' 
 
BURNETTIZING: 
 
 OR THE USE OF 
 
 CHLORIDE OE ZINC 
 
 FOR PRESERVING 
 
 TIMBER, CORDAGE, CANVAS, 
 
 — AND — 
 
 COTTON AND WOOLEN FABRICS 
 
 FROM 
 
 WET AND DRY ROT, MILDEW, RAPID COMBUSTION, ETC. 
 
 WITH TESTIMONIALS TO ITS EFFICACY; 
 
 -.A. Xj S O ,- 
 
 NOTICES OF TIIE USE OF CHLORIDE OF ZINC IN 
 DEODORIZING AND PURIFYING 
 
 VESSELS’ HOLDS, CELLARS, SICK CHAMBERS, SINKS, VAULTS, ETC. 
 
 PRINTED FOR 
 
 LOVIS, HODGES & SILSBEE, 
 
 PROPRIETORS OF THE 
 
 Mattapannock Chemical and Burnettizing Works, South Boston. 
 
 OFFICE, 63 & 67 WATER STREET, BOSTON. 
 
 PRENTISS, SAWYER, $ CO.’S PRESS. 
 
 1 8 5 9. 
 
CoajS 
 
 7W 
 
 B'% 
 
 I &5 9 
 
 ADVANTAGES OF BURNETTIZING. 
 
 EFFECTS OF CHLORIDE OF ZINC. 
 
 1 
 
 ITS EFFECTS ON WOOD. 
 
 It hardens and improves its texture. It enters into permanent chemical combination with 
 the ligneous fibre; aad does not come to the surface of the wood by efflorescence, like other 
 crystallizable salts; and no amount of washing or boiling in water will remove the chemical 
 compound so formed. 
 
 It preserves wood and other articles from the adherence of animal and vegetable parasites, 
 and also from the attacks of insects. 
 
 It completely preserves wood from wet and dry rot. 
 
 It renders the wood uninflammable, when used of a certain requisite strength. 
 
 ITS EFFECTS ON CANVAS, CORDAGE, COTTON, &c. 
 
 The Preparation preserves these articles from mildew and rot. It renders them more pliable; 
 does not in the slightest degree discolor them; and washing or boiling in water will not remove 
 the combination from their fibres. 
 
 ITS EFFECTS ON WOOLEN. 
 
 Woolen prepared by this process will be preserved from mildew and rot; it will not be 
 attacked by moths; and washing or boiling will not remove the combination from it. 
 
 ITS EFFECTS ON ANIMAL MATTER. 
 
 It is used for the preservation of anatomical subjects; and green hides are effectually pre¬ 
 served from decomposition, by being subjected to the process. 
 
 ITS EFFECTS ON BILGE-WATER. 
 
 It completely neutralizes the offensive effluvium arising from bilge-water on board ships. 
 
 A 
 
 ITS EFFECT ON METALS. 
 
 Iron or other metals are not oxidated or dissolved, either when immersed in the Solution, 
 or imbedded in wood prepared in it. 
 
 
 
 
BUKNETTIZINGr 
 
 When we consider the enormous consumption of lumber, with its 
 great variety of uses and frequent exposure to the destructive action 
 of moisture, heat, and imperfect ventilation, the importance of some 
 process to preserve it from decay can hardly be estimated. The 
 value of such a process is not simply in the cost of the material 
 preserved, great as that may be. Its greatest economy consists in 
 saving the expense of reconstruction, as well as the inconvenience 
 and delay of frequent repairs. In bridges, railroad tracks, ship s 
 timbers and spars, sills of houses, &c., the cost of replacing is much 
 greater than the fh'st cost of the lumber. It should be borne in 
 mind, however, that many of the cheaper kinds of lumber, when 
 Burnettized, are more durable and much cheaper than the more 
 expensive woods unprepared. 
 
