to. While 
 therefore it is very probable that the account of the destruc- 
 tion of the Argives in 468 refers to a second destruction of 
 the Acropolis, and of the Doric temple thereon, yet it is 
 not impossible that the palace was destroyed along with it 
 in the 5th cent. b.c. 
 
 After this last destruction the fort seems to have remained 
 uninhabited, for of later Hellenic or Roman buildings there 
 
 x 2 
 
308 BYZANTINE CHURCH. [Chap. V. 
 
 was not found a trace on the Acropolis. The fortress then 
 was merely a large hill of dibris , from which only the great 
 walls stood up. This was the appearance of Tiryns when 
 visited by Pausanias. 
 
 It was not till Byzantine days that active building again 
 began there. At its south end, over the buildings of the 
 great ante-court, a Christian church was erected, the foun- 
 dations of which were found in our excavations. What 
 remains of it can be seen on Plan III., where the extant 
 remains are coloured red. The ground-plan of the church 
 cannot indeed be accurately determined, on account of the 
 complete destruction which it too has suffered ; but the 
 apse facing East and the three aisles can still be recognised. 
 As the church was small in dimensions, so its ornamenta- 
 tion was very poor, for in addition to a marble slab, badly 
 worked, only some rude stucco-cornices and remains of 
 coloured plaster were found. As among these there were 
 neither pillars nor Byzantine sculptures, all data for fixing 
 the age of the building are wanting. 
 
 Both within and about the church we came upon a 
 large number of tombs, all oriented to the East. Made as 
 they were partly of stone slabs, partly of rubble-masonry and 
 lime-mortar, partly of semicircular roof-tiles, they were 
 almost all not laid deep enough to reach the old concrete 
 floor. In a few places only, where the debris was shallow, 
 they went below it, e.g. in the great Propylaeum and in the 
 gate of the men’s court. On Plan III. I have indicated 
 some of these tombs with red colour. In all about fifty 
 were found, containing in every case besides bones a rude 
 earthen vessel, but nothing to fix their date. 
 
 Both church and graveyard went also to ruin, and were 
 covered by a layer of vegetable soil. Right over the church, 
 at the south end of the fortress, there lay, when the excava- 
 tions began, a threshing-floor made of stones, I suppose a 
 work of the present century. 
 
*11 
 
 '^■jg^anSkm, 
 
 fei Sifflpw 
 
 
 15.09* 
 
 
 
 
 No. 126. 
 
 THE UPPER CITADEL 
 OF TIRYNS. 
 
 I After tub Excavations in i88s, 
 
 i By W. DORPFELD. 
 
 «7.*r, 
 
 LEGEND. 
 
 So Met. 
 
 A Tower with two rooms. 
 
 B Vaulted chambers. 
 
 C Gallery. 
 
 D Corridor with staircase. 
 
 E Portico. 
 
 F The great fore-court. 
 
 G Southwest comer of the Palace. 
 
 H The great Propylaeum. 
 
 I Portico. 
 
 K The little Propylaeum. 
 
 L Court-yard of the men's apartments. 
 M Megaron of the men. 
 
 N Little court-yard. 
 
 O Megaron of the women. 
 
 P Vaulted chambers. 
 
 Q Cistern. 
 
 R Gallery in the eastern wall. 
 
 S Shafts sunk in 1876. 
 
 T Side ascent to the upper citadel. 
 U Cellar-like rooms. 
 
 V Cistern. 
 
 W Great lower on the N.W. side. 
 X Little staircase. 
 
 Y Entrance to the middle citadel. 
 
 Z Middle citadel or rear court-yard, 
 r Tower on the N.E. side. 
 
 A Ramp of the main ascent. 
 
 © The great gate of the citadel. 
 
 A Altar in the court-yard. 
 
 2Z The place where the terra-cottas 
 were found. 
 
 Z Door to the gallery R. 
 
 4> Wall on the semi-circular projecting 
 structure. 
 
 The numbers indicate the altitwte. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 The Excavations of the Year 1885. 
 
 By Dr. Wilhelm Dorpfeld. 
 
 In describing the citadel-wall (see pp. 177-189), we had con- 
 cluded with the expression of a wish that the whole outer wall 
 of the stronghold might, as soon as possible, be brought to light 
 in the same way as had been done by Dr. Schliemann in regard 
 to the palace situated in the interior part of the castle. “ Then 
 only will it be possible thoroughly to understand these interesting 
 walls with their towers, galleries, gates and posterns, and to give a 
 decided answer on those questions which at present, unfortunately, 
 must still remain open.” 
 
 This wish has been fulfilled more quickly than could be hoped 
 for. Dr. Schliemann resolved upon taking the work upon him- 
 self, and entrusted to me the direction of the excavations. The 
 work was begun in the middle of April, and ended in the middle 
 of June, when the summer heat set in. During these two 
 months — not counting a few holidays and one rainy day — the 
 excavations were continued without interruption ; the number of 
 the workmen varying from thirty to forty. As in the year 1884, 
 Ilos, of Maguliana, again acted as overseer. To assist me in 
 superintending the excavations, and in making the drawings, 
 Dr. Schliemann, with kindly readiness, had engaged a second 
 architect, Mr. Georg Kawerau, of Berlin. 
 
 The Greek Government had sent the Phylax of Antiquities, 
 Mr. Georgios Chrysaphis, as its representative, to remain as long 
 as the excavations at Tiryns lasted He superintended the 
 gathering-together and the storing of the finds with unsurpassed 
 care and great zeal. 
 
 Shortly before the excavations were concluded, and when 
 Dr. Schliemann had already gone to London, in order to receive 
 the “ Gold Medal for Art and Science,” which had been 
 awarded to him, Dr. Ernst Fabricius came for several days to 
 
310 STAIR-CASE AND FIVE VAULTED ROOMS. [Chap. VI. 
 
 Tiryns, in order to examine the terra-cotta vases, bronzes, idols, 
 and so forth, which had been discovered. The reader will see 
 his report on these subjects in the following pages (see pp. 344- 
 357). During the last days of the excavation, after Dr. Fabricius 
 had left, we came, in an inverted wall-corner on the S.E. side, 
 upon a great find of terra-cotta figures which Dr. Koepp has been 
 good enough to describe (see pp. 358-367). 
 
 The task entrusted to us was twofold. First, the object was, 
 to remove the great masses of debris which, last year, during the 
 excavation of the upper citadel, had been thrown upon the 
 slopes of the castle-hill ; and then to bring the enclosure wall 
 of the upper citadel to light on every side. The earth had to be 
 levelled on the fields all round the castle ; and the numerous small 
 and large stones had to be heaped together on separate spots. 
 
 We began the digging on the southern side of the citadel by 
 removing the mass of debris lying on the wall, and clearing the 
 two galleries there, which were already known. Soon it was 
 observed that the upper gallery, in accordance with what we 
 had suspected before, contains a staircase leading to the lower 
 gallery. But a further discovery was for us a most unexpected 
 and surprising one. It was found that to the lower gallery were 
 joined five vaulted rooms, each of which was connected with the 
 gallery by a door. 
 
 When we passed over, in our clearance work, to the western 
 side of the citadel, a large tower, projecting from the castle-wall, 
 appeared on the S.W. corner. This tower contains two inner 
 rooms, divided by a party-wall. The adjoining wall on the 
 N. side is very much destroyed, and therefore could only be 
 uncovered, in its lower layers, after many blocks of stone had 
 been removed and great masses of earth carted away. The 
 greatest obstacle was, the large semicircular projecting structure 
 in the middle of the western wall. Its interior being wholly 
 filled with colossal blocks of stone, that had fallen from the 
 upper citadel, and the access to it being only possible through 
 the little gate on the W. side, the clearance could only be 
 effected with the greatest difficulty, and under constant danger 
 of life for the workmen. Many of the colossal blocks of stone 
 had first to be laboriously split so as to enable us to lift them 
 with our strong levers, and to get them out. Several times, 
 seeing the enormous difficulties, and doubting whether, after all, 
 any noteworthy result would be obtained, we were on the point 
 of desisting from its further prosecution. It was, therefore, to 
 
Chap. VI.] 
 
 VASES AND IDOLS. 
 
 3 1 1 
 
 our great delight that suddenly, within the projecting structure, 
 a well-preserved stone staircase came to view, of which we 
 gradually uncovered sixty-five steps. 
 
 Further north, the western wall offered no special difficulties. 
 After the debris and a few stone-blocks had been removed, the 
 wall as well as the rock on which it is built, were disclosed. 
 
 After the whole western wall of the upper citadel had been 
 brought to light, we turned to the eastern wall and began, at the 
 S.E. corner, with the removal of the old and new masses of 
 debris and the complete clearance of the great gallery which had 
 already been known for a long time past. As was to be expected, 
 this gallery too proved to be a corridor, which even now is con- 
 nected, by six doors, with as many vaulted rooms. Although we 
 could not fully finish the carting away of the masses of earth on 
 this side, because the beginning of the great summer-heat put a 
 stop to the continuance of the work, we were yet able to trace 
 nearly the entire course of the eastern wall. Only very little 
 remains to be done ; and that can easily be finished, when the 
 lower citadel — which, last year, was investigated only by means 
 of a small trench, but which in the present year has been left 
 quite untouched — is to be fully excavated. 
 
 As, in these diggings, the debris to be carted away consisted 
 principally of that which last year had been thrown from the 
 upper citadel, and which, therefore, had already once been 
 searched, we could not reckon upon many finds. Vases and 
 other objects could only be found on approaching the older 
 layers of debris. Nevertheless, the number of the finds has been 
 a comparatively large one. Two places more especially- — the 
 surface of the semicircular projecting structure on the W. side, 
 and an inverted corner on the S.E. side of the castle — yielded a 
 particularly rich booty. In the last-mentioned place, we dug 
 out very many terra-cotta figures and small vases of a later 
 period ; in the former place, a large number of fragments of 
 ancient vases (of geometrical and Mycenean style), and numerous 
 fragments of painted wall plastering. 
 
 In general, the finds were made singly ; and moreover — 
 as was natural, considering the kind of earth that had been 
 excavated — very ancient vases were intermixed with later ones. 
 For, the debris which covered the walls, had gathered there 
 in the course of ages, and consequently could not but contain 
 products of widely varying periods, embedded in the most 
 different layers of earth. Under these circumstances, it would 
 
3 12 
 
 THE CITADEL WALL. 
 
 [Chap. VI. 
 
 have been useless, nay, even misleading, if we had noted the 
 depth below the surface, at which the several objects were found. 
 
 Passing over to the special description of the results of our 
 excavations, I may mention that the best pieces found have been 
 sent to Athens, in order to be exhibited there in the Mycenae 
 Museum, together with the objects discovered last year. The 
 less important objects remain in Tiryns, where they are kept in 
 the watchman’s hut. 
 
 A.— THE CITADEL WALL. 
 
 As a basis for the description of the castle wall, we adopt the 
 subjoined plan No. 125 which, drawn up on the scale of 1 .-400, 
 has been reduced, by photographic process, to about three- 
 quarters. I have chosen the orientation in such a way that the 
 magnetic north directly points to the left ; hence the east is at 
 the top. For those who desire an exact statement as to the 
 orientation, it may be observed that the axis of the Megaron 
 deviates from the magnetic north line by about 6^°. The plan 
 does not embrace the whole castle, but only that part in which 
 the new excavations took place — namely, the palace properly 
 speaking, with its fore-court and outer court. 
 
 The lower citadel, which is represented on Plate I., I have 
 not included in the new plan, because its picture has in no wise 
 been changed by the new excavations, and because I thus gained 
 the advantage of being able to take a larger scale for the upper 
 citadel. Though a short explanation has been added to the 
 plan, I think it necessary to add a few more remarks by way of 
 illustration. The citadel wall, as far as it is preserved and is 
 now visible, I have marked by cross-hatching, and moreover I 
 have put its outer side in relief by a double line. Where this 
 double line is wanting, we have not found the outer course of 
 the wall. On the other hand, a simple hatching indicates those 
 portions of the wall which have only been preserved in their 
 foundation layers, or which are not visible now. As the present 
 surface of the circuit wall, in many places internally, remains 
 below the level of the palace floor, whilst externally it lies 
 several meters above the more deeply situated rock, the exterior 
 face of the wall in the Plan had to be patched in many places 
 in a darker tone, but the interior face more lightly, although the 
 inner edge is nearly everywhere preserved at greater height than 
 
PLATE XI. 
 
 WALL PAINTINGS IN THE PALACE OF TIRYNS. 
 
Chap. VI.] COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS PLANS. 
 
 3 !-3 
 
 the outer part. Furthermore, as, in the galleries, the imaginary 
 section-plane has been assumed to be close above their floor, the 
 columns situated above the eastern gallery ought not, properly 
 speaking, to have been represented in the ground-plan. Yet, 
 their presence on the Plan seemed to me absolutely necessary ; 
 and I have, therefore, drawn the four preserved bases of columns 
 quite black, indicating the supplemented ones merely by circular 
 lines, in the hatched wall surface. 
 
 Of the inner walls of the palace, those the foundations of 
 which only have been preserved, are also marked by a simple 
 hatching, whilst those which rise above the floor, are cross- 
 hatched. The three open inner courts of the palace are marked 
 by a square net, and thus they will be recognised at a glance. 
 The inserted numerals indicate, in meters, the height of the 
 point in question above the level of the sea. 
 
 The foundations of the Byzantine Church, which were dis- 
 covered at the S. end of the citadel, and which are delineated on 
 Plate II., I have left out on the new Plan, in order the better to 
 give a full idea of the antique plan of the great fore-court. 
 
 A comparison of our new plan with the one drawn last year 
 (Plate I.), and that of Captain Steffen ( Maps of Mycenae ; 
 sheet II.) shows at once how successful this year’s excavations 
 have been. Hitherto, the few visible wall-corners had been 
 connected by dotted lines, and thus an outline of the castle had 
 been obtained which is now shown to have been by no means 
 correct. Instead of the long, almost unbroken lines of the wall, 
 we have found numerous projecting and inverted angles ; and 
 instead of the uniform wall profile, which we had thought was 
 to be assumed for the whole upper citadel, very great variety in 
 the depth and form of the wall has presented itself. Amongst 
 the numerous sections of the circuit wall, there are scarcely two 
 parts which have been built on the same scale and in like 
 manner. This fact is the more remarkable because the wall of 
 the lower citadel, in its whole extent, possesses the same profile 
 and almost exactly the same thickness. We are forced to 
 assume that this difference has arisen partly from the configura- 
 tion of the castle rock, partly from the manner in which the 
 paths of ascent have been formed, partly from the desire of 
 establishing store-rooms and cisterns within the wall. 
 
 Before we turn to the description of the several sections of 
 the wall, let us first try to obtain a general survey of the citadel, 
 as represented. 
 
 The core of the upper citadel is formed by the palace 
 
THE OUT-WALL OF THE PALACE. 
 
 [Chap. VI. 
 
 3 r 4 
 
 properly speaking, with separate dwellings for men and women. 
 Even as, towards the south — therefore, on the right of our Plan 
 • — the somewhat deeper situated great fore-court adjoins, so in 
 the north, also a few meters lower, that section adjoins, which 
 we have called the middle citadel. These three parts possess 
 in common a strong circuit wall, which, roughly speaking, forms 
 an oblong rectangle stretching from north to south. The 
 several sections are separated by thinner walls. The connection 
 between the palace and the fore-court (F) is effected by the 
 Gate K and two side-doors ; between the palace and the middle 
 citadel (Z) by the staircase and the door X. 
 
 On the eastern longitudinal side of the great quadrangle lies 
 the chief ascent to the castle. The carriage-road begins at the 
 N.E. corner ; it gradually rises in a southerly direction to the 
 level of the citadel, and ends at the fore-court F, with the great 
 Gate structure H. On its outer side, this long road is protected 
 by a strong embattled wall. A second ascent, which only 
 served as a side ascent and was not passable for horses and 
 carriages, is situated on the W. side. Here, the approach is 
 from the opposite direction — that is, from south to north — by 
 means of a flight of steps : first, the middle citadel is reached in 
 this way ; whence the ascent to the higher palace may be made 
 by the staircase Z. This ascent, too, is protected against 
 hostile attack by a strong embattled wall which at its lower end 
 terminates in a great semicircle. 
 
 Three sections adjoining each other, of which the central and 
 highest one is occupied by the palace ; a great practicable 
 carriage-way on the eastern side, which abuts upon the southern 
 section ; and a side ascent formed as a staircase, which leads to 
 the northern section : such are the general features the upper 
 citadel of Tiryns presented to us after the excavations of the 
 present year. This division of the upper citadel we shall follow 
 in the subsequent description, when, first, we shall consider the 
 out-wall of the palace proper ; then, that of the southern sec- 
 tion — viz., of the great fore-court ; and further on, that of the 
 northern section — or middle citadel. Finally, we shall discuss 
 the two ascents, with their protecting walls. 
 
 i. The Out-Wall of the Palace. 
 
 In the fifth chapter we were only able to fix the limits of the 
 palace on the north, east, and south, whilst the boundary wall on 
 the western side was then still unknown. This gap is now, to 
 
Chap. VI.] ITS CONNECTION WITH THE PALACE. 315 
 
 some extent, filled up. Though the walls on the W. part of the 
 palace are mostly quite destroyed, the great out-wall itself never- 
 theless remains. Externally, it consists of very large blocks of 
 stone, whilst on the inner side smaller stones have also been 
 used. It is impossible to say what were the dimensions of the 
 wall above the floor of the palace, and whether, on the W. side, a 
 corridor lay along the wall in the same way as on the north side ; 
 for, the wall has disappeared down to the depth of several meters 
 below the upper floor. In its lower preserved part — as may be 
 seen from the Plan — it has a considerable thickness which, 
 although not exactly measurable, amounts in some places to 12 m. 
 In its S.W. corner (see U in the Plan), the wall contains some 
 cellar-like rooms, the bottom of which, composed of a concrete 
 flooring, is in part still well preserved. This floor lies 21 -90 m. 
 above the sea; therefore about 4- 50 m. below the floor of the 
 palace. The ceiling of these rooms was not made of stone, but 
 undoubtedly of strong wooden beams ; for, in no part of the 
 palace are the vestiges of the great fire which brought about the 
 destruction of the castle, to be more clearly seen. In the red 
 debris with which the interior was filled, we even found still 
 great pieces of burnt and unburnt wood. The rooms were at all 
 events accessible, from the upper chambers, by means of a wooden 
 staircase, and probably were used as cellars for the storing of 
 food, etc. Their situation within the great out-walls may be seen 
 from the profile in Fig. 1 30, where they are indicated by dotted 
 lines and marked by the letter e. 
 
 A noteworthy fact is, that the western boundary wall of the 
 palace is not in a straight line, but forms a whole series of in- 
 verted and projecting angles, as is the case with the northern 
 and eastern wall. These many angles are by no means 
 capriciously arranged, but correspond — as may be seen from the 
 Plan— to the inner walls of the palace. The circuit wall and the 
 palace are consequently in close connection ; and in this we may 
 recognise a further valuable proof of the thesis repeatedly men- 
 tioned before, that the construction of the palace and of the 
 embattled walls took place simultaneously. It cannot be denied, 
 it is true, that in some cases also the configuration of the rock 
 on which the wall was to be built, prescribed the erection of 
 projecting structures. But in Tiryns itself it can be clearly seen 
 that in many places where the formation of the castle-rock by 
 no means required it, inverted angles were nevertheless arranged 
 on account of the interior division of the palace. 
 
3 [6 OUT-WALL OF THE FORE-COURT. [Chap. VI. 
 
 At the corner G, situated to the west of the gate-structure 
 K, the western circuit wall of the palace ends. It bends here 
 into a right angle, and runs exactly in an eastern direction to- 
 wards the gate structure. Thus, the palace on its S. side also 
 was separated from the fore-court F by an embattled wall ; and 
 this wall had been constructed simultaneously with the western 
 wall of the palace, but a little earlier than the circuit-wall of 
 the fore-court. 
 
 2 . The Out-Wall of the Fore-court F. 
 
 On the western side of the fore-court, before the most recent 
 excavations had been begun, only insignificant vestiges of the 
 circuit-wall were visible, and therefore it could only be indi- 
 cated, on Plate I., by dotted lines, in a hypothetical form. The 
 assumed shape of the wall has, however, proved to be an erro- 
 neous one ; for in reality the wall lies — as is shown by Plan 125 
 — several meters farther away to the east. Its comparatively 
 slight thickness has been the cause of its nearly entire destruc- 
 tion. Only in its southern part, where the great tower projects, 
 it still stands upright, several meters high. In its northern part, 
 after prolonged excavations, we have only brought to light one 
 or two courses of stone on the outer side. Here, the present 
 upper edge lies on an average 8-9 m. under the floor of the fore- 
 court. 
 
 The outer edge of the wall forms a broken line, which is 
 composed of several straight pieces, 10-12 m. in length. A reason 
 for this slight deviation from the straight line is not visible ; it 
 cannot possibly have been caused by the configuration of the 
 rock. Whilst the wall in the neighbourhood of the tower has a 
 breadth of 8' 15 m., it is only half as thick (4-10111.) further 
 north. By way of compensation for this reduction, a second, 
 parallel wall, 1 -65 m. in breadth, has been set up at a short 
 distance within. This second wall is composed of smaller 
 stones, and seems to be connected with the outer wall by several 
 cross-walls. At least, one of these cross-walls has been brought 
 to light. The space between the outer and the inner wall is now 
 filled with earth, and in ancient times also does not seem to 
 have been a hollow space. The idea suggests itself that the 
 inner wall, which in quite a similar manner recurs also in other 
 parts of the castle, formed the foundation for a colonnade 
 running along the inside of the castle wall. 
 
Chap. VI.] 
 
 TOWER WITH TWO ROOMS. 
 
