THE GRECIAN’ORDERS- O F ARCHITECTVRE. DELINEATED-AND-EXPLAINED- F R O M • T H E- ANTIQUITIES • OF • ATHENS- ALSO. THE • PARALLELS ■ OF • THE • ORDERS' OF 'PALLADIO • S C A M O Z Z I - AND -VIGNOLA- TO-WHICH-ARE • ADDED - REMARKS - CONCERNING. PVBLICK-AND- PRIVATE -EDIFICES- WITH-DESIGNS. PRINTED - BY-J.DIXWELL, FOR ■ THE -AVTHOR - MDCCLXVIII- TO-JAMES-STVART- ESQ^ F. R. S. PAINTER-AND-ARCHITECT- WHO-THREE-CENTVRIES- AFTER-THE 1 REVIVAL’OF-LETTERS- WAS-THE-FIRST- TO-EXPLORE-AMONGST'THE'RVINS-OF-ATHENS- ANDTO-PVBLISHTO-THEWORLD- THE-GENVINE'FORMS-OF-GRECIAN-ARCHITECTVRE- EXACTLY-DELINEATED-BY-HIS-SKILL-AND-CARE- ILLVSTRATED-BY-HIS-ERVDITION- THVS -RE SC VING -FROM- THAT - OBLIVION -INTO - WHICH- THE-CEASELESS-INSVLTS-OF-BARBARIANS- WOVLD-SOON-HAVE-PLVN GED-THEM- THE.MOST-EXCELLENT-MODELS-OF-T FI E-ART- WHICH-HE-HAS-TRANSMITTED- WITH-HIS-OWN-REPVTATION-TO-FVTVRE-AGES- TO-HIM- THIS-WORK-IS-THEREFORE-INSCRIBED- BY-THE-AVTHOR-STEPHEN-RIOV. WHO-VISITING-ATHENS- IN-THE-TIME-OF-THOSE-RESEARCHES- WAS - AT -ONCE ■ AN • E YE ■ WI TNESS- OF-THE -DILIGENCE -AND -ACCVRACY- OF • HIS-INVESTIGATIONS- AND-A-SPECTATOR- OF-THE-SVRPASSING-ELEGANCE-AND-BEAVTY- OF-THE-BVILDINGS- WHICH - ONCE- A DOR NE D - THAT-CELEBRATED-CITY- THE SUBSCRIBERS TO THE GRECIAN ORDERS OF ARCHITECTVRE. His Royal Highnefs the Duke of Y O R K. A Sir Anthony Abdy, Bart. Lady Abdy, Thomas Anfon, Efq; Thomas Aftle, Efq; David Andre, Efq; Anthony Andre, Efq; Mr. William Adair Mr. Jofeph Anderl'on Mr. Robert Archer Mr. William Allen B Duke of Buccleugh Earl of Bute Earl of Befborough Hon. Mr. Beresford M. General Ralph Burton Richard Berenger, Efq; Thomas Barrett, Efq; Rev. Mr. Benfon, Prebendary of Canterbury Rev. Mr. Beauvoir, A. M. Rev. Mr. Byrch, A. M. Lyde Browne, Efq; William Baker, Efq; Mr. Richard Baker Herman, Berens, Efq; Jofeph Berens, Efq; John Berens, Efq; Thomas Brand, Efq; of the Hoo Mr. George Brown, Merchant John Boyde, Efq; Mr. Robert Baldwin Mr. John Baldwin Thomas B. Bayley of Hope, Efq; Levet Blackborne, Efq; Rev. Mr. R. Drake Brockman, B. D. of Beachborough C His Grace the Arch-Biihop of Canterbury Right Hon, Lord Camden, Lord High Chan¬ cellor of Great Britain Lord Bifliop of Carlille Lord Clare Hon. Mr. Cadogan William Crowle, Efq; 2 fets Charles Crowle, Efq; 2 fets Capt. Crowle C. N. Cole, Efq; Inner Temple Richard Cumberland, Efq; Daniel Crefpin, Efq; Robert Clayton, Efq; Thomas Croft, Efq; Chriftopher Croft, Efq; s U B S C k I B Mr. Charming, Eflex Street John Cornwall, Efq; Robert Colebrooke, of thilham Caftlc, Efq; Lewis Chauvct, Efq; D Duke of Devonshire Earl of Dartmouth Lord Le Defpenfer Lord Dacre Rev. Dr. Durell, Prebend ary of Canterbury Vice Chancellor of the V. of Oxford. Dr. Ducarel Charles Dunbar, Efq; Charles Dering, Efq; Thomas Dummer, Efq; Jeremiah Dyfon, Efq; Mr. John Davenport George Dawfon, Efq; George Dalton, Efq; William Deedes, Efq; Ifaac Delamare, jun. Efq; E Lieut. General George A. Elliot Mr. Charles Evans F flon. Admiral Forbes William Fitzherbert, Efq; Sir Robert Fletcher, Knt. Henry Fletcher, Efq; James Fofter, Efq; Coulfon Fellowes, Efq; Rev. Mr. John Fountain, of Marybone, A. M. Rev. Mr. Bryan Fauffett Rev. Mr. Frampton, Fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge Robert Freind, El'q; Inner Temple. G Marquis of Granby Lord Grofvcnor, 2 fets Lord Gormanfton His Excellency Sir James Gray, Bart. Knt. of the Bath, His Majefty’s Ambafl'ador Extra¬ ordinary and Plenipotentiary at Madrid. M. General Gray E R S' NAMES. William Gardiner, Elq; of Richmond John Grimfton, Efq ; Ignatius Geoghegan, Efq; Edward Greathed, Efq; David Garrick, Efq; Andrew Girardot, jun. Efq; Peter Gauflen, Efq; Henry Guinand, Efq; Mr. Gordon, Cabinet-maker II Francis Earl of Huntingdon, 4 Jets Earl of HoldernefTe Earl of Hilfborough Capt. Haftings Sir Edward Hales, Bart. Sir Robert Hildyard, Bart. Sir Edward Hulfe, Bart. Rev. Dr. Head, Arch-Deacon of Canterbury Rev. Mr. Heaton, Prebendary of Ely John Hemington, Efq; D’arcy Hildyard, Efq; Richard Hulfe, Efq; William Ilervey, Efq; John Howe, Efq; Air. Highmore, Canterbury H'-nry Hoghton, of Caftle Hedingham, E% Air. John Hardham Thomas Orby Hunter, Efq; Mr. Hope William Hanbury, Efq; ^ Rev. Mr. William Hirll, A. M. F. R. S. 4 fets. Airs. Mary Halpcn I Rev. Air. Edward Jackfon Soame Jcnyns, Efq; Mr. J. Elias Jaquery, Merchant K Mathew Knapp, Efq, High Sheriff for the County of Bucks Thomas Knight, Elq; Charles Keightley, Elq; L Colonel St. Leger Luke Lillingfton, Efq; John Lidgbird, Efq, Richard Long, Elq; William Locke, Efq; $ U B S C R I V/illiam Lynch, of Groves, Efq; Robert Lynch, M. D. Canterbury Rev. Dr. Lynch, L. L. D. Rev. Mr. George Lynch Mr. William Loftie, Canterbury Mr. William Loftie, jun. Mr. Lucas Mr. Thomas Lewis Mr. Lewis, Carpenter M Earl of Mexborough, 2 fets Earl of Moira, 2 fets Lord Robert Manners Lady R. Manners Lord James Manners Lord Montfort Sir Jofeph Mawbey, Bart. Major Ofbert Mordaunt Rev. Mr. W. Mafon, Precentor and Refiden- tiary of York John Maferes, Efq; Mr. Moore, Statuary, Berneis St. Oxford Read Mr. Thomas Major, Engraver Mr. James Meadcn, Builder Mr. John Millan Mr. Richard Morgan N Duke of Northumberland Richard Neville Neville, Efq; John Luke Nicolls, Efq; Peter Noailles, Efq; Mr.William Newton, Architect, Hattqn-Garden Mr. Richard Norris, Builder Mr. Philip Norris O Robert Orme, Efq; Chaloner Ogle, Efq; , Henry Oxenden, Efq; P Earl of Pembroke Lord Pigot Sir James Porter, Knt. F. R, S. John Pitt, Efq; The Rev. Dr. Potter, Dean of Canterbury John Pownall, Efq; Thomas Pownall, Efq; Robert Pratt, Efq; Thomas Pitt, of Boconnock, Cornwall, Efq; -- Porter, Efq; at Canterbury Charles Pool, Efq; Hull Charles Fifli Palmer, Efq; 2 fets Thomas Plumer, Efq; BERS NAMES. Francis Plumer, Efq; Mr. Charles Parker Mr. Pars, Drawing-matter Mr. John Payee George Quarme, Efq; R Marquis of Rockingham His Excellency the Earl of Rochford, his Majetty’s Ambattador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary at Paris, 2 fets Rev. Mr. A. Robinfon, Vicar of Hull Mrs. Katherine Read Hon. Thomas Robinfon George Rice, Efq; John Roberts, Efq; -—-- Ram, Efq; Mr. Jofeph Rofe, Plaifterer Mr. Henry Ruflell S Earl Spencer Countefs Spencer Sir Charles Saunders, Knt. of the Bath M. General Skinner Philip Stephens, Efq; Tyringham Stephens, Efq; Rev. Dr. Sutton, Prebendary of Canterbury John Smith, Efq; of Sydling, Dorfet Rev. Mr. Hervey Spragg John Sargent, Efq; Henry Stevenfon, Efq; Mr. Robert Strange, Engraver James Stuart, Efq; F. R. S. F. S. A. Pain¬ ter and Architect John Simons, Efq; Bury St. Edm. Mr. Scott, Carpenter Mr. Daniel Sleeford Mr. John Smith Mr. George Stubbs, Painter T His Excellency Lord Vifcount Townttiend, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland John Thornton, Efq; Charles Turner, Efq; Thomas Towers, Elq; V Agmondettiam Vezey, Efq; John Vppleby, Efq; George Vppleby, Efq; Anthony Villion, Efq; Mr. Francis Villion. SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. W Lady Charlotte Wentworth Lord Walpole Hon. Mr. Thomas Walpole Sir Cecil Wray, Bart. William Whitaker, Elq; H. M. Pr. Serjeant Edward Willes, Efq; H. M. Sollicitor General Thomas Worfley, Efq; John Walfh, Efq; Rev. Dr. Walwyn, Prebendary of Canterbury Mathew Wylebore, Efq; at Peterborough WilliamWeddell, Efq; Richard Wynne, Efq; John Wightwick, Efq; William Wilberforce, Efq; Robert Wilberforce, Efq; William Wilfon, Efq; George Wilfon, Efq; Daniel Wilfon, Efq; . is Wynne, Efq; (Jr< >fv enor Square Mr. Willmott, Plaiilerer Mr. William Wincheftcr. Y William Young, Efq; Z Mr. Zuccarelli. PUBLICK LIBRARIES. Corp. Chr. Coll. ~| Jefus Coll. y Cambridge. St. John’s Coll. J Library C. C. Canterbury. FOREIGN SUBSCRIBERS. LONDON. S. E. Le Comte de Welderen, Envoye de L. H. H. P. P. les Etats Gen. MADRID. Le Comte Gazzolo, General d'Artillerie, 6cc. PARIS. Monf. Soufflot, Chevalier de St. Michel, Con¬ trol. des Bat. du Roi. a Paris, M. de L’A. R. d’Archit. Monf. Le Roy, Hiitoriogr. de L’A. R. d'Archit. Monf. Moreau, Archit. de la Ville, M. de L’A. R. d’Archit. Monf. Guillaumot, Archit. de lTntend. & Inlpedt. Gen. des cazernes Monf. De Saint, Libraire, 4 ex. R O M E. Monf. L Abbe Grant. ANT W E R P. Monf. Francois Mols. GENEVA. La Bibliotheque Publique. HAGUE. Monf. De Lage, Col. du Corps des Mineurs 6c Intendant des Batimens de S. A. S. le Prince d’Orange, 6c de Naffau, 2 exemp. Monf. De Swart, Archite&e de S. A. S. le Prince d’Orange & de NaiTau, 2 exemp. Monf. Henri Fagel Secretaire, de L. H. LI. P. P. les Etats Generaux des Provinces Unies. Monf. Nicolas Ten Hove, Ecuier Rev. Mr. A. Maclaine, Minitier of the Eng- li/h Church Monf. Vander Heim, Bourgue Maitre de la \ ille de Rotterdam, 6c Secret, de l’Amiraute Monl. A. Schouman, Peintre, pourl’Ecole fon- dee par Madame Renfwoude a la Haye. MIDDELBURG. Monf. Van Citters, Repres. le premier Noble de la Zelande Mont. Johan Adriaen Van de Perre Seign, de Nieuwerve 6c de Welfingcn Monf. Johan Pieter Van den Brande, Chev. Baronet Seign. de Gapinge Monf. Johan Steengracht. Monf. J. F. Laentfheer, F. R. S. Monf. E. Phli. Van Vifvliet, M. D. Monf. Wilhelm Schorer, Confeill. deL’Amiraute Monf. A. Van de Putte Schorer Monf. Dan. Radermacher Monf. Paul Ribaut Mont. Paul ILurgronje Monf. Vanden Helm Boddaerd Monf. Pieter Pyl Monf. Chr. Bohemer, Libraire, 2 ex, Monf. Leenderd Bomme. CUY LEMBERG. Monf. Perenot, Bourgue-Maitre. ERRATA. Preface, 1 a ft Page ; dele comma after coepit. Page 40, for Me rtnicUt, read Mea renldtt. Fage 51, laft Line, for 'nf.-ului, read ptrforus: fourth line from the bottom, for urbanns, read urbarns. . , „ LTHO’ the fkill and diligence of fo many ingenious men, for above thefe two laft centuries, have been excited to retrieve the architedlure of the antients, and reftore it in its original ■ purity and beauty, neither they who had formed precepts for this purpofe from the writings of Vitruvius, nor others who endeavoured at the reftoration of the Greek orders, from the ruined edifices of Rome, have fucceeded completely in their laudable attempts; no original traces of the Doric and Ionic orders could fall under their moil diligent refearches; they found no examples of thefe but fuch as were very defective: it was not then known that the Grecians had left fome vene¬ rable Doric monuments at Poeftum, near Salerno, in the kingdom of Naples ; this feems a very late difcovery : the abbe Winkelman, whofe penetration into the ftores of antiquity, nothing can efcape, fuppofes them the moil antiertt of any Grecian remains, and informs us that he is the firft who mentioned them to the publick. Athens all this time may be faid to have been forgotten: fuch few travellers who ventured to vifit Greece, whatever fuccefs they had in their purfuits after other objedts of antiquity, it feems were not furnifhed with the requifite fkill in architecture, to bring away with them, either by an exadt technical defcription, or corredt draw¬ ings, fuch accounts and rcprefentations of Grecian buildings, as could prove fatisfadtory to the difcernment and inquiry of the curious. This very deiirable talk was referved for the united labours of M. M. STVART and REVETT ; to them we owe that excellent book, The Antiquities of Athens , a work executed with veracity, erudition and elegance, and which with the very circumftantial and true delineations of Athenian remains, will tranfmit to poflerity the authentic records and perfedt models of the Grecian orders. From thofe antiquities, it is attempted in this treatife to eftablifli documents for the three orders, and to make a modulary divifion of all their component parts for pradtical ufes; what little differences may be obferved, were only admitted to avoid fradlions in their progrefiional al¬ titudes, which are fixed at fo many entire diameters ; the charadter of every member in each order is ftridtly preferved, becavjfe other wife the fpecific diflindtions in the three different modes, would be confounded and out of place. While we are modulating the orders from unqueffionable originals, it would be an unpardonable flight to the only writer of antiquity upon this fubjedt, whom time and accidents have not def- troyed, if we did not introduce him : Vitruvius is too refpedlable an author not to be quoted in a work of this nature, and though a Roman, he has faid all that was poflible in favour of Grecian architecture; and has delivered, with the neceflary rules, its origin and progrefs: It muff be owned, that his exprefiions arc fometimes low and bald, but it was unavoidable in the dry parts which regard only meafurements, and the mere mechanical diredtions ; for in his pre¬ faces and hiftorical narratives, and in many fcientific matters, difperfed throughout his works, the ftyle is much more corrcdt and florid. In his preface to his VII book he has named the Greek and Latin writers upon.architedture, which may have ferved him in the compilation of his treatife. Pliny quotes him in his XVI, XXXV and XXXVI books of his natural hiftory, and generally throughout thefe volumes are extradls from Vitruvius, even in his own words. Whatever want of a method P R E F A i':' :i! ' ] / . ,r::'v rp^car in f :r.:his writings are entirely to be attributed to the copyifts J .• :: - :;.n L. , I th ic tiu divif.oas of his writings were made by himfclf, in the irregular in.'.n.iwr t:,>.have a; p-.v.r.d unto us. Adi his editors have lamented the blots, miitakes and errors; i l . ■ have 11..J. to crw.ur.d with : in the extracts e have cited, we have made the tranfpofi- ■ ■ ■ ■ 1 in. defcribing the orders. , e e m e u ' De La.;edition, cum mtis Pbihndrli Am'l. 1649, for the quotations • ::: d ;n; and . henever we have met with any doubts about the numeral characters, we : the extents of the ie t and I e itire 1 lmn . the Ionic capital a id bade, Ac. For our judifieatiou we can fay, that wc have only hazarded to redify thele im. lulurv civ hi jir; frj-.i the edifices them [elves, which Vitruvius would have acknowledged of pr r a;:d rvore cert.dn authority: ar.d the elfcntial and charaderiilick members in each order, . ve traced found to his w ritten preferipti Idle words of Grecian 1 rigin, can never admit of being tranflated, fuch as peripteral, prof- tvle, pw;w.Ivir, Ac. and. mull be adopted as invariable proper names, like column, capital, 1 ar.d others, .heretofore tiled by modern authors. It mav be acceptable to many of our readers, to lay before them the fevcral M. S. S. copies and Latin editions of Vitruvius, and the tranflations from the fame author, into fome of the modern languages. There are fevcral manuferipts in the Vatican; two of thefc are prefered above all the others for their antiquity and correfinefs, one marked No. 1504, the other No. 2079, both of the Alex¬ andrine library. Thcv were recommended to the Marquis GALIANI, by JVI. M. ASSEMANNI and BOTTA 1 U, who were the keepers of that valuable collection : the Marquis only confronted the . = t M. . . . >* he « i a ht have been bet have 1 mj l tl :m all, had he not been liraitened for time. In the G a l 5 1, d a A S. Anglu ' Hib rnu in unum-1 .V. Q. n MDCX< tile foil ' Vitruvi t do ... Lib. M. S. S. Co!!. S. j . ; . . xonia. II. - Coll. Eton. III. C Lot. 1 ■ Vofsii ( an. Witn ' •• V. Lib. Lat. cum M.S.S. Collati Ejufdem. VI. B ■ - ■ • in - ';!!. Grejh. L . VII. Lib. M. S.S. EL Langley £7. Count Salop. VIII. - Edvard: Bernardi. IX. Billioth. Jacobcecs. - . i A . . Cot Ionia r. Chopatr 1. No. No. No. No. No. No. 94 Vitruvius de archilcblura. 1 2 5 Idem fol. 83 hem & No. 95 idem. 20 Vitruvius Philandri. 121 Vitruvii libri architeclura, libri ; 49 Vitruvius de architeclura, fol. 195 Vitruvii. edition by the fame, in 1522 No. 896 Excerpt a ex Vitruvio. D. I. Vitruvii de archil edlura. Lib. X. &c. At tiie end. Julius f Units explicit felieiter Jludio & diligentia domini Thcodofi inviBiffimiprincipis. This M. S. . i t'd to . . - written in a very antient hand; at prelent this book fhould be in the Britifh Mufeum. Ten fevcral Latin imprefiions are reckoned. I. One of Sulpitius about the year 14S6. II. One at Florence, 1496. III. One at Venice, 1497. IV. One by Jocondus at Venice, 15M. V. One corrected by the fame in Florence, 1 And a third in 1523. VI. One at Stralburgb, in 1543- And a fecond in 1550. VII. One by Gill. Philander at Lions, in 1552. And again at Geneva, in 1586. VIII. One by Daniel Barbara at Venice, in 1567. IX. One by Johannes de Laet at Amfterdam, in 1649. X. One by the Marquis Galiani in oppofite pages to the Italian tranflation. at Naples, in 1758. The Tranflations of this author are, I. One French, by Jean Martin, Paris 1547. The fame again in 1572. And the fame at Cologne in 1618. II. One by Claude Pcrrault, in 1673. and with emendations, in 1684. III. One German by D. Walters and H. Rivius, Nurembergh in 1548, the lame at Bal'd, in 1575. and again, 1614. IV. One in Spanilh, not of the entire work, but a compendium, by Don Didaco Sagreda, en¬ titled, Medidas del Romano, b Vitruvio. in Madrid, 1542. and in Toledo, 1549. and again in 1564. V. PREFACE. V. One in Italian by Cefariani at Como, 1521. VI. One by Durantino at Venice, in 1524. again 1535. VII. One by Daniel Barbara at Venice, in 1556. again 1567. andfor the third time in 1629. VIII. One by Caporali, in Perugia in 1536. IX. One by the Marquis Galiani, in oppofite pages with the Latin, Naples, 1758. In the Acla Erudit. Liffix. 1731. ail Englifli tranflation by Robert Cartel, was promifed, but it has not yet appeared. Many are fuppofed to be the M. S. translations in different parts of Italy, two are mentioned at kome, one in the Otto'oonian collection, No. 1653, the ot.rer in the Corfini library,' fuppofed to be done by Sangallo. The French tranflation by Perrault, above all others, delbrves Angular erteem, his notes are judicious, and the verfion is clear. The Marquis Poleni in his exercitationes Vitruviana, has given the various readings of ievera* commentators: an edition of Vitruvius, from this noble author has long been expected. To the Grecian orders, the parallels of the orders of PALLADIO, SCAMOZZI and \ IG- NOLA, are fubjoined, being thole of the reftorers, who on account of their fuperiority in their choice and in designing the profiles and members, were judged the molt proper to feledt out of the ten noticed in par allele de 1 ' ArcblteSlure ancienne & de la ntoderne , &c. par M. 131 . CIIAMBRA’i.. The orders of the three Italian authors are examined and compared one with the others : this addition will furnifh a fufficient variety to the lovers of architecture, and may be of fervice to them in their comparifons of the pure Grecian, and the orders reftored from the ruins at Rome . and herein the following obfervation of M. de Chambray is worthy of particular notice; “ That it « is a vifible abufe in the architecture of the moderns, to have confounded the Grecian orders “ among the Latin, and the general inadvertency of fo many authors is ready to be wondered at, « who, writing of their fymmetries, and of the detail o! their proportions, have difpofed them in “ fuch a manner, as plainly difeovershow ignorant they were of their proprieties and fpecific dif- “ ferences; without which it is very difficult to make ufe of them judicioufiy ; M. EVELYN “ tranflated M. de Chambray's work, and it cannot be too Itrongly recommended to thofewho do «« not underftand the original.” The late delineations for two of the orders, from original models, to which the above-named authors, and others fince, were entire ftrangers, furnilh us with fuperior advantages; too lervde an imitation might be deemed inconfiffent with the licences allowable in art; but this is the left. $ui variare cupit rem prodigialiter unarn, Ddphinum fylvis appingit, flu&ibus aprum. Hor. Ars. p. are at prefent, opening a vail field to the reflections of the curious. This method of collecting (continues the lafl: named author) and of reconciling the diherences igraph of his Dipours fur la nature des principts de /'ArchileSture civile. beft pofiible form thereof. 1 ' Upon the folution of this problem dc beauty of buildings with or without columns, of one oroffeveral ft and we likewife fliall find that the true relations between the three cate,- are eftablilhed upon an exadt knowledge of the orders. P R E F A C E. diately and ftrittly united with the other fyitems of Grecian art and lcience ; calamo ligantur eodcm. It is only pardonable in thofe who are ignorant of the manifold refearches architedlure re¬ quires, to look upon the orders of Vignola, or of others as perfect, without giving thcmfelves the trouble to examine whence they were taken, or whether they have made a good choice of the different parts which compofe them? it would be perhaps moft uleful for the advancement of architedture, that the fkilful architedts in every country Ihould renew their endeavours to reftorc the orders : their effays would do honour to the times, and would be transmitted to poflerity with applaufe. Several able artificers have confide! ed the antiquities of Athens, as mere innovations-, there is no doubt but that after fome inquiry and reflection, they will part with their prejudices ; ef- pecially if they have an opportunity of working after fome well chofen defigns ; for the great neatnefs and truth with which the workmen of Great Britain and Ireland, above all others, execute their lever.vl branches, can never fail of doing juftice to the moll elegant patterns; this praife is due to thefe worthy members of the community, for who are more l'o than thofe men, who by their daily labour maintain themfelves and families, leading an indullrious, fober and quiet life ; yet that vanity deferves fome fort of cenfure, which fo frequently puffs up a ftone- mafon a bricklayer or a carpenter to write themfelves ArchiteSls ; The bell hands in all thefe trades have a tolerable knack in drawing the parts and members of the orders, but are generally very unhappy in the whimfical application of them: fome have ventured to plan buildings; Now as often as this has happened, little has ever been faid in favour of their invention or talle; moll commonly they are only the lefs guilty accomplices with the prudent perfons who employ them, and who whatever may be their notions of beauty, have certainly an undoubted right over their builders and buildings, and therefore in juftice mull bear a lhare of the blame. Amphora coepit, Injlitui cur rente rota cur urceus exit ? The arts which the profeffed architedl Ihould have knowledge of, are in themfelves fcientific, and of great fcope ; how are thefe attainable, but by a very liberal education ? and then not with¬ out the requifite tafte to imbibe them, nec Jludium Jine divite vend; things being fo, each mechanic (a rare genius excepted) Ihould content himfelf with being the complete mailer of his own branch; therein he may acquire great fame, by any real improvement in his practice, that experience or chance may offer, without aiming at thofe defigns, which require in their whole and in each of their parts, a more general knowledge, than ever he had leilure, opportunity, or perhaps capaci¬ ty to comprehend. Is it not then reafonable to infer, that the fuccels of every ItruCture mull al¬ ways depend upon the reciprocal affiftance of the artift, and of the artificers ? •- Alterius fc Altera pofeit opetn res & cor.jurat amici}. Having finifned what relates to the delineation and explanation of the orders, we pafs on to fome general remarks, and curfory practical confiderations concerning publiek and private edi¬ fices, and to give a defeription of ten plans with their elevations, which concludes the volume. And as in the introduction to the orders, we have given fome fliort notices of the moll: celebrated rellorers of architedture in Italy, it was judged not altogether improper to colleCt fome brief accounts of eminent Britilli architedts ; we have tranferibed what is futficient for our purpofes, partly from that valuable work Biographia Britannica; to thefe volumes we refer our readers for many entertaining particulars, which we omit, relating to our architedts and to the hiftory of their times : The tranferiber hopes not to have given offence by the addition he has taken the liberty to make of fome right honourable names : it is a double advantage for tire arts to have their protedlors of the higheft ranks, endued with equal degrees of knowledge and benevolence in promoting their advancement; what efforts then will they not make ? when, belides the patro¬ nage of our firft nobility, they are known to partake in the ROYAL AUSPICES OF A MOST GRACIOUS SOVEREIGN, THE FATHER OF HIS COUNTRY. Seven ornamental plates, for head and tail-pieces, are interfperfed throughout thefe fhects: with refpedt to the lad ten architedlural plates, if the buildings had been traced from larger feales, and finilhed in a higher manner, it would have conliderably advanced the price, without an adequate advantage to the intelligent readers; wherever any thing may appear doubtful in the fmaller members, it can eafily be decided by referring to the parts at large in the preceding orders. CANTERBURY, XXX. NOVEMBER. MDCC LXVII. A N EXPLANATION O F T H E SEVERAL ORNAMENTAL PLATES. M OST of thefe explanations are trite, and commonly known, yet as they cannot be faid to be mifplaced, we have ventured to give them. Amphion buildeth the walls and towers of Thebes, by the found of his lyre, accompanied With his voice. Diblus & Amphion Lhebance conditor arcis Saxa movere,fono Lejludinis & prece blandd Ducere quo vellet. Hor. Ars. Poet. It is feigned that Amphion being the firft who raifed an altar to Mercury, the god as a reward for his zeal, made him a prefent of a lyre, and taught him that wonderful manner of playing and fmging, which produced fuch enchanting effects. Mercury having found the fhell of a tortoife, and fitting firings to it, is called the parent of the lyre Curvaque lyrce parentcm. And from the circumftance juft related, Teftudo fignified a lyre. Eut diverting this ftory of its poetical fi<£tion, we are given to underftand, that Amphion was a prince, who by his foothing perfuafions, induced a barbarous and unpolilhed people, to b Id themfelves a city, and furround it with walls, to receive and obey laws. According to Pauianias, Amphion and Zethus, having conquered Lycus, whom they killed, and taken poffertion of his kingdom, they joined the lower town with the Cadmea, and called the whole Thebes. Am¬ phion acquired the reputation of a great mufician, for having learned the Lydian meafurej he w, .s the firft that brought it into Greece, and likewife added three more firings to the lyre, which till then had but four. Other traditions make Amphion and Orpheus Egyptians, (tho’ the latter is called a Thracian) and that both excelled in magic, the one having the power of moving the ftones from the very rocks, and the other that of enticing the moft fierce and favage animals, II. At the head of the Preface, A view of Athens, from a fketch taken on the road in going from that city to the Pireus, at prefent called Porto Leone; this port is about fix miles from Athens. The antient ports of Muny- chia, and of Phalarus, (at prefent out of ufe) are upon the fame Ihore, in bays very near each other, and to the Pireus. This view offers a profpedt of one fide of the city, with the Acropolis, or citadel, wherein is the Temple of Minerva Parthenion; the Temple of Thefeus is upon the lower ground, cloie by the road which the two horfemen are fuppofed to have parted ; from amidft the houfes are fe- veral minarets or Turkiih fteeples. On the other fide of the city, the pointed rocky-hill, is mount Anchefmus, now called from a little chapel at the top, (Lou Hagiou Giorgio Vour.iJ St. George’s mountain ; where probably in times part was the ftatue of Jupiter Anchefmius. The diftant mountain to the left, is Pentelicus, noted for its quarries of marble : the continued moun¬ tain that rifes upon the right hand, is part of Hyinettus, famous even at this day for its honey. III. The Lable of Contents. The promontory of Sunium; eleven leagues from the Pireus: this view was taken at fea, in failing out of the Saronic Gulph, now called Golfo di Egina, and the promontory. Capo Colon ie, on account of the feventeen columns of white marble upon its fummit, which is feen afar off at fea they are the remains of a Doric temple dedicated to Minerva. a* Th§ A N EXPLANATION OF THE SEVERAL The beft boats 1 ALA fuilors in the Archipelago are thofe from the little ifland of Hydrea, clofe to the coall oi Morc.t ; they go with oars in a calm, and have very large latine fails. IV. The Introduction. A compoftion for a baflo relievo, confiding of antique trophies, partly taken from fome of the compartments of Ovid's tomb, and partly from the pedeflal of the Trajan column, and from Polydore. The Cornu-copia and Opents are emblems of plenty and health, while the fufpended arms remind us of that fecurity and protection which only can be infured to a fate, by not fuf_ fering its martial fpirit to be totally extinguifhed, and its difeipline ruined : what an eafy prey would any country in fuch a fituation become, cither to the furprizes, or the more formal attacks of treacherous and ambitious enemies ? The luxury and idlenels of peaceable times, are apt to make men flight the heroic virtues of their anceftors. The motto to this ornament is taken from Cicero's oration for Muraena. Omnes urbana res omnia hac tiojlra praclara Jludia, & hac forenjis laus & indujlria, latent in tutela , ac preefidio bellica virtutis. V. At the End of the Grecian Orders. Pegafus alighting upon Helicon, ftrikes the rock with his hoof, and opens the IIippocrenean fprings, facred to Apollo and the Mufcs. Mention is made by Paufanias of a temple dedicated to Minerva chalinitidaj becaufe Ibe had been kind enough to lend this winged horfe, ready bridled and thoroughly bitted, to Bellerophon, who takes him while he is drinking at the fountain Pyrene by Corinth, for his intended expedition againft the Chimera. The Chimera, was a dreadful monfter, fuppofed to have the head of a Lionels, the tail of a Dragon, and the body of a Goat. Mediis in partifms kircum Pefius & ora lea, caudam Set pent is habebat. Heliod gives her the three heads of thofe three animals, and makes her the dam of the Sphinx, and of the Nemean Lion. This deflgn is from a fine cornelian intaglio of the Abbate della Torre; it bears the name of ented nearly as large as the life, in a mar¬ ble baflb-relievo at the palace Spada in Rome. The fable of Bellerophon, like all others, has been varioufly explained ; fome fuppofing that by the winged horfe, was fignifled his rapid conquefts over three nations; the one having the courage of Lions, another inhabiting a mountainous country, like Goats, and the third pofiefling all the wiles and cunning of Serpents. But others have imagined the Chimera to have been a fhip belonging to a famous pirate, whom Bellerophon defeated, and that Bellerophon’s veflel was ornamented with a winged horfe, or was named Pegafus, from the fwiftnefs of its failing. To return to the fable. The prefumption of Bellerophon in attempting to fly up to heaven upon his winged fteed, was pnniflied by his being caft down on a plain in Cilicia, where he was left deftitute and blind to fpin out a long and miferable life: Jupiter prepared him this punifh- ment, by fending a fly to fling Pegafus in his aerial flight. The moral is, that the moft uninter¬ rupted profperity, fhould never make one engage in a ra/h enterprife, which generally ends in en¬ tire ruin. VI. Remarks concerning publick and private Edifices. This compofition is for an ornament in alto relievo; it reprefents the two eagles as placed at the bafe of the Trajan column ; between them, upon a Doric tablet, is the face of the Apollo Belvedere; this ftatue will ever be efteemed one of the rare wonders of art; it is an intellectual image, and the artiflhas taken no more of matter, than what was neceflary to render his idea vifi- ble; # ORNAMENTAL PLATES. Me; we are (peaking of the original ftatue, and deferibing it after Winkelman ; let the mind raile itfelf in contemplating this figure, up to the fphere of celeftial beauties, and make its ut- moft efforts to gaze upon the tranfeendent charms of a heavenly body. The fon of Jupiter is here reprefented worthy of his father; fuch was the forehead of the