COINAGE OF THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT Digitized by tine Internet Arcliive in 2014 littps://archive.org/details/coinageofeuropeaOOhazl Philip IV. of Spain : 50 reales struck at Segovia. Arg. THE COINAGE OF THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND CATALOGUES OF MINTS DENOMINATIONS AND RULERS BY W. CAREW HAZLITT WITH TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY ILLUSTRATIONS LONDON SWAN SONNENSCHEIN AND CO NEW YORK: MACMILLAN AND CO PREFACE It is hoped that the following pages may be found to have supplied an apparent deficiency in English numismatic literature by furnishing an introduction to the more exact and complete knowledge of the continental series of European coins, and to an approximate estimate of what a collection of such a nature embraces and represents. That a virtually first attempt of this kind on a comprehensive scale will prove more or less imperfect the writer foresees ; yet if it is sensibly in advance of all former essays in the same direction, it cannot fail to be of some appreciable service. It must be interesting alike to the English and American student to note how very frequent are the points of affinity and contact between the coins of Great Britain and those here described ; and this is particularly the case with the early productions of France, Spain, and the Low Countries. The illustrations which accompany the volume have been exclusively selected from examples in the possession of the writer. In the choice made, the aim has been to exhibit as far as possible typical specimens and coins recom- mended by their historical or personal associations. b viii The Coins of Europe The writer feels it to be an agreeable duty to express his sincere acknowledgments for assistance and kindnesses received to Lord Grantley, Messrs. Lincoln and Son of Oxford Street, Mr. J. Schulman of Amersfoort, Messrs. Spink and Son of Gracechurch Street and Piccadilly, and Mr. F. Whelan (MM. Rollin and Feuardent). Barnes Common, Surrey, October 1893. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Preface ......... vii Introduction . . . . . . . . 2-66 General Interest of the Subject ..... i The Medal, Jeton, and Token ..... 4 Magnitude of the Subject ...... 6 Condition of Mediaeval Europe ..... 9 The Feudal System . . . . . . . 12 Order of Countries . . . . . . . 14-29 Germany . . . . . . . Low Countries . . . . . . . 19 Northern States ...... 20 Italy ........ 20 Sicily ........ 21 France ........ 22 Spain ........ 24 Portugal ....... 27 Greece ........ 28 Mints and Currencies . . ^ . . . . 29 Nomenclature and Legends ...... 34 Notation of Value and Date ...... 42 Material employed for Coins ..... 44 Money and Weight : heavy Swedish and Russian Coins . . 47 Metrology and Alloy ...... 50 Development of Types . . . . . . 57 Formation of Cabinets . . . . . . 61 Arrangement of the present Work ..... 64 Catalogue of European Mints ..... 69 Catalogue of European Denominations .... 181 Dated Lists of European Rulers ..... 245 X The Coins of Ei^rope PAGE Descriptive Outline of European Coinages . . . 295 Germany ........ 295 Westphalia ....... 299 Rhenish Provinces ...... 300 Nassau ........ 301 Lippe ........ 301 Waldeck . . . . . . .301 Lichtenstein . . . . . . .301 Hesse-Cassel . . . . . " . . 302 Darmstadt ...... 303 Homburg ...... 303 Frankfurt-am-Main ...... 303 Hochberg ....... 303 Baden ........ 303 Baden-Baden ....... 303 Durlach ....... 303 Wiirtemburg ....... 304 Bavaria ..... . . . 305 The Palatinate . . . . . . . 307 Saxony ........ 309 Anhalt . . . . . . . .314 Schwarzburg . . . . . . -315 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt . . . . . 315 Reuss . . . . . . . -315 Brunswick . . . . . . .316 Hanover ....... 319 Oldenburgh ....... 320 Holstein ....... 321 Hanse Towns . . . . . . .321 Mecklemburgh . . . . . . .321 Pomerania ....... 323 Brandenburgh ....... 324 Prussia ........ 326 Posen ........ 329 Prussian Saxony ...... 330 Silesia ........ 331 Austria ........ 332 Goritz ........ 336 Istria and Carinthia . . . . . . 336 Carniola ....... 337 Moravia . . . ,. . . . 337 Table of Contents XI Descriptive Outline of European Coi^^GEs—conti?nted. page Styria ........ 337 Bohemia ....... 338 Dalmatia . . . . . . .341 Hungary ....... 341 Transylvania ....... 344 Switzerland ....... 346 Poland ........ 352 Lithuania ....... 353 Knights of Livonia . . . . . '355 Courland ....... 355 Cracow ........ 355 Russia ........ 357 Danubian Provinces ...... 362 Wallachia .... • . . 362 Moldavia ....... 362 Roumania ....... 362 Bulgaria. ....... 364 Servia ........ 3^5 Bosnia ........ 3^^ Latin Empire of the Crusaders .... 367 Greece ........ 369 Turkey in Europe ....... 371 Northern Kingdoms ...... 371 Denmark ....... 37^ Sweden ........ 377 Norway ........ 3^^ The Low Countries . . . . • • 3^3 I. Belgium ....... 3^3 Brabant . . . . . . .384 Loos and Rummen ..... 387 Liege ....... 3^^ Limburg ...... 3^9 Luxemburgh ..... . 3^9 Reckheim ...... 390 Flanders . . . . . -391 Hainault ...... 394 Artois ....... 395 Xll The Coins of Ettrope Descriptive OutlIxXE of European Coinages — continued, page Boulogne ....... 396 Saint-Pol ....... 396 Cambrai ....... 397 Herstal ....... 398 Towns and Minor Fiefs ..... 398 Kingdom of the Belgians ..... 401 2. Holland ........ 402 Counts of Holland ...... 403 West Friesland ..... 404 Gueldres ..... 405 S' Heerenberg ...... 406 Utrecht ....... 406 United Provinces ...... 407 Towns in Holland . ... . . . 411 Batavian Republic . . . . . . 412 Kingdom of Holland . . . . . 412 the Netherlands .... 414 Italy ........ 418 The Ostrogoths ....... 419 Lombards . . . . . ... 419 Franks ....... 420 Germans ....... 422 Republics and Principalities .... 423 Popes ....... 424 Venice ........ 426 Savoy . . . . . . . . 432 Monaco ....... 436 Florence or Tuscany ...... 436 Other Italian Cities : — ...... 441 Bologna ....... 442 Ferrara ....... 442 Modena ....... 443 Reggio . . . . . . .443 Mirandola ....... 443 Monteferrato ...... 444 Mantua ....... 445 Milan ....... 446 Pesaro ....... 449 Rimini ....... 450 Parma . . . . . . . 450 Table of Contents xiii Descriptive Outline of European Com AGES>—coittimied, page Lucca ....... 452 Genoa ....... 453 Saluzzo . . . . . . .455 Franco- Italian Coins ...... 455 Italian Kingdoms, 1 805 and 1861 . . . . . 456 Southern Italy ....... 457 Naples ........ 457 Sicily ........ 458 The Two Sicilies ...... 460 Knights of St. John of Jerusalem . . . . .461 France ........ 464 Feudal Coinage of France ..... 485 Normandy ....... 490 Aquitaine . . . . . . . 490 Guyenne ....... 490 Poitou ....... 490 Anjou ....... 490 Maine ....... 490 Viennois ....... 490 Orange ....... 490 Avignon ....... 490 Saint-Martin de Tours ..... 491 Substantion-Melgueil . . . . .491 Dombes . . . . . . .491 Brittany ....... 492 Burgundy ....... 494 Lorraine and Bar . . . . . . 497 Alsace ....... 499 Strasburgh . . . . . . . 499 Valois . . . . . . . 499 Bourbon ....... 499 Bourbon-Montpensier ..... 499 Coucy ....... 500 Chateaumeillant ...... 500 Moers ....... 500 Chateauneuf ...... 500 Turenne ....... 500 Encre ....... 500 Spain ........ 505 Castile and Leon, etc. ... ... 508 xiv The Coins of Ettrope Descriptive Outline of European Qoi^^G^^—conthiued, page Portugal . . . . . . . -517 The Colonies ....... 527 Copper money ....... 530 Mints . . . . ... 531 Types . . . . . . -531 Countermarks ... ... 532 Legends. ... . • • • 533 Current series ....... 533 Rarities . . • ' • • • 534 V / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Philip IV. of Spain : 50 reales struck at Segovia. Arg. . . Frontispiece Brunswick : J thaler, palm-tree type . . . . .85 Cuilemborg : 5 penningen, 1591 ...... 95 Groot of Jan van Arkel, Bishop of Utrecht » 1341-64 . . .96 Thaler of Joseph von Steebenburg, Bishop of Eichstadt, 1796 . . 100 Groningen : braspenning, 1593 ...... 109 Schilling of Hamburgh, 1763 . . . . . .111 4-ducat piece of Charles V. , 1528 . . . . . .> 113 Grand-duchy of Kief : denarius, loth c. . . . . .116 Double thaler of Brunswick-Llineburg, 1655 .... 122 Denier of Maguelonne, 13th c. . . . . . .124 Mannheimergulden of 1608 . . . . . . .125 Mantua : obolo, Virgilius type, 13th c. . . . . .125 Mayence : i kreutzer, i8th c. . . . . . .127 3 pfenningen, 1760 . " . . . .127 Modena : 80 sesini in silver, 1728 . . . . . .132 Munster : 3 pfenningen, 1602 ...... 135 Lorraine : silver teston of Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, 1517 . . 136 pattern decime struck at Nancy, 1796 . . . .136 grande plaque of Marie de Blois, 1346-48 . . .136 Padua : copper piece of the 14th c. . . . . .141 Ragusa (Sicily) : copper piece of the i ith- 12th c. .... 147 Salzburg: thaler of 1 522 . . . . . . .156 SchHtz, Hesse-Darmstadt : thaler of 1660 ..... 158 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt : \ sterbdenkthaler, 1670 . . . -159 Sienna : scudo di oro, wolf and twins type, 15th c. ... 161 Stockholm or of 1573 ....... 164 Zwolle : siege-piece of 1596 . . . . . .179 Augustale of Frederic H., 13th c. ...... 183 Centime of the First French Repubhc . . . . .189 xvi The Coins of Europe PAGE lo centimos of the Republic of Andorra, 1873 .... 189 Denier of Louis le Debonnaire : Christia?ia Re ligio iy^Q . . .190 of Eudes, King of France : G7'atid Dommi type . . .193 of Charlemagne . . . . . . .194 Schaffhausen : dicken, 1633 . . . . . . 195 Ferdinand II. of Germany ; gold ducat, 1636 . . . . 197 Sicilian folla7'o, 12th c. ...... . 201 / Genoa : genovino di oro of Conrad type and period . . . 202 Catherine II. of Russia : gold imperial, 1767 .... 207 PhiHp II. of Spain : copper jeton, 1582 ..... 208 Lepta of Greece and Ionian Isles, 1828-49 . . . . .210 Louis XV. of France: louis d'or, 1717 . . . . .212 Charles XII. of Sweden : i mark, 1716 . . . . .214 Merovingian trientes . . . . . . .215 6 miten of Ghent, 1583-84 . . ..... 216 Denier mone^a pa/alina type . . . . . .217 Obole of Charlemagne, struck at Melle . . . . .219 Switzerland : school prize-money of 1776 ..... 225 Bohemia : raitgroschen of 1583 ...... 227 Danari of Saiicttis Vttltiis type, 13th and 18th centuries . . . 230 Mantua : Di Quattro or 4 scudi di oro, 17th c. . . . .231 Siege-piece of Vienna, 1529, in gold ..... 233 Lombard silica or half silica of the 7th c. . . . . . 233 Bavaria : thaler, 1825 . . . . . . . 238 Coins of the Wild Man type, 1741 and 1791 . . . . 242 Mantua: silver coin of 1564 ...... 269 Bavaria : gold piece (? 10 ducats) of 1598 ..... 306 Palatinate : gold florin of 1437 ...... 307 Niirnberg : gold florin of 16 18 . . . . . . 309 Saxony : denarius, loth c. ...... 310 gulden groschen, 15th c. ...... 311 thaler, 1623 . . . . . . .311 Brunswick-Llineburg : triple thaler, 1657 ..... 317 thalers of 1668 and 1678 .... 318 Gold gulden, 1752 ..... 319 Osnabriick : 9 pfennigen, 1625 ...... 320 Mecklemburgh : ^ thaler of 1542 ...... 322 thaler of Wallenstein, 1632 .... 323 Brandenburgh : thaler of 1549 ...... 325 Prussian coins, 14th- 1 8th c. 327 § thaler of Frederic III. of Brandenburgh, 1693 .... 328 Mansfeld : thaler, 1532 -i-iq List of Ilhtstrations xvii page: Stolberg : bracteate, 13th c. . . . . . -331 Gold florin, 1743 . . . . . -331 Coins of Austria and the Tyrol ...... 335 Bohemia: esterling of John of Luxemburgh (1309-46) . . . 339 Joachimsthaler, 1 525 ...... 339 P'rederic V. Count Palatine, 24 kreutzer, 1620 . . . 340 Hungary: esterling of Andrew (1047-61) ..... 341 copper coin, 13th c. ..... . 341 gold florin of Matthias Corvinus .... 342 Transylvania: copper solidus, 1591 . . . . . 344 thaler, 1657 ....... 345 Switzerland : 32 franken, 1800 ...... 348 thaler of Zurich, 1727 ..... 350 Polish coins, i6th-i8th c. . . . . . . . 354 Russia: coins of Peter the Great, 1707-24 ..... 360 coins (chiefly patterns), 1726-40 ..... 363 Servia : denarius of Stephen VII. , 1336-56 .... 365 Denmark : esterling of nth c. ..... . 373 double gold ducat, 1658 . . . . . 374 silver klippe, 1648 ...... 375 Sweden : Charles XII. daler, 1707 . . . . ' . . 379 Swedish coins, i6th-i9th c. ...... 380 Coins of the Southern Netherlands ...... 393 Dutch East Indies ...... 409 Northern Netherlands . . . . . .413 Rulers of the Netherlands . . . . .415 Papal coins ......... 425 Venetian coins ....... 429, 431 Savoyard coins . . . . . . . ' . 435 Coins of the Medici Family ..... 439-40 Bologna : doppio scudo di oro of Giovanni I. Bentivoglio (1401-2) . 442 Ferrara : testone of Ercole I. D'Este (1475-1506) .... 442 Monteferrato : testone of Guglielmo, M. di M., 1494-1518 . . 444 Mantua : scudo di argento, 1622, George and Dragon type . . 446 Milanese coins . . . . . . . . 448 Testone of Trivulzio family, i6th c, George and Dragon type . . 449 Pesaro : copper sesino of Gio. Sforza (15 10) . . • • 449 Coins of Parma . . . . . . . .451 Lucca and Piombino ...... 453 Saluzzo : testone of Lodovico II., 1475-1502 .... 454 tallero or medaglia of Marguerite de Foix, his consort, 15 16, by Johann Clot 454 xviii The Coins of Eui^ope PAGE Sicilian coins ........ ,459 Coins of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, 14th- 1 8th c. . . 463 France : coins of Henry III. and IV. and Louis XIII. . . . 473 Louis XIV. and XV. . . . . . 475 French Revolutionary coins, 1791-93 . . . 477-8 Napoleon L, etc. ....... 481 Piece in lead of 1848 (? 10 centimes) .... 483 French feudal coins ...... 501 Spain : blanca and dinhero of 15th c. . . . . .510 Spanish coins, I3th-i8th c. . . . . . . . 513 Spain : Isabel II. , 4 reales, 1839 . . . . . • 5^5 3 cuartos, 1838 . . . . . • 5^5 Portugal: cruzado di ouro, 15th c. ...... 521 Dobra or doljrao, 1726 ...... 525 Pecunia Insulana, 1750 . . . . . . 529 Patacon or 40 reis of 1813 . . . . . ^30 INTRODUCTION I The unabated and general interest which the numismatic systems and remains of the ancient Greeks and Romans have commanded from time immemorial at the hands of all persons with pretensions to culture and with a desire to inform themselves of many features in the history and social life of those two great and powerful nationalities, or rather peoples, not to be found in ordinary books of reference, has been of later years divided with the study and collection of the coins belonging to the English and Scotish series ; and the enthusiasm and curiosity manifested toward these two classes of early money, if they were not quite so powerfully justified by the intrinsic m.erit and the antiquity, were sup- posed to be dictated by a sort of patriotism in the case of Englishmen and Americans. A man who could not under- stand the utility or wisdom of accumulating the currencies of remote and extinct states was amenable to the plea for that of his native land or of the " old country." Various idiosyncrasies of course crept into this movement. Some collectors of the new English or British school began at the beginning, and persevered unflinchingly to the very end ; some drew the line at the Stuarts, others commenced with the Georges ; a certain number preferred gold, a certain number silver, a few, copper only ; many were omnivorous. The majority, however, were not very fastidious, so long as a coin was legible and cheap. Here and there condition B The Coins of Eit7^ope was a postulate to a moderate extent ; in one or two instances it was peremptory. But for better and worse, under some or other circum- stances, the taste and ardour for the British coins from the earliest period to the present time — patterns and proofs included — arose, and have been hitherto fairly maintained by a succession of students or amateurs. The motive was perhaps patriotic ; and it is not to be gainsaid that within those lines are to be found many numismatic productions alike of interest and merit, particularly among the Anglo- Saxon pennies, the Tudor money, the Scotish coins of Mary and her father, and of Charles I., and the chefs d'ceuvre of Briot, Simon, Rawlins, Blondeau, and Wyon. Retro- spectively, the English coinage, extending over about twenty centuries (if we comprise the British money), will bear com- parison with that of other countries, period by period ; but it must be recollected that it was in some important aspects indebted to external influences. Offa, King of Mercia, is reputed to have employed Italian workmen ; the pennies of Edward the Confessor and his Norman successor, in their diversity and execution, betray a superior hand ; and the names of some of the most prominent English moneyers, Briot, Blondeau, Roettier, Pistrucci, Droz, are the names of foreigners.^ Nor do we certainly know that the florin and noble of Edward III. were the product of native artists. So far as probability will carry us we should say that they were not. There can be little doubt that Northern Germany or Northern Holland was the source from which the moneyer, in common with the printer and engraver, originally derived his inspiration. Hence it was that, as learning and science revived, and commerce and maritime adventure extended, the barbarous and meagre productions of the imitators of Roman and Byzantine work were replaced by numismatic efforts of an independent and characteristic type, and that Europe was furnished with trading tokens {7nonetce) adapted ^ See also Nicholas Tyery's Proposals to Henry the Eighth for an Irish Coin- age, inserted in a MS. French Handbook of the year 1526. 8vo, Cambridge, 1886. With illustrations of the coins. Introdtiction 3 to the wants, feelings, and traditions of the communities into which it was apportioned. The waves of Dutch and German influence spread in all directions ; and the British Isles, from their geographical position, and successive occupiers or colonists, were peculiarly liable to the reception of foreign suggestions from all quarters. Perhaps the utmost that is capable of being urged in favour of the English series of coins is that they are English. Of the hands which made them we know, on the whole, too little to warrant us in going much farther. The titles which the coins of the European continent have to our attention and regard are indeed strong and manifold. That immense and extraordinary series contri- butes, in a degree only to be appreciated on a more or less intimate acquaintance, to the illustration both of the public and inner life of a section of the globe which has been infinitely more fruitful than any other in its achievements and triumphs for the cause of human knowledge, progress, and happiness. From the thirteenth century, when the English currency had sensibly declined from the earlier Norman standard, the mints of Central Europe and the Low Countries were yielding an inexhaustible store of types remarkable for invention and variety no less than for their harmony with the atmosphere and costume of the country of origin. A study of continental money of the mediaeval and more modern eras admits us to an insight into innumer- able points connected with political vicissitudes and changes, religious aspirations and peculiarities, and social episodes, for which we might vainly look elsewhere. The historian, the artist, the philosopher, and the portrayer of sentiments and usages, possess here a field of research even now very imper- fectly explored and utilised. We ought to be thankful for the light which is shed on features of bygone life throughout an entire continent by thousands on thousands of these monuments, each in its portrait, its legend, its motto, its name, its very shape and material, telling some story of the ages. 4 The Coins of Europe II Undoubtedly interesting and valuable as the Medal, the Jeton, and the Token severally are as exponents and memo- rials of past events and persons, the CoiN may justly claim a higher rank in our estimation and regard as less local, less special, less flattering ; as more national, more continuous, more realistic. It reflects in a greater degree and in a more faithful manner the condition, progress, and feeling of the community with which it is identified ; it passed from hand to hand, from one district to another, from one extremity of the world, perhaps, to the other extremity ; and this plea is strengthened by the policy, first of the ancients, and subse- quently of the continental powers, of blending the actual currency with the medal and the jeton in that extensive series of European numismatic monuments which the Germans term munte-medaillen, and which served the double purpose of a coin and a medal by commemorating an historical incident and by being at the same time stamped with a value. Among these relics of former days are many pieces of striking beauty and interest. They belong more particularly to the German series. The number of Coins entitled to rank under a variety of categories as historical, biographical, or literary records, is peculiarly large in the class with which we deal. The European continent was so subdivided in an administrative and numismatic respect under the old system that a far larger proportion of individuals, who attained political eminence, acquired, ipso facto, a title to a place among rulers and strikers of money. It is not that we possess finely- executed portraits of great sovereigns only, such as Charles V., Gustavus Adolphus, Peter the Great, Charles XII. of Sweden, Frederic of Prussia, Maria Theresa, and Napoleon I. ; but the privilege of coining, enjoyed by a host of petty feu- datories, has transmitted to us an extensive gallery of resemblances, the majority (when we have reached the Renais- sance) lifelike in their treatment, which we should not in a Introduction 5 more centralised constitution have had the opportunity of seeing. Nearly all the seigniorial magnates of France, Germany, and the Netherlands have been handed down to us in this way, as they presented themselves to their con- temporaries. It is something to be able in the thalers of Mecklenburgh to realise ad vivuni the lineaments of the great Wallenstein ; in those of Transylvania we get the striking effigy of Bethlen Gabor and the other independent wai- wodes ; the feudal coinage of France and the Low Countries presents us with the likeness of many a grand lady or seigneur, of many a haughty and imperious prelate, in all the pride of life and all the pomp of circumstance : the Princes of the house of Medici — merchants and standard- bearers of Florence before they sat upon the throne — are here, and the Dukes of Parma, Modena, Milan, Mantua, and Ferrara, almost breathing and speaking on the metallic discs which received the impress of their features centuries ago ; and we may take up a silver denier of Robert the Devil of Normandy, or a ducat of Foscari or Faliero, equally fresh as when they were submitted for approval. Setting aside, however, the question of the relative claims of these four classes of archaeological record, the varied utility of each in elucidating the others is not to be forgotten or ignored. Every possessor of a cabinet of antique coins must be better qualified to conduct researches on that division of the subject with greater ease and success if he has upon his shelves the best modern books on the other three. Obscure points or indistinct inscriptions on a German or Italian medal are often susceptible of being explained by some parallel or cognate characters or design on a coin or jeton executed about the same period, possibly by the same hand ; and the engraver of many pieces of money is only known to us from the fact that he was also a medallist, whose work is marked by his style, if not by his cypher. The earliest efforts of some men, who subsequently attained celebrity, were directed to die-sinking.^ ^ Attention may be drawn to the interesting indications afforded by M. Armand {Les Medailleiirs Italiens^ 1883-87, 3 vols. 8vo) of the intimate relation- 6 The Coins of Europe It is manifestly a good deal more than the part of a virtuoso or a dilettante to collect this rich assemblage of unimpeachable memorials around one, and to investigate them as aids to the formation of a true judgment of the mighty and restless spirits which have in turn swa3^ed and shaped the fortunes of the European continent. The great men and women who are portrayed or named by us in the pages which succeed, lie, as it were, beneath our feet, dust to dust, but the records of their lives are in our hands. The man of letters, the poet, makes himself our contemporary and the contemporary of all who are to come after us in a different way ; we study him, converse with him, and measure him in his books. But the statesman, the legislator, the soldier, the orator, who lifted himself above his fellows, and for whom mortality was too frail and too brief, relies on other witnesses — the archive and the chronicle, the medal and the canvas ; and how imperfectly the historical personages of all countries would be realised to us if we were required to content ourselves, as a rule, with the testimony of the manuscript or printed page ! Of the material which has reached our hands for elucidat- ing and verifying the transactions and occurrences of the past, the coin and its posterior development, the medal, are at once the most durable, the most trustworthy, the most consecutive, and the most universal. Ill A survey for the first time of the feudal currencies of mediaeval Europe is apt to awaken a feeling of dismay and bewilderment. The distribution of authority, and the relationship of the Crown to its great vassals, with their common obligations to the Church, constitute a political life and a social atmosphere diametrically opposed to prevail- ship between the medal and coin. Almost all the fine work in both series in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries is traceable to distinguished artists. Introduction 7 ing ideas and possibilities. Everywhere we readily obtain evidence of a dominant seigniorial caste, which often, or indeed generally, survived broad territorial changes, and transferred its allegiance from one sovereign or suzerain to another. A royal or imperial dynasty disappeared ; but the lower strata of the system practically remained : a warlike, turbulent, despotic nobility and gentry which, in requital of services rendered, enjoyed various lofty and enviable privileges, among which not the least was the right, sometimes qualified, sometimes absolute, of striking money for local or provincial use. The clergy looked with favour on this concession ; for the incidence of a mint was, it is not to be doubted, attended by profit to the beneficiary ; and a proportion of the surplus proceeds became a customary due receivable by the ecclesi- astical incumbent. When, in process of time, the towns of the Continent rose into consequence and power, a new form of complication presented itself ; for within a restricted area three monetary systems might be established, each on its own basis and standard, — and it seems to have been the exception when the urban authorities and the bishop or abbot arrived at some amicable understanding, by which a common currency served for both. Nor was the practice of entering into conventions for mutual security and accommodation one to which there was a large or habitual recourse. The decentralising proposal, which is at the present moment before the Swiss Govern- ment after about forty years' trial of an uniform coinage, helps us to comprehend the jealousy and distrust which pre- cluded the numberless petty administrative centres of Europe, both during and after the Middle Ages, from coming to any accord with each other on such a topic as this. The gradual and partial acceptance by communities of approximately the same race and language of an interna- tional principle in regard to money formed at once a source of convenience and disadvantage ; the liability of the currency of one or more members of the circle to reduction in standard or value from financial exigencies and other causes necessarily involved loss and embarrassment to the rest ; the state of 8 The Coins of Europe political decentralisation under the feudal system/ conferring independent power for many subordinate purposes of govern- ment on each petty state or division of territory, rendered the correction of abuses in the currency almost impracticable ; and it was this order of affairs which produced, on the one hand, the extraordinary profusion of local mints with dis- tinctive types and symbols, and on the other, to a very limited extent, the introduction of convention -money of true and definite assay. It is certain that the expedient was not extensively tried, although its efficacy was tested in the Low Countries, for instance, in a variety of ways : as between a town and the bishop or seigneur, or both ; as between certain towns ; as between certain provinces, the vierlander and drielander being two special types of the groat which were long admitted as legal tenders in four or three of the states of the Netherlands respectively. The pioneers in this direction seem undoubtedly to have been the Brabantines. John II. Count of Namur (1297- 1331) entered into an agreement on the one hand with the Count of Flanders (i 322-1 346) — him who fell at Crecy ; and on the other, with John II. Duke of Brabant, as regarded the common acceptance of two types of the groat. It is almost obviously the volume and intricacy of the seigniorial currency throughout the Continent which makes the task in our hands one of any sort of difficulty. The royal or imperial money is of course not free from features of obscurity and doubt ; but the field is relatively contracted, and the re- searches and discoveries of modern numismatists have reduced this branch of the subject to a fairly clear method and order. In the course of the last twenty or thirty years the inde- fatigable labours of several distinguished scholars in nearly every European country have brought to light extensive and valuable additions to almost all series, and have rectified our knowledge of the mints, moneyers, types, and places of origin, of some pieces which were previously unassigned. A con- siderable share of this gratifying progress, the fruit of a ^ See Cat. of Denominations, v, "Convention-Money." Introduction 9 healthy emulation, is due to a patient and comparative study of ancient records, by which the sites of former mints and the names of the masters or engravers are ascertained, and coins for the first time referred to their true sources. Such a species of documentary testimony restores to notice the names of many individuals otherwise forgotten, and of localities for which we vainly search on ordinary maps. The frequent changes of dynasty on the Continent operated on the coinages in two distinct and opposite ways : either in leading to an immediate issue of the new currency with the name and titles of the fresh-comer, or to a continu- ance of the former one from considerations of expediency. The Romans, as the Greeks had done before them, set the example of promptly suppressing the evidence and support afforded by the money of a vanquished or deceased ruler ; but in modern Europe, on the whole, the more sagacious practice seems to have prevailed of allowing the familiar name and emblems to survive, and of denoting the presence of an altered constitution by some subsidiary token. The Ostrogothic line in Italy adopted this policy, and during a century or so merely placed their monograms on coins bear- ing otherwise the old imperial types ; the portraits and titles of the Merovingian house in France long outlived its actual power ; the Norman Dukes of Apulia, in the money struck at Gaeta, style themselves Consuls and Dukes without, as a rule, inserting any name ; the great German and Italian families, whose government was virtually absolute, contented themselves with the nominal rank of imperial vicars ; and, coming down to more recent days, even Napoleon I. sat upon the throne many years before his coinage parted with all its republican significance. IV To realise the numismatic history of a group of countries we have to begin by studying the political, social, and topo- graphical state of the region affected and described. The lO The Coins of Europe far more limited population of Europe, even down to the close of the eighteenth century, the large area of forest and other waste lands, and the difficulty of intercourse, favoured the growth and consolidation of a feudal system under which an almost innumerable body of chieftains, secular and ecclesiastic, exercised within local precincts an authority dependent only on the imperial or royal prerogative. Where communication was so slow and precarious, and all appHances, military and mechanical, so defective, the control of the emperor or king was practically restricted to services in peace or war ; there was no central or direct power in the modern sense ; and the head of the state was virtually little more than a suzerain, who did not interfere in the relations between his tenants-in-chief and their vassals even in the performance of some acts of sovereignty. Of these acts the coinage of money for circulation within a specified radius was the most important, most cherished, and most decisive ; and while in certain instances the legends acknowledged the jurisdiction of a superior lord, in some there was no symptom of qualified autonomy.^ It is to be apprehended that, in the case of the minor townships on the Continent, the right of coinage was not only limited to a definite area, but to the base metal and low denominations. The money was in fact a local token. On the other hand, we have to remember the vast or stealthy changes which have affected the prosperity, if not the very existence, of a large number of seats of government and centres of industry, insomuch that instances might be pro- duced of places which were formerly prominent royal or seigniorial mints, and are at present obscure and lifeless hamlets, while there are a few, proved to have been licensed seats of coinage, of which no examples have been recovered or identified. 1 The ancient system of partition of authority, on a similar principle, among a number of petty princes, and the parallel assertion of suzerainty by some indi- vidual potentate, may explain the grandiloquent terms found on the coinage of Parthia and Bactria, and retained at the present time by more than one Eastern sovereign. Introduction A scrutiny of the carefully- prepared charts which we have of the periodical development of Western Europe will shew us the difficulty and importance of keeping always in mind the difference between the mediaeval and later bound- aries of states and the numerous changes which have taken place in topographical nomenclature. The series of com- parative maps introduced into Bouillet's Atlas Universel, 1872, helps to illustrate the distribution of territory and the changes of frontier from the sixth to the sixteenth century. At the latter point of time, while the internal political fabric and economy were still largely preserved, the confines of the principal countries had been settled on modern lines. We are apt to forget, till we reflect, that the former divisions of the Continent were often not conterminous with their more recent or present namesakes ; so extensive has been the survival of old geographical terms. The maps of France exhibit a progressive extension of territory from 511, the date of the death of Clovis, to 1483, that of the death of Louis XI. Germany did not comprise Prussia and much of the existing German Empire. Prussia partly belonged to Poland, and partly to Brandenburgh. The kings of Poland ruled over a considerable portion both of Prussia and of Russia. The province of Burgundy, which belongs to France, and was once a feudal appanage of that monarchy, importantly differs from the great Duchy of Charles the Bold. The early Dukes of Muscovy owned a very small proportion even of the dominions of Peter the Great. The Counts of Flanders were virtually absolute masters of a feudal area, to w^hich the constitutional kingdom of Belgium bears a very imperfect relationship. The Counts of Holland exercised a sovereignty restricted to the province so owned ; and while the actual kingdom of the Netherlands embraces only a portion of them, the Napoleonic kingdom of Holland comprehended more than the whole. The Europe at which we are looking is not only superficially but chronologically of vast extent. In a geographical sense it reaches from one end of the Continent to the other ; and in a political one its two extremities touch The Corns of Europe the Roman empire on the east and the world in which we actually move. Centuries posterior to the commencement of our story, Byzantine emperors sat on the throne of Valens ; at the point of time where we begin Italy and Spain were slowly emerging from barbarism under Greek and Moorish influence ; and the republic of Venice was founded. But Britain and Gaul were inhabited by savage tribes, whose rulers styled themselves kings; Germany had not yet felt the beneficial influence of Frankish conquest ; and the Slavonic and Scandinavian peoples were as unknown to the inhabitants of the West as the natives of Australia or the aboriginal dwellers on the Hudson. We are witnesses to the rise, decline, and fall of empires, of which the magnitude was fatal to a weaker head and hand than those of the founder, if not to himself ; and we conclude our view in the presence of the blessings and evils of the most advanced Western civilisation. Of every development and vicissitude the currency of countries has been a partaker and a memorial ; and of many minor or subsidiary events it is often the sole surviving annalist. V The feudal system, as we are aware, existed in a most flourishing condition throughout the Continent during the whole period covered by the following pages ; and whatever abuses may have attended it in its operation on the community, the gain which it has brought to the numis- matist is positively immense. We have only to contemplate the uniform and inarticulate currencies of quite modern days, on what are conventionally termed imperial lines, to perceive how barren of import and attraction the present undertaking would have been if such a condition of things had always been a possibility. The French Revolution shook the system to its base throughout Western Europe, and the Napoleonic regime still farther tended to obliterate ancient landmarks and to favour Iiitrodtcction ^3 centralisation. Although the old seigniorial principle remained or revived after the close of the last century to a certain extent, the fundamental changes in France itself, and the rise of new political ideas, combined to draw an indelible line between the past and the present, and our inquiry mainly parts with its interest where the former order of things may be regarded as having come to a practical termination. The prosaic tenor of latter-day numismatic history and art is incapable of yielding much scope for useful or agreeable reflection. On the contrary, how extremely interesting and instructive it becomes to study and consider in every part of feudal Europe the almost numberless groups or clusters of minor sovereignties, subordinate to the Crown in a very limited sense and degree, and exercising within their own confines an authority more untrammelled than that of existing constitutional princes of the highest rank. The Continent, parcelled out among the tenants-in-chief of the emperor or king of a given zone or circle, and governed for all internal and municipal purposes by laws and ordinances which varied and conflicted at every frontier and within short distances, presented a spectacle which can never return, and of which we can acquire a knowledge only through literary and other monuments. It was a political condition, slowly evolving from primaeval forest and village life, until it developed by the usual agencies into a sort of network, and overspread the entire area from the Atlantic to the Caspian Sea and the Ural Mountains, and from the Arctic Ocean to the Mediterranean, with a host of petty lordships, alike independent and jealous one of the other. Those which lay in proximity might speak the same language, cultivate the same soil, and serve the same suzerain in peace and in war ; but the obstacles to central control, as well as to mutual intercourse, were incredibly great, and each little community grew in course of time virtually autonomous. If it had, as was frequently the case, a prolonged duration and a prosperous career, it was undoubtedly very far from fulfilling our ideal of what public and private life should be ; but all the more for that reason The Coi7ts of Europe it built up an organisation in which, by the light of available records, we at this moment are enabled to realise a picture, impressive and captivating if only by contrast. For it is precisely in this narrow localisation that we have to seek peculiar types of thought and production ; and in the absence of such a system of tenure and service we should have lost nearly all that is most precious to us in mediaeval costume, symbolism, portraiture, dramatic incident, and, by no means leas^t of all, monetary examples. VI The determination of the order in which the several countries of Europe should be treated, naturally introduced to the mind of the writer the apposite and relevant question as to the centre and cradle of numismatic renaissance in the Western hemisphere. In the first place, the almost universal circulation of the ancient Greek and Roman currencies offered to. the primitive European moneyer a rich choice of prototypes, and led, as we know, to feeble imitations of the Macedonian stater in Britain, and of the small brass coinage of Rome and the Phocsean silver in Gaul, if indeed, which is still a dubious point, the Briton was not directly indebted for the idea of the Greek model to his immediate neighbour across the Channel. Secondly, the vastly influential result to civilisation of the successive settlements of the x\rabs and Moors in Spain, and of the Greeks, Northmen, Arabs, French, and Spaniards in Southern Italy and Sicily, embraced the modification of the currency in vogue in all these regions ; and the Crusaders had their share in bringing under notice, and recommending to adoption, the characters and designs on Eastern money, sometimes, as in the case of the French gros tournois, following, without signal fitness or fehcity, the lines of the Arabic dirheni^ supposed to have been brought by Louis IX. from the Holy Land, yet more probably introduced into hitrodtiction France by the Arabs or Moorish occupiers of Franco-Spanish territory during a protracted lapse of time. The tendency of copyists in all ages has been to degenerate, as they proceeded, from their originals. Progress and improvement can only be expected from the exercise of thought and taste and their judicious adaptation to existing circumstances ; and it may be predicated of almost all the attempts, even in the best period of Italian art, to reproduce classical subjects, that they are unfortunate or at least imperfect. The happiest efforts of the modern moneyer in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were in portraiture, heraldry, and costume, because he rendered what he saw before him, and rendered it admirably, whereas in the manipulation of fables or objects depicted on Greek work of the best and purest period by mediaeval artists even of approved skill and repute, we can discern at most nothing more than an inferior revival of what had been given to the world a thousand years before. Venturing to assume that the fountain of the modern numismatic revival about the sixth century was somewhere in Northern Germany or Northern Holland, the writer has made the former country, including Switzerland, Poland, Russia, etc., his starting-point, and has allowed the Nether- lands to follow next in order. The precedence accorded to Germany seemed to render it convenient to trace the Teutonic influence, so far as it went, and to include in the first division or group of districts those, such as Russia, Servia, Bulgaria, where in the first place the Byzantine, and finally the Western types, prevailed. Although the Swiss subse- quently adopted French models and denominations, their earliest numismatic culture and sympathy were German, and the source of the civilisation and refinement of Inde- pendent Poland is to be found in the same direction through the political relationship of that kingdom at the outset to the margravate of Brandenburgh and to Prussia. The Mus- covite moneyers received their elementary education when Moscow became the capital, and the old Greek patterns fell out of favour, from the Poles and Hungarians. i6 The Coins of Ett7'ope Germany naturally divides itself into North and South ; and in the latter are comprised the former kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary, and the principality of Transylvania, each of which of course possessed during centuries an autono- mous coinage of a very varied and interesting character. Austria itself is entitled to the honour of having produced the earliest dated thalers, commencing with the schauthaler, which commemorates the marriage of Maximilian I. and Mary of Burgundy in 1477. The Transylvanian series is particularly curious from the portraits of the waiwodes or princes, and the singular head-dress of some of them — an invariable feature of it being the aigret or heron's crest. In the North, Saxony yields an unique succession of portrait-thalers, and Brunswick in its several branches, though more especially that of Luneburg, is remarkable for its artistic contributions to the numismatic stores of the Fatherland. The influence of the first-named region on that of Branden- burgh was attended by very important results in consequence of the intimate and permanent alliance between the mar- gravate and Prussia, and between Prussia and Poland. The issue of large silver money appears to have begun in Austria and Saxony almost concurrently, if the gulden groschen with the portrait of Frederic the Wise (i486- 1500) is to be accepted as the first experiment in the latter country. On the other hand, Brunswick, from its numerous grand alliances in a variety of directions during the Middle Ages, may be held to have played a very leading part in determin- ing the types not only of neighbouring states, but of those at a distance ; and the extension of the rule of the Frankish and German emperors of the Carlovingian and later dynasties over a considerable portion of Italy was necessarily productive of a certain degree of monetary conformity on the part of the Peninsula to Teutonic treatment and feeling. The Italian trading communities, such as Venice, Genoa, and Pisa, exercised an influence in the same direction by spreading, wherever their ships penetrated, or their colonies established themselves, an acquaintance with the monetary medium employed at home. This agency may explain a Int7^oduction 17 certain resemblance in fabric and design between the Lombard denaro, of which so many varieties existed in the Peninsula, and the mediaeval currency of regions so far apart as France and Armenia. But with both the Venetians became familiar in the Middle Ages. A Venetian settlement was formed at Limoges in 977 ;^ and in the beginning of the fourteenth century the republic contracted a mercantile treaty with Leo I., King of Armenia. The coinages of feudal France and many of the small pieces struck under Leo IL and his suc- cessors appear to shew the ascendency of the same Italo- Teutonic genius. There is a striking general resemblance among the entire family of ancient European coins, always excepting those which we owe to temporary Byzantine or Oriental inspira- tion ; and the reason may be, that the Continent was prin- cipally indebted for its primitive currency to a Teutonic germ, undoubtedly traceable to Roman or Greek prototypes, and gradually developed by the revival of art and mechanical knowledge. Many of the coins of the Medici, Gonzaga, and Farnese families in Italy, for instance, are beyond question very fine specimens of the moneyer's skill ; and nothing can be bolder, freer, and more characteristic than some of those of the fifteenth century, or even of the first half of the sixteenth, which appeared at Milan and Ferrara under Visconti and D'Este rule ; but we must recollect that the Germans have it in their power to point to such superb productions as the Maximilian thaler of 1479, the Klappe- miinze or gulden groschen of Frederic the Wise of Saxony, and the two later Maximilian thalers. The great initiative, in short, is, so far as we can see or judge, ascribable to Northern Germany, w^hose skilled opera- tives had before them, perhaps, the same patterns as those employed by the so-called Merovingian moneyers, and already in the former moiety of the ninth century had learned to execute pieces of a distinctly improved character at Durstede and other Merovingian mints, as we are able to infer from a large number of extant monuments in the shape 1 See Hazlitt's Venetian Republic^ i860, iv. 234-238. C i8 The Coins of Europe of deniers, first of the original Prankish type, and secondly of the less archaic one belonging to the later years of Charlemagne, with which the French silver currency prac- tically commenced under Charles le Chauve. The German series in its wealth of portraiture, and the singularly strong personality of many of its larger silver coins, is facile princeps. There was a manifest aim on the part of those who controlled the designs for the currency to profit to the utmost extent and at every opportunity by the advantage which was undoubtedly discerned in popularising the likenesses of reigning families ; and even on pieces of the smallest module we find the portrait of the sovereign introduced. Of all the Teutonic nationalities, however, Saxony through its length and breadth carried this principle the farthest : on several of the thalers of the ancient dukedom proper it is not unusual to meet with three or four portraits, representing the prince himself and his brother or cousins in a variety of positions; and one of Saxe- Weimar, 1615, bears the bell, we believe, in possessing the maximum of eight effigies — those of Johann Ernst and his seven brothers — an absolute gallery of family portraits within an extremely moderate compass. We prefer to see in such a practice more than meaning- less self-assertion or vainglory. It was rather a method, agreeable to the spirit and possibilities of the time, of identi- fying and recognising the members of the reigning family, and of bringing their resemblances before the eyes of the people in the readiest and most frequent manner. In venturing upon such a high estimate of German excellence in this direction, w^e must remember that that country was only carrying into a cognate and collateral field its noble achievements in wood-engraving ; nor do we lose sight of the early Italian school of numismatic and medallic art, for the close relationship between Italy and Germany under the imperial system from the time of Char- lemagne produced a community of taste and treatment easily recognisable on the coinages of the two nations, both in regard to portraiture and costume. Inirodtcctton 19 VII The Low Countries, numismatically considered, fall at different periods under four successive systems of divisional or other treatment: namely, i, the ancient feudal States; 2, the United Provinces ; 3, the Kingdom of Holland ; 4, the Kingdom of the Netherlands. For our immediate object the first period is immeasurably the most important, and the two monarchical eras the least so. Such space as it is in our power to allot will therefore be chiefly occupied by a sketch, sufficient, it is to be hoped, to guide our readers, of the long and extensive series of virtually autonomous coinage with and without the imperial titles, struck between the eighth and sixteenth centuries by the Counts and Dukes of Gueldres ; the Counts of Holland and West Friesland ; the Bishops of Utrecht, Daventer, and Liege ; the Counts of Flanders, Hainault, and Namur ; the Dukes of Luxemburgh, and a host of subsidiary personages ; no less than by such towns as Nimmhegen, Daventer, Campen, Zwolle, Maestricht, Ghent, Antwerp, Tournay, and Bois-le-Duc. The consolidation of the Netherlands into provinces, concurrently with the cruel and protracted struggle against foreign invaders, introduced a new monetary epoch, which possesses its own strong and often painful interest, and which in reality was brought to a close only in the present century on the establishment of the existing forms of govern- ment in Holland and Belgium respectively. Certain general features of similarity in fabric, linear disposition, and the treatment of the Cross as an auxiliary between some of the Carlovingian coins of both types, the coeval Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman pennies, and the silver money published by the eleventh century rulers of Denmark and Norway, are apt to awaken curiosity and speculation. The subject is a very obscure and complicated one ; and the differences of judgment among the best and latest authorities upon it may warrant us in declining to enter into the argument in more than a passing way. 20 The Coins of Eici'ope The constant intercourse of the sea-rovers of the North, by whatever name they might be known — Saxons, Danes, or Jutes — with the British Isles might serve to account for the introduction into England of such money as they had in use from time to time and the loan of suggestions from it. In the course of their dealings and depredations these adventurers naturally came in contact with the money of different countries, and parted with it in exchange ; and a second channel for this sort of influence was France, whence the Britons had been borrowers of numismatic patterns and symbols from the most remote period, and with which there was a steady commerce. The money coined by Pepin le Bref and Charlemagne in the second half of the eighth century, and that issued by the latter on an improved or at least altered model toward the close of the reign, were equally of Teutonic origin, and with the various Merovingian types and even certain hints from the inscribed British gold pieces of Cunobeline, Verica, and others, constituted the material from which the Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman, and, last of all, the successors of Canute II. in Denmark, derived their own productions. The coinage of the kings of Mercia exhibits in a very marked manner the diversified form of the Cross, till the original conception was lost and forgotten ; and there can be no reasonable doubt that the Anglo-Danish monarchs or their mint-masters in the eleventh century were indebted to English prototypes for those artistic and graceful pennies which belong to the reigns of Magnus and Sweyn II., and w^hich vary alike from the Teutonic taste and from the primitive Swedish mintage. Ital}^, like Germany, is susceptible of treatment under two grand sections, the Northern, including Lombardy, and the Southern, comprising Sicily, or in other words, the Two Sicilies, and with these Savoy may be most appropriately grouped, not only on geographical and political, but on artistic, grounds. In Northern Italy we have to deal with at least four classes of coinage : i, the money issued in the name of the Gothic, Lombard, and other early conquerors ; 2, the Introduction 21 autonomous coins of the republics and states gradually formed within those limits ; 3, the money of the French, Spanish, and Austrian occupiers ; and 4, that of the two kingdoms as constituted in 1804 and i860, of which the latter at all events removed the stigma conveyed in the epigram describing Italy as " a geographical expression." The foundations of the monetary systems of Northern Italy were almost undoubtedly German or Teutonic, and were far less indebted to classical suggestion and Oriental feeling than the southern portion, or than the region within which the Merovingian family of gold trientes circulated. Ages elapsed before the Venetians resorted to Byzantine models ; the latest researches have identified twenty - four varieties of the denier or danaro produced under imperial control from the ninth to the twelfth century ; and the other portions of this division of the Peninsula conducted their transactions where specie was demanded with descrip- tions of money on which there is no distinct trace of Greek, Roman, or Oriental taste. At the period of the Renaissance, the autonomous currency of some of the states exhibited proofs of the study and appreciation of ancient numismatic art, modified by contemporary requirements ; but the noble examples of medallic work, produced by such men as Leonardo da Vinci, Pisanello, Francia, and Cellini, under the auspices of generous patrons, were virtually as original as any of the other cinquecento masterpieces in oil, marble, or bronze. These great artists, instead of servilely and unskilfully copying the coins of the ancients, as the British, Gaulish, and Merovingian moneyers had severally done, sought to shew the world that they could equal if not surpass them. With the South, including Sicily, the case stood some- what differently, owing to the Lombard settlement in the sixth century at Beneventum and the adoption of Mero- vingian patterns, and to the successive conquests of Sicily and Apulia by the Arabs, the Normans, the French, the Spaniards, as well as by the Germans. These great and frequent political changes could not be unattended by striking numis- 22 The Coins of Europe matic effects and by the presence on the same soil in course of time of coins commemorative of each nationality which had taken its turn in occupying and governing the territory ; for the earliest care of a conqueror was to secure the distribution of monetary tokens of his jurisdiction, if not of his personality. We accordingly find on the mediaeval Sicilian series between the sixth and sixteenth centuries, instead of the purely Teutonic types current in the northern portion, a chronological memorial of all the vicissitudes undergone by the country during this long lapse of time, local emblems accompanied by the names, legends, and mottoes of foreign masters, and under the Normans (1085- 1200) even pronounced Arabic workmanship with bilingual inscriptions. VIII As we have made Switzerland and the Low Countries fall under the German group of districts, we now pass over into France, where we without much difficulty perceive a very wide field and a very extensive, as well as varied, body of material. What is now recognised as exclusively French ground has been trodden and held by Greek, Roman, Gaul, Visigoth, Frank, Breton, and Norman, all of whom have left their footprints and their contributions to its archaeology and history. The boundaries of this fair and fertile region since the mediaeval era have been repeatedly exposed to modifica- tion by the fortune of war or the force of circumstances ; the royal authority in many important respects has been shared with feudal potentates, all of whom claimed local supremacy ; while a few were almost as powerful as the Crown itself ; and among the pretensions which these magnates, alike secular and ecclesiastical, advanced and valued, not the least was that of coining their own money. The product of such a system prevailing over so wide an area through so lengthened a term is the survival of an enormous volume of currency in all metals, of all types, and of innumerable denominations. Leaving out of account the Introductioii 23 numismatic annals prior to the Gauls, the regal and seigniorial coinage of France has formed the subject-matter of a small library of descriptive and critical literature, and embraces, besides an unusually rich assortment of essais or patterns, a store of rarities in the Merovingian, Franco -Italian, and other sections, more than sufficient to engross the lifetime and resources of the most enthusiastic and opulent collector. Opening the series with the Merovingian princes, who struck gold money at Paris, St. Lo, and elsewhere between the fifth and eighth centuries (480-750), we pass to their successors in authority, the Carlovingian and Capetian races (750-1328), with which we have to associate a very large, long-lived, and varied body of money, chiefly billon and copper, issued by the grand and minor feudatories of France from the mediaeval era to the French Revolution. Among these royal and seigniorial currencies there is an abundance of material for study and a fair number of rarities, although the difficulty of procuring ancient French coins sensibly declines after the Merovingian epoch. The house of Valois, founded by Charles of Valois, "the son, brother, and father of kings, though never himself a king/' lasted from 1328 to 1574, and is remarkable from two points of view, for the Anglo-Gallic group of coins produced by the dispute for the succession with England, and mostly struck at Rouen and Bordeaux, and for the Franco-Italian one, struck at a variety of places. The latter are among the most difficult to obtain in fine state of all the French money of this period ; and even of the Anglo-Gallic pieces some are rare, as will be hereafter specified. But, as we have elsewhere noted, the coins in billon and silver of the later Valois and of Henry IV. are particularly ill-struck and ill-preserved. The Bourbons occupied the French throne during three centuries in the persons of five monarchs, of whom three reigned 164 years. Very few features of interest can be mentioned as belonging to this long lapse of time. There was nothing beyond the reform of the gold and silver coinage quite at the close of the reign of Louis XIII. (1640-41), the issue of the Franco-Spanish money, and a limited colonial 24 The Coins of Europe series, and the continuation of the very striking deniers and double tournois in copper, which had been commenced under Henry III., and remained in use till they were replaced by the Hard and the sol. They are, which seems curious, far more carefully struck than some of the higher denominations. The operations of the French mints during the revolu- tionary era and under the First Republic deserve attentive consideration, and included several patterns, novel termin- ology, countermarked pieces, and hybrid productions between the assignat and the current coin. It was then that the earliest centime appeared, and the modern type of the franc ; but the Republic limited itself to a piece of 5 francs, just as it issued 6 livres in silver and 24 livres in gold, yet no unit. A few words on the coinage of Napoleon I. will be all that the circumstances render necessary. The most note- worthy specimens connected with Napoleon himself are the presumed patterns for a sol or a piece of 5 centimes struck by Gengembre in 1802, with the earliest portrait of the First Consul, the 100 francs, and the silver type of 1807 {tcte de negre), which does not seem to have gone beyond the circula- tion of the ^ franc. The bust of the emperor somewhat resembles in style that on his Italian currency. The feudal money, which was current in parts of P>ance down to comparatively modern times, comprises many pro- ductions of artistic merit and historical importance, and is a series of vast extent. It divides itself, in common with that of Germany and the Low Countries, into two principal sections. Lay and Ecclesiastical, of which the latter offers to view the coinage of archbishops, bishops, abbots, and priors, and the former exhibits a limited number of grand fiefs of the Crown, such as Brittany, Normandy, and Burgundy, with a long roll of names of minor dependencies, each in many respects self-governing and jealous of interference or control. With such a political fabric the English found it an easy task to deal when the war of succession between ELdward III. and the Valois dynasty commenced about 1340. The origin of the SPANISH coinage is to be found in the Gothic conquest and occupation of Spain, Portugal, and a Introduction portion of France from the commencement of the fifth to that of the eighth century. Italy, France, and the Peninsula were in fact colonised by Northmen — Vandals, Huns, Goths — just as England received in turn settlers from the same part of Europe, variously designated Danes and Saxons. But in the case of Spain the Gothic influence and rule were supplanted at a very early date by a circumstance which completely changed and permanently affected the fortune of the country. In the opening years of the eighth century it became the object of a Mohammedan invasion, and down to the close of the fifteenth it remained the seat of what is know^n as the Moorish power. This new element in the religious and political constitution, which from the long anterior migration of the Goths or Vandals of Spain to Morocco was probably of a very mixed character, limited its domination to Cordova and Granada, and side by side with it — in Arragon, in Navarre, in Asturias or Oviedo, Leon and Castile, and even in Galicia and elsewhere — separate governments rose and flourished ; and after many changes the whole was only eventually united under Fer- dinand and Isabella in the beginning of the fifteenth century. These successive changes and fusions unavoidably in- volved a correspondingly complex and voluminous numis- matic chronicle, of which, in a general manual, an outline, drawing attention to features and points of particular interest to the student or the collector, is all that is readily feasible. IX It is probable that very few specimens of the extremely debased form of the Merovingian type, known as the Visi- gothic, and remarkable only as existing both in gold and silver, and of the currency of the Moorish emirs and kings of Granada, will satisfy the taste or enthusiasm of the majority. The two constitute a large body of coins, of course totally distinct from each other, and are in many instances of the utmost rarity. They are interesting, how- 26 The Coins of Europe ever, from the presence among them of certain dated examples, which are entitled to rank as the earliest attempts of the kind. But slight progress is perceptible in the style and execution of the money, even when we arrive at the eleventh century, and examine the types in use in Arragon and in Leon and Castile ; and it was not till the close of the thirteenth that a marked improvement occurred in the pro- ducts of these mints, and that we discern the beneficial results of combined Gothic and French influence. The numismatic system of Leon and Castile appears to have been somewhat irregular. Some pieces bear the lion, others the castle, alone, while a third variety unites those symbols. It is likely enough that there were special coin- ages for the two divisions of the kingdom. The armorial bearing or cognisance on some of the early silver pieces of these provinces exhibits a curious anomaly and contradiction in the shape of a rampant lion, •although on the other side the true etymology of the name of the former province presents itself in the word Legio. A coin of Alfonso X. (1252-84) has the legend disposed in a then novel linear fashion ; and one of John IL (1406-54), in whose reign commenced a currency in a sort of metal resembling copper, adopted the lamb and flag of the French moutons dor, and, like the niaravedi oi Ferdinand and Isabella, the initial of the monarch, crowned, on the other side. The money peculiar to Arragon, prior to its amalgamation with the remainder of Spain, is found as far back as the thirteenth century with the distinctive emblems of the Barce- lona mint, the pellets and annulets in the alternate angles of the Cross on the reverse ; and from the same period we have a series of characteristic portraits of the reigning princes. On the whole, the strange vicissitudes which Spain underwent are tolerably legible in the variant character of her coinage while she remained the home of so many successive or contemporary races. Visigothic Northman, Moorish Goth (descendant of Genseric and his fellow-emi- grants), Celt, Provencal, Frenchman, left their mark in turn on her institutions of all kinds. During the Visigothic era Introduction 27 her frontier extended far into France. Toward the end of the thirteenth century Navarre lapsed by the marriage of an heiress to the French, and continued to be an appanage of that kingdom till the extinction of the Capetian line. But although Ferdinand and Isabella augmented the heraldic cognisance with the arms of those provinces which they were the first to reduce to submission, if not to uniformity of government, their successors down to the period of the Republic of 1869 renounced all but the ancient quartered insignia of Leon and Castile. At the same time, pronounced individuality of character will be discerned in the several branches of this group of productions, both during the coexistence of more than one autonomous state on Spanish soil and after the consolida- tion into one monarchy by Ferdinand and his consort. Some of the earlier gold coins, such as those of Peter the Cruel (1350-69), are coveted on account of their rarity. The Spanish copper coins may be commended to notice as a peculiarly rich field for the amateur who desires curious specimens at a moderate cost. Starting with the reign of John II. (1406-54) he will find it possible to possess an almost consecutive assemblage of specimens and types to the present day, including the special currency for Pampeluna, the siege pieces of the Peninsular struggle, 1808- 1809, and the colonial money. The larger proportion of the ordinary coins are very poorly executed and very roughly struck, and, when they are in pristine state, do not offer a very inviting appearance, especially where they are countermarked. The numismatic history of PORTUGAL appears to date from the eleventh century, when that extremity of the Peninsula was already under the government of independent and hereditary counts. These in the person of Alfonso I. (1139-85) assumed the royal title after a victory over the Moors of Granada. In the course of three hundred years the country, under the auspices of several wise administrators, and through the spirit of maritime discovery, rose by steady degrees to the rank of a first-rate European power. From 1580 to 1640 its fortunes were bound up with those of 28 The Coins of Europe Spain ; but the zenith of its commercial prosperity and poHtical importance had been long reached when Philip II. annexed it to his dominions. Subsequently to the revolution of 1 640, by which Portuguese independence was restored, and John, Duke of Braganza, proclaimed king as John IV., the annals yield very few incidents of interest to the numismatist. The coinage of the Portuguese is infinitely less intricate than that of Spain for obvious reasons. There is merely the usual currency of the counts and kings, supplemented by that established during the sixty years of Spanish sway, and by the money struck for Brazil and other colonies. The most conspicuous features in the series are: i, the heavy gold pieces, commencing at an unusually early period — about 152 I — and preserving their continuity down to the middle of the last century, while the national wealth still outlived the wealth- earning powder; and 2, the Spanish money issued in the names of Philip II. and his two suc- cessors, some of which is of the most uncommon occurrence. The coins of John IV. and Alfonso VII. (1640-67) are also difficult to procure in desirable preservation. Respecting the more modern numismatic productions there is nothing special to note. Some account of these will be furnished hereafter, as well as of the coinage for Brazil, Goa, Guinea, Terceira, Madeira, and the Azores. As far back as the closing years of the fifteenth century some of the ordinary money of John II. (1481-95) and Emmanuel (149 5-1 521) describe them as Lords of Guinea. Our survey of the European monetary system terminates with a glance at that of modern Greece under Capo dTstria (1828-30), and of the Ionian Isles during the British pro- tectorate. The types used by the Turkish Government for their possessions on the Continent belong rather to the Oriental series, and are in any case of very slight import. The parts of Europe where the Byzantine influence lingered or survived the longest were the Eastern princi- palities bordering on Turkey in Europe : Sicily, and Venice. In Servia, Cyprus, and Sicily, not only the style, but the Introdttction 29 concave fabric of the money struck by the later emperors at Constantinople, was servilely imitated ; and it is worthy of remark that, while the Britons copied the patterns of their gold and silver money either from Macedonia or from Gaul, they followed in some of their copper pieces the concave form of the Byzantine currency. It would be interesting to know the origin of this module; whether it was suggested by the cup-like development of certain shells or by its supposed facility for preserving the type of the obverse. But the British concave coins were evidently copies from Byzantine pat- terns, and were therefore among the latest issues of the series. The money in all metals of the earliest Norman kings of Sicily was distinctly Eastern in its complexion, while it partook of the two principal sources of inspiration — Arab and Greek prototypes. We find, side by side with the con- cave forms borrowed from Constantinople, the copper coins of thick fabric, and some of them of unusually large module, evidently copied from earlier Greek or from Arabian sources. X The at first surprising multiplicity of currencies and mints is susceptible of easy explanation by the ancient and prolonged severance of centres from each other by wide areas of forest and waste, interconnected only by the rudest form of foot or packhorse track. Towns at an inconsider- able distance were virtually isolated at certain seasons of the year ; and the primitive clearing in the woods became by degrees a free burgh or a feudal lordship, alike substantially independent of the emperor or other suzerain. This condi- tion of affairs naturally favoured the growth of mints as well as of types ; and, again, even in comparatively small dominions, the ruler is found employing several seats of coinage. In the dukedom of Cleves there were at least four within a small territory. Yet it is possible that the mint-master and his staff moved from place to place, and that only a single apparatus was employed or required. 30 The Coins of Europe We seem to know comparatively little of the history of the somewhat extensive and artistic coinage of Louis of Maele, Count of Flanders from i 346 to i 384. This powerful prince, who went with the times in multiplying and improving his types, possessed at successive periods no fewer than seven denominations in gold alone ; and both here and in other cases it is obviously almost impossible to be sure whether all the issues of a minor ruler proceeded from mints in situ, or were struck at the nearest great centres on their behalf. The varying delimitation of frontier from time to time naturally accounts for the transition of seats of coinage and for the presence of mints beyond the region to which they may appear to have belonged. It was on a somewhat cognate principle that the German or Roman emperor, down to the end of the eighteenth century, struck coins for nearly every part of Europe, and that Napoleon I. issued French money from the mints at Utrecht, Rome, and Turin. Paris did not become the capital of the kingdom till the tenth or eleventh century, and at that time Normandy, Brittany, Burgundy, Dauphine, Vermandois, and Navarre were inde- pendent, while during the Middle Ages on the Spanish side there were constant fluctuations of boundary. The capital of the Visigothic kingdom was at Bordeaux. That of the Merovingians, prior to their removal to Paris, had been at Soissons, and subsequently, on the partition of the kingdom, the seats of government were at Paris, Soissons, Orleans, and Metz. The mintage of coins in feudal castles was nothing more than that of the English money in the Tower of London during centuries. The seigniorial chateau or the royal fortress was the only place of security, where there were no municipal or official centres. At present all is changed. Our arrangements are simplified. The entire modern machinery is mechanical and monotonous. The mints of these days are strictly utili- tarian. Coins are no longer works of art and historical landmarks. In the case of many of the minor mints, where the Int7'odMction 31 number, as in France and Germany more particularly for the earlier stages of our inquiry, was enormous, it de- manded too large a space to admit every one into the alphabetical arrangement, but no locality of any consequence has been overlooked either in our Catalogue or our Chart. It is quite necessary to remark that others than the rulers of the several states struck money within their confines for currency there or elsewhere. Wurtemburg, to cite a typical example, has at present within its territory a single mint ; formerly it had at least fifty. The contrast between ancient and modern political con- ditions cannot be more forcibly exemplified than by the radical change which has been accomplished in the laws of mone- tary production. The want or absence of consolidation in this respect, which survived the great revolutionary crisis of 1789, was an inheritance from the militarism of the Romans, and was favoured and extended by the bias and demands of the feudal system. The successive dynasties which swayed the Continent in and after the Middle Ages found it neces- sary to propitiate the towns and the clergy; the coinage of each locality was a question in which the emperor or king, the bishop, the lord, and the municipality claimed to have a voice and a share : and a variety of coexistent pretensions was constantly traversed and entangled by abuse and usurpation. The committal of the most ancient mediaeval mints to the superintendence of ecclesiastics was necessitated by the absence of the culture required to transfer Latin legends and mottoes to the dies with accuracy on the part of the lay folk ; and the employment of a dead language in a state of barbarous decadence as a vehicle for conveying to the people at large the meaning of the engraved characters on the money intended for their common use was in perfect keep- ing with the habit of rendering all public acts and documents by the same means incomprehensible to every one who was not a scholar or a clerk in orders. The imperfect knowledge of the mechanism of the coining processes may be sufficient to account for the faulty presentment of the type on many early pieces, which, so far as they go, are clerically exact ; 32 The Coins of Etu^ope but illiterate readings not unreasonably excite a suspicion that the coin belongs to some unauthorised source, or was at least put into circulation by a pretender or usurper. Our Catalogue of Mints, shewing approximately at least all the places on the Continent which at various times have been employed as seats of coinage, no less than those of Denominations and Rulers, will, it is trusted, be found of service and interest. Many of the localities still retain their importance and the distinction of coining for the region to which they belong ; others, from fundamental political changes, have long ceased to be centres of activity, or have at all events lost their numismatic associations ; and of a few little beyond the site is at present known. One or two towns, which must have possessed at one period trade and power, have altogether disappeared, and survive only in numismatic and other records. It is more than possible that in certain cases we have erred in ascribing the coinage of money to given localities ; but we have never done so without a careful consideration of all the circumstances and probabilities. The disparity in the mechanical execution of continental coins is too conspicuous to escape observation ; it is a phenomenon which affects certain periods more than others, certain metals, or certain parts of a series. The gold money appears, as a rule, to have been treated with greater care ; while the silver of low standard, so largely used over the whole world for small values, before copper grew more general, met with almost invariable neglect, as it has, from its nature, descended to us in the same deplorable state as the "brazen-nose" shillings of Henry VIII. of England. But even the silver currency of France down to the Napoleon epoch is notoriously ill-struck, and collectors find it hard to secure for their cabinets really fine specimens either of the early French or the Franco-Italian series, nay, of the coins of Louis XIV. XV. and XVI. and of the First Republic. The gigliati, gold sequins, and other money of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem are almost invariably poor from a similar cause. On the contrary, the good work which soon Introdtcction 33 began to appear on the German and Netherland currencies, is generally shewn to the best advantage by the staff of the mint-master ; and it is a pleasure to meet with a mediaeval piece in high preservation, where the skilfully -executed portrait or other design is as fresh as when it left the die, and is perfect in all its elaborate details. The mintage is obviously as paramount in importance as the part played by the moneyer ; for the finest production may be marred in the striking, while the utility to the student of the most barbarous effort peculiarly depends on the choice of an adequate flan and a successful transfer to it of the type. Perhaps there is no country in Europe where the weight of the money has fluctuated more than in Russia, and yet there is none where, from the great numismatic revolution under Peter the Great, the coinage in every metal has been carried out with greater care, and where so few weakly-struck pieces have been produced, or at least suffered to pass. A natural fruit of the always increasing monetary inter- change among the various divisions of Europe was the mutual imitation of types by moneyers in quest of novel or improved designs. We find from the very outset the Mero- vingian dynasty in France, the Visigoths in Spain, the Anglo-Saxons in England, even the Italians, copying with a varied measure of skill and success the products of the mints of Utrecht and West Friesland in the Low Countries, and the German types. The Netherlands, on their side, adopted the English rose - noble, the Sw^iss dicken, the Bolognese lira, the Brunswick thaler, the Hungarian gold type of Virgin and Child,^ the French gros, the last a piece of which the germ is Oriental. Throughout Eastern Europe the Byzantine influence and style were followed with an intermixture of Arab and Tartar feeling ; in the North, and eventually in the West, through immigrants or invaders, the Teutonic models prevailed ; and, finally, in the South — in ^ What is generally known as the Hungarian type, or Italian tmgaro of gold, limited itself to reproducing the small full-length portrait on obverse. But the Netherlands copied the whole, including the of course incongruous legend. This rather favourite pattern, as far as the portrait went, was copied by the Medici and other Italian rulers. D 34 The Coins of Europi the Two Sicilies notably — the current money was a tolerably faithful reflex of the successive races which obtained a footing on that soil. All sorts of obscure and accidental circumstances con- tributed to govern the countless varieties or modifications of fabric and character which now represent the European family of current coins, and favoured the tendency to borrow what was evidently treated as public property — the happiest experiments in numismatic art. On the innumerable inde- pendent townships and seigniorial fiefs which swell the propor- tions of our Catalogue of Mints, the neighbourhood of a power- ful and permanent central authority, with affinity of language and religion, naturally operated toward the spread of certain favourite and familiar coins over a region, and even from one region to others ; and this incidence has sometimes created a difficulty in assigning pieces to their true patria. The trading caravans by land, and the annual fleets of the Italian republics and other maritime commercial states of Europe, with the great periodical fairs and the constant movements of troops, were the distributing agents in times when modern travelling was almost unknown, and was chiefly undertaken with a military or a diplomatic object. Denominations, as well as types, were freely appropriated under the ancient system of monetary economy ; and it strikes us as a personal trait on the part of an imperious and irascible pontiff, rather than a gauge or test of the average sentiment of the period, when Sixtus V. excommunicated the Marquis of Castiglione for copying a small papal coin known as a picciolo, XI A good deal of perplexity and inconvenience has been occasioned, in regard to the older continental money, by the want of some authority for determining the actual nomenclature. The circumstances under which appellations were bestowed by accident or design were so remote and even so obscure, that it has only been by a gradual process Introduction 35 and by co-operative research that the true distinctive terms have been to a large extent recovered, and even now there exists a large assortment of pieces, especially in copper, of which the correct denomination is uncertain or unknown. But the present work will, it is hoped, contribute not incon- siderably to set this branch of the question on a clearer and more satisfactory footing, and to diminish the necessity for specifying foreign coins, of whatever country or source, as deniers, oboles, and such other vague or generic titles. In almost every instance coins had their own habitat, and circu- lated within their own appointed lines ; and the numismatic frontier was formerly observed and respected as scrupulously as the political or geographical one. Coins of foreign extraction derived their appellations (i) from the standard to which they belonged, as sol parisis, gros toicrnois ; (2) from the place of origin ; (3) from the method of original fabrication, as the rouble ; (4) from some con- spicuous feature, as the crozun, the rider or cavalier, the griffin, the phoenix, the briquet (short sword), the cruzado, the glocken-gulden and thaler, the ecu or s child ; (5) from the metal ; from the weight, as the livra or livre, the onsa, the dracJima, the peseta ; (6) from the value, as the duarius, the vintem, the denier, the cent, centime, or ce7ttirno ; or (7) from the monarch under whom they were first introduced or were current, as the Carolus, the Philippus, the Leopold, the Francois, the Louis, the Napoleon, and (at Venice) the Marcella and Moceniga} The silver coinage of Capo d'Istria, President of the Greek Republic, 1828-30, bore the same symbol as his copper, namely, the phoenix, mentioned above, and was known under that name ; it was an appropriate one for a scheme of national revival. As with the English Jacobus and Carolus, Harry groat and Edward, the inclination of the community to identify the public currency, as it passed from hand to hand, with 1 It is necessary to observe that nearly all the foreign numismatists translate terms and names into their own language, and thus often mislead the inquirer. The French are the worst culprits in this direction ; everything and everybody has to be rebaptized. 36 The Corns of Europe the reigning prince or his family, was one which the Crown had every reason to encourage.^ It was a practice which tended to famiharise and endear the features of the sovereigns to thousands who had never beheld, and might die without beholding, the individual ; and the engraver often succeeded in idealising, so as to convey a favourable notion of the personality of the king or queen, if he did not go so far as the artists of Greece, when they produced deified resemblances of great rulers, and led an ignorant and unlettered nation to look upon them as allied to the immortals. We ought to feel very well satisfied that so many, not only of the technical terms, but of what may be called the vernacular or sobriquets^ bestowed on early continental coins, have been recoverable ; and we must not be surprised that some, the product of a temporary feeling or a humorous fancy, are unintelligible even to the country of their birth. The legends on Teutonic coins, both German and Netherlandish, were ordinarily in Latin, but occasionally in the vernacular. There is an urban silver crown or gulden of Nimmhegen, 1565, with Dutch inscriptions; the modern Belgian Government has recently adopted the practice of using the national language for this purpose. It is a curious, and not uninteresting, study to pass under review a selection from the various European series appertaining to a period of despotic and oppressive rule, and to take note of the pious, sympathetic, and paternal senti- ments which are engraved on the money. We hear of little but clemency and justice, noble and unselfish devotion to the general welfare, contempt of lucre, reliance on the Almighty or on some patron-saint. On the contrary, the extremely valuable assortment of siege pieces tells a very different tale : of cruel, unbearable tyranny, of sordid greed, of insolent arrogance, of paltry treachery, of popular despair. Such mottoes as w^e encounter on the coins of the Netherlands under Spanish misrule are eloquent enough : Aid us in the name of the Lord ! Save us, O Lord ; we perish ! From 1 See Cat. of Denominations under "Carolus," "Fran9ois," "Leopold," " Napoleon," etc. Introduction 37 the lowest depths zve cry unto Thee, O Lord ! Others point a similar moral, but are more restrained, as Jure et Tempore, Pro Rege et P atria, Hcec Liber tat is ergo. We can afford — the Italians and Sicilians themselves can afford to smile, when they take up an old piece of the Bourbons with Publica Felicitas or Securitas Publica; a copper coin of the Two Sicilies (seventeenth and eighteenth centuries) is even termed a publica ; we read on some of the reverses of the currency of the Knights of Malta, Non ^s, sed Fides ; and a favourite sentence is Christo Auspice Regno. On a piece of Philip II. struck for the Low Countries about 1585, we m.eet with such sentences as Hilaritas universa and Pace et Jicstitid} The interesting variety of the Netherlandish ^ oort and Hard with the reading on the reverse Avx, Nos in No7n. Doni. was, like the majority of political movements, a gradual evolution. The original pieces, of which there is a tolerably long and regular series, bore on the obverse a portrait of Philip II. and his title as King of Spain, and on the other side a shield of arms with the remainder of his honours. The first revolutionary step was to substitute, in 1577, for the royal bust the kneeling or seated figure of a man within a hedge beckoning for assistance, and the supplicatory reading above- mentioned ; the next replaced the shield with the name of the province issuing the money ; and at length we find the figure removed to make room for the lion grasping in his claw the staff surmounted by the bonnet. Such is the numismatic story in little of a noble, prolonged, and patient struggle for freedom. Apart from the protest and assertion which these changes conveyed, the employment of the coinage as a political vehicle helped to educate the popular eye and thought in the new doctrines of self-government. It is for their multifarious interest and value in preserving for the consideration and sympathy of later, and the latest, ages fugitive — though acute and profound — exigencies, that 1 Some instructive particulars under this head may be found in Armand, " Tables de Legendes " apiid his Aledailleiirs Italiens, 1883-87. 2 Two specimens before us, lent by Mr. W. Stampa Lambert, are dated respectively 1577 and 1578, and give the titles of Philip as Count of Holland and Zeeland. 38 The Coins of Ettrope we should prize our Money of Necessity of every region and period. We have elsewhere spoken of the excellent monograph of M. le Colonel Maillet ; it is wonderful for its completeness and accuracy, and for the story which it tells — a story of all nations. That it might be improved, goes without saying ; and the process might perhaps be directed both to the withdrawal of existing matter and the insertion of new. In one sense and way it may be predicated of the entire coinage of the Netherlands, emanating from the Hollanders or Brabanters themselves during the transitional era (1570-90), that it was the product of a whole people in a state of siege. XII The benevolent motives of sovereigns, enunciated on their currency, went hand in hand with their claims to a divine origin and sanction. It seems to have been in the ninth century that the European ruler sought to add to the security of his throne by declaring himself to sit there by the grace of God. The alliance between Church and State was on a different footing when this pronunziamento^ now a mere formula, was originally introduced ; nor was it by any means universal even on the currency of the divinely- born House of Hanover. The great aim of the secular and ecclesiastical authorities was to uphold each other at the cost of the community ; and we see how the Cliristiana Religio and Temple type was favoured by the Prankish kings, and continued by the emperors. In some of the Brunswick thalers the D.G. of the legend precedes the rehearsal of the name and titles, as if it were thought to be the primary object to catch the eye and arrest the attention. In an excessively rare daalder of Hermann Theodor Van Bronkhorst, Heer Van Stein, etc., there is the unusual motto (for the Low Countries) of Posvi Devm Adjvtorejn qv\e7n\ Timcbo. On the other hand, at the French Revolution in 1792, the Democratic party crossed over to the opposite side, and Introduction 39 placed on the coinage, in lieu of the Dei Gratia, the motto La Nation, La Loi, Le Roi ; and in 1874 the younger Don Carlos struck money with Dios, Patria, y Rey. Napoleon never used the Dei Gratia, and was here followed by the Orleanists and by his nephew. The usage was at all times far from general on the Continent ; and it seems to be falling into desuetude. Not merely did the titular designations of many European sovereigns outlive any actual or substantial sovereignty over particular districts or regions, but the names of emperors were retained during centuries after their death on the coinages of those places which had been accustomed to enjoy partial numismatic independence, as in the case of many of the Italian republics and German and Low-Country municipalities or seigniorial fiefs. The Kings of Spain clang to the title of Kings of the Indies, the Kings of England to that of Kings of France ; Henry III. of France never discontinued the addition to his honours of King of Poland ; princes of the House of Hohenstaufen occur on the money of Italian cities long after the extinction of the dynasty ; and in the seventeenth century Charles V. is found on the ecus of Besan^on and the daalders of the Netherlands. The portrait of William the Silent is found on a piece of 1687, struck in gold to pass for fifty guldens ; and that of Dudley, Earl of Leicester, remained on the Dutch money after his death and the abandonment by Elizabeth of the cause. The surrender of so many of the mediaeval states of Europe to the supposititious patronage of the names belong- ing to the Christian hagiology, commencing with the St. Michael types of the Lombard kings and dukes, and the celebrated piece of Grimoald IV. Duke of Beneventum (806-17), bearing the legend Archangelvs Michael, became very detrimental to the original and artistic treatment of coins, which, as media of general exchange and of every-day transactions, were regarded, in a far larger measure than medals, appropriate vehicles for the expression of the local popular belief, and for the assertion of the secular authority. 40 The Coins of Eiu^ope The figure of the patron-saint, the symbol of the Cross, and the portrait and titles of the rulers or government, are prevailing characteristics on early numismatic monuments. At Venice, St. Mark ; at Naples, St. Januarius ; at Florence, St. John ; at Genoa, in Hungary, in Bavaria, the Virgin Mary ; and in Mansfeldt, in Russia, at Saluzzo, Mantua, Ferrara, and elsewhere, St. George ; and so through the Calendar — strike us as monotonous ; and we turn with a feeling of relief and satisfaction to a view of some city, a piece of architecture, a shield of arms, even if rather puzzling and mysterious, or to the Wolf and Twins, or the Three Graces, on coins of Piacenza. The culture of Florence, Urbino, and Ferrara, and the wealth, taste, and opportun- ities of the Venetians, might have led us to look for some digression from commonplace, yet there is only the striking series of Medicean portraits in the one case, and in the other the memorial of the Battle of Lepanto in the shape of the Giustina where, in lieu of a battle-scene or other suitable embellishment, we get nothing but a figure of the saint, on whose day the engagement took place. At Venice the denominations are unusually numerous ; but the spirit of invention was absent, and the types were differentiated to the most limited extent. The adoption of St. George by Russia and by Ferrara suggests the mention of two curious coincidences. In a grosso of Ercole I. D'Este of Ferrara (i 471-1505) the reverse exhibits a horseman derived from some ancient Greek medal ; but in a danaro of the same prince the type has been altered to St. George and the Dragon. In the coinage of a region at that period in every sense so distant from Italy as Russia, the myth evidently originated in an equally casual way. A denga of Alexander of Poland, struck for Lithuania ( i 5 o i - 1 5 06), bears on one side simply a horse- man ; in one of Ivan the Terrible, Duke of Muscovy (1533-84), there is a spear in the rider's hand and a vestige of a monster below ; and in a lo-kopek piece of Peter the Great (1682- 172 5), struck about 1704, the whole legend is displayed. Yet even then there was some degree of httroduction 41 indecision as to the permanent acceptance of the canonised Cappadocian contractor, who possibly presented a portion of his plunder to the priests ; for a pattern kopek of Peter, 1 70 1, a current one of 171 i, and a pattern of 1724, shew only a mounted spearman, while a pattern of 1723 inserts the dragon. The saint ultimately triumphed, and appears on a kopek of Catherine I. 1727, and on subsequent kopeks and their multiples, and on some of the silver money, but with constantly diminishing prominence in modern days. An Italian (Pistrucci), who should have been capable by tradition of achieving something better, brought him to England, and placed him on the money of George III. Any other Government in Europe would have dismissed him from its service for such a wretched abortion. There are one or two remaining aspects of this part of the subject worth notice and attention. The canonisation of monarchs or rulers, usually after their death, as in the cases of Edward the Confessor and Henry VI. of England, the Emperor Henry II. of Germany, Philip le Beau, Duke of Burgundy, and St. Stephen and St. Lladislaus of Hungary, formed a circumstance of which their successors, as a rule, took the fullest advantage, by perpetuating their sanctity on the coins of subsequent reigns. The legend of St. Lladislaus is preserved on the reverses of the money of Matthias Corvinus two centuries later ; and a noble gold piece of Maximilian the Great of Bavaria, 1598, exhibits on one side a small full-length in armour and imperial robes, with sceptre and globe, of Henry II. who died in 1024. This policy tended to shed a religious halo over the throne, and to confer on the occupants a species of divine origin. The same principle and feeling underlay the not unfrequent practice of introducing on the face of the coinage the delivery of the national banner by the patron-saint to the reigning prince ; the ceremony imported or suggested a superhuman delegation of power, of which, even in such commercial states as Venice and Florence, the standard was the embodiment and symbol. Another respect, in which the same principle was kept 42 The Coins of Europe in view, was where a prince favoured the association with his currency of a saint his namesake, as we see in several instances. Two members of one illustrious Dutch house, that of Brederode, Henry of Brederode and Oswald II., introduced upon their coinage St. Henry and St. Oswald. It brought them at least one degree nearer to the Calendar. XIII The express notation of value on the face of a coin, which is not found on the earlier continental money, seems only to have been introduced, and then very sparingly, when the enlargement of intercourse between States, and the changes of frontier by conquest, gradually accomplished a revolution in the old system, under which each limited currency was restricted to a narrow and definite radius, and the worth, as well as name, of every piece was well understood to the few concerned. The multiplication of mints ordinarily meant that of more or less variant types ; and the light shed on the origin of a piece by the legend conveyed no intelligence to the popular mind. For instance, on the Merovingian, Carlovingian, and Anglo-Saxon coinage we meet with nothing but the names of the sovereign and the moneyer, — perhaps the former, perhaps the latter, alone — in barbarous and illiterate Latin. The inscription merely served as an official record ; yet the general appearance and weight of the denarius or penny may have sufficed as a passport ; and the circulation was at first bound to be circumscribed. The formal resort to convention-money long remained exceptional on the Continent, and always continued to be very incomplete. But practically, as is still the case with very few reservations, money of recognised character and weight in the more precious metals was accepted with or without countermarks, and even early copper coins occur with evident traces of having travelled far beyond their legal boundaries. The mixed complexion of some of the large hoards discovered in England testify to this practice. Inti'odttction 43 It was upon the last-named description of specie, how- ever, that the idea of stamping the settled rate was first, we believe, carried out ; coins of the lower denominations were precisely those which passed through the most ignorant hands ; and the employment of numerals facilitated com- prehension while it checked deceit. The chronology of the currency, except in special pieces, designed to signalise an important event, was as much disregarded by the authorities during centuries as the standard of exchange ; it was the greater frequency of issues, with the diminishing ratio per- haps of small local mints, and the sense of convenience, which slowly led to the habitual insertion of the period of mintage. The principle of authenticating coins as those of a given prince or moneyer, if not of both, came first ; then followed that of publishing the denomination ; then the date ; finally the value. Special attention must be invited to the continental initiative in dating coins, and to the important series of pieces bearing the year of production. The earliest examples commence with the first half of the eighth century, and belong to the Moorish kings of Granada, many of whose coins, struck in Europe, bear the year of the Hegira ; the next, whose origin is also in part Oriental, belong to Apulia, where we find gold pieces of Roger II. (i 105-54) with the words An\no\ R\egni\ X, Germany seems to take the third place. There is a gros tournois of Aix-la-Chapelle of 1422 ; the Swiss plappart of 1424 ; and also, longo intervallo, the gold ducat of the Palatinate, 1437, which last is not very uncommon, and exists in more than a single variety. But except in priority of time, the thalers of Austria from 1479 to I 5 I 8, and the Joachim thalers of Bohemia, with one or two in the Saxon coinage, are perhaps of superior interest. The piece struck at the marriage of Maximilian I. with Mary of Burgundy, in 1477, is the first coin of that deno- mination of which the chronology can be absolutely fixed, and the portraits of the young couple render it highly attractive and desirable, especially in that variety where the Arch-Duchess appears in a steeple bonnet and veil. The 44 The Coins of Bwope Low Countries seem to have nothing anterior to 1475 any metal or form. But after that period the principle was carried out very generally on the Continent. Denmark re- sorted to the practice in 1496, Brittany in 1498, Branden- burgh in 1500, Saluzzo in 1503, Savoy in 1508, Scotland in 1539, England in 155 1. But the observance was by no means universal or invariable even among those nations which introduced it. The value to posterity was not the motive, although at present it is the consideration which recommends it to us. XIV Scarcely any substance can be mentioned of which in some region or at some period coins have not been struck. Gold, electrum, platinum, silver, tin, iron, lead, copper, glass, porce- lain, leather, paper, salt, not to mention shells and beads ; all these have constituted the material whence men have supplied themselves with the means of exchange, when some process outside mere barter became requisite or feasible. Among all such devices the application of the six last-named products to numismatic purposes may be considered more especially remarkable, since we somehow associate a currency with the various metals, from a natural preference for a token at once portable and negotiable. Within the confines of Europe itself, leather, paper, and salt have been employed as representatives of values in early times. The Russians, after the abandonment of whole skins, used irregular strips and then circular blanks of leather, stamped with some type at a remote date ; and specimens are said to survive. At the siege of Leyden in 1574 pieces of 5, 10, and 20 sols, formed of the leaves of missals, were accepted in payment. The ancient inhabitants of Venetia, like those of Hindoostan in more recent days, recognised impressed cakes of salt as an equivalent for a coinage, and the Abyssinians employ for the same purpose rock-salt in bar. Introduction 45 The use of copper as a material for currency has been uninterrupted from the earliest coinage of the Greeks in that metal to the present day. The British and Northumbrian series, running concurrently with the Byzantine money, were followed by the curious pieces struck for Hungary, the Norman kingdom of Sicily, and for certain feudal possessions in Germany and the Netherlands. In the fifteenth century Italy, Spain, and Portugal began to employ the metal ; we have tolerably abundant examples of the Papacy, Venice, Castile, and Arragon, and the earlier Portuguese kings. From this period the supply has been more or less copious, and the continuity unbroken. But it may be observed that among the latest countries to adopt copper were France, Russia, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and (after the cessation of the Northumbrian mint) Great Britain, unless we consider the Gaulish copies of Roman brass as entering into the same category as the stycas of Northumbria and the copper and tin pieces of Southern Britain ; and again there is always the doubt to which side of the Channel many of these latter examples owed their first rise. An interesting feature in the copper series of any country is that they were essentially for popular use, and above all so in cases where daily commodities were obtainable for low denominations, and the public call for articles of higher price was chronically restricted. When the primitive nature of exchange, first by barter and secondly by bullion, was partially superseded by the employment of tokens (inonetcE) of fixed and recognised value, apart from weight, copper soon came into use as a medium for retail trade, and the import- ance of a trustworthy and uniform standard was discerned by the Romans, who by law required the sanction of the Senate for issues in this metal, though not in the others. It was the money of the people, and was the principal factor in supplying their common wants, as well as in furnishing the pay of the soldier. The vast quantity of small brass pieces of Roman fabric still existing, and the innumer- able mints from which they issued, demonstrates the enormous demand for them at the time ; and during 46 The Coins of Eu7^ope the Middle Ages they continued to pass in France, if not elsewhere, in default of small coinage, at an under- stood rate. The copper coin remained in modern times the special machinery for all ordinary transactions of small amount, and its early introduction into those European states which were the pioneers in commerce and discovery, was a step at once wise and convenient. The Arabian and Norman settlers in the Two Sicilies were followed in this respect by the Spaniards and the Netherlanders, the Venetians and Portu- guese ; and in some instances, as at Ragusa in Sicily, we find copper money of Roman type and fabric, and of admirable execution, current during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. In parts of Holland, even in the fourteenth century, there was already seigniorial or feudal money in copper. In the later half of the fifteenth, Pesaro in Italy possessed a currency, like Venice, in copper sesini, bearing on the obverse the effigy of Giovanni Sforza (1483- 15 10), and on the reverse the significant words Pvblicae Comnwditati. A copper grano of Malta of 1629 reads on reverse Hospitali Hiervsalevi Vt Cofmnodivs. Almost within our own time Portugal, though deposed from its former rank as a first-rate Power, had an issue of 40-reis pieces in copper of the module of the English twopence of 1797, inscribed in a similar spirit, Pvblicae Vtilitati. On the Continent from at least the sixteenth, and in England from the seventeenth century, the deficiency of small change was met by the local issue of traders' tokens of copper ; and in England, again, the higher average of wealth, with the existence of minor subdivisions of the silver penny, rendered the absence of a currency in the lower metal less momentous. It was not till 1672 that the confusion and inconvenience arising from the multiplicity of tokens led at last to the addition of a halfpenny and farthing of Swedish copper to the royal coinage ; and these new denominations were appropriately designated Nmnoruin fa^nuli, or, in other words, pieces of humbler value for common use. This designation was exactly on continental lines, just as the IntroducHon 47 material for fabricating the new pieces was of continental origin. XV In ancient times the mutual association of money with weight on the original theory and basis of exchange is per- ceptible in the Spartan iron currency and the primitive Roman As and its parts ; and when those inconvenient symbols had been superseded or modified, the idea survived in such terms as drachma, libra^ lira^ livra, peso, peseta, ounce, while among certain uncivilised communities the use of bars lingered down to the present time. The Hollanders in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries employed for their commerce with the East Indies and Ceylon a class of coinage approximate in character to that in vogue among the native population — rough thick pieces of metal, or copper ingots of graduated lengths, stamped with the respective values. This was a concession on the part of the European trader to the Asiatic, for at that period we know very well that the Low Countries were numismatically in a very advanced state. The link between the old and modern systems is strangely illustrated by a temporary Franco-Spanish bronze coinage in the South of France in the thirteenth— fifteenth century. It appears to have consisted of a livra, the half, the quarter, and the eighth or onsa, so that those responsible for the output of the series imagined and created an artificial monetary pound of eight ounces ; and in point of fact the terminology imported a twofold use as a coin and a weight. In England the heavy copper penny and twopence of 1797, equivalent to one ounce and two ounces, was the sole instance of an approach to the same principle ; and both these pieces were used as weights. But in what may be described as recent days — in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries — the simple habits and ignorance of the Swedish and Russian peasantry prompted a resort and adherence to a species of currency which partook of the nature of barter 48 The Coins of Europe more obviously than one adapted to a scientific standard, fixed and enforced by governments. Every collector has probably met with what are termed weights belonging to different nationalities and periods. They usually represent the correct standard of the piece named on them without respect to the metallic value, as, for instance, a copper weight balancing a gold ducat or real or an English sovereign.^ These contrivances appear to have been intended to assist, when no scales of suitable nicety were generally available, to test the authenticity of coins, of which the weight was known through proclamations or periodical pamphlets, such as in the Low^ Countries they designated Placaets, and which were issued at one time nearly every year. Somewhat similar books of a more elaborate character were published abroad, furnishing engrav- ings of money current in various countries, its value, and its weight. A very singular one, in agenda form, found at Antwerp, is in the British Museum. The very designation Or^ pi. Ore, applied to the old Swedish copper specie, seems to be allied to our word ore or bullion, as if a certain quantity of metal was originally bartered for a certain quantity of goods. The employment of ingots of gold and silver, which has to a certain extent survived among primitive communities in the East to the present day, was doubtless very general so long as no coinage beyond the silver penny and its moiety existed in any part of Europe. In the celebrated Cuerdale find, among a large assortment of currency of Anglo-Saxon and Carlovingian origin, occurred several of these ingots in silver stamped with a cross, and undoubtedly used in com- mercial transactions in the eighth and ninth centuries. So long as the monetary representation of such lumps of metal was understood and accepted, the conduct of business on a larger scale was immensely facilitated, more especially if similar tokens or equivalents for value in gold were also once available. The discovery of the hoard at Cuerdale was perfectly fortuitous. 