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ANCIENT COINS 
 
 OF 
 
 GREER CITIES AND KINGS. 
 
ANCIENT COINS 
 
 OF 
 
 GREEK CITIES AND KINGS. 
 
 FROM VARIOUS COLLECTIONS 
 
 PRINCIPALLY IN GREAT BRITAIN 
 
 ILLUSTRATED AND EXPLAINED 
 
 BY 
 
 JAMES MILLINGEN, Esq. R. A. R. S. L. 
 
 AND MEMBER OF VARIOUS FOREIGN ACADEMIES. 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 MDCCCXXXI. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2013 
 
 http://archive.org/details/ancientcoinsofgrOOmill 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The Plates annexed to the present publication were engraved, several 
 years ago, for a Work entitled "Ancient Unedited Monuments of Greek 
 Art ", and was intended to include Marbles, Bronzes, Fictile Vases, Gems, 
 Coins, and other remains of Antiquity. 
 
 The first number of this Work appeared in 1822, and was continued 
 successively, till from want of encouragement, and having experienced 
 a considerable loss, the author was obliged to give up the undertaking, 
 and confine it to ten numbers, forming two volumes, one of Fictile Vases, 
 the other, of Statues, Busts, and Bas-reliefs. 
 
 It will scarcely be credited, that in a country so opulent as Great-Bri- 
 tain, where the want of a similar publication has been so often and so 
 generally acknowledged, the number of subscribers did not exceed Twenty. 
 
 Of the merits or demerits of the Work in a literary point of view, it 
 does not become the author to speak, but in the selection of the va- 
 rious Monuments which the plates contain, and their importance with 
 reference both to Art and Science, and with regard to the fidelity of the 
 engravings in preserving, as much as possible, the peculiar style and cha- 
 racter of the original monuments, he ventures to assert that the Work 
 in question may contend (in proportion to its extent), with the most 
 costly publications of the same kind which have hitherto appeared. 
 
 It would be foreign to the subject to investigate generally the causes of 
 the state of neglect into \\ Inch the Fine Arts and various branches of 
 Literature connected with the study of them, are fallen. Some obser- 
 vations however with respect to the Numismatic Science will not be 
 misplaced on this occasion. 
 
 In justice to truth, it must be confessed, however reluctantly, that this 
 branch of learning, of which the utility is so generally appreciated, and 
 which has been cultivated with so much success in Italy, France and Ger- 
 
VJ PREFACE. 
 
 many, has been little attended to in this country. We have no names to 
 oppose to those of Vaillant, Buonarotti, Spanheim, Morel, Havercamp, 
 Froelich, Eckhell and Visconti. 
 
 The only numismatic works deserving of any notice, which have ap- 
 peared in England are, the Tesoro Britannico of Haym, and the Cata- 
 logue of the Bodleian Collection, by Wise. The first possesses consi- 
 derable merit, especially when compared with others of the same period, 
 and contributed greatly to the advancement of the numismatic science. 
 Its author, who was an Italian, has been abused with great virulence and 
 scurrility by Pinkerton, but most unjustly, as in knowledge of coins. 
 Haym was far superior to the latter, who was merely a compiler and 
 totally unacquainted with the subject. 
 
 Wise in his catalogue has displayed much learning and criticism, and 
 it must be regretted that he had not a more ample field for the exer- 
 cise of his talents. It certainly reflects little credit on the University, not 
 to have allowed an annual sum to keep up and improve a collection of 
 which such a good foundation existed, and which every seminary of learn- 
 ing ought to possess. 
 
 The catalogues of lord Pembroke's Collection, and of Dr. Hunter's 
 Greek Cities, are useful productions, and deserve great praise, as offer- 
 ing materials for study; but being without explanations cannot lay 
 claim to any literary merit. The same may be said of the catalogue of 
 the Greek Coins of the British Museum published by the Trustees in 1814. 
 
 The neglect of the numismatic science appears the more unaccount- 
 able, when it is considered that, owing to its extensive relations with 
 foreign parts, the opulence of its inhabitants and their peculiar disposi- 
 tion for travelling, this country has greater opportunities than any other 
 in Europe of cultivating antiquarian pursuits. 
 
 The number of private collections existing in England, has been, and 
 is, in fact, much greater than in any other country. It will suffice to 
 name those of Lord Pembroke, the Duke of Devonshire, Mr. Tyssen, the 
 Rev. Mr. Cracherode, Lord North wick, Mr. Thomas, Mr. Trattle, and 
 above all, those of Dr. Hunter and Mr. Payne Knight. 
 
PREFACE. vij 
 
 But private Collections are by their nature difficult of* access, and like 
 private libraries, useful only to their owners. Public repositories alone 
 afford means for study, and contribute to the advancement of learning. 
 It is without doubt to the deficiency of them, that this and many other 
 branches of science have been so little cultivated. Nor have we in our 
 Universities professors of Archaeology as are found in all similar insti- 
 tutions on the continent. 
 
 Till so late a period as the year 1800, no public Collection of the kind 
 existed in the capital of the richest empire in Europe. The British Mu- 
 seum possessed, it is true, a few coins acquired accidentally, and chiefly 
 by donations, but of little consequence, and with a just sense of pro- 
 priety, they were never shown. 
 
 The first foundation of a National Collection was at length due to the 
 munificence of a private individual, the Rev. Mordaunt Cracherode, emi- 
 nent for the higher virtues of piety and benevolence, as well as distin- 
 guished by bis learning and taste for the Arts, who bequeathed to the 
 British Museum, a valuable library, a great number of ancient prints and 
 drawings, and a choice collection of Greek and Roman Coins (1). 
 
 In what state of abandonment this most useful department of science 
 had been left previously to this period, may be seen by the Catalogue 
 of the Greek Series published by the Trustees in i8i4- Poor as the 
 collection then was ( as a National one ), the far greater number and the 
 most important coins were due to its late benefactor. 
 
 In reference to the publication just mentioned, it may be proper to 
 state, that however laudable the intentions of the Trustees may have 
 been, their judgment and knowledge of the subject are not entitled to the 
 same praise. The collection was at the time so inferior to those of several 
 private individuals in the country, without mentioning the public establish- 
 ments at Paris, Vienna, Florence and Munich, that to make it known 
 
 (1) It is with peculiar satisfaction, that the author finds here an opportunity of paying a tribute to the 
 memory of a venerable friend, to whom he is principally indebted for his inclinations to Archeological 
 studies. 
 
V11J PREFACE. 
 
 with so much pomp, was a display of poverty not honorable to the es- 
 tablishment, and still less to those who had the direction of public affairs. 
 
 The expence incurred was also in a great measure useless, many of the 
 coins having been previously published, or offering trifling varieties. In- 
 stead of fifteen Plates, all the objects which deserved to be made known, 
 might have been comprized in six. 
 
 After i8i4, when the Catalogue in question appeared, the collection 
 assumed a far more respectable character, and was more than doubled 
 in numbers and interest, by the acquisition of the collections of Mr. Town- 
 ley, Capt. Cust, Col. de Bosset, and Lord Elgin ; besides some other pur- 
 chases of less importance (i). 
 
 But to the munificence of the late Mr. Payne Knight, the country is 
 especially indebted. That distinguished scholar bequeathed to the Mu- 
 seum, a splendid collection of Vases, Coins, Bronzes, Gems, objects in 
 gold and silver, and other productions of ancient art. His collection of 
 Greek Coins, the result of forty years unremitting labour and expence, 
 was peculiarly remarkable, and had attained, in some branches, the high- 
 est degree of eminence. With this accession, the Greek series of the Mu- 
 seum might be considered in 1824, as rivalling, on the whole, that of 
 the French Collection, acknowledged hitherto, the first in Europe. The 
 subsequent acquisitions made by the latter, while we have remained 
 stationary, have restored, however, to our rivals their previous supe- 
 riority. 
 
 After so many testimonies of individual patriotism, it must appear 
 extraordinary that the Government of the country should not have been 
 animated by similar sentiments of liberality. Opportunities the most 
 favorable occurred, but were neglected. The collections of Dr. Hunter and 
 lord Pembroke were proposed to the Government, and although their 
 acquisition would have given us in this department of science, a decided 
 preeminence highly honorable to a nation, they were refused. 
 
 It might be supposed that the expence was too great; but this was not 
 
 (1) The whole amount of the Ancient Coins purchased by the Museum, from the year 1800 to 1830 
 does not exceed Nine Thousand Pounds, forming on an average, the annual sum of Three Hundred Pounds. 
 Many private collectors are more liberal. 
 
PREFACE. IX 
 
 the case : after the sale of duplieates, the whole amount would not have 
 exceeded Twenty Thousand Pounds which for greater convenience might 
 have been paid by instalments. Such opportunities when neglected are 
 often lost for ever. 
 
 The parcimony displayed on this occasion is the more surprising, 
 when it is reflected that for the last forty years, the annual expenditure 
 of the state has amounted on an average to Fifty Millions : from this im- 
 mense sum an annual grant of Ten Thousand Pounds dedicated to the 
 maintenance and improvement of Libraries, Collections of Natural His- 
 story, Antiquities, and various Departments of Public Instruction and the 
 Fine Arts, would have sufficed. Certainly such a grant could produce 
 no inconvenience to the State. 
 
 Melancholy is the consideration that such a trifling sum could not 
 be spared for objects so honourable, when at the same time, so many 
 Millions were lavished for the most disgraceful purposes; abroad, in wars 
 not undertaken for national interests, but to gratify the passions of a 
 Faction hostile to every improvement in the state of society : at home, 
 to subvert gradually by corruption the institutions intended to protect our 
 liberties. Thanks to Providence, the nation is at length roused from its 
 apathy, and we may hope for better things in future. Reform is inevitable, 
 and our Constitution restored to its original principles, alike hostile 
 to despotism and licentiousness, will be no longer a deception, but a 
 truth. 
 
 Returning to the noble and patriotic donation of Mr. Knight, it is re- 
 quisite to notice the Catalogue of his Greek coins, which has been recently 
 published. Though announced as printed from an autograph manus- 
 cript of the late learned possessor, this production, contrary to every ex- 
 pectation, is incontestably the most feeble of the kind which has appear- 
 ed for a long time. Full of the most palpable errors, which have long 
 since been exploded, and a school-boy would not have committed at the 
 present day, it is wholly devoid of every sort of order and method, and 
 must be esteemed alike injurious, to the state of Science in this country, to 
 the literary character and judgment of the Trustees by whose order it 
 was printed, and to the memory of Mr. Knight. 
 
X PREFACE. 
 
 With regard to the first and second of these points, the author pro- 
 poses offering some observations on a future occasion. At present, he 
 shall notice only the last. 
 
 Having had for many years the honor of Mr. Knight's acquaintance, 
 the author who, though differing from him in opinion on various subjects, 
 always entertained a high esteem for his profound learning, and zealous 
 patronage of the Arts, considers it a duty to vindicate his memory on this 
 occasion, by placing the facts in their true light. 
 
 The manuscript in question is simply an assemblage of a number of 
 loose notes, made at different periods, some perhaps 4o years ago, before 
 the works of Eckhell and many recent discoveries were generally known : 
 they were intended to register new acquisitions of coins successively in- 
 serted in the Collection; as such, they were generally written in haste, from 
 memory, and without reference to books on the subject. In this state, 
 they were the materials from which Mr. Knight intended to have formed 
 a regular Catalogue, but engaged in questions of greater interest, he 
 never had leisure for the execution of such a tedious and minute task- 
 Some time before his death, finding his strength decay, it appears that 
 he collected these notes, and transcribed them hastily as they now stand, 
 with the view of forming an Inventory for the convenience of the Trustees 
 of the Museum, to whose care the Collection was to be consigned at his 
 demise. As such, it was never intended to be made public; nor could 
 Mr. Knight have ever thought of offering to the world a production in 
 such a deformed and unfinished state. The Trustees ought therefore, 
 consistently with the intention of the donor, to have submitted the 
 manuscript to such a revisal and correction, as its author would himself 
 have effected, and in acting otherwise, all the errors of the publication 
 can be attributed solely to them. These observations of course, can 
 never apply to the Trustees in general, but to two or three members of 
 that body who assume the direction of the establishment. 
 
 In concluding, a few words on the importance of numismatic publicat- 
 ions shall be added. If coins are admitted to be of all Ancient Monu- 
 ments, those which afford the most extensive and varied sources of infor- 
 mation, they are also those of which the preservation is the most difficult, 
 
PREFACE. XI 
 
 on account of their exiguity, and the dangers to which they are exposed 
 from ignorance and dishonesty. 
 
 Collected usually by men of learning and taste, they afterwards fall, 
 according to the natural course of things, into the hands of heirs, gene- 
 rally ignorant and impatient of enjoyment. When of brass, they are con- 
 sidered with contempt, and often thrown away; while those of gold and 
 silver, estimated according to their intrinsic value, are consigned to the 
 crucible, tn more favorable cases, when objects of this nature are pre- 
 served out of respect for an ancestor, they are sent to a lumber room, 
 where they are soon forgotten. 
 
 Many valuable collections, public and private, described by Goltzins, 
 Vaillant, and other antiquaries, who lived in the i nth and 1 8th centuries, 
 have disappeared in this manner, and the coins they contained can no 
 longer be traced, when reference to them, in doubtful cases, is desirable. 
 Hence it is essential that Collectors who entertain a regard for the pro- 
 gress of a favourite study, should cause to be engraved with all possible 
 exactness, such coins as they possess which have not been published, 
 and may be considered deserving of notice. 
 
 If from want of leisure, or other motives, they are unwilling to illus- 
 trate the engravings made, they may consign them to some Literary So- 
 ciety, in whose transactions they would be communicated to the public, 
 and thus many valuable historical monuments which, for so many ages, 
 have escaped almost miraculously the destruction common to all mortal 
 productions, may be secured from oblivion. 
 
 
 >«e»*«« 
 
 

ANCIENT COINS 
 
 OF 
 
 GREER CITIES AND RINGS. 
 
 CORA aut SORA. 
 
 Laureated head of Apollo. 
 
 Rev. CORANO. Warrior on horseback, brandishing a spear. AR 2. 
 Troy weight, g3 grains. Plate /, n. 1. (Mr. Durand, Paris.) 
 
 This silver didrachm, hitherto unique, was attributed by its former 
 learned possessor, Mr. Carelli, to Cora, a city of the Volsci, situated about 
 10 miles S. E. of Velletri, and retaining its name to the present day. 
 Pliny (1) ascribes the foundation of Cora to Dardanus (2), and its Hellenic 
 origin is attested by the tradition which supposes its founder to have 
 been Coras, a son of Amphiaraus, and brother of Tiburtus and Catillus. 
 Considerable remains of its ancient walls of polygonal or Cyclopean con- 
 struction, which are still seen, attest its high antiquity. 
 
 Various reasons, however, created strong doubts with respect to the 
 origin attributed to this singular numismatic monument: 
 
 i° The consideration that , excepting a small silver coin of Signia, simi- 
 lar to a Roman Sestertius, there are no coins in any metal of the cities 
 between the Tiber and the Liris; 
 
 2 The striking resemblance of this coin to those of Cales, Teanum, 
 Suessa , and other cities of Campania, in point of workmanship, style 
 
 (1) Plibius. Hist. Nat., lib. Ill, cap. 9. 
 
 (2) Servics ad jEmeid, lib. VII, ver. 672. 
 
( 2 ) 
 
 of design, and the peculiar termination in O, indicates that it was 
 struck in that part of Italy, rather than in Latium; 
 
 3° The probability that Cora had not become a colony at the period to 
 which the coin may be referred (i), when no Italian cities used the Latin 
 language, except Roman colonies. 
 
 Startled by these difficulties, I examined the coin anew with greater 
 attention, and from the result, am confident that there is an error in the 
 legend , and that the first letter, apparently a C, was originally an S, of 
 which the lower part has disappeared, owing to some accident in the 
 coinage. In this case, instead of Corano, the reading would be Sorano, 
 and the coin would belong to Sora, a Volscian city, on the Liris, and bor- 
 dering on Campania, a site to which it would be perfectly appropriated. 
 
 Little mention of Sora occurs in history, but we know from Livy (2) 
 that it was taken in the year of Rome 4 1 1? ar, d became a Roman colony 
 in 45 a : a circumstance favourable to my hypothesis. Other coins, like 
 the present, will probably come to light at some future period, and de- 
 termine the question, by removing any doubts which might still exist. 
 
 The figure on the reverse is extremely spirited, and, in the Greek heroic 
 costume, with the chlamys and the causia. It represents most probably 
 some indigenous hero, or the founder of the city. Its action recalls 
 to mind the description Virgil gives of the Italian chiefs of the army 
 of Lat'inus: (3) 
 
 Atlversi campo apparent, hastasque reductis 
 Protendunt longe dextris, et spicula vibrant : 
 Advcntusque virurn fremitusque ardescit equorum. 
 
 (1) T. Livius, lib. VII, cap. 28; lib. X, cap. i. Punick war, Cora is mentioned by Livy, lib. XXVII, 
 
 (2) It has been supposed, but without foundation, cap. 9. 
 
 that Cora was an early Roman colony, previous to In a subsequent book, however, the same author 
 
 (he expulsion of the kings. (f. Cramer, Ancient Italy, relating the punishment inflicted by the Senate on the 
 
 torn. II, page 104.) refractory colonies, mentions Sora, instead of Cora. 
 
 The appellation of Colonise Latinse, given by Livy (Lib. XXIX, cap. 15.) 
 
 (lib. II, cap. 16.) to Cora and Pometia, implies solely Hence there is evidently an error in one of the 
 
 that they were of the thirty cities founded by Latinus two passages, most probably in the first, where we 
 
 Silvius, king of Alba, which formed the Latin confe- should read Sora, which we know by the authority 
 
 deracy, and were called PrisciLatini.Liv., lib.I,cap.3. of Livy, received a Roman colony in the year of 
 
 Among the twelve Roman Colonies, which re- Rome, 452. ( Lib. VII. cap. 28. ) 
 
 fused to supply their contingent i n the second (3) JEneid, lib. XI, vers. 605, 607. 
 
(3) 
 The termination in O usual on so many Latin coins, is the early form 
 of the nominative in OM, common to many cities, as Privernum, Be- 
 neventum, etc. (i) By a similar suppression of the final letter, we find 
 l^TTora and Tapa instead of iincoxdq and Tapa;, according to theAeolic dialect 
 which has so much affinity with the Latin. 
 
 MELES in SAMNIUM. 
 
 MAIEE2- Female head. 
 
 Rev. Bull with a human head: Above, an unknown symbol. AE. 3 
 Plate /, n. i. 
 
 This copper coin is probably of Mela? or Meles, a city of Samnium, 
 mentioned only by Livy (2); and which is supposed by some modern 
 geographers, to have been where Molisa now stands; while others place 
 it at Melissano, near S.-Agatha de Gothi. 
 
 M r Avellino first described a similar coin (3), and promised to give an 
 engraving of it with farther remarks, but, unfortunately, he was obliged 
 by circumstances, to discontinue his very useful and interesting Numis- 
 matic Journal. The inscription in the present instance is notMALIES, 
 but MAIIE2, the T being substituted for the L, as on the coins of the Latin 
 Calatia (4). This orthography, seems congenial to the Italian dialect, and 
 we find it in the modern language, where fiori, chiari, etc, are formed 
 from flores, clari, etc. 
 
 (1) I have changed the opinion expressed on a suppose Mela? and Meles to have been distinct cities. 
 
 former occasion, that the termination in O on the f. Cramer, Ancient Italy, tome II, page 236. 
 
 coins of Campania and Samnium was in the dative (3) Italia? Veteris Numismata ad Vol. I. Supplem. 
 
 case. V. Recueil de Medailles Grecques Inedites, Neapoli, 1814, pag. 48. 
 
 Rome, 1812, page 3. M. Avelino relates the opinion of a Neapolitan anti- 
 (2)0ppida vicapta,CompulteeiaMebe. (T. Livius, quary, that similar coins are of Beneventum, and in- 
 lib. XXIV, cap. 20. ) Maroneam et Meles de Samni- scribed with the Greek, form of the name MaXcsT; from 
 tibus vi cepit. {Id. lib. XXVII, cap. 1.) which, by the usual flexion, the Latins made Male- 
 Some modern geographers are of opinion that ventum. 
 Livy, notwithstanding the different orthography of (4) Millingen, Medailles Grecques Inedites. Rome, 
 the names, speaks of one and the same city; others 1812. Page 3. 
 
(4) 
 
 The female head on the obverse resembles that on the coins of Naples 
 and Nola. The androcephalous bull on the reverse, representing a river, 
 is the common type of the Campanian and Samnite cities. 
 
 CALATIA in CAMPANIA. 
 
 Laureated head of Jupiter. 
 
 Rev. A horse unbridled and at liberty. Underneath, CALATI in Oscan 
 letters. AE 2. Plate /, n. 3. (Mr. Durand, Paris.) 
 
 There were two cities of the name of Calatia , one on the right , the 
 other on the left side of the Vulturnus , at a small distance from each 
 other, and both in Campania. (1) 
 
 The present brass coin, which differs from those hitherto published, is 
 of the latter, or Oscan Calatia, 5 miles to the S. E. of Capua, to which 
 it was either allied or subject. 
 
 The coins of this city, which are extremely rare, are in the Oscan lan- 
 guage. Those of the other Calatia are in Latin, and equally scarce. 
 
 CUMAE in CAMPANIA. 
 
 Head of a lion betwen those of two wild boars. 
 
 Rev. KV. . .ION. A shell (mytilus) and barley corn. AR. 1. Plate /, n. l\. 
 
 Mr. Avelino, who described a similar coin (2), explains the type of the 
 obverse as alluding to the metamorphosis of the companions of Ulysses 
 by Circe ; but an allusion so remote and obscure, appears inconsistent 
 with that simplicity and clearness always displayed in the figurative 
 language of ancient art; especially at so early a period as that to which 
 the coin may be referred, probably the 90 or 95 th Olympiad, or 4°° 
 years before our sera. 
 
 If no other mode of explanation occurred, the type in question might, 
 with more probability, be considered as emblematic of the valour and 
 
 (1) Pellegrini. Delia Campania felicc, pag. 35i,41 1. (2) Italise vet. Num. ad vol. 1. Suppl. Neapol. 1814. 
 Millingen. MedaillesGrecquesIned.,Rome,i8i2,p. i. pag. 11 — 12. 
 
(5) 
 strenght of the people; thus in Homer the Greek warriors are des- 
 cribed (i): 
 
 Perhaps, however, a passage in Pausanias may afford some light on the 
 subjeet(2). That author relates that in his time, the inhabitants of Cuma in 
 Opicia, pretended (though without foundation) that the tusks oftheEry- 
 manthian boar were preserved in the temple of Apollo in that city. From 
 hence it may be conjectured that one of the heads is the same alluded to 
 by Pausanias, and which, entire when the coin was struck, had fallen to de- 
 cay or been carried away, and the tusks only existed, when that author 
 lived, or above 5oo years afterwards. Such was the value attached to si- 
 milar relics, that, after the battle of Actium, Augustus sent to Rome the 
 tusks of the Calydonian boar, taken from the temple of Minerva Alea, at 
 Tegea (3). The two other heads may be relics of a similar kind, possibly 
 those of the Nemean lion, and of some other animal whose destruction was 
 attributed to Hercules (4). 
 
 This conjecture is the more admissible, considering the great venera- 
 tion paid to Hercules by the Cumoeans, on account of his victory over the 
 giants in the Phlegrsean plains; his construction of the cause-way which 
 separated the Lucrine lake from the sea (5), his foundation of Herculaneum 
 and Pompei, and other fabulous adventures of which the neighbourhood 
 of that city were supposed to have been the scene. 
 
 PHISTELIA in CAMPANIA. 
 
 <PI2TEAIA. Youthful head front faced, with a pointed cap. 
 
 (i) Iliad., lib. V, vers. 782, 3. lib. VII, vers. 256, 7. &ppa Go; tcu KoO.u^wvicj, S'li.ar.mTo $k Gtto tgu y^po'vou, 
 
 lib. XV, vers. 592. x*t e; a-av viv rpi/wv yI^yi tjiiXbv. lib. VIII, cap. 47. 
 
 (2) Pausas., lib. VUI, cap. 46. (4) The heads of a lion and wild boar, made of 
 
 (3) The skin of the animal remained at Tegea, and iron, were dedicated in a temple of Bacchus, in Per- 
 existed there in the temple of Minerva Alea when gamus. We are not told on what account. Pausak. 
 Pausanias wrote, he describes it thus : lib. X, cap. 18. 
 
 LtdHfuaa $k vi to> vau ra a!,wXvte>ta,ra., fi?i (asv to (5) Diodorus Sicul., lib. IV, cap. 21, 22. 
 
