'-'if 
 
VIEWS AND DESCRIPTIONS 
 
 OF 
 
 CYCLOPIAN, OR, PELASGIC REMAINS, 
 
 IN GREECE AND ITALY; 
 
 WITH 
 
 CONSTRUCTIONS OF A LATER PERIOD; 
 
 FROM DRAWINGS BY 
 
 THE LATE EDWARD DODWELL, ESQ. F S.A. 
 
 AND MEMBER OF SEVERAL FOREIGN ACADEMIES: 
 
 INTENDED AS A SUPPLEMENT TO HIS 
 
 CLASvSICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TOUR IN GREECE, 
 
 DURING THE YEARS 1801, 1805, AND 1806. 
 
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 ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-ONE LITHOGRAPHIC PLATES. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 ADOLPHUS RICHTER AND CO. 30, SOHO SQUARE. 
 
 MDCCCXXXIV. 
 
EDITOR’S PREFACE. 
 
 The Author of the present work, Edwahd Dodweee, is known to the public by his 
 “ Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece,’’ published in 1819, the reputation of which, 
 for accurate and learned research, succeeding years have only confirmed and enhanced. 
 
 From the period of liis quitting Trinity College, Cambridge, in 180(1, until that of his decease, 
 in May, 1832, he devoted almost the whole of his time to researches connected with the antiquities 
 of the very earliest periods of ancient Greece and its various Colonies. His attention had been 
 strongly arrested, during his travels in Greece, by those remarkable monuments attributed, with 
 nearly unanimous consent, to the Pelasgic nation, and which are often denominated Cyolopian 
 Remains. He has informed us, in various parts of the work alluded to, that, taking Pausanius as 
 his guide, one of his chief objects was to discover the situation and ruins of the many cities 
 mentioned by that old and faithful topographer, which had, through the lapse of time, the 
 depopulating effect of civil wars or foreign conquests, and many other causes, become almost 
 obliterated from the face of Greece. 
 
 Although “ The Classical Tour in Greece” exhibits sufficient proofs how strongly his mind was 
 then directed to this object of research, yet they bear no comparison to the numerous proofs of the 
 same ardent zeal with which he prosecuted this favourite study in the later years of his life; and 
 it may indeed be said that he sacrificed his life to it, for he never completely recovered from a 
 severe illness brought on by great fatigue and long exposure to the sun in the summer of 1830, 
 when engaged in seeking for the situation of some ancient cities in the Sabine Mountains. 
 
 The faithful drawings which he made of ancient buildings, both in Greece and Italy, are 
 almost innumerable, and were jjequeathed to the Editor, with the urgent request to have the 
 present Plates published; for he considered them as forming a kind of Supplement to his “ Tour 
 through Greece." He seems not to have contemplated entering into any deep discussion on the 
 obscure subject of Cyclopian Remains, but to have intended to refer the readers of the present 
 work to other learned Authors tvho had written, or were then writing, on the same subject, and 
 with many of whom he was in correspondence, particularly with M. Petit Radel, of Paris.* 
 
 * Vide "Tour in Greece vol, II. c. vi. p. 219 . 
 

 
 
VIEWS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 
 
 No. I. 
 
 RUINS OF LYCOSURA, IN ARCADIA. 
 
 The account which Pausanias* gives of Lycosura is comprised in few words. He says " it was the most ancient 
 city in the world, the first that the sun ever illuminated with his rays,” and that “ from these venerable walls men 
 learned how to build other cities.” 
 
 It was in ruins in the time of the Topographer; it was founded by Lycaon, the Son of Pelasgos, upon the eastern 
 foot of Mount Lycceon, and was the residence of Clitor,t the most powerful King of his time, from whom the city of Clitor 
 in Arcadia derived its origin and its name .% I was particularly anxious to examine the construction of its walls,—and its 
 position is so clearly indicated by Pausanias, that I should have found it without much difficulty, by merely taking his 
 account as my guide, if I had not been misled by some villagers of the vicinity. After a scrutinising search of some 
 days amidst the forests of Lycceon, I succeeded in discovering the spot to which I was directed by the description of 
 Pausanias, and I was highly gratified by an inspection of these venerable ruins, which there is every reason to believe 
 constituted the ancient Lycosura. 
 
 The acropolis stood upon a fine precipice, of an oblong form, the extremities facing nearly north and south. The 
 western side is composed of inaccessible rocks, and the other which faces the plain of Megalopolis, is supported by a 
 double terrace wall, composed of large rough stones, like the walls of Tiryns. A wall of the same kind was also carried 
 round the extreme edge of the precipice and followed the sinuosities of the rock. The stones are about the size of those 
 which compose the walls of Tiryns. It appears to have had only one gate, the foundations of which are visible at its 
 southern base. Two ruined churches are within the acropolis, with several fragments of columns, of a dark-coloured 
 marble. The remains of the town are scattered round the acropolis; they seem to have occupied a space of about two 
 miles in circuit, and to have covered some undulating elevations. This part of the city appears to have possessed four 
 edifices of the Doric order, of which the columns are of small proportions, and the capitals of a very ancient form. None of 
 the walls of the lower city are preserved. The place is at present named Agios Georgios, and the nearest village is Stala, 
 which is about a mile from it. It is two hours from the village of Sinana. and the ruins of Megalopolis. 
 
 The distant part of the View is the fertile plain of Megalopolis watered by the Alpheus, the Helisson, and other 
 streams, and bounded on the north-east by a lofty range of rough and wooded mountains. — 2d Vol. 10th Chap. 
 
 J Pausanias, B. 8, Chap. 2. 
 
 B 
 
 Pausanias, B. 8, Chap. 38. 
 
 f Son of Azaii. 
 
No. II. 
 
 GENERAL VIEW OF TIRYNS, AND THE PLAIN OF ARGOS. 
 
 Tiryns was situated in a plain, round its acropolis. No vestige of the town remains. The acropolis is a low oblong 
 rock, not thirty feet in height, and in some places scarcely making a protuberance above the plain. It stands north and 
 south. In the former direction it faces Nauplia, and in the other Mycenae. The walls inclose a space of about two 
 hundred and forty-four yards in length, and fifty-four in breadth. They are constructed upon a straight line, without being 
 nicely accommodated to the sinuosities of the rock. So small a fortress appears unworthy of the Tirynthian hero; but 
 though the space it occupies is so inconsiderable, it exhibits dimensions that may not improperly be denominated Herculean. 
 Their general thickness is twenty-one feet, and in some places they are twenty-five. Their present height, in the most 
 perfect part, is forty-three feet. 
 
 The plain about Tiryns is nearly deserted, and we may say with Statius:*— 
 
 “-Rarus vacuis habitator in arvis 
 
 Monstrat, Cyclopum ductas sudoribus arces.” 
 
 Towards the east of the ruins, some rocky eminences constituted the quarries which furnished the large and massy blocks 
 for the structure of the acropolis. 
 
 The present View was taken from this spot: it comprehends the plain of Argos, and a richly varied assemblage of 
 objects, with many localities associated with memorable circumstances, or over which classic writers have thrown an 
 imperishable charm. On the left-hand side of the View the rock Palamidi springs up in towering majesty from the sea, 
 that murmurs at its base. This rock commands the town of Nauplia, and is crowned witli a fortress, which renders it one 
 of the strongest positions in Greece. 
 
 The Argolic Gulf is seen penetrating far inland, on the opposite side of which the site of Lake Serna is marked by 
 some trees at the foot of the pointed Mount Pontinus, that is dimly crested by the ruins of a modem fort. 
 
 In the middle of the Picture the Tirynthian Acropolis rises from the plain, and presents the whole of its eastern side, 
 which is exhibited with minute fidelity in the foregoing View. More to the right, on the opposite side of the plain, the 
 city of Argos is descried occupying a level surface, while, above it, the acropolis rears its pointed summit, crowned with a 
 ruined fortress of Cyclopian architecture, combined with additions of more recent times, and decorated by an ancient 
 theatre at its base. The lofty mountain that attracts the eye to the left of Argos is Artemision, and the other on the right 
 is Cyllene: they exhibit the grandest features of Arcadian scenery. The three pointed hills at the left extremity of the 
 View form Mount Eubcea, which rises from the ruins of Mycenee, the view of which it intercepts. The trees scattered 
 through the plain are mostly olives.—2d Vol. 6th Chap. 
 
 • Theb. 4, v. 150. 
 
3 
 
 No. nr. 
 
 VIEW OF THE WALLS OF TIRYNS. 
 
 Hesiod * and Homer t mention the “ well-built walls of Tiryns.” Apollodorus J and Strabo § assert that it belonged 
 to Prcetos, for whom it was fortified by the Cyclopians. Proetos is supposed to have reigned over the kingdom of Tirynthia 
 about one thousand three hundred and seventy-nine years before our era. This computation would give an antiquity of 
 nearly thirty-two centuries to the walls of Tiryns; and even this long series of revolving years does not appear too vast a 
 period to assign to their duration, when we consider the gigantic masses of which they are composed, and the impenetrable 
 strength which they display. Though the work of human hands, they seem formed to vie in existence with the rocks on 
 which they are erected; and unless they should experience the concussion of an earthquake, or be shattered by the force 
 of artillery, they may last to the end of time. 
 
 The account given by Pausanias || of the walls of Tiryns accurately represents the earliest style of Cyclopian masonry. 
 He says that “ they were constructed by the Cyclopians, and composed of rough stones, the smallest of which was so large 
 that it could not be drawn by a pair of mules. The spaces formed in the walls by the irregularities of these masses were 
 formerly filled up with smaller stones, which added more harmony to the structure. 
 
 The walls of Tiryns are probably at the present day nearly in the same state in which they were seen by Pausanias in 
 the second century, for the town does not appear to have been rebuilt or repeopled after its destruction by the Argians, 
 about four hundred and sixty-eight years before Christ. The surprising strength and the extraordinary bulk of these walls 
 induced Pausanias to compare them to the Treasury of Minyas at Orchomenos, and to the pyramids of Egypt. 
 
 The View here given represents the eastern side of the acropolis, and nearly in the middle are observed the remains of 
 the great gate. Every stone has been drawn with scrupulous exactness—and indeed all the Views contained in the 
 present work were delineated in the camera obscura, without which, perfect accuracy would have been almost impossible 
 where the sides and angles were so numerous, so diversified, and intricate. 
 
 The narrow limits to which a simple description of each View is necessarily confined would not afford room for 
 particular details with respect to the polygonal system of construction.—2d Vol. 6th Chap. 
 
 • The Shield of Hercules, v. 81. f Iliad, v. 559. J B. 2. § B. 8, p. 373. II B. 2, c. 25. 
 
 No. IV. 
 
 POINTED GATE IN THE WEST WALL OF TIRYNS. 
 
 £ 
 
 All the exterior walls of Tiryns are composed of rough blocks, that seem to have been fitted together nearly in the 
 same state in which they were taken from the quarry. The vacuities left by their irregularities have been filled up with 
 
4 
 
 smaller stones; the largest in the walls are between nine and ten feet in length and four feet in thickness; their usual size 
 
 is from three feet to seven, and the walls, when entire, were probably not less than sixty feet in height. The interior of the 
 acropolis exhibits a few detached blocks, which have been hewn, and appear to have belonged to the gates. 
 
 The gate here represented is, in its present state, seven feet ten inches broad at the base, and nine feet high; but it is 
 considerably lowered by the accumulation of earth and ruins. It is in the western wall, facing Argos, and its form probably 
 bears the most ancient resemblance to that of the Gothic arch. It is composed of approximating blocks, similar to the 
 Treasury of Atreus, at Mycense. Another gate of the same kind appears within the acropolis of Tiryns, with a subterraneous 
 gallery at its south-east angle. One of the gates at Mycenae is of a similar shape; and other examples are found near 
 Messalongi, in Aitolia, and at Thoricus, in Attica: they are also seen amongst the ruins of Arpinium and Signia, in Italy, 
 of which drawings will be given in the latter part of this work. 
 