1 See Catalogue of Denominations, v. Arnoldus Gulden." IntrodMction 49 Immense quantities of those strange unwieldy discs of copper, stamped with a value representing only the cost of the metal, once existed in Sweden, where the buyer of old days must have carried his money, not in a purse, but in a cart, and where weight was almost evidently given for weight — a daler's worth of provisions or goods balancing a daler itself in the scales. The output and circulation of gold and silver were extremely circumscribed. The introduction of this heavy and barbarous medium into the Swedish dominions was not, however, an abrupt step or a rudimentary effort ; for from the reign of Gustavus Adolphus (1611-32) the kingdom had possessed the denom- ination known as an or and its divisions. The original or resembled in fabric, and equalled in weight, the common Russian 5 -kopeck piece current from 1758 to 1804, thereabout; and the ponderous dalers of Charles XII. and his successors amounted to an extension or exaggeration of this currency. Prior to the or the Sw^edes had had nothing in copper larger than the mark of John III. and a coin in the same metal and of the same reign, called the New Stock- holm money (1573). In other words, the abnormal dalers of the fifteenth century corresponded with an epoch, not of numismatic infancy or of rising power, but with one of decline, when the country reverted temporarily to primitive methods of finance, and after about half a century (1697- 1747) of trial relinquished them, perhaps from their sheer impracticability. In the time of Catherine I. of Russia (1725-28) an experiment was made in the same direction and from a similar motive — the motive which actuated the primitive rulers of Sparta ; but no further progress was made in it, and two or three patterns of the square copper rouble and kopeck of 1726 appear to be all that survives of the attempt to emulate Sweden. E 50 The Coins of Europe XVI The respect for metrology appears to have long remained everywhere very slight, and it is difficult to comprehend, even in some of the modern currencies, such as Austria and Prussia, whether any standard exists, or, if it exists, is recognised. One of the inconveniences attendant on decen- tralisation and an infinite number of petty states was the total absence during centuries of any uniform basis of calcu- lation ; within a moderate radius a dozen currencies under various names and of conflicting weights were in force ; and this evil the convention -money was introduced to meet or mitigate. It is impossible to believe that any settled principle w^as known, or at least followed, inasmuch as the same value is found inscribed on pieces of the most dissimilar character ; and whereas it appears to have been, toward the end of the eighteenth century, considered expe- dient in parts of North Germany to insert the reassuring phrase " good " by way of denoting that the coins are true to weight, we see a small flan of copper marked III. Gitte Groschen, of Mecklenburgh-Strelitz, 1793, and one of Bruns- wick in silver^ about four times as large and about six times as heavy, current for 16 Gute Groschen, 1820. The French possessed at an early date two standards, those of Paris and Tours ; but the most ancient numismatic specimens, posterior to the so-called Gaulish money, were independent of either system, and belong to the Merovingian and Prankish series. The former are almost exclusively in gold, the latter almost exclusively in silver. The Paris mint, before the Carlovingian era, struck indeed nothing but pieces in the most precious metal ; but the Visigoths, whose territories extended over a considerable portion of what is now France, had their own silver money in addition to rudimentary types of the treinissis or triens. The Carlo- vingian currency, which commenced with Pepin le Bref, was in its module German, not French, and when Charlemagne improved the coinage, and issued deniers and oboles of Introduction 51 a new type and of good silver, a distinct era was marked in the Prankish numismatic records. A reaction or relapse, however, took place in the troubled times which followed the death of Louis le Debonnaire in 840; the period between the close of the tenth and the middle of the thirteenth century witnessed a great decline in the currency through- out Western Europe ; and it was not till the reign of Louis IX. (1226-70), when the Crusades had done so much to promote commerce and the arts, when in Italy the Florentines and Venetians had set the example of a gold coinage and a fixed standard, and when in the Two Sicilies Frederic II. (1220-50) had issued his aiigustale^ that the monetary system in France once more received attention, and underwent reform. The gros tournois of St. Louis, of which the pattern was partly suggested by an Arabic dirheni, not only current in Spain at that time, but in all probability allowed to circulate in France itself, became a very popular and favourite coin, and was imitated both in the Low Countries and in Germany. Its standard and purity, which surpassed those of the dirhem, seem to have been fairly maintained, and in the same way as the Vene- tian and English gold currencies it won the confidence of the trader even beyond the French frontier. Everywhere the condition of national money or of local currencies formerly depended in great measure on circum- stances, which were perpetually subject to change or modifica- tion ; and improvements were intermittent and spasmodic. Occasionally the fluctuations and irregularities strike us as capricious. Nothing can be much worse than the French silver coinage from Charles VIII. to Henry IV. — a period of about 120 years; yet the gold ecu in its varied types did not sensibly deteriorate, and the copper currency of the later Valois and early Bourbon monarchs is remarkable for the ex- cellence of its character and the maintenance of its standard. We have spoken of the development and vicissitudes of the Swedish copper coinage, which, if it were exhaustively treated, might form a topic in itself. The Russians appear to have followed in the steps of their neighbours and rivals 52 The Coins of Europe to a certain extent, not only in the rouble of 1726, but in those ponderous 5 -kopek pieces, which were associated in the popular mind with value, and which had their immediate germ in the lO-kopeks of 1726, struck at the coronation of Catherine I. But Sweden also set Russia the precedent of a permanent reduction, as the principles of metallic currency became better understood, to a more reasonable standard and module, although, as will be evident to anybody applying the test, the latter Power has displayed at all times an indifference to metrology throughout its monetary system, which is apparently independent of method, and leaves the public convenience out of the question. It surely goes without saying, that if the regular coinage of the Continent was so untrustworthy, with a few signal exceptions, that intended for colonial and provincial use, as well as the special issues for the payment of troops or for other emergencies, was still more liable to suspicion and criticism ; and the discrepancy between the intrinsic and the artificial values lay in the metal no less than in the weight. To gain an insight into this branch of the inquiry we have only to examine the Roman currency for Egypt, Jud^Ea, or Britain ; the Venetian for Albania, Dalmatia, or Cyprus ; the later Portuguese for Goa or Guinea ; the English for Ireland ; and the French for the lies de France and the Mauritius. The exceptions, which are to be noted, are the early Spanish and Portuguese money within the periods of the highest prosperity of those kingdoms ; the colonial series of the East India Company, starting with the portcullis money of Elizabeth in 1 600 ; and the equally creditable coinage of the Netherlands for their East Indian possessions, extending from 1 60 1, when the piece of eight with its divisions came from the Amsterdam mint, to the present day. XVII The question of alloy, in common with that of weight, entered into the calculation of governments under the old Introduction 53 regime purely from a commercial point of view. Trading communities, such as the Italians, Portuguese, Spaniards, and Hollanders in turn, appreciated the vital importance of employing in their transactions with foreigners a medium which was capable of bearing the test of the scales ; and it affords a criterion of the status of a people when the coinage begins to part with its prestige. The Venetians during their enjoyment of prosperity and power, and from their first rise indeed into prominence after the fourth Crusade, jealously preserved the integrity of their money both in silver and gold, and alike as regarded its weight and its fineness ; and we may be at liberty to surmise that the stress laid on those points had been originally inculcated by the necessity of possessing for the Eastern trade a currency which would not suffer from comparison with the high Oriental standard, and would even become at need exchangeable as bullion. It was much the same with the English noble, and it is so with the modern English sovereign. The utility of gold as a medium long remained nearly altogether commercial ; and even in the absence of treaties or a convention the probably studied coincidence of a coinage in that metal under various names, but equivalent in value, throughout all the most civilised parts of the Continent, aimed at the acceptance of gold or even silver specie on some international footing. When the knowledge of printing and engraving began to facilitate the production of such books, the foreign bankers and financiers were provided, as we have mentioned, with the means of ascertaining to a fraction the current worth of every piece in circulation from one end of Europe to the other ; and before these curious and interesting manuals existed in a printed shape, they were to some limited extent multiplied in manuscript with drawings of the coins. The endowment of a person or a locality with a mint was prized, no doubt, as an honour and a prerogative ; but the tenor of documents and other information seems to be unanimous in shewing that the concession had its commercial side, and that even a comparatively small municipal centre involved to the owner an appreciable amount of profit on 54 The Coins of Europe production under any circumstances. It therefore followed that the more the mint-master debased his issues, the greater was the revenue arising to his employer, whether a secular lord, an ecclesiastical dignitary, or a township. It seems to have been, so far, very reasonably and naturally a constant incidence of the surrender of a mint by the lord, if not by the Crown, that a proportion of the surplus after the clear- ance of expenses was settled on the original feoffee ; and long after the mediaeval period, in the closing years of the sixteenth century, the directors or lessees of the mint at Montpellier are found engaging to give the seigneur of Damville 15,000 gold ecus to induce him to close a seat of coinage which he had opened in the vicinity, and which, so far as we can learn, was on a very modest scale. The value of the vested interest was presumably considerable, since this was a political juncture, when private individuals were taking advantage of the general disorder in France to strike money in all directions on their own account, and the removal of one competitor was apt to favour the rise of others. But during centuries, apart from special circumstances, the coinage was regarded and employed as a method of raising funds ; and the difference between the outlay and the income varied with the amount of central control or the financial needs of the proprietor. The deplorable spectacle which so much of the foreign currency, till we approach the middle of the seventeenth century, presents, is largely due to the free and unscrupulous depreciation by personages in authority of all such species of money as lent themselves to the object or repaid the process. The billon types afforded the greatest temptation to the speculator, who was usually pre- cluded from striking gold, and could gain little by tampering with copper. The relative impurity of the metal was not easily detected, and the current rate remained unchanged ; and this circumstance may be one way of explaining the wide preva- lence on the Continent in former days of plated currency. A survey of the whole range of European coins con- vinces us that each region, enjoying the privilege of a mint, was a law to itself, and that the sole check on a perfect Introduction 55 disregard of economic fitness and justice was the convention- money. But this system was apparently Hmited to Northern Germany and the Netherlands, where it more or less prevailed from the thirteenth century. Elsewhere the utmost difficulty must have been experienced in adjusting values in all mone- tary transactions ; and it was only the very restricted inter- course of communities outside their own local boundaries down to quite modern times which tended to render such a complex arrangement tolerable. For it was principally, of course, where smaller amounts were concerned, that the obscurity and confusion were likely to arise : a far greater uniformity was observed in the gold values and in the standard of pieces in that metal. There has always been a certain degree of perplexity and doubt in respect to a family of foreign coins, which from their composite formation in a varied degree are assignable either to the billon or to the copper series. An incorrect appropriation is never satisfactory ; and of the circumstances under which the bulk of these insignificant pieces appeared, we possess in England such slight know- ledge, that we have little beyond the prima facie evidence to guide us. Again, the currencies in different districts and governments diverged and fluctuated in value so much, either from local conditions or from temporary exigencies, that what is a silver denomination in one state or at one date, becomes a plated or copper one in another state or at another time. Taking two i2-kreutzer pieces of Hesse- Cassel, 1759, one is manifestly plated, while the other presents the aspect of being copper. But the fact is that, instead of having a basis of mixed metal, it is a copper coin plated to pass for silver value. Indistinct traces of the coating remain in the letters and the edge. Time has uncased it, and we have it before us as it was struck. It is a sort of nondescript, yet it is preferable to those dilapidated relics which so often present themselves, in the shape of worn billon money, with nothing but the wretched foundation surviving. The plating process was an expedient widely adopted by the German- speaking communities from the seventeenth century, but 56 The Coins of Ettrope more particularly within the last one hundred and fifty years. It was a poor device, encouraged by the immemorial predilection of humanity for something bright, and by the advantage accruing to the state from the difference between the intrinsic and the official worth. In the Netherlands the practice was almost unknown ; there the " black " money circulated without disguise and concealment ; and with the fewest exceptions the Dutch and Flemish systems were exempt from this disfigurement, till the modern Belgian kingdom instituted its issue of nickel. The question of impure or mixed coinage, which dates from the later Greek and Roman periods, the prototype of German silver being the plated tetradrachm of Parthia and the denarii of a portion of the Roman imperial series, brings us to the consideration of another more or less immediately allied to it. We refer to the possibility of estimating the material standing of a country by its coinage ; and this test limits itself to the metrology. The execution is an independent department, and may be influenced by the state of the arts or by the personal taste of the ruler. Some early European governments, as the Venetian Republic, subsisted during ages, with ample facilities at command, without producing a single specimen of high character. Others, as Florence, Parma, Salzburg, Brunswick-Luneburg, have left an abundance of beautiful types and excellent and careful work. But the more ancient currency of Venice, if it was never remarkable for its artistic qualities, was scrupulously exact in its weight, and almost without exception of true standard. Toward the end it displayed greater negligence in workmanship and inferior purity, more especially in its lower divisions. From the most remote times spasms of political depres- sion and distress, no less than a permanent decline in resources, have betrayed themselves by monetary degrada- tion. Temporary straits tell their tale to us across centuries in an enormous assortment of what is termed money of necessity — coins or rather tokens struck in any available material, and stamped with fictitious marks of value. The practice imparted a passing pressure, and if it was too often Introdtiction 57 repeated, was bound to impoverish the community or the purse-holder. The debasement of the ordinary currency was a still graver symptom and danger. It might equally denote an intermittent or temporary phenomenon arising from the dishonesty or extravagance of the Executive, and might in such a case be susceptible of remedy ; but chronic and progressive deterioration rarely signified less than the de- moralising effect of political decadence. Outside the mere numismatic point of view there is a third direction in which the student or observer may judge by this sort of help the financial rank and capacity of a people. The descent of the currency to an infinitesimal unit, as in the aspar, which in the days of Byron was current in Turkey in Europe at less than the thirtieth part of a penny, is the surest indication of poverty and insignificance, since the circumstance too clearly shews, not that the market was proportionately cheap, but that there was nothing which in the eyes of a prosperous nation answered to one. A moderate proportion of individuals may, from choice or need, be "passing rich on forty pounds a year," and a Hindoo rice-eater can perhaps live on fourpence a day ; but prices may just as easily be too low as too high. XVIII It is hardly within our immediate province to enter into the question of numismatic development among the ancient Greeks; but an examination of all the known types of Hellenic origin fills us with an agreeable persuasion of the sense of beauty and symmetry, accompanied by a reverence for anatomical laws and a thorough insight into the structure of the human frame. The union of genius with industry and mechanical skill produced some of the most masterly examples of medallic art which the world can ever hope to see, and which found, perhaps, their nearest parallels in the cliefs d'ocuvre of the Renaissance in Italy. In physio- gnomical excellence and external accessories the latter quite 58 The Coins of Europe rivalled the finest Greek work ; but the men who were patronised by the great mediaeval families of the Peninsula were in the presence of conditions and restraints unknown to their predecessors. The Greek feeling and taste revealed itself in the Roman consular or family series, but was gradually lost in the imperial one, more especially in the decadence of the reverses. Even in the consular coinage, however, the delineation of the human figure already exhibited a marked declension from the high standard of fine Greek art, although bust-portraits and inanimate objects are rendered with equal success and felicity. Again, the Byzantine corruption of the debased Roman type, spreading itself after the fall of the western division of the empire over the greater part of Europe, and affected in its progress by climatic, local, and religious influences, penetrated on the one hand to Bulgaria, Servia, and Muscovy, where we discern it in the coins of the grand duchy of Kief, while on the other it found its way westward to Venice and other parts of Italy, to the Two Sicilies, France, Spain, England, and the Low Countries, where it formed the basis of the so-called Merovingian family of gold and silver pieces, but more particularly of coins in the more precious metal equivalent in weight and value to the third part of a Byzantine solidus. The variations and disparity observable in the abundant remains of the Merovingian money are to be attributed, perhaps, to the character of the colonial or provincial coin- age of G reece and Rome, with which the mediaeval copyists were brought into contact, to the degree of success in reproducing originals, and to gradual improvement in con- ducting the processes of fabrication during the course of centuries. At the same time, the types of many of the ancient specimens of continental currency were advisedly or insen- sibly adapted to local characteristics and peculiarities, and were broadly governed by the predominance of military and feudal sentiment. Even before any idea of introducing a Introdziction 59 date or the value was carried out, the importance seems to have been appreciated of identifying coins with the name of a ruler and a religious or heraldic symbol ; and the early employment of shields of arms, prior to the use of portraits, was dictated by the sense of a link between the bearings on the money and those on the escutcheons of sovereigns. The mediaeval denier soon lost all real relationship to the Roman de7tarius, and more and more, in its multiples up to a crown or ecu, complied with the spirit of more modern life and the militarism of the Middle Ages. The English word arms is translated into most of the Gothic or Teutonic languages by one signifying weapons. It was a notion in analogy with the formation of tribal government under the Lombard dux — the duke of later times. In the reduction of mediaeval European currency to chrono- logical stages of development, we must first deal with typical objects without a key or inscription ; (2) typical objects accompanied by a few characters more or less unintelligible; (3) the same with a distinct legend, and the name of the moneyer and mint ; (4) with a shield or cognisance and a cross on the reverse infinitely varied in its form and canton- ments ; (5) with a rudimentary portrait on the obverse ; (6) with an ideal one; (7) with a positive or approximate likeness, a fully descriptive legend, and an elaborate blazon ; (8) with the date and the value. The extension of Christianity and the influence of the Crusades gradually effaced and superseded the Byzantine, as well as the Roman, feeling and style ; and with very few exceptions the prevailing tone of Western money became toward the ninth century Teutonic and unclassical. In the European coins of most remote date co-ordinate prominence is given to the ruler of the country or province and to the place of origin and the engraver. Where there was an infinite subdivision of territory and jurisdiction, and an equal multiplicity of mints, this course was a safeguard against confusion and fraud. The leading symbols on coins are: i, a cross; 2, a crown ; 3, a sceptre and orb ; 4, a sword ; 5, an animal as an heraldic cognisance or a figurative emblem ; 6, a shield 6o The Coins of Europe with or without quarterings ; 7, and finally, an effigy of a patron-saint, ultimately superseded or accompanied by one of the temporal ruler. All these marks of authority and distinction underwent from period to period development and change indicative of modified political and religious feeling, of more complex relationships between reigning families, or of the growth of artistic taste. The type with the cross presents itself with an infinite amount of variation both in the form of the cross and in the character of the cantonments. The most usual features in the angles are pellets, or globules, or annulets ; and most frequently the number corresponds to that of the Trinity. But on some pieces — it is true, of later date — four of these objects appear ; and if there is no mystical figure intended, there is certainly no reference to value, as the penny or denier and the groat or gros equally bear these unexplained accessories. The evolution of the portrait on coins was gradual. The earliest stage was a head, which occurs in the rudest shape on the gold trientes of the Visigothic princes of Spain ; the next step was the addition of a sceptre, as we see it on some of the Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman pennies. Then followed in succession the bust or full-length figure in armour, the head bare or helmeted ; the crowned bust in ordinary costume (sometimes, as on the money of the Renaissance in Savoy, Saluzzo, Monteferrato, and Bologna, with a characteristic head-dress)., in armour, or with the armour partly draped ; and the modern head, ordinarily uncovered and uncrowned. Between these progressive varieties there were, of course, many special and exceptional examples, such as the portrait of Charles V. or the splendid quadruple ducat of 1528, and the civil costume and peculiar head-dress on certain Italian coins of the Renaissance era, among which we may cite the very striking tallero of Marguerite de Foix, Marchioness of Saluzzo, 15 16. The Cross was not the only device of the kind, even supposing the triads in the angles to have no religious import ; for on the mediaeval Bohemian money we perceive Introduction 6i the Hand, just as it is on some of the pennies of Edward the Confessor ; and abroad it Hngered even to a later epoch. The strange type adopted by the Georgians of an ingot cut in the form of the thumb and fingers, and impressed with a legend, more than possibly referred to the ancient super- stitious belief in the binding nature of contracts made with the thumb. The earliest deniers of the Bishops of Utrecht some- times bore a curious symbol in the form of the Greek letters Alpha and Omega, the latter before, the former behind, the crozier. This was a symbol of mortality, while the serpent on the reverse of some of the grossi of Ercole I. Duke of Ferrara (1471-1505) offers the idea of infinitude. Another remarkable divergence from the normal stand- ard and style on numismatic productions was the Low- Country loan of the so-called Phrygian cap in the stadt- holder's bonnet, with which, surmounting his staff or other- wise, we meet on the money of the United Provinces. The same symbol served at a subsequent crisis for one of the insignia of the revolutionary currency in France. In considering the question of types, too great a stress is sometimes laid on casual and subsidiary variations ; and the cabinet of the amateur is embarrassed by duplicate specimens of substantially identical coins. We perhaps still know too little of the incidence and volume of early production to enable us to speak confidently on this subject ; but a differentiation, often far more minute and trivial than on Greek or Roman coins belonging to the same issue, can scarcely be held to amount to a plea for possessing eight or ten pieces, exhibiting common features and telling no more than a single story, yet no two of them absolutely identical. XIX In the body of the volume it is proposed to furnish to collectors some suggestions in aid of the formation of 62 The Coins of Ettrope cabinets, where the plan is — i, general; 2, special; or 3, representative. We cannot, perhaps, urge too emphatically, when the initiatory stage has been passed, and the amateur begins to enter seriously on his undertaking, the impolicy of casting his net too wide, unless it is the case that he proposes to study, not completeness, but condition alone. An assemblage of coins, all highly preserved, may well be rather promiscuous in their character, and may probably leave very few places unrepresented ; and yet the aggregate will not be excessive. After an experience of many years, the actual discovery and conclusion are, that of the entire mass submitted to our inspection and judgment, an excess- ively slender percentage reaches a fastidious standard. When the governing motive is special, either from the standpoint of archaeological inquiry or of ordinary curiosity, it becomes difficult to exercise the selecting process with any severity. A student or collector on these lines lays down for his guidance the law that it is absolutely requisite to secure every existing specimen of the coinage of some given country, prince, or line of princes ; or again, to bring together in one focus all recoverable pieces presenting a particular type or legend, not excluding such as bear illiterate or erroneous inscriptions, mules and coJttrefa^ons. It is a class of enterprise on which it is hardly our province to offer an opinion ; and there is no doubt that the judicious comparison of differentiated coins side by side has often led to useful results. The collection formed on a representative basis may or may not embrace an adherence to a high standard of preservation in each instance ; but it is under any circum- stances that of an amateur. The owner is a person who acquires only what pleases or suits him. He does not expend his resources in purchasing items because he sees them in the hands of his friends, or desires to forestall his friends in the possession. If he does not know that the largest public museums of all countries have desiderata, he finds in due course that the acquisition of certain rarities is either an impossibility or a matter of onerous outlay. By Introduction 63 contenting himself with the proportion which falls in his way from season to season, unless he is a second Fortunatus, he will become aware at all events of one fact, — that the supply of desirable articles will always exceed the means of securing them. An additional plea for a representative programme, rather than a general or special one, lies in the consideration, which to some may not be material, that too great an abundance of a particular class of property, and still more of any given section or department, is a sure mode of entail- ing commercial loss ; for the very superfluity of examples exercises a depreciatory influence. It is sometimes wiser to be incomplete. From the immensity of its range and the multifarious character of its subdivisions the continental series is perhaps, above all others, the one where representative treatment can be adopted with the largest degree of convenience and the least amount of scruple. In arranging continental coins in the cabinet in such order as may facilitate, where the collection is extensive and varied, reference to any piece, the political changes in Europe and the fluctuations of empire from the Middle Ages down to the eighteenth century have rendered it in numerous instances a task of difficulty to decide on the allotment of numerous groups of coins struck by foreign rulers for territories over which their jurisdiction was more or less titular. Such are the money issued by the French for parts of Spain and Italy, by the Spaniards and Austrians for parts of the Netherlands, by the Poles for Lithuania, by the Russians for Prussia and Finland, by Venice for Dalmatia, Albania, and other colonies, and by the Teutonic Order and the Margraves of Brandenburgh for Prussia. Probably the simplest and truest principle is to allow the soil or locality which purports to have produced the currency to govern its distribution. The subjection of coins to cleaning processes is a matter which requires caution and experience. The removal of superficial incrustation by soap and water, in the case of all but proof pieces, is unattended by much risk of damage. 64 The Coins of Europe more particularly where gold and silver are concerned ; but billon and copper coins have to be treated with great tenderness, and while ammonia and other chemical appliances may be employed by proficient persons to restore to their original state specimens in the more precious metals, their use in other cases is apt to produce unsatisfactory results, if not positive disaster. Where the dirt, accumulated by time on old gold or silver money, is loose, its disappearance is certainly advantageous and agreeable to the eye, and the injury to the tone of the surface or to the patina is temporary. But there is a very broad distinction between tone and discoloration by soil ; and where a coin of early date has acquired genuine patination, it should on no account be disturbed, unless it be, perhaps, by the softest possible brush, where particles of dust have filled up the characters of the legend or the details of the type. One word more in the way of cavea.t is requisite under this head. Old coins frequently present themselves in a more or less worn condition with bright fields or surfaces, which to an experienced eye offer a rather painful contrast to the remainder. These pieces have been tooled and burnished by modern hands, and are materially impaired in value by the process. Their purity has been irretrievably destroyed. XX The reader will observe that the work in his hands divides itself into four portions : the Introduction ; the Two Catalogues ; the Descriptive Text. In the first an endeavour has been made to survey the whole field, and to assist the student, before he proceeds farther, in forming as accurate a notion as possible of its extent, its character, and its claims. The Catalogues, which are taken to be infinitely more complete than anything of the same kind hitherto procurable in English and in one corpus^ embrace a ver}/ considerable amount of information, calculated to be serviceable and interesting, upon many matters of technical and even of Introdziction 65 commercial detail ; they have been drawn up in the alphabetical form, with cross-references, to economise time and trouble. As for the remaining section, it may be predicated of it that the body is in this case not much more than equal to each of its component parts ; for all that seemed to be left, when the rest had been done, was to present, according to geographical distribution, an outline of European numismatic production, and to knit the w^hole together, as it were, with a tolerably copious General Index. That the earliest attempt on these broad lines will be found imperfect, can hardly be doubted ; but its utility may nevertheless prove considerable, since it embodies in a convenient and accessible compass a very large assortment of particulars indispensable to the English and American collectors of the continental series. To the majority of these two classes of students the voluminous works of reference in foreign languages, which form in themselves a sort of library, are sealed literature, alike from their obscurity, bulk, and cost. Here the means are readily furnished of enabling the ordinary collector to satisfy himself what constitutes a fairly complete, or at any rate representative, series in the several departments, what the leading denom- inations, types, and varieties are, and what rarities, or pieces historically or otherwise curious, exist. Occasional anecdotes and illustrations have been inserted where it was thought that they might be of interest or service ; and the writer has now and then permitted himself to enter into particulars of price. But the question of price and value is one of great delicacy and difficulty ; for condition and circumstances rule everything, and the selling figure of one coin is no law for that of another. To the professed and advanced antiquary language is no bar ; and those who do not care to bestow the time requisite for mastering the almost innumerable monographs of the several European countries, and a formidable supplementary body of pamphlets illustrative of local and sectional details perpetually arising, have the opportunity of resorting to the admirable Manual of M. Blanchet, 1890. This work is, F 66 The Coins of EiLrope however, far too elaborate and technical to suit the ordinary collector either in or out of England ; and it seemed worth while, within the compass of a single volume, to endeavour to attract more general attention among English-speaking folk to the immense store of interest and information which has been hitherto unaccountably neglected both by ourselves and by the Americans, and which far surpasses the British series in archaeological importance from every point of view. THREE CATALOGUES: I. CATALOGUE OF EUROPEAN MINTS II. CATALOGUE OF EUROPEAN DENOMINATIONS III. SOME DATED LISTS OF EUROPEAN RULERS I. CATALOGUE OF EUROPEAN MINTS Aalborg^ Alborga^ Aalborgeii^ Alebv, etc., an ancient mint of the Kings of Denmark, and one of the Kings of Sweden in the 17th c. There is an Or of Gustavus Adolphus, 1627, struck there. Aargau^ Switzerland, a seat of cantonal coinage for the lower values in batzen. Aarhims^ in Jutland, a Danish mint in the I5th-i6th c. A coin of Steno Storre (1470-97) reads Moneta Arvs, A piece of four skihing, 1535, of Christian III., belonging here, has a half-length portrait of the King and Christianus D. G. Elect, Rex Da. Abbeville^ a mint of the Counts of Ponthieu, 12th- 13th c. In 1283 Philip le Hardi accorded permission to Edward I. of England, as Count of P., to strike money of the usual type and standard. Both Edward I. and II., and perhaps even Edward III., issued coins, some of which have a leopard as a difference, with Moiieta Pontivi and Abbatis Ville^ or Abbeville. In 1291 Philip le Bel acknowledged the right of the com- mune of A. to strike money ; and the reverses with Sit Nojnen., etc., are ascribed to this source. Abo (since 1743 P^^t of Russian Finland), an early Swedish mint. Aboensis. Acqiiabella^ Savoy, the mint of the Bishops of Maurienne in the loth- iith c, and possibly the place of coinage of the earliest Counts of Savoy, of whom no money is at present identifiable prior to that of Umberto II. (1091-1103). Aqvabella. It is worth suggesting that the A on many Savoyard coins may stand for this place, or for Avigliana, though in the field. The episcopal money was copied from the types of Vienne in Dauphiny. Acquis Piedmont, 17 miles S.S.W. from Alessandria, a place of coinage in the 12th- 13th c. There is a silver daiiaro with Fredric (? Frederic Barbarossa), and (in the field) LP. on obv., and on rev. Aqve. In the r4th c. episcopal money was coined here. There is a matapan of Otto Belingeri (1305-10) with Odonvs Aqvesis. Aerschot^ S. Brabant, 18 miles N.E. from Brussels. The place of coinage, doubtless, of the early Dues d'Aerschot, though possibly at a later period the money may have been struck at Brussels itself. V/e have only met with jetons and medals ; but the administrative machinery indicated on one of these pieces, with lect. De La Chambre Des Compt. Dv Dvc^ and the law of analogy, unite in supporting the idea of a local currency, if only of copper and billon. Similar jetons, as we know. 70 The Coins of Europe were issued in countless profusion by all the continental Powers, espe- cially in France, Germany, and the Netherlands. Ageii. See Aix-la-Chapelle. Age7i or Anch, a mint of Edward I. of England as Duke of Aquitaine, c. 1 186 ; of the Bishops of A., 9th- 13th c. ; and of the Counts of Fezenzac (nth c), whose capital Avas here. Deniers of the latter read on rev. Aiiscio Civ. Agimont, near Givet, Ardennes, a seigniorial mint of Jean de Looz, 1 280- 1 3 10, known from an esterlin Avith loh. Diis, De Agimot^ and (on rev.) Mo7ieta Agiinot. Ahlen, Prussian Westphalia, a place to which the Bishop of Munster accorded a license to coin copper money in 1597 : the pieces bear a winged eel, crowned. Aire-siir-la-Lys^ Pas de Calais, near St. Omer, formerly part of Flanders, one of the places which struck the communal 7nailles, and perhaps a mint of Baudouin IX., Count of Flanders, 1 194-1206. Ariensis with a lion passaiit^ or Aria. The place of origin of money of necessity during the sieges by the French and Spaniards in 1641 under the Mare- chal de Meilleray, and by the Allies in 1710. Of the former there is a silver livre. Aix-e7i-Provence^ Bouches du Rhone, a Carlovingian mint {Aguis urbs)^ one of the Counts of Provence mentioned in a charter of 1146, and an occasional place of coinage of the Bourbon Kings of France. A piece of 12 sols, 1776, has the mark & for this place. Aix-la-Chapelle^ Aachefi or Age7i (Aquis Gra7ii^ Aque7isis^ Aqvs), a mint of the Carlovingian dynasty, subsequently of the Hohenstaufen line. Here in 1422 w^as struck a gros, one of the earliest existing pieces with a date. At a later period it was the place of coinage of a long- series of civic or urban money in silver and copper. There is also siege- money, struck here in 1597 and 1670. Aix-les-Bai7is^ Savoy, a Savoyard mint, 14th- 15th c. Aixe., near Limoges, the seat of a special coinage of Gui V., Viscount of Limoges (i 199-1230), who struck barbarins in his chateau there. Alba^ in the Abruzzi, a seat of a small coinage in the i6th c. Alba Jtclia, a Transylvanian mint under the independent waiwodes. A. I. Alba Regia^ or Agria, an early Hanoverian mint. Albi or Alby, Dept. of Tarn, 42 m. N.E. of Toulouse, a mint, of which the profits appear to have been shared from an early period between the Bishop and the Count of T. In 1037 the latter is found bestowing his quota on his bride as a dowry. In 1278 the mint-master had liberty from the Crown to strike petits tournois and oboles tournois in considera- tion of paying 30 livres tournois to the King and the same to the See for each striking. Albieci. The money bearing Albie7tsis and A^. Bo7iafos was struck in and after 1248 at the Chateau Neuf de Bonafos, the residence of Sicard d'Alaman, Minister of the then Count. The Count, the Bishop, and Sicard divided the profits. Alessa7td7'ia^ Piedmont, the seat of a republican coinage, 12th- 14th c. There is a copper sesi7io with the head of St. Peter, and on rev. Alexa7idria. In 1746 a piece of 10 soldi in bronze or copper was struck during the blockade by the Marechal de Maillebois. Alki7taar, N. Holland, the place of origin of tin and lead money, struck during the siege by the Spaniards in 1573. Ahiieloo^ Overijssel, a mint of the seigneur, Evert van Hekeren, 15th c. Catalogue of European Mints 71 Alost^ a mint of the Count of Flanders, 13th- 14th c. Under Mar- garet of Constantinople, Countess of Flanders, 1244-80, and John I. of Namur, Count, 1302, the groat and the tornese were struck here. Alpen^ Cleves, a seigniorial mint of the 14th c, with a crest on obv. entwined with G.E.R.D. [Count Gerard], and on rev. Alp. Alte7tberg^ Saxony, an urban mint in the 13th c, and one of the Dukes of Saxe-Altenberg, extinct in 1762. It subsequently struck money for the Dukes of Saxe-Coburg, to whom this portion of the dominion passed. AlteJikirche?!^ Rhenish Prussia, a mint of the Count of Sayn, 17th c. Only small denominations. Alto7ia^ a mint of the Counts of Holstein, 1620. Amalfi^ the seat of a temporary coinage in the loth and iith c, both of gold and copper. The former, which belongs to the latter half of the nth c, consisted of toV, somewhat akin to those of Sicily, but apparently copied from a distinct Mohammedan prototype. There are copper follari of Mastalo I., Duke and Consul^ 914-46, and of Mansone III. (1042), who bore the same titles. Some of the coinage is anonymous, and reads merely Consvl Et Dvx^ but on a piece of Richard II. (112 1 -35) we find Etc. Con. Et Dvx IL Amatrice., Naples, in the Abruzzi, a mint of Ferdinand I. of Arragon, King of Naples, 1458-94. Amiens.^ an episcopal, seigniorial, and urban or municipal mint from the 9th c, when we meet with Carlovingian types. Those with part or a corruption of the word are ascribed to the bishops and the town, which perhaps continued the clerical motto in a degraded form on its oboles and deniers. The former are mentioned by the Bishop of Laon in iiii. In the 13th c. this place adopted the Flemish maille with Civium and (in a triangle) Anib. on obv. and on rev. Moneta. The pieces reading Isiamunai or Isianumai or Isiamuntai (.^ the name of the moneyer) are also referred hither. After the Treaty of Arras, 1435, Amiens became a mint of the Dukes of Burgundy, who struck there money of the regal type, differenced by the Burgundian briquet. This was one of the places, with Ghent, Ypres, Arras, Noyon, and Roye, where the moneyer Simon worked for Philippe d' Alsace. Avioeneberg^ Hesse, a mint of the Archbishop of Mayence. Ainefiebo, On some of the coins of this place occur two wheels as a symbol or as armorial bearings. Comp. Mayence. Ampurias^ Catalufia, the probable place of coinage of the ancient Counts of A., of whom there was a long line from the 9th to the 14th c. The mint may have been in the Castellon. Hugo Conies and Impuriarum^ Comes E7?ipvr.^ etc. Low values only. Amsterda^n^ doubtless the place of mintage of the siege-money of 1578 and 1672-73, as well as of the colonial series of 1 601, both fully noticed elsewhere. See Ducato7i^ Real, and Stuiver in Cat. of Denom. Here also were probably struck the well-executed and interesting pieces bearing the name of Louis Napoleon, King of Holland, 1 806-1 1, who made this his capital. His palace still survives. There is a local tradition that a certain number of proof impressions of the florin of 1807 were dis- tributed in advance among the ladies of the Court. A7ico7ia, in the Papal States, a seat of republican coinage from the 13th to the 1 6th, and of papal from the i6th to the i8th c. Under the republic there was a tolerably plentiful coinage, shewing a state of pro- sperity. The zecchino and double zecchino in gold ; the grosso, grossetto, 72 The Coins of Ettrope and mezzo-grossetto in silver ; and the sesino in bronze, were struck here. A double zecchino at the Rossi sale in 1880, No. 6, produced 360 lire = ^i4:8s. The popes, from Nicholas V. (1447-55) to Pius VI. (1775-99), struck the usual pontifical types in all metals. In 1848, pieces of one and two baiocchi were minted in the revolutionary interest. Andernach, Rhenish Prussia, a mint of the Emperors to Henry III. ; of the Dukes of Lorraine ; and of the Archbishops of Cologne. Frederic I. confirmed the right of the last-named in 1 167. Two deniers of Thierri, Duke of Lorraine, 984-1024, read Aiideritaka. See Cat. Robert, 1886, Nos. 1058-59. Certain municipal or civic money was struck here in 1725. Anduse, See Som^n feres. Aiigers^ a Carlovingian mint and one of Eudes, Count or King of Paris, 887-98 ; also a place of coinage of the Counts of Anjou, loth-iith c. {A^idegavis Civitas)^ and of the Anglo- Gallic rulers under the Planta- genets. There is a double louis of Louis XIV., 1702, struck here. In 1 7 16, Louis XV. purchased the tithes claimed by the chapter of St. Laud d'Angers on the profits of the coinage, granted to it by the Counts, for 6000 livres. The money produced here was commonly known as a7tgevin or monnaie angeviiie, A7iglo- Gallic Mi7its : Auch or Agen, Auxerre, Bayonne, Bergerac, Bordeaux, Calais, Chateauroux, Dax, Deols, Dijon, Figeac or Fontenay- le-Comte, Guiche or Guessin (chateau near Bayonne), La Rochelle, Lectoure, Limoges, Melle, Montreuil-Bonnin, Paris, Poictiers, Rouen, Saint Quentin, Salle-le-Roy (near Montreuil-Bonnin), Tarbes. A?tgoule7?te, the seat of a royal and seigniorial mint from the loth to the end of the 14th c. Egolisiiiie or Engolisme. This domain was, with that of La Marche, united to the Crown in 1322. Angra, in the island of Terceira, one of the Azores, a place of inde- pendent Spanish coinage in 1582 after the annexation of Portugal itself to Spain. Coins in all metals of Spanish fabric and denominations were struck here with A and a falcon for the Azores. A 7ihalt- Dessau^ Saxony, a principality in the nth c. under a son of the Duke of Saxony. A mint of the Dukes and of the Emperors. The right of coining gold was conferred in 1 503. A bracteate of Albert the Bear reads Marchio A7iehalde7isi. The earliest thalers are referred to 1539. We have a very early copper pfennig with Mo77, Pri7ic. A7ih. Di. and a lion rampant on obv., and on rev. in four lines I71 D 0771171. Fiditcia Host. A7ihalt-Ber7iburg, See Ber7iburg, A7iholt^ Westphalia, a seigniorial fief, which obtained in 1571 from Maximilian II. a recognition of its right to strike money. In 161 8 it was a mint in the employment of the Grafen von Bronkhorst, and from 1637 to 1663 in that of the Prince of Salm. There are duits in copper read- ing Civitas A7ih. or Cvsa A7ih. A7iiche^ Dept. of Nord, France, the place of origin ot a bronze piece of 30 sols, struck for the miners, 1820. A7t7iaberg^ Saxony, a mint of the Dukes of Saxony, i6th c. A7mecy, in the Genevois, a mint of the feudal counts, opened 15th Aug. 1356, closed in consequence of opposition from the See of Geneva and from Savoy in 1362, reopened in 1374, and finally abandoned in 1391. A7Z7ie7iskoie, a Russian mint under Catherine II. A7ispach^ Bavaria, probably (with Culmbach) the place of coinage of the early feudal lords of Brandenburgh-Anspach. Catalogue of European Mints 73 Antignate, a mint of the Bentivoglio family, in the Bergamasque territory, Lombardy. Giovanni BentivogHo I. and II. (1401-2, 1449- 1509) both struck money here in gold and silver : the scudo and doppio scudo (of which latter there are two types) and the zccchino in gold, and the bianco^ testone^ and half-testo7ic in silver. Only the coins of the second Bentivoglio bear the name ; those of the first have Bonoiiia docet and Petrofii de Boiion,^ with the papal type of St. Petronius holding the Church in his right hand. On the gold money of Giovanni 1 1., Bentivoglio, we find a charming portrait with the close-fitting berretta. The reverse of a zecchino of Giovanni II., Bentivoglio, reads Maxiiniliaiti Mvnvs^ which probably refers to the right of coinage accorded by the Emperor. A7itwerp, a busy seat of coinage from the Middle Ages down to the present century for local money of low values and for that of the successive rulers of the Southern Netherlands. John III., Duke of Brabant, 1312-55, used this mint. A type of the gros tournois was struck here in the 13th c. In 1584, during the blockade byAlessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma, Spanish Governor of the Low Countries, the ecu robustus and its divisions were coined for the use of the besieged ; and in 1814 independent pieces of 10 and 5 centimes appeared, bearing the respective initials or mono- grams of Napoleon I. and Louis XVI II. M.M. a hand. Aosta^ a mint of the Counts and Dukes of Savoy, 1393-1590. Avgvste Pretorie. Aquila^ in the Abruzzi, Italy, a place of royal coinage in the 14th and 15th c. The sovereigns of Naples from Louis I. of Anjou (1382-84) to Ferdinand I. of Arragon (1458-94) employed this mint. They struck the bolognino and its half in silver, and the cavallo in copper. There is also a copper cavallo of Innocent VIII. (1484-92) belonging here, as well as a coin of Charles VIII. of France, and a sestino in the same metal of Louis XII. of France. Aq.^ Aqla, or De Aqvila. Aqiiileia^ on the Adriatic, a seat of the coinage of the patriarchs from the 1 2th to the 15th c. The denaro, mezzo-denaro, and picciolo, all in silver, were struck here. The fabric of the earlier pieces resembles that of the mediaeval Mantuan denari, both being alike loans from the Lombard bracteate or semi-bracteate types. The first known issue with a name is the denaro ofVolckervon Leubrechts-Kirchen (1204-12 18) with VolkerP. and the seated figure of the patriarch, and on the rev. Civitas Aqvilegia. The arms on the rev. of an Aquileian denaro of Antonio II. Panciera (1402-18) are partly borrowed on the Venetian money for Dalmatia, struck about 1414. The adoption of this cognisance was surely influenced by the consideration of the excellent quality of the patriarchal money and of the prestige which his ecclesiastical rank carried with it. Arches^ Dept. of Vosges, 36 miles from Nancy, a mint of the Dukes of Nevers in the 17th c. The coins are chiefly liards and doubles toiirnois in copper (1601-62). The liards of Charles II. appear to be the earliest (1601-37). Arenberg. See Arnsberg. Arezzo^ a mint of Hugo, Marquis of Tuscany, loth c. (Carlovingian types), and during the republican epoch in the 13th- 14th c. The types were : the grosso and half-grosso in silver, the denaretto in billon, and the quattrino in copper. A bishop (Guido Tarlato di Pietramala) struck money here in 1313. The mint was suspended during the Florentine rule. Some of the early money bears the name and bust of the patron saint, San Donato. Aries, a mint of Carloman, son of Louis le Debonnaire, and of Charles 74 The Coins of Europe le Gros, and an ecclesiastical seat of coinage from the beginning of the loth c. to that of the 13th, when the coinage was transferred to Beaucaire. About 1480 the Primate had also an establishment at Montdragon. In 1 177 a seigneur named Bernard d'Auriac enjoyed an interest in the coinage, whence an inference may be drawn that Aries was also a seigniorial mint. The earliest pieces are deniers of Rostan I. (870-913) with Con- stantina on rev. Others, including those struck by the Primate in con- cert with the King of Arragon about 1266, have the name of the city : Are la Civi.^ Arela^ Arelato^ or Arelaten. Some early pieces of small module with AR. have been assigned to this place and mint which, with Lyon and Trvees, has been supposed to have been employed by the Gauls. The later Primates assumed the title of Princeps, and struck gold. Arleux^ Cambrai, a mint of Jean de Flandre and his widow, Beatrix de Saint - Pol, 1313-25. Moneta Arleus^ Arleiis Casri Moneta^ or Mo7ieta Allodie7isis. Also of Jean de Chatillon, Comte de Saint- Pol, 1317-44, of whom there is a piece in fine silver with Moneta DElincovrt Fet. En Frans. Arlevs. Arnhein^ a mint of the Counts and Dukes of Gueldres and of the Emperors of Germany from the 12th c. The ancient type of bears on one side a donjon flanked by two towers. Anisberg^ Are7iberg^ or Arensberg^ Livonia or Pruss. Westphalia, a mint of Schleswig-Holstein and of the Sees of Cologne and Oesel, 14th- i6th c. Are7isboch. Also a seigniorial place of coinage, and one of the Dukes of Arenberg down to the close of the i8th c. There is a thaler of Lud. Engelbert, Duke of A. and S.R.LP., 1785, with his portrait and shield of arms. Arqiiata^ N. Italy, the probable place of coinage of a luigino of (icrardo Spinola, Marquis of Arquata (1682-94), under imperial sanction. The reverse has the two-headed eagle, crowned. Arragonese Mints during the French occupation, 1640-52 : Agramon, Arbeca, Balaguer, Banolas, Bellpuig, Berga, Besalu, Bisbal, Caldas, Casdona, Cervera, Figueras, Gerona, Granollers, Igualada, Lerida, Manresa, Mataro, Oliana, Olot, Puigcerda, Reus, Rosas, Solsona, Taga- manent, Tarragona, Tarrasa, Tarrega, Tortosa, Vails, Vich, and Villa- franca del Panades. Arras^ a mint of Charles the Simple and of Philip Augustus, of the Comtes d'Artois, of the Kings of f>ance in the 15th c, and of those of Spain from Philip II. to Philip IV. as Comtes d'A., and of Louis XIII. andXI\\ A moneyer named P]ertrand de Creuze was working here in 12 12, and the well-known one of Philippe d'Alsace, Count of Flanders, struck money at A. among many other places for his employer. Aras O. Arta^ Majorca, a seigniorial mint of Giovanni II. Orsini, of whom there is a billon tornese with Johs Despotvs^ and on rev. De Arta Castrv. Arx Fogarach^ a Transylvanian mint under the independent waiwodes or princes. A.F. Ascolt, a mint of the mediaeval republic (13th- 14th c), of Lladislas, King of Naples (1406-10), of the Carrara family (1410-20), and of the Popes from Martin V. (1426-31) to Alexander VI. (1492- 1503). f^ran- cesco Sforza, afterward Duke of Milan by his marriage with Bianca Visconti, struck a denaro here. Nothing higher than the grosso seems to have been struck. There is a baiocco struck under the Roman republic of 1798-99 with F. Sfo7'ti. on obv. De Ascvlo, Ascholo, or Escvlo. Asperden, Asper77zont^ or Aspern, Rhen. Prussia, the place of origin of Catalogue of Etn^opean Mints 75 a grosch of Walram von Falkenberg, G.M. of Teutonic Order, with Alone fa Walrajtiis Aspeix7tsis. Asti^ in the Milanese territory, successively a republic under imperial authority (i 2th- 14th c), and a dependency of the Dukes of Orleans (1408-98), of Louis XII. of France, of Charles V. of Germany, and of the Dukes of Savoy. Of these rulers, if not of the Dukes of Milan of the Visconti family, Asti was doubtless one of the mints, as most of the coins indicate local fabrication. Aste?isis. Astorga^ Prov. of Leon, Spain, a Visigothic mint. Astorica. AM {Atri Picena), Naples, a mint of the feudal dukes (15th c). Atte7idorn^ Pruss. WestphaHa, an early mint of the Archb. of Cologne, with pieces reading Atteiidrvm. Audenarde^ or Oiide7iarde^ Belgium, the place of origin of 3. patard of Charles V. struck for Brabant, and of the money issued during the Spanish siege in 1582 : 5 and lo-stuiver pieces generally countermarked. Attgsbu7'gh {^Augusta Vindelicorum)^ Bavaria, the mint of the Dukes and Kings of Bavaria, of the Bishops of Augsburgh, and of the Emperors, and the probable place of coinage bearing the name and titles of the great Swabian house of Fugger. There are thalers of Ferdinand III., 1642, with a view of the city, and of Francis I., 1745, belonging to this place. The very remarkable volume of portraits of the Fugger family is well known. Comp. Weissenhorn. Atnielas {O me Has), Herault, an early seigniorial fief of the Vicomtes de Beziers, of the Seigneurs de Montpellier, and of the House of Orange, apparently dependent by way of homage on the Counts of Melgueil. Very little money seems to be known. Low values only. Ofnelladis. Aurich^ Hanover, the place of origin for money struck by Prussia for East Friesland. There is before us a marien-groschen coined here by Frederic II., 1753, for that province. Aiii'oie^ Belgium, a mint of the early Bishops of Liege. There is a groot of Adolf van Marck, Bishop, 131 3- 1344. AicstriaJi Mints (minor) : St. Andreas (5. Andrati)^ Auersperg, Beraun, Bilitz, Brixen, Buchheim, Budweis, Cilly, Eger, Ems, Eule, Formbach, Freystadt, Friedland, Friesach, Gitschin, Gratz, Grieven, Gurk, Hall, Iglau ; (Istria) Jaegendorf, Joachimsthal, Khevenhiiller, Kinsky ; (Carniola or Krain) Krumauv, Kiittenburg, Laudestrost, Leipa, Lieding, Lienz, Linz, Lobkowitz ; (MORAViA or Maehren) Melnik, Neuenkirchen, Neustadt, Ortenburg, Paar, Plan, Sinzendorf, Sprintzenstein ; (SrvRiA or Steiermark) Trautson, Troppau, Tuln, St. Veit, Villach, Voelkermarkt, Withering, Windischgratz, Znaim. Autu7i^ Saone-et-Loire, the seat of an obscure episcopal 9th- 13th c. mint, supposed to have been authorised by Carloman between 879 and 884, and confirmed by Charles the Simple on his visit to A. in 900. But the right w^as, it appears, constantly traversed by the Comtes d'Autun and others. Edua, Hediia^ or Edue?ts, Civitas. The only pieces with the name of Carloman appear to be later imitations. Auxerre^ Dept. of Yonne, a mint of the Dukes of Burgundy, of the Counts of Nevers, and of the Counts of A. The money of Auxerre is cited in many ancient documents. The office of mint-master was here, as elsewhere, hereditary in 1204. The Count of Nevers was striking money at Auxerre in 1231. Some pieces have Se?zo?tes Civitas, and on rev. Avtesiodr Ci., suggesting a monetary convention with the Archb. of Sens. The mint is said to have been closed in 1267. Aiixonne, a mint in the diocese of Besangon, employed by the Counts 76 The Coins of Etu'ope and Dukes of Burgundy, 14th c. A good deal of friction and trouble arose by reason of the pretensions of the Archbishop to the sole control of this and other places of coinage. Auxona, comes Auxone^ Auxoiia castorro^ etc. Avallon^ Yonne, a mint of the Counts of Auxerre andTonnerre, where the Carlovingian and Auxerrois types were introduced in succession. Probably the coinage did not survive the 13th c, but a real, ascribed to the latter half of the 15th, reads S.G. Hovdavt Monnoier D'Avaloii. Ai'enches, canton of Vaud, a Swiss mint under the Merovingian princes. Ave?iticui}i. Avigliana^ a mint of the Counts of Savoy, 1297- 1405. Avig7io7i {Abinio), a place of Merovingian coinage and an autonomous civic mint, where the picciolo in billon was struck with Avio7iejisis partly on one side and partly on the other. Subsequently a place of coinage of the Popes from Clement VI. (1342-52) to Innocent XII. (1691-1700). Clement VIII. (i 592-1605) struck a double and a quadruple scudo d'oro here ; Innocent X. (1644-55) ^^so had a quadruple scudo ; Gregory XV. (1621-23) struck ?i piastra ; and in Cat. Rossi, p. 25, several examples of a billon piece occur, with the name mistura — a makeshift term for mixed metal. One of the scarcest pieces coined here is a gold scudo of Innocent VIII. (1484-92). Rossi, 1880, No. 5716, 560 lire. See it figured in the 8th plate accompanying Catalogue. Avioth, Dept. of Meuse, a mint of the Comte de Chiny, 14th c. Plaques and ^ pi. are known. Moneta AvioteJisis. Baar^ a free barony formerly belonging to the great feudal family of Brederode. There is a silver daalder or thaler, with Moneta JMova Ari^eiitea I. Ba. of Dietrich van Bronkhorst and Batenborg, Heer van Anholt. Babenhausen^ a mint of Lichtenberg, 1587- 1632. Bacharach^ Prussia, a place of coinage in the 14th c. for the Counts of Moers, who struck here the gulden and the grosch. It was the ancient seat of the Counts Palatine of the Rhine, and their mint. A gold ducat of Ludwig IV. (1436-99) was struck here in more than one variety in 1437. Badajoz^ a mint of the Moorish Kings. Bade7i^ the sole mint of the margraviat and duchy down to 1572 ; but the output was not large. At the end of the 15th c. there was a monetary convention with Wiirtemburg for the supply of florins, etc. The earliest copper pieces date only from 1766. Bade7i Mi7its (minor) : Bischofsheim, Bischofsheim-am-Tauber, Bodmaun, Bruchsal, Carlsruhe, Durlach, Eberstein, Emmendingen, Gengenbach, HeidellDerg, HochlDerg, Klettgau, Koenigshofen, Langen- steinbach (near Durlach), Lauda, Offenburg, Pforzheim, Radolfszell, Reichenau, Schwazach, Thiengen or Tiingen, Tottnau or Taettnau, Usenberg, Villingen, Waldshut, Weinheim, Wiesloch. Bado7ivillers^ Lorraine, a private mint of Francis II., Duke of Lorraine (1625-32), who, on his abdication in the former year, reserved the right of coinage on his own domain. See Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 1 542. Ba. Bag7ioh. See Beaiicaire. Ba77ibe7'g^ with Villach and Grieven in Carinthia, the place of coinage of the Bishops (iith-i8th c). The earliest pieces are deniers of Bishop Rupercht (1075-84). The gold coinage commenced in 1354. Franz. Ludwig, from 1794 to 1798, during the French occupation, struck silver Catalogue of European Mints 77 money coined from the church plate, as at Eichstadt, etc. Banibe?'g or Babenberg. Ba7massac^ Gevaudan, a mint of the Kings of Austrasia, 6th c, and of those of Aquitaine, 7th c. A triens of Charibert, brother of Dagobert I., reads Bannaciaco Fiit. on rev. One of Childebert II., King of Austrasia, 575, has Gabalorv7n. A two-handled chalice usually appears on the products of this mint. Btviya-Nagy^ Hungary, a mint of the Princes of Transylvania, i6th- 17th c. Bar, a mint of the Counts and Dukes of Bar, 14th- 15th c. The coinage of this and other mints seems to be only indicated by the titles and names and by two bars juxtaposed. Barcelona, Arragon, a Visigothic mint {Barcinona), and the seat of coinage of the independent Counts prior to the union with the Kingdom under Alfonso II. (1163-96) Barkiiiot. The original currency appears to have been imitations of the Carlovingian denier and the gold money introduced by the Arabs. There is a marabotin of Raymond Berenger I. (1018-35) with Arabic legends and Raiviviidvs Comes. It was subse- quently a mint of the Kings of Arragon, as Counts of B. iith-i5th c, and an occasional one of the Kings of Spain. We should draw attention to a very rare gold piece ascribed in the Rossi Cat., No. 5839, to Ramiro II. of Arragon, 11 34; it reads Arago. Rex Ra. Siege-money was struck here during the French occupation, 1640-52, and during the Penin- sular War, 1 809- 1 3. B. or Ba. Bardi, in the Parmesan territory, a seigniorial mint of the Landi family, 1 6th- 17th c. The scudo and grosso in silver, and the quattrino in copper, appear to have been struck here. Bari, Apulia, a mint of the Norman Dukes of Apulia, iith-i2th c. Bar-le-Diic, France, Dept. of Meuse, a mint of the Counts and Dukes of Bar. Barletta, Terra di Bari, Naples, a place of coinage of Charles I. of Anjou, 1266-78. Basle, a Merovingian and Carlovingian mint, one of the bishops^ 1087- 1373^ 1556-1789, and of the canton down to the establishment of an uniform coinage for Switzerland. Basel. Basilea, B-A. Bastogne, Luxemburgh, a mint of Henry IV., Count of Luxemburgh (1280-88). Deniers and gros only. Bastonia. Batenborg, Gelderland, a seat of coinage of the powerful and illustrious house of Brederode, Seigneurs or Heeren of Bronkhorst, etc., i6th c. Some of the coins bear, as usual, the imperial titles conjointly and Batenborge?2, BateJiborg, or Batenbo. A half gulden has Aloneta N^ova Argentea Batenborgen, and a goudgulden of 1578 reads Mo. No. Avrea. Djti. HerjH. The. [Hermann Theodor van Bronkhorst]. A daalder of the same personage, 1577, adds to the ordinary title that of Seigneur of Stein. Comp. Gronsfeld. Baitgency, near Blois, the supposed source of an obole of Thibaut le Tricheur, Count of B. Chartres and Tours, about 938, with Tetiabdvs Cm. I., and on rev. Balcvnti Civia. Bavarian Mints (minor) : Alsenz, Allenbach, Amberg, Amweiler, Aschafifenburg, Auerbach, Bergzabern, Bilhgheim, Brettach, Castell, Cham, Ekersmiihlen, Erlangen, Forchheim, Freisingen, Fiirth, Gerold- shofen, Geyersworth, Griinstadt, Giinsburg, Gundelbingen, Haag, Hachen- bach, Hals, Hamelburg, Hassfurt, Heidingsfeld, Herrenwoerth, Hersbruck, Hirschberg, Hochstaedt, Hoff, Hohenlandsberg, Ingoldstadt, Kadolzburg, 78 The Coins of Eitrop^ Kalmiintz, Karlstadt, Kaufbeuren, Kemnath, Kitzingen, Landshut, Lan- genzenn, Lauenstein, Lauff, Lauingen, Lohr, Ludwigstadt, Memmingen, Mittenberg, Mosbach, Nabburg, Neuburg, Neumarkt, Neustadt-am- Aisch, Neustadt-am-Hardt, Neustadt-am - Saale, Nordlingen, Ober- schwarzach, Pappenheim, Pfreimbt (m^?)? Reichenhall, Reichertshofen, Roth, Rothenburg-am-Tauber, Rothenfels, Schauenstein, Schillingsfiirst, Schongau, Schweinfurt, Sternstein, Stockau, Straubing, Saint -Theres, Voeringen, Voltach, Wachenheim, Weissenstadt, Wemdingen, Woerstadt, Wunsiedel. Bayeux, a supposed mint of the autonomous Dukes of Normandy. Bayotme^ a place where, in 1377, an ordinance of Edward III. accorded to John of Gaunt the right of striking money in all metals, provided that it was distinguished from that of England and Aquitaine. No specimens appear to be known. A piece of 12 sols of Louis XV. of France, 1772, was struck here. Beaiicaire^ the mint of the Archbp. of Aries from the beginning of the 13th to the end of the 15th c, and an unauthorised place of coinage during the war and disorder of the League, 1586. The Seigneur de Damville, Constable of Montmorency, also struck money (pieces of 6- blanques = 24 deniers), to pay the troops of the insurgents, at Villeneuve and Bagnols. Beaulieii^ near Loches, Vicomte of Turenne, a mint of the ancient viscounts and the seat of an abbey. In 1190 Raimond II., V. de T., when he left France for the Holy Land granted the abbot the right of striking money at B. with a tithe of the profits. A supposed place of coinage of the Counts of Anjou, loth-iith c. Beaiunont^ Hainault, a seigniorial mint of Baudouin d'Avesnes, 13th c, where were struck gros au cavalier or rijder-grooten with B. UAvenis Dns. Belliinontis. See Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 259, where an inedited variety is figured. It may be mentioned that at B.-le-Roger in Normandy there was probably no coinage. Beaiivais^ Dept. of Oise, a Carlovingian and Capetian mint under the bishops, who from the beginning of the nth c. enjoyed the temporalities. Roger de Blois, 1001-22, also struck money at Nogent-sur-Eure, which was part of his domain. A denier and obole of Herve, Bishop of Pon- thieu, with the name of Hugh Capet associated, and Belvaciis Civitas^ belong here. The mint did not survive beyond 1 312-15. Bechevilain^ Lyons, a chateau of the archbp., 1373, where it appears that he had a mint, and counterfeited the regal types during four years. Beckiijn, Pruss. Westphalia, a place of coinage, 14th c, with two wild sows coura7it. Belgiojoso, Lombardy, probably the place of origin of a scudo of silver and a gold zecchino of the Prince of B., Antonio da Barbiano, unless indeed these pieces were struck at Vienna. The die of the scudo has the appearance of an Italian origin. Belgrade^ capital of the kingdom of Serbia or Servia, and the seat of the national coinage since 1867. Bellac^ La Marche, a mint of Hugues, Comte de la Marche, established in 121 1. Comp. Grandinojit. Bellmzoiia ox Bellenz^ Switzerland, canton of Ticino, the reputed place of coinage of certain silver pieces of an episcopal type (1503-40), and a common mint for the cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden. Belmont^ Switzerland, canton of Vaud, the former capital of a princi- pality, and presumably its mint. There is a gold sequin of Antonio Catalogue of Eui^opean Mints 79 Pignatelli (1733), with Antonivs Pigjiatelli and a bust on obv., and on rev. S. R. I. Priiic. Behnoiitis. 1733, ^^^^ ^ shield. Beneveiitiim^ the place of coinage of the solidi and trientes of gold and of the silver pieces struck by the Lombard dukes from the 6th to the 9th c. Some of the earlier of these bear, as elsewhere, the portraits of Roman emperors and Victoria Avg.^ etc., while others (of the Lombard series) couple the imperial monogram with the ducal titles. In 848 the duchy was divided into two portions, Beneventum and Salerno. Beiie- beiitv. Bentheim^ Hanover, the mint of the ancient Counts of Bentheim- Bentheim, whose territory adjoined the Dutch province of Overijssel. Schulman, xiv. 432, notices a thaler of Ernst Wilhelm, Count of Ben- theim, Tecklenbourg, Steinfurt, and Limbourg. Berg or s' Heere7iberg^ Lat. Mons^ Westphalia, a barony, then a county, and eventually a duchy. It was united to Juliers and Cleves, and successively merged, with those and the other lordships appertaining, in the dukedom of Saxony and that of Prussia under the electoral house of Brandenburgh. This signiory and a great deal of surrounding territory were erected in 1806 by Napoleon I. into a grand-duchy in favour of Murat, and again constituted part of the kingdom of Westphalia under Jerome Napoleon. There are coins of both, and quite a plentiful series of the latter. The early seigneurs of B. struck money here as elsewhere : comp. Dieren^ Hedel, and Miihlheiin. A thaler of William IV. (1546-86) exhilDits the shields of s' Heerenberg, Hedel, and Polanen. On one from the Dieren mint, 1578, the mark is a pomegranate. The Dukes of Saxony long retained on their coinage the titles of Dukes of Juliers, Cleves, and Berg. See further in Blanchet, ii. 103, iiote^ and Cat. of Denom. Mining Pieces. Bergamo^ N. Italy, a seat of republican coinage in the Middle Ages under imperial control or sanction. On its union with the Venetian Republic in the 1 5th c. it adopted the types and currency of its masters. Bergen-op-Zooin struck, after the Spaniards had raised the siege in 1588, a gold piece with Bergeii. Bergerac^ Dordogne, a mint of Henry, Earl of Derby and Lincoln, pursuant to a grant of Edward III., June i, 1347, and of Edward himself Henry struck gros and \ gros, blancs, and esterlins, with Hen. Conies. Lane, on obv., and on rev. D71S. Bracaivaci or Bragairac. He was created Duke of Lancaster in 135 1, and some of his coins have H. Dux Lancast. Civitas Bragie. Bergheini^ Alsace, the source of a bracteate of the 14th c. with B-E., and a mint of the duchy of Juliers under Raynald IV. Bergues- Saint- Wiiioc^ Dept. of Nord, France, formerly in Flanders, an abbatial mint, nth c, and also the source of communal inailles with Bergens. Berlin, a mint in the 12th c, and in or about 1280 one of the Mar- graves of Brandenburgh, Dukes of Prussia. The urban coinage, which commenced in 1369, represents the standing figure of the Margraf, and on rev. the arms of Berlin — a bear passant to r. There seems to have been a late coinage of bracteates here, and from 1621 to 1666 Berlin struck pfennigen and hellers in billon ; it does not appear to have become an important mint till the i8th c. There is a grosch of Joachim and Albrecht, Margraves of Brandenburgh, 1575, belonging here. Bemburg or Anhalt-Bernbiirg, probably the principal mint of the principality, and, since 1806, duchy. The coins are in all metals, and 8o The Coins of Europe usually display a h^ViX passaiit on the wall of a fortress. The gold money is rare. There are the ruins at Wilhelmhof of an ancient castle which may have been a mint ; it dates from 906. The ducal residence is at Ballenstadt. The Coethen branch had a mint at C. in the 13th c. There is a piece in silver of 80-kreutzer struck for A.-B. in 1592 during a siege. Bcr7icastel^ a mint of Richard of Volrathi, Archbishop of Treves (1511-31). A raderalbiis of 15 16 reads : Mojieta Nova Berncastele. Berne^ the mint of the city itself from 12 18 by virtue of a concession from Frederic II., of the canton, and probably of some of the minor members of the Confederation. The gold pieces of 32, 16, 8, and 4 francs, 1800, for general circulation, came from this mint. An ecu of Louis XVI., 1792, is countermarked with 40 batzen for Berne ; the same course was taken for other cantons. Beromilnster^ formerly in the grand-duchy of Baden, now in the Swiss canton of Aargau, an ancient abbey, which appears to have struck money within its precincts. See Michaelsgidden in Cat. of Denom. Bcsalu^ Navarre, a place of coinage, of which no monuments are known, but of w^hich in 1072 Bernard, Comte de Besalu, gave a tithe of the profits to the church of Sainte-Marie. Gold, as well as silver, is mentioned. Besaiiqo7i {^Biswitiiim Civi.^ Vesojttiu7n, or Crisopolis)^ chiefly an archiepiscopal and municipal mint, but also a place of coinage for the house of Burgundy in the persons of Philip le Bel and of Jean de Chalon, Seigneur d'Arlay, Governor of the county of Burgundy, Mayor and Viscount of B. (1291-1315). The civic currency seems to have commenced in 1534 under Charles V., whose name, titles, and portrait occur on pieces about 1535 and as late as 1665. A denier of Jean de Chalon has Johs. De Cabidoji [Rev.] Dns. De Arlato. The archiepiscopal money dates from the 9th c. to the i6th, and the original mint was situated at the Nigra Porta. The right was limited to the city, but the See claimed the monopoly for the diocese ; and we find the Archduchess Margaret in 1 507 paying an indemnity for a breach of this title. The power to strike money in all metals was conferred in 1357. The types of B. were copied at Messerano in Italy. Besiie^ Loire Inferieure, a very ancient site, and perhaps the Besjiiaco^ which occurs on a Merovingian triens, recently found near Roche-sur- Yon. Bethime.^ France, Pas de Calais, formerly part of Flanders, the seat of a limited coinage by the seigneurs, originally advocates or lay adminis- trators of the abbey of Saint Waast, near Arras, of the small billon pieces called mailles^ with the distinctive marks of Betv.^ Betune^ or Betiinia. Mathilde, heiress of Bethune, married Gui, Count of Flanders, in 1249. Besiers^ Dept. of Herault, the Roman Biterrce Septinianorum. A Visigothic mint, and a very ancient place of coinage of the Vicomtes de B., subsequently by marriage of the V. de Carcassonne, as well as an episcopal mint. This was also one of the places of coinage of the Constable of Montmorency, Henri, Seigneur de Damville, in 1586. He struck here pieces of 6 blanques, but employed it only during a few months, shutting it on the agreement of the mint at Montpellier to pay him 1 5,000 ecus. Bicht^ Holland, the place of origin of certain 77iites of Jan van der Douck, 15th c, reading lolms Va7ider Dock., and Mo7ieta Nfova Bich. Bielfeld^ Lippe, Rhenish Prussia, with Biickeburg and Oldendorf, was the place of coinage of the early Counts of Schauenburg- Lippe, 1 6th- 17th Catalogue of Europeaii Mints 8i c. The Counts continued to strike money down to the end of the i8th c. A \ thaler of 1761 reads iVilhelmus Dei Grat, Reg' in Schamnb. on obv!, and on rev. Nobilissim Dom : ac. Com : in Lipp. &^ St. Also a mint of the Bishops of Munster, the Counts of Ravensberg, and the Dukes of Juhers, etc., 1 4th- 1 6th c. Bilevelde. Biella^ Piedmont, a Savoyard mint, 1640-42. Bingeii^ Hesse- Darmstadt, a place of coinage of the Archbishops of Mayence or Maintz in the 14th and 15th c. Ble7iod-les-Toiil^ Dept. of Meurthe, France, the place of origin of a very rare denier of Jean d'Arzilieres, Bishop of Toul (1309-20), described in Cat. Robert, 1886, No. loii. It is a copy of a sterling of John I., Duke of Brabant. Blois, a mint of Eudes and Charles the Simple, and after their time of imitations of the royal types by the early Counts of Blois. Subse- quently the latter struck deniers with a degenerate portrait, having before it a small wolfs head, blez signifying a wolf, and with Blesis or Blesianvs Castro. The county of Blois was sold in 1361 with that of Dunois to the Duke of Orleans. But as far back as 1328 Charles II. de Valois, nephew of Philip le Bel, purchased of Gui I. de Chatillon, Count of B., the right of coinage at B., and probably within the lordship, for 15,000 livres tournois. Blomberg^ Lippe, a mint of Bernhardt II., Count of Lippe, 1229-65 ; there is an esterling with Bloinenberic ; and we meet with billon pieces of the 17th c. Bockholt, Prussia, a mint, probably of a limited character, and mainly for copper money. The stiiber and the pfenning were current. A piece of loi^ pf. was struck in 1762, and in 1690 had appeared the 20th part of a reichsthaler in copper. Bois-le-Diic, or s' Hertogenbosch, the seat of a royal and civic coin- age, probably of limited extent, from the i6th c. We have the Hard and the gigot, both in copper, and with the arms of the town. A well- executed Hard of Philip II., 1581, and a quarter patagon of Albert and Isabella, 161 7, as well as the hard of various dates with their titles, are assignable hither. It is not unlikely that the early forgery of ^^^^;/<^ri"^ found at Vucht in the neighbourhood, was perpetrated at Bois-le-Duc. Boitsenburg, a mint of the Counts of Schwerin in the 13th c, and of the Dukes of Mecklenburgh in the 1 7th- 1 8th c. Bologna^ the seat of republican coinage subject to the imperial authority (12th- 14th c), subsequently of the money issued by the Pepoli family (1337-50), iDy Giovanni Visconti, Archbishop of Milan (1350-54), of the popes from 1360 to 1401, of the Bentivoglii from 1401 to 1402, of the popes from 1403 to 1409, of a republican government from 14 16 to 141 9, of the popes from 1431 to 1878, with the exception of a short interval in 1797 and 1848. There is a silver scudo, a piece of 2 carlini, etc., of the former date, and 3 baiocchi of the Roman republic of the latter. The most remarkable coin in the whole succession of pieces minted here is the zecchino of 1323, with papal emblems and the full-length figure of St. Peter. It was the earliest apostolic or Roman coin which appeared at Bologna. Cat. Rossi, 1880, No. 374. It sold for 130 lire. We must also particularly note in the Bolognese series, besides the Pepoli and Bentivoglio coins, the triple scudo of gold of Clement VII. (1523-34), by Domenicani of Bologna, dated 1529, and struck during the famine ; the silver scudo of Gregory XIII. (1572-85), Anno VIII., being the first piece of the kind struck, and the set of gold, silver, and copper, issued by G 82 The Coins of Eui^ope Vettore Emmanuele as King- of Italy, i860 ; the 20, 10, and 5 lire in gold ; the lira and 2 lire in silver ; the 40 and 20 centesimi in copper with a silver centre; and the soldo in copper (dated 1861). An early peculi- arity of the coins, which was followed elsewhere, is the separation of the last' letter of the name Bononia from the rest, and its assignment to the centre of the piece; we see it in a danaro of the nth c, with the name of the Emperor Henry V. (i 106-25) on obv. and Bononi A. on rev. Comp. Antigiiatc. Bolswerd, a mint of the Counts of West Friesland, 1038-90. There is a double groat struck here, with the date 1478. Sch., Cat. vii. 239. Bodliiiwert. Bomjiiel^ one of the mints of the Dukes of Burgundy as Dukes of Gueldres, 15th c. Also one for a local coinage, and for money struck during a siege by the Spaniards, 1 599 (a { gulden, a stuiver or sol, and a dute or doit). The piece exists in silver and tin, both on a square flan ; the second is in silver — mint mark, a pomegranate ; and the last in copper. There are two varieties of a piece of 2 stuivers and a \ thaler. Boiidaroi^ near Pithiviers, a seigneurie ceded by Philip le Bel to Hugues de Bonville in exchange for Chapelle-la-Reine, with the right of coinage. Bo7i7i^ Prussia, a mint of the Kings of x\ustrasia {Bo.), and possibly the Bo7ta which appears on the reverse of a denier of the Emperor Henry II., 1002-24. Some coins bear Beata Verona Vinces. Also a seat of coinage of some of the earlier Bishops of Cologne, 14th c. During the siege by Ernst of Bavaria and the Spaniards in 1583, a thaler, with the \ and J, bearing the arms of the See of Cologne, was issued. Borbeck, Rhenish Prussia, a place of coinage of the Abbey of Essen (1459-89). Comp. Essen. Bordeaux, one of the chief centres of the Visigothic kingdom and of the independent duchy of Gascony. It was a mint at least from the 8th c. The most ancient pieces appear to be those bearing Leiitario and Biirdegal; their attribution is uncertain. Others read Lodoiciis, sup- posed to indicate Louis IV. or the Young, 936-54. B. was a prominent seat of the Anglo-Gallic coinage, as well as of the Kings of France as Dukes of Aquitaine, and an occasional one of the later French monarchs. In 1 1 86, Richard Coeur de Lion gave to the chapter of St. Andre at Bor- deaux a third of the revenue of his mint there ; the right was bought by the Crown only in 1709. Borgo di San Sepolcro or Sabourg, near San Remo, the apparent place of origin of certain money of the 17th c, struck here by the authority of the Abbot of Saint Honorat de Lerins, on the coast of Provence, pursuant to a grant of the sovereignty of Borgo by the Comte de Ventimiglia as far back as 954. There may have been other and earlier examples; but only pieces of 1669 and 1671 appear to be known, with Monast. Lerinensc. P\ri7iceps'\ SepvL and svb vinbra sedi, etc. The coinage was suppressed in 1686. Borgo7iiiovvo della Rocchetta, a place of coinage of the Spinola family, 1669. Borgo Sail Stefano, a place of coinage of the Doria family, 1668. Bo7go-Taro, Parma, a mint of the princely family of Landi, i6th c. There are quattrini in copper of Federico, the fifth prince, with D. Fed. La7id. V. Tari. Comp. Bardi and Co77ipia7io. Bor7ie, Overijssel, a seigniorial mint of the 14th c. with D7is. Bor7i. or H. va7i Bor7ie. Catalogue of Europea^i Mmts 83 Bornstat^2i seigniorial fief united to Saxony in 1290. Probably the, or a, mint of the Counts of Mansfeldt a Bornstat, i6th-i8th c. Circci 1510- circd 1670. There are bracteates and deniers with Brene or Bwcncn^ and later pieces of 3 pfennigen with B. BortheiiJi^ near Reckheim, Belgium, a supposed mint of the Som- breffe family. Seigneurs of Reckheim, I4th-i5th c. Moiieta. Nova. Dc. Brot. Bouillon., Basse-Lorraine, a mint of Godefroi IV., Duke of B.-L., 1043-48. Some at least of his deniers bear the name of his consort Beatrix. Associated with this town and duchy is the name of the famous Godefroi de Bouillon, to whom coins have been attributed in the Basse- Lorraine series. Apparently a mint of the See of Liege in the i6th- 17th c. See Cat. Schulman, vii. Nos. 552-55 ; and Cat. Robert, 1886, Nos. 207-25, 388, 390. It is doubtful whether the Dues de Bouillon struck money here. The possession of the chateau was subject to many changes. The duchy itself and all the proprietary rights have long been absorbed in the grand -duchy of Luxemburgh. From 1792 to 18 16 Philippe d'Auvergne, Captain R.N., bore the title, and in 181 5 struck a piece of 5 francs with Philippe U Ativergne Due Soiiverain de Boii- illo7t, and his portrait. On the edge is inscribed Domine Salvvm Fae Dvcein. Boulogne^ a place of coinage of the Carlovingian Princes down to Lothaire, and a seigniorial mint of a branch of the Counts of Flanders, 1 1 th- 1 3th c. The domain changed hands two or three times, passing into the families of Dammartin and Auvergne. Besides this place of coinage the Counts had a mint at Lens-en-Artois, to which are referred deniers of Eustache I. (1046-49) and Eustache II. (1049-95) ^'i^h Lesni Castel^ or Lesnensis. One of the Counts of B. preserved his title after his accession to the throne of Portugal as Alfonso III. in 1248. Urbs. Boloiiie., Bo- limgne^ Boni7tge, etc. Deniers only. Bourges^ a mint of Charles le Chauve, 1840-75, of whom there is a denier with Bitvricas on rev., and of the Vicomtes de B. down to iioi, when the fief was sold to the Crown for 60,000 sols d'or. The Vicomtes seem to have struck no money in their own name, but to have issued the Carlovingian types in that of the King. Boiivigne^ Namur, a seat of coinage of Guillaume L, Count of N., 1337-91- Boiixwiller^ Alsace, a mint of the Counts of Hanau for their Alsa- tian domains. Bozzolo^ Venetian Lombarcly, 16 m. W.S.W. of Mantua, a mint of the Gonzaga family. Princes of Bozzolo (i5th-i6th c.) and Dukes of Sabbi- onetta. See Cat. Rossi, 4593, and comp. Sabbionetta and Sail Martino deir Argiiie. Braeara^ or Braga^ Galicia, a mint of the Suevic Goths, 411-30, 457-584. Br. or Civitas Braga. Brackel^ or Brakel^ Pruss. Westphalia, the seat of an urban coinage by a concession of the Bishop of Paderborn, 14th c. Mojieta in Br.., rev. Brakele. Civitas. Bra7tdenberg, Saxony, a feudal mint in the 13th c. Bracteates with a double-headed eagle and a bat. Brandenbicrg Mints : Augermiinde, Baerwalde, Beeskow, Berlin, Bernau, Brandenburgh, Cologne, Cottbus, Crossen, Ciistrin (ceded by Poland to the Order of Livonia, 1259), Driesen (previously to 131 7 a Polish mint), Drossen, Frankfort -am -Oder, Freienwalde, Fiirstenwalde, 84 The Coins of Eu7^ope Guben, Havelberg, Koenigsberg-in-Neumark, Koepnik, Kyritz,Landsberg- am-Warte, Lebus, Luckau, Lychen (1302), Mittenwalde, Morin (14th c), Miincheberg (1369), Neustadt-Eberswalde (1369), Perleberg-am-Stepenitz, Prenzlow, Rathenow-am-Havel, Alt-Ruppin, Neu-Ruppin, Schwedt, Som- merfeld, Sorau, Spandow, Sparr, Spremberg, wStrassburg or Brodnitzo, Wrietzen, Zossen. Braiidejibiirgh^ now part of Prussia, formerly an independent mar- graviat, of which part of Prussia was an appanage : an episcopal mint in the nth c. and an urban one in the 14th. Chiefly for low values and billon money. The town entered into a convention with Berlin as early as 1322. The more important period commenced about 1500. The mar- graves had altogether from time to time about 40 mints. In 1722 a large coinage of copper groschen for B. took place in England, probably at Birmingham. There is an undated kipper sechsgrdscher of Georg Wilhelm (1619-40) belonging here. A piece of 18 groschen of Friedrich Wilhelm, 1604-8, describes him as Supremus Dux i7i Prussia. This was 17 years before the erection of Prussia into a kingdom. We ought to draw attention to the curious early dated groschen of this State from 1500 to 1550. One of Joachim has Anno Domini, 1500; and a second of 1506 Mone\ Nova Argenta. A?t\ 1506. Brandenbtirgh-Anspach. See Afispach. Brassac, Puy-de-D6me, a supposed place of coinage of Pierre 1. or II. de Brosse (1287- 1356), by reason of an obole of the Clermont type, with Petrus de Brocia and Brasau. Braimau^ the source, during the siege by the Austrians, 1743, of a thaler, of a piece of 7 sols, and of tin money of i, 3, 15, and 30 kreutzer, with Braunav and the arms of Saxony. Breda., the place of origin of certain siege-money in 1579 and 1625 : in the former case of a piece of two florins on a square flan, and of one of 20 stuivers, both in silver ; in the latter of pieces of 60, 40, and 20 stuivers silver, and 2 and i stuivers in copper. Brekerfeld, Prussian Westphalia, a mint of the Counts de la Marck. Brekervelt. Brei7ien.) the seat of a civic and episcopal coinage, including bracteates to a comparatively late date. A double grosch of Henry of Schwar- zenburg, 1463-96, reads Mo7t. Nova Breinesis. Bi^escello, or Bersello, Govt, of Reggio, a mint of the Este family. Dukes of Reggio, i6th c. There is a rare scudo without date, with 07n7tis nobilitas A Deo Est, and on rev. the effigy and name of St. Genesius. Brescia, the place of origin of imperial money, i ith-i2th c. ; of autono- mous coinage, 13th- 14th c. ; of the currency struck in the name of the Malatesta family, 15th c. In the early years of that c. the city and territory were acquired by Venice ; but no special coinage was provided by the republic. Breslau (Wratislav), Silesia, a mint of the Dukes of S. from the 13th to the 14th c, and of the Kings of Hungary, the prince-bishops, and the town down to the 17th or i8th. The Kings of Prussia employed it after 1750. There is a long series of episcopal pieces in gold and silver, including a ducat of 1 592, with the titles of the bishop and emperor, and a 3-ducat piece of 1632, in which the bishop is styled Prince of Sweden. During the Thirty Years' War (1622-48) small uniface copper coins and larger money in the same metal were issued for local use : the former are dated 162 1 and 1622, the latter sometimes have 1645 stamped in ; Catalogtie of EtLropean Mints 85 and all bear W. for Wratislav. The silver three-thaler of 1621, and the 7^ groschen of 1645, both money of necessity, were perhaps struck here. Br leg. See Leignitz-Brieg. Briesach^ doubtless the place of mintage of two varieties of square silver pieces of 40 batzen struck during the siege by the Swedes, 1633. Brilon^ or Brillo7i^ Prussian Westphalia, a mint of the Archbp. of Cologne. Briglon Civitas. Brifidisi^ a mint of the Norman Dukes of Apulia and Kings of Sicily, iith-i2th c, and of the Emperors of Germany (12th- 13th c). Silver, billon, and copper were struck here. Among the last w^ere the follaro and its divisions. Brioude^ Haute- Loire, an unimportant mint in the loth-iith c. Deniers wqth Brivites or Bitirites. Brixe?ty Austria, a seat of episcopal coinage from the loth c, and of that of the Duke of Kaernthen or Carinthia. The Emperor Charles IV. authorised Barnabo Visconti of Milan to strike money here. Arms — a lamb. The coinage lasted down to the end of the last c. Broech, Limburg, Brabant, probably the seat of a limited coinage of the feudal lords, of whom there was a rather long succession. Bromberg, or Bydgost, a Polish mint, 1650. Bidgostiens. Brosse-Huriel^ Bourbonnais, the seat of a seigniorial coinage, 13th- 14th c, principally copied from the types of Chartres, Dreux, Limoges, and Brittany. De Uriaco^ Briicie^ Dns. Hur. or Hurce.^ Vicecomes Briicie^ etc. These coins were struck both at Brosse and at Huriel. See Br as sac. Bruges {Brtiggia), a mint of Charles le Chauve, of Charles the Simple, of the Counts of Flanders from the 12th c, of the Dukes of Burgundy, of Charles V. of Germany, etc., down to the i8th c. There is a schelling of Maria Theresa, 1750, struck here : m.m. a lis or a small lion. Brilgg^ or Briick^ cant, of Aargau, a place of coinage in the 13th c. No coins known. Brunswick, the seat of urban coinage from 1345, although the brac- Brunswick : g thaler, palm-tree type. teates with a lion may very well be prior to the grant of Duke Magnus in that year. The earliest thalers belong to the close of the 15th c. There is a rare one of 1636 with Mone. Nova. Reip. Brvnsvicensis. See Jiilius- loeser in Cat. of Denom. Brunswick may be regarded as the general mint of the plentiful coinage of the branch of B. Wolfenbiittel, although some of the Dukes have employed Wolfenbiittel itself. Brimswick Mmts (minor) : Bevern, Blankenburg, Catlenburg, Dannenberg, Gandersheim, Gittelde, Grubenhagen, Harburg, Henrich- stadt, Helmstadt, Herzberg, Hitzacker, Lauterberg, Moisburg, Salzder- helden, Scharnebeck, Walkenried, Weende, Winsen. 86 The Coins of Europe Brussels, an early Brabantine mint (m.m. a bridge or tower, afterward an angel's head) and the seat of coinage of the Dukes of Brabant and the successive rulers of this part of the Low Countries. See Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 134, for a notice of an early denier struck here in the name of the chapter of St. Gudule. There is a variety of siege-pieces during the i6th and 17th c. ; some of those in gold are doubtful ; and one of 1579 is usually suspected. B. was perhaps the mint of the interesting series of revolutionary money struck for the eleven revolted provinces in 1790, con- sisting of the 14 (and probably, though we have not seen it, 7) florins in gold, and in silver 3 florins, i florin (of two types), 10 sols (do.), and in copper the liard and double liard. The engraver is said to have been Van Berckel. From 18 16 to 1831, prior to the partition of the Nether- lands, Brussels was one of the mints of Willem 1. of the house of Orange- Nassau. Bucharest^ Wallachia, probably one of the seats of coinage of the hospodars and Kings of Roumania. Bilckeburg^ the capital of Schaumburg-Lippe, and probably the seat of its coinage. Biida^ or Buda-Pesth, metropolis of Hungary, a seat of the Hungarian coinage during the independence of this part of the Austrian dominions. Its earliest productions were coins on the Byzantine model, and very early pieces in copper exist. The German and Austrian emperors have always issued special money of the Virgin and Child type for Hungary. In Overijssel, in the Low Countries, the type of the gold ducat with the name of S. Vladislaus and the Virgin and Child was adopted at an early period with a very slight or even no alteration. Bunde (PLimburg), a seigniorial mint of the 15th c, where billon pieces, bearing a shield crowned with a branch, and reading lohans De Bv?zde, or lohs. de Broegh^ were struck. Comp. Broech. Burgdorf^ canton of Berne. Bv. or Bvrgdorf. See Kybitrg. Burg Friedberg^ Hesse- Darmstadt, a feudal burgraviat, and after- wards viscounty, which had a concession from Charles V. in 1541 to strike money in gold and silver. The albiis was current here in 1591, Johan Eberhard being then viscount. The coinage continued inter- mittently till 1804. Burgos^ a mint of the Kings of Castile and Leon, 13th- 14th c. There are coniadi of John of Gaunt as King of C. and L., with lohannis Rex on obv. and a bust, and on rev. Castele. E. Legionis. B. Biisca^ Sardinia, the source of coins of the Marchese Manfredi Lancia, 1299. Caderousse, \^aucluse, the place where, if at all, gold and silver money would probably have been struck by the Vicomtes de Cadenet, according to a homage by Agnes, Vicomtesse de C, to the Countess of Provence in 1245, when the former claims the right of such coinage. Cadiz^ a Spanish mint. C. crowned. Cagliari^ Sardinia, a mint of the Spanish Kings of Sicily, and of Spain and Sardinia, of Charles VI. of Germany, and of the Dukes of Savoy, down to 1 72 1 ; subsequently of the Kings of Sardinia down to 181 2, when it appears to have been closed. There is also a grosso of the Gherardesca family, 13th c, struck here. Cahors^ formerly cap. of Cahourcin or Haut Quercy, now Dept. of Lot, a very ancient episcopal mint, of which at more than one period, 12 1 2, 1224, etc., the bishop temporarily ceded the right to the town for Catalogue of Etiropeaft Mints 87 the silver currency for a pecuniary consideration, and the deniers and oboles bear, in lieu of Episcopiis Caturceiisis^ Civitas Catiirci. The earliest coins appear to be of Bishop Geraud about 1090 ; one of his deniers bears : Geraldits Eps. and Caturciiis. The payment to the See in 1224 for the municipal privilege of striking the silver for six years was 600 sols, the bishop evidently retaining the billon, from which the maximum profit was derived. Calais^ an Anglo-Gallic mint, 1347- 1450. But no money of Richard II. and Henry IV. seems to be known. Edward III., after the fall of C. in 1347, by ordinances of 1348-49 appointed a director of his mint, but finally left it to the discretion of the commandant to strike what pieces and types seemed most convenient to the wants of the locality and the taste of the inhabitants, his friends and subjects. In 1371 an arrange- ment was made to coin gold nobles = 6 sols 8 deniers, 45 to the livre according to the standard of the Tower of London ; \ and \ nobles = 40 and 20 esterlins ; gros = 4 esterlins ; \ gros, esterlins (1200 to the livre)^ mailles or \ esterlins, and ferlings or \ esterlins. A gros of Edward III. describes him as Comes Merkct or Comte de la Marche. Villa Calesie or Calisie. Calcar^ Cleves, a mint of the early dukes. Calinar^ an early Swedish mint. Kalnirm. Cambrai^ a seigniorial, capitular, and episcopal mint, and subse- quently one of the successive foreign rulers of Brabant. There is an esterling of Willem van Hainault, 1292-96, and a series of later pieces in all metals down to the 17th c. of the bishop and chapter. During the siege by the Spaniards in 1581, the town struck a gulden or daalder, and pieces of i, 2, 5, and 10 patards ; and in 1595, during a second siege, i, 2, 5, 10, and 20 patards, etc. The 20-patard piece of 1595, on a square flan, is inscribed Hejirico Profectori in gratitude to Henry IV. of France. See Saint-Gcry. Castri in Cameracesio^ C A M R in the cantons of a cross, Moneta Capitvli, etc. There is a remarkable double viouto7i d'or struck by the chapter, sede vacante, between 1368 and 1378. Cainerino^ States of the Church, formerly an independent common- wealth (T4th-i5th c.) and (i5th-i6th c.) a sovereign fief of the Da Varano family, which coined money here in all the three metals. A gold zecchino of Gio. Maria da Varano (1521-27) sold at the Rossi sale, 1880, No. 729, for 750 lire. The property passed to the Church in 1538, and shortly after was erected into a duchy by the Farnese family. There is a grosso belonging here of Ottavio Farnese (1547-78) with Octavivs F. Gainer. Dvx. It became a papal mint again in 1670. Cammereno^ Canieriiiaj Camertivni. Dvx. Canipen^ a mint at which local currency and convention-money were struck from the 15th c. to the 17th. See Co7tve7ition-inoney in Catalogue of Denominations. Siege-money was struck here in 1578; 42, 21, \o\ stuivers, etc. ; and again in 1672, when the tow^n was invested by the Archbishop of Cologne and the Bishop of Munster. Cainpi^ Naples, a seat of the feudal family of Centurione-Scotti e Serra, 1654-69, who struck money in their own name. Canipobasso^ Naples, apparently a place of seigniorial coinage in the 15th c. There is a tornese in billon of Nicolo di Monforte (1450-62) with Nicola Coni..^ and on rev. Campibassi. Ca?idia^ a temporary mint of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem between their abandonment of Rhodes and settlement at Malta. Also the seat of a Venetian currency during the occupation of the island by the 88 The Coins of Europe republic. But the Venetian rule was very imperfect and desultory, and was chiefly limited to the ports and the settlement at Colonia Venetoruin. The republic struck pieces of 60, 30, and 1 5 tornesi, soldini, soldi, gazzette, and during 1650 siege-money in bronze or copper of 5 and 10 lire. One piece bears the name of the Venetian governor, Grimani. These latter are very rare. Capita^ a mint of the Norman Princes of Apulia. Civitas Capvajia. The place of origin of a small copper piece of Anfusus, father or son, circa A.D. 836, with A7i. P. Ri. \Anfiisiis Princeps\ in the angles of the division on obv., and on rev. a horseman. Carcasson7ie, Dept. of Aude, a countship established by Charlemagne, and in 872 under the government of the Counts of Toulouse. The earliest coins belong to the nth c, and are of the Tolosan type. Also an episcopal mint, and one occasionally employed by the Bishop of Girone. In 1067 the domain and the monetary rights were sold to the Count of Barcelona for iioo ounces of gold ; but the new seigneur con- ferred on the former lord the title of Viscount and feudal possession of all but the town and its precincts. In a document of 1 125-26 the locality at Beziers where the money was struck is described as "turris mone- taria vetus." The mint appears to have been abandoned at that time, and to have been reopened about 1 1 50, in which year mention occurs of the money of B. being current throughout the lordship of Agde. Car 171 J Austrian Illyria, and the place which gave its name to Carinthia, a mint of the early seigneurs of Stein or Steyn. A coin of Arnould, 14th c, has D7ts. Stei7t^ and Kari7tie for the mint. Carlovi7tgia7i Mi7its. In the Edict of Pitres, 864, the following mints are all that occur : The Palace (see Mo7teta palatina in Cat. of Denom.), Ouentovic near Etaples, Rouen, Reims, Sens, Paris, Orleans, Chalons- sur-Saone, Melle, and Narbonne. Ouentovic is here mentioned as already an ancient place of coinage. The number greatly increased at a subsequent date, and comprised under successive reigns down to the Bourbon era, when the system became more centralised, nearly every place of importance in the kingdom or empire, and many at present of no note, if they have not in a few cases disappeared or baffled identi- fication. Among the seats of coinage of Pepin le Bref and his successors to the close of the loth c. may be cited : Aries, Besan^on, Cambrai, Chartres, Chalons-sur-Saone, Le Mans, Mayence, Meaux, Maestricht, Narbonne, Paris, Ouentovic, Reims, Soissons, Strasburgh, Troyes, Verdun, Clermont-Ferrand, Lyons, Aix-la-Chapelle, Avranches, Angou- leme, Avignon, Beneventum, Bingen, Bonn, Durstede, Dinant, Florence, Lucca, Limoges, Laon, Treviso, Uzes, Pisa, Parma, Rome, Rennes, Tours, Barcelona, Bourges, Bordeaux, Chur, Marseilles, etc. Caj^77iag7iola^ Piedmont, a place of coinage of the Bishops of Lausanne at an early period, and a mint of the Marquises of Saluzzo, I5th-i6th c. Money was struck here in all metals. One of the gems of the Rossi collec- tion (Cat. 1880, No. 771) was a gold lo-scudi piece from the Montenuovo cabinet with Lvdovicvs Marchio et Margarita de Fois. M.S. and the portraits of both facing each other. This coin fetched 2300 lire. Mar- guerita herself struck in 15 16 a silver scudo or with her por- trait and the legend Margarita de Fvxo Marchio7iisa Salvciar^ &^c. 1 5 16. Carpefitras^ 15 m. N.E. of Avignon, a mint of the popes during the suspension of coinage at Rome. There is money in all metals between 1294 and 1342. Catalogue of European Mints 89 Carrega^ Naples, a concession granted to the Doria family of Genoa ; but no coins are known. Casale^ a mint of the lords of Casale of the Fal^eologos family (1380- 1464), of the Marquises of Monteferrato (1464- 1533), of the Emperor Charles V. (1533-36), and of the Gonzage, Dukes of Mantua (i 540-1697). Some very rare and important examples in gold, and several pieces interest- ing for the costumes, proceeded from this mint. In 1628 a piece of 12 reales was struck during the siege by Gongales, and in 1629-30, during that by Ambrogio Spinola, pieces i, 5, 10, and 20 florins, some being of more than one type. A quattrino of 1706, struck at Casale, has on obv. the type of the Virgin and Child with the curious legend Divae Virgmis Cretae. Cassel^ a mint of the Counts, afterward Landgraves, of Hesse-Cassel. The earliest pieces have Comes ^ the later, La7idgravi Hassie. Money in all metals was struck here after 1 503, when the right was obtained from the Emperor to strike gold. Count Philip (1509-67) entered into the monetary alliance of the Rhenish provinces, and placed on his coinage the arms of Mayence, Treves, Cologne, the Palatinate, and Hesse. Castelboji^ Navarre, a place of coinage authorised in favour of the Vicomte de C. in 1374 by the Duke of Anjou, the money to be of the royal standard and similar to that of Lescun. Not known. Castel Durante. See Urbino. Castelnau^ near Montpellier, the seat of a mint established by two ordinances of James I. of Arragon (1213-76) in 1273, for the coinage of deniers and oboles of fine silver, each d. to be = 12 d. of Melgueil, and each ob. to be = 6 ob. of M. The regulations were ratified by his son and successor in 1277. Castelmiovo-di-Garfag?iaiia^ Barga, Italy, the probable place of coin- age of a special grossetto struck in 1606 by Cesare d'Este, Duke of Modena, in commemoration of his recovery of the town and territory. The piece has on rev. St Peter standing and Prm. Garfignanae. Castelsardo, formerly Castel-Arragonese, Sardinia, a seigniorial fief of the Doria family, 1436-48. Castiglione del Gatti^ States of the Church, a feudal seat of the Pepoli family, who struck money elsewhere and perhaps also here. Castiglione del Lago^ States of the Church, a mint of Ferdinand II., Grand-Duke of Tuscany, 1620-70. On a piece of 1643 occurs Cats. Prin. Castiglio7ie delle Stiviere^ Lombardy, a mint of the Gonzaga famih^ ( 1 580-1723). Coins in all metals were struck here. Castro^ States of the Church, a mint of the Farnese family as Dukes of Castro (1545-47). There is a gold zecchino of Pier Luigi Farnese with P. Loisivs F. Dvx Cast.^ and other pieces in all metals. Cattaro^ Dalmatia, a mediseval mint of the kingdom of Servia posterior to the incorporation in the nth c. of Bosnia and great part of Dalmatia. 5. Tryphon^ Cthren or Catarensi. St. Tryphon was the patron of C, and early coins of Bosnia with his name and that of Cattaro were doubtless struck here for that province after its subjugation by Servia. A probable place of coinage of the colonial series struck for Dalmatia by the Venetians from the 14th to the 17th c. The grossetto and \ grossetto, the quattrino, the follaro, etc., were current in the pro- vince. There are also a franc and 5 -franc piece of base metal coined here by the French defenders during the war (181 2-13). Celles-siir-Cher^ the seat of a seigniorial coinage, iith-i4th c, in 90 The Coins of Eu7^ope common with Mehun-sur-Yevre. Types similar to those of Blois and Chartres. The coinage bears evidence of the monetary unity. Chalon-snr-Sao?ie^ a mint of Charles le Chauve (864), of the Counts or Dukes of Burgundy, of Hugues IV., Duke of Burgundy (1218-78), and of the feudal counts, ioth-i3th c. The fief was united to Burgundy in 1237. Cabilo Civis. A m.m. of the early Dukes of Burgundy was a B. Chalons-stir-Mame, a place of Austrasian coinage, and subsequently an episcopal mint, established by a concession from Charles le Chauve in 865, the year after the Edict of Pitres, through the good offices of his queen, Irmintrude. The act was confirmed in 877 and (by a papal bull) in 1 107. The productions of this mint, the low values only, were current not only within the diocese but elsewhere, by reason of their superiority of quality. In 1 131 the Bishop of Verdun directed on this express account the sole currency of the Chalons coinage in his own jurisdiction for fifteen years, possibly receiving consideration from his brother prelate. Ca.^ Cathalavjii^ Catalavnis^ or Catalajti. CJiainbery^ Savoy, a mint of the Counts of S. from the 13th c. Charento?t^ Bourbonnais, a seigniorial fief, 12th- 13th c, amalgamated with Sancerre. Deniers copied from the Nevers, Besangon, La Marche, and Viennois types. Ciarento?tis, D. Char. Dns, Care?jto7i, etc. After the union of Sancerre, the coins read Charet. [on rev.] /[o/iannes] C\omes\ De Sa7icerre. Another, of Etienne III., 1280, has Ste. de Caitcere^ and on rev. De Chare7ito Mo?t. Charleville^ Ardennes, a mint of the seigneurs of Chateau-Renaud in the 17th c. Char lev. or Carolopoli Ciis. Chartres^ the seat of an early coinage with the regal title on obv. and the name of the city on rev. A denier of this type bears Carlvs Rex and Cariiotis Civitas^ with the temple as an adjunct. Thibaut I. Le Tricheur, Count of Blois, Chartres, and Tours, and his successors, appropriated the emoluments of the mint, and struck deniers of a Carlovingian character similar to the early Tours type with the rude bust and pieces resembling the baronial coinage of Blois, with Car/is Civitas. The independent series must have concluded with Charles 11. de Valois, 1325-46, second of the royal line of counts, who signed himself K. Kom^ and w^ho surrendered his rights to the Crown in or about 1346. As early as 1305 Charles had been consulted by Philip le Bel, his uncle, on the subject of a correction of abuses in the currency ; but it appears that he was one of the offenders. Comp. Blois. Chaleatibeh'ji^ Dept. of Jura, a mint about 1341-50 of Jean de Chalon, Comte d'Auxerre and de Tonnerre, who also struck money at Orgelet, another place within the Burgundian frontier and the See of Vienne. Billon or 7no7i7iaie 7ioirc only. Comp. Orgelet. Chateaiidim^ near Blois, a place of seigniorial coinage, at first probably in association with the Counts of Blois, on whom the Viscounts of C. were dependent. Du7iis Cast 11.^ Dimio Stilly or Castri Dimi. One of the heiresses of C, Alix de Clermont-Neelle, married Guillaume, second son of the Count of Flanders, but retained the monetary right in her own hands ; for a document of 1315 speaks of "la monnoie de Chastiau-Dun qui est a ma dame de Neelle." It is doubtful whether the independent currency survived the escheat of the viscounty to the Crown about 1325; Chateau-La7ido7i^ Seine-et-Marne, a mint of Philip I. and Louis VI., Kings of France (i 060-1 137). Chateau772eilla72t^ Dept. of Cher, France, the seat of an early seigniorial Catalogue of Eiiropean Mints 91 coinage of the Sully family, iith-i6th c. Melhiares, Mel. Casiro^ Castri Mella^ Castri Milituin^ Castro Mil., etc. Comp. Heiiricheviont. Chateaii-Reiiaiid^ a seigniorial mint of the branch of the Bourbon family seated here in the 17th c. In 1629 C. was exchanged with the Crown for Pont-sur-Seine. Chateaiirotix^ Berri, a seigniorial, and presumably at a prior period an abbatial, mint, which was well established in 12 13, and in which the Abbey of Bourg-Dieu de Deols had a traditional pecuniary interest, perhaps representing a commuted annuity, at that date. It was closed in 13 16 in consequence of disagreements between the lord and his vassals respecting an alteration, probably a debasement, of the money. Chateldojt^ Puy-de-D6me, the supposed source of certain deniers with CastellvDi Don. and Lvdovicvs Vivit or Philippits Rex. 1 3th c. Chatelet. See Vaiivillers. Chatel-sur-Moselle^ Vosges, the place of origin of an episcopal coinage of the 13th c, and of (presumably) two or three pieces (deniers and oboles) of Henri, Comte de Vaudemont, a scion of the house of Lorraine. See Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 17 10. The Lorraine types were followed here. Chatenoi^ Lorraine, between Neufchateau and Mirecourt, a mint of Ferri III., Duke of Lorraine, 1251-1303. Chieti, Naples, a mint of Alfonso I. of Arragon, King of Naples (1443-58), and of Charles VIII. of France (1495). The latter struck two types of the cavallo here. One has Krolvs Di. G.R. Fr. Si.^ and on rev. Teati7ta Civitas. Chinon^ Touraine, a mint of Thibaut, Count of Tours, c. 938--Edef'sdorf, 18 14. Heinrich XX. of Reuss-Greitz struck a doppel thaler in 1851, which is now rare. Of the Lobenstein branch there are pfenningen, etc., of Heinrich LXXIL, thus establishing the antiquity at least of the family. Revel, on the Gulf of Finland, the seat of a small civic coinage in the 13th and 14th c. under Polish control. There is the schilling in silver and the solidus. It also struck some of the money (thalers, marks, schillings, and ferdings) of the Order of Livonia. There is one of Heinrich de Galen, 1555, with Him' : De : Galen : Ma : Li : and on rev. Mo : No : Revalie .-1555. Rheda, Prussia, in the regency of Minden, formerly the seat of a local coinage, chiefly, if not exclusively, of copper money — the pfenning and its multiples. There is a 4-pfenning piece of 1659. Rheina, Prussian Westphalia, the source of pieces of 1602 of 12, 8, and 6 pfenningen, some countermarked with a bar with three stars and 3 R. Rheinau, Cant, of Zurich, a place of coinage of bracteates formerly ascribed to Fishingen. Rhei7iniagen, Prussia, Lower Rhine, a mint of the Kings of Austrasia. Rio. Rhe?ie7i, Utrecht, 17 m. from Amersfoort, one of the mints of the Bishops of Utrecht in the I4th-i5th c. There is a very rare gold ducat of Frederic of Blankenheim, Bp. of Utrecht, 1394- 1422, with Rijnesis. Rhenen was also a mint of the See of Cologne, 15th- 17th c. Rhe7iish Mints {minor) : Brauweiler, Bretzenheim, Biidelich, Biiderich, Biirnheid, Cloten, Saint -Corneli, Cranenburg, Dahlen, Dinslaken, Duelken, Saint-Eucharius (Treves), Geilenkirchen, Gerresheim, Gladbach, Hammerstein, Hechingen, Herzogenrade, Heyde-Terblyt, Junkheit, Kern, Lennep, Liessem, Malmedy, Manderscheid, St. Maximin, Mere, Miinster- The Coins of Ettropi Eiffel, Neuenaar, Niederwesel, Priim, Ratingen, Rommersheim, Saar- briicken, Siegberg, Simmern, Sinzig, Solingen, Sponheim, Vallendar, Veldenz, Wassenberg, Waldfeucht, Wetzlar, Wielberg, Wipperfurt, Xanten. Rhodes^ a seigniorial mint of Leone Gabalas, 13th c, who appears to have struck here a bronze coin with Greek legends ; for a short time a place of Genoese coinage, same c. ; and the mint of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem from the beginning of the 14th c. to the conquest of the island by the Turks in 1522. Down to the time of Gio. Battista Orsini, Grand Master from 1467 to 1476, only the i^igliato and aspro in silver were struck. Orsini issued a gold ducat copied, even to the legend on rev., from that of Venice. The double was introduced at the beginning of the i6th c, and there is a very rare piece of Fabrizio del Carretto, G. M. 15 13-21, which at the Rossi sale in 1880, No. 3687, fetched 2000 lire. The first G. M., Fulco de Villaret (i 310-19), coined a grosso of a special type, differing from the subsequent series of gigliati. Riasan^ an early Russian mint. Ribe^ an early Danish mint. Ri. and a wheel. Ribeaiipierre^ near Colmar, Alsace, a seigniorial mint from the 13th c. It received a concession from Charles V. of Germany in 1550, and we have a silver florin or gulden with the name Egenulfus, and the date 1564. Ribnitz, a Mecklenburgh mint in 1430. Riel^ a mint of the Archbishops of Cologne, I4th-i5th c. There is an early dated gold florin of Thierry II. of Moeurs, 1414-63. Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 2046. This piece follows the style of those of the Palatinate. Rietberg^ Westphalia, a seigniorial county, now part of the princi- pality of Kaunitz. The independent proprietors formerly coined money of low values. There is a \ thaler lajitmiuicz^ with the titles of Fer- dinand II. (1620-38), and a copper piece of 4 pfenningen, 1703. Riga^ a mint of the Knights of the Order of Livonia, i6th c. There is a solidus of Hermann von Bruggenau, Master in 1536, struck here, as well as other pieces. Riga was also a seat of the coinage of the inde- pendent Kings of Poland, and at one period of those of Sweden. There is a rare thaler of Charles XL, 1660. Rimini^ a republican autonomous mint in the 13th c, and a seigniorial one of Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta in the 15th. The coins are un- common. The republican grosso and \ grosso bear the figures of St. Gaudentius and St. Julian and De Arimi No^ or D. Arijnino. Other forms are, Ariniini^ or Rimine7isis. Rioin^ Puy-de-D6me, the capital of the portion of Auvergne given by Louis IX. to his brother Alphonse. There are deniers with the chatel, copied from the gros tournois, and Anfours.^ or Alfunsus.^ Comes. ^ and Rioinensis.^ or De. Riorneitsis. Rochefort^ Dept. of Jura, N. of Lons-le-Saulnier, the place of origin of a denier of Tristan de Chalon, Comte d'Auxerre, about 1363, with S. Cabilon. and Rocofort. Now a village. Rode. See Hertogen-rode. Rodez^ or Rhodez, Dept. of Aveyron, a seigniorial mint of the ancient Counts of Rovergue and Rodez, nth- 14th c. There seems to have been in or about 1160 a compact between the secular lords and the bishop, by which the latter struck the money, and received during the continu- ance of the process 12 deniers per week. Rodes Dtico.^ or Rodes Civis. Catalogue of European Mints Rodigo^ Lombardy, probably a mint of the Gonzage of Mantua, 1483-96, as Marquises of R. Rogoredo^ (?) Sardinian States, near Bellinzona, a mint of the Tri- vulzio family, Marquises of Vigevano, i6th c. Roldiic. See Hertogen-rode. Roma?ts, Dept. of Drome, a mint under Charles VI. of France (ord. of Sept. II, 1389), and of Francis I., 1515-47, for Dauphiny. A point under second letter. Rome^ an Ostrogothic and Lombard mint, 6th-8th c, and one of the Popes from the 8th, at first under Carlovingian control or sanction ; the seat of coinage of the pieces struck during the absence of the pontiffs in the name of the Roman Senate and people ; and finally of the Holy See down to the reign of Pius IX. and the formation of the modern kingdom of Italy. Many of the papal coins, however, were struck elsewhere — at Avignon, Perugia, Bologna, Terni, San Severino, Gaeta, Paris, etc. One of the most remarkable pieces connected with the city is the irregularly-shaped silver ducat of Clement VII., coined during the siege of Rome by the troops of Charles V. in 1527, with the arms and title on obv., and Dvcato within a wreath on rev. Two years only previous, the same pontiff had issued a jubilee 5-sequin piece in gold, with sanguine and triumphal inscriptions. The coinage for the Roman Republic of 1798-99, consisting of a gold and silver scudo and a baiocco and i\ bai, was engraved by Tommaso Mercandetti. In 1846 Pius IX. struck a scudo, a baiocco, and a \ bai ; the die of the scudo was soon afterward accidentally broken or damaged. But we have also a pattern scudo of the same date, with the arms of the senior cardinal, Riario Sforza, and the legend Sede Vacante. At the Rossi sale in 1880 occurred a very extensive series of papal coins from Adrian I. (772-95) ; and a few of the silver da7iari and of the scudi d'oro realised very high prices. A danaro of Teodoro II. and Lamberto (898-900) brought ^17 : 12s., and one of Giovanni XI. (930) was carried to ^30. Two gold zecchini of Pio III. (1503) produced ^74 and ^72. Others realised ^36, ^29 : 12s., etc. The result was at the time a surprise. There is a 20-franc piece of Napoleon I., 18 13, belonging to this mint with the wolf and twins on rev. Roinora7tti7i^ near Blois, a seigniorial mint, which produced pieces of the Blois-Chartres type, with ReinoraiitiJii.^ or Rernerensis. One piece bears T. Co. Remvr.^ and is attributed to Thibaut V., Count of B., 1152-91. Ronctglione, Viterbo, the seat of a temporary coinage during the German occupation of the prov. of Viterbo, 1799- 1800. ^ silver proof of the madonnina of 1799 I'^cendio. Di. Ro7iciglione. Anno 1799., with a view of the city in flames. A papal mint, 1799, Sede Vacante. Ro7tco^ in the Genoese territory, a mint of the Spinola family, Marquises of Roccaforte (1647-99). Roquefeuil^ Nismes, originally an independent fief, but carried by marriage into the lordship of Anduze-Sauve. The deniers, only struck between 1169 and 1239, are imitations of those of A., and read Roca- folieits., and on rev. Lex Prima M\onete?\ in allusion to the fineness. Roskilde, an early Danish mint. Rose. Rostock^ Mecklenburgh-Schwerin, the seat of a long and tolerably extensive coinage, chiefly of the lower values, from the 12th to the 19th c. There were several monetary conventions between R. and other towns. As early as 1361, R. had an unrestricted right of coinage. The earlier 152 , The Coins of Europe mark was, like that of Wismar, a bull's head on a triangular shield, for which a griffin passant was afterward substituted. RO-SS- TO^ Rostocke^ or Rostokcen. R. became in the 1 7th- 1 8th c. one of the mints of the undivided duchy of Mecklenburgh. There is a silver piece with Civitas Magiiop [RostockJ, and on rev. Mojteta Wystnar. Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 2165. Comp. 2155. Rothaii^ near Strasburgh, a mint of the Counts Palatine of Deux- Ponts-Veldenz, mentioned in a document of 1621. No money known. Another seat of coinage, of which no remains exist, was Schelstadt in the same vicinity. The Counts also struck money at Weinbourg in the 1 6th c Rothweil^ or RotHveil^ Wiirtemburgh, a mint after 15 12 for pieces in gold and silver with an eagle and globe. It seems to have continued down to 1623, under which date there is a very rare thalerklippe, or square thaler, of 1623, with the titles of Ferdinand II. on rev., and on obv. Moneta Nova Rotivilensis. 1623. Reinmann sale, 1891-92, Part ii.. No. 7037, 2550 marks =^147 : los. The Townshend collection of Swiss coins has a grosch of the 15th c, and a second of 1622, as well as a dicken of the latter date, with Mo7ieta • Nova • Rotwilensis • , or Moneta • N • Rotwele • , or Mo ' No ' Rotwilejisis • Roue7t^ a more or less busy place of coinage from the Carlovingian era. This mint was employed by the successors of Charlemagne, by the Capetian dynasty, by some at least of the independent Dukes of Nor- mandy, by Henry V. of England (1420), and by the Bourbon Kings of France. Our knowledge of the numismatic series of the Dukes of Nor- mandy has been considerably increased of recent years by finds, especially that of 1885. Some of the issues, with the name of St. Romanus, patron of R., are supposed to have been under the common authority of the church or chapter of Rouen and the dukes, and at their joint charge. None of the products of this mint possesses more than a normal docu- mentary interest, and many are of extremely barbarous and illiterate work. Perhaps one of the earliest specimens of this seat of coinage is the denier with the corrupt legend Vlo Tvici Rex^ and on rev. Rotoni. Civita.^ ascribed to a temporary possession by Louis IV. of France, 936- 54, during the minority of Duke Richard ; but this seems doubtful and unlikely. Roussilloii^ the seat of a seigniorial coinage from an early period. The town shared the vicissitudes of the prov. of R., which at various periods was transferred from Arragon to Majorca, France, etc., but was during some time under the monetary jurisdiction of autonomous counts, of whom there are coins struck here or at Perpignan. A denier of the 1 2th c. bears on rev. Rosilonus. While it was under the Spanish sway, R. issued deniers in its own name, but on the larger money is associated with Barcelona. Comp. Perpigna7i. Rovigo^ the place of origin of a Venetian anonymous bagattino, 15th c. Roye^ Dept. of Somme, the conjectural place of origin of a maille with the name of Simon, the moneyer of Philippe d' Alsace at Amiens and Crespy (11 55 -61), on obv., and on rev. R. between a crescent and a star. Riidolstadt^ near Weimar. See Schwarzbiirg. Riigen^ the seat of a seigniorial mint in the 13th- 14th c. Pfennigen and bracteates. Rvgiaii. Riimme7i^ an early Brabantine mint of the local heeren. wSch., Cat. Catalogue of European Mints , 153 i>^- 37 3-7 S' There are various types of groot and denier noir, or swaart, of Jan van Wesemael, Arnoud van Orije, etc. Riiremoiide^ or RorenwJide^ 21 m. from Venray, Gueldres, one of the mints of the Dukes of Gueldres, 14th- 15th c, and of Philip II. of Spain. Some of the former series struck here and at Venrade are curious as demonstrating the armorial differences between damoiseaux or minors and those of full age. Rtisson, prov. of Limburg, Belgium, a mint of the heeren or seigneurs of that place, 14th- 15th c. A gros tournois of Jean de Louvain has Moneta. Rvthes\ Sch., ix. 376. Saalfeld, Saxe-Meiningen, an abbatial mint down to 1350, when the abbot ceded the right to the town. There is a large bracteate with Scs. Petrvs Apostolvs in, Salfelt. It was also an early place of coinage of the Counts of Schwarzburg, and received in 1448 from the Duke of Saxony a concession for the lower values. The place does not appear to have produced any coinage of importance. A heller of 1726 has T.E. in a monogram under a ducal crown. Sabbioiietta^ Lombardy, in the Milanese territory, formerly an inde- pendent duchy in the Gonzaga family (i 559-1671), and a seat of coinage. The Dukes also struck money at Bozzolo. Sagodoiira^ Moldavia, the place of coinage from 1771 to 1774 of pieces of 5 kopecks and 3 dengi in the name of Catherine II. Sahagun, Leon, an ancient abbatial establishment, to which Queen Uraca and Alfonso VII. successively (11 16- 19) conceded the right of coinage. Saint-Aignan^ Touraine, a mint of the Sires de Donzy. Coins of the Blois type. Sancti Amiano. Saint- A7idre^ formerly Straeteji^ the seat of a seigniorial coinage in the 15th c. by Matthias, son of Jan, Bailli of Goch in Gelderland, with Mathias. Va7i. Der. Stras., or Strate. Sai7it-A7idre de Ville7ienve-Le2-Avig7i07is^ a place of coinage under Charles VI. of France (ord. of Sept. 11, 1389). Grig. m.m. a point under 20th letter and from 1 540, R. The mint was transferred to Orleans late in the reign of Louis XIV. Sai7tt- Bavo7i^ near Ghent, a mint of Louis de Cregy, Count of Flanders, 1312-46, if not of Margaret of Constantinople, 1244-80. Sai7it-Berti7t^ Flanders, a mint of Charles le Bon, Count of Flanders, 1 1 19-27. Saint- Brieiic^ Brittany, a mint of Charles de Blois, about 13 14, during his contest for the duchy. Sai7it-De7iis^ France, a mint of Charles le Chauve. Sai7tt-Die, Vosges, one of the earliest places of coinage of the duchy of Lorraine, and probably at a prior period an abbatial mint, whence came the pieces with a crozier and a book, and the reading Deodatiis^ or Deodatits Usiis. Some very barbarous pieces in bad state are described in Cat. Robert, 1886, Nos. 1663-66. The rulers of L. used this mint from the time of Gerard d' Alsace (1048-70). Sa. i7i. Diei. Sai7tt-Gall, Switzerland, an abbatial mint from 947 for pieces of brac- teate fabric, and an urban one from 141 5. The addition of the gold collar to the rampant bear was given by Frederic III. in 147 5- There are uniface pieces in gold and silver with the civic arms. The plappart of 1424 is the first dated Swiss coin at present known. There is a very early and rare dicken of 1505 with Mo7icta Nova Sa7tcii Galli^ and an- 154 The Coins of Ettrope other of 1 5 1 1 slightly varied. The Abbey of Beda Angherrn, in this canton, also struck money. We have met with the thaler, \ thaler, and 20 kreutzer. Saiiit-Gengoux^ a mint of Louis VII. of France (1166), and possibly also of the Abbey of Cluny. Comp. Cliiny. Sai?it-Ge7zix, a mint of the Counts of Savoy, 1341-55. SaiJit- Georges de Boscherville^ diocese of Rouen, a possible abbatial mint, of which Blanchet {^Maiiitel^ 1890, i. 2) cites a bas-relief exhibiting the process of coining hammered money in the iith c. It was perhaps a transfer from actual life. Saint- Gery^ near Cambrai, the seat of an ancient abbatial mint, eventually incorporated with that of C. It possibly existed in the time of Charles le Chauve (840-75), and in 934 the Count of Cambrai enjoyed the revenues of the abbey and a moiety of those of the castle. The pre- tensions of the Count were set aside in 947. None of the coinage of Saint-Gery seems to be known. Saint -Gilles^ Toulouse, one of the mints of the early independent Counts of T., at least from the nth c. A denier of Alfonso, 11 12-14, reads Anfos. Comes. ^ and 07ior. Sci. Egidi. Others, which may have been struck here, at Toulouse itself, or at Pont-de-Sorgues, have Conies Tolose.^ and Marci Piiincie. The product was known as the monnaie egidienne, and included the type of the paschal lamb, which is found in the arms of Toulouse, and in weights of that city of the 1 5th- 1 6th c. The Marechal de Joyeuse struck money here in the time of the League (1586). Saint-Jean d'Ajigely {A^tgeliaciis)^ near Cluny, an early mint, incor- porated in the nth c. (1030-9), by the widow of Guillaume le Grand, Duke of Aquitaine, with Cluny. Saint- Julie7z and Salies^ two chateaux of Matthieu de Foix, Comte de Comminges and (by marriage) Vicomte de Bearn, where in 1421-22 he struck without authority certain money, which was suppressed in 1425 by order of the King. Saint- Laurejit-les-Chalon^ a mint of the Dukes of Burgundy, 15th c. Ancer7ia^ or A7igrog7iia de. S. Laitrenci. Sai7tt-Lo^ La Manche, near Coutances, a French mint under the Mero- vingian dynasty and during the reign of Philip le Hardi (1270-85), and occasionally at a later period coins with the distinctive mark C occur. Henry V. of England struck money here in 1420. A franc d'argent and other issues of Henry IV. of France, 1608, belong to this place. Sai7it- Martial^ an ancient abbey in or near Limoges, and the seat of an independent coinage from the nth c. down to 131 5, when the sole right was vested in the Vicomtes de Limoges. In 1307 we find Jean III., V. de L., doing homage to the Abbot for the chateau, the chatellenie, and the mint. See Barbari7i and Le77i07ia in Cat. of Denom. Sai7it-Mau7dce d^Agaii7ze, Valais, a mint of the Counts of Savoy 13th c, and of the Seigneurs of Bargen, Sogern, and Nellenburg. The first- named acquired the imperial authority to strike here. The early Savoyard and other pieces bear an image of the local saint. A piece called 7no7ieta 77iaurisie7isis is supposed to belong to this place. See Blanchet, ii. 265. Sai7it-Medard de Soisso7is. See Soisso7is. Sai7it-Mihiel., or St. Michael^ duchy of Bar, diocese of V erdun, a mint of the abbots and of the ancient Counts and Dukes of Bar at least from the date of a charter granted by Richet, Bishop of Verdun, to the Abbot Uldaric in 1099, and renewed by a successor, with leave to coin in the Catalogue of European Mints 155 name of the abbot, in 1124, and (it is supposed) with right reserved to the See of Verdun to use the mint. This is the only mint which was re- tained by the Dukes of Lorraine and Bar after the union, about 1420, of the two domains and titles. There is a rare esterlin of Edward I., Count of B., 1302-37, belonging here. S. Michael. Saijit-Omer^ an abbatial, seigniorial, and communal mint, iith-i2th c. Probably the money was struck, for the most part, within the Abbey of St. Bertin, and perhaps the abbatial series and that of the Counts of Flanders were for some time concurrent. The former read Aiidoviarns^ and on rev. Bertiiiiis^ or S. Pet\r\us^ with a figure holding a key or a crozier ; some exhibit two croziers for the Abbeys of St. Omer and St. Bertin. The communal coinage lasted during a year only, having been given to the burgesses by a charter of the Count of Flanders in 1127, and withdrawn in 1128. Baudouin VI., Robert I., Charles le Bon, etc., employed this mint (1067-1128). S. Oni.^ Oine., Onier, or Omes.\ some- times St. Ovie. Sainto7ige^ the seat of a seigniorial mint in the Middle Ages. It be- longed successively to Angouleme, Aquitaine, Anjou, and Aquitaine, and was united to the Crown by Charles V. of France. Steinas. The coinage of the Abbey of St. Mary, founded by a Count of Anjou in the nth c, was long vested in that house. Sai7it-Paul-Trois-Chateaiix [Augusta Tricastrinorujii)^ an episcopal mint from a very remote date. The Emperor Frederic Barbarossa con- firmed the right in 11 54. Money was struck here for the Dauphin under Charles VI., with a crozier as a mark of the Bishop's jurisdiction, and a proviso that the latter shared the profits. The earliest pieces bear Ave. Gra. Plena^ and on rev. Santi Paiili. Other pieces read Eps. Sa7iti Pauli Tricastrin. There was an attempt here to imitate the Florentine gold money in a piece with Flor. Ep. Tea. disposed so as to resemble Florejitia. Saint- Petersbiirgh^ the mint of some of the Czars in the last and pre- sent c, opened in 1724. Some patterns of the Czarina Anne, 1740, and of John or Ivan III., 1741, belong here, as well as pieces of 10, 5, and i\ thaler in gold, and 9 groschen in silver, struck for the grand-duchy of Oldenburgh. Sai7it' Pierre, Metz-in-Lorraine, supposed to be a church or monastery where a mint was established by the Bishops of the See or the Dukes of Lorraine. But see Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 433. Sai7it-Que7zti7t, Picardy, probably the place of origin of the feudal coinage of Vermandois, which does not appear to have lasted beyond 1 2 14, when the fief passed to the Crown. Ses Qin7iti7ms. Vera7iuviiii, etc. In 1589 Philippe de Longueville, Governor of Picardy, struck money here in the name of Henry III. with H. nOrlea7is D. A. Lo7iga- vill. Faciebat, or S.Q. 1589. Sai7it-Re7Jiy. See Marseilles. In 1302 the Seneschal of Beaucaire was ordered by Philip le Bel of France to seize and sequestrate certain toimiois de Sai7it-Rei7iy., struck by the Count of Provence, and allowed to circulate outside his territory. Sai7it-Sy7)iphorie7t d^Ozo7t, Savoy, a mint of the Counts of S. from about 1330 to 1 60 1, when this place was ceded to France. Sai7it-Tro7id, Metz-in-Lorraine, now in Belgium, prov. of Limbourg, a supposed mint of the Bishops of Metz when the town was within that diocese. A mint of Robert de Langres, Bishop of Liege, 1240-47. Trvdone7i. 156 The Coins of Europe Saint- Ve?ia7it^ near St. Omer, one of the places of coinage of the com- munal mailles, formerly spread over so large a portion of Flanders. Vne?zt^ or V?iac7ito. Samt-Waast^ near Arras, an abbatial mint in the nth c, and one employed by Robert le Frison, Count of Flanders, 1073-93. Robert II., Comte d'Artois, 12 50- 1302, struck a denier here with Vedaste. Sainte- Severe^ Bourbonnais, a fief of the house of Brosse-Huriel, and apparently a place of independent coinage in the 13th c. There is a denier with Vgo. Viceconics. and Saitcta Severa. SainteSj Charente-Inferieure, a mint of Louis VII., King of France (1137-80). Steinas. Salamanca^ a Visigothic mint. Salviantica. Sale-au-Cointe^ Perigord, a mint of the Counts of P., 1322. Saleriio^ the place of origin of some of the coinage of the Dukes of Beneventum, and probably a principal mint of the duchy of Salerno and of the Norman kingdom of Sicily and Apulia under Robert Guiscard and his successors. Salies. See Samt-Jiilien. Salms, Dept. of Jura, an ancient town, fortified in 141 1 by the Duke of Burgundy. In 1257 the Comte de Chalon, a relative of the Duke by marriage, had a mint here. The place was besieged by the French in 1477, 1595, 1636, and 1668. Salle-le-Roi^ Poitou, a mint and hunting-seat of Richard I. of Eng- land about 1 190 in the neighbourhood of Les Essarts, where there were silver mines. In 1784 a discovery of this place of coinage was made, and a denier of Richard was found there. Salin, Lorraine and Luxemburgh, a principality, of which the two branches have struck money from the 13th c. to 1782. The arms are gules : 2 salmons arg.^ surrounded by 4 croisettes arg. There is a demi-gros a Faigle of Henri V., Count of Salm in Ardenne or Inferieur, 1 297- 1 308. Saluzzo^ Sardinian States, a mint of the marquises from 1221, the date of the investiture of Manfredo III. by Frederic II. with the fief, to 1563. M. Salvtiarvin. The coinage of this State in the latter part of the 15th and commencement of the i6th c. embraces some pieces of singular merit and artistic beauty, particularly the scudi of 1503 and 1 5 16, to which reference may occur hereafter. Salzburg^ a mint of the Bishops and of the Dukes of Kaernthen or Carinthia from the loth c, and of the former down to the i8th. Some of the episcopal money bears the addition Ac Epus. Gvrceii (Bishop of Catalogue of European Mints 1 5 7 Gurk), and some were struck in conjunction with the Dukes. It is a re- markably well-executed series, and comprises pieces both in gold and silver, some square, of striking boldness and beauty of workmanship. Attention may be drawn to a gold ducat of 1654 with a rosebush and the motto A lies 7nlt Gott Vnd Derzcit^ in the name of Sophia, daughter of the then prelate. Money of necessity appeared in 1593, 1620-24, and 1731-32. Sainpigny {Sainpiiiiacvui). See Verdun. San Benigno di FriUiitaria., an abbatial fief, 1529-82. Abb, S. Beni., or Beiiigni. Comp. Mo7ttanaro. Sancerre^ Dept. of Cher, a seigniorial mint from the nth to the 17th c. The deniers recall the legend that the place was founded by Julius Caesar ; they are mostly anonymous. Sacriun CcEsaris, Doniiniis CcEsa?-^ etc. Etienne II., 1037-47, placed his name on the money — Stephanvs Come. Sa7i Gervasio^ Sardinian States, a mint of the house of Savoy, 1448-53. San Giorgio^ a seigniorial seat of the Milano family. Marquises of San Giorgio. Giacomo IV. struck a tallero of silver, engraved by Roettier, with his titles, etc., but whether here or not is uncertain. San Marino^ the ostensible place of coinage of pieces of 10 and 5 centesimi, 1864, of which there are varieties. But these were actually struck at Milan. Sa?t Afartino delV Argine, a fief of the Gonzage, Princes of Bozzolo {q.v.), 1 6 14-7 1. Santo. Martin. Sa?i Severmo., one of the papal mints during the revolutionary period, 1797. There are the 5, 2^^, i, and ^ baiocchi struck here by Pius VI., and a quattrino. Santa Fiora^ a palatine fief of the Aldebrandischi, 13th c. Santa Maria di Castello^ an unknown mint, to which there is an early reference, according to M. Blanchet, mentioning " Moneta Sanctae Mariae de floreni Castellani." Santarcjn^ Estremadura, a temporary mint of Antonio, Prior of Crato, who, after the death of Henry the Cardinal, King of Portugal, in 1580, asserted a title to the crown. He struck here a copper ceitil^ and 2, and 4 reales in silver. Santia^ Sard. States, a Savoyard mint, 1630. Santiago^ the place of coinage in the nth c. of certain ecclesiastical institutions, invested by Alfonso VII. of Castile and Leon with the privilege of striking money. Saragossa^ or Zarago(^a^ a Visigothic mint. Cesar. Avgvsta. And one of the Spanish Kings. Z. Sarreboitrg^ France, Dept. of Meurthe, a place of Merovingian coinage, and a mint of the Chapter of Metz, of certain anonymous money of the 13th c, etc. Sassari, Sard. States, the supposed place of coinage of certain money struck by the judge or advocate of the commune, early 15th c. Satuniir^ the place of origin of a denier struck between 950 and 1026 by the Abbey of St. Florent, with Beati. Florentii and a cross on obv., and on rev. Castrv. Sahnvrv. and a key. Savona^ Sardinia Terra-firma, a seat of anonymous republican coinage with Mo7ieta Sao?ie or Saoita (14th c), and the place of origin of a i patacchina in billon, and perhaps other money, struck by the authority of Louis XL, King of France (1461-64), with Civitas Sao7ia and an eagle 158 The Coins of Europe on obv., and on rev. Comvjiis Saojia^ a cross, and a fleur-de-lis. Francis I. of France struck here three varieties of the testone and a pattachina. Saxon Mints ^ minor : (i.) the Electorate, Duchy, and Kingdom : Altenzelle, Bautzen, Buchholz, Colditz, Dohna, Freiberg (transferred to Dresden, 1556), Frohnau, Grimma, Groitzsch, Grossenhain, Klein- Schirma, Leissnig, Loessnitz, Oschats, Pegau, Flauen, Schneeberg, Strehla, Taucha, Wolkenstein, Zittau, Zwickau. Saxon Mi7its (ii.) Duchies, etc., within Saxon territory : (Saxe- Weimar) Allstedt, Apolda, Arnshaug, Bergau, Bargau, or Bargel, Berka, Capellendorf, Cranichfeld, Gebstaedt, Gleisberg, Lobdeburg, Magdala, Mittenhausen, Remda, Rothenstein, Saalborn, Suiza, Tanrode, Weida, Windberg. (Saxe-Coburg) Cella St. Blasii, Gleichen, Grimmenstein, Ichtershausen, Koenigsberg, Krawinkel, Neustadt-am-Heide, Reinhards- briinnen, Volkerode. (Saxe- Meiningen) Camburg, Reichmannsdorf, Roemhild, Wasungen. (Saxe-Altenberg) Eisenberg, Kahla, Lucka, Meuselwitz, Miinsa, Poelzig, Roda, Schmoellen, Windischleuba. (An- halt) Ballenstadt, Coethen, Coswig, Dessau, Gernrode, Hagenrode, Harzgerode, Miihlstadt, Nienburg, Ploetzkau, Rosslau, Thesa, Zerbst. (Schwarzburg) Arnstadt, Clingen, Gehren, Goldsthal, Greussen, Gross- Koerner, Keula. (S. - Rudolstadt) Blankenburg, Frankenhausen, Friedeburg, Kefernburg, Koenigsee, Leutenberg, Schlotheim, Stadtilm. SuSLTn' °n Mints. See Blanche, ii. xo:.6, 5«r^«3/, Prussian J ■06-111,136-43. Schafhaiise?!