(6) 
 
 Rev. PHISTVLI. In Oscan letters. Dolphin, acrostolium, and barley 
 corn. AR. 4- Plate I. n. 4- 
 
 Similar coins, with an Oscan inscription only, are frequently found in 
 the vicinity of Naples. The silver obolus, here described, is very impor- 
 tant, from having at the same time the Greek name of the city <PI2TEAIA. 
 
 No ancient authors have mentioned a place of this name, but the coins, 
 by their type, their Oscan dialect, and the site where they are usually dis- 
 covered, prove it to have been a maritime town, situated between Saler- 
 num and the Liris." Some modern authors have supposed that Phistulis 
 or Phistlus, as it is variously written in the Oscan language, was another 
 form of Paestum, and the Etruscan name of Posidonia, before the arrival 
 of the Greek colony from Sybaris, consequently that the coins in question 
 are of a most remote period; an opinion subversive of all established no- 
 tions of history and palaeography (i). 
 
 Nor can these coins, as other antiquaries have suggested, be assigned 
 to an intermediate period between the disuse of the Greek and the 
 introduction of the Latin dialect, i. Because the ancient didrachm 
 inscribed Phistlus with an androcephalous bull on the reverse , (2) is cer- 
 tainly coseval with many of the Greek coins with the name of Posi- 
 donia. (3) 2. The change of language was not sudden and occasioned by a 
 revolution which changed the population , but the Greek dialect was 
 gradually corrupted, in consequence of the numerous Roman colonists 
 who mingled with the old Greek inhabitants. 
 
 The name of Paestum (as Salmasius has observed) (4) is merely a cor- 
 ruption of Posidonia, or, as the city was called in the Doric dialect 
 
 (1) Mazzochi, inTABur. Heracl. Comm. pag. 510. city. But such an explanation is inadmissible for 
 D'Hancarville. Vases de Hamilton, tome I, pag. 98. many reasons, and, among others, because the cha- 
 Raoul-Rochette. Histoire des Colonies Grecques, raclers are evidently Greek, and not Oscan or Etrus- 
 tom.I, page 247; torn. Ill, page 245. can. 
 
 (2) Pellerin. 2. e Supplement. PI. I. n. 4. It probably indicates an alliance with some 
 
 (3) Besides the inscription 1102 or II02EI, some of neighbouring city, perhaps with the Picentini, or 
 the coins of Posidonia have also 112 preceded by the with Phistelia; in the latter case, it would prove that 
 digamma,and making FII2, which has been supposed the two cities were distinct. 
 
 to signify the Tyrrhenian, ov Etruscan name of the (4) Observat. in Solinum. 
 
( 7 ) 
 Poseidania. The change is easily accounted for; according to the genius of 
 the Latin language, the O of the first syllable was converted into AI or 
 AE, the D into T, and the termination into OM or UM. Thus making 
 Paisetanum, whence Paistanuin, and by farther contraction, Paistum was 
 subsequently formed, (i) This gradual change of the name is attested 
 by coins. 
 
 Some antiquaries are of opinion that Phistelia is the ancient name 
 of the city called Puteoli by the Romans, (2) and there is certainly a great 
 analogy between them. The coins also resemble by their type those of 
 Cnma, of which Puteoli or Dicaearchia, as it is sometimes called, was a 
 colony. If the head with a pointed cap is of Vulcan , it would be an ad- 
 ditional argument in favour of this opinion, as a place called Forum 
 Vulcani, (3) now the solfatara, was contiguous to Puteoli. The resemblance 
 of the didrachm of Phistelia previously mentioned, to the early coins of 
 Naples, implies also the vicinity of the two cities. 
 
 It may be noticed here that the didrachm in question is the oldest 
 monument extant in the Oscan dialect. 
 
 The investigation of the coins of Phistelia calls our attention to those 
 inscribed AAAIBANON, which are often found together. Some years ago, 
 a deposit of 7 or 800 of the former was discovered, and, with them, many 
 of the latter, for the most part barbarous and illegible, but some, 
 however, of good workmanship, with the inscription entire. These 
 coins have been attributed to Allifse in Samnium, but the marine divi- 
 nity, implies a maritime, and not an inland city. 
 
 M r Carelli is of opinion, that they are of an ancient town, situated 
 near Puteoli or Pouzzoli, on a hill, which is still called Ollibani. 
 
 This explanation is farther confirmed by the circumstance that the 
 name of Alibas, being that of a river of the Infernal Regions (4), would 
 be perfectly suited to a city in the vicinity of Cuma, where poets placed 
 
 (1) Thus we find Pra- instead ofmi; Alexanter Mazzochi, but rejected. (Tab. Heracx., p. 510. ) 
 and Cassantra instead of Alexander and Cassan- (3) fcpaijou d-yoaa. ( Strabo. lib. V. pag. 246. ) 
 dra. (4) Av.tfja;, o vexpo'cn -OTau.i; h LSw (Suidas. Ety- 
 
 (a) This opinion, among others, is adduced by mologicon magnum. Lucian, Necyomantcia, cap. 16. 
 
(8 ) 
 the seat of those regions, and where so many local names, such as Styx, 
 Cocytus, Periphlegethon and Acherusa, related to that fable. 
 
 NEAPOLIS in CAMPANIA. 
 
 NEOnOAITON. Youthful male head, probably of Apollo. 
 
 Rev. NEOII Hercules strangling the Nemean lion. Exergue 
 
 NV. AR 4- Plate I, n. 6. 
 
 Instead of the androcephalous bull , emblem of the river Sebethos, 
 usual type of the coins of this city, the silver obolus here described, 
 represents Hercules strangling in his arms the Nemean lion (i). 
 
 This type is evidently imitated from the coins of Tarentum, probably 
 on the occasion of some political alliance or community of religious (2) 
 rites between the two cities. (3) A rare didrachm, with the equestrian 
 figure, imitated likewise from those of Tarentum , may have been struck 
 on a similar occasion. 
 
 NUCERIA in CAMPANIA. 
 
 Youthful male head with a diadem. Before it, NVFKRINUM, ALFA... 
 in Oscan letters. 
 
 Rev. The Dioscuri on horseback. Exergue, ECFINYM in Oscan let- 
 ters. AE 2. Plate /, n. 7. 
 
 The present brass coin, differs from those of this city, hitherto 
 published. The head, though without the usual laurel wreath, seems 
 to be of Apollo. The reverse, representing the Dioscuri, shews that 
 the figure standing by a horse, on the silver coins of Nuceria, is Cas- 
 tor and not Epidius Nuncionus an indigenous hero, as has been sur- 
 mised. 
 
 The legend on the obverse is as usual NVFKRINVM in Oscan letters 
 from right to left. The characters which follow, are the first syl- 
 
 (1) For the connection between Tarentum and (2) Avelino. Supplem. Pag. 16, n. 391. 
 Naples. V. Dionys. Halicarm. Excerpt. Pag. 2315, (3) Some ancient authors attributed the foundation 
 edit. Reiske. of Neapolis to Hercules. Tzetzes ad Lycophron. 717. 
 
(9) 
 lables of the appellation of ALFATERNVM , by which this city was 
 distinguished from others of the same name. 
 
 In the exergue is inscribed ECFINVM, which may be the name of 
 a magistrate, or allusive to the subject represented. 
 
 The coins, with the Greek inscription NOYKPINftN, formerly attribut- 
 ed to this city, are now ascertained to be of another of the same name 
 near Rhegium in Calabria (i). The coins of Nuceria Alphaterna are those 
 only in the Oscan dialect. 
 
 CAELIA in PEUCETIA. 
 
 Helmeted head of Minerva. 
 
 Rev. KAI. Hercules strangling the Nemean lion. AR. [\. Plate I, 
 n. 8. 
 
 The silver oboli of Tarentum and its dependent city Heraclea, with 
 a head of Minerva on one side, and Hercules strangling the Nemean 
 lion on the other, were in very extensive circulation, as appears from the 
 great numbers of them continually discovered. 
 
 These types being so popular and well known, they were imitated 
 by various cities of Apulia and Iapygia, allied with, or dependant on 
 Tarentum, whose conquests were occasionally extended to a great distance. 
 
 Such is the little silver coin, Plate I, n. 8, with the letters KAI, 
 initials of Caelia, a city of Apulia, 3 miles to the N. of Bari. The coins 
 of this city, inscribed KAIAINiYN, give the true reading of the name, 
 called Ke^ia, by Strabo (2), and Coelium by Pliny (3). 
 
 RUBI in PEUCETIA. 
 
 1 . Helmeted head of Minerva. 
 
 Rev. PY. Hercules strangling the Nemean lion. AR 4- Plate 1. n. 9. 
 
 This silver obolus (4), like the preceding of Caelia, is an imitation of 
 those of Tarentum. The name of this city is variously written by ancient 
 
 (1) V. Plate II, n. 4. (3) Hist. Nat., lib. in, sect. 16. 
 
 (2) Strabo, lib. VI, p. 282, Edit. Casaubon. (4) Aveixino. Supplem. Tom. I, pag. 25, n. 10. 
 
 2 
 
( 1°) 
 
 authors, and on coins. On the latter, we find sometimes PY¥ whence the 
 Latin name of Rubi. They inform us also, that the inhabitants were 
 called PYBA2TEINOI, and hence the vicious reading of Rubustini in Pliny (1) 
 and Frontinus may be corrected. 
 
 From the Greek name, it was probably a colony from Rhypae in Achaia, 
 called also PY\F and PYIIE2. This origin is not unlikely, when we consi- 
 der that Sybaris, Metapontium, Caulonia and Crotona, the principal cities 
 in the south of Italy, were Achaian colonies. Myscellus, the founder of 
 Crotona was, in fact, a native of Rhypae in Achaia (2). It may be noticed 
 moreover, that many of the coins of Rubi imitated from those of Meta- 
 pontium, imply a relation between the two cities. 
 
 2. PY. A bucranium with fillets. 
 
 Rev . A lyre. AR. 4- Plate I. n i o. 
 
 Very small silver coin resembling those of Canusium. 
 
 Little mention of Rubi occurs in history, but from the number and 
 beauty of the fictile vases found in its ancient cemetery, it must have been 
 a rich and populous city. 
 
 BRUNDUSIUM in IAPYGIA. 
 
 Victory holding a palm branch. 
 
 Rev. BRVN. A dolphin. Above, V. AE. 4. Plate I. n. i 1. 
 
 This little brass coin, differs from those of this city hitherto pu- 
 blished, and which have constantly the same type of Arion on the 
 dolphin. Though Brundusium was an ancient Greek city, yet we have 
 none of its coins before the time when it was taken by the Romans and 
 in 5o8 A U. C. became a colony. 
 
 TARENTUM in IAPYGIA. 
 
 i. TAPA. Head of Venus elegantly attired. Before, a dolphin. Underneath, 
 KON. 
 
 Rev. AI02KOPOI. The Dioscuri on horseback, holding palm branches 
 and wreaths. Exergue, SA. Weight i33 grains. AV. i. Plate I. n. 12. 
 (M. Dupre. Paris.) 
 
 (1) Hist. Nat., lib. Ill, sect. 16. (2) Steabo, lib. VIII, pag. 387, Edit. Casaubon. 
 
( n ) 
 
 The coins of Tarentum, those of gold especially, are remarkable for 
 their beauty, and bear ample testimony to the magnificence and taste for 
 the fine arts, which according to the universel testimony of ancient au- 
 thors, distinguished its inhabitants. 
 
 The female head on this unedited gold stater, is probably of Ve- 
 nus (i), a divinity held in great veneration at Sparta, and consequently 
 at Tarentum, a Spartan colony. It is elegantly attired with a veil ( xpvr 
 fopw ), diadem (2) and earrings. The dolphin placed before it, and which 
 always accompanies a similar head on Tarentine coins, alludes to the ma- 
 rine origin of the Goddess. The name of the city TAPA, is expressed 
 according to the old Aeolic and Doric form for TAPA2. The name of a 
 magistrate RON perhaps for KONHN is added. 
 
 The national divinities of the Spartans, the Dioscuri, distinguished by 
 the inscription AI02KOPOI, are on the reverse. One of them places a wreath 
 on his horse's head, the other holds a palm branch, to which fillets and 
 wreaths are suspended ( eZpTitfufivn ). A type probably alluding to games 
 celebrated in their honour. 
 
 On the exergue, are the letters 2A, which, from their frequent recur- 
 rence on Tarentine coins, may possibly imply an alliance with the Salen- 
 tines, a neighbouring people. 
 
 2. Adverse radiated head of the Sun. 
 
 Rev. TAPAN. A thunderbolt. Underneath, AIIOA. AV. 4- Plate I.n. 1 3. 
 (Mr Hamilton. ) 
 
 2. A small gold coin, presenting types totally different from those 
 usually engraved on the coins of this city. On one side, is a full faced 
 radiated head of Helios, or the Sun, and on the other, a thunderbolt, 
 with the inscription TAPAN, for Tapav-uwv, and AIIOA, the first syllable oi a 
 magistrates name, such as Apollodorus or Apollodotus. 
 
 This coin resembles so completely those of Alexander son ofNeoptolemus, 
 that there can be no doubt, that the latter were also struck at Tarentum, 
 
 (1) This is also the opinion of M. Avellino. (Ital. Iliad X, 469). Hence the epithet -/,fu<ja|/.7ru>cE; gi\en 
 Vet. Num. , pag. 85.) Eckhell attributes it to Ceres, to various goddesses by the poets. It was also 
 V. Numi Vet. Ajtbcd. Vienna, 1775, pag. 31. called <s-Xsy^\;, or cGsy^'vy, from its resemblance to a 
 
 (a) This kind of diadem was called Aiattu;. (Homer, sling. 
 
 2. 
 
( 12 ) 
 
 during the time, when that prince, at the request of the Tarentines, came 
 to their assistance against the Bruttians and Lucanians. As his arrival 
 was in the year 33j , before our aera, and he was killed at Acherontia, 
 in 323, (i) it follows, that the present coin was struck during the 
 intervening period of i4 years. 
 
 3. Helmeted head of Minerva. 
 
 Rev. TAPAN. Hercules in an attitude of repose. AR. 4- Plate I. n. i4- 
 
 Minerva was one of the principal divinities of the Tarentines, whose 
 great devotion towards her appears from their having dedicated a sta- 
 tue of her at Sparta. The sitting figure of Hercules, on the reverse, is 
 perhaps a copy of the celebrated statue by Lysippus, which, after the 
 taking of Tarentum, was sent to Rome (2) by Fabius Maximus, and placed 
 in the Capitol. 
 
 4- Male figure riding on a dolphin. 
 
 Rev. TA. A horse at liberty. Under, a crescent ; AR. 4- Plate /. n. 1 5. 
 
 5. Cupid riding on a dolphin, and shooting an arrow. Before, a crescent. 
 
 Rev. A shell ( pecten ). AR. 4- Plate I. n. 16. 
 
 Two silver coins different from those hitherto published. On the se- 
 cond is Eros or Love, shooting an arrow and riding on a dolphin, a 
 maternal attribute. Though without an inscription, the shell on the re- 
 verse shews that it is of Tarentum. 
 
 6. Head of Jupiter with laurel crown. 
 
 Rev. TAPANT1N.... Victory crowning a trophy. AE. 2. Plate I. n.j. 
 
 7. Same head as the preceding. 
 
 Rev. TAPANTINliN. Victory holding a thunderbolt. AE. 2. Plate I. n. 18. 
 Though the coins of Tarentum are so obvious in silver, they are rarely 
 seen in copper. 
 
 (1) T. Livius, lib. VIII, cap. 7 et 24. Strabo, demie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, torn. XII, 
 
 lib. VI, pag. 280. page 339. Eckheli., Doct. Num Vet Tom. II, 
 
 There is much uncertainly with regard to the pre- page 169. 
 
 cise dates of these events. ( V. Memoires de l'Aca- (2) Plin. XXXIV, Sect. 18. Stkabo, VI, 278. 
 
( i3) 
 
 Those of this metal here published, refer to some victory ob 
 tained by the Tarentines, in the course of their frequent wars with the 
 Messapians, Iapygians, and other neighbouring states. Both have the 
 head of Jupiter, the giver of victory. On the reverse of the first is 
 NIKH, Victory, erecting a trophy with the spoils of the vanquished. 
 On the second, the same Goddess appears, holding the thunder of Jupiter. 
 A similar coin, but deficient in the legend, is published in the catalogue 
 of Or Hunter (i), as being of Agrigentum in Sicily. 
 
 PERIPOLI PITANATAE. 
 
 Female head, with diadem and ear-rings. Behind, TE in monogram. 
 Rev. nEPinOAHN TUTANATAN. Hercules strangling the Nemean lion. 
 AR. 4- Plate I. n. 17. 
 
 Eckhell (2) published a silver obolus like the present, but part of the 
 legend being injured, and the word IIEPinOAftN alone legible, he clas- 
 sed it among the uncertain of Italy, to which country, its fabric proves 
 that it unquestionably belongs; referring, however, the opinion of his 
 predecessor Khell, who attributed it to Peripolium, a small fortress be- 
 longing to the Epizephyrian Locri, near the river Halex (3). 
 
 The inscription in the present instance being perfectly distinct, shews 
 that the coin is of the Pitanatxe, a people inhabiting some part of Magna 
 Graecia, and who were probably a colony from Pitane (4), a district [Kcipi] 
 of the city of Sparta. 
 
 The appellation of xepixoXoi, which is here assumed by the Pitanata?, 
 had various significations, but most frequently designated the young 
 men (5) who, from the age of 18 to 20, were subject to a military cons- 
 cription, and employed in various services, but particularly in guarding 
 
 (1) Nummobum Vet. Pop. et Urb. etc. Londini, (3) Thucydides, lib. Ill, cap. 99. 
 
 1782 ; Tab. II. n. i5. (4) Schol. in Thucyd., lib. I, cap. 20. It is called 
 
 (2) Nuaii Veteres Anecdoti Vienna, 1775. Pag. o $r,y.u; by Herodotus, lib. Ill, cap. 55. 
 
 308. Tab. XVI, n. 8. (5)Poi.lux, lib. VIII, sect. 105. Harpocr. iwpf«oXo«. 
 
( i4) 
 
 the frontiers and garrisoning fortresses, forming, as the name implies, a 
 moveable or circulatory corps. 
 
 In the present instance, this appellation is probably assumed in order 
 to commemorate the origin of the colony, from youths of the tribe of 
 Pitane, who, perhaps, formed part of the Lacedaemonian expedition which 
 founded Tarentum, and was composed of young men called Partheniae (i), 
 from the peculiar circumstances of their birth. On account of their 
 common origin, the Pitanatae were consequently connected with the Ta- 
 rentines ; and hence the coin in question resembles by its types those of 
 Tarentum. 
 
 Ancient authors not having mentioned a town of Pitane in Magna 
 Graecia, we have no means of determining its situation; the only cir- 
 cumstance which throws any light on the subject, is to be found in Stra- 
 bo (2), who relates that, according to a tradition, some Laconians were 
 intermixed with the Samnites ; whence the peculiar friendship of the lat- 
 ter towards the Greeks, and the origin of the name of Pitanatae given 
 to some of the Samnites. 
 
 Strabo adds, it is true, that this was a fable invented by the Tarentines 
 to flatter their powerful neighbours; but his doubts affect only the pre- 
 tentions of the Samnites to a Spartan origin, and not the existence of 
 Pitanatae among them, forming perhaps a distinct tribe. 
 
 The coins in question, may then with great probability be referred to 
 these Pitanatae, who originally of Lacedemonian origin, and connected 
 with the Tarentines, had been conquered by the Samnites in the course 
 of the long and frequent wars between the two nations. Hence it would 
 ensue, that they were setteled in some part of Messapia, but we have so little 
 information respecting the ancient state of that country, that nothing- 
 farther can be said on the subject. 
 
 Besides attesting the existence of a city hitherto unnoticed, the coin 
 is interesting for the light it affords to a question, concerning which, the 
 two greatest historians of antiquity are at variance. 
 
 (1) Strabo. lib. VI, pag. 279—280. xal ^ia touto xat *tXe'XXr,va;u7vap5*',Tiva; $k xxiniravara? 
 
 (2) Twe; £s xat Aaxwva; oovoixou; auxol; ■jeve'aOat cpatxi, xaXcurGcu Sthabo, lib, VI, pag. 250. 
 
(i5) 
 
 In his description of the battle of Platosa, Herodotus speaks of a cohort 
 (Xo/o?) of the Pitanatse(i) under the command of Amomphoretus, whose 
 disobedience to the orders of Pausanias, the commander in chief, eventually 
 (Moved the cause of the victory obtained by the Greeks. 
 
 Thucydides evidently alluding to this account of Herodotus, though 
 without naming him, says, on the other hand, that no such cohort ever 
 existed among the Lacedaemonians (2). 
 
 The present numismatic monument appears to decide the question in 
 favour of the father of history. By shewing that the Pitanatae entertained 
 a distinct body of Peripoli, it leads to the obvious inference, that they had 
 also a distinct \6-/o<; and other military divisions usual in the composition 
 of Grecian armies. 
 
 The objection, which probably will be made, that in the present en- 
 quiry the difficulty relates to a Spartan tribe, and not to a people of 
 Magna Graecia, is of little weight, when it is considered with what religious 
 attention, ancient colonies, especially those of Sparta, retained all the in- 
 stitutions and customs of the parent country. Of this observance, frequent 
 examples occurred in particular at Tarentum (3), where we find a river 
 called Eurotas, the barrow of Hyacinthus, and many other denominations 
 recording the origin of the city. 
 
 HERACLEA in LUCANIA. 
 
 Helmeted head of Minerva. 
 
 A'ee. h HPAKAHIftN. Marine divinity armed with a helmet, spear and 
 shield. AE. 3. Plate I. n. 20. 
 
 Similar coins, which are not uncommon, have been published several 
 times, but vithout any satisfactory explanation of the singular figure on 
 the reverse. 
 
 Some antiquaries have supposed it to be Scylla (4), but this opinion is 
 
 (1) Herodotus, lib. IX, cap 53 — 57. (3) Polybius, lib. VIII, excerpt. 7. 
 
 (a) Koi Tov n'-ava-rr.v Xo'-^ov aiiTcT; ( Aaxe<?aiu.cv(si; ) (4) Taylor Combe. Numi in Mus. Brit. Lond 
 eivai, ;; cW' Ife'vexc TTu-oTa. Thucyd, lib. I, cap. 20. 1814. Tab. Ill, n. 13. 
 
(i6 ) 
 
 inadmissible, as it is evidently a male figure, with the attributes of a war- 
 rior. From these circumstances, it seems rather intended to represent 
 Glaucus, originally a warrior, and afterwards transformed into a marine 
 divinity. 
 
 We have a great variety of traditions respecting this personage ( i ). Some 
 describe him as a native of Anthedon in Bceotia ; others as a Cretan and 
 the son of Minos (-2). In the accounts of the Argonautic expedition, he 
 is frequently mentioned (3). A Greek historian, quoted by Athenaeus (4), 
 says that he was the constructor and pilot of the ship Argo ; and that on 
 the return of the expedition from Colchos, in an engagement which took 
 place with the Tyrrhenians, all the Minyan heroes were wounded, except 
 Glaucus, who leaped into the sea (the reason is not mentioned), and was 
 transformed by Jupiter into a divinity of that element. 
 
 Another author writes (5) that after Glaucus had disappeared, Iapyx, a 
 general of Minos, being sent in search of him, landed in Italy, and settled 
 in that part of the peninsula, to which from him, the name of Iapygia 
 was given. We find also accounts of his amours with Scylla (6), and of 
 his victory over Tibris a Tyrrhenian king (7). 
 
 These various traditions shew that the fable of Glaucus was one of those 
 which were popular in Italy, and accounts for the veneration of the Hera- 
 cleans towards him. 
 
 The fable is evidently of Phoenician origin, and hence Glaucus is repre- 
 sented in the same manner as Dagon, whose great temple was at Gaza. It 
 is even probable that the Boeotian Anthedon was made the birth place of 
 Glaucus, from its bearing the same name, as a city of Phoenicia, where the 
 worship of Glaucus was first established. Thus, different cities of the 
 name of Nysa claimed the honour of being the birth place of Dionysius. 
 
 A curious scarabee, with a similar figure bearded and armed, has been 
 
 (1) Athenaeus, lib. VII, cap. 47; lib. XV, cap. (4) Lib. VII, cap. 47. 
 
 23. (o) AthenjEus. lib. XII, cap. 24. 
 
 (2) Servius, in jEneid. lib. VIII, vers 72. (6) Athenjeus. loc. cit. Servius in ^Eweid, lib. 
 
 (3) Apollon. Rhod. lib. I, vers 1310. Athenjeus. VIII, vers 72. 
 
 lib. VII, cap. 47. (7) Servius, in Virgil. Eclog. VI, vers 74. 
 
( i7 ) 
 published by Lanzi (i), who explains it as representing Glaucus. The 
 coins of Heraclea fully confirm the opinion of that learned and judicious 
 antiquary. 
 