thunderer, when pregnant with the goddefs of wifdom, and fuch were his brows arched over his radiant eyes, which by their motion ex- prefs his will ; the mouth is the voluptuous mouth of Bacchus ; his filken treffes perfumed with aro¬ matic feents are foftly blown by the breath of Zephirs, and float like the tendrils of the unpruned vine, but thole locks above his front, are tied in majeftic pomp by the hands of the Graces. Such was his countenance when he purfued the Python, whom he pierced with a thoufand arrows. On this account the Pythian games were inllituted, and celebrated near Delphi ; the place that for the oracles challenged the pre-eminence, as well for its antiquity (wherein it contended even with Dodona) as for the truth and perlpicuity of its anfwers, the magnificence of its ilruCtures, the number and richnefs of the facred prefents. Apollo himfelf was the author of thefe games, ac¬ cording to the mod; common opinion. Neve o]>eris jamam pojj'ct delere vetuflas lnjiituit Jacros celebri cert amine ludos, Pythia perd r , mi tee Jerpentis nomine diclos. Ovid. Metam. Lib. I. The arrows of Apollo are figurative of the rays of the fun, which exhale and diflipate the noxious and putrid vapours of the earth arifing from ftagnated waters in marfliy and fwampy lands; but as this heathen deity is alfo deemed the god of phyfic, by the python may be underfiood that legion of diflempers to which animal bodies are expofed, which find their cure in thole plants and herbs endued with falutiferous virtues from the genial warmth of the fun. There were to be feen in the temple of Delphi, the figures of two eagles, in memory of the eagles fent forth by Jupiter, one from the Eafl: and the other from the Well, to difeover the middle fpot (the navel) of the earth, and they meeting in this place determined the quellion. Eagles in their flight are faid to be able to look Iteadfaftly upon the fun ; certainly they are the kings of the feathered tribe, and as fuch are reprefented to carry the thunderbolts of Jupiter; when he feized upon Ganymede, he difdained the lhape of any other bird. • - ■ — - Nulla tamen a life verti Dignat nr ; nifi quec pojjit fua fulmina ferre. Ovid. Metam. Lib. X. The dignity of the eagle, even in his lleep, is finely expreffed in the following lines. Perching on the feepter’d hand, Of Jove, thy magic lulls the feather’d king, With ruffled plumes and flagging wing; Quench’d in dark clouds of Humber lie The terror of his beak, and light’nings of his eye. Gray’s Ode. VII, At the end oj the book • Mercury feated on a ram, with his caduceus and purfe; as in the primitive ftate of nations, riches confided in flocks and herds, Mercury is reprefented with a ram, being thought to take them under his protection, and likewife to occafion their increafe; the firll money among the Ro¬ mans was called pecunia, from pecu a flock, becaufe Servius Tullius had it (lamped with the figure of a ram. The caduceus, or wand, is taken for an emblem of eloquence, and of that power in oratory which allures or drives the minds of men to the purpofes it has in view. This wand however is the proper AN EXPLANATION, &c. proper enfign of the meffenger of the gods, he carries it with him in his attendance upon the fouls of the deceafcd, to the realms of Pluto. Turn Virgam capit, hac animas iile evocat orco Pallenteis , alias ftib trijlia tartara mittit, Dat J'omnos, adimitque, & lutnina morte rejignat. Upon which account he was prayed to: Ajax in Sophocles, befor addrefles him. ——-Infernal Mercury I call. Safe to conduct me to the lhades below. He alfo prefided over deep and dreams. As to thepurfe, it feerhs a Rolen one; this may give a beneficial hint to the carelel's part of mankind, by teaching them a proper vigilance in the care of their goods. Callidum quidquid placuit jocofo conderefurto. Hor. Lib. I. Od. io. In the markets, Mercury was called Hermes Agoraios; and from the cheats and frauds l*o commonly practifed in dealings, became the god of thieves; in this office, having too much bufinefs, he was affifted by a goddefs called Laverna, to whom prayers were addreffed for fuccefs in thieving and cheating. •- Pulchra Laverna, Da mihi Jailerc dajufo JanSloque videri NoSlem peccatis, cjf frau dibus objice nubern. Perhaps fome may fhrewdly fufpedt, that fince the poet wrote, the goddefs has encouraged her votaries to cheat in broad day, and with manifeft impudence. In the Metamorphofes, we read of a fon of Mercury, whom fome of the commentators fup- pofe to have rifen to very eminent bufinefs in a certain profeffion, from an ingenuity natural to him in pleading, of making black white , and white black. Najcitur Autolychus , Jurtum ingeniofus ad omne Qui facere ajfuerat , patria non degener artis Candida de nigris & de candcntibus atra. Ovid. Metam. Lib. XI. Mercury is fometimes taken for the fun, and then by the ram he is reprefented in that portion of the ecliptick, called Aries. From Paufanias, we learn that the ram likewife alludes to the myfteries of the Eleufinian games. When Mercury is Riled Criophorus, or the ram-bearer, it is relative to a folemnity obferved by the Tanagreans in Bceotia, in commemoration of their being delivered from the plague, by the god carrying a ram upon his Ihoulders, and walking with it round the city ; upon this feftival, therefore it was cuftomary for one of the moft beautiful youths to walk round the walls, with a lamb or ram upon his Ihoulders. The Cornelian from which this defign is taken, is mentioned by Leo Agojlini, gernmc antiche. They who are fond of expatiating upon thefe fancies of antient fables, will find an extenfive field to range in, by turning over fome of the numerous works engraved from the bell: cabinets of Europe. We have offered thefe few, becaufe we think that with the architedlure of the Gre¬ cians, we fhould always have in view the gracefulnefs and fignificancy of their compofitions in works of fculpture ; how the Rudy of both may tend to the emolument of their filler Art, the works of the greateR painters from Raphael downwards, filfficiently declare. To fum up the whole in the words of an original artift, “ the art of compofing, is the art of varying well, “ taking heed, that variety be without confufion, fimplicity without nakednefs, richnefs without “ tawdrinefs, diflindtnefs without hardnefs, and quantity without excefs.” TO THE BOOKBINDER. The plates may be placed in two different manners, either by ranging them all in their pro per order at the end of the book, or by placing each plate in its refpe&ive part as near to the ex¬ planation of it as poffible. JEn. IV. - he Rabbed himfelf, thus the GRECIAN ORDERS O F ARCH I TEC TVRE. Grecian Orders of ARCHITECTVRE. TABLE of CONTENTS. THE PREFACE. EXPLANATION OF THE SEVERAL ORNAMENTAL PLATES. CHAP. I. The Introdu&ion. Page CHAP. II. Of the Orders, Definition, the Rife and gradual Improvement of their Charahlers. Of Modules. Tables of Altitudes and ProjeSlures. Of the Principal Members of Mouldings and Ornaments of Profile. - - . I2 CHAP. III. Davilers Compariftm of Profiles. Intercolumniations. Diminution of the Shaft. Scroll Modilion. Balufiers. Pediment. Acroteria and Statues. Block Cornices Vafes. 20 Of the Doric Column with the Flutings. Of the Doric Entablature . Of the Doric Portal. Of the Doric Colonade. Of the Doric Arcade. - - 25 Of Pedeflals. Of the Ionic Bafe and Column. Of the Capital. Of the Entabla¬ ture. Of the Vdate at large. Of the Elutings and Bafe at large. Of fluted Pilaflers. Of the Ionic Portal. Of the Ionic Portico with Pedeflals. 0 2 CHAP. VI. Of the Corinthian Order. Pedeflal y Bafe and Column. Capitals and Enta¬ blatures. Of the Portico. Triumphal Arch . - - 37 CHAP. Of the Apertures of Doors and Windows. Of the Doric y Ionic and Corinthian Drejflngs. Of Venetian Windows. - 4.3 CHAP. VIII. Some parallel Remarls upon the three Grecian Orders , as deferibed by Vignola , Palladio and Scamozzi. CHAP. IX. Of placing one Order upon another. Of Cornices for the Summits of Buildings. And of Cornices and Cielings for Rooms. - - 4.7 E CONCERNING. Public and Private EDIFICES. chap. 1 . Getteral Hints concerning the Modern ArchiteSlure of Europe. Brief Accounts of fome eminent Britiflo ArchiteSls. - - - 33 CHAP. II. Some getteral Reflections about the Embellifloment of Towns and Cities. Of Publick Edifices , - - - 38 CHAP. III. Practical Confldcrations. Diflribution of Plans . Explanations of ten Deflgns. 61 THE GRECIAN ORDERS O F ARC H ITECT V R E. CHAP. I. The Introduction. T mull be an effectual check to the vanity of man, when he coniiders that by the de¬ crees and difpofitions of fupreme wifdom, neither the corporeal nor the mental faculties are ever all united in one perfon ; but that for the maintenance and good order of fociety, the gifts of nature, combined in a continually varied proportion, are with a marvellous cecomony divided and diflributed amongll the feveral individuals of our fpecies ; fo that, how extenfive foever his capacity may be, how prompt his apprehenlion, how mighty his Rrength, with the moll exalted ambition, man will neverthclefs Rand in need of man. From the powers of the human being thus limited it is, that when we furvey the progrefs of genius either in the practices of art or the fpeculations of fcience, we find they never received their perfection from the fame man who gave them birth new inventions however valuable have for the moR part A been he Grecian Orders r Ud r' ,d u dCfea!Veft3te ’ and W little by little received front the lull and mduftry of others, fuch additions and improvements as were ncee/Tarv to vivo ,h all the perfection of which they are capable. 7 S ‘ VC thcM On the other hand it has not unfrequently happened that the arts inftead of making any dire ad career of a fancy animated with the rage of no vejw tho^Ir hT"™ }j ugh fertile only in trifles and abfurdities. Snch viaflitudes have happened to the art of which we are about to treat ■„ view of what will be briefly offered on this fubjea. ’ " ' 3pP=ar ftom a The origin of Art is the fame in all nations that have cultivated it. - . , - , that the honour thereof be aferibed to one particular country r e, “ W “ h ° Ut fou " dat ‘on neceflity has proved to be the mother of " ““ Pl ““ of contrivance in their various wants. The inventions 0 f L 2 P P , ^ themfel ' ,cs the nations themfelves were fo, and as the adoration of the ^ more or ancient as * e fooner or later: The Chaldeans and Eevmians f gods was introduced amongft them idols and other external forms of thefe^hnaghiary^behTg^^n^mle'r 'to^ carJier than the Creeks, thls as of othcr =« s and inventions : the purple dye, not to fpeak of oth‘ P u the &me ° f tiled in the enft, long before the Creeks were acquainted with that Let What ” T" holy writ, about carved or molten images, is likewife far mnr • , W mentioned in Greece. The carved images in wood of the firllf a ”d t r "c n " Wh “ ™ know ° f have different names in the Hebrew tongue. ° 10 C ° f Caft metal of later tim «. They, who to judge of the origin ofacuftom or of an art and of if. „, Pecm thefe territories having had very ancient conneftions togetheZhe la”tter haZ 'ZZ f h 0 "* ledge and ufe of letters by Cadmus Before rbp r * a y ing received the know- wefe a,fo alhed for a coZerabk Z j £ZZn *'*«**. powerful by tea, than the fleet which they equipped in common againft *" “**’ °‘‘ 1Cr **** ciansborrowedAeirriche/Zg^ortreZ 8 *^ T ™ P ' e ° f So,omon - that thence the Gre- learning, and many fpecious fubtilties, only kads into” ma fZ' With ***“ P arad " ftately building, heated by a luxuriant fancy, he rather afted Z ] n rearing of tl follow the furor traces of fad and uncontroverted hiftory as w P Zr Z ,he h,ftorian - Let ns writer worthy of our attention, who after having j ud - Z ' thcm m the P a g« of a ing to the temple, thus concludes; - Butt ho lZ’Z ** ^ ^ 1 awful to err, yet thofe are more excufable, “who keepl T 1 W b “" Up0n ■ * be moft above all things, than thofe who manifeffly depart from ft » r-n ‘° tht faCred ori g i " a > lous accounts of the Jews ; now as I have drawn th ft ° ° ° W ‘ he ‘ r ° W " fancics ° r the fabu - fenflble that thofe who have been conTe wZTlhZ* '° fl lam will be furprized to fled this of mine com a “ a " E . building. But here I defire it may b” Zembe= °f '**'**«* of this fiacred more than could be met with, or fairly deduced from the fa ft “ ‘ h .‘ S WM ddi S" cd t0 contd » no reap this benefit from it, that he will be better able f * *'”* rader WiI1 at Ieaff other plans of this rtrudture than he could have be. ° ■ o gC . ls or is not authentic in from others upon the fubjedt are in the fame ftrnin TlTVr* “f J b ' f ° 1Iowi "g ob fervations taken for a defeription of a prophetic or mytlical tem'nk rba, ''° n ° f . PzeklcI > c _ xl. and feq. ; s was made to him, and the reprefentation he has lit down '"Z “Z ^ revelation tb « thors, we have none to produce but Tofephus and ,h '"r ^ pr ° pheCy - As for ancient au- Now all that we learn from them that has no fonndatio " nT ° f * hter datC than he ‘ Much they knew or pretended to know from tradition, bm that X ^ *° “ “ at a,L upon. We know no monuments they had befide thofe l” PrS "'r ' " S n °' t0 be h'Pandai tongue properly fo called, being a fort of dead language 7l, 5JVe OU f dv “ : And the Hebrew well be doubted without finning againft modeftv whwb 2 i 6 ^ ‘ a “ th ° rS Writ ’ k m V „»..... , ™ others at that time in the worlZfZ irZoufand'AZZ'Z' 1 ”’ ^ * " a ‘ i0n ° f M been endowed with the greateft propenfitvto the a , ft “f cultlvated ' They feem to have lion to whatever favoured of inelegance and b I v ™ '■ ’ a ' e Ht the dron S e 1 : 5, 1:6, &c. , £. 0 T' - • j) ‘ • u, 2 . 3, -3 : 4 4 _ • r : 6, or 3 : J ,5 r 7 7 : 9 &c to make choice of the bell proportions in different cafes, the realufe ,lintlent,on of what isto be determined mud be confidered, and then the queftion mud be aiked which dimenfion ihould prevail? height, breadth or depth, or whether they may all be equal which is the cubic proportions for a familiar example take a door way; the meaneft fliouM bii high enough for a man to pafs under without Hooping, therefore its heiuht may be juftly fixed at br adth' disarms at liberty, is nearly twice his own b.eadth the breadth of the doorway muft be to its height as , : 2, that is, three feet wide to fix ‘ gm ‘ rf f r r CS8 lf w! " C ° nftantly turn out * *0 moll beautiful proportions are llkewife the mod: ufeful, the mod convenient and the dronged. P ? Eurythmy <*) is the perfed confonance of all the relative meafures throughout all the propor¬ tioned parts. De Laet s explanation „ very elegants aptatur auUm hxc cuivit re! decent!, encinn*, apt* corpon, numerogreffmfeu motut, voci. Videtur autem ea diBicn, eteprimiquod Italic, dim, garbato, Grazwfo. The word was not only ufed by the antient arch,teds, hut likewife by their poets and muficians, by the former to fignify the juft cadences of their verfes, and by the latter to exprefs the agreeab e melody of their notes : hence proceeded that invincible power of pathetic accents over the foul! r ^ uv Such was the bard whofe heavenly drains of old. Appeas’d the fiend of melancholy Saul; Such was, if old and heathen fame fay true. The man who bade the Theban domes afeend. And tam’d the favage nations with his fong; And fuch the Thracian whofe harmonious lyre; Tun’d to foft woe, made all the mountains weep. Sooth’d even th’ inexorable powers of Hell, And half redeem d his loft Eurydice. Armstrong. Art of preferring health. By Symmetry (c) is underftood the parity and equality of the right and left parts of an edifici of the high and low ones in the fame front; in figure, in fize in fituatinn in • , may render the correfponden, parts fimi.ar and equal. The human vifage il not Ze^gum ^ ZX ‘ bU,ldln£ 18 by “ y irreSUkr deftrqys the beautiful IZ To concludes although it is true that the proportions and forms of architedure are in fom bTt e Vk 7 ’ c " Umber ° f th ° fC thin ^ Whkh l“ve a natural precife a dpofit v beUuty like the concords of mufical tones, &c. ye, as they are eftabliihed upon princ pies fince received and l.kewtfe by what among the artifts is called cojlttnte, the eye once faLl a ife 'dd , th” "th f r any n entkl dCViati ° nS ' * heir bcaU,i “ becoming very dZnd Jd”rdl£ dd ,0 his that for above thete two thoufand years, it has been beyond the power of human abi b “‘ “ moulding or member whereof the patter J*? E “ r y ,hmi \fpecie,, commodiifque in conipolitionibus laeaibrotum ,r pe a„,. H *c rffidlu, c„ m Uti non fit confiderantibus afpeflus eurythmfie dubius. Lib. VI. c . 2. *F~U 4-Ims. figurse fpeciem, , The The drong, the mean, and the delicate dyle of building cannot be fixed at any other terms, than nearly at thole obfcrvable in the Grecian orders; fince, if you were to begin the progretlion uch above what they have edabliflied, it would deftroy their very mechanical principles and dil- tindtionsj for if inftead of 8: 10: 12, which the author of this treatifehas ventured to afiign, you take 12: 15:18, diameters for the entire altitudes; in thefe two lad terms, either the columns would run into an excefs of height, or the entablature into an unwarrantable heavinefs ; both the appearance and mechanifm of luch condrudtions muft be rejected upon the flighted: examination; but the nearer you approach the true terms afligned, as the bed: moderns have done, the errors gradually become lefs fenfxble : yet whylhould we feek after any other equivocal meafures when we can obtain the mod deferable characters and quantities from indifputably authentic Attic models. CHAP. II. Of the Orders, D if ion, tht Rife and Imps vcments of their CharaSlers. Of Modules. Tables of Altitudes and Projeclures. Of the Principal Members. Of Mouldings and Ornaments. Of Profile. '\ every edifice, whether public or private, great or fmall, the conveniency, drength and beau¬ ty of its ( a) architecture, can only arife from a proper intelligence of the orders : The word (b) order, in contradidindtion to confufion, fignifies a regular affemblage and arrangement of the feveral proportions and ornaments of an entire column, with its entire entablature. The trunks of trees left danding orfet up an end, and others laid acrofs them to fudain the covering, gave the fird hint of an order, a fuppofition too natural and too obvious to be rejected. Thefe rough ma¬ terials were afterwards wrought into better form by the workman’s fkill; the fird datues, as well as buildings, were of (c) wood, before done and marble came into ufe ; for the arts which depend upon defign, had their beginnings, like all other inventions, in the necedary ; then they proceeded gradually to the beautiful, and at lad they fell into the fuperlluous and extreme : thefe are the three principal degrees of art. Sculpture and Painting advanced fader towards perfection than architec¬ ture, becaufe this lad has not any determined objeCt in nature for imitation towards a complete defign; it is founded upon more general rules and the combination of feveral proportions. The three Grecian orders as afterwards edabliflied, feem as if they were intended to reprefent three manners of building, the drong, the mean, and the delicate. Many druCtures have been and can be made without columns, perhaps only with a cornice, or fome part of an entablature: Edifices of fuch a conftrudtion are called after the order, whereof they bear any of the fpecial marks; thus the front of the Farnefe palace at Rome is quite plain, but finiihes with a Corinthian Cornice ; therefore fuch a front is called Corinthian, and lb of others. ( a) Archite&ura autetn conftat ex ordinatione, qute Grace, i«au uiwui, c u.ij.i vocant, Eurythmia Si lymmetria & decorc Sc diftributionc, qua: Greece ecconomia dicitur. dicitur, & ex dlfpofitione, hanc autem Graci diathefin b Ordinatio eft modica niembrorum operis commoditas feparatiir Lib I. c. 2. liverfeeque proportionis ad l’ymmctriam comparatio. (:) Ita una quarque res & Locum 5 c Genus 8 c Ordinem proprium tuetur, e quibus rebus Sc a matcrUtura fabrili, in lapideis & marmoreis xdium lacrarum xdificationibus ariifices difpofuiones eorum fcalpturis funt imitati. Si cas inventiones perfequendas putaverunt : idco quod antiqui fabii quodam in loco xdificantcs, cum ita ab interioribus parictibus ad extremas partes tigna pro¬ minentia habuiftenf collocata, intertignia ftruxerunt, fupraque coronas & faftigia venufliore fpcci: labrilibus operibus ornaverunt. Lib. IV. c. 2. It of Architecture. ( It has been imagined, that the firft architefls conceived their ideas of the different charters’ of the columns by contemplating the (d) human figure s Front a flrong mufcular man of athletic form they adopted the fohdity(e) of the Doric. The graceful Ionic was fuggefted by the elegant figure of a decent (/) matron, and the delicate Corinthian, by the gay perfon of a chearful (g) virgin“ The different capitals and bales have been thought, in fome meafure, to reprefent the dreffes of their heads and feet, agreeably to their notion who firfl ftruck. out thefe allufions. The three orders delineated under equal heights, but of unequal diameters, will at firft fight exhi bit by the different diameters of the columns, the different degrees of folidity that may be allowed to buildings of equal given heights; thefe do not readily occur, when, as hath been done by moll authors, the orders are traced out of unequal heights but of equal diameters. It may often happen that columns of unequal altitudes, without comparing their charaflers are employed in the fame front; for example, the greater order may be Corinthian, or any other and the drelungs for doors and windows, with columns of another mode; fome modern authors’have objected to this ule of different fized columns in the fame front, but it is jullifiable from the n-ture of things, {the comparifons ceafing) and from examples in the antique; trees of the lamer growth may be fuppofed to prop up the roof, and others of leffer fixe may be interpofed tSS rent floors or contignattons of an edifice, while the finallefl: may be ufed about the wind doors: when al, thefe ftvcral divifions are finely proportioned, the co.umns aflf/ned wife hear a juft relation, in their feveral diftributions, to the whole. If the hefeht of a r 1 J hsemablature, was to be confidered as the intended height of a Wall, ~ would give the moll fuitable thicknefs according to the order chofen for this purpofe ; the thicknef of the wall might be taken, as the nature of the cafe required, of the greater, the mean or th 1 frr' dity. The height and thicknefs of a wall having been fixed by the altitude and diam’eter of an order' he fame altitude may be taken to give one fide of a cube, wherein height, length and breadth ,h three requ.fite dimenfions of an edifice, will be found : thus will an order aflift ns r d . * firff and moll Ample defign of a plan and its elevation. How "he e dim „fr 0 „ T" be diverfified, diminilhed or enjged. Hill under the influelf of tht^er7 ^"b comprehended by thofe who have made thefe matters the fubjeft of their careful difquifitions 7 plate I. (i) Reprefents the plans, elevations and profiles of the three modes or orders of e 1 A B C, of unequal diameters included under equal heights, for the confidera,ions as abovem”r troned, to compare at one view, the ftrong, the mean and the delicate ■ but for this c alfo. further neceffary to give a method of finding the refpedive modulary divifions, by which * r “‘ m ‘ are traced and compared, of whatfoever magnitude may be required [d) Et quserentes quibus rationibus efficere poffent uti ct ad onus ferendum efTent idonc-c Ar In ,r n ,A . "r fi tatpcdis * * ^™ l (.) Itadoriea column, virili. eorporia proportioned & Srmitarun, « vunniialem in rffiuii, prrfare «pit. Lib. IV. c. , (/) Ita duobus difcriminibus columnarun, inventionem, unam line ornate nudam fo-cie altrran, n-,., iymmetruque funt imitati. Id autem genua quod ionos, prime Ionieum ell nominaium. Lib. IV. cj fub " ,lUt " t T “dai» veroquod eormthium dicitur, virginali. habet graeilitada imitadonem: quod virgin., propter « a da , gracilionbus membris figurata:; effedlus recipiunt in ornatu venuiliores. Lib. IV. c. ,. “neritate, (4) Dirprfilio autem oit rerun, apt, coiiocado, eieg.nfque i„ eotnpoftdouibua ofMtu, operis cum qualiiaio Speoioa dir f • • qUK Grace dteuntur ttfeat, h.funt, lubnogr.phia, Oribograpbi. « Scenographta. Icbnograpb a eft mini , “ , J dice commons ufua ex qua capiunlur forma,„„ in folia aroarutn deferipdonea. Orihographia ell auiem erlw °“* dieeque p.da ranon.bu, operi, fu.uri figura. Ilm Soonograpbia oii, frond, « iaiorum ,bf«dem J ad„ br l J centrum omnium linearum refponfus. Lib. I. c. 2 . aaumbratio, ad circimqut e> E COlUn,n “ lra ““ esnerum f.aa: fun, domination,*, Dor ; c a, Io„; ca , Corimhia, Lib. IV. o. D Tko 'The Grecian Orders The architectonic module, is never taken for a fixed meafurc like the foot, the yard, the fathom, &c. it ever varieth as the work is greater or lefs, and is divided differently for different orders. To find the [a) module for any defign, the given heights mufl in the firft place be divided as follows. For the Doric order A, divide the given height into eight equal parts, one of which will anfwer to the diameter of the column. The height for the Ionic order B, is divided into ten equal parts, and one of them is taken for the diameter of the column. Divide the fame given height for the Corinthian order C into twelve equal parts, and take one of thefe in like manner for the diameter of the column. By mod authors the diameter of a column is taken for one module, and is divided into fixty equal parts called minutes; but the diviftons ufed by Vignola will be applied in the courfe of this work, for, being in lower terms, they more diftinftly exprefs the relations which the feveral diviftons and members have one with the other. Again, by this method of dividing, it may frequently happen that the modules and their diviftons of the intended work may anfwer to feet, inches, and parts of inches, as they are fet on the common rulers of the artificers. For the Doric order the femidiameter gives one module, and is divided into twelve equal parts, each part may be again fubdivided. For the Ionic order, the module or femidiameter is divided into eighteen equal parts, and each part may again be fubdivided. For the Corinthian order, the module or femidiameter is like the preceding, divided into eighteen equal parts, and each part may be again fubdivided. To delineate the orders, it is always previoufly neeeffary to make a modulary fcale : there are two methods of doing this, the one and the other is ufed indifferently. The firft is called a fcale fimply divided, the other a fcale diagonally divided; the laft is to be ufed preferably to the firft, becaufe the feveral meafures can be taken with more certainty. 1 For the fcale fimply divided : draw three indefinite parallel lines at unequal diftances, and fet off A. i. the femidiameter of the intended column for one module, which may be repeated U pon the fame lines as often as may feem neeeffary; then divide A. I. into twelve equal parts fur the Doric order, but for the Ionic or Corinthian order, divide the module into eighteen equal parts. See fig. i.B. II. For a fcale diagonally divided, i. Upon an indefinite right line fet off A. B. equal to the femidiameter of the column, and for the Doric order divide it into twelve equal parts. 2. At the point A. raife the perpendicular A. C. equal to A. B. and divide it in the fame manner into twelve equal parts. 3. From each point of divifion in A. C. draw parallels to A. B. which are to be determined by another perpendicular railed at the point B. 4. Draw the twelve diagonals A 1 &c. parallel to each other, and mark the divifions upon A. B. from 2 to 12, and on the fide fet the figures 4, 8; by this operation, the Doric module is divided into twelve equal parts, and each part is again divided into other twelve equal parts. Three of thefe parts of parts are contained between O.O. and are equal to one fourth of one of the primary parts, or to one forty-eighth part of the module. Between X. X. are contained fix parts of parts, equal to one half of one of the primary parts, or to the twenty-fourth part of the module to explain the nature of the divifions upon a Doric diagonal fcale. This is fufficient (a) Hsc (ordinatio) componitur ex quantitate qux Grxce Pofotes dicitur. Quantitas autem eft modulorum ex ipfius operis, fumptione, ftngulifque membrorum paitibus univerfi operis conveniens effeaus. Lib. 1 . c. 2. of Architecture, o the Ionic and Corinthian diagonal dales, the modnle mud be divided into eighteen equal parts, taking the line B. D. as the femidiameter of the column ; then fet down the numbers' 6, I a, 18 underneath their refpeftive diagonal divifions, and to the perpendicular raifed at tire pmnt D the numbers 6, ,2, againd their proper parallels, and here obferve, that each primary part is divided into eighteen parts of parts, and that confequently three hundred and twenty-four parts of parts are equal to the module. ’ Befides thefe dales of modules ufed in delineating any architeftural delign, there is another method for determining the divifions of the members, which is more convenient, becaufe it avoids all fractions of parts, and the fums of the feveral quantities afiigned are equal to the whole. It is done by repeated equal divifions, without any regard to the minutes or parts of a module. For example : The Attic bafe may have its altitude divided into three equal parts, and one of thefe is given to the plinth ; then again divide the fame entire height into four, and one of thefe de¬ termines the height of the great torus. Again, divide the entire height into fix equal parts, and one of thefe is taken for the lefi'er torus. The remaining interval is equal to the great torus; 111s wide into fix equal parts, of which, one being afiigned to each fillet, the four interme¬ diate ones will remain for the fcotia. This method has been much praflifed by the modem amlis, and it was Iikewife ufed by the ancients; it is very ingenious, and will afeertain very pre- eifely and didinftly the relative meafures of all the parts thus lhbdivided. Yet the greater con¬ diment members of the orders fhould firil be determined and traced from their refpeaive modulary The following table contains the greater divifions; the didribiltion obfervable therein is, that the dronged column 15 charged ■ with the heavied entablature, according to the true reafon of things. Altitudes. Doric Mod. p. Ionic Mod. p. Corinth. Mod. p. Entire Order. 16 : 0 20 : 0 24 : 0 Columns. Bafe of the column - Shafts with fillets and aftrag Capital - 0 : 0 11 : IO 0 : 8 1 : 0 l 3 : J 3 1 : 8 1 : 0 16 : 3 2 : 6 Total heights 12 : 6 16 : 0 19 : 9 -Q Architrave - - _ _ Frize - - - _ _ Cornice - - - _ _ 1 : 2 1 : 4 J : 0 1 : 9 I : 9 1 : 0 1 : 9 1 : 6 1 : 12 UJ Total heights 3 : 6 4 : 0 4 = 9 ,he Add , ‘hlV 0tal ^ 1 thC m ',? bcrs ° f the C0]umns t0 the ,otal hei S ht ° f the members of the entablature, and the fums will give the altitudes of the entire orders. On feme occaf.ons the Corinthian entablature may include only four modules, or two diame¬ ters m height; and then to the architrave is given one module fix parts, to the frize one mo¬ dule three parts, and to the cornice one modnle nine parts. The artid fhould always be able to judge upon the fpot when thefe or any fuch chromatic differences may take place. Having a given perpendicular line for the axis of the column, you may fet off from a dale o, modules the different altitudes as marked down for the intended order in the above table Ir bottom th ^ S™ t0 f w n ft ° m ‘ he fame fCak ’ th = diamEters of the column * top anc as to other oart'° Je | “l ^ ^ ° f ^ membcrs of entablature : remark^ P " “ g *° C mouldin g s > &c ' ‘bey will be fupplied in the courfe of ou, Projectures. !The Grecian Orders Projectures. Doric Mod. p. Ionic Mod. p. Corinth. Mod. p. Diameter of the fhaft at bottom - - 2 : 0 2 : 0 2 : 0 Diameter at the top ----- 1 : 8 1 : 13 1 : *3 Bale of column on each fide 0 : 0 0 : 7 j 0 : 7} The apophyge at bottom - 0 : 0 0 : 1 0 : I J- Abacus of the capital beyond the col. 0 : 3 0 : 5 0 : 11 Front of each Ionic volute - - - 0 : 0 0 : 13 0 : 0 Mouldings of the architrave - - - 0 : 1 0 : 3 0 : 5 Prize as well as the arthitrave coincide - : - - : - - : - with the diminution of the Column - : - - : - - : - Cornice to projedt beyond the frize I : 6 1 : 9 1 : 12 The plans of columns are invariably circular; all others have been condemned as abfurd. Pi- 1 afters have fquare plans equal to the diameter of columns; thele are placed behind, or on the fide of columns, and generally have the fame diminution ; for as columns ftand with more firm- nefs and iolidity when their lower parts are broader than their upper, and luch a form is obferv- able in the trunks of trees, they were on both thefe accounts 'Showed the figure of a truncated cone : hence we may infer, that every building ftiould have its balls larger than its fuperior parts. A column, as noted in the table of Altitudes, is compofed of three principal members, i. The foot or bafe. 2. The full: or fliaft. 