^ Switzerland, the seat of the cantonal coinage from the date of the monetary concession in 1333. The earliest were bracteates. Many of the pieces embody the legend or idea conveyed in the name. It was also a mint at an early period of Savoy and other States lying in or on the borders of Switzerland. Schleiz^ Reuss, the source of bracteates of the Counts of Lobdeburg- Arnshaug, with a bull, a bull's head, or a man carrying a bull's head in his hand, 13th c. A mint of the Counts of Reuss, 1622-78. Schlitz^ Hesse- Darmstadt, the seat of coinage of the independent Counts of Schlitz, Passau, and Weisskirchen, whose castle still exists ; 1 6th- 1 7th c. The money usually bears on the rev. the imperial arms and titles. As early as 15 16 the discovery of the rich silver mine of Joa- chimsthal, Bohemia, and its appropriation by the then Count, led to the Catalogue of European Mints 159 coinage of large silver pieces with the imperial or royal titles by the owner. The first bear date in 15 18. The right of coinage is said to have been abolished by the Emperor Ferdinand in 1528, shortly after the death of Louis, last independent King of Bohemia, in 1526. There is a thaler of this type with the name and titles of Louis, dated 1525. See Joachinis- thal supra. Sch)nalkalde7i^ Hesse, a mint of the Counts of Henneberg, 13th c. ; of the Landgraves of Hesse, I4th-i5th c. In 1455 the Duke of Saxony interdicted the coinage by the latter of pfennigen of bad quality. SviaL Smalkald.^ or a crowned S. Schonaii^ Baden, the place of origin of thalers of Theodore von Milondorck, 1542, and of 4-heller pieces of John Gottfried de Blancha, 1755. Schoneck^ Prussian Poland, m the regency of Dantzic, on the left bank of the Rhine. A seigniorial mint in the 14th c. There is an esterling of Hartard (1316-50) ; it is of excellent execution, and is figured in Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 2159. Schoo7ihove?t^ S. Holland, the place of issue of tin money of necessity during the siege by the Spaniards in 1575. We have the 12, 6, 5, 4, and 3 stuivers with S. in a wreath. Schoonvoorst^ Brabant, a seigniorial mint, where the popular gros tournois was counterfeited. See J. de Chestret de Hanefife, Renafd de Schonau, Sire de Schoonvorst : Un ge7itilhomme financier dii XIV^'^^ siecle^ 1892. Schwabach^ Bavaria, a mint of the Margraves of Brandenburgh, 15th c. A solidus of Friedrich IIL, 1440-71, was struck there. Also an occasional place of coinage of the Kings of Prussia. Schwalcjiberg^ Prussia, a seigniorial mint of the 14th c, connected with the ancestors of the house of Waldeck-Pyrmont. There are deniers of the Counts Volquin, Widekind, etc. Schwarsbiirg^ near Weimar, Saxony, with Koenigsee, Rudolstadt, Remda, Stadtilm, and Arnstadt, the place of coinage of the Counts of S. and S. -Rudolstadt. There are bracteates of the 14th c. The earliest thalers were in 1515. Co. I. Sc. There is a rare J thaler on the death of the Countess Emilia, 1670, and a very curious piece of 1791 with a wild man and woman as supporters of the shield on rev. Schwarzejiberg^ Bavaria, the probable place of origin of at least some of the coinage of the princes of that place, now of little importance, in the 1 7th- 1 8th c. Schzveidnitz^ or Svidnitza., Silesia, the seat of local coinage from the 14th to the i6th c, with a boar or a boar's head. The right of striking i6o The Corns of Ettrope money was purchased from the Duke of Bohemia in 1361 and from Poland in 1369. Only low values known. Sweiiiig^ or Swieni. The town of Reichenbach had the right of coinage here given by the Duke of Silesia in 135 1. Schwcrin^ Mecklenburgh, an episcopal mint in the 13th c, and of this branch of the grand-ducal family after the division between Schwerin and Strelitz. Schwcrtc^ Pruss. Westphalia, a mint of the Counts de la Marck, 13th c. Schwyz^ Switzerland, the seat of a coinage from 1424. Svitensis. Comp. Belli7izoiia. Scio^ the place of origin of a very rare gold zecchino struck by Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan (1421-35); of a Genoese coinage of grossi and tornesi ; and of pieces of the same class with the names of the Genoese podestas of the Giustiniani family (i5th-i6th c). One has Civ it as. Chio. Mo net. Ivsti7iiana. Sebenico^ Dalmatia, the possible place of coinage of certain silver bagattini of the Republic of Venice, but more probably struck at V. Sedan^ Champagne, originally a fief of the See of Reims, and, after many vicissitudes, the property, by marriage with Bouillon, of Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Marechal de Turenne (1591). It remained in that family till 1721, and we owe to the great Turenne himself and some of his successors a very remarkable series of coins in gold, silver, and billon, particularly the large ecus from 1591 to 1594, with the portraits of Turenne and his wife, Charlotte de la Marck, who brought him the pro- perty. Comp. Boiiillo7t. Segovia^ Old Castile, an early Spanish mint, to which are assigned certain ecclesiastical coins of the nth c. struck by monasteries, and the seat of a coinage in the 17th c. Pieces of 50 reales in silver, of 161 8, 1623, 1626, belong here. The elder Don Carlos used this mint from 1833 to 1840 for occasional issues of silver and copper, with his name and titles. Selwerd^ probably the seat of the Dukes of Gueldres as chatelains or seigneurs of that place, if not of Coevorde, 14th c. A groot or gros of Reinold or Raynald III., 1344-57, reads Reiiiold. Dns. Kovord. Se?ne7tdria, Servia, one of the mediaeval mints of the Kings of Servia, who imitated the Venetian viatapa^i, or rather, perhaps, followed more closely than Bulgaria the fabric and metrology of that time. But there are varieties which may lay claim to originality of pattern. We have before us one where the patron-saint appears to present the standard to the Prince. Se7ilis^ Dept. of Oise, a mint of Hugues the Great, Duke or King of the Franks of Neustria, and Count of Paris, 923-56. SejiSy Dept. of Yonne, a Merovingian, Carlovingian, and seigniorial mint, 9th- nth c. The archbishops at one period seem to have had an interest in the coinage ; and comp. Auxerre and Provins. The money, deniers and oboles only, was current throughout Champagne, and was imitated at Provins. Senoites Civitas. Serain^ diocese of Cambrai, a seigniorial fief belonging to the Counts of Ligny in 1304. There are esterlins and rijder-grooteft or gros aic cavalier of Waleran I. and II. (1304-53), with Monet a Nova Sere^iensis..^ Monet a Serenine..^ or Monet a Serain. Seville^ a Visigothic mint. Ispali. And of the Spanish Kings. S-E. Heerenberg. See Berg. S^Hertogejtbosch. See Bois-le-Diic. Catalogue of European Mints i6i Siegejt, Pruss. Westphalia, a mint of the See of Cologne, 13th c. Segen and S eg en sis, SiciiJia^ Tuscany, a Carlovingian mint and a seat of republican coinage under imperial authority from the nth to the i6th c, except a brief period of subjection to the Duke of Milan (1390- 1404). About 1550 it fell into the hands of the Medici family. A rare gold scudo of Cosmo I. reads Cosmvs Med. Flor, Et. Sa?iar. Dvx. On rev. is Sena Vetvs Civitas Virginis. The latter inscription commonly occurs on the autonomous money. It may be remarked that the Sienese, in celebra- tion of a victory over the Florentines, struck a piece of 4 gold scudi of Scudo di oro, isth c. the ordinary type, on obv., but having on rev. Manvs Tve. Domine Fecervnt Me, Cat. Rossi, 1880, No. 4813, 250 lire. Sierck^ a mint of the Dukes of Lorraine in the 14th and 15th c. Cierk^ Cirkes^ or Szerk. Sigtuna, or Zigtima^ the place of coinage of the earliest esterlings of Sweden during the reign of Olaf Skotkonung, 1001-26. Zin. Zitvn. Silesiaji Mints: Bernstatt, Breslau, Brieg, Frankenberg, Franken- stein (transferred in 1507 to Reichenstein), Freistadt, Friedeberg, Glatz, Glogau, Goerlitz, Goldberg, Herrnstadt, Jauer, Klein-Glogau, Kreuzberg, Lausitz, Liegnitz, Loewenberg, Liiben, Munsterberg, Namslau, Neisse, Nickolsdorf, Oels, Ohlau, Oppeln, Ratibor, Reichenbach, Reichenstein, Sagan, Schweidnitz, Striegau, Trachenberg, Trebnitz, Wartenberg, Wohlau. Sinigaglia,, a mint of the Delia Rovere family, Dukes of Urbino (i6thc.). Sirmiwn, a fortress in Bulgaria, of which the Governor, Sermon, struck in or about A.D. 1019 small gold siege-pieces during the struggle for Bulgarian independence against Byzantium or Constantinople. These pieces bear a monogram on obv., and on rev. the name and rank of Sermon in native characters. Sisteron^ Basses-Alpes. See Forcalquier and Toulon. Sittart^ or Sittard^ a Brabantine mint in the 14th c. There is a groot of Waleran de Born struck here. Sch., Cat. vii. 492. Sitten,^ a Merovingian mint {Sidv7iis) ; subsequently of uniface coins bearing the bust of St. Theodolus, probably by virtue of the imperial grant of 1274. An episcopal mint from 1457 to 1780. Svitejisis. Skoplje^ a medieval fortress of Servia, where money was struck with the name of the place of origin in Slavonic characters. Slagelse^ an early Danish mint. Slahlov. Slidjs^ Zeeland, a mint of Philip le Beau, Duke of Burgundy, in 1492, as Dainoiseaii or minor. It struck money of necessity during the siege by Maximilian I. of Austria in 1492 in the name of the Archduke Philip : a gold florin and a briquet and double briquet in silver. M l62 The Coins of Europe Smallenberg^ Prussia, a mint of the Bishops of Cologne, 13th c. Civitas Smalnberg^ or Smale7tbiirgi. Siieek^ W. Friesland, the source of coins bearing Snekensis and a shield quartered with an eagle and three crowns. Soest^ Prussia, an occasional mint of the Emperors of the West. There is a denier of Otho III., 983-1002, struck here. A series of copper pfenningen, from the i6th to the i8th c, belongs here. Those of the i8th c. which most usually occur (1700-50) have Stadt Soest and a key. Sofia^ capital of the principality of Bulgaria, and the seat of a coinage since 1880. Soissons^ the capital and probably the mint of Clovis I. and perhaps also of Pepin le Bref. Subsequently one of Louis le Debonnaire, who conferred the privileges and profits on the richly endowed Abbey of Saint Medard at Soissons, founded by Sigebert, King of Austrasia. At this time the coinage was carried out in the palace. Money was struck here in the name of Charles le Chauve, perhaps by the abbey ; but subse- quently the Bishops and Counts of Soissons acquired in succession the jurisdiction, the latter holding from the See, which ceded the right, no doubt, for a consideration. One of the Counts married Agathe de Pierre- fonds ; and there is a denier, possibly struck at the now famous Chateau de Pierrefonds, with Moneta Canoit [^Co?t07{\ on obv., and on rev. De Pierefo7i2. The ordinary money of Soissons reads Suessioitis^ or Mon. Suessionis. Solferino^ Lombardy, a seigniorial mint of a branch of the Gonzaga family, Marchesi di Solferino (17th c). Solms^ a seat of seigniorial coinage, 17th c. A grosch of Ernst II., 161 3, is cited by Schulman, Cat. xiv. No. 539. Solothurn, or Soleure, an abbatial mint from 930 to 1381, when the city purchased the right from the Abbot of St. Ursus, and struck money down to the last c. Solodvrensis. Soinmieres^ Anduse, a seigniorial fief of the united lordships of Anduse and Sauve, a mint of that family, ioth-i3th c, and in 1236 a royal seat of coinage. Deniers and oboles with Anduszensis^ De Andusia^ Salviensis^ or De Salve. The capital B on obv. may indicate the house of Bermond, in whom the lordship was vested in the loth- I ith c. So7tdershatise?t, Schwarzburg, the seat of coinage of the principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. Sora, Naples, the seat of an independent duchy down to 1462 of the last Duke, Pier Gian. Paolo Cantelmi (1459-61). Rossi, Cat. No. 4844, had a bolognino, which fetched 185 lire. Sorag7ia^ Parma, a former principality in the Meli-Lupi family, i8th c. A gold zecchino of Nicolo Meli-Lupi, 1731, occurred at the Rossi sale, and brought 90 lire. Sorre7ito^ Naples, a mint of the Lombard Princes, nth c. Souvig7ty-le- Vieux, Dept. of La Manche, France, the seat of an ancient Cistercian priory, which, from the nth c, had a right of coining money. There are only deniers of a low standard of silver, with a bust of Saint Mayeul facing or in profile. At a later date the priors and the Sires de Bourbon struck convention-money at Souvigny at the common cost as a means of settling disputes which had arisen by reason of encroachments on the part of the seigneurs. In 1320 Philippe le Long, King of France, extinguished the rights by payment of 15,000 bons petits tournois = about 240,000 fr. Scs. Maiolvs and Silvi7iiaco^ or Borbo7te7isis. Some deniers Catalogue of Ettropean Mints 163 have the bust of St. Mayeul and a cross cantoned with D.B. {Do?Jihius Borbonensis). Sousdal, an early Russian mint. Souzoim^ an early Russian mint. Spalatro^ Dalmatia, the place of origin of certain small billon pieces of the 13th c, with Spa Catt ino disposed in three lines on obv., and on rev. a cross. In and after 1397 the Ban or Waiwode of Bosnia, on behalf of Sigismund, King of Hungary, struck here various coins bearing a shield with an armed arm and his titles as supreme waiwode or voyvode of Bosnia and vicar of the kingdom of Lladislaus, and on rev. the patron-saint, St. Dominus or Doimus. The grossi coined here by the feudal dukes formed a source of trouble to Venice, as it was represented in 1 4 10 that the standard was below that of the Republic and injured her interests. Spanheiin^ a seigniorial mint of the Counts of Spanheim, 14th c Schulman, Cat. ix. 554, cites a gros tournois of Johan II. 1357-1403. Spa?iish Mmts. See Blanchet, ii. 281. Spira^ an ecclesiastical mint for the Archbishops. Spoleto, the place of origin of a bracteate danaro, struck on a large flan, with Wido. Gragia. Di. Re. It was struck by Guido, Lord of Spoleto, 939-44, who probably occupied the ancient castle of the exarchs of Ravenna. Spoleto also produced a few anonymous ecclesiastical coins with Spoletam's, or Spoleto^ on rev., and was a place of papal coinage, 15th and 1 8th c. There are 2-baiocchi pieces of the Roman Republic, 1798-99, struck here. Stadtberg. See Marburg. Statt^ prov. of Liege, a mint of Thibaut de Bar, Bishop of Liege, 1303-13- Stave lot.) or Stablo^ Belgium, prov. of Liege, the seat of an abbey said to have been founded in the 7th c. by Sigebert, King of Austrasia. There is abbatial money of the i6th c. with the imperial titles on rev. Stavoren, on the Zuyder Zee, formerly a town of great importance, a mint of the early Counts of West Friesland in the nth c. It is at present an insignificant village. Steenwijk^ Holland, the seat of a coinage of necessity during the siege by the French in 1580, and perhaps also during that by Maurice of Nassau in 159 1. Stein^ or Steyn, Austrian Illyria, a seigniorial mint of the 14th c, where the boetdrager of Louis de Maele, Count of Holland, was imitated. Comp. Carin. Ste?tay, Lorraine, French dept. of La Meuse, a temporary mint of Louis XIII. during his occupation of Lorraine, 1635-39. Comp. Flore7tce. Stendal.) Prussia, formerly the capital of the Mark or March of Brandenburg, and the mint of the early margraves from the 12th c. There are groschen, pfennigen, and other low values, of Joachim and Albrecht, struck there in 15 13. The town acquired the right of coinage in 1369. Sta7idi. Stettin^ Pomerania, or Pommern, now part of Prussia, a mint of the Dukes and Kings of Poland and of the independent Dukes of Pommern, 1 2th- 1 7th c. The duchy was divided between S. and Wolgast in 1295, and reunited in 1625. There is a profusion of early bracteates with an infinite variety of designs. The Dukes had nearly thirty other mints. 164 The Coins of Etirope among which we may specify Griefswald, Rugen, Stargard, Stralsund, and Wolgast. A schiUing of Bogeslas X., Duke of Pommern, 1502, was struck at S.; also perhaps a grosch of Duke Franz, 161 7, and a double schilling of Bogeslas XIV., 1622. Stevensweerd^ Gueldres, a mint of the Seigneurs of s' Heerenberg, I5th-i6th c. Sch., xi. 37. At a somewhat later epoch it struck the copper dute or doit for local use. Comp. Berg. Stezau^ a fortress of Servia in mediaeval times, and the place of origin of coins bearing Ctezaiih. Stockholm^ an early place of coinage of the Kings of Sweden, with and without the royal titles. A dickthaler of Stene Sture, the younger (1512-20), reads on obv. Monc, Stoc holm. 15 12, and on rev. S. Ericvs Rex Svecie. There is also copper money of the i6th c. with the name of the capital only. Stolberg^ Pruss. Saxony, circle of Merseburg, the place of origin of bracteates of the 12th or 13th c, with a stag to 1., of later uniface pieces, with a stag's head and Stol. or Stalb.^ and from the concession of a grant in 1467 to the Counts, the seat of a considerable coinage in gold, silver, and copper. The thaler and its divisions, first struck in 1 544, the kreutzer and batz and their multiples, and the albus, were current here, and the gold ducat. The gold is very rare. A ducat of 1743 shews on the obv. a stag with his horns entangled in a pillar ; but a very beautiful one of 1 81 8, struck to commemorate the golden wedding of Christian Friedrich, exhibits a free stag on obv., and on rev. /. Ducat. D. XI. Nov. 1 81 8. There were two or three branches of this house — Stolberg-Stolberg, Stolberg-Rochefort, and Stolberg-Weringerode — of which all had the coining privilege. Straeten. See Samt-Andre\ Stralsimd^ Pomerania, the seat of the coinage of Jasomar II., Prince of Rugen, and of convention-money between it and other towns in the duchy. There are very early pieces, both in silver and billon, bearing on obv. an arrowhead, and Moneta Svndensis. Strasbiirgh^ Alsace or Elsas, a Carlovingian or Frankish mint. There is a denier of Pepin le Bref, 8th c, struck there. The episcopal coinage under imperial authority, and with the secular titles, commenced in pursuance of a concession from Louis the German in 873. The bishops began by placing a crozier in the field, and then their initials in the legend of the coinage ; and there is an engraving in Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 1754, of a well-executed denier of Bishop Odbert (906-13). The gros tournois was current here in a local imitation at an early date. In the nth c. these powerful prelates substituted their own names and effigies for those of the suzerain (965-92), perhaps by virtue of an amplified grant from Stockholm or of 1573. Catalogue of Europea^i Mints 165 Otho II. in 974, when that Prince conferred the right cum oiiijii zjifcgri- tate ; and at the end of that c. we find a bracteate system intro- duced by certain lay seigneurs as well as by the occupants of the See, to be continued down to the 13th, with a variety of types and symbols, side by side with an apparently independent imperial series of the usual fabric. The 13th c. witnessed the rise of a municipal interposition, in consequence of the progressive debasement of the bracteates ; during a few years (1298- 1306) the city struck anonymous pieces of episcopal type ; the influence and spirit of the burgesses gradually triumphed ; and finally, in 1 508, the Emperor having vested the gold coinage exclusively in the borough, the Church lost its ground completely here. The bishops struggled in vain from 1 592 or before to recover their ascendancy, and struck money elsewhere (comp. Guebwiller^ Gilnzburg^ and MolsJieiui) ; there is also evidence of the crisis in money of necessity of 1 592, struck by the city during its contest with Bishop Charles de Lorraine. In 1681 S. became French, and the monetary patterns were modified. From 1693 the m.m. was BB. In 181 5 a decime was issued here in the name of Louis XVI II. Stuttgart {^Stvggarten^ or Stvgardion coins), cap. of Wiirtemburgh, the place of origin of some of the ancient coinage of this duchy and kingdom, and since 1423 the only mint for this State. There is a long series of coins in all metals and various denominations. We may note a small square gold piece without date with a view of Stuttgart. Substa7tdo?t, or Sustajtcion-Melgueil^ near Maguelonne, a Merovingian and Carlovingian mint, of which the precise site is not known. Svstan- cione. The See of Maguelonne was transferred hither in 737. It w^as the seat of a seigniorial coinage from the loth c, and of an episcopal one from the 13th to the 14th. The types were borrowed from the royal coinage with the name of Carloman, and from that of Narbonne, and appear to have acquired popularity, as the inonnaie vielgorienne was widely spread over the south and west of France. The peculiar form of cross is also found on seals of the Bishops of Melgueil. Sul7no7ia^ Naples, in the Abruzzi, the place of origin of a bolognino of Charles III. of Durazzo (1382-86), and of a carlino and cavallo of Charles VI 11. of France (1495). On the latter occur the letters S.M.P.E. for Sulmo mihi patria est — a quotation from Ovid's Tristia. Susa {Segusio, or Secusid)^ Sardinian States, perhaps the earliest mint of the Counts of Savoy. There is a danaro of Umberto II., 1091-1103, struck here. It has on rev. Secvsia. But comp. Acquabella. Under Amadeus IV. (1233-53) Susa ceased to appear on coins, and Sabavdia is substituted. Sutri^ Papal States, conjectured to be the Flavia Sidrio mentioned on coins of Desiderius, King of the Lombards, 755-74. More usually known as Colonia Sutrina. Swme7mmde^ Prussia, in the prov. of Stettin, a mint of the earlier Kings of Hungary. There are small billon pieces (deniers) of Louis II., struck there in 15 17, 1520, and 1523. Szuiss Mi7its (minor) : Appenzell, Diessenhofen, Disentis, Engelberg, Fishingen, Glarus, Gotteshausbund, Graubiindten, Haldenstein-Schauen- stein, Kyburg, Laufenburg, Muri, Nyon, Peterlingen (abbey, 962), Prun- trut, Rheinau, Sitten, Solothurn, Stein, Tessin or Ticino, Thurgau, Unterwalden. Swiss Mi7its. See Blanchet, ii. 962-67. Systerbeck, a Russian mint under Catherine II. i66 The Coins of Ettrope TagliacozzOj Naples, a mint of Pope Alexander V., 1410. There are two bolognini with Talia. Coza. on rev. Tarasco7i (see Marseilles)^ Provence, the mint of Rene and Charles III. d'Anjou, 1434-86, Counts of Provence. In 1483 the Archbp. of Aries gave leave to the mint-master here to strike his money at Mont- dragon in consideration of an annual payment of 20 ecus d'or of the money of the King of France, which tends to shew that the mint at T. had then closed. The m.m. is a tarasque^ a nondescript monster, which used to be carried in procession in the streets here and elsewhere on certain occasions. Tarbes^ Hautes-Pyrenees, a mint of Edward I. of England as Duke of Aquitaine. Tarrag07ia^ a Visigothic mint {Tarraco, Tirao7ie)^ and one of the Spanish kings. Tassarolo, a seigniorial fief of the Spinola family (1604-90), and the probable place of origin of certain coins, some with portraits, including a tallero with its divisions, a scudo, a luigino, a piece of 8 bolognini, etc., all very rare. The coinage is connected with the duchy of Massa- Carrara ; one or two examples bear the portrait and titles of Alberico II., 1662-90. Tea7io, a Lombard mint, nth c. Ter77ii7ti^ a mint of the King of Naples, 151 5-21. Teri7i07tde^ or De7tder77w71.de ^ E. Flanders, a mint mentioned in a document of 1108. Guillaume de Juliers, grandson of Gui de Dampierre, Count of Flanders, struck money here in 1302-3. It remained a mint of the Counts of F. and of the Dukes of Burgundy ; and by virtue of a concession from Philip le Bon (1419-67) the local Brotherhood of Our Lady struck money here. Ter7tes, Les^ Auvergne, present dept. of Cantal, probably the place intended on a coin of Jean de Chatillon, Comte de Saint-Pol, 1317-44, with the legend Ioha7ies, Co77tes. Sa7iti. Pavli. E. T. Nois. Ter7ii^ States of the Church, the place of origin of billon pieces of 8 and 6 baiocchi, 1797, money of necessity in character. Comp. Perugia. Tesche7t, or Teck^ Styria, a mint of the Dukes of Teschen (1529-79), of the bishops, of the town, and of the Emperors Ferdinand III. and IV. as Kings of Bohemia. There is a thaler of Wenzslaw Adam, Duke of Teck, with We7icesla D.G. Dvx Tesi7te. 1560. Tha7in^ Alsace, a mint of the Landgraves of Alsace, 15th c, of the municipality down to 1505, and for a short time reopened in 1623. Mo7teta Nova Ta7i7ie7isis. There are gros of the town with S. Theo- baldus episcopus. Thierrens^ near Moudon, Cant, of Vaud, Switzerland, the place of coinage of certain C07itrefa(^07is of the money of the Bishop of Lausanne by Louis, Seigneur de Vaud, a cadet of the house of Savoy. ThioTtville, France, Dept. of Moselle, a mint of Henri II. le Blondel, Count of Luxemburgh (1246-81). Thio7tville, Luxemburgh, one of the earliest known mints of the Counts of L., 1 2th c. Tio7tville, Thorn^ Brabant, the place of coinage of an important conventual establishment under the government of abbesses, I5th-i7th c. There is a gold angel of Margaret of Brederode, abbess, 1531-71, and liards, double liards, halves and quarters, belonging to this institution. Some bear the name of the Abbess Anna de la Marck, who, like the preceding, was the member of an illustrious seigniorial family. The Abbess Catalogue of European Mints 167 Margaret copied the Goslar (Hanover) type with the Virgin and Child on obv. and a hon on rev., on a gros or groot reading Mo7icta Nova Arge : D : M : B . The same abbess struck a ^ daalder of a novel type with Deiiarivs Novvs Qvindeciin StvffcroruiJi^ of which there seem to be two varieties. Thorn^ Prussian Poland, a mint of the Teutonic Order 13th- 15th c. In 1436 the Grand Master surrendered the right of coinage to the town for half the profits. Thorn was also a mint of the independent Kings of Poland, whose money bears Moneta Dvcatvs Prvcic^ or the double Jagellon cross and the double Prussian eagle. This was in the i6th c. the common Polish mint for the whole of Prussia under that Crown. There was copper currency {solidi) down to about 1770. A solidus of 1 76 1 has the crowned monogram of Augustus III. of Poland, and on rev. Solid, Civitat, Thoriin. There is a rare solidus belonging here of John Casimir, King of Poland (1648-68), for East Prussia. Thoiiars^ Poitou, a viscounty in the Middle Ages, whose representa- tive intermarried with the house of Mauleon. In 1226 Henry III. of England granted to Hugues I., V. de T., the right of striking money of the Poitevine standard to be current throughout the province with his own. Tiel^ a mint of the Emperors of the West of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. Deniers of Henry II. (1002-24) and of Conrad II. (1024-39) were struck here. Tiflis^ Georgia, an early Prussian mint. Tirleinont^ Brabant, the source of 7nailles of the 13th c. with the paschal lamb. Tirjiova^ Bulgaria, possibly, with Sofia, the chief, if not only mint, of the principality since 1880. TivoU^ near Berne, the place of origin of a piece of 5 baiocchi (madonnina) of Pius VI., 1797. Todi^ Papal States, an autonomous (13th c.) and papal (1450) mint. Toledo^ a Visigothic mint, and one of the Kings of Castile and Leon. I2th-i5th c. Alfonso VIII., 1158-88, struck here dinars with Arabic characters and his title as Emir of the Catholics, or Alf. There is a coin of Beatrice of Portugal, consort of John I., 1379-90, with her name and titles as Queen of Castile and Portugal. Joseph Buonaparte, King of Spain, 1808-10, employed this mint. Toleto^ or J. Tongres^ prov. of Liege, a mint of Jean d'Arkel, Bishop of Liege, and Due de Bouillon, 1364-78. Tonnerrc. See Chateaubelin^ Orgelet^ etc. Torgau^ Prussian Saxony, a mint of the Dukes of Saxony of the Ernestine branch, i6th c. Torriglia, possibly a place of coinage of the Lomellini family, 17th c. There are luigiiti of Violante Doria Lomellini, Contessa di Lomellini (1665-67), supposed to belong here. Tortona^ Piedmont, an imperial mint, 12th- 13th c. ; a grosso and \ grosso have on obv. Irhrator Fr., and on rev. Terdona. This place was at one time within the territory of the Dukes of Milan. To74l^ France, Dept. of Meurthe, a mint of the Kings of Austrasia (6th-8th c), of the Carlovingian line of kings, and of the bishops of the See, 10- 14th c. It is possible that a copper coin of Jean d'Huhlhuizen of the 13th or 14th c, described by Schulman, Cat. xv. 316, is part of this episcopal series. It is clearly not a seigniorial piece. A curious denier of Otho (956-62) has the name of the town written from right to The Coins of Ettrope left, OLLVT. Other forms are Vrbs Tvlli^ Tvllo Civis^ Tvlle7zsis, etc., but the place first appears under the name of Levcha Civitas. The coinage of this See is poorly and carelessly executed, and the earliest productions are degenerate copies of Carlovingian types. Toulon^ a seat of a special unauthorised coinage, during the confusion in France about 1589, by the Admiral Bertrand de Nogaret, who also struck money — pieces of 6 blanques — at Sisteron or Forcalquier. Toulouse^ one of the chief cities of the kingdom of the Visigoths, a Merovingian and Carlovingian mint, one of the Bishops and the Counts of T., of whom the latter seem to have usurped the coinage, perhaps with rights reserved to the See, and of the Kings of France of the Valois and Bourbon dynasties. It was also the centre of the system of mone- tary weights for a livra and its parts, etc., long prevalent in the South of France as far as the Pyrenees, and of which the precise history is scarcely yet fully understood. Some of these poids were clearly nothing more ; but the livra of Toulouse, Bordeaux, etc., appears to have belonged to a different category. The most singular feature about it and its divisions is that they are dated. Toitrnai^ a bishopric given with that of Noyon, from 531 to 1146, to the Abbey of Saint Medard at Soissons, founded by Sigebert, King of Austrasia. No remains of any episcopal or other money of that period have come down to us ; but on the coinage of the 12th c. the prelates of both Sees bear a double crozier in token of the ancient union or alliance. The Bishops of Noyon also used the mint here. At a later period there are coins of the Counts of Flanders, the Kings of France (from Philip III.) and Spain, and of Albert and Isabella after the cession of Brabant to Austria. In 1306 T. was one of the eight royal mints of France. There are siege-pieces of 1521, 1581, and 1709. Totirmts^ Saone-et- Loire, the seat of an abbatial mint from 889 by virtue of a concession by Eudes, King of France, confirmed by his suc- cessors. The earliest coins signify that they were struck by the permis- sion of Lothaire, and cannot be older than 955. Some of the pieces bear Caput Regis. Tours^ a Carlovingian mint and, during the early Capetian period under Hugues Capet and his immediate successors, a place of great monetary importance. The Abbey of Saint Martin was a celebrated seat of coinage, and laid the foundation of the Tournois standards, which preceded that of Paris established under Philip Augustus, but was re- tained and employed by him in all the coinage outside the regal precincts or le serment de France. Louis IX., however, was the first to introduce the gros tournois, and to place the French currency generally on a sounder and more practical basis. A signal movement such as that at Tours, even before the time of Louis IX., inevitably exercised a powerful influ- ence on all sides, and affected the coinage of Champagne and other adjacent provinces, as it eventually did, where the striking type of the gros appeared, that of many parts of Europe. The earlier French kings employed this mint for the provinces beyond the Loire, and distinguished their money from that of the abbey by the simple legend Tvronvs Civics. Thibault le Tricheur, Count of Tours, about 950, also used it. Transylvaman Mints. See Blanchet, ii. 181. Trau., Dalmatia, a seat of Venetian colonial coinage. A bagattino has on obv. S. Lavrentivs Tragvr. N.M., and on the rev. Sa?ictvs Marcvs Venet.^ with the facing lion. Catalogue of Em^opean Mints 169 Tregiiirc^ Cotes du Nord, a mint of Charles de Chatillon or Blois, a competitor in 1341 for the duchy of Brittany by reason of his marriage with the niece of Duke John III. Tresa7ta^ a place to which are referred certain coins in silver and bronze of the Malaspina family, i6th c. But the appropriation seems doubtful. Perhaps a place of coinage of the Lombard kings. Treves^ or Trier^ a mint of the Kings of Austrasia, 7th-8th c. (7>.), and the seat of an ecclesiastical and imperial coinage from the loth if not earlier. See Cat. Robert, 1886, Nos. 1863-64. Treviso^ a mint of Charlemagne, of some of the later emperors, of the Count of Goritz, and of Venice. The reverse of a danaro of Charlemagne reads Tarvis. The Count of Goritz (1319-23) struck the aquilino and picciolo, which have Comes Goric.^ or Comes Gor.^ and on rev. Tarvisiu^ or Tarvisivm. Trevoiix^ Les Dombes, Burgundy, originally a chateau which de- veloped into a town, a mint of the Sires de Thoire and Villars in the 12th c, and subsequently of the Dukes and Sires de Bourbon and Bourbon- Montpensier. Les Dombes or Dombes was united to the Crown in 1527 ; but the coinage was resumed, and continued till the closing years of the 17th c. ; the latest piece which we have seen is one of 4 sols of Anne Marie Louise d'Orleans, 1665. The Due de Maine, the last beneficiary of the mint, renounced it under unsatisfactory circumstances, in having fabricated money in imitation of regal types of a lower standard to enhance the commercial advantage. At an earlier stage the coins of Dombes, of which there is an extensive and important series in gold, silver, and billon — including a gold piece of Jean IL, 1459-75, weighing six times as much as an ordinary teston, and probably a piece de plaisir — had attained great celebrity and were copied in many directions, even in Italy ; the \ ecu or piece of 5 sols, with the youthful portrait of Marie de Montpensier, is said to have been greatly used in foreign commerce, and to have been long at a premium in Turkey as a bijou or jewel, which they termed a timmiji. There is a curious contrefaqo7t of a Venetian ducat struck here about 1620, which is said to have evoked a remonstrance from the Doge — an involuntary tribute to the reputation of the mint. Trevo, Trient^ a seat of episcopal coinage from the 13th (perhaps 12th) to the 1 6th c. The most important piece in this series is a miint-medaille of Bernardt Clees, Bishop from 1524 to 1539. Rossi Cat, 1880, No. 4899. The mint closed in 1776. There is a proof in silver of the last gold sequin struck there. Trieste^ an episcopal mint, 12th- 14th c. The bishops also struck money in the 13th c. at the Castle of Pastorium. Cat, Rossi, 1880, No. 495, places under this head a piece belonging to Trient. Troyes, in Champagne, a mint of the Counts of Champagne. A denier of Henry II., Count from 11 80 to 1197, belongs here. Also of the League, 1586, Louis XIV. and XV. A \ louis of the former, 1694, and a Hard of the latter, were struck at T. Trecasi Civi. Triixillo^ Spain, prov. of Ca^eres, the place of origin of a peseta of Ferdinand VII., 1808, struck as a proclamation of his authority, with Procla. e?i la C. de Trvxillo Rno. de Guat. TiiJigen or Thie7igen^ duchy of Baden, formerly in the landgraviat of Kletgau or Kleggau, a fief successively of the Sees of St. Blasien and Constanz, and of the Barons von Kreukingen, and perhaps a mint of all these lords, but at present known only as the place of coinage of certain 170 The Coins of Europe bracteates of the 14th c, with T^, attributed to the contemporary Seigneurs of Kreukingen. Timsberg^ a Norwegian mint under Magnus III., 1093-1103. Turenne^ a mint of the Vicomtes de T. from the nth to the 14th c. Their money was current in the dioceses of Cahors, Limoges, and Peri- gueux. In 1263 the V. did homage to Henry II. of England for his chateaux, his fiefs, and his mint {^pro ino7ietd sua et jure cudendi eain). Raiimmdus De Turena, R. Vicecojnes and Turemie^ with a cross canton- ing B\eaulieu\ etc. The earliest known coins are of Raimond I., 1091-1122. Turin, the possible place of coinage of the small bracteates of Lom- bard fabric discovered in the vicinity, with coins of Charlemagne and Desiderius. A mint of some of the rulers of Savoy. There are coins of Filippo (1297- 1 334) and of Ludovico, Prince of Achaia (1402-18 : Toriiivs CzvPs)^ as well as of the Piedmontese Republic, 1798-99 ; of a gold 20-franc piece struck by Bonaparte in commemoration of the Battle of Marengo, 14th June 1800, with LItalie delivree a Mare7igo ; of a c-franc piece of Napoleon, 181 1 ; and of the more recent sovereigns of Sardinia and Italy. Turr, an early Russian mint. Udine, a mint of the patriarchs of Aquileia, 14th c. Ulm, or Uberli7ige7t^ Bavaria, a royal and imperial mint from a very early date ; but it does not appear to have produced anything but hellers and schillings till 1546, when we find a dated thaler. In 1552 Charles V. conceded the right to coin gold and silver. The ancient hellers bear a V. During the Thirty Years' War Ulm issued a regiments thaler in 1622, and during a siege by the Imperialists in 1704 a florin and a piece of 21 florins in gold and a gulden in silver. The mint is said to have been closed in 1773, of which date there is a kreutzer of thick fabric. Comp. KeiJipte7i. U7ina, Prussia, circle of Hamm, a mint of the Counts de la Mark. V7t7teus or V7i7ies. Urba7to, in the Bolognese territory, the source of a siege-piece in lead of papal type, with F[orte] V[rbano], struck during a blockade by the Imperialists about 1706. Urbi7to, an imperial mint under the house of Hohenstaufen, and at a later period of the independent Dukes of Urbino, of the Montefeltro, Delia Rovere, and Medici families. See a note in Cat. Rossi, No. 3193, as to the doubtless improper ascription of a quattrino of Julius II. with the Delia Rovere arms to this place. The celebrated Lorenzo de' Medici, called the Magnificent, was Duke of Urbino from 15 16 to 15 19. Armand men- tions Paolo di Ragusa, Clemente di Urbino, and Francesco Martini as artists at U. about this date. It is believed that the coins of the 15th and 1 6th c, bearing the names of Castel Durante and Fossombrone, were really struck at Urbino itself. Clement XL, 1700-21, struck a mezzo scudo here in 1707. Uri, the place of a local coinage of uncertain antiquity ; the first concession was in 1424. There was a convention between U., Schwyz, and Unterwalden in the i6th c. ; but coins with the separate marks of Uri and Unterwalden are also found for that period. Gold pistoles of the St. Martin type were struck here. See one figured in Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 2174. Vra7iie. Utrecht, a mint of the Merovingian era, of the ancient Bishops of the Catalogue of European Mints 1 7 1 diocese, and of the provincial Government during the repubhcan period. The same Merovingian moneyer, Adalbertus, who worked at Durstede and elsewhere, has his name on coins belonging to this place. During the 1 8th c. Utrecht was one of the mints for the Batavian Republic and the Dutch Indies. In i8 12-13, Napoleon I. struck pieces of 20 francs, i fr., and \ fr. ; at that time Holland still formed part of the French Empire. Utrecht is the mint of the present kingdom of the Netherlands. There is a curious denarius of Otto van Gueldres (13th c), Bishop of U., as Advocate of the See, and another of Bishop Willem van Gueldres, with the bust of the Bishop on rev. and that of the Emperor Henry IV. (1056- 1 106) on obv. A denier of Willem van Briig, 1054-76, presents on the rev. one of the earliest views of a city on a mediaeval coin. There is a small silver piece of Frederic of Baden, with Mo?t. Epi. Traicc. and the date 1498. Schulman, Cat. v. 131, cites an obole of an early bishop of U. struck in West Friesland. A botdrager or double groot of John of Virenburg, Bp., 1364-71, is termed Moiieta de Zalandia. We may notice a rare leeuendaalder of 1578 with the shield supported by two lions, the original type of the denomination, and between 15 19 and 1606 several unusual varieties of the daalder and \ daalder, and of the rose-noble and ^, some of the former with the portrait of William the Silent ; also a pie- fort of the gold rijder of 1620 differing from the current issue, and weighing 19 gr., and varieties of the double ducat in gold, 1683, 1706, 1742, etc. Uzes. Dept. of Gard, a seat of Carlovingian, if not of Merovingian, coin- age, and opened as an episcopal-capitular mint in the 9th c. It appears that in the 12th (1145) the chapter alienated its share in part to the Seigneur d'Uzes. There is an obole of Bishop Raymond III., 1208-12, with Use on rev. Valence and Die^ Dept. of Drome, two episcopal mints from 11 57 to 1456, when the seigniorial rights were ceded to the Crown. Valence was united to Die in 1276. Gros, \ gros, carlins, and deniers. The money of Die, before the union of the dioceses, reads Civitas Diensisj that of Amedee II. of Saluzzo, 1383-90, has A. De : Saliic. Administrator Ecclesiar. &^ Coinitat. D. Valenc. E. Dn. Valencia^ a Visigothic mint, and one of the early Kings of Arragon, 13th c. Valencie Maioricarvm, And of the Kings of Spain. V. Valenciennes^ an occasional mint of Louis le Debonnaire, and of the Emperors of the West (14th c). See Cat. Robert, 1886, Nos. 31, 32. Two variant thalers of Louis of Bavaria (1314-47) were struck here. Also the place of coinage of some of the Counts of Hainault and of Flanders, and of the Dukes of Burgundy. Some of the money of Margaret of Constantin- ople (1244-80), and Jean d'Avesnes (1280 -1304) of Hainault, belongs here. Under the later Counts it became an important mint, and from the time of Guillaume III., 1356-89, the sole one. In 1793 a piece of 3 livres in bell-metal was struck during the siege of the town by the Duke of York. Valetta, the mint of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem after their investiture by Charles V. in 1530 with the Island of Malta, and down to the close of the i8th c. There is a rare silver ingot struck as money of necessity during the siege of 1799. Valladolid, a place which appears under the initial V. on certain coins of the Counts of Urgel, 13th c, with Urgellensis^ Comes Urgelli, etc. At a somewhat later period the bishops appear to have had some interest in the coinage, on which occurs a crozier. Low values only. The Coins of Etirope Va?t7tes, a mint of John I., le Roux, 1237-86 ; of John IV., 1364-99 ; and of John v., 1 399- 1442, Dukes of Brittany. Ve7ieten^ or Urbs Veiietensis. Varenjtes^ a mint of the See of Verdun, and the place of origin of a \ gros of Cardinal Louis, Duke of Bar, with Senigros. Varen. Vasto^ Abruzzi, a fief and perhaps mint of the Marquis Cesare d'Avalos, 1706. Mar. Vasti. Valid., or Waadt, a separate canton of Switzerland since the present c. The Savoyard deniers and other money struck within this territory from 1273 to 1536 probably belong to Geneva or Lausanne ; some of them are marked with IV. The cantonal coinage dates only from the present c. A silver ecu of Louis XVI., 1792, is countermarked to pass for 40 batzen or 4 franken within this district. Vauvillers., Haute-Saone, the seat of a seigniorial mint, denounced by an edict of 1554 as the source of unlicensed imitations of the regal and imperial types ; the carolus of Besangon was copied. Chatelet in the Vosges was included in the charge. But there seems to have been an exten- sive coinage in all metals at the latter place. A denier of Gauthier de Beauffremont has Mo. Ar. Sup. Vvsis. Nicole 11. du Chastelet, 1525-62, struck ecits an soleil and many other types with Nicolaus du Chastelet^ or Nicol. A Castelleto Sup. Vusis^ and Moneta Dm De Vauvillers. The liard and double hard were struck here. The known coinage seems to be limited to these two persons. Ve7ido?ne, originally belonging to the county of Anjou, and supposed to have been at one time an appanage of the See of Chartres, whose pre- lates were seigneurs of the Chateau of V. Reunited to the Crown in 17 1 2. In this town and district use was long made of the currencies of Tours and Angers, and the autonomous coinage cannot be referred to a date anterior to the middle of the nth c. The Counts, afterwards Dukes, of V. did not place their name on the money till the 13th c. The earlier types are imitations of those of Chartres and Blois ; the later shew the influence of Tours. Vindoci7io Castro^ Udon Caosto^ or Vedome Castr. An obole, thought to indicate a monetary convention between the Count of V. and the Vicomte de Chateaudun in the 13th or 14th c, reads on obv. Idv7ti Castr. ^ and on rev. Vidoci7ie7isis. The alliance was probably of some duration, as the crescent of C. appears on many of the anonymous coins of V. Ve7iice^ possibly the place of coinage of some of the numerous (twenty- four) varieties of da7iaro published by our valued and erudite correspond- ent Count Nicolo Papadopoli (whose numismatic labours are so widely known), and issued more or less under imperial authority between the 9th and 1 2th c, and from the latter date till the close of the Republic the seat of an autonomous mint. Pieces in all metals were struck here in 1848, and it was an occasional mint of the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom. Venrade., Brabant, a mint belonging to the Heeren of Kessel. Sch., Cat. ix. 384. Venray., 21 m. N. of Ruremonde, a mint of the Dukes of Gueldres and Juliers, 15th c. A double groot of Raynald IV., Duke of Gueldres, 1402-23, was struck here. It was for some time an active mint. Ve7ttz77iiglia, Sardinian States, a seigniorial fief. Gio. Requesco, Count, 1725. Vercelli, a seat of autonomous coinage, 13th c, under imperial sanction, and a mint of the Dukes of Savoy, 1 6th- 17th c. Ver.^ or V. Verdu7i^ France, Dept. of Meuse, a somewhat prominent Merovingian mint, and subsequently one of the emperors from Louis le Debonnaire to Catalogtte of European Mints 173 Henry L'Oiseleur, and of the bishops from the loth to the 17th c. (988- 1633). The original concession to the See was from the Comtes de Verdun, of whom, however, no money is identified. Down to the middle of the nth c. the bishops added the imperial titles to their money (as the Counts indeed may have done before them, even withholding their own names). About the middle of the 13th c. there was perhaps the same sort of municipal jealousy as at Metz, and we hear of the episcopal currency of Toul being confined to the rural districts, and possibly it was struck out of the city. The early French regal types (gros tournois, denier, blanc a la queue, etc.) were imitated at V. A very fine grand ecu of Charles de Lorraine-Chaligny, Bp. of V., 1616-22, is figured in Cat. Robert, 1 148 ; this and other productions of the same reign are attributed to the engravers B[ailly] and G[ennetaire]. In the Merovingian pieces this place is indifferently described as Verduno^ Vercdimo^ Virdun^ Virdimo, Virdimuni^ Virdtmis civitas^ etc. Other mints of the See were Dieulouard, transferred about 1616 to Mangiennes, Hattonchatel, Dun, and Sampigny. Comp. Saint- Mihiel and Varenjies. Vergag?ii, Genoese territory, a fief and perhaps mint of the Spinola family, 17th c. Verona^ a mint of the Lombard kings, 7th-8th c. ; of the emperors, loth c. ; of an autonomous republic, 12th- 13th c. ; and of the successive rulers of that part of Lombardy, except that the Venetians do not appear to have struck money here. There are coins of the La Scala or Scaliger family, Lords of Verona (i 262-1 381) — the grosso and the soldo ^ both in silver. Vesteras^ an early Swedish mint. Westear. Vevey^ canton of Vaud, a Swiss mint under the Merovingian princes. Vivisciissi. Vezelise, Meurthe, formerly in Lorraine, and a mint of the Dukes of L. and Bar. Veseli. Via7ien^ 21 m. N. of Luxemburgh, a mint of the early Seigneurs of Brederode. We may call attention to a rare daalder of Heinrich van Brederode, with his bust to r., his gauntlets and plumed helmet in front of him. The legend {Nisi Domiiivs Frvstrd) is divided by the shields of Brederode, Vianen, and Mark. On the rev. is a quartered escutcheon with Mone\ No\ D\ Bred\ Li\ D\ Via?z\ There is a f thaler of Fried- rich Adolf, 171 5, Count of Lippe and Seigneur of Vianen. Viborg, an early Dano- Swedish mint. Viber, Pibr. Probably the place of coinage of the bishops, 12th c, whose coins bear Wiberga or Keiil (St. Killian or Ketil). Vic^ near Metz, a temporary mint of the Bishops of M. about 1556, while the right of coinage within the city was in the hands of Henry II. of France. The latter complained of the debased standard issued at V. Here Henri de Vernueil, Bishop of Metz from 161 2, struck the last episcopal money of that diocese. Vicejiza^ the place of origin of an apparently autonomous aqtiilino with Vicencie on obv. and Civitas on rev. 13th c. Vich^ or Ausonna ( Vicus AusojiicB)^ Cataluna, probably an early Carlo- vingian place of coinage, and a mint of Wilfred II., Count of Barcelona, 906-13, of which he left by will a third of the profits to the church here. There is an anonymous denier of one of the bishops with Episcopi Vici. and Santi Petri. V. was also a Franco-Spanish mint during the French occupation of the province, 1642-48. Vienna (IVien), a mint from the 12th c, and a place of coinage. 174 The Coins of Ettrope chiefly for lower values, of the early Dukes and Arch-Dukes of Austria. The seat of the mint of the Austrian Empire since 1806. The earliest gold siege-piece is that struck here on the occasion of the blockade by the Turks in 1529. The archbishop coined a thaler at V., with the permission of the Emperor Joseph, in 1781. There is a superb one struck by the Numismatic Society of V. in 1888, in honour of Maria Theresa, in two varieties : one with a plain, the other with an inscribed, edge. Vie7i7ie^ Dauphiny, formerly a place of great consideration and im- portance, and by the Council of 892 declared the metropolis of France. There was a Venetian settlement in Haute-Vienne in 977, and the quarter where the colonists fixed themselves was known as the Rue des Veniciens. The town of V. was both a Merovingian, a Carlovingian, and a Burgundian mint, as well as, at a somewdiat later period, a local one, and a seat of coinage of the archbishops and dauphins. One of the archiepiscopal pieces has on obv. Vrbs Vienna, and on rev. Caput Gallie. There is a denier of the loth c. of municipal origin, having on obv. Vrbs Vienna and a monogram in centre, and on rev. S. Mavricivs and a cross. Some pieces of the same period indicate a monetary convention between the primates and the Crown of Provence. Vie?tnois^ a district of France, in which formerly existed several mints employed by the Comtes d'Albon, i ith-i 5th c, namely : Sesana, or Sisena (11 55), Avisans, Chaneuil, Veynes, Grenoble, Tronche (near Grenoble), Pisangon, Cremieu, Serve, and Romans. Humbert II. (1333-49) still used the mint authorised by Frederic Barbarossa at Sesana. Vierzon^ Berri, a seigniorial mint from the 12th to the 15th c, when, after several changes, it was reunited to the Crown of France. Viesville, Hainault, a place of coinage of the ancient Counts of Namur, 13th c. Villa di Chiesa, a mint of Alfonso IV. and Pedro IV. of Arragon (1327-87). Ville- Tranche^ a seat of the French coinage under Louis XIII. A double tournois of 1614 was struck there. Villeneuve. See Beaucaire and Saint-A?tdre. Vilvorde, S. Brabant, near Brussels, a seigniorial mint in the Middle Ages, and one of those of the Dukes of Brabant. Vi7ny, Pas de Calais, a mint under Louis XIV. Liards of 1654 with V. Visby, an early Danish mint. Visbycensis. Vise. See We set. Visigothic Mints. See Blanchet, ii. 271-72. Many are very doubtful. Viterbo, a place of coinage of certain pieces in silver and billon with Patriinoniv. Beati. Petri. ^ and of others with the name of St. Laurentius, I2th-i3th c. It was a papal mint from 1303 to 1490, and Pius VI. struck bronze money here in 1796-97. The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, when they left Rhodes in 1522, remained for some time at Viterbo and at Candia, and may have struck their money on the spot. Vittoria, near Parma, a supposed place of coinage of pieces with the name of Frederic II. and S. Victoris. about 1247. Viviers^ Dept. of Ardeche, on the Rhone, the seat of an episcopal coinage from the 12th to the 14th c. It seems that in 1293 the mint was known as I'Argentiere. In 1307 leave was given for the circulation of the money outside the diocese. Vivarii, or Vivariensis. Some pieces have the initial and title of the bishop. Low values only. Vlissingen. See Flushing. Catalogue of European Mints Vollenhoojn, Overijssel, the place of origin of a J groot of Jan van Diest, Bishop of Utrecht, 1322-41. Volterra, Tuscany, a seat of episcopal coinage, 13th- 14th c. Only pieces of low value with De, Volterra^ or D. Vvlterra. Vroenhof. See Maestricht, Wadsteiia^ or Wadsteiii^ E. Gothland, the place of origin of a square 4-mark piece struck by the Dukes of Finland and Sodermanland during the war with Eric XIV., 1568. Waelhein^ near Malines, the mint of Philippe de Bourgogne during his administration of the duchy of Brabant for Jean IV. Walchereii^ Holland. The French defenders struck a piece in lead in 18 13 with Regiment de Valcheren during the siege by the English. Waldeck^ W. Germany, probably the mint of the principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont. In Sch., xiv. 547, there is a remarkable gold ducat of Christian and Wolrath IV., 1616. There is a very fine thaler of 1813. There was probably a mint here in the beginning of the 13th c, if not earlier. Waldeck Mints (minor) : Arolsen (1732- 1840), Corbach, 13th c. {Cvr- bekec^ Corbeck^ or Corbecid)^ Nieder-Wildungen. * Walincoiirt^ Hainault, now Dept. of Nord, the place of coinage of Guillaume I., Count of Hainault (1305-6), and of a gros of Jean, Seigneur de W., probably struck in 1306-7, when he received the authority from the Count, as the See of Cambrai promptly procured an injunction against the mint as being within that diocese. The gros above mentioned reads lohamies D7ts. De Wal.^ and on rev. Moneta Nova Waullancort, Wange?!^ canton of Berne. See Kyburg. Waremme^ prov. of Liege, a mint of Thibaut de Bar, Bishop of Liege, 1303-13- Warendorf^ probably the mint of the copper money {knpferdreier) of the 1 6th- 1 7th c. bearing the name of the place. The earliest which we have seen is a 12 pf of 1594 with Stadt Warejtdorp and a portcullis. Warsaw^ formerly part of the kingdom of Poland, erected into a grand-duchy by Napoleon I. under the government of the King of Saxony, and now belonging to Russia ; a mint of which little seems to be known. A rare gold ducat of Frederic Augustus, King of Saxony, as Duke of Warsaw, 181 2, reads Aureus Niummis Ducat. Varsov. The revolution- ary money of 1831 was struck out of Poland. Weerdt, Limbourg, 14 miles from Ruremonde, the chief mint of the Seigneurs of Homes, 1 3th c. Philip de Montmorency struck a silver piece here, copied from the type of the Bolognese lira, with Mo7teta Nova Arge7t. I)\onii7ii'\ I\_7i\ W\eerdt\ Wei77tar, Saxony, a grand-duchy formed in 1484. There is a series of thalers and other pieces from the i6th c. down to the latter end of the 1 8th c. There is a thaler of Friedrich Wilhelm and Johann, 1583, with their portraits, and thalers and \ thalers of Amalia, Regent of Saxe- Weimar and Eisenach, 1763. It is to this series and locality that we have to refer the curious thaler of Johann Ernst II. and his seven brothers with all their effigies (1605-20). Weimar was also a mint of the Counts of Orlamiinde. Weisse7ihor7i, Bavaria, the place of origin of a gold florin of Anthony, Baron of Fugger (1530-60), with a quartered shield and A7it. Fvgger D. i7i Weisse7ihor7t. There is a series of coins and medals of this great house in both its branches, from the i6th to the i8th c, struck either 176 The Coins of Etirope here or at Augsburg. At the latter place was published the well- known collection of portraits : Fuggerorum et Fuggeraruui Imagines^ folio, 1593. Well^ near Liege, the possible place of coinage of Jan van Arendal and of the Seigneurs of Rheidt and Well (15th c). Welsfeil. See Laroche. Wejiden^ Livonia, a mint of the Order of Livonia, who also struck money in gold and silver, sometimes in conjunction with others, at Riga and Revel. Werden and Helmstadt^ Prussia, in the circle of Duisburg, an abbatial mint in the Middle Ages, and down to the i8th c. The schellings of Campen were copied here. A piece of 6 sous on the Dutch model of the Abbot Hugo d'Assindia is cited by Sch., xiv. 617. Comp. Ltidinghauseji, Werl^ Prussian WestphaHa, a mint of the Counts of Recklinghausen and of the See of Cologne. The latter money (in copper, 1602) bears the arms of the town — a key on a cross. Wernigerode^ Prussian Saxony, a mint of the independent Counts, whose castle lies a little distance from the town, from the 13th to the 1 8th c. The earliest issue was of bracteates. There is a convention- gulden of this place, 1764. Wertheim^ Baden, the place of coinage of pfennigen of silver struck by the Counts by virtue of an imperial licence granted in 1 363, and of money of the Counts of Stolberg and of Loewenstein-Wertheim. Wertheri. Wesel, a mint of the duchy of Cleves, I4th-i5th c. Wessern^ Limbourg, a mint of the Seigneurs of Homes in the 13th c. Westphalian Mints (minor) : Alen, Anholt, Beckum, Eversberg, Halteven, Mark, Stadtberg, Stromberg, Tecklenburg, Telger, Vlotho, Vreden, Werne, Winterberg. Wezet^ a mint of the Lords of Reckheim. Here the Netherland co7itrefaqon of the Bolognese lira appears to have originated. Also a mint of the Bishops of Liege in the 12th c. We have a denier with Enirrdvs Ep.^ of which the identification is difficult. Some have sup- posed it to belong to Bishop Reginard (1025-39). Vioza^ Viesez^ or We. Wied^ Prussia, the ostensible place olf origin of certain silver and copper money in the last and present century. It possesses copper mines and a silver finery. But the coins were probably struck at Berlin. Wiedenbrilck^ Prussian Westphalia, probably the mint of the copper money ikiipferdreier)^ bearing its name. Wieliin^ Poland, the place of coinage of money struck by the Duke of Oppeln, Governor of Poland and Red Russia, on behalf of Louis of Anjou, 13th c. Moneta Welv. Ci.j Moneta Rvssie. Wiesbaden^ Nassau, a mint of the duchy of Nassau, 14th- 17th c. Wijk-bii-Duiirstede^ in the province of Utrecht. See Diirstede. Wijniges^ West Friesland, the seat of a mint for that province in 1634. Schulman, xi. 91, cites an inedited variety of the gold ducat struck there. Wilna^ probably the seat of the coinage of the Dukes of Courland, as well as of that of Lithuania before and after its annexation to Poland. The money struck by the Dukes in the i6th c. was on the model of the Polish currency emanating from Dantzic and Riga. Windisch^ canton of Aargau, a Swiss mint under the Merovingian princes. Vindonissa. Wmsian^ W. Friesland, a mint of the Counts of W. F., nth c. Winshein, Catalogue of European Mints 177 Wismar^ Mecklenburgh-Schwerin, a seat of coinage in all metals from the 17th c. ; but in recent times copper only seems to have been struck there. It was one of the mints in the 1 7th- 1 8th c. of the undivided duchy of Mecklenburgh. Moiicta. Wisniar. and on rev. Civitas. Magnop. The mint seems to have produced nothing after 1854. There is a rare piece representing a thaler and a half, without date, but about 1680, with a three- quarter figure of St. Laurence, holding the gridiron, a shield of arms in front of him, and the legend Firuia • Est • in Domin .*. Spe^. Et • Fidvcia • Nostra • , and on the rev. the outer circle has a legend : Wismariaui • A Cvnctis • Protege ' Christe Malisr. The inner circle, embracing a quartered shield, reads Devs. Dat. Cvi. Vvlt. This coin was obligingly lent to us, with many others, by Messrs. Spink and Son of London. Comp. Schulman, Cat. xx. 1208. A gold ducat of Wismar, 1743, occurred at the Reinmann sale, 1891, No. 867. In 17 15, during the siege by the allied Russians, Danes, Saxons, and Hanoverians, the town struck money of necessity for i, 4, 8, and 16 schillings. Wisseuiburg^ Alsace, an abbatial mint from 1275, and a municipal one under imperial sanction 15th- 17th c. The abbatial money bears Widen- fire p the name of an abbot — Wilfrid], the other Weissenbvrg. Am. Rhei. This is the place of origin of a very early and rare denier, described in Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 1791. Comp. also Nos. 1978, 1988. Witte7iberg^ a mint of the Electors of Saxony and of the town, 13th- i6th c. Shield with two swords and W, Woerdeii^ Holland, the place of origin of a square piece of 4 stuivers in lead, struck during the siege by the Spaniards in 1575. Woerth-cun-Sauer, Alsace, a mint of Lichtenberg, 1587- 1632. Wolfenbilttel^ Brunswick, the seat of a branch of the house of Bruns- wick, and the place of origin of a tolerably long series of coins. Money of necessity was struck here in 1627 by the commandant of the fortress. Wohlaic or Wdhlatt^ Silesia, the source of pfennigen of the 14th c. with a bull's head and W. V. for Wiilaviaj there were pieces of 24 kreutzer during the Thirty Years' War (1621-22). It was also a mint of the Counts and Dukes of Brieg. Workiiin^ W. Friesland, a seat of local coinage, 14th c, with Wolderv. and an eagle and three fleurs-de-lis. Worms., Hesse Darmstadt, the place of origin of a denier of early fabric similar to those of Louis le Debonnaire of the temple type, and a mint of the Bishops of Worms from the 9th c, as well as perhaps of the See of Treves. The most ancient denier of the bishops is one of Henry (1217-34). There is also civic or municipal money in gold and silver. Wormacia. Wilrtemburg Alints (minor) : Aalen, Argen, Bartenstein, Biberach, Brenz, Buchau, Buchhorn, Christophstal, Elwangen, Esslingen, Forchten- berg, Giengen, Gmiiind, Gnadenthal, Goeppingen, Heilbronn, Helfenstein, Kirchberg, Koenigsegg, Langenargen, Langenburg, Limpurg, Mainhard, Marbach, Mergentheim, Montfort, Neckarssulm, Neuenstein, Oehringen, Ravensburg, Riedlingen, Rottenburg, Siilz, Tettnang, Tubingen, Unter- steinbach, Waldburg, Waldenburg, Waldsee, Wangen, Weickersheim, Weingarten, Weissenau, Woellwarth, or Wallworth. Wilrtzbnrg^ the mint of the bishops. Money of necessity has been repeatedly struck here. Xeres^ a mint of the Almohades (516-668). N 178 The Coins of Europe Yen7te^ a mint of the Counts of Savoy, 14th c. Ypres {Ipra, or Ipre), the mint of Philippe d'Alsace, Gui de Dampierre, and others, Counts of Flanders after the acquisition of Artois. It appears that certain English nobles were struck in this locality, if not in the town itself, by a concession granted to Edward III. by the towns of Ghent, Bruges, and Ypres in 1345. The coin is said to have originated in a victory by Edward over the French in 1340 off Sluijs. Yves, Namur, a mint of Gaucher, Count of Porcien (1312-22). Zacatecas, Mexico, one of the principal colonial mints of Spain in former times. It was still employed under the Spanish Bourbons in 1 82 1, and is said to be still in operation. Zajnosc, Poland, the source of a silver coin of 2 zlote, struck in 181 3, as money of necessity. Zante, one of the places named on the Venetian copper gazzette struck for the Ionian Isles under Venetian rule. Zara^ Dalmatia, the place of origin of a series of siege-pieces in silver, the double-headed eagle crowned, between Zara^ 1S13? and on the other the value. There are pieces of 18 fr. 40 c, 9 fr. 20 c, and 4 fr. 60 c, besides a countermarked baiocco of Pius VI. The Venetian money for Zara may have been struck here or at Venice itself. Zator^ Galicia, formerly an independent duchy, for which we have a piece of 30 kreutzer of Maria Theresa of 1776, with Archid. A vs. Dvx Osw. Zat. Ziegenhain^ Hesse, the mint of the local seigneurs in the 13th c, and subsequently of the Landgraves of Hesse. CygenKga. Ziericzee., the place of coinage of siege-money in tin for 20, 15, and 10 stuivers, and for i stuiver, in 1575-76 during the Spanish siege. Zofijigen, Switzerland, canton of Aargau, a place of independent can- tonal coinage by a concession of the Emperor Frederic II. in 1239. There are bracteates of the Counts of Froburg, 13th- 14th c, with Z — O j other money down to the i8th c. Zolder^ Limburg, the mint of Jan van Elteren, Seigneur of Zolder, Zonhoven, Vogelshanck, and Houthalen, and of his successor Henri van Bastogne, 14th c. The coins are billon, imitated from the Liege type, and read lohs. De Elteren. Dns. De. Voge., or Monet a. Nova. Svlrens. Zonhoven., Limburg, the place of coinage of the Archbp. of Cologne, Engelbert de la Marck, and of Henri de Bastogne, with Eiigelb. D. Mar. D?ts. Son.., and Her. De. Bast. Dns. Sonve. There are only deniers in billon. Ziig^ the place of origin of bracteates of late date with the arms of the canton and of coins of the 17th c. Tvgiensis. Zurich^ a Merovingian and Carlovingian mint ; a place of coinage of Otho 1. {Tvregv??i, or Tvrec)^ of the dukedom of Suabia, loth c, and the bishops ; and the source of a long and important series of numismatic productions in gold, silver, and billon, nearly down to the present time. In 1045 Henry III. accorded to the Abbess of Frauenmiinster the right of striking money here, and there are brac- teates of the 1 3th- 1 4th c. with a church, the bust of St. Felix, that of the Abbess, etc. The abbey ceded the right to the city in 15 14. There are some interesting types of the thaler (including those with the three martyrs carrying their heads, and with a view of the city) and also of the gold currency. Pieces prior to the i8th c. are scarce. The dicken or \ thaler was imitated by the engraver of a double groat of Catalogue of European Mints 179 Daventer. Zvrich^ Zv. Reip. Tigvrina or Thvriceiisis, Moiieta Tigiiriita. Among the rarer products of this mint may be cited a gold coin struck in the reign of Charles le Gros, with Mo7i. Nova Av. Thvricesis on obv., and on rev. Civitas Iviperiar j a dicken of 1504, a thaler of 1 512, of which there are varieties, and others of 1526, 1558, and 3-thaler klippe of 1559. All of these belong to the imperial epoch. The thaler and \ thaler of 1773 are also said to be uncommon, especially the latter. Zntphcji^ Gelderland, on the Yssel, the probable place of origin of a briquet of Charles le Temeraire, Duke of Burgundy, 1475, having as a mint-mark a lion running to left. Sch., xv. 200. Other pieces struck here in billon and copper occur. It was an occasional mint of the Spanish rulers. During the siege by the Spaniards in 1586 the town issued 3 stuivers or sols in lead and copper. Zweibrilggen^ Bavaria, formerly in the Palatinate, apparently the source of a thaler of 1623, with the titles of the Duke of Juliers, Cleves, Berg, Mark, Ravensperg, and Ravenstein. Zwolle^ a mint at which convention-money was struck in the i6th c, prior to 1576, in pursuance of the treaty between it, Campen, and Daventer. Also an imperial and civic mint in the i6th and 17th c. A grosch of the German type was struck here in 1601. A silver coin of ZwoUe, apparently money of necessity, struck on a square flan, bears on obv. Zwollae()6 [1596], and on rev. a shield with the legend Devs. Refvgivm Nostrznn. II. CATALOGUE OF EUROPEAN DENOMINATIONS The items marked * have been taken from Mr. Peter Whelan's Numismatic Dictionary (1856), as they stand, the writer not having met with them. He regards many as very doubtful, and others are almost certainly incorrect ; the latter category we have, as a rule, rejected. Abbaze^ a special silver currency struck by Russia for Georgia, con- sisting of ^, I,* and 2 abb. i8th c. ^Abra^ Polish silver, value is. Achtentwintig^ a silver coin worth 28 stivers. There is also the half. 17th c. W. Friesland^ E7nden^ etc. There is an Italian imitation of the Emden type. See Sch. v. 582. Achtstinverstuk, a piece of 8 stivers. i6th c. Brabajit. There is also the tienstuiverstuk or 10 stivers, etc. Achtzclmer, See Zeyiier. Affonsiin or grosso affonsiin^ the 4-dinheiro piece of Alfonso V. of Portugal, 1438-81. There is the half. AgneL See Mouton and Laju. Albertin^ a silver coin so called from Albert, Archduke of Austria, Governor of the Netherlands, in conjunction with his consort Isabella. The busts are either accollated or vis-a-vis. There is the double. Albertin^ a gold coin of the same princes and type, with the two busts facing each other on the Spanish model. Albulo da S. Pietro^ a billon coin of Lucca under republican rule, of the Otto type. The rev. has a full-length figure of St. Peter with the keys. Albiis^ i.q., bla7iqtie^ bla7zc^ bia72CO, bia72CO, wilpe7t7ii7ig, a billon or plated coin, current in Germany and the Low Countries from the 15th c. A mannheimer gulden of 1608, of which there is the half, is described as being worth 26 albus. Apiece of two albus of Orange-Nassau, 1684, is cited by Schulman, Cat. v.. No. 494. Comp. Raderalbus. The city of Cologne struck pieces of 4 and 8 albus. Alfo7isi7io^ a name by which the gold florin of Alfonso I., King of Arragon, Sicily, and Naples (1433-58), is supposed to have been known or recognised. Alfo7tso^ the gold Spanish piece of 25 peseta struck under Alfonso XII., 1871, etc. ^Allevure^ Swedish copper, the lowest value. l82 The Coins of Europe Alpha et Omega, an allegorical or figurative emblem, which presents itself on many mediaeval coins of bishops and secular rulers, and which, like other Western types, was imitated in a more or less degenerate form by the moneyers of Northern and Eastern Europe. See p. 6i. Altim?ick, a Russian silver or billon piece of three kopecks struck under Peter the Great and his immediate successors. Altmichlic, Turkish silver, value 3s. 60 para. Ambrosino^ a name of the silver Florentine grosso of the first republic (1250-1310), derived from the figure and name of the patron-saint on rev. Angelct^ a gold coin belonging to the Anglo-Gahic series. The half- salute. Comp. E?igels. Ajigcvi?!^ the term by which the money struck at Angers was known, as distinguished from that of Tours. One of the earliest modern coins with the denomination expressed is a double angevin of Charles de Valois, Count of Maine, with Aitievms. Dobles. on rev. A7igevi?te^ or double gros, a denomination used for the double gros in the diocese of Metz, 14th- 15th c. It was imitated at Verdun and in the Netherlands. Anglo-Gallic money, a very extensive series in gold, silver, and billon, struck by the Kings of England as sovereigns of France from Henry II. to Henry VI., by the Black Prince, and by the Regent Duke of Bedford. Aiigster, a Swiss denomination (cantons of Schwyz and Lucerne), 19th century. Aitselmiiio, a silver type of Mantua, i6th c, from the effigy and name of St. Anselm on rev. It seems to have been struck only under Vincenzo and Francesco IV. Gonzaga (i 587-1612). "^Aperbias, Maltese. Aquilino^ a small silver coin struck at Padua during the republican epoch (1200-1300). It reads Padva Re^ia CIVITAS, and owes its name to the eagle significant of imperial suzerainty. The same denomination was struck at Treviso by the Count of Goritz (i 319- 1323). Aquilino, a silver coin of Genoa of the 14th or 15th c. with Fidelivm Imperii and an eagle with outstretched wings on obv., and on rev. lanve et District. Remedi Cat. 1884, No. 1447, 320 lire. Ardite, Spanish and Franco-Spanish currency of very low value, 17th c. The Spaniard used to say : " No vale un ardite." Are7ides groot. A Brabantine and Dutch coin of the 14th and follow- ing centuries. Schulman, Cat. v., No. 228, cites the quarter of Louis IV. of Loos. Areiideschelli7ig^2i Dutch and Flemish coin of the 14th, 15th, and i6th c. See Sch., Cat. 4, No. 297. There is the half. Are?idesrijksdaalder, a Low Countries denomination, like the preced- ing, issued during the i6th c, probably from an Arensberg model. There is one with the titles of Rudolph II. (1576- 161 2). Argento^ the name conferred on a silver coin struck by Pope Clement V. at Carpentras, near Avignon, early 14th c. Cat. Rossi, 1880, No. 793, and comp. No. 888, where a piece of similar appellation is cited as struck by the Prince of Castiglione (Francesco Gonzaga, 1 593-1616). The latter seems to have been = J scudo d'oro. Armelli7io, a silver coin of Guidobaldo II., Duke of Urbino (1538-74), with an ermine to r. on obv. and the figure and name of St. Crescentius on rev. "^Ar 77100 di^ Turkish gold. Ar7ialdiis or Ar7ialde7isis, a small billon coin of the See of Auch or Catalogue of European Denominations 183 Agen in Aquitaine. Five a. were = 4 deniers tournois ; it corresponds to the pite or pougeoise. Agc7ie7isis. Arjioldiisgiildeii^ a copper weight of the type of the gold ducat of Arnould, Duke of Gueldres, 1423-73. Apparently of the period. Artcsiemic (Monnaie), the generic appellation bestowed in public acts, as it may have been in contemporary parlance, on the money of Artois, more especially the commercial currency of viailles^ which were struck with local differences at nearly all the towns in this district, as well as at Antwerp, Brussels, etc. Comp. Maille. Artihik — 2) Italian grossetti, a silver coin of the republic of Ragusa. The word is said to be of Turkish origin. Asper or Aspar^ a Turkish billon coin current in Asia Minor, in the time of Byron and Hobhouse, for about the 30th part of a penny. In Barbary they used to have the \ asper or boiirbe. Aspro^ a silver coin of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem at Rhodes, 14th c. The Rhodian danaro. Assis, a silver coin = 6 kreutzer or a schilling in the old monetary systems of Basle and Strasburgh-in-Elsas. There were the a., the double, and the half. A double a. of Basle is dated 1624, and a. of the same city, 1695, 1697, and 1708. In 1795 ^ siege-piece of 72 a. was struck for Luxemburgh. The Strasburgh series of this type is a tolerably numerous one, and includes some well-executed pieces ; the three fleurs- de-lis were introduced after the French occupation in 168 1, in lieu of the ancient lis j but the legend still preserved for some time the word Respiiblica. '^Attine, Turkish silver, value 5d. Aubonne^ a silver crown, with the half and quarter, of Lorraine, i8th c. It owed its name to M. d'Aubonne, the director of the mint from 1724 to 1728, in which year he was succeeded by M. Masson. Augustale^ a gold coin of Sicily under Henry VI. and Frederic II. (i 194-1250), modelled on the ancient Roman aurei. It occurs with the portrait of Frederic II. (i 197-1220). There is the half, which is the scarcer of the two. Ausbeiitethaler^ a silver mining thaler of Saxony, Brunswick- Luneburg, Brunswick- Wolfenbiittel, Anhalt-Bernberg, etc. Some of these pieces, more especially those of Brunswick, are very striking and very admirably executed. They often occur of a large module, and are marked with values from \\ to 4 thalers. There is a particularly fine one of 1657 for Brunswick- Luneburg, with the head of the Hanoverian Horse turned back. "^Bache^ Zurich, billon, value ifd. Bacr-pfe7ining^ a billon coin of St. Gall, Switzerland, 15th c.,with the gold-collared bear rampant. Baetzner—Z deniers, a small billon coin of Strasburgh-in-Elsas, the The Coins of Europe 6th part of a dick-pfenning. There are also the drei baetzner or \ dick- pfenning. Bagattino, bagai, a trifle, a small bronze coin of Venice, first struck in the earlier half of the 15th c, and largely employed for the colonies. The type varied according to circumstances. Nicolo Trono (1471-3) struck the double. The piece with Trono's name has the special interest and importance of possessing a portrait of the Doge, attributed by Armand to Antonello, and different from that on the lira Tron. The bagattino was the Venetian unit in copper. There is the half of some reigns. A bagattino of the 15th c. struck for Zara has a half-figure of St. Simeon and Simeon Ivstvs Profeta. The remarkable bagattino of Nicolo Trono, 1 471 -1473, is conjecturally attributed to Luca Sesto or to Antonello, contemporary moneyers at Venice ; and the same origin is claimed for the lira Tron. Comp. Lira. Baioccbella, a small billon coin of Fano under papal government. There are several varieties. Baiocchctto^ a small silver coin of the Farnesi, Dukes of Castro, i6th c, with the effigy and name of St. Savinus on rev. Baiocco^ the papal centime. 100 baiocchi are==i scudo. In 1712 Clement XL issued a silver piece of 80 bai. During the revolutionary periods, 1 796-99 and 1 848-49, a very varied series of baiocchi was struck by Pius VI., Pius IX., the Roman republic, etc. That on circular flans in white metal is said to have been struck at Paris. ^Bajoire^ Genevese silver, value 4s. 6d. Ba7tco, a standard of currency, which virtually came into operation in the 1 6th c. when the Venetian banks were obliged to seek from the Government power to avert failure by reducing the weight of the gold ducat. In West Friesland, during the troubles with France, the autho- rities instituted an artificial monetary standard termed Bank-paieinent or Ba?ik-gelt, analogous to Banco. The latter expression constantly occurs on the copper coinage of the north of Europe, and seems to be employed as a mark of distinction from Coicrant. Schulman, xi. 95, cites a curious piece, which he describes as a proof in piedfort, belonging to the West Friesland series. It bears date 1677, and is inscribed with 6 Stttivers Ba?tk Payemoit. It has been the practice of all countries for the Govern- ment or Crown to tamper with the current silver and copper coin, and profit by the difference in weight or alloy. English history has a fair share to shew under this head, and a late Jewish Chancellor of the Exchequer even went so far as to suggest an experiment on the gold by introducing a half-sovereign token worth 8s. Comp. Biirsarie7i2eiche?t. Ba?to., the unit of the copper currency of the kingdom of Roumania. There are pieces of i bano ; 2, 5, and 10 bani. The b an o = centime. Barbari?i^ from barbe, in reference to the bearded face of St. Martial, a billon coin of the Abbey of Saint-Martial, first struck at the commencement of the 12th c, and copied by the Vicomtes de Limoges. Obv. Scs. Marcial. Rev. Lemoricensis. Gui VI. V. de Limoges (1230-63) endeavoured to replace it by an altered type with his own name in 1263 ; and both were eventually replaced in the Viscomte by an improved and varied coinage, copied from the royal or the Breton money. See Letnona. Barbo7ie^ a silver coin of Lucca, 17th c, with the crowned and bearded Sanctits Vttltus. Barbuda^ a piece of 3 dinheiros, struck under Fernando I. of Portugal, 1367-83, representing on obv. a profile of the king, crowned and visored. Catalogue of European Deuo7ninations 185 and on rev. a cross surcharged with the besanted shield, and cantoned with four castles. The king bears on his shoulder a similar shield, and before and behind the bust occur L.P, in a monogram, surmounted by a besant. Barile^ a silver type used by Alexander de' Medici, first Duke of Florence, 1 531-7. It has the figure of St. John the Baptist to r. Barrmba^ a gold colonial coin of Portugal of low standard, struck for Mozambique, and reckoned as = 2j meticaes or 66 criizados de cojita^ each cr. = 100 reis. There was the half 19th c. (1847-53). Bastido^ bastzdes, a silver denomination of the Portuguese Indies = 300 reis, and struck at Goa under Sebastian about 1 55 1-54, deriving its name from the figure of the cognominal saint on obv. Bats, a small plated or copper coin of Switzerland and Germany (Baden, Wiirtemburg, etc.), but (from the name) probably originating in Berne. There are pieces of from 2 to 48 batzen, the higher values being in fine silver. 10 batzen = i frank. Bazaruco, a billon Portuguese coin of the 17th c. (161 7), apparently struck at Goa under the authority of the Viceroy of India, having on obv. F\ilippics\ 11. R[ex\ P\ortngalUcB\ and on rev. H\oc\ S\igno\ V\inces .•] = 60 reis. There were the 2\ and the 5 b. pieces of similar fabric, but of variant type. The b. itself and the 2J b. bore on obv. a St. Cathe- rine's wheel, and the latter was on that account termed a roda. Beard-money. See Borodoraia. Begumette, the specific name of the maille blanche struck by Villaume de Nancy, moneyer to the Count of Bar, 1370-74. Beichlmger thaler, a denomination current in Poland. There is one of Augustus II., 1702. Berlinga, a silver coin of Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan (1412-47), with the duke on horseback galloping to r. ; on rev. St. Ambrosius seated. ^Beshlie^ Turkish silver, value 3s. 2d. '^Beslic or Bestic, Turkish silver, value 5 aspers, 3d. Bes20 or qiiattrino bzajtco, a small silver coin of Venice, somewhat similar to the older soldino. One of Andrea Gritti (1523-39) reads Andreas. Griti. Dvx., and on rev. is the lion. Bia7ichetto, a billon coin of the Marquisate of Monteferrato, under the Pal^ologi (1380- 1 480), who also had the maglia (or maille) di bianchetto in bronze or copper. Bissolo, a billon piece of the Duchy of Milan under Gio. Maria Ettore and Giancarlo Visconti, 1402-12. It probably owed its name to the btscia or viper, the cognisance of the family, on the rev., the obv. being occupied by a bust of St. Ambrosius, the crosier in his r. hand, and the 1. raised in the act of benediction. It does not seem to have been reissued. The word is a corrupt form or contraction of bisciolo. A descendant of the Dukes used to reside in the mansion now converted into the Biscione Hotel at Milan. Bisso7ia, a silver coin of Louis XII. of France, struck at Milan as Duke (1502-12). On obv. occurs : Lvdovicvs. D.G. Francor. Rex and the arms of France between two crowned vipers. ^Blaffert, Cologne, a small coin. "^Blajjzneer, Westphalia, money of account. ^/<^;^<;<^, a plated coin of Castile and Leon, 15th c, corresponding to the French blanqiie, and German albiis, witpen?tmg, breite-grosschen, and silber-grosche?!. i86 The Coins of Bar ope Bla?tque, and demi-blanque, and grand-blanque ^ a billon coin of the French and Anglo-GaUic series. These coins continued in use till 1791. Sch., Cat. 4, No. 460, where is cited a piece of six blajics de Montagny. A grand-blanque Tonr7iaisis was struck by Charles VII., 1422-61, for France, and a denier = two blaiiqiies or albi by Charles V. for the county of Holland. Bliiisgcr^ an episcopal type formerly current in the Swiss cantons of Grisons, Coire, and Haldenstein. They are known of many years from 1644 to 1842. They were also struck for the town of Coire or Chur. Bdhinisch^ a coin belonging to the former bishopric of P^ulda, now part of Hesse-Cassel. Bologniiio^ a silver coin of Bologna from the autonomous republican period (i ith c.) to the last century. There is the half as well as the double. Comp. Fcrrariiio. "^Bon-gros^ Hesse-Cassel, silver, value 2d. Borodoraia^ the popular name given to the Russian beard-money, of which there are existing specimens in copper of various dates, 1699, 1705, 1725, etc. The obv. bears the Russian eagle and the date, the rev. a nose and mouth with the beard and moustache, with the legends dejigui usiati (money received), sborodi pochlina usiata (beard-tax received), or dagiic platche?ia (tax paid). This species of currency was really a token. Bossonaya^ a billon coin of the ancient Counts of Barcelona. Botdrager, Holland, episcopal money of Utrecht, a type of the double groot or gros, silver, 14th c. There is the J and J, otherwise the groot and \ groot. Boiirbe. See Asper. Bourbon7iais^ a type of the French denier under Louis VII. (1137-80), King of France, of which there were at least three varieties : the B. a la tete^ the B. a la tete barbue^ the B. a la main benissante^ from the mints at Bourges and Mantes. Bourdelois^ a variety of the French denier struck under Louis XI. (1461-83). Bourgeois^ a term for the Toulouse denier of Philip le Hardi (1270- 85). It was called the Bourgeois de la langue d'Oc or Languedoc. Bourgeois^ a term applied to two or three kinds of billon currency under the prolific reign of Philip le Bel (128 5- 1344). We find the b. fort^ the b. simple^ and the niaille boiirgeoise. The Dukes of Lorraine adopted it ; there is an inedited variety of Ferri IV. (1312-28) struck at Bruges ; and Bruges itself preserved the type and name under the Spanish rule, calling it the Biirge?isis Noviis. Box-thaler^ a coin formerly struck in several parts of Germany, and enclosing a series of pictures, sometimes not of a very conventional character. One of the posthumous thalers of Charles V. for Besan^on, 1660, is of this type. Bracteate^ from Gr. ^paxeip, to crackle, or Latin braclea, metal foil, a peculiar uniface species of money current in N. Germany, Switzerland, the N. Netherlands, and Lombardy from a period of unknown antiquity in the middle ages down to the i6th c. It exists in gold, silver, and copper, of which the silver types are the commonest. It is nearly, if not quite, always anepigraphic (one of Pertarit, King of the Lombards, 671- 686, struck at Pavia, has Per.), and many specimens and types are of a very rudimentary style. Sometimes, however, the bracteate occurs with the appearance of having been the product of a carefully and artistically prepared die, and we have before us one of Mayence of quite an elaborate Catalogtte of Ettropea7i Denominations 187 pattern, though uninscribed and uniface. When we look at their flimsy and fragile texture, it becomes a source of surprise that such large numbers should have survived. The precise place and office of the bracteate in the extensive area over which it once circulated are not readily determined. It possessed scarcely any intrinsic value, nor was its current rate expressed ; and although it was light to excess, it was not portable without risk of injury even in the small wallets used in the middle ages as receptacles for specie carried on the person. It was cer- tainly not available for ornamental purposes. Yet that it was used in commerce, and even broken into halves and quarters, appears to be cer- tain. The purchasing power of such money was of course much greater in former times, and the rate at which it and its fractions were accepted was probably understood. In Bavaria a modification of this form of currency took place in the 12th c, retaining the flimsy fabric, but adding a rev. There are varieties of this species of coin. In one the obv. has a coiffed head, and the rev. an angel carrying a cross. The peculiar cur- rency of Mantua and Aquileia in the middle ages was a direct evolution from the bracteate. Braspe?ini7ig^ a copper penning or pfenning of the 15th c. Friesland. Comp. yager. Bravuda^ a Portuguese denomination mentioned in official regulations belonging to the reign of Duarte I., 1433-38, and apparently = 3 dinheiros. Breite-groscheii^ a term for a plated or billon groschen of Mansfeld, 1514. Briquet or Vuurijzer, and the half, a silver coin of the 15th c. current in Holland, and so called from the short thrusting sword {briquet) in the hon's claw. Schulman, Cat. v. 1883, cites a half vuurijzer of the 15th c. of one of the Bishops of Utrecht. Briquet^ double. The double of the foregoing. Brod^ a copper mining piece of Dortmund of the i8th c, is termed a Paderborner Brod. Brule\ a piece of four stuivers, current in the bishopric of Liege, 1 6th c. Bryman^ the double gros, 14th c, billon. Brabant. Bitgue^ a small silver coin of Metz in Lorraine, 1 5th- 1 6th c. There is the half A remarkable series is described in Cat. Robert, 671-698. Biirsarienzeiche?!^ a copper piece of 3 pfenningen, 1608. Munster. '^Biishe., Aix-la-Chapelle, value 4 hellers. Butken^ a name given to the half-groot of Groningen, I5th-i6th c. A butken appears to have been — 2 plakken. Cadiere, a name given to the gold currency of Brittany and to a billon type struck under Charles VI. of France for Dauphiny. There is a cele- brated c. d'or of Anne of Brittany, 1498, the earliest French coin with a date, where she styles herself Queen of France and Dux Britoniiin. This royal lady was naturally very proud of her Breton origin and rank. ^Cagliaresco^ Sardinian copper, value 6 to a soldo. Cagliarese, a copper coin of Cagliari, Sardinia, struck by the Kings of Spain as Kings of Sardinia, by the Emperor Charles VI., and by the Kings of Sardinia of the House of Savoy. There is also in copper a piece of 3 cagliaresi. ^Calderilla^ Spanish copper, the Cuarto, value 4 maravedis. Camillino^ a silver denomination of Correggio, near Modena ; it derived its name from Camillo, Count of Correggio (1580-97). i88 The Coins of Ewope Ca7ieUo. See Patacdo. Cimtem, the Bulgarian centime. There are bronze pieces of lo kantem, 1880 and 1887. Cantonal, the name engraved on the rev. of two silver Spanish coins of five peseta and ten reales struck at Cartagena in 1873 during the siege by the Centralists. "^Capellone, Modena, silver, value 3d. "^Caragronch, mod. Greece, silver, value 5s. Carambolc, the ecu de Flandre struck by Louis XIV. for 80 sols, with the quartered arms of France and Burgundy. There are several varieties : c. aux palmes, aux insignes, etc. Carlmo, a small silver coin of Bologna under papal sway and of the Two Sicilies. A piece of 12 carlini = 5 lire. Also a coin of Vianen in the Netherlands, struck on the Italian model. The short-lived Neapolitan Republic struck a piastra of 20 carlini and two varieties of pieces of 6 carlini. Carlino, a gold denomination of Carlo Emmanuele III., King of Sardinia iM^o-^^. The rev. bears the annunciation. Carlino, a copper as well as a silver denomination at Malta, i6th c. Carlmo ntiovo, a gold coin of Sardinia, 1786-93 =^4 : i6s. or 120 francs. There was no subsequent issue of it ; but in later reigns we have nearly equivalent values under other names. Carlo, Lombardy, silver, value 5s. Carlovingian money, the name by which we generally understand the coinage of the Franco-German empire from the time of Pepin le Bref, A.D. 752, to the death of Louis V., A.D. 986. The mints at which this coinage took place are neither so numerous nor so doubtful as in the case of the Merovingian series, many of the names which we find in the earlier list present themselves in the later one. Pepin alone is shewn to have had 35 mints. M. Blanchet assigns to Charlemagne 82 ; and to this additions might be made. So it is with some of the other emperor- kings ; and it appears to be evident that the system of production was different from our own ; for we must recollect that the royal or im- perial money formed only part of the whole body of currency, and did not perhaps amount to nearly as much as the aggregate feudal output. Carnabo or Cornabo, a silver coin of the Marquisate of Monteferrato (15th c.) and of the feudal lords of Desana of the Tizzone family (early 1 6th c). Caroli7t,\v2M, and quarter, gold coins of Wiirtemberg, i8th c, so called from Charles Alexander, Duke of Wiirtemberg. The same denomination existed in Sweden under Charles XII. (1697-1718) ; there were pieces of I and 2 caroliner. "^Caroliite, Swedish silver, value is. 6d. Caroliis, a billon coin of Charles VIII. of France, of which there were 3 or 4 varieties and the half ; the ordinary type, that for Dauphiny and that for Brittany. The piece was = 10 deniers tournois. ' Caroliis gulden. Silver gulden of Charles V. struck for the Nether- lands, 1543-55. The same name was given to the piece struck by him or in his name at Besangon, of which imitations were made at Vauvillers in 1554. "^Castellano, Spanish gold, the ancient coin [? same as Castillon']. Castillo?!, Spanish gold, probably from bearing the arms of Castile. Catechismiis or Glaiibeftsthaler, a variety of 1668 in the Saxon series, Catalogue of European Denominations 189 with portions of the catechism upon it, possibly designed for presentation to children. Cavallo^ a copper coin struck by Ferdinand I., King of the Two Sicilies (1458-94), having a standing horse on the rev. It continued in circulation down to the 19th c, and retained its old name even when the horse was replaced by other types. In 1781 it is said on a graiio of Ferdinand IV. that it is = 12 cavalli. "^Cavallucci^ Naples. Cavalot^ a silver or billon coin struck by Charles VIII. of France at Naples and Aquila in three varieties. Cavalotto^ a small silver coin struck at Asti by Louis XII. of France during his occupation of the Milanese. Celfil or Cepfil^ Q?ix\y Portuguese copper currency, 1 5th- 1 6th c. = 6th of a copper real, w. 18 gr. Also a denomination in copper of the Bishops of Aquila in the Abruzzi in the i6th c. Ce?2t^ a Danish copper coin, with its multiples in silver, struck for the Danish West Indies. Cc7itesinio^ a copper coin equal to the hundredth part of an Italian lira. Ceiitiine^ the looth part of the French franc of the latest type. The first centime was struck under the First Republic. Centimo^ the Spanish equivalent of the ce?itiine. It is the denomina- tion employed for home use and the colonies (Philippines, etc.). There is a piece of 10 centimos for the miniature republic of Andorra in the central Pyrenees, 1873. It was probably struck at Paris. The republic is now under French protection. Cervia^ a silver coin of Massa-Carrara or Di Lunigiana, the princely fief of the Malaspina family. A piece of 4 cervie, 16 10, which occurs in Cat. Remedi, 1884, No. 1752, appears to be an instance in which the denomination was independent of the type, which properly has a stag or hind on rev. and the motto Velocivs Ad Coelvm. See ibid. No. 1753. Chaise^ a gold coin in the early French series, representing on the obv. the monarch seated on his throne or chair. Comp. Clinckaert. 190 The Coins of Europe ^Chclo7i, Polish billon. Chiavariiio, a copper or bronze coin of Frinco under the Mazzetti family (i 6th- 17th c), owing its name to the papal type of the keys and tiara. Chipotois, perhaps an alternative name for the \ obole of the Bishops of Audi or Agen in Aquitaine, otherwise known as an ar7taldus, and = a denier tournois, less a fraction. ^Choustack, Polish billon, value 2d. ^Christian [Christiern], Danish gold, value i6s. 5d. Christiana Religio, a legend and (with the usually accompanying Temple) type introduced into European coinage by the moneyers of Louis le Debonnaire. The denarii with this distinctive feature were extensively copied both in Western and Eastern Europe, and acquired in some cases a very degraded form. The imperial money itself retained the symbol and motto during centuries ; there is a denarius or obolus of the Emperor Henry II., 1002-24, struck for Lucca, bearing the temple on a contracted scale without the Christiana Religio. The sacred edifice itself had been a constant feature in the pagan coinage, and the words were almost requisite to indicate a new cult. Christine, Swedish silver, value is. 2d. Cinqtia?ttina, the piece of 50 reales in silver struck by Philip III. and IV. and Charles II. of Spain, with the value expressed on the face. Cinqiiijia, = 5 grani, a silver denomination of the Knights of St. John at Malta and of other Italian states, i6th c. There is a very rare one of Pietro del Monte, Grand Master at Malta, 1568-72. Em. de Roban (1775-97) struck the moiety. Ci7iqiiinho, the Portuguese piece of 5 reis under John III. (1521-57). Clemmergiilden, the term applied to a gold ducat of the Dukes of Gueldres, 15th c. There are several varieties. Clijtckaert, \ clinckaert, and \ clinckaert, a gold coin, with its divisions, answering to the French chaise. I4th-i5th c. Holland. The earliest was probably that struck at Antwerp by the Emperor Louis IV. (1314-46). Ciiapkoeck, the \ goudgulden or gold ducat of the Low Countries (Groningen, etc.) in the 15th and i6th c. Cob. See Duro. '^Co/on[?i]ato, Spanish silver ; the Pillar Dollar is so called. Co/npagnon, a term applied to a type of the gros Mane struck under Jean le Bon of France (1364-80) ; the two sides divide the titles ; and on rev. is a castle surmounted by a /is. Conceiqdo, a gold Portuguese coin = 4800 reis, struck by Joao IV. (1640-56) in 1648, having the scriptural legend on rev., and on obv. a cross, of which one of the limbs is screened by a crowned shield. In the mint Catalogtte of Ettropean Denominations 191 at Lisbon is a pattern of one with the name of Pedro II.; it was perhaps ordered and withdrawn, as no such coin is known. Constcmtin^ the name appHed to the gold money of Louis Constantin De Rohan, Bishop of Strasburgh, i8th c. ^Conto^ Portuguese computation, looo millreis. Convejition-nwney ^ a principle, analogous to that of certain states of ancient Greece, by which a currency was tolerated or recognised within a stipulated radius at a fixed standard. The practice does not seem to have come into vogue in the Low Countries till the 14th c. (see Drielander^ Jager^ Roze?ibeker^ and Vierlander). The earliest trace of this sort of treaty was, we believe, in the monetary arrangement in 1240 between the town of Lindau, Bavaria, the Bishop of Costanz, and others. This was long prior to that between John L, Count of Namur (i 297-1 331), the Count of Flanders, and the Duke of Gueldres ; and we are not to forget the somewhat later compact of Edward III. of England (1345) with the Emperor Louis of Bavaria and the Duke of Brabant at a time when the extension of English commerce and coinage rendered such facilities of peculiar importance to that country. There are very curious types of 1479 for Daventer, Campen, and Groningen, and of 1488 for Daventer, Campen, and Zwolle ; the latter convention appears to have been still in force in 1588. A proof J daalder on a square flan, and daalders of 1584 and 1588, with the titles of the Emperor Rudolph II., were struck for the three towns in common. The majority of the German princes, both lay and ecclesiastical, used convention-money during the i8th and even 19th c. Coquibiis, a denomination in silver of the Bishops of Cambrai, 13th- 14th c, and also current in the diocese of Metz and in the Netherlands. The name is said to have been a popular sobriquet^ occasioned by the eagle on the piece being mistaken by the common people for a cock — a not improbable error, as that bird is frequently delineated on coins of all ages in such a manner as to be mistaken for a pigeon or a sparrow. Cornabo^ a silver coin of the marquisate of Saluzzo, I5th-i6th c. Cornado^ a billon coin of the ancient kingdom of Castile and Leon, 13th c. Coroa de prata^ apiece of 1000 reis, struck under Maria II. of Portugal (1837). Coronato, a silver coin of low standard of Ferdinand I. of Arragon, King of the Two Sicilies, 1458-94, so called from the legend : Coronatvs Qv\i\a Legitime Certavi. There are at least two types of this, and one of the following reign, that of Alfonso II., 1494-95. Of those of Ferdinand, one has on obv. the portrait, and on rev. a cross ; the other has on rev. St. George and the Dragon, and behind the bust on obv. T. for Triiiacria. The Alfonso coin has the St. George reverse with the Z"., and on the other side the ceremony of coronation as in the engraving. The type of the coro7iato struck by Ferdinand, probably the latest one, has the portrait on obv., and the St. George and Dragon on rev. Behind the bust occurs T. for Trijiacria^ as on some of the money of the Norman Kings of Sicily. '^Coronilla^ Spanish gold. Vientin D'Oro, value 20 reals. Coronnat, a name officially applied, from a large crown in the field, to a type struck at Marseilles in and after 1186 by the Counts of Pro- vence, Kings of Arragon, and Counts of Toulouse. The piece, of which six went to the gros d'argent in 1230, occurs in a document of 11 86 as Noviis Regalis Coroiiatiis^ or Regalis Massilie Coroiiatiis j it may probably 192 The Corns of Europe have led to the introduction of the coroimto into Sicily, though the legends and types differ. Cotale, a silver coin of Florence under the republic, with S. Joannes Batista, and the saint seated, on obv., and on rev. Florentia and the lily. Cotrim, a billon Portuguese coin of the 15th c. = 5 ceitis. Coiirant. See Species and Banco, Couronnc, a term improperly applied to coins otherwise than of French origin, and in that series there is no such denomination, except the gold ecu a la cotiron?te, first issued under Phihp VI. (1328-50). Coiirtisson, a coin of Charles le Chauve, 840-75, noticed by Schulman, Cat. Ill, No. 345. Crabbelaer, the same as the Vlieger. A piece of four patards. Crazia, a billon denomination of Medicean Florence under Cosmo I. (1537-74). There is also the piece of 2 crazie or the doppia crazia. * Croat, Spanish silver. The gros d'argent of Arragon. Cromsteert, or Kromstaert, the Dutch groot or gros with the lion. 15th c. Holla7id. Crosazzo, a Genoese silver coin, 17th c. The reverse has the usual Conrad titles, accompanied by a cross with four stars. There are the double and quadruple crosazzo, as well as the crosazzo di stampo largo, or the coin on a larger flan. See Remedi Cat, 1884, Nos. 1480-15 17, for a probably unique series of crosazzi. No. 1480, a piece of 6 cr., weighing 230 gr., brought 280 lire. ^'Criiche, Swiss billon, value id. Cruzada and dobra cr., a gold denomination of Castile under Pedro I., 1350-68, weighing (the cr.) 925%- gr., and of fine standard. The titles are on both sides : the obv. exhibiting the bust of the king crowned ; the rev. the arms of Castile and Leon. The m.m. is S — probably Saragossa. The cr. was = 75 reaes or reales in 145 1, but the value fluctuated. It was one of the pieces admitted into circulation in Portugal. Cruzado, Criisatits, a gold Portuguese coin, so termed from the share borne by Alphonso V. (1438-81) in the Turkish Crusade. There is a variety designated the Calvario Cruzado. Philip II. of Spain, after his occupation of Portugal, issued a rare piece of four cruzados, of which there are at least two varieties. Those of Henry the Cardinal, 1578-80, are also rare. John, Prince Regent, 1799, afterward John VI., issued a cruzado of a new type, called the cruzado nuevo = 400 reis. Comp. Pinto. Cruzado, a silver coin of Portugal = 4 tostoes, or 400 reis, with the half. First struck under Antonio (1580), and again introduced after the restora- tion of independence by John IV. Pedro II. in 1688 had a cr. 7tovo = 480 reis, instead of 400, weight 347 gr. Cuartilla, a copper coin = J real, struck in i860 for the Spanish colony of Chihuahua. Cuarto and double c, copper denominations of Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella (1476- 1504), Joanna, Queen of Castile, her son Charles V., and the later monarchs of that country. The word is sometimes spelled Quarto, q.v. The most usual type bears the Castle and Lion on either side for Castile and Leon. Originally - \ and \ real. Da Venti, da Sedici, da otto, da quattro, da due, a term employed at Venice and elsewhere in Italy to denote multiples of the mint according to the metal — in the gold the ducat, in the copper the bagattino. The \ giustina maggiore is sometimes termed the Da Quaranta, the whole being — 160 soldi. Catalogue of European Denominatio7is 193 Dalar^ the Polish form of thaler, first struck under Sigismund III., 1 587-1632, and = 30 groschen. Z^^/^r, a copper coin of fictive value in the Swedish series, 1715-19. There are pieces of this character struck in the lifetime of Charles XII. anonymously, the majority under the auspices of Baron Gorst, who ended by placing his head on one of them, and subsequently on the block. The daler with the baron's portrait, 17 19, is scarce. Danaro^ the Italian form of denier, and current in the Peninsula in various States or other centres with local modifications. At Venice alone, in the course of about 200 years, as many as 24 varieties of the coin were struck under imperial authority, or at least with the titular sanction of successive emperors. The danaro and its moiety continued to be the sole ordinary currency till the grosso was introduced. Multiples of the d. itself were struck, however, long after that period. As late as 1755, Honore III. Grimaldi, Prince of Monaco, issued a piece of 8 danari in copper. Comp. Denarius and Denier, Da?tphi?i^ grand and petit, two denominations in billon struck under Charles VII. of France for Dauphiny. The legend adds to the titles Et. Dalphs. Vie ne sis. Davidsharp^ the gold florin or goudgulden struck by David of Burgundy, Bishop of Utrecht, 1455-96, with the effigy of St. David and his harp. There is the double florin of this type. Decime^ a French revolutionary copper coin, of which several patterns exist, equal to 10 centimes. One was issued for Louis XVI 1 1, at Stras- burgh in 181 5. It was also struck in 1838 for Monaco, and in 1840 for France, as a pattern for a proposed new copper coinage under Louis Philippe. Comp. Dixain. Dei Gratia^ a formula, which appears on the legends of mediaeval coins at least from the 9th c. Eudes, King of France, 887-98, styles himself Gratia Domini Rex. A gros toimiois of Gui de Luxemburgh, Count of St. Pol, goes somewhat farther than usual, and completes the self-complacent assumption by reading on the obv. in an inner circle Gracia Domini Dei nri : Factvs Svm^ which may, after all, refer to the fabrication of the coin. It was a phrase which originated in the politic alliance between Church and State, and which recommended itself to the secular authority as a strengthening influence and an unimpeachable sanction. Yet it never became general, and is frequently absent from the currencies of those princes who nominally, at all events, exercised a vicarious office under the Crown. Delia giiistizia^ a silver type of the Rep. of Lucca, i8th c, having on rev. Ivstitia. Et. Pax. De?tar^ the modern Serbian franc or lira = the Roumanian leu. Comp. Di7iar. Dcnaretto^ a name given at Arezzo and elsewhere to the deiiaro or danaro of small module. It is virtually — obolo. O 194 The Coins of Ewope Denarius^ a name found on the silver pieces of Boleslav III. of Poland, 1102-39, and on some of those of Orange, I2th-i3th c, corre- sponding to the French denier. It is also a term used in a generic sense on a silver piece of 30 stufer of Batenborg, i6th c. The obv. reads Delia! Novvs D. Batenb''. Trigmta Stvfer. It is described in the Rein- mann Cat., 1891-92, Part ii. 4966, as a thaler. Probably denarius was understood in the Netherlands and the German-speaking countries as the name of the French de?iier. A double denarius of Orange (Raymond III. or IV., 1314-93) reads : R. Dei. Gra. Prijtcps., and on rev. Avr[isci] Dn[j^/ex] D\ciiari7is\ III. G\raiid\ XX. These pieces weigh in fact 23 grains. Dejiga (token), a small amorphous billon coin of the Dukes of Kief, Vladimir, and Muscovy, struck as early as the 15th c, if not before, at Kief and Novgorod, subsequently at Moscow down to 1704 or later ; and in copper, of a regular and larger module — \ kopeck piece. It is no longer current. De7iier^ denarius., danaro., dinheiro., diitero, dinar., etc., a silver billon and copper denomination current throughout Europe in and after the Middle Ages. It was an inheritance, and generally a declension, from the Roman coin. The Carlovingian deniers, even before the reform of the system under Charlemagne, were of good standard and workmanship. Early denier of Charlemagne. and so continued till the close of the 9th c. Schulman, iv. 399, cites a grand denier of Charles le Chauve struck for Luxemburgh. The French deiiier toiirnois in copper first appeared under Henry III. (1574-89), and was = \ hard or double. As the value differed in various localities, the French acquired the habit, as with the Hard, of distinguishing their issues as Denier de France. Pieces of 3, 6, and 12 d. were struck from the time of Louis XIV. to the Revolution, but the weight was apt to fluctuate. In Lorraine, under Leopold I., 1690- 1729, appeared billon pieces of 12, 15, 30, and 60 d. In Metz the denomination was equally adopted ; and there is a billon piece of early date called Qitartus Denar. In Brunswick- Liineburg we meet with a minute variety so termed, and said to be — 13th part of a mattier. The Strasburgh thaler contained 144 d. ^Denitshka^ or Dengop. Russian copper, the half kopeck. Diamante^ a silver type of Alfonso II., Duke of Ferrara, 1559-97, deriving its name from the diamond ring enclosing a flower on obv. There seems no reason for ascribing this name to the St. George type of the grosso of Ercole I., 1471-1505. Dickeii^ a Swiss silver coin of the 15th, i6th, and 17th c, the fourth of a thaler. Perhaps so termed from its thicker fabric in comparison with other pieces. There is the half. A dicken of Berne, 1492, is the earliest which we have hitherto noticed. The type was imitated in the Netherlands. Catalogue of Ettropean Denominations 195 Dicken of Schaffhausen, 1633. Dickgroscheii^ the thick type of the grosschen. Dickpfewiiiig^ a billon coin of Strasburgh-in-Elsas, 1 7th- 1 8th c. = 6 baetzner, and apparently 48 deniers. Dickthaler^ the Austrian thaler of small and thick fabric, dated 1484, with the portrait of the Archduke Sigismund. There is the half of the same type. Later thalers of Mansfeld, etc., bear the same designation. There is a dickthaler of Schaumburg-Lippe, 1765. A double dickthaler of Munster, 1647, is cited by Sch., Cat. ix. 606. A most rare dickthaler of Hamburgh, 1505, is described as being a markstiick. Dijonitois^ the local term assigned to the Burgundian money struck at Dijon. Dinar^ pi. dinara^ silver currency of the modern kingdom of Serbia or Servia. A dinar is = 100 para. There are pieces of 5, 2, and i dinar and 50 para in silver, and of 10 and 20 dinara in gold. Dinerillo^ a small copper coin of Philip III. and IV. of Spain, and of Louis XIII. and XIV. of France, struck for Valencia, 17th c. It seems to be identical with the dinericelo, said by Whelan to be current in Arragon. Diiiero^ the Spanish denier, struck for Navarre, 17th c, and the Balearic Isles, 1 7th- 1 8th c. The term was employed in Spain to signify money generally, like the French argent. Di?iheiro^ th^ Portuguese /^m>r, a copper coin of Weidenbruck (17th c), Wurtzburg, etc. Dreila7tder^ a type of gros and double gros current in three States. Comp. Vierla7ider and S7iaphaa7t. Dreili7ig^ a billon or copper coin of the Archbishopric of Treves (15th c)., of Hamburg, and Schleswig-Holstein. There is a dreiling of Otto von Ziegenhain, Archbp. of Treves (1418-30). In Schleswig it was the half of the sechsli7tg. Dreipblker (3-p6lker piece), a billon coin struck by the Margraves of Brandenburg for East Prussia, and by the Kings of Sweden for Poland. There are 3-p6lker pieces of Swedish origin struck at Riga of 1622, 1623^ 1624, and 1644. "^Drittel^ Mecklenburgh silver, value is. One-third of Rix dollar. Catalogue of Eit7'opean Denominations 197 Diiariiis^ a piece of two kraicjais or kreutzers struck for Hungary, 17th c. Base silver or plated. Ducat^ dukaat^ a gold denomination strictly applicable only to a very limited range, and probably of Venetian origin. It was introduced at Venice under the Doge Giovanni Dandolo (1280-9), and underwent two or three changes of type. It is sometimes erroneously used in reference Gold ducat of Ferdinand II., 1636. to the German and Netherland series ; yet a few cases are known where a German coin is expressly so called. A double ducat of the Palatinate, struck by Frederic V., 1610-23, reads on rev. Mo7ieta. Nova. Avrea. 161 2, and in an inner circle //. DV. CA. TI. Reinmann sale, 1891, No. 646, 805 marks = ^40 : 5s. There is one of George JII. for Hanover, 181 5, and of Stolberg, 18 18. Of the Venetian ducat in gold, in a few of the later issues, there are the \ and the J ; the latter differs in having on the rev. the legend Ego Svin Lvx Mvn \di\. This numismatic term is also found in Lorraine in the i6th and 17th c. Charles III., Duke, 1 545-1608, struck the single, double, and quadruple ducat. See Cat. Robert, 1886, Nos. 1448-50, wherein the two latter are figured ; the quadruple is dated 1587. Charles IV. of Lorraine had a double ducat. During the revolutionary crisis of 1 83 1 , a gold ducat was struck at Brussels for Poland. Comp. Gross. Ducat^ a silver denomination of Venice, first struck, it appears, under Girolamo Priuli (1559-67), with the \ and \. On the rev. we read Dvcatvs Venetvs^ and 124 for the value — 124 soldi. The silver ducat was also modified from time to time ; it was continued down to the close of the republic. Ducat ^ a silver coin of Walmoden-Gimborn, 1802. Equal in module and weight to an ordinary gulden. Diicaldo^ a gold Portuguese coin, to which reference is made by the authorities as ordered by Sebastian (1557-78), when he was at Guada- lupe ; but no specimen is known. Diicaton^ or Ducatoon, the J and the double, a name conferred on the larger silver coinage of the Low Countries during the 17th and i8th c, and corresponding to the English crown and Yx^no}!! grand ecu. It was also struck for the Dutch Indies with the special colonial mark below the shield. The ducaton and even the double are, for the most part, very common, the half much less so. A ducaton, double d., etc., were struck at Amsterdam in 1672-73, during the siege by the French, from the plate of the burghers. There is a very carefully engraved and struck d. of 1727 for W. Friesland by Knol, with a turnip as a m.m. Duetto^ a billon coin of Lucca=2 quattrini, with Otto Iniperator ^.nd Lvca on obv., and S. Petrvs and a standing figure of the saint on rev. Duit.^ or Doit^ a Dutch copper coin = 8th of a stuiver. There are in- numerable varieties, as well for the home currency as for the colonies. DuploJie^ the Swiss double ducat or florin =16 francs. It has been The Coins of Eitrope struck for several of the cantons and for the Confederation. In 1800 a piece of 32 francs = a quadruple ducat or double duplone, was issued in the name of the latter. Ditro^ or Doiiro, the name of a silver piece = about 5 peseta, struck at Granada by Ferdinand VII., 1808, as money of necessity. Also part of the monetary system of Spain under the law of the 26th June 1864. Whelan says that the d. was known at Gibraltar as the Hard Dollar or Col?. Dtitge7t, Dantzic silver, value 3 groschen. Dvoiigrive7iik^ the Russian 20-kopeck piece or double grivenik. "^Ebroeer^ Danish silver, value 14 skillings. The Justus Judex. [The type is also found in gold.] £a(^ the gold, old Fr. esai, a French coin struck under the Valois and earlier Bourbon kings, and presenting at different times several types, as the pore-epic^ d la coiirofine^ a?i soleil^ an bandeau^ aitx lunettes., etc. In 1625, during the suspension of the Tower mint at London, owing to the Plague, the French quart ecu or cardecu (as it is said to have been spelled) was made for a short time legal tender by proclamation. Ecu., the silver, a French coin first struck, with the half and other divisions, under Louis XIII., 1642. There are essais of 1641. This belonged to the scheme for the general improvement of the coinage. The old fraiic d'' argent., however, continued to appear even so late as the reign of Louis XIV. The Spaniards term this denomination the escudo^ the Italians the scudo^ the Hollanders the s child., pi. schilden. Ectc du Parlevient^ the silver ecu of Louis XIV. with the aged bust, curled peruke, and embroidered cravat, published about 1709. Engels^ the Teutonic Angel or Angelet, a Saxon denomination for a kipper or plated thaler of 40 groschen, with an angel as part of the type. There is an engel-groschen of Saxe-Weimar, 1567. In the Low Coun- tries, a gold piece of the same character was struck, and is generally described as an angelot. Engelsk., a Danish esterling = 3 penningen. Early 15th c. Enge?thoso, a gold Portuguese coin, first struck in or about 1561 by Sebastian (1557-78), and worth 500 reis. It is said to have been engraved by Joao Gongalves of Guimaraes, and is remarkable as the first piece in this series bearing a date, which occurs in the angles of the cross on rev., and as having the legend on that side in an inner circle. The novelty of the type suggested the name. Fernandes {Me7n. 1856, p. 143) figures one of 1563. Eitgroigne., a small coin of Burgundy. Blanchet. Ephrahnite^ a byword for the pieces of 8 groschen struck at Berlin by Frederic the Great about 1759, from the name of one of the directors of the mint. Equipaga, the J macuta or i2\ reis. Portuguese colonial currency. Er7iestus and half er7testus, a type of denier struck by Ernest of Bavaria, Count of Loos and Bishop of Liege, 1582, with the imperial title on rev. Escalin., schelli7ig^ or schelli7tck^ a silver or billon coin of various types struck during a lengthened period in the Low Countries, and = 3 stuivers. There are the half and double. The roosschelli7ig bears a floriated cross, the hoodjeschelli7tg the stadtholder's bonnet or hood on a staff in the claw of a lion rampant. A third variety bears a ship, and a fourth (of Albert and Isabella, 1 598-1 621) a peacock. Comp. also S7iap- haa7ischelli7tg. Catalogtie of Ewopean Denominations 199 Escaliji^ a copper denomination struck by Russia during the period of occupation for Prussia, 1759-61. Escali?!^ a plated coin struck by the third French RepubHc for the colony of St. Domingo, with the emblem of Liberty on one side and the value on the other. Esciidillo^ a gold coin struck in Spain under Charles IV. (1793), probably = 10 reales. Isabella II. issued a similar piece in 1857, which was perhaps suggested by the French 5 francs in gold. E sat do, the Spanish equivalent for the Italian scicdo and French ecu^ and the Spanish monetary basis under the law of 1864, which made it= 10 reales. Among the patterns struck in or about 1864 we meet with a piece of 4 reales or 40 cent^- de escudo ; there appears to have been a twofold method of computation or subdivision, by the escudo and real. Espadini, a Portuguese coin — (i) in billon, (2) in gold — of the 15th c, which owed its name to the hand grasping a sword on obv. in a tressure, with four besants in the curves. The rev. has the shield in a similar enclosure. The billon piece belongs to the reign of Alfonso V., the gold one to that of John II. They differ in type, and there are varieties, again, in the gold coin, which usually weighs from 58 to 65 gr. Esphera, (i) a gold Portuguese coin of fine standard, weight 32^ gr., struck under Emmanuel (1495-1521) for the colonies, with the half. An example of the latter, figured by Fernandes, has on obv. Mea, crowned, and on rev. a globe traversed by a band. (2) A silver P. coin, struck at Goa in the i6th c. Estenevant, a very early denomination for the money of Besan^on, from the bust or effigy of St. Etienne or Estienne placed upon it. We find the livre esteiievaiit mentioned in 1 507. The type was imitated by the Princes of Orange and the Seigneurs of Charenton ; and the money itself was long current in Burgundy and the Viennois. Etschkreiitzer, the name given in the Tyrol to the kreutzer, which is said to have owed its origin to that region, and to have been current there in the 13th c. Fanam and half faiiain of silver struck under Louis XIV. for Pondi- chery and the Isle de Bourbon, as well as, perhaps, for the other French colonies in the Indian Ocean. The f. of smaller module continued to be struck under Louis XV. and XVI.; the flan is usually too small for the die, owing possibly to the employment of that of the grand fanam for the more diminutive coin. Fanani^ a copper coin known as the f. au cog, struck under Louis Philippe, 1836, for Pondichery. Eel, a Moorish billon or base silver denomination belonging to the coinage of the Kings of Granada. Coins of irregular form, often de- noting where, if not at what date, they were struck. Comp. Granada in C. of Mints. Feldthaler, feldklippe, the German expressions for siege-pieces struck in the course of a campaign by the besiegers. Feimig. See Pfenning. Eerdi7ig, a silver coin struck at Riga and Revel in the i6th c, and be- longing to the currency of the Order of Livonia = J thaler. Whelan adds that it was used as money of account at Libau, and as Russian currency. Fer7'arino, a billon piece bolognino, struck at Ferrara during the republican epoch with the sanction and name of the Emperor Frederic II. Fert (or Fort), a small billon coin of Savoy, 14th c. =4 piles or 2 200 The Coins of Eitrope oboles. The equivalent of the Savoyard denier. Originally 12, subse- quently 8 fert, made a grosso or gros, and 12 gros were reckoned to the florin de petit poids. Fert, the name apparently given to a gold coin of Louis, second Duke of Savoy (1440-65), from the motto over the shield — one used by the family at least since the 13th c. The fiction as to the word representing the initial letters of a legend relevant to the defence of Rhodes by Count Amadeus IV. can no longer be entertained. See Mrs. Bury Palliser's Historic Devices, etc., 1870, p. 230. The motto, which is of course sig- nificant of fortitude or endurance, does not seem to have been employed after the i6th c. A silver scudo of Carlo II., 1504-53, exhibits a shield on the reverse, dividing the word fe — rt. Filippo, a name applied to the silver testone of Milan under the reign of Philip III. of Spain, and continued by his successors. There is the ^, \, and J of the later princes ; and Charles II. of Spain struck a \ filippo on a larger flan. Filippo, a gold coin of Milan under Spanish rule. Philip IV. struck the filippo and double filippo. On the reverse occurs Mediolani. Fiordaliso, a gold coin of the Two Sicilies under Joanna, Queen of Naples (1343-81). The obv. has her title as Queen of Sicily, Jerusalem, etc., and the field is strown with lilies. It is virtually the gigliato type, common to this region, in gold with certain differences. Flabbe, a piece of 4 stivers. The \ snaphaan, i6th and 17th c. Base silver. There is the double fiabbe. Groningen, etc. Flindrich, a piece of 3 stivers or sous, struck for J ever and for East Friesland, i6th c. Flitter, an early copper coin of Lippe, Germany. Vi^helan adds that it was small copper of Brunswick, and that the word imports a spangle. Florette, a variety of the French gros struck under Charles VI. (1380- 1422) = 20 deniers tournois or 16 d. parisis. The name arose from the three fleurs-de-lis crowned on the obv. Florim, an Arragonese gold coin, I4th-i5th c, modelled on the Italian original. It was also current in Portugal, where it seems to have been = 70 reis. Flori7i, fiorino, from fiore, a flower, a silver coin of Florence, prob- ably of as early a date as the 12th c. It was continued during the whole of the republican epoch with sensible modifications and varieties. Comp. Giielfo grosso. The prevailing type is the bust, seated figure, or standing one, of St. John the Baptist on obv., and on rev. the lily. Florin, a gold coin of the same State, introduced about 1250, and executed on the model of the silver piece, of which it represented the multiple of ten. It acquired, like its successor at Venice, a great repute, and was extensively copied in Italy, Germany, and even France (at Bar- le-Duc). Florin, a gold coin of the duchy of Berg, or s' Heerenberg, West- phalia, copied from the Metz type. One of Hermann PViedrich has on the rev. Flore7ivs. Dni. Montensis. Florin, a gold coin in the French and Anglo-Gallic series, 13th- 14th c. Of the latter there are the half and quarter. Florin, a name found on the first silver coinage of Louis Napoleon, King of Holland, 1807. It was subsequently altered to gulden. The gold pieces of the Netherlands are sometimes loosely described as florins. A very singular one of Raymond IV., Duke of Gueldres, with the Bolognese type on rev. is still preserved in the original gold box, and is Catalogue of European Denomi7tations 201 supposed to have been carried on the person of the ancient owner as a charm ; the obv. has the Madonna and Child. Follaro^ from follis^ a wallet or purse, a copper coin of the Byzantine Emperors, 7th-8th c, if not later, and of the Norman Kings of Sicily and Sicily and Naples, iith-i2th c, struck at a variety of places (Naples, Gaeta, Messina, Ravenna, Ragusa in Sicily, Amalfi, Brindisi, etc., and by the Princes of Taranto (i 100-31). Both the Byzantine and Sicilian follaro, iith-i2th c. Norman coins present the effigy of St. Januarius, and probably these were from the Naples mint. One of the smaller module (if it really is of this type at all), perhaps a J or J, belonging to Ragusa in Sicily, bears on obv. a head in the ancient Greek style, intended for the Tyche of the city. The follaro seems to have varied in weight and value, and to have been worth at different times 20 and 40 mDnnii. See Nuniiniis. Fort, the term assigned by the French numismatists to a rare gold coin of Charles de France, Duke of Aquitaine, struck at La Rochelle, with the quartered shields of France and England and the legend Karoliis. Regis. Fraiicr. Filivs. Acqvitaiior. Dux, and a ship on both sides. Comp. La Rochelle in Cat. of Mints. The specimen of the fort examined by Blanchet weighed 7 gr. 76. There is also a silver gros of Charles with the quartered arms. Fort, a silver type of Lyons in and after 1368 -2 deniers viennois. Fort. Comp. Fert. Fort bourgeois. See Bourgeois. Forte, a term applied rather to the standard than to any particular coin in the Portuguese monetary vocabulary, to distinguish the internal from the colonial currency. The phrase probably had the same origin in France and Savoy. Frajic, a gold coin of France of two distinct kinds : the franc-d-pied and franc-a-cheval, current in France and Brittany during the Valois period, and originally designed to represent a figure on foot or on horseback. Both types were imitated in Flanders, Holland, and the Two Sicilies. Fra7ic, 3. silver French coin of the later Valois kings, and of the house of Bourbon, being nearly equal in size to an English crown. The decree calling it into existence bears date Mar. 31, 1575. There is the half. Improved patterns of both were submitted by Briot in 1618, but were not adopted. It was superseded in 1642 by the gra ml ecu. Franc, a silver coin of the See of Metz, 17th c, but at present only known in the i and J ; 1621-60. Franc, a silver coin, only preserving the name of the original pieces, and first introduced in a multiple of five during the French Revolution. The earliest modern piece appears to be that of Napoleon as First Consul, An. xi. Francescone, the name received by the scudo of silver on the acces- 202 The Coins of Eti7'ope sion of Francis of Lorraine to the throne of Etruria in 1737. There is the half The designation was retained by his successors for some time. Frajtcho, a form of the French franc used in the Napoleonic kingdom of Etruria, and in that of Westphalia, 1806-13. F7^ancois d^or^ the name given to the gold ducat of Lorraine under Frangois IL (1726-37). Comp. Fra7tcesco7ie. Fra7tk^ a form of the fra7ic struck in Switzerland in silver, and in gold in 5 and 10 frank pieces for the Napoleonic kingdom of Westphalia. Frig7iaccho^ fricace7ise^ or frisaccho^ the name given in public docu- ments to the danaro of the patriarchate of Aquileia, c. 14 10. Froedrich^ the name sometimes given to the gold ducat of Frederic n. of Prussia. It was also struck by his father Frederic William (1713-40). There is the half of the former and the third of the latter. Fimfer^ a Swiss billon piece = 5 haller, struck by a convention in 1450 between Berne, Fribourg, Lausanne, Solothurn, and Wiflisburg. Fiisil^ a silver coin of the 15th c. belonging. to Hasselt, near Lille, and to the See of Liege (15th c.) with the half and double. Fyrke^ the name on a small copper coin of Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, 1627. Galley halfpe7ice. See Suski7i. Galliis-pfe7i7ii7ig^ a billon coin of St. Gall, Switzerland, with the bust of a saint, struck either for the abbey or city, or both, 1 373-141 5. Gazzetta^ a Venetian copper coin = 2 soldi, of which variant types were struck for the several colonies of the republic — probably in most cases at home. One has Corf. Za7it. Cef for Corfu, Zante, and Cephalonia ; another Dal77ia. Ft Alba7t. Of the latter there are pieces marked /. and //., and varieties. The gazzetta seems only another name for the earlier colonial lor7tese. These pieces rarely occur except in the issues of the last century, and even then in sorry state. They were, as a rule, very roughly struck. They covered the whole area of the Venetian colonial possessions : Candia, Cyprus, the Morea, the Ionian Isles, Istria, Dal- matia, and Albania ; and those for the Isles and the Morea include the word Ar7}iata in the legend, as though they were also applicable to the pay of the ships on foreign stations. Gazzetti7io^ the name borne by a small Venetian coin under the Doge Leonardo Loredano (i 501 -21). A diminutive, perhaps, for domestic use of the colonial gazzetta. Gehehiidedaalder^ a silver coin with the helmeted shield, i6th c. y Heere7tberg^ Bate7tborg^ etc. Gehel77tde groot, a groat of the same type. Holla7id. i6th c. Ge7tevoise^ the ecu of Geneva = 80 sols or 12 florins of the old standard. 