 The walls of Tiryns and Mycenae constitute the finest Cyclopian remains that are to be seen in Greece; but these are 
 inferior to the more stupendous structures of Norba, in Latium, which was a Pelasgic colony. Several other Pelas°ic cities 
 whose wonderful ruins still remain in the unexplored and mountainous districts of the Volsci, the Ilernici, the Marsi, and 
 
 the Sabini, exhibit walls of the same style of construction, and of equal strength and solidity, with those of Argolis._ 
 
 2d Vol. 6th Chap. 
 
 No. V. 
 
 ACROPOLIS OF MYCENAE. 
 
 It was a received opinion among the Greeks that Mycenae was founded by Perseus, the brother of Praetos, and that it 
 derived its appellation either from the pommel of a sword, or from a mushroom (pwrr/c), under which a spring of water was 
 discovered. Others imagined it was founded by and took its name from Myceneos, son of Sparton, and grandson of 
 Phoroneus. The walls were said to have been erected by the Cyclopians, who raised the walls of Tiryns. The city was 
 destroyed by the Argians, about four hundred and sixty-eight years before Christ; but the strength of the walls defied 
 their powers of demolition. It is not often that the works of man are found to oppose such invincible obstacles to the 
 devastating propensities of Ins species. The account which has been here given of this singular place is copied from the 
 Topography of Pausanias, by whom it was visited in the second century, and since that period it has not probably 
 
 experienced any material alteration. 
 
 The present View represents the south-east side of the acropolis, the form of which bears an affinity to that of a 
 
 mushroom, to which conjecture has traced the etymology of its name. When the walls were entire, the acropolis had, 
 according to Nonnus, * the appearance of a mural crown. The Cyclopian walls of Mycenae are mentioned by several ancient 
 
 authors besides Pausanias, such as Euripides, f Seneca,} IIesychius,§ Nonnus, and the scholiast Euripides. || 
 
 Strabo II says that in his time not even a vestige of Myceme could be found ; but Pausanias, who travelled long after 
 the geographer, has left a description of the same ruins that exist at the present day. 
 
 B. 41. 
 
 t Here. fur. Act. 4, v. 99(5. Thyestes, Act. 3, v.407. 
 
 § Lexic. in verb, \vk\utuv, vol. 2, p. 372. 
 
 In Orest, v. 
 
 H B. 0, p. 372. 
 
5 
 
 The acropolis of Mycenae is of small dimensions; far beyond it, the city spread itself towards the plain. The walls 
 which remain are of the rough style, and of the more improved construction, composed of hewn and well compacted polygons. 
 This characterises the second style of Cyclopian masonry: of the more primitive style few remains are observable at 
 Mycenrn. 
 
 The left side of the View exhibits the entrance to the Treasury of Atreus, beyond which is the plain of Argos, and the 
 lofty chain of mountains that forms its western boundary.—2d Vol. 6th Chap. 
 
 No. VI. 
 
 GATE OF THE LIONS, AT MYCENAE. 
 
 Pausanias,* in his description of Mycenai, bestows but a cursory glance upon this singular remnant of early 
 sculpture, but the little which he has said upon the subject cannot be too highly appreciated, from the interest it adds to 
 the monument in question. He says, “ A part of the peribolos of Mycenai still remains, and a gate upon which are lions: 
 these are said to be the work of the Cyclopians, who built the fortress at Tiryns for Praitos.” 
 
 This gate probably remains in the same condition in which it was seen by the topographer. It formed the principal 
 entrance to the acropolis, but it is at present rendered impervious by accumulations of stones, that are piled up nearly to its 
 lintel. An excavation would be necessary to ascertain its height, but it is probably not less than seventeen feet. Its 
 breadth at top is nine feet and a half. The lintel is fifteen feet and a half in length, six feet eight inches in breadth, and 
 four feet in height. The stone on which are the sculptured lions is twelve feet broad at the base, and nine feet ten inches 
 in height; its general thickness is two feet; it is of a triangular form, and fills the niche made for its reception. The street 
 or approach to the gate is thirty feet and a half in breadth. The lateral walls are nearly regular in their construction, 
 while those which constitute the peribolos of the acropolis are formed of irregular polygons; they are composed of hard 
 compact breccia, procured near the spot; but the block of the lions is a green marble, probably brought from a distance, as 
 some of the kind has been found in Greece. 
 
 The present Plate renders a description of the sculptured lions unnecessary; and indeed this work does not admit of 
 disquisitions and conjectures upon the origin and meaning of this curious remnant of antiquity. A more circumstantial 
 account of it may be seen in the narrative of my travels in Greece.—2d Vol. 6th Chap. 
 
 • B. 2, c. 16. 
 
No. VII. 
 
 BACK OF THE GATE OF THE LIONS. 
 
 It has already been mentioned that the walls which surround the acropolis of Mycenae are built in a different style 
 from those which compose the gate of the lions; the former consist either of rough unhewn masses, or of well joined irregular 
 polygons which have been cut. This renders it probable that the walls and the gate were raised at different periods; but I 
 merely hazard this opinion as an uncertain conjecture, without presuming to decide whether the regular as well as the 
 rough and the polygonal constructions were not sometimes employed at the same period. There are, indeed, reasons for 
 believing that—while the walls of fortresses and strong places were composed of Cyclopian masonry—temples, sepulchres, 
 and edifices consecrated either to the worship of the gods, or to the memory of the dead, were constructed with more 
 symmetry of appearance, but with less massiveness and strength. The former were calculated to resist the aggressions of 
 hostile violence, while even enemies were impressed with the feeling of reverence by the sanctuaries of the gods and the 
 repositories of the dead. 
 
 The great stone in the middle of the Picture is the same on which the lions are sculptured on the other side of it. 
 Only a part of the lintel is here visible, the accumulation of ruins being greater on this side than on the other. The wall 
 on the left of the gate is composed of rough masses, that appear never to have been hewn, while that on the right of the 
 gate is nearly regular, resembling the Treasury of Atreus, and probably erected at the same period. Both these structures 
 manifest striking indications of Egyptian origin.—2d Vol. 6th Chap. 
 
 No. VIII. 
 
 SMALL GATE OF THE ACROPOLIS OF MYCENAE. 
 
 On the northern side of the acropolis of Mycenae is the small gate, the interior of which is here represented. It is so 
 disposed, that those who entered it would have their left arm (which was defended by the shield) on the side of the 
 acropolis, which is a deviation from the common rule. The grooves for the bolts in the jambs of the door are square and of 
 large dimensions. The breadth of the door is only five feet two inches, but is a little augmented towards the base: it is so 
 much buried by ruins, that its height cannot be ascertained.—2d Vol. 6th Chap. 
 
No. IX. 
 
 EXTERIOR VIEW OF THE TREASURY OF ATREUS. 
 
 Pausanias* says that the subterraneous chambers of Atreus and his sons, in which they kept their treasures, were 
 among the ruins of Mycenee; as also the sepulchres of Atreus and of all those who, together with Agamemnon, were 
 treacherously slain by iEgisthus after their return from Troy. 
 
 Pausanias does not enter into a description of the Treasury of Atreus; but his more particular account of the Treasury 
 of Minyas, at Orchomenos, in Bceotia, is perfectly applicable to that of Atreus, at Mycenas, which still remains entire. He 
 says it is of a circular form, with the ceiling terminating in a point, but not accuminated, and that it was one of the wonders 
 of Greece. 
 
 A space of twenty feet in breadth, between two parallel walls, leads to the Treasury of Atreus. This entrance is nine 
 feet and a half wide at the base, and seven feet ten inches at top, and about nineteen feet in height. It leads, by a passage 
 of eighteen feet in depth, contrived in the solid mass of the wall, to the subterraneous circular apartment, which resembles 
 a Gothic dome, and is concentrated in a key-stone at the top. The Treasury of Minyas was of larger dimensions than this 
 of Atreus: the former was of white marble—this at Mycence is composed of a hard and beautiful breccia, cut upon 
 the spot. 
 
 The portal and front of the great chamber (the only part not covered with earth) face the acropolis. Over the lintel is 
 a triangular niche—at present destitute of any ornament, though we must suppose that it originally displayed some 
 appropriate decoration. Its height is twelve feet, and its breadth eight feet seven inches. Some masses of rosso anlico and 
 a columnar pilaster, with its base, are lying among the ruins near the gate,. These fragments are covered with spiral and 
 zig-zag ornaments: indeed the whole front of the edifice appears to have been sumptuously embellished, as several holes 
 are visible in the stones, to which ornaments were probably attached. The structure itself, as well as its decorative 
 appendages, manifest so many striking lineaments of the Egyptian style, that we may reasonably suppose it to have been 
 constructed by the colony of the Belides, after the expulsion of the Inachidge from the Argolic territory. 
 
 * B. 2 , c. 16. 
 
 No. X. 
 
 INTERIOR OF THE TREASURY OF ATREUS. 
 
 This Plate exhibits the interior form of the Treasury, which is that of a Gothic dome. Its present height is forty-nine 
 feet, but the earth is raised above its ancient level. Its diameter is forty-eight feet, but it must be rather more lower 
 
8 ' 
 
 down. The stones are all parallelograms, and placed in regular layers, of which thirty-four ranges are exposed to view. 
 They are united, with the greatest precision, without the aid of cement. The stones are not of equal dimensions, but the 
 layers are generally about two feet in thickness, though they have the appearance of diminishing towards the top; this, 
 may, however, be the effect of perspective, as there are no means of measuring higher than ten or twelve feet above the 
 level of the ground. This edifice consisted of two chambers: a door leads from the first into the second, which is a square 
 of about twenty-seven feet, and about nineteen in height in its px - esent state, but it has not been sufficiently excavated to 
 find the walls, which are now obstructed by the earth. The present height of this door is nine feet and a half; the breadth, 
 at base, four feet seven inches, but at the top, four inches less. It has a triangular cavity over the lintel, similar to that 
 over the portal of the great chamber, and to that over the gate of the lions. 
 
 The thickness of this extraordinary edifice, which may be seen at the entrance, is eighteen feet. The lintel of the great 
 portal is composed of two masses of stone, the largest being of the extraordinary dimensions of twenty-seven feet in length, 
 seventeen feet in breadth, and three feet nine inches in thickness, the specific gravity of which must be about one hundred 
 and thirty-three tons. No single masses except those of Egypt and of Balbec can, in point of magnitude, be compared with 
 this stupendous stone : it is of compact breccia, with which the rest of the building is constructed. It is probable that this 
 edifice, when in its pristine grandeur, was furnished with some interior decorations suited to its destination, as a great many 
 long nails of bronze are still found fixed in the stones, even up to the summit of the roof: these nails have large heads, and 
 project about a third part of their length from the stone. 
 
 There is every reason to believe that this is the identical edifice denominated the Treasury of Atreus by Pausanias. 
 Sixteen centuries ago that traveller was not less bewildered in the dark labyrinth of Mycencean antiquities, than we are at 
 the present day : history throws no light upon their construction, and all that we can know for certain is, that the architects 
 of those distant days were possessed of science and of genius that have not been surpassed in later times!—2d Vol. 6th Chap. 
 
 No. XI. 
 
 PORTAL TO ONE OF THE TREASURIES AT MYCENA3. 
 