 In the case of bridges, another consideration deserves mention. 
 Of the many terrible disasters occasioned by the giving way of 
 these structures, under a loaded train of cars, most have arisen 
 from the gradual and unnoticed decay of the timbers, which might 
 have been prevented by subjecting them to the preserving process. 
 As Burnettized stuff is also comparatively uninflammable, another 
 danger to which railroad bridges are exposed, that of taking fire 
 by means of sparks from the engine, is greatly lessened. This 
 last property entitles the process to a careful consideration of its 
 utility in ships and steamboats, where portions of the timbers are 
 extremely liable to take fire by the continued action of an elevated 
 temperature from the heated machinery, boilers, and from other 
 causes. The trifling expense of preparing the timber is of little 
 account, when the question is one of even partially diminishing 
 
the liability to the terrible consequences incident to the burning of 
 a ship at sea. 
 
 Burnettizing also protects wood from the attacks of insects, 
 which, in certain localities, are as destructive of the strength and 
 durability of timber as the most rapid process of decay. The last 
 named advantages, viz., rendering substances less inflammable, and 
 protecting from attacks of insects, though not contemplated in the 
 original claim of the inventor, are, nevertheless, of great importance, 
 as some of the certificates in succeeding pages will show. 
 
 The chief object of this and other processes is the preservation 
 of wood, cordage, canvas, &c., &c., from wet and dry rot and mildew. 
 The importance attached to this, and the extent to which investiga¬ 
 tion and experiment have been carried, is shown by the fact that 
 no less than forty-seven patents have been taken out for processes 
 to secure this result, most of them within the present century. 
 Of these, besides Burnett’s, the most generally known and used, 
 are probably kyanizing, and the creasote or coal-tar process. 
 
 Kyan’s process, patented in 1832, though attended with good 
 results, is open to serious objections. Corrosive sublimate, or Bi¬ 
 chloride of mercury, the substance employed, is very expensive ; 
 which is a sufficient objection to its general use. It is, moreover, 
 a virulent poison, and the process requires several weeks for its 
 completion. From the corrosive action of this substance upon most 
 metals, it cannot be used in close iron vessels, the advantages of 
 exhaustion and pressure are thus lost by which alone can timber 
 be thoroughly impregnated and the process finished in a few hours. 
 
 The use of creasote, as it exists in a crude, oily matter, distilled 
 from coal-tar, — patented by Bethell, in 1838, — has met with 
 considerable favor abroad, and is said to be effective. This, also, is 
 expensive, even in England, where the substance employed is much 
 cheaper than with us. It makes the timber very offensive and 
 disagreeable to handle, and renders it highly inflammable, which 
 are serious objections to its use above ground. 
 
 In 1838, a patent was granted in England to Sir Wm. Burnett, 
 for the use of chloride of zinc in the preservation of certain animal 
 and vegetable substances from decay. This process has been ex¬ 
 tensively used in England, and more extensively in this country 
 than any other. The chloride of zinc has proved to be effectual, 
 and has the advantage of being safe, cleanly, and economical, while 
 at the same time it acts as a purifier. 
 
Burnettizing was introduced in this country by Janies B. Francis, 
 Esq., agent of the proprietors of the locks and canals on Merri¬ 
 mack River, at Lowell, Massachusetts. This Company, the original 
 proprietors of all the water powers used by the extensive Manu¬ 
 facturing Companies of that city, have many uses for lumber in 
 exposed situations, as in bridges, locks, dams, sluices, &c. Mr. 
 Francis, their agent, a distinguished civil engineer, thoroughly 
 examined the various processes for preserving timber, and in the 
 course of his investigations visited some of the largest establish¬ 
 ments abroad. Satisfied of the utility of the Burnett process, at his 
 suggestion, and under his direction, the works at Lowell were 
 erected. These works were put up solely for the use of the 
 Manufacturing Companies, but finding they had sufficient capacity, 
 large quantities of lumber have been prepared there for other 
 parties. 
 
 Memorandum on the liurnettizing Establishment at Gloucester , England , carried 
 
 on under the direction of I. K. Brunei, Civil Engineer. By Jas. B. Francis. 
 
 In June, 1851, I visited an extensive establishment for Bumettizing timber, 
 at Gloucester, which was in active operation preparing timber for railway 
 purposes. 
 
 The timber in course of preparation was principally the white or Cana¬ 
 dian pine, for the longitudinal sills, commonly used in England, for the 
 continuous bearing of the bridge rail; the dimensions of the sills being 
 thirty feet long, seven by fourteen inches. 
 