1 8th c. (1794)- Ge7iovi7io^ a gold coin of Genoa dating back to the imperial or Conrad period (13th- 14th c). There is the h and the J. It corresponds Catalogue of European Denominations 203 to the Venetian and Florentine gold currency in value and weight. At the Dillon sale in London, 1892, No. 575, occurred a piece of 10 gcnovifii d'oro, weighing 2 oz. 2 dwt. 23 gr., with the date 1641, and of the usual type. It was perhaps the same as that which sold at Remedi sale, 1884, No. 1479, for 130 lire. Gcnovino^ a silver coin of the same republic of later origin, with the \^ J, and J. In Remedi Cat. 1884, 1523, a mezzo genovino of silver of 1 577 occurs. Gciitil^ a gold coin of Fernando I., King of Portugal (1367-83), apparently suggested by the French chaise^ but exhibiting on rev. the usual arms of Portugal in an inner circle, and in an outer one eight castles disposed round. Weight, 63^^ gr. Georges^ the gold florin with the dragon type which appeared in France in 1340, but was not reissued. Georgi?to, a silver Genoese coin of the i8th c. with the saint on horse- back on rev., and Est Pr obit ate. Robvr. Comp. Liiigino. Gigliato {giglio^ lily) and the half, a silver coin equal in weight and dimensions to a grosso or \ grosso, belonging to the Sicilian series, and to that of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem at Rhodes, and of the Kings of Cyprus of the Lusignan line. The word is due to the terminal embellishments of the cross on rev. Some of the g. of Sicily represent on obv. the king seated in a chair, of which the arms are formed of lions. The early gigliati of Rhodes are rare, especially in fine state. There was a find at Ephesus, however, of those of Helion di Villa Nova (1319-46). Gigot and half gigot, copper coins of Brabant. i6th and 17th c. Ghdio^ with the ^, and j, a silver coin of the papal and other Italian series, apparently so called from the Pope Julius II. One of the most interesting relics of this type is the Giulio struck in 1586 by Cesare d'Este, Duke of Modena, on the occasion of his marriage with Virginia de' Medici, and bearing both their arms. In ^ inittiums to the Jubilee at Rojne, 1625, -di giulio is said to be worth 8 soldi, and 10 g. to be = a gold scudo. maggiore^: 160 soldi, a large Venetian silver coin, with its numerous divisions, first struck in 1571, and so termed from St. Giustina, on whose name-day (October 7) the Battle of Lepanto was fought in that year. There are the J, J, yV? and ^V- Giusti7ia minore, a similar piece in the same metal, but of smaller module, also with its divisions. Both types have the legend Memor Ero Tvi Ivstina Virgo. The minore was imitated by Cesare d'Este, Duke of Modena (i 597-1628). The Modenese giustina, which had no actual fitness of nomenclature, was = 20 bolognini. Glocke7t-gulde?t, the familiar type of Brunswick, etc., with the bell, which is found both with and without the clapper. Glockeii-thaler., the same denomination and type. There are the divisions down to the 7th. All are rare in really fine state. "^Goesge?!, Hanoverian money of account. Gosseler^ a silver denomination current at Daventer in 1534, with the double, and at Campen in 156 1. 40 gosseler were=:i silver daalder. See Goslar in Cat. of Mints. Goudguldejt, or Gold Gtilden, a gold gulden or florin, 1 5th- 1 8th c, Germany and Low Countries ; it occurs in the Anglo-Hanoverian series. Some of the feudal potentates imitated the type. It is in fact a form of the gold ducat. Goitdeji Rijder. See Rijder. The Coins of EiL7^ope Grano and half grano, copper currency of the Knights of Malta and of the Two Sicihes under the Bourbons and Murat. The former had it in the 1 6th c. Twelve Sicilian cavalli were = i grano = i centime and a fraction ; there were multiples of 2, 3, 5, and 10 gr. in that series in copper, and of 10, 15, and 20 gr. in silver. The silver scudo was =120 gr., and that of Francesco I., 1825-34, is scarce. The Maltese standard was much lower than the other. Grave J a Portuguese silver coin of the 14th c. = 3 dinheiros. Greivmik^ a Russian coin of base silver =10 kopecks, struck under Peter the Great and his immediate successors. There is a rare copper one of Catherine I., 1726. Greschc?!^ a copper coin of Transylvania and Hungary, 17th and i8th c. The Magyar gros. Griffoji, a Brabantine and Dutch term for the double gros or groot in the 15th c, derived from the type, a griffin holding in its claw a short sword or briquet. Schulman, Cat. v., No. 208, notices the double, dated 1487, with the name and titles of Philip the Bold. There is also the half. See also Sch., xv. 203, for an account of an inedited griffon of Philip le Bel, 1482-92. Comp. Briquet. Gros., Groot., Grosch., Gresche., Grosz., Grosso^ Grote, a coin apparently of Italian origin, and equal to four danari or deniers, the highest denomi- nation previously available. The Venetian grosso or inatapan., struck under the Doge Arrigo Dandolo (i 192-1205), was the pioneer in this direction, and was followed at intervals by similar multiples in other parts of Europe, especially in France by the famous and popular ^r<9^ toiirnois. Its success proved the importance of it at the time of its original issue ; it was th^ great piece ^ as distinguished from the danaro or penny. The same notion underlay the primary gulden -groschen of Saxony. The early Dukes of Milan issued sWv^r gros si both of 5 and 8 soldi. In the French series, under the Capetian dynasty, there were two or more varieties of the gros tournois which, as we shall see, was freely copied by other States. Mary of Burgundy (1476-82) struck one variety known as the gros d I M. from that letter occupying the obverse, as in one of the Mary Stuart series. It appears that in the province of Zeeland in 1602 a daalder was = 60 grooten ; in 1657 an ort., struck at Elbing under Swedish authority, was said to be = 18 groschen of Polish standard. There is a zo^^^^x grosch of Catherine I. of Russia, 1727 = i kopeck. The town of Utrecht formerly coined a billon piece as low in value as the 8th of a groot. For further particulars of the N ^neddirv grosso see the writers " Coins of Venice" in Antiquary., 1884, 2iXi6. grosso infra. Grosch., the German groat or gros. See Gros. Grossetto^ a copper coin of Venice = 4 soldi, introduced under the Doge Antonio Veniero (1383- 1400), and weighing 38 gr. 9 car. A triple gr. of the following reign (1400-13) weighs 100 gr. The \ gros- setto was struck under Andrea Gritti (1523-38). The piece of analogous character current in Dalmatia and Illyria was worth only f of the Vene- tian grossetto. Grosso^ the Italian form oi gros. The Venetian grosso was sometimes called a niatapan^ from the Cape of that name, where the fleet of the Republic had at that juncture won a success. Compare Giustina. The coin was appointed to weigh 44 gr., and was of fine silver. The Milanese grosso was practically in currency down to the last century, but instead of being worth 8 soldi, as under the autonomous Dukes, passed for 5 only, the value being usually expressed. Catalogue of Ettropean Denominations 205 Grossoiie^ a Venetian silver coin — 8 grossi, introduced under Fran- cesco Foscari (1423-57), and existing in two types. See Antiquary^ ix. 253. Grosso7ie^ a silver coin of the Two Sicilies under Ferdinand and Isabella. The obv. and rev. divide the names and titles. On the latter is a yoke and a sheaf of arrows. Grossone^ a silver coin of the Republic of Pisa under the Emperors, but sometimes with autonomous legends. One has on obv. Popvli Pisaiii^ and on rev. the Virgin and Child with Protege. Virgo. Pisa. Charles VIII. of France also struck a grossone here with his titles and the arms of France, but with Pisajtorinji Lib. in the obv. legend. Gj^osz^ pi. groszy^ the Polish form of grosch, and a very early deno- mination in that country. A \ grosz of Sigismund I. occurs with the date 1509. The coin remained in use under the later kings, and under Russian rule, in pieces of ^,1, and 3 gr. There is a 10 groszy Pols in poor silver and a 3 gr. in copper, apparently struck at Brussels, and issued during the political disturbances of 1831. Grote^ a billon or silver coin, with its multiples and moiety, of Bremen, Oldenburgh, etc. It was also struck by the Seigneurs of Jever, Oldenburgh, etc., and by the Counts of Bentinck at Knijphausen, down to the present century. A piece of 9 gr. is cited by Schulman, ix. 514. '^Groiieh, Turkish, silver, the piastre. Guerche, Goorooch. ^Groiipe^ Turkish computation. A bag of money. Guelfo grosso^ a term applied to a variety of the silver fiori7io of Florence, with the standing figure of St. John. There are several varieties. This coin appears to have been struck in 1363, and one type has a fox under the saint's feet, significant of Pietro Farnese, general-in- chief of the Florentine forces ; it is said to have been struck under the walls of Pisa. Cat. Rossi, i. 1880, Nos. 1290-95. Instead of the usual legend on the rev. of the silver Jiori7io it reads Det Tibi Florere Christus Floreiitia Vere. Gnenar and demi-gitenar^ a name applied to the blanque for Dauphiny, with a cross on rev. cantoned with two a crown, and a dolphin. A blanc and \ blanc of the same reign for ordinary circulation followed the type with variations ; and Charles VI. issued other patterns for Dauphiny itself Henry V. of England also had the blanc gicenar. There was a curious trouvaille a few years ago at Vucht, near Bois-le- Duc, of a type of this denomination, suspected to be the work of a coeval forger. Giiiennois^ a gold coin in the Anglo-Gallic series. GiiieitJiois^ a silver piece in the same series = 10 guiennois noirs. Gine7mois^ a billon piece in the same series, the loth of the g. d'argent. Gitie7i7iois esterli7t, a silver piece in the same series = 5 g. noirs, or i g. d'argent. G7cille77ii7t^ a term applied to the municipal currency of Forcalquier, Provence, in the 12th c. "^Gtiillot, Brabant, copper, value one-sixth of a [sol or stuiver]. Gin7tea^ the name which appears on the face of a commemorative gold coin struck at Christiania on the accession of Christian VI., 1730. Guishe77i or Gt(ille77i^ a species of currency in billon of low standard struck by Jean de Grailly, Comte de Foix, and interdicted in 1421-22 by the Crown. * 206 The Coins of Etcrope Gulden^ a coin of the Low Countries and of Germany, apparently originating in the Gildepenningen or money of the trading corporations or gilds, which were formerly very numerous. The word is derived iYom^cld, money, and the form gulden and guilder (applied to the British currency for Guiana) are alike incorrect. The value of the gulden has fluctuated. The modern Dutch piece is — is. 8d. English, and is indifferently termed a gulden and a florin. A pattern silver piece of Louis Napoleon, 1807, is, however, expressly described on the face as a florin. In the 17th and 18th c. pieces of 7, 14, 30, and 50 g. in gold were struck for the United Provinces. That of 50 g. with the posthumous portrait of William the Silent, 1687, is an ordinary daalder struck in the superior metal ; it was probalDly 2i piece de plaisir. See Goudgtdden, Guldengroschen^ ox great gulden. Klappeniiinze. Giilde?tlhaler^ a term applied in some of the German series to a thaler of smaller module and lighter weight = f of the higher standard — a piece between the gulden worth 2od. English and the thaler worth about 3s. Both the guldenthaler and the \ were current at Niirnberg in the 1 6th c. Guldenthaler and the half, silver coins = 60 and 30 kreutzer respec- tively, of the Swiss canton of Basle, i6th c. The rev. bears the imperial arms. Halbbatzen., or half bat ze 71., money of convention, 1628, between May- ence, Hesse, Nassau, and Frankfort-on-Main. Halbling^ a small coin of the Swiss canton of Basle, as well as of other Swiss and German States under that or a similar name. Comp. Helbelin., Halter^ Heller^ and Scherfe. Haller^ a small copper coin of the Swiss canton of Zug. A plated or washed piece of 3 haller scarcely equals a centime in dimensions. It appears probable that this piece and the heller ox \ pfenning, first intro- duced at Halle in Swabia, were identical ; both succeeded the haelbling, helbelin^ or scherfe, which had itself, under one or other of those names, appeared at Brunswick and elsewhere, and superseded the ' archaic bracteate. Hardit., or hardi (?) from Fr. hardes^ a gold coin of the French and Anglo-Gallic series. Charles VII. of France struck one at La Rochelle as Duke of Aquitaine (1451-61). Hardily or hardi., a billon coin of the same series. The Scotch hard- head appears to be a corruption of hardit. Heau7ne^ a name for the double groot in the Bishopric of Liege, 15th c. Helbelin^ the i pfenning of Strasburgh, 14th c. Helie?is, deniers current in Perigord in the time of Count Helie II. (nth c). Blanchet. Comp. also id. i. 288. Heller^ a billon or copper coin of small value, introduced at a very early date into the currencies of Hesse, Treves, etc. The most ancient are of the bracteate or semi-bracteate fabric, and in fact the heller is an evolution from the haelbling. 8 hellers = i kreutzer, and i heller = \ pfenning. Henri^ the name given to a gold florin struck at Bayonne by Henry II. of France in 1553. The rev. has Dvni Totvin Coinpleat Orbein. 1553. There is the double. Henriques^ a gold Castilian coin of Henry or Henriques IV. of Castile, 1454-75, with the usual rev., and on obv. the figure of the king Catalogue of European Denominations 207 seated on his throne ; it was a copy of the French chaise. The piece was current in Portugal. Hirschgiildcn^ a denomination of Wiirtemburg, 17th c, from the stag on rev. There is the half. Hoedjeschelling^ a schelling or escalin with the stadtholder's bonnet, 17th c. Zeeland., etc. See Hvid-pe?i7ii?ig. HohlpfeiiJiijig^ a billon uniface coin of German origin, allied in fabric to the bracteate. Hiutaiji^ a copper coin of the canton of Geneva, belonging to the class of money of necessity, and made to pass current, 1602, for twelve instead of eight sols. The obv. reads Ge7ieva • Civitas • 1602 ; the rev. Post ' Teiiebras • Lvx • Povr • XII • Sols. Hvid-pemiing^ a piece of 4 penningen, current in Denmark, 15th c. Comp. Hoedjeschellmg. The interest of these two terms appears to lie in the circumstance that they shew the contemporary designation for what we are wont to call the boiuiet Imperial a gold coin of Catherine II. of Russia =10 roubles. There Imperial of Catherine II. of Russia, 1767. is the double. It is one of the handsomest types in the Russian gold series. Imperial., half., a Russian gold coin of a different type = 5 roubles, 1 5 kop. ; first struck in 1801. Imperiale^ a silver coin of the Del Carretto family. Marquises of Cortemiglia. There is one of Ottone, 1300-14, with Odonvs Marcho. de. Char. Reto. The same denomination was used by the earlier Visconti of Milan, 14th c. One of Barnabo Visconti has on rev. Imperialis in three lines, the word Vicecomes being understood. The family name was originally an official vicariat. Indio., a silver Portuguese coin ordered to be struck in 1499 on the model of the Venetian marcella., weighing 60 gr., and = 33 reaes or reals. It seems to be known only from a history of the reign of King Emmanuel by Damiao de Goes. See Fernandes, Memoria^ p. 116. Irakli^ special copper currency struck by Russia for Georgia. Isabella., the name, rather popular than official, conferred on the doubloon or loo-reales piece in gold struck under Isabella II. ^'Izelotte., German silver, value 2s. 9d. Jciger., or halve braspen7ii7ig^ a piece of 2 stivers, billon or copper, 15th c. Gro7ti7ige7t. There is the double jager = 4 stivers, and a ^ jager, convention-money between the town of Groningen and the Count of East Friesland in 1507. See Schulman, Cat. v. No. 681. There are early dated jagers and double jagers of Groningen from 1455 downward. 208 The Coins of Ezirope Jaqitcs^ the name of a Spanish copper coin, said to owe its name to Jaca or Jacca in Arragon, which may be the J indicated on some of the money of Ferdinand VII., otherwise identical with the pieces of 8 mara- vedi. But it seems to be open to doubt whether the word Jaqiies was in general acceptance, aUhough the initial J may signify the Jaca mint. Jcton^ a production generally to be regarded as distinct from a coin, and owing its name to its office as a token cast among the crowd on special occasions, yet in certain cases very probably used as money. Such, for instance, appear to be those of Philip II. of Spain, struck at various places in the Spanish Netherlands, and known as oorts ; and we engrave one of the same monarch, 1582, which may have been struck in Spain, as it differs from others of Flemish origin in our hands. It was perhaps accepted in payment as a double liard within the precincts of the palace — formerly a wide radius. There is, however, an immense body of these monuments, issued on all sorts of occasions, and the greater part must be clearly distinguished from the normal currency. Joamesc^ Portuguese gold, value ^3:11:2. So called from John V. The \ dobra. The popular name in England, where great numbers of this and the dobra have been melted, was Joey. Jiibelgroschen^ a groschen struck in commemoration of any event. Jicbileiims thaler^ a commemorative thaler. Jitliusloeser^ money of necessity struck by Julius, Duke of Brunswick, 1574-80 ; there are groschen and thalers (with the multiples to 10) in silver. J list 0^ a gold coin struck by Joao II. of Portugal, 1481-95, apparently = from 540 to 600 reis, and first issued in 1490. Its name was suggested by the reverse legend Justus Ut Palma Florebit. ^Jux^ or Jitck^ Turkish, 100,000 aspers. Kaiserthaler^ the silver thaler without date of Maximilian I. (1493- 15 19), having on obv. a three-quarter portrait of the Emperor or Kaiser to 1. Ka7iiia Drick^ an oval copper coin struck for the Swedish miners of TroUhatta, W. Gothland ; there is an octagon piece of 2 kannor dricka. Kipperthaler^ or copper-thaler^ a plated or billon thaler of Bavaria and Saxony. But the latter seems to have varied from the Bavarian piece, and to have been current for 4 grosschen only. "^Kttze^ Turkish gold. A Bag, value 30,000 piastres. Klappeinunze or giUdengroschen^ the name conferred on the earliest silver thaler of Saxony (i486- 1500). There are at least two varieties. In the Reinmann Cat, 1891-92, Part ii., No. 4432, where a specimen sold for 245 marks, or ^12 : 5s., it is described as "Aeltester Giildengroschen." Catalogue of Etiropean Denominations 209 KUppe^ a generic term for pieces of money struck abroad on a square flan. Klippiitger^ Swedish square coins, generally money of necessity. The face-value is, of course, irregular and arbitrary. A piece of 8 ore of John III., 1 591, is of the size and weight of a or. Koertlmg, a species of groschen struck at Osterode in Hanover for the Dukes of Brunswick-Celle or Zell in the 15th c. Koggerdaalder^ a silver coin worth 30 stivers, 17th c. W. Friesland. There is a triple koggerdaalder of 1601, struck, as it is supposed, expressly for the Diet or Congress of that year. A 20 ducat piece in gold prob- ably refers to the same occasion. Kopek (Russ. kapeek)^ the unit of the later Russian coinage. 100 k. = I rouble. Kopfchen^ the name conferred on a billon coin of Juliers and Berg, 15th c. Kopfer doppelschilling. See Doppelschilliiig. Kopferzwolfer^ a billon coin of Hamm and Osnabruck, 17th c. Kopfstiich^ a silver coin of the Diocese of Treves, i8th c. ^Kopy^ Bohemian money of account. Kor7tthaler^ a silver coin of Hesse-Cassel, 17th c. Korsvide^ a Danish silver coin, 15th c. Kreiitzer^ or Kraicjar, a billon or copper coin, originally reckoned as = 4 pfenningen or 8 heller, and widely diffused through Northern Ger- many, Hungary, etc., and even found at Batenborg and elsewhere. It is said to have had its genesis in the Tyrol. At a very early date two standards were recognised, the heavy and the light kreutzer : the former being reckoned 48 to the gulden and 72 to the thaler ; the latter 60 and 90 respectively. The assis of Strasburgh and Basle was = 6 kreutzer. A piece marked 60 kr. was struck for Strasburgh-in-Elsas about 1685 with the three fleurs-de-lis, and one of 80 for Anhalt-Bernburg, as money of necessity, in 1592. Kro7ia^ a silver coin of Sweden and Norway, equal to a franc. It occurs in the former series in the 17th c. The old krone was = 4 marks. Kronenthaler^ a silver denomination of Nassau, 19th c, and of Bavaria, id. = 5 francs. Krtnsrijksdaalder^ or Kridsdaalder^ silver crown or ecu with the Cross of Burgundy, struck by Philip II. for the Netherlands. It is also known as the Boiirgofische Kriiis Rijksdaalder. Kwartnik, the ^ groschen of Poland, struck under Casimir the Great, 1333-70, and Vladislas II., Jagellon, 1399- 1434, as well as by Louis of Anjou for Poland and Red Russia. La?n, the Flemish imitation of the French mouton and agnel d^or. The former was known in the Low Countries as the groot lam. Lammpfenning., a class of copper coins, slightly varying in the de- tails in different issues, struck by the Swiss canton of St. Gallen, 14th c. See Poole's Cat., 1878, p. 155. Laitd Mtmze^moYiQ^y belonging to a particular province, as distinguished from scheide inimze., or money qualified to pass throughout the empire or kingdom. Laiib-thaler^ the name by which the Germans christened the French ecu of 6 livres from the laurel branches within which the shield is enclosed. Whelan says that it was also applied to the Prussian thaler with a similar wreath. P 2IO The Corns of Europe Leal, (i.) a silver denomination of Portugal, 15th c. ^ 10 reaes or reals, of which repeated mention is made in documents of that period. In one of 1 44 1 it is said that the coin was to pass for 12 r. (ii.) A copper denomination of the same country, i6th c, belonging to the Indian series, and struck at Goa ; apparently = the dinheiro. Leetiendaaldcr, silver crown with the lion [ecu an lion). There is a rare variety, struck for the town of Utrecht in 1578 during the troubles with Spain. See Cat. Cisternes, 1892, No. 1608 of Part i., for a leeuen- daalder apparently imitated by an Italian moneyer. Leeiie?2groot, a groot or gros of the same type. Louis of Maele, Count of Flanders (1346-84), struck a copper piece of the same pattern as this variety of the gros. Leijcesterdaalder, the popular name given to the silver crown with the reputed head of Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 1586-96. There is a stuiver of same dates ; and the half, fifth, tenth, twentieth, and fiftieth parts as in the ecu Philippiis, except that there is no fiftieth of the latter. Lemoiia, or Lemocia, an altered type of the old barbarin of Limoges, introduced by Gui VI., Vicomte (1230-63), just prior to his death, with his own name on the face, and rejected by his vassals or subjects, who made a treaty with his representatives to call in the obnoxious currency, " licet esset legalis." Leone Mocenigo, a silver coin of 80 soldi struck for Dalmatia and Albania by the Venetian Government under Alvigi Mocenigo II., 1706. The rev. has Dahnat. Et. Alb. 80. There are the and \. Leone Morosino, a silver Venetian coin struck under the illustrious Doge Francesco Morosini (1688-94), perhaps in commemoration of his military exploits in the Morea. On obv. he appears kneeling before St. Mark with a spear in his hand, and on the rev. is Fides. Et. Victoria. There are the divisions. Leonina, the 2-scudi d'oro piece struck by Leo XII., 1823-29. The scudo d'oro was perhaps also known by the same name. Leopard, a gold coin in the Anglo-Gallic series. Leopold^ the appellation bestowed on the Lorraine gold ducat under Duke Leopold (1690-97). There is the double and half. Leopoldone, a silver type of Pietro Leopoldo I. of Lorraine, 1765-90, Grand-Duke of Tuscany =10 paoli. It is a name for the silver scudo of this reign. Leptoji, the unit in the copper coinage of the Ionian Isles under British rule ; of the Greek Republic under Capo d'Istria, 1828-31 ; and of the kingdom of Greece, when it became the 5th of an obolos. The word signifies something very flimsy or thin. The 30-lepta piece, struck by the British Government for the Ionian Isles, 1819, was the prototype of the English groat of 1836. Capo d'Istria issued a piece of 20 lepta in copper. Leu, or Lew [livre], a silver coin of the independent Governments of Lepta of Greek Republic and the Ionian Isles. Catalogue of Ettropean Deno7ninations 2 1 1 Bulgaria and Roumania, equal to a franc or lira and loo bcmi. There are of Roumania the 5 leua, the 2 leua, the i leu, the \ leu (50 ba?ii), and a 20-leua piece or Alexander in gold. Liard (?) from Fr. lier^ to bind, a copper or billon coin struck in the Netherlands and in France in the 17th c, and down to the close of the 1 8th, generally without note of denomination. There is also the double ; and one of Philip V. of Spain, 1709, struck for Brabant, is very unusually marked 2 L. for the value. There are \ liards of Luxemburgh, Reck- heim, and many other places ; and a | 1. of the Abbey of Thorn in Brabant. In France, on the introduction of the coin under Louis XIV. to supersede the double, it w^as called on the rev. in some of the issues, for the sake of distinction, Liard de Fraitce. Libra Jaqiiesa^ Spanish, silver, value 3s. id., money of account in Arragon and the Balearic Isles. Comp. Jaca in Cat. of Mints, and Jaqiies supra. Lira^ a silver denomination of several of the Italian republics in the 1 5th c. and down to the present time. The Genoese scudo of silver was = 8 lire. The Venetian lira Tron (1471-73) is rem^arkable as being one of the very few coins of this State with the likeness of the doge. Giovanni Cornaro II. (1709-22) struck a pattern lira of the ancient type, with his titles, and his figure kneeling to r., the ducal bonnet at his feet, and above, the Virgin and Child in clouds. The rev. corresponds to the current liretta j but the piece, as a whole, was not circulated. Rossi Cat., 1880, No. 5436. In 1800-2 the Austrian masters of Venice, pur- suant to the Treaty of Campo-Formio, struck there pieces of 2 lire, \\ lire, I lira, and | Hra, in silver of low standard. Alberico Cibo Mala- spina. Prince of Massa-Carrara (1559-1623), struck the terzo di lira, 1587 and 1592, with Hac Gloriari Oport. on rev. Lira Dabnata^ the lira current at Zara, Cattaro, etc., and throughout Servia and the adjacent regions. It was probably worth a third less than the Venetian one. The term is, of course, the Italian form for the local appellation. Lira di piccoli^ grossly or perperi,Yex\ei\din money of account, prob- ably calculable by weight, according to the number of pieces coined to the pound in billon, silver, and gold respectively, as the gold, and not silver, perpero was doubtless here understood. Lirazsa^ the name of a silver type current at Venice in the latter half of the i8th c. (1762-97). It was = 10 gazzette. The rev. Diligile Ivslitiani and a seated figure facing ; in the exergue, X. for the value. Comp. Traro. Liretta^ and the half, a silver Venetian coin struck under Domenigo and Aloysio or Alvigi Contarini (1679-83), and down to the close of the republic. The later issues are of very base metal. On rev. occurs LvsHtiam Diligite^ and a figure of Justice with the scales. Domenigo Contarini struck pieces in silver of 20, 18, and 4 lirette for Zara. Z/i", a name applied to a gold piece of Raymond IV., Prince of Orange, 1340-93. Sch., xv. 1763, varied from Duby. Lis^ a silver denomination of France in 1655, with its divisions, and at the same time (1655-57) a gold one, with two angels on rev. supporting the shield. The lis d'argent was = 20 sols ; on the rev. of one occurs D online. Elegisti. Lilivni. Tibi. There was the \ and the \. Neither metal appears to have been reissued after 1657. Lisbo7iino., a gold coin of Portugal, 1 7th c. = 4000 reis. There are the \ and \. 212 The Coins of Eti7^ope Livonese^ a special currency for Livonia and Essthonia, struck by virtue of an ukase of the Czarina Elizabeth, 25th October 1756. It consisted of pieces of 96, 48, 24, 4, and 2 kopecks. Livra^ with its divisions to the i6th, a monetary value or weight, current in the South of France, at Toulouse, Bordeaux, Cahors, Rodez, Orthez, etc., from the middle of the 13th to the 15th or even i6th c. ; chiefly struck in bronze, and perhaps to be distinguished from the ordinary series of these monuments, which expressly state their object and equivalent. Livre^ a term for money of account in France, or at least in Paris, in the nth c, where we hear of a payment of 100 librcE auri. This, like the mark, was an idea borrowed from Italy, probably from Venice. Livre^ or Livre Tottr7tois^ the same as the Italian lira^ a French silver denomination or unit superseded at the Revolution of 1792 by the modern franc. The old silver ecit was — 6 livres tournois. We have not seen the unit except as a siege-piece struck at Aire-sur-la-Lys in 1641. The piece of 10 livres, coined by General Decaen, Governor of the He de Bourbon in 1810, was known as X\iq piastre Decaen. Louis ^ the name of the gold coin first struck in 1640 at the reforma- tion of the French currency under Louis XIII. There is the half, the double, the quadruple, and the octuple louis. The last two are of excess- ive rarity. The type and denomination continued in vogue till the Revolution of 179 1. At the Reinmann sale in 1891-92, Part i.. No. 155, a piefort of the \ louis of 1644 (misprinted in Cat. 16 14) [fetched 560 marks = about ;i^28. Louis XV. Louis d'or, 1717. Liiigino^ a silver coin of Genoa, 1668, of which one type is varied from the georgino ; see Cat. Rossi, 1880, No. 1638 ; a second has a wholly different reverse with a Janus head and the value, (ii.) A silver coin of Maria Maddalena Malaspina-Centurioni, Marchesa di Fosdinuovo, 1667, with M. Mad. Mai. S. O. W. Dei. Fosd.^ with a portrait to r., and on rev. Et. Redeni. Mevs. Dns. Adiutor. 1667, with shield, (iii.) A silver coin of Gerardo Spinola, Marchese di Arquata, 1682-94. Cat. Rossi, 1880, Nos. 196, 1458. ^Liinga^ the currency of Leghorn, as distinguished from that of Florence. Liisbiirger [or rather Liicebiirger\ Luxemburgh silver penny [denier], temp. King Edward I. ; forbidden in England, temp. Edward III. Macuta, mea macuta, and 2 to 12 macutas, etc., Portuguese colonial currency struck for Guinea and Mozambique, and probably indebted for its name to the Makua or Makuana, the tribes behind Mozambique. See an interesting note in Fernandes, p. 266. Catalogue of European Denominations 213 Madonjtina^ the 5-baiocchi piece of Pius VI. (1796). There are several varieties. Madojiiiina^ a silver coin of Genoa, i8th c, with the double and half. Magdalon^ a gold type of the Counts of Provence, 1434-86, bearing the effigy of St. Mary Magdalen. Maglia. Comp. Biaiichetto. Maille^ a small coin of base silver common to Antwerp, Brussels, Ghent, Alost, Bruges, Courtrai, Douai, Lille, etc., during a lengthened period. It was =4obole. Maille, blanche, noire, parisis, poitevine, tournois, bourgeoise, dif- ferent varieties issued under Philip le Bel of France (1285-1314) and some of his successors. Maille tierce^ another name for the third of the gros tournois, struck under Philip IV., both of the O long and O round types. This piece was also struck by Ferri IV., Duke of Lorraine (1312-28). Maille dor^ a denomination struck in 1347 for the See of Cambrai by Jehan Bougier of Arras, the bishop's moneyer, in imitation of the Florentine type, with a legend resembling the original coin. It is to be generally observed that the occasional issue of the maille, denier, or obole in the superior metal has been thought to proceed from the usage of com- pleting by this more convenient method some large transaction on the part of a ruler or other prominent personage. ^ Alalia^ Spanish, copper, 2 Mallas = i Denier [dinhero]. The smallest coin at Barcelona. [The Spanish maille.] Maley-groscheii^ a type of the German imperial series in the 13th c. = two Bohemian groschen of debased standard. Maluco, the popular name for the cast bronze or mixed metal pieces of 80 reis struck for the Agores in 1829 as money of necessity. They were made current for 100 r., but were soon superseded. See Fernandes, p. 312, where a specimen is figured and the circumstances explained. Mancoso^ a gold type of Lucca under republican rule, with the name of Charles IV. and the shield bearing Libertas. The rev. has the Sanctus Viiltiis. Ma7tciisiis^ a gold coin of the ancient Counts of Barcelona, nth c, when they abandoned the use of the Arabic currency. Mantelet, another name for the petit royal d'or. Marabotiii^ struck by the Almoravides and Almohades, 453-539, a name given to the Arabic dirhein or dinar^ which circulated in the South of France so late as the nth- 12th c. Maravedi^ (i.) a gold coin of Sancho I. of Portugal, n85-i2i2 ; (ii.) the unit of the Spanish copper money from the time of Ferdinand and Isabella. Philip II. issued pieces of i, 2, 3, 4, and 6 m. But the more usual divisions under the later sovereigns are i, 2, 4, and 8. Many of the earlier issues are countermarked with higher or lower values. The term, like marabotin, is doubtless Moorish, and the currency may well have been an inheritance from the Mohammedans. Ferdinand VI 1. struck a piece, corresponding to the 8 maravedi, for Majorca, 18 12, with 12 for the value. Marc^ a term given in France and Italy to money of account. In 1093, 9 marcs of silver were given by the King to rebuild a church which had been burned. The French probably derived this sort of computation from the Italian traders. They substituted the marc for the livre as m. of a. under Philip I. 2 14 The Coins of Ettrope Marcella^ or lira marcello^ the name given to the V enetian silver hra or Da dieci [soldi] after the death of Nicolo Trono and accession of Nicolo Marcello (1473), when the short-lived practice of placing the portrait of the chief magistrate on the coinage determined. The designa- tion was continued in later reigns, and under Agostino Barbarigo there was the \ marcella for colonial circulation. But under Marcello's imme- diate successor, Pietro Mocenigo (1474-76), the mint struck two types of the lira — the marcella and the 7noce?tiga or lira mocenigo. Marcello, the name which is attached to a silver coin of Francesco III., Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, 1540-50. Cat. Remedi, 1884, 1704. Marchesiiio, a small silver type of Ferrara, I4th-i5th c, under the house of Este, Marchesi di Ferrara. The rev. has a small shield with De. Ferari. A. Marchetto and half ma7xJietto^ a small copper type struck under the Venetian Doge Antonio Priuli (1618-23) and some of his successors. It reads on rev. Nosier. Def elisor. Marcuccio, a Venetian copper coin of low value, struck under the Doge Bertuccio Valier (1656-58). Mariengroschen^ a variety of this denomination, probably derived from Marienburg in Prussia or Marienthal in Franconia. Several of the German States struck it and its multiples up to 24. '^Marie7i Gnlde7i^ Brunswick. Mark., Venetian money of account. See Marc. Mark, money of the Prussian abbey of Essen = 26th part of a reichsthaler. Mark, a coin of Sweden, either of copper or of silver, but more usually the latter. There is a copper mark of 1591, struck on a broad and thin flan. Small pieces in the same metal were issued for the mines of Hogenas. Mark, a coin of Denmark. There is a piece of Frederic III., 1651, called I I II. Marck Eben-ezer. In 1670, 4 marks were =1 daler, 12 to a gold ducat. Mark (or marqtie)^ copper money of Mayence, running from i to 12 kreutzer, with various initials : N\ieites'\ T\ho7\ G\rosses'\ T\Jior\ R\a7ii'\ T\Jior\ etc. One has Holzzeichen. These strange pieces are circular, oblong, and octagonal. They seem to belong to the i8th c. See Cat. Cisternes, 1892, Part i., Nos. 2217-20. A piece of 3 marks was struck at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1670 as money of necessity. Mark, a modern German denomination and the money of account of the empire. It is worth rather less than an English shilling. There are the 2 and 5 in silver and the 10 and 20 in gold. Marka, pi. 77iarkaa, the Russian currency in silver for Finland. There are pieces of 2 markaa, i marka, and 50 pennia. Charles XII. Silver mark. Catalogtie of Ettropemi Denominations 215 Marque^ a special designation for coins struck at Bellac by Hugues, Comte de la Marche, in and after 121 1, with Ugo Comes Marchic. Masse d^or, a French gold coin first introduced under Philip III. (1270-85), and owing its designation to the mace, which the king holds in his right hand. The type was continued by Philip IV. only. Comp. Reine d'or. Masson^ a silver coin of Lorraine, i8th c. It was struck under Leopold L, 1690-1729, but only between 1728-29, as its name was derived from Masson, the director of the mint in succession to D'Aubonne (1728). Maiapaii^ the V enetian grosso. See Grosso. Matthiasgroschen^ a billon coin of Goslar, Hanover. Mattier, a coin of Brunswick-Luneburg = 13 deniers of copper of small module, i8th c. Whelan says that it w^as=i mariengroschen. Mechalaer^ a Brabantine coin of the 15th c, equal to \ groot. There was the double. Medaglia. At Bologna under the Bentivoglio family (15th c.) it seems to have been the practice to combine, as in Germany, the medal with the coin. See Cat. Rossi, 1880, Nos. 110, Jjyj^. "^Medjedeer^ Turkish, silver, value 3s. 5d., 20 piastres. "^Meissner Gulden^ Saxony, money of account at Leipsic. Meroviiigian money, a term somewhat loosely applied to an extensive series of coins, usually of barbarous fabric, and in gold, the metal often of a pale colour, which was concurrent with the Byzantine gold solidi and besants, and evidently aimed at copying the types of Justinian and other emperors. They are uniformly thirds of the solidus {tiers de so/), and vary more or less in execution. They were very widely diffused over the western portion of the continent of Europe, and were intended to supply a convenient medium of exchange for higher values. In Southern Italy and in Visigothic Spain the same type was current in silver. But the Greek besant itself was also employed for special pur- poses at Venice, and possibly elsewhere. There is a piece of this kind with the name of Canterbury as the place of mintage. One result of a comparative absence in England of the Merovingian system on any appreciable scale, and of the apparent failure to employ the Roman small brass, was that in that country the indigenous silver penny and copper styca commenced at a far earlier date than on the Continent, and in Southern Britain were probably supplemented by the plentiful remains of the anterior British money in copper, tin, and billon. See Merovijigian Mints in Cat. of M. Merovingian moneyers. See Blanchet nbi stiprd. The names are extremely numerous, and many more or less doubtful. In Blanchet's list the same person is often cited under variant form-s of his name. Metica, a native African denomination, adopted, like the parddo, by the Portuguese Colonial Government in some of the currency for Mozam- bique or for East Africa. Compare Barri?iba. 2 1 6 The Coins of Em^ope Mezzanino^ a silver coin of Venice, first struck under Francesco Dandolo (1328-54). There are varieties. Michaels giildeji^ a silver denomination of Bernmunster. Mij?i Heere7is - stuiver^ a billon coin of the Bishops of Utrecht, 1 5th c. Millares^ or Mo7teta iniliareiisis^ silver pieces =10 deniers, struck by Berenger de Fredol, Bishop of Maguelonne in 1262-63, for the benefit of those in his diocese trading with the East. They were imitations of the Arabic dirhem, and in 1266 drew from the Holy See a bull rebuking the bishop for his impiety. ^Milrea^ Portuguese, gold, value 4s. 5d. ^Milrei^ Portuguese, silver, value 4s. 5d., 1000 or 960 reis. Whelan adds that in Brazil the value was reduced to 2s. id. Mini7ig-pieces^ money of two classes : (i.) that coined for mines, and (ii.) for the miners. The former are generally of silver, and often of large size and elaborate and artistic design. They occur in the Brunswick, Saxon, and Sicilian series. The latter are usually of copper and of low values, and belong to Sweden, the North of France, etc. The earliest coin of this widespread fabric which we have seen is an extremely rare 2-thaler piece, with the name and titles of John Casimir, Duke of Saxe-Coburg, Juliers, Cleves, and Berg, 1629. The obv. has the Duke on horseback, and the rev. the usual many-quartered shield. There is another of later date belonging to Wismar — \\ th., and we have engraved, for the beauty of its condition and the uncommon type, one of Brunswick, 1657. Probably the view of Blanchet {Ma7tuel^ 1890, i. 105), that the coins of the Carlovingian epoch with Metal. Gerinan. are ascribable to the product of the mines of Bohemia and the Hartz, is correct. Mmuta^ apparently the recognised appellation of a small billon coin of Genoa, 15th c. Miiiiita^ or Mejtiit, a small copper piece struck by Louis XIII. and XIV. of France during the occupation of Cataluha (1642-48) at Oliana, Puigcerda, Vique, Agramont, Perpignan, and in several varieties. *Miobolo^ Ionian Islands, copper [? the \ obolos]. Mirtilo7t^ the epithet for a double louis of Louis XV., with the two interlaced cursive Ls between two palm-branches. Mistura, the name assigned to billon money struck at Avignon under Gregory XIII., Sixtus V., and Clement VIII. (1572-1605). Alite^ a copper or billon coin of very small value current in Brabant and Holland. Louis of Maele, Count of Flanders, 1346-84, struck a billon mite with Fl. There are the multiples of three, four, six, and 6 Miten of Ghent, 1583-84. twelve. Apiece of 12 miten or myten of Ghent in copper is cited by Sch., Cat. ix. 420, and another of Brussels, 1593, xiv. 290c?. Comp. Miiterkeii. Catalogtte of Eztropean Denominations 2 1 7 Mitte royal toiirnois^ a French billon coin struck under Philip III. and IV., 1 270-1314, with the titles and a forked cross on obv., and on rev. a castle without a legend. Moceiiigo^ the name given to the Venetian lira or silver piece of lo soldi (Da Dieci) after the Doge Pietro Mocenigo (1474-76), and appar- ently continued, like the marcello, in the following reign. Moidore^ or Moeda {iMoneta^ money), a gold Portuguese coin struck both for the home currency and for the colonies. It seems to have been recognised as a name for a definite piece in the i8th c, and was equal to 4000 reis, or about 27s. English. There is the i (mimoeda) and the j or qimrtinho. "^Moiiaco^ Italian, silver, value 4s. 4d. [The local name for the scudo at Monaco.] Mojicta^ a token of value issued under recognised or asserted authority. It is a term which is common, with slight modifications, to all the European languages of Latin origin ; and the idea is also found in the most ancient Oriental, Arabic, and Mongolian systems of currency or exchange, as in the Tartar word te7igha^ an emblem, which is reproduced in the Russian tamgha^ the source of the well-known piece called a deiiga. Mo7ieta palatiiia^ or palaci^ a silver denier, sometimes erroneously ascribed to Charlemagne, but more probably belonging to the reign of Charles the Simple (898-923), bears on reverse this reading. The words may have originally referred to the old rank of the house of Pepin as mayors of the palace, and illustrate the importance of the royal precincts even down to a much later epoch. The Palace is specified among the Carlovingian mints in the Edict of Pitres, 864, and at that period signified the royal abode for the time being. The elaborate and far-stretching system germinating and centring in the residence of the prince was the basis of the territorial terms palatine and palatiiiate. Such families as the Carrara at Padua, the Scaligers at Verona, the Gonzage at Mantua, and the Visconti (Vicecomites) at Milan were at the outset merely imperial delegates or representatives. A silver denier of Raymond, Count of Toulouse and Provence, describes him as Comes Palaci. Moraglia^ a copper denomination, i6th c, of Agostino Tizzone, Count of Desana, with Moneta Deciensis on obv., and on rev. S. Gernianvs. with an effigy of the saint facing. Mordowkis^ imitations of kopecks by the Mordevas and others for the purpose of embellishing their dress. Morveux, a variety of the silver teston of Charles IX. of France, with a laureated bust, below which are A and O ; it is supposed to have been struck at Orleans by the Huguenots. ^Mostoska^ Russian, copper, 4 to a kopeck. 2l8 The Coins of Europe Moiirisca^ an early Castilian coin, current in Portugal = 2\ librcE or libras. There was the double. I4th-i5thc. Moiito7i, the name of a gold coin struck in France intermittently from the reign of Philip IV. to that of Charles VI. (13 14-1422), and imitated by Louis de Maele, Count of Flanders (1346-84). It is otherwise known as the Agnel, the type being that of the paschal lamb. There is the h or pe/it agitel. Miinzlamm. See Lanimpfenning. Mi'mz-recht^ the right to strike money, a commercial privilege which, like the mark-recht^ or title to a market, was conferred in Germany and the Netherlands under a variety of conditions, as regarded the share of the accruing advantages. Micrajola^ a papal silver coin of the i6th c. See Cat. Rossi, 1880, No. 601. Miiterke7i^ a piece of 6 mites. Billon, i6th c. Niininhegen^ etc. Napoleon^ the name conferred on the 20-franc gold piece under Napoleon I. (1805-15), and still associated with it. Nege?i?najt?ieke^ a type of dute or doit, current in the Southern Nether- lands under the Spanish and Austrian rule. Neii-groschen^ a Saxon denomination (1847) for a new standard, the groschen = 10 pf. There are the pieces of 2 neu-groschen, i, and \. Niquef^ a type of the French double tournois of billon with a lis surmounted by a crown (Charles VI., 1380-1422). Niqiiet^ an Anglo- Gallic billon coin of Henry VI. of England, with H. Rex. AngL Heres. Fra?tc. and a leopard under a lis. Niqiiet, a billon coin of Besangon, 1 4th- 1 6th c, with the half It is one of those which bear a posthumous portrait of Charles V. of Germany, who in 1533 authorised the representatives of the Burgundian family of Bouhelier to strike this type with their own names and arms, and in this document speaks of the niquet as anciently current in Burgundy. Noble^ a gold coin struck for various provinces of the Netherlands in the 1 6th c. on the model of the rose-noble of Edward IV. The original imitation — that of Gorcum or Gorinchen — followed the lines of the English piece very closely. See Schulman, De r Imitation des Moniiaies Etrangcres mix Pays Bas Meridionaux^ 1892. There are the half and quarter of the later copies ; but none is at present known of the Gorcum one. Schulman, Cat. ix. 117, cites a \ 7toble schuijtken of Philip the Good and Maximilian (1482-97). In the Proposal addressed to Henry VIII. of England by Nicolas Tyery in 1526 for a new Irish coinage, this, the salute, the maille, the denier, the Hard, etc., are named as projected denominations. It is perhaps remarkable, looking at the intimate rela- tions between Edward III. and the Netherlands and the monetary treaty of 1345, that the Flemings or Hollanders did not attempt to copy so admirable a type even more promptly. Nomine Domini or Domini Nomi7ie., a phrase and title which consti- tuted the prototype of Dei Gratia. The words almost invariably occur in initials only, N.D. or D.N.^ and are found on the coins of the Ostro- goths in the 6th c. Eudes, King of France (887-98), adopted the form Gratia Do?nini^ which ultimately became the modern and Western development of the notion, as contrasted with the Oriental or Moham- medan feeling resident in the original dictum. Nitmmiis (Gr. vbixo^, vefxetv)^ like the German scheide mil7ize^ anything intended or suitable for distribution ; the perhaps nominal unit of the Catalogue of Ettropean Denominations 2 1 9 Byzantine bronze coinage, which circulated in Greece, Asia INIinor, Southern Italy, and Sicily from the 7th to perhaps the loth c. There were the multiples of 5 i^pciitaiminuio)^ 10 (dcccmitninw)^ 20, 30, and 40, the last being = follaro or doppio follaro. The respective values are usually indicated by Roman numerals. Obolc^ obolos^ obool^ the term applied to the half danaro or denier by a sort of analogy with the ancient Greek standard or division of value. The moiety of the Carlovingian denier is usually so called. It is more frequently than otherwise employed from an ignorance of the correct denomination. Compare, however, Obitlns. Obolino^ a name for an obolo of smaller module. It is always questionable how far these terms were sanctioned by authority or by contemporary usage. Obolos, a piece of 5 lepta in the modern Greek currency. Obuliis^ and the half, a silver denomination of Hungary under Bela IV., 1235-70, with the word between two lions' heads. Also the name expressly conferred on certain pfennigen of 1378 struck by the Margraves of Moravia at Glatz with /. G\laceitsis\ 0\bulus\ The obulus continued to be the Hungarian unit during centuries, and was = \ denier. 400 went to the Hungarian florin of gold by virtue of the Edict of Buda, 1447- Ochavo^ the half quarto or ciiarto in the Spanish monetary system under Ferdinand and Isabella (1476-1504) and their successors. The same name, or octavo^ appears to have been identified with the third brass Roman coins which, in the absence or dearth of other currency, long passed in Spain and the South of France as an equivalent for the local money. Whelan mentions that the word is locally corrupted into chavo or chovy. ^Ochoseit^ Spanish. The smallest gold coin. Oertli^ a Swiss name for the \ gulden, 1 7th- 1 8th c. Oirt Stitver^ an ecclesiastical coin or token. Billon or base silver. Arnheim. Oiicia^ niezza o?icia, and quarto di oncia^ a silver denomination of the Knights of St. John at Malta, of the Two Sicilies, and of the Dukes of Savoy, 1 8th c. Vittorio Amedeo II. (17 13- 18) had the 2-oncie piece. The oncia of the Bourbon Kings was coined from the local mines, and occurs both of thick and widespread module, the former the scarcer, and of the dates 1733 1791. The Maltese oncia, the \ and ^, were = 30, 15, and 7i tari. The type seems to have been struck only by Emmanuele Pinto, Grand Master, 1741-73. Ongaro. See Ungaro. On-le-vaiilt^ the denier blanc of Cambrai = 2 deniers tournois, coined in 1347 by Jehan Bougier of Arras for the Bishop of Cambrai. The denier noir of the same coinage was called valtan^ which seems to have an allied sense. They were something which supplied a popular want. 220 The Coins of Europe Onsa. See Livra. Oortje^ oordje^ or oort^ a double plack or double Hard. Or, pi. bre^ an early Norwegian coin originally = 24 penningen and the loth of the silver mark, but afterward reduced or debased, and practically equivalent to the Danish and Swedish pieces. Or, pi. ore^ a Danish coin originating in a common source with that of Sweden, but apparently never issued to pass current for so high a value, as a modern piece of 5 ore is only equal to the 4th of an early Swedish or. Or, pi. drey a: Swedish copper coin, which dates back to the time of John III., 1569-92, and underwent certain changes of module and weight, till it was restored to something like the i6th c. standard in the time of Frederic I. (1718-49). The ore coined in the first half of the 17th c. were derived from the copper of the mines of Dalecarlia in N. Sweden. Orteliiiy the J pfenning of Strasburgh, 14th c. OrtsthaleVy or quarter thaler^ a Saxon denomination of 1661, with the half Ortiigy a Swedish coin struck in the 15th c. at Stockholm under Carl VIII. (1448-70). Ortiigy a Norwegian coin = 8 penningen. Probably similar to the last. Osellciy a term applied to a long series of coins in all metals, but usually in silver, struck by the Doges of Venice and by the Dogaresse for distri- bution as presents. Among these are some of the most varied, artistic, and pleasing examples of Venetian numismatic art. The osella was struck from the time of Antonio Grimani (1521-23) down to the close, with the exception of the reigns of Nicolo Donato (1618) and Gio- vanni Cornaro (1624-30). This was, after all, only a form of the practice existing in other parts of Europe. The first gold osella occurs under Alvigi Mocenigo (1570-77), and was struck to commemorate the victory at Lepanto. One in bronze, struck in 1585 by Nicolo da Ponte, seems to have been intended as a memorial of the foundation of the Rialto Bridge. On the rev. w^e read Fviidanienta. Facta. Prid. Kal. Ivnii. 1585. The Dogaressa also coined oselle at Venice in her own name. There is a silver one of the consort of Marino Grimani (i 595-1606), which reads on obv. Mavroce7ia. Mavroce7ia. [portrait of the Dogaressa to 1.], and on rev. Mvnvs. Mavrocenae. Griinanae. Dvcissae. Venetiar. 1 597. There was the double osella in gold and in silver, and the osella di Murano in gold and silver. Pagode, a gold coin struck by France under Louis XV. for Pondi- chery. Paolo, the loth of the silver scudo, and equivalent to the giidiOy a silver denomination of the dukedom of Ferrara (i6th c), of the popes, and of the Dukes of Tuscany of the house of Lorraine. Ercole II., D'Este, Duke of Ferrara (1534-59), struck several varieties. The Tuscan paolo in 1830 was = 5th of a silver florin. There is the piece of 2 paioli. Cat. Rossi, 1431. PapettOy a silver papal coin struck by Pius VII., Gregory XVI., and Pius IX. There is the half Par, pi. para, the copper currency of the modern kingdom of Serbia or Servia. 100 para are = i dinar. The denomination is of Turkish origin, and used to be employed in the Russian provinces of Moldavia and Wallachia, 1771-74. The Russian piece was = 3 dengi. Catalogue of European Denominations 22 1 Parddo, pardoes, a gold Portuguese colonial coin of the i8th c. = 5 tcmgas^ or about 320 reis. Pardao or Xerafiii^ the \ rupia of Goa, worth 300 reis. There is the meo p., and a variety known as the pardao de Dzo, 1806, from the legend. 18th c. From a document of 1548 it appears that the piece was originally struck on a square or irregular flan ; it was perhaps, like the maciita in Africa, an evolution from the native coinage. Parisis^ the name originally attached to French coins of the Paris standard, fixed under Philip Augustus at \ above that of Tours. It con- tinued in use in such parts of France as were subject to the Crown down to the time of Louis XIV. ; but it gradually lost its technical significance. There were the p. d^or^ the p. dhirge/zt^ the p. 7iozr, and the denier and sol parisis. There is a very rare double/. d\irgent of Charles IV., 1328, with Alonefa Dvplex on rev. Louis XL struck a variety called the p. de raiinionerie. The/. first appeared in 1329. The denier and sol p. were imitated by the Dukes of Lorraine in the 14th c. See one of Ferri IV., 1312-28, figured in Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 1298. Parpajola, or parpailloi^ a coin common to Switzerland, Italy, and Savoy. It was struck at Asti by Louis XII. of France and Charles V. of Germany. There is the half. The earliest are of Swiss fabric ; Berne, and the Swiss generally, abandoned the type in 1528. At Correggio, in Italy, the piece seems to have been = 3 soldi. Patdca, a Portuguese coin of the 1 7th- 1 8th c. = 320 reis. They exist of the reign of John IV. (1640-56), and are frequently countermarked with higher or lower values. Patdca^ a copper Portuguese denomination = 2 cuartos. Patacdo^ a silver Portuguese coin of the i6th c. (1555), struck for, and presumably at, Goa, and perhaps the prototype of the rupias of thick fabric of later date. Fernandes alludes (p. 333) to ?ipatacdo of fine silver of the present century, popularly known as a caiiello = 4 cruzados, and weighing an ounce ; but he could not refer to an example. Patacchina^ a silver coin of the Republic of Genoa during the French occupation (1396-1406). It bears the titles of Charles VI. of France and of Conrad, and the quartered arms of France and Genoa. There are several varieties. Patacon, ox pat ago 11^ a name apparently common to the Brabantine and Portuguese series, 1 5th- 1 8th c, but probably of Portuguese origin. The silver dollar = from 600 to 640 reis. The word signifies the same as piefort^ or a heavy foot, the coin weighing an ounce ; hence the sobri- quet of leg-dollar. The Low Country patagon was = 50 stuivers. Pataco72^ the Portuguese heavy copper piece of 40 reis, early 19th c. Patard^ a Brabantine billon coin ( = Dutch stuiver), with the quad- ruple, double, and half, in the 15th c, struck at Antwerp, Malines, Cam- brai, etc. The ecu d'or of Cambrai was worth 40 p. The bishops of that See and of Liege issued pieces of 30 p. in silver, and Philip le Beau, Duke of Burgundy (1495-1506), the eighth of a p. for Luxemburgh, 1502. Patard^ a billon coin of Louis XI. of France, struck for Perpignan. There are two varieties. A demi-patard occurs in the Franco- Italian series of Louis XII. for Milan (1499-1513). Henry II. struck it for Pro- vence with P. beneath two lis and the Provencal cross. Patte doie^ a variety of the gros blanc (a type of the old g. tournois of a larger module), struck under Jean le Bon (1364-80) of France, with an expanded lis. 222 The Coins of Eiti^ope Pavilion^ a gold coin of the French and Anglo-GalHc series. Of the latter there are two types, both struck at Bordeaux. Peca^ a gold Portuguese coin under Maria II. (weight, 145 gr.) with a diademed bust to left on obv., and on rev. a shield resting on foliage. Another name for the dobra. Pecrdeke^ ^^X.peerdckeii^ the third of the snaphaan. Silver. Niuinihege?!^ Groningen^ etc. There is a scarce one of Zutphen with F'ata Viain In- venient^ and Mone. Nova Civita. ZvtpJia. in the i8th c. Peeier^ or Pie f re, a gold coin of Louvain, Brabant, 14th c, imitated by Jean d'Arkel, Bishop of Liege and Duke de Bouillon, 1364-78. The name was due to the effigy of St. Peter. Pegione, a silver coin of the Visconti, Dukes of Milan, 14th c. On obv. occurs S. Ambrosio Mediolan, and the saint seated ; and on rev. Comes, Virtvtvm D. Mediohmi. Pe7i7ii, pi. penjiia, a Russian copper coin struck for Finland = a French centime. There is the i penni, 2 pennia, 5 pennia, 10 pennia. 1865-66. Peregosi, the local name given in a document of 1276 to the currency of Perigord, otherwise described as pierregordins. A variety of the denier. In 1305 two Florentines engaged to supply to the Count 20,000 marques of white money of pierregordins between the 20th May and the 25th July. Perpero, and the half, silver denomination of Byzantine origin, intro- duced into the Republic of Ragusa in the 13th c. or thereabout. Also a gold value used at Venice as money of account. Peseta, a Spanish silver denomination in 1774, 2 reales ; in 1868, 92 French centimes, the piece corresponding to the French livre. It was struck during the Peninsular War at Barcelona, and in 1873, during the Revolution, at Cartagena. In 1874 the younger Don Carlos struck, apparently out of Spain, probably in Italy, a piece of 5 pesetas with Dios, Patria^y Rey on rev. There was a reissue of it in 1886. Of the Barcelona series of 181 1 there are the 5 p. and i p. in silver, and the 16 reales or 10 p. and 20 p. in gold, bearing dates between 1809 and 1 8 13. Two 5 p. pieces of 1821 and 1823 were issued for circulation in the Balearic Isles. . By the law of 1868 the peseta replaced the escudo as the monetary unit and money of account. Peseta, a silver denomination struck by Christian VII. of Denmark in 1777 for Iceland, Greenland, and the Feroe Islands. Peso, the name of a silver siege-piece struck for Girone, in France, in 1808 during the Peninsular War. Pezza, a gold coin of the Medici family. Dukes of Florence or Etruria. There is one of Cosmo III., 17 18, struck at Leghorn, somew^hat similar in type to the scudo of silver which is known under the same name. It bears a rosebush and the legend Gratia Obvia Vltio QvcEsita. It was known as the pezza d^oro delta rosa. Of the silver there are earlier examples in the same reign. Pezzetta and mezza-pezzetta (Fr. piecette), billon currency of Monaco, 1 8th c, and of the Swiss canton of Fribourg, id. the single and double pezzetta or piecette. Pfaffeiifeiiidt hater, the name applied to a silver siege-piece or money of necessity (1622) struck during the Thirty Years' War. Pfeiining, penjii^ig, or fe^mig, a copper coin of North Germany and the Low Countries, equivalent to the French centime. In Alsace or Elsas it occurs in the 14th c. A copper series of \, i, 2, 3, 4, and 5 pf. was Catalogue of European Deno7ninations 223 in use in Cuilemborg in 1590-91. Saxe-Meiningen struck a piece of pf. in 1740. There is a vierstiiiverpemiing ox 4-stuiver piece, and in 1848 the Netherlands issued a negotie-penniiig of 10 gold florins (Schulman, Cat. XV. 877). The coin entitled a Brodt Penning, 1789, was employed at Cologne for distribution among the poor during a scarcity ; the Anglo- Saxons and Hollanders had an analogous currency. On an early speci- men belonging to Utrecht we read Dit is der Arineii Pe.^ and (on rev.) Moneta. S. Martijii. — from the legend of St. Martin and the beggar. Pfennings a silver denomination mentioned in a grant from the Emperor Charles IV., in 1363, to the town of Wertheim in Baden. Pfetnianchen^ a small coin of the Prussian abbey of Essen, 17th c. The 1 20th part of a reichsthaler. In the Diocese of Treves it was a term applied to the albiis. Comp. Mark. PJienix^ the name of the silver coin struck by President Capo dT stria under the Greek Republic, 1828 = rather less than a lira. An appro- priate appellation for a coinage significant of national revival. Philipsdaalder^ silver crown struck by Philip II. of Spain for the Netherlands. There are the divisions down to the 40th part. See next article. Philippiis^ and the half, a name given to the silver crown and its divisions struck by or for Philip II. of Spain during his occupation of the Low Countries. There is the half, fifth, tenth, twentieth, and fortieth parts. The last was = 20 mites. A type of the Philippus or daalder, with his portrait and titles, was struck at Antwerp after the relinquishment of the Low Countries of Flanders by the Spaniards in 1580. There is a pattern evidently issued posterior to the occupation of Portugal by Philip, as the shield quarters the arms of that kingdom. Indeed it is remarkable that so late as 1593 coins with the name of this prince con- tinued to appear in the country, where he had made himself so deservedly obnoxious, side by side with those associated with comparative political freedom. But the circulation of Spanish, as well as of Austrian, money in this oppressed region was not arrested till the end of the i8th c. Piastre., a Spanish silver coin of eight reales. It dates from the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella ; comp. Piece of Eight. The Medici of Florence coined both the gold and silver piastro ; the gold p. of Cosmo II., 1 610, engraved by Scipione Mola, is considered the chef d'^ceiivre of the Florentine mint. The Turkish p. is a totally different piece, v/orth about 3d. Piataltiitik^ the Russian 15-kopeck piece. Piatar., a piece of 5 Russian kopecks of large module, struck from 1758 down to the beginning of the present c. Piatatchek^ the Russian 5 -kopeck piece in silver. '^Picchaleo7i^ Sardinian, copper. The centesimo. Picciolo, a small copper coin of Malta, first struck without, and then with, the name. Apparently = i grano. There is a piece of 3 pice. Piece of Eight. See Real. Piedfort^ or Piefort, an expression frequently employed to denote pieces of money struck on an unusually thick flan. Patterns have more often than not been issued on the Continent in this shape, and the piedforts in the French series are particularly numerous. Some evidently passed current. But among the Germans and Low Country numismatists the term is sometimes applied to what appears to be more properly a double piece ; not one of small thick module, but of twice or thrice the usual weight. 224 The Corns of Ettrope Piedquailloiix^ the sobriquet of a Hard struck under Henry IV. of France, having H. crowned between three lis^ and on rev. a hollow cross. Pierregordin. See Feregosi. Pigiiatelles^ the term applied to the pieces of 6 blanques struck by various personages in France during the political anarchy about 1586, and down to 1595 or later. They were nominally = 24 deniers, but fell to half their value. Pilarte^ a billon coin of Portugal, first struck by Fernando I., 1367-83, and = 2 dinheiros. Pi7tto^ a gold Portuguese coin of the i8th 0 = 400 reis. There is one of 1 72 1. It was = the cruzado nuevo of later date. "^Pistareen^ Spanish, silver, value lod.; the fifth of the dollar, 4 reales. Pistole =^ thaler, a very early gold denomination of Spanish origin, and thence introduced into the coinage of the Netherlands under the house of Nassau ; into the Duchy of Lorraine (the pistole, the double, and the half) under Charles III. (i 545-1608) ; into the Scotish currency during the colonisation of Darien ; and into Switzerland. The canton of Geneva had the pistole and the triple pistole. There is also a pistole of the first King of Wiirtemburg, 18 10, and a double one of Carl, Duke of Brunswick, 1828, with Zelmthaler on rev. The lo-thaler piece of Jerome Napoleon, King of Westphalia, 1812, is sometimes called a double pistole. Pite^ or poiigeoise^ an early currency of Savoy under the Count Airnon (1329-43). The unit was = i^ obole ; 4 made a fert ox fort bla7tc and 12 2i gros douzai?t. The value is indicated by points. Plappart, early currency of some of the Swiss cantons and of the city of Strasburgh. There is the half. A plappart of 1424 for St. Gall is the oldest dated piece in the Swiss series. Berne relinquished the type in 1528. Convp. Blappert. Plaque^ plak, ox plack^ the \ butken or J groot; a billon coin of which the value probably varied in different places at different periods. There is a piece of 12 plakken struck by Philip II. in 1560 for Overijssel. Plaque^ great ox grande^ a billon or silver coin current, I4th-i5th c, in Brabant, the Bishopric of Liege, Lorraine, and France. There is an extremely rare one of Marie de Blois, Regent of Lorraine, 1346-48. The g. pi. was first struck in France under Charles VII. (1422-61). Plaqiiette^ a silver coin of the Bishopric of Liege, i6th c. Sch., Cat. ix. 464. The diminutive oi plaque. Plotar^ a Swedish siege-piece of 171 5 and 1747 in copper, intended to pass for a silver daler or \ daler. Poillevilain^ a nickname given to the gros tournois a la queiie^ struck under Jean le Bon, 1350-64, after the master of the royal mint. Poitevin^ a name given to the denier current in the ancient county of Poitou. In 1265 Alphonse, brother of Louis IX., struck as Count of P. poitevms noiiveaux with a devii-lis for France and the arms of Castile, and the legend Pictavie. Et. Thol. (Poitou and Toulouse). Pdlk^ pi. polker, a billon currency of Brandenburg and of the Kings of Sweden for East Prussia and Poland. See Driepblker. '^Polpoltin., Russian, silver, the quarter rouble. Poltina^ ox poltmiiik^ a Russian silver coin = i rouble. Poltorak., a Polish denomination for the 24th of the talar. It may be the same as th^ polttirat^ described by Whelan as Hungarian copper. Poltiir^ pi. polticra, money of necessity of Hungary and Transylvania, Catalogue of European Denominations 225 early i8th c. (1704-6). There are pieces of i, 10, and 20 p. Maria Theresa also struck the unit. Poliiska^ pi. poluski^ and the half=i and \ kopeck, small copper pieces struck for Siberia under Peter the Great and Catherine II. Perhaps it was originally a provincial currency. Popolino, a name borne by the silver florin of Florence, struck in 1307. They resembled the gold in type. Pore-epic^ a type of the gold ecu coined under Louis XII. of France (1497-15 1 5), and reissued by a few of his successors. Louis introduced into his Franco-Italian series ^ gros au p. struck at Milan, with St. Am- brose on obv., and a porcupine under a crown on rev. Portugaloser^ a gold denomination of Denmark, i6th c. = 10 crowns, portugaloser of Christian IV., 1592, brought 275 marks=^i3 : 15s. at the Reinmann sale in 1891-92. On the obv. the inner circle reads Nach Portvgalische7i. Schrof, V. Korn. Portugiiez^ a gold Portuguese coin =10 cruzados or 3900 reis, and weighing generally about 712 gr. It was first introduced, after the important discoveries and conquests of the Portuguese in America and Asia, by Emmanuel (1495-1521) with a unique historical legend: Primus Emanuel R, PortugallicB Alg. Citra Ultra iji Africa Dominus Guinea • In Comjuercii • Navigatione • jEthiopicB • ArabicB • Per sice • Indic^e\ This reading is derived from Fernandes, Memoria^ 1856, p. 113. Mention else- where (p. 123) occurs of pieces of 15 cruzados struck by Emmanuel at the request of Pope Leo X. But these are not known to exist. The portuguez itself of the original type has the appearance of a coin not intended for general circulation, and that of John III. offers a modified legend. Both, but especially the first, are extremely rare. Portuguez^ a silver Portuguese coin of the early part of the i6th c. (1504), with the half, respectively = 400 and 200 reis. Said to have been struck from the dies of the p. di ou7'o. Fernandes (Memoria^ 1856, p. 115) cites authorities to prove the production and existence of these coins ; but no examples seem to be at present known. Perhaps they were never circulated. Pougeoise, a variety of the h obole current in the 13th- 14th c. in Poitou, Puy-de-D6me, and other parts of France, as well as in Savoy, where it was also called a pile. Some of the small coins of the Bishops of Puy bear Poles. Puei. or Poles del Pueij and an obole, or the struck at Acre, perhaps by a French crusader, has the reading Pvges. The name was doubtless derived from Le Puy. Pougeoise. See Pile. Pouly^ Russian copper money, from poul^ leather, from which it was doubtless an evolution. Prdmie {prcemia^ prizes), coins struck in Germany and Switzerland to distribute at schools, usually \ thalers. Q 226 The Coins of Etirope Provinois^ the product of the mint at Provins, Champagne, which attained a wide celebrity and acceptance down to the 13th c, although it was not distinguished either by originality or by excellence. Under Thibaut IV., Count of C, 1225, what were called the noiiveaiix provinois were issued, with the peig7ie or degenerate head surmounted by three towers, a recollection of the Touraine source of the Champagnois money. Publican 2> tornesi, a small copper coin of the Two Sicilies, 1 7th- 1 8th c. The name refers to the prevailing idea of the base metal being issued for the general convenience. ^Pidzlaty^ Hungarian, silver, the half florin. PyraiJiidcn-thaler^ a thaler in the Saxon series struck to commemorate a death or other event in the royal family, with an inscription in the form of a pyramid on the reverse. Quara7ttano^ or piece of 40 soldi, a silver denomination of the dukedom of Parma under Ranuccio II., 1646-94. The rev. has Monstra Te Esse Matrem^ and the Virgin and Child supported by two angels. Quartarolo^ and the double, a Venetian bronze or copper denomina- tion of the 13th and following c. It seems to have been first introduced under the Doge Pietro Ziani (1205-28), and the double under Lorenzo Tiepolo (1268-74). The quartarolo was also struck at Verona by the Duke of Milan during his temporary occupation. Qiiartinho. See Moeda. Quartino^ a silver denomination of the duchy of Parma and Piacenza, and of other independent Italian States. Quartzno d^oro, the fourth of the saido, struck under Pope Benedict XIV., 1740-58, Anno I. Quarto^ a silver denomination of Reggio under the Este family. The \ scudo. Quarto^ a copper denomination of Spain. Compare Cuarto. From 1 801 the British Government struck copper pieces under this name for Gibraltar, and during part of the period, between 1808 and 181 1, the French introduced a coinage of \^ i, 2, and 4 q., with and without date. Some of these are extremely rare. In 1754, or earlier, the Spaniards had a currency of quartos for Catalufia. We have seen the i, 2, 3, and 6 q. of various dates down to 1841. Qiiattrino^ a billon, and afterward a copper coin of Venice, Rome, Florence, Reggio, the Two Sicilies, etc. The quattrino of the popes was often distinguished as quattriiio Romano. There is a piece of 3 quattrini of Cosmo III., Grand-Duke of Florence, 1681. The Venetian quattrino (in copper) was not introduced till the reign of Fr. Foscari (1423-57). In some political dissension at Florence in or about 141 7, after the election of Martin V. to the papal chair, a popular ballad contrasted his HoHness not very favourably with his opponent Braccio di Mentone, Lord of Perugia. In this fugitive composition there is a curious reference to the quattrino : " Braccio il valente, Che vince ogni gente : Papa Martino Non vale un quattrino." Quattri?to Panteriiw^ a Lucchese variety of this piece with the arms Catalogue of European Denominations 227 of the Republic supported by a panther. There is no legend. Remedi Cat., 1884, No. 1626, dated 1691. The same Government put forth other types of the quattrino in copper with the figure of St. Paulinus. Quern. See Tern. Rabenpfen7tig. See Rappen. Raderalbus^ a type of the albus or blanque current in the dukedom of JuHers, 14th c, and in that of Berg, 15th c. One of Adolf, Duke of Berg, 1408-23, is cited by Sch. xiv. 456. Raderschilli?ig^ a schilling of the same type, current in the diocese of Treves, i6th c. Raitgroschen^ a copper coin of Bohemia, 1 6th- 17th c. We have met with them of 1572, 1583, and 1605. Rapp., rappen^ a small billon coin of Switzerland, equal to a centime. 10 r. appear to have been=i batz. The word is traced to Raben., or crow ; a crow's or raven's head appearing on what was thence termed the Rabeiipfennig. ^ RathsprcBsentger., German, silver, value 8d. Aix-la-Chapelle. Rathzeichen.^ a silver denomination issued under the authority of the city of Cologne, 1730. There are two or three varieties. Raymojtdzne^ or Rayinondesque^ an appellation for the local money of Albi in the Toulousan, from the presence on all the coins of the name of Raymond, a Count of T. in the loth c. Real^ originally a Spanish silver coin, worth about \ franc, or 5d., and apparently issued for the first time, with the double, under Ferdinand and Isabella, in a variety of types. It is possible that the coins of the same name in silver and gold, struck in the Low Countries during Spanish sway, were also known as reales ; but terms are often misapplied by the authorities. A piece of 50 reales in silver was struck at Segovia at various dates by Philip III. and IV. and Charles II., and one of 100 in gold by Philip IV., of Spain. In the Franco-Spanish series we have a piece of 5 reaux, 1641. A small silver piece, named on the face a 7'eaaly was struck for the Dutch settlement of Curagoa in 1821. Also a Portu- guese silver and copper denomination, 1 3th- 1 6th c. The former was = 10 dinheiros or 40 reis. There was the r. dobrado = 80 r. or 4 vinUms. Reale, a type struck by the Counts of Provence, of the house of Anjou, in imitation of the Sicilian augustale of the Emperor Frederic II., 13th c. Regalis Aureus^ the original name given to what was subsequently known as the royal d^or. It appears to have been first struck by Louis IX. at Noyon. ^' Regensbtirger, Ratisbon money of account. 228 The Corns of Europe Regime7its thaler^ the name of a silver coin struck at Ulm, during the Thirty Years' War, in 1622. Rei^ reis^ the unit of the Portuguese monetary system and the money of account. The value has varied at different periods, but the coin approximately represents the French cenimie and Spanish centimo. The lowest multiple with which we have met is a piece of 1695, ^"^^ highest is the dobra = 20,000 r. 4000 r. = 1 moeda. There is a very scarce piece of 18 r. struck under John IV. Reichsthaler^ royal thaler, a thaler struck either by, or under, the authority of the German emperors. Rei7te (Tor^ a name, probably a popular one, bestowed for some un- explained reason on the petite inasse d'or of Philippe III. of France, 1270-85. It has been conjectured, on the other hand, that it was struck by Louis IX. in honour of his mother. Queen Blanche, and that it is the denier or florin d'or a la reine mentioned in ordinances down to the time of Philip le Bel. No coin, specifically so termed, is known. Resellado^ the word on a 5 -peseta or lo-reales piece of Ferdinand VII., 1 82 1, indicating a recoinage. Rigsbankdaler^ Royal Bank daler, a Danish silver coin. Rijder^ a name probably applied in the Low Countries to any money bearing a horseman as part of the type. The gouden-rijder is equiva- lent to the French cavalier and the Scotish rider of James VI. Schul- man, Cat. xiv. 51, describes at some length an inedited one of Willem v., Count of Holland (1349-89), struck for that province. There is the half. At a later period the denomination underwent two successive changes: a transfer to a smaller and thicker flan about 1580, and, again, to a broader and thinner one about 161 5. A pattern of this latter variety in piefort, dated 1620, weighs 19 gr., and varies from the ordinary coinage. Comp. Snaphaa7ischelli7ig. Rijderdaalder, silver crown with horseman, i6th c. S' Heere7iberg. Rijdergulde7i^ properly, we apprehend, a silver coin of that denomina- tion, having on one side a horseman. Robiistus, a term apparently applied to the silver crown of thicker module struck in the Low Countries in the i6th c, similar to the thaler of Sigismund of Austria, 1484. Robiistiis^ a coin with its half and quarter, temporarily current in Flanders in the i6th c. Sch., xii. 192-94. Comp. A7itwerp in Cat. of Mints. Roda. Comp. Bazariico. Rolabasso^ a silver type of the Marquises of Saluzzo, early i6th c, with the titles on obv. and an eagle bearing a small shield in claw, and on rev. Christvs Rex : Ve7tit i7t Pace : H07710 : Factvs. Rollbatze7t^ or Rollbatz^ currency of the Bishops of Passau, Bavaria, in the i6th c. Roosschelli7ig^ or escali7i ederic I. 1309 1019 Gilbert I. 1057 Conrad I. 1346 1086 Henri I. 1 128 Conrad 11. 1353 1 136 Henri II., the Blind, son of Godefroi, Count of Namur, 1383 maternal grandson of Con- rad I. Hanri. 1388 1 196 Guillaume I. Thibaut, Comte de Bar. 1402 1 2 14 Ermesinde de Luxemburgh 1407 and Waleran, Duke of Lim- 141 1 burg. 1226 Henri III., Count of Luxem- 141 5 burgh and of Ligny, Marquis of Arlon. Hanri. 145 1 1280 Henri IV. Henry V., emperor in 1308. H. or Henricvs. John, the Blind, King of Bo- hemia and Poland. Charles, King of Bohemia and emperor. Karol. Wenceslas, first duke, and Jeanne. Wine el. Wenceslas 1 1., emperor. Wen- eel. Jodocus of Moravia, emperor. lodoc. March. Dns. Moravie. Louis d'Orleans. Jodocus restored. Anthoine de Bourgogne, Due de Brabant. Ant ho. Elizabeth of Goerlitz and John of Bavaria. Elizab. loh. Philippe le Bon, Duke of Burgundy, by purchase. Coimts of Namur 908 Berenger of Lomme. 973 Ratbode I., Count of Lomme and Namur. Ratbode II., Count of Namur. Albert I., his brother. 1016 Albert II. 1037 Albert III., Count of Namur and Brugeron. Albertvs. 1 105 Godefroid. 1 1 39 Henri I., the Blind. Einric. 1 189 Baudouin V. 1 196 Philippe the Noble. 12 1 2 Pierre de Courtenay et Yo- lande. 1216 Philip II. 1226 Henry II. 1229 Margaret and Henry of Vianden. 1237 Baudouin de Courtenay. 1263 Gui de Dampierre. G. or Gido. 1297 John I., Heer van Slijs. lohes. 1331 John II., lo. 1335 Guido. G.^ or Gvydo. 1336 PhiHp III. Phis. 1337 William I. Gvillehnvs. 1 39 1 William II. Gvilleln. 14 1 8 John III., called Thierri. lohannes. Ki7tgs of the Netherlands 1814 Willem I. 1849 Willem III. 1840 Willem 11. 1889 Wilhelmina 1. The grand-duchy of Luxemburgh has passed to the Duke of Nassau. Some Dated Lists of European Rulers 263 Seigneurs of Reckheim 1397 Willem I. 1400 Willem II. 1442 Willem III. 1480 Isabel and John of Pirmont. 1 501 Gerard of Pirmont. John of Pirmont and Anne de la Marck. 1 541 Robert de la Marck. 1545 John of Hamin. 1 6th c. The Vlodorp family. Herman van Lynden. 1603 Ernest. 1636 Ferdinand. 1665 Frangois Gobert. 1703-8 Ferdinand Gobert. Counts of s'' Heerenberg 331 1354 1387 1416 1465. Adam III. Ade. D. Mote. Margaret, his widow. Mar- greta. William I. Wilhelmvs. Frederic III. Fredericvs. William II. de Berge. Oswald I. Wilhelni^ Dn. 1506 William III. 151 1 Oswald II. Oswald. 1546 William IV. Gvil, etc. 1577 Frederic of Berg. Fre. C. D. Mo., etc. 1626 Henry. Henricvs. 1627-31 Herman Frederic. Her, Frid. Bishops of Utrecht 870 Odibald. 900 Egibold. 901 Ratbod. 918 Balderic. 977 Folkmar. 991 Baudouin. 995 Ansfrid. loio Adelbold. 1028 Bernold. Bernoi, or Ber- 7ioldvs. 1054 Wilhelm. Wilhelmvs. 1076 Conrad. Conradvs. 1099 Burckhard. Bvrcardv. 1 1 13 Godebald. 1 128 Andrew de Cuyk, adminis- trator. 1 1 38 Heribert. 1 152 Herman. Hvman. 1 1 56 Godefroi. 1 178 Baudouin. 1 196 Arnould. 1 197 Thierri I. Theodoricvs. 1 198 Thierri II. of Namur. 1213 Otho I. of Gueldres. 1215 Otho II. of Lippe. 1228 Willebrand. 1235 Otho III. 1249 Godwin. 1250 Henry of Vianen. Henri- cvs. 1267 John I. of Nassau. 1288 John II. of Zirk. 1296 Willem II. 1301 Gui of Hennegau. 13 1 2 Jacob. John III. of Diest. 131 7 Frederic II. 1341 Nicolo Capucci. John IV. of Arkel. 1364 John V. 1371 Arnould of Horn. 1379 Florent. Floren. 1393 Frederic III. Frederic. 1425 Suederus. 1433 Rodolph of Diepholt. Rodlp. 1456 Gisbert. 1457 David de Bourgogne. 1496 Frederic of Baden. 1 5 19 Philippe de Bourgogne. 264 The Coins of Europe Coimts of West Friesland ^^^f ) Bruno I. ^^38-57 Bruno not >-T.,,„^^ TT 1057-68 Egbert I. known ) 1068-90 Egbert II. Kings of the Belgiajis 1831-65 Leopold I. of Saxe-Coburg. 1865 Leopold II., son. Coimts of Flanders 862 879 918 965 1036 1067 1070 1093 1 1 1 1 1 1 19 1127 1128 Beaudouin I., son-in-law of Charles le Chauve, and Grand Forester of Flanders. Beaudouin or Baudouin II., Count of Flanders, Boulogne, and Ternois. Arnould I., Count of Flanders, and, on the death of his brother Adolphe in 933, of Boulogne and Ternois. He associated in 958 his son Baudouin III., who died in 961. Arnould II. Rainolidvs. Baudouin IV. Baldvijtvs Marchio. Baudouin V. Baudouin VI., Count of Hain- 2,vX\^ jure iixoris. Robert I., Count of Flanders and Alost. Roberti. Robert II. Baldwin VI 1. Charles of Denmark, cousin- german. Guillaume de Normandie, cousin. Thierri D'Alsace, cousin. 1 1 68 Philippe D'Alsace, Count of Flanders and Vermandois. Ph. Comes or Philippus. 1 191 Marguerite, sister, with Bau- douin V. of Hainault and VI 11. of Flanders. 1 194 Baudouin IX., Count of Flan- ders and Hainault, Emperor of Constantinople. B. Comes. 1206 Jeanne and Ferdinand of Portugal. 1244 Marguerite, sister, and Guil- laume de Dampierre, her son. 1280 Gui de Dampierre, brother of Guillaume. 1303 Philippe de Thielte, adminis- trator. Filp. 1305 Robert de Bethune. His son Louis d. vita patris. 1322 Louis de Crecy, Count of Flanders, Nevers, and Rethel. 1346 Louis de Flanders, thel. 1384 Marguerite, daughter, m. Philippe le Hardi, Duke of Burgundy. Maele, Count of Nevers, and Re- Coiints of Hainault 998 Rainier IV. 1 01 3 Rainier V. Rennadvs. 1030 Rainier VI. 1 03 1 Richilde, and Baldwin Count of Flanders. v.. 1071 1099 1 120 1 170 1195 Baldwin II. Baldwin III. Baldwin IV. Baldwin V. Baldwin VI. Baldevi?t. Some Dated Lists of Etiropean Rulers 265 1206 Jeanne. 1244 Margaret of Constantinople. 1280 Jean II., D'Avesnes. lohs, lohcmnes. 1304 Guillaume I., le Bon. G. or Gvllehnvs. 1337 Guillaume II. Gvllelmvs. 1345 Marguerite II. and Louis IV. of Bavaria, emperor. 1356 William III. of Bavaria. Gvllvs. 1389 Albert of Bavaria, regent. Albert of Bavaria, Count of Hainault. 1404 William IV. Gvilm. 141 7 Jacqueline of Bavaria, ui. (i) John IV., Duke of Brabant, (2) Humphrey, Duke of Glou- cester. 1427 Philip le Bon, Duke of Bur- gundy. Phs. Bishops q 856 Francon. 903 Etienne. 920 Richer. 945 Hugues I. 947 Farabert or Floribert. 954 Rathier. 956 Baudri I. 959 Eraclius. 972 Notger or Notker. 1008 Baudri II. 1018 Walbodon. 102 1 Durand. 1025 Reginard. 1039 Nithard. 1042 Wazo. 1048 Theodwin. 1076 Henri. Henric. 1092 Otbert. Obertvs. 1 1 19 Frederic. 1 121 Alberon I. Albero. 1 128 Alexandre. Alexand. 1 1 36 Alberon II. of Gueldres. 1 145 Henri II. of Limburg. Hen- ricvs Secvndvs. 1 166 Alexandre II. A. 1 167 Raoul. Rot. Rode. 1 191 Albert I. Alb. 1 194 Albert II. 1200 Hugues II. 1229 Jean II. lohs. 1238 Guillaume. 1240 Robert. Robt. lege to 1744 1247 Henri III. 1274 Jean III. of Enghien. 1282 Jean IV. lohajines. 1292 Gui. 1296 Hugues III. of Chalon. Hvg07iis. 1 30 1 Adolphe of Waldeck. AdvlJ. 1 303 Thibaut of Bar. Theob. 13 13 Adolphe II. de la Marck. 1345 Engelbert de la Marck. 1364 Jean V. of Arckel. 1378 Arnould of Homes. 1390 Jean VI. of Bavaria. lohs de Bavaria. 14 1 8 Jean VII. of Walenrode. 1419 Jean VIII. of Heinsberg. lohes. 1456 Louis de Bourbon. Zvdo. 1484 Jean IX. of Homes. lo. de Hor. 1 506 Erard de la Marck. 1522 Cornelius van Berghen. 1544 Georges of Austria. 1557 Robert II. of Berghen. 1562 Gerard van Grosbeck. 1 581 Ernest of Bavaria. 1600 Ferdinand of Bavaria. 1649 Maximilian Henry of Bavaria. 1688 Jean Louis of Elderen. 1694 Jean Clement of Bavaria. 1724 G. Louis of Berghen. 1744 Jean Theodore of Bavaria. Counts of Loos 1 107 Arnould V. 1171 Gerard I. 1 146 Louis I. 1 191 Louis IL 266 The Coins of Europe 1 218 Arnould VI. 1336 1223 Louis III. 1229 Arnould VII. 1361 1256 Jean. 1280 Arnold VI 1 1. A.or Ar7toldvs. 1363 1328 Louis IV. Lvdovicvs. Thierri de Heinsberg. T. Com. Godefroi de Dalembrock. Gotfridvs. Arnould d'Orey, Sire de Rummen. Jean d'Arkel, Bishop of Liege. VII. ITALY AND SICILY Kings of Italy 1805-14 Napoleon I. 1 86 1 Vittorio Emmanuele II. (of Sardinia). 1878 Umberto I. Ostrogothic Kings 493 Theodoric. 526 Amalasunda. Athalari^:. D. N. Athalaricvs Rex, 534 Theodath. D. N. Theodathos Rex. 536 Witiges. D. N. Witiges Rex. 536 Matasunda, widow. Mono- gram. 540 Ildibad. 541 Eraric. Baduila or Totila. D. N. Ba- dvila Rex. 552 Theia or Thila. Dorn7tvs Theia. P. Rex or D. N. Theila Rex. 568 Albwin or Alboin. 573 Cleph. Government of the Thirty. 586 Antharis. 591 Agilhulf. 615 Adelwalt. 625 Ariowalt. 636 Rotharis or Rudhar. 652 Rodoald or Rudwalt. 654 Aripert. 661 Pertharit or Gunbert. 662 Grimoald. 672 Pertharit again. Kings 680 Cunipert and his father, 679- 88. D. N. Cvnincpert. 702 Luitpert. Raginbert. Aripert II. D.N. A ripert Rex. 713 Ansprand. Luitprand. D. N. Ltpraii. 744 Hildebrand. Rachgis. 749 Astulph. D. N. Aistvlf Rex. 756 Desiderius. D. N. Desider. 774 Athalgis. Monogram. Some Dated Lists of European Riders 267 Ki7igs of Italy and Emperors of the West 754 Pepin le Bref. 774 Charlemagne. 781 Pepin II. or Carloman. 812 Bernard, natural son. 814 Louis le Debonnaire. 820 Lothair I. 844 Louis 11. 876 Charles le Chauve. Carloman of Bavaria. The imperial thro?te vacant. 879 Charles le Gros. 888 Berenger of Friuli. Rodolph II. of Burgundy. 889 Guy of Spoleto. 891 Lambert, son. 896 Arnold of Bavaria, son of Car- loman of Bavaria. 899 Louis III. of Provence. Louis IV., the Young. 926 Hugh of Provence. 931 Lothair, son, associated. 946 Alberic of Tuscany. 950 Berenger II. of Ivry. Otho I., King of Germany. Normaii Diikes of Apulia 1075 Robert Guiscard. Ro. or Rober. 1085 Roger Borsa. Rogerivs Dvxj Rog. Dvx^ Salerno^ etc. 1 1 1 1 William. W, Dvx Apulia^ or Gvi. Dvx. 1 127 Roger II. R. Roger III. Diikes of Beiteventum 651 Grimoald I., king in 662. 663 Romoald I. 683 Grimoald II. 690 Gishulf I. 707 Romoald II. R. 721 Andelas. 722 Gregory. G. 729 Godescalc. 733 Gishulf II. 750 Luitprand. L. 758 Arrigis. A. 787 Grimoald III. Grimvald. 806 Grimoald IV. Grimoald Filivs Ermenrici. 817 Si go I. Sigo Princeps. 832 Sicardus. Sicardv. 840 Radelchis. Radelchis Prin- ceps. 851 Radelzar. 854 Adelchis. 878 Galderis. 881 Radelchis II. 884 Ajo. 890 Ursus. 892 Greek domination. 896 Guido, Duke of Spoleto. 897 Radelchis II. again. 900 Atenhulf, Prince of Capua. 1043-61 Pandulfus, Prince of Capua*. Landulfus, Prince of Capua. Priiices of Capua 900-10 Atenhulf. 943-1059 (?) Pandulfus 1. Landulfus II. 1059 Richard I. Richard. Pri?tceps. 1 106 Robert. Robertvs. Priiiceps. 1 1 36 Anfusus. Anfusus, and his father Roger II., King of Sicily. Obv. A. P., rev. R. R. 268 The Coins of Europe Diikes of Ferrara^ Mode7ia^ and Reggio 1 195 Salinguerra, Ghibeline chief. 1196 Azzo I., D'Este, Podesta of Ferrara. 1208 Azzo I., D'Este, perpetual sig- nore, Marquis of Ancona. 1212 Salinguerra and Aldrovan- dini, son of Azzo. 1215 Salinguerra and Azzo II., brother of Aldrovandini. 1264 Obizzo D'Este, grandson of Azzo II., Lord of Ferrara, Reggio, and Modena. 1294 Azzo III. 1308 Fulco, natural son. 1 3 1 7 Rainaldo and Nicolo,nephews of Azzo III. 1344 Obizzo 1 1., D'Este. Op.Mchio. 1353 Aldrovandini II., son. 1361 Nicolo II., brother. Nichol. Marchio. 1388 Alberto, brother. 1393 Nicolo III. 1 44 1 Lionello, natural son. Leo?t- ellv Marchio. 1450 Borso, brother, first duke. Borsivs Dvx. 1 47 1 Ercole I., brother. Hercvlcs. 1502 Alfonso I. Alfonsvs. 1534 Ercole II. Hercvles II. 1559 Alfonso II. Alfonsvs II. 1597 Cesare, grandson of Alfonso I. 1628 Alfonso 1 1 1., Duke of Modena. 1629 Francesco I. 1658 Alfonso IV. 1662 Francesco II. 1694 Rainaldo. 1737 Francesco III. 1780-96 Ercole III. Rainaldo. Grand blasters of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem at Malta ^ 1534 Pietro da Ponte. 1535 Desiderius de Saint Jaile. 1536 Jean d'Homedes. 1553 Jean de Lavalette Parisot. 1568 Pietro da Monte. 1572 Jean Levesque de la Cassiere. 1586 Hugo de Loubens Verdale. 1595 Martin de Garzez. 1 60 1 Alof de Wignacourt. 1622 Louis Mendez de Vascon- cellos. ^ 1623 Antonio de Paule. 1636 Paul Lascaris Castellard. 1657 Martin de Redin. 1660 Annet de Clermont. 1660 Raphael Cotoner. 1663 Nicolas Cotoner. 1680 Gregorio Caraffa. 1690 Adrien de Wignacourt. 1697 RaimondPerellosdeRocafort. 1720 Michele Antonio Zondonari. 1722 Antonio Manuel de Vilhena. 1736 Raimond Despuig de Monte- negre. 1 74 1 Emmanuele Pinto de Fon- seca. 1773 Francisco Ximenes de Tex- ada. 1775 Emmanuel de Rohan. 1797 Ferdinand de Hompesch. - The coinage of the Order, prior to its settlement in Europe, does not come within the scope of the present work. Captai7is., Marquises.^ and Dukes of Mantua TThe Countess Matilda. Before 1272- Republic. I Lodovico, Count of San Bonifacio. Some Dated Lists of European Rtilers 269 1272 Pinamonte Bonacossi, Lord of Mantua. 1293 Bardellone Bonacossi, Lord of Mantua. 1299 Bottesilla Bonacossi, Lord of Mantua. 13 10 Passerino and Bectirone Bonacossi, Lords of Mantua. 1329 Lodovico L, Gonzaga, Captain of Mantua. 1360 Guidone Gonzaga, Captain of Mantua. 1369 Lodovico IL, Gonzaga, Captain of Mantua. 1382 Francesco L, Gonzaga, Captain of Mantua. Francischvs. 1407 Gio. Francesco Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, lohs. Fracisc. 1444 Lodovico IIL, Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua. 1478 Federigo L, Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua. 1484 Gio. Francesco IL, Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua. 1 5 19 Federigo IL, Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and (c. 1533) Marquis of Monteferrato. Fed. 1540 Francesco IIL, Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Marquis of Monte- ferrato. 1550 Guglielmo and Margherita, Dukes of Mantua and Marquises of Monteferrato. Mezzo-testone, 1564: silver. 1587 Vincenzo 1. Vinccntivs. 1612 Carlo I., son of Lodovico Gonzaga, Due de Nevers, and grandson of Federigo 11. 1637 Carlo IL, grandson, and Maria regent till 1647. 1675 Ferdinando Carlo and Isabella Clara of Austria. 1709 Mantua added to the empire and Monteferrato annexed to Savoy. Diikes ^ 1257 Martino della Torre, Lord of the Milanese. 1263 Filippo, brother. 1265 Napoleon, relative. 1277 Ottone Visconti, Archbishop of Milan. 1295 Matteo Visconti, nephew. 1322 Galeazzo Visconti. 1329 Azzo Visconti. Azo. 1339 Luchino, uncle, and Giovanni. lohes and Lvchinvs. 1349 Giovanni, son of Matteo 1. 1354 Matteo IL, Bernabo and Galeazzo, illegitimate sons. 1385 Gio. Galeazzo, son of Gale- azzo. Jo/is. 1402 Gio. Maria. lohaites. 1412 Filippo Maria, brother. Filip. Maria. 1450 Francesco Sforza Visconti, who married Bianca, daughter of last duke. 270 The Coins 1466 Galeazzo Maria Sforza Vis- conti. 1476 Giovanni Galeazzo Maria and Bonne of Savoy. lo. Ga. Bona. 1494 Lodovico Maria, son of Fran- cesco Sforza Visconti. Lvdo- vicvs M. Sf. 1500 Louis XII., King of France. of Europe 15 12 Maximilian, son of Lodovico- Maria. 15 15 Francis I., King of France. 1 52 1 F^rancesco Maria II., son of Lodovico Maria Sforza Vis- conti. Frmiciscvs II. 1535 Annexed to the Empire. Annexed to Spain. 1 7 14 Annexed to the Empire. Signori a7id Princes of Mirafidola 1306 Francesco I., Pico, imperial vicar, Signore of Mirandola. 1321-54 Interregnum. [Brendiparte. Paolo.] 1354 Francesco II. 1399 Francesco III. 1461 Giovanni Francesco I. 1467 Galeotto 1. 1499 Giovanni Francesco II. 1533 Galeotto II. 1550 Lodovico II. 1568 Galeotto III. 1590 Federigo, Prince of Miran- dola and Marquis of Con- cordia. 1602 Alessandro 1. 1637 Alessandro II. 1691-1708 Francesco Maria. The title merged in that of Modena. Princes of Monaco 1275 Rainerio I., Grimaldi. 1300 Rainerio II., Grimaldi. 1330 Carlo I., Grimaldi. 1363 Rainerio III., Grimaldi. 1407 Giovanni Grimaldi. 1454 Catalano Grimaldi. 1457 Lamberto Grimaldi. 1505 Luciano Grimaldi. 1525 Onorato I., Grimaldi. 1 581 Carlo II., Grimaldi. 1589 Ercole I., Grimaldi. 1605 Onorato II., Grimaldi. 1662 Lodovico Grimaldi. 1 701 Antonio Grimaldi. 1 73 1 Onorato III., Goyon - Gri- maldi. 1 793-181 5 Interregnum. 181 5 Onorato IV. 1 8 19 Onorato V. 1 84 1 Fiorestano. 1856 Carlo III. Marquises of Monteferrato 967 Date of original concession. In or be- J Alram or Adelram. fore 991 \ Ottone. 99 1 -103 1 Girolamo I. 1040-84 Ottone. 1093 Girolamo II. 1 1 1 1 1 140 1 183 1 192 1207 1225 Reginbar. Girolamo III. Conrad. Bonifacio I. Girolamo IV. Bonifacio II. Some Dated Lists of European Rttlers 271 1255 Girolamo V. 1292 Giovanni. 1305 Teodoro I., Palaeologo. 1338 Giovanni I., Palseologo. 1372 Secondotto Palasologo. 1378 Giovanni II., Palasologo. 1 38 1 Teodoro II., Palaeologo. 141 8 Giovanni Giacomo Palaeologo. 1445 Giovanni III., Palaeologo. 1464 Girolamo I., Palaeologo. 1483 Bonifacio I., Palasologo. 1494 Guglielmo II., Palaeologo. 1 5 18 Bonifacio II., Palaeologo. 1530 Giovanni Giorgio Palaeo- logo. 1533-36 Carlo v., Palaeologo. Sig7iori of Padua Jacopo da Carrara, d. 1190. Marsilio da Carrara. 1318-24 Jacopo da Carrara, Signore of Padua. 1337-38 Marsilio da Carrara, Signore of Padua. 1339-45 Ubertino da Carrara, papal legate in Padua. 1345 Jacopo da Carrara, Signore of Padua. 1350 Jacobino da Carrara, Signore of Padua. 1355 Francesco I. da Carrara, Signore of Padua. 1388 Francesco II. da Carrara, Signore of Padua. ^'^^ ^? ^^^^ 1406 Francesco III. da Carrara, Signore of Padua. |^ nX^^4o6 Dukes of Parma and Piacenza 1546 Pietro Lodovico Farnese, son of Pope Paul III. 1547 Ottavio Farnese. Oct. Far. 1586 Alessandro Farnese. Alex. Far. 1592 Ranucio I. Farnese. Ran. Far. 1622 Odoardo Farnese. Odoardvs Far. 1646 Ranucio II. Farnese. Ran. Far. 1694 Francesco. 1727 Antonio, brother. 1 73 1 Carlos of Spain. 1737 Filippo of Spain. 1 765- 1 802 Ferdinand of Spain. 181 5 Marie Louise, consort of Napoleon I. 1847 Charles III. de Bourbon. 1854-59 Robert. Counts and Dukes of Savoy 1000 Berold or Berthold, Count of Maurienne. 1024 Umberto I., grandson of Louis III., King of Burgundy. 1048 Amadeo I. 1050 Pietro I., Marquis of Turin. 1070 Amadeo II., brother. 1080 Umberto II., Marquis of Susa and Turin. Vnibertvs. 1 108 Amadeo III. Amedevs. 1 148 Umberto III., Count of Savoy. Vnibertvs. 1 188 Tommaso, Count of Savoy, vicar-general of the empe- ror in Piedmont and Lom- bardy. 1233 Amadeo IV., Count of Savoy, Duke of Chablais and Aosta, vicar-general of the empire. A?nedevs. 272 The Coins of Ettropi 1253 Pietro II., brother, and Boni- facio, his nephew. Petrvs. 1268 Fihppo, Archbp. of Lyons, brother of Amadeo IV. 1285 Amadeo V., brother of Ama- deo IV. Aineds. 1323 Odoardo. Edvard, 1329 Aimone. Ainw. 1343 Amadeo VI., "the Green Count. Amedevs. 1383 Amadeo VII., the Red. Ame- devs. 1 391 Amadeo VIII., Count of the Genevois, first Duke of Savoy. 1439 Ludovico. Lvdovicvs. 1465 Amadeo IX. Amedevs. 1472 Filiberto. Philip. 1482 Carlo I. Karolvs. 1490 Carlo II. and Bianca, regent. 1496 Filippo, brother of Amadeo IX. 1497 Filippo II. Philibtvs. 1504 Carlo III., brother. Carolvs. 1553 Emmanuele Filiberto. Em. Philip, or Filib. 1580 Carlo Emmanuele I. Car. Em. 1630 Vittorio Emmanuele I. V. Amedevs. 1637 Francesco Hiacinto. 1637- 40 Spaniards occupy Turin. 1638- 47 Carlo Emmanuele II. and his mother, Maria Cristina, regent. 1647-75 Carlo Emmanuele II., alone. 1675 Vittorio Amadeo II., King of Sicily and Sardinia. 1730 Carlo Emmanuele III. 1773 Vittorio Amadeo III. 1796 Carlo Emmanuele IV. 1802 Vittorio Emmanuele I. 1 82 1 Carlo Felice. 1 83 1 Carlo Alberto. 1849 Vittorio Emmanuele II. Barons de Vaiid 1284 Louis I., Comte de Vaud, Seigneur de Bugey (son of Thomas, Count of Piedmont, Flanders, and Maurienne). 1302 Louis 11. 1350 Catherine, Dame de Vaud. She sells the domain to Amadeo VI. of Savoy. Marquises ajtd Dukes of Tuscany and Grand-Dukes a7id Ki?igs of Etruria 828 Bonifacio, Count of Lucca and Marquis of Tuscany. 845 Adalbert I., duke and marquis. 890 Adalbert II., duke and mar- quis. 917 Guido. 929 Lambert, brother. 931 Boso. 936 Hubert, Duke of Tuscany and Spoleto, Marquis of Camer- ino. 961 Hugo. 1 00 1 Adalbert III. 1014 Renier. 1027 Bonifacio II of Modena. 1052 Federigo Bonifacio. 1055 Beatrice of Haute- Lorraine, mother, and Geoffroi le Barbu. 1076 Mathilde and Guelf of Bava- ria, of the house of Este. 1 1 15 Henry V., emperor. Some Dated Lists of Ettropean Rulers 273 1116^ 1119 JJ^J^ V Imperial vicars. 1153 1 195-1533 Florentine Republic: The Gonfalonieri. 1533 Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of the Republic of Florence. 1536 Cosmo I. de' Medici, Grand- Duke of Etruria. 1574 Francesco Maria. 1587 Ferdinando I. 1608 Cosmo II. .'. The grand-duchy was an 1620 Ferdinando II. 1630 Christine de Lorraine, widow of Ferdinando I. 1670 Cosmo III. 1723 Gio. Gastone I., last of the Medici. 1737 Francis of Lorraine. 1765 Pierre Leopold Joseph of Lorraine. 1 790- 1 801 Ferdinand III. 1 801 -7 Charles Louis, King of Etruria. 1807 Ferdinand III. again. 1854 Leopold II. 1859 Ferdinand IV. ;ed to the kingdom of Italy. Vicars^ Coimfs, Podeste^ and Dukes of Urbino 1 155 Antonio di Montefeltro, im- perial vicar in Urbino. His son. 1236 Bonconte, Count of Urbino. 1255 Montefeltrano, Podesta of Urbino. 1298 Guidone di Montefeltro. Federigo, Count of Urbino. 1322-59 Rolfo. Federigo. 1375 Antonio, Count of Urbino. 1404 Guidone Antonio. 1443 Ottone Antonio. 1444 Federigo. 1482 Guidone Ubaldo I. 1508 Francesco Maria della Ro- vere, Duke of Urbino. 1538 Guido Ubaldo II. 1574 Francesco Maria II. 1 62 1 Federigo Ubaldo. 1623 Vittoria, m. Ferdinando II., Grand-Duke of Tuscany. Szgnori of Verona Jacobino della Scala of Ver- 1262 Martino I., Capitano del popolo. 1277 Alberto I., Signore of Verona. 1 301 Bartolomeo I. 1304 Albovino, imperial vicar in Verona. 131 1 Alberto II. 1329 Martino II. 1351-52 Can-Grande II. 1359 Paolo Albovino. 1365 Cane. 1375 Bartolomeo II. 1 38 1 Antonio. 1387-92 Gianfrancesco. Norman Kings of Sicily 1072 Roger I., Grand-Count of Calabria and Sicily. Rogerivs Comes. Simon. 274 The Coins of Europe 1 105 Roger II. Rogerivs Comes, [after 1130^] Ro. Rx. ; Rogerivs. Rexj R. IL, etc. 1 1 54 William I. W. Rex Dvx Apvl. 1 166 William II. W. R. SiciL Dvcaf ApvV Princ. Cap. or W. Rex II. 1 1 90 Tancred. Tacd. or Rex Tancre. 1 193 Tancred, and Roger III. son, Kings of Sicily. Tancred, and William III. son. 1 194 William III. alone. G. R. or Gvi ox Gvil. ^ He became King of Sicily in 11 30. Kings of Sicily 1 194 Henry VI., Emperor of Ger- many, and Constance. E. He. C. 1 197 Frederic I. F.^ etc. 1 23 1 Frederic II. Friderict. 1250 Conrad I. 1254-68 Conrad II., or Conradin. 1258-66 Manfred, his uncle, usurper. 1266-82 Charles I. of Anjou. 1282 Constance, daughter of Man- fred, and Pedro I. of Arra- gon. Costa P. 1285 James I. 1296 Frederic II. ' 1337 Peter II. 1342 Louis. 1355 Frederic III. 1377 Maria of Arragon and Mar- tin I. 1409 Martin II. of Arragon. 1410 Blanche, widow of Martin I. 141 2 Ferdinand of Arragon. 1416 Alfonso I. of Arragon. 1458 John I. of Arragon. 1479- 1 504 Ferdinand III. of Arra- gon, the Catholic. Kings of Naples 1282 Charles I. of Anjou. 1285 Charles II. 1309 Robert, brother. 1343 Joanna, in. (i) Andrew of Hungary, (2) Louis of Tar- anto. 1381 Charles III. of Durazzo. 1382 Louis I. of Anjou. 1386 Louis 11. of Anjou. Ladislas of Hungary. 14 14 Jeanne II. and Jacques de Bourbon. 1417 Louis III. 1433 Alfonso I. of Arragon. 1438 Rene. 1458 Ferdinand I. of Arragon. 1494 Alfonso II. of Arragon. 1495 Ferdinand IL, Louis XII. of France. 1496 Frederic III. 1 501 Francis I. of France. Kings of the Two Sicilies 1504 Ferdinand the Catholic. 1 5 16 Charles V. of Spain. 1536 Philip II. of Spain. 1598 Philip III. of Spain. 1 62 1 Philip IV. of Spain. 1655 Charles II. Some Dated Lists of European Rtilers 275 1 701 Philip V. of Spain. 1707 Charles VI. of Germany. 1735 Charles III. 1759 Ferdinand I. 1806 Joseph Napoleon. 1808 Joachim Murat. 181 5 Ferdinand I. again. 1825 Francis I. 1830 Ferdinand II., Bomba. 1859-60 Francis II. Diikes of Salerno 840 Siconulphus. 851 Sigo II. 853 Ademar. 861 Waiferius. 880 Waimar I. 899 Atenulfus. Ain. or Ad. Pri. 900 Waimar II. 933 Gisulf I. Gisvlfvs. 978 Pandulfus I., Prince of Capua. 981 Pandulfus II. Manso, Duke of Amalfi. 983 Johannes. 994 Waimar III. 1030 Waimar IV. 1052-77 Gisulf I II. Gisvlfvs Prices. VIII. FRANCE Sovereigns of France 987 Hugues Capet. 996 Robert. 103 1 Henri I. 1060 Philippe I. 1 108 Louis VI. 1 137 Louis VII. 1 1 80- 1 1 23 Philippe II. Auguste. 1223 Louis VIII. 1226 Louis IX. 1270 Philippe III., le Hardi. 1285 Philippe IV., le Bel. 1314 Louis X., le Hutin. 1 3 16 Philippe v., le Long. 1322 Charles IV., le Bel. 1328 Philippe VI., de Valois. 1350 Jean II., le Bon. 1364 Charles V. 1380 Charles VI. 1422 Charles VI 1. 1461 Louis XL 1483 Charles VIII. 1498 Louis XI 1. 15 1 5 Francois 1. 1547 Henri II. 1559 Frangois 11. 1560 Charles IX. 1514 Henri III. Charles X., Cardinal de Bour- bon. 1589 Henri IV. 1610 Louis XIIL 1643 Louis XIV. 171 5 Louis XV. 1774 Louis XVI. 1 792- 1 804 First Republic. 1804 Napoleon I., emperor. 1815 Louis XVIII. 1824 Charles X. 1830 Louis Philippe 1. 1848 Second Republic. 185 1 Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, president. 1852 Second Empire. 1870-93 Third Republic. 276 The Coins of Europe A7iglo- Gallic Princes who stricck money in France ncj (Eleonore d'Aquitaine. 1151-120^1 Henry 11. 1189-99 Richard Coeur-de-Lion. 1216-72 Henry III., Duke of Aquitaine. Edward I. Edward II. Edward III. "// 3/ /^ Edward the Black Prince. Henry Plantagenet, Earl of Derby, etc., 1347-51. John of Gaunt. 1377-99 Richard II. rHenry IV. Henry V. r399-i46oJ Henry VI. j John Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford, Regent of France, ob. I 1435- .*. The last point actually retained was Calais, lost in 1558. But the Kings of England were titular Kings of France till 18 13. Comics cT Angoulemc 839 Turpion, brother of Bernard, Comte de Poitiers, Comte d'Angouleme and de Peri- gord. 863 Emenon or Imon, brother. 866 Wulgrin. 886 Alduin. Guillaume, Comte de Peri- gord. 916 Guillaume I., Taillefer, Comte d'Angouleme. 962 Arnaud Buration, Comte de Perigord and d'Angouleme. 975 Arnaud Manzer, Comte de Perigord and d'Angouleme. looi Guillaume Taillefer II. 1028 Alduin II. 1033 Geoffroi Taillefer. 1048 Foulques Taillefer. 1089 Guillaume III., Taillefer. 1 1 20 Wulgrin II., Taillefer. 1 140 Guillaume IV., Taillefer. 1 178 Wulgrin III., Taillefer. 1 181 Mathilde, with her uncles, Guillaume V. Taillefer and Aimar. Vicomtes^ Comics^ 879 Ingelger. 899 Foulques I., le Roux. 940 Foulques II., le Bon. 962 Geoffroi I., Grisegonelle. 987 Foulques III., le Noir. 1040 Geoffroi II., Martel. Gos- fridvs Cos. 1060 Geoffroi III., le Barbu, nephew. nd Dues d^Ajtjoii 1069 Foulques IV., le Rechin, brother. T109 Foulques V., King of Jerusa- lem. 1 129 Geoffroi IV., Plantagenet, Comte d'Anjou, etc. 1 151 Henry II., King of England. 1 189 Richard, King of England. 1 199 John, King of England. Some Dated Lists of Ettropean Rulers 277 1202 Philippe II. Auguste, by sequestration. 1246 Charles I. de France, eighth son of Louis VIII. 1285 Charles II. de France, King of Naples. 1290 Marguerite d'Anjou and Charles de Valois. 1325 Reunion to the Crown by Philippe. 1356 Louis I. of France, son of Jean de Valois, and King of Naples. 1384 Louis II. of France, son of Jean de Valois, and King of N aples. 141 7 Louis III. of France, son of Jean de Valois, and King of Naples. 1434 Rene, brother. 1480 Charles IV., King of Naples, cousin. 1 48 1 Reunion to the Crown. Henri, Due d'Anjou, after- wards Henri III. 1576 Frangois, Due d'Alengon. Philippe d'Orleans, brother of Louis XIV. 1668 Philippe de France, son of Louis XIV. 1672 Louis Frangois de France, son of Louis XIV. Philip v.. King of Spain. 1 7 10 Louis XV., afterwards King of France. 1790 Louis Stanislas Xavier, after- wards Louis XVIII. (i.) Kings of Aqititaine 630 Caribert, King of Aquitaine, son of Clotaire II. Charibertvs. 631 Ilderic or Chilperic, King of Toulouse, died in 632. 636 Boggis and Bertrand, brothers of preceding, recognised Dukes of Aquitaine, of Toulouse, and of Gascony by Dagobert. 688 Eudes, Duke of Toulouse and of Gascony, son of Boggis. (ii.) Kings of Aqititaine 781 Louis I., son of Charlemagne, afterwards known as Louis le Debon- naire. 814 Pepin I. contests the crown with Charles le Chauve. 839 Pepin II. 855 Charles, second son of Charles le Chauve. 867 Louis IL, le Begue. . * . Aquitaine united to France. (iii.) Dttkes of Aquitaine. 845 918 926 928 Rainulf I., Comte de Poitou. Rainulf IL Guillaume, Comte d'Au- vergne. Guillaume IL Acfred, Comte d'Auvergne & de Velay. Ebles Manzer, Comte de Poitou, Auvergne, & Limousin. 932 Raimond Pons, Comte Toulouse & d'Auvergne. 951 Guillaume III. 963 Guillaume IV. 990 Guillaume V. 1029 Guillaume VI. 1038 Eudes. 1039 Guillaume VII. 1058 Guillaume VIII. 1087 Guillaume IX. de 278 The Coins of Europe 1 127 Guillaume X., Count of Poi- tou, Limousin, Saintonges, and Gascogne. 1 137 Eleonore d'Aquitaine, (1) Louis VI L of France ; (2) Henry IL of England. 1 169 Richard L of England. 1 196 Otto of Brunswick. 1 199 John I. of England. 1216 Henry IIL of England. 1272 Edward L of England. 1307 Edward IL of England. 1327 Edward III. of England. 1362 Edward IV., the Black Prince. 1377 Richard II. of England. 1399 Henry IV. of England. 1413 Henry V. of England. 1422 Henry VI. of England. 1469-74 Charles, brother of Louis XL Comtes 6^ Daiiphifis d'' Auvergne 819 Warin. 839 Geraud, son-in-law of Pepin, King of Aquitaine. 841 Guillaume I., father of Geraud. 846 Bernard I. 858 Guillaume IL 862 Etienne. 864 Bernard Plantevelue. 886 Guillaume IIL, first hereditary Count, Duke of Aquitaine. 918 Guillaume IV., son of Acfred, Comte de Carcassonne. 926 Acfred, brother. 928 Ebles, Comte de Poitiers. 932 Raymond Pons, Comte de Toulouse. 951 Guillaume Tete d'Etoupe, Comte de Poitiers. 963 Guillaume IIL, Taillefer, Comte de Toulouse & Pons, son. 979 Gui, son of Robert 1 1., Vicomte d' Auvergne. 989 Guillaume IV., brother. Dauphins 1 145 Guillaume le Jeune. 1 1 69 Robert, Comte de Clermont. 1234 Guillaume. 1246 Robert II. 1262 Robert IIL 1282 Robert IV. 1324 Jean Dauphinet. 135 1 Beraud 1. 1356 Beraud 1 1., le Comte Camus. 1400 Beraud IIL, Comte de Cler- mont & de Sancerre. 1426 Jeanne, in. Louis de Bourbon, Comte de Montpensier. 1436 Louis de Bourbon alone. i486 Gilbert de Bourbon. 1496 Louis II. de Bourbon. 1 501 Charles, Due de Bourbon, brother. 1527 The King of France. 1582 Francois de Bourbon, son of Louis II. 1602 Henri de Bourbon. 1608 Marie de Bourbon Mont- pensier, Jean Baptiste Gaston, Due d'Orleans. 161 7 Anne Marie Louise d'Or- leans, Mademoiselle de Montpensier. Counts 1155 Guillaume VII L, le Vieux. 1 1 84 Robert IV. 1 194 1195 Guillaume IX. Gui 1 1., brother. Some Dated Lists of European Rulers 279 1224 Guillaume X. 1247 Robert v., Comte d'Auvergne & de Boulogne. 1277 Guillaume XL 1279 Robert VI., brother. 1314 Robert VII. 1326 Guillaume XII. 1332 Jeanne, vi. Philippe de Bour- gogne. 1360 Philippe le Hardi, Due de Bourgogne. 1361 Jean I., great-uncle. 1386 Jean II. 1394 Jeanne II., m. Jean, Due de Berri. 1422 Marie de Boulogne, Bertrand, Seigneur de la Tour. 1437 Bertrand I., de la Tour. 1 46 1 Bertrand II. 1494 Jean III. 1 501 Anne, m. John Stuart, Duke of Albany. 1524 Catherine de' Medici, wife of Henri II. of France. 1589 Charles de Valois. 1606 Marguerite de Valois. Louis, Dauphin, afterwards Louis XIII. Counts and Dukes of Bar 951 Frederic d'Ardennes. 984 Thierri 1. 1024 Frederic II. 1034 Sophie de Bar, and Louis, Comte de Mousson and Montbeliard. 1093 Thierri II., Comte de Mous- son, Montbeliard, Bar, and Verdun. 1 104 Thierri III., Comte de Mont- beliard, Bar, and Verdun. 1 105 Renaud I., brother, Comte de Montbeliard and Bar. 1 150 Renaud 11. 1 170 Henri I. 1 191 Thibaut L, brother. 1 2 14 Henri 11. Henricvs Comes. 1240 Thibaut 11. 1296 Henri III. 1302 Edouard 1. Ed. Comes. 1337 Henri IV. H. Comes Barri. 1344 Edouard II. and his mother, Yolande of Flanders, regent. 1352 Robert, first DuKE OF Bar (1355)- 141 1 Edouard III. 14 14 Louis, cardinal. Lvdovicvs Kar. 1419 Rene d'Anjou, first Duke of Lorraine and Bar (1431). Comte s de Blois 1218 Marguerite, eldest daughter of Thibaut V. and her third husband, Gauthier d'Avesnes. 1230 Marie de Chatillon, Hugues de Chatillon, Comte de Saint-Pol. 1 24 1 Jean de Chatillon, Comte de Blois and Chartres. 1279 Jeanne de Chatillon, Pierre, Comte d'Alengon. 1292 Hugues de Chatillon, cousin-german. H. Cojnes. 1307 Gui, Comte de Blois and Dunois, Seigneur d'Avesnes. Gvido Comes. 1342 Louis I., Comte de Blois and Dunois. 1361 Louis II. 1372 Jean II., brother. 1 38 1 Gui II., brother, sold Blois and Dunois in 1391 to the Due d'Orleans. 1407 Charles d'Orleans. 1466 Louis d'Orleans, afterwards Louis XII. 1498 Reunion with the Crown. 28o The Coins of Ettrope Counts of Boulogne 88- Hennequin, nephew of Baldwin le Chauve, Count of Flanders. 882 Regnier. 896 Erkenzer. 89- Baldwin le Chauve. 918 Adolphe, second son. 933 Arnould, Count of Flanders, brother. 965 Ernicule or Le Petit Arnould, son of Guillaume, Count of Ponthieu. 973 Gui a la Barbe Blanche. 97- Baldwin II. 1046 Eustache I. 1049 Eustache II., a FCEil. 1095 Eustache III. aux Grenons. Evstachivs. 1 125 Mahaut de Boulogne, 7n. Etienne de Blois. 1 1 50 Eustache IV. 1 153 Guillaume II., brother. Wilhehnvs. 1 1 59 Marie, sister of the two former, 7n. Matthieu d' Alsace. Maihevs. 1 1 73 Ide d' Alsace, four times. 1 2 16 Mahaut de Dammartin, vi. Philippe Hurepel, son of Philip Augustus. 1260 Marie, widow of the Emperor Otho IV., etc. The fief eventually passed to Robert VI., Comte d'Auvergne. Sires^ Barons^ and Dues de Bourbon 916 Aimar, Sire de Bourbon. 944 Aimon I., son. 980 Archambaud I. 1034 Archambaud II. 1078 Archambaud III. 1 104 Archambaud IV. 1 105 Aimon II., brother of Arch- ambaud III. 1 1 16 Archambaud V., brother. 1 171 Mahaut I., m. (i) Gautier de Vienne ; (2) Gui II. de Dampierre. 121 5 Archambaud VI. de Dam- pierre. 1242 Archambaud VII. 1249 Mahaut II. de Dampierre, m. Eudes de Bourgogne. 1262 Agnes, sister of Mahaut, ni. Jean de Bourgogne. 1287 Beatrix de Bourgogne, m. Robert de France, Comte de Clermont. 1310 Louis I., first Due de Bourbon. 1342 Pierre I. 1356 Louis II. 1410 Jean I. 1434 Charles I. 1456 Jean II. 1488 Pierre II. 1505 Susanne de France, 7n. Charles II. de Bourbon. 1527 Confiscated to the Crown. 165 1 Louis IL, Prince de Conde, by exchange with Louis XIV. for Albretand other domains. Kings ^ Counts^ and Dukes of Brittany 843 Nomenoe, King of Brittany. 874 Pasquiten, Comte de Vannes. 851 Erispoe, King of Brittany. 877 Gurrand, Comte de Rennes. 857 Salomon, King of Brittany. Alan L, Comte de Vannes. Some Dated Lists of European Rulers 281 907 Interregnum. The Norman invaders. 937 Alan II., Barbetorte, grand- son of Alan I. 952 Drogo, son of Alan II. 980 Suerech, Bishop of Nantes, son of Alan II. 985 Hoel I., natural brother. 987 Conan le Tors, Comte de Rennes. 992 Geoffroi L, son, Comte de Rennes and Duke of the Bretons. 1008 Alan III., Duke of the Bre- tons. Alai. Rix. 1040 Conan II. ; his uncle, Eudes de Penthievre, guardian. Co7ianvs Comes. 1066 Havoise, sister, m. Hoel II., Comte de Cornouaille. 1084-85 Geoffroi II., Comte de Rennes. Gavfridvs. Alan IV., Fergent. Alanvs Dvs. 1 1 12 Conan III., le Gros. 1 148 Hoel III. Berthe, sister, in. Eudon, Comte de Porhoet. Evdo JDvx. 1 1 56 Geoffroi III., Comte de Nantes. Conan IV., le Noir. 1 169 Geoffroi IV. of England. 1181-1201 Constance. Arthur I., son. 1203 Gui de Thouars, guardian and regent for his daughter Alix. 1206 Brittany seized by Philip Augustus. 1 2 13 Alix de Bretagne, Pierre Manclerc de Dreux. 1237 Jean I., le Roux. lohannes Dvx. 1286 Jean II. 1305 Arthur II. 1312 Jean III. le Bon. 1 34 1 Jean de Bretagne, Comte de Montfort, contests the duchy with Charles de Chatillon de Blois. 1364 Jean IV. de Montfort. 1399 Jean V. 1442 Francois I. 1450 Pierre, brother. Peirvs Dvx. 1457 Arthur III., uncle, Comte de Richemont. 1458 Francois II. 1488 Anne de Bretagne, (i) Charles VIII. ; (2) Louis XII. 1 5 14 Claude de France, Fran- cois, Comte d'Angouleme, afterwards Francis I. 1536 Frangois de France, dauphin. Henri, brother, afterward King of France as Henri II. (iv.) Counts a?td Dukes of Burgundy 915 Hugues le Noir, brother of Richard le Justicier, Count and Duke of Burgundy. 923 Gislebert, brother-in-law. 956 Letalde I., brother-in-law, Comte de B. 969 Alberic I., son, Comte de B. 975 Letalde II., brother, Comte de B. 979 Alberic II. 995 Otto Guillaume, Comte de B., Dijon, & Macon. 1027 Renaud I., Comte de B. Rainaldvs. 1057 Guillaume I., Comte de Macon. 1087 Renaud II., Comte de Bour- gogne and Vienne. 1097 Guillaume II. L'Aleman. II — Guillaume II. L'Enfant. 1 127 Renaud III., Comte de Bour- gogne, Vienne, and Macon. 1 148 Beatrix, wife of Frederic Bar- barossa. 1 190 Otto I. 1200 Beatrix and Otto II. de Meran. 1234 Otto III., le Jeune. 282 The Coins of Europe 1248 Alice de Meran and Hugues de Chalon. 1279 Otto IV., Count Palatine of Burgundy, son of Hugues. 1302 Robert TEnfant. 131 5 Jeanne I., sister, and Philip v.. King of France. 1330 Jeanne II. de France and Eudes IV., Due de Bur- gundy. 1347 Philippe le Hardi. 1 36 1 Marguerite de France, daugh- ter of Philip V. of France, and Louis de Nevers. 1382 Louis de Maele, Count of Flanders and Nevers. 1384 Marguerite de Flandre and Philip II., Due de Bour- gogne. 1404 Jean Sans Peur. 1419 Philip le Bon. 1467 Charles le Temeraire. 1477 Marie de Bourgogne and Maximilian of Austria. 1482 Margaret of Austria and Charles VI 1. 1493 Philippe le Beau, brother of Margaret. 1506 Margaret of Austria, again, on his death. 1530 Charles V., nephew. Comtes &^ Vicomtes de Carcassonne (819)? Oliba I. of the house of Tou- raine. 836 Louis Eliganius. 86- Oliba 11. and Acfred I. 906 Bencion. 908 Acfred II. 934 Arsinde, spouse of Arnaud de Comminges. 957 Roger I. 1002 Raimond 1. Rvmajtdo or Ramvi7t Co. 1012 Pierre and Guillaume, grand- sons, and Pierre Roger and Bernard, sons, of Roger I. 1034 Raimond Guillaume and two other sons of Guill. Rai- mond. The last Vicomte ceded his dom; Seneschal of Carcassonne. 1 060 Roger III. Rodger or Roiger. 1067 Ermengarde, sister, ;//. Raimond Bernard, Vicomte d'Alby. 1070 Raimond Berenger I., Count of Barcelona. 1076 Raimond Berenger II. 1083 Bernard Atton, Vicomte d'Albi and first Vicomte de Carcassonne. 1 1 30 Roger I. Roger Comes or Con. 1 1 50 Raymond Trencavel I., brother. 1 167 Roger II. 1 194 Raymond Roger. 1209 Raymond Trencavel II. 1 to the King of France through the Comtes de Chartres aiid de Blois 922 Thibaut I., le Tricheur, Comte de Blois, Chartres, and Tours. 978 Eudes I., Comte de Blois, Chartres, Tours, and Meaux. 995 Thibaut II., Comte de Blois, Chartres, Tours, Meaux, Beauvais, and Troyes. 1004 Eudes II., Comte de Blois, Chartres, Tours, and Champagne. 1037 Thibaut III. Lost the C. of Tours in 1044. 1089 Etienne or Henri. 1 102 Thibaut IV., Comte de Blois, Chartres, and Brie. 1 1 52 Thibaut V., Comte de Blois and Chartres. Some Dated Lists of European Rtilers 283 1 191 Louis, Comte de Blois, Chartres, and Clermont, etc. 1205 Thibaut VI., Comte de Blois, Chartres, and Clermont, etc. 12 18 Isabelle, daughter, Comtesse de Chartres. 1249 Mahaut, daughter, by the Sire d'Amboise. 1269 Jean de Chatillon, Comte de Blois. 1279 Jeanne de Chatillon. Sold the C. of Chartres in 1286 to Philippe le Bel. 1293 Charles I., Comte de Valois, brother of the King. 1325 Charles II. 1346 Reunion with the Crown. Seigneurs of Dojnbes 13 — Humbert VII., Sire de Thoire and Villars. 1402 Louis II., Due de Bourbon. 1410 Jean 1. 1434 Charles, Due de Bourbon. 1459 Jean IL, Due de Bourbon. Johs. 1475 Pierre IL, Due de Bourbon and Comte de Clermont. Petrvs. 1503 Susanne de Bourbon, wife of Charles de Bourbon, Comte de Mont- pensier and Dauphin d'Auvergne. 1523 Francois L, King of France. 1560 Louise II. de Bourbon, Due de Montpensier. 1582 Frangois de Bourbon, Due de Montpensier. 1592 Henri de Bourbon, Due de Montpensier. 1608 Marie de Montpensier and Gaston d'Orleans. 1627 Gaston d'Orleans, beneficiary Prince of Dombes. 1650 Anne Marie Louise d'Orleans (Mademoiselle). Coimts of Dreiix 1 137 Robert I., by gift of Louis le Gros his father. 1 1 84 Robert II. 1218 Robert III. 1234 Jean L, and his mother Eleo- nore de Saint Valery. 1249 Robert IV. 1282 Jean II. 1365 Peronelle and Marguerite de Thouars, they sold in 1377-78 to Charles V the house of AllDret. 1309 1329 1331 1345 1346 1355 Robert V. Robertvs. Jean III., brother. Pierre, brother. Jeanne I. Jeanne 1 1., aunt, second daughter of Jean 1 1., ;;/. Louis, Vicomte de Thouars. Simon de Thouars. , coparceners in the fief, which I. The latter conferred it on Comtes de Foix 1012 Bernard Roger, second son of 1038 Roger 1. Roger I., Count of Carcas- 1064 Pierre, brother. Sonne. 1070 Roger II. 284 The Coins of Europe 1 125 Roger III. 1343 Gaston III. Phebus. ^ 1 149 Roger Bernard I. 1391 Matthieu de Castelbon. 1 1 88 Raymond Roger. 1398 Isabelle, sister, m. Archam- 1223 Roger Bernard II. baud de Grailli. 1 24 1 Roger IV. 14 12 (?) Jean de Grailli. 1265 Roger Bernard III. 1436 Gaston IV. 1302 Gaston I. 1470 Francois Phebus, afterwards 1315 Gaston II. King of Navarre. (i.) Dukes of Basse- Lorraine 959 Godefroi I., created duke by Otho I. 964 Godefroi II. 976 Charles, brother of Lothair, King of France. 992 Otho. 1006 Godefroi III. of Eename. Godefridivs. 1023 Gothelon I., his brother. Goaelo Dvx. 1043 Godefroi IV. Godefridivs. 1048 Godefroi V. Godefroi VI. 1095-1140 Godefroi VII. Hi.) Dukes of Lorraine 1048 1075 1115 1 131 1176- 1205 1206 1213 1220 1251 1303 1312 1329 1346 1390 Gerard d' Alsace. Gerardvs. Thierri. Deodericvs. Simon I. Sinioji Dvx. Matthieu I. Mahus. 95 Berthe de Souabe, widow and regent, with Simon II. Berta. S. Ferri I. de Bicht. Ferri II. F. Dvx Lotor. Thibaut I. Matthieu II. M. Ferri III. Thibaut II. T. Dvx. Ferri IV. F. Dvx or Fer- ricvs. Gauchet de Chatillon, Comte de Porcien. G. Comes For. Raoul. R. or Radulphvs. Marie de Blois, widow and regent, and Jean I. Ioka?tnes. Dvx Marchio. Charles II. Karolvs. An- toine de Vaudemont, com- petitor. Anthonivs. 1431 Rene I. of Anjou, first Duke of Lorraine and Bar. Rejtatvs. 1453 Jean II. d' Anjou. 1470 Nicole d' Anjou. 1473 Rene II. de Lorraine-Vaude- mont. Renatvs. 1508 Anthoine. Antho7t. or An- thonivs. 1544 Frangois I. Frajtciscvs. 1545 Nicole de Lorraine, regent. Nico. C. Vavd. A dm. Loth. B. Charles III. Caro. Henri. Charles IV. and Nicole. 1625 Frangois II. 1626 Charles IV. Nicole Frangois. 1634-43 French occupation. 1638 Charles IV. again. 1675 Charles V. 1690 Leopold. 1729 Frangois III. 1555 1608 1624 Counts of Louvain^ afterwards Dukes of Brabant Lambert. 1038 Otho. 1015 Henri the Old or the Elder. 1040 Lambert II. Balderic. Some Dated Lists of European Riders 285 1062 Henri II. 1075 Henri III. 1095 Godefroi I. 1 140 Godefroi II. 1 143 Godefroi III. Godefridvs. 1 190 Henri I., le Guerroyeur. He7ic. or Hainricvs. 1235 Henri II. 1248 Henri III. 1272 Jean I. /. or lohaitnes. 1294 Jean II. Ioha7i7ies. 13 1 2 Jean III. lohis. 1355 Jeanne of Brabant, in. (i) Guillaume III., Count . of Hainault, (2) Wenceslas, Duke of Luxemburgh. 1404 Marguerite, Duchess of Bur- gundy, niece of Jeanne. 1405 Antoine deBourgogne, second son of Philippe le Hardi. A7itho7iivs. 141 5 Jean IV. lohaiies. 1427 Philippe, Count of Saint-Pol, Ligny, Limburg, Brabant, and Luxemburgh. Phs. 1430 Philippe le Bon, Duke of Bur- gundy. Phs. Dvx Burg. Bishops of Metz., Alarsal, a7id Epinal 929 Adelberon I. Adelbero, 964 Thierri I. Deoderic. 984 Adelberon II. Adelbero. 1006 Thierri II. Deodericvs. 1047 Adelberon III. Adelbero. 1073 Heriman. Heri77ia7i7id. 1090 Poppo. Poppo. 1 103 Adalberon IV. Adalbero. 1 1 18 Theodgere. 1 1 20 Etienne de Bar. Stepha7ivs. 1 1 64 Thierri III. Teoderic\ 1 171 Frederic de Pluvoise. Fri- deric\ 1 1 73 Thierri IV. Teoderic\ 1 1 80 Bertrand. Bertra7i7i\ 1 2 13 Conrad I. of Scharpeneck. Co7iradvs. 1224 Jean I. d'Apremont. Ioha7i- iies. \'2y^ Jacques de Lorraine. lacobvs. 1 26 1 Philippe de Floranges. 1265 Guillaume de Traisnel. 1270 Laurent. 1280 Jean II. de Flandre. 1282 Bouchard d'Avesnes. Bov- cardvs. 1297 Gerard de Relanges. lerad or Ge. 1302 Renaud de Bar. R. or Rena. 13 1 8 Henri Dauphin. 1325 Louis de Poictiers. 1327 Ademar de Monthil. Ade- 77iarivs. 1 36 1 Jean III. de Vienne. loh^es. 1365 Thierri V. de Boppart. The- ode. 1383 Pierre de Luxembourg. 1388 Raoul de Coucy. Rad\ D'Cocy. 14 1 6 Conrad Bayer de Boppart. Co7irad\ 1459 Georges de Bade. 1484 Henri de Lorraine. 1505 Jean IV. de Lorraine. lo. Cardhtalis. 1550 Nicolas de Lorraine. Charles de Lorraine. 1 55 1 Robert de Lenencourt. Ro- bertvs Card\ 1555 Frangois de Beaucaire. 1 568 Louis de Lorraine. 1578 Charles II., de Lorraine. Carol. Card. 1608 Anne D'Escars de Givry. 1612 Henri de Verneuil. [Vicar.] He7tri. Master- Sheriffs of Met 2 who have struck 77i07iey 1562-67 Jean le Braconnier. 1 588-1605 Jacques Praillon. 1577-88 Wiriat Copere. 1600- 1 Claude Noblet. 286 The Coins of Ettrope 1601- 8 Jean de Villers. 1602- 9 Jean Bertrand de Saint Jure. 1602-18 Nicolas Maguin. 1606-7 Charles Sartorius. 1610-38 Absalom Fabert. 1620-32 Jean Baptiste de Villers. 1630-31 Isaac Bague. 1633-40 Philippe Praillon. 1640- 41 Adrien de Bonnefoi. 1641- 48 Henri de Gournay. 1648-59 Nicholas Auburtin (eche- vin-tresorier). 1659-63 Francois Fabert. Vicomtes de Narbonne 78 - Milon. Milo. 802 Cixilane. 851 Alaric and Francon I. 878 Lindoin. Mayeul. 911 Gaucher and Alberic. Francon II. 924 Odo and Wlerad. 933 Matfred. 966 Raimond I. Raimvnd. 1023 Raimond Berenger. Beren- gari. 1067 Raimond II., Bernard, and Pierre. 1080 Aimery, son of Bernard. Eij- mericus. 1 105 Aimery II. 1 134 Alphonse Jourdain, Comte de Toulouse. Anfos. Dv. 1 143 Ermengarde, daughter of Aimery II. 1 192 Pierre de Lara, nephew. 1 194 Aimery III. Ainiericvs, 1239 Amaury I. Abnaricvs. 1270 Aimery IV. 1298 Amaury 11. 1328 Aimery V. 1336 Amaury III. 1 34 1 Amaury IV., brother. 1388 Guillaume I. 1397 Guillaume II. 1424 Pierre de Tinieres, called Guillaume III., uterine brother. 1447 Gaston I., Comte de Foix. 1472 Jean de Foix. 1500 Gaston. In 1507 the vis- county was exchanged with the Crown for the duchy of Nemours. Kings Oj 8 — Inigo-Ymenez (Arista). 852 Garcia Ymenez. 86- Garcia Ymenez. 880 Fortun Garces. 905 Sancho I., Garces. 926 Jimeno Garces. 931 Garcia I., Sanchez. 970 Sancho II., Garces. 974 Garces II. 1000 Sancho III., the Great. 1035 Garcia III., Sanchez. Garcia. 1054 Sancho IV. Sajicivs, 1076 Sancho V., Ramirez, King of Aragon. 1094 Pierre I., King of Aragon. Navarre 1 104 Alphonse., King of Aragon. 1 1 34 Garcie IV., Ramirez, King of Navarre, grand-nephew of Sancho IV. 1 1 50 Sancho VI. II 94 Sancho VII. Sancivs. 1234 Thibaut I., Count of Cham- pagne, nephew of preceding. Tebald. Rex. 1253 Thibaut II. de Champagne. Tiobald. Rex. 1270 Henri I. 1274 Jeanne de Champagne and Philippe le Bel, King of France. Johana. Some Dated Lists of Ezu^opean Riders 287 1305 1316 1322 1349 1387 1425 1475 King of France, le Lono^, Kinc^ of le Bel, King of 1483 Louis X. Philippe France. Charles France Jeanne de France and Philippe d'Evreux. Charles II., le Mauvais, Count of Evreux. Karolvs. Charles III. Blanche and Juan II. of Ara- gon. J. &^ B. ; Johajies. Eleonore, Queen of Navarre ; P^rangois Phebus de Foix, grandson ; and Madeleine of France, mother and guard- ian. Catherine de Foix and Jean d' Alb ret. Johanes. Kathe- rijia. Ferdinand V., King of Castile. Fernandvs. Henri II. d'Albret. 1555 Jeanne d'Albret and Antoine de Bourbon. 1572 Henri I. de Bourbon, after- wards Kino: of France. IsI2 1516 Cojntes (S^^ Dues de Nevers 888 Richard le Justicier, Due de Bourgogne. 918 Seguin. 943 Hugues le Blanc, Due de Bourgogne & des Francs. 956 Otto, Due de Bourgogne. 965 Henri. 987 Otto Guillaume, Comte de Bourgogne and de Nevers, son-in-law. 992 Mathilde, daughter, Comtesse de Nevers, in. the Seigneur de Maers, Monceaux, and Auxerre. 1028 Renaud I., Comte d' Auxerre and Nevers. 1040 Guillaume I. 1076 Renaud II., Comte de Nevers. 1089 Guillaume II., son. Count of Nevers and (1095) Auxerre. 1 147 Guillaume III. 1 161 Guillaume IV., Comte d' Aux- erre, Nevers, and Tonnerre. Comes Guiibn. or Gviimo. 1 168 Gui, brother. Coines Gvi- donis. 1 175 Guillaume V. 1 181 Agnes de Nevers, Pierre de Courtenay. Conies Petrvs. 1192 \ Mahaut de Courtenay, m. 1 199 I (i) Herve de Donzy. ?- Comes Ervevs. 1226 I (2) Gui de Forez. Gvido. / Conies. 1257 Mahaut II. de Bourbon, grand-daughter of preceding, 7n. Eudes de Bourgogne. M. Coniitissa. Odo Comes. 1266 Yolande de Bourgogne, Com- tesse de Nevers (/. Conii- tissa) m. (i) Jean Tristan de France, Comte de Valois (/. F. Regis. Franeie)^ (2) Robert deDampierre. Rober- tvs Comes. 1296 Louis I. of Flanders. 1322 Louis II. of Crecy. 1346 Louis III. of Maele. 1384 Marguerite, daughter, ;;/. Philip le Hardi, Duke of Burgundy. 1404 Philippe de Bourgogne, Comte de Nevers, Due de Brabant, etc. 141 5 Charles de Bourgogne. 1464 Jean de Bourgogne, brother. 1491 Engilbert de Cleves, grand- son. 1506 Charles 1. de Cleves. 1 52 1 Francois I. de Cleves, first Duke of Nevers. 1562 Frangois II. 1563 Jacques, brother. 1564 Henriette, sister, Ludo- vico Gonzaga. 1 60 1 Charles II., Gonzaga. 1637 Charles III., Gonzaga. The last sold all his French property in 1659 to Cardinal Mazarin. 288 The Coins of Em^ope Dukes of Nornia7tdy 912 Rollo. 927 Guillaume I., Longue Ep^e. 943 Richard I. 996 Richard II. 1026 Richard III. 1027 Robert le Diable. 1035 Guillaume le Conquerant. 1087 Robert II., Courteheuse. 1 106 Henri I. 1 135 Etienne. 1 1 44 Geoffroi le Bel. 1 151 Henri II. 1 1 89 Richard I., Coeur-de-Lion. 1 199 Jean sans Terre ; Arthur, pre- tender. 1204 Philippe Auguste, King of France. 1 36 1 Normandy is definitely re- united to the Crown. Coimts a7id Princes of Orange 1 1 73 Bertrand II., prince in 1178. 1 183 Guillaume II. 1225 Guillaume II. and Raimond I. 1239 Raimond I. and Guillaume IV. 1248 Raimond I. and Raimond II. 1279 Raimond III. and Bertrand II. 1282 Bertrand III. and Raimond III. Bt.oxBtdvs. 1 3 14 Raimond III. R. Priceps. 1340 Raimond IV. and Catherine de Courtrezon. R. de Bavico. 1393 Jean I. of Chalon and Marie de Baux. fohs. De. CabiL 141 8 Louis de Chalon. Lvdvcvs. 1470 Guillaume V. de Chalon. Gvillm. D. Cab. 1475 Jean II. de Chalon. Johs. D. Cabillo7te. 1502 Philibert de Chalon. Phs. de Cabilloii. 