 METAPONTIUM in LUCANIA. 
 
 i. AXEAOIO A0AON. Bearded figure with bulls horns, leaning on a reed, 
 and holding a patera. Before him, a dolphin. 
 
 Rev. META. A wheat-ear. In the area, a grasshopper. AR. i. Weight, 
 116 grains. Plate I, n. 21. ( Duke de Luynes. Paris.) 
 
 This silver didrachm of the Metapontines claims great attention, and 
 may be esteemed one of the most important numismatic monuments hi- 
 therto discovered, from the light which it affords to various questions 
 of history and philology. 
 
 On one side, with the legend META, first syllables of MeTa7covTivwv, is a 
 wheat-ear, the usual type of the coins of this people, and allusive to 
 the extreme fertility of their territory. The grasshopper ( TeVrtE ) in the 
 area, is a well known emblem of Ceres. 
 
 The opposite side offers a figure of the river Acheloiis, indicated by 
 the inscription which accompanies it (2). This representation of the cele- 
 brated river-god is particularly interesting, as it explains, in a most sa- 
 tisfactory manner, a difficult and much disputed passage of the Trachiniae 
 of Sophocles, in which Dejanira relates the various forms assumed by the 
 Acheloiis in his contest with Hercules (3). 
 
 aXkozi av&puo TUTTW 
 Bou77pwpoi;. Ex 8k ^acrxwj yeveiaSoi; 
 Kpouvoi oisppawovro /.privafou ttotou. 
 
 According to this description, he is figured here of a human form, 
 avSpiw tjttco, with a thick beard Sxoymu yev«a$o?, and with the horns of a 
 
 (1) Saggio di Lingua Etrusca. torn. II, pag. 142. present, but being ill-preserved, he supposed that 
 
 (2) A coin of Metapontium, published byMagnan the figure had the head of a bull. 
 
 (Miscell. torn. Ill, Tab. 26. ), as representing the (3) Sophocles. Trachinia;, vers 12. 14. Strabo, 
 Minotaur, was, in all probability, similar to the lib. X, pag. 458. 
 
( i8) 
 bull , which are metaphorically compared with the prow of a ship, 
 
 The reed on which he leans, alludes to those of a peculiar quality 
 which grow in this river (i). The patera (<piaV/i) is symbolical of the sa- 
 crifices offered to him as a divinity. The dolphin indicates that this 
 river was frequented by sea fish; a circumstance noticed by ancient wri- 
 ters (2). 
 
 The inscription is in characters of a very ancient form, or according 
 to the usual orthography A^eXcoiou AO^ov. Supplying the word ctycovog, which 
 is understood, we may read AOXov aywvo? A^eXwiou , « Prize of the games 
 in honour of Acheloiis. » 
 
 From this singular inscription, it may be inferred that the coin was 
 issued to commemorate the games in question ; and, from the term AOXov , 
 that it was at the same time intended for a prize at the various contests 
 which took place on the occasion. 
 
 Originally money was given to the victors at public games, but after- 
 wards, a wreath of laurel, or other plants, was substituted instead. Hence 
 the difference between the ■flpupanivnq and cTecpaviTvis aywv (3). 
 
 That a river of JEtolia should receive such honours in Magna Grcecia, 
 appears singular, but is easily explained, if we consider that the Pe- 
 lasgi, whose original seat was at Dodona, and in Eastern Greece, where 
 the Acheloiis was in high veneration, naturally introduced the same (4), 
 when they migrated, and formed different settlements in Italy. 
 
 The city of Metapontium, in particular, appears to have received a co- 
 lony from AEtolia, and to have taken its name from Metapa, a city of that 
 country. 
 
 For further particulars on this subject, the reader is referred to a Me- 
 moir inserted in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature, 
 vol. f, page 142, where the question is discussed at greater length. 
 
 (1) Philostratus, Icones, lib. I, cap. 25. Ep; 38, 39. Corsini, Fasti Attici, torn. Ill, pag. 
 
 (2) Pausvnias, lib. IV, cap. 34. 80. 
 
 (3) For the difference between the two contests, (4) The oracle of Dodona ordered all those who 
 see Scholiast, in Pindar, Argum. II in Pyth., Ar- wished to consult it, to make previous sacrifices to 
 gum. IV in Pyth. Marmor. Oxon, Chron. Par., the Acheloiis. Ephorus in Macrobio, cap. 18. 
 
• 
 
 ( '9) 
 
 It may be proper to add here, that the form given to the Acheloiis on 
 the coin under consideration, was not the only one under which he was 
 represented. The coins of the OEneiadae and various cities of yEtolia and 
 Acarnania, shew that lie was most frequently figured as an androcepha- 
 lous bull. He is represented also, in this manner, combating with Her- 
 cules, on a curious fictile vase recently found at Agrigentum, as well as 
 on a very ancient scarabee. 
 
 These two monuments, which will be shortly communicated to the 
 public, in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature, leave no 
 doubt that the bull with a human head represented on many ancient mo- 
 numents, particularly on the coins of Italy and Sicily, is a river-god, and 
 remove all probability of its having been intended for Bacchus Hebon. 
 
 2. Female head with laurel wreath. Underneath, API2TOSEN. 
 
 Rev. META. A wheat-ear. AR. 2. Plate /. n. 22. (Duke de Luynes. 
 Paris.) 
 
 It is difficult to determine whether the head crowned with laurel is of 
 Venus, or some other female divinity. The same difficulty exists with 
 regard to the name of Aristoxenus, writen on the default of the neck ; 
 whether it may be considered as that of a magistrate, or of the engraver 
 of the die. 
 
 3. Helmeted head of Minerva. Behind, A. 
 
 Rev. META. Wheat-ear. Area, a trophy and II. AR. 2. Plate I. 
 n. 23. ( Duke de Luynes. ) 
 
 The head on this coin is different from those hitherto published. 
 
 BRUTTII. 
 
 Busts of the Dioscuri, crowned with laurel, and surmounted by two 
 stars. 
 
 Rev. BPETTIDN. The same divinities on horseback, holding palms. 
 AR 2. Weight, 88 grains. Plate /, n. 24. ( Mr. Hamilton. ) 
 
 Several silver coins like the present, of larger size and weight than the 
 usual coins of this people, have lately been discovered. 
 
 3. 
 
( 20 ) 
 
 They offer likewise different types, arid being of inferior workmanship, 
 seem to have been struck after the subjugation of the Brettii by the 
 Romans. 
 
 The unusual repetition of the same divinities on the two sides of the 
 coin, implies that it was issued on some peculiar occasion, probably to 
 commemorate games celebrated in honour of the Dioscuri, or at some pe- 
 riodical festival ( xavvfyupt? ) at the altars erected to them by the Locri on 
 the spot where they obtained over the Crotoniatoe a great victory, which 
 they attributed to the miraculous assistance of these divinities. Hence 
 the Dioscuri were held in great veneration in that part of the peninsula 
 occupied by the Brettii. 
 
 CROTONA in BRUTTIIS. 
 
 AI2AP02. Laureated youthful head. 
 
 Rev. Pegasus. Underneath, KP. AR 4- Plate I, n. 25. (Mr. Durand, 
 Paris. ) 
 
 This coin has been attributed to Liparon, a king of Syracuse, men- 
 tioned by Plautus : and a Sicilian antiquary has published a volume of 
 u5 pages to illustrate the discovery (2). 
 
 Trusting to the engraving, and to a cast sent from Naples, Visconti had 
 inserted it in the supplement to his Iconographie Grecque (3). 
 
 Being at Rome, in the winter of 1816, I purchased a parcel of Greek 
 coins, among which was the supposed Liparus. On examining it care- 
 fully, I found that the first letter w^as an A, and the third not a IT but 
 a 2, a mistake easily made, and that, instead of AIIIAP02, the reading 
 was AI2AP02, the name of a river near Crotona (4) ; and this reading was 
 
 (1) Strabo, lib. VI, pag. 261. river, or to a magistrate of that name. 
 
 (2) Di Liparo, re cli Siracusa; dal Cav. M. Calca- Individuals never took the names of divinities or 
 gni. Palermo, 1809. places, but derivatives from them. Consequently, a 
 
 (3) Planche A, n. 5. name derived from the iEsarus would be iEsarius 
 
 (4) There seems to be no room for the doubt ex- as Scamandrius and Simoeisius from the Scamander 
 pressed by Visconti, whether iEsaros refers to the and the SimoTs. 
 
( 21 ) 
 
 moreover confirmed by the letters KP, initials of Crotona, placed under 
 the Pegasus on the reverse. 
 
 Fortunately, the explanation of Visconti had not appeared, and I was 
 able to apprize him in time of the error into which he had inadvertently 
 fallen (i). 
 
 This example shews the necessity of examining with the most scrupu- 
 lous attention the inscriptions on coins, especially when the letters are so 
 minute that, unless in perfect preservation, a mistake easily occurs. 
 
 LOCRI EPIZEPHYRII. 
 
 Adverse female head. 
 
 Rev. Pegasus. Underneath, A. AR. 3. Plate I. n. 26. ( Duke de 
 Luynes. ) 
 
 The workmanship of this coin, appearing to be Italian, is the reason 
 for assigning it to the Locri Epizephyrii, rather than to the Locri Opun- 
 tii, or Ozoli. 
 
 The head, which is extremely elegant, may be that of Proserpine, who 
 had a celebrated temple in the vicinity of Locri. 
 
 The Pegasus, on the reverse, indicating a Corinthian origin (2), is the 
 common type of the Hellenic, as well as of the Italian Locri. 
 
 MESMA in BRUTTIIS. 
 
 ME2MA. Female head elegantly adjusted; before it, a vase. 
 Rev. Youthful heroic figure seated on a rock, and holding a patera. 
 Before him, a dog. AE 2. Plate II, n. 1 . 
 
 The city of Mesma, of which the name is inscribed on the present coin, 
 is without doubt the same as that called Medama by Strabo (3), and Medma 
 by other ancient authors (4). By its coins we find that the most ancient. 
 
 (1) f. Iconographie Greeque. Supplement, pag. 9. (4) Hecat.eus ap. Stephaw Byzant. V. Msfyvi. 
 
 (2) Strabo, lib. VI, 259. V. Cramer. Ancientltaly, torn. II, page 422. Scyiax, 
 
 (3) Lib. VI, 256. Peripl. 
 
(.aa ) 
 and usual form of its name, was Mesma. Stephanus relates the two forms (1), 
 but not aware of their identity, he supposed them to have been distinct 
 cities. 
 
 Mesma, which took its name from a neighbouring fountain (2) , was a 
 city belonging to the Epizephyrian Locri , on the Terinaean Gulph, now 
 called Golfo di Gioja , near Nicotera in Calabria. The river , on which 
 it is situated , still retains the name of Mesima. 
 
 The head on the obverse probably represents the Nymph from which 
 the city derived its name : the vase or urn, placed before it, is the 
 characteristic emblem of a Naiad. 
 
 The figure on the reverse, resembles the Hercules of the coins of 
 Crotona and Tarentum, but not having the lions-skin and club, may 
 represent some other mythological hero, perhaps the founder of the city. 
 The patera, which he holds, alludes to the divine honours paid to 
 him. The dog, emblem of the chase , was frequently attributed to heroic 
 personages. A figure nearly similar occurs on the coins of Pando- 
 sia (3). 
 
 The coins of this city were unknown to Eckhell, but of late years, seve- 
 ral have come to light. They are remarkable for the elegance of design 
 and execution , which distinguishes the productions of these once fortu- 
 nate regions , now reduced to misery and wretchedness. 
 
 TERINA in BRUTTIIS. 
 
 1. Female head. Above, TEPINA, in letters of an ancient form. 
 
 Rev. NIKA Female figure holding a branch of laurel. The whole type 
 encircled by a laurel wreath. AR. 2. Plate II , n° 2. ( Mr. Burgon. ) 
 
 The female head, without any peculiar attributes, which is so fre- 
 quently seen on Greek coins, is , in most cases, that of the city by 
 which the coin was struck. 
 
 The head on the obverse of this rare and singular didrachm of Terina, 
 
 (1) V. Me'fyn et Ms<j|«i. (3) Numi Vet. in Mus. Bkitan. Tab. 11, 1. 
 
 (a) Stkabo, loc. cit. n. 26i 
 
(a3 ) 
 
 may he considered in the same light, and this explanation is farther 
 confirmed by the inscription which accompanies it. 
 
 The inscription NIKA informs us that the figure holding a branch 
 of laurel on the reverse, is Victory, who is represented without wings 
 (arcTepos), as on the most ancient works of art (i). 
 
 This last type is of great importance, as it shews evidently that the 
 winged figures , so frequent on the coins of Terina, is not the Sciren 
 Ligea , as some authors have supposed , but Nike , the goddess of 
 victory. 
 
 It is necessary to observe here , that the ancients gave a more extensive 
 signification to Nb«i, or Victory, than the usual acceptation of the word 
 implies. They did not confine her attributions to success in war or in 
 contests , but considered her in the same light as the Hours, or the 
 Graces, or Fortune, who conferred prosperity of every kind. 
 
 Thus, on the coins of Terina , Victory appears with various attributes , 
 sometimes holding a caduceus or olive-branch, emblems of peace and 
 alliance; at other times, wreaths of laurel or olive; a bird, or a patera : on 
 a rare didrachm (2), she hold a vase in which she receives water from a 
 fountain. 
 
 As an emblem of prosperity, Victory is represented crowning the an- 
 drocephalous bull, on coins of various cities. Eckhell availed himself 
 of this circumstance as an argument against the opinion that the figure 
 in question was a river-god, or an emblem of agriculture, and asks (3), 
 what victory did the Sebethos ever obtain ? 
 
 Had this great luminary of the Numismatic science considered the 
 subject more maturely, he would have found, that Victory in this case, was 
 
 (1) Pausamias, lib. I. cap. 22. between tbe names of places in MSS, and on coins 
 
 (2) Millingen. Medailles Grecq. Ined., pi. I, and others monuments, it is possible that the foun- 
 n. 16. tain maybe the same as that called Apr,; by Lycophron. 
 
 On other coins, with this type, the base or plinth Aouuei Si cr/juix Bouxi'pw; va<7,u.il; Apr,;. 
 
 on which Victory is seated, bears the inscription Cassandra, vers 730. 
 
 A r H, possibly the name of the fountain from which The name of A-pi, by its etymology, is perfectly 
 
 the water issues. suited to a fountain or stream. (V.Etymolog. Magn.) 
 
 Asa difference of orthography frequently occurs (3) Doctrina Num. Vet., vol. I, page 135. 
 
(M) 
 
 no other than the Soxtitto'Xi; on the Geloian coins (i), and the AyaGvi Tup 
 of a later age. 
 
 The archaic form of the characters, particularly that of the I, which 
 is sinuous and resembles a primitive 2, affords room to assign this inte- 
 resting Numismatic monument to the period intervening between the 
 years 5oo and 45o before our aera. 
 
 2. TEPINAIftN. Female head elegantly attired. 
 
 Rev.... PINA. Female figure seated, and holding a patera. Behind, a 
 small Victory which crowns her. AR. 2. Plate II, n. 3. ( Duke de 
 Luynes. Paris. ) 
 
 Instead of the archaic style of the preceding, we have here a production 
 of art in its highest state of excellence. The female head, probably of 
 Terina personified, is remarkable for the beauty and gracefulness we 
 should expect to find in the works of Praxiteles. 
 
 The seated figure on the reverse, also extremely elegant, offers another 
 representation of Terina ; such at least the inscription which accompanies 
 it, leads us to suppose it : she is here crowned by Victory, and holds a 
 patera, emblem of the divine honours which were paid to her. 
 
 The representation of the same divinity, on both sides of the coin, ap- 
 pears singular, but we have seen a similar instance on the coins of the 
 Brettii before described (2). It is possible, however, that the head on the 
 obverse may be that of a divinity. 
 
 (3) TEPINAIftN. Laureated head of Apollo. 
 
 Rev. Adverse head of a lion. AE 2. Plate II, n. 4- Same col- 
 lection. 
 
 The types of this brass coin are imitated from those of Rhegium, and 
 indicate an alliance or some amicable relation between these rich and 
 powerful cities. 
 
 (1) Tohremuzza. SiciLi*. Vet. Numi. Tab. 32, n. 1. (2) Supra, page 19. 
 
( *5 ) 
 
 NUCERIA in BRETTIIS. 
 
 Laureated head of Apollo. 
 
 NOTRPINHN. Rev. Adverse head of a lion. AE i. Plate II, n. 5. 
 
 On a former occasion (1) I published this coin, and attributed it to 
 Nuceria in Campania : relating at the same time the opinion of Mr. Ca- 
 relli, who ascribed it to a city of Nuceria, situated in Calabria, and 
 which is supposed to have transmitted its name to the modern town of 
 Nocera (2), where considerable remains still seen, attest that an ancient 
 city once existed (3). The resemblance of the coin to those of Rhegium 
 and Terina,w r as a strong presumption that it was of a place in the vicinity. 
 Subsequent observations have fully confirmed this opinion. Several 
 coins like the present, and a great number of others, inscribed NOYKPINftN, 
 and usually ascribed to Nuceria Alfaterna (4), have been found at various 
 times, on the site of, or near Nocera in Calabria ; a proof of their having 
 been struck in that part of Italy. 
 
 Three cities of the name of Nouxpia, or Nuceria, are mentioned by 
 geographers : one in Campania, another in Umbria, the third on the Po. 
 Coins, and the modern appellation, inform us of the existence of a fourth 
 in the territory of the Bruttii. 
 
 ADDENDA ad ITALIAM. 
 
 ATELLA in CAMPANIA. 
 
 Adverse radiated head of the Sun. 
 
 Rev. ADE in Oscan letters. An elephant. AE 3. Plate II, n. 6. 
 
 (1) Medailles Grecques Inedites, pag. 14. site, though not far distant, on the banks of the Ocy- 
 
 (2) Near the river Savuto, about five miles from uarus or Savuto. V. Cramer, Ancient Italy, torn II, 
 the coast, on the gulf of St. Euphemia, between pag. 416. 
 
 Amantea and Nicastro, in Calabria. (4) On one side is ahead of Apollo; on the other 
 
 (3) Modern geographers have attributed these ruins a horse, and the legend NOYKPINON. V. Mioknet, 
 to Terina; but that city must have been on a different Medailles Grecques, torn. I, pag. 123 — 24. 
 
(26) 
 
 The coins previously ascribed to Acerrse in Campania, are now ascer- 
 tained to belong to Atella, a city in the same province. In a preceding 
 numismatic work (i), I exposed the motives which induced me to pro- 
 pose this restitution. 
 
 The coins of Atella hitherto published, offer the same types as those 
 of Capua, result of the intimate connection which history informs us 
 existed between the two cities. 
 
 The types before us are entirely new; that of the reverse is singular; 
 the elephant seems to have reference to the period when Atella and other 
 cities of Campania took part with the Carthaginians in the second Punick 
 war (2). It cannot be of a later age, because, after the defeat of Han- 
 nibal, these cities were deprived of all their political rights, and, among 
 others, that of coinage. 
 
 COSA in LUCANIA. 
 
 Helmeted and bearded head. 
 
 Rev. K&2. Thunderbolt. Underneath, a serpent. AE 3. Plate II, 
 n. 7. 
 
 Near the source of the Cylistarnus, supposed to have been the same as 
 the small river now called the Racanella, not far distant from Thurium, 
 in Lucania, was a city called Cosa or Cossa (3). 
 
 The present copper coin, of a fabric peculiar to the southern part of 
 Italy, may, with great probability, be assigned to this place. Its name, 
 precisely the same as that of the island of Cos, would imply the exis- 
 tence of a colony from the latter, in Lucania. No ancient authors have 
 mentioned such a circumstance, but it is not at all improbable, since 
 there was scarcely a Greek city, however inconsiderable, but was the 
 
 (1) Medailles Grecques Inedites, pag. 25. dern town of Cassano in Calabria; but modern 
 
 (2) T. Livius, lib. XXVI, cap. 16. topographers place its ruins at Civita, a neighbour- 
 
 (3) Stephanus Byzant. V. RoWa. Cluverius sup- ing village. V. Cramer, Anc. Ital., torn. II, pag. 
 posed tbat it occupied the same site as the mo- 354. 
 
(*7) 
 
 parent of one or more colonies, and contributed, by extending the ad- 
 vantages oi civilization, to carry the glory and language of Greece to the 
 uttermost parts of the habitable world. 
 
 Several towns of the name of Cossa or Cosa existed in various parts 
 of Italy; one, the harbour of the Vulcientes, in Etruria; the other in 
 Campania, to which the coins inscribed COZANO are referred; the 
 third in Lucania. 
 
 VESERIS in CAMPANIA? 
 
 Adverse head of Juno, with an elevated crown. 
 
 Rev. PHENSERNU, in Oscan characters. Bellerophon on horseback 
 combating the Chimaera. AR 2. Plate II, n. 8. (Lord Northwick.) 
 
 A similar coin, but without any legend, has been published by Eck- 
 hell (1), who ascribed it to Crotona. The inscription, which is fortu- 
 nately added to the present, indicates a very different origin, and refers 
 it to Campania, where the Oscan dialect was in use. 
 
 Among the cities of that province, recorded by ancient geographers, 
 that to which the coin may be ascribed with the most probability, is Ve- 
 seris, a town situated at the foot of mount Vesuvius, and of which men- 
 tion is made by Livy (2). 
 
 The Oscan name on the coin bears great affinity to the Latin. The $ 
 having been often changed with the B or V; and the N before an S being 
 usually omitted for the sake of euphony. Thus, with the ordinary change 
 of the termination, Phensernu would be rendered Veseris in the Greek or 
 Latin dialect. 
 
 The female head is that of the Argian Juno, who had a celebrated 
 temple, built by Jason (3), near the Silarus, 5o stadia from Posidonia, and 
 greatly venerated in the neighbouring provinces; as we see by the coins 
 of Hyria, a town in Campania, perhaps the same as Surrentum. 
 
 (1) Numi. Veter. Akecd., tab. Ill, n. 24, pag. 42. but Pellegrini and Cluverius are, with great reason, 
 
 (2) Lib. VIII, cap. 8. Some modern authors have of a contrary opinion, 
 supposed that the term Veseris was applied to a river; (3) Stiubo, lib. VI, pag. 252. 
 
 4 
 
(*8) 
 
 The representation of Bellerophon implies the establishment of a Co- 
 rinthian colony at Veseris, which, like many other cities of Campania, 
 was probably of Tyrrhenian origin, or subject for a time to that people, 
 whose relations with Corinth are well known (i). 
 
 SICILIA. 
 
 AGATHYRNUS et TYNDARTS. 
 
 TYNAAPIA02. Laureated head of Apollo. 
 
 Rev. ArA0YPNO2. Warrior standing in complete armour. AE. i. Plate II, 
 n. 9. ( Lord Northwick. ) 
 
 This hitherto unique numismatic monument was intended to record 
 an alliance, or some amicable relation (ouovowc) between Agathyrnus and 
 Tyndaris, two cities on the northern coast of Sicily. 
 
 As, in some instances of an early age (2), the name of one city is in the 
 nominative case ArA0YPNO2, that of the other, in the genitive TYN- 
 AAPIA02. 
 
 The first of these cities, named after its founder Agathyrnus, one of 
 the sons of AEolus (3), was situated between Alassa and Tyndaris, near 
 the promontory now called Capo d'Orlando. Some remains of it were 
 seen at the time of f^azelli, near St. Martino, but have now disappeared. 
 
 Little mention of this place occurs in history; we only know from 
 Livy (4), that, in the second Punick war, it became the resort of a great 
 number of exiles and outlaws from various parts of Sicily, who commit- 
 ted great depredations by sea and land, till, after the reduction of the 
 island, the Roman consul Laevinus removed them into Italy. 
 
 (1) Diokys. Hvlicarn, lib. Ill, cap. 46. the authority of Polybius, calls this place Agathyrsa. 
 
 (2) On the coins of Siris and Buxentum , and those Sometimes we find the name written Agathyrna or 
 of Cephalcedium and Heraclea. V. Infra, page 30. Agathyrnum. The coins gives the true reading. 
 
 (3)DioD0RusSicui.us,lib.V, cap. 8. Stephanus,on (4) Lib. XXVI, cap. 40. Lib. XXVII, cap. 12. 
 
(*9 ) 
 
 Tyndaris, a city far more celebrated, was situated 3o miles to the west 
 of Agathyrnus, and considerable remains of it still exist at Santa Maria 
 di Tindaro, where statues, vases, and other works of art of great beauty, 
 are frequently discovered. 
 
 Owing to the deficiency of symbols distinctive of either of the contrac- 
 ting parties, it is difficult, in this, as in many similar cases, to ascertain 
 bj which city the coin was struck. 
 