 There are, at this establishment, live cylindrical tanks of boiler iron, each 
 about sixty feet long and six feet in diameter; narrow railway tracks are 
 laid through the tanks, on which run small trucks on which the timber is 
 loaded ; several trucks are usually used for each charge. One head of the 
 tank is entirely removed, when a charge is put in or withdrawn, and a man¬ 
 hole through the other head gives ready means of applying a windlass for 
 moving the loaded trucks. 
 
 After the heads are packed, a partial vacuum (usually from twelve to six¬ 
 teen inches of mercury) is obtained, by means of air-pumps driven by steam 
 power; this is maintained about twenty minutes; the dilute solution of 
 chloride of zinc is then permitted to flow in ; this occupies about eight min¬ 
 utes ; the force pumps are then applied, requiring about fifteen minutes to 
 get up the pressure, which was stated to be one hundred and twenty pounds 
 to the square inch ; this pressure is maintained until the timber has taken 
 up thirty imperial gallons of the dilute solution to each load of fifty cubic 
 feet, and requiring from two to four hours, — depending upon the size and 
 state of dryness of the timber. It was considered important that all timber 
 
in the same charge should be of nearly uniform size and dryness, as other¬ 
 wise the smaller and dryer timber would take up an undue share of the 
 solution, and leave the larger and less dry timber with less than thirty gallons 
 to the load. 
 
 The quantity of solution taken up by the timber is ascertained by noticing 
 the depths in the cistern from which it is pumped ; after the pressure is once 
 obtained, it is kept up until the proper quantity is taken up. 
 
 It was stated by the resident engineer, that the concentrated solution was 
 purchased of the proprietors of Burnett’s patent, at the rate of threepence 
 sterling per imperial pint, each pint giving, on evaporation, one pound of dry 
 chloride of zinc. There was, also, usually paid a royalty of two shillings 
 and sixpence sterling per load, for the patent right; but this was, of course, 
 subject to special agreement. The concentrated solution is transported in 
 jars of stoneware, holding seven gallons each; these are charged at five 
 shillings sterling each, which is allowed, however, when they are returned. 
 The strength of the dilute solution, as used, was stated to be one gallon of 
 the concentrated solution to thirty gallons of water, for all timber prepared 
 for the Yale of Neath Railway ; and one gallon to forty gallons, for the tim¬ 
 ber prepared for the Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton, and the Oxford 
 and Birmingham Railways. Omitting the small quantity of water contained 
 in the concentrated solution, the dilute solution for the Vale of Neath Rail¬ 
 way is two and two-thirds pounds of dry chloride to one hundred pounds 
 of water, and, for the other two railways, two pounds to the hundred ; and 
 the amount of dry chloride taken up by the timber for the Vale of Neath 
 Railway is about one-sixth of a pound to the cubic foot, and by the timber 
 for the other two railways, about one-eighth of a pound to the cubic foot. 
 If the concentrated solution is 55 per cent, dry chloride, this is 4.65 ounces 
 of the concentrated solution to the cubic foot for the Vale of Neath Railway, 
 and 3.49 ounces to the cubic foot for the others. 
 
 The process was all done by a contractor, who also owned the apparatus ; 
 every part of the process was, however, done under the immediate super¬ 
 vision of persons employed by Mr. Brunei; and, as far as I could judge, it 
 seemed to be faithfully and thoroughly done. 
 
 It was stated that the contractor received sLxteen shillings sterling per load 
 of fifty cubic feet; which is equivalent to $6.40 per thousand feet, board 
 measure. 
 
 Extracts from a paper recently read before the Society of Arts in England, on 
 “ Timber for Ship Building.” 
 
 “ It appears that the aggregate tonnage of the merchant shipping of the 
 United Kingdom was, last year, 4,325,242 tons ; and that of the Royal 
 Navy is certainly not less than 1,000,000 tons more. When we consider 
 that a very large proportion of these vessels are built entirely of wood, and 
 that, in twenty years at the farthest, these magnificent fleets will have fallen 
 into decay and disappeared, wc may well view with interest any attempt to 
 
point out the means of increasing the durability of the materials of which 
 they are composed. In addition to the demands made for timber for these 
 purposes, it appears that ten times as much is required for the construction 
 and repair of buildings, implements of husbandry, machinery, canals, docks, 
 bridges, &c.” 
 