 3 1 7 
 
 At the S. end of the western wall, a mighty tower projects 
 from the line of the wall. Its breadth is 8*30 m. ; its length 
 19 '20 m. It is built on a natural prominence of the castle rock ; 
 for, even now, the rock shows itself on the three unenclosed 
 faces of the tower. Inside there are two rooms of equal size 
 (4-95 m. to 6 ' o m.), separated from each other by a party wall, 
 170 m, in depth. They were therefore completely isolated, 
 and could only be entered from above by means of wooden 
 stairs or ladders. On the outside of the western wall of the 
 northern room there is a broadening of the wall, which, at a 
 first glance, might easily be taken for a stone staircase, leading 
 up from without. But a closer investigation will soon convince 
 everyone that it was solely the shape of the rock on that spot, 
 which caused the broadening of the footing of the wall. 
 
 As scarcely any stones, but almost exclusively half-baked, 
 sun-dried bricks and red rubbish have been found in the interior 
 of the rooms, their ceilings cannot possibly have consisted of 
 stone, as was the case with the ceilings of the chambers B and P, 
 but must have been formed of strong wooden beams. At the 
 destruction of the castle, the beams caught fire ; and by the 
 glowing heat thus created the upper parts of the tower, consist- 
 ing of sun-dried bricks, were burnt red. The remnants of the 
 burnt brick -walls afterwards filled the rooms. It is not possible 
 to decide how many storeys the tower had. As there is a dif- 
 ference of about 8 m. between the floor of the rooms (+ i6‘6o m.) 
 and that of the fore-court (+ 24-50 m.), there were probably 
 two storeys even below the level of the floor of the fore-court. 
 
 It would be of great importance, in deciding the object of the 
 rooms, if we could find out whether light was imparted to them 
 by windows. Unfortunately, a single layer only of their western 
 wall, which was 3-30 m. strong, has been preserved above the 
 floor ; and as the windows had at any rate to be placed in the 
 upper layers, the ruins do not offer us any data for answering 
 that question. If the rooms weie dark, they may have been 
 cisterns. Otherwise we might regard them as prisons, or as a 
 provision cellar. For cisterns two circumstances speak, which I 
 will mention though they do not afford a full proof. First, the 
 out-walls of the two rooms are built with clay-mortar which can 
 be clearly recognised even now, on the inner side of the walls, 
 between the stones. As the walls were consequently water-tight, 
 the two rooms may very well have served as cisterns. This 
 conclusion is, however, not a certain one ; for, the last excava- 
 
3 I 8 VAULTED CORRIDORS AND CHAMBERS. [Chap. VI. 
 
 tions have proved that nearly all the walls , the outer citadel 
 walls as well as the inner walls of the palace, were built with 
 clay-mortar. If the portions of the castle-wall which were 
 hitherto visible, do not show any mortar, but only small stones 
 in the joints between the large blocks, it is the natural conse- 
 quence of the rain which during thousands of years has struck 
 the wall and washed out the mortar. The mining work of 
 lizards and rats which live by hundreds in the walls, has also 
 contributed to the removal of the clay from the joints, Almost 
 throughout, wherever we have laid bare pieces of wall which for 
 many centuries had been covered with debris , the mortar within 
 the joints still showed itself well-preserved ; the light colour of 
 the clay, or loam, forming a clear contrast to the dark vegetable 
 earth and the red brick rubbish. 
 
 Secondly, it is to be noted that unquestionably there must 
 have existed, in the castle, several reservoirs for storing the 
 rain-water (comp. p. 204). If, therefore, we meet with two 
 rooms which by their construction, their dimensions, and their 
 elevation are very well fitted for being used as cisterns, we may 
 no doubt assume them, with some degree of probability, to have 
 been cisterns. 
 
 A transverse section through the tower is to be seen on 
 Fig. 127, to the left, in b : the preserved portion of the wall is 
 coloured dark ; the supplemented one lighter. The indicated 
 division of the height by an intermediate ceiling is, in accordance 
 with what we have above stated, simply a hypothesis. 
 
 A structure of the highest interest is the southern citadel wall 
 of the fore-court, with its vaulted corridors and chambers. It had 
 long been well known that the southern wall contained two 
 galleries ; but it was not known what was the form of these 
 vaulted passages ; both having partly fallen in, and being partly 
 filled with debris. One of our first objects was, to decide this 
 question. Great difficulties, however, lay in the way of an 
 effective clearance. In many places, the ceiling had fallen ; and 
 the large blocks of stone had been so firmly wedged together 
 in the small space that they could only be removed with the 
 greatest labour. Again, in several places, the preserved portion 
 of the ceiling, and the side-wall which still stood upright, 
 threatened to fall in during the clearance. As this, of course, 
 had to be prevented by every means, we found ourselves com- 
 pelled to shore-up the dangerous spots of the ceiling by means of 
 strong iron bars, and to repair the decaying portions of the walls 
 
Chap. VI.] VAULTED CORRIDORS AND CHAMBERS. 
 
 3 1 9 
 
 by cement masonry. Only after this securing work had been 
 effected, could the galleries be cleared without danger to the lives 
 of the workmen engaged. The result of these labours repaid us 
 richly for all the trouble and the expenses. Within the corridor 
 D, which is still, in part, covered with its vault, nine steps of a 
 stair-case leading down are preserved. A little further to the 
 west, the corridor bends, at a right angle, to the south, and 
 shortly afterwards opens into the broader and higher corridor C. 
 In the southern wall of the latter are five arched doors. When 
 we discovered these, we thought that, outside the doors, the 
 
 No. 126. — Transverse section of the southern wall, a, vaulted chamber ; b, gallery ; c, gallery 
 with staircase ; d , window of the gallery b. 
 
 plateau of the under-wall would extend itself. But how great 
 was our astonishment when, instead of the under-wall, we found 
 five separate rooms, all of which were once vaulted with colossal 
 blocks of stone in ogival form ! 
 
 As soon as we had made this discovery, we also examined, 
 with some workmen, the great, already known gallery (R) in the 
 eastern wall, in order to see whether there, too, similar rooms 
 did exist. Soon it was found that the six doors existing there 
 also led into six separate, vaulted chambers. By this dis- 
 covery, at one blow, everything we had said on p. 184, and 
 
3 2 ° 
 
 TOWER AND VAULTED CHAMBERS. [Chap. VI. 
 
 4 
 
 SI 
 
Chap. VI.] 
 
 STAIRCASE IN THE WALL. 
 
 3 21 
 
 following, in accordance with Captain Steffen’s attempt at an 
 explanation, was proved to be untenable. An isolated under- 
 wall, with a passage along the top, such as we had imagined, has 
 never existed in Tiryns at any place, but the whole under-wall 
 was occupied by rooms ; and only above the ogival ceiling of 
 those chambers was the top wall-way situated, from which the 
 castle could be defended. 
 
 In order to be able to inquire into the object of the casemate- 
 like chambers and corridors, a short architectural description of 
 them will be necessary. We take as a basis the ground-plan (Fig. 
 125), the transverse section through the southern wall (Fig. 126), 
 and the longitudinal section through the same (Fig. 127). The 
 transverse section (Fig. 126) shows, on the right, the middle one 
 of the five rooms (a) ; it intersects, further to the left, the door of 
 the same and the great gallery (b) ; and then follows the N.S. 
 arm of the second corridor ( c ). In the background, to the right, 
 the eastern wall of the middle room is to be seen ; in the centre, 
 at the east end of the passage ( b ), is the window (d), and to the 
 left, the second arm of the corridor c, with the remaining steps 
 of 1 he staircase. The longitudinal section (Fig. 127) is taken 
 through all the five vaulted chambers ( a ), and through the 
 tower ( b ) ; one sees the wall with the five doors, behind which 
 lies the gallery. The standing portions of the structure are in 
 both profiles drawn dark ; those which could be supplemented 
 with certainty, in light colour. 
 
 Roth arms of the tipper passage (D in the ground-plan) are 
 about 1 - 35 m. wide, and contained a great stone staircase, by 
 which the corridor C could be reached from the fore-court. Of 
 this staircase, nine steps, rudely made of unwrought limestone 
 slabs, are still in situ. The rise of each step is o* 16 m. ; its tread 
 o - 37 m. Now, as the lowest remaining step still lies 3 • 20 m. 
 above the floor of the corridor C, about 20 steps, which are 
 destroyed now, must have existed below it. And, in fact, as many 
 steps can be accounted for on the lower end of the passage ; 
 as indicated by the dotted lines in the ground-plan. Towards 
 above, the staircase is short of about 18 steps, if we assume the 
 height of the fore-court at that place to be about 25-0 m. It is 
 no longer possible to decide how they were arranged, because 
 we do not know at what place the staircase opens into the fore- 
 court. When the Byzantine Church was built — the foundations 
 of which I have left out in the new Plan, for the sake of affording- 
 a better synopsis — the upper part of the staircase D was also 
 
 Y 
 
3 22 
 
 THE VAULTED WALL CHAMBERS 
 
 [Chap. VI. 
 
 destroyed, together with the other antique structures in this 
 region of the citadel. From the fact of a Byzantine grave and 
 several Byzantine vases having been found under the lower, 
 destroyed parts of the antique staircase, we conclude that the 
 lower part of the staircase also was destroyed in Byzantine 
 times. 
 
 The corridor C, which was likewise provided with an ogive- 
 like stone ceiling, is in its eastern part 170 m., in its western 
 only 1 -50 m. wide. Its western end is closed against the some- 
 what deeper situated Tower room A by a wall, 2 ' 50 m. deep. 
 At the eastern end, the closing wall is considerably stronger 
 (4-60111.), and contains, several centimeters above the floor, a 
 window which contracts towards the outside, and consequently 
 had the shape of a loop-hole. Seen from the inside, it is trian- 
 gular ; 1 • 30 m. broad, and 1 ■ 80 m. high. A measurement of its 
 breadth at the outside of the wall is no longer feasible, because 
 the front of the wall is destroyed at this spot ; but from the 
 sloping of the preserved portion of the window, we can compute 
 an outer breadth of o - 10 m. to O' 20 m. Although, therefore, the 
 window was outside so small that it could scarcely be distin- 
 guished from a joint ; and though it was impossible to enter 
 through it : yet, on account of its inner broadening, it admitted 
 light enough for the whole corridor. The profile of the latter 
 may be seen from the transverse section (Fig. 126). Whilst its 
 breadth, in the main, agrees with that of the eastern gallery 
 (p. 184), its height is greater by a whole meter. Of the ceiling, 
 which was formed of mighty overlapping blocks of limestone, 
 only a few portions are preserved ; the greater part has fallen in. 
 The cause of this was, partly, the bad construction of the thick 
 northern wall, the inner side of which consists of rather small 
 quarry-stones and clay mortar, and is only lined outside with a 
 layer of large stones. 
 
 All the five doors leading to the chambers are still preserved ; 
 though partly very much damaged. Their breadth measures 
 1 -45 m. (at the easternmost door only i-25m.); their height, 
 up to the crown of the arch, about 2- 80 m. Each door is pro- 
 vided with a great stone threshold. Contrivances for locking the 
 doors we have not been able to detect. 
 
 Of the five rooms, the two western ones are 5 • 30 m., the three 
 eastern ones 4-30 m. deep. Their breadth is 3-30 m. ; only the 
 eastern one is 3-05 m. broad. The greater depth of the two 
 western chambers is certainly caused by the projection of the 
 
Chap. VI.] 
 
 ALSO FOUND AT CARTHAGE. 
 
 3 2 3 
 
 outer edge of the wall towards the south ; for the inverse supposi- 
 tion. that this projection has been formed with the intention of thus 
 obtaining two larger chambers, appears to me improbable for 
 many reasons. The chambers — as may be seen from Pig. 127 — 
 were covered with blocks of stone in such a way that the inter- 
 mediate walls converged, at a certain height, so far as eventually 
 to join one another. Portions of these heavy ogival stone- 
 ceilings are yet preserved ; but the greater portion has fallen in, 
 and their debris filled the chambers. From four chambers we 
 have cleared out the debris ; only in one (the second from the 
 west) have we left them lying there. 
 
 As the ridges of the arches lay parallel to the intermediate 
 walls, the trifling pressure which the ceilings possibly exercised 
 on the intermediate walls, was mutually neutralized. Only the 
 outer walls of the first and fifth room had to bear the pressure, if 
 any existed. These are, therefore, constructed more broadly than 
 the intermediate walls (2 ‘75 m. against I 'go m. ). The southern 
 outer wall in all the five chambers is much destroyed, because 
 the ceilings, in falling in, dragged these walls along with them. 
 Only of the lowest stone-layer, several ashlars are still preserved, 
 so that their thickness at least (2 '75 m.) could be measured. 
 Undoubtedly, these outer walls reached up to the ceilings of the 
 chambers, so that the latter were quite closed. On the other 
 hand, it is impossible to decide whether these walls also contained 
 windows for lighting the chambers. As, however, the corridor C 
 has a window, each room probably had a similar one. These 
 apertures must have been so small, that from the outside they 
 were either not visible at all, or very slightly indeed. 
 
 Interesting and important as the whole system of these case- 
 mate-like rooms is in itself, it obtains still greater importance by 
 the fact, that quite a similar system of construction has been found 
 in several Phoenician colonies on the northern coast of Africa — 
 namely, in the Punic cities of Carthage, Thapsus, Hadrumetum, 
 Utica, and Thysdrus.* In Fig. 129 I have given, after Perrot 
 
 * Professor Rudolf Virchow directs my attention to the fact of his having been 
 reminded by Prof. P. Ascherson : “that some written evidence has been preserved 
 from antiquity as to the architecture of the wall of Punic Carthage and the object of 
 the rooms contained in it. Appianos, of Alexandria {Hist. Romana, I. ; ed. Bekker, 
 1842 ; p. 220, 1-8) — whose report is probably founded on the lost account of Poly- 
 bios , who as we know, was an eye-witness of the capture and destruction of Carthage, 
 having been among the suite of the younger Scipio — describes this colossal and peculiar 
 structure in the following words : 1 The upper part of each of the (triple) walls was 
 
 Y 2 
 
VAULTED CHAMBERS AT CARTHAGE. [Chap. VI. 
 
 3 2 4 
 
 and Chipiez ( Histoire de l' Art, III. p. 351) part of the ground- 
 plan of the wall of Byrsa (the Acropolis of Carthage) ; and I 
 added (Fig. 128), for the sake of comparison, a piece of the 
 ground-plan of the eastern wall of Tiryns, drawn on the same 
 scale. Although, in Byrsa, the chambers lie towards the inner 
 part of the Castle, and are not of square, but circular formation, 
 the great similarity in the whole arrangement is unmistakeable. 
 The conformity even goes so far that the length and breadth of 
 the chambers in Byrsa almost exactly recur in the two central 
 rooms in the southern wall of Tiryns (3 -30 m. in breadth to 
 
 No. 128. — Ground-plan of the eastern wall of No. 129. — Ground-plan of the wall of Byrsa ; 
 Tiryns. a , vaulted chambers ; b, gallery. a, vaulted chambers ; b, gallery. 
 
 4'20 m. in depth). Scarcely anybody will venture to declare 
 this surprising similarity to be fortuitous. Surely, an underlying 
 connection is here traceable. Either Phoenician builders raised 
 the castle walls in North Africa as well as in the Argive plain ; 
 
 provided with a double roof; and in the hollow and covered room below there stood 
 300 elephants. Close by, there were magazines for their fodder. Above, there were 
 stables for 4000 horses, as well as store-rooms for green vegetable provender and 
 barley, together with quarters for 20 000 infantry and 4000 cavalry. So large a 
 military force found shelter in the walls alone’ : — Siwpotpov S' 1\v tKaarov relxovs rb 
 vipos Kal iv avrtp kol\o> re uvri /cal areyavw Kara) pev iaraQpevov iXetpavres rpiaKoaioL 
 Kal driaavpol irapeKeivro auroTs ran* rpocpwv, tirKOarduna S’ vnep avrovs TerpaKicrx^^OLS 
 'ittkois Kal rap ie/a x'b-oil re Kal Kpidrjs, arSpacri re Karayaiyal Tre^ots pev is Siapvp'iovs 
 i-Kwevai 5e is rerpaKiax^lovs- rocr^Se wapaaKevr] iroAepov SiereraKro trraOpeveiv iv rots 
 reixecrc povois.” 
 
 Henry Schliemann. 
 
Chap. VI.] 
 
 THEIR USE. 
 
 3 2 5 
 
 or we see here an architectural arrangement which, invented in 
 the oldest times by some nation, had gradually become typical 
 and therefore was executed by several races in similar manner. 
 Strabo, it is true, states that the Cyclopes, the builders of Tiryns, 
 had come from Lycia. The ancients, consequently, knew nothing 
 of Phoenician architects having built Tiryns. Nevertheless, I 
 give preference to the former of the two possibilities mentioned. 
 As long as a similar casemate-like construction has not been 
 found in Lycia or in any other district of Asia Minor, which 
 had not been visited by Phoenicians, the conformity between the 
 structures of Tiryns and Byrsa must be looked upon as a proof 
 that both were erected by Phoenician builders. 
 
 The style of the wall of Byrsa, it is true, appears to be a more 
 advanced one — according to the statements of Beule, the dis- 
 coverer of that wall — than the style of the fortification-works of 
 Tiryns. But, in the first place, this difference may partly have 
 arisen from the diversity in the building material ; the walls of 
 Tiryns consisting of hard limestone, those of Byrsa of soft tufa. 
 Secondly, assuming an interval of several centuries between the 
 construction of the two strongholds, our hypothesis would again 
 hold good. 
 
 Whilst formerly, when only the galleries in Tiryns were 
 known, a great deal of controversy went on as to the purpose 
 they had served, we think all differences of opinion as to the 
 object of these underground rooms will now cease, since the 
 chambers have been discovered. They can no longer be assumed 
 to have served the purpose of fortification ; for even supposing 
 that each room had a window that could serve as a loophole, 
 yet, within the whole southern wall, only six combatants could 
 have found standing-room for the defence. And for six defen- 
 ders so great a construction would certainly not have been 
 made. The chambers and corridors cannot have been anything 
 but cellar-like magazines , in which all kinds of provisions and 
 other things could be conveniently and safely stored. 
 
 Beule (. Fotcilles a Carthage , p. 60) attributes a similar object 
 also to the chambers in the wall of Byrsa. Perrot {Hist, de /’Art, 
 III. p. 352) is of a different opinion. In accordance with the 
 idea of other French scholars who preceded him (Daux, Re- 
 ch-rches sur les Origines des Emporia Pkeniciens, pp. 190-192 ; and 
 Graux, Note sur les Fortifications de Carthage , p. 196), he takes 
 the cellar-like rooms to have been water-cisterns. This hypo- 
 thesis seems to me less probable. As regards Tiryns, at any 
 
326 THE CENTRAL CITADEL. [Chap. VI. 
 
 rate, it is quite untenable. For, first of all, a water-reservoir has 
 never been planned in such a shape as occurs in Tiryns and also 
 in North Africa. For a cistern, either a single room is taken; 
 or, if several reservoirs are wanted, they are at least so arranged 
 that one of them can remain filled, when the other is emptied. 
 Secondly, this hypothesis is utterly at variance with the exis- 
 tence of a window in the corridor of Tiryns, which is absolutely 
 incompatible with a cistern. Thirdly, the doors with their stone 
 thresholds, and the handsome staircase, seem scarcely suitable 
 to a cistern. But the disposition of the ground-plan is excel- 
 lently adapted to a store-room, seeing that the cellar-like rooms 
 could be very well used for storing various things, whilst at the 
 same time each room could be separately closed. 
 
 Above the chambers and the passages, the several walls were 
 united in a single huge mass of masonry, which had the enormous 
 breadth of 17 • 50 m. It cannot be said with any degree of cer- 
 tainty what it was that stood on the plateau of this broad wall : 
 whether magazines or dwellings were erected there, or whether 
 only a broad rampart way was laid out on it. A few wall- 
 remnants perhaps point to the former conclusion. The inner 
 side of the wall seems to have been joined by a portico (E) ; at 
 least, several bases exist there, which apparently were destined 
 for columns. 
 
 On the eastern side of the great fore-court, the castle-wall 
 is still preserved a few meters high on the outer side ; and here 
 also it forms several far-projecting angles. In one of the inward 
 angles (near H in Fig. 125), the many terra-cotta figures which 
 Dr. Koepp describes on pp. 358-364, were found in a heap 
 together. The wall here also consists of two parallel courses, 
 the outer one of which is 4*20 m. broad, whilst the inner one, 
 constructed of smaller stones, is only i-om. broad. We have 
 excavated the intermediate space behind the little portico J, 
 about 3 m. deep down to the rock. It was filled with debris 
 which probably has lain there since the construction of the wall 
 The northern part of the eastern wall is occupied by the great 
 gate structure (H) which we have already described in Chap. V. 
 
 3. The Enclosure Wall of the Central Citadel (Z). 
 
 The central part of the castle, which, as distinguished from 
 the great fore-court to the S. of the palace, may also be called 
 the rear court-yard, lies, on an average, 2-3 m. lower than the 
 
Chap. VI.] SIDE ASCENT TO THE UPPER CASTLE. 
 
 3 2 7 
 
 floor of the palace. Its southern boundary wall is the northern 
 enclosing wall of the palace, which has already been described, 
 and which contains the small stone staircase X.' To the east, 
 the central citadel is bounded by a wall 6*8om. broad, which 
 separates it from the main ascent. The northern portion of this 
 wall appears to have contained a gate. But in order to obtain 
 any certainty in this respect, the many blocks of stone lying 
 about there, would first have to be removed. The northern limit 
 of the rear court-yard is formed by the strong fortification wall 
 which separates the upper citadel from the lower one. A great 
 part of this wall, which on Plan 125 I have marked with a light 
 tint, is still covered with earth and shrubs, and can only be fully 
 brought to light together with the lower citadel. Possibly it 
 consists of two parallel wall-counses, separated from each other 
 by a narrow interstice. To the west we find, as a boundary wall 
 of the rear court-yard, in the northern half, a wall 5-55 m. broad, 
 with a mighty tower (W), of ir6o m. breadth and 8-05 m. 
 depth, built out from it. The tower is unfortunately so much 
 destroyed that we have no means of deciding with certainty 
 whether it had a room in its interior, also — of which there are 
 some indications — corresponding to the tower A. Immediately 
 to the south of it, a small cistern (V) has been found, the sides 
 and bottom of which are even now partly covered with a coating 
 of loam : it is 2 m. to 2 ■ 20 m. broad and about 3 m. deep ; it lies 
 16*85 m - above the sea-level. The tower and the cistern form 
 the northern limit of the great stone staircase which we shall 
 describe in the following paragraph. 
 