 The legend, which is elliptical and ambiguous, does not remove the dif- 
 ficulty (i). Two modes of explaining it occur. Supposing the usual 
 term «ve87ixe to be implied, the inscription might be read ArA0YPNO2 
 ov£8i)%6 tco d^ptto TYNAAP1A02, intimating that the coin was issued by the 
 inhabitants of Agathyrnus. 
 
 Should we however suppose that No^Kj^a, or some similar term, is im- 
 plied, the coin would then belong to Tyndaris, and the figure on the re- 
 verse, might be an honorary representation of the people (Sv-pios) of Aga- 
 thyrnus. Perhaps this last hypothesis is the most probable. 
 
 The present monument, being the only one of any kind which refers 
 to Agathyrnus, is the more valuable. The coins of Tyndaris are nume- 
 rous and not uncommon. 
 
 GEL A in SICILIA. 
 
 EYNOMIA. Head of Ceres with wheaten wreath. 
 
 Rev. TEAHmN. Androcephalous bull standing on a wheat-ear. AR. 4- 
 Plate II, n. 10. (Mr. Durand , Paris.) 
 
 Owing to the minuteness of the characters of the legend on the ob- 
 verse, and to an injury which the third letter received in the coinage, I was 
 induced to take it for a B, and accordingly in a former publication (2), 
 
 (1) The usual form of inscriptions of this kind, All that relates to this subject may be seen in 
 
 offers the names of the contracting parties in the ge- Eckhell. Doctrijja Num. Vet., torn. IV, pag. 331. 
 
 nitive, as ZMTFNAIfiN, lEPAnOAElTfijV, with the term (2) Medailles Grecques Inedites. Rome, 1812, 
 
 OMOIS'OIA sometimes added, at otber times implied, page 32. 
 
( 3o) 
 attributed the present coin to Euboea a city of Sicily, in conjunction 
 with Gel a. 
 
 Having since had the opportunity of seeing other coins of the same 
 kind, I discovered my error, and found that the third letter instead 
 of a B, was an N, that the fifth letter was an M, and consequently that 
 the true reading was EYNOMIA. 
 
 According to Hesiod (i) and Pindar (2), Eunomia was one of the Hours, 
 daughters of Themis. The names of her sisters were Dike and Eirene, 
 signifying allegorically, that Justice, Peace, and good Laws, were the real 
 sources of prosperity. 
 
 In the present instance, as the inscription Eunomia accompanies 
 the portrait of Ceres, it is evidently an epithet of the goddess, synoni- 
 mous with that of ©eap-otpopo?, usually attributed to her as the inventress of 
 Legislation. 
 
 A coin, with the same types, is described by Eckhell (3), with the le- 
 gend 2YPA on one side, and 2EAINONTIHN on the other, which he sup- 
 posed to imply an alliance between the Syracusans and Selinontines. 
 
 Probably the true reading was also Eunomia, and the coin was struck 
 by the Selinontines, at the same time as the present by the Geloans, on 
 some particular occasion, such as a new system of legislation, and subse- 
 quent festivals in honor of Ceres. 
 
 The androcephalous bull standing on a wheat ear, is emblematic of the 
 fertility produced by the river Gela. 
 
 CEPHALOEDIUM et HERACLEA. 
 
 (KE$)AAOIAIO. Head of Hercules covered with the lion's skin. 
 
 Rev. HPAKAEIOTAN. Bull butting (Bos cornupeta ). AR. 3. Plate II, 
 n. 11. 
 
 This silver coin offers another example of an alliance between two 
 Sicilian cities (4), expressed in the same manner as the preceding : the 
 
 (1) Theogojv., vers 901 — 903. being defaced, prince Torremuzza, who first made 
 
 (2) Olymp. XIII, vers" 6 — 11. known this coin, was not aware that it referred to 
 
 (3) Doctrijta Num. Vet., torn. I, pag. 24I. Cephalcedium as well as to Heraclea, but attributed it 
 
 (4) The three first letters of the legend on the obverse, solely to the latter, Ad Sicil. Vet. Num. Auctarll, p. 7 , 
 
(3i ) 
 
 name of one, in the nominative (KE<J>)AAOIAIO(N), that of the other, in the 
 genitive HPAKAEIOTAN. 
 
 Of these, Cephaloedium is a well known city still existing under the 
 name of Cefalii, on the N. coast of the island. The situation of Heraclea 
 is not so easily determined. The only place of this name in Sicily, re- 
 corded by ancient authors, is one surnamed Minoa (i), between Agri- 
 gentum and Selinus, on the S. coast. 
 
 An alliance between places so remote, and which could consequently 
 have had little relation with each other, appears improbable, and it may 
 rather be inferred, either that another city of Heraclea existed some- 
 where in the neighbourhood of Cephaloedium, perhaps near Thermae, a 
 place which took its name from the hot baths discovered there by Her- 
 cules (2) : or that it was Heraclea, one of the AEolian islands (3) : these, 
 at one time, were very powerful at sea, and entertained extensive relations 
 with other states. This last opinion seems the most probable. 
 
 MESSANA in SICILIA. 
 
 Adverse lion's head. 
 
 Rev. MESSENION, in archaic Greek characters. Head of a bull. AR. 1 . 
 Plate II, n. \i. 
 
 A silver tetradrachm of Messana in Sicily, of great importance, as it con- 
 tributes to remove the uncertainty which existed respecting the time 
 and circumstances of the taking ©f Zancle, and the change of its name 
 into that of Messana. 
 
 Evidently imitated from the coins of Samos, and presenting the em- 
 blems of the Samians, while it is inscribed with the name of the Messe- 
 nians, it proves, that the two nations inhabited Zancle for some time in 
 common, and that the name of Messana was given to the city when it was 
 
 Another coin, where the first letters were preserved, (1) Strabo, lib. VI, pag. 266. Diooor. Sicui., 
 
 has been since published by Sestini, and restored lib. XVI, cap. 9. 
 
 the true reading. V. Letterf. Numismat., I. Serie, (2) Diodor. Sicul., lib IV, cap. 22. 
 
 torn. V, pag. 39. (3) Pompon Mela, lib. II, cap. 7. 
 
( 3 2 ) 
 first taken, about the year 494 before our aera, and not as some ancient 
 authors assert, when Anaxilaus, tyrant of Rhegium, some years afterwards, 
 took possession of it, and expelled the Samians (i). 
 
 The particulars relating to these various occurences are discussed in a 
 Memoir of the author, inserted in the transactions of the Royal Society 
 of Literature , vol. I. part. II, page g3. 
 
 Some observations may not be displaced here, on the signification of 
 the emblems of the Samians, adopted by the Messenians. Some antiqua- 
 ries have supposed the lion and the bull so frequently represented on 
 ancient works of art, of every country, to allude to the productive and 
 destroying powers of nature (2). Others have assigned to them an astro- 
 nomical reference. 
 
 By the ancients themselves, however, whose symbolical language was 
 in general simple and natural, the figures of these animals were employed 
 as emblems of valour and strength. 
 
 Without uselessly heaping up authorities on the subject, it will suffice 
 to allege here the expressions of the Pythia (3) : 
 
 Ou -yap tov raupcov cyiiaei [xevo? ou^£ Isovtcov 
 AvTipivjv. 
 
 alluding by this comparison to the overwhelming and irresistible force 
 of the Persians; in her answer to Leonidas, when he consulted the Del- 
 phian oracle previous to his departure for the Thermopylae. This testi- 
 mony is the more apposite, as it is of a period nearly contemporary with 
 the monument which forms the subject of our enquiry (4)- 
 
 (1) Herodot., lib. VI, cap. 22—23. VII, 164. (3) Herodotus, lib. VII, cap. 220. 
 Thucyd., lib. VI, cap. 4, 5. Strabo, lib. VI, pag. (4) The battle of Thermopylae was in the year 
 257. Pausan., lib. IV, cap. 23. 48O before J. C. The occupation of Zancle by the 
 
 (2) Payne Knight. Inquiry into the symbolical Samians was in 494 or 493, and lasted several 
 language of Ancient Art. Sect. 28. 31. 109 — 110. years. 
 
(33) 
 
 MAMERTINI m SICILIA 
 
 Head of Diana. Behind, a bow and quiver. 
 
 Rev. MAMEPTINOYM. Cortina of Apollo. Underneath, A. JE/i. Plate 11. 
 n. 1 3. (Dnke de Luynes. ) 
 
 A coin with these types and the legend MAMEPTINfiN has been publis- 
 ed by Eckhel (i). The present differs by the termination of the legend, 
 which, instead of being in HN, is in OYM, an old AEolic form (2) in- 
 troduced into Italy by some of the early Greek colonies. 
 
 With the progress of civilisation, the Hellenic dialect superseded the 
 AEolic; but, when, owing to political changes, the former fell gradually 
 into disuse, the latter, which probably had been retained in some parts 
 of the country, revived and became prevalent. Its influence in the format- 
 ion of the latin language is well known. In the present instance, we 
 find it in use among the Mamertini, originally a barbarous tribe from 
 Opicia; and on the coins of the Lucani, a tribe of similar origin, 
 AOYKANOM is inscribed instead of AOYKANHN. Hence also the latin 
 termination in UM of the genitive plural is derived. 
 
 NACONA in SICILIA. 
 
 .... NHN. Female head, probably of Ceres. 
 
 Rev. NAKHN....nN. Horse at liberty. Underneath, a helmet. AE 3. 
 Plate II, n. 14. ( Same collection). 
 
 The name of this place is recorded by Stephanus of Byzantium, on the 
 authority of Philistus (3); he describes it as being in Sicily, but without 
 stating in what part of the island, or giving any particulars respecting it. 
 No other author ( except Suidas, who has transcribed Stephanus ), nor any 
 
 (1) Numi Veteres Akecdoti. Sylloge I. tab. I, the coins of Ossa. ( V. Infra. Plate III, n. 3), and 
 n. 11. of Tylissus in Crete. 
 
 (2) Other examples of this termination occur on (3) V. Ncuco'vn. 
 
 5 
 
(34) 
 
 ancient inscription having mentioned it. The editor of the Ethnographer 
 was induced to exclaim : 
 
 Mors etiam saxis marmoribusque venit. 
 
 In the deficiency of other memorials, its existence however, has been 
 confirmed by coins, the monuments most capable of escaping the ravages 
 of time and barbarians. Or, as one of our greatest poets has elegantly ex- 
 pressed in these well known lines : 
 
 Ambition sigh'd : she found it vain to trust 
 
 The faithless column and the crumbling bust : 
 
 Huge moles, whose shadow stretch'd from shore to shore, 
 
 Their ruins perish'd and their place no more, 
 
 Convinced, she now contracts her vast design, 
 
 And all her triumphs shrink into a coin. 
 
 A coin of Nacona preserved in the French King's collection, and the 
 only one then known, has been published by Sestini (i); L it is of an early 
 age, with the legend NAKONAION. 
 
 The present coin, also in brass, has been since discovered ; it is of a 
 later period, and bears the legend NAKHN(Al)nN with an Ci in the second 
 syllable, according to the reading in Suidas. From the types, which are 
 those of the Campanians established at Entella and iEtna, there can be 
 little doubt that the three letters NilN on the obverse, are the remains of 
 KAMIIANftN. 
 
 An alliance with the Campanians could be productive of no other 
 than fatal consequences ; whereever these barbarous hordes were admit- 
 ed, the deepest treachery and cruelty marked their steps. 
 
 Hence it may be inferred, that Nacona experienced the same melancholy 
 fate as AEtna, Entella, and other Sicilian cities which fell a prey to the 
 Campanians, who murdered the inhabitants capable of bearing arms, 
 and took possession of their wives and property (2). 
 
 (1) Lett. Num. Berlin, 1705. torn. VII, tab. I,n. 10. before our sera. Diodor. Sicul., lib. XIV, cap. 15. 
 
 (2) In the second year of the 94th Olympiad, 404, Stephan Byzant. V. EvrsXXa. 
 
(35) 
 
 These Campanians were originally mercenaries engaged by the Athe- 
 nians during their expedition in Sicily (i), They are called Tyrrhcni by 
 Thncvdides (2), who seems to have considered them as a tribe of that 
 people. After the defeat of the Athenians, they entered the Carthaginian 
 service; then into that of Dionysins, who, by their assistance, succeeded 
 in recovering the tyranny (3). Their number increasing by successive 
 reinforcements from Campania, they subsequently committed depredat- 
 ions and every sort of excess and cruelty in various parts of the island, 
 till they were destroyed by Timoleon, in the year 33G before our aera. 
 
 Several years having elapsed since the engraving of the plates of the 
 present work; the Duke de Luynes, who, in the interval became posses- 
 sor of the coin under consideration, has published it (4) with various 
 others of the Campanians, and has collected with so much diligence and 
 judgment all the testimonies of the ancients which elucidate this part of 
 ancient history, that any farther observations become unnecessary. 
 
 NAXOS in SICILIA. 
 
 NASIHN. Head of Apollo crowned with laurel. Behind, a laurel-leaf 
 and berry. 
 
 Rev. A figure of Silenus, holding a vase and branch of ferula. On 
 the plinth is inscribed I1POKAH2. AR 1. Plate II, n. i5. (Duke de 
 Luynes. ) 
 
 The inscription IIPOKAH2 placed on the plinth of the figure on the 
 reverse of this elegant silver didrachm of Naxos, induced its former 
 learned possessor, Chevalier Carelli, to suppose that it referred to Procles, 
 a leader of the Naxians, who, corrupted by Dionysius, betrayed the city 
 into his hands (5). 
 
 (1) DroDOR Sicul., lib. XIII, cap. 34. times in Tyrrhenia. Diodor. Sicul., lib. XI, cap. 51 
 
 (2) Lib. VU, cap. 57. et 88. 
 
 He ascribes their entering the Athenian service, to (3) Diodor Sicul., lib. XTV, cap. 8. XVI, 82. 
 
 their enmity against the Syracusans, probably on ac- (4) Anuali dell' Iztituto de Corrispondeijza di 
 
 count of the defeat of the Tyrrheni before Cuma by Rom\, 1829. Torao I, pag. 150. 
 
 Hiero in 445 A. C. the taking of AEthalia, aud the (5) npcxXf; 6 tgjv Na^icov atp-fl-jou(ji.evG?. Diodor. XIV- 
 
 ravages committed by the Svracusans at various 15. Olymp. 94. 3. A. C. 403. 
 
 5. 
 
(36) 
 
 The objection to this opinion is, that the workmanship and design of 
 the coin, assign it rather to a later period, than that of the events in ques- 
 tion, which occurred as early as the archonship of Eucleides, 4o3 years 
 before our aera. 
 
 Diodorus (i), who relates the transaction, says, it is true, that Dionysius 
 razed the city of Naxos completely. But such expressions must not be 
 always understood in an absolute sense, and frequent instances occur in 
 ancient history, of cities repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt. It is highly 
 probable then, that Naxos also was reestablished and existed till the time 
 when its inhabitants repaired to Tauromenium as to a place of greater 
 strength (2). From Thucydides we may infer that, at the time when he 
 wrote, Naxos was still in existence (3). The coin then may be attributed 
 to a later age, and the name to some other magistrate or chief, perhaps 
 the grandson of the Procles mentioned by Diodorus. 
 
 The head is that of Apollo App-yeTY)? whose altar was situated at a short 
 distance from Naxos (4) ; and who was held in great veneration, as the 
 leader of all the Chalcidic colonies in Sicily. 
 
 INCERTUS. 
 
 Helmeted head of Minerva. 
 
 Piev. Pegasus. Underneath, three Punick characters. AR 2. Plate II, 
 n. 16. (Lord Northwick.) 
 
 This unique silver didrachm, with the types of Corinth, was struck by 
 one of the Corinthian colonies in Sicily, while subject to the Carthagi- 
 nians. The legend being in Punick characters which hitherto have not 
 been satisfactorily explained, the name of the place unfortunately remains 
 uncertain. 
 
 Besides the more obvious coins of Syracuse we have those of Agrigen- 
 tum, Leontini and Tauromenium, struck in imitation of those of Corinth, 
 and intended to commemorate their Corinthian extraction. 
 
 (1) Ta $k reix'1 xai toc; cixia; jcarsTOai)' 6 - Loc cit. (3) Lib. VI, cap. 3. 
 
 (2)Olymp. 105. 3. Diodor Sicui., lib. XVI. cap. 6. t (4) Thucyd. Ibid. 
 
(3 7 ) 
 THRACIA. 
 
 ARETHUSA in MYGDONIA. 
 
 Female head. 
 
 Rev. APE0O. A bull. AE 3. Plate II, n. 17. (Lord Northwick.) 
 
 Geographers mention a city of Arethusa in the neighbourhood of 
 Acanthos in Thrace, and another in the island of Eubcea(i): probably 
 the former was a colony of the latter, not only from the resemblance of 
 the name, but because most of the cities in the district between the Axius 
 and the Strymon were of Euboic origin, as the appellation of Chalcidice, 
 given to that district , implies. 
 
 Either of these cities might with propriety lay claim to the present 
 coin. Tn the uncertainty, however, it may with greater probability be 
 attributed to the former, which is better known, and must have been a 
 place of consequence, since it transmitted its name to Arethusa in Syria, 
 a city founded by the Macedonian soldiers, who had served in the army 
 of Alexander (2). 
 
 Arethusa was situated in the district of Mygdonia, near the lake Bolbe, 
 between Acanthus and Amphipolis. It was celebrated for the tomb of the 
 great tragic poet Euripides (3). No vestiges of it remain, nor are any an- 
 cient monuments relating to it known. 
 
 The female head on the obverse is perhaps that of the city : the bull 
 on the reverse is a frequent emblem on the Eubcean coins, alluding to the 
 fertility, as well as to the name of the island. 
 
 - ARGILUS in BISALTIA. 
 
 Helmeted head of Minerva. 
 
 Rev. APr. Quadruped, probably a ram. AE 4- Plate III, n. 1. 
 (Mr Hamilton.) 
 
 (I)Steph.uv. Byzakt. V. Aps'Scuiia. Scylax, Sect. 67. (2) Apphn. Bell. Syr. Pag. 87. 
 Ckamek. Ancient Greece, torn. I, page 2G3. • (3) Antholog. Palatin., lib. VII, epig. jl. 
 
(38) 
 
 The letters APr inscribed on the present coin, combined with the re- 
 semblance its fabric bears to those of Acanthus, are the motives for attri- 
 buting it to Argilos, a Greek maritime town of Bisaltia, on the Strymo- 
 nian gulph between Amphipolis and Acanthus (i). 
 
 Argilos was founded by a colony from Andros; and its name, which 
 in the Thracian language signified a mouse (2), was given to it because, 
 while digging in order to lay the foundation of its walls, a mouse was the 
 first object seen. 
 
 Argilos appears to have been a place of importance and to have pos- 
 sessed a considerable territory on the banks of the Strymon. It was for 
 some time subject to the Athenians, but when Brasidas invaded the Chalci- 
 dice, the Argilians opened their gates to him (3), and contributed greatly 
 to the success of his undertaking against Amphipolis. 
 
 CHALCIS. 
 
 The coin, Plate 111, n. 2, was inadvertently placed here: it is of 
 Eubcea. V. Infra. 
 
 OSSA in BISALTIA. 
 
 Male figure with the causia and two spears, standing by a horse. 
 
 Rev. 022EHM. In an indented square. AR 2. Plate III, n. 3. 
 (Mr Hamilton.) 
 
 A similar coin was published by Paciaudi , with the inscription 
 022IHM, (5) and attributed to Ossa, a city of the Bisaltae, mentioned by 
 Stephanus. The singular and unusual termination in £2M, induced subse- 
 quent antiquaries to call in question this explanation. Eckhell (6) disposes 
 the letters in a different manner, he reads 2I12M02, which he supposes to 
 
 (1) Herodotus, lib. VII, cap 115. Thucydid. in Thrace was probably the same as the present, 
 lib. V, cap. 18. Stkabo, lib. VII, excerpt. 16. V. Hunter. Catalog. Tab. VII, n. 13. 
 
 (2) Stephan. Byzant. (f. Ap-yiXc;.) (5) Animad. Philolog., page 75. 
 
 (3) Thucydid, lib; IV, pag. 103. (6) Doct. Num. Vet. Tom. II, pag. 73. 
 
 (4) A coin attributed by D r . Combe to Aristaeum 
 
(39) 
 
 be a magistrate's name, and ascribes the coin to Maronea in Thrace- 
 Others have read MI222EO, and considered it in the same sense. 
 
 The present and several others coins, which have lately come to light, 
 shew that the true reading is 022EHM, and justify the opinion of Paciandi, 
 which is farther confirmed (1) by a coin hitherto unique of the Bisaltae, 
 with a type precisely similar. 
 
 The termination in 31 is an old AEolic form of which we have examples 
 in the coins of the Mamertini (2), of the Lucani, of Tylissus in Crete, and 
 the present of Ossa. It has not been noticed by any grammarians, be- 
 cause, little conversant with monuments, they derived their rules from 
 books, in which the archaic orthography was adapted to the fashion 
 of the age of the transcriber. 
 
 ORESTIAS in THRACIA. 
 
 OPPH2KION. Male figure with the Macedonian causia, holding two 
 spears, and guiding a yoke of oxen. 
 
 Rev. Rude intended square divided into four compartments. AR 1 . 
 Weight 433 grains. Plate III, n. 4- (The late Mr Payne Knight.) 
 
 A numerous class of coins, formerly attributed to the island of Lesbos, 
 and which generally represent a satyr or a centaur carrying away a fe- 
 male, are now ascertained to be of Macedonia or Thrace. The legend 
 of some is OPPHSKIftN ; that of the others has been read AHTAmiN". 
 
 The magnificent silver octodrachm with the inscription OPPH2KKXN here 
 engraved, presents a type totally different from the others. Two only 
 of this kind are known : one, which belonged to the late Mr Payne Knight, 
 and is now in the British Museum : the other, in the French King's col- 
 lection. 
 
 This last has been publishecbby Mr Raoul-Rochette (3), and attributed 
 to the Oresta?, originally a Molossian tribe, which inhabited a mountain- 
 
 ;i) Hukter. Catalog. Tab. XIII, 6g. 4. the editor read BI2AATIfi]N instead of 022En.M. Ibid. 
 
 Another coin of the same collection attributed to page 67. 
 
 the BisalUe, is similar to the present. The reverse (2) Supra. Pag. 33, and Plate II, n. 13. 
 
 being ill struck, and the letters rather uncertain, (3) Lettres a lord Aberdeen. Planche I, n. 1. 
 
(4o) 
 
 ous district between Epirus and Macedonia, and was afterwards con- 
 quered and incorporated with the latter, by Philip the father of 
 Alexander (i). 
 
 In a late numismatic publication by Mr de Cadalvene (2), this opinion 
 of Mr Raoul-Rochette has been contested; and the coins in question 
 are, with much greater probability, attributed to a people of Thrace. 
 
 The site, however, which the author assigns to the Orestae, in Bisaltia, 
 is not supported by any authority. He rejects with reason the fabulous 
 origin attributed to this people, and refers their name to their mountain- 
 ous situation. But, as the greatest part of Thrace was of the same na- 
 ture, the term of mountainous can never imply the Bisaltse in particular. 
 Nor is the occasional discovery of similar coins in Bisaltia an argument 
 of any weight, since we know that they abound in almost every part of 
 northern Macedonia and Thrace. 
 
 The same author alleges, and at the same time, rejects the opinion of 
 some antiquaries that they are of Orestias, a city of Thrace, afterwards 
 called Hadrianopolis. It is however, the most probable opinion, as the exis- 
 tence of this place is perfectly ascertained by ancient testimony (3), whereas 
 the Orestias of Bisaltica is entirely imaginary. The inference deducible 
 from the name, is also far more favourable to a city of Haemus, the highest 
 mountain of Thrace (4), than to any other situation in that country : we 
 must therefore ascribe the coins with the legend OPPH2KIftN to the Orestias 
 
 (1) Strabo, lib. VII, p. 326. didit civitatem ;— Et Orestam quidem urbem Hadria- 
 
 (2) Recueil de Medailles Grecques. Paris, 1828. nus suo nomine vindicari jussit. Lampridius, in 
 pag. 76. Elagabal. , cap. 17. 
 
 (3) frfyuoo? *xi 6pe?ria rt viv A^piavowoXt?. Apospas- Mons Heemus vastojugo procumbens in Pontum 
 mat. in Geogr. Min., torn. IV, pag. 42. 43. oppidum habuit in vertice Aristeeum. PLiNius,lib. IV, 
 
 IIspl A^piavcu 7ro'Xiv. cap. 11. Probably instead of Aristaeum, the reading 
 
 To wptv (Mxpbv tcoXix/hov jcVwhv dps^Tia^a, should be Orestmim. 
 
