LEOPOLD CASSELLA & C° FRANKFORT o. M. Brown. CASSELLA COLOR COMPANY (AMERICAN BRANCH OF LEOPOLD CASSELLA & C°) 182 AND 184 FRONT STREET NEW YORK BOSTON: 68 essex street PHILADELPHIA: 126 and 128 south front street PROVIDENCE: 64 exchange place ATLANTA: 47 north pryor street MONTREAL, p. q..- 86 and 88 youville square. No. 2484. » Immedial Brown. Besides the blue and black Immedial Colours, the brown dyestuffs of this group are steadily gaining in importance owing to the fact that by exceedingly simple methods of working any useful shade of brown, possessing promi¬ nent properties of fastness, may be produced therewith. The following are the dyestuffs belonging to this group: Immedial Cutch O pat. Immedial Cutch G pat. Immedial Brown B pat. Immedial Maroon B cone. pat. Immedial Dark Brown A pat. Immedial Dark Brown cone. pat. Immedial Brown W cone. pat. Immedial Brown RK cone. pat. Immedial Yellow Brown E pat. Immedial Bronze A pat. The baths are charged alike for all brands, with 1 part dyestuff Va—1 „ sodium sulphide crystals Va—1 „ soda ash 1 / / 2 —5 „ common salt. In dyeing light shades, the larger quantity of sodium sul¬ phide and a reduced quantity of salt are used; for dark shades the smaller quantity of sodium sulphide crystals is sufficient, whereas the larger quantity of salt should be used. If sodium sulphide concentrated be used, only half the quantity as of sodium sulphide crystals is required. Quantities sodium sulphide 4 Dissolving The dyestuffs are best dissolved in wooden vessels by the dyestuff's. v J pouring some hot water over them in which part of the sodium sulphide required for dyeing is dissolved. Vessels, pipes and fittings of brass or copper must not be used in dissolving or dyeing; any metal parts should consist of iron or lead. For dissolving Immedial Maroon B cone, not more than one part of sodium sulphide crystals for every four parts of dyestuff should be used, the quantity of sodium sulphide may however be increased at will for the dyeing. starting bath. When dyeing medium and dark shades the baths do not exhaust, and the starting baths should therefore be charged with a somewhat larger quantity of dyestuff. As a general rule, about one half of the dyestuff will remain in the bath in the case of dark shades, and about one-third in the case of medium shades. The exhausting of the baths is to a great extent de¬ pendent on the volume of liquor used, so that the shorter the bath, the better it will exhaust. Our remarks apply to a volume of liquor of about 20 times the weight of the cotton to be dyed. Dyeing In dyeing subsequent lots the amount of sodium sulphide subsequent ^ ± lots. should always be regulated by, and be in proportion to, the dyestuff as stated above, whereas the quantities of soda and salt may be considerably reduced. Generally about \ 4 to l / 8 th of the quantities of soda and salt used for the starting bath are employed, but even this addition is only necessary until the bath is used for the 6 th or 8 th time, when it can in most cases be omitted altogether. The quantity of salt contained in the bath can at all times be easily determined by measuring with an areometer; for light shades, the bath should never titrate more than 4—6° Tw. and for dark shades 12—15° Tw. When the bath has attained this density, a further addition of soda or salt is unnecessary. Temperature The dy e i n g usually takes place at the boil, but may also of the 1 dye-baths. be carried out at a lower temperature if necessary, in which case only the first bath need be charged with a somewhat larger quantity of dyestuff*. 5 Immedial Maroon B cone, dyes somewhat more reddish shades at a lower temperature (abt. 120—140 0 F.). For materials which are difficult to dye through, it is recommendable to add to the hath a little Turkey-red oil, l°/o reckoned on the weight of the cotton being sufficient. More reddish shades may be obtained with Immedial Maroon B cone, by adding some glue (about half the weight of the dye¬ stuff). Dextrine may also be used instead of glue, but the latter is to be given the preference. Immedial Cutch G and 0 may be dyed without the addition of sodium sulphide, in which case the dyestuff is stirred to a paste with double the quantity of caustic soda lye of 77 0 Tw., and boiling water is poured over this mixture, which is then added to the dye-bath containing 3 lbs common salt per 10 gallons water. The dyeing instructions are otherwise the same. An aftertreatment with bichromate of potash and sulphate of copper causes a decided improvement in the fastness to light, the shades usually becoming at the same time somewhat darker; the goods are treated for 15 to 20 minutes in a boiling hot bath containing 1—2 % sulphate of copper 1— 2 °/° bichromate of potash 2— 3 °/o acetic acid and rinsed. The brown Immedial Colours may be combined at will with any of the other Immedial Colours. For shading purposes the following products come in the first place into consideration : Immedial Yellow D pat. Immedial Orange C pat. Immedial Olive B pat. Immedial Dark Green B Immedial Black NR pat. These dyestuffs are dyed in the same manner as the Immedial Browns. Special- additions