 The south-western limit of the rear court-yard is formed by a 
 wall only 2 m. broad, but the base of which broadens by 3 m. on 
 the inside. Between this wall and the small cistern (V), the 
 boundary wall (Y) is still narrower and only very low. Here, 
 most likely, is the spot where the path formed by the great 
 staircase reached the central citadel. 
 
 4. The Side Ascent to the Upper Citadel. 
 
 Besides the chief carriage-way to the castle on the eastern 
 side, the recent excavations have brought to light, in the west, a 
 side ascent only serviceable for pedestrians. Its discovery has 
 already been shortly reported in discussing the course of the 
 excavations. Its situation and shape is to be seen from the 
 ground-plan (Fig. 125), from the transverse section (No. 130), 
 
Chap. VI.] 
 
 THE POSTERN AND STAIRS. 
 
 329 
 
 and from the perspective view (No. 13 1). The transverse section 
 shows, to the right, the entrance gate {a) ; further, to the left, a 
 section of the lowest steps of the staircase (b), with a view of the 
 rocks (c) between which the staircase passes ; and it gives, quite 
 to the left, a profile of the strong western wall of the palace (d), 
 the preserved portion of which is hatched dark. Fig. 131, on the 
 other hand, offers a glimpse of the staircase from the surface of 
 the projecting semicircular structure : to the left is seen the outer 
 
 No. 131. — Perspective view from the crown of the semicircular projecting structure on tUfe staircase of 
 the lateral ascent. a> external citadel-wall ; b, rock ; c, lateral wall of the staircase ; d, enclosure 
 wall of the palace. 
 
 embattled wall (a) ; in the centre, the staircase with the walls 
 enclosing it ; to the right, above, the commencement of the great 
 enclosure wall of the Palace (d). 
 
 One enters the side ascent near the little gate (T in the 
 ground-plan) which occupies the centre of the semicircular 
 structure. This gate was already known before ; only, it was 
 not known whither it led. Outside it has a breadth of 2 m„ 
 which gradually decreases upwards, in the shape of a pointed 
 arch. The passage of the wall which is 7 ‘5001. broad, is only 
 
33 ° 
 
 THE STAIRS WITH SlXTY-FIVE STEPS [Chap. VI. 
 
 vaulted for one-third of its length ; the remaining portion, as well 
 as the whole remainder of the staircase, was uncovered. The 
 breadth of the passage somewhat diminishes in the first third of 
 its length; afterwards, it gradually increases to 3’ 20 m. On 
 entering the gate, the floor is at first found to be paved with 
 large stones, and rises but very little. At a distance of 5 ‘40 m. 
 from the entrance, the steps commence. The two lowest ones 
 are cut into the castle-rock ; all the others consist of limestone 
 slabs, and are constructed like those in the passage D. The 
 lowest part of the staircase lies E. and W., but it makes a bend 
 at about the eighth step, and then takes a S.N. direction. The 
 clear width, as far as the twentieth step, up to which the stair- 
 case is on both sides limited by the natural rock, is about 1 • 50 m. 
 From there, it suddenly changes to 2 ■ 30 m. ; then gradually 
 decreases to 1-75 m. ; again increases to 2’ 15 m., and at last, in 
 its upper end (at the sixty-fifth step), amounts to 1 '65 m. The 
 rise of the step varies from cr 10m. to O' 17 m., and amounts, in 
 the mean, to cr 135 m. The lowest step lies 8 '72 m., the topmost 
 17' 50 m. above the sea. For the breadth of the tread of a step, 
 O’ 45 m. may be given as the average measurement. 
 
 Unfortunately, above the sixty-fifth step not a single step has 
 been preserved in situ. The further cozirse of the staircase 
 might, therefore, be doubtful if, about 10 m. to the north of the 
 last step, a wall had not come to light, in which a piece of the 
 substructure of the staircase may, without much hesitation, be 
 recognised. Its elevation is just sufficient to admit of the stair 
 case being carried on above it. I11 our Plan (Fig. 125) we, 
 therefore, have drawn the dotted line, which is to mark the 
 direction of the ascent, through the wall. This substructure is 
 unfortunately only preserved for a length of 6| m. Where it 
 ends, every further vestige of the staircase ceases at the same 
 time. We can consequently only make a surmise in trying to 
 fix the end of the ascent. First of all, it is clear that the stair- 
 case cannot have led further to the north, because there the 
 small cistern V bars the way. Neither can it have had a north- 
 eastern direction, because the wall east of the cistern is even now 
 preserved to such a height that the staircase cannot have passed 
 over it. The way must, therefore, certainly have made a bend 
 to the east, and passed over the thin wall Y. The upper edge of 
 the latter lies only 22 ’24 m. above the sea ; an altitude which 
 the staircase could easily attain. I suspect that the wall Y is 
 the remnant of a gate-structure through which the rear court- 
 
Chap. VI.] MADE FOR REASONS OF FORTIFICATION. 331 
 
 yard of the palace could be entered. The little staircase X — 
 with which we are already acquainted from the excavations of 
 last year — afforded access to the interior of the palace itself. 
 
 At the place where the great staircase now ends — that is, at 
 the sixty-fifth step — a narrow path seems to have branched off to 
 the right, which, doubling back on the same level, formed an 
 approach to the semicircular projecting structure. This conjec- 
 ture rests on the observation, that the eastern side-wall of the 
 staircase always remains at a distance of, at least, 2 m. from 
 the highly rising western revetment -of the Palace, and that the 
 upper edge of the wall $ — whose eastern arm perhaps forms a 
 buttress wall of the same path — lies exactly on a level with the 
 sixty-fifth step. The form of the surface of the semicircular 
 projecting structure is quite unknown. I only remark that the 
 highest point, in the best state of preservation at present, of the 
 projecting structure (+ 17-46 m.) still lies 9 m. below the floor 
 of the palace, and that therefore this projecting structure was 
 scarcely as high as the palace. Probably iis height was not 
 much greater than we assumed in the profile (Fig. 130). 
 
 A further fact worthy of notice is, that in the inverted angle 
 of the wall (J> a very great number of the most ancient vases, 
 fragments of ancient painted wall-plaster, and other objects have 
 been found. The whole corner was filled with all kinds of 
 things as compactly as the chamber near the bath-room, described 
 on p. 234 ; and in ancient days this must have been a place 
 for depositing broken vases, fallen wall-plastering, and the like. 
 
 If, lastly, we ask ourselves why the builder of Tiryns has — in 
 addition to the main ascent to the upper citadel on the eastern 
 side — constructed this side ascent on the west, we cannot doubt 
 that they were chiefly reasons of fortification which induced him 
 to do so. But for the wants of daily life in times of peace also, 
 an ascent on the western side, turned towards the sea, must 
 have been very desirable. In any case, the builder has admirably 
 solved the task set before him. For, the staircase rose to the 
 rear court-yard of the palace on the shortest line by closely 
 hugging the rock and the castle wall. Moreover, a strong 
 embattled wall which followed exactly the same direction, pro- 
 tected it against all hostile attack. The situation and breadth 
 of this wall is shown in the ground-plan. 
 
33 2 
 
 GALLERY WITH SIX CHAMBERS. 
 
 [Chap. VI. 
 
 5. The Main Ascent to the Castle. 
 
 The reader is already acquainted with the main ascent on the 
 eastern side of the upper citadel, from the fifth chapter (p. 1 87 seq.) 
 What was said there, has been completely confirmed by the new 
 excavations. This was the only way to the upper citadel avail- 
 able for carriages and horses. In order to reach the considerable 
 height of 20 m. by an easy gradient the builder commenced the 
 ascending causeway as far as possible in the north, then carried 
 it on along the whole eastern side of the upper citadel, and made 
 it debouch in the fore-court lying at the southern end of the 
 citadel. The first part of this road was a ramp buttressed by a 
 strong wall, which lay outside the castle, and had externally no 
 special embattled wall. The upper part, however, was protected 
 by an outer wall. The form of the latter, although not cleared 
 up in some particulars, is now known in its main features, as 
 shown on Plan No. 125. 
 
 The most important piece of this wall-course is that which 
 contains the stately gallery (R). We have already mentioned 
 that this gallery, too, is joined on the outside by six cham- 
 bers (P). In their arrangement and construction, these rooms 
 fully harmonise with those in the southern wall ; only in regard 
 to their dimensions they somewhat differ from them. Their 
 breadth, on an average, is 3-05 m. ; the width of their party- 
 walls, 1-70 m. ; whilst the corresponding dimensions in the 
 southern wall are 3-30 m., and I '90 m. The depth of the 
 chambers can unfortunately not be fixed, because in not a single 
 one has the slightest remnant of the outer boundary wall been 
 preserved. We therefore, in our Plan, have marked the inner 
 part of the outer wall only with a light hatching. But as we are 
 able to measure the depth of the chamber including the outer 
 wall (the measurement is 6 ‘05 m.), and as we may assume that 
 it was, at least, about as broad as in the rooms of the southern 
 wall (2 '75 m.), it results that the probable depth of the chambers 
 was 6- 05-275 = 3-30 m. 
 
 The reconstructed profile of the eastern wall , given on 
 Plate III., below, to the left, may now be supplemented as follows ; 
 namely, above the under-wall, a section is drawn through the 
 chamber similar to that shown by the cross-section through the 
 southern wall (No. 126). We have abstained from indicating 
 this redintegration here and giving a new restored cross-section 
 of the eastern wall, because there are no data whatever for fixing 
 
Chap. VI.] 
 
 ITS MODERN USE. 
 
 333 
 
 its upper limit, and because it cannot be the object of this book 
 to offer fanciful reconstructions. The fact of a colonnade having 
 been built on the wall, is certainly assured by the existence of 
 the bases of the columns ; but it is completely unknown where 
 the hinder wall of this hall lay, and whether, besides the 
 colonnade, there were rooms on the top of the wall, and a 
 separate wall-way with parapets. 
 
 In No. 132, we, however, give a picture of the present con- 
 dition of the well-preserved eastern gallery (R.). It offers a 
 view, from the south, into the gallery. At the right wall of the 
 passage, six doors (a) are still to be recognised, which lead to the 
 chambers. Through the first door, one looks into one of the 
 latter, where a piece of the party-wall (b) is still recognisable 
 between the first and the second chamber. The last door is 
 situated directly at the hinder boundary-wall. 
 
 South of this magazine, the wall still contains a rectangular 
 room (0), which is accessible from no side, and therefore pro- 
 bably formed a cistern. This room only came to light on the 
 last day of the excavations, and therefore could not be fully 
 cleared out Like the cistern V, it contained almost nothing 
 but red brick debris. 
 
 As the floor of the chambers lies about 5 • 30 below the 
 threshold of the great Propylseum, a staircase must, of old, 
 have led to the magazine in the eastern wall. By analogy with 
 the staircase existing in the southern wall we may assume that 
 it led, from the door 2, westward along the wall which has been 
 uncovered, and that, perhaps, it ended within the small colon- 
 nade (J). Both magazines, the one in the eastern wall as well 
 as the one in the southern wall, were consequently in direct con- 
 nection with the great fore-court. It is true, we have not found 
 any further trace of this staircase ; this part of the castle wall 
 being in the worst state of destruction. A few wall-fragments 
 which we had drawn, at this place, in Plan I. were found, during 
 the recent diggings, to have been modern structures, probably 
 erected by herdsmen ; for they had no foundations. Hence we 
 had to be content, for the present, with indicating the wall by 
 dotted lines. It will be necessary to dig yet deeper than we 
 have done, in order, here also, to discover t,he remnants of the 
 castle wall. 
 
 The great destruction of almost all the antique walls at this 
 spot may, however, be explained by the circumstance of the 
 magazine of the eastern wall having for centuries been used as a 
 
No. 132 — View into the gallery of the eastern wall, a, doors to the chambers ; />, partition-walls of the chambers. 
 
Chap. VI.] 
 
 STONES WITH BORED HOLES. 
 
 335 
 
 fold for sheep, and that, for this object, an ascent had to be 
 formed from the south by pulling down the antique walls. The 
 favour in which the cool underground room must always have 
 been held by the herdsmen of Argolis, is shown by the fact of 
 nearly all the sharp angles of the lower stone-layers in the 
 interior of the gallery having been rubbed down by the sheep, 
 and several stones being smoothly polished on their whole 
 outer surface. 
 
 In Chapter \ . (p. 187) we have already explained that, in 
 antiquity, no main ascent can have existed at the S.E. corner of 
 the castle. The new excavations have only confirmed these 
 statements. If an ascent existed here, it can only have been a 
 lateral ascent, by means of winding stairs taking several turns, 
 owing to the great variations in the ground. But most probably, 
 there was no ascent at all at the S.E. corner of the castle. 
 
 B.— TECHNICAL REMARKS. 
 
 As building material for the strong castle walls and the 
 thinner walls of the Palace, limestone was chiefly used, quarried 
 in the two mountains in the neighbourhood of Tiryns. There 
 are two different kinds of this stone ; one of which has a light 
 grey, the other a reddish, colour in its inner parts Whilst the 
 former is very hard and extremely weather-proof, there are, 
 among the red stones, many which in the course of ages have 
 become very rotten, and are no longer able to bear a heavy 
 strain. Probably, therefore, it was those red limestones which 
 led to the falling-in of most of the stone ceilings and the destruc- 
 tion of many a wall. A single stone only had to be decomposed 
 by the action of the air, in order to bring about the fall of all 
 those lying above it, and subsequently of the whole upper 
 portion of the wall. At several corners we, therefore, replaced 
 the red limestones which had deteriorated, by cement. 
 
 In the old quarries of Tiryns, the blocks of stone were pro- 
 bably loosened by metal wedges or simple pickaxes ; the lime- 
 stone rock being stratified in pretty regular layers, and very 
 loosely. Bored holts , which are found in several blocks of the 
 castle wall, prove however that the stones were partly obtained 
 by other methods. Two such stones are shown in Nos. 133 and 
 134. In the one, the hole is in the centre of a face ; in the other, 
 right in the corner. We suppose that the holes, as well as the 
 mortices in the pilaster blocks, were made with wimbles ; then 
 
33 6 
 
 PORTION OF WESTERN WALL. 
 
 [Chap. VI. 
 
 filled with dry sticks of wood ; and that finally, by wetting the 
 wood, the stones were cleft. 
 
 In regard to the manner in which the great blocks of stone 
 were wrought, it may be seen from those pieces of wall, which 
 
 are but little decomposed, and which have only now been brought 
 to light, that the separate stones had, after all, been more dressed 
 than was hitherto supposed. Almost all the stones, before being 
 used, had been wrought on one or several faces, with a pick- 
 
 No. 135. — Portion of the western citadel-wall. 
 
 hammer. In this way, some of the stones have received a better 
 lower bed ; others a smooth facing. Thus, the walls of Tiryns 
 must not be spoken of as being composed of unhewn, but of 
 roughly dressed stones. 
 
PLATE XII. 
 
 WALL PAINTING IN THE PALACE OP TIRYNS. 
 
 FULL SIZE FAC-SIMILE 
 
Chap. VI.] CIRCULAR OPENING IN THE ALTAR. 
 
 337 
 
 In treating of the Tower A (p. 318), we have already pointed 
 to the important fact, that all the walls of Tiryns are built with 
 clay-mortar , and that this mortar, wherever it is wanting now in 
 the joints, has been removed by rain or other agencies. Only in 
 a few foundations, do the stones seem to have been joined 
 without mortar. 
 
 The horizontal arrangement of the blocks of stone has been 
 effected in the outer walls more regularly than is usually assumed. 
 In most places, the several layers of stone run in pretty exact 
 horizontal lines. As a characteristic example of such a regular 
 style of building, a fragment of the western wall (No. 135) may 
 serve. On the other hand, a second picture (No. 136) shows a 
 wall fragment in which the layers do not all run right through ; 
 the bonding being an irregular one. 
 
 In regard to the sawing of the stones used for the interior of 
 the Palace, we have observed at one of the thresholds (south of 
 the bath-room) that the sawing was only done after the stone 
 had already been put in its proper place. For, at this threshold, 
 one of the incisions made by the saw has also touched the 
 basement stone which lies next to it. 
 
 C.— SUPPLEMENTS TO CHAPTER V. 
 
 1. The Altar in the Court-yard of the Men’s Apart- 
 
 • MENTS. 
 
 In discussing the Doric capital (pp. 293, 294) I mentioned a 
 rudely constructed wall, of late date, which was built right across 
 the great court-yard, and into which that capital had been 
 inserted. As the wall did not even reach down to the floor of 
 the court-yard, it must have been of not very remote, perhaps 
 even modern, origin. We, therefore, did not hesitate to pull it 
 down, only leaving a piece standing above the altar, so that later 
 visitors to Tiryns should also be able to examine the shape and 
 situation of the wall. This mural fragment, standing as it does 
 on a broad layer of earth, was the cause of our having over- 
 looked, last year, an important part of the altar. 
 
 During this year’s excavations I by chance observed after a 
 heavy rain that, in the centre of the altar, some round stones 
 were lying under the later wall. I at once had the wall 
 removed ; and to our surprise, a circular opening, 1 • 16— 1 - 2i m. 
 in diameter, and surrounded by a layer of sandstone, made its 
 
 z 
 
33 8 
 
 PORTION OF WESTERN WALL. 
 
 [Chap. VI. 
 
 No. 136. — Portion of the western citadel-wall. 
 
Chap. VI.] 
 
 THE SACRIFICIAL PIT. 
 
 339 
 
 appearance. At first we thought that our altar must, after all, 
 have been a cistern, or a well. But when we had the central 
 
 No. 137. — Ground-plan of the altar (sacrificial pit). 
 
 hole excavated, it was found that the circular masonry only 
 reached to a depth of 0^90 m. Further down, there were neither 
 
 i M£ - » 
 
 side-walls of masonry, nor any artificial floor. As the hole, con- 
 sequently, could by no means have been either a cistern or a 
 
 z 2 
 
34 ° 
 
 TWELVE CIRCLES IN THE MEGARON. [Chap. VI. 
 
 well, it must have been a sacrificial pit. I cannot offer any 
 other explanation. 
 
 The present aspect of the structure is shown in Figs. 137 
 and 138. The first gives the ground-plan, the latter a section. 
 The central ring of the ground-plan is formed of sandstone ; 
 the square surrounding it, of small slabs of limestone. The 
 ring seems to be older than the square ; for, as may be seen 
 from the cross-section, the floor of the court-yard reaches below 
 the outer limestone masonry. 
 
 Leaving the conclusions to be drawn from this discovery to 
 more competent men, I will only mention that similar sacrificial 
 pits have been found in the Asklepion at Athens (Kohler, 
 Mittheilungen des A thenischen Instituts ; II. p. 233), and in 
 Samothrake ( U liter suchungen auf Sarnothrake ; I. p. 20, and 
 II. p. 21). 
 
 2. The Gate of the Men’s Court. 
 
 (K, on Plan No. 125.) 
 
 In describing this gate structure (p. 201), we pointed out 
 that, in its southern vestibule, there was no longer any base of a 
 column in situ. Since the winter rains have thoroughly cleansed 
 the walls, it is now seen that, after all, the eastern base of the 
 two columns does exist. It is certainly very much damaged, 
 and therefore scarcely recognisable as a base ; nevertheless, its 
 identity does not seem to me doubtful. Our reconstruction of 
 the Gate is fully confirmed by this find. To the south of the 
 vestibule there were probably one or two steps ; in this way, the 
 foundation projecting to the south, in front of the columns, is 
 best explained. 
 
 3. The Megaron of the Men. 
 
 Dr. Philios, who during last winter, by order of the Greek 
 Government, covered the floors of the palace with earth to 
 the height of 10-20 cm., in order to preserve them, pointed 
 out to me that, in the interior of the Megaron, at the northern 
 rear-wall, twelve circles were visible in the floor. He conjectured 
 that these circles may have been the standing-places for twelve 
 chairs. In consequence of this communication I also examined 
 those circles. Over the painted plaster-floor a coarse mortar 
 
Chap. VI.] 
 
 ADDITIONAL WALL-PAINTINGS. 
 
 341 
 
 has been laid ; and in this mortar, circles are visible, which can 
 clearly be traced as being produced by terra-cotta vases. At the 
 rear-wall of the Megaron, a row of large jars ( pithoi ) seems to 
 have stood. But it is not possible to decide whether this was 
 already the case in the oldest times, when the Megaron was still 
 a single great hall, or whether the pithoi were only set up after 
 the Megaron had been entirely reconstructed (compare p. 229). 
 
 4. A Drain. 
 
 To the drains hitherto known, and described in Chapter V., a 
 new one has to be added. In the small room to the west of the 
 vestibule of the Megaron, there is one half of a great square slab 
 of sandstone, in which is a round hole, 0-51 rn. in diameter. 
 Under the hole there is a low vertical shaft which opens below 
 into a horizontal drain. I suppose that this drain is identical 
 with the one proceeding from the bath-room, and I have therefore 
 united both on Plan 125 by a dotted line. 
 
 5. The Roof-Tiles of Terra-cotta. 
 
 Whilst during the excavations of 1884, terra-cotta tiles were 
 only found here and there, in the neighbourhood of the Byzan- 
 tine Church, we have met with such tiles very often this year, in 
 the rubbish lying outside the Castle. They were most numerous 
 near the lateral ascent on the western side ; and they were, all 
 of them, simple bent tiles, of bad make, such as are still used in 
 Greece. They are probably from a later Greek building, erected at 
 the place where the great stone staircase now ends. It need not 
 be said that this fact in no way affects the statement repeatedly 
 made in Chapter V., that within the Palace proper no tiles were 
 found, and that therefore the Palace was most likely covered 
 with horizontal earth-roofs. 
 