 0' A-jufAspovo; uto; irplv vtysipev Opeomc, A district of the chain of Hsemus was called Hae- 
 
 Tzetzes. Chiliad. VIII, Hist. 247. mimontus or Hfemimontanus, evidently a translation 
 
 Outo? toivuv tw 6pE(iTia^a dx.fi, ( outw ^e iraXai v] of the Greek appellation bpeorias. Ammianus Mar- 
 
 tco'Xic IxaXsito, tou BaciXsu; A^piavou i\ Ope'srou tou cell. lib. XIV, cap. 37. Sextus Rufus, cap. IX. 
 
 Af«|i.s|i.vovo5. ) Zonaras, lib. XII, cap. 23. (4) Ex quibus Hsemus in tantum altitudinis abit, 
 
 Posteaquam se ( Orestes ) apud tria flumina circa ut Euxinum et Hadriam ex summo vertice ostendat 
 
 Hebrum ex responso purihcavit, etiam Orestam con- Pompon Mela, lib. II, cap. 2. 
 
(4i ) 
 
 subsequently called Hadrianopolis, till we have authority for the exis- 
 tence of another city or people of this denomination in a different part 
 of Thrace. 
 
 Though no mention of this city occurs in early history, yet its name 
 and fabulous origin attest its antiquity. Tzetzes(i), it is true, calls it 
 fxwtpov ttoXi/viov, but it was probably of some importance, when Hadrian 
 enlarged it and called it by his name. 
 
 The difference between the names of Oreskii and Orestse is no objec- 
 tion to the proposed attribution : both are forms derived from the same 
 word Opgtoi. The one is peculiar to that part of Thrace, which was to 
 the N. of the Strymon, where we find great numbers of local names ending 
 in 0x05, as Bromiscus, Drabescus, Doriscus, Myrgiscus and many others. 
 The form in gtoli was peculiar to Macedonia, and the country S. of the 
 Strymon as Stephanus of Byzantium has observed (2). We find there, 
 the Lyncestse, the Tauristae, the Orestae, and various others. The two 
 forms were frequently exchanged ; we are told by Strabo (3), that the 
 Taurisci and the Tauristae were the same; and Casaubonis probably right 
 in his opinion that theCordistae of Athenaeus(4) are the same as the Scord- 
 isci of Strabo. The difference in the form of the name offers, therefore, 
 no objection. 
 
 The type of the coin before us, alludes to the abundant herds of oxen, 
 which constituted the chief riches of the Thracians, and refers, at the 
 same time, to the address of the people in taming the wildest bulls, and 
 subjecting them to the yoke. The Thessalians and the Macedonians, who 
 were of the same race as the Thracians, excelled likewise in similar pur- 
 suits. The man is armed with two spears, his head is covered with the 
 causia. 
 
 This mode of hunting probably induced the Thessalian poets to attri- 
 bute to their hero Jason the exploit of taming the brazen bulls of Vulcan 
 
 (1) Chiliad., lib. VIII, vers. 954. (3) Lib. VII, pag. 345. 
 
 (2) na-joavta; Si Aia;a? or,c\. May.s^o'vwvfap 6 TV7rcr (4) Lib. VI, cap. 25. 
 Oseorai, A'jfjciarai. V. Aiov. 
 
(42) 
 
 which guarded the golden fleece. The description of Ovid (i), may illus- 
 trate the representation on the coin : 
 
 Pendulaque audaci mulcet palearia dextra, 
 Suppositosque jugo pondus grave cogit aratri 
 Ducere, et insuetum ferro proscindere campum. 
 
 The extraordinary size of the present coin, which is double the weight 
 of any struck in Greece, attests the wealth of the early Thracians, derived 
 from their silver mines so renowned in history. 
 
 A coin of Geta, king of the Edones, with the legend TETA2 HAONEON 
 BA2IAEY2 of the same types, and of the same weight as the present, 
 which I shall publish at some future period, will afford me an oppor- 
 tunity of offering some farther remarks on the numismatics of Thrace. 
 
 SALA in THRACIA. 
 
 Adverse terminal figure, between a wheat-ear and caduceus. 
 
 Rev. 2A. A vase with two handles. AE 4- Plate III, n. 5. ( Mr. Ha- 
 milton. ) 
 
 The different emblems represented on this small brass coin, being those 
 of Samothrace, and of various cities of the neighbouring coast of Thrace, it 
 may, with great probability, be attributed to Sala, a town belonging to the 
 Samothracians. Herodotus (2) informs us that it was situated on the 
 coast of Thrace, between ^En os and Selymbria, in a district called Doris- 
 cus, where Xerxes reviewed his army, and caused his fleet to be refitted. 
 
 The terminal mode of representing Mercury was peculiar to the Pelasgi, 
 who inhabited Lemnos, Imbros and Samothrace, where they established 
 the Cabiric mysteries, and subsequently introduced into Athens the figure 
 and rites of that divinity (3). The wheat-ear alludes to Ceres, in whose 
 honor the Cabiric mysteries were originally founded. The vase on the 
 
 (1) Metamorphorseon, lib. VII, vers. 117—119. (3) Herodotus, lib. II, cap. 52; lib. VII, cap. 52. 
 
 (2) Lib. VII, cap. 59. Pausan., lib. I, cap. 17. 
 
(43 ) 
 reverse is perhaps the Kipvo?, used in the Samothracian and Eleusinian 
 mysteries (i) ; on another coin of Sala (2) the same vase is placed before 
 a figure of Ceres, and it occurs also on other coins of Thrace. 
 
 TORONE in CHALCIDICE. 
 
 A Satyr drinking out of a crater. 
 
 Rev. TE. A goat. AR. 3. Plate III. n. 6. ( The late Mr. Payne Knight. ) 
 
 Torone is a city frequently mentioned in the history of the Persian 
 and Peloponnesian Avars. It was situated on the southern extremity of the 
 Sithonian peninsula, in the Chalcidice (3); and from its importance gave 
 its name to the gulph on which it stood. 
 
 The type of this rare silver coin alludes to the worship of Dionysus, 
 established at a very early period in Thrace, whence it passed into Greece. 
 
 The legend TE shews that it was called Terone by its inhabitants, 
 according to the iEolic dialect, instead of Torone, as it is always written 
 in authors ; thus we find fepyof/ivos for Op^evo;, and in the Latin language 
 the interchange of E and O is frequent. 
 
 MADYTUS in CHERSONNESO. 
 
 MAAT. A dog of the fox kind. 
 
 Rev. A bull butting. Above, a wheat-ear. AE 2. Plate III, n. 7. 
 ( Chevalier Palin, at Rome. ) 
 
 This coin, hitherto unique, with the legend MAAY, is undoubtedly of 
 Madytus, a considerable town of the Thracian Chersonnesus on the Hel- 
 lespont, between Sestos and Eloeus (4), near a promontory called Cynos- 
 sema, from a barrow supposed to be that of Hecuba (5), who threw 
 herself into the sea from that spot and was transformed into a dog. 
 
 (1) Athes.eus, lib. XI, cap. 52 et 56. (4) Herodotus, lib. VII, cap. 33; lib. IX, cap 122. 
 
 (2) Husteb. Catalog. Tab. XLVI, fig. 15. The Stephanus, Byzant. 
 
 editor inadvertently ascribed it to Sala in Phrygia. (5) Strabo, lib. XIII, pag. 595. Euripides, He- 
 
 (3) Herodotus, lib. VII, cap. 22, 122. Thucydides, cuba, vers. 1241. 
 lib. IV. cap. 110, 111; lib.V, cap. 3. Scyuax, sect. 67. 
 
 6. 
 
(44) 
 
 The dog represented on the coin, alludes probably to the metamor- 
 phosis of Hecuba, and to the name of xuvo$ c-^a given to her tomb. 
 
 The bull and wheat-ear on the reverse, are appropriate emblems of 
 the fertility for which the Chersonnesus of Thrace was so renowned. 
 
 RHOEMETALCES II, REX THRAGI.E. 
 
 TAK2 KAI2API. Laureated head of the emperor Caligula. 
 Rev. BA2IAEH2. Eagle holding a wreath in its beak, and in its talons 
 a sceptre. AE 4. Plate III, n. 8. ( Mr. Hamilton. ) 
 
 Of the various kings who were suffered to retain their dominions 
 in the time of Caligula, the only one to whom this coin can be ascribed, 
 is Rhoemetalces II, king of Thrace (i). 
 
 This prince was the son of Rhescuporis, who was dethroned by Tibe- 
 rius about the year 19 of the Christian aera; Rhoemetalces was appointed 
 to succeed him, and, in the year 38, received a considerable accession of 
 territory from Caligula. He was the last king of Thrace, which, on his 
 death, was reduced to a Roman province. 
 
 The coin before us was intended to attest the gratitude of Rhceme- 
 talces to the emperor. The form of the inscription is dedicatory, and 
 may be read BA2IAEI22 aveGe'vros TAIQ KAI2API. The omission of the name 
 of the prince is singular, and appears imitated from the coins of Alexan- 
 der, where, sometimes, the regal title alone ( xkt' e^v ) is expressed. 
 
 The eagle of the reverse is the emblem of Rome, presenting to the king 
 of Thrace the sceptre and crown, insignia of regal power. 
 
 MACEDONIA, THESSALIA, etc. 
 
 PHILIPPUS II. 
 
 Laureated head of Apollo. 
 
 (1) Car y. Hist, des Rois de Thrace, pag. 78. Visconti. Iconograpliie Grecque, torn. Ill, pag. 302. 
 
(45) 
 Rev. <PlAiniIOY. Male figure in a car drawn by two horses. Above 
 M \ Y2IMAX02. Under the horses, PO, and a rose AV 2. Plate III, 
 n. 9. ( Lord Northwick. ) 
 
 This gold stater with the usual types of Philip of Macedon, the father 
 of Alexander, is remarkable from its having been struck at Rhodes, as 
 the initials PO, and the rose, emblem of that island clearly demon- 
 strate. 
 
 JNo circumstances in the history of Philip can account for the distinguish- 
 ed honour paid to him by the Rhodians, and which this numismatic mo- 
 nument records. The conquests of that prince were never extended 
 beyond the limits of Greece, and, far from having been on friendly terms 
 with the Rhodians, they frequently opposed his ambitious views; and, 
 when Philip invested Byzantium, they united their fleet to that of the 
 \thenians, and obliged him to raise the siege (1). 
 
 After the death of Philip, affairs took a different turn, mutual interest 
 produced a close alliance between his son Alexander and the Rhodians. 
 Their frienship is well known. The sword of the conqueror of Asia 
 was a present from that people (2), and, as a mark of confidence in 
 them, he deposited his will under their care (3). 
 
 From these considerations we are enabled to conclude, that the present 
 coin was struck after the death of Philip, as a tribute to his memory and 
 a compliment to his son Alexander, of whom we have also many coins 
 issued by the Rhodians. It might also, and for the same motives, be ass- 
 igned to the reign of Philip Arida?us, the successor of Alexander; the 
 Rhodians having persevered in their attachment to the Macedonian dy- 
 nasty till its destruction under Perseus. 
 
 The present example affords additional confirmation to the opinion, 
 that many of the coins of Philip, as well as of Alexander, were issued 
 after their death. 
 
 The name of MNA2IMAX02 is that of the prytanis, or chief magistrate 
 of the Rhodians : it frequently occurs on the coins of Rhodes. 
 
 (1) Diodor. Sicll, lib. XVI, cap. 77. (3) Diodor. Sicui.., lib. XX. cap. 81. 
 
 (2) Px.ct.irch, in Alexandre 
 
(46) 
 
 GOMPHI qu*: et PHILIPPOPOLIS in THESSALIA. 
 
 Adverse female head, with flowing hair. 
 
 Rev. <J>IAinn01IOArraN. Jupiter seated on a rock and holding a sceptre. 
 Before him, a thunderbolt. AR. 2. Weight, 89 grains. Plate III, n. 10. 
 ( Mr. Thomas ). 
 
 Several towns of Macedonia, or of the countries annexed to it by con- 
 quest, were named after Macedonian kings or queens. Among these we 
 find four called after Philip, viz. two in Thrace, founded by Philip, the 
 father of Alexander, Philippopolis, and Philippi illustrious in the annals 
 of Christianity : and two in Thessaly, Theboe Phthioticae, and Gomphi (1), 
 denominated from Philip V, son of Demetrius. 
 
 It would be difficult to determine to which of these places the elegant 
 and unique coin here engraved might be attributed, if its perfect resem- 
 blance to those of Gomphi did not assure us that it was of that city (2), 
 which, for some time, bore the name of Philippopolis, but after the 
 subversion of the Macedonian kingdom, resumed its ancient appella- 
 tion. 
 
 Some geographers (3), it is true, consider Gomphi and Philippopolis 
 to have been distinct cities, the passage of Stephanus being corrupt. The 
 present coin, however, is a great argument in favor of their identity. 
 The difficulty in the passage of Stephanus is easily removed, by substitut- 
 ing ©ecGe&ia; instead of 0s<j7upwTia<; which is evidently an error of the tran- 
 scriber. In general the testimony of Stephanus is of the greatest weight, 
 and should not be rejected; except on the strongest grounds. 
 
 The female head on the obverse is probably a personification of the 
 city. In the engraving given by Pellerin (4), from an ill preserved coin 
 
 (1) Stephan Byzant. r. <I>iXnrrco'7ToXi;. V. Sestini. Lettere Numism., 1817, torn. Ill, 
 
 (2) Pellerin, torn. I, pi. XXVI, n. 5. pag. 39. 
 
 A coin ascribed by the same author to Amphea (3) Cramer. Ancient Greece, torn. I, pag* 361. 
 is also of Gomphi. The legend is rOM*lTOiN. (4) /'. note 2. 
 
(47 ) 
 of Gomphi with the same types, it is metamorphosed into a Medusa, on 
 account of the flowing hair. From the reverse it appears that Jupiter 
 was the tutelary divinity of the city. 
 
 CIERIUM in THESSALTA. 
 
 1. Head of Neptune. Behind, a trident. 
 
 Rev. KI. Female head. AR 4- Plate III. n. u. (Lieut. Col. Leake.) 
 
 2. Head of Jupiter with laurel wreath. 
 
 Rev. KIEPIEIHN. Female figure kneeling. AR. 3. Plate III, n. 12. 
 ( Same collection ). 
 
 3. Bearded head, perhaps of Neptune. 
 
 Rev . Legend effaced. Same reverse as the preceding. AE. 3. Plate III, 
 n. 1 3. ( Same collection. ) 
 
 4- Laureated head of Apollo. 
 
 Rev. KIEPIEHN. Jupiter standing, supporting with one hand an eagle, 
 and with the other vibrating his thunder. Before, the same figure as in 
 n. 2 and 3. AE 2. Plate III, n. il\. (Mr. Hamilton.) 
 
 No coins of this city had been published, till Col. Leake made known 
 seven varieties of silver and copper, in the transactions of the Royal Society 
 of Literature (1). At the same time he has given a most interesting ac- 
 count of the discovery of the site of the city, and has illustrated all that re- 
 lates to its ancient history in the most ample and satisfactory manner; 
 I shall confine myself to a short extract, referring the reader to the ori- 
 ginal memoir of the learned author. 
 
 Stephanus of Bysantium (2), the only author who has mentioned Cie- 
 rium, informs us that it was the same as the Thessalian Arne. It took its 
 first name from the nymph Arne, a daughter of vEolus, and the mother of 
 Boeotus by Neptune; Boeotus gave to his subjects the name of Boeotians, and 
 their descendants being compelled to abandon Thessaly, settled in that 
 
 (1) Vol. I, part. I, page 151. (2) V. Apvr. 
 
(48) 
 
 part of Greece, called after them Boeotia, where they founded another city 
 of Arne. In later times the name of the Thessalian Arne was changed into 
 that of Cierium, from the river Cierius, called sometimes Cuarius or Cu- 
 ralius. 
 
 The site of Cierium, previously unknown, was also discovered by Col. 
 Leake. Two inscriptions relating to it (i), and various coins inscribed 
 KIEPIEION, found at Mataranga, enabled him to ascertain that the bar- 
 rows and various remains of an ancient city, which are seen there, were 
 of Cierium. Mataranga is a village consisting of four or five hamlets^ on 
 the left bank of the Apidanus, one of the largest streams which, flowing 
 from the mountains of Dolopia, all join the Peneius, not far from the 
 site of the ancient Pharcadon. On the S. side of Mataranga is a round in- 
 sulated hill, on the summit of which are the foundations of the walls of 
 the acropolis or citadel. On the slope, and round the foot of the hill, are 
 many vestiges of a large town , where coins and fragments of antiquity are 
 frequently found. 
 
 Jtist below the position of the city, the Apidanus is joined by a small- 
 er stream , without doubt the Cuarius or Cierius , which seems to have 
 bounded the city on the W . side. On the banks of this river was a temple 
 of Minerva Itonia , whose worship was from hence transferred by the 
 Thessalian Arnaei to Coroneia in Boeotia, where they gave also the name of 
 Cuarius to a river. 
 
 From one of the inscriptions discovered, it appears that Neptune the 
 father of Arne, was particularly venerated here under the epithet of 
 Cuarius. His head is represented on the coin N° i, and on the reverse is 
 the portrait of Arne. Besides Neptune, the coins before us shew that 
 Jupiter and Apollo were also worshipped by the Cierenses. The nymph 
 Arne received also divine honours; and on all the coins she is represented, 
 either as the principal type, or as an accessory symbol. 
 
 (1) One refers to a dispute between the cities of of Metropolis, at a distance of 10 or 12 miles to 
 
 Cierium and Metropolis respecting the limits of their the W. of Mataranga, and exactly in the position 
 
 territories. It is of the reign of Tiberius. which Strabo has indicated. 
 
 Col. Leake subsequently discovered the remains (2) n02EIAQNI KOTEP1M KEOAAHN BYK1N0Y. 
 
(49) 
 
 The attitude of the figure of Arne is extremely graceful; she appears to 
 be playing with osselets, (astragali) a diversion frequently attributed to 
 nymphs. Pausanias describing a group of the Graces, says that one held 
 an osselet(i),and adds, that it is an amusement and an emblem of youth, 
 before old age has damped every enjoyment. 
 
 In a picture of Herculaneum, Hileaira and Aglaia, the daughters of 
 Niobe are represented playing at the same game (2). 
 
 The inscription on the coins is sometimes KIEPIEHN, and on others 
 RIEPIEIHIN. Pellerin has published one similar to n° 4, but in bad pre- 
 servation, and KIEPI only legible, which he ascribed to Cius in Bithy- 
 nia (3). Another, with the same types, in the British Museum (4) has 
 been attributed to the Brettii. They are both of Cierium. 
 
 The discovery of the various monuments relating to this city has en- 
 abled Col. Leake to correct two passages in Livy (5); where, instead of 
 Cieria or Cierium, copyists have substituted Pieria. 
 
 It is remarkable that the name of Cierium, a place which must have 
 been of great importance, is not found in any author, except Stephanus; 
 this may be accounted for by the celebrity of the name of Arne, which, 
 though disused on the spot, continued to be better known to the rest of 
 Greece. 
 
 LARISSA in THESSALIA. 
 
 A horse feeding. Above, a bee. 
 
 Rev. In an indented square, AA(Pl)2EON. A sandal. AR 2. Plate III, 
 n. 1 5. (The late Mr. Payne Knight. ) 
 
 The types and legend differ so much from those of Larissa in Pelas- 
 giotis, of which we have so many coins, that doubts may be entertained, 
 
 (1) AffTjafixXov re fjLStp axitov ts xai 77a:6c'vcov, 01; a/api represented playing with a ball (acpaipa) on the coins 
 c\>Sii rrw T.ziGMVtii (x. yiifw;, tc'jtuv sfvai riv asrf a-ya'/.&v of Larissa. Pellerin, pi. XXVII, n. 20. 
 
 Trou-p'S' Pausmt. lib. VI, cap. 24. (3) Peuples et Villes, torn. II, pi. XLI, n. 13. , 
 
 (2) Pitture d'Ercolano, torn. I, tav. 1. (4) Tab. Ill, n. 23. 
 
 For the same motive the nymph of Larissa, is (5) Lib. XXXII, cap. 15; lib. XXXVI, cap. 14. 
 
( 5o ) 
 whether the present coin is not of Larissa Cremaste in Phthiotis (1), a dis- 
 trict of Thessaly, anciently subject to Achilles. 
 
 The constant legend of the Larissaean coins, is AAPI2AIHN ; instead of 
 which we find here AAPI2AEON, and a type entirely new. The singular 
 representation of a sandal is difficult to explain (2). The most probable 
 conjecture is, that it refers to the story of Jason, who, in crossing the 
 Anauros, lost one of his sandals : an incident celebrated in the Thessal- 
 ian mythi (3). The bee over the horse, does not appear to be simply 
 the symbol of a magistrate, but constitutes a principal type. 
 
 PHER^ in THESSALIA. 
 
 1. Male figure with the causia, retaining a bull by the horns. 
 
 Rev. <£E. The fore part of a horse. Behind, a lion's head ; in an in- 
 dented square. AR 3. Plate HI, n. 16. ( Count Wiezai, Hedervar. ) 
 
 j.. Laureated head of Apollo. 
 
 Rev. <pEPAIOYN. A female figure placing her hand on the spout of a 
 fountain. Underneath, AITO, or A2TO, in a wreath. AR. 3. Plate III, 
 11. 17. Royal Collection, at Paris. 
 
 The first of these, presents the usual types of the Thessalian mint, al- 
 lusive to the excellency of the breed of horses of that country, and the 
 address of the Thessalians in bull-hunts. The celebrated fountain Hy- 
 pereia (4), an object of great veneration to the Phereei, is figured in the 
 back ground, by a lion's head, from which a stream of water is flowing. 
 
 The second is remarkable for the inscription 4>EPAIOYN instead of 
 <pEPAIftN, a dialectic form which occurs on coins of Gomphi, and in 
 
 (1) STRABo,lib. IX, pag. 435 and 440. The sandal was also dedicated to Mercury as the 
 
 (2) Sandals, sometimes of gold or other precious protector fo travellers. 
 
 materials, are enumerated among the sacred offer- (3) Pherecydes, frag. 42. Pindar, Pyth. IV, 133 
 
 ings (avaevi^axa) to divinities, especially to Venus and 170. Apoll. R H oD.,lib. I, vers 8—11. Apollod., lib. I. 
 
 Diana. V. Anthologia Palatin, lib. VI, epig. 201, (4) Homer. Iliad Z, vers 457. Pindar. Pythia. 
 
 200 > 21 °- Od. IV, vers. 221. 
 
(5. ) 
 
 inscriptions, where we read AIIAOYNI by contraction for AIIOAAnNI (i). 
 It represents also the fountain Hypereia and a nymph standing by it. 
 The letters on the wreath, under the lion's head, are not distinct, and it 
 is doubtful whether the reading is AITO or A2TO; consequently no opinion 
 respecting it can be offered (a). 
 
 Apollo, who is represented on the obverse, must have been one of the 
 chief divinities of Pheroe, where he served Admetus, son of Pheres, founder 
 of the city, and tended his flocks for the space of a year. By his assis- 
 tance, Admetus obtained Alcestis in marriage, and the power of substitut- 
 ing a person to die in his stead (3). 
 
 SCIATHUS, insula. 
 
 Laureated head of Apollo. 
 
 Rev. 2KIA0I. A caduceus and terminus. AE 3. Plate III, n. 18. 
 (Mr. Hamilton.) 
 
 The coins of this island are extremely rare. The present is remar- 
 kable for the terminal figure of Mercury peculiar to the Pelasgi (4). This 
 representation agrees with the testimony of Scymnus of Chios (5), with 
 regard to the Pelasgic origin of the first inhabitants of the island. 
 
 OLYMPE m ILLYRIA. 
 
 Laureated head of Apollo. Behind, TA. 
 
 Rev. OAYMI1A2TAN. A conical pillar. A laurel wreath encircling the 
 whole. M 3. Plate 111, n. 19. (Mr. Hamilton.) 
 
 (1) Walpole's Travels, page 506. Boeckh. In- in honour of the jEtolians, as a return for services 
 icript. Antiq., pag. 860. rendered to the Pherai. To discuss similar opinions 
 
 (2) These two coins of Phera? have been publish- is unnecessary, as they carry with them their own 
 ed by M. de Cadalvene. Rejecting the explanation refutation. V. Medailles Inedites, pag. 129. 
 
 of the type of n° 1, given by Eckhell and all other (3) AroixoDOR. Bibl. lib. I, cap. IX, 16. Phehecy- 
 
 antiquaries, he supposes it to represent Bacchus, des, in Schol. Euripid. Alcest., vers. 2. 
 The inscription ofn° 2, he reads AITO, and consid- (4) V. Supra, page 42. 
 ers it as indicating, that the wreath or crown was (5) Vers 583. 
 