 Pausanias mentions five tombs at Mycense besides the subterraneous Treasuries of Atreus and his sons. I found the 
 remains of three other circular chambers, which have fallen in, with the exception of the doors; these are still entire, and 
 have preserved their lintels, though they are nearly covered with ruins. These chambers were evidently less magnificent 
 than the great Treasury. The portal, however, here represented is of the same breadth as that of the Treasury of Atreus, 
 but the thickness of the wall is only ten feet: the lintel is about fifteen feet in length. The lintels of all the doors are 
 composed of two blocks, of which the interior one is the broadest. 
 
 All these edifices were probably sepulchres; but it is fruitless to indulge in conjectures, as it is impossible to arrive at 
 any satisfactory conclusions respecting a subject of such remote antiquity, with such slender materials for forming an 
 opinion. The pointed hill rising beyond the ruin is Mount Eubcea.—2d Vol. 6th Chap. 
 
9 
 
 No. XII. 
 
 THE PLAIN OF ARGOS. 
 
 The city of Argos, once so pre-eminent in rank, opulence, and renown, does not at present contain five thousand 
 inhabitants: of these, the majority are Greeks. 
 
 The town occupies an even surface at the south-east foot of the ancient acropolis. The houses are small and low, and 
 interspersed with gardens. The theatre is situated at the south-east foot of the principal acropolis, which was denominated 
 Larissa; its seats, cut in the rock, are well preserved; and its dimensions are considerable. In front of the theatre is a large 
 Roman wall of brick. 
 
 The distance is illuminated by the expanded mirror of the Argolic Gulf and the open iEgean sea; the town of Nauplia 
 and the lofty citadel of Palamidi are seen rising from the sea on the left side of the gulf; and under the range of hills more 
 to the left, a small elevation above the plain is capped with the ancient acropolis of Tiryns. Mount Pontinus is descried 
 among the heights that rise from the right side of the gulf: the Lake of Lorna, at its foot, is marked by some lofty 
 poplars. 
 
 Argos was one of the principal Cyclopian cities of Greece, and Euripides alludes to its Cyclopian structures in four of 
 his plays. * 
 
 The base of the acropolis, as well as its summit, are still distinguished by some fine remains of the second style of early 
 military construction, consisting of well joined polygons; but I observed none of the rough Tirynthian style. The walls 
 still existing are probably those to which Euripides alludes, as there is no reason for supposing that the well joined polygons 
 were not included in the denomination of Cyclopian, as well as the rough style which occurs at Tiryns and Lycosura. 
 
 No part of the walls of Argos is visible in this View, but specimens of them are reserved for the end of this work.— 
 2d Vol. 6th Chap. 
 
 * Iphig. in Aul. v. 534. Here. fur. v. 15. Troad. v. 108. Danae, v. 2. 
 
 No. XIII. 
 
 TREASURY OF MINYAS, AT ORCHOMENOS, IN BCEOTIA. 
 
 Pausanias * informs us that the Treasury of Minyas was of a circular form, and that its roof terminated in a point. 
 He also styles it one of the wonders of Greece. It was evidently of the same form as the Treasury of Atreus at Mycense, 
 which he only casually mentions: indeed it seems to have been of much larger proportions than that of Atreus. The dome 
 
 B. 9, chap. 38. 
 
10 
 
 of the former has fallen in, but the portal is entire. A considerable part of it has been concealed by the subsequent 
 elevation of the soil, so that only six layers of stones (which are of regular construction) can be discriminated above ground. 
 Of this still visible part, the entire height is seven feet and a half; the breadth of the door at top is eight feet; it widens 
 towards the base. Its height is probably at least twenty 'feet. The lintel is a single block, fifteen feet four inches in 
 length, six feet three inches in breadth, and three feet three inches in thickness: its weight consequently cannot be less 
 than twenty-four tons. The whole edifice is of white marble, which must have been conveyed from a considerable distance. 
 Several perforations for nails are seen at the sides of the entrance, as at the Treasury of Atreus. I was enabled to obtain 
 an approximation to the diameter of the Minycian Treasury by means of the lintel of the gate, which, on the interior, being 
 the segment of a circle, gave, at this level, the diameter of sixty-five feet; but the soil having accumulated, and the building 
 being thereby increased in breadth at its base, its real diameter must be some feet more; which shows it to have been of 
 much larger dimensions than the Treasury of Atreus.—1st Vol. 8th Chap. 
 
 No. XIV. 
 
 GATE OF THE ACROPOLIS OF ORCHOMENOS. 
 
 Three styles of early construction are visible in the walls that enclose the acropolis of Orchomenos. The rough 
 Tirynthian style is discerned only in a few places: the polygonal is predominant, and the walls appear to have experienced 
 at least two great overthrows. According to the testimony of Diodorus Siculus, * Orchomenos was destroyed by Hercules. 
 A similar catastrophe awaited it in the war against the Thebans that happened about three hundred and sixty-four years 
 before Christ. 
 
 The walls characterised by the earliest style were probably constructed before the time of Hercules; and those which 
 indicate the second style, or well-joined polygons, were erected after the early destruction of the citadel; and the more 
 regular restorations must have been subsequent to the demolition of the city by the Thebans, as they resemble those parts 
 of the walls of Plate which we know to have been raised by Alexander. 
 
 The acropolis of Orchomenos appears to have possessed three gates: one was at its eastern base, near the lower town ; 
 one on the northern side ; and the other in the southern wall. Of the first there are no remains; the second is without its 
 lintel; and the third is represented in the present View: it diminishes upwards, and is covered by its lintel, composed of 
 two large blocks.— 1st Vol. 8th Chap. 
 
11 
 
 No. XV. 
 
 .AiaHOH&HO TO etlOTOHOA 3HT V.l JJAW DKITOaiOaT 
 
 WALLS AND TOWER IN THE ACROPOLIS OF ORCHOMENOS, IN BCEOTIA. 
 
 The walls of the Acropolis of Orchomenos extend from the plain to the summit of the hill, and enclose an irregular 
 triangle, the acute angle of which terminates at the rock. The top of this rock is surmounted by a strong tower, of a 
 quadrangular form, with walls of a regular construction. In the interior a large cistern is excavated in the solid rock. 
 Ninety-one steps, six feet in breadth, are cut in the rock, and lead up to the tower, the position of which is exceedingly 
 strong, and must have been almost impregnable. It commands a prospect of great extent, and still greater interest, over 
 Phocis and Boeotia, with the plain of CliEeroneia and Parnassus towards the north-west, Libadea on the south, and Lake 
 Copais to the east. The right-hand side of the View presents the remains of the northern gate, the lintel of which has fallen 
 to the,ground. 
 
 The interior of the acropolis contains very few vestiges of antiquity, and is for the most part composed of rough and 
 jagged rocks, upon which no building appears ever to have been raised. 
 
 The most ancient citadels of Greece were not only used for the defence of the inhabitants, but as a protection for their 
 flocks, which, in the most early periods, constituted the principal source of their wealth, and the great object of their care.— 
 1st Vol. 8th Chap. 
 
 No. XVI. 
 
 ACROPOLIS OF CFLERONEIA. 
 
 W e are informed by Pausanias * that Homer mentions Cheeroneia under the name of Arne, but Strabo j' is of opinion 
 that Acreephia was the Arne of the poet. The town was situated in an even plain, from which rose a steep, precipitous hill, 
 that was surrounded by the acropolis. The walls were carried round the edge of the rock, and are in several places still 
 preserved. They are of the fourth style, and are nearly regular: they- probably were constructed but a short time before 
 the Macedonian invasion. 
 
 I could not discern any specimens of the most ancient style of masonry, although the town is said to have been founded 
 by Chseron, the son of Apollo. 
 
 The Theatre of Chaeroneia fronts the plain, and stands at the north-east front of the acropolis. It is one of the smallest 
 in Greece, but the seats are well preserved. Nothing indeed is more capable of resisting the slow ravages of time, or the 
 sudden aggressions of barbarous violence, than the Grecian theatres when excavated in the solid rock. This theatre had 
 two divisions, or prcecinctiones; some theatres had none, while others had three. 
 
 The magistrates, and those who were entitled to any particular honour, were seated on the lower range; the middle 
 was reserved for the populace, and the women occupied the upper part.—1st Vol. 7th Chap., and 2d Vol. 4th Chap. 
 
 * B. 9, c. 39. 
 
12 
 
 No. XVII 
 
 PROJECTING WALL IN THE ACROPOLIS OF CHiERONEIA. 
 
 Pausanias, in his description of Chseroneia, mentions no temple of that place; nevertheless the summit of the 
 acropolis has evidently been decorated with some sacred or public edifice. An even platform exhibits at present only 
 a dilapidated church of small dimensions, in the walls of which are some ancient fragments; and some Ionic remains 
 of small proportions are observed among the ruins; the lower part of the terrace on which these stand, is supported by 
 a large wall with a projecting base, the construction nearly regular. The other terrace walls which I have observed in 
 Greece, are either straight or nearly so. The highest part of the Acropolis is probably the rock named Petrarchos, where 
 according to Pausanias, Rhae deceived Saturn, by presenting him a stone to devour instead of the infant Jove. This 
 rock was anciently crowned by a statue of Jupiter, but no temple is noticed by Pausanias. Even the sceptre of 
 Agamemnon, one of the principal divinities of the place, was preserved in the house of a priest.—1st Vol. 7th Chap. 
 
 No. XVIII. 
 
 RUINS OF GORTYS. 
 
 The situation of Gortys is here represented. The Gortynios, which flows at the base of the precipices on which the 
 ruins stand, had its source, according to Pausanias, * at Theisoa, in the Methydrian territory, where it was named Lousios, 
 because Jupiter was bathed in its stream soon after he was born : when it reached the town of Gortys it was denominated 
 Gortynios. It was remarkable for the coldness of its waters, which are rolled with dashing violence between steep and 
 lofty precipices, whose darkening shades add to the wild sublimity of the scenery. It enters the Alpheus about five miles 
 to the west of Gortys. 
 
 Below the ruins of Gortys is a monastery and a cave, situated on the north side of the river, and on the projection of a 
 precipice.—2d Vol. 10th Chap. 
 
 * B. a, c. 28 . 
 
 No XIX. 
 
 ONE OF THE GATES OF GORTYS IN ARCADIA. 
 
 The ruins which there is reason to believe are those of Gortys, are situated about five miles north and twenty-five 
 west from Caritena. They stand upon a high rock of a precipitous form which is nobly elevated above the north side 
 of the river Gortynios. Gortys was said to have been founded by Gortys, son of Stymphalos, who was son of Elatos, the 
 founder of Elacteia, in Phocis. In the time of Pausanias it had been reduced to the size of a village, but it contained a 
 
13 
 
 temple of Aesculapius, the vestiges of which may still be seen. A considerable part of the wall that encompassed the 
 town still remains ; it consists of the second and third styles, composed of very large stones. 
 
 The ruins of two small contiguous gates, and another of large porportions, facing Caratena, are still observable; their 
 lintels have fallen. 
 
 This View represents the great gate; the walls that lead to it have evidently been constructed at different epochs. 
 The polygon, or second style, observed on the left, is similar to the greater part of the walls of Argos and Mycenee. The 
 more regular masonry on the right of the gate, is similar to those parts of the walls of Platoea which were erected in the 
 time of Alexander, and may be ranked with the fourth style of Hellenic masonry.—2d Vol. 10th Chap. 
 
 No. XX. 
 
 PLAIN OF THORICUS, IN ATTICA. 
 
 Thoricus, which was a large Demos in the tribe of Acamontis, in Attica, still retains its ancient name. It was the 
 birth-place of Cephalos, the lover of Procris, and was one of the twelve Attic cities in the time of Cecrops. It was strongly 
 fortified by the Athenians in the ninety-third Olympiad, on account of its being the principal safeguard of the neighbouring 
 mines of Mount Laurion. 
 
 The remains of Thoricus are extensive, and occupy a space probably not less than two miles and a half in circuit. The 
 acropolis was on a pointed hill, which is seen upon the left, rising from the plain. 
 