 “ The best of woods, when made into a ship, will exhibit decay much 
 sooner than they should do. And why ? In my humble opinion, it is be¬ 
 cause ship builders and ship owners will not adopt the simple but efficacious 
 means which chemical science, confirmed by ample experience, offers them. 
 Long years of practical experiment has shown that timber, however prone to 
 dry rot or to wet rot, may be effectually preserved from both by the use of 
 certain metallic solutions, or other suitable protective matters. These are all 
 such simple, well known remedies, that almost everybody has heard of them, 
 and yet it is positively true that neither the Admiralty nor the merchant- 
 ship owner has yet built one single ship in which these principles have been 
 intelligently and thoroughly carried out. A reasonable and an undoubtedly 
 shrewd man of business will have a fine ship built, at a cost, perhaps, of 
 £•5,000, and yet he will not spend another £200 in rendering her timbers ex¬ 
 empt from the attacks of insects and from rot.” 
 
 F. Hewson, Esq., civil engineer, in an article published in the 
 Journal of the Franklin Institute, advocates a process for saturating 
 timber by capillary attraction, which, from its simplicity, is worthy 
 of attention. From his interesting paper we extract the fol¬ 
 lowing : — 
 
 “ The use of timber upon our railroads is considered indispensable ; it is 
 everywhere found in the substructure of our tracks, and forms the chief ma¬ 
 terial of our bridges ; its renewal is the most expensive item of repairs. The 
 life of a sill seldom extends longer than eight years, and the rate of annual 
 depreciation being 12£ per cent, can be applied to the estimate for the dura¬ 
 bility of the bridges and those structures which are unprotected against the 
 assaults of heat and moisture, the active and unfailing agents of decay. 
 
 “The close of the first octennial period in the existence of a railroad track 
 is marked by the entire renewal of its wooden superstructure, involving an 
 additional expenditure for labor. Upon the 25,000 miles of railway lines in 
 the United States, it is estimated that 3,125 miles of the timber superstruc¬ 
 ture of their track are annually renewed, requiring an outlay of $3,500,000 
 to furnish the supply. Sir Wm. Burnett’s process employs the chloride of 
 zinc. It has been successfully tested on the Hanoverian and the Cologne 
 and Minden lines, and has been used on the Oxford, Worcester and Wolver¬ 
 hampton, the Oxford and Birmingham, and the Yale of Neath railways. 
 Brunei has taken an active part in its introduction on the public works of 
 England. There has been a want of confidence relative to the treatment of 
 timber by other systems.” 
 
8 
 
 
 Our apparatus was put up at the Mattapannock Chemical Works, 
 in gouth Boston, in the autumn of 1857, but was not used until the 
 following spring. During the past season, we Burnettized neatly a 
 million feet of lumber, chiefly for the horse railroads in this vicinity. 
 The lumber for all of which roads is prepared by this process. 
 We have also prepared lumber for a variety of uses, as piles, fences, 
 sills, cellar floors, hydrant boxes, also for embankments, and some 
 large bridge timbers. 
 
 Our apparatus, essentially the same as that at Lowell, consists of 
 a cylinder of stout boiler iron, with heavy cast iron heads, and 
 made to sustain a pressure of one hundred and fifty pounds to the 
 square inch. It is sixty-one feet long and five feet diameter inside. 
 One head swings on heavy hinges which admits of its being opened 
 and shut conveniently. A railroad track runs the whole length of 
 the cylinder and extends outside the same distance. On this track 
 run two low carriages thirty feet long, each, which can be loaded 
 separately, or united, if needed for very long timbers. These 
 carriages are loaded outside, the lumber chained down to prevent 
 floating, and rolled into the cylinder; the door is then closed 
 securely upon a rubber packing. The air pump, worked by 
 steam, is then put in motion, and shortly a vacuum of from 
 twenty-three to twenty-eight inches of mercury is produced. This 
 is maintained, by the continued action of the pump, from an hour 
 and a half to two hours, according to circumstances. A large 
 cock, in the pipe which connects the cylinder with the reservoir 
 below, containing the chloride of zinc solution, is then opened, and 
 the cylinder is quickly filled by atmospheric pressure. The cock is 
 then closed. The air pump is kept in motion some time longer, to 
 remove any air that may be contained in the solution, and to keep 
 the pores of the wood thoroughly open, for its mere perfect absorp¬ 
 tion. At a proper time, the cock in the air pipe is also closed and 
 the pump stopped. 
 