to the dye-bath. Dyeing without sodium sulphide Aftertreatment with metallic salts. Shading the dyeings. Brightening with basic colours. In order to brighten the dyeings, they are sometimes topped with basic colours, for which purpose we recommend Safranine Bismarck Brown Tannin Orange pat. Thioflavine T pat. Brilliant Green Solid Green New Methylene Blue GG pat. Methyl Violet. The quantities of dyestuff used for topping being* as a rule very small, they do not appreciably affect the fastness of the dyeings. The topping is carried out in a cold or lukewarm bath containing 5—10 °/o acetic acid or alum. Special Dyeing Instructions. A. The Dyeing of Cotton Yarn. The starting baths are charged with a volume of water 20 times the weight of the yarn; the most suitable dyeing vessels are ordinary wooden vats, which are best provided at one end with squeezing rollers in order to prevent too great a loss of dye-liquor. The well boiled yarn is dyed on straight sticks for about 1 hour, each stick being given a few turns before lifting; the yarn is then squeezed off and rinsed immediately in cold water. For further particulars regarding the dyeing of cotton yarn with Immedial Colours see our book on ’’Cotton Dyeing”. Dyeing instructions for 100 lbs of cotton, according to the depth of shade. Starting bath: 1— 6 lbs soda ash 4—14 „ dyestuff 4—12 „ sodium sulphide crystals 4—60 „ common salt or desicc. Glauber’s salt. For subsequent lots: 1— 2 lbs soda ash 2— 10 „ dyestuff 2—8 „ sodium sulphide crystals 6 „ common salt or desicc. Glauber’s salt. When dyeing pale shades in the standing bath, the addition of salt may be omitted for subsequent lots. Immedial Maroon B cone, is dyed at a temperature of only about 120 to 140 0 F. instead of at the boil. 8 B. The Dyeing of Loose Cotton. The starting baths are charged with a volume of water about 20 times the weight of the cotton, the most suitable dyeing vessels being wooden or iron vats. The dry cotton is entered into the boiling dye-bath, boiled for about 15 minutes then kept well covered by the liquor for V 2 to 3 / 4 hour. The cotton is then thrown into baskets so that the liquor may drain into the dye-bath, rinsed by pouring cold water over it, and finally washed thoroughly in the washing machine. By using an iron hydroextractor the greater part of the dye-liquor may be recovered through whizzing the cotton straight from the baskets. For further particulars regarding the dyeing of loose cotton with Immedial Colours see our book on ’’Cotton Dyeing”. The instructions given for the dyeing of yarns are likewise applicable for loose cotton. 9 C. The Dyeing of Piece-Goods. The most suitable dyeing vessel is a jigger provided with squeezing rollers; the ordinary jigger may however be employed equally well for brown shades, particularly light ones. The goods are dyed at the boil with 6 or 8 passages, and after squeezing are immediately run into another jigger filled with cold water. Dyeing Instructions. Starting bath: 5 oz soda ash \ 5—24 „ dyestuff 1 8—24 „ sodium sulphide crystals > per °* 8—24 „ common salt or desicc. I Glauber’s salt / to which are added the quantities actually absorbed by the fibre, viz: 2 fh °/o dyestuff ) calculated on the 2—10 °/° sodium sulphide crystals ) weight of the goods. Additions to the standing bath, according to the shade required: V?— 2 °/o soda ash 2—10 °/o dyestuff 2—10 °/o sodium sulphide crystals 1— 2 °/° common salt or desicc. Glauber’s salt The goods are dyed for 3 / 4 to 1 hour at the boil, squeezed off, and rinsed immediately. Goods difficult to penetrate are dyed with a little less Glauber’s salt, adding in its place V 2 to 1 °/o Turkey-red oil calculated on the weight of the goods. calculated on the weight of the goods. 10 D. Warp-Dyeing. Full particulars regarding the dyeing of cotton warps in different kinds of machines will be found in our book on ’’Cotton Dyeing”. The bath is charged approximately as follows: Starting bath: 5 oz soda ash 5—24 „ dyestuff j per 5—24 „ sodium sulphide crystals - io gallons 24 „ common salt or desicc. 1 liquor. Glauber’s salt / During the operation the bath is replenished with 72 — 2 °/o soda ash 4—10 °/o dyestuff 4— 8 °/° sodium sulphide crystals 3 °/° common salt or desicc. Glauber’s salt calculated on the weight of the goods. The warp is passed through the hot bath (severe boiling should be avoided), then squeezed off, and finally rinsed very thoroughly If an aftertreatment with metallic salts be required, this should be carried out in a fresh bath on a separate machine. 