 The present View was taken at the distance of about four miles, on the way from Caratea. 
 
 The acropolis of Thoricus rises conspicuously from a large undulating plain, where there is a mixture of brushwood and 
 of cultivated ground. Its ancient port is seen in the distance, with the islands of Helena, of Ceos, of Cythnos, and of 
 Seriphos. Beyond this line the horizon is occupied by the jEgean Sea. Other islands might be seen on the right-hand side 
 of the View, were they not concealed by the intervening heights of Mount Laurion.—1st Vol. 15th Chap. 
 
 No. XXI 
 
 RUINS OF A TOWER AT THORICUS. 
 
 Thoricus was a place of strength at an early period. Some detached portions of the walls are still preserved. They 
 were carried round the town, and were strengthened by square towers, many of which still remain. 
 
 We are informed by Xenophon* that Thoricus was fortified by the Athenians in the ninety-third Olympiad. The 
 remaining walls are in the third style of construction, which nearly corresponds with that epocha. 
 
 The tower here represented is twenty-one feet two inches on each side. The door is destroyed. The construction, 
 though not polygonal, is systematically irregular. The stones, though generally quadrilateral and placed in horizontal 
 ranges, are of various'cfimensions, with a mixture of the obtuse, the acute, and rectangle, but they are generally quadrilateral. 
 The ruins are composed of an inferior kind of white marble, veined with grey, which was procured upon the spot, as the 
 
 * Hist. B. 1, c. 2. 
 
14 
 
 rocks are of the same substance: the grain is fine, but not sparkling like most of the Grecian marbles. It is of a more 
 decomposing quality than that from the Pentelic quarries: it was employed in building the Temple at Sunium. 
 
 In the distance is seen the uninhabited and rocky island of Helena, extending about six miles from north to south in a 
 line with the Attic coast, and terminating nearly opposite the promontory of Sunium. Paris was supposed to have enjoyed 
 the first favours of Helena in this island, to which circumstance it owed its name and its celebrity. The cape near the shore 
 is the ancient port of Thoricus, and is at present denominated Porto Mandri, which Stuart,* without any plausible reason, 
 imagines to have been the Pantomatrion of Ptolemy.—1st Vol. 15th Chap. 
 
 No. XXII. 
 
 LITTLE POINTED GATE AT THORICUS. 
 
 This gate, of the Cyclopian or Tirynthian style, is fixed in a wall placed at right angles with the wall of the theatre. 
 The gate in its present state is little more than five feet in height, but more than half of it is probably concealed by the mass 
 of earth and stones accumulated at its base. The construction of the wall is nearly regular, and the stones are not, generally, 
 more than a foot and a half in thickness.—1st Vol. 15th Chap. 
 
 No. XXIII. 
 
 THEATRE AT THORICUS. 
 
 The acropolis of Thoricus is accompanied at its base by the remains of a curious and magnificent theatre, which I 
 should conceive to be one of the most ancient in Greece. The seats are preserved, and also fifteen ranges of blocks of the 
 exterior wall, in its circular part. Some trifling irregularity may be remarked in the construction, but it is not so palpable 
 as in the walls and towers of the city. A passage appears to have been conducted round the exterior of the coilon.— 
 1st Vol. 3d Chap. 
 
 No. XXIV. 
 
 RUINS OF A DORIC BUILDING AT THORICUS. 
 
 A general idea of the ruins of Thoricus has been given in the preceding Plates, but attention is still due to the 
 curious Doric edifice here delineated. Its general plan differs from that of temples, and it is difficult to say for what 
 purpose it was designed. It has been accurately published by Le Roy, who imagines it to have lieem a hexastyle temple, 
 
 * Ptolem. Geog. B. 3, c. 17, p. 91, first edition. 
 
\o 
 
 with thirteen columns on each side; but this is erroneous. The edifice has fallen to the ground, and the greater part of it 
 is buried beneath the ground, or is covered with the dense and almost impenetrable foliage of the lentiscus. I found it 
 impossible to develop its plan without making excavations which would have required much time and considerable expense. 
 This was, however, afterwards effected in 1812, by the Mission of the Dilletanti Society, by whom it is delineated with 
 seven columns in the front, and fourteen on the flanks. 
 
 The columns are far inferior, in the perfection of their finish, to those of the other Attic temples, which were erected 
 either in the time of Pericles, or nearly at that period. They are five diameters in height, including the capital; they are 
 fluted only at the base under the capital; they have none of the entasis, or swelling, which is slightly observable in the 
 columns of most Grecian temples.—1st Vol. 15th Chap. 
 
 No. XXV. 
 
 RUINS OF AN ANCIENT CITY NEAR MESSALONGI, IN CETOLIA. 
 
 The ruins here represented are situated about four miles to the north of the modern town of Messalongi in (Etolia. 
 They stand upon a rocky steep that bounds the marshes which extend along the coast, between the Achelous and the 
 Evenos. 
 
 The view from this spot is replete with all the charms that constitute beauty of landscape, while classical recollections 
 heighten the interest of the impressive scene. Towards the east, the lofty Mount Chalcis rises abruptly from the sea, and 
 closes the view of the Corinthian Gulf, on the opposite side of which the town of Patra and the Achaian heights are 
 conspicuously situated. More to the south are the low outstretching hills of Eleia, surmounted by the loftier summits of 
 the Arcadian Olenos. The Araxian promontory is seen projecting far into the sea, and the situations of Dyme, Pharai, and 
 Cyllene are faintly descried along the coast, of which Cape Chelonotas forms the farthest boundary. The islands of 
 Takemthus and Cephallonia are visible towards the south, and more to the west are Ithaca and the Echinades. Below the 
 view is the modern town of Messalongi; and a few miles further, in the same direction, the Evenos is seen, like a line of 
 silver, gliding through a richly varied plain, sprinkled with villages and chequered with a diversity of verdure and of 
 cultivation. In the opposite direction the broad Achelous shows his fancifully twisted stream, that divides the Acarnanian 
 and (Etolian plains, the surface of which is relieved by many insulated hills that were probably once surrounded by 
 the sea. 
 
 The ancient name of the place from which this View was taken is uncertain. The walls are apparently about two 
 miles in circuit, and are raised along the edge of a steep and rocky hill, of an oblong form. It had two gates, one facing 
 the east, the other the north: the former is without its lintel, which is seen among the ruins; the other gate is entire.— 
 1st Vol. 3d Chap. 
 
16 
 
 No. XXVI. 
 
 AN ANCIENT GATE OF THE RUINED CITY NEAR MESSALONGI. 
 
 Of the two gates with which this city was provided, only one remains entire : the interior view of it is given in the 
 present Plate. We here discern that complicated style of masonry which may be attributed to the third epoch of Grecian 
 military architecture. The general thickness of the walls is eight feet: they are composed of large masses, closely united; 
 and several of the stones are nine feet in length. The middle space, or body of the wall, is filled with smaller stones and 
 earth, forming a mass, of a hard and durable consistency, that appears to be the emplecton of Vitruvius, but which he 
 pretends was not used by the Greeks. I have, however, seen similar constructions, in various parts of Greece, in walls of 
 very remote antiquity, although the Greek walls are frequently composed of solid masses of large stones. In the walls of 
 this place the masonry is generally of the third style, and very complicated : the stones are mostly quadrilateral, but seldom 
 rectangular; the disposition of the layers is horizontal, but their thickness varies so considerably, that in some parts one 
 layer is as broad as three immediately adjacent. The interstices left by angular irregularities are filled up with smaller 
 stones. 
 
 On the highest part of the hill the walls show indications of greater antiquity than those lower down: they seem to 
 have been destroyed at an early period, and afterwards rebuilt. In some places an approximation to the Tirynthian style 
 appears. Equidistant square towers, protruding from the walls, were erected round the town, some of which are still in 
 a state of good preservation.—1st Vol. 3d Chap. 
 
 No. XXVII 
 
 POINTED GATES IN TIIE RUINED CITY NEAR MESSALONGI. 
 
 In the lower part of the ruins of this city there is a chamber cut down perpendicularly in the rock. The breadth of 
 this chamber is crossed by five parallel walls, reaching to the upper surface of the rock : the six intermediate spaces formed 
 by the walls and the two extremities of the chamber appear to have been covered with a flat roof. This singular edifice is 
 composed of much smaller stones than those which were used in the walls of the city; the masonry is nearly regular, or at 
 least exhibits only a few trifling irregularities, evidently more to be attributed to fortuitous circumstances than to any 
 systematic plan. The stones are well united, but the exterior surface is rustic, or rough. Each of these walls has three 
 apertures, or gateways, of unequal dimensions, and of a pyramidal form, terminating at top in an acute angle. Similar 
 gates occur at Mycenas and at Tiryns, and they are found also in some ancient cities in Italy which owed their ori°-in to 
 Pelasgic colonies. 
 
17 
 
 It is not easy to conceive the purpose for which these chambers were constructed, or to what use they were applied. 
 They might have been employed either as prisons, as cisterns, or as granaries. 
 
 The great wall is seven feet and a half in breadth, and sixteen in height. The second door is not quite as broad as the 
 other, and is thirteen feet in height; the smaller door is ten feet high: but the earth is considerably raised about them. 
 The entire height of the wall is twenty-four feet.—1st Vol. 3rd Chap. 
 
 No. XXVIII. 
 
 GENERAL VIEW OF THE POINTED GATES. 
 
 There is little to describe in the present View: it is given merely in order to show the form of the curious structure 
 already described in the foregoing page. 
 
 Some of the square towers and the south-east angle of the walls are visible in this View. The distant cape on the left 
 hand is the promontory of Araxos, which anciently formed the line of separation between the Achaian and Eleian territory: 
 the low land beyond it towards the right is the Eleian shore, which shoots out into the long promontory of Chelonatas; 
 after which the eye glances on the termination of the Ionian sea and the horizon of the iEgean. The next land distinguished 
 is Mount Elatos and the island of Zakunthus, with its long flowing margin of coast. Below the walls of the ancient city, 
 the eye expatiates over the plain of Messalongi; and the sea is interspersed with narrow patches of mud and slips of morass, 
 the waters between which supply the inhabitants of the neighbouring coast with rich and extensive fisheries. Nearly in the 
 middle of these lagunes is seen the fisherman’s small island and village of Basiladi: a little to its left, some ships are riding 
 at anchor where the waves of the open sea begin to roll. This spot is about five miles from Messalongi, towards which the 
 shallowness of the water prevents any nearer navigation.—1st Vol. 3rd Chap. 
 
 No. XXIX. 
 
 SMALL THEATRE IN THE ABOVE ANCIENT CITY. 
 
 The ancient city already described exhibits the remains of a theatre on its southern side; this edifice is situated only 
 a few paces within the walls, where it commands a noble prospect of the sea, with the coast of Achaia, and the Araxian 
 promontory stretching out towards the west, far beyond which the Chelonatan promontory ultimately terminates the 
 protracted length of the Eleian shore. 
 
 The theatre here represented is in a state of good preservation, but is one of the smallest in Greece. Four of the seats 
 of the semicircle are still left, and part of the wall of the proscenium, as well as the lateral walls. It is regularly constructed: 
 the stones are much smaller than those which compose the walls of the city, that are seen a little below the theatre.— 
 1st Vol. 3rd Chap. 
 
18 
 
 No. XXX. 
 
 WALLS OF GALAXIDI, THE ANCIENT iEANTHE, IN OZOLGEA LOCRIS. 
 