3. The capital. The entablature alfo contains three diftindt members'. 1. The epiftyle (a) or architrave, reprefenting the beam laid acrofs the tops of the co¬ lumns, or the beam for the wall-plate. 2. The zophorus or frize, being the fpace left for the joifts. 3. The corona or cornice, that reprefents the ends of the rafters and the eave-boards in a roof. The cornice ftiould always projedt lufticiently to preferve all the parts underneath from the drippings of rain. Thefe three are the great conftituent members, and ftiould never be mutilated or omitted in any defign intended to difplay the beauties of the art. The mouldings are little jettings or projedlures upon the naked of a wall, or of any other fur- face, as of the feveral greater conftituent members of an order. This general name is given them, becaufe they appear to have been call in a mould, as indeed all of metal are; the others being [O' Epiftyliorum ratio fic eft habenda uti ft columns: fuerint a minimo XIT pedum ad XV pedes, epiftylii fit altitudo dimidia craflifudinis imse columme. Item ft a XV pedibus ad XX, columns: altitudo dimetiatur in partes X 1 IL & unius partis aliitudo epiftylii fiat. Ircm ft a XX ad XXV pedes dividatur altitudo in partes XI 1 S & ejus una pars epiftylium in altitudine fiat. Ice a XXV' pedibus ad XXX dividatur in paries duodecim & ejus una pars altitudo fiat. Item fecundum ratam partem ad eundem mo- dum ex altitudine columnarum expedienda: funt altitudines epiftyliorum. Quo enim altius oculi fcandit acies, non facile peifeca: at, is crebritatem : dilapia itaque altitudinis fpatio & viribus extrita, incertam modulorum renunti.it fenfibus quantitatem, Quare femper adjiciendum eft rationis fupplementum in fymmetriarum membris, ut cum fuerint in aitioribus locis opera, aut etiam ipfa coloflicotcra, ccriam habeant magnitudinum rationem. Epiftylii latitudo in imo qua; fupra capitulum erit, quanta craflicudr fum- e columns: fub capitulo erit tanta fiat; fummum quantum imus fcapus. Cymatium epiftylii feptima parte fua: altitudinis eft faciendum & in projeftura tantundem: reliqua pars prteter cymatium dividenda in partes XII & earum trium prima falcia facienda, fccunda quatuor, fumma quinque. Item zophorus fupra epiftylium, quarta parte minus quam epiftylium, ubi autcrita- tem habeant fcalpturte. Cymatium fua: altitudinis partis feptima:, proje&ura cymatii quanta ejus craflitudo. Supra zophorum denticuius eft faciendus tarn altus quam epiftylii media fafeia, projedlura ejus quantum altitudo. Interfedtio qua: Grtece Mctocnd dicitur, fic eft dividend* : uti denticuius altitudinis fua: dimidiam partem habeat in fronte. Cavus autem intcrfedlionis hujus frontis etiibus duas latitudinis partes habeat: hujus cymatium, ejus altitudinis fextam partem. Corona cum fuo cvmatio prxter fi- mam, quantum media fafeia epiftylii. l’mjedtura coronte cum denticulo facienda eft quantum erit altitudo zophoro ad lu.i.mum corona: cymatium : & omnino omnes eephora: venuftiorem habent fpeciem qua: quantum altitudinis tantundem habeant projec- tuia:. Lib. Ill- c. 3. cut of ArchiteSiure. i j cut with chifTels, See. upon the raifed parts of the wood, ftone, or marble, left for that purpofc. Some'mouldings are flat, either fquare or bevel; others are curvilinear or mixt. The flat mouldings take their names from their fize and fituation. The curve mouldings are either con¬ vex or concave, or convex-concave. The convexity and concavity is traced for fome by greater or lefler legments of a circle; but elliptical figures are moftly ufed, according to the Grecian tafte ; and it is feldom that the projedtures of any are equal to their heights, generally lcfs, as 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 5 to 6. Mouldings are either ornamented or plain; fome of the many ornaments adapted to each, are here reprefented : Since mouldings do, as it were, compofe the alphabet of architecture, and that without a perfedt knowledge of their feveral diflributions and combinations, it is impoflible to acquire any proficiency, their ufes and fhapes fhould be well confidered : to avoid any miftakes about their names, they are fct down both as they are found in authors, and as they are called by workmen. The mouldings in this plate are all defigned feparately, and without a fcale, becaufe their magnitudes depend upon the proportions allotted to them in their reipedtive places of an order. Latin and Italian Names in Authors. A. Tania, quadra, cimbia. orlo. B. Abacus, flint bus. fafeia. C. AJlragalus. tondino. D. Torus minor, bajlonc. E. Torus, toro. F. 'torus ovalus. toro ovale; G. Echinus, ovolo. H. Trochylus. Scozia. I. Cymatium. Jinus. cavetto . K. Cyma redla. Jima lyfis. fmus. gola dritta. L. Cymatium lejbium. lifts Jinus. cyma reverja gola rovejcia. M. Corona, gocciolatoio. N. Afopbygis. afojigio. The upper apo- phyge in the Ihaft of a column is di- redtly againft that part called the neck, and by Vitruvius, the hypotracbelion of the column. English Names by Artificers. A. Fillet, firing, lift, ornamented with fcrolls. a. The bevel fillet often ufed underneath the former. B. Plinth, platband, facia, with fret. C. Afiragal, bead cut into beads, d. a bead cut upon a fquare edge. D. Upper or lefler torus, with reeds and rib¬ bons. E. Greater or lower torus, with leaves and acorns. F. A boultin or elliptical torus, with hulks and ftalks. This member placed with its p'rojedture upwards, may fuit the cornice or capital. With its projedture downwards, f. it fuits a bafe. G. Eggs and anchors. H. Scotia, or hollow, with ftalks and flowers. I. Quarter round, hollow, with leaves arid flowers. K. Ogee, with water leaves. L. Ogee reverfed, with lace-work. M. Drip with channels ; in Vitruvius corona is the fpecial name of the drip, and the general name for the whole cornice. N. Congee,- or little hollow, that ferves for one member to rife from, or fall into another, like the cindture fillets at top and at bottom of the Ihaft of a column. The cincture fillets are in imitation of the iron hoops that were placed round the extremities of wooden columns, to prevent their fplitting. E O. P. Four facias with different ornaments of braided and twifted ribbons, flowers, fhells, &c. The infpedtion of the figures clearly fheweth how they are all deli- All the members are adapted to the Cornice and to the capital, excepting the torus and the fcotia; and they may all fuit the bafe, excepting the echinus or ovolo; the reafon of this is, that the projedture always enlarges upwards in cornices and capitals. Such members then are luitable to thefe parts, whofe projedtures increafe as they rife, and above which may be added others ftill to projedt beyond them. Now all mouldings will have this effedt except the torus and the fcotia, (fee their figures) for, fince any member placed upon the torus muft take its rife or procefs from the line which forms the chord of the circular fegment, and when added to the fcotia, muft iifue from the uppermofl point of its concavity, neither the one or the other will admit of a member that projedts, therefore neither the torus or the fcotia are fit to be placed in fuch fituations. The projedture of the bafe of a column or a pilafter, and of a pedeftal, always enlarges down¬ wards ■, confequently, any of the mouldings, whofe projedtures likewife enlarge downwards may be applied to both thefe parts. The cima-redta and cima-reverfa, when topfy-turvy, may be here applied, and in thefe cafes a torus fhould be always ufed, inftead of the echinus or ovolo; fo that this one excepted, (unlefs turned upfide down) every other member will fuit the bafe of a column, of a pilafter, of a pedeftal. The ornaments of lculpture invented to enrich the different mouldings* are various and nume¬ rous : we have deiigned l'ome few, but as the ftile of architedhire fhould be decided by the de- ftination of the edifice, ornaments (a) ought to be placed fo judicioufly, that they may do ho¬ nour to the tafte of the architedt, and indicate the ufe for which the building is railed. Some ornaments, as ribbons, foliages, eggs, See. are indifferent and equally applicable to all j others are fignificative, being the mere infigns of peculiar alluflons ; as inftruments of facrifice, ox-fkulls, &c. only proper for the decoration of an antique temple, are improperly placed elfewhere, beino- no charadteriftic of the order; trophies, facred or prophane fymbols, hiftorical fubjedts in balfo relievo, fhould be introduced with propriety and fimplicity, (for limplicity is always the attendant of genuine grace,) in fuch a manner, as to declare at once the title of the edifice by fome of its parts. The moft general rule is, that the mouldings be alternately carved or plain, that the plain- nefs of thofe which feparate the wrought ones, may afford a repofe and harmony grateful to the fpedtator’s eye. All the ornaments fhould rife in divifions perpendicular, one over the other, the greater, as the modilions, &c. fhould regulate the Idler; they fhould, above all, fuit the order whereto they may be applied ; the richeft and moil; delicate workmanfhip is never bellow¬ ed but upon the Corinthian. All the parts in the fame front fhould be proportionably adorned, not to leave fome quite naked, while others are enriched with profufion. If the corona or drip hath any carving upon it, the cyma redta is left plain, and fo vice verfa : archivolts and arichtraves are left plain, excepting when the utmoft richnefs of workmanfhip is requi- fite: as for altar-pieces, royal galleries, or chambers of the greateft magnificence, in thefe all the members may be carved, leaving here and there a plain fillet to avoid confufion. The frize may be adorned with hiftorical or emblematical fubjedts, being careful not to mix together facred and prophane defigns. The profile of the members ufed for the infide, fhould have lefs projedture than thofe without, and the fculptures be kept in bas relief, for too much roundnefs would give an appearance of heavinefs to the whole work. Three methods may be taken to enrich the orders, i. By the defign and execution of the Sculpture. 2. By the richnefs of the materials. and, 3. By uniting the richnefs of materials in CperibUSarchiteai de quibus argument!, rationem, cur feccrint qusrentibus and n of Architecture. i,, and nicety of workmanlhip. The mold choice materials are the fine marbles, ivory, and metals gilc, tho’ it is but very feldom that the dlimatcs will afford thefe expences. The churches and palaces of Rome furnilh many in dances of a profufion of fuch magnificence. The different colours of mar¬ bles muff be judicioufly forted to harmonize together, and being heightened by the gildings of the parts made of bronze, fuch as the bafes, capitals, modilions, &c. produce the moil link¬ ing effefts. . The expence of bronze metal is confiderable, but it is preferable to all others for thefe ufes. Wood takes the gold very well, but is liable to rot from the moifture of the marble : lead is not expofed to the fame accident, but the gilding bellowed upon it is always very dull. The outline of any one moulding, or of fevcral taken together, as the entire cornice of an order, is called the profile ; the lemicircle is the profile of the torus; a perpendicular line is that of the plinth : a feftion or rawing thorough any number of mouldings, gives their true delineation. The art of delineating profiles is a mod neceffary talent for excelling in architefture; becaufe, the fame artifl who may fucceed well in the diilribution of a plan, and in a fine compofition for an elevation, may at lail obfeure the merit of his work by the bad effeft of his profiles. The antiquities of Rome furnilh examples of feveral, which are bolder than they are con-eft; the fame may be faid of Michael Angelo’s. The mod elegant profiles are the lead charged with mouldings, and have not an unmeaning repetition of the fame kind, but contain alternately a mix¬ ture of curvilinear and fquare ones; and above all, the fmaller ones are introduced between the greater, that by fuch a driking oppofition, the e!Feft may be more pleafing. The projefture of the profile mud alfo be proportioned to its height, regard being had to the body whereon it is immediately placed; and it is to be obferved, that fome great moulding flrould predominate in the profile of a principal member, as the drip or corona in the cornice, whereof it is a mod elfential part. It is furprizing that the corona has been omitted in fome works of great repu¬ tation, as in the Temple of Peace at Rome. (See Palladio, Lib. IV.) The equality of heights of mouldings in the fame profile flrould be carefully avoided. When a lefier moulding is placed over another, it fliould not be more than half, or lefs than one fourth of the moulding under it. Thus, the fillet upon the cima refta, and the adragal or bead under the ovolo, cannot be allowed lefs than one fourth, or more than one third of the cima refta or ovolo. The dentel is the high- ed of all the mouldings under the drip, and the drip a very little lower than the cima refta above it; the cima refta is too low, both in the external and internal orders of the Pantheon. See Palladio, Lib. IV. The cornices of the orders mod frequently finifli with a fquare moulding or fillet juft above the cima, but fometimes with an additional circular moulding above the fillet. The pannels or boxes in the foffit between the two modilions fliould always be fquare, as well as the intervals wherein they are placed, as will be further noticed in its proper chapter. To make a good choice of profiles, neither drawings nor books can give fufficient intelligence; becaufe a profile that yields a fine effeft in one fituation, will not anfwer in another. A frequent comparifon of profiles in different edifices is the fureft means of acquiring a good manner. Pal¬ ladio, Scamozzi, and Vignola, of the moderns, have excelled in this branch, but the Athe¬ nian antiquities furnilh an elegant variety unknown to them. The artift who would furpafs m this point, fliould not always delineate profiles with a ruler and compaffes, he fliould often Iketch them by hand upon a very large fcale, and this praftice will be found not altogether unneceffary and ufelefs. Whatever care the Gothic architefts have taken to render the execution of their works perfeft, the difagreeable figures they combined for their mouldings, have damped upon them all the marks of barbarifm; thefe deformities become more fenfible, when compared with examples of the antique, which are amazingly beautiful, by the elegance, the variety, the choice and fimpli- city of the mouldings that compofe the Grecian profiles. CHAP. 20 The Grecia?i Orders CHAP. III. Daviler s Comparifon of Profles. Intercolumniatiotis. Diminution of the Shaft. Scroll Modilion. Balufers. Pediment , Acroteria , and Statues. Block Con¬ duces. Vafes. D AVILER gives four examples of entablatures, in order to lhew the manner of com¬ paring profiles, and thence to make a good choice; two of which are antique, and two modern. PLATE III. The profile A. is from the temple of Fortuna Virilis at Rome, very ancient indeed, as it is faid to have been built in the time of their kings. Now, without confidering to what order it belongs, which is not the queftion at prefent, but examining it entirely by itfelf, we lhall find that the three parts which compofe this entablature, bear no true relative proportion one to the other; the frize is no more than two fifths of the height of the cornice, and only two thirds of the height of the architrave, and the cornice contains above one half of the height of the entire entablature: the drip or corona is not half of the cima redta, and the cima reverla between thefe two members, is almoft as high as the corona ; that each dentel is very near iquare, and ex¬ ceeds the height of the corona; - that the three fafeias of the architrave are nearly equal : the fil¬ let upon the uppermoft, is almoft as deep as the cima reverfa under it. The olives and pearh carved on the naked of the middle fafeia, have a very bad effedt, being quite out of place. The fecond entablature B. is taken from the baths of Diocletian; here we may obferve the architrave to be higher than the frize, which is without ornament and pulvinated, and the cor¬ nice higher than the architrave, as it fhould be : the projedture of this cornice is equal to its height. Vignola has imitated this profile on account of its beautiful parts, for none of the faults of the former appear in this defign. The profile of the third C. is after Palladio, and is well chofen. The modilions are intro¬ duced in imitation of thofe in the cornice of the temple of Concord, and of another ruin near St. Hadrian’s church, mentioned by Serlio. The fourth example D. is after Serlio, who imagining to adhere to the preferiptions of Vi¬ truvius, for the Ionic entablature, has fallen into a littlenefs not allowable. The cornice is low and mean, being compofed altogether of diminutive, confuled mouldings, almoft imperceptible. The fillet upon the cima redta is by half too low, fo are all the other fillets ; the dentcls are poorly crowned, and but weakly fupported underneath ; and the nofe or beak in the drip or corona, is too weak. In this fame plate are traced out the five Grecian intercolumniations. By intercolumniation is underftood the fpace or diftance that is left between one column' and another. Thefe are the names of the five, and the incafures preferibed to the intervals. The Pycnoftyle difpolcth columns very near each other, being only one diameter and a half be¬ tween lhaft and lhaft. The of Architecture. 21 The ( a) Syftyle placed the columns at two diameters diftant. The ( 'i 5 ) Diaftyle fixed columns at an interval of three diameters. The fourth was called ( c) Arasoftyle, and the columns were difpofed with an interval of four dia¬ meters. In this intercolumniation they were obliged to make the architraves of wooden beams; therefore, becaufe of the difficulty of executing it in ftone, and the ill appearance fo great a diflance between the columns produced, it was never approved. The (d) Euftyle furpafleth all others, on which account it was thus named. The intercolumni¬ ation herein given is two diameters and one fourth, obferving however that the middle interco¬ lumniation in the fore and back fronts, was allowed three diameters, to allow a freer accefs to the door way., But the height (?) of columns, as well as their diameters, is to be confidered in intercolumnia- tions. To the (f) narrowed: intervals are placed the mod llender columns, and to the wider open- ings, the thicked and fhorted columns : yet thefe rules have always had their exceptions; the Ionic and Corinthian columns having been difpofed in mod works with as wide intervals as the Doric; and this again has been placed with the narrow intervals fuitable to both the former modes: when one order is placed above another, the uppermod has its intercolumniation wider than the inferior one. The practice, recommended by Vitruvius, is as follows. For the arax>dyle, let the height of the columns not exceed eight times its diameter. This is applicable to the Doric. For the diadyle and eiidyle, the height of the columns is allowed eight diameters and a half. This may fuit the Ionic. (a) Hsc utraque genera (pycnoftylos Si fyftylos) vitiofum habent ufum, matres cnim familiarum cum ad fupplicationem afcendunt, non poflunt per intercolumnia amplexs adire, nifi ordines fecerint. Item valvarum afpeflus obftiuitur columnarum crebritate, ipfa que figna obfcurantur. Item circa sdem propter anguftias, impediuntur ambulationes. Lib. III. c. 2. ( b) Hsc difpofitio hanc habet difficultatem, quod epiftylia propter intervallorum magnitudinem franguntur. Lib. III. c. 2. (c) In arsoftylis autem nec lapidcis nec marmoris epiftyliis uti datur fed imponends de materia trabes perpetus; & ipfarum tedium fpecies funt baryes, baricephals, humiles, latte. Lib. III. c. 2. (el) Euflyli ratio qua: maxime probabilis & ad ufum & ad fpeciem & ad firmitatem rationes habet explicatas:—fic enim habe- bit & figuration^ afpcdtuin venuftum Sc aditus ufum fine impeditionibus, & circa cellam ambulatio autoritatem. Lib. III. c. 2. (r) Ita ex ea divifione intercolumnia, altitudinefque columnarum habebunt juftam rationem. Lib. III. c. 2. If) Quemadmodum enim crefcunt fpatia inter columnas, ita proportionibus adaugends funt craflitudines fcaporum. Nam- que fi in arsoftylo, nona aut decima pars craflitudinis fuerit, tenuis & exilis apparebit. Idco quod per latitudinem intercoiumnio- rum ser confumit & imminuit afpedlus fcaporum craffitudinem. Contra vero pycnoftylis fi odlava pars craflitudinis fuerit, prop¬ ter crebitatem & anguftias intercolumniorum, tumidam & invenuftam efficiet fpecicm. Itaque generis operis oportet perfequi fymmetrias. Etiamque angulares columnae crafliores faciendte ex fuo diametro quinquagefima parte, quod eas ab aere circum- dur.tur & graciliores videntur afpicientibus. Ergo quod oculos fallit, ratiocinatione eft exequendum. Contradlura: autem in fumrnis columnarum hypotracheliis ita facienda videntur, uti fi columna fit ab minimo ad pedes quinos denos ima craflitudo di- vidatur in partes fex & earum partium quinque fumma conftituatur. Item qua: erit ab quindecim pedibus ad pedes viginti, lea- pus imus in partes fex & femiftem dividatur, ex earumque partium quinque & femifle fuperior craflitudo columns fiat. Item qus erit a pedibus viginti ad pedes triginta fcapus imus dividatur in partes feptem earumque fex fumma contradtura perficiatur. Qus autem ab triginta ad quadraginta alts, ima craflitudo dividatur in partes feptem & dimidiam, ex his fex Sc dimidiam in fummo habcat contraclurs ratione. Qiise erunt a XL ad L item dividends funt in oclo partes & earum feptem in fummo fcapi hypo— trachclio contrahantur. Item fi qus altiores erunt his eadem ratione pro rata conftituantur contradlurs. Hx autem propter altitud'.nis intervallum fcandentis oculi fpeciem fallunt; quamobrem craflitudinibus temperaturs. Venuftatem enim perfequi- tur vilus; cujus fi non blandimur voluptati pro ratione & modulorum adjedlionibus, uti id in quo fallitur temperatione adaugea- tur, vafeus & invenuftus confpicientibus remittetur afpedlus. De adjedtione qus adjicitur in mediis columnis qus apud Gts- cos entafis appellatur, in extremo libro erit formata ratio ejus, quemadmodum mollis & conveniens efficiatur. Lib. III. c. 2. F The 22 The Grecian Orders The fyffyle may have the height of its columns nine diameters and a half. In the pycnoffyle the columns are preferibed at ten diameters in height. Thefe two laft inter- columniations are adapted to the Corinthian. The reafon of thefe different proportions is, bccaufe the free paffage of air between the inter¬ vals of columns, doth as it were confume and diminifh the thicknels of columns, and the more air and light do furround them, the more llender do columns appear; therefore the angular co¬ lumns have been allowed to have their diameters increafed one fiftieth part more than the inter¬ vening ones. The wider intercolumniations will admit of columns being difpofed by couplets; they are then placed two by two with fufficient fpaces for the projedtures of their capitals and bafes; and re¬ gard alfo muff be had to the triglyphs, mutules, dentels, and modilions of their refpedtive cornices. By this difpofition of couplets, the angles of a building feem to be greatly ffrengthened ; but it gives a crowded and irregular afpedt in the center of an edifice. Columns in the fore and back front are generally difpofed in an even number, otherwife the middle of the front would prefent a column inftead of a vacuity for a door-way, and then it would require two door-ways; belides, the architrave confidered as a beam with a weight fulpended in its middle, i. e. the center of gravity, demands the fame number of men (their lfrength fuppofed to be equal) on one fide as on the other to bear it up. The diminution of the fliafts of columns upwards, gives a gracefulnefs to their forms, which otherwife they would want. But the fwelling in the middle can convey no other idea than that of the columns being opprefled by the incumbent weight. The remains of antiquity cannot furnifh examples of the latter practice. Sir H. Wotton condemns it as a great abfurdity. Some authors with Vitruvius, as above quoted, have decided, that columns of different altitudes require different diminutions, but to judge from the remains of antiquity, this precept feems not to have been fcrupuloufly pradtifed, for neither the very lofty columns of the temple of Fauffina, nor thofe of the portico of Septimius, of the temple of Concord, and of the baths of Diocletian, have more diminution than others of half their height, as thofe of the triumphal arches of Titus, of Septimius, and of Conftantine. The different characters of the orders, have been judged to require different diminutions of their fliafts; we find authority for this in the antiquities of Athens, which correfpond nearly with the rules eftablillied by Scamozzi. For the Doric column, the top of the fliaft is four fifths of the diameter at bottom. For the Ionic column, the diminution is one feventh. For the Corinthian column, the fliaft at top is feven-eighths of the diameter at bottom. Vignola and others make the fliafts of every order to diminifli only one fixth, and this gene¬ ral diminution may in common cafes be received with great propriety. To begin the diminution from the bottom of the fliaft, is the mod natural and mod ap¬ proved, efpecially for the Doric, but for the Ionic and Corinthian orders, the diminution may begin at one-third of the length of the fliaft; it is thus traced for the column A. B. From the point E. deferibe the femi-circle E. D. C. &c. from A. the point of diminution at-top, let fall the perpendicular A. G. divide the arch G. E. into feveral equal parts at pleafure; e. g. into fix, and raife fo many perpendiculars, divide E. A. into the fame equal number of parts, and through the points of interfeCtion, E. H. L. K, L. M. A. trace the line that will give the fur- face _ C J Architecture. &ce of the diminilhed column. The femicircle E D C the (haft, or at one-third of its height. 2 3 is defcribed either at the bottom of PLATE IV. Fig. 1. reprefents the figure of a fcroll modilion, with half of its front. * The fecond internal cornice of the Tower of the Winds at i,u. t. • Fig. II. The delineation of two Hone balufters (raWfe), this variety is fufficient for the three orders The ftrongeft being applicable to the Doric, and the other to the Ionic and Co- 2=r la is c U an d 8S b 2 Ve u al0f f £fe ba!UilerS ’ ° f ^ Ual - d Placed near to e2 other called a baluftrade j they are included within the height allowed to the die of a pedeftal whole cornice ferves as their rail, and they have the fame bale with the pedeflal. A balurt d is -fed on the fides of a flight of flairs, or for balconies to windows, in order to give greater liberty and Oonven.ency of profped. Theatres, Halls, Temples, Palaces, and other pubhc as well as private fabrics, have oecafion for galleries or balconies in different parts of their ftruClure It MianTf 'b a ,h r, f ° diUm ’ Hia ' ® — of the M *0 the pjf/ of he Italians ; for whether a balcony is made with balurters, or with a parapet wall, the ftention' aria amC ’' h h ^^ to reft u P on ’ ° r >«■> a gainft. The lowennoft feats next to the arena m amphitheatres being guarded by a parapet, as were alfo thofe next to the orcheftra n the theatres (which anfwer to the front rows of our boxes) were referred at all nnWle l r perfons of the highefl quality and rank, as appears by a plffage in {uvenal, ? - --- Generojior & Marcellis Et Catulis , Paulifque minoribus, & Fabiis & Omnibus ad podium fpedlantibus. And the Emperor alfo was ufed to place himfelf at the podium, according to Suetonius, in the life of Nero. Toto podio ad aperto fpedlare confueverat. Fig. III. reprefents half of a pediment. To deferibe the declivity of it, divide A. B. into four equal parts and a half, (or the whole into nine equal parts) take upon the indefinite perp=„! dicular, the d.ftance between O. and P. equal to one of thefe, then draw a right line Li P o the lower corner of the drip, and the lines for the mouldings above this line parallel thereto from the feveral points in the profile: the triangular fpace left below them is called the („) tympan. P i iizxl : nc efl fa r a ut * perpendicular] rdpordert. Co,™ " Z ZITT hypotrachelin ad z Tr Eularia -. M ™ bra —- «*> XU. idea ,„od, c„ m ffeterimus coon, Ln, cxicniK.iuenn., & una tetigerit imam operis par- The Grecian Orders 24. tympan, which for greater magnificence is often adorned with fine reliefs of fculpture, the fubjec' thereof being always chofen fuitable to the edifice. The full extent of the pediment is fupported by two, four, fix, or a greater equal number of columns. Pediments are placed at the extremities, or at the center of an edifice, where they become very ornamental, efpecially if they coincide with the roof, otherwife the application of them becomes only a mockery. It mud be noticed, that the cima redta for a pediment is occafionally deferibed as in this figure, from the oppofite angles of two fquares, that the raking cornice may miter with the level cornice that meets it. The Acroteria are lmal i pedeftals for flatues intended to be placed upon the Pediment; the middle 3croterium is at the fummit, the two others are at the extremities, one to each. To trace the lower acroteria, continue the fhaft of the column upwards, as deferibed by the dotted parallel lines in the figure ; take s. u. for the determined height equal to s. t. the projedture of the cornice; but for the center acroterium, fuppofe B. q. the profile of the pediment, make r. q. equal as before to the projedture of the cornice, and, according to Vitruvius, it fhould even exceed in height the lateral acroteria by one eighth part. Sometimes the upper parts of the acro¬ teria are moulded into little cornices, whofe heights may be one-fifth of their breadths. Statues are made lefs, or equal to the life, or larger. When they are made very fmall, they cannot be received (excepting on tablets) for external archiredtural decorations, and fhould be referved for chambers. If they exceed the life more than twice, they become colofial, and are beft placed upon pedeftals in an open area of fufneient fpace. The quelfion then is, to determine the fize of ftatues for the acroteria, or to adorn the intercolumniations or niches within a portico. See. The fuperior diameter of the fhaft of the column, having preferibed the breadth of the acro¬ terium over ir, will determine alfo the fize of a ftatue in an eredt pofture, becaufe the ftatue re¬ quires neither more nor lets fpace to hand upon than a circle, whereof the length of its foot is nearly half of the laid diameter, as is lhewn by the traces of the feet marked out in the plot; the acro¬ terium therefore cannot admit of a ftatue taller than three times that diameter. This limitation for [catties will always adjuft the true proportions they fhould have with their refpedtive columns. The ftatues upon the top of St. Paul’s are too enormous for the columns, but this objedtion would ■difappear, if the fame height that is divided into the two orders, had been affigned to one. We have only confidered tingle pedeftrian ftatues, and thefe of the human figure ; but it is eafy from them to make a fcale for the proportions of other animals, as well as to regulate the fize of a group of different figures whenever it may be intended. In order to view conveniently any objedts placed on high, a certain diftance from the bafe of the building is requifite. The fpedtator flands very conveniently, when the vifual ray forms with the horizontal line an angle of 45 deg. but it the faid angle be increafed to 70 deg. the fpedtator hands rather inconveniently; and fhould this angle be increafed ftill more, the elevated fituation. of the objedts is very inconvenient, and there is no looking up at them, without wringing one’s neck. Suppofing then 45 deg. is the mean, and 70 deg. the extreme elevation that fhould be allowed for the viiual rays in looking up at objedts, 20 deg. will be the other extreme for the leafl elevated fituations, becaufe there is the fame difference in defeending from 45 deg. to 20 deg. as afeending tem, altera fummam, qua; fummam tetigerit, longior fiet. Ita quo longior vifus lines in fuperiorem pattern procedit, refupinatam facit ejus fpeciem. Cum autern (uti I’upra fcriptum elt) in fronte inclinata fuerint, tunc in afpeiStu videbuntur efle ad perpemiicuium & normam. !,ib. III. c. 3. from of ArchiteSUire 4 from 45 deg to 70 deg. it may then be concluded, that every part of architeflural fufceptible of height will appear too low, if viewed under 20 deg. and too elevated if ray exceeds 70 deg. decoration the vifual Having confidered the molt convenient fituatlon for viewing the high parts of a building let Us offer the proper point to place the fpedlator, that he may fee to the bell advantage the whole range of any confiderable front of what extent foeverj this diltance is the Commit of Hn equila- teral triangle, the bafe of which is the front in queftion. When a building extends five or fix hundred feet, the depth is not confidered as a neceffarv proportion. The extent of length mull be divided into feveral diltind breakings, as the fquare of its height, fquare and half. Sec. without which, no fuch defign can ever appear beamiful each muff eorrrefpond with the whole, and yet be independently agreeable: but to examine the correftnefs of the particular members, and the neatnefs and fpirit of the ornaments, we mull approach near enough to obferve the minuted; divifions. Fig. IV. A block modilion cornice, Rotonda at Rome. the profile taken from the fecond external cornice of the of u T C T Ce ’ tak “ fr0m the bridge at Rimini - Undcr !t is *<= method tracing Hone quoins the edges being left (harp and not chamfer'd; if either of thefe block cormces are ufed, the he.ght of the building mull be divided into eleven equal parts, one of which is given to the cornice. u r F ig V. VI VII Three methods from Serlio to defcribe globular and Oval vafes. The laft may ferve to defcr.be the eggs for mouldings; the pine buds may be traced in the fame manner obferving to place the narrow end upwards. manner. CHAP. IV. Of the Dane Column , ■with the Flutingi. Of the Doric Entablature. Of the Dark Portal. Of the Doric Colonade. Of the Dork Arcade. PLATE V, T H E Doric lhaft D. is without a bafe, as may already have been remarked in the firfl p ate ut it ffiould always be placed on a bafement, plinth, or (a) ground fill, whofe he.ght from the ground may admit of one, ( 6 ) three, or a greater unequal number of lleps, each Hep being from fix to e.ght inches high. The Doric ruins of Greece, and thofe of the temples at Poellum, have all fuch bafements. The addition of a bafe to the Doric , ‘ S “ downn ght innovation againfl the moll deliberate Intentions of the ancients ; may It not be reafonaole to conjeflure, that as the foot of this column is fufficiently broad in proportion to its height, they who firlt defigned it, as well as thofe Ikilful mailers who immediately fuc- M Supraque team pa,id, fub oolumnia dimidio calWs quae, column, fun, fun™ . e m : ar , r.n, "(°rNam™cum ten,'.’W' 11 "'" : »""*■ Spi,a,umquc ptojedlur, „„„ p,o„d>„, tolidum. 