 6. Additional Wall-paintings. 
 
 We have already mentioned (p. 331), that close to the wall 
 marked T> in Plan 125, at the top of the semicircular project- 
 ing structure on the western side, numerous fragments of 
 ancient vases and wall-plastering were found. Most of these 
 stucco fragments show painted ornamentation, which corresponds 
 
342 FRAGMENTS OF PAINTED WALL-PLASTER. [Chap. VI. 
 
 to the specimens discussed in Chapter V., and represented on 
 Plates V. — XII. Thus there were, among these, fragments of 
 the spiral ornament (Plate V.) which also occurs in the tholos 
 (ceiled roof) of Orchomenos ; pieces of the great wings (Plate 
 VII.), which we attribute to a sphinx-like being ; lastly, also 
 some new pieces of the star-fish represented on Plate X. b. 
 Among the recently found ornaments, the two fragments Nos. 
 139 and 140 are especially noteworthy. On a yellow ground 
 is represented a black-bordered white leaf which contains 
 black and red stalks and flowers, or leaflets. The large 
 leaf grows from a black and white-edged blue border. In the 
 
 No. 140. — Fragment of painted wall-plaster. 
 
 smaller fragment, two blue and black pencilled feathers join the 
 leaf. The latter seem to belong to some large winged creature ; 
 for, a great many fragments of the same kind were found, which 
 however, unfortunately, do not fit into each other. 
 
 The fragment shown in Fig. 141 merits mention because it 
 has formed the lower end of a wall. It contains many parallel, 
 party-coloured stripes, arranged in the following succession : 
 white ; blue ; white ; red ; blue with black strokes ; yellow with 
 red strokes ; and lastly, a black drawing on yellow ground. What 
 the latter represents, cannot be made out. The two last stripes 
 but one recur in similar manner in many of the wall-paintings 
 
Chap. VI.] FRAGMENTS OF PAINTED WALL-PLASTER. 343 
 
 which we have represented ; but nowhere are they executed so 
 regularly as in this case. That is to say : at certain fixed 
 
 No. 142. — Fragment of painted wall-plaster. 
 
344 
 
 SEPARATE FINDS IN 1885. 
 
 [Chap. VI. 
 
 intervals the little thin lines are replaced by broader ones ; the 
 red and black broad lines alternating regularly. 
 
 In Fig. 142, lastly, a fragment is shown, which represents, in 
 three different specimens, the ornament shown on Plate XI. It 
 varies but very little from these in the form of the ornamentation 
 (the little vertical cross-lines are wanting ) ; but the distribution 
 of colours is quite different. Whilst the lower broad stripe is a 
 dark red, the ground of the ornament shows a bright-red colour ; 
 the two strokes of the scale-like ornament are black, the little 
 circles and lines within the scales white. Very noteworthy is 
 the simultaneous occurrence of two different shades of the red 
 colour ; a fact hitherto not yet observed among the other monu- 
 mental paintings. 
 
 D.— THE SEPARATE FINDS IN 1885. 
 
 By Dr. Ernst Fabricius. 
 
 The excavation of the Royal Palace of Tiryns, in the summer 
 of 1884, had yielded an abundance of interesting separate finds, 
 more especially as regards terra-cotta vases more or less com- 
 pletely preserved, on which Dr. Schliemann has treated in 
 Chapters III. and IV. When the old fortress walls of the upper 
 citadel were more completely brought to light in the summer of 
 1885, great masses of fragments of terra-cotta vases, together with 
 not a few noteworthy objects made of other material, were again 
 discovered. These new finds, although far less important than 
 those of the first excavation campaign, still supplement and 
 amplify the results already obtained, so that it seems desirable 
 to offer a short survey of them.* 
 
 I. POTTERY. — The excavation works of the second year had 
 simply for their object the clearance and bringing to light of the 
 
 * In making the notes required for the present report in the only two days that 
 were at my disposal, it was unfortunately impossible to refer to the finds made last 
 year ; much less — as ought to have been done— to institute a comparison with the new 
 finds in loco. By order of the Greek Government, the insignificant objects found — 
 especially the smaller vase fragments, filling eight or ten baskets — were sent to the 
 Museum at Charvati (Mycenae), whilst all the more valuable pieces— at present pre- 
 served in the Polytechnicum at Athens — W'ere not yet rendered accessible. Again, as 
 the report had to be written in Asia Minor, I could neither look into the detailed 
 description of the finds of 1884, given by Dr. Schliemann, nor make use of any 
 literary material. The references and arguments, drawn simply from memory or 
 from casual notes, have therefore, of necessity, turned out very meagre. My friend, 
 Dr. Koepp, at Athens, was kind enough to add some quotations. 
 
Chap. VI.] 
 
 SCARCITY OF GREEK VASES. 
 
 345 
 
 fortifications. It is, therefore, easy to understand that — whereas, 
 during the uncovering of the Palace, a larger number of complete 
 vessels, as well as of magnificent fragments fitting into each 
 other, had been discovered— the new finds of vases consisted 
 almost exclusively of small fragments accidentally scattered 
 among the masses of debris under which the old walls had until 
 lately been hidden. The endeavour to find pieces belonging to 
 each other was attended with success in but few cases. On the 
 other hand, as regards quantity, the recently-found material is 
 comparatively little inferior to the vase-finds of last year. Whole 
 mounds of potsherds had been heaped up on the site of the 
 excavation. For days, some workmen were busy cleaning them, 
 so far as was possible. 
 
 The sifting of these masses of larger and smaller potsherds, 
 which had to be undertaken in order to make a selection of the 
 serviceable fragments, at once gave occasion for purely statistical 
 observation, which claims attention before we discuss individual 
 objects found. 
 
 Setting aside a considerable number of very beautiful frag- 
 ments of Byzantine vases,* at once recognisable by their shape 
 and make, the whole material exhibited a very noteworthy 
 uniformity. Among a thousand fragments of earthenware which 
 is usually designated as Mycenaean, scarcely a single fragment 
 of a more recent kind occurs. And these potsherds of later 
 make decrease numerically in the same proportion as the time 
 of their certain or probable origin recedes from the art-epoch of 
 the “ Mycenaean ” vases. 
 
 A short survey of the fragments belonging to the later 
 
 period of fictile art, will serve to prove the fact just mentioned • 
 
 a fact of some importance for the history of Tiryns. 
 
 Let us begin with the pieces of the latest make. Of fragments 
 of red-figured Greek vases, scarcely anything has been found. 
 A few small potsherds, on which only the black varnish was 
 well preserved, are the solitary representatives of that tech- 
 nique from the best days of Greek vase manufacture. It is 
 scarcely otherwise with the black-figured vases: here, too, a 
 single fragment is to be noted, on which two horse-legs have 
 
 These Byzantine vases, the insides of which are mostly covered with a yellow or 
 green glaze and decorated with Byzantine ornaments and figures, but which are 
 unglazed outside, were nearly all found in graves and in the neighbourhood of the 
 Byzantine Church. In the galleries also, they came to light here and there. (D.) 
 
346 
 
 VASES OF THE DIPYLON STYLE. 
 
 [Chap. VI 
 
 been preserved. In the same way, potsherds of vases of Corin- 
 thian type are very rare. A small but unmistakeable fragment, 
 showing the front of an animal’s head (black and reddish-brown 
 on yellow ground, the drawing etched in), leaves however no 
 doubt as to its occurrence. 
 
 In greater number there appear, first, potsherds of a peculiar 
 species of little vases, whose system of decoration is characterised 
 by thin parallel lines, drawn by the potter’s wheel in brilliant 
 red or yellowish-brown varnish on a finely polished shining 
 yellow ground. The best preserved piece of this kind, that has 
 come to light in the excavations, is shown in the adjoining en- 
 graving, No. 143, at about half its real size. It is the lower 
 
 No. 143. — Vase-fragment with brown parallel lines. 
 
 portion of a small bottle with flat bottom, made very finely 
 and lightly of yellowish clay (breadth 0*065 ; preserved height 
 0*030 m.). The painting is brown. The neck and the handle 
 are broken off. But the joint of the handle is preserved. Of 
 the neck, round the fracture, the decoration of the lowest portion 
 (composed of six leaflets turned downwards) is still to be seen. 
 The body of the bottle is decorated with twenty-two parallel 
 lines, drawn with admirable regularity by means of the potter’s 
 wheel. A bottle of quite the same shape is known from Sicily, 
 where the only hitherto published specimens of this kind of vase 
 have as yet been found : it is represented in the Annali dell' 
 Instituto 1877, tavol. ag. C D 1. The other Sicilian vessels shown 
 on that Plate, and which are as remarkable in shape as in their 
 decorative style, are also matched by a moderate number of 
 quite similar fragments found in Tiryns. Besides Sicily, this 
 kind of vases occurs in SEgina and Eleusis, where I found 
 them, in company with Dr. Ferdinand Diimmler, who recognised 
 their conformity with those Sicilian fragments. 
 
 Most of the Tirynthian vase fragments, which are not of the 
 specially Mycenaean sort, belong to vessels of the geometrical 
 system of decoration ; in particular, to that kind which is repre- 
 sented by the Dipylon vases. A large number of fragments 
 
Chap. VI.] VASES OF THE “NATURALISTIC STYLE. 
 
 347 
 
 which only came to light in the excavations of the second cam- 
 paign, need not be discussed separately here, because these 
 fragments evidently belong to vessels the same as, or kindred to, 
 those of which Dr. Schliemann had already found fragments 
 in the first year of the excavations, and which he has described 
 and shown in the present work. 
 
 Of such vases also which, so to say, form the first step in 
 the decorative system of the Dipylon vases, and which indicate 
 the connection between the latter and the vases peculiar to 
 Mycenae and Tiryns, the number of fragments has been increased 
 by a few specimens. Thus, for instance, a new large fragment 
 has been found of the vessel shown in Plate XVIIL, on which 
 horses are represented, with fishes between their legs. 
 
 The same numerical proportion in which the potsherds 
 of the TEgineto-Sicilian kind, and of the Dipylon vases, stand 
 to the great mass of the vase fragments found, recurs among 
 the remnants of that very old, monochromatic pottery, of 
 which Dr. Schliemann has already treated, when discussing 
 in Chapter III., p. 70 et seq., a number of such specimens 
 belonging to last year’s finds. 
 
 We now turn to the remnants, so surprisingly predominant 
 in Tiryns, of that vase manufacture the products of which, from 
 their peculiar mode of decoration, have been called vases in the 
 “ naturalistic ” style, chiefly illustrated by the finds at Mycenae, 
 Nauplia, Spata, Ialysos, and Knossos. 
 
 I. First, as regards shape, we again, among the finds of this 
 year, meet with a large number of the very peculiar, so-called 
 stirrup-can (see p. 138, No. 57). It is a nearly ball-shaped vessel, 
 with a stirrup-like handle, which in the centre of the top is pro- 
 vided with a support. Lower down, at the side of the central 
 support of the handle, there is the spout. This vessel occurs in 
 all the places above mentioned, and is thoroughly characteristic 
 of that whole epoch of vase manufacture. Among the potsherds 
 inspected by me I have counted fragments of at least nineteen 
 specimens. Whilst the differences of size are trifling (diameter 
 up to o - 15 m., breadth of the stirrups o' 07-0- 08 m.), the paint- 
 ing (concentric circles in the centre of the stirrup-handle ; also, 
 concentric circular arcs on the top of the support ; also concen- 
 tric circular arcs on the shoulder ; and horizontal lines and 
 stripes on the body of the vessel) is sometimes red, sometimes 
 reddish-brown ; or black. 
 
 In comparison with the results of last year, a whole series of 
 
34 § 
 
 FUNNEL-SHAPED GOBLETS. 
 
 [Chap. VI. 
 
 new finds has been made, consisting of fragments of large jars 
 which show the same shape of the handle and the spout as the 
 stirrup-jugs, but with a much slenderer form. The original 
 height of these jars must have been between 0^40 and o - 50 m. 
 The breadth of the stirrup-handle, of which alone I have 
 counted eleven different specimens, measures, on an average, 
 O' 20 m. The clay of these vessels is generally but slightly 
 washed. The painting, consisting of lines lightly painted round 
 the handle and the spout, is restricted to horizontal stripes and 
 wave-lines on the body. A splendid specimen of such a stirrup- 
 jar is in the collection of the Archaeological Society of Athens 
 (No. 1944). It is from Crete ; 0*40 m. high ; and shows, in red 
 colour on yellowish ground, a large marine creature (an octopus), 
 whose wave-like twisted tentacles surround the whole of the 
 vessel. Several specimens of the same shape and size, but only 
 decorated with large wave-lines, quite similar to those tentacles, 
 are known to me from Knossos, whence the specimen now at 
 Athens may also have come. 
 
 Just as the stirrup-jug is very frequent in the epoch of 
 vase-manufacture of which we are here treating, but afterwards 
 wholly disappears, so there is a second form of vessel, almost 
 exclusively to be met with at the places above mentioned. 
 It is a funnel-shaped goblet on a high, thin, cylindrically 
 formed stem, broadening into a wide foot, and with one or 
 two little ears on both sides near the upper rim (comp. 
 Schlienrann’s Mycence, p. 233, No. 343 ; p. 350, No. 528 ; and 
 above, p. 1 17, No. 27, Plate XXL/, et seq.). In Tiryns, this 
 type occurs in two kinds, differing from each other in size and 
 painted ornamentation. The larger sort (height about 0*25 m.), 
 of which there were comparatively few specimens (ten or twelve, 
 all of them only recognisable by fragments) shows horizontal 
 stripes on the cylindrical part of the stem, and on the foot (which 
 is about O'lom. in diameter) mostly three or four concentric 
 rings in reddish-brown painting. On the upper rim of the goblet 
 there is either a thin line, or a row of dots, wdrilst the centre of 
 the vessel, between the ears, is decorated on both sides either by 
 a rosette of the forms shown here (No. 144), or by one of those 
 ornaments so characteristic of this whole epoch — the so-called 
 purple-fish, murex (Schliemann’s Mycence, p. 138; Tiryns, Plate 
 XXII. b, p. 109, Nos. 24, 25). 
 
 II. The second, smaller sort of goblets occurs in Tiryns in 
 hundreds of specimens ; unfortunately all of them, without 
 
Chap. VI.] 
 
 THE PURPLE-FISH ORNAMENT. 
 
 349 
 
 exception, broken. Their height, on an average, is only one- 
 half of the first sort, but varies much according to the more or 
 less slender shape. The clay is, throughout, a light-yellow, and 
 finely washed. Of painting, there is no trace. 
 
 In regard to the smaller fragments, it is in most cases scarcely 
 possible to decide whether they belonged to goblets of the first 
 
 No. 144. — Rosettes of different form. 
 
 sort, or to a kind of deep bowl uncommonly frequent in Tiryns. 
 These latter, a few specimens of which Dr. Schliemann has dis- 
 cussed on p. 135, Nos. 52, 53 et seq, (comp. Plate XXIV. c, p. 1 18) 
 are of an average height of o- 10 m. They are provided with 
 two ears, placed about halfway ; and the sides of the vessels are 
 always made of very thin, well-washed clay, generally of a 
 yellowish colour ; and they show a twofold system of painting. 
 That is to say : they have either rosettes between the ears, as 
 is the case with some specimens shown by Dr. Schliemann in 
 this work ; or a horizontal border of delicate parallel lines, like 
 a frieze, marks off, on the upper side, a neck-piece, which is 
 divided by two vertical stripes on each side between the ears, 
 into rectangular squares. The last-named stripes consist of 
 vertical lines, between which are drawn waved or zigzag lines, 
 met at the outside by smaller or larger semicircles. 
 
 2. The fragments of larger vases are, almost without exception, 
 so small that the original shape of the vessels in question is no 
 longer distinguishable. They are therefore only interesting on 
 account of the ornamentation preserved on them. 
 
 When treating of the cups, we mentioned that ornament, so 
 characteristic of the whole Mycenaean class of vases, which is 
 composed of straight and curved lines and dots, and which has 
 been explained as an imitation of the purple-fish (Plate XXII. b). 
 In Tiryns this ornament also appears on fragments of large 
 vessels with thick sides, the thickness of which is, of course, 
 always proportionate to the size of the vessel. New to us, on the 
 other hand, is an ornament which has great affinity with the 
 purple-fish (I am only using this expression for shortness’ sake), 
 and which — together with the latter, though not quite so richly 
 elaborate, but in that simpler form, of which the fragment on 
 
35 ° 
 
 VEGETABLE PROTOTYPES, 
 
 [Chap. VI 
 
 Plate XXII. a shows a sample— occurs also on a cup from 
 Attica (No. 2078 of the collection of the Archaeological Society 
 at Athens). This splendid ornament, two fragments of which 
 are shown in No. 145 a and b, was repeated at least twice, and 
 is carefully drawn in dark-brown, on a large vessel of reddish 
 clay, 6-7 mm. thick. Seven fragments — -among them, two of 
 the upper rim of the vessel, under which the ornament is placed— 
 allow a nearly complete reconstruction of its original shape. We 
 gather therefrom that a support, formed of six vertical lines 
 which are joined outwardly by small semicircles, upholds a 
 horizontal ornament, reminding one of the shape of the Ionic 
 capital. Above this, there is an elaborate finish of concentric 
 
 No. 145 a. 
 
 No. 145 b. 
 
 '1 wo fragments of an ornament. 
 
 arcs, three of which occur twice and four once (viz., in the 
 centre) ; combined with rows of dots, and strongly accentuated 
 middle lines. 
 
 The origin of this ornament, as before mentioned, has been 
 connected, on that Attic vessel, with the supposed purple-fish. 
 I, for my part, rather see in it an adaptation of types from 
 the vegetable world. As to the decoration of a second, also 
 very large, vessel with wide mouth, of which two middling-sized 
 fragments have been preserved, its origin might perhaps be 
 proved to be an animal type, albeit the patterns themselves 
 allow the supposition of a vegetable prototype. Those frag- 
 ments (No. 146 a and b ) have a thickness of 5 mm. The 
 clay is light-red, and very well polished on the surface The 
 painting is of a dark-brown colour. The fragments allow of a 
 row of stripes being recognised, which end in fan-like spread 
 
Chap. VI.] 
 
 ORNAMENT WITH OCTOPUS. 
 
 351 
 
 spirals. In the spandrels between the border (relieved by a 
 coloured stripe) and the spirals, one of those rosettes of con- 
 centric circles is observable, surrounded by a border of dots, 
 which form, in similar or little-varied shape, the permanent orna- 
 
 ment of so many bowls and cups in Tiryns. As to interpreting 
 that fragment, there is at least a possibility of doing so by com- 
 parison with a large jar from Spata, preserved in the collection of 
 
 No. 147. — Legs of a bird. No. 148. — Fragments of two birds. 
 
 the Archaeological Society at Athens (shown in the Bulletin de 
 Correspondance Hellenique , II., 1873. Plate XIX.). Between each 
 of the three handles of this jar, a large marine creature is repre- 
 sented, somewhat similar to the octopus, which widely extends 
 
352 ORNAMENTS WITH BIRDS AND HORSES. [Chap. VI. 
 
 its four upper tentacles (the lower ones are not preserved), ending 
 as spirals. Perhaps, therefore, those stripes ending as spirals, on 
 
 the potsherds of Tiryns, are also to be looked upon as tentacles 
 of a marine creature. 
 
 At the side of those fantastic transformations, for decorative 
 purposes, of prototypes from the vegetable and animal world, 
 
 there appear however, in addition, on numerous fragments, 
 figures chiefly of animals, in faithful imitation of nature. 
 
WALL PAINTING IN THE PALACE OF TIRYNS, REPRESENTING A MAN DANCING ON A BULL. 
 
Chap. VI.l VASES WITH WARRIORS AND CHARIOTS. 353 
 
 Unfortunately, among the recently-found vase fragments, there 
 are scarcely any larger pieces which would permit of those figures 
 being fully recognised. We see swans, turned to the right, the 
 head bent downward, the body adorned with a series of dots ; 
 
 as well as other aquatic birds and horses, whose bodies are 
 covered as with scales (Nos. 147-151). Again, there are frag- 
 ments of those richly-ornamented vessels on which warriors are 
 
 represented, each dressed in a skin the tail of which is visible 
 between the legs of the warrior (Plate XIV. p. 103) ; portions of 
 chariots (No. 152), and dogs running to the right {ibidem ) : all 
 
 2 A 
 
354 VASES WITH WARRIORS AND CHARIOTS. [Chap. VI. 
 
 executed in red and red-brown colour, and the whole adorned 
 with white dots and stripes. 
 
 Very noteworthy in style are two fragments which seem to 
 be a portion of one and the same large vase (yellowish clay, dark 
 red-brown painting ; the inside of the vessel was coloured all 
 over). The fragments are shown in Nos. 153 and 154. One of 
 them is a portion of the rim : it shows, below the stripe which 
 runs round the rim — to the right, if I do not mistake — the 
 
 No. 155. — Vase-fragment with a warrior and a chariot. 
 
 head, arm, and shield of a warrior ; to the left, the head of a 
 horse (?) with the bridle. On the other fragment the fore-legs of 
 a horse galloping to the left are clearly distinguishable. Com- 
 pare the vase from Mycenae in Schliemann’s Mycence, Plate X 
 No. 47.* 
 
 In the great mass of the other potsherds, only a few ornaments, 
 already known from other sources, can be distinguished. A short 
 notice will, therefore, suffice. First of all, there appear, in many 
 hundreds of specimens, the spirals in every shade of colour — 
 from red to yellow on the one hand, and black on the other. 
 (Comp. p. 1 10, et seq.) Most of those spirals served to orna- 
 ment iarge bowls. They were, in part, not simply strung 
 together, but the outer ends of the twisted line were bent appa- 
 rently into a loop. Next to the spirals, we may mention the 
 peculiar ornament of curved lines, which sometimes net-wise 
 covers a whole vessel — as may be seen in the splendid vessel 
 shown in Plate XXVII. a, which the excavations of last year have 
 brought to light. Among the wall-paintings also (on Plate XI.) 
 the same ornament occurs. On p. 124 et seq. Dr. Schliemann 
 
 Later on, the most remarkable potsherd of the same style, shown in No. 15 ^, 
 was still found. Two teams, placed one above the other, are represented so that the 
 hind-legs of one of the horses above (of a second, no trace is preserved) stand on the 
 extended left arm of the man who stands on the lower carriage, with couched lance. 
 
Chap. VI.] 
 
 CURIOUS IDOLS. 
 