We are indebted to Stephanus of Byzantium for the knowledge of 
 many names of cities unnoticed by any other ancient authors extant. 
 Among these, is Olympe in Illyria, a town to which the present unique 
 coin may undoubtedly be referred, as it is in every respect similar to 
 those of the neighbouring cities. 
 
 The legend is here OAXMIIA2TAN, from 6^upt.7m>;, one of the gentile ad- 
 jectives from Olympe (i). The form in 2TAI, as before observed (2), is 
 noticed by Stephanus as peculiar to Macedonia, whence it extended to 
 Illyria, in consequence of the intercourse naturally existing between the 
 two countries, and their common origin. 
 
 Antiquaries do not agree in their explanation of the object represent- 
 ed on the reverse. Some have considered it as a pharos, or beacon, 
 others as an obelisk, or a goal of the stadium ( meta ). Perhaps it is 
 one of the conical stones called ayuusu; (3), sacred to Apollo, and origi- 
 nally the rude form under which he was worshipped. It is seen also on 
 the coins of Ambracia, Apollonia and Oricus, cities of the same coasts, 
 and always in conjunction with the head of Apollo. 
 
 ORICUS in ILLYRIA. 
 
 Laureated head of Apollo. Before, a lyre. 
 
 Rev. OPIKK1N. A conical pillar. A laurel wreath encircling the whole, 
 AE 3. Plate HI, n. 20. ( Mr. Hamilton ). 
 
 Oricus was a place of considerable importance in Illyria, and pos- 
 sessed an extensive territory called Oricia. It is frequently mentioned 
 by ancient authors (4). 
 
 The present is perfectly similar to those of Apollonia, Ambracia, and to 
 that of Olympe, precedently described; shewing that the latter is undoub- 
 tedly of the same country, and confirming fully the testimony of Ste- 
 phanus. 
 
 (1) 6XtijJ.mil iro'Xts ixXup(«{. To eSvocov, 6Xi>u.7raic« ri (3) Sum as and Harpocration. V. A-yuiE'-i?. 
 6Xup.7t€U5. (4) Herodot., lib. IX cap. 93. Scylax, sect. 27. 
 
 (2) Supra, page 11, note 2. Stephan. Byzant. 
 
( 53 ) 
 GRtECIA PROPRIA. 
 
 AMBRACIA in EPIRO. 
 
 Helmeted head of Minerva. Behind, A. Above, a warrior with a 
 spear and shield. 
 
 Rev. Pegasus. AR 2. Plate III, n. 21. (Mr. Hamilton.) 
 
 The most ancient coins of Ambracia are those called IIcoXoi, with Corin- 
 thian types, commemorative of the foundation of the city by a colony 
 from Corinth. They are, in general, easily distinguished from those of 
 the other Corinthian colonies in Eastern Greece, whose names commence 
 with an A, by their having the initial or diacritical letter on the obverse; 
 a custom which Argos, Anactorium, and others, have not followed. 
 
 A coin of this kind, with a warrior accompanied by the legend TOPr02, 
 has been published by M. Raoul-Rochette (1), who thinks that the figure 
 represents the leader of the Corinthian colony, called by ancient authors 
 Golgus, Torgus or Gorgasus, but whose real name Gorgus, as stated by 
 Scymnusalone(2), is ascertained by the coin in question. This opinionof the 
 learned author is highly probable and satisfactory, and for the same mo- 
 tives, the warrior on the coin before us, may be referred likewise to Gorgus. 
 
 ACTIUM in ACARNANIA. 
 
 Helmeted head of Minerva. Behind, a vine branch. 
 
 Rev. AK in monogram. Pegasus. AR 2. Plate IV, n. 1. (Mr. Hamilton.) 
 
 The explanation of monograms requires, in general, much caution, as 
 
 the letters which compose them may frequently be disposed in so many 
 
 various ways, that the real meaning remains uncertain. In the present 
 
 instance, although the monogram may be resolved in different senses, 
 
 (1) Annales de l'lnstitut de Corresp. Archeol, pour (2) Scymnus Chius, vers 454. 
 1'an 1829. Cahier III, pag. 312. 
 
(54) 
 yet, as the types of the coin shew that it is of one of the Corinthian colo- 
 nies in Eastern Greece, it may with great probability be attributed to 
 Actia, or, as it is usually called Actium, a city belonging to the Anactorians, 
 and celebrated for a temple of Apollo, and from having given its name to the 
 battle, where the last sparks of the liberties of mankind were extinguish- 
 ed for so many centuries. 
 
 M. Cousinery, whose constant zeal and exertions have contributed so 
 much to the advancement of the numismatic science, refers the coin to 
 the Acarnani. (1). The objection to this opinion seems to be, that, al- 
 though various cities of Acarnania had been founded by Corinthian 
 colonies, yet, the general confederacy of the Acarnanian nation could not 
 lay claim to a Corinthian origin. It appears rather from Thucydides 
 that they were never on good terms. Perhaps a coin with a legend at 
 greater length may come to light, and determine the question more fully. 
 
 It may be noticed here, that the numerous colonies of Corinth, which 
 issued coins commemorative of their origin, observed, almost invariably the 
 example of the parent city, in placing the initial of their names under 
 the Pegasus on the reverse. The exceptions are, when the name of the 
 place is inscribed at greater length on the obverse. For farther particu- 
 lars, the reader is referred to the learned discussions on this subject by 
 Mr. Cousinery and Mr. Raoul-Rochette. 
 
 ALYZIA in ACARNANIA. 
 
 AATZAIftN. Helmeted head of Minerva. Behind, a leaf. 
 
 Rev. Pegasus. Underneath, A. AR. 2. Plate IV. n. 1. 
 
 The legend at full length, confirms the opinion of the judicious Eck- 
 hell(a), who attributed a coin with Corinthian types and the letters A AY 
 to this city. 
 
 The origin of Alyzia is not mentioned, but we see by its coins, that it 
 
 (I) Essai hist, et crit. sur les Monnaies de la Ligue (2) Numi. Veter. Awecd., pars I, Vienna?, 1775, 
 Acheenne,etc. Paris, 1825. Page 131. pag. 122. 
 
(55) 
 
 was a colony from Corinth. It was a place of importance (i), and near 
 it was a temple of Hercules from which a Roman general took various 
 works of art by Lysippus (2). 
 
 LEUCAS in ACARNANIA. 
 
 Obverse head of Medusa. 
 
 Rev. A. Pegasus. AR. 4. Plate IV. n. 3. ( Mr. Thomas ). 
 
 Unpublished imitation of the types of Corinth, of which Leucas was a 
 colony. 
 
 PALEIROS in ACARNANIA. 
 
 Helmeted head of Minerva. Behind, a helmet. 
 
 Rev. IIAAEI, in monogram. Pegasus. AR. 2. Plate IV. n. 4- (Mr.Ha- 
 milton ). 
 
 The monogram is here of more easy explanation than in n° 1 . The 
 letters IIAAEI, of which it is obviously composed, can refer to no other 
 place than to Paleiros, a city of Acarnania, situated between Solium and 
 Thyreum. 
 
 It is called IlaXaipo; by Strabo (3), but IlaXipos by Thucydides (4), con- 
 sistently with the coin before us. We know little of the history of this 
 place, except that, in thePeloponnesian war, the Paleirenses sided with the 
 Athenians, who, to reward their services, gave them the neighbouring city 
 of Solium, which they had taken. 
 
 From the coins we discover, that like the greatest number of towns of 
 that district, Paleiros was a colony of Corinth (5). 
 
 LOCRI OZOLI. 
 
 Helmeted head of Minerva. 
 
 (1) Thucyd., lib. VII, cap. 31. Scylax, sect 34. (5) Mr. Cousinery has attributed this coin to 
 
 (2) Stbabo, lib. X, pag. 459. the Epirotje; but the objections to the claim of the 
 
 (3) Lib. X, pag. 459. Acarnani to a Corinthian origin, apply equally to 
 
 (4) Lib. U, cap. 30. the Epirotse. (Supra, page 54). 
 
(56) 
 
 Rev. Pegasus. Underneath, AOK. AR. 2. Plate IV. n. 5. ( Mr. Ha- 
 milton ). 
 
 The Locrians, to distinguish their coins from those of the Leucadians, 
 generally place their name at full length. In the present instance, the three 
 first letters only are inscribed on the reverse. 
 
 ORCHOMENUS in BOEOTIA. 
 
 EPX. A horse at liberty. Above, a wheat-ear. 
 
 Rev. Boeotian shield. AR. 1. Plate IV. n. 6. (The late Mr. Payne 
 Knight). 
 
 This unique silver tetradrachm was attributed by its learned possessor 
 to Erythrse in Bceotia. From an attentive examination of the letters of 
 the legend, it appears, however, that the last, instead of an Y, isaX, and 
 consequently refers to Orchomenus, once one of the richest and most 
 powerful cities of the known world (1). 
 
 According to the Boeotian dialect, we find EPX instead of OPX. The 
 name of the magistrate is written YAOPO for EYAHPOY. The Y simple ins- 
 tead of the dipthong EY is a dialectic form of which no other example occurs. 
 The absence of the £1 bespeaks an early period. 
 
 The shield on one side is the common emblem of the Boeotians. The 
 horse, seldom seen on Boeotian coins, refers to the Thessalian origin of 
 the Orchomenians, and to their skill in horsemanship; whence Pindar (2) 
 gives to Orchomenos the epithet of Kulli-Kuikoq. 
 
 The wheat-ear, emblem of fertility, is the constant type of the early 
 coins of this city. 
 
 A coin in Dr.' Hunter's collection attributed to Bceotia with the legend 
 EPXO, which the editor has taken for the name of a magistrate (3), is also 
 of Orchomenus. 
 
 (1) Homer, Iliad, lib. IX, vers 381. Pausan., lib. IX, (2) Olymp. Od. XIII, vers 2. 
 cap. 34. (3) Tab. XIII, fig. 12. 
 
(5 7 ) 
 COP.E in BOEOTIA. 
 
 KMIAK2N. The fore part of a bull. 
 
 Rev. Boeotian shield. AR 4- Plate IV, n. 7. ( Mr. Burgon. ) 
 
 Copae was a small but ancient town on the borders of a lake, 
 called from it Copals : Homer enumerates it among the Boeotian cities 
 which contributed to the expedition against Troy (1). In the time of 
 Pausanias (2), it had fallen into decay : he describes it as having once 
 belonged to the Orchomenians. 
 
 No coins of this place were previously known. 
 
 CORONEA in BOEOTIA. 
 
 1 . KOPO. Adverse head of Medusa. 
 
 Rev. Boeotian shield. AR 3. Plate IV, n. 8. (Same collection.] 
 
 2. KO. Same type as the preceding. 
 
 Rev. Boeotian shield. AR. 4- Plate IV, n. 9. ( Mr. Hamilton. ) 
 Coronea, a very ancient city of Bceotia, recorded by Homer (3), was 
 founded at the same time as Orchomenus by the Minyan colony from 
 Thessaly (4). Coronus, who gave it his name, was grandson of Sisyphus 
 and brother of Athamas. Hence, at a small distance from it, was a ce- 
 lebrated temple of Minerva Itonia, called after one of the same name in 
 Thessaly (5). In this temple the general assembly of the Boeotians was 
 held. 
 
 The head of Medusa on the two coins of this city, published here 
 for the first time, alludes to the veneration in which Minerva was held ; it 
 refers also to a tradition recorded by Pausanias (6), " lodama, a priestess 
 of the goddess, having gone by night into the sacred enclosure [tejuvos], 
 
 (1) Iliad, lib. II, vers. 502. 
 
 (2) Lib. IX, cap. 24. 
 
 (3) Iliad, lih. II, vers 503. 
 
 (4) Pausaic., lib. IX, cap. 34. 
 
 (5) There was also a river Cuarius, near Coronea, 
 called after one of the same name at Arne or Cierium 
 in Thessaly. V. Supra, pag. 47 and 48. 
 
 (6) Lib. IX, /. c. 
 
 8 
 
(58) 
 
 Minerva herself appeared to her with the head of the Gorgon Medusa 
 over her tunic : at this sight, Iodama was converted into stone. " A daily 
 ceremony instituted to commemorate this singular event, still existed in 
 the time of Pausanias. 
 
 PLAT^A in BOEOTIA. 
 
 Female head. 
 
 Rev. nAA. An ox. AE 4- Plate IV, n. 10. (Mr. Hamilton.) 
 
 The coins of this celebrated city are in silver and very scarce ; the 
 present, which is of copper, has never been published. The head on 
 one side is that of the nymph Plataea, daughter of the river Aso- 
 pus (i). The ox on the reverse, alludes to the fertility of the Pla- 
 taean territory. Among the sacred offerings at Delphi, was a brazen ox 
 dedicated by the Plataeans (2), after the glorious victory which they ob- 
 tained, in conjunction with the Greek army, over the Persians in the 
 territory and neighbourhood of Plataea. 
 
 THEBiE in BOEOTIA. 
 
 1 . Bearded head of Bacchus. 
 
 Rev. 0E. The infant Hercules strangling two serpents. AV 4- 
 Weight, 46 grains. Plate IV, n. 11. ( Mr. Thomas. ) 
 
 2. Head of Ceres veiled, and with wheaten-wreath. 
 
 Rev. 0HBAK2N. A warrior landing from a vessel. AR. 3. Plate IV, 
 n. 12. (Royal Collection, at Paris.) 
 
 Gold coins, though abundant in Asia Minor, were extremely rare in 
 Greece itself, even at Athens, before the reign of Philip. The present is 
 the first of that metal of the Thebans which has been published ; it 
 represents the two divinities natives of Thebes, and is certainly anterior 
 to the destruction of the city by Alexander. 
 
 (1) Pausak. lib. IX, cap. 1. (2) Pausan. lib. X, cap. 15. 
 
(5 9 ) 
 
 As the types of n° 2 are different from those usually seen on Theban 
 coins, it may be questioned whether the coin is not of some other place 
 of the same name, either in Thessaly or Aceolis. 
 
 I have however attributed it to the Boeotian Thebes ; the portrait of 
 Ceres being often represented on Boeotian coins, and under the denomi- 
 nation of Thesmophoros, that goddess having had at Thebes a celebrated 
 temple (1), said to have been anciently the house of Cadmus and his 
 successors. 
 
 The warrior on the reverse may consequently be Cadmus, who is 
 represented stepping out of the vessel which brought him from Phoe- 
 nicia. 
 
 The coin appears to have been struck after the restoration of Thebes 
 by Cassander. 
 
 AEGINA, insula. 
 
 Bucranium, or bone of an ox's head. 
 
 Rev.AL A dolphin. AE. 3. Plate IV, n. i3. 
 
 The honour of one of the most useful inventions, that of coinage, is attri- 
 buted to this island. Its coins which are of silver, and all of an early peri- 
 od, attest by their numbers the opulence of the vEginetans. After the loss 
 of their naval superiority, their mint seems to have ceased, except issuing 
 copper occasionally. The types of the present, which is of this metal, 
 allude to sacrifices in honour of Neptune. 
 
 CORINTHUS. 
 
 1 . S DOMIT. AUG. . . . Bare head of Domitian. 
 
 Rev.... COL COR. Warrior endeavouring to rescue a child from the 
 mouth of a serpent. AE. 2. Plate IV, n. \[\. (Mr. Hamilton.) 
 
 2. IMP. CjES. TRAIAN. HADRIAN. Laureated bust of Hadrian. 
 
 Rev. ISTHMUS. Bearded figure sitting on a rock, and leaning with each 
 hand on a rudder. AE 2. Plate. IV, n. i5. (Same collection.) 
 
 Pausak. lib. IX. cap. 16. 
 
 8. 
 
(6o) 
 
 3 L SEP SEV AV. Laureated and bearded head of Septimius 
 
 Severus. 
 
 Rev... L.... COR. Same type as n° i. AE 2. Plate IF, n. 16. (Same 
 collection. ) 
 
 The colony established at Corinth by Julius Caesar, though composed 
 almost exclusively of Romans, appears to have been extremely solicitous 
 to preserve the memory of the various early mythi relating to thai once 
 celebrated city. Hence, the coins of Corinth present a greater number of 
 rare and interesting types, than those of any other Greek city of the same 
 period. 
 
 The reverses of n° 1 and 3, struck under the emperors Domitian and 
 Sept. Severus, relate to the origin of the Nemean games. The seven chiefs 
 on their march from Argos to Thebes, passing by Nemea, of which Ly- 
 curgus was king, were in want of water (1) ; Meeting Hypsipyle nurse to 
 the king's child, and enquiring of her, she offered to lead them to a neigh- 
 bouring fountain ; and while she accompanied them, left the child on the 
 grass. During her absence, a serpent came and killed the child. On 
 their return to the spot, Adrastus and the other chiefs seized with indigna- 
 tion, destroyed the serpent , and, to console Hypsipyle, instituted perio- 
 dical games in honour of the child, whose name they changed into that 
 of Archemorus. 
 
 These games, which in later times became so celebrated under the name 
 of Nemean, were originally under the direction of the Argives, Corin- 
 thians, and Cleonaei (2) who presided, either jointly or alternately. Sub- 
 sequently, it appears, that for a long time, the Argives alone enjoyed that 
 honor. It may be inferred, however, that occasionally the Corinthians 
 asserted their rights, and that the present coins were issued on the oc- 
 casion. 
 
 Adrastus is represented attacking the serpent, who is in the act of de- 
 
 (1) Apollodor. , lib. Ill, cap. VI, 3 et 4. Hygiw. (2) Argum. II et V in Schol. ad Nem. Pindar, 
 cap. 74. Pausan., lib. II, cap. 15. Cobsihi. Dissert. Agonj, pag. 52. 
 
(6i) 
 vouring the child. The same subject is figured on a coin of Argos (i), 
 struck under the emperor Severus and probably for the same motives. 
 A fine bas-relief relating to the same fable, is in the Spada Palace at Rome; 
 two Greek warriors attack the serpent, who encircles the child; Hypsipyle 
 is represented expressing her grief at the sight (2). 
 
 N° 2 offers a figure of the Isthmus personified; holding in each hand a 
 rudder (n^aXiov) alluding to the situation between two seas. In a paint- 
 ing described by Philostratus(3), the Isthmus personified was seen in a 
 recumbent posture betwen Lechaeus and Cenchrea, represented by the 
 figures of a youth and a nymph. 
 
 PATRiE in ACHAIA. 
 
 . . GOMMODO ANTON. Radiated head of the emperor Commodus. 
 
 Rev. COL . A . A . PAIR. vEneas carrying his father Anchises, and 
 leading his son Ascanius. AE 2. Plate IV, n. 17. (Mr. Hamilton.) 
 
 As a Roman colony, the Patrenses by this type recorded the suppos- 
 ed Trojan origin of Rome. 
 
 SICYON. 
 A lion walking. 
 
 Rev. A dove, in a wreath. AR 4- Weight, 6 grains. Plate [V, 
 n. 18. (Mr. Thomas.) 
 
 A silver hemi-obolus differing from the usual coins of the Sicyonians, 
 
 which constantly represent the chimaera. 
 
 ARGOS. 
 
 Head of Juno with an elevated crown. 
 
 Rev. APrEIHN. Two dolphins in opposite directions. Between them, 
 
 (I)Sestiki, Museo Fontana, Parte I, Tav. 11, n. 18. run, Notiz Sulle Antichita, per 1805. Tav. 32. 
 (2) Wisckelmakn. Monum. Inedit, u° 83. Gu.lt- (3) Icones, lib. II, cap. 16. 
 
(62) 
 
 a wolf's head. AR I. Weight, 188 grains. Plate IV, n. 19. (Mr. Tho- 
 mas. ) 
 
 The resemblance of the types to those of various cities of Crete, in- 
 duced antiquaries to attribute similar coins, when they first appeared, to 
 Argos in Crete. Several of the same kind having been since found in 
 the vicinity of Planizza, they are restored to the more illustrious Pelopon- 
 nesian Argos. 
 
 Juno, whose portrait is on the obverse, is well known as the principal 
 divinity of the Argives. 
 
 At a small distance from the city, she had a temple called the He- 
 raeum, one of the most magnificent in Greece. Here was the celebrated 
 chryselephantine statue of the goddess by Polycleitus (1); she was re- 
 presented seated on a throne, and holding a sceptre and pomegranate. 
 On her crown, the Hours and Graces were figured. 
 
 The head on the coin before us, is probably imitated from that of 
 the statue in question, and may convey a just notion of the form of the 
 crown (2), although its ornaments are different. The same headdress 
 which is peculiar to Juno, is found on the coins of a great number of 
 cities of Sicily, Italy, Greece and Asia minor. 
 
 The dolphins on the reverse, allude to the worship of Neptune, who, 
 originally contended with Juno for the possession of Argolis (3). Incens- 
 ed against Inachus and the Argives, who had decided in favor of his 
 rival, Neptune inundated the greatest part of the country, till Juno ap- 
 peased him, and caused the waters to retire : the Argives then dedi- 
 cated a temple to him under the appellation ofProsclystius, or "the inun- 
 dator" (4), on the spot to which the waters had advanced. 
 
 The wolf s head, placed between the dolphins, is the ordinary em- 
 blem of Argos. 
 
 (1) Pausawias, lib. II. cap. 17. male divinities. V. Pausam. lib. II, cap. 10 
 
 (2) A crown of this form was called also 7ro'Xo;; (3) Pausanias, lib. II, cap. 15 et 22. 
 
 it is seen on almost all archaic figures of fe- (4) npooxXusTic;. Pausan. , lib. II, cap. 22. 
 
(63) 
 
 MESSENIA. 
 
 Head of Ceres, adorned with ears of corn. 
 
 Rev. ME22ANIHN. Jupiter holding with one hand an eagle, and with 
 the other a thunderbolt. Before him, a tripod. In the area, I0HM, and 
 AION. Underneath, A and a monogram. AR i. PlatelV, n. 20. (Mr. Ha- 
 milton ). 
 
 Jupiter was the chief divinity of the Messenians, who pretended that 
 he was born in their country on mount Ithome (1) where a temple was 
 erected to him. Hence the epithet of Ithomates under which he was ve- 
 nerated in Messenia, and is designated by the inscription I0OM ( initials of 
 iOuaaTYi? ) which accompanies his image on this rare and unpublished 
 numismatic monument. Perhaps the figure on the coin is taken from the 
 statue by Ageladas which was placed in his temple on mount Ithome. 
 The tripod before him, alludes to those offered to him by the victors, at 
 the annual games called Ithomea, instituted in his honor. This represen- 
 tation, usual on the coins of the Messenians, recalls to mind the answer 
 of the Pythia,when consulted by Aristodemus during the siege of Ithome (2). 
 " That the gods would give Messenia to those who, the first, should 
 " place a hundred tripods before the altar of Jupiter Ithomates." A Spart- 
 an having obtained information of this answer, introduced himself secret- 
 ly into Ithome, and at night offered to the god a hundred small tripods 
 of clay, which he had concealed in a bag. Shortly after, Ithome fell. 
 
 Ceres, whose portrait is on the obverse, and her daughter Proserpine, 
 were also held in high veneration by the Messenians. These divinities 
 had a temple at Messene (3) and their mysteries celebrated at Carnasium 
 in Messenia, were considered inferior in sanctity to those only of Eleusis(4). 
 
 The inscription AION indicates the name of the chief magistrate of the 
 Messenians. 
 
 (1) Pausan., lib. IV, cap. 33. 
 
 (2) Pausaw., lib. IV, cap. 1 2. 
 
 (3) Pausaw., lib. IV, cap. 31. 
 
 (4) Pausan., lib. IV, cap. 33. 
 
(64) 
 ELIS. 
 
 FA. Eagle with expanded wings, holding a serpent in its talons. 
 
 Rev. Jupiter seated, with his right arm extended supporting an eagle. 
 AR i. Plate IV, n. 21. (Lord Northwick). 
 
 The casual sight of an eagle or other bird of prey destroying a hare, a 
 serpent , or other animal of inferior strength, was usually interpreted by 
 Grecian soothsayers, as a favourable omen. Hence , as in the present in- 
 stance, similar representations are frequently seen on coins and other 
 works of art. 
 
 The figure of Jupiter on the reverse, is probably a copy of one of the 
 numerous statues of that divinity (1), which had been dedicated at Olym- 
 pia. Its attitude is different from that of the usual representations of Jupiter. 
 
 TROEZENE m ARGOLIDE. 
 
 . . AOY CEIITI . CEBHPO. Laureated head of the emperor Severus. 
 
 Rev. TPOIZHNmN. Theseus taking leave of ^Ethra. AE 2. Plate IV, 
 n. 22. (Mr. Hamilton.) 
 
 Theseus was the national hero of the Trcezenians, as well as of the 
 Athenians ; and his memory was equally cherished by both nations. His 
 mother vEthra was daughter of Pittheus king of Trcezene, and till the age 
 of manhood he was brought up in that city (2). When banished from 
 Athens, he took refuge at Trcezene, where the tragic events of Phaedra 
 and Hippolytus took place (3). 
 