1530 Rene de Nassau, nephew of preceding. 1544 Guillaume VI. de Nassau- D ilenbourg, cousin. Gvill. 3. 1584 Philippe Guillaume de Nas- sau. Philip. Gvilli. 1 61 8 Maurice de Nassau. 1625 Frederic Henri de Nassau. 1647 Guillaume VII. de Nassau. 1650 Guillaume VIII. 1702 Frangois Louis de Bourbon- Conti. 1 717 Louis Armand de Bourbon. 1 7 18 Louis Francois de Bourbon. Comtes de Poitou 778 Abbon, Comte de Poitiers. 832 Ricuin and Bernard I. 838 Emenon, brother of last. 839 Rainulf I., Duke of Aquitaine in 845. 867 Bernard II., son of Bernard I. 880 Rainulf 1 1. , King of Aquitaine, 887-93- 893 Aimar, son of Emenon. 902 Ebles Manzer, son of Rainulf II. 932 Guillaume I., Tete d'Etoupe. 963 Guillaume II., Due d'Aqui- taine. 990 Guillaume III. 1029 Guillaume IV. 1038 Eudes, brother, Due d'Aqui- taine & de Gascogne. 1039 Guillaume V., brother. 1058 Gui Geoffroi, called Guillaume VI. 1087 Guillaume VII. Some Dated Lists of European Riders 289 1 127 Guillaume VIII. 1 137 Eleonore d'Aquitaine, 1 1 52, Henry II. of England. 1 169 Richard I. of England. 1 197-98 Otto of Brunswick, nephew. 1 199 John I. of England. 1204 Reunited to the French Crown. 1 24 1 Alphonse, brother of Louis IX. 1271 Final reunion to the Crown. Counts of Saint- Pol 1003 Roger. 1067 Hugues I., Candavene. 1070 Gui I. and Arnould, Baron d'Ardres, his father-in-law and guardian. 1083 Hugues II., brother of Gui I. 1 1 30 Hugues III. Hvgo. 1 141 Enguerrand. ii5oAnselme, brother. Ansel. Conies. 1 1 74 Hugues IV. Hvgo Conies. 1205 Elizabeth and Gaucher de Chatillon. 1219 Gui II. 1226 (.^) Hugues v., brother. Hvgo. 1248 Gui III. 1289 Hvgves VI. 1292 Gui IV., brother. Gvido. 1 31 7 Marie de Bretagne, widow^ and regent, and Jean de Chatillon 1344 Gui V. and Jean de Landas, his father-in-law and guard- ian. Gvido. 1360 Mahaut, sister of Gui V., and hei consort Gui VI. de Luxembourg, Seigneur de Ligny. 1 37 1 Waleran de Luxemburgh. Valranvs. 1415 Jeannede Luxembourg, sister, and Philippe de Bourgogne. Fhs. 1429 Jeanne de Luxembourg alone. 1 43 1 Pierre I. de Luxembourg, grandson of Gui IV. 1433 Louis. 1476 Pierre II. 1482 Marie, ni. (i) Jacques de Savoie ; (2) Frangois de Bourbon-Vendome. 1495 Francois II. de Bourbon. 1545 Frangois III. 1546 Marie, sister, 7/1. (i) Jean de Bourbon ; (2) Francois de Cleves ; (3) Leonor d'Orleans. 1 601 Francois d'Orleans. House of Sully 8 — Hercenaud de Sully. Herbert. 99- Hercenaut II. (died before 1064). 109- Gilon II. de Sully, son-in-law of the Vicomte de Bourges. II — Mahaut de Sully, ni. Eudes Arpin, who became jure iixoris Vicomte de Bourges. no- Agnes de Sully, sister, ;//. Guillaume de Champagne, Comte de Chartres. 1 1 50 Eudes x\rchambaud de Cham- pagne, Sire de Sully. 1 163 Gilon de Champagne. 1 177 Archambaud II. 1217 Henri I. 1252 Henry II., Seigneur de Sully, Boisbelle, and Orval. 1269 Jean I. 1 28 1 Henri III., brother, c. 1286, the heiress of Chateau- meillant. 1285 Henri IV., and his mother Marguerite as guardian. 1320 Jean 11. 1360 Louis. 1 38 1 Marie de Sully, Dame d'Orval, Chateaumeillant and Bois- belle, m. (i) Gui VI., de la Tremouille, (2) Charles d'Albret, Comte de Dreux. U 290 The Coins of Europe Seigjieiirs de Sully 1398 Georges de la Tremouille. 1446 Louis, Vicomte de Thouars. 1483 Louis. 1 5 1 5 Frangois, Prince de Talmond. 1524 Charles, Prince de Talmond. 1 541 Louis, Due de Thouars. 1577 Claude de la Tremouille. Seigneurs de Boisbelle 141 5 Charles IL, D'Albret. 1455 Arnaud Amanieu d'Albret, Seigneur d'Orval. 1463 Jean d'Albret d'Orval. 1528 Marie d'Albret, m. Charles de Cleves, Comte de Nevers. 1538 Frangois \. de Cleves. 1665 Henriette de Cleves, m. Ludovico Gonzaga. 1695 Charles Gonzaga, Due de Nevers. 1597 Maximilien de Bethune, Seigneur de Sully by acquisition, Prince de Henrichemont and de Boisbelle, Marquis de Rosny, etc. The great Minister of Henri IV. His son Maximilien IL died vita patris. 1641 Maximilien III., Frangois, Due de Sully, Prince de Henrichemont and Boisbelle. 1 66 1 Maximilien IV. Pierre Frangois. 1694 Maximilien V. 1 712 Maximilien VI., brother. Comtes de Toulouse 778 Chorson or Torsin. 790 Guillaume I., kinsman to Pepin le Bref. 810 Raimond Rafinel. 818 Berenger. 835 Bernard, Duke of Septimania. 844 Guillaume II. 850 Fredalon. 852 Raimond L, hereditary Comte de Toulouse. 864 Bernard. 875 Eudes. 919 Raimond. 923 Raimond Pons. 950 Guillaume Taillefer. Wilehno or Gvilehnvs Co. 1037 Pons. Poncio Conies. 1060 Guillaume IV. Wiehno Come. 1088 Raimond IV. de Saint Gilles. Guillaume, Due d'Aquitaine. 1 105 Bertrand. 1 1 12 Alphonse Jourdain. 1 1 14 Guillaume le Jeune. 1 1 20 Alphonse again. 1 148 Raimond V. Alphonse II. 1 194 Raimond VI. Simon and Amauri de Montfort, com- petitors in succession, 1214- 18. 1222 Raimond VI 1. 1249 Alphonse de France. A. Conies^ Fil. Reg. Fran, or A If vs. Com. 1 27 1 Reunion to the Crown. Comtes and Vicomtes de Tureitne 8 — Raoul, Comte de Turenne. 897 Robert. Godefroi. Bernard, V^icomte de Turenne. Rainulf. Aimar. Some Dated Lists of Eztropean Rtilers 291 897 Archambaud, Vicomte de Comborn, son-in-law. Ebles. Guillaume. Boson I. 1 09 1 Raimond I. 1122 Boson II, 1 143 (?) Raimond 11. 1 191 (?) Raimond III. I2i4(?) Raimond IV. 1243 Raimond V. Seigneur de Serrieres, brother. 1245 Raimond VI. 1287 Raimond VII. 1304 Marguerite, ni. Bernard, Comte de Comminges. 1335 Jean de Comminges. 1339 Cecile de Comminges, ni, James of Arragon. 1350 Guillaume Roger, Comte de Beaufort, etc., by purchase. 1395 Raimond Louis de Beaufort. 14 1 7 Eleonore, sister. 1420 Amanieu, cousin. Pierre de Beaufort- Limueil, brother. 1444 Anne de Beaufort, vi. Agne de la Tour. 1490 Francois I. de la Tour. 1494 Antoine, brother. 1528 Frangois II. 1532 Francois III. 1557 Henri de la Tour, Marechal de France. Comtes and Dices de Vendcvjie 958 Bouchard I., Comte de Ven- dome, Paris, & de Corbeil. 1012 Renaud, Bishop of Paris, son. 1016 Eudes, son of Landry, Comte de Nevers, nephew. 10 — Bouchard II. and his mother Adele. 10 — Foulques I'Oison, brother, and his mother. 1 03 1 Geoffroi Martel, Comte d'Anjou, uncle, by purchase from Adele. 1050 Foulques I'Oison, again, by donation of his uncle Geoffroi, Comte deVendome. 1066 Bouchard III. and his uncle Gui de Nevers, guardian. 1085 Euphrosine, sister, Geoffroi Jourdain, Sire de Preuilly. 1 102 Geoffroi Grisegonelle. 1 136 Jean I. 1 192 Bouchard IV. 1202 Jean II., grandson. 1207 Jean III. de Lavardin, grand- son of Jean I. leha. ox lohan. 1 2 18 Jean IV. deMontoire, nephew. lohcm. Comes. 1239 Pierre de Montoire. Petrvs. 1249 Bouchard V. Boeard. 1 27 1 Jean V. Johs. 131 5 Bouchard VI., Seigneur de Castres. Bo. Conies. 1336 Jean VI. 1366 Bouchard VII. and Jeanne de Castille his mother, guardian. 1374 Catherine, sister, ni. Jean de Bourbon. 14 1 2 Louis I. de Bourbon. 1466 Jean VII. de Bourbon. 1478 Francois de Bourbon, Comte de Saint - Pol and de Soissons. 1495 Charles de Bourbon, first Duke of Vendome. 1537 Antoine de Bourbon and de Vendome, King of Navarre in 1555, having married Jeanne D'Albret, daughter and heiress of Henri, King of Navarre. 1562 Henri, Due de Vendome and King of Navarre. 1598 Cesar, natural son of preced- ing, by Gabrielle d'Estrees. 1665 Louis II. 1669 Louis III. Joseph. 17 12 Reunion to the Crown of France. 292 The Coins of Europe IX. SPAIN Kings of Leon alone. 1 1 57 Fernando II. Fernandvs. 1 188-1230 Alfonso IX. Adefonsvs or Aitfons. (i.) Kings of Castile alone. {^\\.) Of United Spaiit. 1 1 57 Sancho III. Sancivs Rex. 1158 Alfonso VIII. Anfvs. 1 2 14 Henriquez I. Enricvs. 1 230 Fernando III., King of Castile and Leon. F. Rex. 1252 Alfonso X. 1284 Sancho IV. Sanch. Rex. 1295 Fernando IV. 131 2 Alfonso XI. Alfonsvs. 1350 Pedro the Cruel. Fetrvs. 1368 Henriquez II. Enricvs. 1379 Juan I. lohanis. 1390 Henriquez III. Enricvs. 1406 Juan II. lohanes. 1454 Henriquez IV. Enricvs Qartits. 1455-68 Alfonso, brother, pretender or rival. 1474-1504 Isabel or Elizabeth I. of Castile, and Fernando V. of Arragon. 1475 Alfonso V. of Portugal. Al- fonsvs. 1504 Joanna of Arragon and Philip I. of Austria. 1 5 16 Carlos I., King of Castile and Arragon. 1536 Filippo II., King of Castile and Portugal. 1598 Filippo III., King of Castile and Portugal. 1621 Filippo IV., King of Castile and Portugal. 1665 Carlos II., King of Spain. 1700 Filippo V. of Anjou, King of Spain. 1724 Luis. Filippo V. again. 1746 Fernando VI. 1759 Carlos III. 1788 Carlos IV. 1808 Fernando VI 1. 1833 Isabel II. 1870 Amadeo of Savoy. 1873 Republic. 1875 Alfonso XII. 1885 Alfonso XI 11. and Maria Christina of Austria, regent. X. PORTUGAL Counts and Kings of Portugal 1094 Henri de Bourgogne, Count of Portugal. 1 1 12 Alfonso I., Henriquez, first King, and his mother Teresa of Castile. Afusi or Al- pho7isvs. So7ne Dated Lists of Ettropean Riders 293 1 185 Sancho I. Sancivs Rex. 1 2 1 1 Alfonso 1 1 . Domini A Ifonsi. 1223 Sancho II., Capel. Rex. Saneivs. 1248 Alfonso III. Alfonsv. 1279 Denis. D. ox Dio?iisii Re^is. 1325 Alfonso IV. Alf. 1357 Pedro I. P. 1367 Fernando I. Fernandvs. 1383 Joam I. Ih7is. 1433 Duarte I. Edwardvs. 1438 Alfonso V. Alfo7isvs Qvinti. 148 1 Joam II. lohannes or lohaiines Secvndvs. 1495 Manoel, cousin. Emanvel. 1 5 2 1 Joam III. loas or loanes. III. 1557 wSebastian, grandson. 1578 Henriquez, son of Manoel. Henrriqvs. 1580 Anthonio, illeg. grandson of Manoel. Filippo I. [II. of Spain]. 1598 Filippo II. [III. of Spain]. 162 1 Filippo III. |"IV. of Spain]. 1640 Joam IV. of Braganza. 1656 Alfonso VI. 1683 Pedro II., brother. 1706 Joam V. 1750 Josef I. 1777 Pedro III., brother. 1786 Maria Francisca Elizabeth, widow. 1816 Joam VI. 1826 Maria II. Da Gloria. 1827-34 Don Miguel, pretender. 1853 Pedro V. 1 86 1 Luis 1. 1889 Carlos. A DESCRIPTIVE OUTLINE OF THE COINAGES OF EUROPE I. GERMANY Conformably with the principle which we laid down and attempted to justify in the Introduction, we now proceed to supply a general synopsis, commencing with Germany, of the numismatic productions of the European continent down to the present time ; and we shall endeavour to overlook no features of interest or monuments of importance in any of the numerous series which are comprised within our scheme. It must be obvious that to dwell on any but salient and typical points and examples in a moderate compass is an impossibility ; nor can it be requisite to bestow much attention on coins or classes of coinage other than such as appeal to our sympathy under some definite or special aspect. As in the three previous divisions of the under- taking we have spoken at considerable length of the pre- vailing characteristics, sources, and nomenclature of the several branches of this study, it remains the leading object to group together in their geographical sequence particulars most likely to be of service to the collector and amateur, whether desirous of following the policy of the writer or of working on different lines. Within the limits of Northern Germany alone, were we to go no farther, we find abundant material for illustrating the progress of coinage, and an inexhaustible store of examples belonging to all the successive stages of the art from its rudest infancy : its gradations of 296 The Coins of Europe archaic work, its attainment and long preservation of the highest excellence, and its gradual decline to the modern mechanical and unheroic standard. The former distribution of Germany into circles, long after the date when it had been formed into a separate kingdom by the election of Conrad I. at the Diet of Worms in 81 1- 1 2, while to a large extent it is a mere matter of history, necessarily governed during centuries, and through nearly the whole of the most important period of our inquiry, the operations and incidence of the coinage, as it affected the relationship of the varying component parts of that great political fabric to the Crown and to each other. At three distinct epochs the entire German territory was apportioned into four, six, and ten circles. In 1387, into Upper and Lower Saxony ; the Rhenish Provinces ; Austria, Bavaria, and Suabia ; Thuringia and Franconia. In 1438 the divisions were changed and multiplied, and embraced the temporal or ecclesiastical sovereignties of Brandenburgh, Saxony, Cologne, Wiirtemburg, Salzburg, and Mayence. But in 15 12 a readjustment, which with two or three important exceptions lasted down to the date of the Confederation of the Rhine under Napoleon, was effected by the Emperor Maximilian I., and the country constituted thereafter ten circles : Austria, Bavaria, Suabia, Franconia, Upper and Lower Saxony, Westphalia, Upper and Lower Rhine, and Burgundy. The loss of Burgundy, the erection of Prussia into a kingdom in 1701, and the dismemberment of Poland, were three agencies which sensibly affected the balance of Europe ; but so long as the antique constitutional framework and sentiment survived, personal and even dynastic changes did not, for the most part, interfere with the internal organisation of Germany or of the German Empire, and left matters of executive detail unmolested ; and if this was true of the portion of the imperial dominions under more im- mediate central control, it was apt to be more so of those at a distance — of the Netherlands, Italy, and Sicily. The resistance of the monetary economy, vocabulary, and general complexion to political disturbances and disruptions, contri- Descinptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 297 butes to satisfy us that it was in principal measure of municipal or other local origin, even where the coins pay titular homage to the sovereign or suzerain for the time being ; and the circumstance is a fortunate one, since it has been instrumental in preserving a countless variety of types and in the transmission of many interesting social and popular traits. The feudal coinage of Germany and the rest of the Teutonic family may be considered the not unnatural result of the dismemberment of the unwieldy and incongruous empire of Charlemagne and its partition among several rulers, of whom none possessed sufficient power and weight to establish another great central authority. Charlemagne himself had begun to feel the growing influence of the larger territorial proprietors, both clerical and secular, and had in some cases associated his name with theirs on the local currency ; but, on the whole, he found it possible to replace the lax Merovingian system, by which coins were struck at an enormous number of places without an indication of any supreme jurisdiction, by one which reduced the aggregate of mints, and made the imperial name the most conspicuous feature on a piece, wherever it was produced. It is difficult to determine to what causes such a phenomenon may be due ; but, although the immediate successors of that great prince promptly betrayed their unfitness to fill his place, it is not till the tenth century that we seem to discern very clearly the symptoms of political disintegration so far as the coinage of the Franco-German Empire is concerned, and find docu- mentary evidence of the investiture of a host of vassals of the Crown with a right alike politically and commercially valuable. In treating the German series it may be more convenient to follow the modern classification which has been our guide in the Catalogue of Mints ; and we shall accordingly survey this and the other succeeding fields of research and material in the order adopted by M. Blanchet, making it our aim to draw attention to every object of more than usual interest under each head from different points of view, and seeking 298 The Coins of Ettrope to avoid repetitions of particulars already furnished in our Catalogues and Introduction. It will probably have struck the attentive observer of this description of record, that each region has in early times, and down to the close of the old regime^ carried and fondly pre- served on its coinage, tokens and memorials of popular be- lief, local worship, and national observances and peculiarities. This is very true of Germany, with the primitive and quaint symbolism, the intricate heraldic blazon, significant of the union or division of families, the testimony to feelings and pursuits, and the innumerable tributes to public and private occasions which might have otherwise passed into oblivion, inscribed on its multifarious currency during so many centuries. The domestic and social annals of this great country could not be written in the absence of such archives, which have alike survived paper, parchment, and oral tradition. And is not such the case with the whole area involved in the present undertaking ? The imperial series of coins is broken in its continuity by the periodical changes of dynasty. We have a rich assemblage and succession of money, at first in silver or billon only, but eventually in all metals and denominations, and in the lower values, belonging to the Carlovingian, Saxon, Franconian, Suabian, Hapsburg, and Hohenzollern lines. Many of the earlier productions of the denier type have not only their points of numismatic and archaeological interest, but are carefully and tastefully engraved. With the fifteenth century, however, commenced the best period of medallic art, to which we are indebted for some of the finest and most attractive specimens forthcoming from any part of the world. It can scarcely be predicated of any items in this division or category, when we have crossed over into the sixteenth century, that they are extravagantly rare ; and with a few exceptions, independent of date, condition is always a more insuperable difficulty and barrier than the actual occurrence of coins. Among the German imperial thalers, those of Maximilian I. and II., Matthias and Ferdinand II., Descriptive Ozitline of the Coi^iages of Ettrope 299 are less easily procured, while those of Ferdinand III., Leopold I., Charles VI.^ and all the later reigns are abundant. The German gold — the ducat or florin with its divisions and multiples — has a tendency to grow less plentiful, as the call for it is extremely limited, and the heavier values, ascending to 10 ducats, are too costly to hold in the absence of some special recommendation. Those of Leopold L are among the commonest and the least inviting. The rarest and most desirable are, perhaps, the minor parts of the gold unit and the favourite Hungarian pattern. In the majority of cases, where absolute rarity is an attribute, it occurs that the coin was struck at an obscure mint or under special circumstances. The continental numismatists and experts have hitherto enjoyed a monopoly in the acquaintance with these niceties. Since 1876 the mints of the German Empire have been : Berlin (A. or AA.), Hanover (B. or BB.), Frankfort-on- Maine (C. or CC), Munich (D. or DD.), Dresden (E. or EE.), Stuttgart (F. or FF.), Karlsruhe (G. or GG.), Darmstadt (H. or HH.), and Hamburgh (J. or J J.). Making Westphalia our starting-point, it is necessary to refer to our Catalogues, and to mention that in i 179 this district became part of the See of Cologne, after having formed a feudal duchy, which determined in the person of Henry the Lion ; that portions of it were acquired at a later date by Prussia ; that it was one of the Napoleonic kingdoms from 1806 to 181 3; and that it then reverted to its former rulers. Westphalia comprised the territories between the Weser, the Rhine, and the Ems : Eastphalia {^OstpJialeii) those between the Elbe and the Weser. The former naturally embraced within its confines places of coinage and numismatic monuments which recalled its successive rulers and numerous feudal subdivisions. The most conspicuous coins in this district are those of the Archbishops of Cologne, the Bishops of Paderborn and Munster, the Abbeys of Corvei and Hervord, the Counts of Salm, Bronkhorst, and Mark, and the town of Dortmund. The 1 A J thaler of this prince, struck in the last year of his reign (1740), has been attributed to the Prague mint, and is said to be scarce. 300 The Coins of Ett^^ope See of Cologne struck money early in the thirteenth century, and some of the abbatial pieces date from the same period. In certain instances there was a convention between the Church and the town, and in others the latter received the privilege of a mint from the tenant-in-chief Notice may be taken of two very rare coins of Walmo- den-Gimborn, struck by Count Ludwig, 1736-1811, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, and a natural son of George II. of Great Britain by the Countess of Yarmouth. They are a ducat and a convention-gulden, both in silver and of the year 1802. The former sold at the Reinmann sale in 1891, No. 782, for 48 marks. Jerome Napoleon, King of Westphalia, 1806-13, left behind him fairly copious numismatic memorials of his reign. In gold we find pieces of 40 franks, 1813, 20 franks, 1809, and I o and 5 franks, 1 8 1 3 ; in silver, the gulden or |- thaler, 1 808-9-10-1 i-i 2-1. 3, the 5-frank piece, 1809, the convention-thaler of i 8 lo-i i-i 2-1 3, and one of 181 i with Siegen des Mansfelder Berghaues on reverse ; in base silver or billon, the xxiv. marien-groschen, the 20 and 10 centimes ; and finally, in copper, the 5, 3, 2, and i centimes. The least usual in occurrence are the 40 franks in gold and the type of the -|- thaler, with the unfilleted head to left. But none is common in fine state. In this portion of the Fatherland we have to look for several important sources of coinage, as it comprehends so many townships and governments which have Provinces possessed independent rights and undergone striking vicissitudes. Among these we may specify the cities of Cologne and Treves, the town of Aix- la-Chapelle, and the dukedoms of Berg, Cleves, and Juliers, originally separate jurisdictions, and in the course of time united under the Electors of Saxony. Aix-la- Chapelle struck some of the earliest dated money ; and in the early currency of the three duchies will be found many examples remarkable for their variety and workmanship. The Dukes of Cleves entered into a monetary union in the sixteenth century (15 11) with other Powers, including the Duke of Bavaria, Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 301 and quartered the arms of their associates or alHes on the reverses. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Saxony, Prussia, and Bavaria at different points of time exer- cised monetary control in this region, and issued landiniin::: or local currency in stubers or pfennigen for Berg alone or Cleves and Berg ; and the ephemeral grand-duchy of Berg and kingdom of Westphalia, from 1806 to 181 3, have left their footprints or vestiges in a coinage of the same class under the auspices of Murat and of Jerome Napoleon. The coins of Cologne, emanating from many sources, added Sancta to the name Colonia in the time of Charles le Gros. The Rhenish circle included, like that of Westphalia, many abbatial and other seigniorial seats of coinage, some of an occasional or temporary character, and a few which are only known to us from documentary evidence. Of the princely house of Hohenzollern, the two branches of Hechingen and Siegmaringen formerly exercised monetary rights : that of Hechingen down to 1804, the Siegmaringen line to 1842. A very fine convention -thaler exists of Hermann Frederic Otho, Prince of H — H, with the first- named date and LL- W- under the bust. The Prince sub- scribed to the monetary treaty of 1838. There is comparatively little to remark on the numis- matic productions of these three principalities, of which all have early work, in the form of the sterling and Lippe.* denier, to shew. They adopted the thaler and Waldeck. crold florin or ducat in due course; the Counts Lichtenstein. . of Nassau-Weilburg had leave to strike gold m I 398. The Counts of Schauenburg-Lippe possessed a coinage down to the close of the eighteenth century; the Princes of Waldeck and Dukes of Nassau to the present century. There is a well -executed and carefully -struck Waldeck thaler of 181 3, and a regular series in all metals of Nassau. At several places in Nassau the Archbishops of Mayence struck money ; Hachenbuch was a mint of the Counts of Sayn, fifteenth century, and Westerburg of the Counts of Leiningen-Westerburg in 1681. Of the Dukes themselves the best-known and principal one is Wiesbaden. The in- 302 The Coins of Europe dependent money of Lichtenstein appears to have ceased in 1778. There are bracteates belonging to this electoral domain in its undivided state, and money of Sophia, Duchess of Hesse- Hesse, daughter of the Landgraf Louis IV., and of Cassel. her son Henry. The most ancient mint seems to have been Marpurg or Marburg, which occurs on the mute bracteates with the Hessian lion. There must have been a very extensive coinage from first to last ; but the existing remains are not abundant beyond the small values in silver and copper of the last and present century. The Hessian series of thalers, at first of the Cassel branch only, seems to go back to 1502, when we meet with the thaler of Wilhelm, Landgraf of Hesse, and its divisions. The thaler reads Wilhemvs : D : G : Lantgravivs : Hassie +, and on reverse Gloria Rei-Pvblice. 1502. There is from this point of time to the present a continuous series in all metals, of which the earlier are very seldom found out of Germany. We may be permitted to refer to the Reinmann Catalogue, 1891-92, for an extraordinarily complete sequence of the landgraves and their money, which it must have occupied a lifetime to accumulate. Hesse-Cassel and Hesse- Homburg have formed part of Prussia since 1866. We may take the opportunity to note a thaler of Hedwig Sophia of Brandenburgh, 1669, as regent or guardian; a piece of I 5 pfennigen of Frederic, Landgraf of Hesse-Darm- stadt and Cardinal-Bishop of Breslau, 1680, with the shield of arms on the reverse surmounted by a cardinal's hat ; a \ thaler of Mary, daughter of George H. of Great Britain, and consort of Frederic, Landgraf of Hesse-Cassel, 1763, as administratrix of the county of Hanau, with her portrait and a shield quartered with the arms of England ; and thalers of Wilhelm IX., Landgraf of Hesse and Count of Hanau, 1771 and 1794, with a large portrait to right. The thaler of 1771 reads (obv.) Wilhelm D. G. Landg. & Pr, Her Hass. Com. Han.^ and (rev.) Ex Visceribvs Fodince Bieber., 1771 — alluding to the mines at Biber in the district of Neuvied. Several seigniorial mints, both secular and Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Eu^^ope 303 ecclesiastical, are found within the duchy, and some, of which there are no known or identified specimens ; the Sees of Cologne, Mayence, and Paderborn also struck money at Amoeneberg and elsewhere. The grand-duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, since 1866 the sole remaining sovereign branch, was detached from the main stem in 1567, and the lande^raviat of Hesse- J / » ^ Darmstadt. Hesse-Homburg from the latter in 1596. Of Hesse- both, but especially of Hesse-Homburg, the cur- Homburg. . . . i -r-i rency transmitted to us is unusually scanty. i he grand-duchy, however, embraces many places, notably May- ence and Worms, which were busy and continuous seats of coinage, besides a number of minor localities, such as Burg- Fried berg, Hatzfeld, Isenburg, and Oppenheim, of which we have interesting numismatic relics. Taking Isenburg as an illustration of the intermittent survival of a currency which probably proceeded without interruption from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century, it seems singular that we have met with no more than four pieces connected with this fief : a \ thaler of Wolfgang Ernst a Birstein, 161 8, a gulden of 1676, and a reichsthaler and I 2-kreutzer piece of I 8 1 i. In the Catalogue of Mints there is a perhaps sufficient account of the monetary history of this free city, now part of the German Empire, but once the Frankish capital, am-Main' during ccnturics a republic. During two or three years (18 10-13) it became under Carl Von Dalberg the seat of a grand-duchy, of which there are slight numismatic recollections in the form of kreutzers and hallers. The Margraviat, subsequently and at present grand- duchy, originally severed from Hochberg in 1190, was ^ divided in 15 17 into the two branches of Baden. Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlach, of which Baden-Baden -j-^g former became extinct in 1771. The Durlach. . . 111 . , , coinage is not very remarkable or varied, and 1 The late Grand-Duke, Louis IV., who died in 1892, left to the public his hereditary collection, of which a catalogue would certainly be interesting, and would greatly add, no doubt, to our knowledge of the series. 304 The Coins of Europe Baden was till 1572 the sole mint. The territory was perhaps more distinguished by the independent seats of coinage, such as Breisach, Constanz, Freiburg- in -Brisgau, Leiningen, Mannheim and Ulm, some of which enjoyed con- cessions long anterior to that to the Margraviat in 1362. The earliest money of Baden was of the mute bracteate type, and legends do not occur before the time of the Margraf Christoph (147 5- 1527). This, one of the duchies erected into kingdoms by Napoleon in 1806, was formed in 1496 out of the count- ships of Urach and Neuffen. As a duchy it Wurtemburg. ^^^^^ from 1 492 ; the countship of Montbeliard was incorporated with it in 1631, and annexed to France in 1792. The coinage does not seem to go back beyond the fourteenth century, and had not attained much import- ance till the fifteenth, from which time down to the pre- sent there is an unbroken numismatic series in all metals, but more especially silver and billon. Stuttgart was long the chief, before it became the only mint. The coins in gold, silver, and billon, exhibit the titles of the reigning prince as Count or Duke of Wurtemburg and Teck, Count of Montbeliard, and Lord of Heidenheim. We may specify the double thaler of 1621 of the Duke Johann Friedrich, with a four-quartered shield, and notice should be taken of the very striking sterbdenkthaler issued to commemorate the death of the Duchess Elizabeth Maria, 1686, with a very elaborate veiled bust.^ There was no copper money of ducal or regal origin, except for Montbeliard, till 1 840. For that fief we have a 4-kreutzer piece of 1698 and a Hard of 171 5. But within this frontier, as elsewhere, a variety of personages had mints from a remote period, particularly at Hall, Ravensperg, and Rottweil ; by reason, no doubt, of the more limited output, these feudal issues are of far greater rarity in all the series than the ordinary money of the Crown. Several of the townships struck copper for local use during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The coins of Frederic, the first King of Wurtemburg, down to 1 Dillon Catalogue, 1892, No. 473. Descriptive OiUliiie of the Coinages of Etti^ope 305 I 8 10 or I 812, especially the gold, are scarce. It may be of service to the collector to mention the rich assemblage of thalers of Wurtemburg in the three portions of the Rein- mann Catalogue, 1891-92. The numerous mints of the Counts of Hohenlohe, of whom there were different branches (Neuenstein, Langenburg, etc.), have bequeathed to us some excellent specimens, particularly of the thaler, not in the Reinmann Catalogue, during the seventeenth century. The small uniface pieces belong to the era of the Thirty Years' War. This ancient and historical domain, which existed as a duchy from the sixth century, and underwent various modifications and redistributions at successive Bavaria. . . . • n i • epochs, IS associated, numismatically speakmg, with a long series of imperial and ducal coins of the denier class, commencing with the tenth century and with an unusually important body of what may be termed external coinage, arising, in the first place, from the Palatinate of the Rhine, and secondly from numerous seigniorial, municipal or urban centres, of which we must content ourselves with naming Augsburgh, Baireuth, Bamberg, Dillingen, Fugger, Heidelberg, Ingolstadt, Kempten, Landshut, Leuchtenberg, Lindau, Memmingen, Miinchen (or Munich), Nurnberg, Regensburg (or Ratisbon), Spire, and Wurzburg. The early rise of these and other townships within the duchy into prominence and power tended to reduce the electors of Bavaria to the rank of grand feudatories under the empire ; and to the numismatic student the productions of the subordinate mints are apt to be of at least equal interest with those of the ducal moneyers. From the sixteenth century, however, the coinage of the electorate began to assume considerable importance and to develop great artistic merit ; and the thalers especially, from the reign of Albert III. (i 550-79), are to be particularly commended to notice. There are very beautiful examples of Maximilian Emmanuel (1679-1726), Carl Theodor (1777-99), Maximilian Joseph (1799- 1825), and a curious series of Ludwig I. (1825-48). Probably the chefs d'oeuvix of the Bavarian mint are the heavy gold piece of Maximilian 1. X 3o6 The Coins of Ettrope (1596-1651), dated 1598, with the effigy of the canonised Emperor Henry II., and the constitutional thaler of 1 8 1 8, with the reverse exhibiting on a block of granite the words Charta Magna Bavarice, The Virgin and Child type on the reverse of several of the earlier thalers may have been bor- rowed from Hungary.^ Some of the gold money of Maxi- milian (1848-64) was from the Hartz ore {Ex Auro Rheni.)^ and presents a view of Munich on the reverse. Of the copper money little is to be said : that of the duchy and kingdom belongs to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries only ; but Wiirzburg, Augsburgh, Baireuth, and the Fugger family struck hellers and kreutzers in the seven- teenth, some in connection with the Thirty Years' War. There was a sparing and shy resort to this metal char- acteristic of a majority of the German Powers in early times. The uniface pieces, which we encounter between 1621 and 1623, are to be regarded as money of necessity. The several independent coinages within the Bavarian territory emulated that of the electorate in importance of character and beauty of workmanship. We have before us two rare pieces connected with Ratisbon : (i) a ^ thaler of Joseph II. struck here in 1774, vita 7natris^ with his portrait on obverse, and the cross-keys on the reverse with the readings Non Dormit Cttstos, and Mon, Reip. Ratisp. XX. Eine F. Mark, 1774; (2) a thaler of the see with the shields of the bishops encircling the papal type of St. Peter 1 In the Dillon Catalogue, 1892, No. 834, the piece of John of Leyden, King of Munich, is almost certainly a medal. Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 307 in a boat with the keys and no legend, and on reverse in eight lines, Regnans Capitvlvin Ecclesiae Cathedralis Ratis- bonensis Sede Vacante, mdcclxxxvii. 10, Eine F. Mark. The shield of the late prelate is left blank, and is surmounted by his mitred effigy. There is also the episcopal coinage of Eichstadt (Catalogue of Mints in v) down to the end of the eighteenth century. It was struck, however, at Nurnberg (where there does not appear to have been any output of local municipal money) from the fifteenth century. The later bishops issued some very handsome pieces ; but the chef d' ceuvre of the series is the sede vacante double thaler of 1790. This classic and unhappy region, the theatre of much of the tragical and grim drama known as the Thirty Years' War, after certain political vicissitudes, was ulti- Talatiiiate ^^^^^7 incorporated with Bavaria by the Treaty of Westphalia (1648), carrying with it the electoral title and dignity. It is invested with no slight historical interest in the eyes of Englishmen on account of the in- auspicious marriage of Elizabeth Stuart with the Elector Frederic V. in 161 3, and the fortunes of their children in the persons of Prince Rupert and the Electress Sophia. The numismatic annals of the Phalz or Palatinate seem to extend from the fourteenth century to the union with Bavaria, and include, amid a copious assortment and succes- sion of lower denominations and unimportant coins, the currencies of the counts in their several branches, those coins struck at Heidelberg, Amberg, Neuburg, and elsewhere in alliance with the Duke of Bavaria or the See of Mayence, and some interesting examples in the more precious metals, for instance, the dated gold florin of 1437 struck at Bach- arach. Several independent coinages were constantly running 3o8 The Coi7ts of Europe parallel with those of the electors and dukes by virtue of privileges or concessions accorded to bishops, abbots, towns, and territorial dignitaries of all kinds ; and political boundary lines did not preclude the employment of mints by person- ages outside the immediate jurisdiction, on a principle foreign to modern ideas and possibilities. We see this traversing and entangled system exemplified at every turn ; and it is not so apt to take us by surprise in the case of great temporal or even ecclesiastical rulers, as where the Burgraf of Nurnberg in the absence of local facilities is found with liberty to strike money for the city at a distance. It was an inversion of the Merovingian plan, by which, as we judge, the moneyer brought his primitive apparatus to every man's door. In the Catalogues we have already dealt with all the principal numismatic features of this division either under the one or the other head. We have to add here, that, in common with Silesia and the rest of the great battlefield, the Palatinate issued in or about 1621 uniface copper hellers of flimsy fabric for public convenience from more than one mint, and that no expedient was neglected, and no scrupl-e used, to obtain, during that desperate and murderous struggle in the name of Religion, the material for pay- ing the expenses of the campaign. The collector should be aware that there is money coined by Christian of Bruns- wick out of the silver shrine of the Cathedral of Paderborn with the legend : TJie fiHend of God and the enemy of the priests, and pieces with Altej^a restat, struck on the amputa- tion of the King's left arm, to signify that his right one remained to him for use. We call attention to the interesting coinage of the princely house of Fugger, the curiously archaic work on some of the thalers of Leuchtenberg, of which none is later than 1555, and to the fine Augsburgh inauguration- piece of the Emperor Francis I. in 1745. Some of the earlier money of Nurnberg is deserving of attention ; the license to strike in gold dates from 1390. A ducat in that metal of 1 6 1 8 exhibits the St. Laurence type, which was copied at Wismar. The thalers are of various dates : one of 1629 has on the obverse the arms of the Palatinate and Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Enrope 309 on reverse those of Ferdinand II. with his titles. The more recent money down to 1770, among which we find small square gold pieces, sometimes presents a view of the city. We have to refer to the present group or circle the coinage of the Princes of Schwarzenberg, among which the amateur will meet with a few highly attractive pieces. We may cite a thaler of 1696 with the accollated busts of the prince and his consort and two crowned shields. The legend on obverse is Ferdinand' Et • Maria • Anna • , and on reverse Princeps • A ' Schwarzenberg Hcercs • Landgravid in Suh. We now find ourselves entering on the threshold of a vast network and honeycomb, of which the central feature constitutes a comparatively insignificant portion, Margravmt, ^-S in this case there is in a larger measure than Duchy, and \^ \y^^ other divisions of Germany, at which we Kingdom. .... . - . . . have been lookmg, irnperiuni, or rather tniperia^ tn iniperio, and the reigning house bore to the minor constitu- ents a relationship purely feudal. Moreover, both here and in the remainder of the Saxon circle, the principle of parti- tion among the more or less numerous members of the ducal family was carried into operation at certain intervals to an extent which tended still farther to decentralise authority ; and altogether, throughout the Middle Ages down to the last century, the Elector of Saxony, like that of Bavaria, was little more than the superior lord and representative before the Diet of the numerous virtually independent sub- sections of the extensive region over which he presided. But the division which is most generally quoted and under- stood is that of 1485 into the Albertine and Ernestine branches. The most ancient possessors of the title of Margraf or The Coins of Etirope Duke of Saxony associated with it that of Burgraf of Magdeburg — a civil office which is enumerated among the honours of the house even in the eighteenth century — and were originally feoffees of the empire, who had perhaps gradually converted a normal municipal preferment into an hereditary administrative trust and rank, or, as in the case of Brandenburgh, purchased the title and fief direct from the superior lord. We trace nothing in the numismatic series prior to an autonomous denarius of Bernhardt I. (973-1010), of which we furnish an engraving in the text. It reads on obverse Bernardhvs Dvx, and on reverse, in retrograde characters,^ In Nomini Domini Amen — a preparation for the Dei Gratia of later reigns. These pieces gradually de- generated, and at last gave way to a system of bracteates, which prevailed during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries over the whole of Saxony, and was adopted by the burgraves of Leisnig, Strehla, and Dohna, on one of whose coins we meet with H\enrims\ D[ei] G\]'atia\ B\urgravius\ The productions of this archaic era emanated from several mints, as we shew elsewhere. Leipsic was a seat of coinage from the twelfth century ; but, as was the case with other modern capitals, it by no means occupied at first a foremost place among the mints of the state. There was no farther development, so far as we are aware, till the opening years of the fourteenth century, which witnessed the introduction of a series of excellently engraved and struck groschen of good silver, usually ascribed to the mint at Klein-Schirma. The earliest which we have seen bear the name of Duke Balthazar (1408), and there are 1 This peculiarity of certain archaic coins may, it is suggested, have proceeded from the neglect of the die-sinker or engraver to provide for the reversal of the type in the striking process. Descriptive Oittline of the Coinages of Eiirope 3 1 1 others of his successors down to Frederic III. or the Wise (1486-1500). Frederic whose prudent government, first in conjunction with relatives, and ultimately alone, promoted the numismatic in common with the political welfare of his country, issued from the mint at Colditz (?) the first Saxon thaler, which was known as the gulden groschen, and of which there are two or three varieties. Of that which we engrave the obverse and reverse are taken from two specimens, where the differences are immaterial, for the sake of the more perfect rendering of the type ; but in a third, which Frederic struck with his own bust and name only, an im- portant novelty occurs in the claim of the duke to be lieutenant-general of the empire. On these coins, and those which succeeded them — an evolution from certain rude productions of Pomerania and Poland, as the latter were 312 The Coins of Europe doubtless imitations of Byzantine models — we have the opportunity of studying an infinite amount of instructive detail in relation to costume, armour, heraldry, and family history ; and the same school of design has preserved to us the names, dress, lineaments, and domestic episodes of other families and dynasties, which played a distinguished and influential part in German political life. The module of the Saxon currency, however, did not so frequently overstep ordinary limits as that of Brunswick ; yet there are a few wide-spread pieces of medallic appearance even in this series. A very fine coin, probably three thalers, of Johann Georg II., 1663, exhibits on obverse the facing full-length figure of the duke, crowned and robed, the mantle partly thrown back, and shewing the armour beneath ; his right hand grasps a sword, while the left rests on a table, holding his gauntlet and casque. The reverse has the gartered shield, surrounded by the escutcheons of the house. The constitutional and dynastic tie between Saxony and Poland during three quarters of a century, wath occasional interruptions, is responsible for a series of Saxon coins struck at Leipsic with the titles of the Electors Frederic Augustus I. and II. and Frederic Christian (1697- 1763) as Kings of Poland {Reges Poloniarunt) ; the shield on the reverse bears the arms of Livonia ; and w^e have to notice the money of the former as Vicar of the empire after the death of the Emperor Joseph in 171 i, where the reading on reverse is: Frid : Aug : Rex Elector & Vicarius Post Mort : lose : Imperat : MDCCXI. The regal assumption was by virtue of his Polish dignity. What may be treated as the conclusion of the old feudal platform is the lengthened succession of currency of the last Elector and first King (i 763-1 827) with a progression of portraits from adolescence to advanced age. There is the thaler of 1764, where he appears as a mere youth, in powerful contrast to the worn lines on the memo- rial coinage of 1827. In the modern series by far the most beautiful production is the war thaler of 1871. But, wealthy as the Saxon currency is in silver, it has not much to shew in gold till we arrive at the seventeenth Desc7dptive OiUlme of the Coinages of Europe 3 1 3 century, and in copper still less — the uniface hellers and pfennigen of Comenz and a few other places, in or about 1622, representing all that we appear to have in the lowest metal. We mention elsewhere the sophienducat of John George L, 16 16; and there is the vicariatducat of 171 i of Frederick Augustus I. ; and the last Elector, prior to his elevation to the higher dignity, issued 5 and 10 thaler pieces, some with, others without, the mark of value. At the Reinmann sale in 1891, No. 208, the first gold ducat of the new kingdom, 1806, fetched 80 marks.^ As far as the old money is concerned, the great recoinage of 1692 inevitably diminished its then existing volume. The formation of this duchy dates back to 1485 ; but within its limits, long prior to the partition of 1484-85, several localities struck money both of bracteate Weimar. Other fabrics, and there are coins of the ancient Counts of Weimar from the thirteenth century. The municipal influence equally prevailed here, and the towns and burgraves enjoyed direct concessions in many instances from the Emperor. There are some interesting and rare thalers of the sixteenth century, and it is perhaps worth while to note that struck (with the half) in 1763 by the Regent-Duchess Amalia, with her very charming portrait. The earliest coinage of Coburg is associated with the Counts of Henneberg, of whose domain the town and its precincts formed part. But the Margraves of Coburg. Brandenburgh and Meissen also employed the mint, and in fact the most ancient coins are those of John, Margraf of Brandenburgh, about 1308. Several other feudal dignitaries, both lay and ecclesiastical, are found striking money at different points within the duchy : the Abbot of Nieuburg had a concession in 993 for a mint at Hagenrode. The more modern grand - duchy of Saxe- Coburg-Gotha originated in 1680 through the division of the estates of Ernest the Pious among his sons. A thaler of 1764 ^ At the same sale indeed the silver convention-gulden of 1808 was carried to 200 marks. 314 The Coins of Europe of Saxe-Gotha reads Frider. III. D.G. Gothan. Saxonvni Dvx. This branch accidentally acquired a special English interest and importance from the alliance between the British Crown and the late Prince Consort, brother of the Grand-Duke Ernest. There are some admirable thalers of the latter, i 8 1 9, 1835, etc., and a very pretty series of copper pieces with a crowned E. All the branches which we here enumerate arose from the periodical redistribution of inheritances among the several male representatives. Saxe-Meiningen became in MehihrfTen ^^^o the portion of Bernard, son of Ernest above Saxe-Coburg- named, who transmitted the property or estates Meinmgen. j^j^ uncle Charles Frederic in 1733. The Saxe-Coburg r a 1 i • • ^ 1 • and house oi Altcnbcrg was extmct m 1672, and its Saaifeld. possessions wcrc divided between Saxe- Weimar Hildburg- Saxe-Gotha. That of Hildburghausen was hausen. formed in 1825, and made Altenberg its capital. Alt^ntferg these princes, besides many minor feudatories, enjoying from various sources the right to a sepa- rate currency, have left numismatic reminiscences of their exist- ence from the twelfth century to the present. The title of Coburg-Meiningen seems to have been limited to the imme- diate successor of Bernard in 1733. Of Saxe-Saalfeld there is only abbatial or urban coinage, dating from a very early period, as in 1350 the abbot ceded his pretensions to the town. When we approach more recent times, Saaifeld is found associated with Coburg ; a thaler of 1794 reads Ernestvs Fridericvs D.G. Ds. Cobvrg Saaifeld ; and on one of I 8 1 7 occurs Ernst Herzog zu Sachsen Coburg ^Lnd Saaifeld, On the whole, there is nothing of great importance to record in connection with these titles or heads. Saxe-Meiningen and Saxe- Altenberg have their own limited currencies, which are not of common occurrence outside the immediate terri- tory or at all events the German frontier. The undivided government of Anhalt was originally a fief created in favour of Henry, son of Bernard, Duke of Saxony, in or about 11 80, and was successively a mar- graviat, county, and duchy. The margraves struck groschen Descriptive OiUline of the Coinages of Ettrope 3 1 5 in the fifteenth century, and received the imperial authority to coin gold in 1503. There are thalers from 1539. The division of the house into branches seems to Anhalt-Dessau. , , , . . ^ \Tr i Bernburg. have taken place m 1003. We have m our Coethen. hands a small copper piece of Anhalt-Dessau, belonging to that epoch, as well as a jubileums- thaler commemorating the partition of 1603 and the reunion for constitutional and financial purposes in 1863.^ The bear passant to left on the money which most usually occurs indi- cates Anhalt-Bernburg. Without exception the coinage of this region is scarce, particularly the gold, even of the last century. This is a house of which there were several branches, all striking money, which is chiefly of the lower denomina- Schwarzburg ^ions, Commencing with bracteates in the thirteenth Schwarzburg- century. The thaler appeared in 1525, and in Rudolstadt. J g^jj obtained from the mines at Golds- thai for the coinage of ducats or florins in that metal. Of the bracteate series the most ancient appear to be the examples with the double circle of pearls specified in a monetary treaty of 1290 between Schlotheim and Muhlhausen, and not directly connected with the duchy. A later issue has a single circle. Two interesting relics of S. Rudolstadt are the mortuary money in memory of the Duchess ^Emilia and the thaler or gulden of medallic fabric of 1796, with the singular type on reverse of the Wild Man and Woman as supporters of the ducal shield. There are thalers of Friedrich Gunther of S. Rudolstadt of i 8 i 2, 1858, 1866, and, doubtless, other years. That of I 8 1 2 is a convention-piece, of which the reverse is from the same die as was used for Reuss, etc., and in fact the sole difference is in the obverses of this issue with the portraits and special titles. They all probably came from a common mint — Leipsic ? — under Franco-Saxon auspices. The within-named principality, divided at an early date into four branches, and at present into two, Senioi' and Junior^ has issued from the twelfth century down- Rcuss. ward a very considerable body of money, which is seldom seen in England, and does not often present itself 1 But Anhalt-Zerbst became extinct in 1793. 3i6 The Coins of Ett^^ope in continental catalogues. The original currency was on the bracteate system : one belonging to the Plauen line has Hadupui. for Hen7ncus Advocatus de Plauen, indicating the lay administrator of that province. There is a great risk of confusion among the more archaic Reuss money through the fifty or sixty persons of the name of Henry who have borne the title, and, again, through the anonymous character of many of the pieces. On some of those struck at Schleiz we observe the head of the aurochs or bull, a type so prevalent in Mecklemburgh, and here it occurs with the addition of a flying fish above it or in the hands of a bearer, who may be intended for the Count of Lobdeburg, issuer of the coin ; the symbol seems to point to an early religious or sacrificial idea, which was once very widely spread, and seems to have travelled westward from Moldavia or Bog- dana, where we observe the same thing on the money of the mediaeval voivodes. We get the flying fish again at Bergau in Saxony. With the intricate territorial divisions and periodical readjustments of this domain w^e are of course unable to deal . , ^ , at lencrth. In i ^6q the house, tracing; its brunswick-Liuneburg. . ^ ~> ^ ^ «z> Grubenhagen. rise from the earlier half of the thirteenth Gottingen. ccnturv, branched into two stems, Dannen- Calenberg. ' ' Wolfenbiittel. berg and Liineburg, subsequently Hanover. CelleorZell. ^^jj^ jj^^ commenced in 1546, and merged in that of Calenberg in 1705. The Liineburg one eventually surpassed all the others in weight and consequence, owing to the succession of the Elector George Louis in 1714 to the throne of Great Britain as the next heir of the Electress Sophia. From a numismatic point of view, however, the leading consideration is the relationship of the duchy to the border- ing or allied coinages before it acquired an independent existence, and the probability seems to be that its currency was at first in common with that of Saxony, and emanated from the mints at Liineburg and Ebsdorf or Ebsdorp in the vicinity. The primitive denarii with the name of Bernhard (973-1010) afford no clue to the region of origin ; but there Brunswick-Liineburg : triple thaler, 1657. 3 1 8 The Coins of Ettrope are others of Bernhard II. {c. lO 10-60) with Livnibvrhc and supposed restrikes or imitations in the eleventh century of similar pieces exhibiting the name of Vichmann or Wigman II. (944-67). Why, if such were the case, money of the See p. 231. tenth century was reproduced in the following one, we do not learn ; but we know that from the latter date the obscurity and difficulty decrease. The fifteenth century witnessed the introduction of the grosch and the thaler at Brunswick, and the dukes associated themselves in course of time with some of the noblest and grandest monuments in Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 3 1 9 the entire German series. All collectors must become aware of the large, wide-spread silver pieces coined from the Hartz mines, and in many instances stamped with values from to 4 thalers. Of the same coin specimens may be seen with and without the current rate, as if the process had been an afterthought. One with an equestrian portrait of the Elector Augustus, 1664, has the stamp beneath the feet of the horse, while a second, of 1655, is unmarked. But from about i 538 down to the last century this picturesque and luxurious coin- age proceeded almost without interruption and with infinite variety of treatment. The portraits of the dukes are excellent, and are quite equal to the contemporary Italian work alike in the boldness and freedom of touch and in the truthfulness to life. Besides the Anglo-Hanoverian coinage noticed below, pieces struck by the Elector George Louis shortly before his succession to the British Crow^n should be interesting to the English and American collector : there is the very fine thaler of I 7 1 3 with the reverse legend In Recto Decus, Equally in Brunswick and in Saxony the remains of gold currency are scanty, nor do the evidences authorise us to suppose that the metal was ever extensively employed. The imperial con- cessions in this respect are limited to Emden, Goslar, Liine- burg, and one or two other towns, without any proof of the participation of the dukes in the movement. This kingdom, which evolved from Brunswick-Liincburg, and dates only from 18 14, was an appanage of the British Crown till the death of William IV. in 1837. There Hanover. . . ^ IS a comage of George V. including a 5 -thaler piece from the Hartz gold of 1853. But as an electorate Hanover produced a copious store and succession of money in all metals, the gold pieces, especially of George I., being scarce. We may particularise the Elector guinea of 17 14, 320 The Coins of Europe the 4-gulden of 1752, and the ducat of 181 5. Much fuller information than we can afford to give is furnished in the elaborate volume by Mr. Atkins on Colonial Money. But independently of the duchy and monarchy, the pro- vince, and the town of Hanover or Alstadt itself, constituted the site of many early mints and the source of a plentiful and varied coinage, bearing the names of seigneurs, towns, and religious establishments, among them being Aurich, Diepholz, Gottingen, Goslar, Hildesheim, Osnabriick, and 9 Pfennigen of Osnabriick, 1625. the Counts of Bentheim and East Friesland. Of the several places of coinage within this area our Catalogue supplies particulars. Hildesheim, which has experienced two periods of prosperity, and preserves many traces of its former im- portance, is associated with the famous 4-ducat piece of Charles V., 1528. All the money of East Friesland is rare, especially the gold. The series appears to extend from the middle of the fifteenth to that of the eighteenth century. There are two remarkable pattern thalers of Enno HI., 16 14 and 16 1 6, struck on square flans. A gold ducat of Karl Edzard, 1737, with a bust to right, reads on obverse Carolvs Edzardvs D - G • Pr • Fris • Or • and on reverse Dominvs Essi Et Witiii. The shield is of six quarterings ; in the fifth appears the crowned bull. The prince was also Lord of Essen and Wittmund. At one time an independent fief of the Counts or Graven of Rustringen, this province and eventually grand-duchy has ^ ^ , successively followed the fortunes , of Denmark, Oldenburgh. . 1 ^ ttt- 1 • • 1 1 • Russia, and Germany. Withm its boundaries we count five mints, one or two of great antiquity. The Descriptive Oittlhie of the Coinages of Europe 321 seigneurs or herren of Jever are supposed to have struck money there in the eleventh century, and Wildeshausen possessed an episcopal coinage in the twelfth. The grand- duke issued in 1806-7, from the mint at St. Petersburgh, gold pieces of 10, 5, and 2\ thalers on the German model. At present and since 1864 part of Prussia, this terri- tory long remained a separate duchy under Johann, son of Albrecht I., Duke of Saxony, and his successors, Lauenburg. ^ . . . . and possessed its own mmts and currency. ihe principal seat of coinage was at Otterndorf Holstein first occurs to our notice as a dependency of the Dukes of Saxony, who governed it by deputy. In 1460 the Estates of Holstein chose the Holstein-Gliick^^^^^ King of Denmark their Count, and the Sonderburg. Emperor Frederic III. in 1474-75 erected Gottorp. .^^^ ^ duchy with full monetary privileges. Holstein was incorporated with Denmark in I 773, and annexed by Prussia in i 864. Kiel appears to have been the most ancient mint, as it received a concession from the Count of Holstein as far back as i 3 i 8, having been pre- viously, perhaps, his own monopoly. Of the three branches there are coins to a limited extent. Altogether the salvage of time has been scanty enough : in many of these extinct or obscure governments political and financial agencies have blindly committed to the crucible for recoinage or conver- sion into bullion not a little of the material and testimony requisite for a continuous numismatic study of the past. T , For some account of the productions of these Lubeck. ^ Hamburgh, three members of the Hanseatic League we may Bremen, j-efer to the previous sections. This division of Northern Germany, parcelled out at an early period into four separate governments, and ultimately Mecklemburgh. consolidated into two grand -duchies, Mecklemburgh-Schwerin. became the seat of numerous places of Strehtz. coinage by virtue of concessions from the ancient dukes or from the Crown. As we pointed out above, a distinctive symbol on many of the civic coins of Wismar, Rostock, and other towns is a bull's head, a peculi- Y 322 The Coins of Europe arity transmitted from the Taurisci, the primitive occupiers of Noricum, and common to Uri in Switzerland, and to Schleiz in the principaHty of Reuss. We have also Urach, one of the two districts out of which Wiirtemburg was originally formed, where the name is supposed to imply the same traditional notion and perhaps worship. There is a very curious and significant pfenning of a seigneur of Werle, struck at Malchin, bearing the emblem, with a cross between the horns. The aurochs was succeeded in some places by the griffin, a type borrowed from Pomerania. Such survivals almost unquestionably point to a primeval order of society, when the life of the pagiLs prevailed, and many obscure forms of religious cult were in use among the remote popula- tion which eventually became the great Teutonic race. The oldest money of Mecklemburgh consisted of brac- teates superseded by pfennings, schillings, and double schill- ings. Of the thaler we do not hear till 1502, during the joint reign of Henry the Pacific and Albert the Fair. Our knowledge of the subject may be, probably is, imperfect ; but there is an apparent absence of continuity and sequence in the series of larger silver ; and we have not met with any thalers between 1502 and 1540, when Henry was reigning alone. There are: a \ thaler of Albert, 1542, struck at Gadebusch, and a thaler of John Albert, i 549. The former is of a special type, ^nd is singularly rare. The obverse reads A\lbertus\ H\erzog\ Z[u] M\eckleniburg?}^ 1542; on the reverse occurs Mo. Nova Gadebvs. The thaler of 1549 is remarkable for the form of the hat worn by the Descriptive Otttlhie of the Coiiiages of Ettrope 323 duke. The earlier example was presumably, from its ex- ceptional character, issued during a political emergency, like the Brandenburgh money of the same period during the pacification of Passau. The historical interest of the later Mecklemburgh cur- rency centres in Wallenstein, or Albrecht von Waldstein, Duke of Mecklemburgh and Friedland, and one of the prominent figures in the Thirty Years' War (1618-48). Of this distinguished man we possess tolerably complete numis- matic evidences extending from 1626 to 1632, in a suc- cession of thalers with his full-face portrait and a 10 florin or ducat piece of 1632, varying in the bust and the drapery. We have seen no other denominations. The thalers belong to 1626 (two varieties), 1627 (do.), 1628 (do.), 1629 (do.), 1630, 163 I, and 1632. There is an abundance of coinage of base alloy connected with Mecklemburgh, not only belonging to the urban cur- rencies of anterior date, but to the perturbed epoch of the Seven Years' War (1756-63). This province first presents itself to our notice as a sort of duchy under the suzerainty of that of Poland, when the separate coinage was restricted to bracteates, of (PommerrT) ^^ich one bears four rudimentary portraits repre- senting the two dukes and their brothers sur- rounding a cross. On some of those pieces we are reminded of the i\nglo - Saxon pennies in the presence of 324 The Coins of Europe the names of moneyers, while on the identity of the sove- reigns we are left to speculation. In the thirteenth century Pomerania formed two divisions, Stettin and Wolgast, each under its own duke. There are pieces reading Dvx Stetin, and Dvc' Wolg. respectively ; and the whole was not united till 1625. But even under the dual rule the coinage, in the latter half of the fifteenth century, received a powerful stimulus, and perhaps attained its climax, as we perceive that in or about 1492 the region was provided with gold, silver, and billon pieces in fair abundance, and was under monetary treaties between the dukes and some of the leading townships. The lower denominations at that time comprised the grosch = i 2 pf , the schilling = 4 pf., the witten = 2 pf., and the vierch (?) = i pf. At a subsequent period, and during the troubles of the seventeenth century, the standard of the money underwent debasement, and in fact never regained its former importance, the Swedish money for this district, though of poor metal, becoming the leading feature, and preserving a good style. An interesting daler of Christina, 1642, exhibits an elaborate coiffure and ruff and the reading on reverse Moneta • Nova • Argent • Dvcatvs • Pomer : Besides Stettin and Wolgast, several other municipal centres lay within these lines in the old days : particularly Stralsund and Riigen. Of Stralsund the chief distinguishing mark is a broad arrowhead ; some of the small pieces are of fine silver, others of lower alloy. The Dukes of Mecklemburgh employed the mint at Stargard and the Margraves of Brandenburgh that at Schievelbein. The actual history of Brandenburgh for our immediate purpose opens with the sale of the margraviat in 1 4 1 5 by the Emperor Sigismund to Frederic of Hohen- Margravia? * zollern, Burgraf of Nurnberg, just as in all likeli- ^"^^ hood the Dukedom and Electorate of Saxony Electorate. 1 1 r 1 n^/r 1 1 Brandenburgh- ^volvcd from the same source at Magdeburg. Anspach. The Original domain was formed out of the ^Ta^h^^' ancient Wendish territory, which probably em- braced the whole of what is now Pomerania, Prussian Saxony, and Prussian Poland, including Branden- Descriptive Otttline of the Coinages of Europe 325 burgh itself, and underwent numerous modifications of frontier and government before it was consolidated with the dukedom of Prussia and other territories into a kingdom in 170 1. Of the reigning houses prior to 1415 there are copious numismatic remains, commencing with bracteates of superior fabric, and subsequently, as we see almost everywhere, deve- loping, under the later margraves, into pfennigen, groschen, thalers, and gold coins, with their divisions. Berlin was from an early date one of the mints with a bear passant to right, or a bear and an eagle ; but it was by no means so largely used as Brandenburgh, Koepnik, and Stendal, or even Frankfort -on -the -Oder. In addition to those in their own immediate territories, the margraves are found striking money in the fourteenth century in Saxony and Pomerania. The groschen and thalers of the sixteenth century are well executed, and usually bear characteristic portraits. Some of the legends of Albert, who incorporated with his ancestral estates those of the Teutonic Order, describe the margraf as Duke of Prussia : a grosch of 1542 has this reading; a thaler of i 549 omits it. We note that in course of time the bear disappears, and the eagle grows more conspicuous and spreads its wings, so as, in the first- named piece, to occupy the greater part of the reverse. When we enter the seventeenth century we are con- fronted with a double thaler of George William (1619-40), where he is said to be Margraf of Brandenburgh and Duke 326 The Coins of EM7^ope of Prussia, Cleves, Juliers, and Berg. It has a three-quarter portrait of the margraf robed and bonneted, grasping sceptre and sword in either hand. The rehearsal of dignities makes it necessary to observe that in 1610 the last Duke of Cleves, Juliers, and Berg had died s.p.^ and that Branden- burgh and Saxony were competitors for the territory. The primary numismatic monuments of the present Prussian monarchy are to be sought in the coinage of the Prussia. Dukes of Massovia (twelfth to thirteenth century). The Teutonic the Knights of the Teutonic Order (12 30-1 5 30), Order. \ o j o n The Duchy, the Margraves of Brandenburgh, and the earlier Kingdom, j^jj^gg Poland. The greater part of Eastern Prussia belonged de facto to the last Power during the fifteenth and two following centuries, and the remainder devolved on Brandenburgh, when the Margraf Albert about I 5 30 took into his own hands the acquisitions of the Teutonic Knights, thus preparing the way, when Poland declined and suffered gradual disintegration, for the higher destinies of the house of Hohenzollern in the then yet distant future. Culm, a Hanse town in Western Prussia, is the sole seat of coinage of which we hear, belonging to the ancient dukes of Massovia, who nevertheless had Warsaw as their capital, and of their currency we have no knowledge. The place was subsequently the chief centre of the Knights, and doubt- less their mint ; for in i 246 the Grand Master granted autho- rity to the town of Elbing to strike pfennings of the Culm type, which could at most be no more than modifications of the original Massovian money. That the dukes and their successors had a coinage we need not hesitate to believe, nor, if it consisted of mute bracteates in lieu of the signed pieces which followed, are we to wonder at its disappearance or the failure of identification. It is at least certain that during more than a century and a half the Grand Masters placed their names and titles on a series of bracteates, schillings of Polish standard (=16 pf ), gold florins and other currency, and that the first to whom any coins can be con- fidently assigned, Winric von Kniprode (1351-82), thought himself entitled to inscribe on the reverse Moneta Domi- PRUSSIAN COINS, uth-iSth c. Schilling of the Teutonic Order, 14th c. Half-thaler of Maximilian of Bavaria as Administrator of Prussia, 161 2. Copper solidus of Prussia, 1719. Thaler of Frederic the Great, 1785. 328 The Coins of Europe norum Pruci, As the office was elective, we hardly under- stand why he used the expression M agister Winricus Primus on a schilling before us. The later annals of the Order of St. George, or, as it afterwards became, of St. Mary, transport us to a different region — Franconia, where under various auspices, especially those of Maximilian of Bavaria, the Knights preserved a more or less nominal existence down to the commencement of the present century, with the names of Maximilian and others as grand masters or administrators. There is an interesting series from 1587 to 161 8 of thalers, most of which bear the full-length portrait of the Elector, his title as Grand Administrator of Prussia, and an equestrian figure on reverse surrounded by escutcheons. The thaler of 1587 and the \ o{ 1612 appear to be scarce. We have seen the dates 1587, 1603, 1612, 1613, 1614, and 1618. The coinage of Prussia itself, after the formation of the kingdom, partook to some extent of the old Polish character, and indeed there is nothing to be found in the former equal in artistic attraction and mechanical merit to the best period § thaler of Frederic III., Margraf of Brandenburgh subsequently first King of Prussia, of the latter State (i 588-1660). The operations of the mint during the reign of Frederic I. (i 701-13) appear to have been on a frugal scale, and (if we may judge from the small survival) to have been struck in limited numbers, as the coins are uniformly of great rarity. Under the circum- stances it may be desirable to enumerate such denomina- tions as have occurred : — Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 329 Kronungsthaler, i 7 o i . Magdeburger thaler, 1701. Thaler, 1702, 1703, 1704. Gulden, 1704. Thaler, 1705. |- Thaler, 1707. Thaler, 1 7 1 1. His immediate successor, Frederic William I. (1713-40), occurs somewhat more freely on coins, and we meet with the copper solidus, borrowed from Poland, with Solidus Regni Priiss. The experiment, however, does not seem to have outlived the reign, and Frederic II. (1740-85) introduced the pfenning and its multiples. There could be no difficulty, when the art of engraving on metal was so well understood, in producing satisfactory work, and the money both of Frederic II. and his father is alike excellent, while the latter, and the Prussian currency generally henceforth, are plentiful, although it is believed that about the period of the Seven ^ Years' War large quantities of copper groschen were im- ported from England (? Birmingham) into Northern Germany, and the state of the coinage in the Fatherland down to recent times continued to be worse than in any part of the Continent. But attention should be drawn to the rare pattern thaler of 1750, with the head laureated and the bust in armour, and below, in cursive characters, Vive le Roy. The reverse exhibits the crowned eagle, with trophies in sunlight. The province of Posen or Bydgost, subsequently a grand- duchy, contained within it, from at least the thirteenth century, several mints under Polish control or in Posen. the employment of that state. Of these some account is given elsewhere. Posen fell, on the partition of Poland, to the share of Prussia, w^as annexed to the Saxon grand-duchy of Warsaw by Napoleon, and reverted to its former masters in 181 5. A 3 -groschen piece of 1816 of Prussian fabric may be part of the earliest issue after the restoration by the Treaty of Vienna. A considerable share of the Saxon territory, constituting parcels of the kingdom of Prussia and the present German Empire, was lost by the adherence of the last Elector and 330 The Coins of Europe first King to the cause of Napoleon, and included the ancestral estates of the ancient dukes. The most impor- Prussian ^^^^ centres are Magdeburg, Halberstadt, Halle, ^Sa^ony : ^ Stendal, Mansfeld, Stolberg, Wittenberg, Erfurt, Magdeburg, and Muhlhausen ; but the acquisition compre- (2) Ciixle of hended the whole of the Saxon palatinate as well Merseburg, (3) Circle of as Thuringen, and completely shifted the balance Erfurt. power from one monarchy to the other, although even under the former regime the germ of Prussian ascend- ency, Brandenburgh, had exercised influence within this range, and had seats of coinage at several points. From 1 8 1 5 the prestige of Saxony may be considered as extin- guished or eclipsed. The descendants of the Burgraf of Magdeburg did not, as in the somewhat parallel case of the house of Savoy, acquire an indemnity elsewhere. We have called attention in our Catalogues to the more remarkable productions, numismatically speaking, of this region, of which the most conspicuous belong, perhaps, to Mansfeld and Stolberg. The former is certainly an interesting if a rather monotonous series, extending from i 5 2 i to about 1790, and is seldom to be found in even tolerable preserva- tion. The early gold money is of peculiar rarity. The coinage of Stolberg, which embraces or concerns more than one branch of that house, is almost equally unvaried, bear- ing a stag on one side and a shield on the other, the horns of the animal usually entangled in a column ; but the most ancient examples — mute uniface bracteates — exhibit only Desndptive Out line of the Comages of Europe 331 a stag to left ; these were succeeded by pfennings, also struck on one side, with a stag's head and Stol. or Stalb., Gold florin. and in due course we meet with the albus, kreutzer, batz, thaler and half thaler, and gold florin. They are all scarce, especially the bracteates and the gold. The province of Silesia, of which the first mention in modern history connects it with Poland, belonged in turn to that dukedom, to Bohemia, Austria, and Prussia, Schkslen representing the gain of Frederick the Great from the Seven Years' War. The most remote and primitive currency associated with a region which at more than one time felt the influence of Scandinavian conquest and ascendency, presents itself, as usual, in the shape of brac- teates of difficult attribution ; and a considerable number of mints within this geographical area gradually yielded im- proved and varied types, while they formed a common ground or source for the monetary requirements of many beyond the border. The bulk of the old Silesian coinage, however, may be said to have been of an urban character from the 14th century. Three of the leading mints were Wratislav or Breslau, Glatz, and Schweidnitz ; and the first was the place of origin of a long episcopal series in all metals 332 The Coins of Europe dating from the thirteenth century. It is stated that the Emperor Charles IV. accorded to the town in 1360 the right of striking gold of the Bohemian type. There was also money in this metal of the prince-bishops, and siege-pieces in copper of more than one kind and denomination, as a reference to the previous sections will shew. II. AUSTRIA It is well known that during some centuries Austria, the Eastern March or Mark, was governed by margraves and dukes, and that after certain political vicissitudes it passed into the possession of the house of Hapsburg. Under that great and long-lived dynasty the country gradually augmented its territory by cession, inheritance, or conquest, until the original domain represented little more than a province of the Holy Roman Empire, and the Hapsburgs extended their sway over the Tyrol, Bohemia, Hungary, Transylvania, and a share of Poland ; over Spain and a con- siderable part of Italy and the Netherlands ; and over Istria, Carinthia, Carniola, Moravia, and Styria. The title of the Holy Roman Empire was derived from the succession to the throne of St. Stephen of Hungary. Down to the beginning of the present century Austria was the grand centre and rallying- point of an immense dominion, second only to Russia in area, and far superior to the latter in wealth and importance. The course of modern events has sensibly tended in general to reduce the Austrian outlying dominions, and her sovereign no longer reigns in Italy, Sardinia, Spain, and the Low Countries. Burgundy had ceased to be an actual portion of the empire long before it disappeared from the array of titles on the older money. Necessarily confining our attention to the immediate question, we discover nothing more ambitious or interesting in the present series than bracteates and denarii, which remain Descriptive Otttline of the Coinages of Europe 333 uninscribed down to the middle of the thirteenth century, when a denarius occurs with Imfator. F. and a crowned eagle on reverse, attributed to the Emperor Frederic II. deposed in 1246. All the evidences help to establish that the output during this archaic era must have been equally prolific and diversified ; and while legends are missing, there is no lack of characteristic symbols and rude ideal portraits enclosed in a floriated tressure and variously treated : in one a crowned figure holds a sceptre and a falcon ; in another we see an eagle with a human visage ; and in a third there is a stag's head, as on some of the money of Stolberg. The favourite Florentine gold type was adopted about 1330, and from 1457 more explicit legends and dates, with higher deno- minations, contribute to form a new epoch in the coinage. At this point of time the principal mints were Enns, Linz, Graetz, and Neustadt. Already on coins of the Emperor Frederic III. (1442-93) the somewhat arrogant motto, subse- quently repeated by Charles V., presents itself : A\quild\ E\lecta\ I\uste\ 0\innia\ V[indi]. But it was reserved for the successor of this prince, the Arch-Duke Maximilian I. (1493-15 19), to identify his name and country with those superb specimens of medallic art, the schauthaler of 1479 in its two or three varieties, and those which followed it, after the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482, down to i 5 I 8. The 4-ducat piece of Charles V., 1528, may be accounted part of this fine series, which was carried down to the present century by the very carefully engraved thalers and their m.ultiples in gold of Francis II. (I. of Austria) as late as 1829. Cognisance ought to be taken of the one issued as money of necessity during the struggle with France, with Franc - II - D - G - Conservator Castri • i 804, and on reverse Mon ' Nov • Castri - Friedberg : on the obverse occurs the two-headed eagle crowned, holding a shield in either claw^, and V. E, F, Marck ; and on reverse a horseman spearing a fallen enemy, the castle of Burg-Friedberg in the back- ground : m.m. F. But to the intervening period we have to refer a splendid assortment of coins in all metals struck by the 334 The Coins of Ettrope Holy Roman emperors from Ferdinand I., brother of Charles v., to Leopold II. (1521-1792); particularly the thalers and double thalers of Ferdinand (of which considerable numbers have been recently found), Rodolph II., Leopold I. and Claudia de' Medici with their busts accollated ; Joseph I., Francis L (struck at Augsburgh, 1745), and Maria Theresa. In addition to the ordinary currency of the last- named sovereign, we have not only that for the provinces and dependencies, but the ubiquitous thaler of 1780, which is accepted in China, Abyssinia, and Ashantee, and occurs countermarked with Chinese characters,^ and the beautiful jubilee piece of 1888, produced under the auspices of the Numismatic Society of Vienna. Collectors should be aware that there are two varieties of this noble thaler, one with a plain, the other with an inscribed edge. The coinage of Francis Joseph, which goes back to 1848, of which year there is, however, a coinage of his uncle and predecessor Ferdinand, has accumulated into a voluminous assemblage of types and denominations, among which we may cite the 20-kreutzer piece of 1852 with the head to left. In copper Austria lagged far behind her neighbours and contemporaries, and for the arch-duchy and empire appears to have possessed nothing prior to Maria Theresa. The employment of this metal to any appreciable extent began in 1800, when we have a series of 6, 3, i, 1, and \ kreutzer. There are subsequent issues of 30 and 15 kreutzer, 1807, Emperor of Austria (money of necessity), of i, and 3 kreutzer, i 8 i 2 ; of 1, ^, and i kreutzer, i 8 1 6 ; of 2 kreut- zer (of large, thick fabric), 1848; of \, \, i, 2, and 3 kreutzer, 1851 ; of 4 kreutzer, 1861, and doubtless others intermediately. At present, the resort to bronze has become a regular institution, and since 1858 the Austrian silver florin has been computed as = 100 kreutzer, in lieu of 60, according to the old standard. The Austrian Tyrol, which was united to the arch-duchy in the person of Maximilian 1. in 1496 by the death without issue of Sigismund, Margraf of Elsas and Count of the ^ It is periodically restruck from the old dies for commercial use. 336 The Coins of Europe Tyrol, had been governed by independent counts since the thirteenth century. We have before us a denarius of Count ^ ^ Meinhard, who died in 1295, probably struck at TheT}rol. ^^^^^ most Celebrated coins associated with this district are the dickthaler and half thaler of the Arch-Duke Sigismund, 1484, the thaler of Maximilian I., i486, both from the mint at Hall, near Innspruck, and apparently by the same artist, and the convention-money of 1809 issued during the struggle of Andreas Hofer against Napoleon. The half dickthaler of 1484 is peculiarly rare, and its existence has been questioned.^ Goritz, now part of the province of Illyria, possessed during many centuries its own counts and its separate coinage ; and some of the earlier copper pieces of Austrian ^Goerz*^^ origin, next to those of Styria, belong here. A soldo of Charles VI., 1733, is without legend, but is recognised from the arms. The money usually bears the crowned shield on obverse, and the value and date in a cartouche on reverse. But Maria Theresa substituted her portrait on some of the pieces, and Francis II. changed the shield. The value was originally in soldi, afterwards in soldi and kreutzer. The 15 soldi of 1802 was for Goritz. These divisions of the empire, united in 951, had their independent princes and currencies from a very remote date, and even after their incorporation with Austria a Istria and ... , . ^ . Carinthia. special comagc. I he early prmces struck con- Istrien and vcntion-moncy in alliance with their neighbours and the Counts of the Tyrol ; but the later Dukes of Carinthia possessed three mints — Voelkermarkt, Lande- strost, and Saint- Veit. There are also thalers of the Rosen- berg family. The authority to strike money, conferred on the patri- archs by the Emperor Louis II. in 856, is not known to have been carried into effect so far as any extant Aquiieia. {(j^ntifiable pieces are concerned. The known coinage, limited to danari, oboli, piccoli, and bagattini. ^ One occurred at the Dillon sale, 1892, in lot 445. It exactly corresponds in type and module with the thaler. Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 337 extends from 1204 to 1437, when the see was held by Louis, Duke of Teck or Teschen. The independent Dukes of Carinthia had their mint at Carniola or Laibach. Special money was struck by the Krain. former Emperors of Austria for the duchy. A margraviat, with denarii and pfennings, from the tenth to the fifteenth century. After the union with Austria the title appeared among those on some MTehren^' of the coins of the arch-dukes, the multiplicity of their dignities rendering it difficult to include the whole story on every piece or issue. Probably the money, where Moravia is specified, was intended for circulation there, and the later Emperors of Germany struck special issues for the margraviat. Of all the states composing the Austrian dominions Styria becomes the most interesting, when we look at the fact that it seems to have been in advance of the sfe^rmark ^^^^ ^'^^ arch-duchy in its numismatic develop- ment, and to have possessed no money at any period within accessible records except that of its counts, margraves, and dukes, subsequently Dukes of Austria and Styria or Steiermark. The gold coinage dates from 1491, the copper from 1531, the thaler from 1574. The earliest coinage appears to be the type of the denarius with ScJiilt. von Steir. and a panther, which may represent the original autonomous money prior to the final amalgamation with Austria under the Arch-Duke Rodolph about 1278. This margraviat or duchy possessed the heller and batz, the pfenning, the zweier, and dreier, until in 1622 the marqite became the monetary unit, and there were pieces of 150, 75, 48, 15, and 12 marques, 300 marques being approxi- mately — I thaler. In addition to the provincial coinages and those for the Austrian Netherlands and Austrian Italy to be presently described under succeeding sections, we have a piece of 6 kreutzer struck for Farther Austria in 1802, with Vord. Oest. Scheid, Mimz., and another of 7 kreutzer of the same date, with the usual title and no legend on reverse ; and a z 338 The Coins of Eu7^ope profusion of civic and local money proceeding, like that of Northern Germany, from feudal or municipal sources. Some of these special monetary rights were exercised down to the eighteenth or even nineteenth century, as at Auers- perg, Khevenhiiller, Kinsky, Rosenberg, Olmlitz, and Salz- burg ; but the majority disappeared within the seventeenth. All those which enjoy numismatic associations are enumerated in the Catalogue of Mints. In the Salzburg archiepiscopal series, extending from the tenth to the eighteenth century, there is an almost unique maintenance of artistic treatment and careful attention to detail ; and the thalers and double thalers of the Cardinal-Archbishop Mattheus (1521-22) strongly remind us of Holbein. The latest thaler in our hands belongs to 1786. The Bohemian numismatic records, furnished by a succession of coins of the bracteate or the denarius module, open with the tenth century, when the dukedom Bohemia. • 1 • 1 1 1 i • • 1 remamed smgularly unsettled m its tenure, and the list of rulers consists of a roll of obscure names, of whose personality we gain very slight knowledge, until the crown passed to the house of Luxemburgh in 1309. But the surviving types of the mediaeval era deserve and repay study by reason of their great variety of character and the illustration which they seem to convey to us of the ideas a.nd development of a primitive people. It is evident that the earliest moneyers had before them Byzantine types, which they unskilfully copied, and that in course of time a change of feeling led to the introduction of Christian and Popish symbols, as the Temple, the Cross, the Hand, the Bible, and the figure holding a globe, or with conjoined hands adjuring an angel, as well as episodes borrowed from local life, as in a piece where the duke is depicted in con- flict with a bear. Prague was even in such remote days the leading mint. The bracteates, w^hich are of varying dimen- sions, and generally uninscribed, are supposed to be pos- terior to the denarii, and to belong to the later part of the archaic period. The reign of Wenceslas II. (1278- 1305) marked a very notable advance in the coinage, for this king Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 339 received into his employment Florentine engravers, to whom we are indebted for the celebrated and long popular and widely current pragergroschen. But a later monarch, John of Luxemburgh, the blind king, who fell at Cre^y in 1346, carried the national money to still greater perfection, and multiplied the denominations, during his lengthened reign. He usually describes himself as Johannes. Dei. Gra. Rex. Boe. Denarius of John of Luxemburgh (1309-46). Et. Pol. The money became of superior fabric and of less archaic spirit. We know with the name and portrait of this sovereign, whose memory is of Anglo-Gallic interest, or that of St. Wenceslas, the pfenning, the denarius, the grosch, and the gold florin. With Louis I., of the house of Jagellon, the last independent king, the thaler commenced, owing the designation which it has ever since borne to the silver mines of Joachimsthal, according to a tradition which has been generally, though perhaps on insufficient ground, accepted. The main point is that although a coin of this fabric, size, and weight was undoubtedly in existence long Joachimsthaler, 1525. previously to the sixteenth century, there is no apparent proof that the actual denomination was adopted and recog- 340 The Coins of Europe nised. The Bohemian thalers range in date from 1518 to 1525, and were continued by the Counts of Schlick ; there is a double one {doppelter zwitter thaler) of Stephen, I 526. Of the history of the coinage subsequently to the devolution of the crown on Ferdinand of Austria in 1527, there is not much to be predicated beyond the remarkable series of raitgroschen or ritgroschen in copper, struck for this part of the empire about 1570. We have met with the dates 1572, 1583, and 1605 ; the only other salient feature under the present section is the brief and limited currency of Frederic, Count Palatine of the Rhine, during his more or less nominal tenure of the regal title in the years 1619-20. The career of Frederic forms a chapter in the Thirty Years' War ; and from his nearness by marriage to the Stuarts, these numismatic relics derive a special attraction in the eyes of Englishmen and Americans. He appears to have issued nothing beyond silver pieces of 48 and 24 kreutzer. Of the latter there are two distinct types : one dated 16 19, with the lion of Bohemia on reverse and a crown on obverse ; the other with a portrait and a shield of arms, and the date Frederic of Bohemia : 24 kreutzer, 1620. 1620. The larger coin, also belonging to 1620, bears a different bust. All are uncommon. Some of the later Austrian copper money for Bohemia exhibits the value and date on one side and the lion on the other, dispensing with a legend. A pfenning of this class before us has i P. 1758. In the Italian section, under VENICE, we propose to Descriptive O tit line of the Coinages of Europe 341 furnish a short account of this province and city, both of which were long numisn:iatically associated with Dalmatia. Republic. In the Catalogue of Mints several entries refer to these heads. We do not meet with any vestiges of a coinage which can be clearly assigned to this ancient kingdom, which com- ^ mands our respectful sympathy with its struggles imgary. freedom and its former achievements and culture, till we reach the date when St. Stephen sat upon the throne at the close of the tenth century. Of Stephen himself, the founder of the Holy Apostolic Vicariat, we find denarii of good fabric and workmanship and apparently of Western origin ; and his successors in the eleventh to thirteenth century adhered to the same description of currency — the Andrew, King of Hungary, 1047-61. Denarius. denarius and its divisions. In the course of the reign of Bela IV. (1235-60) and Stephen V. (1260-72), as one fruit of the Mongol invasion of 1241-42, and the contact which it involved with Oriental or at least Byzantine habits, the Government of Hungary was led to introduce into the dominions a curious copper currency imitated from that of Constantinople in respect to module and style, but exhibit- ing, on the reverse Christ or the Virgin enthroned. These coins, of which there are varieties, do not appear to have 342 The Coins of Europe been continued beyond the following reign. It is on the money of Bela that the name of the country first appears in full ; and he describes himself indifferently as Dux Ungarie and Rex Sclavonic. The gold coinage of Hungary seems to have commenced about 1309 with Charles Robert of Anjou, who issued a florin or ducat 200 denarii or 400 obuli, on the model of those of Florence ; and the series was carried down to the present time by his successors the rulers ot Hungary and Austria-Hungary. Of the celebrated Matthias Corvinus {1458-90), founder of the Library at Buda, there are at least two types, which we ascribe to the mint at Jagerndorf or Carnow ; and the original Italian prototype was gradually lost, the Hungarian piece serving in its turn as a pattern for the moneyers of Italy and the Netherlands. On the ducats of Corvinus, as on some of the early Bavarian currency, one side presents the name of a canonised monarch centuries after his death ; and we find pieces struck in the name of the Waiwode of Bosnia, as legate of the Hungarian crown, styling him Vicar of the Kingdom of Lladislas. It may be interesting to note that the effigy of St. Lladislas holding a globe, found on one of the early types, resembles the pattern on the reverses of certain Bolognese scudi of the fourteenth Cfentury, and this conception survived in the more modern orb. Down to the time of Lladislas VI. (1490-15 16) the currency consisted of the gold florin, the grossus or grosch, denarius, obulus and half obulus in silver, and perhaps the old copper money above mentioned, unless it was with- drawn. Between this epoch and the annexation to Austria, which did not come into full effect till the end of the six- teenth century, the thaler was added, with its divisions and Gold ducat of Corvinus. Descriptive Otitline of the Coinages of Europe 343 multiples, and an aureus equivalent to twelve florins, the last probably as a piece de plaisir. The monetary system had then attained a high state of development. We have heard of the Italian workman employed by a thirteenth-century King of Bohemia : Matthias Corvinus obtained artists from the same source, whom we find him recommending to the Czar of Muscovy ; and the mints, which were numerous, and varied under different reigns, were subject to the control of a Count of the Chamber, whose name, with the place of coinage or mark, appeared as part of the die. The thalers of Lladislas VI. have Kremitz and Tvrso [Kremnitz and the director Johann Turso]. The m.m. is usually the initial letter of the locality. The Austrian administrators preserved to a large extent the local or native complexion of the money from their first entrance on the ground down to the present century. The coins of the emperors for this region, till we come to some of the more recent issues of Francis Joseph, continue to exhibit the Hungarian type of the Virgin and Child and the full-length figure of the sovereign, crowned and robed, with sceptre and orb. On the reverse of a florin of Maria Theresa, 1754, she appears girt with a sword, suggestive of the repug- nance of the Magyars to female sway. The copper money, during that and the following reigns, was composed of the poltur, gresch, and krajczar. There are pieces of I and 3 krajczar in 1848; but from 1868 dates a coinage closely resembling that for the rest of the empire, except that the reverse shews a quartered escutcheon, surmounted by the crown, with angels as supporters. It remains to be pointed out that long after the titular ^ amalgamation of Hungary with Austria the political and administrative union was very incomplete and precarious ; and the formal embodiment of 1867 betrayed a sense of uneasiness and insecurity on the part of the house of Haps- ^ We have more than once had occasion to accentuate the wide discrepancy between nominal and possessory sovereignty as indicated in legends ; and we must observe that the titles and dignities of some of the earlier European princes became so multiplied, and often so unreal, that it was thought sufficient to enumerate them to a large extent by initials. 344 The Coins of Etirope burg. It may not therefore be at all surprising that for a Transylvania considerable space of time the Austrians held or Steben- disputed possession of a territory occupied by burgen. j^alous and turbulent feudatories and bordered by such neighbours as the independent waiwodes or voivodes of Transylvania, who retained under their government a large portion of the kingdom, and might naturally be more accept- able to the Hungarians than the German conquerors. Conse- quently from the moment when the Magyars were first handed over to Ferdinand of Austria about 1526 to the beginning of the eighteenth century, the annals of the waiwodes run parallel with those of the German sovereigns ; and it may be received as evidence of the preponderant power of the former, that the coinage for Hungary within that epoch was that of the waiwodes rather than that of the emperors, and that currency in all metals, bearing their titles, was struck at the recognised native mints. We possess a singularly instructive and picturesque, and nearly unbroken, succession of money, chiefly following the familiar lines at first, and subsequently diverging into a more original style, as on the curious thalers of Sigismund Bathori about i 590, or borrowing from the Polish types, as on a copper solidus of 1591 and a silver 3-groschen piece of 1606. An invariable accessory to the portraits, so far as we have been able to examine them, is the aigret or heron's crest, which seems to occupy the place of a crown or fillet. The titles readable on the Transylvanian coins differ under various reigns, and seem to have been governed by current circumstances. Both on those of early date men- tioned below and of the seventeenth century from about 1620 to 1660, the legends claim on behalf of the prince to be King-elect of parts of Hungary, Prince of Transylvania, Desanptive Otttline of the Coinages of Eui^ope 345 Moldavia, and Wallachia, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, etc. A thaler of Gabriel Bethlen Gabor (161 3-1630), struck in 1 62 I, declares him D - G - El - Hvngarice Dal\_matice\ Cr\oaticB\ Sch^lavomce] Rex, [and on reverse] T^^ans • Prin- ceps et Sicvlor Com. One of George Racoczi, 1657, limits the pretension over Hungary to the lordship of parts of that kingdom {^Par. Reg. Hvn. Doin.), while, going back to 1593, Sigismund Bathori is simply called Prince of Transylvania. Of the older Hungarian and Transylvanian numismatic productions the salvage can amount to no more than a fraction of the original coinage, which has probably shared the fate of all similar monuments at the hands of conquerors anxious at the least cost to efface the vestiges of former independence. We meet sparingly enough with the money of necessity appertaining to the last struggle of 1704-7- 11 of the Waiwode Franz H. Racoczy against Austria after the Treaty of Carlowitz (1699), and still more so with that of earlier days, when Johann Sigismund Zapoly (1540-71) was endeavouring to hold his ground in turn against Fer- dinand I. and Maximilian H. (1562-65). There are uniface thalers with I\ohannes\ E\lectus\ R\ex\ V\itgarice'\ and a second with I o\Iiafmes\ Se\^pucius\ Rex • Vn beneath which occurs the Transylvanian bear perched on its haunches, dividing a crescent and star, and the date 1565. The poltur series comprises 1,4, 10, and 20 poltura with the crowned arms separating the date on obverse, and the value in a cartouche on reverse below the words Pro Libertate, When 346 The Corns of Europe a gold ducat of the Emperor Charles VI. in 1732 enumer- ated very conspicuously and unusually among the titles that of Prince of Transylvania, the struggle for independence and autonomy in that direction had been, for the time at least, abandoned. The siege-pieces of Ferdinand I., 1552, for the Turkish War, and those of Kossuth, 1848-49, are referrible to Hungary proper, no less than a short series of thalers displaying the names and arms of the princely family of Batthyani (1764- 1806). III. SWITZERLAND A limited number of the Merovingian trientes have come down to us with indications of having originated in Helvetia, while it was still a somewhat loose geographical expression, and belonged to different Celtic or Prankish masters. These coins possess no clue to the sovereign by whose authority they were issued, but disclose the moneyer and mint, agree- ably to the practice so widely diffused over the area where they circulated ; and we perceive that, after the Gothic era, of which there are apparently no reliable numismatic vestiges, the seats of coinage were Avenches, Basle, Elgg, Geneva, Lausanne, St. Moritz, Yverdun, Sitten, Vevey, Windisch, and Zurich. But in this, as in other parts of Western Europe, the inhabitants long continued to utilise the Roman currency. Posterior to the Merovingian period the chief mints were Basle, Chur, Zurich, and Bellinzona in Uri. The natural difficulties of the country became an early source of freedom, and after a series of almost miraculous victories over the Germans, French, and Burgundians, between 131 5 and 1476, the national independence was virtually secured. During centuries, however, Switzerland remained a common or neutral soil for the production of a manifold variety of coins by laymen and ecclesiastics, whose territory or estates were situated on its borders as well as within its frontier ; and it Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 347 should be recollected that the original number and super- ficial area of the Cantons were alike very limited, and that in the earlier military movements, in resistance to foreign aggression, only Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwald took up arms. The Confederation, even as existing and recognised in 1499 and 1648, was therefore apt to find an inheritance of vested rights in regard to monetary questions among other matters ; and these were generally left undisturbed where the main issue and object were the common defence against external attack, and the public resources were barely sufficient for that purpose. While the ethnological associations of the Swiss have always been German, and the country more properly belongs to the Teutonic than the Latin group of States, the inhabitants of this region, since the treaty with France in 15 16, have shown a tendency to favour their French neighbours, and in 1798 placed themselves under the protection of Napoleon. The Helvetic Republic, as it was termed, lasted from that date to 1803, and was composed of 19 cantons, exclu- sively of that of Sarine and Broye. By the pacte of i 8 1 5 the number was carried to 22. In 1833 the decimal system, and in i 848 an uniform Federal coinage, was adopted. In 1865 Switzerland joined the Latin Monetary Convention. Switzerland reflects in its vast and multifarious coinage its political neutrality. It has borrowed from time to time types and denominations from all the nationalities surround- ing it. A collection of money of the Cantons will be found to embrace the assis, the batz, the sol, the denier, the par- paillot, the franc, the centime, the kreutzer, the schilling, the vierer, the thaler, the piecette [pezzetta], the ducat, the blutzger, the angster, the pistole, the oirtli, the haller, the funfer, the pfennig, and the grosch. The numismatic system may be broadly divided into three periods of very unequal duration: (i) the separate Cantonal coinage ; (2) that of the Helvetic Republic, 1798- I 804, which was overlapped by a short revival of the former regime; (3) the new Federal coinage of 1848 on the decimal principle adopted by Geneva in 1794, and by the 348 The Coins of Europe Confederation in 1833. Of the second and third periods all that can be said is, that the Helvetic Republic identified itself with a very handsome and well -engraved series of pieces in gold and silver/ some of which survived the return to the former political constitution, and that the acceptance of uniformity yielded, on the whole, a disappointing result, and has awakened an agitation for repeal, in order to enable each canton to choose its own type, and to make each currency legal tender throughout the Union. It deserves to be recollected that so far back as 1344, and again in 1450, Zurich took the initiative in promoting a similar scheme ; in the first instance without success, and in the second with no permanent fruits. Geneva, two years only after its accession to the federal Bond, established on its own account (1535) a monetary basis, in which the florin ( = 27th part of a marc of Cologne standard) was divided into i 2 sols, the sol into 1 2 deniers, the denier into 2 oboles, and the obole into 2 pites or pougeoises. There were also periodical approaches to a common understanding in the shape of conventions among certain cantons for terms of years. But there was no general accord till 1848. The solid interest and value attendant on a study of this series are almost restricted to the independent work of the Cantons from the Bracteate era — one peculiarly rich in this case — to the middle of the seventeenth century. We have already entered into tolerably copious particulars of the labours and product of the seats of coinage, with which the territory abounded in former days, and have shewn how the same place not unfrequently served two or even three 1 See Catalogue of Denominations, vv, " Batz " and "Frank." Descriptive Out line of the Coinages of Europe 349 employers at one time. For instance, Chur in the beginning of the seventeenth century was striking money concurrently for the see, the city, and the feudal lord of Schauenstein- Ehrenfels in right of his lands in Haldenstein and Lichten- stein acquired in 1 608 ; and Schaffhausen and Saint-Maurice- Valais were during a long period open to various external patrons under ancient imperial concessions or by virtue of prescription. The two agencies which chiefly contributed to demoralise the Swiss coinage, prior to the French Revolution and the rise of the Helvetic Republic, were the Thirty and Seven Years' Wars, which led Switzerland to lower its own standard in the inferior or mixed metals to obviate the danger of being hampered by the deluge of coins of base alloy cir- culating throughout Northern Germany. The effect outlived the cause ; and the consequence is before us in a large volume of uninviting examples, representing the ordinary medium of exchange during upwards of a century and a half (1620- 1790). The connoisseur may profitably turn over the pages of the Townshend Catalogue,^ where we see the vast, yet imperfect, gleanings of a life, or glance through some of the public collections at Zurich and elsewhere ; and he will perhaps conclude that a select representative group of the three or four epochs above indicated is sufficient to satisfy ordinary curiosity and enthusiasm. The debasement of the coinage and scarcity of specie in the higher values wxre sensibly felt both before and after the revolutionary era, and the Swiss admitted, within living memory, the French louis d'or and the Napoleon in the absence of an adequate local supply, and indeed continue to take the 20 and 5 franc pieces of the Third Republic pari passu with their own new gold issues. The financial exigencies of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries had the effect of reducing the stock of old silver currency and checking the output of 1 A Descriptive Catalogue of Swiss Coins in the South Kensington Museum, bequeathed by the Reverend Chauncy Hare Townshend. Edited by R. S. Poole. Royal 8vo, 1878. The student will find it useful to refer to Ed. Jenner, Die Mi'mzen Der Schweiz, 8vo, Berne, 1879, where he will meet with many examples and issues not in the other work. 350 The Coins of Ettrope new ; and the countermarked ecus of Louis XVI. for some of the cantons demonstrate the course taken to meet the dilemma. These pieces, of which an enormous number were at that time in the country, were found in many instances of deficient weight, and the cantons stamped, to pass current for 39 or 40 batzen, only such as were found to bear the test of the scales. They have become very uncommon, plentiful as they must have at the outset been. There is scarcely any European series more difficult to procure on an extensive scale or with an aim at complete- ness even within definite limits ; and the catalogue of rarities alone ^ would be a long one. One might take Zurich separately, or any other leading centre of production, and exhaust his patience and resources in gathering together the numismatic treasures of the best period — the middle of the sixteenth century, where, from 1554 to 1561, the most interesting thalers appeared. But even down to a later date the large silver pieces, including those of Zurich and Basle, with views of the cities, are well executed, and will bear comparison with the contemporary work of other European states ; and the same may be said of the gold. It is in the billon money, which constitutes so heavy a percentage of the whole, that the series fails. Of the Counts of Greierz or Gruyere, to whom the right of coinage was conceded by the Emperor Wenceslas II. in 1396, no numismatic evidences appear to be forthcoming 1 Compare Catalogues of Mints and Denominations, passim. Descidptive Outline of the Coinages of Enrope 3 5 1 except a billon sol of 1552, of which there is a pattern in gold (Townshend Collection, p. 632), of Michael, Count and Prince of Gruyere from 1539 to 1554. This piece reads Mychael • Prin - Et - Co : Gj'ver • It may be mentioned that the canton and city of Miihlhausen, although received into the Swiss Union in 1 5 15, and a free city since 1422, is not known to have struck money otherwise than between 1622 and 1625, in pursuance of the contract with two moneyers, Weitnauer and Falkner, who engaged to observe the Basle standard. The Townshend collection has only two examples of the mint: a gulden and double gulden of 1623, both with Moneta • Nova • Milhvsina • The names of many of the mint-masters and engravers have been preserved, and may be seen in Mr. Poole's Catalogue. The rarities in the series are numerous, and setting aside the Chur episcopal denier of Heinrich von Arbon (1180-93), the gold dicken of Berne, 1492, the St. Gallen plappart of 1424, the so-called ecu d'or sol of Geneva about 1550, and a few other nuggets, we may perhaps not be far from the truth in affirming that the early money generally, but especially the gold, and the whole coinage down to the last century in a high state of preservation, offer almost insur- mountable difficulties to collectors. In the Townshend cabinet a large percentage is in indifferent condition, and there are innumerable lacunce. The collection is not only deficient in many rarities, but in ordinary pieces of the earlier part of the present century. We must not overlook a scarce 24-kreutzer piece struck for the ephemeral canton of Sarine and Broye, formed out of Fribourg in February 1789, and reunited to it, 30th May in the same year. 352 The Corns of Europe IV. POLAND The Poles, like the Russians, probably employed skins in commerce as media of exchange. But in some instances at least, so far as we know, they were accustomed to use only the scalp of the animal {pellzailum de capitibus). The metallic currency begins with the tenth century, and continues in the form of esterlings or denarii of good silver, of which occasional troitvailles occur, down to the period of the union of Poland and Livonia under the house of Jagellon. The strong Jewish and Arab elements in the early political and social constitution of Eastern Europe account for the presence of Hebrew and Arabic inscriptions on certain bracteates and other pieces belonging to this region, and presumably struck or made current for the convenience and use of early Oriental traders frequenting the towns and the periodical fairs. They appear to be of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and one bears on the opposite sides the names of a caliph of Bagdad and of one of the German emperors called Henry — probably Henry VI. This circumstance encourages the suspicion that it was a species of convention- money. No appreciable progress is discernible in the coinage prior to the reign of Sigismund I. (i 506-48),^ when the fabric and character underwent an abrupt reform, and the power and prosperity of the country, owing to a more stable govern- ment and the growth of the internal and Baltic commerce, began to reflect themselves in a monetary series, which reached its climax under Sigismund HI. (i 588-1632), but betrayed no symptoms of decline till the close of the seven- teenth century and the death of John HI., Sobieski (1697). The strength of the entire Polish currency centres round Sigismund HI., however, whose moneyers at Riga and Dantzic, throughout the earlier portion of his protracted 1 The name of John of Luxemburgh, King of Bohemia (1309-46), does not occur in the lists of the sovereigns of Poland, yet on his coinage he claims to be Rex. Boe. Et. Pol, Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Ettrope 353 reign, produced a succession of admirable silver and gold types, which supplied models to neighbouring states. It was in i 507, almost exactly at the commencement of the previous reign, that dates were first inserted ; and the practice was strictly followed in conjunction with a second equally important and still more unusual, the mark of value. The year and date appealed even to a not very highly educated community. The thaler of 30 groschen or marques had been intro- duced in 1564 by Sigismund 11. for Livonia, and was continued by Stephen Bathori and the other independent kings down to the close of the autonomy, when the Russian poltina and rouble replaced it. There is a poltina of the Czar Alexander I., 18 14. Of the money of the grand- duchy of Warsaw and the revolutionary movement of 1831 we speak elsewhere. Henri, Due d'Anjou, elected king in 1573, and called to the throne of France in the following year, is not known to have had any distinct Polish coinage ; but down to the last his own money describes him as ruling over both kingdoms; and his gold eciLS are among the earliest pieces in that metal associated with Poland. There is a gold ducat of Sigismund II. (1557) struck at Dantzic, with his crowned bust, and others of variant types of Stephen Bathori, 1580, 1584, 1586; and we have the double and triple ducat with the names of Lladislas (1632-48), John Casimir (1648-68), and Michael Koribut ( 1 668-74). John III., Sobieski (1674-97), had the ducat of which we engrave the issue for 1677, and doubtless the multiples which we have not seen ; and the series extended to 1791, when the end was very near, and the coinage was transferred to Leipsic. This grand-duchy may be regarded as the source of the first aggrandisement of Poland through the marriage of the house of Jagellon or Jagiello to the heiress of the Lithuania or p^jj^j^ throne. The armed horseman on the Livonia. Russian money, eventually developed into St. George and the Dragon, was of Livonian origin, and occurs on the Polish coinage for that province under Alexander I. 2 A POLISH COINS, i6th-i8th c. Sigismund IT.; 3 groschen, 1536. Sigismund III.: 6 groschen, 1596. John III. Sobieski : gold ducat, 1677. Stanislas II., last King of Poland : thaler, 1766. Descriptive OtUline of the Coinages of Eitrope 355 ( 1 501-6), and on later pieces, including an exceedingly rare copper solidus of 1568 — by far the earliest production in that metal yet noticed. The little piece is as it was struck, before it was cut from the sheet of copper by some negligent or defective process, which mutilated two transfers from the die. Livonia was the monetary seat of the Grand Masters of the Fraternity of St. Mary, who struck gold and silver coins . ^ during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries till the ^Li^iia.^^ Order merged in the person of Gothard Ketler in Duchy of J \^ the duchy of Courland, of which the Coui-land. . . , -, -r^ • i 111 origmal currency was on the rolish model, but suffered modifying influences from successive political changes down to 1795. The Archbishop of Riga, the Bishop of Dorbat, Magnus, Duke of Holstein, and some of the Kings of Sweden, used the mints at Riga, Hapsal, Arensburg, and Narva, in this district or in Esthonia. Some account of this temporary State from 18 15, when it was created by the Treaty of Vienna, to November 1846, Republic of when it was annexed to Austria, will be found in Cracow, the Catalogue of Mints. The title of Duke of Prussia was assumed by the Kings of Poland from Sigismund I., w^ho on a 3 groschen of 1536 . styles himself Do • To • PriLssi •, and by the Mar- East Prussia. ^ r 1 1 1 1 \ graves of Brandenburgh subsequently to the seizure by Brandenburgh of the possessions of the Teutonic Order. Poland had at one time exercised at least a nominal sovereignty over the whole of this margraviat, and her kings, down to the end of the seventeenth century, are termed on their coinage Grand Dukes of Livonia, Prussia, and Russia. John Casimir claims, in addition, to be King of Sweden, by which we may, perhaps, understand Sw^edish Pomerania. Frederic Augustus I. and II. term themselves simply Rex Pol. or Poloniariun ; but the native princes, although they eventually relinquished their titular pretensions over Prussia and Russia, always adhered to Livonia — the ancient home of the Jagellons. Even after the annexation to Branden- burgh, about 1525, East Prussia was long held as a fief of 356 The Coins of Europe Poland, and the Elector was not recognised as an independent sovereign till 1657. The death of John Sobieski in 1697 and the creation of the Prussian monarchy in 170 1 were two almost concurrent incidents, which combined, with the internal discord fomented by Sweden and Russia, to accom- plish the ruin of a political system and a national greatness built up by the Jagellon dynasty, and sustained by two or three of the elected rulers ; and during the whole of the eighteenth century the Polish coinage shared the fortune of the Crown, and was mainly of Saxon origin. From the point of view of a collector, the series under consideration presents numerous features of interest and attraction. Contenting himself with a moderate selection of the more ancient pieces struck for Poland or Livonia, his attention is apt to be arrested when he arrives at the sixteenth century by the good work on the money of Sigismund I., II., and III., by the thalers commencing with 1560 or thereabout, and running to the reign of Stanislas II., Poniatowski (1764-95) ; those of Sigismund III. and his immediate successors are seldom procurable in fine state, and the thalers of Sobieski and Frederic Christian, 1763, are rare. The early issue of the last king, 1766, powerfully and impressively contrasts with the later of 1788, where the cast of expression seems to foreshadow the imminent catastrophe. The gold and early copper are equally un- common, and among the former the ducats and their multiples are particularly desirable. The three-ducat piece of John Casimir (1648-68), wdth a view of Dantzic on reverse and a life-like portrait on obverse, is executed with care, delicacy, and skill. A double one of Michael Korybut (1669-74) reads Rex Polo. M, D. L. Rvs. /^r. and Ex Avro Solido Civit. ThorvneJisis Fieri Fee. Nor should it be for- gotten that the franc d' argent, eeu d'or, and other currency of Henry III. of France are necessary adjuncts. In England the acquaintance with the numismatic history of the Poles, before the sale of the Albert Collection, was of the most vague and limited nature. Descriptive 02ttline of the Coinages of Europe 357 V. RUSSIA The earliest introduction to our knowledge of Russian monetary economy brings us into contact with a system of barter, under which whole skins of squirrels, martins, and other fur-bearing animals, with the claws and teeth intact, were admitted as equivalents for a metallic medium. A modification of this primitive and inconvenient policy at a subsequent date lay in the use of strips of the leather so obtained, stamped with certain characters ; and the same material also assumed the circular form. But the denga, which preceded the kope'ika as the Russian unit, may per- haps furnish us with some justification for the surmise that the prevalent shape of the second period of skin-money was similar to the small, irregular oblong which we find current from the time of Ivan the Terrible down to the general reform of the coinage in the latter part of the reign of Peter the Great (1707-17). The most ancient metallic coinage of Russia or Muscovy was of two distinct classes : i. The currency of the grand- duchy of Kief or Kiev, bearing various Christian symbols, but copied as to fabric and character from Byzantine pro- totypes ; 2. The tribute-money exacted on repeated occasions by the Crim Tartars, and carrying on its face an inscription or token [taingha) significant of its purpose and origin.^ The latter scarcely fall within the category of currency, as there is little doubt that the value struck merely represented the amount of this levy enforced by the invader ; and the probably limited production at Kiev of Graeco- Muscovite pieces in silver and gold, not unlike those in the Bulgarian and Servian mediaeval series, and of the succession of dengai^ must have continued down to the seventeenth century to answer all demands outside those met by exchange. In 1852 a find occurred at Nejine of an assortment of silver ^ See what is said below of a similar token on the Genoese colonial coinage at Caffa in the Crimea, and its apparent identity with the so-termed poj'tal or chaiel on the French gros tournois. 358 The Coins of Europe pieces answering to the references in the Russian annals in I I 1 5 and 1257. They represent the duke seated and crowned, holding in his right hand a long Latin cross ; the reverse exhibits a kind of trident ; and the legends are in incorrect Slavonic characters. There is the possibility that the money paid to Tartar in- vaders by way of tribute or ransom may have also served for commercial objects in the same manner as in Poland. It is certain that from having at the outset Arabic or Mongolian inscriptions on either side, the obverse was in course of time reserved for the titles of the grand -duke of Moscow or Russia, as the ruler of the country was successively designated ; and under Ivan III., Vasilievitch (i 462- 1 505), the foreign element finally disappeared. It was this prince to whom Matthias Corvinus of Hungary sent, about 1483, some of his own workmen with a view to an improved coinage ; but a pattern gold ducat of Hungarian type is all that is known to have arisen from the experiment ; and it appears that, when the Czar desired in those days to distribute pecuniary gifts, he procured specie from his more advanced continental neighbours. The accession of the house of Romanoff in 1 6 1 3 accom- plished nothing in a numismatic respect. We find Ivan Alexievitch (1682-89) ordering a special gold ducat with his own portrait and those of his brother Peter (afterward czar) and his sister Sophia (afterward regent). But the earliest symptom of a movement forward presents itself in certain roubles and half roubles of Peter the Great and his immediate predecessor, of rather poor fabric and work, struck prior to his tour and stay in Western Europe ; and that remarkable episode contributed to stimulate progress to some extent. Yet down to 1704 the archaic denga still survived, and it does not seem to have been till about 1 7 1 1 that an improved type in copper under the name of kope'ika appeared. As denga signified a token, the new denomination implied a lance, in reference to the armed horseman copied from the currency of Lithuania. The kopeika was accompanied by a denga, forming the moiety. In 1707, Peter had ordered Descriptive OtUline of the Coinages of Eiti^ope 359 at the Moscow mint a pattern rouble of an entirely new design and module, with the date in Arabic numerals, a plain edge, and the value expressed ; and it is curious that Charles XII. of Sweden issued a daler the same year of very superior style. Which was the anterior we do not learn ; but of the Russian experiment no immediate fruit came. We have to wait till 1717 for a revival of the feeling, when a rouble of somewhat larger module, with the date as well as the legend in Russian characters, was published. The climax was reached in 1723, to which belongs the issue of a rouble of smaller dimensions with the date in Arabic num.erals, the Czar's initials in the angles of a cross (substi- tuted for the double-headed eagle of 1707 and 17 17), and an inscribed edge ; this was accompanied by that of pieces in gold of three and six roubles, having on obverse the portrait and on reverse the altogether novel St. Andrew type. Already Peter had struck a curious gold coin, if not a medalet, in remembrance of his father and mother, and we have spoken of two other cases where gold was employed ; but the grand-dukes of Kiev appear to have had none, that which has been offered as such being more than question- able ; and the coinage of 1723 may perhaps be viewed as the earliest regular currency in that metal. From the numerous very interesting patterns which have come down to us, and a few of which we reproduce, it is evident that the Czar meditated a farther development of his monetary system, which was now on an immeasurably better and more honour- able footing ; and his example furnished a precedent and beginning which, as in other matters, his successors did not neglect to utilise. The coinage of 1723 was the model with certain variations and improvements for several subsequent reigns. All the money emanated till 1724 from one of the mints at Moscow, which had replaced Kiev, Novgorod, and the other ancient seats of coinage, and was in its turn largely superseded by St. Petersburgh. Later czars or emperors did their part toward the achievement of the aim which the real founder of their monarchy had had in his mind, and Catherine I., Peter II., and Catherine II. more especially. COINS OF PETER THE GREAT, 1707-24. Pattern rouble of 1707. Danga, 1704 (ancient type) Pattern 5 kopecks, 1723. Pattern kopeck, 1724. Descriptive OiUline of the Coinages of Europe 361 introduced fresh types or improvements of the old. Of Peter's widow we possess the remarkable specimens of 1726 in copper and a grosch of 1727 in the same metal ; of Peter II. a pattern kopeck of 173 i on an unusually thick flan ; of Anne and John or Ivan III. (1740-41) several copper essays; of Catherine II. an imperial and double imperial in gold ; of the rulers from 1758 to 1809 ^ very handsome series of 5-kopeck pieces in copper; and of Nicholas, 3, 6, and 12 roubles in platinum, ranging between 1828 and 1832. From Peter the Great to the present time the Russians have bestowed much care on their copper issues, and each prolonged reign has been productive of repeated and varied coinages, which are uniformly well engraved and well struck. The Czar Alexander 1. (1801-25), after testing their capacity by a coinage of roubles and half roubles, ordered of Boulton of Birmingham a complete set of presses on the English principle for the St. Petersburgh mint. The portraits on the silver and copper cease after Catherine IL, and Alexander I. placed his bust only on the half imperial of 1801 and i 8 1 7, struck for Poland. It is usually believed that the Emperor Paul, the son of Catherine, was led to suppress this feature by his own unprepossessing personal appearance ; but the idea of sanctity associated with the office of the sovereign may have formed an inducement to take a course so opposed to Western policy. In our Catalogue of Mints numerous entries will shew that the Russians, content at first with Kiev and Novgorod, then with Moscow, where there were four mints, and Mojaisk (the latter after 1457), and eventually with Moscow and St. Petersburgh, gradually instituted many other places of production ; and the Czars of Georgia certainly, and doubt- less the numerous feudal chiefs within Russia itself, had separate monetary systems, of which we are not likely to gain very accurate particulars. The government has at various times struck special money for Poland, Finland, Livonia and Esthonia, Moldavia and Wallachia, Georgia and Siberia. Of all of these an account is supplied else- where. 