 The lumber is then subjected to a pressure of 125 to 130 pounds 
 to the inch, by means of a steam force pump, which is maintained 
 for an hour or two, according to the size and character ot the lumber. 
 We exhaust for a greater length of time than is usually practised, 
 as we consider this to be the most important part of the process. 
 The pressure would be of little service, however great, unless the 
 pores of the wood were previously freed of air and sap. At the 
 
9 
 
 close of the above processes, the door is opened and the lumber 
 removed. 
 
 Our works are situated upon tide water, outside all bridges, so 
 that lumber vessels, not drawing over nine feet, can discharge there 
 with ease, thus saving all cost of teaming. 
 
 The chloride of zinc is manufactured at our Chemical Works 
 expressly for our own use, and is also supplied by us in any quantity 
 desired, in the form of a concentrated solution. 
 
 For the convenience of the horse railroads, we put up the past 
 season, machinery for planing and sawing and a machine for slotting 
 the ties. We are able, therefore, to prepare the timber for these 
 tracks in any desired form, and Burnettize without removing it from 
 our yard. 
 
 The prices for Burnettizing are 
 
 For spruce lumber, 
 
 For all other kinds of lumber, 
 
 For spruce shingles, 
 
 For other kinds of shingles, . 
 
 $5.00 per 1000 feet, board measure. 
 6.00 “ “ “ “ “ 
 
 .67 per 1000. 
 
 .75 “ “ 
 
 Spruce is prepared at a lower price, as it absorbs less of the 
 solution than pine or other lumber commonly used. Most of the 
 lumber prepared at our works has been spruce, which is used 
 altogether for the horse railroads in Boston and vicinity. This 
 wood, which unprepared is extremely perishable, proves, when 
 Burnettized, to be very durable. “ The most remarkable instances 
 of the preservation of wood by Burnettizing”— says Mr. Francis — 
 “ are in some of the woods which decay with such rapidity as to 
 be almost valueless. Poplar, for instance, is useless in its natural 
 state, as a fencing material. Trials at Lowell, however, show that, 
 when Burnettized, poplar is a durable wood, and apparently as 
 serviceable as chestnut, for posts.”* 
 
 Burnettized spruce, poplar, &c., can be used with as good results, 
 to say the least, as the more expensive hard woods heretofore con¬ 
 sidered essential in exposed situations. Longer experience will 
 probably confirm the opinion that they are much more lasting. 
 The cost of prepared spruce, &c., is much less than the unprepared 
 hard woods. 
 
 # See also the certificate of Mr. Stark, on page 14, in reference to White Birch. 
 O 
 
10 
 
 It is best, when practicable, to use green or unseasoned lumber 
 for Burnettizing, as the cells of the wood are then open and can be 
 thoroughly impregnated with the Solution. With seasoned wood, 
 there is more difficulty, as in drying, the wood contracts, and greater 
 resistance is offered to the introduction of the liquid. In either 
 case, however, the durability of the wood is materially increased. 
 In addition to its other advantages, Burnettizing greatly diminishes 
 the liability of timber to warp and “ check,” which have proved 
 serious objections to the use of unprepared spruce, hemlock, &c., in 
 situations where, when prepared, they are now largely employed. 
 It is also claimed, and with reason, that the wear of timber is much 
 improved from the increased density imparted by this process. 
 
 The oidy instance of apparent failure in Burnettizing that has 
 come to our notice is in the case of a Bridge on the Boston and Lowell 
 Railroad, which crosses an arm of the sea near Boston. “The su¬ 
 perstructure of this bridge was rebuilt in 1850, principally of second 
 growth or sapling pine ; this is the white pine that has grown up 
 rapidly on land from which the original growth has been cleared, 
 and has a very large amount of sap wood. It was Burnettized at 
 the Lowell establishment, but the sap wood has decayed to a great 
 extent.” 
 