 355 
 
 has already pointed out the many analogies of this kind of 
 decoration among the finds of Ialysos, Spata, Nauplia, and 
 Knossos. The potsherds found in the two excavation campaigns 
 show that the same ornament has likewise been used in Tiryns — 
 as in those other places — merely as a simple stripe, and not in 
 net-like continuation. Sometimes it appears in Tiryns as a simple 
 curved line ; sometimes doubled or trebled. In the interspaces 
 (spandrels) between the upper edge of the whole stripe and the 
 individual leaves (for as such, I assume, the members of the 
 ornament have to be regarded', as well as inside the leaves 
 themselves, there are concentric circles, corner ornaments, and 
 so forth. (Compare Plates XI. and XXII. c\ also, No. 141.) 
 
 A further noteworthy circumstance is, that on potsherds, 
 especially on those of smaller vessels (there were fragments 
 before me of at least thirteen vases), there is frequently to be 
 seen the border ornament, consisting exclusively of a series of 
 N strung together. The proof of the extensive use of this 
 peculiar ornamentation is thus furnished. New to us, in Tiryns, 
 however, is a fragment on which a stripe of ornamentally joined 
 3 has been preserved (dull black colour on yellow ground ; the 
 vessel of red clay). 
 
 What were, without doubt, most frequently met with, were 
 the potsherds with remnants of a painting, the system of which 
 — an alternation of jambs and of ornaments merely used for 
 filling in, distributed over a frie-ze-like stripe — may justly be 
 called an architectonic one, on account of its likeness to the 
 Doric triglyph frieze, as pointed out by Dr. Schliemann. A 
 special discussion of those potsherds may be omitted here, as 
 there is nothing essentially new among the finds of the second 
 excavation campaign. 
 
 3. Other Finds. Terra-cotta Objects. 
 
 Again a large number of clay idols has come to light, which 
 with the exception of a single new type, appearing in three 
 specimens, repeat the forms known from Mycenae and from the 
 former excavations of Tiryns. Those new idols are small conical 
 clay figures, only about o - c>3 m. high, ending bilaterally above, 
 and slightly bevelled on the upper surface (see No. 156). One of 
 the three sides of the top is pierced. The whole was conse- 
 quently intended to be hung up, and was perhaps worn as an 
 amulet. Four or five horizontal lines are the only ornamentation 
 
 2 A 2 
 
35 6 
 
 IDOLS AND WEIGHT. 
 
 [Chap. VI. 
 
 of this most primitive work of art. Numerous figures of animals 
 also have again been found, which fully correspond to the 
 specimen shown on Plate XXIV. 
 
 To a probably much later time belongs a roughly-made 
 
 No. 156. — Idol for suspension. No. 157. — Two figures sitting on a couch, of terra-cotta. 
 
 terra-cotta group (No. 157). It represents a man reposing on a 
 couch ; to the left, at his feet, sits a woman, en face , with her 
 garment thrown over the back of her head, exactly as on 
 the relievos of late Greek art, which represent the so-called 
 
 No. 158. — Weight of terra-cotta with a number. 
 
 funeral meal. The group is 0-095 m. long ; 0-085 m. high ; 
 made of red clay, and open below. The head of the man is 
 half broken off. Deserving of notice is, lastly, the clay weight 
 (shown in Fig. 158) with a neatly engraved sign, resembling 
 an Arabic 4 turned upside down. 
 
Chap. VI.] 
 
 LARGE FIND OF FIGURES. 
 
 357 
 
 Bronzes. — The number of bronzes found during this year’s 
 excavations is again very small. Special mention is to be made 
 of the upper part of the leg of a medium-sized tripod, cril m. 
 long, to which the plate (ev6 m. broad, 0-05 m. deep, but not 
 thoroughly preserved) is still attached, with which the leg was 
 joined to the kettle of the tripod. The rivets which served for 
 the junction of both the plate and the kettle also still exist. 
 The tripod was of the same size and form as that of Mycenae, 
 the well-known prototype of the numerous tripods of Olympia, 
 Delos, and Krete. The Mycenaean tripod was found in the 
 fourth tomb, and is shown in Schliemann’s Mycence (No. 440). 
 
 Furthermore, a bronze ear-ring is to be mentioned, formed of 
 a wire-ring (diameter : 38 mm.), adapted for opening and lock- 
 ing below, and on one half of which three little balls— at a 
 distance of about twice their diameter — are represented ; each 
 ball being composed of two hollow hemispheres. Similar ear- 
 pendants — complete sets, of gold, silver, and bronze — are in 
 the collection of the Archaeological Society at Athens. Lastly, 
 we mention a part of a heavy object — O' 13 m. long, o - o6 m. 
 broad — formed like a lance-point, and rounded off as if it were 
 to be fixed to a pole. Though of bronze, it might probably 
 have served as a plough-share. 
 
 E.— THE FIND OF TERRA-COTTA OBJECTS MADE 
 AT THE SOUTH-EAST CORNER OF THE CASTLE. 
 
 During the last days of the excavations, a large quantity 
 of figures and other terra-cotta objects were found in an inverted 
 corner of the south-eastern castle-wall (near a on Plan 125), 
 immediately under the surface. All the pieces lay close to the 
 circuit-wall, but outside of it, and therefore must at some time 
 have been thrown from the Castle. We need not wonder, there- 
 fore, that most of the objects found were broken. If, never- 
 theless, so many, still well-preserved, figures and vessels were 
 brought to light, we have mainly to thank the Greek Phylax 
 of Antiquities, Mr. G. Chrysaphis, who for several days, most 
 indefatigably, and with great care, cautiously extracted these 
 pieces from the earth with a knife. 
 
 As the objects seem almost all to have been votive offerings, 
 they must have belonged to some sanctuary existing above in 
 the castle. Where was this sanctuary situated ? With the 
 exception of the altar in the great court-yard, there are no archi- 
 
35 
 
 ARCHAIC IDOLS. 
 
 [Chap. VI. 
 
 tectural remnants of any kind, which we could attribute to it 
 with certainty. But we can quite imagine that on the same 
 spot where the Christians afterwards built their church — that is, 
 at the southern end of the castle — there existed, in older times, 
 a temple or some other sanctuary. In building the church, 
 they perhaps collected the votive gifts found near the ancient 
 sanctuary, and threw them down from the castle wall. 
 
 As Dr. Fabricius had already left for Pergamon when the 
 terra-cottas were found, Dr. Friedrich Koepp was kind enough 
 to give the following description of them for this book : — - 
 
 “ The fact of idols of the most archaic style, together with 
 little images of deities of a rather late time, as well as little 
 vessels which cannot possibly have served for a practical object, 
 having been found here in large numbers, renders it probable 
 that we have before us a deposit of rejected votive gifts of an 
 over-stocked sanctuary — such as have also been discovered 
 elsewhere. Its tutelar Goddess appears to have been Demeter. 
 At least, her image is by far the most frequent among those to 
 which we can give a name at all. 
 
 “ Nameless, no doubt, must remain the idol of a seated God- 
 dess, which, if it is not of remotest antiquity as regards make, 
 certainly represents the oldest type. It is now pretty generally 
 believed that such archaic images were still imitated in later 
 times when art had already attained a far higher stage. The idol 
 in question, of which a whole series of specimens, more or less 
 broken, has been found here (Fig. 159, side-view No. 160 ; comp, 
 above, pp. 157, 158, Nos. 87-89), represents a sitting female as flat 
 as a board, with great protruding eyes, bow-like prominent nose, 
 and with no indication of the mouth. The head is adorned with 
 a coronal ; the breast with the breast-plate peculiar to many 
 archaic terra-cottas — the ends of which rise above the shoulders. 
 (Comp. Schliemann, p. 157 et seq.). On the occiput, the tuft 
 of hair seems to be indicated. The arms are quite misshapen — 
 not to say stunted — stretched forward and bent in volute shape ; 
 without hands. The tips of the feet are visible. Instead of a 
 chair, two legs, apparently growing out of the body of the idol, 
 support it in sitting posture. These legs, as may be imagined, 
 are nearly, if not quite, broken off. The height of the 
 figure is about (V130 m. Some specimens still show a well- 
 preserved painting : a broad red stripe on the upper and lower 
 rim of the breast-plate ; a similar, though narrower, framing of 
 the diadem ; a red stripe round the neck, and another round the 
 
Chap VI.] 
 
 ARCHAIC IDOLS. 
 
 359 
 
 No. 159. — Archaic idol. 
 
 See Ilios, Nos. 257, 260 and 349 (“The Burnt City”); comp. 
 Sayce, Appendix III. 
 
 “ To the same type, but to a later development of art, belongs 
 an idol which, it is true, still shows the same manner of sitting 
 
 hips ; lastly, on the dress, three horizontal stripes, probably 
 representing branches of a tree. Similar idols, from Tanagra, 
 are in the collection of the Archaeological Society (’A p^aioXoyiKr] 
 E raipia). The same ornamentation is found on Trojan vessels 
 
36° 
 
 SITTING FIGURES. 
 
 [Chap. VI. 
 
 and the same stunted arms, but which has human features, and 
 also otherwise finer forms. Under the diadem we see a crown 
 of ringlets ; on both sides, long curls fall down to the shoulders. 
 There is some indication of the breast : the monotony of the 
 board-like garment is somewhat broken, on both sides, by 
 straight folds ; the feet are placed on a stool. Height : about 
 o - 120 m. (Fig. 161). Considering this more skilful formation 
 and the completely horizontal position of the shoulder-volutes, 
 one might imagine that the artist rather wished thereby to 
 indicate the back of the seat, if only there were any trace of 
 
 No. 16 1. —Sitting idol of terra-cotta 
 
 No. 160. — Archaic idol. Side view. 
 
 arms. Another figure of the same kind has no longer the 
 stunted arms, but appears to have the arms drawn stiffly close 
 to the body, with the hands on the lap. 
 
 “ Further progress is indicated by a little sitting figure 
 (height: o - o85 m.), which, to compare small things with great, 
 might in some degree bring to mind the figures of the Sacred 
 Way near Miletos. On a high seat of small depth, sits a woman 
 in a stiff posture ; the hands laid on the side-arm of the seat : 
 the feet are parallel. At the height of the neck, the corners of 
 the chair-back project on both sides. She wears a diadem and 
 
FEMALE FIGURES WITH PIGS. 
 
 Chap. VI.] 
 
 3 61 
 
 has shoulder-curls. On both sides of the dress a broad fold ; in 
 the centre, three small ones. 
 
 “A similar little figure (height : 0-075 m -)> but again formed 
 with greater artistic intelligence, shows us a woman with a bird 
 on her lap ; consequently, Aphrodite. 
 
 “ More numerous is the group of female figures standing 
 upright. The most important among them are those representing 
 a woman holding a pig under her left arm. The pig was sacred 
 to Demeter ; and similar representations of the Goddess have 
 
 No. 162. — Terra-cotta figure; woman with a pig. 
 
 No. 163. — Terra-cotta figure ; woman with a pig. 
 
 also been found elsewhere among the terra-cottas. A clay figure 
 from Eleusis has been published by F. Lenormant in the 
 Archceologiscke Zeitung (1865), Plate CXC. Another has been 
 found by Newton in the district of Demeter of Halikarnassos 
 (. Discoveries , p. xlvii. 4). One is in the collection of the 
 ’ Ap'XaLoXoyi/cr) 'Ercupia (No. 16. Martha ; No. 576, from Tegea, 
 published in Nuove Memorie , Plate VI. ( 5 ). One, from Sardinia, 
 is published in Annali d. /., LV., 1883 ; tav. d’ agg. D. 
 
 “ The right arm is in most cases quite broken off, or partly so. 
 In one specimen it is preserved, but the attribute of the right 
 
36 2 FEMALE FIGURES WITH PIGS. [Chap. VI. 
 
 hand, a spherical object, is no longer recognisable. In this speci- 
 men the figure stands on a rather high plinth. (Height : o* 165 m. 
 Fig. 162). Another (height : 0-170 m. Fig. 163) has no plinth, 
 but is open below ; and the front half of the feet is elaborated. 
 Both figures have long curls ; the latter a very slender neck, such 
 as occurs in other female figures standing upright. A third 
 figure, the lower part of the body and the right arm of which are 
 broken off (height : from the girdle to the crown of the head, 
 0-062 m. Fig. 164) has a shorter neck, no curls, and the head thrust 
 forward. The breasts are more strongly indicated. The right 
 arm and the pig are very coarsely formed. All the figures have 
 a rather youthful aspect for Demeter ; none of them is archaic ; 
 all are of hasty or crude workmanship. To fix the period 
 of such products exactly is impossible ; but they can scarcely 
 be assumed to be older than the third century before our era. 
 Possibly, they are even of more recent date. A similar kind 
 of female figure has in her left hand, instead of the pig, an 
 object which most probably is a deep bowl, such as two clay 
 figures from Halikarnassos also hold in their hands. (Newton, 
 Discoveries ; Plate XLVII., 3 and 6.) This figure, too, stands 
 on a plinth hollow below. The right lower arm is extended ; but 
 the open hand which is held sideways, and the fingers of which 
 are broken off, has probably not held an attribute. (Fig. 165.) 
 
 “ Another standing figure, of which the torso only is pre- 
 served, gives an archaic impression. By its narrow and upright 
 parallel folds, which only show by a very slight curve that the 
 right leg is the one in motion, it reminds us of the archaic so- 
 called Hestia. The action of the arms is no longer recognisable 
 (height: about 0-115 ITl - Fig- 166). The head (height from the 
 chin to the crown : 0-030 m.) which is described as belonging to 
 the figure, reposes on a slender neck. Wavy thick hair sur- 
 rounds the face ; long curls fall down to the shoulders. 
 
 “ An archaic impression is also given by the lower part of the 
 legs of a woman standing on a high plinth, with parallel folds on 
 both sides and in the centre of the dress. 
 
 “ Worthy of mention are perhaps also the head and shoulders 
 of a woman with a Polos (height from the chin to the polos- point : 
 0-050 m., Fig. 167), of crude workmanship, massive, and flattened 
 behind ; and two feet, standing parallel on a plinth, the toes and 
 sandals of which are pretty carefully worked. Of women with 
 the polos there are several other specimens, more or less mutilated 
 and insignificant. 
 
Chap. VI.] 
 
 VARIOUS FEMALE FIGURES. 
 
 3 6 3 
 
 “Among the several little heads there is nothing archaic. 
 Some betray an Oriental influence ; but they, too, seem to belong 
 
3 6 4 
 
 FEMALE HEAD WITH DIADEM. 
 
 [Chap. VI. 
 
 to a later time. A little head of very skilful workmanship, with 
 abundant curls and a high crown of leaves has a round, softish 
 form. The upright leaves of the diadem are separately placed 
 
 No. 167.— Head with polos of terra-cotta. 
 
 in moulded sockets ; two of them are broken out. The occiput 
 is broken off or was not finished. (Height from the chin to the 
 leaf-point : 0-045 m.). Another head of the same kind has a more 
 
 Oriental appearance. (Height from the chin to the leaf-point: 
 0-042 m., Fig. 168). Below the diadem two rows of luxuriant 
 curls. Long curls fall down to the shoulders in serpentine lines. 
 
Chap. VI.] 
 
 VASES OF VARIOUS FORMS. 
 
 3 6 5 
 
 Specially characteristic are the thick lips, the protruding eyes, 
 and the ribbon round the neck, in the centre of which there is a 
 round boss. A thicker boss is on the right shoulder ; a similar 
 one has probably been broken off on the left. 
 
 “ A like ribbon, with medallion, is on a more rudely-worked, 
 larger head of the same kind, from which all the leaves are 
 
 broken out ; the diadem itself is injured. (Height from the chin 
 to the rim of the diadem : CVO45 m.) 
 
 “ From a better period is a female half-length figure {protome), 
 broken into three pieces, which, however, fit into each other. 
 It is broken above the breast ; but, with this exception, nearly 
 perfect. The head is adorned with a high coronal ( stephane ) 
 and a garland of leaves ; under it there are two rows of curls. 
 
 No. 171. — Tripos kettle. 
 
 Long shoulder-curls of curious shape. (Height from the chin to 
 the upper rim of the coronal : O' 062 m.) 
 
 “ Of archaic character, but rude workmanship, is the head of 
 a bust {protome) with diadem, encircled by flat curls. (Height 
 from the chin to the point of the diadem : 0^050 m.) 
 
 “ Amongst the smaller heads, one which reminds us of the most 
 beautiful little heads from Tanagra, merits special mention. The 
 parting of the hair is very deeply graven ; the hair itself tolerably 
 
3 66 
 
 VESSELS OF VARIOUS FORMS. 
 
 [Chap. VI. 
 
 worked ; in the nape of the neck there is the remnant of the 
 chignon. The chin is full and round. The type is related to 
 that of Aphrodite. (Height: 0-030 m) Another little head 
 strikes one as strange by its features being flattened, and by its 
 curiously broad arrangement of the hair. (Height : 0-025 m.) 
 
 “ The fore-part of a pig might perhaps have belonged to one 
 of the Demeter figures above described ; but then, the latter must 
 
 have been rather large. Possibly, also, the animal was a votive 
 offering for the Goddess. 
 
 “To a rather tall, standing female figure belongs a preserved 
 fore-arm, of good workmanship. 
 
 “ The vessels are all so small that, owing to their shape, the 
 idea of their having been put to real use is, in most of them, 
 excluded. On the other hand, they all agree in size. They 
 
 are shallow little bowls, with considerably convex bottoms 
 (Fig. 169 ; upper diameter : o - o6 m.) ; two-handled cups (Fig. 170 ; 
 upper diameter: 0-048 m.) ; tripod kettles (Fig. 1 7 1 ), etc. 
 Specially noteworthy are the handle of the little pan (Fig. 172 ; 
 diameter in the centre: 0-058 m.), and the three double-ears of 
 the plate (Fig. 173) ; but more particularly, two little baskets with 
 openings in the body, and a dentated upper rim (Fig. 174), which 
 
Chap. VI.} 
 
 PLATE IN FORM OF A FLOWER. 
 
 367 
 
 have a counterpart in a vessel in the collection of the Archaeo- 
 logical Society. In the latter case, however, the openings are 
 formed quite regularly in rectangles, whilst in the vessels from 
 Tiryns they are often awry and crushed. A vessel in beaker 
 
 No. 177.— Little vase with two handles. 
 
 No. 178 a, b . — Flat plate in form of a flower. 
 
 {skyphos) shape also has two rectangular openings ; another 
 (Fig. 175) three. Besides the two little vases (Figs. 176 and 177), 
 I lastly mention a curious flat plate in the form of a blossom, of 
 which Fig. 178 gives a plan and a cross-section (diameter from 
 one leaf-point to the other : 0^085 m.).” 
 
368 MYCENAEAN AMBER IMPORTED FROM THE BALTIC. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 M. Panagiotis Stamatakis, Director-General of Antiquities 
 in Greece (whose untimely death, a few weeks ago, we sincerely 
 deplore), was kind enough to let me have a couple of amber 
 beads from the royal tombs at Mycenae for investigation. I sent 
 them to the well-known chemist M. Otto Helm, of Danzig, whose 
 very accurate analyses I give in this Appendix. The most inte- 
 resting result appears, that the amber comes from the Baltic, and 
 that therefore, in those very remote times to which the royal tombs 
 of Mycenae belong (the second millennium B.C.), there was already 
 traffic between Greece and the inhabitants of the Baltic coast. 
 It will probably ever remain unsettled whether this traffic took 
 place by land or by means of Phoenician ships. But in the 
 former case we may easily conjecture that the traffic, as happened 
 again later, especially in the Middle Ages, took its way through 
 Russia and the Balkan peninsula. Or may the amber perhaps 
 have been brought through Russia to Colchis, and thence by 
 Phoenician ships to Greece ? At all events, the only time that 
 Homer mentions amber for sale, it is in Phoenician hands : 
 
 ijXvd’ av^p iroXvt'Spis ijuov tt pbs du/iara -Karpis, 
 
 Xpvcreo v 'ipfiou S’ vj\GKrpoiffiv Hepro- 
 
 rby /xev &p’ eV ficyapcp 8/ua>al teal triTVia prflTTjp 
 X^ptrtv T autpaepSwVTO, Kal btydaXp.olaiv bpwvro, 
 
 &vov ineiaxip-^vaf b 5e rrj KareVemre atarirfj- 
 ijrot 6 Kavvtvtras KoiX-qv etrl vrja f}efi -fitter 
 
 “ For a wily man (a Phoenician from a ship) came to the palace 
 of my father, bringing a collar of gold set with beads of amber. 
 This, in the hall, the servant-women and my noble mother were 
 handling and admiring, bargaining for it, and he nodded secretly 
 to the woman, and then was gone to the hollow ship.” 
 
 That the amber trade in later prehistoric times was in 
 Phoenician hands is beyond doubt. 
 
 H, S. 
 
MYCENiEAN AMBER IMPORTED FROM THE BALTIC. 369 
 
 A. 
 
 Danzig, 20th Nov. 1884. 
 
 Dr. Schliemann at Athens has been so kind as to send me some 
 fragments of amber beads, which he had himself found in the 
 royal tombs of Mycenae. I desired to analyse them chemically, 
 in order to see if they were related to the amber found on the 
 Baltic coast. My interest in this question was excited by the 
 analyses made by me three years ago of amber articles from 
 the Necropoleis of Upper and Central Italy, which belong to 
 the oldest Iron Age and the so-called Etruscan Epoch.* I 
 then showed that the amber articles I examined were made of 
 Baltic amber, and not from that found to-day in Sicily and Upper 
 Italy. The chief evidence of this I considered to be the high per- 
 centage in them of amber-acid (4- 1-6-3 per cent.). I observed 
 the same thing lately in the objects of amber from Hallstadt. 
 
 I regret to say the fragments now before me of amber beads 
 from the royal tombs at Mycenae afforded too scanty a material 
 for a chemical investigation ; they only weighed 2 grammes. 
 I subjected the larger part of them for the quantitative deter- 
 mination of the amber-acid they contained, and obtained by dry 
 distillation 1 -6 per cent, pure amber-acid from them. There were 
 besides 3-2 per cent, of mineral constituents, of silicious earth, 
 calcareous earth, oxide of iron, carbonic acid, and sulphuric acid. 
 