11 E. Machine-Dyeing. The starting bath is charged with Id/s— 5 oz soda ash 9 —18 „ sodium sulphide crystals 8 —24 „ cryst. Glauber’s salt { \ per 10 gallons liquor and with 4 —15 °/o dyestuff, calculated on the weight of the goods. For dyeing subsequent lots, about the following quantities are required: 1 — 3 % soda ash 3 — 9°/o dyestuff 3 — 9 °/o sodium sulphide crystals 2 — 5 d /° cryst. Glauber’s salt The dyeing is carried out in the usual manner. At the end of the dyeing operation the dye-liquor is pressed off or drawn off by vacuum as quickly as possible. The adhering liquor may also be pressed off by means of dry steam. The goods must always be finally well rinsed. Further particulars regarding machine-dyeing of Immedial Colours will be found in our book on ’’Cotton Dyeing”. Without guarantee. Name of the Colour Fastness to Washing Fastness Fastness to . , to Light Stoving | Fast¬ ness i to Hot dress¬ ing Fastness to Chloring Fastness to Acids Remarks Immedial Cutch 0 Immedial Cutch G Exceedingly good. Dyed direct, II-III; aftertreated with bichromate of potash and sulphate of copper, IV. I 1 Good. IV. The shade becomes a little paler and yellower. • | Very good; they stand subsequent dyeing in an acid bath very well without tinging the wool. Immedial Cutch 0 yields a bright orange-brown, G a deeper, more yelloivish brown; both brands servd principally for imitations of the peculiar Cutch shades. By an afterM treatment with chrome and copper the shades are someirhat darken* ijj and the fastness to light is decidedly * improved. Immedial Brown B Immedial Dark Brown A Immedial Dark Brown cone. Very good. Dyed direct, III; aftertreated with bichromate of potash and sulphate of copper, IV. Good, very slightly changed. IV. Not so good as Immedial Cutch. Same as with Immedial Cutch. These three brands of Immedial Brown dye duller shades than Immem ’ dial Cutch; they serve for shading these and for producing deep brown shades; they are further used extend sively for mode shades. By an afterMs treatment with chrome and copper the shades are somewhat saddened. Immedial Brown RR Immedial Brown W cone. Very good. Dyed direct, III; aftertreated with bichromate of potash and sulphate of copper, IV. Good, very slightly changed. IV. Same as with Immedial Brown B. 1 Same as with Immedial Cutch. Both brands serve principally jor reddish and full shades of brownM by an after treatment with chrome and copper the shades are somewhaiR darkened. Immedial Maroon B cone. Same as with Immedial Cutch, exceedingly good. Dyed direct, very good, III—IV. Good, very slightly changed. IV. Same as with Immedial Brown B. Same as with Immedial Cutch. Immedial Maroon B cone, is the reddest brown of the sulphideM group; it is distinguished for its excellent fastness to light, washing Jp and acids and therefore used to a large extent for producing maroonM prune and other reddish tones as welly as generally for shading purposes Immedial Maroon B cone, has l also been extensively introduced form the dyeing of warps fast to acidsm for plush and other union goods. ] Immedial Yellow Brown E Same as with Immedial Brown B. Dved direct, 'll -III; aftertreated with bichromate of potash and sulphate of copper, IV. Good- IV. Same as with Immedial Brown B. Same us with Immedial Cutch. Serves principally for the pro duction of bright yel'ow-brown shadesm and for shading bronze and olivet shades; the shade is darkened whenW aftertreated with chrome and cower m Immedial Bronze G Same as with Immedial Brown B III. Good. IV. Same as with Immedial Brown B. Same as with 1 Immedial Cutch. Distinguished for its easily level-W ling properties and serving for theW production of pale mode shades. Immedial Yellow D Immedial Orange C 1 Very good, do not bleed on white even in severe washing. Dyed direct, II-III; aftertreated with bichromate of potash and sulphate ! of copper, IV. 1 Good. IV. Some as with Immedial Brown B. Same as with Immedial Cutch. 1 Serve principally as shadingU products for bright yellow-brown anrfH olive shades and behave same as thewk Immedial Cutch brands in respect toW properties of fastness. By an after treatment with chrome and copper them shades of both products are consider "A I. Immedial Colours (Self Shades), Immedial Brown RR pat. Immedial Cutch 0 pat. Immedial Brown W cone. pat. Immedial Catch G pat. Immedial Yellow Brown E pat. Immedial Brown B pat. Immedial Dark Brown A pat. Immedial Orange C pat. Immedial Dark Brown cone. pat. Immedial Yellow D pat. Immedial Maroon B cone. pat. Immedial Bronze A pat The stated quantities of colouring matter are those used in the standing bath. 13 Cotton Yarn. For bright orange and yellow-brown shades Immedial Cutch 0 and G are especially well adapted and deserve particular attention on account of their excellent fastness to washing, whereas Immedial Maroon B cone., the most reddish of the brown sulphide colours, is very serviceable for the production of more reddish shades. The other brands of Immedial Brown serve mainly for the production of full shades of brown and may be shaded at will with Immedial Cutch or Immedial Orange and Immedial Yellow D. For darkening purposes one of the Immedial Blacks can usually be employed, Immedial Black NR which dyes very level being especially well adapted. The products are very extensively employed for all purposes in yarn and warp-dyeing, particularly for weaving yarns, for the production of shades fast to acids in union goods, for hosiery yarn, and for dyeing sail and tent cloth in the yarn. As they level well and penetrate easily when dyed in machines, they have also been very successfully introduced for the dyeing of cops, cheeses and beamed warps. II. 25 29 Cutch Shades. 3,5 % Immedial Yellow D pat. 11,05 % Immedial Dork Brown A pot.