362 The Coins of Europe The titles on the coinage have naturally undergone periodical modification consonant with the change of feeling or circumstances. On the Kiev money of the tenth century we encounter such antique forms as Vladimir, and this is his money, or Vladimir on the throne, and this is his silver. A ruler of the eleventh century, Swiatoslav Jaroslavitch (1073-78), puts Money of Sviatoslaf. This was, as usual, for mutual identification, and continued with variations down to the time of the Romanoff dynasty, when a prince of that house, Alexis Mikhailovitch (1645-76), styles himsQli great p7'ince of all the Gi^eat, Little, and White Ritssias. The Czarina Anne on some pattern coins of 1740 claims to be Autocrat of all the Ritssias, But from the death of Catherine II. the legends become very laconic and succinct. There are, beyond doubt, many rarities in the Russian series with which we are still very imperfectly conversant. Any early gold, the products of the parent-mints at Kiev and Novgorod, the first type of the rouble and its half in fine state, the patterns which we engrave and others which we name, the rouble of Peter the Great, 1725, the double imperial of Catherine 11. , 1767, the half roubles of Ivan III. and Peter III., the half imperial of i8oi,andthe 12 roubles in platinum of 1832, may be recommended to particular notice. VI. THE DANUBIAN PROVINCES The two provinces of Bogdana or Moldavia and Wall- achia, originally separate states under their own waiwodes, Moldavia subsequently united with a varying measure and of dependence or vassalage toward Poland, Wallachia. qj. Russia, were finally emancipated from Roumania. ^ , . , 1 ^1 1 r tt 1 Turkish control m 1867, when Charles of Hohen- zollern was elected the first Hospodar. Roumania became a kingdom in i 88 i. The independent coinage of Bogdana goes back to .the fourteenth century and to the reign of Bogdan I. (1350-66), RUSSIAN COINS (chiefly patterns), 1726-40. 364 The Coins of Ettrope and chiefly consists of small silver pieces, many of which bear the mystical bull's head surrounded by a rose, a star, and a crescent, the reverses exhibiting heraldic devices. The name of the sovereign usually occurs : Bogd. IVaizt'o., Petri. Wai- wodi.^ Alexandri. ; and one prince describes himself in the sixteenth century as Father of Moldavia. The legends are sometimes partly in Greek characters. There appear to be no coins posterior to 1666. The money of Wallachia (i 360-1799), while it remained a separate government of the same complexion as that of Moldavia, is of a more varied and ambitious character, and offers the common German and Low Country type of an eagle surmounting a helmet ; but some of the later rulers placed on the coins their bust draped in the kolpak. Pieces of ten ducats in gold were struck for special purposes and occasions. Considering that Moldavia and Wallachia exercised monetary rights during so many centuries, it is surprising that specimens should so sparingly occur. The Russian currency for the two provinces in the time of Catherine 11. (1771-74) limited itself to pieces of i, 2, and 5 para with the values in Greek and Russian. The modern kingdom of Roumania, comprehending nearly the whole of this region, has possessed since 1867 a coinage in all metals: in copper, i, 2, 5, and 10 bani ;^ in silver, 1 and i leii, and 2 and 5 lei ; and in gold, 5, 10, and 20 lei. The leu is = a franc, and seems to be the same word as livre or lira; 100 bani are = i leu. The banc is presumably referrible to the titular appellation given to the sovereigns of Bosnia. From the eleventh century we have Bulgarian silver and gold money of different kinds, including siege-pieces connected with the strusrsfles against the Greeks. But the Bulgaria. ^ ^ most usual types are of the reign of Asan I. (i i 86- 96) and his successors after the establishment of autonomy, and ^ There have been at least three coinages : 1867, i, 2, 5, and 10 bani with no legend but Romania-, 1879-81, 2 and 5 bani with titles as Hospodar [Doniniil Rojuaniei) ; 1882-85, ^ and 5 bani with titles as king. Descriptive Oti^tliite of the Coinages of Etirope 365 reproduce in a barbarous and degraded style the Byzantine patterns. The series extends to about 139S ; and subse- quently to that period and down to 1879-80, when the existing principality was formed by the Treaty of Berlin, Bulgaria constituted part of the Ottoman Empire. The modern currency comprises : in copper or bronze, i, 2, 5, and 10 stothemke ; in silver, -i- leu, I leu, and 2 leua or leva ; in gold, the 20 leva or Alexander. In 1880 and 1887 bronze pieces of 10 canteini were struck as patterns. Servia has from the seventh to the fourteenth or fifteenth century undergone, in common with all this group of states or communities bordering on powerful and rapa- ^Servta^^ cious neighbours, numerous and violent changes of fortune and boundary. Numismatically the Servians may be regarded as belonging to the same category as Roumania, Bulgaria, and Bosnia, but under the inde- pendent Schupans or Zupans the province which we are considering produced a currency which in the fourteenth century displayed, with an obvious servility to Byzantine, Servia : denarius of Byzantine type of Stephen VII,, 1336-56. Hungarian, and Venetian prototypes, far greater care and skill in the execution than those of Bulgarian origin. One of the most remarkable specimens, from the celebrated Montenuovo cabinet, is of concave fabric. There are a few pieces outside the regal currency corresponding to the seigniorial coinages of Western Europe, and struck between 1386 and 1452 by various personages in right of their feudal tenures in Montenegro and elsewhere. Some of the inscriptions are in Greek characters ; and it may be suspected that in one or two instances the source of the coin is political, and was the act of a competitor for the crown. In regard to the question of early Servian gold, of which 366 The Coins of EiL7^ope the reality has been impugned, it appears that the laws of Stephen VII. Duschan mention under 1349 the perpero carrevo in that metal as an existing denomination, and that the double-headed eagle on certain zlatica or aurei of that prince (or emperor, as he styles himself) is common to his seal. The pieces hitherto recovered belong to the period between 1275 and 1389. Looking at the evident import- ance and prosperity which the kingdom acquired under some of its early rulers, and the analogous practice of neigh- bouring states, there is no prima facie improbability in the hypothesis that Servia struck gold, and that the modern trouvaille is genuine. Servia retained its independence till 1459, when it fell into the hands of the Turks ; but it became an autonomous principality in 1804 and a kingdom in 1882. Since the Treaty of Berlin there has been a separate currency : in bronze, 10, 5, 2, and i para; in silver, 50 para, i, 2, and 5 dinar a ; and in gold, 10 and 20 dinar a. The par is approximately — I centime, and the dinar = I franc; 100 para= i dinar. The most ancient money with the name of Bosnia, or connected w^ith it as a self-governing district, describes the ruler as a Ban: a piece of Stephen I. (1272-00) Bosnia. -.o^ ^ 1 11 . , ^ reads Stefan, hanvs, but the later comage bears the word Rex. The types are borrowed from Servia, Aquileia, etc., and in common with the entire body of Danubian money are unexceptionally Christian. The territory, of which the confines were never very sharply defined, was claimed, if not governed, at successive epochs by Servia and Hungary; in 1463 it became a Turkish province, and it is at present an Austrian one, notwithstand- ing repeated efforts to shake off a foreign yoke. Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Enrotfe 367 VII. THE LATIN EMPIRE OF THE CRUSADERS An interesting and extensive body of coins in gold, silver, and copper, but principally in the lower metal, owes its origin and existence to the Fourth Crusade, when the decadent empire of the East was finally destroyed in 1204 by the fall of Constantinople after a protracted siege and the partition of the entire Greek territory and the Holy Land among the Venetian and other sharers of the spoils of war. Only a certain proportion of this immense dominion lay within the European continent ; and, again, of some of the states which arose under these circumstances no numismatic memorials have been hitherto identified. The types employed were either those to which the new ruler had been accustomed in his own country or such as were generally acceptable and familiar ; the Byzantine and Venetian coinages were largely copied. By virtue of this arrangement Greece was parcelled out among a crowd of adventurers ; and under the nominal suzerainty of the Latin emperors of Constantinople we find— The Kings of Saloniki (Thessalonica), which comprehended Mace- donia and part of Peloponnesus. The Princes of Achaia and Despots {reguli) of Romania, including Corinth, Corfu, etc. The Dukes of Athens (Attica and Euboea). The Barons of Patras, etc., in the Peloponnesus or Morea. The Three Despots {tertiarii) of Negropont or Euboea. The Despots of Epirus and Phocsea. The Dukes and other proprietary lords of the Archipelago. The Seigneurs of Mitylene and parts of Thrace. The Venetian, Genoese, and Neapolitan lords of the Ionian Isles, etc. The Greek dynasts of Rhodes. And in addition to these there was the Venetian assumption of sovereignty over three-fourths of the empire (including the Asiatic portion) and the Genoese colonies at Pera and Caffa. 368 The Coins of Europe This political metamorphosis sometimes strikes the student as having its melodramatic and sometimes, perhaps oftener, its depressing side. To the trading communities, such as Venice and Genoa, these acquisitions were attended by checkered results, and were never consolidated in a sufficient degree to withstand the pressure of a strong aggressive force from without. But the majority of the minor fiefs fell an easy prey to the Mohammedan conquerors, while many disappeared long before by cession or otherwise. The lion's share ultimately fell to Venice, and the Venetian colonial currency arose from the politic desire to spread the name of the republic, and supersede other currencies, wherever her empire extended ; and the absence of any coinage, which can be confidently ascribed to the Latin emperors, has been explained by the supposed use of Venetian specie. The bailo or consul-general of the republic at Constantinople was long indeed the actual sovereign and a sort of lieutenant or vicar of the Doge ; and a second important official w^as the bailo of Negropont. Apart from those localities, where the Government itself enjoyed direct jurisdiction, the noble houses of Cornaro, Sanudo, Ouirini, Grimani, Barozzi, and Michieli occupied fiefs under Venetian protection. The numismatic lessons to be learned from this great historical incident and epoch are certainly not very im- portant. The rolls of the numerous lines, which enjoyed for a longer or shorter term the fruits of conquest, include many distinguished names of statesmen, warriors, and men of cultivated tastes — Boniface, Marquis of Monteferrato, Charles of Anjou, Geoffrey de Villehardouin the historian, Gui de Lusignan, and Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus. But the majority of the host, which took the capital and participated in the plunder, were warlike freebooters, of whom a few have transmitted their names to us on coins or in chronicles of the age, each elucidating the other. At the same time two or three points of a curious character present themselves to our observation and criticism. The Genoese settlement at Caffa (Theodosia) in the Crimea found itself DescjHptive Outlme of the Coinages of Europe 369 subject to the payment of a tribute to the Tartars of Kaptchak, and the money of the colony bears on the reverse the tamga or cypher of the khans, in the same manner as that of the earher Dukes of Muscovy ; and it is this token of vassalage which was copied on the gros tournois of Louis IX., and has the appearance there of a portal or an exaggerated Gothic M. On a coin of the barony of Karytaena, struck by Helena Angelos, Dowager-Duchess of Athens, heiress to one of the moieties, we discern the unusual words S'F, standing for semi-feiidi. In 1205 Boniface of Monteferrato apportioned Euboea among three of his captains, of whom one, Geoffrey de Villehardouin, published a coin with the numerals III. on the reverse for tei^tiarius. In 1346 Chio, taken from the Latins by a Byzantine expedition, was recovered by one equipped by Genoa at the charge of a local association or gild known as the Maliofie ; and the latter eventually became feoffees of the Genoese, who surrendered the island, subject to an annual tribute, in 1528. There is a series of coins emanat- ing from this union, with the common Conradus legend, and of various types ; and they seem to have outlived the Turkish subjugation of Chio in 1566, just as those of the Genoese colony at Pera did the fall of Constantinople into the hands of Mahomet II., more than a century prior. As far back as 1362 twelve members of the society had con- stituted themselves into a syndicate to reconnoitre Chio and Phocsea, doubtless for commercial purposes, and for judging the capabilities for development. VIII. KINGDOM OF GREECE The numismatic history of this region, including the Ionian Isles, is intimately associated with Great Britain. The Islands themselves, after successive occupation by the 2 B 370 The Corns of Europe Neapolitans, Venetians, Russians, Turks, French, were taken by Great Britain in 1809, and finally annexed to Greece in 1862-64. The Greek kingdom had been formed in 1832 as the climax of a long and anxious struggle, in which Count Capo d'Istria, Byron, and the British Government were the best friends to the cause of freedom. The battle of Navarino contributed in 1829 to strengthen the hands of the re- awakening nation. Within the period of their protectorate (1809-64) the British struck in copper for the Islands pieces of I, 2, 5, and 10 lepta, and a 30 lepta in silver. The last coinage was in 1862 ; it had apparently commenced in 18 19. The uniform type was : obverse, the winged and radiated lion of St. Mark, holding in its claw a sheaf of arrows enclosed in a band on which appears a Greek cross, and the legend Ioniko7t Kraton^ i 8 1 9 ; reverse, figure of Britannia, etc., as on the ordinary English money of the time. The 30 lepta is dated 1834, and formed the prototype as to the reverse of the English groat of 1836. The series was engraved by Wyon. Between 1828 and 1831 the republic, to which Byron had lent his last years, but which he did not live to see established, struck pieces of i, 5, 10, and 20 lepta and a phenix in silver of 100 lepta. The type of all these coins is the fabulous bird, figurative of the reviving nationality, rising out of its own ashes under the influence of a ray or beam of light descending from above ; a Greek cross sur- mounts the head ; and the legend is Ellenike Politeia. The reverse bears the value enclosed in a wreath, the date below, and the inscription reading Kubernetes /. A, Kapodaistrias. At the foot of the obverse occurs the m.m. aw^a. Of the kingdom the first coinage was in 1833. There had been apparently an intention, judging from extant patterns, to employ the mint at Munich for the purpose ; but the order was eventually given to Paris. This issue varies in module from its successors, in being smaller with a gnurled edge, and in making no mention of the name of the sovereign, since the legend is simply Basileia tes Ellenos ; it is altogether preferable in style to the money struck under DesciHptive OtUline of the Coinages of Europe 371 George I. which is of the most commonplace and unattract- ive description. The existing currency includes the silver drachma, its multiples in gold and divisions in its own metal, and the i, 2, 5, and 10 lepta in bronze. The 5 and 10 lepta pieces are known as the obolos and diobolos. The drachma is = 100 lepta. IX. TURKEY IN EUROPE We merely refer to this division of our subject in order to point out that the currency of the government of the Sultan belongs by its origin and costume to Asia rather than to Europe. But in certain respects it exerted an influence over those of the provinces which at one time formed part of the Ottoman Empire, and in emancipating themselves did not wholly lose sight of their former associa- tions. The coinage of Servia at the present moment follows in name that of Turkey, where the prevailing unit is the par and its multiples of 5, 10, 20, and 40. X. THE NORTHERN KINGDOMS The coinage of Denmark, which is very obscure and involved for several reasons, seems susceptible of a classi- ^ ^ fication into four leading periods : i, the early Anglo-Danish and Dano-Teutonic coinage, much of which partakes of an ecclesiastical character and tone in consequence of the heads of the Church having been customarily associated with the sovereign on the money ; 2, the irregular and debased money in circulation during the civil wars of the thirteenth and fourteenth century ; 3, the commencement of a clearer chronological order and of a 372 The Coins of Europe graduated currency under Eric of Pomerania (i 396-1440) ; and 4, the ultimate concentration of the kingdom by the successive loss of Norway, Lauenburg, and Schleswig-Holstein between 18 14 and 1864. The alliances of the Danes with German houses and consequent gain of territory outside their true boundaries, culminating in their share in the Thirty Years' War, where their king, Christian IV. (i 588-1648), was a prominent actor, may be judged to have permanently crippled their power at home, as it brought with it disaster and disgrace in the field. We are not immediately concerned with these political questions beyond the influential bearing which they had on the monetary production of the kingdom ; and it is certainly worth notice that a considerable portion of the Danish coin- age from the ninth or tenth century carries the impress of that irresistible impulse to seek places of settlement or objects of conquest at a distance, which distinguished the Swedes from the epoch when adventurers from that in- hospitable region enrolled themselves in the Varangian guard at Constantinople, to the days of the wild exploits and ruinous policy of Charles XII. (1697-17 18). We have to recognise in the Danish numismatic records two powerful factors then : i, a chronic tendency to aggression or conquest ; 2, a lengthened experience of in- ternal disunion (i 23 2-1 376), followed by the revolt of the Swedish house of Vasa against Christian II. The former accounts for a wide variety of coins, of which the country of origin, in the case of the pennies of Canute I. of Denmark and Northumbria, is sometimes disputed ; while the civil commotions from the reign of Eric Ploupennig to that of Valdemar IV. naturally gave rise to a multifarious and obscure currency of base alloy, of which new examples are from time to time brought to light. Students and critics have probably no richer field for speculation than this, as, in common with the Swedish and Norwegian, Danish soil formed the common ground during generations for the money of so many nationalities, with which the inhabitants were interconnected, as well as for a century's yield of all Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Etu^ope 373 sorts of provisional and temporary mediums, of which the exact history is wanting. Contemplating the Danish series with the eyes of a collector, rather perhaps than with those of an archaeologist, attention is instinctively drawn to certain salient features of interest and curiosity. We perceive the presumedly English element in the coinages of the Anglo-Danish monarchs, and w^e cannot fail to appreciate the style and taste of those of the rulers of Denmark alone, particularly the silver denarii of small module, but excellent workmanship of Magnus and Sweyn II. (1042-75) which retain their English feeling, and the large assortment of bracteates figured in the folio work published at Copenhagen in 1791-94. Even at this early epoch Denmark was beginning to turn its attention toward north-eastern Germany, and to aggrandise itself at home ; between 1389 and 1397, Margaret, daughter and heiress of Valdemar IV., Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, brought to Eric of Pommern or Pomerania those three crowns. " The Semiramis of the North," as Margaret has been termed, is a landmark in these times. Fresh troubles arose by reason of frequent changes in the dynasty and succession: from 1440 to 1481 we find princes of Bavaria and Oldenburg on the throne. In 1533 an interregnum is terminated by the choice of Frederic I. of Schleswig- Holstein (1534-59). Not long after, w^e come to the names of Christian IV., who spent many years of a long reign (15 88-1648) either in foreign warfare or in exile, and of Frederic III. (1648-70), when Sweden invaded the kingdom and even laid siege to Copen- hagen. From 1730 to 1746 there v/as an interval for the first time of peace and prosperity, which preceded an almost uninterrupted course downward to 1864, when Denmark had 374 The Coins of Europe parted with Schleswig-Holstein and nearly all her colonies. This historical sketch may be sufficient to indicate to the numismatist or amateur general lines for his guidance and use. We must not conclude that the checkered career of this unfortunate country was a bar or even hinderance to the accumulation from century to century of valuable and in- structive monuments of the class which we are studying. On the contrary, excepting the space of time occupied by the civil wars in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, we have it in our power to bring together a highly interesting assemblage of pieces in all metals and of innumerable types, stretching chronologically from the Middle Ages to the pre- sent date. We may specify, by way of example, the coins of Margaret, above mentioned, and her husband Eric VII. (1387-1440); the first money with armorial cognisances under their successor Christopher III. of Bavaria (1440-48) ; the interregnal currency (January to September 1448), with Moneta Regni DanicE, the earliest known dated piece under John (148 i-i 5 I 3), reading loJis Dei. Gra. Rex Danor. Ivssit. ine fieri. An. 1496 ; the first thaler or daler of 1513 ; the gold ducat and its divisions and multiples, especially the Justus Judex type of Christian IV., 1646; and the double one of Frederic III., 1658, with a ship on reverse dividing the motto Tandem, possibly intended for the Danish East Indies; the double thaler of Christian IV., 1624; and the singular klipping of 1648, with a laureated bust of Frederic III. on obverse, and the reverse exhibiting a vase of flowers, on the exterior of which occurs the same motto. Tandem, as accompanies the later piece just noted. A rigsdaler species of Christian VIII., 1840, is remarkable for the Descriptive Out line of the Coinages of Ettrope 375 German type of the reverse — the two wild men as sup- porters of the canopied escutcheon. The coinage for Norway under Danish rule comprises many very fine specimens artist- ically considered, but facile princeps the superb 6-mark piece of Frederic IV., i 704, having on the reverse side the crowned lion wielding in its claws an antique curved battle-axe, which in the analogous issue under modern Swedish government (i sp. of Oscar I., 1846) is reduced to normal dimensions, and parts with its archaeological significance. This symbol had been handed down from the autonomous Norwegian coinage of the thirteenth century. The copper money of the seven- teenth and eighteenth centuries is of good fabric and metal ; and that for colonial circulation has the characteristic reverse of a ship in full sail, somewhat similar to the Dutch analogous coinage and to the supposed prototype of 1658. The con- tinuous hostilities of the Danes against their neighbours, or on German soil in the cause of Protestantism, or in defence of dearly acquired dominions at a distance from home, placed the country, as it has placed the numismatist of later times, in possession of a tolerably large volume of money of neces- sity for the payment and transport of troops, usually the main or only sources of expenditure, when provisions and shelter were obtained at the cost of the enemy ; nor were cases unknown, as we are aware, in which an invading army resorted to the most unscrupulous methods for levying even the stipend of the soldiers from the districts through which it passed. The earliest examples of this currency are placed 376 The Coins of Ettrope by numismatists in the fifteenth century, and cover the whole reign of Christian I., 1448-81. A second body of coinage of the same character belongs to the time when the kingdom revolted, in the person of Frederic I., against the despotism of Christian II., 1531-35. During 1563-64 a consider- able number of pieces in gold and silver were struck by Frederick II. of Denmark in the contest against Eric XIV. of Sweden : ducats, marks, and skillings. The next in order of date was the coinage of Christian \N . in con- nection with the Thirty Years' War and that in Holstein against the Swedes, the whole extending over nearly twenty- six years (1622-48) ; and the series concludes with the obsidional or occasional money issued by Christian V., 1674-79, in a second war with Sweden, and by Frederic VI. from 1808 to 1815,^ w^hile the Continent was agitated by the ambitious schemes of Napoleon I. It may, in fact, be predicated of Denmark and Sweden that civil discord, mutual jealousy, and a common passion for inter- vening in European affairs, were the three agencies which, coupled with the unpropitious climate, have tended not merely to preclude their advance, but to favour a retrograde movement. Of the mints and denominations a fairly adequate account has been already supplied. The krona and or are at present the silver and copper units in succession to the skilling ; and the current coinage is composed of 20 and 10 krona in gold, I, 2, 10, 25, 40, and 50 krona in silver, and i, 2, and 5 ore in bronze. A krona is = 100 ore. Christian V. issued in 1878 pieces of 20, 10, and 5 cents in silver of the ship type, and i cent in bronze, for St. Thomas's. The former monetary basis, the skilling, underwent many vicissi- tudes, and fluctuated in value according to circumstances. The skilling of 1622 in silver is heavier than that in copper of 1 8 12; and one of 1771 is on a larger flan and of superior weight to a piece of 1 7 i o current for Tolf skilling Danske, with the legend Doniinus Mihi Adiutor, and below the date the letters C.W. ^ Including the rigsbanktegns of Frederic VI., 1813-14, for 16 and 6 skillings. Desc7dptive Outline of the Coinages of Ettrope 377 The restless and adventurous spirit of the Scandinavians, proceeding in part from their cHmatic conditions and in part ^ from the facihties which their seaboard and nautical skill afforded for marauding expeditions, was com- mon to the Swedes and Norwegians, only in a more marked degree perhaps than to Denmark. Sweden presents itself to our notice from the earliest period of its known history as the home of a people who were constantly thirsting for subsistence or dominion outside their natural geographical frontiers ; and in this respect they resembled the community which we have just treated. It is true, to a great extent, of Norway, that it never possessed a national pulse, just as it has never yielded anything important in history, literature, or art. But while Sweden enjoyed during a considerable interval a large share of power and prosperity, its sources of political progress and military success partook of a nature which was bound in the result to be destructive. It was the insatiable ambition to extend the kingdom westward by con- quest or alliances which weakened the monarchy at its centre, and when the fruits of hard-won victory had been lost for ever, left Sweden weak and poor, with no other indemnity than Norway, the price of its loyalty to the Allies, and no other consolation than the memorials of former greatness legible in painting, medal and armorial shield. The numismatic remains in the Swedish series open with the denarii of Olaf Skotkonung about the end of the tenth century from the mint at Sigtuna; and probably the ex- tensive succession and volume of bracteates represent the prevailing currency over the whole of this and the surround- ing regions down to the thirteenth century, when an im- proved coinage with portraits and other types was introduced under Valdemar (1250-75). The periodical character of the money w^as affected by the changes which occurred in the distribution of territory or the balance of political power. The united kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden are indicated by three rivers or by three crowns. Probably the parent mints were Stockholm, Lodose, Opsolo, and Abo, which were reinforced by others after the incorporation 378 The Coins of Europe of Denmark with Sweden by the Treaty of Calmar in 1397. That event proved of unforeseen importance, as Danish pre- ponderance led to a revolt ; and Sweden remained during a lengthened period under the government of Administrators, who exercised the right of independent coinage. One of these, Karl Knutson Bonde, assumed the title of king (1448-67), and placed on his money a boat, the cognisance of his family, and the legend Karolvs Rex S' G'. Other currency of this era merely bears the name of St. Eric. Steen Sture the Younger, administrator, i 5 i 2- 20, styled himself Steen Stvre Ritter, and struck the first Swedish thaler. In 1523 commenced the reign of the celebrated Vasa dynasty and the absolute autonomy of Sweden ; and from this date we have down to the present moment an uninter- rupted body of money of irreproachable execution both in silver and copper, as well as, on a more limited scale, in gold. In the sixteenth century the noble double daler of John III., said to have been a coronation-piece, 1568, stands alone as a ehef d'oeuvre ; and the singular copper mark, I 591, deserves to be signalised. We have mentioned the daler struck to commemorate the battle of Leipsic (or rather Breittenfeld), 1 631, and there is also the sufficiently well- known posthumous one of Gustavus Adolphus, 1632. The money of his immediate predecessors and his own earlier coinage are, with the exception of the Salvator type, very scarce, especially in good preservation. Of Gustavus there are the heavy copper ore and their divisions, which continued down to the end of the century, when the still more incon- venient and artificial dalers of Charles XII. made their appearance. Of Christina, daughter of Gustavus, there was also a fairly abundant coinage in silver with full -face and profile portraits and her natural hair or a wig of elaborate proportions. This distinguished woman, assisted by the counsels and sagacious policy of Oxenstierna, and her suc- cessors, Charles X. and XL, struck money for Pomerania and Livonia ; but the Minister of Christina virtually ruled in her name. Her coinage comprised the gold ducat and the heavy copper or and its divisions. Charles XI. also Desadptive Out line of the Coinages of Europe 379 employed the mint at Narva in Esthonia for a short series of coins with Do7ninvs Protector Mevs and the name and arms of the town. Gold seems always to have been spar- ingly issued in Sweden. We cannot quote any specimens anterior to Gustavus Adolphus and of the posthumous date 1632 ; the later sovereigns struck the ducat and double ducat, with the \ and \, The earliest \ ducat belongs to 16^2 — an indication of the frugal resort to this metal at a time when the country was meditating the output of a copper medium at variance with all modern laws of fitness and convenience. Of the monetary products of the calamitous yet romantic reign of Charles XII. (1697-17 18) the beautiful silver daler of 1707 ranks as one of the most remarkable. But of course all the pieces associated with him and his sister and suc- cessor, Ulrica Eleonora, have their biographical or personal as well as historical interest ; and the probably realistic portrait on the money of Charles himself, especially on the daler of 1707 and the gold ducat of 17 14, hardly prepares us for the history of his strange melodramatic career. A tragical episode in the Swedish annals during the troubles attendant on his defeat and death was the fate of the Baron von Gorst, who not only issued a set of copper dalers with various mythological emblems, under the months of the year, inscribed on them, but added one with his own effigy, which cost him his head. The latter type is rare. Charles XII. daler, 1707. SWEDISH COINS, 16TH-19TH c. Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Ettrope 381 To this and the immediately ensuing reigns belong those extraordinary numismatic phenomena, the ponderous dalers and their multiples, which are to be regarded as weights for the purchase of goods rather than as coins. They are not of unfrequent occurrence, although cartloads have been melted in Sweden, but fine specimens and the largest sizes are difficult to procure. There are, when we approach more recent days, numerous specimens worthy of attention, and on personal grounds those connected with Bernadotte (1818-44) have a special value. He issued two distinct types, the broad and the thick fabric ; nearly all the pieces bear his portrait. By the monetary concordat of 1872, the three northern- most states of Europe adopted an uniform system and basis founded on the krona. In the class of currency in which we find other parts of Europe so rich — the feudal coinage — Sweden never seems to have produced much. The duchies of Finland and Sudermania and the town of Stralsund, of which we possess silver and billon pieces with Sundensis, almost exhaust the list so far as Sweden proper is concerned. But there is a thaler of Oxenstierna, 1633, with his name, titles, and arms.^ While Sweden remained a German as well as a Scandinavian Power, some of the secular and ecclesiastical dignitaries re- ceived or assumed the title of Princes of the Kingdom. Such was the case, among others, with the Bishop of Breslau. The siege-money or special currency for political emer- gencies chiefly arose out of the military operations between the Swedes and Danes, commencing with the establishment of Swedish freedom under Gustavus Vasa in 1521-23. But there is also a series of pieces struck by the Dukes of Fin- land and Sudermania, while they were engaged in a revolt against Eric XIV., and later issues (i 589-1603) of the Duke of Sudermania alone, in his contest for the crown, which he assumed in 1604 as Charles IX. Both he and his successor Gustavus Adolphus resorted to a large extent through their reigns to an irregular monetary system, and down to 1771 1 Reinmann Catalogue, 1891-92, Partiii., No. 9459. 382 The Coins of Europe there are many striking and desirable examples. The numismatists often overlook the klippe 4 mark of 1569 and 8 ore of 1591, both of which must be regarded as falling within the present category. There seems to be the twofold probability that an inter- change and community of currency, of which the Norway. ^ , / . ^ \., footmg, extent, and duration are alike uncertain, existed during centuries between united Norway and Den- mark and England on the one hand, and between the Nor- wegians and their Scandinavian neighbours on the other ; and, again, that the Norwegians themselves originally pos- sessed no regular national coinage. Transactions were conducted by a system of exchange and service. The greatness and celebrity of the country lay in its piratical achievements, so far as common report goes ; but it has to be recollected that the term Northman was a loose generic phrase which comprehended all the sea-roving class frequent- ing coasts or trading routes in former days ; and even among such men there were a few who displayed solid qualities, and aspired to something higher than plunder. Alternately de- pendent on Denmark and Sweden, Norway has been further impeded by a bleak unproductive climate and short agri- cultural seasons ; and its monetary annals are bound up with one or other of those governments. The cross- hammers on certain coins of Sweden denote their special destination for the Norwegian province. There is a very considerable difficulty in adjusting the chronology of the autonomous coinage of Norway, since it seems to be a generally accepted view that, down to the commencement of the eleventh century at least, the same money was common to Northumbria and this part of Scandinavia which during a protracted term extended to the Islands, while, on the other hand, a large portion of the country fell at an early date under Danish control. The coins which have been transmitted to us as those of Nor- wegian monarchs may or may not have emanated from sovereigns of the whole region : some of them are mute bracteates ; others simply read Comes or Rex without any Descidptive Outline of the Coi7iages of Eu7'ope 383 further attribution. Those of Cnut have Rex Angloruin ; but two or three exhibit Rex Nar. or Nor.^ or Dvx Norwegie. Of Magnus I., the Good (1035-46), who ruled in Denmark, there is an unusually interesting denarius with the reverse legend Lite. me. Fecit, On the coinage of Magnus IV., about 1260, we first encounter the lion holding the axe or hatchet in its claws. Of that of the archbishops of Throndhjem or Nidaros we speak above. This monetary system lasted till the sixteenth century and survived the independent regal currency, which seems to have ceased on the annexation of Norway to Denmark by the Pomeranian dynasty about 1389. XI. THE LOW COUNTRIES 1. BELGIUM Although the geographical idea conveyed by this head- ing may tend at first sight to misguide, it is not very easy to substitute for it any other more appropriate, unless we classify the region intended as the SoittJiern Netherlands, The numerous independent sovereignties coexistent during a very lengthened period on this soil rendered the country as different in its aspect, boundaries, political and social conditions, and military relationships, from the present kingdom of Belgium as England under the Heptarchy from England under Queen Victoria. In the same manner as all the divisions of the continent, which we survey in turn, the Southern Netherlands, as we may term this extensive area, comprehended at the time when their numismatic history acquired and possessed the largest share of interest, as well as the maximum amplitude, a group of contiguous states, each of which enjoyed an autonomy limited only by the suzerainty of the emperor for the time being or (in the case of minor fiefs) by that of the superior lord. 384 The Coins of Etirope The General Introduction and Catalogues will have in- troduced the ordinary reader to a knowledge of the some- times even perplexingly intricate monetary systems which prevailed throughout the Low Countries during and after the Middle Ages, and which in the southern provinces were yet farther involved by the Spanish and Austrian occupiers, whose coinages ran parallel with those of the Flemings and Hollanders and even with each other. The practice of instituting agreements for the employment of a common coinage by the parties to them was, as we abundantly shew, carried out from the thirteenth century on a small scale and with indifferent success ; and the currency formed a constant and grave source of contention between bordering states and between ruler and subject. The Southern Netherlands in their full feudal develop- ment embraced — 1. The duchy of Brabant (including part of the duchy of Lower Lorraine and the county of Louvain). 2. The county of Namur. 3. The county of Loos. 4. The prince-bishopric of Liege. 5. The duchy of Limburg. 6. The seigneury of Reckheim. 7. The duchy of Luxemburgh. 8. The county of Flanders. Taking these sections categorically, Brabant was formed out of the ancient county of Louvain, portions of the duchy Dukedom Lower Lorraine, and the duchy of Limburg, of Brabant, between the opening years of the eleventh and 1015-1404. concluding quarter of the thirteenth century. Each of these constituent elements had at the outset possessed its own princes ; and some of the money, bearing the names of the contemporary rulers of Lower Lorraine and Louvain, may indicate the existence of a monetary concordat between Godefroi III. of Brabant-Limburg and Lambert L of Louvain — a circumstance which is likely enough, and offers an earlier example of the usage than is commonly mentioned or known. The arrangement must have been made between 1006 and 1015. Descriptive Ozitline of the Coinages of Europe 385 The duchy of Brabant, comprising the actual provinces of Brabant, Limburg, and Antwerp (with Mechlin or Malines), is associated with a succession of numismatic productions which, from the somewhat primitive Louvain germ, evolved toward the fourteenth century, in the long reign of John III. (i 3 1 2-5 5), into a currency of equal volume, variety, and importance, which was maintained by his successors and by the Dukes of Burgundy after 1404. In the course of less than a century the progress of commerce and the growth of the towns had created a demand for a larger and more diversified metallic medium ; and the numismatic nomen- clature became rather complex. The monotony of the denarius or ester tin was broken by the introduction, in the last quarter of the thirteenth century, of the groat of various types, including the tournois and the rijder or cavalier ; but the first powerful impulse was given in the fourteenth century, when John III. adopted the best foreign models for his money, and coined pieces similar to the Florentine florin^ the French chaise and moitton^ and the English groat ; and it was here that the enlightened policy of convention- money w^as carried out more freely and successfully than elsewhere, enabling the same currency to pass throughout Brabant, Hainault, and Flanders. The course of historical events favoured and promoted the multiplication of mints and types and the resort to higher values, no less than the establishment of a more intelligible monetary economy. The changes of dynasty from time to time, the fusion of Brabant with Burgundy (1404) and of Burgundy with Austria (1477), with the eventual entrance of the Spaniards on the scene, and the rise of the Austrian and Spanish Netherlands, swelled an already ever -increasing body of numismatic types ; and while in Brabant itself, no longer an autonomous duchy, but under Charles V. a province subject to a foreign master, the coinage of the monarchy was so far systematised as to possess a statutory unit (the mite) and its multiples up to 1440, the former Brabantine and Burgundian specie, and still more the seigniorial currencies, contributed to accumulate a mass of monetary tokens on the same 2 C 386 The Corns of Europe ground, not very convenient for those who employed it, and somewhat perplexing to such as followed at a distance. The Spanish and Austrian occupations, extending altogether from about the commencement of the fifteenth to the end of the eighteenth century, and covering the most flourishing period of Flemish commerce and art, left mainly undisturbed the subordinate feudal and municipal coinages, which had successively established themselves throughout this portion of the Low Countries, and at most exacted from the fief or township an heraldic or nominal recognition of sovereignty. Even the more ancient great divisions, like Brabant, were hardly more than in a titular sense absorbed, as they for the most part preserved their local institutions. The history and fortunes of this county at first correspond very closely to those of Brabant. Its independence, dating from the tenth century, determined in the same manner nearly at the same point of time by cession to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, in 1421. But its later annals were checkered by unusually numerous political vicissitudes, before it finally fell to the modern kingdom of the Belgians in 1831. By turn Burgundian, Spanish, French, Dutch, Bavarian, and Austrian, its coinage has necessarily more or less reflected its unstable and precarious government from the epoch of incorporation with Burgundy. The autonomous Counts of Namur between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries struck an enormous number of types and varieties at various mints, of which Namur itself and Dinant appear to have been the oldest. Gui de Dampierre (1263-97), on a denier of the lion type, describes himself as Marquis of Namur {G, Marchio Namvcens). In the course of the fourteenth century — the most flourish- ing era — Meraude, Viesville, Neuveville - lez - Namur, and Bouvignes were other seats of coinage. To the higher metals copper was added under Guillaume I. (1337-91) ; and when we see that during that certainly prolonged reign no fewer than eighty varieties of money in the less precious metals, exclusively of the gold florin, were put into circulation, it assists us in judging what a slender proportion even the DesciHptive Out line of the Coinages of Europe 387 existing numismatic remains of this and other minor states of the Netherlands, and the European continent generally, bear to the original aggregate. It was at Namur itself that the convention-money between the Count, Luxemburgh, and Liege was struck about 1340. The separate county of Loos is shewn to have existed as a fief of the empire from the tenth century, when it was Loos and gi*3-nted to a son of the Count of Hainault. But Rummen, not Only is the list of holders of the honour im- 1107-1367. pgj-fg^^i-^ opening with Arnold V. in 1107, but we are without any numismatic remains of an autonomous cur- rency prior to Jean (1256-80), who, with his successors, had a coinage principally borrowed from those of Liege, Brabant, and Flanders. The moneyers of Jean himself, Petrus and Georgius, who sign the pieces, struck nothing but mailles and sterlings ; but the later counts gradually launched into higher and more numerous denominations ; and the mone- tary system had attained a somewhat similar development to that of Liege when the cession of Rummen (part of the territory) in 1331, and of the remainder of the fief in 1363, to Arnold D'Orey, led to the seizure of Loos itself by the Bishop of Liege four years after. There is DaTembroe^^ money of Godefroi, struck at Heinsberg, in which he describes himself as God. de Los, Dns, de Heinsb. A curious piece of Arnold VI IL (i 280-1 328) bears its value as a double denier on its face in the words Moneta Dvplex. The lordship of Rummen, severed, as we have seen, from Loos in 133 i, grew into a flourishing state, and under a succession of owners of the houses of D'Orey and Wese- mael built up a fairly notable numismatic record prolonged to the close of the fifteenth century. Gold, silver, and billon were current here, and the denominations were similar to those of Loos ; French and Flemish models were followed. Arnold D'Orey himself (1331-64) put on his money Djzs. De. Qvaecbccke. Am. de Orey or Ernol. Dns. Rviiiinen. On a cromsteert of Jean I. of Wesemael (1415-64) there is the curious les^end Moneta Rovtanorvni. The last heiress of 388 The Coins of E2irope that family, Jeanne of Wesemael, married Henry of Diest, Seigneur of Stalle and Riviere. He issued coins with Dns. de Rivia.^ and his widow with D^ia. de WismeL There are evidences of the latter having had a very extensive coinage of billon money. The right of coinage was conceded by the Emperor Louis IV. to the See of Liege as early as 908-9 ; but no money anterior to the closing years of the same century has been recovered bearing certain indications of belonging to this eventually very extensive series. The first trace of a share of the bishops in the currency is in the appearance of a crozier as part of the type of a denier of Otto HI. About 995, and to the neighbourhood of that year, we may not be far wrong in assigning the origin of the regular succession of money, which survived down to 1792, with the name and effigy of St. Lambert, the patron of the city and diocese, under the authority of the dean and chapter. There is even a pattern for a schelling in 1852 of similar type. But the last prelate who struck autonomous money is said to have been Jean Theodore of Bavaria, 1744-63. There are coins of a rare and curious character from two points of view : short disputed reigns, like those of Lothaire de Hochsted (i 191-94), Simon de Limbourg (i 194), and Thierri de Perwez (1390), and interregnal issues by the prsesules or prevots of the See, as Andre de Cuyk (11 2 1-23) and Albert de Rethel (i 191-94), of whom both left coins, and the latter, one with the unusual reverse of a horse tethered to a tree and the legend Eqvvs Venalis, The beginning of the fourteenth century was for Liege, as for other governments, the great era of revival and develop- ment, and the prince-bishops adopted, both from Flanders and Italy, the gold types of the mouton, peeter, and florin, of which the last had been already long copied elsewhere, and the no less ubiquitous and popular gros toitrnois of France and ambrosino of Milan. The liards of the sixteenth century are of special interest as exhibiting the likenesses of the bishops: one of Ernest of Bavaria, 1584, retains the titles of Due de Bouillo7t and Comte de Loos, which had been Descriptive Oittliiie of the Coinages of Europe 389 originally assumed by Jean d'Arkel two centuries before, and the singular reverse legend Avdiatvr Altera Pars. The Dukes of Limburg in Brabant possessed a separate coinage from the eleventh century ; but our knowledge of it ^. ^ is excessively scanty down to a few years prior im^urg. cession of the duchy in 1288 to the Duke of Brabant, who assumed the title of Dvx Limburgie on the money which he struck at Limburg, Rolduc, and Bonn. Of the independent rulers of the province Waleran IV. (1246-76) has left an esterlin of the Rolduc mint. This province and territory, a County from the tenth, and a Duchy from the fourteenth century, belonged at ^ b h ^ subsequent period to the Dukes of Burgundy uig . Kings of Spain. Louis XIV. of France detached Thionville, Damvillers, Marville, Ivoy, and Mont- medy, and from 1793 to 181 5 the whole of Luxemburgh remained in the hands of the French. Between that date and 1867 it formed a grand-duchy under the Dutch crown, and from 1867 to 1889 an independent appanage of the kingdom of the Netherlands. By virtue of the Salic law, on the demise of William III. without male issue this por- tion of the dominions passed to the house of Nassau. There are pattern-pieces of 5 francs and 10 centimes struck in 1889 with Regence du Due Adolphe de Nassau, before the duke de facto took over the government. The ancient Counts of Luxemburgh have bequeathed no records of their numismatic transactions, till we come down to Henry II., the Blind, son of Godefroi, Count of Namur (11 36-96), of whom there are deniers of various types struck at Luxemburgh. Henry III. (i 226-1 280) also employed the mint at Thionville. From 1288 the history of the counts is more or less identified with that of the empire and of other parts of Europe. Henry V., who succeeded as count in 1288, became emperor in 1308, and in 1309 the celebrated John of Luxemburgh acquired the crown of Bohemia, and assumed the title of King of Poland. Never- theless we possess various gros and esterlings with his original designation, of which some are copied from the 390 The Coins of Ettrope pennies of Edward I. of England. Two monetary conven- tions, possibly arising from his calls elsewhere, were succes- sively concluded about 1340 by John : one with the Count of Bar, where the common coinage is termed Moiieta Sociorv7n ; and the other w^ith the Count of Namur and the Bishop of Liege, struck at the Namur mint with the names of the three contracting parties. His successor, Charles 1. (1346-55), was King of Bohemia and emperor, and de- veloped the Luxemburgh coinage by introducing two types of the gold florin and the chaise or clinkaert. The next count, Wenceslas I. (1653-83), brother of Charles, was made duke, and enjoyed a long and prosperous reign, which was marked by a third monetary concordat with Sarrebrlick and Treves, and by continued activity in im- proving and extending the coinage. He struck at Luxem- burgh and at his chateau of Mouzaive imitations of the gold Florentine and other types, and a variety of other money in silver. Wenceslas H. (1383-88) and Jodocus of Moravia ( 1 388-1402, 1 407- 11), both in turn emperors, their suc- cessors, and the Dukes of Burgundy, to whom Luxemburgh was sold in 1444, continued the same class of currency. From 1504 to 1577 we seem to have no monuments by reason of the mints having been closed. But the Austrian and Spanish masters of the Netherlands issued a large volume of money, chiefly of the lower values, in sols and liards, from the mints at Brussels and Guntzburg ; and in 1854 and i860 bronze pieces of 10, 5, and 2\ centimes w^ere coined for the grand-duchy. There is also a 10 centimes of 1870. The currency of Maria Theresa bears Ad Vsvm Dvcatvs Lvxem, The 6 and 3 plated sols, 1790, and ^ Hard, 1789, of Joseph H., merely have the Luxem- burgh shield, the value, and the date. The seigneury of Reckheim was in the possession of the Sombreffe family in the eleventh century, and remained in their hands till 1480, when the property passed Reckheim^ by marriage to the house of Pirmont. It again changed owners two or three times through heiresses, and belonged to the De la Marck, Vlodorp, and Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 391 other families, down to 1708. The house of Sombreffe must have been one of considerable importance and weight, and during their tenure of the fief a varied and extensive coinage, partly copied from other Flemish types, was struck at Reckheim, Bortheim, and other mints. These coins are not easily appropriated, as there were three consecutive lords of the name of William : on one of them we find the addition, Dns. de Kerphen^ seeming to shew that their sovereignty extended to Kerpen in Julich or Juliers. The later representatives, including Ernest van Lynden, created a Count of the Empire in 1620, adopted as their numis- matic models the current types of Liege, Brabant, Holland, France, even Spain. There was no originality ; but, poHti- cally speaking, the lordship was during more than two centuries a prominent feature in the life of the Southern Netherlands. Counts of Flandei^s The feudal and virtually sovereign county of Flanders, which at different epochs united w^ith it other titular dis- tinctions, as Ternois, Alost, Hainault, and Boulogne, and in the person of one of the dynasty founded the Latin Empire of the East, comprehended the two divisions of modern Belgium so named, a portion of the Dutch province of Zeeland, and the actual French departments of Nord and Pas de Calais. The independent Counts, of whom the first, Beaudouin or Baldwin I., 862-79, was Grand Forester of Flanders, and son-in-law of Charles le Chauve, date from the ninth century, but Arnould IL (965-88) appears to be the earliest of whom we have coins. Saint-Omer, Ghent, and Bruges were among the original mints, and there is a long series of deniers and gros of various types down to the commencement of the fourteenth century, when Louis H. of Cregy (1322-46) emulated his neighbours and countrymen by the introduction of gold types, which, with a general development of the coinage, were multiplied by his son and successor, Louis of Maele (1346-84), the last count. Mar- guerite, daughter and heiress of Louis IIL, carried the 392 The Coins of Etti^ope domains and title into the house of Burgundy by her marriage to Philip le Hardi. The subsequent history of this once great and prosperous Power is a chapter in that of Spain, Bavaria, and Austria, of which it became in turn an appanage. Among the more remote rulers of Flanders in its days of autonomy the name of Baldwin IX. (i 194-1206), Count of Flanders and Hainault, and ultimately emperor of Constantinople after the Fourth Crusade, is entitled to a certain share of prominence as that of an interesting histori- cal figure, whose currency, reading B. Conies^ would have otherwise commanded slight attention ; and a second point worthy of note is the much later episode of Jacob van Artevelde of Ghent, whose friendship with Edward III. and espousal of his cause, in antagonism to his own sovereign, Louis of Maele, seem to be associated with the acceptance of the English gold florin of 1344 in Planders, although such a fact amounts to very little, especially as Edward entered into regular monetary agreements with other states, and con- tinental coinages were admitted by the Western European mercantile class everywhere on a stipulated footing. To the numismatist the productions of Flanders present of course innumerable features of attraction, even if they are somewhat bewildering in their almost inexhaustible abund- ance and variety. In some respects the coinage prior to the union with Burgundy is of superior interest ; and it embraces not only that of Louis of Cregy and Louis of Maele, Counts of Flanders, Nevers, and Rethel, but those of a large group of townships and minor fiefs. It may doubtless be predi- cated of the splendid gold money of the fourteenth century, that the types were chiefly loans from France ; but Flanders, even at the height of its prosperity, was a secondary Power, and under its Burgundian and other rulers it failed to sustain its prestige even to this extent. In the Catalogue of Mints some account will be found of the numerous seats of coinage, of which the principal were, in the last days of autonomy, Alost, Bruges, Ghent,^ and Mechlin. To them we owe the ^ Between this and Bruges lies the village of Maele, with the neglected ruins of the chateau where in 1330 Louis of Maele, son of Louis of Cre9y, was born. (See Delepierre, Chroniqiies^ etc., de r ancienne histoire des Flandres, 1^34; P- 123.) COINS OF THE SOUTHERN NETHERLANDS. Brabantine Revolution : Hard, 1790. 394 The Coins of Europe imposing and beautiful series of moittons^ chaises^ francs-d- cheval^ francs-d-pied^ ecus au lion^ heaumes or lions heaiunes and cavaliers or rijders, which once circulated in this district, and of which the Dukes of Burgundy adopted only the lion, substituting English and other models. Counts of Hainault The numismatic annals of this grand fief, which at one time was carried by marriage into the house of Flanders, and eventually shared the destiny of the latter in being in- corporated with Burgundy, cover the normal period between the tenth and fifteenth centuries, when so many Netherland and German subordinate states rose and flourished, subject to ulterior absorption by more powerful neighbours. The seats of coinage were Mons, Valenciennes, Maubeuge, and Walincourt, till the reign of Count William III. (1356-89), when Valenciennes became the sole mint, and we discern the usual evolution from the primitive denier with a sword, a raised hand in the act of benediction (denoting clerical in- fluence or partnership), or other common symbol, into a currency of the same elaborate and ambitious character as in Flanders. The same impulse affected the whole of Western Europe about the first moiety of the fourteenth century, when commerce began to develop itself, and the old billon and even silver values no longer sufficed. The collector may discover many examples deserving his attention in this series, from the reign of the Countess Margaret (1244-80) to that of Jacqueline of Bavaria (1417- 27), whose second consort was Humphrey, Duke of Glou- cester, and who was deprived of her possessions by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. Gold was first struck by Margaret II. (1345-56), married to the Emperor Louis of Bavaria. This princess introduced the florin ; and her suc- cessor William III. (1356-89) added a profuse variety of other denominations borrowed from France. A later sove- Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Ettrope 395 reign, William IV. ( 1 404- 1 7), struck at Valenciennes that curious type of the hedged lion, which was copied in Holland, and remained a favourite and standard emblem there till the end of the last century. Hainault participated in the political misfortunes of Flanders, and between 1659 and 1678 lost an important portion of its territory, which was annexed to France. There are a few interesting billon pieces struck at Mons by the States with the legend Pace et Ivsticia, 1577, in the con- test with Spain, and others from the same mint coined by the Duke of Parma in the name of Philip II., 1579-87. The close dynastic alliance between England and Hain- ault through the marriage of Edward III., in 1326, to the daughter of Count William I. (1304-37), should be borne in mind as a factor in the monetary relations between the two countries and the origin of the English gold florin of 1344. Counts of Ai^tois Artois, comprising Saint-Pol, Terouanne,Saint-Omer, Lille, and several other towns, was originally erected into a County by Charles le Chauve in 862 in favour of his son-in-law, Baldwin I., first Count of Flanders, and was reunited to the French crown in 11 80 by the marriage of Philip Augustus and Isabella of Hainault. The province successively passed by marriage or treaty to Burgundy, Spain, and FVance, of which since the Peace of Nimmhegen (1678) it has formed part. No independent coinage is known ; but the Carlovingian dynasty struck money at Quentovic and other places ; Philip Augustus and some of his successors issued at Saint-Omer and Arras deniers of the Paris standard ; and the later Flemish, Spanish, and French masters of Artois have had their currencies and mints on this soil, which has, nevertheless, given rise to a peculiar type or series of types, known as the Artesian, and during a lengthened space of time common to Flanders and Hainault. These coins, at first often anepi- graphic, and ranging in date between the eleventh and 396 The Coins of Etti^ope thirteenth centuries, were to Artois and the rest of Flanders, and to Hainault, what the municipal mailles were to so many of the towns — a common medium. The liards of Philip 11. of Spain, 1582, as Count of Artois, are carefully executed and of rare occurrence. Counts of Boulogne This domain was formed out of portions of the county of Ponthieu in the ninth century as a marriage portion with Bertha, daughter of Count Helgaud, to the son of the Count of Flanders. The fief subsequently passed into the houses of Dammartin and Auvergne, to the latter of which its subsequent history is referrible. Some account of the coin- age will have been found in the Catalogue of Mints. The celebrated family of Dammartin is credited, in the person of Renaud de Dammartin (11 91- 1227), with having improved the types, and introduced his name upon it, partly in the vernacular, thus : Reinnault Conies. From the repeated alliances with France the counts naturally acquired the habit of imitating the denier parisis. The title was borne by Alfonso III., King of Portugal (1248-79), in right of his wife, Mahaut de Dammartin, both after his accession to the throne and after her death in 1258. Counts of Saint-Pol The Counts of Saint-Pol, of the house of Candavene, possessed a coinage from the eleventh to the beginning of the seventeenth century with an ear of barley in the type, from a supposed reference to the name Campus Avence or Candens Avena, There is a considerable lacuna in the series between 1205 ^^^d 1292. In 1306, Gui IV. (i 292-1 3 i 7) entered into a compact with Joannino Tadolin of Lucca, " le vendredy devant la feste Saint- Vincent," to engrave and coin deniers and mailles to pass current in his territories with those of the Crown of France. These pieces retain the symbolical type belonging to Candavene, and read Gvido Comes Descriptive Otttline of the Coinages of Europe 397 and Moneta Santi-Pavli. This personage had estabHshed in 1300 a mint at EHncourt, in the diocese of Cannbrai, where he was enabled to copy with greater impunity the money of his neighbours and contemporaries ; and we have a variety of denominations from this seat of coinage, more or less exact contrefagons of the cavaliers of Valenciennes, the gros an portail of Alost, the coqinbtis of Cambrai, and other de- scriptions. His widow pursued the same monetary piracy, and was obliged in 1337 to discontinue the practice of melting down the French regal money and recoining it with a mixture of billon imported from that kingdom. The Countess Marie (1317-39) even went so far as to take into her employment a messenger of the king, Aimery de la Coste. In 1360, an heiress brought the county of Saint- Pol in marriage to the house of Luxemburgh. The coinage of Cambrai is believed to have been exclusively regal or episcopal. The privilege to the See dates from the reign of Charles le Chauve, and ^Canibrai^^ was renewed by successive emperors dow^n to the close of the twelfth century. The earliest pieces connected with this city are of regal origin, and bear the names of Charles le Chauve and Zuintibold. The mints were Cambrai (Cateau Cambresis) and Saint-Gery in the vicinity ; but the latter was eventually amalgamated. The mint of Cateau Cambresis is cited in the Imperial Charter of 1 00 1. From a litigation which occurred between the See and the Count of Cambrai, 934-47, it*is augurable that the secular lord was not entitled to any share in the rights or profits attendant on the coinage, nor did the city ever participate in them. But the chapter claimed a tenth, and was accustomed, sede vacante^ to exercise full vicarious jurisdiction in this as in other respects. The two important eras were the reigns of Gui IV. and Pierre IV. (1342-68), when the currency became more diversified, and the first gold appeared, and that of Maximilien de Berghes, the first archbishop (i 556-70), who struck the gold ecus of 40 patards and other new varieties, not forgetting mites of pure copper, as distinguished from the deniers 7Wtrs of his predecessors. 398 The Coins of Europe The operations of the mint determined in 1595 ; and Cambrai was annexed to France in 1677/ Originally, with Gaesbeck, Leeuwen, and Russon, an appanage of the duchy of Brabant, and detached in order to form a fief for Godefroi, younrer son of Henri le Guerroyeur, Duke 01 Brabant, i 190 -1235. The town was celebrated at an earlier period as the birth- place of Pepin d'Heristal. The domain reverted in 1324. There are esterlings and deniers of Henri (1253-85), of Jean I., Tristan (i 285-1 309), of Felicita of Luxemburgh his widow as guardian, and of their son Jean H. (1309-24). Herstal and Russon appear to have been the seats of coin- age ; and possibly Gaesbeck was likewise. Tozvns and Subordinate Fiefs Within this circle lay a considerable number of urban centres and smaller lordships which never acquired a very conspicuous share in the government of affairs, and on the other hand generally survived the vicissitudes to which their more ambitious and formidable contemporaries exposed themselves. Of all of these a perhaps adequate account has been furnished in the Catalogues. We subjoin a list of names : — Agimont Aire Antwerp Arleux Arras Audenarde Beaumont Bergues-Saint-Winoc Bethune Bruges Brussels Calais Courtray Crevecoeur Dixmude Donck Douay Eename Elincourt, Cambrai Encre Fagnolles F au quem b e rgu e s Florennes Gavres Gerdingen or Ordingen Ghent Ghistelles Gruitrode ^ Comp. Cat. of Mints : Mouton," " Patard," etc. Cambrai," and Cat. of Denom. Coquibus, Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Ettrope 399 Heusden-on-the-Maese Jupille Kessenich Leeuw Lens-en-Artois Lille Loo Louvain Malines or Mechlin Mons Munsterbilsen Nivelles Orchies Ostend Pequigny Perwez Petersheim Saint-Berlin Saint-Omer Saint-Waast, near Arras Salm Serai n Sluys Stavelot Straeten [Saint Andre] Termonde Tirlemont Toiirnai Vilvorde Walincourt Well Ypres Zolder Zonhoven It will be obvious that many of these localities are at pre- sent on French soil ; but they formerly constituted part of the great county of Flanders. Calais remained in the hands of the English from 1347 to 1558, and was a prominent mint of Edward III. and his successors down to Henry V. or VI. But the classification of the Calais groats, half groats, and sterlings or pennies, bearing the common name of Henry is still somewhat unsettled. Nobles of Edward HI. (Second and Third Periods, 1360-77) with C in the centre of the cross on the reverse are attributed to this mint. The silver pieces bear the name of the place of origin : Calisie, Villa Calisie^ or Villa Calls, where we note the distinction between Villa and Civitas, the latter being applied to London, York, Durham, etc. Of Antwerp we speak elsewhere. It was a place with which the English were intimately connected by commercial relations and monetary compacts. The treaty between Edward HI., the Duke of Bavaria, and the Duke of Brabant, just when the first-named prince was developing his coinage by the addition of the groat and noble and their divisions, not to mention the gold florin, established about 1345 a common basis of currency for the three Powers in the shape of a groat with full-face bust and the interesting legend Moiteta Nra. In North Brabant, and at present in Holland. 400 The Coins of Europe Antzverp. Edward entered into similar arrangements with other parts of the Netherlands. Here or at Brussels were struck the admirable pieces in all metals, including copper, of Charles V., Philip IL, Albert and Isabella, and later rulers. Some of the pieces bearing the names of Albert and Isabella have the accollated busts, and others the facing ones, in the Spanish taste. The coinage of Philip V. for 1703 includes a peculiar type of daalder with the portrait of the king in unusually high relief, and almost of medallic fabric. The copper series is very desirable ; it runs from the reign of Charles V. to 1794; and the mite, which was imitated at Ghent and elsewhere, formed the unit and basis of the monetary law introduced by Charles, and proceeded to the gold real = 1440 mites. The system was continued by Philip II., who also had the oort or oirt and Hard in the same metal for the various provinces under his government. Bruges, Brussels, Ghent, and Tournai were four other points where w^e shall see that the numismatic life was formerly very active and diversified. Bruges and Ghent were two of the principal mints of the later Counts of Flanders. Bruges was largely employed by the Dukes of Burgundy ; while Brussels, at first the place of origin of small communal currency, became in turn the seat of coinage of the Dukes of Brabant and the Austrian and Spanish sovereigns of the Low Countries down to the reign of Maria Theresa. Crossing the actual French frontier we meet with Lille, Douay, and Saint-Omer. The last is remarkable for a very ephemeral communal coinage (1127-28). The majority of the money is feudal or abbatial, and is confined to mailles and deniers of small module. The ecclesiastical series ex- hibits two juxtaposed croziers, in remembrance of the union of the abbeys of Saint-Bertin and Saint-Omer. The at present obscure fief of Encre or Ancre derived a certain notoriety from having passed in the time of Louis XIII. of France into the hands of the minister Conchini, Mare^hal d'Encre, who was executed in 161 7. The coinage of Heusden-on-the-Maese, North Brabant, limited to deniers having on their reverse a wheel of six Descriptive Oittlhie of the Coinages of Ettrope 401 spokes with annulets interposed, has formed a subject of some difficulty. A trouvaille, many years ago, at Maestricht brought some of these pieces to light. The wheel is taken to be the heraldic cognisance of the Seigneurs of Heusden, commencing with Arnould I. about i 173, and the legend on a coin of the latter, reading Am. H. Sidv., is explained by Schulman of Amersfoort ^ to signify Arnoldiis HvsidunicE. The Seigneurs struck money down to the fourteenth century. In the modern redistribution of Netherland territory Heusden became Dutch. The coinage of the Spaniards and Austrians for Flanders and other southern provinces extended from the reign of Charles V. of Spain to the closing years of the eighteenth century, and was in all metals. The former seems to have ceased with Philip V. and the latter to have commenced with Albert and Isabella of Austria about i 598. The series is a highly interesting one, especially perhaps in the copper liards and oorts of Philip II. and the liards in the same metal of Maria Theresa, of which we engrave a double one of 1749. Some important examples in gold and silver belong to the reigns of Charles V. and his successors, and to those of Albert and Isabella. In 1790 the revolt of the Brabanters produced a remarkable currency in gold, silver, and copper, engraved by Van Berckel, and consisting of the Hard and double Hard, the florin, 3-florin piece, and lO-sols piece, and the 14 florins in gold. These coins are of admirable execution, and exist in more than one variety. Of the 7 florins we have met with no specimen. The latest issue of German money was under Francis II., in 1794. Kingdom of the Belgians , Numismatically, the Belgian monarchy cannot truly be said to have yet attained an important or an interesting 1 Catalogue xv., No. 1078. See Mr. Schulman's very interesting note. The name of the place in ancient documents is variously given as Huissele, Husidinia, Hunsetti, Hunsate supermosa, etc. 2 D 402 The Coins of Ettrope character. Its currency in all metals since its formation in I 83 I, with the exception of that in nickel, which is almost the last survival of the kind in the continental series, is of excellent quality ; but it has no special artistic pretensions, and is historically inarticulate. It follows the decimal sys- tem, and conforms to the Latin monetary concordat of 1865. There has been a profusion of patterns or essais^ but of no particular moment. A 5 francs of Leopold I., 1848, was engraved by Vanackre, and one of his successor, 1865, by Jouvenel. In i 849 a piece of 2^ francs was issued for the first and last time. In 1886 the plan was adopted of using vernacular legends on the money. The series struck for the Congo Settlement, 1887-88, reads Leap, II. R.D, Belg. Souv. De LEtat Indep. Dit Congo. The pieces of 10, 5, 2, and I centimes have a pierced centre on the Chinese model. On some of the coins of Leopold I. occurs a lion siegeant, looking to right ; on others one rampant, to left, but without the briquet or short sword still preserved on the Dutch money, and an inheritance from Brabant. 2. HOLLAND The Northern Netherlands, in the Middle Ages, were composed in a political sense, independently of the towns, which developed themselves into prominence and power from hamlets or pagi, of the county of Holland, the county of West Friesland, the county of Gueldres, the seigneury, afterward county, of Berg or s' Heerenberg, and the bishopric of Utrecht. Over the whole of these feudal divisions the emperors of the West claimed and exercised suze- rainty, the reality and force of which varied according to circumstances and the personal character of the reigning prince. The geographical situation of Holland afforded no ground for supposing that its eventual fate would differ from that of the southern provinces ; but the religious element interposed here to give a totally different direction to affairs. The struggle of the Belgians against their foreign invaders Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 403 was a struggle against tyranny ; that of the Hollanders was one against tyranny and Catholicism. The result, from an historical point of view, was that the North was enabled to form itself into a great and potent republic and a first-rate European Power, while the South wore the Austrian yoke only to exchange it at the French Revolution for another. Both portions of the Netherlands became French ; but Holland had done its part, like Venice, and had its day. It had a glorious past to contemplate and cherish. During two centuries it had known no foreign master. Counts of Holland This important and extensive domain was created by Charles le Chauve in favour of Thierri I. in 863. Our know- ledge of the earlier rulers of the province is very fragmentary, and there are no numismatic remains, identifiable as belong- ing here, prior to the twelfth century and the reign of Thierri VI., 1122-57, who struck deniers, bearing a head and a double cross, with Hollant. Yet it is possible that the pieces of a similar kind, ascribed to Florent van Voogd, with Comes, holladie, a bust in profile, and on reverse Hollant, may refer to Florent L, and be anterior. In the course of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the progress in the coinage was parallel to that in the other portions of the Low Countries, obeying the wave which made itself felt over the whole of Western Europe, and which changed the face of the currencies throughout alike in respect to fabric and variety. The primitive denier was gradually reinforced by the groot of the tournois type, the ^ groot with the lion, the botdrager, the agnel or klein lam, the mouton or groot lam, the florin, and the clinkaert or chaise. The successive transfers to the houses of Bavaria in 1345 and Burgundy in 1428 influenced and enriched the coinage. The last count of the Bavarian line issued money with the quartered shield of Bavaria, Arnhem, Nimmhegen, Ruremonde, and Zutphen. The most ancient mint of which we hear was Dordrecht, m.m. a rose, which continued to strike money for the Dukes of 404 The Coins of Bttrope Burgundy even after the succession of Maximilian in 1477. There is an inedited gold florin of Philip II. of Spain, 1576, with Phs ' D ' G • Hisp • Rex • Co • Hoi • and the date on re- verse, and on obverse the quartered shield between two Ps and Donimvs Mihi Adivtor. Counts of West Fries land The long-established topographical distinction between East and West Friesland, of which the latter alone falls within the immediate category, was possibly unrecognised in former times, when not merely the nomenclature but the territorial distribution was so different. As in the case of the Counts of Holland, the list of the dynasts of West Fries- land and the original nature of the currency circulating there are equally obscure and unsatisfactory. The Merovingian tremissis, reading Avdvlfus. Fj^isia, seems to import the names of a moneyer and the district ; but the latter may have been either this or the other one, then known under a general designation. A denier of Conrad II., however, with the word Fresonia^ more than probably appertains to the same region, and is ordinarily accepted and claimed by Dutch numismatists as a numismatic product of North Holland. Of the autonomous counts the money goes no farther back than Bruno III., 1038-57, and at that time the denier bore the names of the emperor and local sove- reign on opposite sides. But his successor, Egbert I., sup- pressed the imperial symbols, and inserted only Egbertvs and a cross. Egbert II., the third and last of the dynasty recorded, substituted a crowned full-faced bust and Ecbertvs, legbertvs^ or Vecbertvs, and on reverse the full-face heads of St. Simon and St. Jude. The early mints were Stavoren, Dokkum, Leeuarden, Bolswerd, Gernrode, and Winsum. During the interval which elapsed between 1090 and the formation of the Federal Union in 1579, there is nothing beyond the Saxon currency for Friesland ; and as this reads dubiously Saxon. Fris., Frisie., etc., we cannot be sure whether West or East Friesland is intended, or both. Desndptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 405 The Dukes of Saxony ceded their interest as Governors of Friesland to the house of Austria ; but the latter do not appear to have issued any special money for this dependency. Co?mts, afterward Dukes^ of Gueldres Gueldres became a county in 1019 and a duchy in 1339. It was incorporated with Juliers in 1371, with Egmont in 1423, and with Burgundy in 1472. But the house of Egmont continued down to a much later date to strike money as Dukes of Gueldres, Juliers, and Zutphen, and we also find coins with the names of Charles III. of Lorraine (155 5-1608), William, Duke of Juliers, and Philip II. of Spain (1556-98), either intended to circulate here or to assert a title to the sovereignty. Gueldres, in common with the rest of the Low Countries, formed part of the United Provinces till the Revolution, and of the French dominions till 18 14, when it was divided between Prussia and Holland. The whole interest for the present purpose centres in the coinage of the autonomous counts and dukes from the twelfth century, when the surviving memorials commence, dow^n to the absorption in Burgundy, and in that of the pro- vince, when it struck independent money as a member of the Confederation. The reign of Count Henry (1134-63) con- stitutes the starting-point with the normal denier, which was imitated from the types of Holland and Brabant, but on reverse exhibited the ancient cognisance of the seigneurs — three medlar flowers. Between the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the money in use had been considerably improved and extended by the introduction of larger denominations and gold. On some of the grooten or gros and florins of this period there are heraldic or other indications of a common currency for two or more townships : one has A.N.R.S. in the cantonments of the cross for Arnhem, Nimmhegen, Ruremonde, and Sutphen or Zutphen. The mints were Arnhem, Ruremonde, Hardewijk, and Venlo. The gold types were the florin and rijder or cavalier. 4o6 The Coins of Ettrope Seignem^s and Coitnts of s' Heerenbeig There is a long and important series of coins associated with this feudal title from the time of Adam III., 1331, first known holder of it, till 163 1. The later feoffees describe themselves as Counts of Berg and Lords of Bilant, Hedel, Boxmeer, Homoet, and Wisch. There were at least five mints — Berg, Hedel, Gendringen, Dieren, and Stevens- weerd. Bishopric of Utt^echt This ancient and powerful See, of which the jurisdiction once extended over the provinces of Holland, Gueldres, and Cleves, the lordships of Bentheim and Ghore, etc., can be traced back to the Carlovingian period, prior to the Scandi- navian irruptions into Friesland in the ninth century, when the territory which composed the diocese was laid waste and the metropolitan seat reduced to ruins. In the following one the bishops had rallied from their misfortunes, and in 936 w^e find the emperor bestowing ample monetary privi- leges on Bishop Balderic. Nevertheless, a considerable lapse of time occurred before the ecclesiastical coinage of Utrecht acquired sensible importance or individuality, since down to the eleventh century (1028) the money bore only the names of emperors or saints (St. Lambert and St. Martin), accompanied by a rude bust and a crozier, with or without the word Baculus {Bacv Lv), and it was not till the termination of an interval (1250-1341) for which there are no numismatic monuments, that an abrupt advance is discernible in the type and style of the coins of Jan van Arkel, who published grooten and other low^ denominations w^ith a very striking full-face portrait of the prelate. The mints were Utrecht, Daventer, and Groningen. From this time down to 1528, when the government of these haughty and imperious dignitaries proved unpalatable to their sub- jects, and the temporalities, with the right of coinage, were sold to Charles V., there were three or four reigns, in the course of w^hich the m^oney of the diocese attained the height Descriptive Otttline of the Coinages of Eui^ope 407 of its importance and splendour. The names of Frederic of Blankenheim (i 393-1425), Rodolph of Diepholt (1433-56), and, above all, David of Burgundy (1457-96), are associated with an interesting, rich, and curious succession of gold types, culminating in that of the last mentioned with Memento. Doinine. David, and a half-length figure of David playing on the harp. Many of these pieces are rare and valuable, and command a high price in the Dutch market. THE UNITED PROVINCES This Federal organisation, dating from 1579, when Holland, West Friesland, Groningen, Zeeland, Gueldres, Utrecht, and Overijssel entered on the movement which promptly resulted, under the leadership of William the Silent, in the abandonment of this part of the Low Countries by the Spaniards, is responsible for an immense volume of coinage, commencing with money of necessity or of a special character struck, under the wise original compact or under- standing, by the respective members of the Union on their separate account, but ultimately, when affairs became more settled, developing into the system of each state issu- ing its own currency at a fixed standard for general circu- lation. Here we find the basis, which Switzerland at the present moment desires to establish, anticipated by a couple of centuries. Some idea of the extent of this portion or branch of the Netherland series alone must have been formed by such as have studied the numerous monographs and are acquainted with the contents of the great collections, either existing or dispersed. In the Catalogues an effort has been made to convey as much information as possible within a moderate compass and a definite plan. The coinage may be said to range between 1579 and 1794, or thereabout; and it divides itself into the domestic or internal and the colonial 4o8 The Coins of Ettrope series. The wealth and prosperity of the country are vividly reflected in the abundance of types, patterns, and issues which, considering the territorial area, relatively surpassed those of the German-speaking communities. The prevalent denominations were the rijder or cavalier in gold of more than one module, the imitations of the English rose-noble and the half, the silver daalder, with the double and half, the gulden (=20 stuiver) with its divisions (10, 6, 2) and multiples, and the stuiver, its multiples, moiety, and quarter. For the colonies a long and at first irregular succession of money, commencing with 1601, and still main- tained, in a certain measure followed the policy of the English East India Company, by retaining the ordinary characters and even types, and afterward by studying local prejudices in the adoption of native legends and fabric. Gold does not appear to have been struck for colonial use ; but ordinary ducats countermarked for Java present them- selves. Attention may be directed to the scarce lead duits for Ceylon about 1789-90, and particularly to one with a bird perched at the top of a tree on obverse. Nothing can exceed the beauty and splendour of the large assortment of coins which it is possible to accumulate within these limits. We may cite — The gold rijder and \ rijder of West Friesland of small module, 1585. The so-called Leicester Series, 1 586-1659. The silver piece of Zwolle, struck on a square flan with Zwollae [i5]96, on obverse a shield surrounded by Devs Refvgivm Nostrvm. The stuiver of Philip II. with the legend Moneta Nova Dave7itrie occupying both sides, P . in the centre of the obverse and a shield in that of the reverse. The stuivers issued for Holland about 1600 with Avx. Nos. In Nom. Douiy One is dated 1604. The 20-florin gold piece for West Friesland, 1601. The colonial series struck at Amsterdam in 1601. 1 The mottoes on the Low-Country money were an eloquent echo of the trials and sufferings of the people (see Introd. pp. 36, 37); and down to the present century we find such legends as In Deo est spes 7iostra ; Vigilate et orate ; Hac niti7?nir, kajzc tuemur. COINS OF THE DUTCH EAST INDIES. Bar of 4I stuiver. Copper. Batavia : j\ gulden, 1802. Louis Napoleon : i stuiver. 410 The Coins of Europe The series of gold rijders of larger module, struck for various pro- vinces. The X.-stuiver piece of Zeeland, 1613. The gold ducat of West Friesland, 16 18, with the arms of the pro- vince, accompanied by those of Ostergo, Westergo, etc. The 48-stuiver piece for Batavia, 1645. ^^Z- (cast). The 1 and \ stuiver piece for Batavia, 1644. The silver daalders or ducatons ( ? patterns) of 1671 and 1684. The daalder of 1687 with the three-quarter bust of William the Silent, struck in gold, to pass for 50 gulden. The lo-escalin or schelling piece of 1693, struck for Zeeland. The daalder or ducaton (? pattern) of 1742. The \ ducatons of 1763 and 1787. It was a very usual practice, on the part of the Hollanders, to strike money in a superior metal either as a piece de plaisij^ or for actual use. Pieces of i and 2 stuiver often occur in gold, and still more frequently in silver. We may take the opportunity to notice a piece belonging to Overijssel, of widespread module, and apparently equal to four gulden, without date, but with the arms of the provinces on reverse enclosing those of Overijssel itself The obverse exhibits a horseman galloping to right over a walled fortress on the sea, and bears the inscription Nemo • Bonvs • Nisi • Cvvi • Anima • Sinivl - Amisit • Libertatem • It was in Overijssel that the gold ducat of Transylvania was imitated. The Leicester coinage, struck and issued pursuant to an order of the earl, dated from the Hague, August 4, 1586, continued from that year down to 1659, and is found of a variety of types, all bearing the portrait of the English Governor of the provinces of Zeeland, Gueldres, West Friesland, and Overijssel. The denominations were the daalder and its divisions down to the 50th, the smaller pieces being plated ; no gold or copper seems to be known. The daalder of 1587 (Friesland) and the daalder and \ daalder of 1595 are rare, especially the whole of 1587 struck on a square flan. The survival of the currency, long after the death of Leicester and the desertion of the cause by Eliza- beth, may be explained by the reluctance of the Low Countries to dissociate themselves from a great Protestant prince and country. Pieces with the same effigy occur even Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Eui^ope 4 1 1 in the seventeenth century so low down as 1659 ; but the type at last degenerated into a conventional figure destitute of individuality. The administration of Leicester was concurrent with the choice and acknowledgment of William of Nassau as Stadt- holder (1579-84), an office which was held by the Princes of Orange with certain breaks, and made hereditary in 1747. Tozvjis in Holland It is necessary, in calling attention to the somewhat copious particulars already furnished, to recapitulate so far as to subjoin a list of the chief municipal and feudal centres within this territory, with certain additional remarks likely to be of service to those concerned. Alkmaar Fauquemont Ravenstein Almeloo Fivelgo Ruremonde Arnhem Franeker Schoonvoorst Batenborg Gembloux Sehverd Bicht Gorkum Sneek Bolsverd Groningen Stavoren Born Gronsfeld Steyn Breda Harderwijk Thorn Bunde Hoorn Utrecht Campen Koevorden Vogelsanck Cuilemborg Leeuarden Weert Cuinre Limbourg Workum Daventer Maestricht Zalt Bommel Dordrecht or Dort Megen Zutphen Elsloo Nimmhegen Zwolle Enkhuisen Randerode All these have been rendered familiar names by their former numismatic activity. Dordrecht, Enkhuisen, Hoorn, Harder- wijk, and Utrecht were the colonial mints. Stavoren was an ancient seat of coinage of the Counts of West Friesland. Batenborg, Bolsverd, Cuilemborg, Cuinre, Megen, Gronsfeld, struck feudal money. The currency of Groningen in copper commences at a very early date, and is long limited to the braspenning, of which we have seen examples dated 1509, 412 The Corns of Europe but which appeared still earlier. Gorkum or Gorinchen is famous for the original contrefa^on of the English noble. The siege-pieces connected with the Northern Nether- lands form a subject in themselves. The places for which they were chiefly struck were Breda, Campen, Daventer, Groningen, Maestricht, Utrecht ; but scarcely a foot of ground on this soil is without some association of the kind. As complete a view of them as could be supplied in such a work as the present has been incorporated with the Catalogues. The Batavian Republic (1795-1806) The Provinces formed themselves in 1795 into a com- monwealth, and created in this manner an epoch in the monetary annals, although the coinage was exclusively of the existing types. The Republic struck at Utrecht, Middel- burgh, Hoorn, Dordrecht, and Daventer the gold ducat, the rijksdaalder, the gulden, and the dute or doit. The dates range between 1795 and 1806. The mint at Daventer seems to have been most sparingly employed. The colonial series was now continued, as usual, by the respective members of the Union with the old mottoes down to 1807, when a different system and style were adopted. The stuiver of 1799 Java, of thick fabric, with the Savoyard knot, belongs to this regime. Kingdom of Holland (1806-10) In 1794-95 the Batavian Republic had superseded the Government of the United Provinces under a Stadtholder, and in i 806 the kingdom of Holland was created in favour of Louis Napoleon, brother of the Emperor. It lasted till I 8 10; and from 18 10 to 18 14 the Netherlands were united COINS OF THE NORTHERN NETHERLANDS. West Friesland : 2 stuiver, 1646. Pattern in silver. 414 The Coins of Eui^'ope to France. But the tenure of authority by Louis Napoleon, brief as it was, was not destitute of numismatic results. We annex a list of the from the Amsterdam mint : new coinage which was thus introduced I Florin 50 Stuiver 50 Stuiver The same i\ Gulden I Rix Daalder The same (with a different rev. and no value) I Gulden 1807 1807 1808 1809 1809 1 809 1 809 1 809 10 Stuiver . . .1 809 5 Gulden (gold) . . 1809 10 Gulden (gold) . . 1809 20 Gulden (gold) . . 1809 I Duit (for Java) . . 1808 2 types The same . . . 1809 The same . . . 18 10 .-. 2 types The legend on all the money struck for home use was never much varied. The florin of 1807 reads on obverse Nap.Lodezv LKon. Van //"d?//.,and on reverse Koninrik Holland I F, 1807. The former side has a portrait common to the whole series, and the latter a shield quartering the lion and the eagle. The colonial pieces have simply Java and the date on obverse, and L.N. on reverse in separate letters or in a monogram. The first issue of 1808 has no initials, but the ordinary colonial mark and a piece clipped out, and the star of six points which occurs on all these pieces stamped in. The m.m. on the other money is a bee. Subsequently to the union with the French Empire, Napoleon himself struck money for Holland at Utrecht. Kingdom of the Nethe7dands (1814-93) As in other parts of the colossal French Empire under Napoleon I., the hereditary Stadtholder, William VI., re- entered on his office in 18 14, and assumed the title of King of the Netherlands. The autonomous coinage was suspended by political events till 1 8 1 6, and was then permanently established. The money struck in this and the succeeding reigns is tolerably abundant. RULERS OF THE NETHERLANDS. ^ Leijcester daalder, 1595. er of Maurice of Nassau, 1601. 2th of an ^cu of William of Nassau, 1665 (afterward William III. of Great Britain). Pattern rixdaalder of Louis Napoleon, King of Holland, 1809. 4i6 The Coins of Eui'ope WILLIAM I. (1814-40) Gold. I Ducat of the old type. . . 1814, 1815 I Ducat of a new type . . . 181 7 (rejected) 10 Ducats . . . . 1818 I Ducat . . . . 1819, etc. Silver. Rijksdaalder ( = 2| gulden) of old Utrecht type 1816, etc. Gulden and \ gulden . . . v.y. Gulden, new type . . . 1840 Billon. 5, lo, and 25 cents . . . v.y. Copper. Cent and \ cent . . . . 18 18, 181 9, etc. WILLIAM II. (1840-49) Gold. I Ducat =5 gulden . . . 1841 Double ducat . . . . 1842 I Ducat ..... 1 843 Negotiepenning (10 ducats) . . 1848 Silver. Rijksdaalder .... v.y. Gulden and \ gulden . . . v.y. ^Gulden v.y. to . . . . 1849 Gulden, and \ for Dutch East Indies . v.y. 10 Cents (Gothic W.) . . . 1843 5 Cents .... 1848 Copper. Cent and ^ cent . . . ^ . v.y. WILLIAM III. (1849-89) Gold. 20 Florins . . . . 1850 5 Florins . . . .1850 Silver. Rijksdaalder . . . 1849 \ Gulden . . . . 1 849 Gulden . . . . ,1850 ^ Gulden .... v.y. 10 Cents v.y. from . . . 1849 5 Cents v.y. from . . . 1850 Copper i 2\ Cents . . . .1880 or < I Cent (two types) v.y. from . . 1850 Bro7tze \ \ Cent (two types) v.y. from . . 1850 WILHELMINA (1889-93) Silver. 2^ Gulden . . . . I Gulden . . . . | 25 Cents . . . . V 1 892 10 Cents . . . .1 5 Cents . . . . Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe ^ly Independently of the internal currency for the Nether- lands themselves, the Dutch Government down to 1889, when that grand-duchy passed to the Duke of Nassau, struck coins for Luxemburgh ; and it still continues to do so for the East Indies : the gulden, ^ gulden, ^ gulden, gulden, and -^V gulden in silver, and 2^ cents, i cent, and ^ cent in bronze. The minuter varieties in the monetary productions of the Flemish and Dutch mints, both in pieces struck for local and for general use, are so innumerable, that even in a mono- graph it is found almost impossible to exhaust the subject, and there exists, as a natural consequence, a vast assemblage of coins, which are eo jure unique or inedited. Looking back over the ground which we have traversed from the existing standpoint under modern conditions, we perceive how strangely and dramatically the tide of fortune and empire has flowed backward and forward throughout this picturesque and romantic region. The feudal or seigniorial basis, replacing an even more barbarous or at least primitive system of tribal life and government, constituted the source whence from time to time men of stronger character sprang, and exercised, occasionally during centuries, an authority nearly approaching to that of sovereign princes over a wide area outside their ancestral estates ; and there is the other constantly-recurring phenomenon of a supreme dominating influence, such as that of Charlemagne, Charles V., and Napoleon, which laid under its general allegiance a country abounding in brave and earnest men, but deficient in material organisation. The force of religious circumstances, in the case of the Northern Netherlands, accelerated the fall of Spanish power and the rise of the United Provinces ; but the German and French elements survived ; and Holland and Belgium knew security and repose only when they had parted with all that renders security and repose dear to a nation. At present they exist by sufferance. The most glorious days for them were those when they struggled for freedom. When freedom came, it was too late. 2 E 4i8 The Coins of Etcrope XII. ITALY The numismatic antiquities of the Peninsula and Sicily in all their breadth and length have within a measurable distance of time attracted the attention and study of numxerous able and enthusiastic inquirers who, in addition to general views of the subject, have made special researches into the coinages of particular provinces and towns. This condition of affairs is apt to operate in two directions ; for, on the one hand, it adds immensely to our knowledge of the monetary products of the whole region, while, on the other, it enhances the difficulty of supplying such a sketch or outline of this branch of the matter as may prove satis- factory and useful to collectors. We have in the present case to deal with the Italian coinages, introduced by the Ostrogoths at the end of the fifth century, by the Lombards in the eighth, by the Franks and Germans in the north, and the Normans and Arabs in the south, between the eighth and twelfth, by the republics, by Savoy and other States, by the Popes, by the towns, and by the two successive kingdoms of Italy. These are the grand landmarks and divisions, of which the separate treat- ment has to be regulated by circumstances. The student who seeks to acquire a minute conversance with any given section can be at no loss for guides ; but it is our mission to take a survey of the entire field on the principle which we have followed throughout, and note all points which appear to be important and of interest. The strength of the Italian series principally resides in the urban currencies and the fine cinquecento work, which begins about 1450 to impart a new character to the money of Florence, Milan, Ferrara, Bologna, and Rome. The Ostrogoths, whose rule over the northern part extended from the end of the fifth to the second half of the sixth century, long coptented themselves with adding to the Byzantine types, with the names of the emperors of the East, their own monograms on the reverse side ; they soon learned Descriptive OiUline of the Coinages of Eti7'ope 419 to strike money in all metals on the existing models ; and their mints were Rome, Pavia, and Ravenna. We observe a stealthy process, by which these princes gradually Ostrogoths ^^pls-c^d the monogram by their full titles and suppressed the bust and name of the reigning emperor. Athalaric (526-34) put on his money D.N, {^Doniiiii Nomine ?\ Atlialaricvs Rex; and his immediate successor, Theodahatus, evinced his sense of the growing declension of the Roman power in the West by issuing the bronze coinage with his own portrait, while he preserved on the reverse the characters and types to which the people were accustomed — the winged Victory, the S,C., and so forth. This was a somewhat daring innovation, as under the old Roman monetary law the bronze money was beyond the control even of the emperors, and required for its legalisation a decree of the Senate. The bronze nummus of Theoda- hatus, of which there is a very fine example in the Grantley Cabinet, reads on obverse D,N. Theodohatvs Rex. The portrait is executed in the same style and taste as those accompanying the imperial aurei of this period. The Ostrogothic series comprised the solidus and triens in gold, the silica and \ silica in silver, and the 40, 20, 10, and 5 7iiivivii in bronze. Some of these pieces exhibit curious legends, as Invicta Ronia^ Felix Ravenna^ Felix Ticiniis, Victoria Principum, reminding us of the Romano- British coins of Carausius and Allectus. The series of 7tiimini generally bear the value and a date indicated by the regnal year in Roman numerals in the exergue — a practice imitated by the Norman rulers of Sicily. The successors of the Ostrogoths had been invited into Italy by the Greek Exarch of Ravenna in 558, as the Ostrogoths were led to come thither by the Lombards Emperor Zeno in the previous century. The result was analogous, and the new settlers were enabled by the growing weakness of the Greeks to make themselves masters of the whole of the kingdom, and even of Sicily, where they succeeded in maintaining their ground long after the fall of the Lombard dynasty in the north. 420 The Coins of Europe The coins of the Lombards somewhat differed in character from those of the Ostrogoths as well as from those belonging to the Merovingian and imperial systems. They are found almost exclusively in gold and silver ; and the mints were Pavia, Lucca, Milan, Piacenza, and possibly Treviso. A gold piece of Desiderius reads Flavia Sidrio, and has been referred to Sutri. The silver currency (silica and half silica) is of small module and of bracteate fabric ; it occurs of more than one reign ; the earliest which we have seen belongs to that of Pertharit (672-80). The Christian legend of St. Michael the Archangel, or an angel holding a casque, presents itself on some of the earlier issues in gold. St. Michael enjoyed wide favour among the mediaeval European artists or moneyers ; and the other symbol appropriately illustrated the idea of Heaven smiling on the efforts of the soldier. The Lombard money circu- lated side by side with that of the Franks, by which it w^as eventually superseded. Rotharis (636-52) discerned the advantage of checking utterers of forgeries by imposing severe penalties on convicted offenders, a piece of legislation renewed by the Emperor Louis II. (849-75). The gold coins of the Lombard kings are, for the most part, of extreme rarity. One of Astulphus (749-56) fetched 1900 francs, and a second of Carloman (781) 1100 francs, at the Hotel Drouot in 1885. Nor are those in the inferior metal by any means easily procurable, although in the find near Turin many years ago a hoard of the reign of Desiderius (756-74) occurred in conjunction with Carlovingian pieces. The rise of the Prankish influence under the successors of Pepin of Herstal constitutes another important era in the Th F c Italian annals. The new dynasty, in the persons of Pepin le Bref and his son Charles the Great, while it established itself on Italian soil in a certain sense, prepared the way by the magnitude of the empire, which gradually submitted to its at least titular authority, for the consolidation of the papacy and the development of the republics. The political necessities of the Carlovingian princes, owing to the absence of a centralised and properly Descriptive OiUline of the Coinages of Europe 421 balanced jurisdiction, induced them to favour and support the pretensions of the Holy See, and while this policy tended to maintain their rule over outlying portions of their dominions, it also laid the basis of a system which reduced their power to an almost nominal point. During centuries, Italy, like Germany and the Netherlands, remained an open ground for successive adventurers, who supplanted each other or who, quarrelling among themselves, opened the country to some new force, ever ready to seize an oppor- tunity for aggrandisement. The Franks, who never possessed in the Peninsula more than a feudal suzerainty, apart from their protectorate over Rome, have left, however, traces of their presence and sway incomparably more distinct and diffused than those of the Goths and Lombards. These conquerors did not fail to discern the value, as a mark of fealty and a vehicle for publicity, of the principle by which the seigniorial and municipal coinages carried on the face the evidence of issue under their sanction ; and from the prominence which w^e find accorded to the imperial name even by princes and cities virtually independent of the Crown — nay, at first by the pontiffs themselves — we must infer that such a feature in the monetary economy was viewed as a source of protec- tion and an improvement of title. But, independently of the money issued in alliance with cities and princes, the Franks at the first outset adopted the common expedient of copying the type and module of the currency already in vogue, and the moneyers of Clothair himself, when Italy fell to his portion after the death of Clovis, were led, if they were not instructed, to follow a style superior to any found on their own currency, and recommended by its popular acceptance. The successors of Charlemagne were unable to uphold in its integrity the vast empire which he left to them. The Carlovingian line became extinct on the death of Louis IV. (908), having enjoyed the sovereignty during even a shorter period than their precursors, but leaving behind them far more solid monuments of their existence and domination. 422 The Coins of Europe The Franks themselves were, of course, strictly speaking, of Teutonic origin and blood, and the term Gervian is employed in a generic sense to express the houses Gemians Saxony, Franconia, Hohenstaufen, Hapsburg, etc., which by turn and to a fluctuating extent exercised a supreme control over Italy in the Middle Ages and down to the abdication of Charles V., when the balance of power underwent a fundamental change, and schemes of universal empire were for the time impracticable. So long as the German supremacy in Italy lasted, it made its impress on the coinage of that country, as the Carlovingian one had done, and in a larger measure, because the municipal and republican systems had now developed ; Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Florence, and several other cities had constituted themselves into independent states ; and the agency which at last contributed to overthrow the imperial government in the Peninsula, during a lengthened space of time seemed to strengthen it, owing to the hesitation of newly formed Powers to repudiate a title which was little more than nominal. So we see that even the Venetians, within half a century of the date when they took Con- stantinople and founded the Latin Empire, preserved on their currency the titles of Henry IV. and V. side by side with the autonomous legend vS. Marcus Venecia. The gradual withdraw^al of the symbol of dependence, which always partook more of the nature of a mutual compact than of vassalage, imported the contraction of the imperial authority and the absolute self-government of the republics and towns. The more or less transitory and evanescent complexion of the successive dynasties or races, which overran and occupied the Peninsula, is readily explainable when we reflect that none of them had the means or opportunity to consolidate their empire, and that neither the Ostrogoths nor their successors acquired over the conquered region more than a military control, which the next comer overthrew or superseded. The governments which sought to establish themselves on Italian soil neglected down to the last the Descriptive Otttline of the Coinages of Ettrope 423 art of assimilating themselves to the country and people, because they persisted in the false and artificial prin- ciple of grasping more than they could hold, and sought no bond with the Italians except that of the sword. The Holy See, at a very early date, was permitted to relinquish this class of external testimony to subordination ; and elsewhere, as at Ancona, Rimini, Aquileia, and Arezzo, the name of a saint or a spiritual superior often disguised the existence and growth of temporal dominion. The internal dissensions of Germany and constant dis- putes as to the succession, which have tended to render the lists of rulers so intricate and confused, operated The ..... . Republics facilitating the establishment of a large body of ^ . . self-p-overned Powers throucrhout Italy under a Principalities. . r • i • • r- variety of titles and constitutions. Some chose the republican system, some the municipal ; some, after a brief lease of democracy, fell into the hands of an individual, who occasionally founded a strong, durable, and hereditary dynasty, but who at the outset clothed his authority and acts with popular or vicarious attributes. Such is the history, modified by local conditions, of Venice, Florence, Mantua, Padua, Milan, and many other places, whose original rulers were consuls or tribunes, standard-bearers, captains, or lieutenants of the emperor. The middle period of feudal suzerainty was characterised by the efforts of the reigning sovereign to conceal his weakness and of the Italian States to conceal their strength. A very full account has been given in the Catalogues of the numismatic transactions of the governments into which the Peninsula found itself gradually divided. The products of each mint have been described under their respective heads in the order of the alphabet ; and in a work w^hich is obviously incapable of grasping technical mimtticE^ a general numismatic survey of Italy, while it formed the home of so extensive a group of independent communities, appears to be all that is requisite and feasible. Collectors or students, when they first enter upon an investigation of this field, find, as in the case of other 424 The Coins of Etii'ope European countries, an enormous volume of material and an almost embarrassing range of choice ; and it is this experience which induces many to work on special lines either in regard to period or locality, to types or treatment. Perhaps the prevailing bias is toward the Popes, the Franco- Italian series, Venice, Savoy, or Florence, in nearly all of which historical and artistic interest are combined, and there is the supplemental recommendation of rarity and costliness. The papal coinage would be sufficient to engross the attention of an amateur, who might seek to accomplish ^ completeness in the early denari from the eisihth The Popes. ^ , . , . , • , , . , century, and m those pieces which owe their value to the brevity of reigns or to the limited issue of money in the more precious metals.^ The acquisition of the large silver denominations prior to Clement X. in fine state, and of all the copper down to quite recent times, is, however, a task of no mean difficulty. The interregnal periods (1049-1362 and 1527-28) furnish an assortment of coins of a secular character struck in the name of the Roman Senate, of Brancaleone d'Andalo, Charles of Anjou, Charles v., of anonymous senators, and of the tribune Rienzi (i 347-48), and some interesting and rare siege-money. The first pontiff who issued copper appears to have been Inno- cent VIII. (1484-92), of whom there is a piece from the mint at Aquila, usually described as a cavallo. There is a con- siderable aggregate of sede vacante pieces, generally of good execution and of limited extent ; and as we approach the present century, some of the money of necessity of Pius VI. and of the Roman Republic pending the crisis of 1798-99, and the coinages of such brief reigns as Leo XII. and Pius VIII., are desiderata. To the republic belonging to -Ihe latest years of the last century we have to assign, among other productions, a remarkable piece of 2^ baiocchi, 1796, with a head of St. Peter to left on obverse, the keys in his hand, and the legend Apostolorvm Princeps, The numismatic series of Pius IX. (1846-78) is long, and the examples, for the most part, plentiful. The last pontiff ^ See the Catalogue of Mints, v. " Rome." Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Ezcrope 425 who exercised the right of coining, employed between i 846 and 1866 four units, the baiocco, the centesiino, the soldo, and the lira, not to mention the scudo d'oro. We have of his reign the scudo, 2\ scudi, 5 scudi, and 10 scudi, and 100 lire, in gold ; the scudo, the lira, 2 lire, 20 baiocchi, 10 PAPAL COINS.i Danaro struck by the Roman Senate, 13th c. Scudo di oro of Pius IX. baiocchi, and 5 baiocchi, in silver ; the \ baiocco, i, 2, 3, and 5 baiocchi, the \, \, 2, and 4 soldi, and the centesimo, in copper. There is also the Gaeta series of 1848,^ as well as the revolutionary money, of which there are varieties in silver, billon, and copper, circular and square. One set, 1 Comp. Coins of the Medici," infra, 2 Comp. Catalogue of Mints, vv, "Gaeta" and "Rome.'' 426 The Coins of Europe consisting of 40, 20, 10, and 5 baiocchi, presents different legends on each piece. Another set, also in mixed metal, but of circular form, comprises 40, 16, 8, 4, 2, i, and ^ baiocchi. The copper, with Dio E Popolo, 1849, consists of 3, 2, I, and \ baiocchi; of the first there are two varieties. The first numismatic era of this republic was productive of nothing calculated to denote the probability of the great . , political and commercial development which Venice.^ . < . -r^ . , . , . awaited it. Recent discoveries and identifications % have afforded actual knowledge of a fact which might have been surmised, namely, that in the course of about three centuries the Venetians struck at least four-and-twenty varieties of a silver denaro with the names of successive emperors of the West. Count Papadopoli has laid us under obligations by classifying these pieces in his pamphlet entitled Sulle Origini Delia Veneta Zecca^ 1882, where careful engravings of them may be found. But the evolution and escape from this monotonous currency were very slow ; and when the Government at last, in the twelfth century, not only introduced the grosso or matapan,^ but made that the start- ing-point of an absolutely autonomous coinage, we have to confess that, while for the most part the standard was well maintained, the treatment and taste left much to be desired. The great departure from the feeble and inconvenient machinery, where the denaro and its moiety were the only currency of an indigenous origin, and the republic was obliged to resort to foreign specie in the case of large trans- actions or to calculation by weight, was perfectly analogous in its conception and limits to that of other continental states. In the type of the grosso there was little or no originality : its style and spirit are quite Oriental ; and the sole point of difference seems to be that w^hile here the germ was Byzan- tine, in the case of the French gros tournois the germ was Arabic. The obverse of the Venetian coin is apparently a direct copy from a seal of Orio Malipiero, the predecessor in 1 See three papers on the Coins of Venice, by the present writer, in the Antiqtiary for May to July 1884. ^ Said to have owed its name to Cape Matapan, between Zante and Cerigo. Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 427 the dogate of Arrigo or Enrico Dandolo, who introduced the piece. Yet both in its general fabric and aspect the mata- pan found many imitators : some successful, as the moneyers of the mediaeval Servian coin of fine silver repeatedly struck by the Bans of the fourteenth century ; others barbarous, like the corresponding currency of Bulgaria. However, the fact that the Bulgarian counterpart was in existence under Ansan I. (i 186-96) may either help to shew that the original model was not posterior at all events to I 192, or that Bulgaria borrowed the pattern immediately from a Greek source. The principal authority for the Venetian series is Schweitzer, of whose work, as well as of the other labourers in the same field, we have already had occasion to speak somewhat at large. It may be said that the coinage of the republic is chiefly striking from the following points of view : — The introduction of the Grosso (about 1192). Gold Ducat (about 1284). Lira Tron (with bust of the Doge). Bagattino (with bust of the Doge). The experimental circulation of a second gold variety (the sciido). The adoption of a species of bimetallism by the issue of a silver ducat (about 1559). The larger recourse to the inferior metal (1571-95). The issue of a new type of gold ducat (1606-12). The colonial monetary system. The Osella series. We have referred to the grosso. The gold ducat of the first type followed it at a distance of about a century ; and more than 200 years elapsed before (about 1501) the moiety appeared ; nor is any quarter known anterior to i 577. The more modern ducat was of thinner and broader fabric ; but minute variations are perceptible in those of the original module. The silver ducat also underwent changes of detail. It is sufficiently remarkable that in the second half of the sixteenth century, three large silver denominations, the ducat, the gittstina, and the scudo di croce, with their numerous fractions, circulated concurrently, while to the gold ducat was added the half, and not long after the quarter ; and 428 The Coins of Europe about 1523 an idea of having a second gold piece, the scudo d' oro, in emulation of other Italian states, was carried into effect, but promptly abandoned. Another temporary trial of a more curious and important character was the movement about 1470, by which the effigy of the reigning doge was placed on a copper bagattino and a new silver type termed the lira. It is clear from existing specimens that of the latter at least two varieties were pro- duced ; and different dies were employed for the copper and the silver. Luca Sesto or Antonello, master of the mint,^ was probably the engraver of both. But the practice was remarkably shortlived, and Nicolo Trono enjoys the distinc- tion of having been the only Venetian ruler who appeared on the currency. The experiment had a duration of two or three years ; and these small pieces rank among the most valuable and interesting in the whole body of numismatic remains belonging to the republic. From a comparison of documentary evidence with actual examples we arrive at the conclusion that a very large share of the colonial coinage was executed at home, and consigned, as occasion required, to the various dependencies for whose use it was destined. Experience must have shown the Government that the best, if not sole, guarantee for the maintenance of the standard was production under central control ; and when we look at many of the coins for places more remote than the Adriatic provinces and the possessions on the Lombard Terra-firma, the workmanship and style are strongly suggestive of a similar parentage. It should be recollected that the Venetians, at the height of their power and territorial expansion, included in their domain or empire the towns and provinces of Padua, Brescia, Bergamo, Verona, Vicenza, Treviso, Friuli, Ravenna, Dalmatia, Croatia, Albania, Negropont, Candia, Cyprus, the Ionian Isles, and the Morea. The republic studied the convenience of these numerous dependencies by adapting the types, as far as possible, to their respective wants or prepossessions. It would be useless to reiterate what will be found stated 1 Armand {Medailleiirs Italiens^ i. 46; iii. 165). VENETIAN COINS. 430 The Coins of Etii^ope in the antecedent Catalogues in regard to this branch of the matter and to the Venetian coinage generally. Political changes or vicissitudes were constantly exerting their natural influence in producing modifications and anomalies. The title of the republic to her Adriatic provinces was success- ively challenged by the Dukes of Austria, the Kings of Hungary, and the Waiwodes of Transylvania ; and the Venetian tenure of Ragusa is very faintly marked in a monetary sense, since the coins of that city are almost exclusively of a democratic type and of Oriental or Austrian origin.^ The Osella^ in gold, silver, and bronze, was a loan from the common continental usage of uniting the attributes of the Medal and the Coin, a piece available for both services, and dates from the sixteenth century. A profusion of these fine and attractive works of art came from the Venetian mint down to the last days of independence, and indeed those of more modern times were signalised by their sumptuousness of style. The celebrated Rossi Catalogue, 1 880, describes with great minuteness some of the most remarkable examples,^ including the double oselle in gold. It is a question whether, considering the phenomenally monotonous temper of the ordinary series, this may not claim to be the salient feature in the numismatic record ; and some of the later specimens offer the additional and rare attraction of a female portrait, which may be probably that of the Dogaressa. The Zecca (a Venetian form of Giudecca) or Mint at Venice has not been often employed since the fall of the republic. The piece of lo-lire Venete^ 1797) the revo- lutionary money of 1848-49, were struck there, however; and there is a centesimo of the kingdom of Italy, 1808, and two of the Lombardo- Venetian kingdom, 1822 and 1834, with the m.m. V. The Venetian coinage, spreading over centuries, embraces a fair proportion of rarities, among which we may quote — ^ See Catalogue of Mints, v. " Ragusa," and Catalogue of Denominations, vv. <'Artiluk," *'Perpero," " Vizlin," etc. 2 See also Catalogue of Denominations, v. " Osella." VENETIAN COINS. Mezzo tallero. Osella : silver. Double gazzetta : copper, i8th c. 432 The Coins of Europe The gold ducat of Giovanni Dandolo. Scudo d' oro. Mezzo-scudo d' oro. Doppia ( = 2 scudi d' oro). V with portraits of the Doge. ^ . ? Willi IJ«JJ. Li CllLO \J\. Lll'^ i^KJ^K.. Bagattmo ) Silver ducat, first issue. Triple grossetto (supposed to be a pattern), lo-ducat piece. i2-ducat piece. 24-ducat piece. lOO-ducat piece. The early Oselle, especially in gold. The lo-lire silver piece of 1797. .-. The die seems to have been broken while the coin was being struck. Any early copper in fine state. Coins of short reigns, like that of Marco Foscarini (1762-63). The original territories of the Dukes of Savoy were Hmited to the provinces of Savoy and Maurienne, which were conferred at the end of the tenth century on a son of the Marquis of Tuscany by Rodolph, King of Burgundy. The Counts subsequently acquired the Genevois, Chablais, Faucigny (i 3 10), Vaud (1350), Piedmont, Monteferrato, part of the Milanese, and Sardinia. The county became a duchy in 141 6, and a kingdom in 1720. The princes of this house were titular Kings of Cyprus as representatives of the Lusignan dynasty. When the king- dom of Sardinia merged in 1861 in that of United Italy, the patrimonial or ancestral estates in Savoy and Piedmont passed by treaty to France. The link with France had been periodically strengthened by intermarriages and alliances ; but the geographical situation of Savoy brought its rulers and people equally into contact with Italy and Switzerland, and the Savoyard coinage chiefly leans to the Italian side. The series opens abruptly with deniers in billon of Umberto II. (1080-1108); Umberto III. (1148-88) struck Desc7Hptive Outline of the Coinages of Ettrope 433 the denier and obole in fine silver ; and we meet with nothing of higher value till the introduction of the fort or fert and doitzain under Aimon (1329-43). Yet in the preceding century the Counts had evidently risen in im- portance and estimation : Tommaso and Amadeo IV. (i I 88-1 253) were successively nominated vicars-general of the empire ; the latter placed Sabavtdia on the money instead of Secusia (Susa) ; Piedmont is first noticed under Amadeo V. (i 285-1 323), and forms an addition subsequent to the grant of the province by the Emperor Henry VII. in 13 10. Amadeo VI. (1343-83) signalised his rule by ignoring the ordinance of the Emperor Charles IV. in 1363, which required on the face of the Savoyard coinage an acknowledgment of suzerainty, and by striking a gold florin on the model of the famous Tuscan prototype. It was from this point that a steady advance was made in the volume and style of the currency, which had been so far restricted to the denier or denaro, the obole, the fort or fert, the gros or grosso = 8 forts, and the silver florin = 1 2 gros. A distinction was drawn between the money current in Savoy, in Piedmont, and in Sardinia ; the portraits of the dukes began to appear on some of the more leading pieces about 1482 ; and this feature was carried to an extent which has left to us many conspicuous specimens of medallic skill and taste. We have pieces in gold, silver, and billon of Carlo I. and II., of Filippo II. and Yolande, of Emmanuele Filiberto and Marguerite of France, of Carlo Emmanuele II. and Christine of France, and of V. Amadeo II. and Jeanne Marie de Savoie-Nemours. These productions range from the commencement of the sixteenth to the end of the seventeenth century. Besides the Tuscan type of florin and the French one of the cavalier, adopted by Amadeo VI. and IX. respectively, Luigi (1439-65) employed two gold patterns, one described in the Rossi Catalogue, the other figured in the text, as well as a grosso and \ grosso of Milanese design. There is a very rare and valuable silver scudo of Carlo II. (l 504-53) with Charohts. Dvx. Sabavdie, Secvndvs. and his portrait to right wearing the berretta : above, i^^r/, and below, 1508. 