 The particles of amber were extraordinarily disintegrated, 
 and easily crumbled away by pressure between one’s fingers. 
 The large quantity of mineral substances has plainly found its 
 way into the decaying amber in the course of thousands of years, 
 as sound amber of any kind only contains T L-th of the proportion 
 of the mineral substances found here. We may also assume that 
 even the organic part of the amber has suffered loss and change 
 by reason of this disintegration, and that the amount of amber 
 acid was originally higher. Baltic amber yields by distillation 
 3 to 8 per cent, of amber-acid. 
 
 Most of the fragments from Mycenae were of a dark hyacin- 
 thine red, especially in the fracture — the very colour which clear 
 Baltic amber assumes after disintegration. One little *piece was 
 wax-coloured, and in this also not different from certain Baltic 
 amber. The Mycenaean pieces also had, when burnt, the same 
 
 * Cf. Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Danzig, 1S62. 
 
 2 B 
 
37 ° my cen^:an amber imported from the Baltic. 
 
 peculiar odour as Baltic amber. They differed from it really 
 only in the smaller amount of amber-acid. 
 
 I cannot therefore now assert with absolute certainty that 
 Baltic amber lies before us in these pieces ; all I can say is that 
 I know no fossil resin now found which so closely resembles the 
 Mycenaean amber as the Baltic amber. 
 
 It is certainly not Sicilian or Apennine amber, for I examined 
 both these fossil resins in various pieces, and found them all 
 devoid of amber-acid. In the amber from the Lebanon, gathered 
 and brought to me in some pieces by Professor Fraas, I also 
 found no amber-acid. K. John was able to show small quantities 
 of amber-acid in the brownish-yellow kind of this amber, but 
 none in the red resin. 
 
 In the dark-red fossil resins of Galicia (Schrauffit), and some 
 others found in Hungary and Austria, there were also found 
 some traces of amber-acid, but these resins occur very rarely and 
 sporadically ; the same is true of the Roumanian amber, and of 
 that found in the Bukowina. These latter contain as much 
 amber-acid as the Baltic amber, but are easily distinguished by 
 a competent judge from it by their colour, hardness, and dis- 
 integrated layer. Besides, as far as I know, we have no notice 
 handed down to us that these resins, which occur so rarely in the 
 earth, were already known to the ancient inhabitants of those 
 countries. 
 
 On this evidence I may assert, that the objects of amber 
 exhumed by Dr. Schliemann from the royal tombs at Mycenae 
 are very probably made of Baltic amber. 
 
 Otto Helm. 
 
 B. 
 
 Danzig, 17th Dec. 1884. 
 
 The doubtful result of the analysis of Mycenaean amber, 
 made by me on the 20th November of this year, caused Dr. 
 Schliemann to send me an additional piece of the amber from 
 the royal tombs, which I examined on the 15th and 16th of this 
 month. 
 
 1 he piece was better suited to my purpose than the former ; 
 it was the fragment of a large bead, weighed 4-1 grammes, and 
 showed only a slight disintegration. 
 
MYCENAEAN AMBER IMPORTED FROM THE BALTIC. 371 
 
 The colour, when the outer particles of earth were removed, 
 was bright ruby-red, and quite transparent. The outer layers 
 were easily scraped off witn a knife ; as this scraping went on, 
 the amber was found harder and clearer. The ruby colour 
 changed to that of hyacinth, then to bright orange-red ; finally 
 there remained a core of the finest clear amber. This was 
 almost as transparent as water. The beads of this kind must 
 once have been of great value, for this colour is now, even in 
 Baltic amber, very rare, and much prized. I know no other 
 fossil resin which has it with the same degree of hardness. 
 Even the disintegrated layer passing from bright wine-yellow to 
 ruby red, is characteristic of Baltic amber. Equally characteristic 
 was the smell ; when a particle was heated on a platina-sheet 
 and brought to evaporation, the smell excited violent coughing, 
 like the Baltic amber 
 
 To complete my former report, I undertook to make with 
 2 grammes of the parts scraped off a quantitative determination 
 of the amber-acid contained therein, and here describe the process 
 often used by me. I pour the broken-up amber into a tubular 
 glass-retort, connect it with an ample receiver, and then heat the 
 retort in a sand bath. At first thick clouds of smoke are deve- 
 loped in the retort, which pass into the receiver, then the amber 
 melts and gradually begins to boil ; the clouds of smoke are 
 condensed to a turbid liquid and a brown oil. I continue the 
 distillation as long as vapour passes into the receiver. Then I 
 stop it, allow the apparatus to cool, and cut off the lower part 
 of the retort with an appropriate instrument. The neck of the 
 retort and the receiver I then rinse carefully with distilled hot 
 water, boil the mixture of watery fluid and oil, and separate them 
 with a paper-filter ; the latter I wash again with some distilled 
 water. The filtered fluid I evaporate in a steam-bath till it is 
 dry. Water and volatile acids thus volatilize, and the amber-acid 
 remains in brilliant crystals. I purify the latter again by resolu- 
 tion, filtration, and re-crystallization ; then I weigh and identify 
 them by their peculiar chemical reactions and physical form 
 
 In the case before us, and after I had found in mv first 
 investigation that a not inconsiderable quantity of earthy sub- 
 stances, especially of calcareous earth and oxide of iron, had got 
 into the amber, I altered the process by mixing with the amber 
 a quantity of sulphuric acid corresponding to both earths. I 
 thus obtained the combination of these kindred earths with the 
 
 2 B 2 
 
372 MYCENAEAN AMBER IMPORTED FROM THE BALTIC. 
 
 sulphuric acid, so that the amber-acid could be separated by 
 distillation. 
 
 The result answered my expectations. I obtained from the 
 2 grammes of Mycenaean amber 0’I2 gramme amber-acid = 
 6 per cent. The redistilled brown oil was like that of the Baltic 
 amber, and equally sulphureous. The elementary analysis of the 
 amber gives varying results ; the more advanced its disintegra- 
 tion, the more oxygen it contains. Here, where an unweathered 
 core was before me, I undertook the analysis. It produced 
 
 78’ 60 per cent, carbon. 
 
 io’oS „ hydrogen. 
 
 10 ’98 „ oxygen, 
 
 o - 34 ,, sulphur. 
 
 An elementary analysis I made of Baltic amber in 1881 gave 
 
 78 ’63 per cent, carbon. 
 
 10 '48 „ hydrogen. 
 
 10 -47 „ oxygen, 
 
 o’ 42 „ sulphur. 
 
 The agreement is here, too, nearly attained. I have therefore 
 no hesitation in declaring the amber beads found in the royal 
 tombs of Mycenre to be Baltic amber ; there are no facts known 
 to show that any product corresponding to the above results 
 can be found elsewhere, i.e. anything chemically and physically 
 resembling Baltic amber. 
 
 To obviate misunderstandings, I will add, that by Baltic 
 amber I mean such as the type dug out of the Tertiary forma- 
 tion of the Prussian Samland , and on the coasts from the Russian 
 Baltic provinces as far as Jutland and Holland ; also in Southern 
 Sweden. The limits of its spreading southward are not accurately 
 determined ; but it becomes rarer and rarer in that direction. 
 It has been found in North Poland, in the Prussian provinces of 
 Posen, Silesia, Brandenburg, Westphalia, and Saxony, in the 
 kingdom of Saxony and in Oldenburg. The great mountain 
 chains of Central Germany appear to have formed the limits 
 of the old diffusion of the Baltic amber. I have analysed 
 chemically a number of specimens found in these lands, and 
 found them not materially different from that dug out in the 
 Samland. I therefore call them all by the name “ Baltic amber.” 
 
 Otto Helm. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 ABAS. 
 
 A. 
 
 Adas, son of Lynkeus, 31. 
 
 Achaian population in T., 35. 
 
 Achilles , the tent of, 273. 
 
 Achladokampos, cf. Hysise, 53 
 
 Acropolis, of Argos ; the fort Larissa, 
 at the eastern foot of Lykone, 53. 
 
 Acropolis of Athens, ancient pottery 
 and stone polishers found in, 23, 79, 
 84, 130, 142. 
 
 Argos, 1 1 . 
 
 Asine, 49, 50. 
 
 Megara, 84. 
 
 Mycenae, 38, 45. 
 
 Nauplia, 50. 
 
 Thebes, 23. 
 
 T„ 7, 8, 47, 224. 
 
 Troy, 224. 
 
 Museum (at Athens), its pottery 
 
 and archaic idols. ( See Museum.) 
 
 Adamy, Dr. R., 272. 
 
 Asgean Sea, islands in the ; Phoenician 
 settlements extended to, 25. 
 
 AUgina, island of, the pottery from the 
 graves there, 84. 
 
 AElian, cited, 33. 
 
 rEschylus, cited, 30, 34 ; never men- 
 tions Mycenae, 39. 
 
 Altos, mountain in Ithaka, on whose 
 slope is situated the ancient capital 
 with its gigantic Cyclopean walls, 
 24. 
 
 Agamemnon, his palace in Argos, 39. 
 
 cafe in Nauplia, 4. 
 
 Agate , a gem from Mycenae, 168. 
 
 Agenor, father of Thasos, 25. 
 
 AMPHITRYON. 
 
 ■Agrafe, pattern in frieze, 286. 
 
 Ahrens, H. L., on Greek dialects ; 
 regards T ipws as an Argive or Cre- 
 tan form, 15. 
 
 A Wova-a. ( See COLONNADE.) 
 
 Akrisios, son of Abas and Okaleia, 
 3 L 
 
 Alabaster, egg of, 174. 
 
 frieze, at T., 284 sq. ; its place in 
 
 the palace, 291. 
 
 slabs, 284. 
 
 Albaniati workmen, from the villages 
 near T., 7. 
 
 Albauo, near Marino, 67. 
 
 Alexander of Macedon, his embassy to 
 the Athenians (in 480 B. <_'.), 37. 
 
 Aliki, the tombs of, 56. 84. 
 
 Alkinoos, king of the Homeric 77 ; 
 his palace, 287, 289. 
 
 Alkmene, daughter of Elektryon, 16, 
 34 ; mother of Herakles, 34. 
 
 Alphabet , ascribed to Palamedes, 22. 
 
 Altar , in the megaron of T., 206-7, 
 337 - 
 
 Altars of the Cyclopes, Euripides’ de- 
 scription of Mycenae, 18 
 
 Amathus, at Malta, 1 12. 
 
 Amazons, slain by Bellerophon, 33. 
 
 si /fiber from Mycenae, analysed by O. 
 Helm, 369 sq. ; mentioned by Homer, 
 368 ; its various kinds, 370 ; method 
 of analysis, 371 ; Phoenician trade. 
 368 ; new analysis, 372. 
 
 Amorgos, probably a Phoenician settle- 
 ment, 26. 
 
 Amphipolis, coin of, 142. 
 
 Amphitryon, 3 p 
 
374 
 
 AMRIT. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ATHENS. 
 
 Amrit= Marathus. 22. 
 
 Analogies in pottery of the various set- 
 tlements at T., 7-67, 70, 73, 74, 89, 
 92,93, 109-112, 1 14, 1 16, 1 17, 1 19, 
 120, 124, 136, 137, 1 39-142, 146, 147. 
 
 Analyses , of potsherds and plaster from 
 T., 75-6 ; of glass beads, 82, 83 ; of 
 bronzes from Mycenae, 17 1; chemi- 
 cal, of Egyptian objects, 288 ; of 
 the amber of the Mycenaean tombs, 
 369-372. 
 
 Anaphe, old Phoenician settlement, 
 once called Membliaros, 26. 
 
 Andalusia , caves in, inhabited in stone 
 age, 60, 74. 
 
 Andromeda , wife of Perseus, 34. 
 
 Andronitis , 220. ( See Megaron.) 
 
 Anhalt , prehistoric graves at, 63. 
 
 Animal drawings on vases, 107 sq. 
 
 Animals in terra-cotta, 149. 
 
 Ansa lunata , 63. 
 
 Ansa fa (crux), 98. 
 
 Antes, 190, 194-6, 198, 201, 204; de- 
 tails of, in vestibule of Megaron, 
 210 sq., 244 ; discussed, 263 sq., 267 ; 
 still in situ , 268 ; wooden, 269 ; 
 their survival in later Greek build- 
 ings, ibid. 
 
 Antefix , Doric, found at T., 271, 273, 
 295-6 ; drawing of, 295. 
 
 Ante-room , 214-5, 243. 
 
 Anteia, wife of Proitos, 33 (also called 
 Sthenoboia or Antiope), 31. 
 
 Antiope, cf. Anteia. 
 
 Antiparos, Phoenician settlement, 25 ; 
 prehistoric necropolis of. ( See 
 Bent.) 
 
 Annali delP Instituto , cited, 35, 88. 
 
 Apelauron , Mount, in Arcadia, 14. 
 
 Aphrodite , referred to in Homer, 154. 
 
 Apollo , head of, on Tirynthian coins, 
 48. 
 
 Apollodorus , cited, 16, 18, 25, 31-3. 
 
 Appianos, on structures at Carthage, 
 323 - 
 
 Aqjieduct of Eupalinos, 234 ; early use 
 of lime in, 255. 
 
 Arachnoeon , sptrrs of, reaching to the 
 Heraeon, 54. 
 
 Aragonite , eggs of, 174. 
 
 Arcadians , united in Megalopolis, 38. 
 
 Archeological Institute (German) of 
 Athens, 56, 58, 82, 93. 
 
 Archceologische Zeitung , cited, 56. 
 
 Architect , at the excavations of 1884, 
 3. (See Dorpfeld.) 
 
 Architectural fragments , found at T., 
 284 sq. ; designs, 293 sq. 
 
 Arete , wife of Alkinoos, 223. 
 
 Argives, their jealousy ofT., 39; con- 
 quest of the surrounding towns, 38- 
 40; its date, 40-1 ; harbour at 
 Nauplia, 21. 
 
 Argo l is, features of, 11 sq. 
 
 Argos, plain of, n sq. ; mountains of, 
 52-4; once marshy, 29; iro\vdl\jeLov, 
 14, 30, 31 ; produce of, 14; succes- 
 sors to the throne of, 30-4 ; neutrality 
 of, in Persian wars, 35 ; number of 
 men sent to Thermopylae and 
 Plataea from the state of, 41. 
 
 Aria, village of, near Nauplia, 7. 
 
 Aristophanes, cited, 26. 
 
 Aristotle , cited, 29. 
 
 Army, the Greek, at Plataea, 41. 
 
 Arrow-heads , stone, found at T., 78, 
 
 174. 
 
 Artemision , Aft., to the west of Argos, 
 11. 
 
 ’AcrdfuvOos of Homer, a specimen found 
 at T., 232. 
 
 Ascents to the castle, 314 ; side ascent, 
 324 sq. ; main ascent, 332 sq. 
 
 Ascherson, Prof. P., on Carthaginian 
 architecture, 323. 
 
 Ashantee, occurrence of the signs 
 and S in the country, 98. 
 
 rtf 
 
 Asine, citadel of, 49, 50 ; old Dryopian 
 town in Homer’s Catalogue, ibid.; 
 prehistoric pottery there, ibid. 
 
 Asklepios, sacred inclosure of, 54. 
 
 Aster ion, stream, 13, 14. 
 
 , plant, kind of aster sacred to 
 
 Hera, once grew on the banks of the 
 Asterion, 13. 
 
 Athene, temple of, at Lindos, 27. 
 
 Athens, its avvoiKur/xos similar to that 
 of the Argive territory, 39 ; in the 
 Acropolis of, pottery of the oldest 
 kind found together with pottery of 
 Hellenic period, 88 ; pottery in use 
 
ATREUS. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 BUCHHOLZ. 
 
 during 6th and 7th century B.C., 
 corresponding to that from the 
 Dipylon graves, 87 ; inscription re- 
 garding the restoration of its walls, 
 185. 
 
 Atreus , treasury of, 272, 280, 286. 
 
 Attica , the graves of Menidi, Spata, 
 and Aliki in, 56, 84. ; Cape Kolias 
 in. 84 ; the revolution following on 
 the Doric invasion in, 87. 
 
 Auger, its use in boring dowel-holes, 
 266 ; found at Troy, ibid. 
 
 Axes, stone, 81 ; of diorite, one speci- 
 men at T., 172 ; four at Athens, 173 ; 
 bronze, found at T., 167 sq. ; as 
 symbols on Babylonian ring, on 
 Carian coins, and coins of Tenedos, 
 168 ; Soph. Miiller on, 169. 
 
 Azurite, 289. 
 
 B. 
 
 Baalbek , 18, 28. 
 
 Babylon, ^esbet from, 288. 
 
 Badackshan, 288. 
 
 Baltic amber, found at Mycenae, 368- 
 372 
 
 Basilica, principle of, in Greek build- 
 ings, 2 1 8 sq. 
 
 Basin, found in the megaron, but later 
 in construction, 226 ; of unknown 
 use, 226. 
 
 Basis, of pillars, found uisitu, 185, 199, 
 238 ; affected by fire, 238-9 ; dis- 
 cussed, 270. 
 
 Bath-room at T„ 229 sq. ; its place, 
 
 230 ; its floor of one gigantic stone, 
 
 231 ; its panelled walls, 231 ; drain- 
 ing of, 233, 341. 
 
 Bathing-tub of terra-cotta, 140. 
 
 Beads of blue glass, 82. 
 
 Beams of wood, longitudinal, in walls, 
 226, 255-6, 262 ; in ceilings, 317. 
 
 Bellerophon, myth of, 32. 
 
 Benches in women’s court at T., 239. 
 
 Bent, Mr. J. Th., cited, 25 ; his exca- 
 vations at Antiparos, 56, 60. 65, 78, 
 1 14; on flat roofs in the Cyclades, 
 220. 
 
 Berlin Anthrohol ogica l Society, 
 
 quoted, 62-3, 78, 168. 
 
 375 
 
 Bernburg, Historical Society of, 63. 
 
 Beton, 203. 
 
 Beule, on architecture at Byrsa, 325 
 
 Bikellas , Dr. D., visits T., 10. 
 
 Blocks, stone, of the walls of T., 17. 
 
 Blue glass, Egyptian, 287, 289, 290. 
 
 Bliimner, H., Technologie bei Griechen 
 u. Romern, cited, 26, 258, 265-6. 
 
 Bodkin at T., 176. 
 
 Bolting of gates at T. described, 193. 
 
 Bocotis, meaning of, 46, 165. 
 
 Botticher, Herr Hauptmann, his 
 theory of a fire-necropolis, 250 ; on 
 building with clay-bricks, 259. 
 
 Bottle, fragment, 346. 
 
 Boulpiotes, M., Greek Minister of 
 Education, his zeal to promote the 
 excavations, 2, 3. 
 
 Bovolone. ( See Tombs.) 
 
 Bow, ornament on a vase, 128, 129, 
 
 137 - 
 
 Bowl, cup, and kettle, 365. 
 
 Bracelet, bronze, found at T., 170. 
 
 Branches, like larch, on a large jar, 
 (nldos), 69. 
 
 Breccia, used for door-sills, 193, 
 202 ; its use discussed, 253 ; in an tee, 
 264. 
 
 Bricks, sun-dried, of clay, 256 ; glazed 
 with heat, 242, 256 ; of oldest settle- 
 ment, 252 ; manufacture of, 256 sq. ; 
 the burning of, discussed, 257 sq. ; 
 Vitruvius on, 258 ; comparison with 
 those at Troy, ibid.-, forms and sizes 
 of, 259-62 ; specially mentioned by 
 Hesychios, 19. 
 
 Brizio, E., cited, 61, 67. 
 
 Brockhaus, Dr. E., visits T., 10. 
 
 Bronze objects found at T., 166 sq. ; 
 at Olympia, with geometrical pat- 
 terns, 88 ; warrior, 166 ; battle-axes, 
 167-9 j various objects, 170 ; shoe- 
 ing of door-pivots, 195 ; drawing of 
 a bronze sheath for the pivot of a 
 door, 281 ; tripod, ear-ring, 357. 
 
 analysis of Mycenaean, by Dr. J. 
 
 Percy, 171. 
 
 coins discovered at T., 48. 
 
 Buchholz, his Homerische Realien 
 cited, 220 ; refuted as regards 
 women’s av\r\, 237. 
 
376 
 
 BULL. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 CYCLOPEAN. 
 
 Bull , picture of, on wall plaster, de- 
 scribed, 303. 
 
 Bursian , C., cited, 25-6, 256. 
 
 Byrsa, ground plan of wall, 324. 
 
 Byzantine Church at T., 47, 196, 199, 
 308, 321. 
 
 tombs at T., 196, 308. 
 
 epoch at T., 308. 
 
 C. 
 
 Calvert, Mr. F, cited, 115, 260. 
 
 Cap , Phrygian, 159. 
 
 Capital , Doric, of sandstone, found at 
 T., 271 ; form of the older, 272 ; 
 discussed, 293 sq. ; drawings of, 293 ; 
 dimensions, 294. 
 
 Carthage , spiral ornament in, 111. 
 
 Casemate-like vaulted chambers, 321. 
 
 Cassel, museum of, 62. 
 
 Castorches , Prof., cited, 164. 
 
 Casts, of two fragments of vases, with 
 perforated excrescences ; the origi- 
 nals found in the Dolmen of Kerroh, 
 60. 
 
 Cauer , P., Delectus Inscr. Grcec., cited, 
 
 IS- 
 
 Ceiling, at T., 274 ; Orchomcnos, 299, 
 342. 
 
 Cellar-like rooms, 315. 
 
 Centralblatt der preussischen Bauver- 
 waltung, cited, 267. 
 
 Cesnola, L. P. (Cyprus), 132, 154. 
 
 Chairs, miniature, in terra-cotta, 148-9. 
 
 Chaldea , prehistoric remains in, 81 ; 
 idols from, 155. 
 
 Xa\i£, meaning of, 255. 
 
 Charvati, near Mycenae, probable 
 source of the breccia at T., 253. 
 
 xesbet. (See Kyanos.) 
 
 Chipiez. ( See Perrot.) 
 
 Christ, W., cited on Trojan topography, 
 21. 
 