 From these motives, Theseus was considered as a citizen of Trcezene, 
 and on the present coin of that city, he is represented taking leave of his 
 mother jEthra, and receiving her instructions, at the moment of his 
 departure for Athens, in order to present to vEgeus the sword and sandals, 
 
 (1) Pausan., lib. V, cap. 21. (3) Argutn. ad Hippolyt. Euripid. 
 
 (2) Pausan., lib. I, cap. 27; lib. II, cap. 32. 
 
(65) 
 
 tokens by which he should be recognised as his son (i). A coin of this 
 city (2), struck under the same emperor, represents Theseus in the act of 
 removing the stone under which iEgeus had deposited the sandals 
 and sword (3). The same subject is also seen on Athenian coins. 
 
 MANTINEIA in ARCADIA. 
 
 Helmeted head of Minerva. 
 
 Rev. MAN. Neptune seated, holding a dolphin and leaning on his tri- 
 dent. AE 3. Plate IV, n. 23. ( Mr. Hamilton. ) 
 
 Pellerin , who published a similar coin in imperfect preservation (4) , 
 has taken the figure on the reverse, for Jupiter. Here the trident and 
 dolphin, which are distinctly seen, prove it to be of Neptune, surnamed 
 Equestris, who had a magnificent temple with an oracle, built originally 
 by Agamedes and Trophonius, at a short distance from Mantineia (5). 
 
 CHALCIS in EUBOEA. 
 
 Head of Juno, with veil and diadem. 
 
 Rev. XAAK . . . . N. Male figure in a quadriga. Underneath, SENOKPA- 
 TH2. The whole encircled by an oaken wreath. AR 1. Plate III, n. 2. 
 ( The late Mr. Payne Knight.) 
 
 This unique silver tetradrachm was attributed by its learned possessor 
 to Chalcis in vEtolia (6); but without alleging his reasons for an opinion 
 so improbable on many accounts, and among others, because though we 
 have coins of the /Etolian nation, none have been found of the various 
 cities which composed it. 
 
 (1) Apollodor., lib. Ill, cap. IG.Hygihus, cap. 37. (5) Pacsan., lib. VIII, cap. 10. A coin in the 
 Tzetzes, ad Lycoph. Pembroke Collection has, on one side, the head 
 
 (2) Sestiki, Museo Fontana, torn. I, tav. II, n. 18. of Minerva : on the other, MAN, with Neptune 
 
 (3) It is represented also on a bas-relief publish- standing and vibrating his trident. Part. II, tab. 20 
 ed by Winckelmann. (Mon. Ined., pag. 130), and (6) Numi Vet. is Mus. R. P. Knight. Londini, 
 on various gems. 1830. Pag. 47. 
 
 (4) Tom. I, pi. XXI, n 10. 
 
 9 
 
(66) 
 
 It might perhaps with more probability have been given to the Chalci- 
 dians of Thrace, but the workmanship proves it to be of a period when the 
 Chalcidic confederacy had ceased to exist. 
 
 Under these circumstances, it can be referred to no other than to the ce- 
 lebrated capital of Euboea, and with the greater reason, on account of the 
 portrait of Juno represented on it; this goddess having been the principal 
 object of veneration of the Euboean cities, and of Chalcis in particular, as 
 appears from their coins, and from a passage of Hellanicus recorded by 
 Stephanus(i). 
 
 The type of the reverse alludes to a victory at the public games, perhaps 
 to the ftpaia, festivals celebrated in honor of Juno. 
 
 INCERTUS. 
 
 Male figure on horsback , holding a trident. 
 
 Rev. Rude indented square. AR. i. Plated, n. i. ( The late Mr. Payne 
 Knight. ) 
 
 The representation of Neptune the equestrian , (Howi^Sv fwmo«) would be 
 an inducement to refer the coin to Rhaucus in Crete, but the workmanship 
 seems to indicate a different origin, either in Thrace or Macedonia. Till 
 some other coin with a legend comes to light, it must therefore remain 
 among the uncertain. 
 
 GYTHNUS, insula. 
 
 Laureated head of Apollo. 
 
 Rev. KY. Balaustium, or pomegranate flower. AE 3. Plate V, n. 2. 
 ( Mr. Hamilton. ) 
 
 A coin with the same types, and the legend KY0N, is the motive for 
 attributing the present to Cythnus, one of the Cyclades. The balanstium 
 emblem of Rhodes, would otherwise have referred it toCyane in Lycia, in 
 the vicinity of, or perhaps subject to that island. 
 
 (1) V. XaX/.!; (I) Mus. Pembrok, pars II, tab. 16. 
 
.(67) 
 ASIA. 
 
 PHANAGORIA in BOSPHORO. 
 
 Youthful head of Bacchus. 
 
 Rev. Monogram and quiver. AE 2. Plate V, n. 3. ( Mr. Hamilton. ) 
 
 The monogram, when dissolved, presents the letters $ANArOPI, which, 
 
 combined with the types frequent on coins of Pontus, refers the coin to 
 
 Phanagoria. 
 
 COMANA in PONTO. 
 
 AY. KA.Cen. CGYOYHPOC. Laureated bust of Severus, with the paluda- 
 mentum. 
 
 Rev. RrPOKAICAP. KOMANGnN. Female figure radiated, holding with 
 one hand a club, and with the other resting on a shield. Exergue, ET. 
 BOP. (Anno 172). AE 1, Plate V, n. 4- ( Count Wiczai, atHedervar.) 
 
 There were two cities of the name of Comana, one in Pontus (1) on the 
 river Iris; the other in great Cappadocia, on the Sarus (2), in a valley of 
 mount Taurus : both were consecrated to the goddess Enyo, in whose 
 service an immense number of priests and ministers of both sexes (tW&ouXoi) 
 were maintained. Strabo reckons five or six thousand in each city, 
 and the high priest enjoyed regal honors. 
 
 To which of these cities,' the coins with the denomination Hieroccesa- 
 rea appertain, is difficult to decide. Consistently however, with the 
 generally received opinion, the present numismatic monument is ascribed 
 to the Pontic Comana. 
 
 The figure on the reverse is deserving of great attention, as it repres- 
 
 (1) Strabo, lib. XII, pag. 557—559. (2) Strabo, lib. XII, pag. 535. 
 
(68 ) 
 ents, without doubt, the goddess Enyo (i). Like most of the divinities 
 of this part of Asia, where a mixture of Greek and Persian superstitions 
 prevailed, she united various attributes. The rays on her head, identify 
 her with Selene or the Moon : the shield is the emblem of Enyo or Bel- 
 lona. The club may be considered in the same light, and perhaps alludes 
 to a custom existing in Cappadocia, mentioned by Strabo, of using a 
 similar instrument in sacrifices. 
 
 The date BOP (172) is that of the aera of Comana, which, according 
 to chronologists, commenced in the year of Rome 788. The present coin 
 is therefore of the year 960 of Rome, i5 th of the reign of Severus, and 
 207 P. C. 
 
 ABYDOS in TROADE. 
 
 ABYA02. Youthful male head with laurel wreath. 
 Rev. ABYAH. Two bulls's heads in opposite directions. AE. 3. Plate V, 
 n. 5. ( Mr. Hamilton. ) 
 
 When the origin of a town was uncertain, an imaginary hero was 
 called into being, and supposed to have been its founder. To the number 
 of those already known, may be added Abydos, represented on the pre- 
 sent coin of the city of that name : the head appears to be a portrait 
 of some living personage, whom gratitude or flattery has represented 
 under the character of founder of the city. 
 
 CAME in MYSIA. 
 
 AYT. K. AYPH. KOMOAO. Laureated head of Commodus, with the 
 paludamentum. 
 
 Rev. em CTPA. AHMHTPIOY. .APTeMftN. Two figures standing, Diana 
 
 (I) In all the editions of Strabo we find Evuou? ispbv Mr. Coray,who considers it as synonymous with Mviv. 
 
 I Exeivot Ko'aava ovc|/.a£ouat, lib. XII, pag. 535. In fact, the god Mriv venerated in Caria, and other 
 
 Insteatl of Kopuxv;, some manuscripts have Maav provinces of Asia, was the same as the Moon, who 
 
 or Ma;, and the last reading has been adopted by was considered androgynous. 
 
(%) 
 
 Ephesia, and Bacchus. Underneath, KAMHNftN. M i. Plate V. n. 6. 
 ( Royal Collection, at Paris ). 
 
 Various coins inscribed KAMHNftN, have appeared of late years (i), 
 and are attributed, with great probability, to a city of vEolia, called 
 Cana or Canae by ancient authors, near a promontory of the same name, 
 in a district called Canaea, situated a hundred stadia from Elaea (2). Ac- 
 cording to Strabo, it was founded by Locrians from Cynos, and subse- 
 quently received a colony from Dium in Euboea (3). 
 
 From its coins we learn, that the city was called Came by the inhabi- 
 tants, as it is by Athenaeus (4); although Herodotus (5), Strabo and other au- 
 thors call it Cana ; the difference in the orthography is of no weight, be- 
 cause the M and theN were frequently interchanged. 
 
 The coins of Came hitherto published, were struck under the emperors 
 Hadrian and Severus : they represent iEsculapius, Hygeia and a terminal 
 figure, perhaps Mercury. The present is of the reign of Commodus, and 
 shews that the Ephesian Diana and Bacchus were also venerated by the 
 Cameni. The chief magistrate was the SrpaTviyo? or praetor. 
 
 LAMPSACUS in MYSIA. 
 
 1. Upper part of a female figure, holding ears of corn and clusters of 
 grapes. 
 
 Rev. Fore part of a winged sea horse. AV. 2. Plate V, n° 7. ( The kite 
 Mr. Payne Knight. ) 
 
 2. Adverse head of Jupiter Amnion. 
 
 Rev. The same as the preceding. AV. 2. Plate V, n° 8. ( Lord North- 
 wick. ) 
 
 3. Bearded head of Bacchus, crowned with ivy. 
 
 Rev. AAMYAKHNftN. Apollo Citharcedus. Before him, a palm branch. 
 
 (1) Sestiki. Lett. Numism., torn. IX, tab. 11, (3) Lib. X, pag. 445, et lib. XIII, pag. 614. 
 u. 2 et3. 1820. (4) Lib. I, cap. 54. 
 
 (2) Stbabo, lib. XIII, pag. 614. (5) Lib. VII, cap. 42. 
 
(70) 
 Behind, a monogram. In the exergue, CftKPATOY TOY S6N0$AN0Y. 
 AR. i. Plate V, n° 9. ( The late Mr. Payne Knight. ) 
 
 The gold stater n° 1 remarkable for elegance of design, presents an en- 
 tirely new and most interesting type. The female figure rising out of the 
 ground, is without doubt Core or Proserpine, who is represented returning 
 from Hades, and appearing on the earth, either after her rape by Pluto, 
 or on her annual journey, when she proceeds to Olympus, to pass the re- 
 maining part of the year with the gods (1). Besides her usual attributes, 
 the ears of corn, she is here represented with grapes, perhaps consistently 
 with the tradition which supposed her to be the mother of Dionysus by 
 Jupiter (2). No other monument excepting a fictile vase represents this 
 return of Proserpine (3). 
 
 The winged sea horse on the reverse is the well known emblem of 
 Lampsacus. The motives for adopting it are not known. 
 
 The stater n° 2 of the same metal, is also distinguished by beauty of 
 design. It shows that Ammon was one of the divinities of the Lampsa- 
 ceni. 
 
 The silver tetradrachm n° 3 presents a portrait of Bacchus, identified 
 with Priapus, the impure and disgraceful object of veneration in this 
 city. 
 
 Apollo is represented on the reverse, holding a lyre and plectrum, and 
 in the same costume as at Delphi (4). This god had a temple and oracle 
 of great celebrity, in the Adrastean plain near Parium where he was 
 venerated under the name of Actaeus (5), and he is represented under 
 this denomination, on a rare coin of that city (6). 
 
 PARIUM in MYSIA. 
 
 Helmeted head of Minerva. 
 
 (1) Apollodorus, lib. I, cap. V, 3. Homer, Hymn Proserpine who emerges from the earth. The names 
 in Ceres, vers 445 — 7. of the several personages are inscribed over them. 
 
 (2) Diodor. Sicul., lib. Ill, cap. 63. Cicero, de (4) Millingen. Med. Ined., tab. II, n. 10 et 11. 
 Nat. Deor., lib. Ill, 23. (5) Strabo, lib. XIII, p. 588. 
 
 (3) Belonging to Marquis del Vasto, at Naples. It (6) Medailles Antiques de feu M. Allier de Haute- 
 offers the figures of Ceres, Hecate, Mercury, and roche. Paris, 1829. PI. VII, n. 13. 
 
( 7' ) 
 Rev. nAPI. Female figure, seated, with a serpent entwined round her, 
 and another at her feet. AE3. Plate V, n° 10. (Mr. Hamilton.) 
 
 The figure represented on the reverse is one of the Ophiogenes, who 
 are described by Strabo(i) and Pliny (2) as a race of men inhabiting the 
 territory of Parium on the Hellespont. The founder of this race, as their 
 name implies, was originally a serpent, who was transformed into a man. 
 Strabo supposes him to have been one of the Psylli who inhabited the 
 Syrtes in Lybia. 
 
 The Ophiogenes like the Psylli could handle without danger every kind 
 of serpent, and by the simple touch, as by a spell, could cure the bite of 
 the most venomous reptiles; in the same manner as is still practised in 
 Egypt, and in various countries of the East by jugglers. The Marsi in 
 Italy were noted also for the same faculty. Numerous particulars on the 
 subject may be found in ancient authors (3). 
 
 CYZICUS in MYSIA. 
 
 Female figure holding a wreath, seated on a base, inscribed EAEY0EPI... 
 Underneath, the fish called Pelamys. 
 
 Rev. Rude indented square. AV. 1. Weight, 246 grains. Plate V,x? i3. 
 ( Royal Collection , at Paris. ) 
 
 The pelamys, characteristic type of the coins of Cyzicus, refers to that 
 city, though its name is not expressed, this singular double stater, which 
 is peculiarly interesting, as it offers the earliest representation known of 
 Liberty, a divinity who gives to life its greatest charm, who is the object 
 of universal desire, but unfortunately is seldom found, as she fixes her 
 abode there only, where her inseparable companions Religion and Piety 
 are to be found with her. 
 
 She is seated on a base or altar (4) inscribed EAEY0EPI.., and which re- 
 calls to mind the $«ewav xp*iti&' EXeuSepia; of Pindar. She holds a crown or 
 
 (1) Sthabo, lib. XIII, pag. 288. cap. 27. Tzetzes. Chiliad., lib. IV, Hist. 135. Luca- 
 
 (2) Hist. Nat., lib. VII, cap. 2. hus, lib. IX, vers 891. 
 
 (3) ILutx. Hist. Animal., lib. I. cap. 57; lib. XVI, (4) Fragm. Incert. LX. 
 
f 
 
 K 7* ) 
 
 wreath of laurel, emblem of Victory, or any fortunate event, and is 
 described by Simonides as an attribute of liberty (i). 
 
 Outo? A&afxavTou xei'vou Ta<pos, ou 8ia (lioiAa; 
 EXXa? EleuOepia; a{/.<p£6£T0 <7T£<pavov. 
 
 The inscription and wreath may, at the same time, refer to public 
 festivals, like the Eleutheria instituted at Plataea (2), in commemoration 
 of the victory obtained over Mardonius. 
 
 The present monument was evidently intended to commemorate the 
 recovery of liberty by the Cyziceni ; but from the deficiency of historical 
 testimony on the subject, the precise date of this event cannot be as- 
 certained. Probably however, it was at the peace which followed the 
 expedition of Cimon (3) and was concluded in the 4 th year of the 82c) 
 Olympiad, 449- A. C. 
 
 SMYRNA in IONIA. 
 
 1 . Laureated head, probably of Apollo. 
 
 Rev. 2MYPNA1HN. Homer seated, holding with one hand, a volume or 
 scroll; and with the other, resting on a staff. AR 2. Plate V,yl. ii. 
 ( Mr. Hamilton. ) 
 
 2. AOMITIANft • KAICAPI • C6BAGTH • ZMYPNAIOI ■ THN ■ YTIAN. Upper 
 part of a female figure veiled, holding up with one hand, a wheat-sheaf, 
 and supporting with the other arm, a cornucopia. 
 
 Rev. €111 A • MGCTPIOY • AN0YIIATOY. Female figure seated, holding 
 a patera and battle-ax; on her head, the polus. AE 1. Plate V, n° 12. 
 ( Same collection. ) 
 
 Though not designated by an inscription, the figure on the reverse 
 of n° 1 is that of Homer , who is represented in the same attitude as on 
 the copper coins of this city, inscribed with his name. The head on the 
 
 (J) Fragm. 38, edit, Gaisforc. (3) Diodor. Sicul., lib. XII, cap. 4. 
 
 (2) Strabo, lib. IX, pag. 412. 
 
(73) 
 obverse is of Apollo Citharoedus, figured as usual, with the female costume 
 and head dress. 
 
 The silver coins of Smyrna with this type, are of extreme rarity, and 
 of a much earlier period than those of brass, which are coaeval with the 
 Roman emperors, and are mentioned by Strabo. 
 
 The elegant original of n° 2. may be considered in the light of a medal, 
 rather than of a coin, as the inscription shews that it was intended to 
 congratulate the emperor Domitian on some particular occasion, such as 
 a new year, or recovery from sickness. It was originally covered with a 
 silver lamina or plating, of which some remains are still seen. 
 
 As a compliment, at the same time to the empress Domitia, her portrait 
 is represented under the character of Geres, with a wheat-sheaf and 
 cornu-copia. The inscription states that "the Smyrneans wish (efyovTa-. 
 understood) health to Domitian Caesar Augustus." 
 
 The sitting figure on the reverse, may be that of the city of Smyrna 
 personified ; she has the polus on her head, and holds the battle-ax em- 
 blem of the Amazon Smyrna to whom the foundation of the city was at- 
 tributed. The proconsul A. Mestrius Florus (1), whose name is on the 
 coin, was governor of Asia at the time. 
 
 INCERTI ASLE MINORIS. 
 
 1 . A lion walking. Above, a bird flying, perhaps a crane. 
 
 Rev. The fore part of a winged boar, in an indented square. AR 1. 
 Plate V, n° iZ*. (Mr. Trattle.) 
 
 2. Head of a lion, before it, the sylphium, and a heart. 
 
 Rev. Head of an unknown animal, and two serpents, in an indented 
 square. AR 1 . Plate V, n° 1 5. ( Mr. Thomas ). 
 
 The first is of a city of Ionia, perhaps of Samos, on whose coins the 
 winged boar of Clazomenae is sometimes in conjunction with the lion, 
 emblem of the Samians. 
 
 No conjecture can be offered respecting the origin of the second 
 
 (1) Suetokics, in Vespasiano, cap. 22. 
 
 IO 
 
(74) 
 
 The unknown animal on the reverse, resembles that on a coin with the 
 inscription AAY2ION in Dr. Hunter's collection (i). 
 
 CNIDUS in CARIA. 
 
 Head of Venus with diadem, necklace and ear-rings. 
 
 Rev. Lion's head and fore legs. Underneath, EOBHAO. AR. i. Plate V, 
 n° 1 6. ( The late Mr. Payne Knight. ) 
 
 The head of Venus, however elegant, cannot be considered as offering 
 a copy from the celebrated statue of the goddess by Praxiteles, because 
 the coin is most probably of an epoch anterior to that artist, and there- 
 fore imitated from a more ancient original. 
 
 Coins of Gnidus of this size and weight are of extreme rarity ; the 
 present is moreover remarkable by the inscription EOBI1A.O, an old iEolic 
 form for EYBOYAOY, the name of a magistrate. The types are, in other 
 respects, those usually seen on the coins of this city. 
 
 CABALIS in LYGIA. 
 
 Fore part of a wild boar ; on the extremity, KAB. 
 
 Rev. Rude indented square. AR i. Plate V, n°. 17. ( The late 
 Mr. Payne Knight. ) 
 
 Cabalis was the capital of an extensive district of the same name, 
 situated between Lycia and Phrygia, subsequently more known under the 
 denomination of Cibyratis (2). The Cabalenses were rich and powerful at 
 a very early period, and probably of Greek origin. According to Hero- 
 dotus (3), they were Maeonians orLydians; and Strabo considered them 
 to be the same people as the Solymi of Homer. 
 
 The present unique silver didrachm is attributed to this city. 
 
 (1) Tab. LXVI, pag. 18. the valley of the Maeander. Tour in Asia Minor, 
 
 (2) Strabo, lib. XIII, pag. 628.630. pag. 147. 
 
 Col. Leake has placed Cabalis between Milyas and (3) Lib. Ill, cap. 90; lib. VII, cap. 77. 
 
ADADA in PISIDIA. 
 
 Laureated head of Jupiter. 
 
 Rev. AAAAE. Victory erecting a trophy. AE 3. Plate V, n°. 18. 
 ( Mr. Hamilton. ) 
 
 Adada, according to Ptolemy, was in Pisidia, to the East of Seleu- 
 cia (i); but the precise situation is unknown. The present coin, with 
 the inscription AAAAE, may be referred to this city; and at the same 
 time, it confirms one hitherto unnoticed, with the same legend and types, 
 in the Pembroke Collection (2). 
 
 It is doubtful whether a coin of the emperor Valerian, described by the 
 Abbe Belley (3), is of Adada. From the legend AAA..EHN, it may be of 
 Adana, and this explanation is the most probable, on account of the 
 solitary letters IB usually seen on Cilician coins. 
 
 DIOCiESAREA in CILICIA. 
 
 AAPIANftN. Head of Mercury with the caduceus. 
 
 Rev. AIOKAISAPEftN. A vine branch with cluster of grapes. AE 3. 
 Plate V, n. 19. (Mr. Hamilton.) 
 
 From the portrait of Hadrian, who is represented in the character 
 of Mercury, probably the chief divinity of the Diocaesareans, this rare 
 coin may be assigned to the reign of that emperor, from whom the city 
 received the title of Hadriana. 
 
 The primitive name of Dioeaesarea (4) is not recorded by ancient 
 authors. Perhaps it was called Cennates, the same name as the people 
 and district of which it formed the capital. On the coins of Diocae- 
 
 (1) Lib. V, cap. 5. (2) Pars II, tab. I. 
 
 In all the editions of Strabo, we find A^x^a-rriv, (3) Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 
 
 Bfia^ec, instead of which Wesseling very properly torn. XLII, pag. 53. 
 
 proposed to read AiJa^a, Ti|/.(jpiacta. Lib. XII, 570. (4) Mioknet, tome III, pag. 577. 
 
 IO. 
 
(76) 
 sarea (i) we find it entitled MHTPotcoXi? KENNATON. The Revva-ret? were 
 perhaps the same as the RaTewei? of Strabo (2), whose text has been 
 altered by copists. The name of Diocaesarea was probably given to it 
 by Tiberius. All the coins of this city are very rare. 
 
 EUSEBEIA in CAPPADOCIA. 
 
 Laureated head of Jupiter. 
 
 Rev. EY2EBEIA2. The Samian Juno. AE. 3. Plate V, n. 20. ( Same 
 collection. ) 
 
 This city, situated at the foot of mount Argaeus, was first called Ma- 
 zaca; afterwards Eusebeia, from one of the kings of Cappadocia who 
 assumed that title; and subsequently Caesarea by Tiberius. 
 
 The present coin, hitherto unpublised, shews that the worship of the 
 Samian Juno had extended to this part of Asia. 
 
 DEMETRIUS I et LAODICE. 
 
 Joint male and female heads in profile, with royal ornaments. 
 
 Rev. BA2IAE£12 AHMHTPIOY 2HTHP02. Geres seated, holding a cornu- 
 copia and scroll. AR. 1. Weight, 253 grains. Plate V, n. 21. (Mr. Tho- 
 mas. ) 
 
 Visconti, in his Iconographie Grecque (3), attributed to Demetrius I, 
 king of Syria, and Laodice his queen, the portraits represented on a 
 cameo belonging to the empress Josephine. The judicious opinion of 
 the learned antiquary is fully confirmed by the present unique numis- 
 matic monument, which has been since discovered (4). 
 
 Ancient authors have transmitted few particulars respecting Laodice. 
 Her name , for which we are indebted solely to Livy (5) , has induced 
 
 (1) Mionnet, torn. Ill, pag. 577. mismatist, M. Allier de Hauteroche, in the Appen- 
 
 (2) Lib. XII, pag. 570. dice to his Essai sur V explication d'une Tcssere An- 
 
 (3) Tome II, pag. 324; PI. XLVII, n. 12. tique. Paris, 1820. 
 
 (4) It has been published by the late learned nu- (5) Epitom., lib. L. 
 