 Galaxidi is supposed to be the ancient Euanthia, or iEanthe, which Polybius places in iEtolia, opposite Egira. The 
 only remains consist of some foundations and a long wall, with three courses of large stones, well preserved, and built in the 
 fourth style, approaching to regular masonry. The principal part of the town seems to have been on a peninsula, a few 
 hundred yards to the east of the village: there are several traces upon it, composed of large blocks, and the rocks have been 
 cut and flattened for the foundations of ancient edifices. The village stands on a rocky peninsula, having two secure ports, 
 and bearing a considerable resemblance to the town of Mitylene, on a small scale: the houses are of earth; some of the 
 best are white-washed, and have two floors. It is under the jurisdiction of the Vaivode of Salona.—1st Vol. 5th Chap. 
 
 No. XXXI. 
 
 GATE AT AGIA EUPHEMIA, IN OZALCEA LOCRIS. 
 
 The ruins of this city stand in a plain, encompassed by mountains. It seems, like Mantinea and Megalopolis, to have 
 had no acropolis. Its circuit is small—apparently not above one mile and a half. The walls are well preserved, and in the 
 style of those of Galaxidi. Equidistant square towers extend round the town: the steps up to many of them remain. None 
 of the gates are entire; and that here represented is too imperfect to convey a clear idea of its ancient form. The blocks 
 which compose the walls are ornamented, and cut with parallel perpendicular lines—a useless labour, which is observable 
 in many other parts of Greece. This ornament is still used in Italy, and the lines are sometimes horizontal.—1st Vol. 
 5th Chap. 
 
 No. XXXII 
 
 TOWN OF SALONA, AND RUINS OF AMPHISSA, THE ANCIENT CAPITAL 
 OF OZOLCEA LOCRIS. 
 
 Salona is situated at the northern extremity of the Crissean plain, at present called xanzio; rou Hpivaou, about nine miles 
 from the Gulf, and at the foot of some lofty mountains now called Cophinas and Elatos, which nearly surround it. 
 
19 
 
 From this circumstance some have imagined it took its ancient name, Amphissa; while others attribute it to a daughter of 
 Macareus. Its position is extremely picturesque; and the castle, which occupies the place of the ancient acropolis, stands 
 upon an abrupt rock, rising nobly in the middle of the city, which it completely commands. It is still, as formerly, the 
 largest city of the Hesperian or Ozolian Locris. Pausanias describes it as a large and most celebrated town, which shows 
 that it must have survived the misfortunes of the sacred war, though Strabo mentions it as a ruined place. In the war against 
 Brennus and the Gauls, it gave a contingent of four hundred heavy-armed infantry.—1st Vol. 5th Chap. 
 
 No. XXXIII. 
 
 ACROPOLIS OF AMPHISSA. 
 
 The acropolis is a mass of ruins. Three distinct periods of architecture are evidently distinguishable in its walls: these 
 are—the second style of ancient Greece, consisting of well united polygons, that of the lower empire, and that of the modem 
 Turkish. There are no remains of the Temple of Minerva: its site is perhaps now occupied by the ruins of a large house, 
 apparently of Venetian or Low Empire architecture, which, according to tradition, was the palace of Queen Oraia. I have 
 not been able to learn whether this Queen was a real or an imaginary personage. A plentiful spring, forming several clear 
 fountains, rises at the base of this ruin. There is also in the citadel a ruined church of St. Anthony, with a subterraneous 
 passage, which they say leads to the Monastery of the Saviour a mile distant. There is a grand and picturesque cavern, 
 formed by nature, in the rock of the acropolis, in which nitre is made.—1st Vol. 5th Chap. 
 
 Nos. XXXIV. AND XXXV. 
 
 RUINS OF DELPHI, IN PHOCIS. 
 
 Justin says that Delphi had no walls, but was defended by its precipices. Strabo gives it a circuit of sixteen stadia 
 and Pausanias calls it ■boms, which seems to imply that it was walled like other cities. In earlier times it was perhaps, like 
 Olympia, defended by the sanctity of its oracle and the presence of its god, which, not being found a sufficient protection 
 against the enterprises of the profane, it was probably fortified, and became a regular city, after the predatory incursions of 
 the Phocians. The walls may, however, be coeval with the foundation of the city itself: their high antiquity is not 
 disproved by the use of mortar in their construction. Some of the Egyptian pyramids are built in a similar manner, as well 
 as the walls of Babylon. 
 
 No situation can surpass the approach to Delphi. Its grand and theatrical appearance, combined with its ancient 
 celebrity, its mouldering ruins, and its fallen state, form such extreme contrasts, that it is difficult to decide whether 
 more regret is excited by its departed splendour, or more satisfaction felt in still beholding some remains of its former 
 
20 
 
 magnificence. The celebrated edifice, the Temple of Apollo, has vanished like a dream, leaving not a trace behind! 
 Pausanias says it was in the upper part of the town, and near a magnificent theatre, which indeed was within its peribolos. 
 The Grecian theatres being generally hewn out of the solid rock, I had reason to hope I should find it, and that it would 
 lead to the discovery of the Temple; but' I could discover no positive traces of either one or the other. It appears that the 
 far-famed Temple of Apollo must be sought for under the humble cottages of Castri, as the whole village stands within its 
 peribolos.—1st Vol. 6th Chap. 
 
 Nos. XXXVI. AND XXXVII. 
 
 ANCIENT SEPULCHRES NEAR DELPHI. 
 
 On the left of the road between Crisso and Delphi is a rock containing several sepulchral chambers cut in the solid 
 mass: their entrances are in the form of round arches. Some of them contain three sarcophagi, each under a round niche : 
 they have all been opened, and their covers broken. These sarcophagi form but one mass with the rock. A few yards 
 from the above-mentioned sepulchres are the traces of the walls of Delphi, and one of the gates, composed of small stones, 
 united by cement, which were probably coated with hewn blocks, some of which are dispersed around. This style of 
 construction is the emplecton of Vitruvius.—1st Vol. 6th Chap. 
 
 Nos. XXXVIII. AND XXXIX. 
 
 RUINS OF LI LAI A, IN PHOCIS. 
 
 The acropolis of Lilaia is upon an abrupt and rocky acclivity projecting from Parnassus. The lower town was in 
 the plain, and several remains of the walls and towers are in a wonderful state of preservation, and in the third style of 
 construction. Some of the square towers have their doors and windows remaining, all of which diminish upwards. The 
 labour of excavation would here be probably more than compensated by the ancient relics that would be brought to li°-ht. 
 The dispersion of marble fragments—among which is a thronos of white marble—leads us to infer that the town itself was 
 enriched by various embellishments of the arts. The sources of the Cephissus are seen in some fine springs gushing from 
 the foot of the mountain, and immediately forming a copious and rapid stream.—2d Vol. 4th Chap. 
 
21 
 
 No. XL. 
 
 TERRACE WALLS AND DRAINS OF THE TEMPLE OF MINERVA CRANEA. 
 
 At the village of Eleuta we endeavoured to obtain some information concerning this Temple, which, according to 
 Pausanias, was twenty stadia from Elatea. We were told that some ancient walls and columns were seen upon the 
 hills, at about three-quarters of an hour from the village. Pausanias says the road to it has a gentle ascent. We 
 proceeded in a northern direction, and having crossed a stream, we ascended gently, and arrived in half an hour at a church 
 with some blocks about it, and a large broken vase of stone, apparently the ancient receptacle of a fountain that here issues 
 from the rock. In fourteen minutes more, we reached the ruins of the Temple, situated precisely as Pausanias describes it, 
 on a steep rock of inconsiderable height and dimensions. It was surrounded by a peribolos. The south side is supported 
 by a strong fence-wall of great antiquity, at present composed of eleven layers of stones, constructed with a certain degree 
 of irregularity nearly approaching the system of polygons. 
 
 This wall is furnished with several drains, three in a line, one over the other. The peribolos was closed by a gate, the 
 traces of which are seen at the north-west angle, where we entered. Several foundations are discovered round the Temple, 
 which probably belonged to the porticoes and buildings for the priests and attendants. The Temple itself was smaller than 
 the Thescion at Athens, and built upon the same plan. The lower parts of four columns are standing in their places; they 
 are of stone-fluted Doric, two feet seven inches in diameter: the intercolumniations are four feet six inches.—2d Yol 
 4th Chap. 
 
 No. XLI. 
 
 RUINS OF AN ANCIENT CITY IN DORIS. 
 
 This city seems to have been of small circuit. The walls, which are in the third style, are nine feet and a half in 
 thickness, and are fortified with square towers.—2d Vol. 4th Chap. 
 
22 
 
 Nos. XLII. and XLIII. 
 
 RUINS OF TITHORCEA, IN PHOCIS. 
 
 The walls of this ancient town are of the third and fourth styles, and built up the side of a steep hill till they reach the 
 foot of the precipice. They are fortified with square towers in good preservation, approaching to the regular construction, 
 and are, no doubt, much less ancient than the other parts of the walls. Each tower has two doors and two rows of windows, 
 of the usual form, diminishing towards the top. The interior of these towers is nineteen feet eight inches square: they 
 were originally of two stories. The holes that received the beams are seen in the walls above the lower range of windows. 
 It appears from Herodotus and Pausanias that the most ancient name of this place was Neon. It was in a state of decay 
 in the time of the topographer, but contained a theatre, an ancient agora, and the grove, temple, and statue of Minerva.— 
 2d Vol. 4th Chap. 
 
 Nos. XLIV. AND XLV. 
 
 ACROPOLIS OF DAULIA, AND A GATE OF THE ACROPOLIS. 
 
 Daulia, or Daulis, stands upon a hill projecting from Parnassus. The vicinity of this snow-topped mountain renders 
 Daulis intensely cold during the winter months. No olives grow in its neighbourhood; little corn is reaped, or wine made: 
 in the plain at the foot of the mountain are some profitable rice-grounds. The ancient town was erected on the site at 
 present occupied by the village and its gardens, but the buildings extended lower down towards the plain. Two of the 
 churches are composed almost entirely of ancient blocks and architectural fragments, among which I found a fine inscription 
 on a slab of marble; it is a decree of Titus Flavius Eubulus about some lands in Daulis, in the time of the Emperor Trajan. 
 On the other side of the same slab is another inscription, the purport of which I am unacquainted with. 
 
 The acropolis is situated upon an oblong rock above the village; some part of the walls is in the second style; it 
 seems to have been twice almost entirely demolished and rebuilt, the greater part of the walls being in the third and fourth 
 styles. It was burnt by Xerxes, and again destroyed in the third sacred war, but it was evidently in existence in the time 
 of Trajan. It was, perhaps, retained as a stronghold after the ruin of the city. Livy notices its strength : “ Daulis, quia 
 in tumulo excelso sita est, nec sealis, nec operibus, capi poterat.” The acropolis is precipitous on all sides, and had but 
 one entrance, which looks towards Parnassus; it was defended by square towers, extending round the edge of the rock, 
 and projecting from the walls. The lower parts of some of these towers still remain. They were constructed, like those 
 of other fortified cities in Greece, according to the rule of Vitruvius, who says that they ought to project from the walls on 
 the outside, in order that the assailants may_be annoyed in front and on each side. The gate is also constructed according 
 
23 
 
 to his plan; the approach to it exposes the right side of the besieger, which has not the shield, to the besieged, by whom 
 he may be assailed to advantage from the walls. 
 
 The lintel of the gate is fallen. It stood between two round towers, composed of small stones and mortar, apparently 
 of Roman construction; there are two inscriptions within the ruined church, but are so corroded as to be totally illegible.— 
 1st Vol. 7th Chap. 
 
 No. XLVI. 
 
 RUINS OF PANOPIUS. 
 
 The ancient Panopius is now a village, called Agios-Blasios, from the name of the titular saint of Ragusa. The 
 Greeks pronounce it Avilash, and the English, St. Blase. 
 