2 F 434 The Coins of Europe The reverse exhibits the duke on horseback. The Rossi specimen, from the celebrated Montenuovo cabinet, fetched 2050 Hre. A testone of the same personage, undated, but from the Hkeness referrible to a later year, shews a similar form of headdress, which was common to Monteferrato, Saluzzo, and Bologna, but was, we apprehend, immediately derived in this instance from the first-named quarter. Carlo Emmanuele II. and Christine de France struck pieces of 2, 4, 8, and 20 scudi in gold about 1640-42, when they returned to Turin after the Spanish occupation ; and Carlo Emmanuele alone, 1648-75, one of 10 scudi. Vittorio Amadeo III., King of Sardinia, 1783-96, had the carlino nuovo in gold = 120 lire ; and later kings gold coins =20, 40, 80, and 100 lire. From the seventeenth century at least the soldo seems to have been the monetary unit ; there were 5 soldi in billon and 10 and 20 in silver. We are unacquainted with any copper of Savoyard origin prior to Carlo Emmanuele III., 1730- 73, of whom we possess ^ soldi. During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries (1282- 1 4 1 8) a branch of the house of Savoy, descended from a brother of Amadeo IV. (1233-53), held Piedmont, and struck money at Turin with the title of Prince of Achaia, obtained by the marriage of Filippo, Count of Maurienne, in 1301 with the heiress of Villehardouin. Savoy, with the rest of the continental dominions of the house of Sardinia, was erected at the French Revolution into the Piedniontese Republic, of which there is a limited and scarce currency in silver and copper. We have before us a mezzo-scudo and a piece of 2 soldi. The former reads on obverse : Liberia • Virtu • EgiLaglianza • , and on reverse : Delia • Liberia • Piemontese • Anno • VII • Rep - I - In the centre of a wreath of flowers Mezzo Scudo. The other side exhibits a helmeted figure of Liberty seated on rocks, with right hand extended and the left holding fasces, etc. The 2 soldi reads on obverse, Liberia EguagUanza, and on reverse, Nazione Piemoiiiese ; within an inner circle, soldi due in script characters. On the other side is a triangle, within a wreath, surmounted by the cap of liberty. SAVOYARD COINS, i^TU-iyru c. 436 The Coins of E^trope The present group of money is altogether an interesting and difficult one, and includes, as we have seen, some very picturesque and fascinating examples, for which the French is usually a competing market. The line of rulers commences,as in so many other instances, abruptly. We have no coins prior to Onorato II., 1605-62. The denominations in use at this period and down Monaco. r 1 • 1 1 to the earlier years 01 the eighteenth century were the saido di argento, with the half and quarter, the litigino, the pezzetta, the danaro, and multiples of 2, 4, and 8 of the last. No gold seems to have been struck. The coins which ordinarily occur are the deciuie and 5 centimes of Onorato or Honore V., 1819-78. A considerable share of the territory was incorporated with the French Empire in i860. For the higher values the French currency was long employed, and at Monte Carlo the lOO-franc piece is a very familiar object ; but the present ruler has issued a coin of this value with his own portrait and title. The most ancient autonomous government of Florence, which eventually expanded into the grand-duchy of Tuscany or Etruria, is that of an anonymous republic, which ^TuscTny^^ limited itself to the issue of a denaro of primitive type, but of excellent fabric, with the name and half - length bust of St. John the Baptist facing on obverse, and the trefoil lily and Floi'cntia on reverse. This frugal currency was made to suffice the requirements of the city till the thirteenth century, when a coinage of grossi took place, and the gold piece, known as a florin, from the lily which formed part of the type, was introduced. It was about the same period that an important political change occurred by the institution of the dignity of Gonfaloniere ; and it is a significant circumstance that we find at the close of the twelfth century symptoms of the decline of the imperial authority in Tuscany and a cessation of the vicarious Descriptive OiUline of the Coinages of Etcrope 437 governorship or lieutenancy, which succeeded to the older feudal marquisate or dukedom under various houses. The exalted office of Standard-bearer {Gonf atonic re), which became almost hereditary in the Medici family after 1 3 14, was an evolution or aftergrowth of the military sentiment and policy of the Romans, which we find prevalent among the Lombard masters of Italy and Sicily. The Venetians shared the idea, in the normal type of the coinage, where the doge is habitually represented accepting the national banner from St. Mark, and one variety of sotdino was called from this circumstance the vcssiltifcro. The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem merely substituted St. John the Baptist for the other tutelary saint; and, again, a similar conception and custom underlay the German designa- tion of Arcliidapifer, which is found on many of the early coins as an honorific distinction of certain princes of the empire. The Florentine numismatic series under the Gonfalonieri consisted, let us recollect, of the denaro, the grosso of various types, and the gold florin of more than one variety. A peculiarity of the currency of this epoch is the presence of the armorial bearings of each successive officer in the top left-hand angle of the piece. In 1483 the money bore the cognisance of the standard-bearer for that year, Giorgio de' Medici ; and in the next century, although the republican form of government still subsisted, that great family, through the patriotism and munificence of its members, had attained sovereign influence and rank. Toward the end of the fifteenth century a tendency betrayed itself to supersede the designation of Gonfaloniere by that of Governor or Chief of the Republic, by which title Lorenzo de' Medici (1472-92) the elder, his son and grandson, seem to have been recognised. The first Duke of Florence, Alessandro de' Medici (1533-36), styles himself on his mon^y Alexander M\edicns\ R\eipiditicce'\ Flore7t. Dvx. A testone of very fine work with his portrait to left is ascribed to Benvenuto Cellini. It is observable that the reverse of this piece, in place of St. John the Baptist exhibits the standing figures of St. Cosmus and St. Damianus. His immediate successor Cosmo I. de' 438 The Coins of Eitrope Medici (1536-74), reinstated St. John, but assumed the title of Grand -Dicke of Etruria. To his long and important reign belong the establishment of the Florentine coinage on a greatly improved basis and the introduction of the scudo di argento, for which several variant dies were made, perhaps by Domenigo di Polo. The earliest reads on obverse, Cosinvs Med. Magnvs, Dvx. Etrvriae, [bust to right], and on reverse, 5'. loannes Baptista. 1570. [standing figure of saint]. Of Ferdinand I. (1587-1608) w^e possess a tolerably copious store of examples, and between 1587 and 1606 the grand- duke appears to have had at least four coinages, of which there are many sub-varieties. The first and second (1587) exhibit him in his cardinal's dress and hat ; the third (i 596) omits the title in legend and alters the costume. The last (160 1 -6) presents a crowned bust in armour to right, and Ferdina7tdvs • Med • Mag • Etr • Dvx • /// • Pisa seems to have been the usual mint; and a scudo of 1601 reads on VQWQYSQ^ Pisa l7t Vetvstae Maiestatis Memoriam. Cosmo II. (1608-20) suppressed the family patronymic, and is described on a fine silver scudo of 1620 as Cosinvs II • Magn • Dvx • Etr ' IIII ' A shield, resting on a cross, or a floriated cross, often serve as substitutes for St. John, who reappears at a later period on the money of Cosmo III. (1670-1723) with the Dei Gratia formula. The series, in which there is an abundance of fine and diversified examples, concludes with Gio. Gastone I. (1723-37), whose first silver scudo, here engraved, has a reverse struck from a die used for Cosmo III., I 71 2. The copper quattrino, so early an institution at Venice and elsewhere, does not seem to have found its way to Florence till the latter half of the seventeenth century ; we have seen nothing prior to the 3 quattrini of Cosmo III., 1681 ; but thenceforth the issue of this and other denomina- tions was continuous. The violent changes effected by Napoleon in Italy broke into two portions the rule of the houses of Lorraine and Bourbon over Tuscany by creating in 1801 the Kifigdom of Etniria in favour of the Duke of Parma. There is a lira of this ephemeral government, dated 1803, pieces of 5, 6, and COINS OF THE MEDICI FAMILY, 1533-1723. 5 1. Testone of Alessandro de Medici, first Duke of Florence (1533-37)- 2. Scudo di oro of Pope Clement VI 1. (Giulio de' Medici). 3. Testone of Cosmo I. de' Medici. 4 Small silver piece of Cosmo II. de' Medici. 5. Scudo di argento of Cosmo II. de' Medici, 1620. COIxNS OF THE MEDICI FAMILY, 1533-1723. Ferdinando II. de' Medici : mezzo-scudo di argento, 1621. Cosmo III. de' Medici : ^ scudo, 1677 The last of the Medici : scudo di argento, 1723. Descriptive OiUline of the Coinages of Europe 441 10 lire, dated 1807, fi*oni the mints at Pisa and Florence, and a mezzo-soldo without date. The Bourbon series itself ends in i860. Between 1737 and 1798 there are in- numerable productions of great merit in all metals, chiefly emanating from Pisa, which continued to strike the money of the grand -dukes almost to the last days of that regime. Further particulars will be found in the Catalogues. We have to refer to the Tuscan or Florentine section the provisional coinage of 1859-61. We may specify the florin of 1859 ^^^^h the lion bearing the gonfalon on obverse, and the legend Governo delta Toseana, the 5, 2, and i centesimi of the same year with Re Eletto, and the 5 lire of Vittorio Emmanuele II., dated Firenze, Marzo, 1861. A 5 centesimi of 1861 has the m.m. N. for Naples ; but, until Rome became the capital, Milan was thenceforth the leading seat of coinage. There were several other states and cities of the medi- aeval and Renaissance epochs which emulated those of which we have attempted some description, alike in political prestige and artistic treatment of the coinage — two features which are frequently found in conjunction. These places were In addition to the names here enumerated, it is very easy to specify many others having reference to more or less import- ant and continuous seats of coinage. As they are without exception, it is hoped, included in the Catalogues, it may be sufficient to group together such as were independent mints of appreciable consequence : — Amalfi Brescia Como Desana Ancona Cagliari Correggio Faenza Aquila Camerino Corte (Corsica) Gaeta Arezzo Chieti Cremona Massa di Lunigiana Bologna Ferrara Malta Pesaro Genoa Saluzzo Naples Modena and Reggio Mantua Milan Parma Lucca 442 The Coins of Europe Mirandola Monteferrato Musso No vara Padua Pavia Perugia Ravenna Rimini Savona Sienna Treviso Urbino V erona Viterbo The most flourishing numismatic era for Bologna was that during which it was subject to the Bentivogh, of w^hom we have two series of gold types, one engraved in the text, the other of Giovanni II., BentivogHo, remarkable for a boldly-executed portrait, of which the effect Bologna. is improved by the close-fitting berretta. Down to i 1 2 5 the city struck nothing but the normal denaro with the im- perial titles. The mint was closed in 1861. The leading feature and attraction in this case is the coin- age of the Este family, from about the middle of the four- teenth to the close of the sixteenth century, but, above all, the money executed in fine archaic style of Ercole I. (147 5- 1506), which may be classed with the pro- ductions of the same period and school executed for other Italian rulers. The gold scudo of his immediate successor, Alfonso I. (1502-34), is worthy of attention ; and a testone of the same reign displays the legend on reverse of St. Ferrara. George, which had been originally adopted by Ercole I. in Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 443 his later currency instead of the very preferable horseman in the Greek taste on the piece shown herewith. The dukedom of Ferrara merged in that of Modena and Reggio under Alfonso III. in 1628, and there is a coinage of the latter united honours down to 1796. The Modena and j^qj-^ ancient denominations employed here were the grosso, soldo, grossetto, quattrino, bolognino, and 4 bolognini, testone, with the \ and \, the scudo di oro, its moiety and multiples, and the ungaro} The later princes of this house, who assembled at Modena an extensive and valuable collection of works of art, are styled on their money Dukes of Modena, Reggio, Mirandola, etc. The old connec- tion with Ferrara is recollected on a piece of 80 sesini of Raynaldo I., 1728, where on the reverse we meet with the figure of St. Contardus and • Contardvs • CEstensis • Pr<9- tector • , while on a similar coin of 1727 occurs Mvtin • Prot • Perhaps the former was current in the Ferrarese. The numismatic series opens with billon quattrini of a re- publican or autonomous type, assignable to the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, with wS. Passid. Mirandvl, and Mirandola. /. V,. , , ^ r -r. on reverse Vestali Pi. and the sacred fire. Between this epoch and the next vestige of a local currency there is a long and obscure interval ; and it is evident that we have still to learn much touching the Mirandolese coinage of the second moiety of the fifteenth century. Gian Francesco I. Pico, Signore of Mirandola, 1499-1533, of whose life and literary remains Sir Thomas More was the writer and editor, is the first with whom are associable any coins of a seigniorial cast ; and the earliest extant concession belongs to this reign (15 1 5), although the character of his money might have encouraged us to conclude that his predecessors enjoyed a similar right. Of this eminent man we know 1. A double zecchino with I.F. Picvs Miraiid. D.C.C. and portrait with berretta to left. Reverse, Avioris Miracvlvm. 2. A testone in silver. 3. A billon quattrino, reading on obverse lo. Fr, Pi. Miran. D Co., with portrait to left, and on reverse Om-7u-no in three lines in the field. 1 See Catalogue of Mints, v. ''Modena." 444 The Coins of Etirope And his successors at all events struck the zecchino^ the smdo di oro, the paolo and \ paolo. The names are pre- served of Guazzalotti and of Petruccini of Florence as en- gravers employed at Mirandola in or about this date. The fief and title eventually merged in the dukedom of Modena and Reggio. The more modern unit in copper was the sesino, of which one of unusually small module of Francesco II., 1662-94, has a well-engraved portrait of the duke to left. The later issues substitute the imperial eagle, and merely express the value. The series so far worthily culminates in a handsome silver scudo of Ercole III., 1780-96, with a portrait and a shield of many quarters. The legend on reverse is Dexter a • Domini • Exaltavit • Me • 1796, and on the edge is inscribed Mensvra Et. Pretivin. The imperial house of Palaeologos, which acquired distinc- tion in the Crusades, had held this title and fief from 967 ; but the information respecting its earlier numis- Monteferrato. . 1 . . . - ^11 matic history is unusually imperfect. The last heir dying without issue, the possessions were disputed be- tween Savoy, Saluzzo, and Mantua, and after a short inter- regnum were adjudged by the Emperor Charles V. in 1536 to pass to Federigo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, who had married Margharita Palaeologo. They were finally trans- ferred to the house of Savoy in 1709, when the Emperor Joseph I. annexed the Mantuan dominions. The coinage of Monteferrato is singularly uncommon, although it must have seen a course of at least two centuries and a half. The Florentine gold type was copied by Teodoro Descinptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 445 I., I 306-38, at some period subsequent to 13 10. The other denominations were similar to those of the contiguous Italian states. A testone of Guglielmo II. (1494- 15 18) reads Gvlieluivs Mar Montfen^ etc., on obverse, and on reverse describes the marquis as Prince and Vicar of the Holy Roman Empire — a distinction claimed by several members of the house. The series is notable, in common with others belonging to the same period and region, for the characteristic costumes/ As Ferrara so strongly relies on the house of Este, so it is the Gonzage, Captains and Marquises of Mantua (i 329-1707), Mcntic ^^'^^ constitute the central point of interest here. It is a long and elaborate series; but the earlier stages, as we see to be generally the case, present numismatic monuments of a primitive episcopal, democratic, and seigniorial character in billon and silver of no value beyond the denaro, while the Mantuan currency posterior to Carlo II. and under imperial rule again recedes in volume and character, until it survives in the copper sesino constantly reissued down to the latter moiety of the eighteenth century. The republican epoch is answerable for the Virgilius type, of which a specimen has been engraved above ; ^ it is curious in relation to the survival of the name of the great poet and its choice as a legend, at a time when classical learning had scarcely revived ; and the circumstance may form an addi- tional piece of evidence bearing on the romantic side of the history of the author of the ^neid. The middle time is that to which we are indebted for the splendid pieces in gold and silver, and some interesting little specimens in copper toward 1660, of which we make mention elsewhere. It would be an impossibility to form an unbroken succession of the scudi in gold and silver, with the multiples of the former, which were struck between 1564 and 1628 ; but occasional examples present themselves, and among the lower denomi- 1 See Thomsen, Rossi, and Remedi Catalogues (1873-84), and Reznte de la Numisinatujiie Beige, 1866, 4th series, vol. iv. pp. 190-99. At the end of the fifteenth century an engraver and die-sinker named Carotto seems to have been working for the marquises. 2 Catalogue of Mints, v. "Mantua." 446 The Coins of Europe nations of that and the earher period occur many coins of a curious character. The gold money of GugUelmo and Margherita, 1550-87, is particularly rare. A scudo of 1564 Mantua : scudo di argento, 1622. has the obverse similar to the piece engraved at p. 269, and on reverse in the angles of the cross, G, and M, with the legend In • Hoc • Signo • Ei\i\cias • Demojiia • As may be perceived from the accompanying illustration, the George and Dragon type was one of those employed at Mantua, and the mode of rendering the tradition was somewhat superior to that of Pistrucci ! The same process of political evolution is observable at Milan from a coinage purely imperial to one issued under the more or less nominal authority of the rei^rninsf sover- Milan. . . ^ , r 1 . T eign or power, with the name ot the city or a tutelary saint, as meets our eyes almost throughout mediaeval Europe. At Milan the Lombard kings and emperors of the West con- trolled the coinage, wholly or in part, from the eighth to the thirteenth century. Between the Carlovingian epoch and the introduction of fine artistic work under the dukes there was an interval of decadence and barbarism ; we find denari of varying type and module which improved in fabric before they exhibited much advance in style. Toward the period when the city and territory fell into the hands of personal rulers, the money bears a republican and autonomous impress, with Mediolanvni on one side and the name and seated Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 447 ficfure of St. Ambrosius on the other ; and we next discern the stealthy transition to a different form of government in those pieces which retain the patron-saint, and replace the cross and adjuncts on reverse by the titles and armorial cog- nisance of the Visconti. It was the policy followed in all instances, where daring and able adventurers profited by the weakness or necessities of the empire to establish dynasties in their own families ; and the details were naturally modi- fied by local circumstances. The Visconti began in the thirteenth century to assume a prominent position in Milan ; in the fifteenth they had reached the height of their pros- perity ; and the most interesting numismatic remains for us are those w^hich we owe to the genius and taste of Leonardo da Vinci and other great masters. The testone w^ith the head of Lodovico // Moro (1476-94) is ascribed to Da Vinci, who passed some years at the Court of Milan in this reign. But the portraits, which we engrave, are almost equally fine. One is the reverse of a coin of Gio. Galeazzo Maria Sforza- Visconti (1466-76), with the bust of his uncle Lodovico as regent ; the other two represent the duke him- self at different ages. The early gold currency is of extreme rarity ; the zecchino or ducat appears to have been first struck under Gio. Galeazzo L about 1385. Subsequently to the Sforza- Visconti line, the Franco- Italian money of Louis XII. and Francis I., and that issued by the Spanish and Austrian occupiers down to 1792, constitute together an extensive, costly, and important series ; yet among them are many examples of Charles VI., Maria Theresa, etc., in copper of quaint character, and there is the tallero of the latter, presented herewith, struck in 1779 as Duchess (or rather Duke) of Milan. Connected with Milan by origin, and with Switzerland by geographical or territorial allocation, is the great feudal house of Trivulzio. Gio. Giacomo Trivulzio, created by Louis XII. a marshal of France, describes himself on a grosso before us as Marquis of Vigevano ; he seems to have assumed the title of Duke of Milan ; and in 1482 he purchased for 10,000 florins of the Count of Sacco and MILANESE COINS. Maria Theresa: tallero as Duke of Milan, 1779. Descriptive OtUli7te of the Coinages of Eitrope 449 Belmont the valley of Musolcino with the castle of Musocco in the Swiss canton of Graublinten. At Musocco he estab- lished a mint. In 1493 he acquired by purchase the feudal rights of the valleys of Rheinwald and Stufsanvien. Political circumstances led him to transfer his mint to Musso ; and in 1529 the castle of Musocco was destroyed by an insurrection. Gio. Francesco Trivulzio, his son, again shifted the seat of coinage to Roveredo, and this latter place retained the privilege till the seventeenth century, when Teodoro Tri- vulzio finally arranged to strike his money at Retegno. A scudo and a triple scudo of 1676 describe him as a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire and the Valleys of Musolcino, tenth Count of Misocco (or Musocco), and fourteenth Baron of Retegno, etc. The numismatic chronicle of Pesaro is confined to the period between the domination of the Malatesta and Sforza families and the closure of the mint in 1622. The PcSciro. Malatesta dynasty held the lordship from about the middle of the fourteenth to the middle of the fifteenth century, the Sforza from that time to i 5 i 2, and the Dukes of Urbino during the remainder of the term, the mint being occasionally employed by others, as Cesare Borgia, 1500-3, and Leo X., I 5 19-2 I. Giovanni Sforza, the last of that line, shared the 2 G 450 The Coins of Em^ope feeling of his relatives at Milan for the artistic treatment of the current money ; and we reproduce a copper sesino belonging to him, of which the style and spirit are unsur- passed, while the legend on the reverse is singularly curious for the period and country. This ancient city, on which the labours of M. Yriate have thrown a good deal of new literary light, enjoyed the right of coinage from the twelfth to the fifteenth Rimini. - - . 111 1 n ^ century, when the mmt was closed by a bull of Pius II. (1458-64). Very few monuments appear to have survived of its products. The ordinary types are the denaro and grosso with the short cross and Arimini on reverse, and on the obverse the standing figure of St. Gaudecius holding a crozier in his left hand and raising the right in the act of benediction. The republican period extended from 1250 to 1350; between 1432 and 1462 Sigismundo Pandolfo Malatesta exercised a seigniorial sway over the city, and struck the bolognino and picciolo with his own name or initials and the effigies of St. Gaudecius or St. Julian. The first intimation of an independent coinage for the Parmesan district is the grant of Philip of Suabia not long before his death in 1208. Denarii of small module or oboli occur with Philipvs on obverse and Parma on reverse. The former exhibits the name of the emperor so disposed that PH, occupy the centre above what appear to be a crozier and a sceptre, and I LIP VS is placed round the outer circle. The centre of reverse has a rudi- mentary donjon, as shown in a more elaborate form in the denari of Frederic II. about 1225. The money continued to be of the ordinary communal type and scope down to the advent of the Farnese family in the sixteenth century in the person of Pietro Lodovico Farnese, son of Pope Paul III., I 546-47. This once great and powerful house emulated in its coinage the other Italian states : and we have examples of a varied character with realistic portraits and reverses embodying classical legends. Even down to the close of the seventeenth century considerable attention seems to have been paid to the work ; but some of the copper sesini fail COINS OF PARMA. Alessandro Farnese, 1586-92 : scudo di argento. 452 The Coins of Europe from having been struck on too small a flan. With the exception of the interval during which the ex-Empress Marie Louise held the title and sovereignty in conjunction with Piacenza and Guastalla, the Bourbons had the mone- tary control down to 1859. Of Marie Louise (1815-47) we have only two dates, 181 5 and 1830 ; the duchess struck the 40 and 20 lire in gold, and the 5, 2, and i lire, and the 10 and 5 soldi in silver. Her coins usually read [obverse with portrait] Maria Luigia Princ • Imp • Arcid • U Austria [reverse shield] Per La Gr • Di Dio Duck • Di Parma Piac • E Guast ' Here again we encounter the Lombard and imperial monetary systems in operation, first in an absolute, and afterward in a qualified, des^ree from the eie^hth Lucca. n ' & Jr> to the sixteenth century ; and we must not forget to note the tremissis struck here by one of the Carlovingian monarchs named Charles, with D.N. Carvlvs Rex., since that dynasty made such sparing use of gold. The most flourish- ing epoch in this particular case was the eighteenth century, when a republican form of government prevailed, and a very handsome series of coins of the St. Martin type was in circulation. Lucca subsequently experienced successive con- stitutional changes: from 1805 to 18 14 it was (with Piom- bino) a principality, created in favour of Elise Bonaparte and her consort Felice Baciocchi ; from 18 14 to 1847 Maria Louisa, widow of the King of Etruria, and her son Carlo Lodovico, held it as a duchy ; in the last-mentioned year it was exchanged for Parma and Piacenza on the death of Marie Louise of France, and it eventually merged in the grand-duchy of Tuscany, incorporated with the Italian kingdom in i860. The two most striking features in the Lucchese currency are the presence on many pieces from the thirteenth to the eighteenth century of the Sanctus Vultus or crowned and bearded effigy of a royal personage with this somewhat inexplicable legend, and the popular tradition of St. Martin and the Beggar, admirably rendered on the scudi and half scudi of the last century. The Sanctus Vultus type occurs on a denaro of the Middle Ages and on a Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 453 copper quattrino of 1555, alike bearing the name of Otho, which was thus perpetuated both here and elsewhere centuries after the death of the last emperor so called. The Lucchese themselves bestowed on this pattern the sobriquet of Barbcne. But, beside St. Martin, they courted the patronage of St. Paulinus, who appears on a copper piece of 1757, holding in one hand the Church and in the other the pastoral staff or crozier. The accollated series in gold, silver, and copper, representing the sister of Napoleon and her husband, is probably well known ; the copper is scarce. We have before us the 5 and 3 centesimi of Felice and Elisa, 1806, and the soldo, 1826, of Carlo Lodovico their son. The coinage of Genoa, unlike that of Venice or even of Florence, was subject to frequent interruptions in conse- ^ ^ quence of the violent political agencies which affected its independence. There is no con- tinuous succession of money ; but in the course of centuries, as we show in our summary elsewhere, a very extensive series of coins in all metals is due to this source. The list of Doges extends from 1339 to 1794, when Girolamo Durazzo filled the office. They were at first indicated on the money by a number ; during a short term they placed their initials on pieces ; and ultimately the rule was adopted of representing the Government under the formula Dvx et 454 The Coins of Europe Gvb, Reip. Genv. About the middle of the seventeenth century a coinage took place of genovini of large module of the Virgin and Child type in gold and silver, possibly in imitation of the 50 and 100 real pieces of Spain ; these productions are not artistically remarkable, and seldom occur in good state. The Virgin and Child was a favourite pattern here; a crosazzo of 1677 places a sceptre in Our Lady's right hand, and reads T^^L^M-^Et • Rege - Ros • Of copper money there is very little ; the earliest which we have seen belongs to 1773, and may be a half soldo. It may be open to question whether a 4 denari of 1797 should be assigned here or to Sardinia. In common with most of the Genoese money after 1793, it has the Savoyard arms crowned, but, except the value, Quattro D, and date, is anepigraphic. The 4 and 2 soldi, 18 14, are billon, not copper. Of the Franco- Italian coins we shall speak presently. Some very characteristic and picturesque pieces of the end of the fifteenth and commencing years of the sixteenth century associate themselves with this old feudal government. Desc7dptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 455 so famous by reason of the legend of Patient Griselda, par- ticularly the testone of Lodovico 11. , 1475-1502, the viedaglia or scudo of the same with his second wife, Margaret de Foix, 1503, and the coin of similar module of i 5 1 6 of the widowed marchioness. The first and third we copy in the present volume, the latter from a peculiarly fine example recently found at Lyons ; the testone is undated, but probably prior to 1504. In the scudo of 1503, the earliest dated coin of Saluzzo, if not of modern Italy, the marquis and his consort face each other ; he in the sort of berretta shown in the testoon, she in a wimple or veil. The coin of the widowed Marguerite, 15 16, presents in the legend of the reverse the place of origin and the name of the moneyer : J\anMce\ J\ohannes\ C\lot\ the two latter words in a monogram. Clot was a German medallist at Genoa, and the fabric and character of the piece remind us of several of those in the German series, of which we have had occasion to speak. In the previous sections a tolerably full view of the general numismatic history of the very numerous places Other throughout the Peninsula which exercised mone- italian tary autonomy will have prepared the reader to towns. understand how, apart from the leading states, a network of minor centres existed here in the Middle Ages precisely as in other regions, and the information already supplied may be sufficient for our immediate purpose. The Catalogues, again, have denoted the localities where Charles VI., VII., and VIII., Louis XI. and XII., Francis Franco- ^'^ Henry II., and Louis XIV. at intervals caused Italian money to be struck in their names during the coins. Pi-ench occupation of portions of Italy between I 396 and I 5 I 5. Almost all this currency was copied from local models, but occasionally followed French types. It is distinguished far beyond the ordinary Italian coinage, on account of its entrance into the range of the French col- lectors ; and many of the pieces realise very large prices. The double gold ducat of Asti is valued at £60, the quad- ruple testone of Francis I. at ^^^48, the double scudo of 456 The Coins of Europe Naples at £a^o ; and such figures have no justification in the intrinsic superiority. Even for poor specimens the foreign houses demand extravagant amounts ; and the difficulty of obtaining these productions has led to the issue of re-strikes at the Hotel des Monnaies of Paris. Of the money issued at Sienna and Modena in the names of Henry H. and Louis XIV. a sufficient account appears in the Catalogues. Napoleon crowned his series of triumphs in Italy by establishing the royal title in his own person, and placing on his head the iron crown of the Lombard kincrs. The . Kingdoms With this monarchical system, which did not ^^^86^1^^^^^ embrace Naples, Lucca and Piombino, and Sicily, was instituted a coinage in all metals dated between 1806 and 18 14: the 40 and 20 lire in gold, the 5, 2, and I lire in silver, the 10 centesimi in billon, and the soldo, 3 centesimi, and i centesimo in copper. The soldo of 1806 is scarce. There are also siege-pieces of 18 14 for Palma Nuova ; 50 and 25 centesimi in billon. Of the copper series there were at least three types of obverse, 1806, 1 8 1 o, and 1 8 1 i ; but the reverses seem to be identical. A poorly - struck centesimo of 1808 has m.m. K, pre- sumably for Venice. The 5 lire of 1812, struck at Bologna, shews something like a fillet round the head. That of 1808 is quite plain. The monetary system introduced by the house of Sar- dinia calls for no special notice. It consists of the lira and centesimo and their divisions or multiples, and discards the soldo and the use of billon. The ordinary mint is Milan ; it was transferred from Florence in 1861. The present Italian Government for its African posses- sions has struck a series of coins with a crowned bust of the king and his title on obverse with the date 1891, and on reverse Colonia Eritrea^ wath crowned eagle dividing value ; there are the 5 and 2 lire, the lira, and 50 centesimi. The piece of 5 lire is described below the eagle as Tallero — a term more intelligible than lira to the African mind familiar- ised with the coin of Maria Theresa. Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 457 XIII. SOUTHERN ITALY Although Lombardy is a term exclusively applied to the northern division of Italy, the Lombards themselves spread over the south, and established dukedoms at Beneventum and Salerno, at first dependent on the kings and subsequently on the Prankish monarchs. These princes, of whom there were long dynasties, retained their power till the conquest of the country by the Normans in the eleventh century, and struck coins in gold and bronze on the Lombard model. Grimoald III. of Beneventum (787-806), on the reverses of whose money usually appears the monogram of Charlemagne, as a token of submission, was the first who placed his full name upon it. The Archangel Michael became common to the currencies of the two southern fiefs, which were probably struck at Beneventum and Salerno respectively. The gold ta7d and other pieces sometimes read Opvlenta Salei^no ; and the former, from commercial motives, are usually bilingual — Latin and Arabic ; we have already noted a similar pheno- menon in the early numismatic development of Poland and Russia. The erection of possessions into dukedoms was char- acteristic of a military people, who saw in the word duke little more than the Latin equivalent. The term, as w^ell as comes and viceconies, became familiar in the Middle Ages throughout the whole of Purope. They all primarily referred to leadership in war or attendance on the king in his wars ; and we know that Vicecomes was adopted as a family name by the ruling houses at Milan and Pesaro. It has been shown that this was from the eighth century the seat of a Byzantine mint, and that its fortunes obeyed the frequent and strang-e revolutions which, from Naples. , ^ ^ , ' the absence of a strong central power, have always exposed Italy to the ambition of successive foreign invaders. Naples was in turn governed by Lieutenants of the Emperors of the East, Sth-gth century. Dukes of Naples or Apulia, 8th-ioth century. 458 The Coins of Eui^ope The House of Hohenstaufen Anjou Arragon Louis XII. of France The Kings of Castile Spain The Duke of Savoy The House of Austria The Spanish Bourbons Joseph Bonaparte . Joachim Murat The Bourbons again There were also short intervals of 1 194-1 266 1266-1435 1435-1501 1 501-1 504 1 504-1 708 1713-1735 1735-1806 1806-1815 815-1860 democratic rule under I Masaniello in 1648 and the Neapolitan Republic in 1798-99. This island had its separate political and monetary ex- periences until it was united with Naples under the name of the Tzvo Sicilies by Ferdinand of Spain about i 504. Sicily. ^j^^ Arabs and Normans held it from the ninth to the twelfth century, and impressed on its coinage, as on other parts of its history, their language, religion, and senti- ment. The metals employed alike by the Arabs and Normans were gold and copper to a principal extent, although concave pieces of Byzantine style in silver are referred to the reign of Roger 11. (1105-54). The latter almost exactly resemble the posterior productions of the Servian princes and some of those in the mediaeval Cypriot series. The chief seat of Arabic coinage was at Palermo ; but the Normans employed this in common with Messina and several places on the Terra-firma : Salerno, Amalfi, Miletus, Bari, Brindisi, Naples, Capua, and Gaeta. The source, value, and even date of the coins are often noted : the first in full, the value by words or dots, and the date by the regnal year of the sovereign. The legends of the earlier rulers of this line were bilingual, in probable deference to the requirements of a mixed population and of trade with the East. Attention has been drawn to the striking departure from existing models manifested in the types put forth by Frederic II. as King of Sicily, and by independent re- publican administrators at Gaeta and Ragusa. The intricate political relationships of this country and SICILIAN COINS. 460 The Coins of EM7^ope its subjection in the course of centuries to so many conquerors or occupiers of different races have 's^cilTeJ^ naturally resulted in a proportionately complex monetary system, more especially inasmuch as the line between Sicily itself and Southern Italy is one not always easily to be drawn. Looking back on the dynastic changes of all kinds which have befallen this part of Europe, there is slight room for surprise at the immense volume of material which the student or amateur finds before him. Amid such an inexhaustible assemblage it is difficult and invidious to particularise, yet let us mention The Norman gold ducats with Christian legends, the busts of the princes, and the place and year of production. The Norman copper follari and their divisions. The augustale and ^ of Henry VI. and Frederic II. of Germany and the follaro of similar style of Ragusa. .-. Of the augustale of Frederic there are varieties: one in the possession of Lord Grantley is of unusually good work. The silver types of the house of Anjou. The silver and early copper of the house of Arragon. The coins of Joanna II. of Naples and of Louis XII. of France. The gold and silver pieces of Charles V. and Philip II. struck for the Two Sicilies. The rich and well-executed series of money in all metals issued by the Bourbons, especially the early copper. The coinages of the Republics of 1648 and 1798. The wide-spread double silver scudi of Charles VI., 1733, ^"^^ Ferdinand, 1791, with the legend Ex Av7'o Argeiitea Resvrgit. The coinages of Joseph Bonaparte and Joachim Murat, especially the lower denominations. The chronological rank or sequence of money is no criterion of its rarity. Many of the pieces belonging to the eighteenth or nineteenth century are more difficult to pro- cure than those of far more remote date, which have been hoarded or occur in finds. An approximately complete assemblage of the copper coins alone of the Two Sicilies would prove a task of incredible labour and duration, even if condition were not a postulate. The examples which most readily present themselves are the heavier gold and silver, and these, from the limited call for them, are apt to dis- Descriptive Otttline of the Coinages of Europe 461 appear. Ferdinand III. or IV. (1759-1825) struck during his very protracted reign distinct series in copper of cavalli, gram, and tornesi, with reverses borrowed from ancient Greek types, and legends significant of the happiness of his subjects under such a prince. No cabinet should be without speci- mens of the currency of " Le Beau Sabreur " and that of Joseph Bonaparte. Of Murat we find the 40 and 20 lire, the 5 lire and 12 carlmi, and poorly -preserved copper money — we have met with the 3 grana, 18 10; of King Joseph there is scarcely anything but the scudo of 120 grani and the gold 20 lire ; his sway here was transitional. Kniglits or Hospitallers of tJie Order of St. foJin of feriisaleni at Malta The coinage of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, of whose annals and numismatic records the work of Furse supplies so ample an account,^ dates from the establishment of the Order at Rhodes, and embraced the period from 1307 to 1796. The earliest monuments of the mint at Rhodes are grossi and mezzo-grossi of Fulco di Villareto (1307-19), which were replaced under his immediate successor, Elion di Villanova (131 9-46), by the gigliato and aspro^^ both of silver. Diodato di Gozon (1346-53), who instead of Gustos Hospitalis styles himself Grand Master, is sup- posed, from a specimen engraved by Bosio, to have in- troduced the first gold money in the shape of a zeccJiino distinct in type from that subsequently current ; but the piece is not at present known, and Furse speculatively values it at 3000 fr. A billon denier and a piece corre- sponding to the aspro, but called the third of the gigliato, were the only additions to the coinage, till Antonio Fluvian struck the zecchino or ducat in gold in direct imitation of the Venetian piece. Silver money of higher value and grander module began to appear in the time of Pietro ^ Meinoires Niimismatiqiies de V Ordre Soiivej^ain de Saint Jean de Jenisalein. Rome, 1885, imperial 8vo. 2 The aspro is still rare ; of the gigliato there was a troitvaille at Ephesus. 462 The Coins of Europe D'Ambusson (1476-1 503), and Emery D'Amboise (1503- 1 2) added the double zecchino and the silver variety with the paschal lamb and flag, together with the earliest copper denari. It was during the rule of Philippe de Villiers de risle Adam (1521-34) that the seat of government was transferred to Malta ; and this master was the first whose portrait was placed on the currency, and moreover on a sequin (or zecchino) of a novel type and on a taro, a new silver denomination which, with its multiples, continued in use down to the close. On the other hand, the Rhodian gigliato and aspro did not survive the removal westward. The cinquina, the carlino^ and the gram, followed the new sequin and the taro at intervals, the two former in silver, the last the copper unit, and all borrowed, like the gigliato itself, from Sicilian types. Some of the masters struck pieces of 2, 4, 10, 12, and 20 gold sequins, and several of the later scudi and mezzo-scudi of 30 and i 5 tari, usually with a portrait. The sumptuous and well - executed gold money of the eighteenth century is of heavy fabric, and is still of common occurrence.^ In forming a selection for the cabinet, some of the earlier gigliati and aspri are desirable. The zecchini are, as a rule, extremely common even in unworn condition, but are almost invariably ill struck.^ On the other hand, the silver and copper pieces seldom occur in good preservation, and many are absolutely of great rarity. Furse values some of the gigliati and aspri at from 2000 to 200 frs. Even 3 and 4 tari pieces of 1680 are estimated at 200 frs. ; they belong to the time of Gregorio Caraffa (1680-90), who was under such fortuitous circumstances transferred from a prison to a throne. Probably the figures furnished by Furse might be exceeded in some cases, as the foreign standard of condition is lower than the English^ — certainly than the present 1 A few years ago the Government of Malta sent over to England a hoard of these handsome coins, which were sold at Sotheby's Rooms, but fetched only the value of the metal. 2 Finds of these sequins are occasionally reported. A considerable number were sold in London within a short period. They were, for the most part, of masters who are plentifully represented. lo grani, 1748 : copper. 464 The Coins of Etcrope writer's. The copper money is almost introuvable in fine state, yet it includes a variety of interesting pieces, particularly those of large module of the time of Paul Lascaris Castellard (1636-57), which are often obliterated by countermarks. The only siege-piece connected with the Island and the Order is the rough ingot of silver struck in 1798-99 during the French investment. The series cannot lay claim to much originality, but possesses a special interest and attrac- tion from the peculiar character of those with whom it associates itself XIV. FRANCE The earlier coinage of France, like those of the other divisions of Europe which we have been considering, forms two grand sections, the imperial or regal and the feudal or seigniorial ; and the latter, again, is classifiable under two heads : the secular and ecclesiastical. There can be no doubt that the oldest numismatic monuments of this kingdom, entitled to rank as indigenous productions, are the so-called Gaulish coins in gold, silver, and mixed metal, which date from a period considerably anterior to the advent of the Romans, and which it is yet found so difficult to distinguish from the British series. The types of some of these pieces exhibit details which were transferred to the later provincial or local currencies, and which may therefore assist in fixing more nearly the source whence the primitive Gaulish coinage emanated. Others seem to be direct copies of Roman brass. The imposing volume of the existing remains of French money scarcely requires to be augmented by too free an admittance of what is usually known as the Merovingian series ; and it is an undoubted fact that a very limited pro- portion of the latter appertains to French soil ; nor should it be forgotten, indeed, that the pieces of this character, to Descriptive OiUline of the Coinages of Eu7^ope 465 which the largest share of importance is attached by numis- matists and collectors, are such as differ from the normal Merovingian currency in presenting the name and even portrait of a sovereign — features which are usually treated as having been introduced into Gaul under Theodobert, King of Austrasia (534-48), but which we have already noted as borrowed by Theodahatus, King of the Ostrogoths (534-36), from the Roman imperial coinage. The products of mints within French territory, as that term was understood in the fifth and succeeding centuries down to the close of the Middle Ages, constituted only part of a vast system by which the greater portion of Western Europe was long supplied with a gold medium in the shape of the solidus and tremissis or triens by money ers distributed over given areas, and acting for local centres, provided with the requisite imperial authority to strike and utter coins vouched by the names of the place and the operative. From the uniformity with which they were observed these conditions were clearly peremptory ; and it is obvious, when we look at the vast stores transmitted to us, that the practice lasted many centuries, and was carried out on a large scale in France and elsewhere, although the measure of production was unequal, as we are led to infer from the comparative scarcity of finds in certain cases and the abundant survival in others. The tendency of recent years has been toward a fall in the commercial esti- mation of the Merovingian family of coins as a whole ; while special mints, alike for them and the later dynastic pieces, command prices constantly on the increase. A new era assuredly commenced when the rulers of portions of France began to substitute characteristics, which lent to their coinages a greater degree of personality and directness, for the older principle ; and the initiative was taken in that part of the territory which lay nearest to Germany, and was most apt to be receptive of Teutonic taste and precedent. As the Frankish influence spread itself over France, the whole costume of the money in the lower metals gradually assumed a similar aspect ; and the Carlovingian denarius and its moiety served as the model for a different 2 H 466 The Coins of Europe school or scheme of finance, where silver replaced gold as the principal medium and money of account, and heavy pay- ments were reckoned by weight or satisfied by specific con- version of bullion into the amount immediately required. Under such circumstances, since the Carlovingian dynasty cannot be proved to have struck much gold, it is more than possible that the improved or advanced Merovingian trientes remained in use, and the archaic system of coinage pre- vailed, until the development of commerce rendered a change imperative, and the more precious metal began to find em- ployment for currencies, associated with responsible goivern- ments and definite boundaries. The very few examples which we encounter, after leaving the Merovingian race behind us, such as the deniej^ d'or of Melle and the solidiis or sou of Louis le Debonnaire, are now generally referred to special occasions or private enterprise. We owe, however, to the Merovingian regirne our knowledge of infinitely numerous points connected not merely with this study, but with topography and history ; and it is a source of advantage that, after an interval, the moneyers of France, and of the Continent generally, thought fit to revert to the usage of in- scribing the place, if not the author, of the coinage on the dies. In some instances we see that down to much later times the engraver or mint-master placed his signature on his work ; but the names found on certain Carlovingian pieces are doubtless those of feudatories, who associated them- selves w^ith the reigning sovereign on the coinage in the manner so familiar to us. The lists of French sovereigns prior to Charles le Chauve are perhaps open to the objection that the predecessors of that king, and notably Charlemagne and Louis le Debon- naire, are more properly classed with the series of German emperors. Both made use of Paris and other French mints ; but they did so only in common with seats of coinage in Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Italy. Assuming that the denarii of Pepin le Bref and his immediate successor, if not always or even usually of French origin, were at all events current in France in its largest Descriptive Oittliiie of the Coinages of Europe 467 sense, they may without great impropriety fall under the pre- sent category ; and among them occur, besides the common Melle type, many alike interesting and rare. The coins of Pepin himself are all difficult to procure, and are quoted at high figures in foreign catalogues, more especially the denarius with Dam. Pipi. and Eli. Mosi. Na., supposed to be posthumous. These pieces are, as a rule, of small module, and resemble the Melle obole of Charlemagne with Korlvs in a monogram. The lead one, reading D.N.P.F.PP. Atig., with a helrneted bust in armour holding lance and buckler, and on reverse, Renovat\io\ Ro. Imp. and a gateway, bears the name of Rome, where it was doubtless struck, and we have no hesitation in supposing the same to be the case with the ordinary specimens exhibiting the legends D.N. Carlvs Imp. Aug. Rex F\rancorum'\ et L\a7tgobardorum\ and Carlvs Rex Fr., and on rev. Et. Lang. Ac. P af\_rici2ts'\ Rom [anus]. Accompanying the latter is a monogram explained to signify the name of Pope Adrian I., which might fix its appearance between 772 and 795. Mention should also be made of the type with Metal. German, an indication of the early recourse to the mines of the Hartz region for ore, and of a denarius attributed to Louis IV., on which a diademed bust and the words Capvt Regis present themselves. From a different point of view we cite the coins of Pepin with Milo, and those of Charlemagne with Radian, because these inscriptions are given to Milon, Count of Narbonne, and to the celebrated hero of romance, Roland or Orlando, the emperor's nephew. A reference to the Catalogue of Mints will shew that, while the number was enormous under the Merovingian system, rather from the method of production than the extent of output, the wider area of the Carlovingian rule, coupled with political and social progress, maintained the list at a somewhat high level, while the difference was by degrees fully made up by the growth of the feudal coinage, instituted in all parts of the realm by concessions from the Crown. The consequence is that, in lieu of an immense array of moneyers and mints, we are confronted, as we cross 468 The Coins of E^trope over from the Carlovingian to the Capetian dynasty, with a host of feoffees, each of whom struck his or her own money, and in course of time produced currencies which emulated in variety, if they did not ecHpse in artistic pretensions, the regal one. The latter in the thirteenth century began to follow two standards, those of Paris and Tours, of which the Parisian was the higher by a quarter. The origin of the Touraine scale was the gradual development of the abbatial mint at Saint Martin de Tours, which rose from being a purely local institution, like so many others, to the dignity of one of the leading seats of coinage under Louis IX., and the birthplace of the famous gros totcrnozs. Taking first in order the regal series, we proceed to observe relatively the same gradual and leisurely progression which has been marked elsewhere. During whole centuries the French kings of the house of Capet, and their great feudal dependents, following in their steps, remained con- tent with the denier and the obole of the two standards, struck at mints spread over various parts of the country, and liable to variation and displacement from reign to reign. In the time of Philippe 11. Augustus (i 180-1223) twelve seats of coinage are cited by the authorities ; the denier was produced at all of these points, the obole at four only — Paris, Arras, Bourges, and Laon, which may shew that the circulation of the lower value was more restricted. When we arrive at Louis VIII. (i 223-26) the coinage seems to have relaxed in its activity, or, a very short term of rule following a very lengthened one, the specie in hand was perhaps sufficient to answ^er immediate demands. But it was the eve of a second prolonged reign — that of Louis IX. (1226-70) and of a revolution in the monetary system. During the regency of his mother, Blanche of Castile (i 226-29), Louis may not have initiated the great move- ment by which he placed on a new footing the currency of his country ; nor can we ascribe to an earlier period than his first return from the Holy Land (1250) the introduction of the gros — a denomination already current in Italy, the Low Countries, and Germany, but unknown farther westward, and Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 469 struck in France on a model altogether different from that followed elsewhere. It is rather singular, however, that while the Venetian counterpart, belonging to the twelfth century, was of Byzantine parentage, the 4-denier piece of the French appears to have been copied in some of its details from an Arabic original, where certain Oriental characters on the obverse underwent at the hands of the European engraver transformation into a gateway or chatel. The principal feature in the new gros tournois of Louis IX. was its standard and its utility in commerce. It may strike a modern thinker that the addition of a groat to the coinage of a great and powerful people was not a matter of peculiar importance ; but it was a gain for which England had still a century to wait ; and when we consider the other improve- ments made by this prince in a similar direction, we may ask the question, whether the step here taken was not adequate to existing requirements. For, besides the gros, attributable to the middle of the thirteenth century, Louis struck two gold types : the royal or regalis aureus and the ecu d'oVy both at present of great rarity. Other varieties in the same metal have been named in connection with him, but appar- ently without real authority. The error or misconception is very likely to have arisen from the similarity of the title on the agnels of Louis X. ; and, again, from the reference to the same piece under different names. But one authority (Le Blanc) certainly cites the chaise d'or under this king, whereas the earliest known belongs to Philip IV. Louis IX. was the restorer on a more modern basis of the French gold currency, which had been in existence from the most remote period of the monarchy, and probably the circulation of the royal and ecu was at first very limited. Suc- ceeding reigns added the petit royal, the agnel or mouton, the masse, and the chaise ; and the succession of the house ot Valois in 1328 tended still farther to multiply varieties, while occasionally types disappeared after a brief trial. Such was the fate of the masse where the king holds in his right hand the sceptre or mace, and which was discontinued after Philip IV. Philip VI. of Valois (1328-50), whose beautiful 470 The Coins of Europe currency is still comparatively common, having either been hoarded or issued in large numbers, had no fewer than eight distinct gold denominations : royal, couronne, parisis d'or, ecu, lion, chaise, pavilion, florin Georges (St. George and the Dragon) ; and of some of these there were variants. Each ruler or government seems to have aimed, in diametrical opposition to modern principles, at achieving novelty and diversity ; and the result could not fail to be under any circumstances permanent inconvenience and confusion. It was in an even larger measure the same with the silver and billon, in which the issues were, as we approach the reign of Charles VI. (i 380-1422), bewilderingly numer- ous and, as a rule, destitute of any clue to the name or value. We count as many as eighteen sorts of money in the inferior metals in simultaneous or nearly simultaneous use. It is true that some of these coinages not only spread over a reign of forty-two years, and that some of them were for particular provinces ; yet, on the other hand, the old money would generally remain current, and no district was without its feudal mint producing independent types and values, while over an extended area, during almost two centuries, the English kings exercised monetary rights, and struck coins in all metals at at least twenty-three ascertained points, the patterns and module so closely resembling those of the regal series, that an inexperienced or careless observer might readily mistake one for the other. For us, of course, the policy, however unpractical and inconsiderate, has been the means of accumulating a store of numismatic examples and documents (so to speak) almost unsurpassed in richness as well as in bulk. English and American collectors may be conversant with the noble works of Hoffman and Poey d'Avant, and may have formed from them some mental estimate of the aggregate volume ; but early French coins of the rarer descriptions are seldom seen out of the country ; and a few trays in a foreign cabinet usually represent all that is procurable or of interest. For there is that other side to the question. Thousands of pieces exist, especially in billon or silver of low standard, of which Desc7nptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 471 the aspect is uninviting, and the particulars are barely intelligible even to French experts ; and a second and more select category is precluded from crossing the frontier by its rarity and price. French coins of a particular stamp are like French books in French bindings ; and it is, perhaps, a clue to the smallness of the original output, that certain pieces in the collection at the Bibliotheque are unknown elsewhere. In general the entire range from Louis II. to Louis VIII. (877-1226), confined to the more strictly French series, becomes a difficult problem in the experience of the foreign amateur, more especially certain reigns, where we meet concurrently with coins of German or Italian origin of superior fabric and workmanship, and of more or less common occurrence. Regarding the state of preservation in which the ancient French money has reached us, we discover that the pheno- menon is less connected with its chronological sequence than with the metal of which it was composed and the degree of care employed by the mint-master and his staff. A grave difficulty and drawback in this series arose from the evident want of skill or patience in preparing the metal and flans even for the silver currency ; and this characteristic, which is absent from the earlier coins, is very conspicuous in those both of billon and finer quality from the fourteenth century to the Revolution. Hardly one piece in fifty is round, and there is not that slender proportion of entirely satisfactory specimens. The most degraded epoch was probably that between 1380 and 1610, comprising the reigns of eleven monarchs ; and although greater attention w^as paid to the gold, the flan was often too small for the die, and in other cases the pressure was insufficient to render the type. A comparison of the Franco-Italian series is quite sufficient to establish the great inferiority of the French one: a coin of Louis XII. or Francis I. from an Italian hand powerfully contrasts with one produced at home ; and when we perceive that the services of such men as Briot and Goffin were secured even by its baronial subjects, and rejected by the Crown, and contemplate the mournful gold coinage of Louis 472 The Corns of Europe XIII., 1640, by the side of the Briot patterns of 16 18, we may satisfy ourselves that Official Owldom was as paramount in Paris as it has ever been in London. The uniform excellence of fabric of the French copper from Henry III. to Louis XV. (i 575-1774) forms a con- sideration which has not perhaps been much studied, from the apparent indifference of those most concerned to so humble a topic. Yet it is on his deniers and doubles tour- nois that we meet with the best portraits of Henry IV., while the series of Louis XIII. (161 1-42), including the rare Navarre type of 1635, is most interesting from the graduated diversity of busts of the king. The execution of these coins reminds us very strongly of Briot ; and they differ in the most marked manner from the other productions of the same epoch. They occasionally occur in piefort and in silver. One striking characteristic of the whole series from the out- set is the presence of French instead of Latin legends — an apparent concession to popular convenience. The reform in the coinage in 1 640-1 comprehended the whole system and the process of fabrication. It was no new project. Henry II. had introduced the German system, superintended by Aubin Olivier, who was expressly commis- sioned to visit that country and obtain the necessary appa- ratus. But officialism succeeded in limiting the improve- ment to the production of medals, jetons, and pieces de plaisi7', while the ordinary currency was once more left to the hammer. In 161 8 Nicolas Briot submitted some patterns of a very superior character ; but vested interests again intervened, and they were pronounced too expensive. The actual new coinage consisted of the louis d'or and the demi- louis, the ecu d'argent of 60 sols and its moiety and minor divisions down to a twelfth, and the double and denier tour- nois with head to left. Of the silver ecu there are patterns dated 1641 ; and pieces of 2, 4, 8, and 10 louis were struck in small numbers for presents or orders. The louis was the prototype of the English guinea. Notwithstanding the introduction of this improvement on the old principle and feeling, separate coinages for FRANCE : COINS OF HENRY III. AND IV. AND LOUIS XIII. (1585-1635)- Henry III.: franc d'argent, 1585, as King of France and Poland. Henry HI.: denier tournois, 1578. Henry IV.: double tournois, 1610. Louis XIII.: double tournois, 1611. Louis XIII.: pattern demi-franc d'argent by Briot, 1618. Piefort. Louis XIII.: denier tournois, 1635 (for Navarre). 474 The Coins of Europe Navarre and other constituent portions of the realm were still deemed necessary, and the former denominations re- mained in some instances current down to the reign of Louis XIV., who struck the ecu au soleil in gold, and of whom there is before us a demi-franc of the ancient type with a numeral stamped in to convert XIII. into XIIII The utilisation of residual currency for a new reign or a different issue was carried out to a large and systematic extent. Coins frequently occur struck over others, so that the obverse and reverse are transposed, and this practice seems to have been habitual under Louis XIV. and his successor when the number struck proved to be in excess of the demand ; and the surplus metal was thus turned to useful account by creating a numismatic palimpsest. The coinages of Louis XIV. and XV. are alike remark- able on account of the duration of the reigns and the youth of these monarchs when they were called to the throne. Even where a collection is on representative lines, it can scarcely dispense with specimens of the earliest, middle, and later issues. The pieces with the young heads from 1643 to 165 I, and from 17 16 to 1720 respectively, are apt to prove more attractive ; and the minor divisions of the ecus of Louis XIV., 1643-44, the louis and half louis of 1645, and the Hard de Frmzce with crowned bust and French legends; and the ecus of his successor, 171 6, 171 8, 1723, the louis and half louis of i 7 i 7, and the copper money of 1719-21, as well as the undated Bearn sol reading on rev. Prodvit des mines de France, and the various pieces struck for the colonies, 1717-52, maybe particularly mentioned. The colonial sols or double Hards between 17 17 and 1722 are usually ill struck. Those of 1717 read: xii. Deniers Colonies ; others have Colonies Francoises. For the Windward Islands {Isles dn Venf) there are silver coins of 12 and 6 sols, 1731, and one of 20 sols for the Indies, as well as a currency in all metals for Pondichery — the pagode, the royalin and its multiples, and the fanam in more than one variety. Of the older currency of Louis XV. the ecu and half ecu of 1740-41 are deserving of attention by reason FRANCE: COINS OF LOUIS XIV. AND XV., 1644-1741- Louis XV.: petit ecu. 1741. 476 The Coins of Europe of their superior workmanship and style ; and the varied types of the louis are curious. Mention has been made of the quinzain^ presumably a piece of i 5 sols ; but no example of this reign seems to be known. The reign of Louis XVI. offers no features of special importance until we come within measurable distance of the borderland between the old and new regimes^ when we meet with some striking types significant of the political and constitutional changes which impended over France and the king himself A series of patterns, proceeding from a variety of sources, marked the interregnitm prior to the establishment of the consulate, and a second one exists of proposed patterns for the currency under the personal rule of Bonaparte. A glance at the first fruits of the mint under Louis XVI. side by side with the coins on which he is presented to us as a man prematurely stricken in years, might be alone sufficient to point to some contributory agencies ; but the unhappy king appears to have grown corpulent at a very early age, if we may trust the portrait on a piece of 6 sols, struck at Paris in 1783, before the Revolution broke out, and when there could be no power, perhaps no wish, to in- dulge in caricature. This was in reality the prototype, how- ever, of the republican bust so familiar to us all ; and the same realistic tendency, as distinguished from the more or less idealised resemblance, manifests itself in the louis of 1788. Amid the confusion and vacillation naturally attendant on so stupendous and unprecedented a crisis, we cannot be sur- prised to find, on the one hand, such an extraordinary piece as the 30 sols of 1791 in copper, with the portrait to left and Louis X VI. Roi des Francois, and on rev. the seated figure of Liberty, surrounded by democratic emblems and the legend La Nation, La Loi. Le Roi ; or, on the contrary, the two- fold movement in the coinage for reconciling parties by reissuing from the old dies the youthful head of 1774 and by preparing a pattern, very carefully engraved by Vasselon, of an ecu, where the features of Louis are more prepossess- ingly rendered, but the reverse is on the new lines. FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY COINS, 1791-93. Louis XVI.: pattern 6cu, 1791. 30 sols, 1791. 3 deniers, 1792. FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY COINS, 1791- Pattern decime, 1793. Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 479 The first impulse of the democracy was to disturb the regal system only in the form of external accessories and artificial or inflated values at critical moments. The livre, the sol, and the denier remained the monetary bases for a short term ; but the centime and franc eventually super- seded them. We find among the earliest monuments of the Republic — 30 sols in silver with head, of Louis XVI. 1 79 1 1 ^ bOlS 111 bllVci VVlLll llcdU. UI J-,OUlo yV V i. . 1 791 Ecu and demi-ecu with head of Louis XVL 1791 5 sols by Monnier .... 1 791-92 2 sols by Monnier .... I 791-92 Of various types. One of 1792 reads : Revolution Fraiiqaise. 5 sols in silver by Lefevre and C'^- 2 sols 6 deniers with a helmeted head of Liberty 1791 Dixain (prototype of Decinie) in bell metal . 1791 in the second period : 24 livres in gold, 6^ livres in silver 1793 5 decimes in copper {Rege?terati07i Fra72gaise) 1793 I and 2 sols in copper of two or three varieties 1793 Decime ..... | 5 centimes . . . . > Pan 3-4 I centime .... 1 In the 3rd and 4th years (1795-96) the Government had recourse to various expedients importing financial embarrass- ment. A 10 centimes was first put forth as legal tender for ten times its metallic value. In year 4 the decime was made to pass current for two decimes, the 5 centimes for a decime ; and a piece actually representing the moiety was struck as a token for 5 centimes. The dilemma may be supposed to have been of short duration, as matters returned to their normal state in year 5. There are two historical relics before us, recalling this crisis, in the shape of a 5 centimes countermarked decime, and of a second of year 4 reading decime. The 24 livres of 1793 was the sole effort of the Re- public in that metal ; and in lieu of the 6 livres it decided ^ Blanchet [Manuel, i. 168) cites the 3 livres, which we have not seen. 48o The Corns of Ettrope on the 5 francs,^ but not on the divisions or even unit. The issue for the year lo was the latest with the democratic insignia ; that of year i i bore the effigy of Bonaparte. From Napoleon I. to the present time there is equally little to arrest the attention or to signalise beyond a few points which it is necessary to denote. The great emperor gradually succeeded in restoring order at home, in spite of the incessant demand for his presence at the head of the army ; and he accomplished something toward an improve- ment and simplification of the currency. There had been from financial motives a tendency, even in the time of Louis XVI., to diminish the intricate volume of separate coinages for the provinces ; and the Revolution not only swept away the entire system, but abolished the remaining seigniorial rights in this direction. With the Consulate commenced in some respects a new monetary era : the franc became the basis and unit ; and the 5 -franc piece of the Republic, after the year 10, or 1802, was reinforced by the franc, and ^ in silver, and the 40 and 20 fr. in gold, current for the whole Republic. But the copper was not recoined, nor did France possess any medium in that metal till 1848. A pattern for a sol was submitted to Bonaparte by Gengembre in 1802, but was not passed ; and it was only on the institution of the empire that plated pieces of 5 and 10 centimes were issued to meet public convenience. It is very possible that Napoleon, both as Consul and Emperor, was loth to intro- duce innovations, and that there was in existence a plentiful supply of the revolutionary decimes and their fractions. The consular Executive waited three years (1799- 1802) without changing the type; in 1803 ^he First Consul ventured on placing his own portrait on the national money ; and in the following year, when he assumed the imperial dignity, the word E^npereur was substituted on the obverse for Premier Consul, The republican legend on the other side was retained till 1808. So great was the caution which even such a master-spirit deemed it requisite to exercise in adapting the 1 See Cat. of Denom. v. " Franc." FRANCE : NAPOLEON I. AS FIRST CONSUL AND EMPEROR, ETC. Pattern by Gengembre for a copper sol, 1803. Kingdom of Italy : i soldo, 1807. I franc of Napoleon IV. 2 I 482 The Corns of Etcrope coinage of the most powerful State in the world to the system which his genius had created."^ The later numismatic annals^ concern (i) the money struck on behalf of the two pretenders, Napoleon II. and Henry V. ; (2) the project for a revival of the copper coinage for the colonies in 1824 and for internal circulation in 1840; and (3) the second Napoleonic regime (1851-70), succeeded by the existing Third Republic. In the name of the King of Rome or Duke of Reichstadt, who died un- married in 1832, were struck 5, 2, and i francs in silver, and 10, 5, 3, and i centimes in copper, all dated I 8 16, and generally found in proof state ; the dies are believed to exist. In that of Henry V., better known as the late Comte de Chambord, his mother, the Duchesse de Berri, issued 5, 2, and I francs, ascribed to the London mint, a \ franc said to have proceeded from a private press in the Faubourg St. Honore, a ^ franc and a small copper piece, which may be a jeton^ having on reverse Dzeii Fa donne, Septenibre iSjj. The dies for the larger denominations are extant; they com- pletely differ from the three used for the others. The series ranges between 1831 and 1833, and is almost unexception- ally unused. The 5 franc occurs both of 1831 and 1832. The scheme for renewing the copper currency was immediately in connection with the colonies, and had no reference to the employment of such a medium at home. In 1824, shortly prior to the demise of Louis XVIII., some very handsome designs were prepared for a lo-centimes and a 5 -centimes piece, but were not adopted. They bore the usual titles and portrait, and a crowned monogram on reverse with Colonies Francaises and the date. The plan was carried into effect by Charles X. ; but the type and fabric were quite different. 1 The latest examples of this reign are the 5 francs and 2 francs of 18 15 from different dies, the latter by far the rarer. 2 It may be worth mentioning in a note that the first coinage of Louis XVIII., 1814, is much rarer than those in and after 1815. It consists of 5 francs in silver and 20 francs in gold, and of the former there are two issues or at least mint-marks. It has been said that a 6-livres piece on the old model exists, with the date 1795 legend Louis XVIII. Roi des Francais ; but the state- ment is very problematical. Descriptive Outline of the Cohiages of Europe 483 The want of small denominations seems to have been felt, even with the possibility that the colonial money was current in France, or that a certain residuum was left of the large republican output, and in 1840 appeared a decime with the portrait and title of Louis Philippe I., and on reverse Refonte Des Monnaies De Cuivre. Strangely enough, of this movement we hear no more. Revolution of 1848 : 10 centimes. Lead. The features of interest associated with Napoleon III. are restricted to his rather scarce coinage as President, 1852, particularly the pattern 5 francs, which Barre first submitted, the settlement of the bronze currency on a convenient basis, and the historical anticlimax signified by the resort to the Brussels mint for the 5 francs of 1870. The 5 and 10 francs in gold were first introduced in this reign, and the former was doubtless suggested by the American dollar, of which it even followed the two types or modules. The partizans of the Bonaparte family thought fit in 1874 to issue a small coinage in the name of Napoleon IV., the colourless young man, who perished in Africa in 1879. We have at present to retrace our steps a little to con- sider a branch of the question to which recent allusion has been made. Toward the close of the seventeenth century, when we begin to lose sight of the Franco- Italian and Franco- Spanish money, noticed elsewhere, we become cognisant of a third class or group of productions, demonstrating the anxiety of France or its rulers to find an outlet for their energy in other quarters and in a different field. About 1 700 the mint struck a Hard for Canada with Dovble de 484 The Coins of Europe r Amerique Fran^oise, and a royalin, 2 royalins, and 4 royalins for Pondichery. It was apparently the initiative in a policy which was suspended at the Revolution, but resumed under Charles X. Louis XV. considerably extended the system, perhaps at the instance of John Law of Lauriston, the South Sea Bubbler, and introducer of the copper sol of 17 19. In 1 7 1 7 were issued pieces of 1 2 deniers for the colonies generally ; there are at least three types and various dates ; and to these succeeded a livre of 20 sols for the East Indies, a pagode d'or and pieces of 8, 4, 2, and i royalins, and fanams, grand fanams, and ^ fanams for Pondichery, i 2 and 6 sols for the Windward Isles {Isles du Vent), 173 1, and anepi- graphic uniface copper sols with C crowned for general colonial use. The latter were first struck in 1764, and occur countermarked for Tobago, St. Nevis, St. Christopher's, and other settlements. Louis XVI. issued a piece of 3 sous in 1781 for general circulation with Colonies Francaises, of 3 and 2 sous for the Isles de France et de Bourbon, 1780, 2 and 3 sous for Cayenne, 1781-89, and a fanam for Pondichery, 1787.^ The handsomest coin in the whole range is undoubtedly the piastre decaen, 18 10, with the imperial eagle crowned and lies De France Et Bonaparte on obverse, and the value within a wreath and date on the other side. It is generally re- garded as money of necessity, and was struck by General Decaen, governor of the settlement, probably at a local press. Almost all the extant specimens are faulty, even where they are unused. We observe in the legend the substitution of Bonaparte for Bourbon. The colonial series of Charles X. and Louis Philippe, like the patterns of 1824, was of European module, except a fanam of the latter for Pondi- chery in copper, 1836. The present French Administration has far surpassed its predecessors in the activity which it has displayed in annex- ing territory and assuming or accepting protectorates over native states, for the whole of which it has been at the pains, 1 The Bank tokens for 50 and 25 sous for the Mauritius, about 1800, in billon, were probably of local fabrication. Descriptive Out line of the Coinages of Eui^ope 485 in the same manner as Germany, Italy, and Great Britain, to found a monetary system. The too omnivorous amateur is apt to regret his universahty when he discovers that it involves accommodation for coins in silver and copper at least, emanating from Paris, and dedicated to the service of St. Domingo, French Guiana, Cambodia {^Kan-pou-chi^, Patagonia, Madagascar, East Africa, Cochin China, and Tunis. These currencies principally follow the French standard ; but that of Patagonia is in centavos and that of St. Domingo in escalins. Feudal Coinage of France The feudal or seigniorial money of France, which owed its rise and development to the same agencies as that of Germany, the Low Countries, and Italy, cannot be compared with the latter in any respect save its vast extent and its multifarious character or personality. Its origin has been usually traced to the decentralising influence of the en- feebled imperial authority after the death of Charlemagne ; but in fact the system and spirit had long acquired a definite growth when the Frankish rule was extended over France and the Marches of Spain, and merely waited for an oppor- tunity to consolidate itself The government of Charlemagne, alike in this and other parts of his wide dominions, was strictly on a feudal basis, and was parallel with the subordinate control of numerous minor sovereigns of graduated rank and jurisdiction. The difference between a strong and a weak hand really concerned the great feudatories rather than the smaller ; and the decline of the monarchy, while it favoured the aggrandisement of such states as Burgundy, Brittany, Aquitaine, and ultimately Normandy, and indirectly opened the way for the English occupation of parts of the kingdom during more than a century, produced equally striking fruits in the settlement on a permanent footing, as a distinct political factor and a dominant social phenomenon, of a 486 The Cozjts of Europe seigniorial caste classifiable under two divisions, the secular and the ecclesiastical, which may be again arranged under two heads, the great and the minor feoffees. Of the relation- ship of these bodies toward each other and toward the Crown it does not belong to the immediate subject to speak or treat beyond the result which accrued from such an in- finite partition of subsidiary political autonomy to the national coinage. The feudal money of France, subsequently to the reign of Charles le Chauve, was perhaps advisedly very similar in its general character to the regal series. The latter had at that time assumed something approaching a distinct and independent type, and had at all events renounced the primitive and hybrid conceptions legible on the currencies of the earlier races. It was not till a later epoch, when some of the great vassals of the Crown attained wealth, and aspired to vie with the sovereign in the splendour of their display, that we meet with the more sumptuous numismatic productions of feudal origin which, by their individuality of character in portraiture and heraldry, betrayed the coexist- ence of many masters on the same soil and the qualified power of the reigning monarch. The dismemberment of the Carlovingian empire shortly after the decease of the founder brings more clearly into view the wide prevalence of the claim to strike money and the actual exercise of the right ; but we should probably have seen to a fuller extent that this state of things existed long prior to the Prankish era, if the bulk of the Merovin- gian money had not by its anonymous nature been so diffi- cult of assignment to the responsible issuers. The normal lists of French rulers, even when they are most elaborate and com- plete, inadequately convey the state of constitutional parties in a country or region which was not merely parcelled out into separate feudal governments almost absolutely inde- pendent, but which included within its area an amount of territory constantly subject to change and redistribution. While the boundaries of France periodically expanded or receded, its divisions underwent perpetual modification or Descriptive Otttline of the Coinages of Ew^ope 487 readjustment ; and it is not till we reach the eleventh or twelfth century that we find it easy to reduce to an intelli- gible form the complex monetary system. Under the generic designation of Prankish coins a vast body of numis- matic remains is commonly grouped together ; and even at a more advanced epoch such agencies as disputed preten- sions, temporary partition of territory among representatives, and coeval contrefa^ons or imitations, contribute to perplex students. To a large extent the foregoing Catalogues will assist in facilitating an acquaintance with this branch of the French monetary economy by indicating, as far as possible, every locality throughout the kingdom which at any date struck coins, and when and for whom it struck them. In the present place it must suffice to furnish a synopsis of the subject, and to specify the feudatories under the Crown who have been instrumental in forming a series at least equal to that of Germany in its range and diversity. The provinces of France which long constituted virtually sovereign states were — Aquitaine Poitou Burgundy Brittany Alsace or Elsas Lorraine Normandy Gascony Navarre Anjou La Marche Provence Dauphine Champagne In a secondary rank, yet not less self-governing, and in all executive details autocratic, may be classed the baronial or princely houses of — Bayonne Nivernais Perpignan Bearn Bourbon and Bour- Toulouse Artois bon-Montpensier Narbonne Boulogne Dombes Orange Perigord Auvergne Vienne Dreux Limoges Nevers Penthievre Chalon Soissons Maine Turenne Vermandois Chartres Thouars Ponthieu Blois Angouleme Ligny Valois Saintonge Bar Franche-Comte Armagnac Valentinois Vendome Roussillon 488 The Coins of Europe At a somewhat lower level, from a territorial as well as political point of view, yet not less exempt from ordinary regal jurisdiction in the arrangement of their internal affairs, were the fiefs or lordships of — Le Vexin Ferenzaguet Tonnerre Nogent-le-Roi Astarac Sens Bondaroi (a chatel- Pardiac Chateau Porcien lenie) Comminges Rethel Beaumont-le-Roger Lescun Phalsburg and Lix- Romorantin Foix heim Chateaudun Castelbon Sedan and Bouillon Perche Besalu Cugnon Berri Urgel Les Hayons Bourges Ampurias Beauvais Deols Carcassonne ) Coucy Isoudun Razez f Nesle Vierzon Beziers and Agde Montreuil Donzy Omellas (barony) Douai (chatellenie) Saint-Aignan Montpellier Bethune Mehun-sur-Yevre Anduse Beaumont Chateau-Meillant Roquefeuil Agimont Sancerre Rouergues and Rodez Fauquembergues Charenton Albi Encre Linieres Albi-Bonafos Pequigny Gragay Beaucaire Elincourt Brosse-Huriel Saint-Severe j Cadenet Crevecoeur Seyne Walincourt La Ferte-Chaiideron Montelimart Serain Velay Lyons Vaudemont Polignac Gilley-Franquemont Verdun Maul6on Bouheiier Apremont Ferenzac Beauffremont Forcalquier Lectoure ^ Lomagne J Chatelet Vauvillers Macon A final series is composed of ecclesiastics, who were practically irresponsible to the Crown in respect of ordinary administra- tive jurisdiction, and whose various titles or dignities render them susceptible of an assortment under four or five heads — Archbishops Bishops Carcassonne Le Puy Substantion-Melgueil Besangon Agen or Auch Uzes Embrun Strasburgh Meaux Lyons Chalons-sur-Marne Verdun Reims Girone Langres Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 489 Laon Autun Noyon Cambrai Apt Metz Avignon Saint - Paul - Trois Javouls Mende Albi Cahors Corbie Saint - Medard de Abbeys St. Martin de Tours St. Andre de Cler- mont St. Martial Benedictine Abbey of Massay Cluny Tournus Chateaux Valence and Die Gap Toul Amiens Lodeve Viviers Soissons St. Etienne de Dijon St. Oyen de Joux or St. Claude St. Florent de Saumur Bergues St. Winoc Gorze Priory Souvigny-le-Vieux Monastery Over a community so distributed and so organised, independently of the towns, where a certain share of muni- cipal freedom gradually prevailed, the Kings of France claimed and exerted an authority fettered not by constitu- tional but by customary limitations, which were jealously guarded and often successfully enforced. In the main, so long as internal affairs were tranquil, the Crown and its more or less immediate dependents maintained an amicable understanding, however ; and the restrictions and burdens were chiefly reserved for the bourgeoisie and allodial tenants or tillers of the soil ; and among other interests in common the aristocracy enjoyed undisturbed possession of the honour and emolument arising from the universal title to strike money. The schedule, which is found above, shews that, whether temporal or spiritual peer, whether duke, seigneur, or chdtelain, prelate, prior, or abbot, the same indulgence or concession belonged to the position, and even assisted in supporting it. The profits of the local mints entered into the annual accounts ; the freer the alloy compatibly with the maintenance of a nominal standard, the higher, of course, was the scale of advantage ; and the sole condition imposed by the regal authorities appears to have been that the types should not be a direct counterpart of those employed by the king. In studying this or any other similarly extensive series, we f 490 The Coins of Europe mark the rate of progression from almost absolute barbarism to a high state of artistic excellence, and from a single small denomination to a noble and sumptuous currency in all metals. We ought to bear in mind that the measures of political and of monetary importance, however, are not necessarily co-ordinate: some of the most rudimentary examples in cabinets were the product of an age when the feudal element in society was at the height of its prosperity, while the most splendid and delightful specimens in our hands belong to a time when the balance and weight of power had well begun to incline toward the Crown, and many of the greater domains, by a variety of influences, had merged in the monarchy. Again, it is the case that certain of the seigniorial or baronial feoffees have transmitted to us coins, executed during the best period of medallic art, more ambitious and attractive than those of their sovereigns, and that it is within these lines that we have to seek all that is most humanly interesting in portraiture and personal recollection. We shall once more invite an examination of the Cata- logues for a general view of the French feudal mints and numismatic nomenclature. But under several heads it be- comes desirable to call attention to points which may not have been touched or treated sufficiently at length elsewhere. To the general student or inquirer those money- yielding districts of Old France, which offer more than a purely French interest, necessarily acquire Normandy. ^ / , , -r- i- i ^ Aquitaine. a certam precedence ; and to linglishmen and ^Pokou^ English-speaking folk throughout the world there Anjou. will always be a mysterious charm in coins which Maine. ^ere witnesses of the military transactions and Viennois. Orange, protracted rule of the Anglo-Saxon race on French Avignon. which, in the case of Orange, formed the cradle of a house importantly associated with English history and English constitutional freedom. So far back as the time of the Crusades the territorial area of this fief was con- siderably abridged by partitions, and it is on foreign soil and in the stock of Orange-Nassau that we have to look for the Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Ett7^ope 4^1 sources of the fame which the house will always continue to enjoy. Its genesis was French ; but its heroes were Hollanders. The earliest coins are deniers of Guillaume, I I 82-1 2 19. But the most interesting remains belong to William the Silent, Maurice of Nassau, and William Henry, afterward William HI. of Great Britain. A link between the old home of the family and the theatre of its historical exploits is found in the retention of the fleur-de-lis in the arms, sometimes with, sometimes without, the cornets. A lO-stuiver piece of 1749, otherwise anonymous, has a lis on the pillar on obverse. A cornet presents itself on a bronze penny of the Orange Free State, 1874. Even in the capital itself the regent Bedford (John with the Wooden Sword) exercised sovereign authority during many years, and struck coins significant of inter- rupted or divided autonomy. In Avignon we recognise the temporary political phenomenon which produced a lacuna in the papal numismatic series at home, and transports us to a foreign territory for the pontiffs from 1309 to 1408. The Viennois falls within the present category, because in the tenth century Vienne itself formed the home of a Venetian trading colony, which had its own quarter. The coins struck for Dauphiny after the union or cession by the independent rulers in 1343 bore the distinguishing mark of two dolphins. A billon douzain of Louis XII. (1497-15 1 5) has the quartered shield of France and Dauphiny surmounted by a crowned lis. In an almost equally striking yet totally different manner the three localities indicated in the margin signalised them- Saint-Martin de selves by the production of types, which Tours. became generic or standard, and were Substantion-^^^^ copied far beyond their own frontier, and even the boundaries of France. The gros toujniois was not only the first step taken toward a develop- ment of the coinage after the return of Louis IX. from the Holy Land in 1250-51, but became the model for similar denominations or value in several parts of Europe, where the belief in its acceptability or the force of servile imitation led 492 The Coins of Europe in some instances to the retention of the original legend. The most ancient piece associated with the city and abbey is a denier with the name of Unister, apparently long anterior to the grant of Charles the Simple in 926. The monnaie mcl- gorienne, which seems to have been at first of the Carlovingian and subsequently of the Narbonne type, goes back to the tenth century, and diffused itself over the south of France. The reason for its popularity is not obvious. Originally in the hands of the Counts of Melgueil, it passed in i 2 i 5 to the Bishops of Maguelonne, who in 1262 struck a special currency with Mohammedan inscriptions for the use of traders with Egypt and Barbary, and thereby incurred the displeasure of His Holiness Clement IV. It was a proceeding of which the record sheds a sidelight on the commercial relations of that part of France in the Middle Ages, and bears an analogy to similar traces in the Viennois and Bourbonnais. The money of Dombes, a territory which had formerly made part of the kingdom of Aries, is entitled to consideration under two aspects : the singular celebrity of the 5 -sols pieces with the portrait of Marie de Montpensier, 1608-27, their wide service as models for the moneyers of France, Spain, Italy, and Germany, and their welcome reception in the East at a premium ; and the testons d'or of Jean II. and Pierre II., Dues de Bourbon, 145 9-1 503, which preceded those belong- ing to the regal series. This line of princes was unsurpassed in the grandeur and variety of their currency, which em- braced all metals, and comprehended denominations from the sextuple louis to the copper denier toiirnois. The later holders of the title of Prince de Do7nbes appear to have resorted to the mint at Paris. The numismatic chronicle of the Bretons forms not only a broken and obscure record, but is imperfect at the com- Brittany mencemcnt to an extent which leaves far too Burgundy, much to the imagination, although the long sur- Lorraine. ^j^g^j primitive habits in this province and its actual condition form a basis for inferring that its monetary requirements were formerly of the humblest and most limited character. Doubtless the Prankish currency found its way Descriptive Otttline of the Coinages of Europe 493 in the eighth and ninth centuries — the earhest point of time to which we are able to go back even in the majority of cases — to Rennes, Nantes, Treguire, and other centres ; and the first stage of progress was the local imitation of the Carlovingian deniers at Rennes and Nantes. It is not till the eleventh century and the reign of Conan II. (1040-66) that the attribution of coins becomes easy and confident. But what- ever may be the amount of information either lost or hitherto unrecovered, the matter is narrowed in this particular instance to a certain measurable radius by the apparent peculiarity that, beyond three or four great feudal chieftains, who con- stantly struggled for the supremacy, the seigniorial element was never actively developed as in all other parts of France ; and the reasonable probability therefore is that future re- search, if it accomplishes important results, will chiefly add to our knowledge of the origin of the Rennes and Nantes mints and of their most ancient productions. Many other seats of coinage, as we shall have seen from the Catalogue, eventually arose ; but these were doubtless the earliest. The perturbed state of the country, agitated alternately by civil war, invasion by the Franks, and piratical inroads by the Northmen, coupled with the relative absence of commercial or even agricultural activity, forbids us, however, to be very sanguine of rendering the annals appreciably more complete. We perceive how, even in Normandy, the numismatic material is, after several modern trouvailles, scanty to excess, and again the examples, which have come to light there, do not encourage the hope that the Breton money of the first epoch was less barbarous or more instructive. In fact, the coinage of the Dukes of the Bretons presented no improve- ment or variety apart from the progressive movement in that of France itself, by which it was visibly influenced, as it had been by the Teutonic types introduced into that part of the empire by Pepin le Bref and his successors ; and the later money, not long prior to the incorporation of the duchy with France, reflected very closely some of the diversified and attractive patterns brought into use under the house of Valois. 494 The Coins of EtL7^ope Brittany deserves to be comprised in the Anglo-Gallic zone by reason of the occasional exchange of relations between the two countries from the tenth to the fourteenth century — the asylum obtained in England by Alen II., Barbetorte, during the Norman occupation, the dramatic story of Arthur and his sister Eleanor, and the part played by Edward III. in the contest for the crown between Jean de Montfort and Charles de Blois. The deeds of daring ascribed to more than one of the early dukes, and especially to the just-mentioned Alen II. (937-52), may have constituted the foundations of the romance of Arthur of Little Britain^ which becam.e popular in England from the familiarity of the name, and is indeed a work of more than ordinary merit It is supposed that Alen II. was the first who assumed the title of Duke of the Bretons — a form which recommended itself to some of his successors, who are, however, found on their coins with varying designations as Comes {i.e. of Rennes or Vannes), Dux Britanice, or simply Dux. After her marriage to two kings of France in succession, Anne of Brittany, the royal lady whom we usually associate with a splendid livre (THeures, continued to place her name alone on the Breton currency. An ecu <^'<^>r without date reads on obverse: Anna D.G. Fran. Regid Et Britonvni Dvcissa. In a second she styles herself Dux Britonuni. This legend possibly referred to the interval between the death of Charles VIII. and her remarriage to Louis XII., or to the period of her second widowhood. It was not till about 1530 that the formal political union with France was consummated, and that we cease to find special provincial issues for this division of the kingdom. In ordinary history the name of BURGUNDY is almost exclusively identified with the duchy as it existed in the four- teenth and fifteenth centuries and with the careers Burgundy. and fortunes 01 two or three great military and political characters, such as Philip le Bon, Charles le Teme- raire, and Philip le Beau. There had been, however, from the same period — the middle or third quarter of the ninth century — two other governments of a regal com- Desndptive Outline of the Coinages of Ettrope 495 plexion which, originally formed under the auspices of Charles le Chauve, were united about 933 under Rodolph 11. , and incorporated with the German Empire by Otho III. a century later. The territory so annexed comprehended a considerable portion of Switzerland, Franche-Comte, the duchies of Chablais and the Genevois, the barony of Fau- cigny, the county of Maurienne, Macon, Chalon, Lyon, Dauphiny, Aries, Forcalquier, Provence, and other provinces. The duchy (primarily margraviat) of Burgundy, with which we are more generally acquainted, was a parcel of the ancient kingdom of Neustria, and was created in 877 by Charles le Chauve in favour of his brother-in-law, Richard le Justicier. It enjoyed a duration of almost exactly 600 years, and was eventually and finally absorbed in 1477-78, after the death of Charles le Temeraire, by France under Louis XI. The Burgundian money of what we must term the regal era was to a large extent of a baronial and episcopal stamp, and down to the eleventh or twelfth century retained facial testimony of the survival of German prestige. The instances where a feudal coinage was authorised by the Kings of France are found to be extremely few and unimportant ; and so long as the balance of power remained on the side of the house of Hohenstaufen, and the empire preserved its cohesion, this portion of modern France, Switzerland, and Savoy continued to be Teutonic in a political and proprie- tary sense. It was the seigniorial spirit of autonomy which slowly and surely undermined the central authority and prepared the way for great territorial and constitutional changes. Of the coinage of the later and independent duchy, which from comparatively limited possessions at the outset in the ninth century rose by virtue of manifold agencies to an equality wdth first-class European Powers, and succes- sively acquired the sovereignty over Flanders and many of the minor fiefs in the Low Countries and the north of France, we have had occasion to speak in the Catalogues. The French numismatists usually range the entire Bur- gundian series under their own system ; but this course does 496 The Coins of Europe not seem to be more reasonable than that which claims for France the German Emperors of the West, or, indeed, any rulers anterior to Charles le Chauve. The monetary alliance with Burgundy is clearly narrowed not merely to the duchy, but to those portions of it which were appropriated by Louis XI. in 1477-78, and from that date the autonomous coinage limited itself to the titular pretensions of the house of Austria, which were maintained almost within living memory. Till the outbreak of the French Revolution the Valois and Bourbon dynasties scarcely exerted any sensible influence on the destinies of the Netherlands for good or for evil. Ger- man and Spanish ascendency, the rise of Holland, and English sympathy and help, put a term to farther projects of conquest in this quarter ; and the numismatic history of much of the extensive possessions of the last Dukes of Bur- gundy — of Flanders, Brabant, Limburg, Luxemburgh, the Dutch Provinces — merges in that of communities governed by wholly different conditions. The former currency or currencies of Burgundy are lost in those of France on the one hand, and of the Flemings, Austrians, Spaniards, and Hollanders on the other ; and so far as the duchy proper was concerned, it does not seem to have preserved, after its seizure by the French, like Dauphiny and Navarre, any share of its old individuality, but, as in the case of Brittany and Nor- mandy, to have conformed to the general monetary regula- tions of the kingdom„ A coup de main extinguished the growth of six centuries ; but let us remember that the seigniorial or baronial element survived, and that, for the most part, the tenants under the Crown of Burgundy were also the tenants under that of the new master, and parted with none of their local jurisdiction. We have had occasion to note how, under the reign of Edward HI., the monetary relations between England and the Netherlands had already become tolerably constant and friendly ; and it is interesting, in connection with the Dutch copies of the rose-noble of Edv/ard IV., to observe that so late as 1469 a conference was held at Bruges between the representatives of the English prince and those of Charles le Descriptive Otttli7te of the Coinages of Europe 497 Temeraire, Duke of Burgundy, to discuss international questions of coinage and exchange. The growing demands of trade, and the active and profitable intercourse which England then maintained with Flanders, as well as with Holland, rendered imperative as simple a basis of calcula- tion as possible. Lorraine {Lotliaringid) was originally one extensive district, subsequently divided into Upper and Lower Lorraine, of which the latter became perma- ^°' BaT'''''^ nently distinct, and in fact comprised a large share of the Flemish portion of the more modern duchy of Burgundy. Haute-Lorraine, on the other hand, constituted from the tenth century an important fief of the empire, and at a more advanced period of the French Crown, to which it paid homage down to 1465. In 141 9 a marriage had brought the duchy of Bar into the same house ; and in 1542 the united sovereignty, in the person of the then reigning Duke Antoine (1508-44), was declared a free and independent government. In 1738 Frangois III. exchanged Lorraine with Louis XV. for the grand-dukedom of Tuscany, and in 1766 the province and territory were united to the French Crown. The earliest known coinage of this region and state precedes its partition by Otho I., and consists of deniers of the Christiana Religio and Temple type of Gislebert (9 1 6-40) with a cross on rev. cantoned with points. That of Haute- Lorraine, with which we are more directly concerned, seems to commence in the middle of the eleventh century, within a century of the apparent conclusion of the older series. We have thus three numismatic epochs: i, the coinage of undivided Lorraine, c. <^oo-c. 950 ; 2, that of Basse- Lorraine, c. I 140; 3, that of Haute-Lorraine, 1 048- 1 766, if we are to include the interval between 1738, when Stanislas I., King of Poland, father-in-law of Louis XV., acquired the domain and title by exchange, and the ultimate cession to the Crown. Our acquaintance with the by far most interesting and important division, the autonomous money of Lorraine proper. 498 The Coins of Europe has been greatly improved by the researches of M. Robert, whose papers on the subject and well-known Catalogue (1886) represent the best means which we possess of study- ing this enormous body of monuments, so infinitely varied in their character and aspect, and forming a sort of link between the French and German schools of workmanship and feeling. The numerous places of origin, of which the earliest were Saint -Die, Remiremont, and Nancy, do not necessarily account for diversity of pattern, as the same moneyer fre- quently officiated at several points ; but the changes of taste and development of art and heraldry, even within the most prosperous period alone — the fourteenth and fifteenth cen- turies — are quite sufficient to explain the presence of mani- fold varieties, of which that where an armed hand, issuing from a cloud, grasps a sword, was copied from the banner of Rene II., and commemorated the war between Lorraine and Burgundy. It was this prince (1473-1508) to whom we owe the introduction of a new gold ecu in place of the old Florentine type employed by the Dukes of Bar, as well as of the grand ecu d' argent, with the duke on horseback and the date 1488 — the first instance of the notation of the year of issue. His immediate successor, Antoine (i 508-44), followed some of his types, and may be, perhaps, considered as having brought the coinage to its highest perfection, and having witnessed the best period of independence and power. The French occupation from 1634 to 1661 led to the com- plex anomaly of three parallel currencies : that of the in- vaders ; an anonymous local issue on behalf of the Duke Nicole Francois ; and certain pieces struck by the latter dur- ing his exile at Florence. This political episode was a foretaste of what was to come ; and the later rulers of Lorraine in a manner prepared their subjects for the future by resorting to French rather than Teutonic models.^ Metz was a busy and prominent monetary centre long prior even to the existence of the duchy, within whose limits 1 The titles of Duke of Gtteldres and King of Sicily a?id Jerusalem on some of the Lorraine series under Rene or Renaud II., 1473-1508, etc., appear to have been temporarily borne jure uxoj'is. Descriptive Out line of the Coi^iages of Europe 499 it lay ; and the series of early Messine deniers is very desir- able and curious. We furnish in the Catalogues Metz. ^ and Lists some useful information touching the coinages of the bishops and sheriffs, and of those which pre- ceded them. The mint appears to have been independent of the dukes, and was not employed by them. In the first Catalogue we have given, under Strasburgh and other Alsatian mints, all the particulars connected with the monetary production of this province, and StmsUu^trh. under Meran will be found a reference to the coinage for their Tyrolese possessions of the ancient Counts of the Tyrol down to the time of Sigismund of Hapsburg, Margraf of Upper Alsace or Elsas. The territory originally constituted part of the Frankish kingdom of Austrasia, and has been by turn French and German, till it was ceded to Germany by the diplomatic arrangements of I 87 I. It was divided at a very early period into Upper and Lower Elsas, and had belonged to France by cession or seizure since 1697, when it was lost by the fortune of war a few years ago. Within its limits, which represented till recently the French departments of the Upper and Lower Rhine, lay several important seats of coinage, and we have noted the introduction of the steel roller at Ensisheim in Upper Alsace by the Austrian rulers about 1580. This mint was fairly prolific from that date to the middle of the following century, and the money is often recognisable from the traces of the process by which it was struck, but does not usually bear the place of origin, the sole indication being the addition of Landgr. Ats. to the titles. The landgraviat of Lower Alsace long formed part of the temporalities of the See of Strasburgh. The houses and titles of Valois and BoURBON occupy a special place of honour as those which gave to France its ^ . reigning dynasties from 1328 to the Revolu- Bourbon. tion. The former, originally a fief of the house Bourbon- of Vcrmandois, was united to the Crown by Montpensier. pj^jjjp ^ugustus in 1214 upon the death of Eleonore, Comtesse de Saint Quentin et de Valois, 500 The Coins of Europe and continued to be a royal appanage even after the accession of the family, in the person of Philip VI., to the throne. It comprised in 1285 the historical domains of Ferte-Milon and Pierrefonds (of which the chateau was restored by Viollet-le-Duc for Napoleon III.). Bourbon or the Bourbonnais had been formed out of the ancient mar- graviat of Burgundy by Charles the Simple, and comprised domains in Bern*, Nevers, Autun, and Auvergne. The Sires, subsequently Dues, de Bourbon struck money from the thirteenth century, and we find them involved in altercations with the Priors of Souvigny upon this subject. But the coinage associated with this great family in its feudal stages of development owes its repute to the branch of Bourbon- Montpensier, on which we have dwelt in the account of the numismatic products of Dombes. The latest researches do not seem to have brought to light any monuments of the Bourbons themselves beyond a few insignificant deniers struck independently or in alliance with Souvigny. This group of names which is here presented is pri- marily of personal interest, and is a connecting link between the numismatic department and those of history Coucy. ^ Chateaumeillant. and biography. We do not ordinarily identify ChTteaimeuf with such a question as that before us celebrated Turenne. characters of past times, whose renown or repute seems to rest on literary, political, or military grounds. We seldom think of Raoul de Coucy, of the Courtenays, of Mazarin, of Sully, of Turenne, and lastly, of the overbearing and rapacious Minister of Louis XIII., the Marechal d'Encre, as owners of seigniorial possessions which conferred the right of striking money, and of the favourite of Henri IV. as the employer of a numismatic staff modelled on that of his royal master. The Seigneurs of Chateaumeillant had exercised the privilege from the eleventh century ; but Sully himself carried out the operations on a more extended and systematic scale ; and his descendants continued to enjoy the power till the reign of Louis XV. Of Mazarin, in respect of his acquisitions of property in the Nivernais and elsewhere, and of the Marechal d'Encre indi- FRENCH FEUDAL COINS. 5 1. Pavilion dor of the Black Prince, struck at Bordeaux. 2. Hardi d' or of Charles VII. of France, as Duke of Aquitaine, 1422-61, struck at La Rochelle. 3. Lion dor of Philip le Beau, Duke of Burgundy, 1493-1506. 4. Copper Hard oi Charles, Due de Nevers, 1613. 5. Denier of the Priory of Souvigny-le-Vieux, 13th c. 502 The Coins of Europe vidually, there do not appear to be any monetary remains ; but of the fief of Encre or Anchor a there are early coins belonging to the original holders from the Count of Flanders in the twelfth century ; and the house of Courtenay is repre- sented by a few deniers bearing the names of Pierre de Courtenay, who married in i i 8 i the heiress of Moers, and of the two consorts of his daughter, Mahaut de Courtenay. A singular instance here occurs, in which, from the early years of the fifteenth century (14 17-19), a lordship in Bur- o;undy remained, amid all the political vicissi- Montbeliard. ^ ^ ^ ^ t . 1-1 tudes 01 succeedmg times, and m the presence ot a formal cession to the Crown of France in 1536, till the Revolution (1793) in the hands of the Duke of Wlirtemburg, whose ancestor, Eberhard IV., acquired it by his marriage with Henriette de Montbeliard. There are pieces of Count Ulric (1520-26) with two trout back to back in the shield and Comes. Montis. Bellig. ; but the first regular coinage was under Frederic I., who established a mint at Montbeliard in 1585, and struck money there for his French vassals, chiefly of low denominations ; the series was carried by his suc- cessors down to 1720. There are the 6 and 3 kreutzer, the 3 and I batzen, and the Hard ; the last with the portrait of the Duke of Wiirtemburg and the legend Liard de Mont- beliard for the sake of distinction. Of rarities and introuvables in the entire French series it will have been probably collected from occasional remarks that there is an extraordinary profusion — sufficiently so to deter the modern collector from engaging in the attempt to render himself complete or consecutive ; and it happens here, as we have previously observed, that certain pieces were apparently struck at the time for presents only or as mint essays, and exist nowhere outside the Bibliotheque. This more particularly applies, of course, to the regal class ; and a study of the pages of Hoffman will soon corroborate the statement and view. But in the feudal coinage it is equally the case that there are examples of the rarest occurrence Desc7dptive Outline of the Coinages of Em^ope 503 even in France itself, and the cause in this case may be the paucity of the original output and the lack of interest in. such memorial of the ancient noblesse on the part of de- cayed representatives and in the presence of modified insti- tutions. On the other hand, exceptional facilities seem to be afforded to privileged persons by the authorities at the mint for procuring restrikes of coins of which the dies have been preserved, and many instances occur in which the latter are in private hands, and are periodically multi- plied as necessity requires.^ The sole advantage accruing from this otherwise undesirable policy is that one has the opportunity of looking upon such a piece as the scitdo di ore, struck by Louis XII. for Naples, in all its pristine freshness.^ It is next to an impossibility to concentrate in a single focus the most conspicuous desiderata in such a series, where the field is so wide, where variety and artistic pre- tensions are so marked, and where the baronial or feudal element is so strong. From the point of view of the technical numismatist, who studies and cherishes infinitesi- mal detail, and discovers there from time to time precious clues or suggestions, the endeavour might prove hopeless, while it would perhaps be superfluous ; but to collectors of a less severe type it may be neither impracticable nor useless to note certain items which help to lend importance and value to an assemblage of these monuments of past ages on different accounts, yet principally by reason of collateral associations. The Merovingian sous d'or of purely French origin with names and portraits or of special mints. The deniers and oboles of Pepin le Bref. The deniers and oboles of Charlemagne (contemporary issues). The Anglo-Gallic series, especially the gold florin and guiennois and Anglo-Gallic baronial money. The gold coinage of Louis IX. The Franco- Italian and Franco- Spanish series, especially the former. 1 For example, the silver and copper series of Napoleon II., 1816, and the 5 fr., 2 fr. , and i fr. of Henry V., 1831-32. 2 Two silver proofs were offered for sale in the Dillon Catalogue, 1892, Nos. 394-95, without a hint as to their character and origin. 