 It would appear, therefore, from the above, that the process has 
 not succeeded, as applied to this particular kind of wood. It seems 
 not improbable, however, that the ill success in this instance may 
 be attributable to some unknown cause, since the experience of the 
 Lowell Bleachery gives sapling pine, Burnettized, as good a char¬ 
 acter for durability as other woods. (See p. 12.) 
 
 Lumber prepared at our works has not been in use long enough 
 to enable us to give any testimonials of our own as to its durability. 
 Our process is, however, the same as that in use at the Lowell 
 works, which have been in operation for nine years. Of the results 
 of Burnettizing there, important testimony lias been given, which, 
 by the kindness of Mr. Francis, we are permitted to make use of, 
 together with other valuable information which he has t:d<en pains 
 to collect. 
 
 LOVIS, HODGES & SILSBEE, 
 
 Proprietors of the Mattapannock Chemical and Burnettizing Works, 
 
 South Boston. 
 
11 
 
 The following letter gives the valuable experience of Mr. Stake, 
 in the use of Burnettized stuff for Railroad Sleepers. 
 
 Boston & Lowell and Nashua & Lowell Railroads, 
 Manager’s Office, Nashua, N. H., April 29, 1858. 
 
 Messrs. Lovis & Hodges, South Boston. 
 
 Gentlemen, — In answer to your letter enquiring my opinion of the 
 advantage of the Burnettizing process in its application to lumber, &c., 
 I have to say that, my attention was called to the subject some years since, 
 by the rapid decay of the wooden track ties upon our roads, and a careful 
 investigation led me to recommend the construction of a small set of Bur¬ 
 nettizing Works, for the express use of our Company. The works were 
 constructed in 1854 ; since which, we have put down no ties in the Nashua 
 and Lowell track that were not first prepared by this process, and I have 
 seen no reason as yet to doubt the expediency of the measure. Our ties are 
 mostly chestnut, but we have now in the track a considerable number of the 
 more perishable kinds of wood, such as birch, maple, and all the varieties 
 of oak, some of which, as the white birch and black oak, are known to be 
 particularly liable to rapid decay when put into the ground in a natural and 
 unseasoned state. A trial of four years shows even these perishable woods 
 to be about as sound as when first put down. My observation on these and 
 other specimens which have been experimented upon elsewhere, for a longer 
 time, leads me to believe that Railroad Ties, properly prepared by this pro¬ 
 cess, will not decay within the time required to wear them out by the cutting 
 action of the rail. Or in other words, that the process adds not less than 
 fifty per cent, to the life of a Railroad Tie, and probably a much larger per 
 cent, to the life of some varieties of timber, where it is exposed to no other 
 deterioration than natural decay. 
 
 Respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 Geo. Stark. 
 
 “ Numerous statements of the effects of Burnettizing might be 
 given. The following are mostly from persons well known in 
 Lowell, who can be seen, personally, by parties interested. The 
 most important statement, because based on the largest experience, 
 is that from the agent of the Lowell Bleachery. This great estab¬ 
 lishment, where more than thirty millions of yards of cotton goods 
 are bleached and dyed annually, has, on its premises, a great num¬ 
 ber of buildings, equivalent to a small town ; and, from the nature 
 of the processes carried on in them, large portions of the wood 
 work are liable to very rapid decay, and the expense and inter¬ 
 ruption, arising from frequent renewals, have been very serious. 
 
 2 
 
12 
 
 The experience of the last nine years, at this establishment, indi¬ 
 cates that Burnettizing remedies the evil to a very great extent.” 
 
 Lowell Bleachery and Dye Works, 
 September 1, 1856. 
 
 Dear Sir,— We have, since 1850, had about 800,000 feet of lumber 
 Burnettized at your works. This we have used for walks, drains, runs, and 
 buildings. Many of our rooms are wet and full of steam ; and in them, 
 boards, planks, and beams, not prepared by your process, decay very 
 quickly. 
 