 Strabo says it was anciently called Panopius, although, in his time, it was called Phanotius. Pausanias calls it by its 
 former name; Herodotus, Panopeai; Thucydides, Phanotis; Polybius, Phanotius; and Livy, Phanotea. It probably 
 received its name from its lofty and commanding situation, rather than from the son of Phocus. 
 
 Pausanias says, that the circuit of Panopius is about seven stadia, but he evidently alludes to the acropolis alone, the 
 walls of which extend round the rocky summit of the hill, and exhibit specimens of the three last styles of Grecian masonry, 
 although polygons are seen only in a few places; some of the stones are twelve feet in length. The square towers, which 
 project from the wall like those of Daulis, are apparently of a less ancient construction than the rest of the enclosure. 
 Some of them are extremely perfect, and contain doors and windows of the usual form, diminishing towards the top. In 
 some places, the steps leading up to the towers are cut in the rock. 
 
 Besides the gate which faces Parnassus, there is another on the western side of the acropolis, built with very large blocks, 
 of the third style, the outer surface left rough. The architrave is fallen. 
 
 Panopius was destroyed by Xerxes, and probably never afterwards recovered its former prosperity. 
 
 Pausanias mentions only a small temple at Panopius, formed of unbaked bricks; there were many other examples of 
 this kind of construction in Greece. According to Mr. Hamilton, some pyramids are still to be seen in Egypt, built in the 
 same manner.—1st Vol. 7th Chap. 
 
 No. XLVII. 
 
 RUINS OF HALIARTUS, IN BCEOTIA. 
 
 The remains of this city are situated about fifteen miles from Libadea, and at nearly an equal distance from Thebes • 
 the place is now called Microcura. The acropolis occupies a low oblong hill, one side of which rises from a fine pastoral 
 plain, the other from the marshes, where the canes grow with which the ancients made darts and musical pipes. 
 
24 
 
 Most of the remaining walls are probably posterior to the time of Homer, but prior to its capture by the Romans in the 
 war against Perseus of Macedon ; though Livy, who resembles Diodorus Siculus and Strabo in levelling cities, says that it 
 is “urbs diruta a fundamentis” It was considered the strongest of the Bceotian cities, next to Thebes; and even after 
 Lysander had captured Libadea and Orchomenos, he hesitated to attack Haliartus. It was destroyed by the troops of 
 Xerxes, and was probably rebuilt by Alexander, or about that period, the greater part of the walls being in the style of that 
 part of Platosa which was restored by the Macedonian conqueror. There are also a few remains of the second and third 
 styles of masonry.— 1st Vol. 8th Chap. 
 
 No. XLVIII. 
 
 RUINS OF THISBE. IN BCEOTIA. 
 
 The ancient walls of Thisbe are situated on the edge of a steep rock of moderate height and oblong form. On this 
 rock was the Thisbe of Homer. It still abounds with an incredible number of pigeons, which build their nests in the neigh¬ 
 bouring precipices. Some few remains of the Tirynthian style are still visible, but the walls have evidently been restored 
 at different times. 
 
 The third style of construction is predominant. The walls are eight feet thick, and the middle space, composed of 
 small stones, is four feet. At the foot of the rock are several sepulchral chambers, of the S^aiou kind, cut in the solid 
 mass, containing from one sarcophagus to five, all, however, uncovered and empty.—2d Vol. 8th Chap. 
 
 Nos. XLIX. and L. 
 
 RUINS OF PLATCEA, IN BCEOTIA. 
 
 Platiea was destroyed by the Persians; and both Thucydides and Pausanias agree that the whole town, except the 
 temples, was subsequently razed to the ground by the animosity of the Thebans. There are very few and imperfect 
 remains of the original walls; they have evidently been almost wholly rebuilt from their foundations, and were in the 
 ancient rough style. 
 
 In other cities, only partly demolished, we may discriminate two or three different styles and periods of architecture, 
 as in the Orchomenos of Bceotia, and that of Arcadia, and several others. The walls are composed in general of regular 
 masonry, with some accidental irregularity in the size of the stones. They are about eight feet thick, and are fortified by 
 square towers, with a few circular ones. They are ornamented with perpendicular stripes or incisions, similar to those 
 noticed at Agia-Euphemia, in Locris, and which occur in most of the walls of this period. I could find no traces of the 
 
25 
 
 double wall, built round the town during the siege by the Spartan Archidamus. It was merely a temporary work, not 
 intended for permanent preservation. According to Procopius, the walls of Platoea were restored by Justinian. 
 
 Pausanias mentions three temples at this place; that of Juno, that of Minerva Aria, and another of Ceres. Strabo 
 mentions the temple of Jupiter the deliverer, but Pausanias only notices the statue and the altar of the god. 
 
 Plutarch mentions the temple of Diana Eukleia, at Platoea. The Spartan king, Pausanias, was posted near the temple 
 of Juno, at the commencement of the battle. I could find no certain traces of these temples; there are several heaps of 
 large stones, which perhaps mark, but do not determine, their situations. 
 
 Plutarch says, that the sepulchres of those who fell at Platcea were near the fountain, probably Gargaphia. The 
 Platoeans, the Athenians, and the Lacedemonians, had separate tombs; but a common monument was raised to the Greeks 
 m general E\xnn xoaov. Strabo says that these sepulchres are near the walls, and calls them the common or general tombs, 
 
 t a$>) on/ioma. 
 
 I searched in vain for some traces of the camp of Mardonius; for though it was of wood, it was, no doubt, fortified with 
 entrenchments and banks of earth.—1st vol. 9th Chap. 
 
 Nos. LI. AND LII. 
 
 RUINS AT GYPHTO-CASTRO, THE ANCIENT ELEUTHERAI. 
 
 In a little more than three hours from Platcea, we reached the foot of a rocky hill, crowned with the ruin of an 
 acropolis, now called Gyphto-Castro, or more properly, Aigypto-Castro, probably the ancient Eleutherai. It is situated 
 upon an insulated rock, steep on all sides ; it seems to have been designed for the protection of the pass between Bceotia 
 and Attica. The enclosure is oblong, and runs nearly east and west. Its entire length is about 360 yards, and its greatest 
 breadth about 110. The walls are very perfect, and in the style of those of Mantinea and Messene. They are fortified 
 with square towers, at unequal distances, projecting from the walls. Many of these towers are entire; they were divided 
 into two stories, each of which had two rooms; at least the upper story, which had two entrances from without, and three 
 small windows. The lower story has only one door, which is three and a half feet wide at the base, diminishing upwards. 
 The walls are five feet and a half in thickness; the inside space of the towers is fifteen feet square. 
 
 The walls of the acropolis are eight feet thick, and are pierced by several doors. I measured the vpotrro/ua, or opening 
 of one of them, and found it four feet two inches at the base, and three feet at the top. The (vyov or lintel is a flat stone, 
 seven feet long. There seems to have been four entrances to the acropolis, two of which were on the north and south 
 sides, and the others on the eastern and western extremities. Within the peribolos of the walls are the remains of a large 
 oblong rectangular building, composed of a few layers of blocks of a polygonal form, which probably constituted the cella 
 of a temple. I made a fruitless search for ancient inscriptions and architectural decorations; I found only some fragments 
 of coarse pottery.—1st Vol. 9th Chap. 
 
2G 
 
 Nos. LIII. AND LIV. 
 
 CASTLE OF PHYLE, IN ATTICA. 
 
 Diodorus places Pbyle only one hundred stadia from Athens, which seems short of the real measure; the distance 
 is probably twelve miles, as it requires four hours to reach it from Athens. It was always regarded as a place of consider¬ 
 able strength and importance, and when Thrasybulus had taken it by surprise, he was enabled, with a very small force, to 
 resist the attacks of the Athenian army, commanded by the Thirty Tyrants. 
 
 The town of Phyle was situated near the foot of the castle-hill or acropolis; some traces of it still remain, consisting 
 of the foundations of a square tower, and a transverse wall to guard the pass; several large blocks are here scattered about, 
 with a clear spring of water rippling among the ruins of the town. The castle stands upon a hill, accessible only on the 
 east and south sides. The building, of which a great part remains, is of an oblong form; the narrow sides facing the east 
 and west. Its length is about 170 yards, and its breadth nearly 90. There were two entrances, one on the east, the other 
 on the south side, but both are now destroyed. 
 
 At the north-east angle is a round tower; on the south-east a square one, and another of the same form on the north 
 side, projecting from the walls. The greatest length of the northern wall, in its present state, is not above two hundred 
 and twenty-five feet; perhaps it never was continued much further. 
 
 Twenty layers of blocks are still seen in some parts of the wall, and are generally parallelograms, though the system 
 of acute and obtuse angles, which seems to have been disused about the time of Alexander, may be occasionally remarked 
 in this building. 
 
 The date of the foundation of Phyle is unknown. Its present name is Argiro-Castro. I never heard it called Biglio- 
 Castro, or Philis-Castro, as some have asserted.—1st Vol. 14th Chap. 
 
 No. LY. 
 
 THE PNYX AT ATHENS. 
 
 Proceeding along the eastern foot of the Pnyx hill, we arrived at the great circular wall which is the support or 
 buttress of the Pnyx, opposite the Areopagus: it faces the north-east. This colossal fabric, which Wheler takes for a 
 theatre, and Spon for the Areopagus, is worthy of the builders of Mycenae and Tiryns : it is composed of large quadrilateral 
 stones well united. The most perfect part contains three layers of stones; the largest measure twelve feet in length, and 
 seven feet three inches in breadth; their external surface is rustic and rough, and near the joints they are ornamented with 
 parallel lines cut all round them. These blocks are not all perfectly rectangular, nor of equal dimensions, but partake of 
 that irregularity which is remarked in the walls built prior to the time of Pericles, resembling the south-west side of the 
 
27 
 
 Gate of the Lions at Mycenae, the stones being nearly equilateral. This is probably one of the few antiquities which escaped 
 the fury of the Persians, and of the last King of Macedon. 
 
 Higher up the hill are the fine steps or seats cut in the rock, and the bema, from which the Athenian orators harangued 
 the multitude. It is surprising that Pausanias should make no mention of the Pnyx, for it was one of the most celebrated 
 Athenian tribunals: he has perhaps designated it under some other appellation. It may be the Trigonon, which he says 
 was so called on account of its triangular form: in fact the general plan of these remains is an irregular triangle, although 
 its supporting wall is the segment of a circle. 
 
 Julius Pollux says the Pnyx was near the acropolis, and ornamented with ancient simplicity—not with the luxury of a 
 theatre. We are informed by Plutarch that Themistocles ordered that the bema on the Pnyx should be made to face the 
 sea; but the Thirty Tyrants afterwards placed it towards the land. The circular wall was probably built before that period, 
 in order to support the terrace or hill upon which the tribunal was afterwards formed: it is at present called rxcacc tou 
 A nno<r6cvoi ,—the stairs of Demosthenes. The steps were almost covered with earth, which was cleared away by the orders of 
 the Earl of Aberdeen. 
 
 On each side of the bema the rock is cut down perpendicularly, and contains several small cavities or niches for votive 
 offerings : among them is one much larger than the others, that probably contained the statue of the divinity to whom they 
 were dedicated. In clearing away the earth, many of these offerings were discovered: they are in relief, in white marble, 
 and are now in the British Museum.—1st Vol. 13th Chap. 
 
 No. LVI. 
 
 RUINS AT THE PIRAEUS. 
 