504 The Coins of Ett7^ope The frajtcs d''arge7it of Henry III. and IV. in fine state. The money of F^rancis II. and Mary of Scotland. The patterns made by Nicolas Briot for a new coinage under Louis XIII., 1618. The 4, 8, and 10 louis pieces of Louis XIII., 1640. The baronial money of Dombes and Turenne. The colonial series from Louis XIV. to Louis XVI. . • . Many of these coins are at best roughly struck. The copper sol of 17 19, brought out at the instance of John Law of Lauriston. Any of the currency from Louis XI. to Henry IV. iii fine state. Any carefully struck specimens prior to the first Revolution. Patterns appertaining to the revolutionary period (i 791-1803). The current value of the very rare or very interesting pieces comprehended in the foregoing enumeration is, it is to be feared, subject to the normal uncertainty attendant on all such property, and to the modifying effect which discoveries of additional specimens naturally produce ; and the more artificial the previous estimate, the more serious becomes in such cases the decline or reaction. On the whole, there is perhaps a greater number of dear coins in this section than in any other, and where the price is low, it is, as a rule, because the condition is poor, or there has been a large find. In England, and still more in Germany and the Netherlands, there are very few examples even of high rarity which exceed the limit of ^25 ; but the French amateur has to calculate on giving from 1000 to 3000 francs for many pieces indis- pensable in a really fine collection ; and from the temporary relationship between France and Italy between 1470 and I 5 I 5 his cabinet is not complete without several specimens of an equally costly description in the Franco-Italian coinage. In other w^ords, he renders a very attractive group outside his own country as inaccessible to the majority of buyers as those actually or directly belonging to France. It is the same with the Franco-Spanish money ; and it may be added that the very questionable principle by which the Frankish and other lines of princes anterior to Charles le Chauve or Hugues Capet are claimed as French, similarly tends to en- hance the expense of procuring their coins. Descriptive Out line of the Coinages of Ettrope 505 A remarkable feature in connection with the French series is the sparing extent to which it occurs in sales or catalogues beyond the French border by comparison with others ; and looking at the fact that the finest French porce- lain, books, furniture, and paintings find their way to other parts of the Continent and to England, it is strange that so many of the more uncommon coins, particularly in the feudal or provincial class, are almost unknown to foreigners. At the same time, except as to capital rarities, it is to be said that the valuation placed on specimens by local numismatists is seldom reached abroad, if it is indeed at home, and that the figures quoted by Hoffman and other experts must be received with allowance by any who are not solicitous of entering into rash investments. XV. SPAIN . This portion of the Peninsula shared the fortune of the remainder of Western Europe in having for its earliest conquerors and occupants, of whom there is any distinct record, certain successive hordes of Northmen — Alani, Suevi, Vandals, Visigoths — who, after ravaging much of the inter- vening region, formed settlements in Spain, from which ulti- mately evolved in turn the Visigothic and Moorish kingdoms and all that conferred greatness, if not commercial prosperity, on the Spanish people. The Visigoths or West Goths, a branch of the tribal community which established itself in Italy, extended their sway over Spain, Portugal, and the Pyrenean provinces of France, and to secure their coast from the piratical attacks of their African neighbours, they pursued the novel course of acquiring the coast-line on that side and a command of the ports. It is evident that the African or Moorish Power was not long in gaining the ascendency, and in retaliating by incursions into Spain, which resulted in the destruction of the existing rulers and the rise 5o6 The Coins of Europe of that strange Mohammedan pohtical era which had its precedent and parallel in the Arabian domination in Sicily. But in the Iberian Peninsula the influence proved far more powerful and prolonged, and even when the actual authority of the Moorish Kings of Granada was extinguished some years after the union of Castile and Arragon under Ferdinand and Isabella, the former masters of the country left their enduring impress on its people, its language, and its archi- tecture. The Moors or Mauritanians were the makers of Spain. Of their predecessors there are no numismatic or other monuments of any importance. The Suevic and Visi- gothic coinages are probably the most barbarous in point of style ever produced within the confines of Europe, and do not seem to have undergone any improvement during the period of that rule over parts of Spain. They exhibit the principles of medallic art reduced to their rudiments, and form a powerful contrast to that of the Ostrogoths, of which some of the later examples, after the renunciation of imperial names and busts, are highly creditable and interesting, and indicate the employment of skilful engravers, more likely to have been Greeks than Italians. We shall perhaps never arrive at an exact knowledge of the reasons or circumstances which exercised on bodies of settlers of cognate origin such divergent effects; but it is presumable that, while in Spain the influence and traditions of the old Hellenic culture had completely expired, the Gothic conquerors of Italy enjoyed the advantage of the Indo-Greek civilisation, of which we discover such early traces at Venice, and of which the Byzantine jurisdiction over Ravenna and Naples, concurrently with that of foreign invaders elsewhere, favoured the growth and establishment. The Visigothic series, chiefly confined to gold trientes, at first of imperial, and subsequently of independent, types, extends from the sixth to the eighth century. The mints are Barcelona, Toulouse, Narbonne, Emerita, and Toledo. There also exist of the later rulers small silver coins, prob- ably the tenth of the triens, of inferior workmanship to the latter, but of similar type. The moneyers engaged evidently Descriptive OiUline of the Coinages of Em^ope 507 possessed a conversance with the alphabet and the language which they used, and with the art of engraving inscriptions, but had lost the power, brought to such perfection by the Greeks and Romans, of rendering the human lineaments, which became in their hands puerile caricatures. No bronze money is known ; and it is fairly conjectured that the Roman coins of the smallest module and denomination served the purpose in ancient times, as they did at a comparatively recent date, under the name of ochavos or the eighth of the silver denarius just mentioned. The Suevic monetary system, which partly preceded the Visigothic, and partly ran parallel with it, and copied its types, was much on the same lines, and similarly included the triens and denarius. There is a specimen of the latter with the bust and titles of Honorius, and on the rev. Ivssv. Richiari. Reges. ; this coin might or might not have been struck before the death of the Emperor in August 423, but most probably is to be referred to a date prior to that event — between 410 and 423. The Suevic mints were Bracara and Emerita, of which the latter was acquired by the Visigoths about 457, and remained a seat of their coinage during some centuries. The name occurs in full on a triens of Ervigius, 680-87, when the Suevic power had entirely determined and dis- appeared, and in the legend is followed by the word Pivs, which may be understood, like other epithets found on these pieces, as applying to the sovereign rather than the place. The money of the Mohammedan princes, which was pro- duced both in Morocco and in Spain, must be regarded as forming a branch of Oriental numismatic literature, but is of general interest by reason of the unusually precise clues which it affords in many instances to the place and period of fabrication, and to the new localities which, under the Almovarides and Almohades, were rising into prominence, as we there first hear of such centres as Seville, Cordova, Xeres, and Granada as seats of coinage, and are struck by meeting with the mention of the Alhambra as a mint. The domination of the Moors long survived the rise and aggrandisement of states, professing Christian tenets, in 5o8 The Coins of Europe Leon, Castile, Navarre, Arragon, and Provence ; and these, which constituted the germs of the modern and existing kingdom of Spain, became in due course the sources of some very interesting coinages of more or less peculiar types. That of Arragon in the reign of Sancho Ramires (1063-94) exhibits a not very marked advance on the Visigothic style and execution ; but the following century witnessed the fruit of some beneficial influence, probably of French or Italian origin, at least on the portraiture, as we see in an anonymous dinhero of Arragon, with the Provincia or Provence reverse, and Rex Aragone^ ascribable to some period about 1200. The bust in profile is more usual, but one of Martin (i 396-1400) is full-faced in a tressure on the model of the English and Dutch groats. It was in his person that the house of Barcelona became extinct, and was succeeded by that of Castile, which prepared the way for the ultimate union under Ferdinand and Isabella in 1479. The extension of English influence and interest in this direction had been promoted first by the matrimonial alliance between Edward I. and Eleonora of Castile in 1253, and again by the accession of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, Aquitaine, and Guienne, in the succeeding century to the throne of that kingdom and to the titular sovereignty of Portugal jure tixorzs. Spain merely followed the customary mediaeval incidence in a division among several more or less independent com- munities, but participated with Sicily and Southern ^^LeorT"^^ Italy in the political and religious anomaly, by which during a very protracted and, it may almost be said, the most interesting period a considerable share of its soil was in the hands of Mohammedans. There was, apart from the struggle for supremacy between various provinces, that between the two Bibles. From the fourth to the fifteenth century one of the most Catholic regions in Europe formed debatable ground, where the principles of Christianity were not then held and vindicated by the domi- nant race. The separate consolidation of Arragon, Leon, and Castile, and their eventual fusion into one government, Descriptive Oictliite of the Coinages of Ettrope 509 formed the commencement of the empire on which it was once said that the sun never set, and on which it has long set for ever. The united kingdom of Castile and Leon proved to be the central point, to which the remainder of the Spanish territories successively gravitated ; and by virtue of a few capable rulers, and still more of the favouring course of events, this corner of Europe acquired a temporary preponderance, which carried with it the elements of decay ; for the spread of Spanish rule over so much of the Con- tinent and over America so near to the unification of the monarchy was a policy which necessarily weakened the mother-country, and impeded its internal development. Numismatically, the absence of healthy political life is not often of great moment, and is even apt to prove the source of interesting phenomena ; and, moreover, neither in this case nor in others which have occurred to notice was the union of crowns tantamount to monetary or even execu- tive homogeny. The coinage of Castile and Leon was that which, subsequently to the accession of Ferdinand and Isabella as titular rulers of all Spain, enjoyed the widest circulation, yet Arragon, Catalufia, Spanish or Upper Navarre, and Valencia long preserved their special currencies and the types familiar to the people, and so late as the reign of Charles V. certain silver pieces struck for Arragon with his own bust and that of his mother, Joanna, bore on their face a recollection of the then historical contest between Christianity and Moham- medanism in the four Moors' heads and the legend T^^ophea. Regnvm. Aragonv. The too literal heraldry of the early Spanish money gave a lion as the symbol of Leon {Legid) and a castle as that of Castile ; and alike on the temporary and permanent union of those two states the cognisances are found occupying either side of the coins or the cantoned reverses. The introduc- tion of portraits sometimes displaced the lion, and the employment of new types, as the paschal lamb on a piece of John IL (1406-54), made it necessary to dispense with the castle. But, as a general rule, through the course of centuries down to the present day, excepting the brief The Coins of Europe republican interval (1869-70), these ancient bearings, charged since the advent of the house of Bourbon with the fleurs-de-lis, have remained as memorials of the sources of the national unity and greatness. The paschal lamb, with the flag, which had been brought into vogue in France under Louis X. (13 14- 16), was here more immediately borrowed from Toulouse, but was an experiment which was not repeated. A peculiarity in this series strikes the ob- server in the crowned initial or name of the reigning sove- reign, as shewn in the engraving of the paschal lamb coin, LEON AND CASTILE : JOHN IL, 1406-54. and in a second of the same epoch with the castle on reverse and John (for JoJiannes) crowned on obverse. The portraits on coins, which often have their own story to tell, under- went a good deal of modification in treatment from time to time, and Arragonese influence is perceptible in those which accompany the cornadi of Sancho IV. (1294-95) and Alfonso XI. (1312-50), and in the profile within a tressure of Henry IV. (1454-75), which materially varies from the full-face likeness on other examples of that prince. It is curious that Ferdinand and Isabella, in their well-known type with the busts vis-d-vis, reproduced one which had existed in Visigothic times, and which subsequently com- mended itself to Germany and (in one instance) England, when the latter was marked out by Philip II. as a Spanish colony or appanage. It may be pointed out that in the legend of a gold escudo of Philip much posterior to the death of Mary the word Hispan appears to have been altered into Hisp : Aug., to suit it for issue in the to-be-sub- jugated country. We are sometimes accustomed to think and speak of Spain as a great nation of former days ; but Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Etn^ope 5 1 1 the most flourishing term is really comprised within three reigns, those of Ferdinand and Isabella, Charles V., and Philip II., and it is to be further remembered that the power of Philip was sustained by the prestige of his father rather than by his own capabilities. The wealth of the country, as in some other cases, out- lasted its political and military importance, and centuries after the commencement of retrogression or decline, the coin- age preserved its standard and integrity. The money struck by Ferdinand and Isabella themselves presented some exist- ing, and a few fresh, types and denominations. Prior to the consolidation of the monarchy, heavy gold pieces had been coined by Peter the Cruel (1350-68), John II. (1406- 54), and Henry IV. (1454-75) of Castile and Leon ; but, judging from their present rarity, doubtless on a frugal scale. The comparatively common occurrence of the gold money of united Spain from the outset, except certain higher multiples of the pistole or escudo, indicated, on the contrary, the introduction of the metal into general use for commercial '^wx'^o'^^s pari passu with a similar movement in Portugal. A large gold coin of Ferdinand and his consort bears the numeral XX. for the value — presumably in escudi. Their lengthened and prosperous reign witnessed the con- tinuance of the blanca with the crowned initials (^F. F.) on observe, and a return to the Visigothic vis-a-vis style of portraiture with all the improvement at the command of m.ore modern engravers. But the most notable features in the new coinage were the appearance of the real as the silver, and that of the maravedi as the copper unit, each with its divisions or multiples. It was the earliest attempt to place the Spanish currency on a more convenient and in- telligible footing, and superseded the ancient monetary system and the circulation of the primitive ochavos to a large extent, although the predominance of feudal sentiment down to quite recent tim.es proved an insuperable obstacle to a really national coinage. At the same time, as we have observed to have been the case in Brittany, and as we shall find to be equally an incidence of Portuguese history, the numism.atic The Coi7is of Ettrope monuments other than regal which have descended to us in Spain are provincial, not seigniorial, and represent the partial survival of independent political life in half a dozen states where the Christian had necessarily supplanted the Mohammedan rule, and the latter had left no allodial traces of its existence. The only cases where monetary privileges were enjoyed by bodies or institutions other than the Crown were certain monasteries and churches at Segovia, Santiago, and a few other points which received the authority to strike coins in the twelfth century (1109-57), this limitation will be found to have extended to Portugal, both before and after its severance from Castile. Many of the Spanish coins even down to the present century display the peculiarity of having the place of origin, the moneyer, and the value on either side of the obverse or reverse, or as part of the legend. The mint is sometimes indicated by an initial and sometimes by a symbol. In a dinhero of Fernando III. of Castile and Leon, 1230-52, Burgos is understood by a B at the top of the castle in the upper left-hand canton of the reverse, and the m.m. is some- what similarly denoted on a cornado of Sancho IV., 1294-95. Toledo is ascertained from the crowned initial on a piece of John II. (1406-54) dividing T and O, and on a of Ferdinand and Isabella (1479-1504) by J on either side of the shield. There is a disposition to refer to the colonies all the coins with the Pillars of Hercules, and those with ^ to the mint of Mexico or of Zacatecas. But as far as the Pillars are concerned, they really seem to have no such bearing, and to point rather to the ancient tie between Spain and Africa ; and they occur on pieces which have no ostensible colonial character. Their presence in one of the cantons of the shield of a 20 reales of Joseph Napoleon, 1 8 10, accompanied by two globes, merely illustrates the usual legend of Hispaniantui et Indiaritni Rex, and on the other hand an 8 reales of Charles IV., 1794, with ME as a m.m. for Mexico, offers the more ordinary form of the type without the globes. It becomes tolerably clear that the SPANISH COINS, 13TH-18TK c. LEON AND CASTILE. Henriquez IL, 1368-79: grosso. UNITED SPAIN. Ferdinand and Isabella : gold escudo. Philip 11. : gold escudo (as King of England). and Sardinia, 1702. 514 The Coins of Europe Pillars cannot be received as an independent proof of colonial origin or destination. The money of Charles V., Philip II., and their suc- cessors, exhibited relatively very slight changes so far as the internal currency was concerned, but necessarily acquired increased volume and variety, as the political circumstances of the country experienced development either of a permanent or temporary character. Spain has at different times struck coins for Portugal. Italy. Sicily. Sardinia. The Balearic Isles. The Netherlands. Mexico. Chihuahua. The Philippines. To which we have to add England in two senses — in respect of the money with the names of Philip and Mary, and of that with the name of Philip alone. On the other hand, England has had since the commencement of the present century its own occasional currency for Gibraltar,^ while the occupation of parts of the kingdom by the French in the time of Louis XIII. and XIV., and nearer to our own days by Napoleon, has left tolerably copious numismatic reminiscences behind it in the shape of what must be classed altogether as money of necessity. Joseph Napoleon alone, during his brief and precarious tenure of sovereignty, struck coins at Madrid and elsewhere in all metals of the usual types and denominations with his portrait and with the arms of Leon and Castile, charged with the French eagle (in lieu of the fleurs-de-lis) ; his 4-reales piece of i 8 i 2 corresponds in weight and size to the 2 reales of Ferdinand VII., and his 20 reales similarly represents the 8 reales of the normal standard. But in estimating the relative value of the money of the Napoleonic regime, the reduced weight of the real has to be taken into ^ See Mr. H. Montagu's Catalogue of Colonial Coins, sold May 3, 4, 1892, Nos. 23-26. Descriptive Outline of the Cohiages of Etc7'0pe 515 account. In the course of the few years (1810-13)^ which witnessed this divided authority, the accumulation of Franco- Spanish money, or of special issues, was probably consider- able ; and the rescllado of 1821 may represent a certain proportion of it melted down and recoined. Isabel II.: 4 reales. 1S39 Isabel II.: 3 cuartos for Cataluna, 1838. A cabinet dedicated to Spanish coins only, not excluding those struck by the house of Arragon for Sicily and by Charles V. and his immediate successors for the Two Sicilies, would form a serious and costly enterprise, and would com- prehend an enormous body of material, especially if the owner elected to admit the Oriental or Arab section, and to make room for the vast stores which remain of the coinages of the various Mohammedan dynasties in gold, silver, and copper produced either on Spanish or African soil. The task is of course prodigiously simplified where the eclectic or representative plan can be adopted, and the choice is re- stricted to pieces remarkable for their typical interest, historical importance, beauty of style, or rarity ; and on that basis we conclude our sketch by scheduling such classes or examples as appear to be most essential and most attractive : — The very early dated specimens of the Mohammedan coinage, with the year of the Indiction or Hegira, including those struck in the Alhambra. The earlier money {dinheri and cornadi) of Castile and Leon, and of Arragon, before the union. The gold coins of Peter the Cruel and other rulers both of Castile and Leon and of Arragon, fourteenth century. 1 See Catalogue of Mints, vv. "Barcelona" and " Franco-Spanish Mints " ; and Catalogue of Denom., v. "Quarto." 516 The Coins of Eztrope The coins of John of Gaunt as King of Castile. The gold escudi of Philip II. struck for England. The 50 reales in silver of Philip III. and IV., and Charles II., and the 100 reales in gold of Philip IV. The coinage of Philip V. as King of Spain and Sardinia, 1 702, and that of medallic fabric, 1703, as well as some other issues both in silver and copper. . • . Both of this and previous reign the pieces are curious for the portraits. The money of the Pretender Charles of Austria, 1 7 1 1 . . •. It is occasionally found in unused state. The money of Joseph Napoleon, 18 10-13, especially the 20 reales of 1 8 13, the minor divisions, and the copper. The Franco-Spanish Barcelona series, 1 809-11. Some of the coins of Isabel II., especially the esciidillo of 1853 with the legend only on obverse, and the rare deciina de realy same date. Foreign^ Colonial^ and Provincial Series The coinage for the Spanish Netherlands, especially the early copper (Charles V., Philip II., etc.). The coinage for the Italian possessions. The coinage for Majorca (fourteenth century, Arragonese models). The coinage for Mexico (seventeenth century). The coinage for Valencia, Navarre, and Cataluha. The foregoing outline will assist in justifying the view that the immediate field is a sufficiently ample or wide one, and in the case of exhaustive treatment, if such a thing were feasible, may be very readily subdivided into sections or branches. There are large coinages for Navarre or (after the accession of Henry IV. to the throne of France) Upper Navarre and the other constituent parts of the kingdom, in some instances down to quite recent days : that for Valencia long remained of very primitive fabric, and is often struck on flans of irregular form and insufficient dimensions. The Arragonese currency for the independent kingdom of Majorca or the Balearic Isles is limited to the smaller denominations : a gros of Diego III. (1324-43) has on obverse a full-face portrait in a tressure and la • Dei • Gra • Rex • Maioricarvni, and on reverse Comes- Rosil • Et- Ceritanie (Count of Roussillon Descriptive Oittline of the Coinages of Europe 517 and Cerdagne). Ferdinand VII. on a 12 maravedi of 18 12, struck at Palma, with a curious bust to left, styles himself Hisp ' Et ' Balearium - Rex, XVI. PORTUGAL^ The numismatic, in common with the political, fortunes of this portion of the Iberian Peninsula followed very closely at first those of the neighbouring states eventually consolidated into the kingdom of Spain. The Gothic and Moorish ele- ments long influenced the Portuguese life, as they did the currency, and the same descriptions of money, prior to the erection of Lusitania into an independent countship by Alfonso VI. of Castile (107 8-1 109J in favour of his son-in- law, Henry of Burgundy, in 1094, indubitably circulated over the w^hole region. The last struggle between the two faiths and governments took place on this soil in 1 139, and while the result finally crushed the Mohammedan power in this part of Europe, it erected the battlefield (as it were) into a kingdom, and made the victor the founder of a royal dynasty. We hear of the second count, afterward king as Alfonso I., according to the Cathedral of Braga or Bracara in i 128 a share of the profit attendant on the national coinage, then in its infancy ; and there is a piece of archiepiscopal origin with Civitas • Braga • ; but the latter is usually ascribed to a foreign mint, and is at all events exceptional ; and neither at that nor any subsequent epoch does any alienation of the regal prerogative in this respect appear to have been effected, or any grant of a seigniorial character conferred. The consequence is, that in the present case v/e have to deal solely w^ith a coinage emanating from the Crown, and that in that way, and through the absence of the constitutional agencies which 1 See Manuel Bernardo Lopes Fernandes, Alemoria das Moedas Correntes em Poi'ttigal^ 4°, 1856. 5i8 The Corns of Europe operated in Spain, the question or subject becomes far less intricate and difficult, inasmuch as there are before us no more than two classes of currency : i , that struck for inter- nal use ; 2, that struck for the Asiatic, African, and other colonies. For although in common with Spain, or at least with Castile, a large number of monastic houses and ecclesi- astical foundations survived to the present century with ample proprietary rights, there is no evidence of more than a beneficiary interest, such as we have above mentioned, having ever been vested in them ; and it seems to be a mere inference that the emoluments settled by Queen Urraca and Alfonso VII. on the primatial See of Bracara formed part of a system, and were not an isolated example. The earliest Portuguese money with which we are acquainted was modelled on that of the Moors or on the types of Castile and Leon and of Barcelona, which had been originally and by turn the common mediums of exchange ; and the first gold issues, which were almost coexistent with the monarchy, are described as Alfonsine marabotins and solidi or maravedi di ouro^ or, in other words, were modifica- tions adapted to altered circumstances of Arabic dinars of the latest fabric actually current at the time. The geo- graphical distinction between Spain and Portugal is not broadly marked : the latter at the outset was little more than a fief of Castile, which Philip II. might have deemed himself entitled to resume ; and the Portuguese territory is to be viewed as the last peninsular rallying-point of the Mohammedan political and financial systems. No money of Henry of Burgundy, nor any specimen of the Bracara coinage above referred to, is at present identifi- able ; and from references in contemporary documents to the madia, the germ of the maeda, the niethca or metcale maravedi, and the pezante, we conclude that the introductory stages of monetary development exhibited a transition from the Mohammedan types and denominations to those which subsequently and eventually prevailed. In the interval certain coins, not only of Spain, but of the P>anks, were admitted into the country as a circulating medium : we hear Descriptive Oittline of the Coinages of Europe 5 1 9 of the soldo burgalez, the soldo pepionis (or \ s. burgalez), and the mah^todi ; and it is even uncertain whether the uiaravcdi di ouro of Sancho I. (11 85-1 2 12), with the king mounted and crowned on obverse, and a cross composed of five heart-shaped shields cruciformly arranged, each shield charged with four besants on reverse, was more than an ex- perimental imitation of a Byzantine prototype. The known examples seem to correspond in weight (a little over 76 gr. against 96 to the Byzantine solidns) and pattern : the ob- verse legend is Sancivs Rex Portugalis, and the reverse reads In Nomine Patris Et Filii Spiritits Sancti Amen. A singular degree of uncertainty and obscurity is ap- parent in regard to the numismatic history of the reigns immediately following that of Sancho I. The dinheiro becomes more prominent under Diniz or Dionysius (1279- 1325) and acquires a more characteristic and autonomous costume, and at this time twelve dinheiros of billon made a soldo, and twenty soldi went to the libra or money of account. The French gold franc, which was received in currency, was taken as = 4 libras. With Alfonso IV. (1325-57) the dinheiro progressed in execution and fabric, but still remained the only piece or type in the inferior metals, and during the whole of this period considerable recourse was had to foreign currency as a method of supplying the deficiency in internal pro- duction, until commercial development and necessities com- pelled the Government to place the national coinage on a broader footing. The successor of Alfonso IV., Pedro I- (i 3 57"67)) took the initiative in introducing the first regular gold money in the shape of the dobra and inea dobra, and in reinforcing the dinheiro by the tornez and nieo tornez, modelled on the French piece of the same name. It was the step taken, as we perceive, by all the European States in turn to facilitate transactions, agreeably to the precedent created by the Italians, rather than by Louis IX. The progress henceforth accomplished from reign to reign probably superseded the call for foreign specie, as it evinced the advance of the Portuguese in prosperity and wealth. 520 The Coins of Europe Fernando I. (1367-83) multiplied the denominations, and improved the style of the coinage. He continued the dobra and the torjiez^ and struck in the more precious metal the gentil = about |- of the dobra, as well as the barbuda^ grave, and forte, each = 3 dinheiros, and the pilarte = 2 dinheiros. These latter pieces in the baser metal presented the novel feature, discontinued since the time of Sancho I., of a reverse legend : Si DoviifiiLS Milii Adiutor Non Timebo, and one variety of the forte marks the earliest appreciable effort to display on the money a portrait of the ruler. But perhaps the most important monetary reform in this reign was the conception of the real = 1 o dinheiros, and though differing in style and pattern from the tornez, resembling it in a double circle on obverse which admitted the yet more copious motto Aiixiliuvi Meum A Domino Qui Fecit Celuvi Et Terrain, which encompasses F.R. crowned in the field. The earliest issues of this piece by Fernando I. and Joao I. are as rare as those of later monarchs are comparatively common. During this and many subsequent reigns the Portuguese continued to recognise certain Castilian and even French denominations, and we have not to note any new national types, other than varieties, till we come to the accession of Duarte or Edward 1. (1433-38) and meet for the first time with the escudo di oiwo of 92 gr. — a piece resembling the dobra in weight and diameter, but inferior in fineness or standard, and by reason of its unpopularity among foreign traders eventually withdrawn. The obverse has E, crowned, and the reverse the shield, crowned, both in a tressure. It is a coin of the highest rarity.^ The same prince, in the course of his brief term of rule, authorised many regulations touching the coinage, as may be seen by a reference to the pages of Fernandes, but made no other additions to the existing supply beyond the undoubtedly very valuable one 1 Indeed Fernandes, Memoria, 1856, p. 79, says: " Nunca vimos os Escudos, este exemplar (the one described and figured in the text) foi copiado da Hist. Gen[ealogica] " — referring to the Genealogical Histoiy of the Royal House of Portugal hy De Sousa, 1738, where several coins, not at present recovered, are engraved from the originals in the cabinet of the Marquez d'Abrantes. Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Ettrope 521 of substituting pure copper for the low alloy hitherto used in the manufacture of the small currency.^ We now approach the era when the Portuguese coinage reached, as far as variety and importance are concerned, its zenith. The interval between the accession of Alfonso V. in 1438 and the death of Joao or John III. in 1557 nearly brought the political and commercial prosperity of the country to a declining or retrograde point, although at least a century was to elapse before any loss of material power became outwardly perceptible. To Alfonso V. (1438-81) we are indebted for sundry numismatic novelties, besides the continuance of coins already in use, especially the escudo of the same debased standard as that of his pre- decessor. But he also struck the cruzado, originally =253 reaes or reales, the grosso affonsim of more than one type, with the meo grosso^ the espadiin = 4 reaes, the cotrini = 5 ceztis, the two latter in base metal, and in copper the real Preto, of which ten went to the real of silver. There has been an allusion to the employment under Duarte I. (1433-38) of unalloyed copper, and pieces in that metal exist with his name. Alfonso V., his immediate suc- cessor, sanctioned a piece of 5 ceitis, from which it is possibly deducible that the unit already existed in the shape of the coin of the antecedent reign ; and the same prince had a copper dinheiro, of which the type corresponds to the ceitil of somewhat later date, the reverse presenting a three- turreted fortress surrounded by water; so that the ceitil m?iy be no more than an alternative appellation for the dinheiro. Joao II., 1481-95: cruzado di ouro. Joao II. (1481-95) issued, at all events, the ceitil, and not the other ; nor does the dinheiro seem to recur. ^ O Sr. D. Duarte foi o primeiro Rei que lavrou em Portugal as moedas de cobre puro sem liga de prata " (Fernandes, Menioria^ p. 89, Note). 522 The Coins of Etirope The numismatic annals of Emmanuel (i 495-1 521) are distinguished by the expansion of the gold coinage, under the auspices of increasing affluence and power, and of the rise of Portugal, through the enterprise of its navigators, to the dignity of a first-class European state. From the con- cluding years of the fifteenth to the middle of the sixteenth century we have to consider that the political and in a sub- stantial sense the monetary climax was attained. The then unrivalled portuguez or 10-cruzado piece in gold, which perpetuated in its legend the geographical triumphs of Vasco da Gama, the silver po^'Higiie z — A^oo reis, the tostdo = \oo reis, the vinteni =20 reis, a noble copper series, and certain colonial money for external use, of which some account will be found below, rendered the administration of John III. numismatically conspicuous. We must call special attention to the copper, because it embraced for the first time new or higher denominations in the shape of pieces of 3 and 10 reis, besides the cez^il (for Africa) and the 6 ceitil or 7^eal of copper, and inasmuch as on the meo vintem or 10 real we encounter the curious reverse legend J?ex Qvintvs Dechnvs, a computation dated forward from Alfonso I. This chrono- logical sequence w^as discontinued after Joao IV., whose money, moreover, bears it very occasionally; but Pedro II. (168 3- 1 706), during the term of his regency, indicates in the legend the date reckoned from his assumption of vicarious authority, somewhat in the old Mohammedan fashion, as on a 10 reis of 1683 oczwx^ Anno Sexto Decinio Regim\inis\ Svi. The ill-fated prince, w4io next to John III. occupied the throne, employed all the existing denominations, and introduced the engenlioso and ducatdo, both in gold, in or about 1561, the former of the utmost rarity, the latter apparently a colonial piece, of which the actual issue is problematical. There is no particular feature in the history of the coin- age till we come down to the brief reigns of Henry the Cardinal and Dom Antonio, when we meet with the interest- ing and rare series struck at Angra in the Azores, or countermarked with A and a falcon, while the rest of Descriptive Otitlme of the Coinages of Europe 523 Portugal was, nominally at least, under Spanish control, and with the almost unique tostao and ^ tostao issued at home in the name of a so-called provisional Government. Antonio himself, among other types, had a silver cruzado, exhibiting on either side of the shield a falcon, and probably = 1000 reis ; it was the precursor of the more recent viilrei and corda. But he also, with the cognisance of the French Government, struck in France in 1582-83 tostoes following the pattern of the franc d'ai^gent of Henri III., and awakened by these means remonstrances from that prince's advisers, who insisted on the coinage being limited to copper, and being prohibited within French territory. These pieces, which really enter into the class of money of necessity, swell the volume of introiLvables, in which this political crisis is so wealthy. The Spanish rulers, Philip II. and III. (of Spain), struck a large variety of coins, chiefly of the customary and familiar types, except the double and quadruple cruzados of the former, which are among the rarities and desiderata in this section : the obverse presents a shield flanked by LB for the mint (Lisbon) and moneyer, and iiii. or ii. for the value ; the higher denomination is engraved by Fernandes from a specimen weighing 246I gr., in the cabinet of the then Infante Dom Luiz. The rarity of the Hispano-Portuguese money of Philip II., III., and IV. (i 580-1640) is susceptible of the explana- tion that the Spanish sovereignty over the adjacent state was never fully consummated, and that, while some of the out- lying portions of the kingdom never recognised the authority of the usurpers, there was always a Portuguese party at home ; and it is to it and the provisional executive which it organised and supported that we owe the tostao, \ tostao, and 500 reis in gold, bearing the legend Gvbernatores, Et. Defens. Reg. D. Pa. The insecure and more or less titular nature of the foreign control helps to render more intelligible the apparent facility with which the distasteful yoke was cast off under the leadership of the Duke of Braganza, descended from Emmanuel (i 495-1 521). 524 The Coins of Europe A peculiarity of this important episode is the repudiation in 1640 by John IV. of the intruding rulers ; for on his coins the chronological sequence noted from the time of John III. (1521-57) follows the cardinal Henry, equally ignoring the bastard Dom Antonio. There is little doubt that in the coin (10 reales) of John III., where he is termed Rex Sextvs Dechnvs, the word Sextus is a mistake for Quintus^ since he was actually the fifteenth from Alfonso I., and in fact his successor is described as the sixteenth, and John IV. the eighteenth king, the enumeration reckoning Henry (1578-80) as the seventeenth, and skipping the Spanish interlopers, although Philip II. (I. of Portugal) equally claims to be the eighteenth of the line. The Restoration of 1640 was not attended by any decline in the volume or fabric of the coinage, and some curious novelties in type and style are assignable to the period covered by the reigns of John IV. and his more im- mediate successors. We now first meet with the gold piece of 4800 reis, called the concet^do or conception^ the 3 and \\ reis in copper ; while the silver cruzado = 4 tostoes and its half came into regular circulation, and many of the coins bear dates in the angles of the cross on reverse or in the exergue. The copper money of Pedro II., who as regent and king governed from 1667 to 1706, is remarkable for the elegance of its workmanship ; the values from 10 to reis are taste- fully enclosed in a tressure. The difficulty of procuring the Portuguese currency throughout this and the preceding epoch — from the death of Sebastian in i 578 to the accession of John V. in 1706 — is, however, very great, if condition is a desideratmn^ since the majority of specimens are very poor, and are constantly disfigured and defaced by countermarks. The pages of Fernandes are of course replete with particulars and illustrations of the numismatic products of a second very lengthened reign, that of Joao or John V., 1706-50. The tendency of the present, in common with other series, as the earlier period is left behind, is to grow less complex and characteristic and proportionately less interest- ing. Severely modified political and commercial circum- Descriptive Otttline of the Coinages of Eztrope 525 stances, and the loss of territory and prestige, lent a new complexion to the coinage. The labours of Fernandes, whose work we have found of great value, carry down the chronological annals to 1855. Among the most attractive of the more modern productions are the pieces in gold and silver with the busts of Maria I. and II., the former some- times associated with Pedro III. ; the silver coroa of Maria II., 1837, was engraved by W. Wyon ; and it must be con- fessed that the engravings in the Meinoria of many of these coins do imperfect justice to the originals. It might have been supposed, from the close neighbour- hood and affinity between the two Powers, that the coinages of Spain and Portugal would have borne a general resem- blance to each other throughout ; but we meet with such occasional imitations only as occur in those of countries less immediately connected by position and origin, and the series before us may be said to have steadily preserved its indi- viduality. The castles on the shields obviously commemorate the ancient feudal bond with Castile ; and there is a curious correspondence between the crowned initial -type of John II. of Castile (1406-54) and John II. of Portugal (1481-95). Otherwise the numismatic systems have very little in common. That of the Portuguese was unusually simple in consisting to a large extent of multiples of the unit in all Joao v., 1706-50. Piece of 2o,coo reis, 1726: gold. metals from i|- to 20,000 reis. The earlier monetary economy, before the larger and heavier denominations so characteristic of this series were brought into use, embraced : 526 The Coins of Eu7'0pe in gold the dobra, the cruzado (replacing the marabotin above cited), in silver the tostcto and real, and in copper the ceitil. Of the cruzado there were at least four types, including the pinto and nuevo cruzado. From the reign of Peter 11. (1683- 1 706) at least the idea or principle of public utility and convenience is proclaimed on the pieces in the inferior metal in the phrase publicce ittilitati, which forms part of the reverse legend. The ordinary values are limited to 10 and 5 reis ; but of Joao or John III. we have the 3 reis or copper real (1550), and of Joao IV. and Peter II. the reis, 1653, 1695, 1700, etc. The former was often reissued in later years ; but the moiety is not found. Two remarkable features in this series are the repetition on the earlier gold and silver of the titles on either side, and the absence of a second legend and the omission and withdrawal of the Dei Gratia of the latter on many of the pieces from the time of John V. The motto, In Hoc Signo Vinces, which replaced others adopted from time to time, and which first appears on the coins of Emmanuel, has at length fallen into desuetude. A salient and tolerably familiar trait in the Portuguese system was the particularly early introduction of heavy gold, which dates from the reign of Emmanuel (i 495-1521), and exists in some rare 4000-reis pieces of that prince and his successors. It was the precursor of similar coins in the same metal issued under succeeding monarchs, and culmin- ating in dobra^ 20,000 reis. These large values belong, for the most part, to the later years of the reign of John V. (1706-50). They not only set the example of an analo- gous practice in other countries, such as Denmark, where the sixteenth-century portugaldser (=10 crowns) indicateci by its name the source of suggestion, but probably initiated a custom, where no adequate local facilities existed, of import- ing such striking productions for complimentary gratuities to civil, military, and diplomatic officials. During centuries, while Russia remained without any national coinage deserv- ing the name, the Czars borrowed from their more advanced contemporaries the means of rewarding desert or propitiating favour. Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 527 The colonial section is, as might be expected, extensive, multifarious, and important from the lengthened time during which the Portuguese have held their possessions The Colonies. Asia, Africa, and America, and the diversity of types employed by them in the course of centuries in their local mints abroad, as well as in those at home, for this branch of the service. The reign of Emmanuel, which ran parallel with the development of navigation and discovery under Vasco da Gama, inaugurated the system of providing a currency, at first perhaps only illustrative of such a momentous episode, but soon to grow into an independent monetary arrangement, in which the colonies themselves took a leading part. Emmanuel himself appears to have struck no more than the gold esphera and the meia esphera^ unless we are at liberty to suppose that some of the tostoes with Doininus or D. Gvine. were of local origin ; but his suc- cessor, Joao III., not only regulated in an ordinance of i 541 the rates at which the gold dobra and its fractions should be received in Morocco, Suez, etc., but adopted the new St. Vincent and St. Thomas types, which alike convey the idea of religious propagandism. The wS'. Vicente represents on obverse the saint standing to right holding a palm-branch in right and a ship in left hand, with an ordinary heraldic reverse, while the S. Thome exhibits that saint standing to left and the legend on reverse, India Tibi Cessit. Both are gold, and = 1000 reis ; and there are the moieties of each. The vS. Vicente was probably struck at Lisbon in 1555; but the wS. Thome possesses the unique interest of having been the earliest piece produced in the Portuguese Indies, and is referred to 1548. The half exhibits on the reverse the m.m. / surmounted by an annulet or besant. The same reign produced, it appears, in IS55, a silver patacao for, if not at, Goa, and a 3-reis piece in copper about that period with the legend Portugat Et Algarb. R. Affric. and (in the field) lo. III. crowned ; and there is a ceitil in the lower metal, of which some examples bear the indication that they were struck for the Acores or Terceira. But it was not till toward the close of the protracted 528 The Coins of Etirope reign of Pedro II (1667- 1706) that a type directly pertinent to the foreign possessions of Portugal was adopted in a globe and the legend Siibq. Sign, Nata Stab. There are a silver piece of 2 patacas, 1695, a pataca (320 reis), and a half pataca, 4, 2, and i vintems in the same metal, and a vintem and half vintem in copper. These were destined for Brazil, and read on obverse, Petrus • //• D - G- Port • Rex • Et • Bras- n ' ; and they were struck at Lisbon or Porto ; but others for circulation in the Portuguese Indies appear to have been fabricated at Goa, and to this era may be ascribed the origin of the Ritpia di Goa, reproduced down to quite recent times on the archaic model. We possess one of Pedro V., 1859. The whole series is coarsely executed, yet curious, particu- larly those with the accollated busts of Maria I. and Pedro III., and usually presents itself in the sorriest state of pre- servation. The colonial money is classifiable into three sections : the coins for the Indies ; those for Brazil ; those for Guinea, Angola, Mozambique, Madeira, the Azores, and other African settlements ; for each of which there are special coinages of imperial or local origin, but' for the African settlements principally the former. A proportion of the Indian currency was produced at Goa, and the earlier issues are often very rare. We have before us a rough 10 reis in lead of 1769 not mentioned by Fernandes, who describes and engraves, however, others of 1722, 1765, and 1769 in the same material from that seat of coinage; one has 7I and another xii. for the value in bazarucos. Much of the Brazilian money was eventually struck at Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, and Preto, and bears the m.m. B or R or P ; the series does not extend beyond 1822, of which year and 1821 there are 80-reis pieces of peculiarly thin and broad fabric. There is also a cast one of the same facial value, from the Rio mint, for St. Thomas's and Prince's Islands, 181 3, and a second (inaluco) of 1829 for Terceira or the Azores, the latter with the titles and shield on obverse, and on reverse the value in a wreath and Utilitati PiibliccE Ilha Terceira, The original reverse legend on the Brazilian money was subsequently Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 529 altered to Pecimia Totuvi Circumit Orbem, when the plan was adopted under John V. of making the same currency serve for America and Africa ; and the copper series, chiefly struck at Bahia, Rio, and Preto, included multiples of 5, 10, 20, and 40 reis, of which the last is very uncommon. All these coins are on the normally artificial standard, which prevailed everywhere in the medium provided for foreign and distant dependencies; and a 10 reis even of 187 I for India Portugueza follows the same principle. A pattern 20 reis of I 8 I I for Brazil, apparently unknown to. Fernandes, but similar to his 40, 20, and 10 of other dates, is a moiety of the ordinary piece in weight and diameter. It remains to notice the Macuta series, which comprised the macuta, the ^, and the^ or equipaga, and the multiples of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 in silver. The dates range between 1762 and 1853 or later. The unit was =50 reis of colonial standard. The obverse has the titles and arms, the reverse the value and legend, Africa Portugueza. The Pecunia Insulana of 1750 seems to have been intended for the Acores and Madeira, if not for St. Thomas's and Prince's Islands; but in 1842 a copper currency (x. and xx. reis) was instituted for Madeira alone {Pecimta Madeireiisis) ; there was a second coinage of the 20 reis in 1847 ; a 5 reis was added in 1850 ; and in 1852 the 10 reis was reissued. It was little more than a temporary experiment. It has been observed that, after the dedication of special money to the colonies, which followed at some distance the suppression of the name of Guinea in the titles, Angola, 2 M 530 The Coins of Eitrope Guinea, and Mozambique were comprised in the general term Africa Portugueza. In 1755 there seems to have been a project for issuing a separate coinage for Mozambique of pieces of 800, 400, 200, and 100 reis ; but (if it was carried out) no examples are known to be extant. At a more recent date (1840-52), however, a copper series of 80, 40, 20, 10, and 5 reis, and 2 reaes (=2 reis), and i real was struck at Lisbon for this purpose. The copper currency yields, perhaps, to no other region in its early origin, its volume, and its excellence, and it may be treated as a remarkable circumstance that Copper. 1699 an ordinance made it illegal to tender payment of accounts in this metal above a tostao or 100 reis. The intimate alliance between Portugal and countries where copper was in general vogue tended, no doubt, to bring it into use, just as we have seen that it became a favourite medium in Sicily, or rather preserved an unbroken continuity there from Roman and Byzantine times. From the reign of Duarte I. (1433-38) when the copper dinheiro appeared, to that of John III. (1521-57) there was a con- stant tendency to improve and extend this branch of the circulating medium, and down to the present moment the Portuguese bronze money maintains its character and standard, even if, by comparison, it may appear barely equal to the fine early productions of the sixteenth century, when the kingdom was a field of greater commercial activity and Patacoii or 40 reis of 1813. industrial enterprise. The common reading on the patacons of the nineteenth century — Publicce Utilitati — displayed a Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Em^ope 531 sense of what was due to the general community, although these particular pieces are inconveniently heavy, and appear to follow the English double pennies of 1797 in weight, if not in fabric. But the earlier motto on the copper of Portugal was AES Vsibvs Aptivs Avro^ which occurs on a Brazilian 20 reis of John V., 1722. A view of the Portuguese mints may be found in the Cata- logue. The number naturally increased, and ultimately com- ^ prised localities situated in the various settlements abroad: Goa, Bahia, Rio, Preto. At first the chief seats of coinage appear to have been Lisbon and Porto. The Spanish custom of noting in the field, on either side of the shield or otherwise, the place of origin and the moneyer by their initials was observed here at an early date, but was subsequently relinquished. Among the more remarkable Portuguese types may be noted the standing or seated figure of the king, facing or in profile, sometimes with a visor : the Xvpes. cruciform shields charged with besants ; the crowned name or initial, occasionally accompanied by the value ; the pattern of obverse or reverse, or both, en- closed in a tressure ; the obverse bearing a sword grasped by a hand in a tressure (the espadiin in billon and in gold) ; a castle of three towers surrounded by water or otherwise (the early copper dhtheiro and the ceitil) ; a shield occupied only by a transverse band {dobra de bandd) ; the globe on reverse significant of the extension of empire to both hemispheres ; the figure of a saint (St. Thomas or St. Vincent) holding a ship and a palm, etc. ; a reverse exhibit- ing a cross cantoned with the date ; the standing figure of the Virgin with emblems (the concei(^ao of John IV., 1648) ; the value crowned ; the shield mantled and crowned ; the falcon surcharged, or two falcons as part of the type, for the Azores. The form of the shield and the cross underwent of course innumerable changes, and in respect to the cross it should be mentioned that the cruzado, first of gold alone, and subsequently of silver also, seems to have owed its name to the desire under Alfonso V. (1438-81) to commemorate 532 The Corns of Europe the share of that prince in the crusade against the Turks. The original cr2izado reads on obverse Crvsatvs Alfonsi Qvinti Regis, and usually weighs about 7 1 gr. Not counting the few instances in which conventional or fanciful effigies were placed on the money in earlier times on the French or Castilian model, the first reign in which actual portraits occur is that of John V. (1706-50), and the feature was even then rather sparingly introduced. There is no European country where the principle of countermarking, generally for higher values, so largely pre- vailed, and a collection of Portuguese coins be- Countermarks. - . , . i i -, i i i i longmg to this category would doubtless be the most numerous one of the kind. But even before the practice of actually stamping the money with altered figures became so general after the Revolution of 1640, frequent ordinances were published to a tantamount effect. The official reduction or advance of standard was actuated by various causes, of which the inexperience or dishonesty of the authorities and fiinancial exigencies were the most usual ; and we note |- macutas of the eighteenth century for Mozambique or Guinea surcharged with a stamp of the national arms, ob- literating part of the face-value in order to make the piece pass for a whole macuta. The period immediately succeeding the recovery of independence was evidently one attended by considerable and prolonged pecuniary embarrassment ; and the almost unvarying form of surcharge is found to be in an upward direction. Curiously enough, coins of John III. occur stamped with enhanced values in the following century by John IV.: a real dobrado of 80 reis is countermarked with 1 00 on the reverse ; so that the old currency was called in, and made to serve the purposes of the revenue or treasury in some cases at a distance of about a hundred years from its original issue. But the usage was, as a rule, applied to contemporary specie, and it is seen in fullest force under varied circumstances between the fall of Sebastian in 1578 at the battle of Alcazar and the death of Alfonso VI. in 1656. Even the Hispano-Portuguese rulers, of whom there are Descriptive Out line of the Coinages of Bin^ope 533 coins (none is known of Philip IV.) resorted to the expedient ; and pieces with the titles of Sebastian are found, supposed to have been revalued with a punch in the troubled days which followed. The titles on this long series, commencing w^ith Sancho I. (11 83-1 2 1 2), the first king of whom there are any autonomous coins with distinctive legends, under- Legends. ^^^^^ essential change beyond the introduction of the prefix Dominus (the modern Doni), and of the Dei Gratia, of which the latter formula may have been borrowed by Fernando I., 1367-83, from the coins of Pedro the Cruel of Castile. The augmentation of Algarbii first occurs, so far as we can see, under Diniz or Dionysius (1279- 1325). Alfonso V. (1438-81) introduced the practice of recording on the money the order of nominal, and John III. (1521-57) of regnal sequence, the former describing himself as Alfonsus Quintiis, and the latter as Rex Qidntus Dechmis. Emmanuel (1495-1521) amplified the legend on some of his coins to signalise the acquisitions of his Crown by the geographical discoveries of Vasco da Gama ; and down to the severance of Brazil in 1821, the currency for Portuguese America bore the familiar globe, usually accom- panied by the ambitious revised motto Pecimia Totuin Circuniit Orbevi, and the designation of the king as sovereign of Portugal, Algarve, and Brazil. The contemporary Portuguese money consists of the coroa and its divisions (^, i, and -^jf) in gold, the 5, 2, i, and i- tostoes in silver, and the 20, 10, 5, Current Series. and 3 reis in bronze. The coroa is = 10,000 reis, and the tenth is known as the milrei, which, in the absence of a second unit, serves the purpose for calculation of heavier amounts ; in the last and earlier part of the present century the value was reduced to 960 reis for the colonies. The modern coinage, on the whole, is quite on a par, in respect to execution and style, with that of France and Spain, but it shares the monotonous and mechanical feeling and treatment of all numismatic matters in more recent times without having an histor- 534 The Coins of Europe ical past so rich and varied as that of the French and Spaniards. The series is rich in prizes for the fortunate collector who secures some of its almost numberless rarities. The whole body of ancient autonomous Portuguese money Rarities. , i r i • i down to the lourteenth century m good preserva- tion is rare to excess, and of some reigns no such coinage is known. But from documentary testimony it is to be in- ferred that Mohammedan types were current ; and in com- mercial and legal transactions from the tenth century we hear of the modio, the metlica or vietcale, and the pezante — Portuguese terms applied to the same descriptions of money as were simultaneously employed and accepted in Castile and other parts of Spain. These numismatic monuments and the equally uncommon coins of Sancho I. (i 185-12 12), succeeded by a strange gap of sixty or seventy years which are unrepresented, constitute the foundation of any series claiming or seeking to be complete. But prior to the middle of the fourteenth century, Portugal, in common with the greater part of Europe, seems to have possessed no denomina- tion higher than a dinJieiro, The reign of Pedro I. (1357- 67) is notable for the commencement of a new era in the coinage and the first experiment in the direction of gold and silver types, the dobra and viea dobra, and the tornez and meo tornez. These pieces, especially the dobra and J dobra, and the productions which immediately succeeded under Fernando I., are among the chief desiderata in a Portuguese cabinet. The improvement in style and variety was hence- forward fairly sustained. We have already spoken of the rarity of the reaes or reals of silver of Joao I. (i 385-1433) ; the coins of the short reign of Duarte or Edward (1433-38) are entitled to the same honourable distinction ; and those of Alfonso V. (1438-81) are not only difficult to procure, but of importance on more than a single account, as it was at this time that the gold eseudo and cruzado were first struck, as well as the grosso or affonsini of silver. From John II. (1481-95) the element of scarcity becomes more incidental ; but the justo and espadiin of that king, and the portuguez Desc7Hptive OtUline of the Coinages of Europe 535 and esphera of his successor Emmanuel, rank among the most precious remains of the class, while the indio of 1499 is un- recovered. The porUiguez of John III. (1521-57), and the St. Thomas and St. Vincent types of this and the following reigns, and the engenJioso and Guadalupe dticatao of Sebastian (1557-78), the former the earliest dated example, and the latter another of the introitvables, form additional sources of trouble for the enthusiast. It has been mentioned that nearly all the coins issued between the fatal battle of Alcazar in 1578 and the latter half of the seventeenth century, em- bracing the epoch of Hispano-Portuguese rule, the Azores series, and the reigns of John IV. and Alfonso VI. (1640-83), may be taken to be more or less rare, especially in fine state. It may be well to specify the silver cruzado of Antonio I., the 4 cruzado gold piece of Philip II. of Spain, the gold conceigcto of John IV., 1648, and the 5, 3, and reis pieces of the same monarch. Of the later currency, the colonial denominations, and above all those in base silver and in lead struck for and at Goa, deserve attention ; and the gold, from the time of John V. down to that of Maria II., is well executed, and interesting in many cases from the portraits. The crucible is absorbing it tolerably fast. INDEX .*. The leading object of this portion of the volume has been to facilitate refer- ence to matters which do not obviously strike the eye in the Catalogues, and to indicate the salient points treated or mentioned in the Introduction and Outline, Abbatial mints, 80, 92-4, loi, 105, 107, 108, 112-14, 117, 122, 127, 128, 132-5, 138, 146, 148, 153-5. 157, 162, 166, 168, 176-8, 184, 239- 299, 313, 468, 489, 491 Abbesses, noble ladies, 146 Abyssinia, 237, 334 Achaia, Princes of, 259, 367, 434 A9ores, 72, 213, 522, 528 Adalbertus the money er, 99, 123, 171 Advocates of Sees, 110, 171, 316 ^^^milia, Duchess of Schwarzburg-Rudol- stadt, 315 Aenos in Thrace, 260 Africa, 215, 456, 509, 518, 522, 528-30 See East Africa Aigret or heron's crest, 16 Aix-la-Chapelle, 43, 70, 187, 214, 300 Albania, 202, 210 Albert and Isabella, 181, 198, 400, 401 Albert collection of Polish coins, 356 Albert of Saxe-Coburg, Prince Consort of Great Britain, 314 Albret, house of, 283, 286, 289-91 Aldebrandischi family, 157 Alexander, King of Poland, 40 Alfonso, Annibale, 145 Alhambra, the, 108, 507, 515 Alloy, 52, 53, 489 Almohades, 108, 124, 131, 213, 507 Almoravides, 213, 507 Alpha and Omega, 61, 182 Alphonse de France, bro. of Louis IX. , 150. 224 Alsace or Elsas, 79, 83, 92, 105, no, 117, 128, 132, 134, 139, 150, 164, 166, 177, 499 Amalfi, 71, 237, 275, 458 Amalia, Regent of Saxe- Weimar, 175, 313 America, 225, 509, 527-30 Amersfoort, 149, 401 Amsterdam mint, 52, 408, 414 Siege of, 1578, 236 Anabaptists, 241 Anatomy, knowledge of, 57 Ancient divisions of Spain, 25 Ancona, 71, 232, 423 Andorra, Pyrenees, 189 Anduse-Sauve, 162 Angers, 172, 182 Anglo-Danish money, 371, 372 Anglo-Gallic series, 23, 117, 118, 120, 128, 145, 152, 154-6, 166, 167, 182, 186, 200, 201, 205, 206, 210, 218, 222, 229, 242, 276-8, 288, 289. 339. 470. 490, 494. 508 Anglo-Hanoverian series, 203 Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman pennies, 19, 20 imitations of foreign types, 33 money of the poor, 223 Anglo-Saxons, 490 Angola, 528-30 Angouleme, 276 Angra, 72, 522 Anhalt, 72, 79, 115, 183, 209, 240, 315 Aniello of Amalfi, Mas., 137, 458 Anjou, house of, 274, 276, 342, 353, 368, 424, 458, 460, 490 Anne of Brittany, 149, 187, 494 Antonello of Venice, a moneyer, 184, 428 538 The Coins Antwerp, 73, 190, 399, 400 Apostolic vicar, 332, 340 Appiani, the, 144 Apulia, 238, 267 Aquila, 73, 189 Aquileia, 73, 187, 202, 336, 423 Aquitaine, 201, 206, 276, 277, 288, 485, 490, 508 Arab influence, 33, 167, 418, 426 Arabian and other conquerors of Sicily, 21, 142, 458, 506 Arabic dirhem, 14, 51, 124, 239, 426 mints, 108, 458 numerals, 359 types, 77, 124, 167, 213, 352 Arabs, 14, 15, 142, 195, 418 Arches, 149 Ardennes, 118, 149 Arensberg, 74, 182 Arezzo, 73, 193, 423 Aries, 73, 74, 166, 492, 495 Armata, 202 Armenia, 17 Arnhem, 74, 403, 405 Arquata, 74, 212 Arragon, 25, 26, 130, 133, 143, 152, 174, 181, 191, 192, 195, 200, 207, 286, 458, 508 Arthur, Duke of Normandy, 288, 494 of Little Britain, 494 Artois, 183, 395, 396 Ashantee, 237, 334 Assay, 108 Asti, 75, 234, 238, 455 Astorgio-Manfredi family, 102 Asturias or Oviedo, 25 Athens, 260, 367, 369 Auch or Agen, 182, 183 Auersperg, 338 Augsburgh, 75, 175, 305, 308 Align stale of Henry VI , and Frederic II. , 51. 147, 183 Aurochs or bull type, 152, 158, 316, 320 Austrasia, 117, 123, 130, 148, 149, 162, 163, 167, 169, 465, 499 Austria, 75, 78, 91, 97, 99, 108, 115, 119, 141, 144, 161, 163, 168, 173, 174, 195, 211, 218, 223, 231, 233, 235- 237, 253, 331-8, 385, 395, 400, 447, 499 Austria-Hungary, 342 Austrian Netherlands, 400, 401 occupiers of Milan, 447 Autun, 75, 500 Auvergne, 500 Auxerre, 72, 75, 500 Auxerre et Tonnerre, Comtes de, 141, 150 Avignon, 182, 216, 490, 491 of Ettrope Baciocchi family, 452 Baden, 76, 80, 118, 159, 169, 216, 223, 303. 304 Baldwin of Flanders, 392 Balearic Isles, 74, 93, 99, 124, 131, 133, 142, 152, 195, 222, 234, 514, 516, 517 See Alajoj'ca Baltic commerce, 352 Banco, 184 Bank -gelt, 184 payment, 184 Bankers' books of reference, 53 books circulated in MS., 53 Bar-le-Duc, 134, 148, 154, 155, 172, 173, 185, 235, 279, 497, 498 Barbary, 183 Barcelona mint, 26, 152, 173, 222, 232, 234. Counts of, 195, 213 Ban, 77, 458 Basle, 77, 183, 209, 351 Basse-Lorraine, 384 Batavian Repubhc, 130, 171, 412 Batenborg, 194, 209, 411 Bathori, house of, 344, 353 Bavaria, 77, 97, 100, 116, 119, 120, 125, 134, 139, 140, 143, 147, 159, 170, 175, 179, 191, 208, 230, 238, 245, 300, 301, 305-9, 373, 399, 403 Beard-money, 186 Beam, 119, 134, 154, 240, 474 Beatrice of Portugal, 167 Belgium, 11, 73, 75, 99, 103, 106, 114, 116, 123, 153, 155, 163, 178, 186, 213, 222, 264, 383, 401 colonial money of, 402 Bell-metal, 171, 195 Bell-thaler, 203, 241 Belmont, 449 Beneventum, 21, 156, 267, 457 Bentinck family, 205 Bentivoglio family, 73, 81, 215, 442 Benzone family, 94 Berard, Pietro, 97 Berg or s' Heerenberg, 115, 134, 179, 200, 209, 216, 227, 241, 246, 263, 300, 301, 326, 402, 406 Berg-Friedberg, 303, 333 Berlin, 79, 176, 325 Bermond family, 162 Bernadotte, 370-80 Bernmiinster, 80, 216 Berri, Duchesse de, 482 Province of, 500 Berthier, Alexandre, 138 Bertrand de Creuze, of Arras, 121 2, 74 Besancon, 80, 186, 199, 218 Index 539 Bethlen Gabor, 5, 345 Beze, Michel, moneyer, 120 Bieber, mines of, 302 Bilingual inscriptions, 352, 357, 457 Billon money, 54, 55, 470 Birmingham, 84, 229, 329, 361 Biscione Hotel at Milan, 185 Blanche of Castile, 228, 468 Blois, 279, 282 Boccaccio, Gio. , 103 Bogdana. See Moldavia Bohemia, 16, 60, 61, 96, 119, 123, 145, 158, 159, 166, 213, 216, 227, 238, 253. 254, 307, 331, 332, 338-40, 343 Boisbelle, 289, 290 Bologna, 81, 188, 215, 434, 442 Bolognese type, 176, 186, 200 Bonde of Sweden, house of, 378 Borgia family, 144, 449 Bosnia, 163, 342, 364, 366 Bougier, Jehan, of Arras, moneyer, 213, 219 Bouhelier family, 218 Bouillon, 83, 167, 222, 388 Boulogne, 83, 280, 396 Boulton of Birmingham, 229, 361 Bourbon-Montpensier, 169, 283, 492, 499, 500 Bourbonnais, a province, 156, 492, 500 a denomination, 186 Bourbons, the, 23, 24, 32, 70, 91, 105, 130, 133, 137, 142, 144, 145, 149, 152, 162, 163, 168, 169, 198, 201, 203, 219, 238, 275, 278, 280, 283, 286, 287, 291, 438, 441, 452, 492, 499, 500, 514 Bourg Dieu, 91, 97 Brabant, 8, 69, 70, 73, 85, 95, 96, loi, 102, 107, 109, 110, 112, 113, 120, 121, 124, 126, 128, 135, 138, 148, 152, 159, 161, 166, 167, 174-6, 181, 182, 203-5, 210, 215, 216, 221, 224, 229, 239-41, 261, 384-6, 389, 399, 401, 496 Bracara, 18, 83, 507, 517 Braccio di Mentone, 226 Brandenburgh, 11, 15, 16, 72, 79, 83, 84, 115, 138, 159, 163, 196, 224, 235, 243, 246. 313, 324-6, 355 Brazen-nose shillings of Henry VHI. of England, 32 Brazil, 528, 533 Brederode family, 76, 77, 109, 166, 167, 173, 242, 299 Bremen, 84, 321 Breslau, 84, 85, 302, 331, 380 Brettenfeld, 378 Brindisi, 85, 458 Briot, Nicolas, 118, 201, 471, 472 Britain and Gaul, 12 Southern, 215 British coinage, 20 coinage for Guiana, 205 Government, 210, 226 Britons, the, 29 copyists of Greek or Gaulish types, 14 Brittany, 24, no, 124, 134, 137, 139, 145, 147, 148, 153, 165, 172, 184, 187, 188, 201, 281, 485, 492-4, Brodt penning, 223 Bronkhorst. See Brederode family Brosse-Huriel, house of, 156 Brotherhood of Our Lady at Termonde, 166 Brunswick, 16, 50, 177, 183, 200, 203, 208, 216, 246, 247, 308 Lihieburg, 16, 56, 122, 183, 194, 215, 248, 316 Wolfenbiittel, 235, 247, 316 Buda, Edict of, 219 Library of, 342 Bulgaria, 15, 116, 160-2, 167, 188, 210, 236, 357, 365, 427 Burgraf, 124, 139, 310, 324 Burgundy, 11, 24, 71, 80, 82, 85, 97, 98, 104, 107, 121, 123, 129, 132, 133, 154, 156, 161, 166, 169, 171, 174, i79» 19S' 196. 198, 199, 204, 209, 218, 221, 230, 241, 243, 261, 262, 281, 285, 296, 332, 385, 386, 390, 394, 395. 403-5. 432. 485. 494-7 Burning alive for utterance of bad money, 146 Bydgost. See Poseji, Byron, 183, 370 Byzantine influence, 14, 33, 58, 147, 426, 469, 506 corrupt forms, 58, 116, 341, 364, 427 types, 15, 116, 137, 147, 215, 222, 338, 340, 357. 365. 426, 457. 458, 519 Cagliari, 86, 187 Calais, 87, 399 Cambodia, 485 Cambrai, 154, 160, 175, 191, 213, 219, 240, 396, 397 Campen, 87, 236 Canada, 483, 484 Candavene, 289, 396 Candia, 87, 88, 202 Canonised namesakes of princes, 41, 42, 306, 342 Cantelmi family, 162 Canterbury, 215 540 The Coins Canute or Knut I. , King of Denmark and Northumbria, 147, 372 Canute II. of Denmark, 20, 146 Capet family, the, 23, 27, 104, 142, 152, 168, 204, 275, 468 Capo d'Istria, President, 28, 210, 223 Capua, 88, 267, 275, 458 Carat weight, 233 Carcassonne, 282 Carinthia or Kaernthen, 156, 332, 336 Carlovingian money, 23, 70, 76-8, 88, 93, 99, 107, 117, 121, 126, 130, 137, 147. 148, 160, 165-8, 171, 174, 178, 188, 194, 216, 219, 446, 452 Carlowitz, Peace of, 345 Carniola or Krain, 117, 332, 337 Carotto, a money er, 445, note Carrara family, 141, 217, 271 Cartagena, 188, 222 Castel Durante, 170 , Castiglione, 89, 182 Castile, 160, 167, 185, 188, 192, 195, 196, 206, 218, 224 Castruccio de' Castrucconi, 121 Cataluna, 226, 509, 515 Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus, 368 Catherine I. of Russia, 41, 49, 359 Cavaignac, dictatorship of, 1848, 483 Cellini, Benvenuto, 21, 103, 437 Centralists, the, 188 Centurione Scotti family, 87 Centurioni family, 212 Cerdagne, 517 Ceylon, 408 Chablais, 432, 495 Chalon, 495 Chambord, Comte de (Henry V.), 482 Champagne, 148, 149, 160, 168, 169, 226, 286 Chapters, part-proprietors of mints, 171, 217, 417, 420-22, 467, 486 Charenton, 199 Charlemagne, 18, 20, 50, 147, 169, 170, 188, 194 Charles de Blois, 494 de France, 201, 206 de Valois, 23, 182 le Chauve, 18, 142, 153, 154, 192, 194. 395. 397. 466, 486, 495 the Bold, II the Simple, 217 III. of Durazzo, 165 V. of Germany, 4, 60, 113, 114, 171, 186, 188, 218, 221, 230, 233, 240, 333. 334. 417. 424. 509 XII. of Sweden, 4, 359, 372, 378, 379 Charlotte de la Marck, 160 Chartres, 282 of E 217' Ope Chateaudun, 90, 172 Chateaumeillant, 500 Chateauneuf, 500 Chateau- Renaud, 118, 149 Chateaux used as mints, 70, 93, 100, 104, 105, 117, 134, 141, 145, 151, 162, 169, 390, 397 Chatelain, 98, 102, 489 Chatelaine, 102 Chatellenie, 92, 154 Chihuahua, 192, 514 China, 334 Chio, 260, 369 Christiana Religio type, 190, 497 Christianity and coinage, 59, 116, 146, 190, 338, 357. 420, 507, 508 Christina of Sweden, 324, 378 Chronology of coins, 43, 522, 524, 533. Comp. Dated Coins. Church-plate melted for coinage, 76, 77, 100 Cibo family, 126 Cisalpine Republic, 130 Cistercian Priory of Souvigny, 162 Cloves, dukedom of, 29, 71, 112, 114, 115, 134, 176, 179, 216, 248, 300, 301, 326 Clot, Johann, of Genoa, moneyer, 455 Clovis I., II, 142, 162 Cluny, Abbey of, 154 Coburg, 313 Cochin China, 485 Coevorden, 92, 160 Coinages, criteria of political status, 57 Colditz, 311 Cologne, 72, 74, 92, 97, 126, 149, 161, 162, 178, 181, 185, 223, 227, 236, 242, 299-301, 303 standard of, 348 Colonia Sutrina, 165 Colonial money, early, 52 Comminges, 154 Comnenos family, 260, 365 Concave forms of coins, 29, 365, 458 Conchini family, loi, 400, 500 Confederation of the Rhine, 296 Congo Free State, 402 Constantinople, 93, 367, 369 Convention-money, 7, 8, 42, 50, 55, iii, 112, 121, 123, 127, 137, 138, 145, 147, 150, 151, 170, 172, 179, 191, 196, 206, 218, 236, 240, 241, 315, 348, 384, 387, 390, 399, 405. 496, 497 Copper, large and uninterrupted use of, 45. 46, 530 Cordova, 25, 83, 507 Correggio, Modenese, 187, 221, 240 Corsica, 94, 135, 241 Index 541 Costume on early coins of Italy and Germany, 60 Coucy, Raoul de, 500 Count of the Chamber of Money, 343 Countermarks, 96, 172, 334, 350, 464, 522, 532 Counts Palatine of the Rhine, 251, 307, 339 Courland, 131, 176, 256, 355 Courtenay family, 287, 500, 502 Coutances, 154 Cracow, 94, 243 Crim Tartars, 357, 358, 368, 369 Cross, the, on early coins, 20, 26, 59, 60 on modern coins, 370 and pile, 100 Crusaders, the, 15, 224, 259, 260, 367-9, 391, 444, 468, 490, 491 Crusades, influence of the, 51, 468, 490, 491 Cuerdale find, the, 48 Cuilemborg, 95, 223 Culm, 95, 326 Curacoa, 227 Currencies, multiplicity of ancient, 29 Custos Hospitalis, 461 Cyprus, 28, 202, 368, 432, 458 Dagobert I., King of Paris, 120, 148 D'Albon, Comtes, 174 Dalmatia, 89, 119, 147, 160, 163, 168, 178, 183, 184, 202, 204, 210, 211, 241, 340 Dammartin family, 83, 396 Damoiseau, 161 Da Montefeltro family, 104, no, 170, 273 Damville, Seigneur de, 54 D'Ancerville, Baron, 144 D'Andalo, Brancaleone, 424 Danish coinage, early, 19, 20, 123, 371 et seqq. coinage, provincial, 222 coinage, colonial, 376 Dano-Teutonic coinage, 371 Dantzic, 198, 235 Darien pistole, 224 Dated, earliest, pieces, 43, 70, 76, 84, no, 140, 153, 195, 198, 302, 351, 353. 498 D'Aubonne, M., 183, 215 Dauphins, 278 Dauphiny, 187, 188, 193, 205, 491, 495, 496 D'Avalos, Cesare, 172 Da Varano family, 87 Daventer, 96, 236, 406, 408, 411, 412 Da Vignate family, 120, 144 De B^thune family, 290 Decaen, General, 212, 484 De Gilley family, 104 Dei Gratia, 38, 39, 163, 193, 310, 438, 533. Comp. Nomine Domini Del Carretto family, 94, 207 De la Garde family, 133 De la Marche, Hugues, Comte, 215 De la Marck family, 390 De la Roche family, 260 De la Tremouille family, 290 Delia Rovere family, 161, 170, 273 Denmark, 69, 91, 93, loi, in, 114, 117, 118, 124, 137, 140, 147, 150, 151, 161, 173, 174, 189, 198, 205, 209, 214, 220, 222, 225, 228, 232, 234, 235. 258, 320, 321, 371-6, 520 Denominations of coins, 181-243 Desana, 188, 217 D'Este family, the, 17, 89, 102, 126, 132, 148, 203, 214, 220, 268, 272, 442, 443 Determining causes of the names of coins, 35 Deux-Ponts-Veldenz, 152 Diest, 388 Disparity in execution of coins, 32 Distributing agents for coins, 34 Dombes, 169, 283, 491, 492, 500 Domingo, St. , 485 Don Carlos, the elder, 160 the younger, 222 Donzy, Sires de,^ 107, 153, 287 Dorbat, 355 Dordrecht or Dort, 98, 403, 411, 412 D'Orey family, 387 Doria family, 82, 89, 120, 167 Dortmund, 187 Dreux, 283 Dudley, Robert, Earl of Leicester, 39, 210, 236, 410 Durazzo, 165 Durstede, 17, 171 Dutch black or copper money, 56 East Indian currency, 52, 114, 130, 171, 197, 227, 408, 414, 417 internal currency, 416 and Flemish towns, 19, 398-401, 4n, 412 and Flemish states, 19, 384-407, 496 types, 508 Earliest bust of Napoleon 1. on a coin, 24 dated coins. See Dated view of a city on a mediaeval coin, 171 1 The Bulletin de Niiinismatigue for INIarch 1893, p. 57, announces the discovery of upward of 500 silver deniers of Herve de Donzy at Gon- zac, Commune of La Peyrouse, Puy de Dome. 542 The Coins Early copper coinage of Spain, 26, 27 East Africa, 485 Friesland, loi, 115, 139, 200, 238, 240, 248, 320, 404 Eastern Europe, 33, 352-66 principalities, 28 trade, 53, 352, 492 Ecclesiastical coinage, 19, 24, 157, 321, 371, 380, 387-9, 406, 432, 488, 489, 492, 503, 512, 517, 518 See Abbatial Mints moneyers, 31. See Money ers Edward the Black Prince, 120, 182, 276 the Confessor, 61 I. of England, 69, 70, 108, 166, 276, 390, 508 II. of England, 112, 276 III. of England, 24, 69, 78, 79, 96, 108, 118, 179, 191, 218, 276, 392, 395, 399, 400, 494, 496 IV. , 218, 496, 497 Elbing, 204, 235, 326 Eleanor, daughter of Edward II. of England, 112 Elector guinea, 319 Eleonora of Castile, 508 Eleonore d'Aquitaine, 278, 289 Comtesse de Saint-Quentin, 499 Elizabeth (Stuart), Queen of Bohemia, 145. 307, 339 Elsgau, Counts of, 133 Emden, 181, 230, 237 Emerita, loi, 506, 507 Emir of the Catholics, 167 Emirs (Arab) of Sicily, 195, 237 Emperors of the West, 267, 446, 467 Encre or Ancre, loi, 400, 500 England, 45-7, 69, 72, 78, 79, 82, 84, 86, 87, 91, 96, 108, 112, 118, 120, 124, 125, 127, 128, 134, 145, 152, 156, 166, 167, 170, 179, 182, 191, 196, 201, 203, 205, 215, 218, 236, 237> 302, 307, 316, 319, 370, 390, 392. 395. 399. 494. 496, 497. 504. 508, 510, 514 Comp. Anglo- Gallic series, Britain, Canterbury , Edward, Great Britain, etc. the last to date her coins, 44 English and Danish coinages, 19, 20, 371. 372 and Scotish coins, remarks on, 1-3 Captain, R.N., Due de Bouillon (1792-1816), 83 coins, 35 currency for Ireland, 52 florin in gold, 392 groat, 399 of Ein^ope English noble, 178, 218, 399 occupation of the Netherlands, 39, 410 portcullis money (1600), 52 Enkhuisen, 10 1, 411 Enns, 333 Ephesus, 203, 461 note Epinal, 285 Epirus, 260 Equus Venalis, a legend, 388 Erfurt, 330 Essarts (Les), 156 Essen, 214, 320 Esterhazy family, 100 Esthonia, 211, 355, 361, 379 Estremadura, 157 Etruria, kingdom of, 202, 234, 438, 452 See Florence Europe, different distribution of territory in mediaeval, 10, 11 limited population and scanty inter- course, 9, 10 European Rulers, Lists of, 245-93 Evolutions of coinage, 37 Eyelets (oculi) on coins, 124 Fairs, 34 Faliero, Marino, Doge of Venice, 5 Falkner, Swiss moneyer, 351 Fano, 184 Farnese family, the, 17, 73, 87, 89, 139, 142, 144, 205, 395, 450, 451 Faubourg Saint Honors, private mint in, 482 Faucigny, 432, 495 Ferdinand and Elizabeth or Isabella, 25, 26, 204, 219, 223, 227, 292, 508, 510, 511 Feroe Islands, 222 Ferrara, 103, 199, 220, 268 Fert, 200, 433 Fert^-Milon, 500 Feudal system, the, 6-8, 10, 12-14, 29, 457 coinage of France, 464 coinage of Germany, 297 coinage of Holland, 411 coinage of Sweden, 381 Fieschi family, 118, 129 Finland, 149, 175, 214, 222, 361, 381 Fishingen, 149 Flanders, 11, 70, 71, 73, 78, 83, 96, 98, 101-3, 105, 107, 112, 119, 121, 123, 124, 145, 149, 153, 155, 156, 166, 168, 171, 178, 182, 191, 201, 213, 216, 218, 222, 223, 234, 264, 391-4, 398, 399, 400, 496, 497 Index 543 Flans, imperfection of early, 31 Florence, 56, 182, 185, 192, 200, 203, 205, 212, 222, 223, 225, 226, 231, 235. 237, 423, 433, 437-41. 498 Florentine artists at foreign courts, 145, 222, 234, 272, 444 copper, 438 gold type, 92, 121, 127, 129, 155, 242, 333. 342, 385. 386, 394, 444. 498 Foix, Counts of, 142, 205, 283 Marguerite de, 455 Fondulo family, 94 Forcalquier, 103, 161, 168, 495 Forgeries, early, 81, 107, 205 Formation of collections, 61-4 Fortresses as mints, 71, 88, 146, 161 Foscari, Francesco, Doge of Venice, 5, 196, 226, 234 Fosdinovo, 103, 212 Fossombrone, 104, 170 France, 11-13, 17, 22-4, 69, 70, 72, 73. 75. 77-9. 81, 82, 84, 86, 88-93, 95. 97. 98, 102-4, 108, 110, 112, 117-23, 125-8, 130, 133-5, 137-40, 142-6, 150-7, 162, 163, 166, 168, T69, 171-3, 185-7, 189, 192-5, 198-201, 206, 211-13, 215-19, 221, 222, 224, 225, 227-9, 240, 241, 274-91, 333, 347, 353, 388, 389, 395. 396, 432, 433. 447. 464- 505 former limits of, 50 Franche-Montagne, 104 Francia, Francesco, 21, 144 Franco -Italian coinage, 23, 32, 141, 142, 144, 157, 165, 185, 189, 196, 205, 221, 225, 234, 238, 424, 503 Saxon money, 315 Spanish money, 23, 143, 163, 173, 182, 195, 216, 221, 226, 232, 234, 447. 455; 456, 460, 471. 504. 515 Spanish weights, 241, 242 Franconia, 214, 422 Frankfort-on-Main, 104, 238, 240, 303 on-the-Oder, 104, 325 Frankish money, 121, 127, 160, 162, 171, 172 Franks, the, 420-2, 465, 466, 486, 487 Frauenmtinster, Abbey of, 178 Frederic Barbarossa, 155 the Wise of Saxony (1486-1500), 16, 17 II. of Prussia, 4, 198, 240, 325, 329. 331 v., Count Palatine, etc., 145, 309, 339 French coinage from Charles VIII. to Henri IV., 51 French coins, 23, 32, 129, 189, 221, 233. 468, 470, 471 coins current in England (1625), 198 coins current in Portugal, 519 colonial money, 52, 199, 229, 474, 483-5 copper coinage, 24, 239, 472, 480, 482, 483 crusader, 225 denominations, 15 feudal coinage, 23, 24, 132, 173, 485-502 gold coinage, 51, 189, 190, 201, 203, 206, 227, 229, 469-70, 479, 519 Guiana, 485 influence, 26, 129 mints, 88, 104, 105, 128, 468 models, 15, 132, 173, 469, 498 monetary standards, 50. See Parisis, Paris, and Tours occupation of Lorraine, 498 provinces, fiefs, and townships, 487-9 rarities, 502-5 republican coinage, 24, 32, 142, 212, 234. 476 Revolution, 12, 13, 476 Friesland or Frisia, 404 Frinco, 190 Froburg, Counts of, 178 Fugger family, 75, 175, 306, 308 Fulda, 105, 186 Fiirstenberg, 135 Gabalas, Leone, 150 Gabrielle d'Estr^es, 291 Gaeta, 106, 425, 458 Galicia, 25, 94, 178 Galley halfpence, 236 Quay, 236, 237 Gattilusio family, 135, 260 Gaulish coins, 464 Gauthier de Beauffremont, 172 Geneva, 234 Genevois, the, 72, 432, 495 Gengembre's pattern for a sol of Napoleon I. , 24, 480, 481 Genoa, 16, 150, 151, 160, 182, 192, 195, 202, 211, 212, 216, 221, 232, 235. 236, 367-9. 453-5 Genoese syndicate of 1362, 369 George I. of Great Britain, 316, 319 II. of Great Britain, 300, 302 III. of Great Britain, 197, 229 of Cappadocia, St., 39-41, 125, 126, 135, 191. 203, 353, 442, 446 Georgia, 181, 207, 361 Geraud the moneyer, 134 544 The Coins of Etiropi German occupation of parts of Italy, 1799-1800, 151, 221 system of coinage tried in France, 472 Germans, the, in Italy, 422 the, in Sicily, 21 Germany, 11, 16, 17-19, 70, 72, 74, 76-9, 80, 95-99, 100, loi, 104, 105, 110, 112, 131, 181, 185, 186, 191, 194, 197, 199, 200, 203, 205-7, 209, 213, 214, 216, 221-3, 225, 227, 228, 231, 235, 236, 242, 245- 55. 295-351, 320, 329, 422, 437, 455, 466, 472, 499, 510 Gertrude of Bronkhorst, 242 Gevaudan, 115 Gherardesca family, 86 Gibraltar, 198, 226, 234, 241, 514 Giustiniani family of Genoa, 160, 369 Glatz in Moravia, 219, 331 Goa, 199, 221, 237, 528 Goch in Gelderland, 153 Godefroi de Bouillon, 83 de Dalembroek, 387 Goffin, Daniel, 118, 471 Golden Fleece, Order of the, 242 Goncaloes, Joao, a i6th c. Portuguese engraver, 198 Gonfalonieri of Florence, 103, 231, 234, 273. 437 Gonzaga family, the, 17, 83, 89, 125, 126, 145, 151, 153, 157, 162, 182, 214, 217, 231, 232, 268, 269, 287, 444 Goritz or Goerz, 108, 169, 336 Gorst, Baron von, 193, 378 Goslar type, 167, 215 Gothic influence, 26, 506 Kings of Italy, 143, 233 Grseco-Muscovite types, 357 Granada, 25, 198, 199, 506, 507 Grantley Collection, 419, 460 Gratz or Graetz, 333 Graubiinten, 449 Great Britain, 140, 145, 197, 229, 300, 302, 307, 314, 316, 319, 491 Greece, 94, 367-71 modern, coins of, 28, 119, 142, 160, 195, 196, 210, 223, 369-71 Greek cross, 370 exarchate of Ravenna, 419, 506 influence, 14, 126, 201, 506 medallic art, 57, 58 patterns, 15, 126, 150, 201, 215, 365 Greenland, 222 Greiertz, 350, 351 Grimaldi and Matignon-Grimaldi fami- lies, 133, 193, 270, 436 Griselda, Patient, 455 Groningen, 109, 187, 190, 207, 222, 240, 406, 411, 412 Gros tournois, 15, 164, 403, 426, 468, 491 Grzymala, Paul, Bp. of Posen, 145 Guadalupe, 535 Guastalla, 452 Guazzalotti, 444 Gueldres, 74, 77, 82, 95, in, 113, 118, 138, 148, 153, 160, 172, 179, 183, 190, 200, 238, 261, 402, 405, 410 Guelf or Welf of Bavaria, 272 Guernsey, 239 Gueschlin le Charpentier, a goldsmith, 1576, 119 Guicciardini, Nicolo, 231 Guinea, 529, 532 Lords of, the Kings of Portugal, 28, 527 Guinea, Danish, 205 English, 472 Gurk, Bishops of, 156, 157 Gustavus Adolphus, 4, 69, 100, 378, 380 Gu3^enne, 490, 508 Hainault, 127, 133, 171, 174, 175, 264. 394. 395 Halberstadt, no, 330 Haldenstein, 349 Hall, Wiirtemburg, in, 304 Halle, Prussia, in, 330 Hamburgh, in, 195, 196, 321 Hamm, 209 Hanau, 302 Hand, the, on Anglo-Saxon and con- tinental coins, 60 Hanover, 70, 75, 79, 100, loi, 108, 122, 139, 141, 183, 197, 203, 208, 215, 229, 230, 237, 319 Hanse Towns, 84, in, 121, 195, 196, 321, 326 Hapsburg or Habsburg, house of, 332, 343, 422, 499 Harderwijk, 112, 405, 411, 412 Hartz ore, 306, 319, 467 Hatzfeld, 303 Helena Angelos, Duchess of Athens, 369 Helvetic Republic, 347, 348 Henneberg, 92, 159, 313 Henriette of Lorraine, 144 Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal, 517, 518 of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, 137 II., etc., of England, "^sO-O. Anglo- Gallic Series. Heraldry, numismatic, 509 Hermann van Lynden, 148 Herstal, 113, 398 Index 545 Hesse, 71, 86, 105, iii, 113, 114, 117, 126, 128, 140, 158, 159. 177, 178, 186, 206, 209, 230, 249, 250, 302, 303 Heusden, 113, 399-401 Hildesheim, 113, 320 Hochberg, 302 Hofer, Andreas, 336 Hohenstaufen dynasty, I19, 131, 167, 422, 458, 495 Hohenzollern, 301, 324 Holbein, Hans (the elder), 338 Holland, 11, 70, 71, 79, 80, 82, 84, 92, 96, 98-100, 103, 107-9, 112, 141, 159, 161, 163, 175-9, 182, 186, 187, 190, 192, 197, 200, 201, 204, 205, 216, 218, 221-3, 227-30, 235, 236, 239-41, 243, 261, 402-5, 496, 497 Holstein, 108, 116, 321, 355 Holstein-Plon, Duke of, 109 Holy Roman Empire, 332, 340 Homage, 154, 170 Hoorn, 114, 411, 412 Homes, 175, 176 Hotel Drouot, 420 Hourquie [Furcia), 134 Huguenots, 217 Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 394 Hungarian type (ungaro), 33, 126, 219, 306, 343, 358, 365, 443 Hungary, 15, 16, 86, 100, 114, 117, 119, 163, 165, 197, 204, 209, 219, 224, 226, 240, 254, 255, 306, 332, 340, 358, 430, 443 Iceland, 222 Illyria, 204, 336 Imitations of coins among European States, 33, 34, 81, 118, 121, 124, 140, 143, 144, 155, 163, 164, 172, 176-9, 181, 182, 184, 200, 201, 203, 204, 210, 217, 218, 222, 232, 239, 241, 242, 306, 308, 311, 312, 329, 338, 342, 388, 390, 391, 394, 400, 403, 410, 427, 433, 443, 444, 461, 464, 492, 510, 523, 526 India, 225, 512 Indo-Greek civilisation, 506 Ingots current for higher values, 48, 171 Inquisition, the, 229 Inscriptions, Hebrew and Arabic, on European coins, 352 International monetary congress in 1469, 496-7 Ionian Isles, 28, 93, 94, 160, 178, 195, 202, 210, 216, 367-9 Ippolito family, 106 Isenburg, 303 Istria, 202, 332, 336 Italian art, 15, 343, 396, 418, 437, 447 colonial money, 456 influence on Eastern coinages, 343 influence on Western coinages, 51, 170, 396 kingdom, 441, 456 republics, 34, 53, 211, 234, 423, 441, 442 revolutionary money, 441 states, 5, 9, 240, 423, 441, 442, 455 trading communities, 16, 236, 441, 442 Italo-Teutonic genius, 17 Italy, 12, 15, 16, 20-2, 71, 73-5, 79-82, 84-6, 88, 89, 91, 93, 102-5, io9» 110, 120, 121, 123, 126, 130, 131, 142, 143, 148, 151, 167, 169, 170, 183, 186, 192, 193, 200, 201, 203, 204, 207, 210, 211, 215, 217, 221, 222, 226, 231, 232, 234, 266-73, 418-58, 452, 466, 514 Ivan the Terrible, Duke of Muscovy, 40, 357 Jacob van Artevelde, 392 Jacqueline of Bavaria, 394 Jagellon dynasty, 104, 119, 167, 339, 355. 356 James I., King of Great Britain, 145 Java, 408, 414 Jean or Jan d'Hulhuizen, 167 Jean de Montfort, 494 Sans-Terre or Lackland, King of Eng- land, 127 Jeanne, Countess of Flanders, 107 Jeton, the, 4, 5, 69, 207 Jever, 200, 205, 230, 321 Joachimsthal, 115, 158, 238, 339 Joamese, 196 Joanna of Castile, 509 of Naples, 141, 200, 274, 460 John of Gaunt, 78, 86, 96, 196, 276, 508 Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford, 105, 182, 276, 491 of Luxemburgh, King of Bohemia, 96, 119, 145, 339, 389, 390 Jouvenel, moneyer, 402 Juhers, 115, 134, 147, 172, 179, 209, 216, 227, 239, 250, 300, 326, 405 Julius Caesar, 157 Jure MX oris, 498 Jutland, 69, 114 Kaffa, 357, 368 Kaptchak, 368, 369 Kaunitz, 150 Kerpen in Juliers, 391 Kessel, 172 N 546 The Coins of Europe Ketler, Gothard, 355 Khevenhiiller, 338 Kief or Kiev, 194, 256, 357, 361, 362 Kinsky, 338 Kirchberg, Burgraves of, 10 1 Klein-Schirma, 310 Kletgau or Kleggau, 169 Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, coin- age of the, 32, 37, 87, 150, 171, 174, 183, 190, 203, 219, 237, 437, 461-4 Kolpak, Wallachian, 364 Kopek (square) Russian, of 1726, 49 Korbach, 231 Kossuth, Louis, 346 Kreukingen, 169 Lambert, Pope, 151 Saint, 388, 406 L and II. , Counts of Louvain, 284, 384 de Namur, moneyer, 99 d'Oyenbrugge de Duras, 118 Lampronti, 242 Lancaster, 508 Landestrost, 336 Landi family, 77, 82, 93 L'Argentiere, 174 La Scala family, 173, 217, 273 Last papal money, 424, 425 Latin Empire of the East, 259,260, 367-9 legends, 31 monetary convention, 347 Lauenburgh, 141, 321, 372 La Vendue, 137 Law, John, of Lauriston, 484 Lead money, 44, 70, 170, 177, 408, 467, 483, 528 League in France, money of the, 1586, 224 Leather money, 44, 225, 228, 233 Le Due, Viollet, 500 Lefevre & Cie, 142 Legends, 31, 36, 223, 343 note, 362, 370, 388, 406, 408, 419, 424, 450, 452-4, 466, 467, 494. 507, 519, 520, 523, 531, 533 Comp. George of Cappadocia, Saints, etc. on copper coins, 46 unintelligible to the people, 42 Leghorn, 212 Leiningen-Westerburg, 301 Leipsic, 118, 315, 353, 378 Leo I. of Armenia, 17 Leo X., Pope, 225 Leon and Castile, 25, 26, 153, 157, 167, 185, 191, 192, 292, 508 Leonardo da Vinci, 21, 131, 240, 447 Lepanto, 203 Les Hayons, 118 Leuchtenberg, 308 Levantine trade, 143, 237, 238, 242 Lichtenberg, 177 Lichtenstein, 301, 302, 349 Li^ge, Bishops of, 123, 124, 155, 163, 167, 175, 176, 178, 187, 198, 202, 221, 224, 265, 387 Limburg, Brabant. See Brabant. Limoges, 17, 154, 210 Linz, 333 Lippe, 80, 81, 173, 195, 200, 301 Lisbon, 190, 191, 523, 530 Lithuania, 176, 211, 235, 237, 353, 361 Livonia, Order of, 149, 150, 176, 199, 355» 378 Lobdeburg, 316 Local institutions, 386 Lombard denaro, varieties of, 17 settlement in Sicily, 21 Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, 172, 235, 430 Lombards, 121, 130, 143, 144, 147, 151, 165, 169, 170, 173, 186, 233, 234, 240, 266, 418-20, 437, 446, 457 Lombardy, 128, 145, 151, 153, 162, 165, 188, 234, 235, 467 Lo7nellini family, 167 Violante Doria-L. ,167 London, 236 Loos, 182, 198, 265, 387 Lorraine, 72, 76, 91, 100, loi, 103, 108, 123, 126, 131, 135, 136, 138, 145, 148, 153-6, 161, 163, 173, 183, 186, 187, 191, 197, 210, 215, 220, 224, 229, 235, 237, 284, 405, 438, 492, 497-9 Lost sites of ancient mints, 112, 165 Louis IX., 14, 150, 168, 227-9, 239, 468 XL, II, 148, 157, 221 XII., 135, 149, 195, 274, 447, 491, 503. See Franco-Italian Coinage. le D^bonnaire, 51, 177 of Cre9y, Count of Flanders, 8, 391 of Maele, Count of Flanders, 85, 107, 124, 391, 216, 218 Philippe, 193 the German, 164 Low Countries. See Netherlands, etc. Liibeck, 121, 321 Luca Sesto, a Venetian moneyer, 184, 428 Lucca, 121, 181, 184, 193, 197, 213, 226, 230, 234, 396, 452, 456 Lucchese type of St. Martin and the Beggar, 452 Ludovisi, the, 144 Index 547 Liineburg, i6. Comp. Brunswick, Lusignan, house of, 203, 368, 432 Luxemburgh, 77, 83, 95, 96, 99, 117, 118, 134, 135, 145, 156, 166, 173, 194, 211, 221, 234, 262, 338, 387, 389. 390, 398, 417. 496 house of, 289, 338 Lynden, 148 Lyon, 495 Macon, 495 Madagascar, 485 Madeira, 528, 529 Madehnus the moneyer, 99 Madrid, 123, 514 Maele, chateau and village of, 392, 393, Maestricht, 123, 124, 401, 412 Magdeburg, 124, 310, 330 Maguelonne, 124, 165, 216, 492 Magyars, 343 Mahone, Gild of the, 369 Maillet, M. le Colonel, 38, 233 Main-bourse, 136 Maine, 490 Maitres-echevins of Metz, 130, 499 Majorca, 213, 516 Makuana, 212 Malaspina family, 126, 169, 189, 211 Malatesta family, 84, 102, 150, 449, 450 Malta, 171, 190, 203, 219, 223, 237, 268, 461-4. See K7iights of St, John Maltraversi, Nicolo, 148 Mandelli family, 123 Manfredi Lancia family, 86 Mansfeld, 125, 187, 195, 231, 300, 330 Mantua, 151, 153, 187, 196, 214, 217, 231, 232, 234, 268, 269, 423, 444-6 Marengo, 170 Margaret, Queen of Sweden, etc., "the Semiramis of the North," 373, 374 Marguerite de Foix, 60, 455 Maria Louisa, Queen of Etruria, 14 Theresa, 4, 131, 144, 147, 174, 178, 225, 237, 241, 334, 336, 343, 390, 400, 401, 447, 456 Marie d'Artois, Dame de Poilvache, 145 de Blois, 136, 224 de Montpensier, 169, 492 Louise, ex - Empress of the French, etc., 142, 451, 452 Mark, Swedish, a copper coin, 1591, 49 Marriage-thaler of Maximilian L , 43 Marsal, 285 Marseilles, 126, 191 Martin V. , 226 Mary of Burgundy, 16, 204, 333 Queen of England, 510, 514 Queen of Scots, 504 Massa-Carrara, 166, 189, 211 Masson, M. , 183, 215 Alassow or Masovia, 95, 326 Matapan, 204, 426 Matilda, the Countess, 268 Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, 41, 115, 240, 344, 358 Maul^on, 167 Maurice of Nassau, 415, 491 Maurienne, 69, 432, 434, 495 Maximilian L, 16, 17, 161, 208, 333, 334 Mayence, 127, 186, 214, 234, 235, 301, 303. 307 Mayors of the palace, 217 Mazarin, Cardinal, 138, 149, 287, 343, 500 Mazzetti family, 190 Mecklemburgh, 5, 105, 106, 110, 117, 127, 138, 142, 147, 150-2, 159, 177, 196, 243, 250, 321-4 Schwerin, 177, 251, 321 Strelitz, 50, 251, 321 Medici family, the, 5, 17, 103, 118, 135, 144, 161, 170, 185, 192, 203, 222, 226, 229, 232, 235, 237, 240, 272. 273, 334, 437-40 Meissen or Misnia, 118, 128, 313 Melgueil, 75, 124, 126, 165, 491, 492 Melle, 128, 467 Meran, 128, 336 Merovingian dynasty, 9, 23, 217, 277 mints, 17, 21, 23, 118, 123, 128-30, 137, 147, 148, 154, 160, 161, 165, 170-4, 178 money, 58, 76, 77, 99, 100, 115, 120, 123, 126, 147, 148, 170, 171, 188, 215, 229, 346, 464, 466 system, 297 Merton, Surrey, 120 Metrology of European coins, 50, 54, 55, 160 Metz, 126, 130, 147, 148, 155, 173, 182, 187, 191. 194, 235, 285, 499 Mexico, 123, 130, 178, 195, 512, 514 Mezzanino, 147 Michael, the Archangel, 420, 457 Middleburgh, 130, 411, 412 Migliorati family, 102 Milan, 160, 161, 167, 185, 189, 200, 204, 217, 221, 222, 225, 232, 234, 238, 240, 269, 423, 433, 446, 447, 457 Milanese, the, 153, 196, 432 Milano family, 157 Miletus, 131, 458 Milon, Count of Narbonne, 137, 286, 467 Minas, Brazil, 145, 146 Mining pieces, 114, 187, 208, 214, 216, 236, 302, 474 548 The Coins of Europe Mint-marks, 77, 79, 85, 86, 97, 98, iii, 114, 115, 117, 118, 130-7, 143, 152, 159, 165, 166, 201, 207, 343, 414, 430, 441, 456, 461, 491, 512, 528 Mint-master fined, 134 Mint-masters, 117, 183, 215, 351. See Moneyers Mint-masters, hereditary, 75, 134 Mints, 29-31, 54, 166, 169-179, 299, 301, 303, 307, 310, 311, 320-22, 325. 331-3- 337. 342, 346. 347. 355-9- 361, 362, 370, 377, 386, 390-2, 394, 397. 403, 412, 414, 433, 441, 449, 456-8, 498, 506, 507, 512, 514, 528, 530, 531 Mirandola, 270, 443, 444 Missals, leaves of, used as paper-money, 1574, 44, 119 Modena, 103, 126, 131, 132, 148, 187, 203, 232, 268, 270, 443 Moers, 500 Mohammedan coinage in Spain, etc., 25, 131, 507, 508, 575 coinage in Portugal, 213, 517, 518 inscriptions on European money, 492 Mojaisk, 132, 361 Mola, Scipione, a Florentine engraver, 223 Moldavia, 153, 220, 316, 361, 362, 364 Monaco, 193, 217, 222, 436 Monetary treaties, 98, 102. See Con- ve7ition-inoney Money-changers' books, 48 Money of account, 211-14, 222, 228, 230, 519 of necessity, 156. '^qq Siege-pieces of the palace, 217 of the people, copper the, 45, 46 of the poor, 223 Moneyers, 17, 21, 71, 74, 86, 94, 99, 100, 118, 120, 134, 152, 170, 185, 212, 213, 219, 223, 351, 387, 396, 401, 402, 444, 445, 455, 466, 471, 472, 476, 506, 507 Comp. Bagattino^ Urbino, etc. Mon naie A rtesien ne, 183, 395; egid ien n e , 154 7nelgorienne , 124, 165, 492 Monneron, 142 Montbeliard, 304, 502 Monteferrato, 89, 133, 138, 185, 188, 270, 368, 369, 432, 434, 444, 445 Montenegro, 365 Montenuovo cabinet, 365, 433, 434 Montpensier, 283 Moorish influence, 12, 14, 15, 25, 199, 213, 505-8 Moors' heads, four, as a type, 509 Moors of Granada defeated by the Portuguese, 27 Moravia, 219, 332, 337 Mordevas, 217 More, Sir Thomas, 443 Morea or Peloponnesus, 202, 210, 367 Morosini, Francesco, 210 Moscow, IS, 134, 194, 257, 358, 359 Mouzaive, chateau of, 390 Mozambique, 185, 212, 528, 530, 532 Miihlhausen, 134, 330, 351 Munich or Miinchen, 134, 305, 370 Munster, 135, 195, 267 Murano, 220 Murat, Joachim, 203, 460, 461 Muscovite moneyers, 15, 343 Muscovy, II, 343 Musocco or Misocco, 135, 449 Musolcino, 449 Namur, 8, 98, 102-4, 138, 174, 178, 262, 386, 387, 389, 390 Naples, 122, 125, 137, 141, 162, 165, 166, 181, 189, 200, 201, 203, 232, 238, 367, 456, 457, 506 successive rulers of, 457, 458 Napoleon I., 4, 9, 24, 32, 126, 131, 138, 142, 170, 171, 175, 201, 202, 218, 234, 266, 275, 296, 304, 329, 336, 347. 349. 376. 412, 414, 417, 438, 456, 476, 480-2, 484, 514 family and dynasty, 79, 105, 121, 137, 142, 167, 200, 205, 224, 234, 275. 300. 412-14, 452, 458, 460, 461, 482, 483, 512, 514 Narbonne, 286, 467, 506 Nassau, 137, 176, 206, 209, 224, 301, 389 Navarre, 25, 27, 142, 195, 286, 291, 474. 496, 508, 509, 516 Neapolitan Republic, 458 Nejine, 357. See Novgorod Netherlands, the, 19, 20, 33, 130, 133, 181, 186, 188, 190, 194, 197, 198, 200, 201, 204, 205, 209, 224, 227, 228, 233, 235, 240, 261-5, 383. 417, 466, 496, 514 ComYidiVe Belgium, Flanders, Holland, etc. Neustadt, 333 Nevers, 133, 138, 287 Nicole du Chastelet, 172, 403, 405 Nidaros. See Throndhjem Nimmhegen, 235, 395 Nismes, 151 Noble, the English, 178, 218 Nomenclature of coins, 34, 35 Nomine Domini, 218, 310, 452, 467 Normandy, 24, 152, 288, 485, 490 Index 549 Norman Dukes of Apulia, g, 131, 137, 156, 458 Normans, the, in Sicily, 21, 22, 29, 156, 191, 237, 238, 458 Northern Germany, numismatic import- ance, 15 Holland, numismatic importance, 15 Kingdoms, 371-83 Northmen, 14, 382, 505 Northumbria, 372, 382 Norway, 19, 99, 138, 171, 209, 220, 236, 258, 259, 372, 382, 383 Notation of value on coins, 42 Novgorod, 194, 361 Noyon, 139, 168, 227 Numismatic Society of Vienna, 174, 334 Niirnberg, 139, 305, 308, 324 Obizzi family, 141 Oettingen, 140 Oldenburgh, 115, 116, 140, 205, 230, 320, 373 Olivier, Aubin, 472 Olmiitz, 338 Oppeln, Duke of, 176 Oppenheim, 303 Or, Swedish, 49, 164 Orange Free State, 491 Orange, house of, 115, 140, 181, 194, 199, 211, 288, 411, 490 Ordeal of iron, 134 Order of St. George or St. Mary, 328 Oriental traders, 352 Orlamiinde, 175 Orlando or Roland, 467 Orsini family, 125, 150 Osella, 220, 430 Osnabriick, 141, 209, 320 Ostrogoths in Italy, 9, 151, 233, 266, 418, 419, 465, 506 Otterndorf, 141, 321 Ottoman Empire, 365, 371 Overijssel, 410 Oxenstierna, 378, 381 Paderborn, III, 187, 299, 303, 308 Padua, 141, 182, 217, 271, 423 Palace, the, in the Middle Ages, 217 Palgeologos family, 89, 135, 185, 444 Palatinate, 122, 150, 179, 197, 305, ; 307 Pallant, 95 Palma Nuova, 142, 456 Paoli, Pasquale, 94, 241 Papacy, 76, 106, 151, 184, 418, 420, 423-6 Papadopoli, Count Nicolo, 172, 426 Papal money, 71, 74, 76, 81, 102, 106, 127, 132, 133, 142-4, 151, 157, 166, 167, 170, 182, 184, 196, 203, 210, 213, 216, 220, 230, 232, 424-6, 449 Paris standard, 50, 168, 221, 395 types, 142, 181, 240, 370 Parma, 56, 139, 142, 143, 162, 174, 226, 271, 395, 438, 450-52 Paschal lamb, 167, 209, 218, 509, 510 Passau, 323 Pastorium, Chateau of, 169 Patagonia, 485 Patron-saints, 162, 163, 169, 173 Paul, the Czar, 361 Peigne champagnois, 146, 149, 226 Peninsular War, 222, 234 Pepin le Bref, 20, 127, 162, 164, 420, 466, 467, 493 van Heristal or Le Gros, 112, 113, 398, 420 Pepoh family, 81 Pera, 369 Perigord, 156, 222 Perpero, 147 Perpignan, 152, 230, 234 Perugia, 226 Pesaro, 141, 449, 457 Peter the Cruel, 27 the Great of Russia, 4, 11, 40, 41, 204, 225, 228, 240, 357-62 Petruccini, a Florentine moneyer, 444 Petrusand Georgius, moneyers, 387 Philip II., Augustus, 468, 499 of Suabia, 142, 450 Philippa of Hainault, 395 Philippe de Longueville, 102, 155 Philippines, the, 514 Phocaean types copied in Gaul or Spain, 14, 126 Phrygian cap imitated on Dutch and French coins, 61 Piacenza, 141, 271, 452 Picardy, 155 Pico family, 131, 443 Piece of eight, 52 Piedmont, 69, 70, 85, 88, 105, 129, 133, 138, T44, 167, 170, 432-6 Piefort or piedfort, 221, 223 Pierrefonds, Chateau de, 162, 500 family, 162 Pillar dollar, 190 Pillars of Hercules, 512 Piombino, 234, 456 Pisa, 16, 204 Pisanello, 21 Pisani family, 121 Pistrucci, Bernardo, 41, 446 Placaets, 48 Plantagenet, Henry, Earl of Derby, 276 550 The Coins Plantagenet, John, Duke of Bedford [John of the Wooden Sword), 105, 276, 491 Plated copper money, 55 money, antiquity of, 56 Platinum, 361, 362 Poillevilain, mint-master under Jean le Bon (1350-64) of France, 224 Poitou, 128, 134, 156, 167, 224, 225, 277 Poland, II, 15, 83, 85, 96, 100, 104, 108-10, 117, 119, 145, 149, 150, 159, 163, 167, 175, 176, 178, 185, 193, 194, 196, 197, 205, 209, 224, 230, 232, 235, 237, 240, 243, 255, 256, 296, 311, 312, 324, 326, 329, 332, 338, 352-6, 361, 497 Polignac, 146 Political test afforded by currencies, 56, 57 Pomerania, 118, 145, 163, 241, 311, 323, 324, 378 Pondich^ry, 220, 229, 474, 484 Ponthieu, 69 Porcien, Counts of, 178 Portrait-thalers, 18 Portraits on coins, 60, 361, 433, 434, 450, 454, 465, 516 Portugal, 27, 28, loi, 120, 145, 157, 167, 181, 184, 185, 189-92, 195- 8, 199, 201, 203, 206-9, 211-13, 216, 218, 221, 222, 224, 225, 228, 237, 238, 292, 396, 508, 511, 512, 514. 517-35 Portuguese colonial money, 28, 52, 120, 145, 146, 199, 212, 215, 217, 221, 225, 227, 229, 237, 241 colonial mints, 528, 531 colonies, 28, 120, 217, 227, 229, 241, 527-30 rarities, 534, 535 types, 531 Posen or Bydgost, 145, 329 Prague, 143, 338 Prevots or p7-cBsules of Sees, 96, 388. See Advocates Prices of Lombard coins, 420 Proclamation pieces, 169 Profits of mints, 53, 54, 70, 80-2, 87, 88, 91, 127, 134, 154, 162, 166, 173, 489. 517 Proprietary feoffees of Greece, 367 Provence, loi, 103, 123, 126, 129, 138, 145, 155, 166, 174, 205, 213, 217, 221, 227, 237, 495, 508 Pi^ovi?iois, nouveaUy 127, 146, 226 Provosts of Daventer, 96 Prussia, 4, 70-2, 74, 79, 80-5, 98, 99, 160, loi, 110, 115, 116, 120, 122, 124, 125, 129, 131, 135, 138, 140, 141, 146, 148, 149, 159-65, 167, of Europe 170, 176, 196, 199, 209, 214, 224, 230, 232, 235, 240, 296, 301, 302, 321, 325-32, 355. 405 Puy-de-D6me or Le Puy, 225 QuENTOVic, 88, 147, 395 Racoczy, house of, 344-6 Radicati family, 143 Ragusa, Dalmatia, 147, 183, 340, 430 Sicily, 147, 201, 458 Raitgrosch, 227, 339 Raoul de Coucy, 94, 500 Raspe, Henry, of Thuringen, Emperor of Germany, 249 Rasse de Gavre, 102 Ratisbon, See of, 147, 227, 306, 307 Ravenna, 147, 419, 506 Ravensperg, 179, 232, 304 Ravenstein, 179 Reckheim, 148, 176, 211, 263, 390, 391 Reformed Prankish coinage, 50, 51 Regalis Aiireus, 227, 469 Reggio, 226, 268, 443, 444 Renaissance in Italy, 57, 60 Requesco, Gio. , 172 Resellado, 228, 515 Restrikes, 318, 482, 503 Retegno, 149, 449 Retrograde lettering, 167, 168, 310 Reuss, 107, 109, 158, 315, 316 Revel, 149, 199 Rheinwald, 449 Rhenish Provinces, 132, 149, 300 Rhodes (or Malta) Knights of, 87, 150, 174. See Knights Rialto Bridge (1585), 220 Riario family, 115, 151 Richard Coeur-de-Lion, 82, 115, 128, 145, 156, 288 Earl of Cornwall, 249 Le Justicier, 281, 287, 495 Ridolfi, Baldo, 103 Rienzi, Cola di, 424 Riga, 150, 196, 199 Rimini, 423, 450 Robert le Diable, 288 Rolduc, 113 Roman brass coins current in modern Europe, 45, 46, 215, 219, 346, 464, 507 mediaeval coins struck by the Senate, etc. , 424 colonial money, 52 Empire of the West, 419 types, 215, 233, 507 Romano-British coins, 419 Romanoff, house of, 358, 362 Rome, 151, 232, 424 Index 551 Rosenberg, 338 Rostock, 151, 242 Rottweil, 152, 304 Roumania, 86, 184, 193, 210, 364, 365 Roussillon, 143, 516 Roveredo, 449 Rudolstadt, 158. Compare Sckzvarzdu 7-£- Rummen, 387 Rupert, Prince, 307 Ruremonde, 153, 238, 403 Rusca family, 93 Russia, II, 15, 33, 40, 41, 69, 100, 103, 104, 115, 116, 132, 134, 137, 138, 143, 146, 150, 155, 163, 165, 170, 181, 182, 186, 194, 198, 199, 204, 207, 209, 211, 214, 217, 220, 222-5, 228, 235, 238, 240, 256, 257. 320, 332, 343, 352, 355, 356- 62, 526 Little, 362 Red, 176 White, 362 Russian beard-money, 186 copper currency, 51, 52, 194, 209, 225, 229 copper rouble, 49 imitations of heavy Swedish copper, 49 ; provincial money, 361 skin-money, 44, 357 use of foreign coins, 526 Rustringen, 320 Saalfeld, 314 Sacco, 447 Saint Benigne de Dijon, 97 Catherine's Hospital at Leyden, 119 Florent at Saumur, Abbey of, 157 Jean d'Acre, 225, 239 Martin de Tours, 168, 238, 468, 491, 492 Mayeul, 162, 163 Medard at Soissons, Abbey of, 162, 168 Petersburgh, 359, 361 Pol, 289, 396 Sophia, Archbishopric of, 116 Ursus, 162 Vannes at Verdun, Abbey of, 134 Veit, 336 Saints' names on coins, 39, 173, 177, 178, 181, 182, 184, 185, 200, 201, 203, 205, 213, 227, 230, 234, 235, 378, 388, 404, 420, 422, 437, 443, 447, 452, 453, 457 Comp. Catalogues, vv. Ge?toa, Ve?iice, etc. Salerno, 156, 237, 457 Salt, cakes and bars of, used as money, 44 Saluzzo, 88, 191, 228, 434, 444, 454, 455 Salvator type (Swedish), 230, 378 Salzburg, 56, 105, 338 Sa?ictus Vultus, 121, 230, 232 Sardinia, 86, 93, 98, 103, 115, 120, 145, 151, 157, 165, 172, 187, 188, 223, 266, 432-6, 514 Saverne, Alsace, 132 Savoy, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 133, 138, 143, 144, 154, 155, 157, 158, 165, 166, 170, 172, 178, 187, 196, 200, 201, 219, 221, 224, 225, 271, 432-6, 444. 454. 495 Savoyard copper, 434 Saxe-Altenberg, 314 Coburg, 313, 314 Hildburghausen, 314 Meiningen, 223, 314 Weimar, 18, 198, 313 Saxony, 16, 71, 72, 79, 83, 105, 110, 114, 115, 118, 124, 125, 128, 129, 146, 149, 153, 158, 159, 164, 167, 175, 176, 183, 188, 208, 216, 218, 220, 226, 232, 235, 238, 252, 300, 301, 309-16, 321, 324, 329, 355' 356, 404. 405. 422 Sayn, 301 Scaliger family. See La Sea la Scandinavian influence, 331 Schauenstein-Ehrenfels, 91, 349 Schaumburg-Lippe, 80, 81, 195, 301 Schauthaler, 1479, 16 Schelstadt, 152 Schievelbein, 324 Schillingsfiirst, 230 Schleswig-Holstein, 103, iii, 196, 232, 372-4 School-prizes, coins given as, 225, 231 Schoonvorst, 159 Schupans or Zupans of Servia, 365 Schwarzburg, 153, 158, 162, 242, 315 Schwarzenberg, 309 Schweidnitz, 159, 331 Scotish currency, 224, 228, 239 Seals, relations between coins and, 366, 426 Seats of coinage subject to change or disappearance, 32 Sede Vacante, 147, 232, 306, 307, 397 Semi-feudum , 369 Serment de France, 168 Sermon, Governor of Sirmium, 161 Serpent, the, on coins of Ferrara, 61 Servia, 15, 78, 116, 146, 160, 161, 164, 193' 195' 211, 220, 357, 365, 366, 427' 458 Seven Years' War, 323, 329, 331, 349 552 The Coins of Ettrope Seville, i6o, 507 Sforza family of Milan, 74, 232, 447 family of Pesaro, 144, 449 Riario, Cardinal, 151 Shooting thalers, 231 Siberia, 225, 361 Sicilian coinage affected by conquests, 21, 22 types, 33, 34, 458, 459 Sicily, 14, 21, 22, 28, 85, 124, 130, 140, 142, 147, 181, 183, 189, 191, 192, 195, 200, 201, 203, 204, 216, 219, 226, 227, 229, 237, 419, 456, 458, 506, 514 Siege-pieces, 36-8, 44, 70-3, 75, 77, 82, 84, 85, 8;^, 89, 93-6, 99, 101-4, 108, 109, 113, 118, 119, 123, 124, 126, 130-3, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 154, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163-5, 168, 170, 175, 177-9, i97» 198. 207, 209, 212-14, 222, 224, 233, 234, 236, 240, 273, 274, 306, 308, 333. 345» 375. 376, 380, 381, 412, 456, 464, 523 Sienna, 161 Sigismund, Arch-Duke of Austria, 334 Silesia, 119, 148, 159, 161, 177, 331 Simon, the moneyer of Philippe d' Alsace, 71, 74, 94, 152 Sirmium, 161 Skin-money, 352, 357. Comp. Leather- money Sobieski, John III., King of Poland, 353. 356 Soest, 196 Sombreffe family, 83, 148, 390 Sondermanland or Sudermania, 175, 381 Sophia, Duchess of Brabant, etc., 114, 126, 302 Electress, 307, 316 Southern Italy, 14, 130, 238, 457-61 Netherlands, 383-402 Spain, 12, 14, 71, 74, 76, 77, 80, 91, 93, 102, 108, 123, 131, 152, 157, 159, 160, 168, 178, 179, 181, 182, 187, 188, 190-2, 195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 207, 210, 213, 215, 218, 219, 222, 223, 226, 227, 233, 236, 237, 274. 385. 395. 405, 407. 485. 505-17 Spanish coinage, 24-7, 131, 182, 187, 190, 192, 196, 200, 222, 505-17 coinage for England, 510 colonial money, 27, 123, 512, 516, 517 Marches, 485 money struck for Portugal, 239, 523 Milan, 447 Netherlands, 400, 401, 407 Spanish occupation of Sardinia, 434 types, 26, 512, 518 sovereigns of Portugal, 292 Spinola family, 74, 166, 212 Stalle and Riviere, 388 Standards, monetary, 50, 87, 168, 172, 182, 221, 238, 348, 351, 395, 520 Stargard, 324 Stavoren, 163, 411 Steel roller, introduction of the, loi, 497, 499 Steeple bonnet of Mary of Burgundy, 1479. 43 Stephen of Hungary (St.), 332 Stettin, 163, 164, 241, 324 Stockholm, 49, 220 Stolberg, 197, 330, 331, 333 Stralsund, 242, 324, 380 Strasburgh, 132, 139, 164, 183, 191, 194-6, 206, 209, 220, 224, 241, 499 Stuarts, the, 145, 307, 339 Stufsanvien, 449 Styria, 243, 332, 336, 337 Sudermania. See Sodermanland Sully family, 90, 91, 112, 289, 500 Superior metal, coins struck in a, 410 Survival of obsolete titles on coins, 39 Suskin (or Zeskin) and Dodkin, 236 Swabia, 206 Sweden, 69, 137, 140, 150, 161, 164, 173, 175, 181, 188, 190, 193, 196, 202, 204, 208, 209, 214, 220, 224, 229, 230, 235, 257, 355, 356, 359, 372, 373. 377-82 Swedish Administrators, 378 copper, 49, 51, 378 coinage for Norway, 382 gold, 379 Pomerania, 355 Switzerland, 15, 69, 72, 75, 78, 80, 91, 97, 98, 100, 105, 106, 109, 117, 122, 138, 139, 149, 154, 158, 160, 165, 166, 170, 172, 173, 176, 183, 184, 186, 194, 197, 202, 206, 207, 209, 216, 219, 221, 222, 224, 225, 227, 230, 231, 234, 236, 241, 242, 304, 346-51. 432, 447. 466, 495 Symbols on coins, 59 Tadolin, Joannino, of Lucca, 100, 396 Tamgha or tengha, 217 Tarasque, 166 Tartar influence on Russian coinage, 33., 357. 358, 369 Tertiarii , 367 Teschen or Teck, 304 Tessere or tokens, 142 Index 553 Teutonic and unclassical school, 59 feeling and treatment, 15, 16, 238, 465, 493, 495, 498 order, 95, 100, 131, 167, 230, 235, 252, 325 Theodolus, St., 161 Thessaly, 260 Thierri, the mint-master, 117 Thirty Years' War (1618-48), 84, 122, 170, 177, 222, 228, 306, 308, 323, 339. 349. 376 Thoire et Villars, 169 Thorn, Brabant, 211 Prussia, 167, 235 Thrace, 260 Throndhjem, 99, 138, 383 Thuillie, a founder at Nancy, 136 Thuringen, 100, loi, 134, 296 Thuringenwald, loi Tin money, 70, 215 Tizzone family, 97, 188, 217 Token, the, 4, 5 Toledo, 167, 506, 512 Toul, 167, 235 Toulouse, 47, 154, 186, 191, 211, 217, 224, 227, 241, 242, 277, 290, 506, 510 Touraine, 120, 153, 226 Tour de Nesle, 137 Tour nay, 139 Tours standard, 168, 172, 182, 221, 238 Tower of London standard, 50, 87 of London mint, 198 Trading caravans, 34 communities, European, 53 Transylvania, 5, 16, 70, 74, 77, 93, 95, 96, 112, 116, 117, 128, 135, 204, 224, 255, 332, 344-6, 410, 430 Transylvanian bear, 345 Treatment of early coins, 63, 64 Treaty of Berlin, 365 of Calmar, 378 of Vienna, 347 Tremissis or triens, 50 Treves, 80, 123, 139, 140, 177, 196, 206, 209, 227, 231 Trinci family, 105 Tristan, 398 Trivulzio family, 135, 149, 151, 447 Trono, Nicolo, Doge of Venice, 184, 210, 428 Trouvailles, 205, 240, 401, 461 Troyes, Counts of, 127 Tunis, 485 Turenne family, 78, 160, 170, 290, 500 Turin, 170, 434 Turkey in Europe, 28, 138, 182, 185, 205, 208, 220, 223, 229, 238, 242, 346, 366, 369, 371 Turso, Johann, 343 Tuscan nobleman (a). King of Germany, 249 Tuscany, 103, 115, 121, 126, 133, 140, 144, 161, 175, 182, 185, 210, 220, 228, 231, 236, 237, 240, 432, 436- 41. 452 Two Sicilies. See Naples and Sicily Tyery, Nicolas, moneyer (1526), 218 Types of European coinage, 59, 125, 126, 182 Tyrol. 108, 128, 199, 332, 334, 336, 499 Udine. 142 Ulm, 116, 228 Ulrica Eleonora of Sweden, 379 Ungaro, 126. Comp. Hungarian type Unister, 492 United Provinces, 206, 236, 404, 405, 407, 412 Urbino, 104, 144, 161, 170, 182, 273, 449 Urgel, 171 Utrecht, Bishops of, 123, 124, 149, 170, 171, 175, 176, 186, 187, 193, 216, 236, 263, 402, 406, 407 town of, 149, 170, 171, 204, 209, 223, 412 province of, 230 Valencia, 195, 509, 516 Valentinois and Diois, 146 Valois dynasty in France, 23, 137, 142, 145, 149, 153, 168, 196, 198, 201, 275, 469, 499 Vanackre, moneyer, 402 Van Berckel, engraver or moneyer, 86, 401 Van Elteren, Jan, 178 Van Orije family, 153 Varangian Guard, 372 Variations, subsidiary, in coins, 61, 417 Vasa family, 257, 372, 378 Vasselon, 476 Vaud, 166, 432 Vauvillers, 172, 188 Vendome, house of, 291 Venetian gold ducat, prestige of, 51 and Florentine influence, 51, 365, 469 Venice, 12, 16, 28, 51, 52, 56, 73, 84, 87-9. 93. 94. 115. 119. 150. 152, 160, 168, 172, 174, 178, 184, 185, 196, 197, 199, 202, 204, 210, 211, 213-17, 220, 222, 226, 231-5,237-9, 243. 367-70. 403.422,423,426-32, 437. 438. 456, 461, 469. 506 554 The Coins of Europe Venlo, 405^ Venrade, 153 Verdun, 154, 172, 173, 182 Vermandois, 155, 499 Verona, 173, 238, 273 Vienna, 233 Viennois, 199, 491, 492 Vierlander and drielander, 8. Comp. Cat. of Denom. in vv. Vigevano, 447 Villaume de Nancy, moneyer, 185 Villehardouin family, 116, 259, 368, 434 Vilvorde, 174, 241 Virgilius type at Mantua, 125, 445 Virgin and Child or Hungarian type, 86, 91, 92, 144, 167, 454 Visconti family, the, 17, 74, 75, 81, 85, 93. 94. 139. 143. 160, 167, 185, 207, 217, 222, 238, 240, 447, 457 Visigothic mints, 80, 93, 102, 137, 156, 157, 160, 166, 167, 171, 506 types, 511 Visigoths, the, 25, 50, 124, 215, 505, 506 Vlodorp family, 148, 390, 391 Voelkermarkt, 336 Von Hovel family, iii Vucht, 205 Waldeck-Pyrmont, 231, 301 Waldstein or Wallenstein, Albert von, 5, 105, no, 323 Wallachia, 86, 220, 361, 364 Walmoden-Gimborn, 107, 197, 300 Warsaw, 326, 329, 353 Weidenbrlick, 196 Weights and coins interchangeable, 47-9, 154, 168, 183, 211, 241, 242 in relation to coinage, 49 Weimar, 313 Weinbourg, 152 Weitnauer, moneyer, 351 Wendish territory, 324 Wertheim, 223 Wesemael family, 153, 387 ^ For an interesting paper on Michel Mer- cator of Venlo or Venloo we may refer to the March number of the Bulletin de Nnmisma- tlque, 1893, MM. Serrure & Cie, p. 49. West Friesland, 117, 118, 162, 163, 171, 176, 177, 184, 197, 209, 264, 402, 404, 410, 411 Western civilisation, 14, 15, 358, 394, 403-5. 465 coinages, decline in, ioth-i3thc. , 51 coinages, revival of, under Louis IX., 51, 369, 469 types, 182, 239 types borrowed from the East, 369 Westphalia, 70, 72, 74, 75, 79, 83, 85, 92, 95, 98, 99, lOI, 102, 107, III, 115, 121, 126, 128, 131, 138, 141, 148-50, 160, 161, 176, 185, 202, 224, 232, 299, 300 Wiesbaden, 301 Wild Man type, 158, 242, 315, 375 William the Silent, 206, 233, 288, 407, 411, 491 HI. of Great Britain, 140, 288, 491 Windward Islands [Isles du Vent), 474, 484 Wismar, 152, 216, 242 Wittenberg, 330 Wittmund, 320 Wolgast, 163, 164, 241, 242, 324 Worms, 177 Wiirtemburg, 31, 114, 115, 133, 152, 177, 188, 206, 224, 304, 305, 502 Wiirzburg, 196 Wyon, W. , 370 Xeres, 507 Yarmouth, Countess of, 300 York, Duke of, 171 Yriate, M. , 450 Zacatecas, 178, 512 Zapoly, house of, 345 Zecca or Giudecca at Venice, 430 Zecchino, 243 Zeeland, 130, 171, 410 Zurich, 178, 179, 242, 346-51 Zutphen, 179, 403, 405 Zuyder Zee, 114, 163 cities of the, 411, 412 Zweibriicken, 114 ZwoUe, 179, 236, 408 Printed by R. & R. Clark, Edinburgh. A SELECT LIST OF Morks or Ebitions BY WILLIAM CAREJV HAZLITT OF THE INNER TEMPLE CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED. I 860 — I 893. 1. History of the Venetian Republic; Its Rise, its Greatness, and its Civilisation. With Maps and Illustrations. 4 vols. 8vo. Smith, Elder Co. i860. A new edition, entirely recast, with important additions, in 3 vols, crown Svo, is in readiness for the press. 2. Old English Jest-Books, 1525-1639. Edited with Introductions and Notes. Fac- siiniles. 3 vols. i2mo. 1864. 3. Remains of the Early Popular Poetry of England. With Introductions and Notes. 4 vols. i2mo. Woodcuts. 1864-66. 4. Handbook to the Early Popular, Poetical, and Dramatic Literature of Great Britain. Demy 8vo. 1867. Pp. 714 in two columns. 5. Bibliographical Collections and Notes. Three Series, with two Supplements and the Handbook, together, 6 vols. Medium 8vo. 1867-92. These volumes comprise a full description of about 25,000 Early English books from the books them- selves. "There never was a more accurate and painstaking bibliographer than Mr. Hazlitt, nor is there any bibliography of English literature which can compete with his works. I have found from personal experience that they are absolutely necessary to the English collector." — Bernard Quaritch. "This set of books is the result of more than thirty years' continuous labour, during which the author doubtless has had submitted to his notice more English book-rarities than any other bibliophile in Europe. " Mr. W. C. Hazlitt's second series of Bibliographical Collections and Notes (Quaritch) is the result of many years' searches among rare books, tracts, ballads, and broadsides by a man whose speciality is bibliography, and who has thus produced a volume of high value. If any one will read through the fifty- four closely-printed columns relating to Charles I., or the ten and a half columns given to * London' from 1541 to 1794, and recollect that these are only a supplement to twelve columns in Hazlitt's Handbook and five and a half in his first Collections, he will get an idea of the work involved in this book. Other like entries are 'James I.,' ' Ireland,' ' France,' ' England,' ' Elizabeth,' ' Scotland ' (which has twenty-one and a half columns), and so on. As to the curiosity and rarity of the works that Mr. Hazlitt has catalogued, any one who has been for even twenty or thirty years among old books will acknowledge that the strangers to him are far more numerous than the acquaintances and friends. This second series of Collections will add to Mr. Hazlitt's well-earned reputation as a bibliographer, and should be in every real library through the English-speaking world. The only thing we desiderate in it is more of his welcome marks and names, B.M., Britwell, Lambeth, etc., to show where all the books approaching rarity are. The service that these have done in Mr. Hazlitt's former books to editors for the Early English Text, New Shakespere, Spenser, Hunterian, and other societies, has been so great that we hope he will always say where he has seen the rare books that he makes entries of." — Academy, Aug2ist 26, 1882. 2 " Mr. Hazlitt has done much work during the last thirty years, and some of it has been bitterly attacked : but we venture to think that the debt of gratitude which all students of Old English literature owe to him for his bibliographical collections must remain in the most enduring opinion of his labours. We would bid all readers who care for the books of the past read the practical, manly, and comprehensive introduction prefixed to this volume. It forms one of the best pleas for the study of English literature which we know ; and coming close upon the important speech of Mr. John Morley, it takes up a phase of the subject not yet adequately recognised. The academic side has been put by Mr. Morley, the practical by Mr. Hazlitt : ' The England in which we dwell is one with the England which lies behind us. So far as the period which I comprehend goes, it is one country and one race ; and I do not think that we should precipitately and unkindly spurn the literature which our foregoers left to us and to our descendants for ever, because it may at first sight strike us as irrelevant to our present wants and feelings. . . . The con- siderer of modern opinions and customs is too little addicted to retrospection. He seems to be too shy of profiting on the one hand by the counsels or suggestions, on the other by the mistakes of the men who have crossed the unrepassable line, who have dealt with the topics and problems with which we have to deal.' These are stirring and sensible words, and we should much like to see them more widely dis- tributed than the limited issue of this volume will allow. " It is impossible, in a short notice such as we can only give, to do justice to the contents of this work. The titles of every book or tract are given in full, having been transcribed by Mr. Hazlitt himself ; and there is often appended to the entry interesting information about the condition, history, and, above all things, the present locale of the book. Such work as this requires labour, and skill, and knowledge of no ordinary kind. Now that Mr. Bradshaw is dead, there are few indeed who possess these qualities, and apparently only one who puts them at the service of his fellows. It has been often said of late that the bibliographer and indexer are more needed than the book-writer ; and if this is true, as we are inclined to think it, Mr. Hazlitt's work must, in relation to the age in which it is produced, be awarded a very high place. It enables us to ascertain what has been done in English literature, and therefore ought to enable us to do our work so much the better. Almost all departments of study are now occupied as much with a reconsideration of old facts as with the discovery of new, and for this purpose such books as Mr. Hazlitt's are indispensable. We are happy to say that a competent Cambridge student has undertaken to compile an index to the four volumes of bibliography issued by Mr. Hazlitt, and that this will be published by Mr. Quaritch as soon as it is ready." — The Antiquary^ April 1887. " I very respectfully, yet with cordial pleasure, submit to such sections of the educated and reading English community in the United Queendom, the States of America, and elsewhere, as feel an interest in that early literature, which ought to be dear to the entire English-speaking race, a Third and Final series of my Bibliographical Collections and Notes, forming (with my Handbook) the fourth volume of my achievement in this province of research. "The objection to the multiplication of alphabets by the sectional treatment, which I have adopted since the appearance of the Handbook in 1867, is a very valid objection indeed from the point of view of the consulter. But as this has been, and remains, a labour of love, and as the cost of production was a grave problem, I simply had no alternative ; and to the suggestion which I offered in a prior Introduction, that, after all, these serial volumes might be regarded in the same light as so many catalogues of public or private collections, I have now the gratifying announcement to add, that a complete Index to the Hand- book and the three Series of Collections and Notes is in preparation by Mr. Gray of Cambridge, who has most generously volunteered to do the work, and will form a separate volume, to be published by Mr. Quaritch, when it is completed. " I have incorporated (generally with additions and corrections) in my volumes by degrees nearly the whole of the Bibliotheca Anglo- Poetica, Corser's Collectanea (excepting, of course, the lengthy and elaborate extracts and annotations), the British Museum Catalogue of Early English books to 1640, the Typographical Antiquities of Ames, Herbert, and Dibdin, the Chatsworth, Huth, Ashburnham, and other private cabinets, and the various publications of Haslewood, Park, Utterson, and Collier. " Since the Second Series came from the press in 1882, several large private libraries have been dispersed under the hammer, and all the articles previously overlooked by me have been duly taken up into my pages. I may enumerate, for example's sake, the celebrated collections of the Earl of Jersey, the Earl of Gosford, Mr. James Crossley of Manchester, Mr. Payne Collier, the Duke of Marlborough, Mr. Hartley, Mr. N. P. Simes of Horsham, Sir Richard Colt Hoare, Mr. Michael Wodhull, Sir Thomas Phillips of Middle-Hill, the Rev. J. Fuller Russell, Mr. Henry Pyne, and Professor Solly." — Preface to Second Series. 6. A General Index to Hazlitt's Bibliographical Works (1867-89). By G. J. Gray. Edited by W. C. Hazlitt. Medium 8vo. 1893. Pp. 842. This invaluable volume, forming Vol. 7 of the Series, will assist the student and collector in using the several volumes which it covers, and will enable him to ascertain at a glance whether and where a book, tract, or broadside is to be found. 7. Memoirs of William Hazlitt. With Portions of his Correspondence. Portraits after iitiniatures by John Hazlitt. 2 vols. 8vo. 1867. During the last twenty years the author has been indefatigable in collecting additional information for the Life of Hazlitt, 1867, in correcting errors, and in securing all the unpublished letters which have come into the market, some of great interest, with a view to a new and improved edition. 8. Inedited Tracts. Illustrating the Manners, Opinions, and Occupations of Enghshmen during the i6th and 17th Centuries. 1586-1618. With an Introduction and Notes. Facsimiles. 4to. 1868. 9. The Works of Charles Lamb. Now first collected, and entirely rearranged. With Notes. 4 vols. 8vo. E. Moxon &r> Co. 1868-69. 10. Letters of Charles Lamb. With some Account of the Writer, his Friends and Correspondents, and Explanatory Notes. By the late Sir Thomas Noon Talfourd, D.C.L., one of his Executors. An entirely new edition, carefully revised and greatly enlarged by VV. Carew Hazlitt. 2 vols. 1886. Post 8vo. loa. Mary and Charles Lamb. New Facts and Inedited Remains. 8vo. Woodctifs atid Facsimiles. 1874. The groundwork of this volume was an Essay by the writer in Macinilla7i s Magazine. 11. English Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases. Arranged alphabetically and annotated. Medium 8vo. 1869. Second Edition, corrected and greatly enlarged. Crown 8vo. 1882. 12. Narrative of the Journey of an Irish Gentleman through England in 175 1. From a MS. With Notes. 8vo. 1869. 13. The English Drama and Stage, under the Tudor and Stuart Princes. 1547- 1664. With an Introduction and Notes. 4to. 1869. A series of Reprinted Documents and Treatises. 14. Popular Antiquities of Great Britain. L The Calendar. IF Customs and Ceremonies. IIL Superstitions. 3 vols. Medium 8vo. 1870. Brand's Popular Antiqjiities, by Ellis, 1813, taken to pieces, recast, and enormously augmented. 15. Inedited Poetical Miscellanies. 1 584-1700. Thick 8vo. With Notes and Fac- similes. 50 copies privately printed. 1870. 16. Warton's History of English Poetry. An entirely new edition, with Notes by Sir F. Madden, T. Wright, F. J. Furnivall, R. Morris, and others, and by the Editor. 4 vols. Medium 8vo. 1871. 17. Prefaces, Dedications, and Epistles. Prefixed to Early English Books. 1540-1701. 8vo. 1874. 50 copies privately printed. 18. Blount's Jocular Tenures. Tenures of Land and Customs of Manors. Originally published by Thomas Blount of the Inner Temple in 1679. An entirely new and greatly enlarged edition by W. Carew Hazlitt, of that Ilk. Medium 8vo. 1874. 19. Dodsley's Select Collection of Old Plays. A new edition, greatly enlarged, cor- rected throughout, and entirely rearranged. With a Glossary by Dr. Richard Morris. 15 vols. 8vo. 1874-76. 20. Fairy Tales, Legends, and Romances. Illustrating Shakespear and other Early English Writers. i2mo. 1875. 21. Shakespear's Library : A Collection of the Novels, Plays, and other Material supposed to have been used by Shakespear. An entirely new edition. 6 vols. i2mo. 1875. 22. Fugitive Tracts (written in verse) which illustrate the Condition of Religious and Political Feeling in England, and the State of Society there, during two centuries. 1493-1700. 2 vols. 4to. 50 copies privately printed. 1875. 23. Poetical Recreations. By W. C. Hazlitt. 50 copies printed. i2mo. 1877. A new edition, revised and greatly enlarged, is in preparation. 24. The Baron's Daughter. A Ballad. 75 copies printed. 4to. 1877. 25. The Essays of Montaigne. Translated by C. Cotton. An entirely new edition, collated with the best French text. With a Memoir, and all the extant Letters. Portrait and Illustrations. 3 vols. 8vo. 1877. The only Library Edition. Second Edition. 1893. 3 vols. Post Svo. 26. Catalogue of the Huth Library. [English portion.] 5 vols. Large 8vo. 1880. 200 copies printed. 27. Offspring of Thought in Solitude. Modern Essays. 1884. 8vo, pp. 384. Some of these Papers were originally contributed to All the Year Round, etc. 28. Old Cookery Books and Ancient Cuisine. i2mo. 1886. "Full of curious information, this work can fairly claim to be a philosophical history of our national cookery." — Morning Post. 29. An Address to the Electors of Mid-Surrey, among whom I live. In rejoinder to Mr. Gladstone's Manifesto. 1886. 8vo, pp. 32. "Who would not grieve, if such a man there be? Who would not weep, if Atticus were he ? " — Pope. 4 30. Gleanings in Old Garden Literature. i2mo. 1887. 31. Schools, Schoolbooks, and Schoolmasters. A Contribution to the History of Educational Development. i2mo. /. \V . Jarvis Son. 1888. Pp. 300 + vi. Survey of the old system of teaching — Dr. Busby — Early Dictionaries — Colloquies in the Tenth, Twelfth, and Thirteenth Centuries — Earliest printed works of instruction, Donatus and others — Stanbridge — Robert Whittington — Guarini of Verona — Vulgaria of Terence — School Classics — Erasmus and More — Dean Colet— Foundation of St. Paul's— Thomas Linacre— Wolsey's Edition of Lily's Grammar — Merchant Taylors' School — Old Mode of Advertising Private Establishments — Museum Minervse at Bethttal Green — Manchester Old School — Shakespeare, Sir Hugh Evans, and Holofernes — Educational Condition of Scotland — Female Education — Shakespeare's Daughters — Goldsmith — Ascham and Mulcaster — Ben Jonson and Shirley, writers of Grammars — Foreigners' English — Phonography — BuUokar — Charles Butler — Dr. Jones. SELECTIONS FROM PRESS OPINIONS :— " A perusal of Mr. W. Carew Hazlitt's book is calculated to make both parents and boys thankful that they live in an age of comparative enlightenment. The work does not profess to be an exhaustive one, the object being ' to trace the sources and rise of our educational system, and to present a general view of the principles on which the groundwork of this system was laid.' In pursuing this plan the writer has suc- ceeded in producing a book, which, though dealing with what some readers may consider rather a dry subject, is full of curious and interesting information, judiciously arranged and pleasantly conveyed." — Morning Post. " This book contains a great deal of very curious information. After an introductory chapter on the system of teaching in the good old times when holidays were unknown and stick ointment laid the basis of ail culture, an account is given of the various vocabularies, glossaries, and colloquies in use in mediaeval times. Some interesting and amusing details are also given of sixteenth century schoolbooks, and Mr. Hazlitt sketches the scholastic work done by Erasmus, Colet, Linacre, Lily, Ruddiman, and others, and gives us an insight into the methods followed in such schools as St. Paul's and the Merchant Taylors' Institution. . . . One of the most interesting chapters in the volume is that on female education." — Glasgocv Herald. "... Mr. Hazlitt knows his subject, and he also knows how to write. No small praise." — St. Stephen s Review. "... Some of Mr. Hazlitt's pages are occupied with the humorous side of school life ; and as he tells a story well, these portions of the book come upon one with singular pleasure." — Antiquary. " Mr. Hazlitt has evidently a favourite speciality in school-books. He has collected them, we should judge, with a good deal of zeal, and has acquired a really considerable amount of knowledge about them," etc. — Spectator. FROM THE PREFACE:— " My main object has been to trace the sources and rise of our educational system, and to present a general view of the principles on which the groundwork of this system was laid. So far as I am capable of judging, the narrative will be found to embody a good deal that is new and a good deal that ought to be interacting. ''The bias of the volume is literary, not bibliographical ; but its production has involved a very con- siderable amount of research, not only among books which proved serviceable, but among those which yielded me no contribution to my object." 32. A little Book for Men and Women about Life and Death. i2mo. Reeves ^ Turner. 1891. " Mr. Hazlitt believes that the only chance of shaking off the ignorance in which spiritual pastors help to keep the nation is to be found in the absolute secularisation of education." — Daily Telegraph. "This neat little volume discusses very ably and fairly several important questions." — Newcastle Daily Chronicle. " This is a well-written attack on a few of the irrational doctrines, folly, and trumpery, that go by the name of religion." — Christian Life. " Mr. Hazlitt sees that to overthrow the superstition which selects and endows incompetence, there must be a general lift in the quality and efficiency of education all round ; and he sketches a plan or curriculum which does credit to his breadth of view." — National Refortner. " Mr. Hazlitt is an original thinker. On the whole, he expresses himself moderately, temperately, and without needless offence. Those whose views Mr. Hazlitt voices are a growing number, and will read his little book with sympathy." — Birniinghajn Daily Post. 33. The Livery Companies of the City of London. Their Origin and Character, Development and Social and Political Lmportance. With two coloured plates and numerous illustrations. 1892. Royal 8vo. Pp. 692. 34. Tales and Legends of National Origin, or widely current in England from early times. With a Critical Introduction. 1892. Svo. Pp. 486 -h xvi. The story of Robin Hood is here for the first time accurately related. 35. A Manual for the Collector and Amateur of old English Plays. 1892. 4to. Pp. 284 + viii. 250 copies printed on thick paper. 36. The Coinage of the European Continent. From the Earliest Period. With a General Introduction, Catalogues of Mints, Denominations, and Rulers, and about 250 illus- trations from specimens in the Author's Cabinet. 1893. Demy Svo, pp. 554 + xvi. Uniform with the numismatic works of Hawkins, Kenyon, Atkins, etc. Mr. Hazlitt has occupied the last 15 years in collecting the finest specimens of continental coins both here and abroad. V GETTY CENTER LIBRARY 3 3125 00724 9580