 Chrysaphis, Georgios, Phylax of Anti- 
 quities, 309, 357. 
 
 Circuit-wall, connection with palace, 
 315- 
 
 Cisterns , 317. 
 
 Citadel of T., upper, 177, 182, 313 ; 
 palace of, 189 sq. ; middle, 18 1 ; 
 lower, 179, 312. 
 
 Clay, vessels of, hand-made, of earliest 
 settlement at T., 57 sq. ; fragments 
 catalogued, 70 sq. 
 
 cylinders, 141 ; floors, 275 ; roofs 
 
 at T., and now in the East, 274. 
 
 Clemens, cited, 33. 
 
 Clere-story, lighting, 218. 
 
 Coins found at T., 48. 
 
 Colonnades, at T., 199, 204 ; epithets 
 of, in Homer, 208 ; round women’s 
 courts, 238, 244 ; probable, inside 
 the castle, 316. 
 
 Colony, German, near T., 29. 
 
 Colours on pottery, Chap. III., passim; 
 on floors, 225, 235. 
 
 Comb of ivory, 176. 
 
 Concrete floors, 192, 196, 200, 215, 225 ; 
 of oldest settlement, 251. 
 
 Conduits, water. (See Drainage and 
 Aqueduct.) 
 
 Connection of men’s and women’s 
 rooms, 227. 
 
 Conze, Melische Thongcfasse, cited, 93. 
 
 Copenhagen, museum of, referred to 
 for pottery, 60. 
 
 Cornbruisers, of various stone, 80. 
 
 Corridors, 198, 200, 235-6, 242, 31 1, 
 318, 322. 
 
 Court, the great front, 199 sq. ; of men’s 
 apartment, 203 sq. ; of women’s 
 apartments, 236 sq. ; refutes a 
 current theory, 237; outer (XXX) of 
 women’s apartments, 244 sq. 
 
 Courtois, A. de, cited, 48. 
 
 Cows of terra-cotta (at T.), 164. 
 
 Cremation ovens , theory of Botticher, 
 250. 
 
 Crux ansata, 98. 
 
 Cubits, ancient, probably employed in 
 measurements, 193 ; of various di- 
 mensions and determining the size 
 of bricks, 260, 261. 
 
 Culture, prehistoric, in Greece, sepa- 
 rate from Hellenic culture, and 
 found in many distinct remains, 87. 
 
 Curtins, G., cited, 14. 
 
 Curtins, Prof. £., cited, 14, 22-4 ; on 
 a cistern at T., 204. 
 
 Cush, 103. 
 
 Cyclopean buildings, 1, 16-21, 25, 27, 
 45, 48-52. 
 
CYCLOPES. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 EXCAVATIONS. 
 
 377 
 
 Cyclopes , the, 18, 19, 20, 32, 37. 
 
 Cylinders , of terra-cotta, 141, 147, 245, 
 247. 
 
 Cymatium found at T., 224. 
 
 Cyprus , Cesnola’s discoveries in, 132 ; 
 idols from, 153, 155. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dado , on the walls of the palace, 306. 
 
 Daux , on Phoenician empires, 325. 
 
 Decoration , of walls, preserved in 
 women’s hall only, 241. 
 
 Delay, history of the, in excavating T., 2. 
 
 Dennis , J/r. £., Cities and Cemeteries 
 of Etruria, quoted, 57. 
 
 Description of palace, why so full, 249. 
 
 Designs, hand-made, in wet clay, 67 ; 
 stamped, 69 ; of concrete floor, 214 ; 
 various, on fragments, discussed, 
 3°i-3- 
 
 Destruction of the remains of T. immi- 
 nent from natural causes, 249, 250. 
 
 Diamonds, inlaid in tools, 267. 
 
 Diodorus, cited, 27, 41, 42 ; his rela- 
 tion to Ephorus, 44, 49. 
 
 Dioscondes, cited on resined wine, 5, 6. 
 
 Dipylon (gate of Athens), vases found 
 at, 87. 
 
 Discs of clay found at T., 146; com- 
 pared with those of Troy, 147-8 ; 
 ivory, from Spata, 124; in decora- 
 tion, 156, 162 ; of steatite, 175. 
 
 Dogs, in terra-cotta, 143. 
 
 Doorposts, of breccia, 193 ; of wood, 
 
 279 ; models for Doric architecture, 
 
 280 ; of several planks, ibid. 
 
 Doors, Homeric names for the parts 
 
 of, 283 ; in the palace of T., 190 ; 
 ground-plans of, 278, 282 ; structures 
 of, described, 193, 276 sq. ; single, 
 242; upper part gone, 281 ; in 
 vaulted chambers, 322. 
 
 Doorsills, 193, 193, 213, 276 sq. ; of 
 wood, 235, 244, 283 ; of limestone, 
 238, 240 ; of breccia, 276-7. 
 
 Doric architecture imitated as to style, 
 128 ; on frieze, 284-5 » fragments 
 of, found at T., 229, 271, 307. (See 
 Capital.) 
 
 Dor pf eld, Dr. IVm., his contribution 
 
 to the work, 3, and Chap. V. and VI. ; 
 cited, 170. 
 
 Dowel-holes, in door-sills, 281 ; in floor 
 of bath, 231; in pilasters (anted) cf 
 stone to hold wooden beams, 202, 
 2 38, 240 ; round or square, 265 ; 
 production described, 267. 
 
 Drainage at T., 204 ; of bath-room, 
 -33, 341 ; of women’s court, 208, 
 245 ; dimension of pipes, 246. 
 
 Dublin University Journal, cited, 35. 
 
 Dumont, A. (and Jules Chaplain) Cera- 
 miques de la Grece propre, cited, 56, 
 109, 1 12, 119, 132, 139, 143. 
 
 Duncker , Max, cited cn Phoenician 
 settlements in Greece, 22, 57. 
 
 E. 
 
 Ear of clay, 144. 
 
 Egypt, the vases brought there as tri- 
 bute under Thutnies III. show geo- 
 metrical patterns, 89 ; the spiral 
 ornament common in Thebes, no ; 
 occurrence there of blue glass, 289 ; 
 use of lapis lazuli, 288. 
 
 Eleusis, excavations of temple at, 64, 
 152 ; the Attic cubit at, 261. 
 
 Entablature of the gateway at T., 198. 
 
 Elpenor, 248. 
 
 Ephorus, writings of, 44. 
 
 Erasinus, the river, 14. 
 
 Ethiopia (or Cush), 163. 
 
 Ethiopians, on an Egyptian wall- 
 painting in the Brit. Mus. ; with 
 panther-skin round their loins, 103. 
 
 E tymologicum Magnum, cited on 
 filXadpov, 221. 
 
 Eupalinos, his aqueduct at Samos, 234, 
 
 Euripides, cited, 18, 19, 34. 
 
 Eusebius, cited, 25. 
 
 Eustathios, cited, 16, 17. 
 
 Evans, J., The Age of Bronze, cited, 
 287. 
 
 Excavations, at T., 1 sq 
 
 , the system of my, described, 9 ; 
 
 more required, 189; in 1S76, 203, 
 205. 
 
 , in Tumulus Hana'i Tepeh, only 
 
 vessels with horizontal pipe-shaped 
 holes found, 1 15. 
 
378 
 
 EXCRESCENCES. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 HERM ATHENA. 
 
 Excrescences , on vases, 58-61 ; verti- 
 cally and horizontally perforated, 58- 
 63, 64, 125 ; contrast of, 114. 
 
 F. 
 
 Fabricius , Dr. £., visits T., 10 ; cited, 
 70, 74, 90, 103, 105, 123; on the 
 aqueduct of Eupalinos, 234 ; ex- 
 amines finds, 309, 344. 
 
 Facades, probable plan of, at T., 198, 
 213. 
 
 Fergusson , Prof. J., cited, 160 ; on 
 lighting of Greek buildings, 218 ; on 
 the age of the Doric capital, 294. 
 
 Figure patterns on vases of men and 
 horses, 90-1; w., women, 94; cranes, 
 96 ; chariot and horses ; 104 sq. ; 
 125 sq. ; birds and stags, 107 sq. ; 
 murex, 108 sq., 115 ; of man and 
 bull (on wall plaster), 303-6. 
 
 Finlay , cited, 26. 
 
 Fire , traces of, at T., on bricks, 227, 
 256-7 ; on stone, 271 ; charred wood, 
 279. 
 
 Floor of megaron, construction of con- 
 crete, 224 ; red and blue colours on, 
 225 ; of women’s court, 237 ; traces 
 of an older underneath, 237, 251. 
 
 Floors of palace discussed, 275 sq. ; 
 oldest of clay, ibid.; concrete, 275-6. 
 
 Foot of clay , 145. 
 
 Frieze , the Kyanos, discussed, 284 sq.; 
 its place doubtful, 291. 
 
 Furtwdngler (and Lbschcke) Myk. 
 Thongefdsse , cited, 85. 
 
 G. 
 
 Galleries , in the walls of T., 183-185, 
 332 sq. 
 
 Gates at T., details of, 193, 201, 276 
 sq. ; gate of the men’s court, 340. 
 
 Gazette archeologique , 56, 109. 
 
 retaw, 212-13 5 found at T., 271, 294. 
 
 Geometrical patterns on vases, their 
 antiquity, 87-9 ; described, 90 sq. ; 
 imported to T., 89, cover all the 
 ground of the vase, too, 129, &c. 
 
 Gerhard , cited, 153. 
 
 Gladstone, Right Hon. W. £., cited, 
 20-1 ; on ftoanris, 165. 
 
 Glass, the quality of, at T., &c., 82-3 ; 
 blue glass-paste used in frieze, 285- 
 90. 
 
 TXavKanns, its meaning, 165. 
 
 Goblets , peculiar, of the first and second 
 settlements at T. and at Mycenae, 
 73 ; found elsewhere, 74 ; small, 348. 
 
 Grain, burnt, at T., 83. 
 
 Grape-stones, found at T., 83. 
 
 Graux, on fortifications at Carthage, 
 325 - 
 
 Greek Government, the, intend to cover 
 the palace at T., 250. 
 
 Greg, R. Ph ., cited, 98. 
 
 Grifi, cited, 155. 
 
 Gross, V., on excavations in the Lake 
 of Bienne, 169. 
 
 Tvfivr](rioi, slaves of the Argives, 35. 
 
 H. 
 
 Halike, 16. 
 
 Hall, men’s ( see Megaron), women’s, 
 239 sq. 
 
 Hammers, stone, at T., Troy, &c., 81. 
 
 Hampel, Prof. J., 70, 74, 168. 
 
 Hanai Tepeh, tumulus of, 1 1 5 ; bricks 
 from, 260-1. 
 
 Handles, on vases, 66. 
 
 H andmills of sandstone, 80. 
 
 Hearth, the, of the megaron at T., 222 ; 
 Homer, cited on, 222-3 j at Troy, 
 224 ; of the women’s hall, 241. 
 
 Hehn, V., cited, on x lT <° v , 28. 
 
 Helbig, IV., cited, 27-8, 84, 88, 93, 112, 
 154; on Homeric tools, 275; on 
 Kyanos, 287, 290 ; corrected on early 
 date of wall-painting, 306-7. 
 
 Helletiic gates, modelled on the plan 
 of those at T., 194. 
 
 Hellenic, remains at T., 170. 
 
 Helm, O., of Danzig, analysis of am- 
 ber, 368-372. 
 
 Herceon, the, of Argolis, 13, 4.2; of 
 Olympia, 169. 
 
 Herakleidce, Return of, its date, 87. 
 
 Herakles, legends of, 12; again on p. 
 29. 
 
 Hermathena (Journal), cited, 35 sq. 
 
HERODOTUS. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 LADLES. 
 
 379 
 
 Herodotus , cited, 25, 35, 38. 
 
 Hesiod , his Scutum Hcraclis cited, 16. 
 
 Heuzey {figurines du Louvre ), 155. 
 
 Hirschfeld, Prof. G., cited, 87. 
 
 Hissarlik, 192; date of ruins at, 1 1 2 
 hearth at, 224. 
 
 Hittites, 136. 
 
 Homer , Iliad, cited, on Argos, 14, 17 ; 
 on Proitos and Bellerophon, 32-4 ; 
 on the cities of Here, 44 ; mentions 
 T., 49 ; on Kpr/dc/ivov, 93 ; on oppos, 
 154 : on kings sacrificing, 207. 
 
 — — , Odyssey , cited, 20, 24-5, 93, 154, 
 191, 203, 20 7; on roof of palaces, 
 220 ; on boKoi, 221 ; on tnxdpr], 222- 
 3 ; on back door of megaron, 227, 
 228 ; on the daXapns eaxaroi, 242 ; on 
 use of auger, 266 ; on colour of ceil- 
 ing, 275 ; on doorsills, 276 ; on creak- 
 ing of doors, 283 ; on kyanos frieze, 
 287 ; on amber, 368 ; on roof of 
 Kirke’s palace, 248. 
 
 , Hymns, 93, 154. 
 
 Hormos (neck ornament), 154, 156, 
 158. 
 
 Hotel des Etrangers at Nauplia, 4. 
 
 HoJise, the Homeric, supposed to have 
 a door from megaron to women’s 
 apartments, 227 ; Prof. Mahaffy on, 
 227; its opcroQvpr] andXavp^ discussed, 
 228 ; upper parts no longer extant 
 at T , 228 ; women’s court never 
 mentioned, 237. 
 
 I. 
 
 Ialysos (Rhodes), goblet from, 74 ; 
 vases from, 132, 139; idols from, 1 53 ; 
 discs from, 176. 
 
 Idols , female, with horns, 45 ; with 
 breast marks, 77 ; of baked clay, 
 150 sq. ; of Astarte, 155 ; rudeness 
 of, 1 5 1 ; figures on a couch, 356; 
 Demeter idols, Archaic, 358 sq. ; 
 woman with pig, 361. 
 
 Ilios, Schliemann’s quoted, 2, 24, 57, 
 58, 65, 66, 70, 71, 74, 75, 80, etc. 
 
 Imola , prehistoric settlement of, 68. 
 
 Inachos , the river, 13. 
 
 Inscriptioti on vase from Mycenae, 
 quoted, 45, 85. 
 
 Io , myth of, 30. 
 
 Ionians, the early, 290. 
 
 Iron lance-head found at T., 17 1 ; ab- 
 sence of other iron objects, ibid. 
 Ithaka, derivation of, 24. 
 
 Ivory, from Spata, 123 ; from T., 176. 
 
 J- 
 
 Jars, 348. 
 
 Jocaste, 221. 
 
 Joints, vertical, in the masonry, 181. 
 Jags, hand-made terra-cotta, 64 sq., 
 137 - 
 
 K. 
 
 Kaft (Phoenicia), 89. 
 
 Kalliste, old name of Thera, 26. 
 KdKvTrrpr), explained, 93. 
 
 Kameiros , 155. 
 
 Kastromenos, M. Panag., visits T., 10 ; 
 cited, 25. 
 
 Kawerau , Georg, second architect, 
 309. 
 
 Keller, F, cited, 1 14. 
 
 Kephisos , the river in Argolis, 13. 
 Keryneia, occupied by Mycenaeans, 37. 
 Kieperfs Geography, cited, 23, 85. 
 Kimolos, near Melos, 25. 
 
 Kirke, 248. 
 
 Kit tun, 28. 
 
 Knives of silex, chalcedony, obsidian, 
 found at T., 78. 
 
 Knossos, pottery found at, 139. 
 Koehler, U, on sacrificial pits, 340. 
 Koepp, Dr. F., examines finds, 358. 
 Koethen, prehistoric graves at, 63. 
 Kolias , Cape, in Attica, 84. 
 
 Konigsaue, graves near, 62. 
 
 Konon, cited, 27. 
 
 Kprjbepuov explained, 93. 
 
 Kyanos, discussed, 287 sq. 
 
 Kynadra, fountain of, 13, 14. 
 
 L. 
 
 Labranda (axe in Carian), 168. 
 Labyrinths of Nauplia, not now dis- 
 coverable, 51. 
 
 Ladles , terra-cotta, at T., 75. 
 
LAKE. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 MULLENHOFF. 
 
 38° 
 
 Lake dwellings, the Swiss, cited, 80 
 
 La Marmora , Voyage en Sardaigne, 
 cited, 169. 
 
 Lamps , unknown in prehistoric re- 
 mains, or in Homer, 143. 
 
 Landerer , Prof. X., cited, on analysis 
 of glass beads, 82-3. 
 
 Lange , C., cited on the lighting of the 
 buildings, 219. 
 
 Lang’s translation of Homer (Mac- 
 millan & Co.), cited, 32. 
 
 Lapis lazuli. (See Kyanos.) 
 
 Lead found at T. in abundance, 17 1-2 ; 
 used for mending vessels of clay, 
 172. 
 
 Leemanns (Egypt Mon.), 139. 
 
 Lenormant , F., cited, 56 ; on / 3 oS>ttis , 
 165 ; on female idol with pig, 361. 
 
 Lepsius , K., Denkmaler , 1 10 ; cited 
 on Kyanos, 287. 
 
 Lerna, description of, 12. 
 
 Lids of vases, 142. 
 
 Life at T. during the work, 4. 
 
 Lighting of Megaron, 217 ; of bath- 
 room, 233 ; of women’s hall, 241. 
 
 Likymnia , old name of T., 16. 
 
 Lime used in building at T., 254 ; in 
 floors, 275. 
 
 Limestone used at T. for door-sills, 202, 
 &c. ; for floor of bath, 231. 
 
 Lindenschmit , L., cited on German 
 pre-Christian antiquities, 60, 169. 
 
 Lions' Gate, at Mycenae, 165, 189, 193, 
 198. 
 
 Lolling, Dr. H., cited, 12, 52-54, 56, 
 84. 
 
 Lbschcke, cited, 93, 94. 
 
 Luchs, Dr. H., quoted, 63. 
 
 Lumber-room, ancient, at T., 234. 
 
 Luscherz, lake dwellings at (lower 
 Danube), 168. 
 
 M. 
 
 M ceander pattern, 100, 103. 
 
 Mahaffy , Prof. J. P., visits T., 10 ; on 
 etymology of T., 15 ; on Homer’s 
 Phaeacians, 24 ; on date of destruc- 
 tion of T and Mycenae, 35-43 ; on 
 absence of inscriptions at, 46 ; on a 
 clay ear found at T., j 45 ; on sepa- 
 
 ration of men’s and women’s apart- 
 ments, 227. 
 
 Malea, a Phoenician name, 22. 
 Marathon, a Phoenician name, 22 ; 
 
 Tumulus of, prehistoric, 78. 
 Materials, building, discussed, 253 sq. 
 Matrensa (near Syracuse) grave at, de- 
 scribed, 85 ; possible Phoenician 
 character of, ibid. 
 
 Mavrikos, M., Director of Excise in 
 Nauplia, his assistance, 8. 
 Measurement of the stones in the walls 
 of T., 17, 178 ; in the east side of the 
 niche of the middle citadel, 180 ; of 
 gates, 193. 
 
 Megaron, the great, of T., 208 sq. ; di- 
 mensions of, 216 ; lighting of, 217 
 sq. ; reconstruction of, 229 ; twelve 
 circles in the floor of the Megaron 
 of the men, 340. 
 
 , of women. (See Hall.) 
 
 Melicertes, worshipped at Corinth, 
 22 . 
 
 Melos, old names of, 25 ; pottery of, 
 25, 88, 93. 
 
 Membliaros , a companion of Kadmus, 
 at Thera, 26. 
 
 Mending of pottery. (See Lead.) 
 Menidi, the beehive grave of, referred 
 to, 56, 58, 82, 84, 138, 285-6, 290. 
 Meo-ob/iT] explained from Galen and 
 Rumpf? 22 j. 
 
 Meyer, Ed., Gesch. des Alterthums, 
 cited, 89. 
 
 Miaoules, Capt. A., his collection at 
 Salami s, 74, 139. 
 
 Millennium, the second B.C., probable 
 date of settlement at T., 57. 
 
 Mionnet, Recueil des Planches, 142. 
 Mortar, the, used at T., 254, 318. 
 Mountain chains of Argos, 11 sq. 
 Movers, Phonizier, cited, 28, 85. 
 Miiller, Max, Prof, cited, 29, 98. 
 Murex, or purple-fish ; enormous 
 layers of purple-fish shells on the 
 island of Hagios Georgios, close to 
 Salamis, 24 ; common ornament on 
 Tirynthian and Mycenaean pottery, 
 109, 348. 
 
 Miillenhoff, K. V, his Deutsche Alterth. 
 kunde, cited, 21. 
 
MULLER. 
 
 MiiUer , Sop hits, on early bronzes, cited, 
 102, no, 139, 167 ; on votive axes at 
 Olympia, 169. 
 
 Mure, Col., cited, 24. 
 
 Museum, the new, at Olympia, built by 
 K. Siebold, 10. 
 
 Museums, Archaeological, referred to, 
 60 sq., 81-2, 1 14, 139 ; and in parti- 
 cular : British, 67, 74, 103, 114, 120, 
 139, 1 41, 152, 164, 176; of Athens 
 (Acropolis), 120, 129, 139, 141-3, 1 5 1, 
 17 5 > (National and Mycenaean), 67, 
 
 7 A, 77, 108, no, 123, 139, 143, 148, 
 162-3 5 (of French School), 106, 1 19, 
 139 ; Berlin (Markisches Provinzial), 
 115; Bologna, 62; Brussels, 62; 
 Cassel, 62; Copenhagen, 60, 114, 
 167—9 1 Corneto, 61 ; Geneva, 64, 
 80 ; Hanover, 62 ; of Hermannstadt, 
 170; Madrid, 62; New York (Ces- 
 nola), in; Paris (Louvre), 74, 81, 
 143, 1 6 1 , 166, 169 ; (St. Germain), 
 
 60, 78, 80, 114; Parma, 61, 80; 
 Pesth, 114; Prag, 64; Reggio (di 
 Emilia), 61, 80 ; Rome (Coll. Rom.), 
 
 61, 80; Schwerin, 61, 115 ; Stock- 
 holm, 60; Trieste, 143; Vannes, 
 60; St. Petersburg, Ermitage, 169. 
 
 of the palace at T., 242—3. 
 