9 dextro pede primus g,adu, afeendatur, item in lummo templo primus ponendus eft. Lib. III. c. 3. G ceeded 26 The Grecian Orders ceeded them, did not imagine that it would want any additional projcdlure for the fake of gre'ater folidity ? that the fimplicity of its charader could not admit of a bafe ? for as the ftatuc of a Hercules, or of a wreftler would appear out of charader if their feet were drelfed up in (c) fan- dais or fhoes, lb would the column to which they had annexed thefe ideas. The number of flutings [d) to the Doric column Ihould never be more or lefs than twenty. Sometimes it was left with the lides flat and XX angles. The curvature of each fluting is de- feribed from the center of a geometrical fquare, X whofe lides are equal to one of the flat fides. Others have traced the curvature from the fummit of an equilateral triangle Z. whole bafe is one of the flat fides. The entablature and capital may be traced by feales of equal parts, e. g. For the capital divide its entire height into two equal parts ; take the uppermoll for the abacus. Again divide c. d. into three equal parts; two of thefe are for the ovolo, and the remaining one is divided into three for the fillets : for the fourth fillet belongs to the lhaft of the column ; the projedure of the abacus is three parts of its height; that of the ovolo is equal to its own height* and the fillets are profiled, as is feen by the figure. For the entablature, divide the height into feven equal parts, and each of thefe again into three; take feven of thefe fubdivilions for the height of the architrave, and eight of the lame for the height of the frize, the fix remaining will Hand for the height of the cornice, which being di¬ vided into twelve, will aflign to each member its relative number of parts, as may be feen by the figure. The cornice projeds once and a half of its height, then divide this projedure into nine equal parts, and the profiles are determined and deferibed, as the figure readily Iheweth ; but the mo- dulary fcale is added, and the different meafures of the members may be taken by it. The capital C. confifts of a plain abacus, an ovolo under it, with (e) three annulets, for the fourth belongs to the lhaft or full; of the column. With very little alteration, the text in Vi¬ truvius agrees with this divifion. The entablature deferibed between C. and A. by beginning at bottom, confifis I. Of the Ar¬ chitrave of only one fafeia, with the Taenia, fillet, and fix drops. Thefe drops are different from thofe hitherto ufed : the fimplicity and height of the architrave gives it a fuperior degree of ftrength to all others, commonly deferibed. II. The frize, confifting of the (f) triglyphs and (g) metopes ; the height of the triglyph is one module and four parts, and its breadth one module. The breadth of the metope between (r) Bafi fpiram fuppofucrunt pro calceo. Lib. IV. c. i. [d) Columnas (Doricas) autem ftriari XX ftriis oportet qua: fi plane erunt angulos habeant XX defignatos: fin autem ex- cavabuntur, fic eft forma facicnda ; ita uti quam magnum eft intervallum ftria, tarn magnis ftriatura: paribus lateribus quadra- turn deferibatur: in medio autem quadrato circini centrum collocetur; & agatur linea rotundationis, angulos tangat, & quan¬ tum erit curvature inter rotundationem & quadratum deferiptionem, tantum ad formam excaventur. Lib. IV. c. 3. (if) Craflitudo capituli dividatur in tres partes, e quibus, una plinthus fiat.—Altera echinus, tertia cum annulis. Lib. IV. c. 3. (f) Turn projecturas tignorum quantum eminebant, ad lineam et perpendiculum parictum prxfecuerunt: qure fpccies cum invenufta iis vifa clTet, tabellas ita formatas, uti nunc fiunt triglyphi, contra tignorum pra-cifiones in fronte fixerunt, & eas cera ccerulea depinxerunt, ut prrecifiones tignorum tedlx non oft’enderent vifum. Ita divifiones tignorum tcfhc triglyphorum difpofi- tione, intertignium & opam in Doricis operibus creperunt. Lib. IV. c. 2. (g ) Ita quod inter duas opas eft intertignium, id metopa apud eos (Grsecos) eft ncminatum. Lib. IV. c. . two of Architecture. two triglyphs is one module and a half. The {h) triglyph is divided in its breadth into twelve parts, the two furrows and channels having each two parts, and the three (hanks each two parts, and one part is given to each half furrow at the edges. The breadth of the triglyph regu¬ lates the fix drops anfwering thereto, in the architrave, as the figure plainly fheweth; the breadth of each drop being one modulary part, but each interval is a fixth more. The depth of each furrow is half of its breadth. To reconcile the angular triglyph to modern ufe, it would be fufficient to fay, that it is found in the bed: remains of Grecian antiquity. The third chapter of the fourth book of Vitru¬ vius determines but very imperfedtly for or againft this point; the emendations of the editors have availed little to reftore it to the true fenfe. Yet we can fix upon another (?) palfage favour¬ able to this diftribution of the triglyphs, for it does not follow that the metope next to the an¬ gular triglyph mud; be irregular on this account. Befides the angular dentel in the Ionic, the angular modilion in the Corinthian cornice, were only fubftitutes in thofe two modes for the an¬ gular mutules in the Doric ; now thefe mutules cannot have this difpofition of planks as in fig; Q^_ which they are fuppofed to have, unlefs the triglyphs are angular, becaufe the mutules are placed of the fame breadth, and exadtly over the triglyphs. There is fomething fo unmeaning in the femi-metope, that it fhould never more be received. III. Immediately above the frize is the cornice. The lowed member herein is the cap of the triglyph, called by Vitruvius capitulufn triglyphi. This fame platband is continued over the me¬ tope, but not quite fo deep : the next member is a cyma reverfa; above it is the fillet, againd which is placed the {k) mutules, one over each triglyph. The (/) drops in each mutule are fix in front and three deep, as may be feen in the plan B. of the foffit, then comes the corona of drip with its peculiar cyma and fillet. The fame members, only larger, fini/h the cornice, and one would be apt to prefume, that this curved member or boultin is the true cymatium Doricum, fince we find it in neither of the other two modes. The (m) heads of lions in this cornice, as in others, vfere intended as water-fpouts to the fides of a building. The (h) Non enim, quern ad modum nonnulli errantes dixerunt, femftrarum imagines cfle triglyphos, ita poteft efle 5 quod in angulis contraque tetrantes columnarum triglyphi conftituantur, quibus in Iocis non patiuntur res feneftras fieri. Lib- IV. Triglyphorum latitudo dividatur, ex quibus quinque partes in medio, dua: dimidias dextra ac firtiftra defignentur: regula una deformetur femur, quod Graice meros dicitur; fecundum earn canaliculi ad norm* cacumen imprimantur. Ex ordine corum dextra ac finiftra, altera femora conftituantur, atque in extremis partibus femi canaliculi invertantur. Lib. IV. c. 3. (' ) Namque necefle eft triglyphos conftitui contra medios tetrantes columnarum, metopafque qute inter triglyphos fient teque longas efte quam altas: contraque in angulares columnas triglyphi in extremis partibus conftituuntur & non contra medios te- trantes. Lib. IV. c. 3. t^) Ex eo uti e tignorum dilpofitionibus triglyphi : ita e canteriorum proje£turis mutulorum fub coronis ratio eft inventa. Ita iere in operibus lapideis & marmoris mutuli inclinati fealpturis deformantur, quod imitatio eft cantheriorum. Etenim neceflario propter ftillicidia proclinati collocantur. Ergo triglyphorum & mutulorum in Doricis operibus ratio ex ea imitatione eft inventa. Lib. IV. c. 2. (/) Et guttarum diftributiones, ita uti gutta fex in longitudinem, tres in latitudinem pateant. Lib. IV. c. 3. (m) In finus, quas fupra coronam in lateribus funt sdium capita Ieonina, funt fealpenda ita pofita, ut contra columnas fingulas ea pnmum fint defignata ; cetera vero tequali modo difpofita uti fingula fingulis mediis regulis refpondeant. Ha;c autem qure crunt contra columnas perterebrata fint ad canalem qui excipit e tegulis aquam cceleftem. Mediana autem fint folida uti qua cad it The Grecian Orders The invariable regular diftribution of triglyphs and metopes for any given («) front, mull al¬ ways regulate a Doric defign. It is obfervable in the Grecian remains, that the external edge of the angular triglyph in the frize is diredtly over the greatell diameter of the column, but we have ventured to make it fall upon the diminution of the column, this does not in the leaftaffedt the diftribution of the triglyphs and metopes, for, excepting the angles, the centers of the columns are all fuppofed to pafs through the centers of the triglyphs. The height of the column with its capi¬ tal, is XIV modules, according to Vitruvius, but in the defigns of the firft, as well as of the next plate, according to the Grecians example, it is allowed no more than XII. S. mod, as it has already been quoted in the table of altitudes. What a beautiful and proportional fimplicity appears throughout every part and member of this Doric ! the diftindtion and charadter are fpecially preferved, with fuch authentic marks, as muft fet afide among the unprejudiced, thofe fpurious, uncertain and confufed traces of the or¬ der hitherto received; for the foundations of the art are principally to be fixed upon examples of the beft antiquity, and we Ihould build upon thofe to infure the luccefs of any defigns. PLATE VI. The Doric portal A. preients a front of four columns fupporting a pediment, with three in- tercolumniations; the middle one of two triglyphs, and the two lateral of one triglyph each ; thefe, with the four triglyphs placed over the four columns, occafion this front to confift of eight triglyphs and feven metopes, which full extent is equal to XVIII. S. modules, a triglyph is placed at each extremity, fo that the half module falls out in the odd number of the metopes. When a fronf contained four columns it was called tetraftyle ; if fix columns, hexaftyle; if eight columns, odtoftyle, &c. this appellation they joined to that of the intercolumniation. as tetraftyle-fyftyle, exaftyle-diaftyle, odtoftyle-pycnoftyle, &c. When we come to fpeak of the antique temples, we fhall find that to thefe compound names, they added the names of the order, and methods whereby they difpofed the columns to the fore and back fronts, as well as to the fides of the building. In the elevation of this plate, the Doric portal of the Agora at Athens, is taken for an ex¬ ample. By the plan A. it may be obferved, that the columns are advanced one diameter and two-thirds beyond the ant;e or pilafters B. thefe pilafters ( o) are placed with a fmall proje&ure upon the ends of the fide-walls, behind the two extreme columns of the front; their breadth being equal to the diameter of the column, but at the fides, when there is no column before them, their breadth is only half that of their front. The pilafters have not the fame diminutions as the columns, and the capitals of thefe antte are different from thofe of the columns, being divided into a greater number of mouldings. See figure C. cadit vis aqua; per tegulas in canalem, ne dejiciatur per intercolumnia neque tranfeuntes perfundat. Scd quae funt contra co- Jumnas, videantur emittcrc vomentia ruflus aquarum ex ore. Lib. III. c. 3. ( n) Frons sedis Doricx in loco quo columns conftituuntur dividatur fi tetraftylos erit in partes XXVI. fi hexaftylos in XLI 1 . ex his pars una erit modulus, qui Graece embates dicitur, cujus moduli conftitutione rationibus efficiuntur omnis operis diftribu- tiones. Craflitudo columnarum erit duorum modulorum, altitudo cum capitulo XII. S.-Htec ratio in operibus diaftylis erit conftituta, Si vero fyftylon & monotriglyphum opus erit faciendum, frons aedis, ft tertraftylos erit, dividatur in partes XVIII. S. fi hexaftylos erit, dividatur in partes XXVIII. S. ex his, pars una eiit modulus, ad quem (uti fupra feriptum eft) opera diftribuentur. Ita fupra fingula epiftylia & metopte dux, & triglyphi finguli erur.t collocandi, in angularibus non amplius quam quantum fpatium triglyphi. Accedit in mediano contra faftigium trium triglyphoium & quatuor metoparum fpatium, ut latius medium intercolumnium accedentibus ad aedcm habeat laxamentum & adverfus limuiacra dsorum afpeclus dignitatem. Lib. IV. c. 3. [0 ) Ant* quod Grscce paraftatx dicuntur-column* habentes poll fc paraftatas. Lib. IV. c. 1 To of Architecture. 29 To defcribe a door-way within this portal, divide the height contained between the floor and the undermoft line of the architrave into fix equal parts. Take four for the height of the aper¬ ture, and make the breadth equal to half its height. The architrave and jambs have their pro¬ portions and mouldings given fuitable to the character of the order. Sometimes the ancients ad¬ ded a frize D. which they called hyperthyron, and above this a tablet E. for any infcription or work of fculpture, referring to certain particularities of the building. If in the lateral intercolumniations niches fhould be required, the breadth of each is to be made equal to half of the breadth of the door’s aperture, and the heights twice and one half of their breadths ; obferving to defcribe their fummits femicircular, as well as their plans. Al¬ though fome modern authors have exclaimed againft niches, yet they may be introduced with propriety to break the naked of a plain wall, or to range in the fame levels and perpendiculars with the windows of a front, whenever thefe apertures fhould not take place. They are the proper receptacles of the ftatues; nor can an architedl's defigns be too much diverfified, where a fupc- rior degree of magnificence requires fuch additional ornaments, if he is careful not to give into abfui dities. This leads us to fay a word more about the temples of the ancients. The deities of the Pagans were reprefented under the human fliape, fo that by attributing certain chara&ers to the orders, the architects feem to have judged it neceflary, to have regard to what was fuitable to every diftinCt deity, not only in the choice of the fituation of places, but alfo in the choice of the form (a) and order of the temple. Thofe dedicated to the Sun, to the Moon, or to Vefta, were circular, like that at Tivoli. The temples in honour of Jupiter, as the thunderer, were uncovered in the middle. They appropriated the Doric order to Mars, to Hercules, and to Minerva. The Corinthian was affeCled to Venus, Flora, Proferpine, Apollo, the Mufes and the Nymphs. Juno, Diana, and Bacchus, were worfhipped in temples of the Ionic order. The plans and elevations of the walls, pilafters and columns, were varied in feveral different manners, befides the diftin&ions of the orders. They are defcribed in Vitruvius, as (b) undermentioned, and Palladio explains them in his fourth book ; we fhall juft mention them, becaufe from the following verbal defcriptions any of them can be defcribed. I. The temple without columns, when the breadth did not extend to twenty feet: The length was twice its breadth, and the length being divided into eight equal parts, five of thefe were given to the cell, and the three remaining ones were afligned to the antitemple or pronaos, flanked with the fide-walls, on the extremities of which were placed the pilafters called ants. II. The temple in antes, with two columns on the fame line with the pilafters, and placed between them. III. The temple in antes, with two columns within the pronaos behind thofe in front: The inner columns were of lefler diameter than thofe in front, though their heights were equal ; but to make them appear of equal circumference, they had a greater number of flutings, either eight and twenty, or thirty-two. It was peculiar to this temple to fhut up the middle inter- columniation with a parapet or baluftrade, in the nature of a podium, the entrances being left at each fide between the antes and the columns. IV. The proftyle or a front of columns, from four to fix, &c. forming a portico advanced before the antes. V. The amphi-proftyle, with the fame mode and number of columns in the back front as in the fore front. VI. The peripteral or winged, having fix columns in front, and fix in the rear of the temple, befides (c) eleven on ( d) each fide, including the angular columns of the two fronts, their diftance from the walls being equal to the interval prefcribed to between two columns. In {<•) Lib - L c - 2. ( b) Lib. III. c. 1. & Lib. IV. c. 4. & 7. (<■) Ita enim erit duplex longitudo operis ad latitudinem. Namque qui columnarum duplicationes fecerunt erravifle videntur, quod unum intercolumnium in longitudine plus quam oporteat procurrere videatur. Lib. III. c. 3. [cl) Pteromatos enim ratio & column .rum circum sedem difpofitio ideo eft inventa utafpcflus propter afperitatem intercolum- morum haberet autontatem. Praeterea ft & imbrium aqua: vis occupaverit & intercluferit hominum multitudinem, ut habeat in H sde In this place it is proper to remark, that the temple of Thefeus at Athens, for example, inftead of eleven columns of each fide, has thirteen ; thus it exceeds in length twice its breadth : but we may fuppofe, that this addition of two columns to the length of its lides, was the confequence of advancing two columns deep before the antes inftead of one, and this required alfo a proportional length of the cell, which it could not have with only eleven columns on the flank, if two of thei'e at both ends were advanced before the antes. VII. The pfeudodipteral or falfe double winged, that ha; two ranks of eight columns to each front, and fifteen columns on each fide, including the angular ones of both fronts. The diftance of the columns from the fide walls is equal to two intercolumniations and one diameter. VIII. The dipteral or double winged, with two ranges of eight columns to the fore and back fronts, and two ranges 'of fifteen columns to each fide. IX. The hypiethral, with two ranges of ten ( e ) columns to each front; their lides were either pfeudodipteral or dipteral, the interior nart of the cell was open to the fky ; within the walls, at the diftance of one intercolumniation and the dia¬ meter of a column, were railed on all the fides internally, two lefil-r orders, one above the other, equal in height to the great external order. The roof only extended from the columns without to thofe within ; at each front, however, the pediment was carried over the entire breadth of the portico. X. The pfeudoperipteral or falfe winged, having the fame number of columns in the fore front, and as many in the back front and on the fides as the peripteral, but the walls of the cell of the temple were extended at the fides and at the back front, to cut into the diameters of the columns. Such are the temple of Fcrtuna Virilis of the Ionic order tetra- ftyle; and the temple of Concord, alfo Ionic, hexaftyle, both at Rome ; and the antique temple at Nilmes, called La Maifort ^uarree, of the Corinthian order and hexaftyle ; the three are d.e- figned and explained by Palladio, in his fourth book. Of circular temples or rotunda;, there were two forts. XI. The monopteral, fupporting a hemifpherical cupola by a circle of infulated columns at pycnoftyle diftances. The internal diameter of the plan was equal to the height of a column, and the height of the bafement (ftereobates) was equal to one third of the diameter of the plan, and was aicended by a due num¬ ber of fteps of convenient altitude. The floor of the temple was on the fame level with the fuperior part of the bafement. Sometimes, inftead of a circle of infulated columns, the cupola Was fupported upon a circular wall of the fame height as that prefcribed to the infulated columns, or the diameter of the plan was equal to its height the cupola included, like the Pantheon at Rome. XII. The circular peripteral temple had its columns at fyftyle intervals placed upon pedeflals (ftylobata;) furrounding the temple. The diftances of the pedeftal, from the circular walls of the cell, was the fifth part of the entire diameter of the temple within the colonade. The dia¬ meter within the walls of the cell being equal to the height of a column upon its pedeftal. Vi¬ truvius mentions the cupola being crowned with a flower. At Athens there is a moft beautiful one, which M. Stuart has deferibed in the fourth chapter of his book. In* this plate we have given the plan in fmall, of a Doric, hexaftyle, fyftyle, peripteral temple, wherein the different parts may be feen at firft fight. The fide-walls, which are advanced be¬ yond the cells, are alfo called the wings, according to Strabo’s defeription of a certain t at Thebes in Egypt. Far teles qut utrimque pronaon circumcludebant Ptera r ioca(a. zdc circaque cdlam cum laxamcnto liberam moram. Hse autem iia cxplicantur in pfeudodiptcris xdium di r '-of:'ior.i>'us • quare videtur acuta magnaque folertia effe&us operum Hc.mogenes feciffc, rcl.quiflcquc femes, ur.de pofieri'pollent’haurire difeipji- narum rationes. Lib. III. c. 2. pronao & pofiico. Ilujus autem . vf Arcbitetture, 3' PLATE VII. metopes. The proper diftribution'forT:Dor^cltadTw^d b' T’^ ^ ^ pored by couplets, for a fufficient drength to Cup^^ ZmZT^A^ "* "* ^ at the angles by columns and ^ ** fu PP orted ftty, which confidered equi-dirtant coluntas ““ “ ' “'"'f* 11 of ,hc the moil delireable effedls, both on accouTof “ P^ing , The boafted colonade of the Lnnvro K„ d , if the intercolumniations between the centeTand thTL^LTb hi S her commendation, plets ; thereby the jambs of the niches might have h r Ct I ,1Ki,ftant t in as purpofes For theatres and amphitheatres, S 6 , ft ^ additional ftrength, by increafing the depths of the pil , 7 T '° pierS ' gaVe 2,1 plainnefs or nakednefs which otherwife would have aon d 7 '° ^ tb = t0 ° projefting from the piers of arcades, from one eighth to T u ^ Pikfc « fometimes taken place inrtead of femicolumns. The rchTvolt C ° H t*. diameteS - hare Have them members andmouldings charadterifiically ^:r^x;:'rr; P ifrTr'-“——*«*. fimplicity of thefemicircular fweep: perhaps it mav nm b beaUtiful effca “d againil this opinion the authority of key-ftones fromf f ^ i” ^ by 0thm ' who wil1 brin S the practice of feveral of the bed mode™ but H ^ “pities, and from protect i,. m0dcrns • but lf » ornament ts ill-placed, no authority Ihould CHAP. CHAP. V . Qf pcdefals. Of the Ionic Bafe and Column. Of the Capital. Of the Entabla¬ ture. Of the Volute at large. Of the Flutings and Safe at large. Of Fluted Pihflers. Of the Ionic Portal. Of the Ionic Portico , tenth Pcdejlah. II E ufe of the blfcmcnt (ftereobates) was laid in the hill chapter to raife the floor of a building above the level of the ground, and to place thereon the fhafts of the columns s but the origin of a pedeftal ( (o)ftylobates) raifed above the floor, feems to be owing to the necelhty of uling columns which turned out too Ihort for the intended work, or that the intervals between two pedellals if) along the hides of the building might lerve as a podium, a parapet or baluftrade having the fame mouldings as the pedellals, at top and bottom ; but for the portal in the front of the building, the pedellals were infulated, to admit of a free paffage between the intercolumniations. The height of the pedeftal conftdered as a parapet can have no relative proportion to the column it bears, becaufe the height of a parapet is unalterably fixed from three feet to four at mod, and this may equally ferve a column of ten feet, or one of thirty feet in height. A pedeftal is no part of an order, neverthclels, the members are to be characterized according to the column it bears. Some of the moderns have launched into a depravity of making the pedellals excefiive high ; others have judged fo ill as to place one pedeftal upon another, that the columns feem to be hoifted upon Hilts, againft all the rules of folidity and beauty. The word Scamillus, fignifies properly a little feat, or a footftool; what can refemble more to either of thefe, than that part of the continued pedeftal that breaks forward under every column ? and as the number of columns in the fides of the periptere was unequal, fo it was nccelfary to hint that thefe ftools ffcamillij upon which the columns were to be raifed, muft be in odd numbers (imparts) likewife. And if the projeClures of all thefe fcamilli were fet off in a right line (ad like Ham), it made the whole fide of the ftylobates appear (alveolatus) channelled out or indented by regular intervals. The figure marked H. reprefents the profile of an Ionic pedeftal ; the upper moulding thereof is a plinth, becaufe the lower moulding of the bafe hereafter deferibed is a torus ; all the other mouldings of this pedeftal are adapted with a fuitable iimplicity. The Ionic order of Vitruvius, as delivered down to us by his editors, is indeed very fimple, but, at the fame time, very poor, from the littlenefs of all its parts : what is here offered, is from the ruined temple on the Ilyffus at Athens; it is as elegant as plain, from the Iimplicity (a) Sin autem circa aedem extribus lateribus podium faciendum erit, ad id conflituatur uti quadra*, fpirx, trumi, corona-, lyfis ad ipfum ftylobatam, qui erit fub columns fpiris, conveniant.- (b) Slylobatam ita oportet exiquari uti habeat per medium adjedtionem per fcamillos impares. Si enim ad libellam dirigetur alveolatus oculo videbilur. Hoc autem uti fcamilli ad id convenienter fiant, item in extremo libro forma & demonftratio, erit defrripts. His perfect in fuis locis fpirre collo- centur, &c. Lib. HI. c. 3. and Fart I. Pl-Vm . of Architecture. and greatnefs of its parts. The meter of the column, juft above divifions are made from a fcaie of modules. The greateft dia. the apophyge, is divided into thirty-fix parts for two modules. The bafe G. is very peculiar and beautiful; it begins from the bottom with a torus; above th.s is a Icotia, or hollow, between two fillets; the remainder is divided into feveral ver v final! mouldings, which convey the idea of feveral nice folds (a) of a female garment, that is likewife indicated by the flutmgs of the /hafts. Thefe mouldings are too nice to be executed in com¬ mon Hone, but by dimmilhing their number, the general profile may Hill be preferved, as will be /hewn in plate IX. for the bafes to this order. The /haft F ,s occafionally ornamented with /lutings; the ( 6 ) number afligned is twenty- four; to defcribe thefe /lutings and fillets, divide the periphery, or circumference, into twenty- four equal parts, and one of thefe again into eight parts, fix of which are allowed for the breadth of one of the /lutings, and one for the half of each fillet, as will be feen at large in the next plate for the Ionic flutings. The capital here delineated has great elegance and fimplicity; if we look at the front of it C we may obferve, that the curvature of the volutes by far furpaffeth that of all others hitherto defcnbed in the works of the bell modem mailers, or of any defigns collefled from the remains of Rome; the fweep or undulating lines of the hem that pafs over the middle ovolo is very graceful; the fituation of the eye of the volute is well chofen, being fixed fo much nearer to the lower than to the upper part of the volute, as it would naturally have that propenfity in a (r) buckle of hair, if a bead or flower was thus placed. The breadth of the fpiral fillets is divided by a channel into two, when the materials are hard enough to bear it. The femi-profilc D. of the fide of a volute. The fulnefs of the (d) holders anfwers perfectly well to the front, and the little mouldings or binders are well chofen and properly Dlaced. r r j The plan E. rcprefents the bolder of the volute with its binders, with the ovolo and the femi- plan of the upper part of the /haft, the diameter thereof is fixed at one module and twelve parts. K Sheweth the junffion of the two femi-volutes, on the internal angle of the capital of each angular column. 1 The entablature A. is nearly that from the antiquities of Athens. The principal members are thus meafured: . ‘ 1 _ , M. p. To the architrave, with its mouldings, , To the frize, including the little fillet, , . 