 The long walls of Athens, which were of such surprising strength and dimensions, are now level with the ground. 
 They may be traced in several places on the way to the Phaleric and Pireean ports, and in some parts the road passes over 
 them. They consist in large quadrilateral blocks of stone, which were fastened together with cramps of lead and iron : they 
 were sixty feet in height. The space of ground between the Phalaric and Pireean walls, formerly adorned with numerous 
 temples and other public edifices, is at present occupied with fields, vineyards, olive groves, and gardens. But few traces 
 of antiquity occur, and even the foundations of those Herculean ramparts are often sought in vain. I found no remains of 
 the third, or middle wall, which it is said led to the Mounychian port, and which, with those of the Piraeus, was built by 
 Pericles. These walls owed their origin to the policy of Themistocles, and their completion to Cimon and to Pericles. They 
 were all destroyed by Lysander and the Thirty Tyrants, and were afterwards rebuilt by Conon. After their destruction by 
 Sylla they seem never to have been completely rebuilt until the reign of Valerian, nearly four hundred years afterwards. 
 
 The walls that encompass the Pirasan peninsula are in better preservation: they were fortified with square towers, and 
 are regularly constructed with large quadrangular blocks, of a soft, calcareous quality, from quarries in the peninsula. 
 
 The Piraeus is one of the finest ports in Greece, and, being bounded by rocks, has experienced hardly any change in its 
 form or dimensions. The sea, however, appears to have encroached a little, as some ruins are seen under the water. The 
 general depth of the port is from two to ten fathoms; in some places it is twenty. 
 
28 
 
 The air of the Piraeus is not healthy in summer, owing to the almost stagnant waters of the port of Zea, which, with 
 that of Cantharos, are on the northern side of the great port.—1st Vol. 13th Chap. 
 
 No. LVI1. 
 
 PLAIN OF TRACHYNIA, AND RUINS OF AN ANCIENT CITY ON 
 
 MOUNT OCTA. 
 
 The whole of Melis, with the exception of the track towards the sea, was inclosed by lofty mountains, called by the 
 general name of Trachynian Rocks. We rode up a steep part of the mountain, to examine the ruins of an ancient town or 
 castle, the name of which it is difficult to determine. These ruins consist of the lower parts of a wall that encompassed a 
 narrow hill difficult of access; these walls are of the fourth style of military architecture, composed of large blocks; their 
 general thickness is seven feet; in some parts they are constructed with small stones and mortar, where their thickness is 
 more considerable. The walls are carried to the very edge of the precipice. I know not what place these ruins represent, 
 unless it be the fortress of Tichious. 
 
 No LVIII. 
 
 RUINS OF ECHINUS, IN THESSALY. 
 
 The village of Echinus which still retains its original name, stands upon the ruins of the ancient town on the side of a 
 hill that is crowned by the acropolis: it appears, as well from its situation as from its works, to have been a place of °reat 
 strength. In some parts it has been fortified by triple walls, in the third style of construction. 
 
 Opposite the acropolis at the distance of a few hundred paces is a hill where there are some ruins and foundations of 
 large blocks, probably a temple, with a Greek church, composed of ancient fragments, and surrounded with the largest 
 olive trees I ever beheld. Here the traveller is gratified by a beautiful view of Echinus, and of the classical distances 
 
 towards Thermopyle. Echinus was in Phthiotis, and the surrounding country, was always celebrated for its fertility._ 
 
 2d Vol. 3d Chap. 
 
29 
 
 Nos. LIX and LX. 
 
 ACROPOLIS OF PHARSALIA, IN THESSALY. 
 
 This town, at present called by the Greeks Pharsala, and Salalgik by the Turks, is situated at the northern foot of the 
 acropolis. It is a populous and commercial place. The acropolis is on a very steep hill; its walls are in some places well 
 preserved, and are fifteen feet and a half in thickness, which is double that of most of the towns in Greece, the common 
 thickness being seven or eight feet. They are constructed in some parts with a single row of blocks, but more generally 
 with a double row united, without any space in the middle. Those of Pharsalia, and other places where they are of an 
 unusual thickness, are lined on both sides with large blocks, while the interstices are filled up with smaller stones and 
 earth or mortar, the emplecton of Vitruvius. The acropolis appears to have had two gates, of which, that towards the town 
 is quite destroyed; the other, on the opposite side, is without its lintel. The walls are in the third and fourth styles. 
 Within the acropolis is a large circular cavity in the ground, apparently the remains of a treasury, like those of Mycenas 
 and Orchemenos. Strabo mentions two Pharsaliae, the old and the new; the former was on the hill which afterwards 
 became the acropolis of the new city, that was in the plain where the present town is situated. Livy calls the former 
 Paleepharsalus.—2d Vol. 4th Chap. 
 
 No. LXI. 
 
 RUINS OF AN ANCIENT CITY, NOW CALLED AIAS, NEAR THE GULF 
 
 OF PAGASA3. 
 
 The ruins of this city are at the distance of two hours from Armiro; it is probably the Aia mentioned by Stephanus. 
 The walls surrounding it are in the third and fourth styles, but those of the acropolis are chiefly of the third style, the 
 most ancient parts being composed of unhewn rocks of a larger size. 
 
 The remains of a gate are still standing in the acropolis, of the usual form, diminishing a little at top. The lintel has 
 fallen. The general thickness of the wall is ten feet. These ruins are within a mile of the Pagaseean Gulf, which is 
 beautifully varied with bays and promontories.—2d Vol. 3d Chap. 
 
30 
 
 No. LXII. 
 
 RUINS OF IOLCHOS, IN THESSALY. 
 
 The walls of Iolchos are in the same style as those at the foot of the Pergama (discovered in 1811 by Monsieur 
 Mauduis), and were probably constructed nearly at the same period. When Homer gives to Iolchos the epithet of broad, 
 he no doubt alludes to the extensive plains in the neighbourhood, and not to the city itself, which, from the nature of the 
 situation, was particularly narrow. The same poet has distinguished it by the epithet of well-built, while Seneca gives it 
 the appropriate appellation of parva. 
 
 The general thickness of the walls is nine feet. They are of the third style of construction, but the blocks are smaller 
 than in most ancient cities. I followed their traces down to the sea, where there is a veglia, or custom-house tower, now 
 no longer in use. There can be little doubt that these ruins are the remains of the ancient Iolchos, which is supposed to 
 have been founded by Cretus, one of the sons of Eolus, several years before the Trojan war. 
 
 The view from this place is, as is usual in all elevated spots in Greece, beautiful, extensive, and interesting. The 
 eye expatiates over the undulating outline of those hills which encompass the Pagasman Gulf. The summits of Eubea bound 
 the most distant part of the view. The foot of Pelion, the projecting shore of Pagas®, the plain of Demetrias, and the 
 mountains which rise beyond it, are all combined in the spacious area of this magnificent prospect.—2d Vol. 3d Chap. 
 
 No. LXIII. 
 
 VIEW OF ORCHOMENOS, IN ARCADIA. 
 
 The village of Calpachi occupies the site of Orchomenos, which owed its foundation to a son of Lycaon. The most 
 Inch was afterwards the acropolis, was situated on a high, steep, and insulated hill; the walls were fortiSed 
 luare tow ers, and may be traced round the whole of the extreme edge; in some places they are well preserved, and 
 ost ancient parts are in the rough Tirynthian style. The view from the acropolis gives a comprehensive idea of the 
 Orchomenian plain, with its lake, and its grand encircling rampart of mountains. 
 
 The village of Calpachi is situated upon the ruins of the lower town, and the cottage which we occupied stood upon the 
 i tmams of a Doric temple of white marble, some large masses of which are scattered about in the vicinity. 1 employed the 
 luntrymen to excavate, and they dug out some Doric capitals, in perfect preservation, of an elegant form. The columns had 
 only eighteen Actings. I earnestly recommend it to future travellers to persevere in excavation, by which their toil will 
 probably be amply recompensed.—2d Vol. 11th Chap. 
 
31 
 
 No. LXIV. 
 
 RUINS OF CLITOR, IN ARCADIA. 
 
 These ruins are situate in a fertile plain, surrounded by some of the loftiest mountains in Arcadia, at the northern 
 extremity of which Chelmos rises in conspicuous grandeur. 
 
 Most of the ancient walls of Clitor may be traced, though little of them remains above ground. They enclose an 
 irregular oblong space, and were fortified with circular towers. 
 
 The style of construction is nearly equilateral, which gives them an appearance of great solidity; their general thickness 
 is fifteen feet. Here are the remains of a small Doric temple, with fluted ante and columns, with capitals of a singular 
 form. Beyond the walls of the city, on the side towards the Chalybia, the ground is covered with sepulchres of the 
 hypogaia kind, similar to those at the Piraeus. They might be opened with little trouble and expense. 
 
 The principal temples of Clitor were those of Ceres, of Esculapius, and of Eileithuia. The temple of the Dioscuri was 
 four stadia from the town. 
 
 Clitor, the son of Ayan, and grandson of Archas, founded the town to which he gave his name. He was one of the 
 most powerful kings of his time, and generally resided at Lycosura.—2d Vol. 12th Chap. 
 
 No. LXV. 
 
 GULF AND PLAIN OF MESSENIA. 
 
 Few places in Greece combine a more beautiful and at the same time a more classical view than Mount Ithome. It 
 overlooks the whole extent of the once rich and warlike Messenia, which, however, in the time of Strabo, was greatly 
 depopulated, as the cities mentioned by Homer had either entirely disappeared, or had left only faint vestiges, or had 
 changed their names. 
 
 Vicissitudes, similar to those which occurred between the time of Homer and that of Strabo have continued from the 
 time of the geographer to the present day. 
 
 This beautiful and fertile region is not half cultivated, and, though irrigated with numerous rivulets, and blessed with 
 a delicious climate, at present exhibits only a few moderate villages scattered through the country. The Pamisos flows 
 through the Stenycleric plain, and its mouth, which is distinguished on its influx into the gulf, is, according to Pausanias, 
 eighty stadia from Ithome. 
 
 Near its mouth is Coron, situated upon a point of Cape Acritas. Nesi, the ancient Stenycleros, the royal residence of 
 Cresphontes, is also visible. Here the Mes^enian and Laconian armies fought: the former were conducted by Aristomenes, 
 
32 
 
 Androcles, and Phintas; the latter by their King Anaxandros, and although animated by the inspiring strains of their poet 
 Tyrtceus, were vanquished in the combat. 
 
 The distant islands of Zacunthus and Cephallenia are distinguished towards the north, over a dip of the mountain. 
 Beyond the range of the Lycceon heights, the loftier summits of Arcadia are descried white with snow. The bold and 
 broken precipices of Taygeton unite with Lycceon, and stretch far out into the Messenian gulf, while its base, dotted with 
 villages, and expanded in plains, forms the country of the hardy Mainaotes.—2d Vol. 9th Chap. 
 
 Nos. LXYI. AND LXV1I. 
 
 EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR VIEW OF THE GREAT GATE AT MESSENCE. 
 
 Pausanias appears to have felt great interest in the history of the Messenians: his description of their wars is more 
 minute and animated than any other part of his narrative. His account of the city gives us a grand idea of what it must 
 once have been, and the present splendid remains produce a conviction of his veracity. He says, “ The walls enclose not 
 only Mount Ithome, but also a space that extends towards the Pamisos under Mount Evan. The town is enclosed by a 
 good wall of stones, and defended by towers and battlements.” He adds, the fortifications are the best he ever saw, and 
 superior even to those of Ambrysos, Byzantium, and Rhodes. 
 
 The village of Mauramatia occupies the ancient site of Messene, at the distance of three quarters of a mile from the 
 great gates. The ruins of Messene are the most magnificent of their kind in Greece. A circular wall, composed of lar°-e 
 regular blocks, encloses an area of sixty-two feet diameter. In this wall are two gates, one facing Cyparissai, and the 
 other, opposite, looking towards Laconia. The architraves have fallen, but that which belonged to the Laconian gate 
 remains entire, with one end on the ground, and the other leaning against the wall. It has a fissure, occasioned probably 
 by its fall; and it is likely that in a few years this magnificent block, which is nineteen feet in length, will be broken. 
 Within the circular court is a square niche in the wall, probably for a statue; beneath is an inscription, which is in 
 Fourmont’s collection of inscriptions in the King’s library at Paris.—2d Vol. 9th Chap. 
 