(77) 
 Visconti to think she was daughter of Seleucus IV, and consequently sister 
 as well as wife to Demetrius ; by this marriage she had three sons, De- 
 metrius II et Antiochus VII , who both afterwards occupied the throne 
 of Syria, and Antigonus. After the death of Demetrius in the year 162. 
 A. C. Laodice survived two years; when she was put to death with 
 her son Antigonus by Ammonius, minister of Alexander Bala who had 
 usurped the crown. 
 
 The figure of Ceres (Ar.^/rmp) on the reverse, as Visconti has observed, 
 was the symbol adopted by Demetrius from its allusion to his name. 
 
 The present monument is the more valuable, as the representation 
 of female portraits on Syrian coins is extremely rare. Such an unusual 
 honor was probably paid to Laodice, on account of her being the 
 daughter, wife, and sister of kings. 
 
 The other instance is that of Cleopatra daughter of Ptolemy Philo- 
 metor, and wife of three princes who reigned in Syria. 
 
 THE END. 
 
INDEX 
 
 ►9« m 
 
 A, for 0, 6 — termination for A2, and 
 
 H2, 3, ii. 
 Abydos, in Troas, named after a sup- 
 posed hero, 68. 
 Achelous, how represented, i 7 — vene- 
 rated at Dodona, 18 — Games in his 
 honour, ibid. — his worship introduc- 
 ed into Italy by the Pelasgi, ibid. 
 Actium, or Actia, in Acarnania, 53. 
 Adada , in Pisidia, 75. 
 Adrastus, kills the serpent of Nemea, 
 
 60. 
 jEgina , (the Island of), 5g — the art of 
 
 coinage invented there, ibid. 
 iENEAS, with Anchises and Ascanius, 61. 
 /Eolic dialect, prevalent in Italy, 3, 
 1 1, 33 — in various countries, 3g, 43, 
 56, 7 4. 
 ^Esaros, river near Crotona, 20. 
 Agathyrnus, in Sicily, 28. 
 ArH, on coins of Terina, perhaps the 
 
 name of a fountain, 23 (2). 
 ArYIEY2, conical stone sacred to Apol- 
 lo, 52. 
 Aywv ypY][/.aTiT7)s, an d 2Te<paviTY); , differ- 
 ent, 18. 
 Alexander, his friendship towards the 
 
 Rhodians, 45. 
 Alexander, king of Epirus, assists the 
 Tarentines, 1 1 — killed at Acheron- 
 
 Allibas, near Puteoli, its coins, 7 — a 
 river of the infernal regions, ibid. 
 
 Alyzia, in Acarnania, a Corinthian co- 
 lony, 54. 
 
 AAY2ION, coins with the inscription, 74. 
 
 Ambracia, in Epirus, colony of Corinth, 
 53 — its coins how distinguished, ibid. 
 
 Androcephalous Bull, emblem of a 
 river, 4 — of the Achelous, 19 — of 
 the river Gelas, 3o. 
 
 Anaxilaus, tyrant of Rhegium, 32. 
 
 Apollo, Archegetes, 36 — serves Ad- 
 metus, 5 1 — Actaeus, at Parium, 70. 
 
 Archemorus, killed by a serpent, 60 
 — Nemean games in honour of him, 
 Ibid. 
 
 Arethusa, in Thrace, 37. 
 
 Argilus, in Thrace, 37. 
 
 Argolis, Juno and Neptune contend for 
 its possession, 62. 
 
 Argos , temple of Juno , near to, 62. 
 
 Argonauts, their naval action with the 
 Tyrrhenians, 16. 
 
 Arne, see Cieria, 47 • 
 
 Arne, daughter of iEolus, 47 — re- 
 presented on coins, 49- 
 Astragali, emblems of Nymphs, of the 
 Graces , etc. , 49- 
 
 Atella, in Campania, the coins ascribed 
 to Acerrae, belong to it, 2 5. 
 
 A0AON AXEAOIO, on a coin of Me 
 tapontium, 17. 
 
 
II 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bisaltia , in Thrace, S'], 38, 3g, Zjo. 
 
 Boar , emblem of strength, 5 — Ery- 
 manthian, its remains preserved at 
 Cuma, 5 — Calydonian, its remains pres- 
 erved at Tegea, ibid. 
 
 Boeotian Dialect, 56. 
 
 Brundusium, in Iapygia, io. 
 
 Bruttii , orBrettii, 19. 
 
 Bull ( Androcephalous ) emblem of a ri- 
 ver, 4 — of the Acheloiis, 19 — of the 
 river Gelas, 3o. 
 
 Bull, the emblem of force, 32 — of fer- 
 tility, 37, 58. 
 
 C. 
 
 Cabalis, in Lycia, 74 — its inhabitants 
 were Mseonians, 74 — or the Solymi of 
 Homer, ibid. 
 
 Cadmus, represented on . coins of The- 
 bes, 5g. 
 
 Goelia , in Peucetia, 9. 
 
 Calatia , in Campania, 4 — two cities 
 of that name, ibid.. 
 
 Came, in Mysia, 68 — called Cane by 
 authors, 69. — its origin and situat- 
 ion, ibid. 
 
 Campani , in the Athenian service in 
 Sicily, 34 — take Entella, JEtna and 
 various cities in the Island, 35 — their 
 cruelty and treachery, ibid. — des- 
 troyed by Timoleon, ibid. 
 
 KENNATEI2, probably the same as the 
 KATENNEI2 of Strabo, 75. 
 
 Cephaloedium, in Sicily, 3o. 
 
 Ceres, surnamed Eunomia, at Gela, 3o. 
 
 — Thesmophoros at Thebes, 58 — her 
 
 — mysteries in Samothrace, 47 — in 
 Messenia, 61. 
 
 KEPN02, a vase used in the myster- 
 ies, 43. 
 
 Chalcis , in Eubcea, Juno its chief di" 
 vinity, 63. 
 
 XPHMATITH2 AH2N, 18. 
 
 Cierium , in Thessaly, anciently called 
 Arne, 47- — Inscriptions and coins 
 relating to it, ibid. — its site ascer- 
 tained, ibid. 
 
 Cnidus, in Caria, 74. 
 
 Coins, given as prizes at public games, 
 18. 
 
 Colonies, imitate the institutions of the 
 parent country, 1 5 — of Corinth, 53, 
 55, 56. 
 
 Comana, in Pontus, 65 — dedicated to 
 Enyo, ibid. — surnamed Hierocaesarea, 
 its aera, ibid. 
 
 Comana , in Cappadocia, 66. 
 
 CopjE, in Bceotia, 57. 
 
 Cora, in Latium, of Hellenic origin, 1. 
 
 — a Latin but not a Roman colo- 
 ny, 2 (2). 
 
 Corinth, in Achaia, various types of its 
 
 coins, 57. 
 Corlnthians, their colonies, in Acarna- 
 
 nia, 53, 55, 56 — their respective 
 
 coins how distinguished, 54 — preside 
 
 at the Nemean games, 58. 
 Coroneia, in Boeotia, 57. 
 Cosa, in Lucania , probably a colony 
 from Cos, 26. 
 
Crotona , in Magna Graecia, 20. 
 
 Cuiyle, in Campania, 4- 
 
 Cynossema, the barrow of Hecuba, 43. 
 
 Cythnos, one of the Cyclades, 66. 
 
 Cyzicus, in Mysia, 71 — recovers its li- 
 berty, 71 — the pelamys emblem of its 
 coins, ibid. 
 
 D. 
 
 D, changed into T, 7. 
 
 Demetrius I, Soter, king of Syria, 76. 
 
 Dioc.esarea, in Cilicia, 75 — surnamed 
 Hadriana, ibid. — perhaps its ancient 
 name was Cennatis, 75. 
 
 Dioscuri, on coins of Nuceria, 8 — of 
 Tarentum, 11, — of the Bruttii, 20 — 
 altar erected to them, ibid. 
 
 Domitia, represented under the charac- 
 ter of Ceres, 78. 
 
 INDEX. in 
 
 Erymanthian Boar, its relics preserved 
 
 at Cumae, 5. 
 
 Euboea in Sicily, the coins attributed 
 
 to it, are of Gela, 29. 
 Eunomia , epithet of Ceres, 3o. 
 Euripides, bis tomb at Arethusa, 37. 
 Ecsebeia, in Cappadocia, 76. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gela, in Sicily, 29. 
 Getas, king of the Edones, l\i. 
 Glaucus, a marine divinity, one of the 
 Argonauts, 16. — represented on 
 coins of Heraclea, 16. 
 Gold coins, of Greece very rare, 58. 
 Gojiphi , in Thessaly, called Philippo- 
 
 polis, 46. 
 Gorgus , founder of Ambracia, 53. 
 
 E, instead of O, 43. 
 
 Eagle, considered a favourable omen, 64. 
 
 jEthra; mother of Theseus, 64. 
 
 Elis, in Peloponnesus, 64- 
 
 Eleutheria, games celebrated at Pla- 
 
 tsea, 72. 
 EAEY0EPIA, represented on a coin of 
 
 Cyzicus, 7 1 . 
 Enyo, venerated in the two cities of Co- 
 
 mana, 67 — great number of priests 
 
 and ministers in her service, ibid. — 
 
 how represented, 68. 
 Epidius Nuncionus , hero of the Nucer- 
 
 ians, 8. 
 Eros, or Love, on coins of Tarentum, 
 
 12. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hadri awopolis, in Thrace, anciently 
 
 Orestias, l\o. 
 H.emus (Mount), 4o. 
 HjEmi montanus, a district of Thrace, 4o. 
 Hecuba, her tomb near Madytus, 43 
 
 — her metamorphosis, 44- 
 Heraclea; in Lucania, i5 — surnamed 
 
 Minoa, in Sicily, 3i — an^Eolian Island, 
 3i. 
 Hercules, his exploits near Cumae, 5. 
 
 — founder of Neapolis 8 (i), — his 
 statue by Lysippus at Tarentum, 12 
 — his combat with the Achelous re- 
 presented, 1 8. 
 
 Herodotus, his testimony confirmed, i5. 
 HierocjEsarea, surname of Comana in 
 Pontus, 65. 
 
 1 1 
 
IV 
 
 Hypereia (the fountain), 5o. 
 Hypsiptle , nurse of Archemorus, 60. 
 Hyiua, in Campania, perhaps the same 
 as Surrentum, 27. 
 
 I. 
 
 I, instead of L. 3. 
 
 Infernal regions, supposed to be near 
 Cumae, 7. 
 
 Iodama, converted into stone, 5n. 
 
 Ithome, (Mount), birth place of Jupiter, 
 63 — his temple there, ibid. 
 
 Isthmus, of Corinth personified, 61. 
 J. 
 
 Jason, his naval action with the Tyrrhe- 
 nians , 16 — builds a temple to the 
 Argian Juno, near the Silarus, in — 
 loses a sandal in crossing the Anau- 
 ros , 5o. 
 
 Jupiter Ammon, venerated at Jjampsa- 
 cus, 67. 
 
 Jupiter Ithomates, tripods offered to 
 him , 63. 
 
 Juno, her temple near Posidonia, 27 — 
 contends with Neptune for Argolis, [\i. 
 — venerated at Chalcis, 66. 
 L. 
 
 L, changed into I, 3. 
 
 Lampsacus, in iVIysia, its emblem a sea- 
 horse, 70. 
 
 Laodice, Queen of Syria, 77. 
 
 Larissa, two cities of this name in Thes- 
 saly, 49. 
 
 Latin Colonies, distinct from Roman, 
 2 , (2). 
 
 Latin Dialect, 3, 7. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Leucas, in Acarnania, 55. 
 Lion, symbol of valour, 4 5 32. 
 Liparus, or Liparon , king of Syracuse , 
 
 coin falsely attributed to him, 20. 
 Locri Epizephyrii, their victory over 
 
 the Crotoniatse, 20 — coins of, 21. 
 Livy, corrected, 2 (2), 49- 
 
 M. 
 
 M , exchanged with N , 38 , 69. 
 
 Macedonian Dialect, [\\ (3), 5a. 
 
 Madytus, on the Hellespont, 43. 
 
 Mamertini, in Sicily, 33. 
 
 Mantinea, in Arcadia, temple of Nep- 
 tune near it , 65. 
 
 Meles or MeltE, in Samnium, 3. 
 
 Mercury , how represented by the Pe- 
 lasgi, 5i. 
 
 Mesma or Medma, 21 — its name de- 
 rived from a fountain , 22 — its si- 
 tuation, ibid. 
 
 Messana, in Sicily, its coins imitated 
 from those of Samos , 3 1 . 
 
 Messenia, in Peloponnesus, 63. 
 
 Metapontium, in Lucania, its coins, 17. 
 
 Metropolis, in Thessaly, its site ascer- 
 tained, 48 (1). 
 
 Minerva Itonia, her temple near Coro- 
 neia, 48, 57. 
 
 Minyans, from Thessaly, settle in Boeo- 
 tia, 47, 48, 57. 
 
 Mysteries , of Samothrace , 4 2 — °f 
 Ceres in Messenia, 63. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nacona, in Sicily, 35 — occupied by 
 the Campani, ibid. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Naxos, in Sicily, 35 — when destroyed, 
 
 36. 
 Neapolis, in Campania, 8 — its alliance 
 
 with Tarentuin, 8, (i). 
 Nemean Games, their establishment, 6o. 
 Neptune, surnamed Prosclystius, 63 
 
 — his contest with Juno, ibid. — 
 Hippius, 65, 67. 
 
 Nuceria, surnamed Alfaterna, in Cam- 
 pania, its coins in theOscan dialect, 8 
 
 — in Calabria , 9 , i5 — ■ four cities of 
 this name in Italy, 25. 
 
 Nymphs, their emblems, 49- 
 
 O. 
 0, for OY, 18, 56, 74. 
 O, termination of latin nominatives, 3, 
 
 (i) — changed into A, 7 — into A I, 
 
 or iE, ibid. — into E , 43 — instead 
 
 of OY, 18, 56, 74. 
 OM, instead of ftN, 33. 
 OYM , instead of jQN, iEolic genitive, 33. 
 OYN, instead of HN, 5o. 
 HN , changed into OYM, 33 — into 
 
 OYN, 5o. 
 Olympe, in Ulyria, 5i. 
 Ophiogenes , inhabitants of Parium , 
 
 their origin, 71. 
 Oracle, of Dodona, 18 — of Delphi , 
 
 3a — to the Messenians, 63. 
 Orchomen os , in Bceotia , 56 — of Thes- 
 
 salian origin, ibid. — called >taX).iTCto>.os, 
 
 ibid. 
 Oreskii, see Orestae. 
 Orest,e, a Molossian tribe, 39 — of 
 
 Thrace , 4o. 
 
 Orestias , in Thrace , founded by Ores- 
 tes , 4o — called Hadrianopolis, ibid. 
 
 Oricus, in Illyria, 52. 
 
 Oscan, Dialect, on coins of Calatia, 4 
 — of Phistelia, 5 — of Nuceria, 8 — 
 of Atella, 26 — of Veseris, 27. 
 
 Ossa , in Bisaltia , 38. 
 
 Ox, emblem of agriculture, 37, 58 — 
 brazen figure of, dedicated by the Pla- 
 taeans at Delphi, 58. 
 
 Paestum , its name a corruption of Po- 
 
 sidonia, 7. 
 Paleiros, in Acarnania, 55 — a Corin- 
 thian colony, ibid. 
 Parium, in Mysia, 71 — inhabited bv 
 
 the Ophiogenes, ibid. 
 PatRjE, in Achaia, 58. 
 Pelamys , distinctive emblem of the 
 
 coins of Cyzicus, 7 1 . 
 Peripoli , various signification of the 
 
 term , 1 3. 
 Peripolium, a fortress of the Locrians. 
 
 i3. 
 Phanagoria , in the Cimmerian Bos- 
 
 phorus, 67. 
 PherjE, in Thessaly; 5o. 
 Philip II, of Macedon, 44 — gives his 
 
 name to various cities, 46. — Philip V, 
 
 ibid. 
 Philippopolis, in Thessaly, name given 
 
 to Comphi, 46. 
 Phistelia, in Campania, probably Pu- 
 
 teoli, 6, 7. 
 
VI 
 
 Picentini, their alliance with Posidonia, 
 
 6 (3). 
 Pieria, probably a corrupt reading for 
 
 Cieria, in Livy, 49- 
 Pitane, a demos of Sparta, i3. 
 PitanaTjE , a Spartan colony in Magna 
 
 Graecia, 1 3 — Cohort of, at the battle 
 
 ofPlataea, i4- 
 PlaTjEA, in Boeotia, 58. 72. 
 Pliny, corrected, 10. 
 Posidonia, its name gradually corrup- 
 ted into that of Paestum , 6. 
 TIHAOI, Corinthian coins so called, 53. 
 Procles, leader of the Naxians , 35. 
 Proserpine , her return from Hades , 67 
 
 — mother of Dionysus by Jupiter , 
 
 ibid. 
 Punick Inscription, on a Sicilian coin, 
 
 36. 
 Puteoli, its Oscan name, Phistelia , 6. 
 
 R. 
 
 Rhaucus, in Crete, 66. 
 
 Rhodes, coin of Philip struck there, 45. 
 
 Rhodians, oppose Philip of Macedon , 
 
 45 — their attachment to Alexander, 
 
 ibid. 
 Rhoemetalces II, the last king of Thrace, 
 
 44- 
 
 Rubi, in Peucetia, 9 — a colony from 
 Achaia , 1 o. 
 
 2K02, termination peculiar to Thrace, 4 1 . 
 2TAI, Macedonian termination, [\\, Si. 
 Sal a , in Thrace, l\i. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Salentini, in alliance with Tarentum, 
 
 1 1. 
 
 Samos, coins of, 3i, 73. 
 
 Sandal, lost by Jason, 5o — offered in 
 temples , ibid. , (3). 
 
 Sciathus, island of Pelasgic origin, 5i. 
 
 Scylla, a divinity peculiar to Italy, 16. 
 
 Sic yon, in Achaia, 61. 
 
 Smyrna, in Ionia, 72 — Homer repre- 
 sented on its coins, ibid. — medal of , 
 in honor of Domitian, 73. 
 
 Sora , in Latium, 1. 
 
 Staters (Gold), of Philip II, 45 — of 
 Lampsacus, 69 — of Cyzicus, 71. 
 
 Surrentum, its ancient name Hyria, 27. 
 
 T. 
 
 T, instead of D, 7 — changed into D, 
 
 25. 
 
 Tarentum, in Iapygia, its coins imita- 
 ted by various other cities ; 8 , 1 4 — 
 its numerous alliances, 8 — frequent 
 wars with the neighbouring states, 
 
 12, 14. 
 Terina, coins of, 22. 
 Theb^e in Boeotia, 58. 
 
 Theseus, represented on a coin of Troe- 
 
 zene , 64. 
 Thucydides , his censure of Herodotus, 
 
 1 5. 
 Torone, in Thrace, 43. 
 Tripods, offered secretly to Jupiter Itho- 
 
 mates, 63. 
 Troezene, in Argolis, 64. 
 Tyndaris, in Sicily, 28 — its alliance 
 with Agathyrnus, ibid. 
 
INDEX. vii 
 
 Tyrrhenians , their naval combat with attributes, ibid. — considered as an 
 the Argonauts, 16 — cities in Campania emblem of prosperity, ibid. 
 founded by them , 28. Veseris, in Campania : coins of, 27 — 
 
 perhaps of Tyrrhenian origin, 28. 
 Visconti (E. Q. ), his opinions cited, 
 
 Y, instead ofEY, 56. 2 °> 7 6 - 
 
 Vulcan, on coins of Phistelia , 7. 
 
 V W. 
 
 Vase (Fictile), representing the return Winkelmann, monuments published by 
 
 of Proserpine, 70 (3). 61, 65 (3). 
 
 Venus, venerated at Sparta and Taren- Z. 
 
 turn, 1 1 . Zancle, in Sicily, its name changed into 
 
 Victory, with a thunderbolt, i3 — that of Messana , 32 — error on the 
 
 without wings, 23 — with various subject corrected by coins , ibid. 
 
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 
 
 3, 1. 4j„/o/-Tapa and Tapa?, read Tapa and 
 Tapa?. 
 
 — note 2, 1. 1, for Compultecia , read Com- 
 
 pulteria. 
 
 — note 3, 1. 5, forG reck, fo rm , read Greek 
 
 form. 
 5, 1. i ,/or strenght, read strength. 
 
 — 1-4 ,for *) , read yj. 
 
 — 1. 19 , for Cumoeans, read Cumaeans. 
 
 — note 3, 1. 6 , for &tvxv , read onrav. 
 
 7, note on 1. 26, Athenseus speaks of a 
 wine called Oulbanus (OuXSavb;) in the 
 vicinity of Cumae. Lib. 1, 48, pag. 26. 
 
 — note 3 , jar dyopa , read ayopdt. 
 
 — note It, for vsxpo'i;, read vsxpo?. 
 ii,l. 3 , for universel, read universal. 
 
 — 1. 7 , for xp^O£;i.vot , read xpr'Siijivov. 
 
 — I. 8, yo;- earrings, read* earrings. 
 
 — 1. 16, for Eiprjffiojvr) , rtw/ elpecitovr). 
 
 — 1. 27 , for TapavTitov , read TapavTt'vcov. 
 
 — note 2 , 1. 4 > /o>" cOsvoo'v/i , read acpev- 
 
 So'vr). 
 i3, note 4 5 I- 2 > /<"' 6 or,ii.o?, ;tw/ a oyjjaos. 
 i4, I. 26, for setteled, read settled. 
 1 5, 1. 26, for vithout, read without. 
 
 — note 2, 1. 2, for 0?, read 8$. 
 17,1. !\,jor bulls, rearf bull's. 
 
 — 1. 22 , for dXXoxi dvopiw, read ocXXot' dv- 
 
 opeiio. 
 
 — 1. 23 , for odfjxtou, read ov.g-kI.ov. 
 
 — I. 24 ifor xpyjvaiou, ? - e<7r/ xpr|vaiou. 
 
 18, 1. 9, for dytovo?, /ertc/ dyoivo?. 
 
 — 1. 18,/oraYwv, read i~[MV. 
 
 19, 1. 18 , for writen , read written. 
 
 23, note 2, I. 11, for Bouxspcoi;, read Bouxspw?- 
 
 26, note on 1. 24, The Coans in conjunction 
 with the Rhodians founded Salapia in 
 Dannia. STRABO,lib. xiv, p. 654. The 
 Rhodians established also a colony 
 near Sybaris, in the territory of the 
 Chones. May not the original reading 
 of the latter name have been Kwwv. ? 
 
 28, note 3, 1. l\,for gives, read give. 
 
 32, 1. 7, for displaced, read misplaced. 
 1. 24, for Persians; read Persians, 
 
 38, note 4 refers to p. 41, 1. 3. 
 
 40, note 3, 1. 1, for "ilopuao;, read 'OSpuffo'?. 
 
 — — — — 'OpESTi'a, read 'Opearia. 
 
 — — 1. 8, for 'ASptdvou, read ASpiavou. 
 
 41 , note 2, 1. 1, for Ata?d?, read Atauxd?. 
 
 — — — — <I>7]c?t, read 4}y]ai. 
 
 43 , 1. 1 5 , for Ep^oiiivo? , read Ep/op.evb<;. 
 
 45, 1. 17,/br frienship, read friendship. 
 
 46 , 1. 23, for 0s<7<jaXia<; and ©scnrptoTtac;, read 
 ©EucaXta? and 0c<j7rporn'a<;. 
 
 47, note 2, for Apvrj, read Apv/). 
 
 5o, note 2, 1. 7, for fo, razf/ of. 
 
 52, note 1, 1. 1, for "OXupnrv] , rear/ 'OXu^ttt). 
 
 62, note It, for IIpoxXuff-rio<;, /•<?«<-/ ITpoxXucTioi;. 
 
 66, note on 1. 8, A coin of Chalcis, struck 
 under the reign of the emperor L. 
 Verus , has on the reverse a sitting 
 figure of Juno with the inscription 
 HPA. Ecrhell. Num. Vet. Anecd. 
 tab. x, fig. 20. 
 
 68, note 1, 1. i,/b/tspbv, read lepbv. 
 
 — — 1. 5, for Mvjv, read Mviv. 
 
 70, note 1, 1. 2, for Ceres, read Cererem. 
 75, note 1, 1. kifo 1 ' Ti\i.6pi*8a.,* read Tif/.- 
 
VL I 
 
 J 
 
 10 
 
 "if 
 
 M 
 
 if. 
 
 19 
 
 ' SB 
 
 
pl.h. 
 
 4. 
 
 M. 
 
 /& 
 
 m> 
 
 /' 
 
 M 
 
 8. 
 
 M 
 
 J- 
 
 M 
 
 SQM H A . 
 
 z3. 
 
 M 
 
 *4. 
 
 m> 
 
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