9 To the cornice, - Projedture of the cornice, - i ■ g 1 he quantities of the feveral mouldings may be meafured from the fcaie of modules, though we Ihould always recommend a fubdivifion by equal parts. It mud be remarked, that when there is a pediment, the level drip remains with only its boultin moulding a, top; the fillet immediately next to i, in profile being carried upwards in the tide or the pediment. (a) Truncoque toto flrias uii ftolarum rugas, matronali more demiferunt. Vitr. Lib. IV. c. i. [b) Striges facienda: funt XXIV. Lib. III. c. 3. (c) Capitulo volutas, uti capillamento concrifpatos cincinnos prarpendentes dcxtra ac finiflra collocaverunt carpis pro crinibus difpofitis, frontes ornaverunt. Vitr. Lib. IV. c. 2. & cymatiis & en- (d) Pulvinorum baltea. Ib. Lib. III. c. 3. The I 'The Grecian Orders The bale of the column, the elegant volutes of the capital, the juft and grand divilion for ftrength and beauty of the entablature, the cornice being diftinguilhed for the greatnefs of its profile, the frize for a fpacious furface for any works of fculpture, and the architrave for its ftrength, being not broken into two or more facias, are confiderations which fhould recommend this entablature. P* 6 To the architrave. To the frize, - - To the cornice, Projeifture of the cornice. i The profile and the mouldings may be feen in the figure. It muft not be palled over, that the internal and external angles, by the diftribution of the dentels here marked out, may always be furnifhed with a dentcl ; the reafon of this derives from the placing of the (/") timbers, fig. M. Therefore, as the angular mutule and triglyph in the Doric, fo the angular dentel in the Ionic, and the angular modilion in the Corinthian, will have their proper fituation prelcribed according to the primitive imitation. A fwelling frize has been given by Palladio and Scamozzi as characteriftic to tiiis order, but as it is not abfolutely fo, it is beft omitted, bccaufe it gives a dil'agreeable heavy appearance. PLATE IX. A fpiral line is a curve of the circular kind, which in its progrefs approaches to, or recedes from its center to any defired number of revolutions. There are two forts of fpiral lines of ufe in architecture. I. The helix, which winds itfelf around a cylinder to any given height. II. The volute, that winds itfelf about a cone, fo as the points thereof continually approach the axis. Fig. A. the volute of the Ionic little temple mentioned in deferibing the laft plate. The manner of tracing it is thus : At two parts diftant from the fliaft of the column continued upwards, let fill from the lower- moft line of the abacus, an indefinite perpendicular for the cathetus of the volute, which inter¬ fered at fourteen modulary parts below the point whence it is dropped, gives the center of the eye of the volute, which is deferibed with a radius of two modulary parts; but the radius for the external circle that forms the rim, is two and a half modulary parts. The eye being de- (' ond thaft is ffill narrower than the breadth of the die dt pedTaf b . * “'“"I, “ ‘ h ° tweep of the apophyges. The Scozia can only be defended as (hewn h f ° the t^aredfahnehard textures if of others, the (harpnefs of the edgL 'Z^Z 't Z ««■«**., they reach the Corinthian mode. ° * ^ eem a PP ro P r iated to fliafts for ,.sS; irr.it tMi “™ - *•— 1™ r „*, d „ d di , ld , d lik , 4oe ,, *rc„LJ,„'",‘”r"I,", T,, ° made out from a mutilated one found in digging about the ndtn , r C ^ WaS Mr. Stuart has given it among other defignsrf that Ruin ““ ™ dS ! a ” d Of other ornaments, there may be ,0 a capita!, it ” h is but right to in- thofe remains on the fouth part of the city which a V ^ ^ ^ StUart haS traced iC from dimenftons being «x feet diameterbyCS' r tht : 1 "'° ,H *” 1 circuit of near four ftadia, ^ g ' tbcir lnc l°fu r e or pertbolus, was a Wheler s account of the fame ruins, feems to favour Mr Stuart's n " * C ClMe ihuth-eaftwards, are thofe tall and beautiful pillars called Had ' T ^ ° f “ commonly reputed to be the remains of his ™i„ P , " ’ d H d s P llIars - and are “ ° fit - ifnot ° f the oity too, when the whole ftrufture ° rnamentS “ 1 are n0t of their opinion that his palace was built on the L rf"hern f 7 and “ too really a callle built in the air ■ thev he' 1 c - P * m ’ for that would prove " chapters and bafes. But feventeen’of thife pilfars remain^prightf' ^ CO “P re !“ ndin 8 th = are tr • om the Poikl!e in -«****. little the original abovemen tion ed ; rit ^ • - ut fuperior pars tenia pane fit cratHtudinis columnar re l iqaom pl ™T ‘ A ’'"" d ° C >'“ C At.icprjrs erit, i,a diridau tes quatuor: fiatque fuperior torus quarts ; reliqua: tres Eequalite ' .“ ,qUal,ir ' Cmpta pllntho ’ reliquum dividatur in pa quadris (soda, ,„am G«ci TrochiL dic^f II W. c! 3! «» — P- cue, fu 40 7 ‘he Grecian Orders ture is defeibed at fuur modules and nine parts for tire greeted altitude that ever iliould be given.. Vignola has made the entablature five femi-diameters or modules high, in which he is not to be followed, although there are examples of entablatures full as high m feveral of the rums at Rome, viz. the temple of Jupiter Stator, of Mars the avenger, the Pantheon, and others; but it will’appear, upon examination, that the columns belonging to them are not high enough in proportion, lb that the entablatures appear too heavy and maffive for that levity which fliould prevail throughout even' part of this order. The feveral members of this entablature A. are great and diftinft, the mouldings, in refpeft of fize and profile neat and light. B. reprefents the foffit: of the corner, with the under part of the modilions, and the coffers or pannels for the rofes or other flowers. The foffit fignifies the cieling of cornices. The pannels or coffers were the lacunaria "Jcl laque- aria, and were alfo defigned for the tidings of rooms i as we may infer from Horace : Non ebur neque aureum Me renidet in domo lacunar. Virgil alfo mentions tliefe ornaments, ./Eneid Lib. I Dependent lychiii laquearibus aureis. And Cicero, j. Tufc. de Dionyfio, fpeaking of a well known anecdote. In hoc media apparent fidgentem gladium e hamari feta equina l„fpenfum jujit. Tliefe lacunarian pannels or compart¬ ments were deferibed of various fliapes and fizes for the ceilings of rooms, and were oftentimes adorned with paintings, and gilded or inlaid with the richeft materials. The Pantheon at Rome has a fine diftribution of lacunarian pannels for the inlide of its he- mifpherical roof; each coffer was enriched with ornaments of Corinthian brafs, though Palladia fays, that probably they were filver. Whatever they were, fooner or later they did not eicape the pillage of the befiegers. C. is a Corinthian entablature of a different profile from the former : the modilions are («) fcrolled ; under them is the ovolo, next is the dentel platband, with its fillet above, and the cima reverfa underneath; the frize is of the fame altitude as the former ; but the architrave has three facias : upon the whole, this is nearly the Corinthian entablature of Palladio. D. is the foffit of this cornice, with its pannels and rofes. The fame leaves are traced to the under part of the fcroll-modilions, as are ufed for the capitals of the columns. The whole may be ornamented in the moft luxuriant talk, which could be difpenfed with but in very extraordinary circum- ifances ; fometimes a Corinthian cornice may be traced without modilions, and the dentels may be cut, and fometimes both the dentels and modilions are omitted; fuch are the cornices of the temples of Vella, of Antoninus, and Fauflina, and of the altars within the Pantheon. E. The Corinthian or one diameter ( b ) in capital, according to feveral antique models extant, is only two modules height; but in this plate we have given it two modules and fix parts. ° Tne I,re tanta fit altituJo capiiuli cum (a) Larine. Ancones five menfulre. (A) Eius autem capituli fvmmetria fic eft facienda, uii quanta fuerit cralfitudo ii , „ . abaco. Abaci latitudo ita habeant riatonem, ut quanta fuerit altitudo, bis tanta fit diagon'.os ab angulo ad angu.um. • pau. cn ; m , t j u ft ■ ... . . Ut t idii ftoBtes finuefttur iau » n ! latitudinis nona : ad imum capituli tantam habeant craflitudinem, quantum habcc lumma colonna, prster apotr.efin k aftraga- lum. Abaci craflitudo feptima capituli Altitudinis. Dempta abaci crafliludine, diviJalnr rr-liqua pars in parves tics, ex q i una imo folio detur : fccundum folium mediam altitudinem teneat: cauliculi eiindem habeant altitudinem, u q -,bu> e auta, uti abacumexcipiant; ,uzn a.lic.lo,™ Mis mta procimant a.! on. ‘"'"f 6 r medium frontium abaci tat) fubjefli fcalpantur. Fb.fi in q.mtuor panibui nuanta cm abac, era*. cuntut ptojec lices floribus (qui 41 of ArchiteShire. The lower range of leaves are placed higher than ufual, and their prqje&ure is duly prescribed* herein we Ihould chufe to follow Sdamozzi, who has obferved a mean projedture between Palladio and Vignola, the one keeping thefe leaves too near to the vale, and the other having them pro¬ jected too far out. In all the antique capitals, the difpofition of the leaves is almolt always dif¬ ferent, both with refpedt to their heights and their projedtures. One fide of this capital is left naked, in order to Ihew the configuration of the vafe, with its rim under the leaves; in l'ome models the corners of the abacus above the vale are cut off * but the abacus of the capitals of the poikile, are drawn to a lharp point. They are the lame for the temple of Veda at Rome. The twilled flalks, called the helices or cauliculi, that arife from between the leaves, turn down in form of fcrolls, when they reach the rim of the vafe; there are eight of thele fmaller fcrolls, and eight larger ones ; the latter rife high enough to touch the bottom of the abacus deferibed above the vafe ; there are two of the fmall, and two greater to each front, lixteen volutes to the four fides. Over the two fmall ones is placed a rofe, or fome other flower, of circular form, to every front of the abacus. The leaves ufed for covering the vafe of this capital are of different forts. The acanthus, the laurel, the olive, and the parfley leaf. The moll common in ufe is the olive leaf* it is lefs con- fufed than the others, and is more frequently found in the antique capitals. Michael Angelo made choice of it for the great Corinthian capitals of St. Peter’s church.. Between the bottom of the vafe and the allragal of the fhaft, is a little fillet that feparates the one from the other; this is an Attic .peculiarity, perhaps hitherto unknown, but like every other hint from that Mother-fchool, is worthy our notice. The plan of the capital is traced by deferibing the circle for the plan of the upper part of the fhaft, then through the center, draw the two diagonals at right angles, interfedling one another, the full extent of each being four modules, that is, two modules on every fide from the above center ; form the fquare, &c. taking one fide of the fquare as a bafe to deferibe an equilateral triangle, from the fummit thereof you trace the curvature of the abacus, and all the feveral lines of its mouldings. By mere infpedtion the pofition of the leaves and volutes, &c. in this plan, may be eafily made out. Sometimes the vafes of Corinthian capitals were made of marble, but ornamented with foli¬ ages and volutes of metal, as appears by fome amidfl the ruins at Palmyra. In the diminifhed part of the fhaft, with its flutings, the diminution is about one eighth part, fo that thirty-two modulary parts may be taken for the diameter of the fhaft underneath the capital. Vitruvius has (c) declared it againfl the pradlices of the ancients, to place mutules, dentels, or modilions, on the declivities of their refpedlive pediments. We find the Doric example, plate VI. conformable in this point. But the Corinthian portal, as will be feen in the following plate, has modilions upon the declivities of its pediment* the authority is great, being taken from the pediment of the Pantheon, and from other Roman ruins, befides that of the Maifon uarrfo at Nifmes. tudo, tam magni formentur. Ita his fvmmetriis Corinthia capitula fitas habebunt cxa&iones. Sunt autem, qux iildem colum- nis imponuntur, capitulorum genera variis vocabulis numinata, quorum nec proprietates fymmetriarum, nec columnarum genus :>.!iud nominare poflumus : fed ipforum vccabula tradu&a Sc commutata ex Corinthiis Sc pulvinatis Sc Doricis videmus, quorum fymmetrix funt in novarum fealpturarum tranflatre iubcilitatem. Lib. IV. c. i. (c) Etiamque antiqui non probaverunt neque inflituerunt in faftigiis mutulos am denticulos fieri fed puras coronas. Lib. IV.' C. 2. 1/ It 42 The Grecian Orders It is true, that the modilions upon thefe declivities cannot be faid to be the fame pieces in their original intention, as the modilions in the level cornice, where they reprelent the ends of .the rafters; yet they may reprefent the ends of the purlins ; fome have conceited that the fides of the modilions lhould be traced perpendicular to the declivity; this is fo much againft the cojiume , that it is really /hocking ; but the fronts of the modilions having their fide drawn down perpendicular to the bafe of the pediment, may be ( b ) accounted for, by fuppofing that the ends of the purlins were /haped like a lozenge, in/lead of a fquare, and this figure would be no impediment to their being properly adjufted in their true places. Plate, xiv. The Corinthian portal here defigned, is after that of the Poikile in the antiquities of Athens: the niches are added to /hew how to deferibe them in fuch a front, but the larger columns muft always have the /mailer niches when ftatues are intended. The intercolumniations under the pe¬ diment, are all equal and narrower than thofe at the fides. The columns under the pediment are infulatcd, the angular ones have behind them fquare pilafters, with the fame capitals; the pila¬ fters arc not fluted, but all the columns are. The columns againft the walls projedt their full diameter, and as much more as is necefiary to clear their bafes and capitals from the wall : the entablature breaks (c) forward over every column ; this gives a great richnefs to the defign, for columns were never intended to have any part of their circumference buried in a wall, and no¬ thing but reafons of ceconomy, which fo frequently in modern times have disfigured the grandeft defigns, can account for fuch management; yet it has been aflerted by fome late critics, that the entablatures which are thus advanced upon the columns, and retire again into the fpaces be¬ tween two columns, are all unnatural, becaufe the edges of a roof can never be imagined to have thefe breaks; now that this practice is not unnatural or falle, can be thus proved. A co¬ lumn with its entire circumference placed againft a wall, had better have only its own incumbent entablature break forward, becaufe, did it advance thus over all the intervals, there would be a ufelefs load at the top of the wall againft all folidity : now the edges of the roof are certainly to be traced redtilinear throughout the whole extent, upon the cornice of the intervals, and the tops of the cornice over the columns left to be adorned with vafes, ftatues, &c. The columns with their entablature may be confidered as fo many ornamental buttrefles, which ftrengtnen the wall at two principal points, its foundation and fummit. There are eight intercolumniations on each fide of the portal of the Poikile ; we have given half the plan in fmall, the entire height of whofe columns, including four feet nine inches for the zoccolo, with its ftylobates, is nearly thirty-eight feet three inches, the diameter of the column near three feet. At each end of this front, which extends two hundred and fifty-two feet, is a projedfing wall, called the pteroma, or wing. The interior length of the fides of this famous ruin, is above three hundred feventy-fix feet. The lateral walls feem to have been void of any architedlural ornament, and to be crowned only with a plain coping. The whole length of the lide-walls is broken in the middle by a fquare recefs, and towards the ends by hcmi-cycles ; the opening of each is about thirty-four feet. They are called the ( d ) Exhedne; they lerved for the retreat of the feledt companies from the crowd, and were furnilhed with feats. (A) Et ea probaverunt quoium explicaticnes in difputationibus rationem pofTunt habere ventati-. Lib. IV. c. 2. (c) Uti qua adje&io in flylobatis fa£ta fuerit in fuperionbus membris refpondeat fymmetria epiltyliorum. Lib. III. c. 3. ( d) Conftituuntur in tribus particibus exhedra: fpatiola: habentes feJes in quibus philofophi, rhctorcs, icliquiquc qui fludiis de- ledtantur fedentes difputare poflint. Lib. V. c. 11. Divide of ArchiteSiure. ^ „ Divide the height from the bottom of the architrave to the floor, into fcven equal parts, and height.^ ° " ^ ^ h “ ght ° f door ‘ wa )'- the breadth whereof is equal to half the he vhr ■ < 7 mit 0f 7 “?“■ if required - is determin =d below the artragal of the columns their a„7 r e r a hdf ° f their breadth ; ** « id " k » panels, and have the ar hi o ! ThenTh f 3 Wkh th ° ° rdCr - An ° thCr Pr ° p0rti0n ° f mch “ '<**> a dcfign is that “ hen the.r fummits are ranged with the height of the door-way, and their bottom five/ ’ entire COl “ mn ; ^ ^ “ Where the In this fame plate is given in ral temple ; the ichnography of been faid on that fubjedt. fmall, the plan of a Corinthian oftoityle, pycnoftyle, peripte- any other of the ancient temples may be traced, by what has plate XV. To judge from the bed monuments of antiquity, the columns of any order (we have excepted thea res and amphitheatres) were feldom thrown away upon a range ofarcades, becaufe theheadnefi of “ n 17i77 whi f T - - * lhould always be preferred. ' P % A C ° Ipnide “ thls nch a " d Plicate order However, there is another fort of edifice, where columns of this order have been applied to an arcade, the Triumphal Arches: befides thofe well known at Rome, there is one of an ear¬ lier date, and of a fupenor flyle, we mean the triumphal arch at Orange ■ it is fimnof d have been erefted for the vidtory of Marius over the Cimbri, one hundied and three yearn before the Chr.ft.an aira. This edifice is greatly enriched with fculpture, all the parts are in fine fymmetry, and the general effedt is very grand and pleafing. P “ c H A P. VII. Of the Apertures of Doors and Wind™, Of the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian Dreffmgs. Of Venetian Windows. A N t CdifiCe 7* T interCOlamnkti0nSl C0Verei over h “ d by 'he foffits of its entabla- JT\ 7 “ mted , “ S ? th " as a cidin S- oei'her wants doors nor windows , fuch a building could ferve but for few purpofes, and not at all as an habitation: becaufe it would be expofed on all Tides to the injuries of weather: on the contrary, an edifice inclofed with walls, wants at certain intervals, apertures for doors and windows anfwerable to the intentions of the reqmfite conveniencies. The various dimenfions of thefe apertures are determined according to the fcale of the 7 A 7 rfe/fq 77 7 ” Th g “d reS f ° r . w -" d «vs may be deferibed. A circular window. 2. A perfect fquare. 3. The diagonal of the fquare. 4 . A fquare and two thirds, r A fquare and three fourths. 6. Two fquares. 7 . Two fquares and one fixth, or one feventh or one twelfth. Too great variety of apertures in the fame front is not to be recommended! plate 44 7 ‘he Grecian Orders F L A T E XVI. The ornaments intended to decorate the apertures of doors and windows, are defigned {„) either according to the Doric, the Ionic, or the Corinthian mode of mouldings and profile. For tire Doric doors or windows A. A. divide the breadth of the aperture into five equal parts; take one of thefe for the height of the architrave, and for the breadth of the jamb; divide this breadth into twelve equal parts for a modulary fade; and if a fr.ze and cornice, and columns are to be added, let the dimenfions of the members and mouldings be regulated by that fcale according to the rules already given, and the figures defended in this plate. For the Ionic -window B. divide its breadth into fix equal parts i the breadth of the jamb is equal to one of thefe, which divided into eighteen modulary parts, will l'erve as a fcale to determine all the members, according to the Ionic diftribution. The pediment is traced in the manner already preferibed. The architrave and jambs have two facias, and the diagonal of the little fquare of the undermoft facia in the architrave, prolonged as feen in the figure, by the dotted lines, determines the knee of the jamb. For the Corinthian window C. divide the breadth of the aperture into feven equal parts, and take one for the breadth of the jamb and the height of the architrave j the feveral members of both as well as the frize and cornice, are traced from a modulary fcale of one of the above feven’ parts lhbdivided into eighteen parts; fuch particulars being obferved as are charafteriftic of the Corinthian order. The length of the trufs or fcroll (i) is continued below the aperture half of the height of the architrave; but the foliage at the bottom of the lefler fcroll defeends dill lower; the breadth of the trufs in front is three fifths of the jamb, and the profile or projefture of the larger volute is equal to one and one half of its front. Doors, and even windows, are frequently adorned with an order of columns ; which become very rich decorations, as may be obferved in the front of the Palazzo Braciani, near the S. S. Apo- ftoli at Rome, and at the tabernacles within the Pantheon. When this fort of dreffing is intended, fet off from the fill of the window, upwards, the height of the propofed column, fee fig. D divide this altitude agreeably to the intended order, and finhh the entablature accord¬ ingly, obferving, however, that it is bell to omit mutules, dentels, and modilions in the cornices of the° orders when ufed for thefe purpofes, becaufe they turn out in general too minute, and cannot take place in fuch fituations with propriety. To the windows already mentioned, we (hall add the Venetian Windows: thefe are adapted to (tain-cafes, or to fuch rooms as require a different diftribution of the apertures, or more light than can be obtained from the breadth of one, of two, or of three of the ulhal apertures. The fymmetrv to be regarded in one of thefe windows, is, that the breadth to each fide, be either one fourth, one or two thirds, or one half of the middle aperture, according as this may be furnilhed with three or four panes in breadth. Sometimes the architrave of a Venetian window is deferibed to range m a right line, as the figure E And if the middle is required to be circular, by tracing the archivolt and entablature, 6 lee (a) Oftiorum sat™ & so,an, aptepagmentorum la Afoibus hat fust r.tionet, uti ptimutr, eonfli.uan.ut, ,ao genera funt futuriE. Genera funt er.im thyromatoon hsc, Doricum, lonicum, Atticurges. Lib. IV. c. 6. (4) Ancones five protbyrides vocemur, exculpt* dextra ac finiftra prsependeant ad imi fupercilii libramentum prxrer folium. Lib. IV. c. 6. I IIO I of Architecture. lA’As - - --- ~ - -- ■• • v ——■ ■■ Strange abufes of Venetian windows are feen in feveral great as well as fmall h -m- principal error is, when the archivolt appears to cut into the floor above it, it h lLw! ‘a^ault to caufe the archivolt to fprin? from the rvma nf ™ , , JiKewile a fault Sd"~ri;= f ^ of this praaice, which muft be cenfnred as CHAP. Vlir. Some parallel remarks upon the three Grecian Orders as deferred by Vignola, Palladio and Scamozzi. E havefelefted thefe three authors, as the mailers whofe writings, defigns and edifices are molt commonly known, and are of the bed modern authority. PLATE XVII. 1. The DoRtc By Vignola. This author has taken for his model the Doric, from the rums of the theatre of Marcellus at Rome, but without an exad adherence to the original The cornice is made equal to the frize, which it llrould not be, and he has altered the meafures of fevlral of the members and of the capital, not at all advantageouily. The dentels, which h has fo adopted from the faid rums, exhibit an impropriety not to be imitated, becau e they are the f ec lie TuTthev 8 alt b mCi ^ ^ Doric entablature with mmuts t f h y H 1 7’ 3 hlVe t0 ° many dr0ps - In both - the cornkes too high, and proieft too far; and the architraves are too low The heio-Kf .u ■ ,■ , . ° ° J eCt (f) Et in fummo contrahatur --, Reliqua quo altiora taunt (XXX pedibus) ad perpendiculum videntur oportere collocari. Lib IV c 6 M + 6 The Grecian Orders - the .lition the heights of hi. pedeftals have to the columns they fupport. The height of the *a^t“ dia^ The meafures in this and the folding plates, ate by minutess fixty betng equal to the diameters of every column. II PALLADIO is faid to have compofed his Doric order from fome fragments which are , , - , at the Baths of Diocletian at Rome ; he has with reafon rejeded ”«t- S the™miceTwhofe members'are well proportioned and profiled ts made of leffer alti¬ tude than the frize, as it Ihould be, but the mutules are omitted , the Architrave , too low, and fhould confill but of one facia. Beimr obliged to fall into the modern vulgar error of giving a bafe to the column, he has yet ° ^ . . i• f rr ppflv delineated an intercolumnxation without bales, but and one fixth. Ill SC AMOZZ! has defigned his Doric order different from the two already noticed i and upon theK much inferior in elegance of profile and choice of members, the entire column s allowed eight and a half diameters. The bafe is attic whemof the two improp^ ly^ riched with foliages, truly charaLiftic, according to Grecian :l; k 7:d ~ s . ^ ^ u» * ^ *»* higher than in the former two examples, but it fhould not « ten mi t ££ Th n e frize is the fame w,th hulks and flowers^ T eft^ore difagreeable by being more diminutive than thofe of Vig- chofen dentels, which becoi Doric corn ice, it lliould not be lefs than the fame — fot ™ this member to ^ ^=d in a ^ inftead of being dif- zs ts: oS ^ “ r ? Wc “ d corinthiM modes of fluting. The height of the lhaft is feven diameters and a half. IONIC ORDERS in the same Plate. ^ r ..vVrrsotA The whole entablature is too heavy, efpecially the cornice, Th, C.i.,1 -t .1. -I— i ~ IMS - *• «,« -t «* I' "b" ■ IK “’r'T veiyiiijudieioufly concluded to be Ac tlmftieatre „ PALLADIO makes the entire entablature of this order too low , the profile is well del,- 1 ' , . • i __ f WP ii;np- frize, fince it anfwers better with a flat furface. Hie neated, excepting the pulv.nated or fwell g , thc eve of the volute placed compofition. The height of the (haft is eight dtameters and minutes 10,. HI SCAMOZZI has made the entablature of this order ftill lower than the preceding one, , n L dff Choffn modilions inftead of dentils for the cornice, the profile of winch is m a dry the above two mafters, he g.ves three facias to the arch.,rave, bn, the frtze ts cf Architecture. 4.7 7 he volute of this author is particular; it feems to be partly taken from the temple of Con¬ cord ; he has intended that all the tides of the capital fhould be the fame as the front; for this purpofe they bend inwardly towards the middle on every fide ; thus the bolfters are omitted, which are defcribed for the fides of the antique favourite volute : the hem or fillet of the volute, fprings very unnaturally out of the ovolo, and is more properly traced redtilinear under the abacus. The volutes are more maflive than either of the former two, which is rather in their favour. The height of the fhaft is l'even diameters, and minutes 56^; like both the former it is too high. PLATE XVIiL I. VIGNOLA feems to delight in heavy entablatures ; even for this moft light and delicate of- der, the Corinthian, he makes the entablature one fourth of the height of the entire column; thus the cornice becomes exceeding weighty, and its projedture too confiderable : the modilions are too long, which gives them an aukward profile, and they interfere with each other in the inter¬ nal angles of an edifice: hence alfo it arifes, that the boxes or coffers in the foflit are Hot fquare. It is deemed an abufe to have dentels and modilions in the fame cornice; and therefore, whenever a tarnia is to be traced in the fame cornice with the modilions, it ought not to be divided into dentels; for fuch a practice is not rafhly to be imitated, though we have fome great examples both ancient and modern to countenance it. The cornice of the Pantheon is a fufficient guide, where it was left plain for this very caufe, that the reafon of the thing does not in truth allow it. The capital is well delineated with fuitable foliage; the bafe of the column is peculiar and beautiful, and whenever the attic bafe is ufed for the Tonic, this may be ufed for the Corinthian column, in order to avoid a dull repetition of the fame bafes, for two different orders in the fame defign. The height of the fhaft is eight diameters and minutes 20. II. If the former artift has run into an excefs for the height of the entablature, Palladio in the Corinthian, as well as in the laft, has given two little height to his entablatures ; though the columns, as they become more flender, require more to be difcharged of the incumbent weight; yet this fhould be fo managed as not to run into a littlenefs of parts. The profile and members of this entablature are well defigned, only it is proper to exclude the dentels, as before obferved. The architrave might be traced higher, which would rather prove advantageous. The height of the fhaft is feven diameters, minutes 50. III. SCAMOZZI has fucceeded better in the defign of the Corinthian order than in the two former; the profile upon the whole is well defigned, he has omitted the t$nia or platband in the cornice, left it might tempt the workmen to cut dentels thereon, which he highly difapproves in the fame cornice with modilions. The column with its capital and bafe is nearly like the former, the height of the fhaft excepted; this height being fixed at eight diameters and minutes 20, CHAP. IX. Of placing one Order upon another. Of Cornices for the fummit of Buildings. And of Cornices and Cielings for Rooms. T HERE may be feveral occafions wherein an architect would be required to place one order above another; the antients for their dwelling houfes, their bafilicas, their thea¬ tres and other public buildings, contrived to dil'pofe columns in fuch a manner: the columns The Grecian Orders 48 columns of the upper order fliould always be lefs than the columns (a) they Hand upon, and at the fame time muff have a fufficient degree of folidity and drength. The neceflity of which is demonftrable, lincc the inferior ones fupport the fuperior columns, and the weight they bear is srreater than what is incumbent upon the fuperior columns: therefore they muft be itronger and lefs delicate than the fuperior ones, but as thele have alio their incumbent weight, they alfo mult yield a folid bearing, And as the appearances of things are to be obferved in the abovefaid didribution, it is ufual to place the Doric order undermod, the Ionic next, and the Corinthian above the Ionic ; fome- times a baferaent, with or without arcades, fupplies the place of a lower order. Whatever may be collected from the writings of Vitruvius, or the remains of antiquity, or from the edifices of the bed moderns, we can gather but very uncertain rules about the relation which the lower and upper orders are to bear to each other. Palladio in his defigns, for the con¬ vent of la Carita at Venice, has obferved the following meafures in placing the three orders one above the other in the cloiders. The fird is Doric, the diameter of whole column is two feet three inches ; the next is Ionic, to whofe column he gives one foot ten inches in diameter; the lad and uppermod order is Corinthian, whofe column meafures one foot fix inches in diameter. The bafes of the Ionic and Corinthian columns, dand upon a plinth to raife them above the in¬ ferior cornices. The third order is without arcades. In this building, fays Palladio, I have en¬ deavoured to imitate the houles of the antients, and have therefore made a Corinthian atrium, or vedible to it; the order of this is equal in height to both the Doric and the Ionic of the cloiders; and upon the entablature of this great order is a balcony to a terrace which goes round for a com¬ munication of the apartments of the third dory. We have feledted this example on account of its fimple and well cholen difpofitions, indead of the three orders in the court of the palace Farnefe, which abounds in many beautiful particularities, though crowded with midakes. But fince Vitruvius informs us, that when columns are placed one upon another, their ap¬ parent diminution ought to referable that of the trunks of tall and beautiful trees, we may draw this conclufion, that the lelfer diameter of the inferior columns may be equal to the greater diameter of the next fuperior column, and fo continued upwards; this method is found to anfwer as well as any other that can be propofed. The orders, as defigned in plate I. might take place one over another, in a building whofe height was divided into three equal parts. The undermod being divided again into eight would pro¬ duce the Doric. The next divifion being for the Ionic, mud confid of ten equal parts, and the lad or highed divifion, being for the Corinthian, of twelve equal parts; the modulary fcale to each order will ferve to determine the feveral members, as already has been /hewn. By this me¬ thod, the diminution of each inferior order, is rather more than the greated diameter of the next infiftent order as it fliould be. According to the wife practice of the antients, nothing but a Corinthian order fliould take place, when a fourth order is required, which being of lefler diameter, would dill become more delicate than the former. The placing of the orders one above the other, gave rife, about feventy years ago, in France, to a quedion as vain and ridiculous as it is ufelefs; whether it was not poflible to invent a lixth order to be added above the Compofite, and to furpafs it in richnefs and beauty, as much as this was thought to excell the others? this new prodigy was to be named the French order ; it was pro¬ pofed (<7) Columns fuperiores quarts paite minores, quam inferiores funt conftituenda;; propterea quod oncri ferendo, qua; fuut inferiora, firmiora debent efle quam fuperiora. Non minus quod etiam nafeentium oportet imirari naturam, ut in arboribus teretibus, abide, cuprefl’o, pinu, e quibus nulla non eraflior eft ab radicibus; deinde crefcendo progreditur in altitudinem, na¬ tural"! contractura peraquata nalcens ad cacumen. Ergo fi natura nalcentium, iu poftulat, redte eft conflitutum, • 0 alutu. oinibus & craflitudinibus inferiorum fieri contraftiora. Lib, V. c. r. of Architecture. 