 Mycence, Acropolis of, 43 ; Prof. Ma- 
 hafify on destruction of, 35 sq. ; pre- 
 historic, 86 ; derivation of, 165. 
 
 Schliemann’s, quoted, 45, 80-1, 
 
 125, 136. 
 
 goblets from, 73, 117 ; pans from, 
 
 116 ; jugs, 138; weights, 146; whorls, 
 147 ; painted idols from, 161 ; bronze 
 tools from, 167 ; obsidian knives 
 from, 173 ; Lions’ Gate at, 272, 274; 
 walls of, 18 ; amber from, 368. 
 
 N. 
 
 N-shaped ornament, 122, 355. 
 
 Nauplia , Cyclopean caves at, men- 
 tioned by Strabo, but now lost, 5 1 : 
 prehistoric graves in, 82 ; pottery 
 from, 120, 124; terra-cotta cows 
 from, 164 ; discs, 176. 
 
 Necklaces, 156. 
 
 Needles, of bone at T. and elsewhere, j 
 82. 
 
 Tlapaords. 3 8 I 
 
 Newton, Prof. C. T., cited, 56,92, 142, 
 361, 362. 
 
 Niches in the walls at T., 180-1. 
 
 Nissen (Pomp. Studien), cited, on use 
 of lime by the Greeks, 255 ; on 
 bricks, 258. 
 
 O. 
 
 Obsidian knives, &c., of Mycenae, 174 ; 
 of T., very rude, 174. 
 
 — arrow-heads, ibid. 
 
 Olbia, votive axes from, of lead, 169. 
 
 Olympia, bronzes from, 88 ; axes from, 
 169 ; evidence from, on use of lime, 
 255 ; cubit of, 261. 
 
 Orchomenos, ceiling at, analogous to a 
 pattern at T., 298, 342 ; drawing of, 
 299 ; spiral ornament, 342. 
 
 Orchomenos, Minyan Treasury of, cited, 
 136. 
 
 Ornament, grape, 130-1 ; relation of 
 rectilinear and spiral, 103. 
 
 Ornamentation of vases, Chap. IV. 
 passim j with Z., 121 ; with W. and 
 N., 123 ; with e, 124; with A, 138 ; 
 with architectural designs, 127 sq. ; 
 with triglyph and metope, 1 28 ; with 
 rosettes, 136-7 ; vegetable prototype, 
 350 ; animal, chariot, and other 
 ornamentations, 353, 359. 
 
 Ornece, destroyed by Argives, 39. 
 
 ’OparoOvpr], meaning of, in Homer, 228. 
 
 Ortygia, Phoenician settlement at, 85. 
 
 Out-wall of the palace, 314 ; of the 
 vestibule F., 312 sq. 
 
 P. 
 
 Paint , glossy white, used on pottery, 
 103 sq. 
 
 Paintings, wall, found at T„ 296 sq. ; 
 colours, 297 ; no mixed colour, ibid. ; 
 done al fresco, 298, 342 sq. 
 
 Palace of T., general description of, 
 189 sq. 
 
 Palamedes, of Phoenician origin, 22. 
 
 Palmetto on antefix at T., 296. 
 
 Panels, wooden, of bath-room, 231. 
 
 Panorama, the, from T. 
 
 napnords, 208. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
3§2 
 
 PARASTADES. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 RAWLINSON. 
 
 Parastades. ( See Antte.) 
 
 Parma, Museum of, referred to, 61. 
 
 Patterns , geometrical, on vases, 87 sq. 
 (See Figure.) 
 
 Patterns , on floors, 226. 
 
 Pausanias, cited, 11, 12, 14 sq. (on 
 legends of Argos), 16-7 (description 
 of T.), 26, 30, 31, 33, 35-38 (on 
 destruction of Mycenae), 41, 49 ; on 
 walls of T., 178-9 ; on the Philip- 
 peion, 255. 
 
 Pebbles , used in concrete floor, 275. 
 
 Peloponnesus , pottery from, 69. 
 
 Pembroke , Earl of, visits T , 10. 
 
 Penelope , 93. 
 
 Perforations in vase-handles, 58, 63 ; 
 vertical and horizontal compared, 
 64, 1 14, 124. 
 
 Pergamos of Troy, plan of central part, 
 225. 
 
 Perrot (and Chipiez) on Egyptian art , 
 hi, 1 15, 155, 270, 289, 297; on 
 Byrsa, 324, 325. 
 
 Petrie , F., The Pyramids and 
 
 Temples of Giseh, cited on tools of 
 Egyptians, 267. 
 
 Pliilippeion, the, at Olympia, not built 
 with lime, 255. 
 
 Phoenicians , legends of, in Argos, 28 
 sq. ; settlements in Greece, 21 sq. ; 
 spirals, index of, 111 ; in Rhodes, 
 140 ; in Carthage, Thapsus, Had- 
 rumetum, Utica, and Thysdrus, 323 ; 
 amber merchants, 368. 
 
 Phoroneus , legend of, 30. 
 
 Pillars , the, at T. described, 269 sq. ; 
 shown to have been of wood, 270 sq. 
 
 Pilasters. (See ANTiE.) 
 
 Pindar , cited, 16, 33. 
 
 F’ipes , terra-cotta, for drainage at T., 
 233 ; compared with those of the 
 canal of Eupalinos at Samos, 234 ; 
 dimensions, 245-6. 
 
 n idoi, 140. 
 
 Pivot-holes in door-sills, for holding 
 and turning doors, 193, 195, 201. 
 
 Pivots of doors, shod with bronze, 195 ; 
 described with cut of, 281. 
 
 Platcea, armed population of, 41. 
 
 Platkow , vases found at, 62. 
 
 Plato , cited, 30. 
 
 Pliny , cited, 5, 28. 
 
 Plutarch , Life of Cimon, quoted, 255. 
 
 Polishing tool, 79 ; of two kinds, 79. 
 
 Polos (or head ornament), 152, 161-2, 
 
 364- 
 
 Posterns at T., 188 ; probably used for 
 sorties, 189. 
 
 Postolaccas , Achilles , cited on Tiryn- 
 thian coins, 48 ; on early heads of 
 Pallas, 126. 
 
 P otter' s-wheel , not unknown to first 
 settlers at T., 69, 70. 
 
 Pottery , prehistoric, found on the sur- 
 face at T., 47 ; at Asine, 49 ; of the 
 first settlement at T., 57 sq., 70 sq. ; 
 compared with that found elsewhere, 
 49, 56, 84; new finds in 1885, 345. 
 
 , Hellenic, early date of, proved, 
 
 85-6 ; found at T., 171. 
 
 , with geometrical patterns, 87, 
 
 90 sq. ; probably imported to T., 89 ; 
 with horses, 90. (See Figure Pat- 
 terns.) 
 
 Prisse d' Avenues, cited, no. 
 
 Proitos, King, mentioned by Pindar 
 33 ; etymology of (Eustathios), 34 ; 
 legend of, 178. 
 
 II poBvpov, used by Homer for Propy- 
 laeum, 199. 
 
 Propylceum , thegreat, of upper citadel, 
 194 sq. ; relation to second, 210 ; 
 rooms N. of, 247. 
 
 of Acropolis at Athens, compared, 
 
 194, 197. 
 
 , Homeric words for, 199. 
 
 IJ p'lirrds, 208. 
 
 Protodikos , cited, 283 
 
 Pyramids of Egypt, compared by Pau- 
 sanias to T., 16 
 
 Q. 
 
 Querns of trachyte, So. 
 
 R. 
 
 Rain-water , escape of, provided for. 
 (See Drainage.) 
 
 Ramp, of the citadel, 187, 188, 332. 
 
 RangabS , Al. R., researches at T., 1. 
 
 Rawlinson , Prof. G., cited, 169. 
 
REBATES. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 SPATA. 
 
 3^3 
 
 Rebates, on stone door-frames, 277, 
 280. 
 
 Receptacles, of unknown use, in wall 
 of the bath-room at T., 233. 
 
 Reconstruction of megaron, 229 ; of 
 the palace, 246-7, 251. 
 
 Reggio in Emilia, antiquities preserved 
 at, 61, 80. 
 
 Remblai, 197, 202, 203. 
 
 Renan, E., quoted, hi. 
 
 Resinato (resined wine) mentioned by 
 Dioscorides, and now in use through 
 Greece, 5. 
 
 Rhodes, pottery of, hi, 139; whorls, 
 175. 
 
 Rhousopoulos, Prof., cited, 84. 
 
 Richter, Dr. Max Ohnefalsch, cited, 
 60, 75-6. 
 
 Rings found at T., 170. 
 
 'Porycy in Homer, 228. 
 
 Roof, of megaron, probable plan of, 
 219-20 ; the roof of palace generally, 
 248 sq. ; flat roof probable, ibid, j 
 discussed, 272 sq. ; either rushes or 
 clay, 273 ; thatch impossible, ibid. ; 
 clay now used all over the East, 
 274. 
 
 Roof-tiles of terra-cotta, 341. 
 
 Rosellini, cited, no, 139. 
 
 Rosettes, a favourite ornament, 134-6, 
 2S5, 298 ; various specimens, 302, 
 349- 
 
 Rudeness, conventional, of idols, 152. 
 
 Ruins, of T., state of, before excava- 
 tions, 8 ; probable future of, 249-50. 
 
 Rumpf, de ced. Horn., cited, 221. 
 
 Rutenu, the, 89. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sacrificial pit, 339. 
 
 Saddle-querns, 80. 
 
 Salamis, derivation of, 23 ; pottery 
 found at, 74, 139. 
 
 Salzmann ( Necropole de C amir os ), 
 "i, I 33- 
 
 Samos, aqueduct of, 234 ; cubit of, 261. 
 
 Sandstone, at T., 205, 223, 254, 265, 
 293 
 
 Saucers, hand-made, 140. 
 
 Saw, use of, for cutting stone, at T., 
 264-5. 
 
 Sayce, Prof. A . H., on etymology of T., 
 15 ; on legend of Cyclopes, 20; of 
 Herakles, 21 ; on a Phoenician settle- 
 ment at Athens, 23 ; at Rhodes, 28 ; 
 on architecture of Phoenicians, 29 ; 
 on the fragments of Ephoros, 44 ; 
 on the origin of the rosette ornaments 
 in Contemporary Review, 137. 
 
 Schliemann, Dr. H ., on Dr. Adler’s 
 Preface, liv; note on Carthage, 323 ; 
 on amber in royal tombs at Mycenae, 
 368. 
 
 Schuchardt, Dr. Th., cited, on chemi- 
 cal analysis of clay and pottery at 
 
 T.,75. 
 
 Schuyler, Mr. Eugene, visits T., 10. 
 
 Schwerin, Museum of, referred to, 61, 
 US- 
 
 Semitic names of places in Greece, 
 22 sq. 
 
 Senbil, baskets, used by workmen at 
 T., 3. 
 
 Servius (on Virgil), cited, 31, 33. 
 
 Settlement, the oldest at T., 55 sq. ; 
 its floors, pottery, distinct from the 
 second, 55-7 ; discussed, 250 sq. ; 
 proofs of, 252. 
 
 Shafts, sunk by Dr. Schliemann in 
 1876, 245, 247, 252. 
 
 Siebold, M. Karl , architect, visits T., 
 10 ; his opinion cited, 197. 
 
 Silver, the only objects of, found at 
 T., 171 ; its probable use, ibid. 
 
 2/aoeis, used of megaron by Homer, 
 217. 
 
 Sky lax, cited, 16. 
 
 Slope, the western, of the Acropolis of 
 Nauplia, caves there mentioned by 
 Strabo, 51. 
 
 Smalt, 290. 
 
 Smoke, escape of, from megaron, 218 ; 
 from women’s hall, 241. 
 
 Societies, Historical, of Bernburg, 63 ; 
 Hist, of Niedersac’nsen, 62 ; Greek 
 Archaeol., 64, &c. 
 
 Solomon, Proverbs of, cited, 28. 
 
 Sophocles, cited, 30, 39. 
 
 Spaitziku, village of, 48. 
 
 Sparta, tombstones from, 93. 
 
 Spata, remains from, 82, 84, 109, 123, 
 139, 290. 
 
SPINNING-WHORLS. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 TUMULI. 
 
 Spinning-whorls at T., 81. ( See 
 
 Whorls.) 
 
 Spirals on jars, 69 ; common in orna- 
 mentation, 106, no sq. ; Phoenician, 
 no sq. ; at Troy (in 2nd city), 112, 
 298 ; designs of various, 301. 
 
 band in green stone, 292. 
 
 Stairs, their probability at T. dis- 
 cussed, 235-6, 248, 330, 333. 
 
 Siamaiakis, P., 368. 
 
 Steatite, discs of, 175. 
 
 Steffen, Hauptmann, his chart of 
 Mycenae cited, 10, 12, 13, 28, 179, 
 i8 9, 313- 
 
 St. Germain. ( See MUSEUM.) 
 
 Stephanies (Byz.), cited, 16, 25, 26. 
 
 Steps , dimensions of, at T., 210, 236. 
 
 ^rrjdbdecrpos (- ov , -iov), Q2. 
 
 Stirrup-cans, 347. 
 
 Stoa. ( See COLONNADE. v 
 
 Stone implements at T., 173. 
 
 Stone, green, object of, found at T., 
 174 ; spiral band in, 292. 
 
 blue, 175. 
 
 Stopper, of clay, 144. 
 
 Store-rooms, 326. 
 
 Storey, upper of, palace at T., 248 sq. 
 
 Storks, seen on 1 6th March, 7. 
 
 Strabo, cited, 16, 23, 32, 33, 35, 49; on 
 Cyclopean builders from Lycia, 325. 
 
 2 woua<Tfj. 6 s of the Argive territory into 
 Argos, 39, 41. 
 
 Svastika, its widespread use, 97- 
 
 Swiss Lake dwellings, referred to, 80, 
 169. 
 
 T. 
 
 Technical peculiarities of architecture, 
 335 sq. 
 
 Tegea, idols from, 158, 160. 
 
 Temple, in antis, the plan of, carried 
 out constantly at T., 190, 263, 269 ; 
 Doric, built at T., 271. 
 
 Tenedos, coins of, with axe, 168. 
 
 Thalamos , of Telemachus, where situ- 
 ated, 207-8 ; of Hephaestus, 221 ; in 
 the N.E. corner of the palace at T., 
 242 sq. 
 
 Thebes, Boeotian, gates of, 34. 
 
 Theocritus schol. ad, cited, 28. 
 
 Theophrastus, cited, on Tirynthian 
 laughter, 20 ; on K>anos, 287. 
 
 Thetis, temple of, on vase at Florence, 
 199. 
 
 Thera, legends of, 26 ; pottery from, 
 
 u 9 . 
 
 Thiersch, Fr., researches at T., 1. 
 
 Tholos, in Odysseus’ palace, 207. 
 
 Threshold. ( See Door-sill.) 
 
 OpiyKos Kvavoio of Homer explained, 290 
 
 Thucydides, cited, 12, 85. 
 
 Ovpa, Svperpa, 276. 
 
 Thutmes III. (of Egypt), 136; his 
 spoils from Western Asia, 173. 
 
 Tiles, Hellenic, found at T., 271 ; none 
 inside the palace, 273 ; coping, 295. 
 
 Tiryns, topography of, n sq., 177 ; 
 etymology of, 15-6 ; destruction of, 
 by Argives, its date discussed, 
 35 sq., 307 sq. 
 
 Tombs, atHLgina, 84 ; Aliki, 84 ; Athens 
 (Dipylon), 88 ; Attica ( see Menidi, 
 Spata, and Aliki) ; Bovolone, 61; 
 Eleusis, 109 ; Etruscan, 61 ; at 
 Ialysos, 84, 139, 290; Menidi (see 
 Menidi) ; Kameiros, 82 ; Knossos, 
 84 ; Mycenae (the royal), 168, 290 ; 
 Nauplia, 82, 109, 139; Salamis, 74, 
 139 ; Silesia, 64 ; Spata, 82, 84, 108, 
 290; Tegea, 158; T. (Byzantine), 
 197, 308 ; at Wulfen, 63. 
 
 Torch-holders, 141-2. 
 
 Tortosa (in Spain) figure from, 166. 
 
 Towers at T., 186-7, 310, 317. 
 
 Trachyte, querns of, 80. 
 
 Triglyph and metope pattern, on 
 Mycenaean vases, 128; on Kyanos 
 frieze, 284, 291. 
 
 Tripods, terra-cotta, at T., 75. 
 
 Troy. (See Hissarlik.) Whorls from, 
 81 ; tripods from, 75. 
 
 Tsakonopoulos, G., of Nauplia, his 
 assistance, 9. 
 
 Tschapa, used at T., 3. 
 
 Tub, terra-cotta, for bathing, found at 
 T., 232. 
 
 Tubes on steatite discs, 175. 
 
 Tumuli, in Anhalt, 63 ; at Kerroh, 60 ; 
 at Marathon, 78 ; in the plain of 
 Troy, probable date of, 86. (See 
 Marathon.) 
 
'Yirepaov. INDEX. Z ORNAMENT. 
 
 u. 
 
 ’Yireptiov, the, 248 sq. 
 
 Utica , 259. 
 
 V. 
 
 Vannes . museum of, referred to, 60. 
 
 Vases of basalt and stone, 58 ; hand- 
 made, of clay, 59 sq. (see Excr s- 
 CENCES) ; heap of vases and terra- 
 cotta figures, 31 1, 326; large, indis- 
 tinguishably broken, 349. 
 
 Vaulted-rooms , eleven, connected with 
 corridors, 310, 31 1, 319 sq. 
 
 Vessels, 366. 
 
 Vestibule ( see Propyl.EU.m), 190-192 ; 
 design of, 214. 
 
 Virchow , Prof. R., on tombs in Ger- 
 many, 63 ; on the regions of the Bal- 
 kan, his Preface to Schliemann’s 
 Ilios, 64-5 ; on terra-cotta plates in 
 Germany, 74 ; on some ancient pot- 
 tery at T., 84 ; his collection, 1 1 5 ; 
 on the material of the Kyanos frieze, 
 291 ; note from Prof. P. Ascherson, 
 323 - 
 
 Visitors, distinguished, at T., 10. 
 
 Vitruvius, cited, 208, 258-9. 
 
 W. 
 
 Wachsmuth , Prof. C., his Stadt A then, 
 cited, 23. 
 
 Wages at T., 6. 
 
 Wainscoting, of bath-room, 
 
 at 
 
 T. 
 
 231-2. 
 
 
 
 Walls of citadel at T., 7-8, 
 
 178 
 
 sq. 
 
 3 8 5 
 
 182-3 ; plan of, 186 ; described, 
 253 sq., 312, 314, 326. 
 
 Walls o. Athi ns, 185. 
 
 of megaron at T., 226 ; materials 
 
 of, 227 ; Homeric epithets of, 307. 
 
 of women’s hall still standing 
 
 o'5o m. high, with decoration, 241. 
 
 paintings, 296 sq. (See Paint- 
 ings.) 
 
 Weight of terra-cotta, 356. 
 
 Weil, cited, 48. 
 
 Whetstones, of slate, 173. 
 
 Whorls, 81, 147 ; of blue stone, &c., 
 
 ! 75 - 
 
 Wiiickler, his work die Wohnhduser 
 der Hellenen, cited, 222, 255, 283. 
 
 Winged creatures, fragments of, found 
 at T., 299, 303 ; design of wings, 
 301, 342. 
 
 Witmak,Frof, quoted, on grapestones 
 found at T., 83. 
 
 Wood used at T. for antce, 263 ; foj 
 pillars, 270; for architraves, 198. 
 
 Workmen , character of, 7. 
 
 W ornament, 122. 
 
 Worsaae , J. J. A., cited, 60, 114. 
 
 Wulfen, 63. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yellow colour on plan indicates later 
 building, 246. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zigzag ornament on vases, 94, 95, 97, 
 99, 101, &c. ; on bowls, 349. 
 
 Z ornament, 121. 
 
 2 C 
 
PLATE XIV. 
 
 . f 
 
 PORTION OF A LARGE VASE REPRESENTING TWO WARRIORS, A HORSE AND A DOG. 
 


 PLATE XV. 
 
 <1 mmrnif; 
 
 
 
 
 PORTION OF TWO LARGE VASES, REPRESENTING A MAN IN A CHARIOT. AND PART OF TWO OTHER MEN. 
 
PLATE XVI. 
 
 PORTIONS OF VASES, — c representing part of a Horse and other Ornaments: 
 b aDd c, a Procession of Women holding Branches. 
 
PLATE XVII. 
 
 
 
 PIECES OF LARGE VASES, (i representing a Procession of Women holding Branches; i, two Warriors 
 
 c, two Men running aud a Woman standing. 
 

PLATE XVIII. 
 
 PORTION OF A LARGE VASE WITH GEOMETRICAL PATTERNS, 
 A MAN, TWO HORSES, TWO FISHES, ETC. 
 

PLATt X!X. 
 

PLATE XX. 
 
 fsSSSSBi 
 
 FRAGMENTS OF VASES. — ® &nd b representing Geometrical Patterns ; e , the upper portion of a Stag ; 
 
 d , a Bird and portion of another. 
 

PLATE XXI. 
 
 nt of n A ;u«e, representing a Horse ; 6, fragment with portion of a Horse’s Head ; e, d, and e, a Gold Ornament ; 
 ft a Goblet ; g, a T\ horl of \ iolet-eoloured Stone with Ornamentation. 
 

PLATE XXII. 
 
 FRAGMENTS OF VASES WITH 
 
 VARIED ORNAMENTATION. 
 
 a. 
 

H<*» Q 
 
 PLATE XXIII 
 
 a and b. Fragments of Vases, the former representing a Man, the latter two Birds 
 e, a Chair, d, a Bottle of Terra-cotta. 
 
PLATE XXIV. 
 
*lu, 
 
 PLATE XXV. 
 
 IDOLS OF TERRA-COTTA OF VARIOUS SHAPES. 
 
 
PLATE XXVI. 
 
 FRAGMENTS OF VASES WITH VARIED ORNAMENTATION. 
 
PLATE XXVII. 
 
 POTTERY WITH VARIED ORNAMENTATION. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
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