 No. LXVIII. 
 
 RUINS OF METHANA, IN ARGO LIS. 
 
 The ancient city of Methana was situated in the plain at the foot of its acropolis, and extended to the sea, near which 
 are a few remains of two edifices, one of Doric, the other of Ionic order, composed of white marble, and of small proportions. 
 Pausanias only notices the Temple of Isis at Methana. The walls of the acropolis are regularly constructed and well 
 preserved, extending round the edge of the rock, which rises about thirty feet above the plain. Twenty-one layers of the 
 
33 
 
 wall are still remaining in the most perfect part, and are constructed according to the emplecton of Vitruvius, with a hard 
 mass of small stones, mortar, tiles, and earth, coated with stones of a regular masonry. 
 
 No. LXIX 
 
 ANCIENT GATE AT METHANA. 
 
 On* gate only remains at Methana. It is of singular construction, being square on the exterior side of the wall, and 
 pointed in the interior. Near the gate is a square tower; and higher up the rock, one of a circular form, of small 
 dimensions. Two dilapidated churches are seen within the acropolis; one of them contains the following inscription, on a 
 
 slab of grey marble:— 
 
 AIONYCION.ArA.0 ANIIO AEI.TEIANIIO AIT 
 EYCAMENON.rENOMENON.AEIIANEMIlNA 
 EPMO.rENHCTON.QEION.KATA.THNBOY.AIICIN 
 TOY.IIATPOCTON.PHTOPA. 
 
 The promontory of Methana has been fortified in other places; and we are informed that there are the small and 
 imperfect remains of three other palaio-castros • within the peninsula.—2d Vol. 7th Chap. 
 
 No. LXX. 
 
 WEST FRONT OF THE GREAT GATE OF THE PROPYLrEA AT ATHENS. 
 
 Thu great height of the Propyloean gates evinces the magnificence of the edifice when entire. The largest, or middle 
 gate, was no less than twenty-six feet six inches in height, and nearly fourteen in breadth at the base; they diminish a 
 little towards the top, buttheyare so much encumbered, that their measurements cannot be ascertained with perfect accuracy. 
 Of five gates, only three are visible above ground. Of the two smaller gates, only a part of the lintel is left uuburied. The 
 two second tjates are twenty fee, high, and nine and a half broad, being of equal dimensions. The two third gates, which 
 are also of equal sines, are twelve feet and a half in height, and four feet eight inches in breadth. 
 
 * The words “ yalaio-castro" are 
 uined town or castle. 
 
 used by some of the Byaantine historian, in the same sense in which the, ate ado^fd « «“> d*Y. 
 
34 
 
 The lintel over the middle gate is one of the largest masses of marble I have seen, being twenty-two fee, and a half in 
 length, four feet in thickness, and three feet three inches in breadth. It must, accordingly, weigh at least twenty-two tons 
 The lintel of the second gate is sixteen feet ten inches in length, and three feet in th.cknes. That of the smaller gate ,s 
 nrne feet and a half in length, and three feet in thickness.—1st Vol. Oth Chap. 
 
 No. LXXI. 
 
 GYMNASIUM OF PTOLEMY, AT ATHENS. 
 
 AS noun distance from ,he temp, e of Theseus, on the east, are some ruins, which Spon takes for the temple of Serapis 
 an e er or thatof Castor and Pollux, butwhich are generally supposed to be the Ptolemaion, or Gymnasium of Ptolemy 
 said by Pausanms to be near the temple of Theseus. 
 
 The foundations of this building may be traced a considemble way towards the north east, shewing that it must have 
 been of great dimensions. The most entire part consists of a high wall, composed of twenty-live layers of marble blocks 
 crowned with a pediment, part of which still remains. One of the blocks, facing the north, contains a mutilated inscription' 
 that has, however, no reference to the building. Parts of the walls are constructed with alternate layers of small and largl 
 blocks, like the pedestal of Agnppa, in the acropolis.—1st Vol. 12th Chap. 
 
 The Editor regrets not having found any Te.vt to accompany the Views of Pelasgic Remains in Italy.-The Author no doubt 
 intended writing a short account of those Ruins in Italy had he lived to superintend the present publication.'’ 
 
LIST OF PLATES 
 
 VIEWS IN GREECE, WITH DESCRIPTIONS. 
 
 Pace. 
 
 1 Ruins of Lycosura, in Arcadia. 
 
 2 General View of Tiryns, and the Plain of Argos 
 
 3 View of the Walls of Tiryns. 
 
 4 Pointed Gate in the West Wall of Tiryns. 
 
 5 Acropolis of Mycenae. 
 
 6 Gate of the Lions, at Mycenae. 
 
 7 Back of the Gate of the Lions. 
 
 8 Small Gate of the Acropolis of Mycenae. 
 
 9 Exterior View of the Treasury of Atreus. 
 
 10 Interior of the Treasury of Atreus. 
 
 11 Portal to one of the Treasuries at Mycenae... 
 
 12 The Plain of Argos. 
 
 13 Treasury of Minyas, at Orchomenos, in Boeotia. 
 
 14 Gate of the Acropolis of Orchomenos. 
 
 15 Walls and Tower of Orchomenos. 
 
 16 Acropolis of Chaeroneia. 
 
 17 Projecting Wall in the Acropolis of Chaeroneia. 
 
 18 Ruins of Gortys. 
 
 19 One of the Gates of Gortys, in Arcadia. 
 
 20 Plain of Thoricus, in Attica.„. 
 
 21 Ruins of a Tower at Thoricus. 
 
 22 Little pointed Gate at Thoricus. 
 
 23 Theatre at Thoricus. 
 
 24 Ruins of a Doric Building at Thoricus. 
 
 25 Ruins of an ancient City near Messalongi, in CEtolia ... 
 
 26 An Ancient Gate of the ruined City near Messalongi. 
 
 27 Pointed Gates in the ruined City near Messalongi. 
 
 28 General View of the pointed Gates. 
 
 29 Small Theatre in the above ancient City. 
 
 30 Walls of Galaxidi, the ancient iEantlie, in Ozoloea Locris 
 
 31 Gate at Agia Euphemia, in Ozoloea Locris. 
 
 32 Town of Salona, and Ruins of Amphissa, the ancient 
 
 Capital of Ozoloea Locris. 
 
 33 Acropolis of Amphissa. 
 
 34 Ruins of Delphi, in Phocis. 
 
 35 View at ditto. 
 
 36 Ancient Sepulchres near Delphi. 
 
 37 The same, with the Gulf and Plain of Crissa. 
 
 3 
 
 ib. 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 ib. 
 
 7 
 
 ib. 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 ib. 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 ib. 
 
 12 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 13 
 ib. 
 
 14 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 ib. 
 
 17 
 ib. 
 
 18 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 19 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 20 
 ib. 
 
 Page. 
 
 38 
 
 Ruins of Lilaia, in Phocis. 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 Terrace Walls and Drains of the Temple of Minerva 
 Cranea. 
 
 
 41 
 
 Ruins of an ancient City in Doris 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 Ruins of Tithoroea, in Phocis .. 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 One of the Towers of Tithoroea 
 
 
 7 
 
 44 
 
 Acropolis of Daulia. 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 A Gate of the Acropolis of Daulia. 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 46 
 
 Ruins of Panopius.... 
 
 
 47 
 
 Ruins of Haliartus, in Boeotia.. 
 
 
 ~ 3 
 
 48 
 
 Ruins of Thisbe, in Boeotia. 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 Ruins of Platoea, in Boeotia. 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 Ruins at Gyphto-Castro, the ancient Eleutherai... 
 
 
 25 
 
 52 
 
 Tower and Gates at ditto. 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 Castle of Phyle, in Attica. 
 
 
 % 
 
 54 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 The Pnyx at Athens. 
 
 
 7 
 
 56 
 
 Ruins at the Pirmus 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 Plain of Trachyuia, and Ruins of an ancient City 
 
 on 
 
 
 
 Mount Octa. 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 Ruins of Echinus, in Thessaly. 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 59 
 
 Acropolis of Pbarsalia, in Thessaly. 
 
 
 60 
 
 Gate in the Acropolis of ditto. 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 Ruins of an ancient City, now called Aias, near 
 
 the 
 
 
 
 Gulf of Pagaste. 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 Ruins of Iolchos, in Thessaly.. . 
 
 
 Ui- 
 
 63 
 
 View of Orchomenos, in Arcadia 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 Ruins of Clitor, in Arcadia .... 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 Gulf and Plain of Messenia ... 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 Exterior View of the Great Gate at Messenia. 
 
 
 32 
 
 67 
 
 Interior View of ditto .... 
 
 
 68 
 
 Ruins of Melhana, in Argolis_ 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 69 
 
 Ancient Gate at Methana .. 
 
 
 70 
 
 West Front of the Great Gate of the Propylma, 
 
 at 
 
 
 
 Athens. 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 Gymnasium of Ptolemy, at Athens. 
 
 
 34 
 
VIEWS IN ITALY. 
 
 72 Ruins of Norba in Latium. 
 
 73 A Gate at Norba. 
 
 74 Another Gate at ditto. 
 
 75 Great Gate at ditto. 
 
 76 Interior of the ditto. 
 
 77 Subterraneous Gate at Norba. 
 
 78 Great Buttress at ditto. 
 
 79 Another View of ditto. 
 
 80 Walls of Norba. 
 
 81 View of Signia. 
 
 82 Gate of Signia, called Porta Saracenica. 
 
 83 Inside of the same Gate. 
 
 84 A Subterraneous Gate at Signia. 
 
 85 Another Gate at ditto. 
 
 86 Remains of a Temple at ditto. 
 
 87 Walls of Signia. 
 
 88 Walls at Cora, and Temple of Castor and Pollux. 
 
 89 A Street and Polygon Walls at Cora. 
 
 90 Walls at ditto. 
 
 91 A Bridge at ditto. 
 
 92 Subterraneous Gate at Alatrium. 
 
 93 Great Gate at ditto. 
 
 94 Inside View of the Great Gate. 
 
 95 Another Gate at Alatrium. 
 
 96 Walls of Alatrium. 
 
 97 Polygon Walls and Roman Gate at Ferentinum. 
 
 98 Gate at Ferentinum (called Porta Sanguinaria), anc 
 
 99 Another Gate at Ferentinum. 
 
 100 Walls at Ferentinum. 
 
 101 Another View of ditto. 
 
 102 A Cavern at Mount Circoei. 
 
 103 General View of Circoei. 
 
 104 Walls of ditto. 
 
 105 Walls of Terracina. 
 
 106 Ruins of ditto. 
 
 107 Ancient Walls and Modern Gate at ditto. 
 
 108 Remains of a Temple near ditto. 
 
 109 Remains of a Bridge at ditto. 
 
 110 Aqueduct three miles from Terracina 
 
 111 Ruins of Proeneste. 
 
 112 Walls of ditto. 
 
 113 Ditto. 
 
 114 Ditto. 
 
 115 View of Sezze, the Ancient Setium. 
 
 116 Walls at Setium. 
 
 117 Ditto. 
 
 118 Ditto. 
 
 119 Remains of a Temple at ditto. 
 
 120 Ditto. 
 
 121 Walls at Bevil&cqua, near Fracasti. 
 
 122 Walls at Colonocelli, near Tivoli. 
 
 123 Walls at Vitriano, near Tivoli. 
 
 124 Walls at the Villa of Cassius, near Tivoli. 
 
 125 Walls on the Via di Casciano, near Tivoli. 
 
 126 Ditto. 
 
 127 Ancient Sepulchre near Cortona. 
 
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