49 pofed by command of the monarch to all the architeds upon the globe, with a promife of a conliderable premium to any who fhould be fo happy as to produce a dalign of a new order worthy to be called by fo glorious a name. Immediately the Ikilful artills of every country, ex¬ erted all their talents to accomplifh the defired end, and gain the prize; but, (trange it is to re'late ! it happened, that out of a million of different deiigns delivered in, not even a fingle one came to hand which deferved applaufe: according to M. Blonde!, moll of them were extravagant com- pofltions, filled with Gothic chimatras or flat allufions. M. Belidor, however, has fluttered his countrymen with the probability that fome future genius will fueceed in the attempt; one would imagine that fo Ikilful an engineer was better acquainted with the doftrine of .chances. A building that finilhes without an entablature, or without a cornice, has a poor and naked ap¬ pearance, notwithffanding the other parts of its front are tolerably dreffed. In moll common cafes, cornices, with the leafl projedlure, are preferable, becaufe the waters from the roof are received into the gutters and carried downwards through pipes. To proportion cornices to any required height, divide the faid height according to the diredhons prefenbed in each entire order, and then from the modulary fcale fet off the component parts of the intended cornice, which are to be profiled, agreeably to the members prevalent in the charafter of the order. The cornices for chambers, and for the other internal parts of an edifice, with fuitable cielings, are two confiderations worthy of notice: in both thefe, two talles have prevailed in Europe ; Italian defigns, wherein the mouldings are well chofen but heavy, and the compartments truly defigned, but faulty through too much regularity and famenefs; the French, fond of lightnefs and novelty, have on the fame oecafions hitherto dealt in crotchets and zig-zag; but it mull be owned, that herein the national tafle has prevailed againlt the mdg- ment of fome of their ableft artifts. J 6 The cornices for rooms ought to have very little projeflure, and their mouldings may be def tribed and ornamented after the antique manner, which will admit of an infinite' variety • we can trace in Ovid's tomb, the ruins of Herculanum, Stabia, Pompeia, &c. the tafle of the antients for the decorations of the compartments of cielings and walls ; but it requires a difeern- mg, as well as an inventive genius, to make a proper choice in thefe matters : to carry them into execution will demand the Ikill of the ableft artills s becaufe an indifferent performance would be attended with lofs of time, and money, befides diferediting the judgment of the owner. We have flightly touched upon the laft mentioned fubjedls, rather to give a fuitable caution than to enter into any informations, which at prefect would be foreign to our intentions. The End of the Grecian Orders. N REMARKS R E M A CONCERN N G Public k and Private EDIFICES, WITH DESIGNS. TGITUR cum in omnibus operibus or dines traderent , id maxims in JEdiius Deorum , in quibtis operum laudes & culpas aster nos folent per?nanere y Vitr. Lib. III. c. i. Alter Gradus erit diflributionis cum ad ufum patrum familiarum, ad pecunice copiam , aut ad elegantice dignitatem , cedifeia aliter difponentur. Namque a liter urbanus domos oportere conjlitui videtur , aliter quibus , ex pojfeffionibus r up. ids in - fluunt fruBus , non idem fceneratoribus : aliter beatis & delicatis : potentibus vero, quorum cogitationibus refpub. gubernatur ad ufum collocabuntur : £§? otnnino , faciendee funt apt as omnibus perfonibus cedificiorum dijlributiones. Lib. I. c. 2. R. CONCERNING Publick and Private EDIFICES. CHAP. I. General Him concerning the modern Architecture of Europe. Brief Accounts of tome eminent Britip ArchiteEls, T H E fchools of Italy, wherein the ftudy of arctiitedlure has been conllantly encouraged and cultivated ever fince it's revival from the vediges of antiquity, have Propagated throughout the mod civilized parts of Europe, the methods of adapting the orders to the defigns of public and private edifices; however, as the great and effential beauties in this art do not refult from the parts of a defign taken feparately, but from the effeft and concurrence of them all, it is not furpnzing that there are fo few examples of handfome buildings. In mod coun tries, the artills and their employers feem to have been ignorant of the general didribution or perhaps entertaining a fond partiality for their own fanciful ornaments and licences, to do honour to the genius of their native foil, have raifed their ftrudures upon plans and elevations which partly bear a national charafter, and by thefe means the orders of antiquity have been jumbled with their own uncouth modes : yet it mud be pleaded that the accidents of the climates might at firft render it fomewhat difficult to reconcile the elegancies of architefture with the methods they had adopted in their barbarous fabrics. The engraver's art has furnilhed num¬ bered prints of views of diderent places j and in thefe it may be remarked, as well as in the re lations of travellers, that at this very day it is only in the principal cities of Europe, Co me at- ^ tempts 5 ij. Remarks concerning tempts have been made in their edifices, which may tend to edablilh fuch lydems as are founded in the rules of the bell; Italian fchools, which rules may undoubtedly be applied to the meaned druCtures, often without any additional expence, or the lead impediment to their ufes. But who will deny that even in Italy, we cannot obferve a total negligence of the leffer and ufeful divifions of a plan for indifpenfable domedick conveniencies ? the principal intention of the mafters having been to Hr ike out greatnefs in their defigns ; and this was no ways blameable, being confident with the former referred and pompous cudoms of the inhabitants, much more addicted to parade than to hofpitality. The French, on the contrary, ftudious of whatever contributes to luxurious eale and gawdy appearances, have contrived to mangle the mod fimple plans and elevations to comply with the vanities of a capricious tade, though it is very practica¬ ble to unite all their conveniencies with the chaded manner of building. England, at different periods, has adopted the improprieties of both thefe nations, which are eafily didinguifhed at fird fight. Immenfe porticos, like thofe of temples, with one great order of columns, cupolas and fuch like mifapplied parts to a dwelling, a fcarcity of windows in the fame front, a range of common great rooms which have no ingrefs or egrefs, but through one another, are defigns from the other fide of the Alps: the other productions are as eafily pointed out, by long ill propor¬ tioned windows, narrow interfenedrations, high pitched roofs, often equal to the height of the walls which fupport them, loaded dill more with mifhapen turrets, mondrous pediments for pro¬ jecting windows in the roof, dair-cafes, which for the lake of oftentation, occupy too great a fpace, and encroach upon the plans in the mod effential parts ; thefe and fuch-like French imitations, carry us back to the reign of Charles II. for their reception into this illand, and that i'oon after England had to boad of her Inigo with as much reafon as Italy could of Palladio. It is not to our purpofe to fpeak of the Gothic architecture, which was in the date of its per¬ fection in the reigns of Henry the fixth and the feventh, but declined afterwards in the days of Henry the VIII, when Holbein and John of Padua, aimed at a reformation in the diles of buildings, yet neither then nor in the fucceeding reign of Elizabeth, did architecture make any confiderable figure, although the names of the architects of thofe times, Lawrence Brad¬ shaw, Sir Richard Lea, John Shute, and Robert Adams are upon record as men defervedly employed on account of their abilities ; but we mud pafs on to other perfons, of whom a more particular account may be expeCted, as their talents were employed with better fuccefs. The jirjl we Jhall feleSl is, Sir H E N R Y WOTTON, Of an ancient family, was born in MDLXVIII. at BoCton, or Boughton Hall, in the pari fit of Boughton Malherbe, in the county of Kent. He dudied at Oxford, and was a fine fchuiar. On account of his abilities in politics, he was fent fevcral times abroad, chiefly into Italy, where he undoubtedly acquired his Ikill and tade in architecture. Having palled an aCtive life until the LV year of his age, he then was appointed to fucceed to the provodlhip of Eton College; the next year he published his elements of architecture; though a finall book, it was fo well thought of, that it was tranflated into Latin by De Laet, and placed at the beginning of his edition of Vitru¬ vius. Other writers have fince railed their druCture upon fundamentals borrowed from this piece. The author was fully fenfible of its merit, as appears by feveral of his letters ; ncverthelefs, the tribute of public applaufe will ever remain his due. He died in the LXXII year of his age at Eton, and was buried in the college chapel. INIGO JONES, Was born about the year M DLXXII. in the neighbourhood of St. Paul's, London, of which city Mr. Ignatius Jones, his father, was a citizen and cloth-worker. Young Inigo didiugui/hed himfelf early by the extraordinary progrefs he made in the arts of drawing and defigning, and was par- 55 Publick and Private Edifices. particularly taken notice of for his Ikill in the practice of landfcape painting. His talents intro¬ duced him to the knowledge of William Earl of Pembroke, who took him into his patronage, and lent him abroad with ahandfome allowance. Thus fupported, he fpent many years in compleat- ing his education, and preferring Venice for the chief place of refidence, he fuffered nothing of real value or merit to efcape his induftry. His reputation for architecture was lpread all over Europe ; in confequence thereof, Chriflian IV. King of Denmark, fent for him, and appointed him his architect general: after enjoying that pod forne years, he obtained his difmiffion, and upon coming into England was appointed architect to the Queen. By the command of James I. in MDCXX, he took an accurate furvey of Stone Henge, and gave his opinion, with the account of that famous antiquity, which are publifhed : he concludes at lad, that it mud have been originally a Roman temple, built probably between the time of Agricola’s government, and the reign of Condantine the great. But whoever, as Mr. Walpole judly obferves, has treated of this monu¬ ment, has bedowed on it whatever clafs of antiquitly he was peculiarly fond of; and there is not a heap of dones in thefe northern countries, from which nothing can be proved, but has been made to depofe in favour of thefe fantadic hypothefes; where was fo much room for vifion, the Phoenicians could not avoid coming in for their thare. He made a fecond tour to Italy, and continued there forne years, improving himfelf dill further in his favorite art, till the place of Purveyor general, of which the king had promifed him the reverfion, fell to himj upon which he returned home, and fat down to enrich his country with the fruits of hisdudies. To the interval between the two voyages into Italy, M. Walpole is inclined to aflign thofe buildings of Inigo which are lefs pure, and border too much upon that badard dyle, which is called King JnmJs Gothic. Inigo's defigns of that period are not Gothic, but have a littlenefs of parts, and a weight of ornaments, with which the revival of the Grecian tade was encumbered, and which he diook off in his grander defigns. Many are the edifices built by him, or after his defigns, which will for ever celebrate the fame of his extraordinary genius as an architect, and none more fo than that mod dately and elegant pavilion the Banquetting Houfe at Whitehall, at fird intended for the re¬ ception of foreign ambaffadors, and is only a part of the great plan of a royal palace. Inigo's other buildings are, Lindfey houfe, Lincoln's Inn Fields. Shaftelbury houfe, Alderfgate Street? Barbers Hall, Monkwell Street. Covent Garden Arcades and Church. Part of the front of Somerfet houfe to the gardens and the water gate. The water gate at York dairs. Pidiiobury in Hert- forddiire. At Wooburn, a grotto chamber. Middle part of each end of the quadrangle at St. John's Oxford. Charlton houfe and Cobham Hall in Kent. The Queen's houfe at Greenwich Ambrelhury, Wiltlhire. Gunncrlbury near Brentford. Colediill, Berkthire. The Grange' Hampfliire. ° ’ He was well Ikilled in the mathematics, and had fome infight into the Greek and Latin languages efpecially the latter; and had a tade for poetry. He was the mod eminent architect of his time! and with judice is diled the Britifh Vitruvius. He wrote fome curious notes in a printed copy of Palladio's architecture, dill preferved in the library of Worceder college at Oxford. He died in the LXXX year of his age, and was buried in St. Bennet’s church near St. Paul's Wharf. His days were clofed in forrow for the unfortunate end of Charles I. This prince knew the value of the fine arts to a date, and had edablithed a royal academy, and appointed profeffors for every branch, but their exidence finifhed with him; the French availed themfelves of fuch a fcheme. Which has been maintained ever ftnee by an uninterrupted royal protedion and bounty. RALPH BATHURST, Born in MDCXX, in the parilh of Thedingworth, Northamptonlhire, was preferred to the Deanry of Wells; though no archited, his name Ihould be mentioned, becaufe by his endeavours and benefactions, he contributed to introduce Grecian architecture into Oxford. The fird effort of thefe elegancies was exhibited in the chapel of Trinity College, and afterwards in the court of the fame College. It was referved for the tade, the genius and the fpirit of D. Bathurd to work this reformation. He was a didinguiflied wit, and a celebrated Latin poet, and died at the age of LXXXIV. Sir Remarks concerning Sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, The only Ton of Dr. Chriftoper Wren, was born in MDCXXXII. at Eah Knoyle in Wiltfhire, of which place his father was then re&or. In his earlieft youth he attained great proficiency in learning, and foon fhewed himfelf a moil: eminent mathematician. Pie was educated at Oxford. Towards the XXXI year of his age, having declined an offer from the King of going to Tangier in Africa, to direct the works of the harbour, and of the mole and fortifications of the town and citadel, on account of his tender conftitution, he turned his thoughts chiefly to civil architecture, and was called upon to prepare defigns for the general repair of St. Paul’s Cathedral. In MDCLXV he took a journey to Paris to improve himfelf in the art, and unfortunately, (who will not judge with Mr. Walpole?) he went no farther; the great number of drawings he made there from their buildings, had but too vifible influence on fome of his own : but it was fo far lucky, that Lewis XIV. had erected palaces only, no churches; St. Paul’s efcaped, but the palaces at Win- cheiter, Hampton Court, Marlbrough houfe in St. James’s Park, ail'd fome others, were facrificed to the god of falfe tafte : this was the time that this idol was Imported. For all this, the Monu¬ ment, St. Stephen’s Walbrook, and the Cathedral of London, are fufficient proofs of this man’s fu- perior abilities in works where fuch could not be difpenfed with. So many great architects as were employed on St. Peter’s at Rome, have not left it, upori the whole, a more perfeCt edifice than this work (St. Paul’s) of a Angle mind, which was finiilied in MDCCX. thirty-five years from its beginning, under one architect and one bifhop of London. To the buildings already mentioned, muft be added fifty parochial churches in London, the royal hofpitals of Chelfea and Greenwich, the oblervatory in Greenwich park, the Theatre at Oxford, and fome private houfes. Such a Dody of civil architecture as all thefc works compofe, will rather appear the productions of a whole century, than of the care and induitry of one man ; of which no parallel inftance can be given. A large collection of his drawings were purchakd by All Souls College in Oxford; they fill feveral folio volumes, depofited in the library of that college, adorned alfo with a curious buft of fo worthy a member. He died in MDCCXXII a°-ed XCI years, and was buried in St. Paul’s, London. Sir JAMES THORNHILL; Defigned architcdure. Sir JOHN VANBRUGH, Was born in the middle of the reign of Charles II. and defeended from an ancient family in Cheihire, which came originally from France, though he ihould appear to be of Dutch extrac¬ tion : he had a moll ready wit, and was particularly turned for dramatic produdions; he cultivat¬ ed alfo his inclination for civil architefture. Many of his plans unite conveniency and meatnefs; his elevations are entirely abfurd, for by the exceilive thickneffes of tile walls, they can only be compared to excavated quarries, and ieem not railed artificially for the pur- pofes of buildingsj and as M. Walpole further adds, that a Angle man ihould have been capri¬ cious, ftould have wanted tafte, is not extraordinary; that he Ihould have been feleded to raife a palace, (Blenheim) built at the public expence for the Hero of his country, furprifes one. Yet if Vanbrugh had borrowed from Vitruvius as happily as from Dancour, Inigo Jones would not be (according to M. Walpole,) the firft architeft of Britain. Sir John Vanbrugh died at White¬ hall in MDCCXXVI. The buildings from his defigns, are the duke of Newcaftle's at Clare¬ mont. Caftle Howard, Yorkihire. M. Duncombe, Yorkfhire. Ealtbury, Dorfetfhire. King's Wef- ton near Briftol. Eaton Nefton, Northamptonlhire. One front of Grimfthorp, Lincomfliire. Two little caftles, Greenwich. His own houfe, Whitehall. The Opera-houfe, Hay-market. WILLIAM Publick and Private Edifices. WILLIAM TALMA N, 57 Was efteemed an ingenious architeft; he built Chatfworth for the duke of Devonlhire He was very^ a i uous and laborious in defigning every thing in his travels worth his attemio SCz2 r S"S,-" ■ “■ - 6 y urmer particulars of this gentleman are not come to public notice. Sir WILLIAM WILSON, Mr. JAMES GIBBS, Had a better opportunity than moll artifts, to difplay his talents in the great flvle of ami > at - “«■ - - - - r The EARL of BURLINGTON, Whofe exalted rank in life was no obftacle to his exerting the talents nfl f. u j • This nobleman was born in MDCXCV anH ■ ture ^ad given him. and a great encourager of Them HU 7 l, T ™ h ** liberal arts, juftly admired, i, ism them Xt Bri ta l “ d ^ “ “=“*'*«. w.I, ever te rently received. He deiigned feveral plans unTILa,^™ mheTIThatam “ Td the aflembly rooms at York his own vili, nu r • i , 6 „ * e exe cuted, are houfe in Burlington Gardens, the dorml^ at “nkr fch 7 o ? ^ St. Paul’s in Coven, Garden, to honour the memory of his admired Inigo"ones' ^o&T? * he was a. the charge and trouble of publifhing, in a manner that does credit to’h s nag S ": worthy the elegance of his tafte. “ 1 1 “is natlon . and WILLIAM KENT, by the overthrow of thefe hideous fpeftres, made way for the beautiestf n^re ! for'thTtr' ^ his love and talents for building WeftnunL Sdl ft " P f“ ***** “ * h ' b °-> afternoon °of the XXIX day J^ y ^LdCC™ ' ^ ^ ^ refolute behaviour towards the committee, obliged them to proceed Jith allThe^ ^“d „7 1 gence reqmfite to fuch an undertaking It is from M w 1 l „ * attentlon a “d d.li- has iliewn by a bridge deiigned by himfelf that had I P ° lc We coIleft - that this faid Earl have been a villa worthy of antient Ron” hved * Wiito " ™ght yet encouragement of™, 07*^" d ° nC “ ard ’ itCaUrC b >" great foreign parts have not been undertaken through a vague and TT' ”7 7 Wh ° fe traVcls in to incitements of bringing home fome ufeful intelligent in arts or IT ,* , 7°” ^ IaUdab,e panion ^ 3 Remarks concerning panion of their dangerous excurfions, from drawings taken upon the fpot by Sig. Borra Many other names might be added, of fkilful architefts in Britain, who have given to the pubhc un¬ doubted proofs of the fruits of their (Indies, whereby they not only have fecured their own reputations, but have alfo contributed to the improved date, architefture has lately attained m thefe iilands. CHAP. II. Some General RefeBions about the Embellijhment of Tvans and Cities. Of pubtick Edifices. T OWNS and cities, however unfkilfully built, neverthelefs may be capable of being greatly improved and embellifhed; but we find that moil places of the oldeit, as well as of later date in thefe kingdoms, remain in that abominable negligence, confufion and dilbrder, wherein the ignorance and rurticity of our anceftors had at firft planned them. New buildings are erefted in different quarters, but no care is taken to alter the bad diftnbution of ftreets, nor the milhapen projefture of the fronts of houfes, built at all hazard and according to each ones capricious fancy ; the antient edifices remain juft as they were at firft rafted, and make a heap of ill-formed buildings, huddled together, without fyftem, without economy, and without dc- fign. Mr. Gwynn, in his ingenious trad! of London and Weftminfter improved, has with great tafte and judgment ftruck out many alterations for the advantage of the metropolis. W as it not feafonable to revive this topic ? when the very middle of London is the fame as it was centuries ago. They who rebuilt after the calamitous fire, did not confider of any improve¬ ments intheftreets and lanes; the fame crooked windings and narrownefs of ftreets, have been preferved and while the capital, in its interior and moft commodious quarters, has many ruinous places, the receptacles of filth and mifery, the tkirts thereof are extending beyond all due limits, to the detriment of its own fupport in many ol the neceflaries of life. It may literally be compared to a whitened fepulchre, fair without, but within full of rottennefs and dead mens bones; and although every alteration that might tend to remove entirely thefe nuifances, could not take place but very flowly, yet by a proper attempt, it might be begun: it is faid, that m the Town Hall at Paris, there is hung up a map of the city, with fuch improvements marked out upon it, as are judged neceffary, which by degrees are brought about as opportunity offers. The beauty and magnificence of a city depend principally upon thefe points. I. The entrances. II. The ftreets. III. The buildings. I. All the approaches to a city thould be thorough large avenues of forne length, in direct right lines; it would be dcfirable to have fome avenues fall upon two or more principal ftreets: the entrance of Rome by the Porta Del Popolo, is after tills manner. For the fake of greater order and conveniency, the feveral entrances (hould be placed nearly at equal diftances round the circuit of a city. And how advifeable it would be, to trace the line that iliould furround a capital, as its boundary, beyond which no buildings (hould be luffered within a limited diftance ? is a queftion eafily anfwered. That private property (hould infer a little for the public emolument, is fometimes unavoidable, and though it (hould not be difpofed of through wantonnefs, and without all requifite compenfiition, yet, when legally demanded or reftrained, it (hould be yielded; and tho' in all fuch cafes the fatisfaflion given, amply indemnifies each individual, there always remain fome complaints which ace equally felfilh and abfurd. .ac¬ cording to M. Gwynn's plan, there is a great deal to pull down and rebuild; the moft practicable might be begun firft, and the reft carried on at different periods of time, by fucceeding gene¬ rations, who will thankfully acknowledge the eftabliihment of fuch an u-dile reformation. II. The 59 Publick and Private Edifices. II. The ftreets in a city require three confiderations. I. That their number be fufficient to prevent too much going round about, from one fpot to another. II. That they be made wide enough to prevent all forts of ftoppages, not only thofe by carriages, but thofe by the fcaftoldings, £cc. ufed in building or for repairs. III. That they be in a right line to Ihorten the way from one end to the other. According to Sir C. Wren, the breadth of the ftreets in his improvement of London, were for Lanes ----- XXX feet; Lefler ftreets - - - LX feet. Greater ftreets - - - XC feet. It is no trifling matter to defign the plan of a large town, in fuch a manner that the mag¬ nificence of the whole be fubdividcd into an infinity of beautiful particularities, all diverfified, fo that we may feldom ever meet with the fame objedts. That there fhould be order, and yet fome apparent confufion ; that the buildings fhould be in right lines, and yet, by proper breaks, avoid a difgufting monotony : this leads on to confider, III. That the plans and elevations of all the buildings fhould fulfil every intention of their defigns. The heights of houfes fhould be determined by the breadth of the ftreet. In wide ftreets, nothing is fo contemptible as too low buildings, however otherwife they may be well defigned. The height of buildings is alfo pleaded for town houfes, becaufe ground is fo fcarce and dear. Since the fronts of houfes in a ftreet, when they afe too fymmetrically difpofed, become very Unaffedting, the uniformity fhould only extend for the diftance that is included between two crofs ftreets, and for the oppofite fide. The art of varying defigns depends upon a diverfity of forms given to buildings, upon drefling them with more or lefs ornaments, and the feveral manners of combining ornaments ; with thefe three refources, each of which may be faid to be inexhauftible, one may in the greateft city never twice repeat the fame fronts. The palaces of princes, the town houfes of the nobility, of the gentry, and of the principal burgefles, and the dwellings of the inferior inhabitants, may have their feveral dimenfions and diftribu- tions, conveniently difpofed in the different quarters of a great and opulent city. It would be needlefs to fpecify every particular fort of edifices, eredted for public ul'e; it is fufficient to obferve, that they fhould bear all the marks of folidity, and not be void of that conveniency and beauty, fuitable to their deftined purpofes-’Some are only temporary, while others are intended to endure for ages. But among all the public edifices, they which hold the firft rank are thofe eredted for public divine worfhip; built for duration; they are alfo the moft l'ufceptible of all others of the ornaments of painting, fculpture and architedture; we may fee their effedts in the Cathedral of St. Pauls. Public adoration and prayers performed with an awful folemnity, in places decently adorned for thefe duties, can never be deemed inconfiftent with the trueft piety, and the moft fpiritualized religion. Superftition and idolatry will never prevail where the mifts of ignorance are difpelled by the rays of facred truth, and the civil and religious liberties of the peo¬ ple are duly maintained. If the moderns are left in the dark about the private habitations of the antients, the fame cannot be faid of their temples : The ruins of thefe edifices, in different places, arc more perfedt than all others ; and fome of thefe might have given models for the ftrudture of the Chriftian churches; indeed there were feveral that after the firm eftablilhment of our religion, were con- fecrated; the Pantheon, the Temple of Fortuna Virilis, the Temple of Vefta at Rome, and others in and out of Italy. But it happened that the firft Chriftians rather chofe the bafilicas for the models of their churches, (nor are they improper for the fame purpofes) and the firft was built at Rome, by Conftantine the Great, in the Year CCCXXVI. upon the fame fpot where St. Peter’s bo Remarks concerning St. Peter's now stands, and was dedicated to the fame faint. But this plan was not taken from the fimple Bafilicas, the breadth of the parallelogram was divided into three equal parts ; the middle part was the nave, and each aifle was again divided into two by a row of columns, fo that there were four rows of columns, and thefe, with the fide walls, formed five fcparate walks up the church, from well to eafl; the top of the parallelogram was eroded by the tranfeept like the upper part of a T, with an hemi-cycle fronting to the nave, and of the lame breadth ; lb that the plan of this church feems to have been the figure of an imperfeCt crofs. This figure was chofen by Conftantine, in honour of his victory over Maxentius, and though imperfectly executed at firft, was afterwards more perfectly traced in the fucceeding ages : And here we may obferve, that the cuftom of placing churches eafl and weft, is a luperftitious practice that does not deferve to be followed, whenever fuch a difpofition may occafion greater inconveniency, as it has often happened} nor is the figure of the crols the only one that ftiould take place in the defign of a church. In the time of Juftinian, the church of St. Sophia, at prefent the Imperial Mofchca of Con- ftantinople, was built, it lurprized the barbarous world by its greatnefs, the boldnefs of its cupola, and the effeCt of its whole body } yet, in the details of its architecture, it is exceeding faulty. The Venetians wanting to rebuild the church to their patron faint, were the firft who raifed in Italy a cupola, and defigned the plan in the more perfeCt form of a crofs, but neverthe- lefs, St. Mark’s, built in the XI century, has many cf the defedts of St. Sophia. The church of St. Maria de Fiori, already begun at Florence, by Arnolphus Lapi, in the Gothic ftyle, was finifhed by Brunnelefchi, whom we have mentioned, as the firft rellorer of architecture from the antique ; he contrived, in a new and lolid manner, at little cxpence, the cupola. This was a great ornament at that time to the city of Florence, and was talked of as the wonder of Italy. Nicolas V. eledted Pope in MCCCCXLVII. feeing the bafilic of St. Peter’s begin to be threatened with ruin, meditated the projedt of rebuilding a new one, ftill more vaft than that of Conftantine. The death of this pope put a ftop to the work, though one end of the build¬ ing was brought up five feet above the ground line. The perfedtion that appeared in the cupola of Florence, fupported upon the walls of the church, made the people of Rome imagine, that it was practicable to fupport a cupola upon the arcades of the nave and of its tranfeept. The firft that was executed was not important from its dimenfions : it was for the church of the Auguftin Friars, near the Piazza-Navona at Rome. It was here that the bold fcheme firft took place of raifing a cylindrical tower at fome height; upon this the cupola was made to rile, which before took its rife juft above the arches of the nave. This building was raifed in MCCCCLXXXIII, about LX years after the cupola of St. Maria de Fiori had been entrufted to Brunnelefchi. The building of St. Peter’s at Rome was again refolved upon, and Julius II. laid the founda¬ tion of that magnificent pile the XVIII day of April, MDVI. Bramante having carried it for his plan againft a number of others in competition. But the foundations were placed with little care, the confcquence of too much precipitation, that having turned the arches intended to bear the walls of the cupola, they opened in many places foon after his death, which happened not long before the demife of the pope; this accident retarded greatly any advancement in the building. All immediate helps were ordered by Leo X. and the moft fkilful artifts, hael s ; J. >an Gallo, employed thi. evil, which was done effectually. At laft Michael Angelo was called in, at the age of LXXII years, forty years after the building was begun, to prefide over the works; his difintcreftednefs was equal to his reputation as an artift, for he conftantly refufed the falary allotted to the architects of St. Peter’s. To this great man is due the beft decorations of this magnificent edifice; the portal that he had defigned was far fuperior to that which was executed ; and he may be looked upon as the architect that con¬ tributed moft to the perfection of St. Peter’s in the feventeen years that he had the direction of the works. Fontana and Della Porta fucceeded after him, and Maderno finiftied this ftupendous fabric. The Publick and Private Edifices. g t The moil confiderable cupolas after St. Peter's, are thofe of St. Paul's in London, and the church of the Invalids at Paris: but neither theft nor many others, are fupported from the ground in the manner that is moil advantageous for the internal decoration. The arcades and piers ufed m the divifions of the aides and naves, have a heavinefs which has met with very reaionable objections; far lefs Worthy of admiration, than thofe bold and lofty Gothic arcades with narrow piers, which mayjuftly claim the preference, by the more pleaiing fenfations they produce upon the mind of the fpefilator: but the day is not loll, the columns of the Grecians mud triumph m the end, if difpofed with the fame advantages as by the antients. Let us con¬ fides their bafihcas and their temples, and we (hall foon difeover the true fuperior ufes and beauties of infulated columns, either in placing them to divide the nave and aides, or in fupport- mg cupolas; who has ever entered into the little church of St. Stephen, Walbrook, without beino- armed with its Ample and beautiful periilyle, and with the ingenious method of placing thf cupola upon eight of the columns! On this occaf.on we cannot forbear mentioning 2 £ T Ms 1 OY : 7 ^. in S eni ™ s W‘°ry °f ‘be Jijfrflm and different forms of CbriJHan Z P ? f 7r he lMS pleaded the cai,re of & effectually, and has expatiated f„ forcibly upon their beauties, that they cannot fail of being preferred f„ Oil defigns which will admit of fuch ufeful and ornamental parts in their compofitions CHAP. III. Pradical Confederations. Difiributions of Plans. Explanation of ten Defigns. 7 H f° b V1 ^ R ilU - nd , S t0 bUild ’ fll0 “ ld previoun )' bc informed by the defigns of the artill of the plan, it s elevations and fedlions ; and whenever the building is confiderable, it ft0uld be -commended to have the model of it in wood or palle-board; at the fame time ~ eXPC " CeS dd be C ° nfldered ’ tbat "° impe^imenr may happen on their The drawings intended for the ufe of workmen, mull be correffly made out, and for fear of mif- takes, the heights and breadths, &c. are all to be fet down exadlly in figures. The feveral materials ufed for a building, Ihould be collected together in time, at the intended place, and m fuch quantities as to occaiion no delays; for if the walls are not carried up equally in ril their parts, there may be danger of fome of them fettling, notwithflanding all the care of rite molt expert and diligent workmen. L is always neceffary ,o examine attentively, the qualities of materials, in order to infure both ftrength and beauty in the workmanfhip. An Edifice is compofed of three principal parts. I. The foundation which bears up the whole mafs or pile. II. The walls that enclofe it be f d “d ThC r °° f t,Wt C0,ers Ever y P*« of Ae foundation muft folid, and m proportion to the mafs to be laid thereon. As different foils require different methods of fccunng the foundation, no particular rule can be preferibed, but upon the foot However, in genera , it may be laid, that there is no trailing to old foundations for a new llruCture’ hat wheie the quality of the earth is of different llrata in the fpot intended for a building as - *. rrirzrt crcumllances themfelves.—We fltall only obferve, that depth of foundations is lefs neceffar” han breadth. 6 2 Remarks concerning breadth, for the fecurity of the incumbent walls, becaufe breadth gives them a foie or patten* whereby they are preferved from falling by any inclination out of their centers of gravity. The thicknefs of walls is to be determined by their ufes and heights, and thefe, as we have fhewn occalionally, by the orders. The thicknefs of the walls ot a houfe, muft be diminished at every ftory, becaufe the foundations Should not be loaded with an unneceflary weight. The bed; method to diminish walls, is, that the middle of the thinned: part be over the middle of the thickeft ; but if one fide of a wall muft be perpendicular, let it be the inner, on account of doors and crofs walls, then the diminished part without is covered with a plinth or cornice ; this will be both ornament and Strength. This leads us to fpeak a word of falfe bearing, one of the greated:, real and apparent faults in a Structure; a falfe bearing may be Said of any part that is not Sustained diredtly from the ground; fo that folid may always rejl upon J'olid ; any columns, pilafters or piers that bear upon the crown of an arch, or upon the projedtures of platbands or trudes in the air, are lb many falfe bearings. Gothic edifices abound with thefe abufes; the old houfes which project at every Story into the Street, to gain in the air what would have not been allowed on the ground, are abfurdities againlt the firSt mechanical principles of building, which require that the bafe of every Structure Should be broader than the fummit. Windows are apertures left in the walls of an edifice, to admit a necelfary quantity of light and air into the interior parts. For this rcafon, windows in large apartments are made twice as high as they are broad, they admit of more light than fquare ones, and the proportion be¬ comes more beautiful, being as r : a. The wall between two windows is called the pier, or in- terfeneftration : when windows require to be made very large, as for a flair-cafe, gallery, a cha¬ pel or church. See. it is requifite to make their upper parts circular, becaufe an architrave drawn in a right line would not be ftrong enough to lupport the weight. Indeed over all windows, occult arches behind the external courfe of materials, fhould be turned to difeharge the weight from above; without this caution there would be great rifk of the lintels and architraves breaking. The upper windows in any edifice muft be placed direftly over the under ones, this is not only indifpenfable by the laws of folidity, which require that folid fhould reft upon folid, but alfo by "the rules of fymmetry, which require the lime diftribution in the upper and lower parts. The above confiderations for the height and breadth of windows, arc hinted to avoid that dif- agreeable obfeurity which reigned in the apartments of moft of the antient barbarous buildings: the advantages they claim, which are not to be negleded, are, that they excluded cold in the win¬ ter, and heat in the fummer , but fuch lodgings have all the appearance of caves, and make it neceflary at noon day to bring in the light of lamps or candles, fince they were conftruSed imper- vious to that of the fun. The contrary miftake to this extreme, are thofe lanthorn houfes, which among other modes of falfe tafte were introduced from a neighbouring nation ; in thefe there reigns fuch a glare of light as is prejudicial not only to the eyes, but to every objed within the room. The inconveniencies of too large windows, or what is the fame, of too many windows in a certain fpace, are carefully to be avoided ; the winter's cold, and fummer’s heat, penetrate into the apartments, notwithftanding every contrivance to exclude them : now a dwelling is intended to fecure us againlt the injuries of the weather, and to receive light, therefore the fixe and number of the apertures for windows, muft be proportioned to the places they are intended to en¬ lighten ; all thefe feveral places bearing a certain analogy to the whole edifice, the windows in them fliould alfo have their apertures proportioned to the whole. The interior architraves of the windows fhould be fufficiently below the cieling to allow for a cornice to the room. The Publick and Private Edifices. Tlie lower part of the window Ihould be about three feet from the floor, and internal thicknels of the wall, to prevent any one from Handing up clofe to the If a chamber is twelve feet high in the clear, from floor to deling, the cornice may be allowed twelve inches or more, and taking three feet from the bottom of the window to the floor, there remains then eight feet for the height of the window, half of which is given for its breadth. A range of windows ihould never have the intervening pier between two windows lefs in breadth, than the breadth of the aperture of one window, nor more than twice that breadth; the angular pier ot a building ihould be allowed fomething more than the breadth of the pier be- tween two windows. All windows lefs in height than two fqua'res, or at leaft.than the diagonal of one of them Ihould not appear in the front of a houfe, where the fmalleil degree of magnificence is in- tended. A door is an aperture left in the wall for the conveniency of entering into the building, or from one apartment or divifion thereof into another, when there are two or more. A door mull not be lefs than fix feet high, and three feet broad; this is determined by the height and breadth of a man, for whofe conveniency it is made. But the height and breadth is increafed or diminilhed as other ufes and proportions may require. The door of a principal front, ihould always be placed in the middle of that front, with an equal number of equidiftant windows on each fide. From this it follows, that the number of apertures in a grand front is always unequal. It often happens, that in houfes having from three to five windows, or an equal number in front, the door is not placed in the tenter, and this is infifled on, to give up the fymmetry of the front for the conveniencies of the interior diilribution; whenever this is allowed, the dreflings of the door ihould not be richer nor different from that of the windows; for it would be the higheit ahl'urdity to lignalize this irregularity by any particular marks; if one fide of fuch a building is to a ilrcet, the door would be belt placed on that fide. When feveral doors are required in the fame front, (this fuppofes it of vail extent) the princi¬ pal door mud he placed in the center, and ihould be more ornamented than the reft; the other doors fiiould be at equal difhnces from the middle. The moil eligible . figure for chambers, is a rcaangular quadrangle, becaufe the neceffary furniture, fuch as chairs, tables, looking-glafies, fophas, beds, &c. can be better placed in fuch a figure than any other; fometimes an oval, or circular, oroflogon plan, &c. is allowed to fome particular room, as it introduces a variety. The proportion of the breadth to the length of rooms, is i : , or 2 : 3 or 1 : 2. Of galleries, 1:3. The height from floor to cieling of rooms, ihould neither be too great or too little, and ihould have a relative proportion with their breadth and length. When chambers are too lame, and their cielings very high, they cannot be warmed in cold weather but with much trouble and cxpence. If on the contrary they are too final], with low cielings, they are very prejudicial to the Health of thofe who frequent them, becaufe the volume of air in fo confined a fpace is foon tainted; without thefe two confiderations let us obferve, that the beauty of a room requires, that its height ihould have the relative proportion with its breadth and length. This height is’vari- ouily determined. Either divide the breadth into three, and take two ; or into feven equal parts and take live; or into four, and take three for the feveral heights. 63 there fiiould be no fafli. If 6 4 - Remarks concerning If a room is to be vaulted, take the heights as follow; divide the breadth into fix equal parts, take five; or into eight, and take feven ; or into twelve, and take eleven. Chambers fhould communicate one with the other. Doors are the means of this communica¬ tion : we are not of the opinion of thole who allow but one door to a room, the idea is confined, and doors may be made to fhut dole. A bed room fhould communicate with a drefling room, this with an anti-room; a draw¬ ing room with a diningroom, &c. &c. but the fecret paffages may be preferved. The ufe of one chamber fhould not obftruft or prejudice the ufe of another. Thus a kitchen next to a parlour or drawing room, would be intolerable : nor fhould a ftudy be placed near the childrens apartments, becaufe the noifes and cries of thele lively little folks, would be very troublefome to any perfon retired to read and meditate. The diftribution therefore of each chamber, fhould be made in fuch a manner as to afford, by it’s fituation, every fuitable conveniency, with as few obftruttions as poflible; for example, if the back front of the houfe is to the eaft, and the fore front in a publick flreet or fquare, where there is a conftant noife and buftle, then it is better to have the fludy and drawing room backwards, becaufe the noife of. the flreet is equally offenlive to the ftudious, as to the converfation of a feledl l'ociety. Groined arches ufed for cielings of bafement and under-ground rooms, are defended by the interfedlion of the fegments of a circle, or of an ellipfis. Sometimes a place is vaulted in with femi-circular arches, or leffer fegments. A fpherical vault is a hemifphere, or lefs. Every fort of arch fhould be fupported upon walls and piers, capable to bear its weight and thruft. In carrying up a building, the proper piers are made for the intended arches, but thefe are not turned, till the upper floor and the roof are laid, left the fall of any materials might happen to damage the arches. The flatter the arches are, the greater the thruft, therefore they require ftronger piers and thicker walls. The ftairs are a number of fteps one above another, and ferve for the afcent and defcent to and from one floor to another; the place fet apart for the ftairs, is called the flair-cafe; ftairs are either ftrait, or flyers, or winders, or mixt. All ftairs fhould have fufticient light, and be as eafy of afcent as poffible. In fmall buildings one flair-cale is fuflicient, and goes quite from the bottom to the top. In greater buildings, two ftair-cafes, and fometimes three, and more, are neceffary, but then the principal ftairs only afcend to the principal floor. Stairs fhould be delcribed and accounted for exactly at the very time that the plan of a building is delineated; for want of which, oftentimes unpardonable errors have been committed, fuch as having a little blind flair-cafe to a large houfe, and a large fpacious ftair-cafe to a fmall houfe, or not a fuflicient number of ftair-cafes to the extent of the building, or not room fufticient to r ife to the intended height. The Pullicl and Private Edifices. The narrower Heps require the higher rife, becaufe the breadth of a Hep added to double the me, mud be equal to two feet, the common extent of a man’s flep upon plain ground. The rife of each Hep mud not be lefs than five inches, nor more than feven, that and down without fatigue; and the tread or breadth of each Hep mult not be lefs than ten inches*, nor more than fourteen : the length of the Hep may be any thing above three feet, as the place will allow, though ten or twelve feet is fufficient even for a palace. After every nine, eleven, or thirteen Heps, there (hottld be a quarter pace, for the greater eafe and conveniency in afcending and defcending. The number of Heps are made unequal, that you may finilh with the fame foot with which you began. Winding Hairs are defcribed round, a Circle, an oval, a fquare, or an equilateral triangle; for each of thefe, fome wind round a folid newel, and others round a hollow newel. It muH be obferved, that the middle of every oblique Hep has its tread equal to that of the other fquare Heps. A chimney is an opening in the wall of a room, its ufe is for the placing the fire intended to warm that chamber. It confids of the hearth, the jambs, the mantle and the funnel. It is by the good condruflion of all thefe parts of a chimney, that the heat of the fire is given to the greeted advantage, and without the lead difpofition to fill the chamber with fmoak. The breadth and height of the fire-place, flrould be proportioned to the fize of the room; the funnels of the different floors all go up in the thicknefs of the wall and unite in one flack; the Hack fltould be carried a fufficient height above the ridge of the roof, that the fmoak may afcend freely in the air. The tops of the funnels fliould not be left with too wide apertures, that the fmoak be not driven back, neither with too frnall vents, becaufe they being foon choaked up, would produce the fame bad effects, A grate placed too low, the fituationof the doors in a room, and many other things, are often the caufe of the fmoak not afcending; but whatever may oc- calion it, if once difcovered, the evil may be remedied. The roof of a houfe is that part, which, after the perpendicular walls are carried up to their prefcribed height, covers in the whole fuperior plan, and fecures it againfl the injuries of weather. The inner, as well as the outward walls, fltould bear their (hare of its preffure. It fltould neither be too light or too heavy. The mod common roofs are compofed of timber fcantlings, which are covered with different materials, as plain or pan-tiles, flat-flones, Hate, lead, copper, &c. each kind requires a dif¬ ferent pitch or Hope for the rafters, fufficiently known to every fkilful carpenter. Sheet lead ufed for roofs is very weighty, liable to crack, and is expenfive in keeping in repair: pieces of copper tiled as Hates, about two feet fquare, are to be preferred : Hate is a light covering that does keep it- fclf up without frequent repairs : tiles are of more general ufe; to be good, they fltould be well burnt, well moulded, and when ftricken fhould yield a clear found. The roof of a houfe, fltould neither be of too high or too low a pitch; for a high pitched root is of an aukward appearance, is an ufelefs load upon the walls of any edifice, expofes it more, efpecially in great towns and cities, to the danger of taking fire, on account of the greater quantity of timber ufed. If a roof is flat or too low pitched, the fnow and rain lodges upon it and drains off but flowly, fo that itoccafions the timber to rot, requires frequent repairs; all this ruins the cielmgs, floors, &c. it is intended to cover and preferve. The M. roof does honour to its inventor. The manfard or broken roof has in it's upper part the difadvantages of the flat roof, and it s fides have all the difagreeable appearance of a high pitched roof. Nothing is fo eafy as to make convenient apartments in a building; but nothing is more difficult than to make this didnbution of plans with fymmetry in the elevations. For lymmetry al- mofl always occafions much trouble in determining the meafures and the fituations of each part, R agreeably ili: li 66 Remark's concerning agreeably to It's conveniency and life, oftentimes the fymmetry of one part is an unl'urmountable obilacle to the fymmetry of another, e. g. when a partition wall falls upon the aperture of a door or a window. In this cafe, a (ham door, or a (ham window, or a double cieling muft take place, rather than tranfgrefs the fymmetry of the correfpondent parts. It is impoflible to give any pofitive rules about the diftribution of plans, the fituation of the edifice it's greater or leffer extent, the regularity or irregularity of the ground, the ul'e it is intended for by the perfon for whom it is built, the expences affigned, are all fo many different caules which will allow of great variety in the diftribution of plans, and the rules for thefe pur- pofes are almoft numberlefs. We muff then limit ourfclves within feme general obfervations upon the arrangement of the rooms, and remark any advantages they may have from certain con¬ venient paffage^ to and from them; for want of this requifite attention, irreparable faults are committed. The perfon who intends to build, moll commonly forms the firfl idea of a plan for his own ufe, and confiders the particular conveniencies that he may require; and having fixed the fum in¬ tended to be difburfed, he leaves to the flail and experience of the architect, to delineate a plan for the execution of thofe ideas, in fuch a manner that the irregularity of the fpot, nor any other difficulty that might arife therefrom, do not prevent him from compofing a convenient and acceptable defign. The general difpofition of the plan, is the only thing that demands the very firft attention. A building to be well placed, muft have an advantageous entrance, muft prelent itfelf well, muft be in a good expofure, and diftant from all nuifance. Firft then, a houfe of any degree of magnificence in town, fhould be fituated to have a court-yard before it, and garden behind ; though if the fituation is in a grand fquare, or that it enfilades a fine ftreet, or fome fuch like confideration, then the principal part of the building may be upon the ftreet; and the inferior parts, in the wings or backwards. The fecond general obfervation is, to place the offices and ftables, fo as not to be offenfive to the apartments. There are three ways of doing this, according as the fpot of ground will permit. The firft is to place them in the wing, when the front of the ground is not too narrow. The windows of the kitchen fhould look towards the north, that it may be at all hours of the day cool and fliaded. On the contrary, the ftables fhould be opened to the fouth, to dry up the moifture; the coach- houfes to the weft, that the fun may not damage the varnifh or paintings of the coaches. The beft fituation of the kitchen and ftables, is at the extremity of the wings, and to the ftreet, that the litter and fweepings may be carried off without entering into the principal court-yard, and that the forage and other articles may be delivered in from the ftreet. Ti e fecond way to prevent any nuifance is, when the area of the ground will allow it, to have one or more yards, befides the principal court; within thefe yards, which are never feen in the avenue to the houfe, are placed the kitchen, and other offices, the ftables, coach-houfes, pumps or wells, and watering troughs, &c. in thefe yards alfo the coaches are wafhed, the horfes curried, carts are unloaded of the wood, coals, hay, corn, &c. and whatever is brought tor the fervice of the houfe and ftables; fo that by thefe means, the principal court-yard or avenue, is never dirtied or embaraffed on thefe occafions, and the main body of the dwelling is not troubled with the noife of all thefe tranfactions, by the proper diftance and feparation from them. Laftly, when there is place fufficient for two yards, befides the principal avenue, in the one is the fervants hall, with the kitchens, and other offices : In the other, are the ftables, coach-houfes, bog-houfes, granaries and lodgings for the fervants. This is at prefent the moft approved difpofition of thefe parts of a building, it being more eligible that the fervants fliould have further to bring the things under covers, from the kitchen and offices. 6? Pub lick and Private Edifices. offices, than to have thefe places in vaults under the main body of the houfe, whence arife many inconveniences, viz. their being ill lighted, and not airy, but clofe and damp, is attended with many difagreeable and offenfive circumftances, as the noife of fervants, the fmell of victuals, and the blacknefs of the fmoak, diffufed into the bell: apartments, to the great damage of the decorations and furniture. When the kitchens are at a great diftance, it is attended with difficulty in ferving up the diffies hot and in order j a greater number of fervants are then neceffary; there might be an outward room, or fome place to heat and place things again in their proper order, before they are ferved up at table, efpecially in cold and rainy weather.-But a covered paifage will prevent this trouble, and if it cannot be made above, it may be contrived to pafs under ground. Having fixed the fituation and general difpofition of a building, one ffiould examine if the ground is extenfive enough to admit upon one floor, all the rooms and neceflary conveniencies required; this without doubt would be the mod convenient, as well as the mod elegant choice; but not being adopted, we mud come to a didribution of the upper floors; but it Ihould be al- ledged, that not more than one dory upon a bafement, Ihould be given to a houfe of the fird elegance; the rooms will be loftier and more healthy. It may be imagined, that when feveral floors are made one above another, it faves expence, as they are all covered with the fame extent of roof; however, it happens quite the contrary; for al¬ though the foundations and the roof are more extenfive, the lower the building is with the fame number of rooms, yet the height and thicknefs of walls, and depth of foundation are reduced; then likwife, floors, cielings and dairs, are retrenched, which fave much expence, not to mention the dacks of chimnies, and many other articles that would be tedious to enumerate ; and it is matter of wonder that buildings of one dory only, efpecially where the ground plot will allow it, are not more in vogue. To guard againft the dampnefs of ground floors, they fhould be raifed feveral fteps above the level of the ground, and vaulted underneath, or at lead:, which is lefs expenfive, the joifts of the floors mull be laid upon ranges of dry brick; but this guards not fo effeftually againft the inoifture that arifes from the ground, as the vaults. And here be it obferved for the health of the publick, that even the mcaneft dwellings fhould never be differed to have their ground floors level with the earth, but raifed a foot or two higher, efpecially in the country where lives are fo much the more precious to the community, as their labour continually ferves to provide the food and raiment of thofe who live in eafe and plenty. It remains now to explain the order of the rooms, in one apartment, the ufe of each in par¬ ticular, and the paffages leading to and from them, that they may be found with every requifite convenience j and we may attend to the inftruffions which the French authors have delivered upon this fubjedt, becaufe they, above all others, have ftudied to contrive the moft commodious di- vifions of plans. A grand apartment fhould confift at leaft, of a hall, or veftible, or lobby, of a firft and fecond anti-room, of a parlour, a faloon, a bed chamber, feveral light clofets, wardrobes, &c. all adapted to the rank of the owner and his vilitors. Tlie veftible leads to the great flairs, and communicates with the firft anti-rooms; thefe are the places for the fervants in waiting. The fecond anti-rooms, are def.gned to receive perfons who Jeferye better notice; they are ufed likewife for eating-rooms, and therefore fhould be chofen on tnat fide of the houfe nearefl: to the kitchen. The faloon, or room for company, opens generally into the fecond anti-rooms: on fome par¬ ticular occafions it is ufed as a ball or mufick room, or card room, being, after the gallery the mofl: diftinguiffied for fize. If 63 Remarks concerning If on the fame floor there is made a bed chamber, it is more for parade and ftate than for ufe. The principal cabinet or drawing room, is a place defigned to receive fuch perfons of rank, who come to treat about any affair. It muff be fo difpofed as to be entered through the anti-room, without paffmg through the whole range of ftate rooms. Another clofet is defigned for writing and reading j this Ihould communicate with a gallery, -whenever the expence and the plan will allow of it : fuch a place is very convenient to walk in for recreation and exerciftj in the intervals of reading or writing. The gallery is the room that we fhould moftly endeavour to render magnificent. The length of it is generally three times the breadth, it may be adorned with bronzes, marble bufts and ftatues, pictures, and fuch other valuable curiolities. The wardrobes are contiguous to (he bed chambers j they open into the fecret paffages that the fervants may not be obliged to pafs at all times through their mailer's apartments. The waiting women, or valets de chambre, fleep in the wardrobes, to be near at hand when wanted, or ii called up in the night. The drefling rooms, with toilets, &c. are placed near the ftate bed-room and wardrobe. An apartment for baths. Thefe baths Ihould have the conveniency of being made hot or cold, from different pipes and ftoves, as the leafon of the year or the cafe for bathing may require. The fecond rate apartment is compofed of fewer rooms, and the inferior apartments ftill of fewer in proportion ; in every one the rank of the perfon who is to inhabit them, is to be confidered, and the ufe that is to be made of each room. We ftiall give two or three plans, to Ihew, by way of ex¬ amples, the manner of difpofing the feveral conveniencies; and the fituations of what we have already mentioned, as anti-rooms, faloon, ftudy, wardrobe, bed chambers, galleries, &c. The neceffary rooms for the fervice of the kitchen, are a fervant’s common room, the fcullery, larder, pantry, cellars, &c. The right diftribution of all thefe neceffary places, is very convenient; every thing is kept in its place, and thus a moderate fized kitchen is fufficient; whereas formerly it was made very fpacious, as it ferved for all the purpofes. There Ihould be in every kitchen, plenty of water, either by a pump or pipes from a refervoir. The offices Ihould be compofed of four contiguous rooms; the firft is for the common room of the ftrvants out of livery, and here is kept the table for them. Herein Ihould be a Hove for making tea and coffee, &c. and a little ciftern with water, as it is often wanted and ferved up. The fecond room is furrounded with tables and Ihelves; here the deferts are ai ranged, and the table linen for prefent ufe is kept. The third room, is properly the houfe-keeper’s ftore-room, the china ware, glaffes and plate, after being ufed, are here locked up; and the fourth room is the houfe-keeper s or butler s bed chamber, for the greater fafety of the things under their care. The Hairs that go down into the beer and wine cellars, Ihould be contrived to be near the butler’s office, for the greater readinefs in bringing up the liquors, and that they may always pafs under his eye. In very confiderable houfes three feparate ftables are neceffary, otherwife the building mull be fufficiently fpacious to be divided into three. One for the fets of coach horfes, another for hunters and other riders, and the third for llone horfes, or for fuch as are fick. But thefe things are reduced in Idler buildings, according to the numbers required by the perfons for whom they are dehgned. " At Pub lick a?id Private Edifices. 69 £S£S * f f? — - and 'bis, there fliould be a forge, with neceffary utenfils, efp'ecillfy i=2£ir Tz^zl^. r footmen. The landry and *" - "' •“ -•>...»; «^vs,: plate I. designs o F A TEMPLE. rt may have been obferved, that the temnles of the rv,e'. . ■ , . . their charaders; this variety offers us a choice wh . J ^ ‘ nS Tanc[1 m th 0‘f dimenfions and in intended expences. Where “ We need «»** propriety, and the thaIwouM P lo,ne thWn‘the ^ts'co ^ °«* ™ P^ns and elevations therefore might be introduced 7ZZ^Z d ^ ° f a ^ a " d and plainnefs maybe required the edifice ^ e an S e ^eral defigns: but whatever Jimplicity cian orders; the church of CotruG r ! ,/ from °" a « other of the Gre- opinion of many people, if the portico into T^f !'° t ^ vc: lncurred the difgrace it has in the lumns; the cornice of h n ab at re u l ^ ad °™ d ** - pearance of a barn's eves from mo d W “ h" 0 pIai "= r - a " d '*«* 'hat ap- have run higher, exception ; n T h ‘ ” 5 ° f ^ ^ ; the eXpmces ™uld not gic., excepting m the workmanihip of four Ionic canit .ls w. A : r the reputatron of the great architect hot th 'onto capitals. We don t prefume to attack g architect, but the meannefs of thofe who tied up his hands. magnificent defigns, with the teter'&rfof'nwteriaT Tiz ‘fre ^ ^ f' CXeCUtion of m °r= pfieudodipteral temples might take place - but nr ■ * u ' f ®" ftone : then the peripteral or hroy the beauty o/the portico h'" ^ ^ d °~ be loaded with that Gothic part of our churches, a Wwer and 77 roof ^ould not difpenfed with, let them be placed at a fmall di'ftm j , ‘ S f P ‘ re; yet as thefe can fe ldom be have difpofed it in the defig'n , tL to™ “dteTp ’ 7 “ fr °” ^ hack front, as we others, feen from without, appear to ftand upon the roof'' /”'7 fiddS ’ a ” d feveral %hich reafon we have endeavoured ,0 alter this difpofition. ’ “ Ve ° thCr fupp0rt > for Fig. A. Half the plan of a Corinthian OCtoftyle nycnofivle peripteral, tho' there are columns only ,0 the front and tr 7, ' empIe ' l£ is calied forms the portico and wings on each fide; the leffer columns 777 ^ grCat eXternaI order one above the other, to be contained in the heieht r h j 7’ pla "' arC f ° r two orders - 'he leffer columns of the aides, or ** ^ The ^ external of the diameters of the great orders is diftan/f u Withi " the Wa,Is ’ as the oppofite to the 'great door, or principllmle. *** *’*. With ° Ut ' T hc’ altar is B. The elevation of half the portico. ■ Half of the feCIion 1 herein are ..,,.,1 ,1 1 hr the hypaithra, temples of the 1^““T/ f Bke thofe which is placed immediately upon the architrave of thetf ^ ^ *= P° di ™ cornice. The nave is covered with a coved cieling ft* 7 !’ ° mittinS the fri2e and the fuperior internal order. g ’ P g1 "® Prom a P'rnth above the cornice of 3 D. The Remarks concerning 1° D. The elevation of one of the external fides, with the fifteen columns that form the wing^ The walls of the back front, range with the extreme columns, to give more room to tie ce the temple; befides the door in the front, there are doors in the fides, one to each ; but whatever alterations are made, fuch as the fervice of our rites require, care ihould be taken to preferve the beautiful difpofitions of the antients in the periptere and portico. E The plan and elevation of the fteeple defigned for this temple. At Venice, and in the territory of that {late, it is not unufual to fee the lleeples erefted on one fide of the churches; but for the fake of fymmetry, they are beft placed to correfpond exaffly with the middle of the back front. The common method of making high pews in churches, deftroys the beauty of the interior fpaces and could only have been diftated by pride, lazinefs and avarice; another indecent abufe, if placing the feats in different and oppofi.e direffions, fo that the faces ot the congregation are forcibly turned all manner of ways, gazing at one another; it would agree better with the folem- nity of publick prayer and praife, to have all the people faced by the difpof.tion of the feats to¬ wards the altar; this is not meant fuperftitioufly, but from a decency which might be extended to' the reparation of the two fexes on different fides, in places and times, when all the circum- ftances lliould contribute to raife the mind above every objeft of fenfual defires. PLATE. II. THE PLAN OF A CHVRCH WITH A CVPOLA. The antients made the plans of their temples cither fquare or oblong, circular or polygonal; but we know of no examples, wherein they inferibed the circular dome within a fquare or an oblong • this invention of fufpending a cupola in the air gives an additional variety for facrcd cdi- fi-cs and if executed with due regard to the Ample principles of the antique, makes an agreeable contrail in a profpeft, with the other buildings of a town; how happily have they been intro¬ duced in the fined piftures of Claude and Pouflin. In this plan we have defigned a monopteral colonade to fupport a cupola, whofe internal diameter is the exaft breadth of the nave, which is fixty feet wide; the columns of the naves are in file with part of thofe which fupport the cupola; the general intercolumniation is dyallile, excepting the four aggregated columns ferving indeed of piers at each angle of the fquare, (wherein the circle that deferibes the circumference of the cupola is inferibed,) and lbme others at Jhc ends. The altar is placed in a hcmicycle, oppofite to the principal entrance ; there are two other entrances to the tranfeept, and each has a tetradyle portal. The portico is hexadyle, and is flanked on each fide with a deeple ; tliefe do not interrupt the pediment; the other columns placed externally to the fides and podicus, are intended as but- r-effes and anfwer all the purpofes of thofe rude Gothic maffes; for they equally drengthen the foundation, by procuring it an additional breadth, and by the union of their entablatures with the fuperior part of the wall, they add to their folidity in the two points, the bafement and the fummit. Throughout the whole, the author has aimed to take all podible advantages from the difpofi- tion of infulated columns, both externally and internally, as nothing contributes more to the majedy of a building; a beautiful example of the latter is feen in St. Stephen’s, Walbrook, in London, already mentioned ; and abating feme inconfidencies in the ornamental parts thereof, it (hews the beauty of peridyles, far more pleafmg than the heavy piers of arcades which have been fo generally and indilcriminately adopted. The Publick and Private Edifices. ~ £ The two churches, St, Genevieve and the Magdalen, now building at Paris, though intended to revtve the antique difpofition of infulated columns, if examined from the defigns publilhed do ’ not teem to promife that purity which might have been introduced; however, they will de'ferve the attention and applaufe of the publick; for as it has been heretofore obferved bv others, never wi I any edifice, in all likelihood, be undertaken with a view to exceed by its immenfity, or in rich materials the baiilica of St. Peter’s at Rome 5 but it may not be impoffible to imagine one of fupei.or difpofition, with chafer decorations : thefe were the means which diftinguilhed the Gre¬ cians from other people, whofe knowledge of art was previous to theirs : the Egyptian buildings were of much greater extents neverthelefs, the defigns of the Grecian temples were fo highly ap¬ proved, that the Romans adopted them folely: they are again revived in thefe times, whileThe gyptian architeflure has fallen into oblivion, being only known to a few of the curious, who contemplate its Angularities in their elofets, from the fketches and accounts of travellers. PLATE III. THE ELEVATION OF THE PRECEDING PLAN. Here we may obferve the towers and feeples are railed on each fide the hexaflyle portico, without interruption to the pediment; the cupola appears between the feeples in its full breadth, it is def- cribed hetnifpherical, and its interior height is equal to twice its diameter; there are windows in the circular walls which fupport the cupola : the columns of the portals to the lateral doors advance beyond the towers, and contribute to enrich the feenery of the perfpedtive. Many other forms for churches may be defigned, wherein any one of the Grecian orders, or part of their members might be applied with all due propriety. Every art has its effential limitations, fuch is profody to poetry, and fo are the notes to mufick the fcience of conducting founds under certain meafures of tune and time; and as thefe may be infinitely diverfified by men of true genius, the (lime may be faid of the various compofitioils in architecture. It is in more fenfes than one, a lamentable fight to fee the walls of parochial churches croud- ed with monuments, infenbed to fo many infignificant names: the publick ufe of vaults under churches for the reception of the dead, mould be entirely aboliihed, the offenfive effefls arifing from them, have more than once been a juft caufe of complaint to the inhabitants of London. “ All burial places or cemeteries, are beft placed upon the ikirts of a large town; they Ihould be furrounded with walls, and within thefe facred grounds might be eredted here and there certain little maufoleums, which belonging to the publick, Ihould not admit of the traces of private vanity but at very expenfive corts, which might be applied for fuch exigencies as the prudence and gene- rofity of the difinterefted might determine. We do not intend to fpeak in this place of thofe for great and noble families, who pafs their lives in a ftate of feparation from the community, and whofe allies are fecured from being mingled with thofe of the vulgar. To conclude ; parochial churches, Ihould be fituated nearly in the center of their parilhes for the mutual convemency of the jSarilhioners, and every church Ihould Hand in an open place to ihew the budding to advantage, and for the benefit of a free circulation of light and air ’ plate IV. CENOTAPH IVM HEROVM. This defign was intended to be offered for the machine of a grand fion of the late fuccefsful war. The plan is underneath the elevation, fire-work, at the conclu- and both upon the fame The y 2 Remarks concerning The principal fabric A in the center, reprefents it is the elevation we explain, avail: cenotaph, or empty tomb, facred to the memory of illuftrious naval and military heroes; it is a rotonda open at top like tire fepulchre of Cardbus Metellus, but is adorned with a periptere of Corin¬ thian columns; the bafement of tlrefe are founded on rock work, and the fame rock is continued upon the right and left for the arcades, wherein lamps are fufpended. B. B. Two leifer pyra¬ midal cenotaphs, one on each fide the rotonda : thefe may bear fome fuitable infeription in praife of the fleets and armies. In the arcades underneath thefe pyramids are placed in one, the ftatue of Europe, in the other that of America, and to the backs of thefe, Alia and Africa; above the lower center-arcades of the right and left wings, are two other arcades D. D. railed with pe¬ diments ; under one is placed the ftatue of fecurity, leaning upon part of a column, and under the other is the ftatue of liberty, with the rudis or vindifla ; upon the fame plane at proper inter¬ vals, are four mural columns CCCC, and four roitral columns CCCC, interchangeably placed : at each extremity of the ftrudture is eredted a pedeftal for a female centaur. The one F to repre- fent Fame or Glory; fhe bears a trumpet and other warlike inftruments ; her character fliould be fierce and eager, her adtion fliould appear rapid. The other E: reprelenting Peace, or Victoria paci- fra, carries the caduceus and laurel branch ; there fliould be exprefled on her face a placid firni- nefs, her motion fliould be brilliant but yet cadenced. Four of the principal and commercial rivers of the globe, the Thames, the Ganges, St. Law¬ rence and Gambia, all of coloflal fize, adorn the rock-work at certain diftances. The bas-reliefs under the flight of fieps in the center, reprefent on the one fide, Victoria Maritime, or the Itnpe- rium Maris-, on the other, a winged Fame, fitting under a palm tree, and tranfmitting to pofterity the glorious annals of the times. When the antients eredted durable edifices of this kind on the high ways, they intended them for the inftrudtion and pleafure of paflengers, and to eftablifli the courage of every individual ci¬ tizen, and of the ftate in general, in contemplating, not the dead carcafles of their anceftors, but their furviving virtues, and the immortality of the foul. In quo ccrte bonis viris conjidendum eJJ'e, ntalis autem Jormidandum, quippe cum pojl mortem omni auxilio careant. Plato de Leg. C. xii. Thus the poets feconded the leflons of the philofophers. Tu pias Icetis animas reponis Sedibus ;- Hor. Lib. I. Od. io. Sedibus ut faltem placidis in morte quiefcam. ^Eneid. vi. In what manner the different fort of fireworks and illuminations fliould be difplayed and dif- pofed on this machine to the beff advantage, will appear very plain to thofe pradtifed in fuch forts of exhibitions; and it would be out of place to attempt any pyrotechnical defeription. Martial mufick in thefe fliews, might be properly introduced with a grand vocal chorus, m honor of the event thus celebrated. In Plutarch’s life of Pelopidas, there is cited a moll elegant eoicedium, or funeral long, in praife of the Lacedemonians: as it gives the true charadter of heroifin, •ve cannot forbear quoting it. “ They died, but not as Iavifli of their blood, “ Or thinking Death itfelf was Amply good, “ Or life ; both thefe the ftridteft virtue try’d, “ And as they call’d they gladly liv’d or dy’d. PLATE V. DESIGN FOR AN OPEN PLACE AT WHITEHALL, WITH PORTICOS. It has often been a matter of furprife, not only to perfons of tafte of this nation, but even to foreigners, that for l'o noble a river as the Thames, in its courfe along the extent of the metropo¬ lis, 73 Publick and Private Edijices. lis, there are no grand quays or elegant landing places; filth, meannefs and obfcurity, almoft totally cover the inhabited banks of this dream, from whofe tides the gallant fleets of England fpread its fame and commerce around the globe, and return loaded with the choice!! commodi¬ ties, and the immenfe treafures of both hemifpheres. The above confiderations, about eight years ago, fuggefted the Iketches delineated in this plate. At that time there were feveral old buildings in front of the Horfe-Guards: theie and fuch others as flood to the interruption of our plan, were fuppofed to be no unfnrmountable obftacles, as it was imagined they could have been removed at a very moderate rate. White-Hall-Place, 270 feet broad, and its length fomething more than the diagonal of that fquare, would have opened a grand avenue from the Thames; in the center of this fquare, we had erefled an Egyptian obeliik, with four coloflal ftatues at the foot of it, reprefentmg the four quarters of the globe; an idea confeffedly borrowed from an admirable work of Bermm, in the piazza Navonna at Rome. The portico on each fide, would have afforded a covered walk down to the river; the flairs at the ends of the porticos were defigned grand and commodious for public ufe; but thofe in the middle fecured by rails of iron, or rather of bronze, were intended only to be opened upon extraordinary occafions; and among others, none would be attended with greater political pomp, than the entry of a foreign ambaffador; if inftead of the tedious and difmal proceflion of a number of paltry carriages through dirty ftreets, a fet of barges were provided to receive the ambaffador and his train, juft abov^ London-bridge, and to land them at White-Hall, whence they might proceed in Suitable conveyances, and properly efcorted to the palace. Among the barges might, firfl be reckoned thofe of their majefties, then thofe of the admiralty and of the city, with their feveral ftandards, and colours, and dreamers, a number of the fubaltern officers and failors of the navy attending in their fliips boats. Pelagoque Volamus. ,/Eneid. This would be a noble fight, worthy of the firfl maritime power in the univerfe; and if conducted ■ with fplendor and order, Venice would not then be fo diftinguillied by the parade of her Bucentaur. PLATE VI. THE DESIGN FOR A NEW STREET IN THE CITY. Among other improvements talked of by the citizens of .London, the new ftreet leading from the front of the Manlion-houfe, in a right line to Moor-gate, has been often upon the carpet; on which account thefe Iketches were imagined. The fettled ftandard of buildings in London, flieweth too much of Economy; all the parts are upon a fmall fcale, and there wants a requifite folidity for duration, which occafions great and con¬ tinual repairs; but in the latter cafe it cannot be otherwife, lb long as the leafes of the ground are granted for Ihort terms, and fubjeft to fines. The author was once alked abroad, whether it was true, that the builders in England could calculate in fuch a manner, that they would con- ftrua or repair houfes for a certain number of years more or lefs, at the expiration of which their downfall might be expefied ? the anfwer was in the affirmative, and furpnzed the inquirer: but how would it have added to his furprize, to have been told, that by the ingenious contrivance of the workmen, houles nowand then fell down as foon as covered in. Had the proprietors and undertakers, who have built habitations for the Londoners, fince the time of Inigo, thought proper to have caft their eyes upon the houfes after his defigus in Covent- Carden, they might have feen the fcale and models for their purpofes: fuch a city as London, at lead in its principal quarters, fliould not have any habitations of inferior afpeft. The arcades are out of the queftion, but the mezzanine might have turned out very ufeful to many tradef- men . they might have ferved as warehoufes over the (hops, to others as their own dwelling ' ’ J ° -p rooms. 7 + Remarks concerning rooms, while the principal and chamber floors over them, might with great profit have been difpofed to lodgers, who for more than half the year make no inconfiderable part of the inhabitants in town. Such elegant and fpacious lodgings would certainly be preferable for whole families, to the little boxes which are built at the politer end of the town for the fame ufes. The differences that fhould be between the houfes in the fame ftreet of a city, fhould be in the extent of the front, feldom in their heights; one dwelling might have four or five windows in its front, another only half, or part of that number; yet as the heights of their floors might be the fame, the afpeft of the latter would not become defpicable. The habitable buildings of a capital, may be conlidcred under three different rates. I. Palaces of the princes and nobles, halls, colleges, &c. II. The houfes of the gentry, and of other principal inhabitants. III. The houfes of the inferior people. And all thefe may be again fubdivided. The houfes in this plate are thofe of the fecond rate. The center houfe, and thofe at the extre¬ mities, are larger than all the intervening ones, which are upon the fame fcale; a difference in the fortunes and ranks of citizens, requires a difference in the fizes and rents of houfes. The following heights are given to the different ftories of the elevation in this plate. The ground floor in the clear is The firft floor The fecond floor The third floor The garrets It is always more difficult to proportion the parts with the whole in the external of an edifice, than in the internal The entire height of this elevation, is fubdivided as follows. 13 feet high. 12 10 9 8 The lower order, as Then to the top of the principal cornice Thence to the top of the attic cornice 2 parts 3 Total external height 6 The fubdivilions of the heights of Inigo’s houfes are the following. The bafement, which includes the ground floor and the mezzanine Principal and chamber floors including the cornice Total external height 3 parts _ 4 _ 7 The roofs are excluded in the above divifions, not being confidered as relative to them. M. Walpole obferves, “ that in the arcades (of Covent-Garden) there is nothing remarkable ; the pilailers are as errant and homely ftripes as any plaillerer would makefurely the quality of the materials of a flrudure, can never be deemed to depreciate the defigns of an architefi, as the remarks juft cited feem to imply. A TOWN Publick and Private Edifices. PLATE VII. A TOWN HOUSE WITH THE STABLES The Houles defigned in the lad plate, are fuppofed to have their offices under ground, and their flables, &c. in feme mews not too diftant from their quarter; however, it is preferable both on account of grandeur and conveniency, to have enclofed within the precinds of the dwelling every rc- quffite thereto ; a large plot of ground, will admit eaftly of every diftribution, but it is often neceffary Tf gmamVextem PaCe ’ ^ W chofin “ P rod ““ “ample than one The fituation of the ftreet is oblique, but this in no manner affeds the regularity of the plan • we have placed the mam body of the houfe within a court-yard, and its bfck from is fuppofed o have a garden which might defcend towards the river; the Hotel dArgenfon at Paris, nearly of h extent, has its back front upon the garden of the Palais Royal. We mention this edifice as it may be known to feveral travellers, and becaufe it is always right, in confidering any plans and elevations, to compare them with fome buildings already executed, in order to be previoufly aflured of their effeds; for oftentimes, what appears great or fmall by the drawings to perfons no accuftomcd to dimenfions, will turnout contrary to their expedJions; and an archhed in defigmng fhould propofe to himfelf fome ftandard, and accuitom himfelf to judge veryexadlv of meafurements by his eye, which he flioUld conftantly retain in his mind. The front to the ftreet is that of the offices and Rabies, and over them are lodgings for men plate viii. A DESIGN FOR A VILLA. ' F fT ° l ‘ hiS W ° rk ' ^ “ teeP Within fUCh limitS as wi " P rove ° f g ral ufe. Buddings of twenty rooms on one floor, are as eafy to delineate as thofe of feven, ; it is ufual with arch,teds, who want to difplay their talents, to think with Dinocrates that y muft offer fchemes of the mol unbounded fancy; but thefe will anfwer no ufeful purpofes neither can they tend to the progrefs of their art. ^ * I The u nr a e fu n ° f - ,h!s P ‘ an ’ ma)r reca11 the CaftIe 0f Ca P rarola «° thofe who have feen it- we have indeed had m view its c.rcular inner open court, but we flave retrenched its galleries ' and circumfcnbed it in a different manner. galleries, and The ground plan has at firff entrance by the fore front, an under gallery of fixty feet in length by above twenty feet broad. This ordinarily may ferve for a fervant's hah in wafting andmly be devoted, as is ufual, upon the annual receipts of rents for the tenants to dine in ; It each end t 7’ t ^‘%are from that upon the right you enter into the billiard room, md 1 oceeding forward, the next is the library ; this opens upon the great ftair-cafe, which only af- cends to the principal floor : the room upon the ground floor, on the other fide of the great flairs, may be called a breakfafi room ; beyond this is a little clofe, that may be enclofed as af accompt- ifek™ Veef "rh “dT^i ge f" men ' S room: the of all thefe rooms in the char “r? feet ' 7 d 'Pp°fitton of the two triangular flair-cafes, and of the little circular wind- ing fairs, give all the advantages of fecret palfages to the different rooms. The The arcades of communication with the wings, afford a covered paffage to and from the main body of the raanfion. The plan of the principal floor is traced upon that of the bafement floor, allowing for the di¬ minution of the walls: to the fore front is the gallery, above fixty feet in length and more than twenty broad, the height in the dear is twenty four feet; but all the other rooms upon the fame floor, are only fourteen in the clear, becaufe of the mezzanine above them, which is eight and a half in the clear. On each fide ttie gallery is an anti-room ; from that on the right you enter into the eating room, and on the other end is the drawing room; paffing through the great flair-cafe is another draw¬ ing room, thence you may pafs on to a drefling-room, and then to the ftate bed-chamber. The mezzanine and chamber floor over it, are divided for the neceffary ufes of the family and Of their vifltors. There are no garrets in the roof. The court-yard for the kitchen and offices, is furrounded on three fides with buildings, where¬ in it is fuppol'ed that every neceffary requifite is ranged in its proper place. The court-yard for the ftables, coach houfes, &c. has its buildings in fymmetry with thofe on the other fide'; the oblique pofition of the wings, and every other feeming irregularity of the plan contributes to render the whole more commodious than it otherwife might be, and is very advantageous to the feenery of tile elevation: for by the divergency of the lines from the fore front, there is°opcned afar more extenfive profpeft than by the common method of advancing the wings at right angles to the front, upon a level ground. In the diflribution of this building, though of moderate fixe, there is a great range of rooms and the fecret paffages are difpofed without encroaching upon any room ; the fpan of the roof being finall, renders it both light and ftrong. Thefe are the heights of the feveral floors in the dear For all the rooms in the bafement The gallery coved The other room upon the fame floor To the mezzanine over thefe, one foot fix inches bein£ the height of the intermediate floor To the chamber floor io feet 24 given to another design for a villa. As in the former defign we endeavoured a. a difpofltion that at firft appearance might have an irrllarity, and he on that account (till more commodious; in this dehgn we have given an eleva- . ° vhich would produce an cfTeft as Angular as pleafing, by its pyramidal afpeft; we are fuppofed to take the advantage of a rifing ground for the center of the building and by its de- diW on each fide, all the parts upon the right and left are kept in a gradual fubordmation. ThTdiree pediments to the main body become very decifive objefts, and feme for the refpea.ve roofs the fpaces between thefe are flat terraces. The pavilions adjoining to the mam body, one at each fide, are finifbed by the continuation of the Doric cornice, above which is a parapet. the arcades have at their extremities winding flairs, which defeend into the courts The arcades in the bafement include two floors, for apartments of different ufes, and cellars underneath, .th groined arches. ■m Pub lick and Private Edifices. 77 The plan of the principal floor has the following didributions; entering by the vedible, on the right hand you pals into the find anti-room, and then into a fecond, this opens into a gallery fifty four feet long by more than twenty broad; the fecond room opens likewife into an eating-room, twenty-four feet by eighteen, thence you pafs into a library ; between this and the fird anti-room, is a private dair-cafe ; the library communicates on the other fide with a drawing-room ; between the vedible and the drawing-room is the great dair-cafe; from the drawing-room, you pafs into a date drefling-room, and then into the bed-chamber; from thence palling through a fort of wardrobe, you enter into the other pavilion, which is partitioned for a chapel and the chaplain's chamber, and thefe have other communications from without. The chamber floor is traced upon the walls of the principal floor, but there are no garrets over this; the belvedere is raifed on a fuppofition that it commands fome very delirable didant profpedt. The back front may be eafily defcribed from the plan. The buildings which ferve on one fide, for the dables, coach-houfes, &c. and on the other, for the kitchen, offices, &c. though brought forward beyond the main body and the pavilions, yet being placed upon much lower ground, are no obdrudtion to the view from any part of the houfe. Thefe two defigns for villas are nearly of the fame rate, and while we enjoy all the pleafure that can arife from the imagination, in fuppofing them fituated amidd the rural varieties and beauties of nature, we cannot forbear lamenting the prefent prevailing cudom of the great ones, in abandoning, for the greated part of the year, their delightful feats and retirements, which oftentimes feem raifed more for the pleafure of chance-led travellers, and of the neighbour¬ ing villagers, than for the real enjoyment of the owners. O Vinitores, Vilicique felices Dominis parantur ijia, ferviunt vobis. Mart. Lib. io.. Ep. 30. PLATE X. A HVNTING PAVILION. It may fo fall out, that the principal feat of a nobleman fond of hunting, is at a great didance from a favorite fporting country, and having a property therein, he might on both thefe accounts be tempted to make a building, for his own pleafure, and the reception of a few feledt friends, at different times during the hunting feafons. The plan and elevation here before us, it is imagined may anfwer the above intentions, being entirely accommodated for the ufe of the gentlemen, their fervants and horfes, who are all lodged under the fame roof. We have called it Padiglione di Caccia, or hunting pavilion, from its peculiar dedination. The plan confids of three odtogons, one within the other. The larged, or external one, con¬ tains the dables, fervants hall and bed-rooms, kitchen, offices, and dore-room; thefe are all funk below the furface of the ground, the foil being fuppofed to be exceeding dry: as we would pitch upon the fummit of a little hill, this would be favourable for the drains underneath ; the bafement does not rile more than four feet above the ground line, and receives its light from femicircular windows. The next elevation upon the fecond odtogon, contains the bed-rooms, or cabbins for the gentlemen, and a drawing-room : level with thefe is the hunters common hall, raifed upon the internal odtogon; it receives its light from windows placed above. The ornaments here mud be adapted to the building; the fculptor and the painter might be affided in their compofitions, by the deferiptions of the poet. U Vincula Remarks , &c. 7 s Vincula fan aiimmt caniius : fan freJJ'a ftqmntur Signa pedum: Sternitur in curfu nanus & propulfafragorem Silva dat: exclatnant Juvenes. Ovid. Metam. Lib. VIII. Hunting is a noble diveriion, it gives ftrength and vigour, and inures the body to hardihips;. to fenfible minds, inllruSion always attends on pleafure. The young warrior may in his chace, ftudy the advantages and diladvantages of ground, at one time in vallies, and at others on eminences; here a narrow pafs will offer itfelf, and there an extended plain; in all thefe he may refleft upon the advantages and difadvantages of ports and encampments. The fable of the unfortunate Aflamn offers a very eflential caution to thofe in high rtation, to guard them againft the danger to which they are unavoidably expofed, from their flatterers and paralites. Undique circumjlant mcrjijque in corfore roflris, Dilacerant falfi dominant , Jub imagine cervi. Ovid. Metam. Lib. III. The kennel is not inferted in our plan; its fituation is fuppofed near at hand, in the wood; and it would be convenient to have at no great diftance, three or frur hovels of cottagers, which would form the only neighbourhood of this edifice facred to the fports of the fields and woods. THE END,