 Of the above amount of lumber received from you, — some of it in use 
 now for six years, — we have not found one instance of rot, nor indeed any 
 appearance of change. As special instances of the advantage of Bumett- 
 izing, our walks and dye-house floors are very striking. In 1850, we laid, 
 of Burnettized hard pine, the chief portion of the walk, which leads, in the 
 open air, from our bleachery to one of the dry-sheds, a distance of some 
 two hundred feet. Out of the same lot of lumber used for this, we retained 
 a portion, and laid it side by side with the Burnettized plank. The latter is 
 now sound as on the day it was laid, while the former is wholly decayed. 
 
 Some years ago, we built a portion of our dye-house of Burnettized stuff; 
 one year later, we laid a floor in a similar room of unprepared board; the 
 former is perfectly sound, the latter has "been entirely decayed for a year. 
 Our ground walks, laid with common spruce, would not last two years ; 
 while one which we have laid in Burnettized spruce, has stood for six years, 
 and shows no signs of rot. 
 
 We have had prepared by you, spruce and white, sapling, and hard pine, 
 and as to freedom from decay, they are all alike, after a test of from five to 
 six years. Maple we have also tried, but not long enough to know the 
 comparative result. All the shingles and clapboards we use are Bumett- 
 ized, and with the same favorable effect. 
 
 The advantages of this process have been, and are, to us very great, and 
 we shall have much pleasure in showing to any, who may desire, the practical 
 test of Burnettized lumber, as seen in our establishment. 
 
 I am, very respectfully yours, 
 
 F. P. Appleton, Agent Lowell Bleachery. 
 
 To James B. Francis, Esq., Agent Proprietors 
 
 of Locks and Canals, Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Lowell Bi.eaciiery and Dye Works, 
 May 2d, 1859. 
 
 Dear Sir, — Since giving you an account, some two and a half years ago, 
 of our experience in Burnettized wood, we have had nearly 200,000 feet 
 prepared at your works. In every respect, the result has been satisfactory 
 as before. 
 
13 
 
 In regard to the lumber, which has been exposed on our walks and in our 
 buildings — some of it for nine years, — I see no reason to change, in any 
 way, the opinion I gave you in 1856. The wood looks as sound, and 
 appears in every way in as good condition, as at first. In one instance, and 
 in one only, have I found the least sign of decay. In taking down a portion 
 of a walk, I noticed where some Burnettized pine plank lay on stringers 
 not Burnettized, the latter being decayed throughout, that the plank, where 
 it was spiked to the stringers, showed some symptoms of rot; this plank 
 has been exposed seven years. In no instance, however, have I iound spruce 
 other than perfectly sound, and I think it would be hard to make a severer 
 test of the worth of your process than we have given. 
 
 I should be glad to give more detailed information to any who may desire 
 it, and am, Very respectfully, yours, 
 
 F. P. Appleton, Agent, 
 
 James B. Francis, Esq., Agent, &c. 
 
 Merrimack Printert, Lowell, 
 September 9, 1856. 
 
 To James B. Francis, Esq., Agent 
 
 Proprietors of Locks and Canals. 
 
 Dear Sir, —The following comprises the results of Bumettizing, so far 
 as timber thus prepared has been used in the print yard : — 
 
 1. White Spruce, eight by eight inches; two sticks were framed as 
 braces between two gate posts, and set with these in the earth in 1851. A 
 few days since, the gate was removed. The spruce, down five years, is 
 found perfectly sound. See samples in paper A. 
 
 2. White Pine, old growth, formed the posts of the gate above, not 
 Burnettized, and as perfectly sound; but White Pine, second growth, 
 Burnettized, and used as the bottom of a fence, and painted, is found at the 
 end of five years generally decayed on surface. See samples, paper B. 
 
 3. Chestnut, Burnettized, stringers to the above fence, and painted, is 
 found decayed where framed into posts of Burnettized Chestnut, (Paper C.) 
 These posts are all decayed externally where buried. Down five years. 
 
 4. Sugar Maple, old growth, and very large logs, used foriollers in 
 washing machines and mangles. This timber, whether the bark is on or off, 
 housed or exposed, decays in about two years, and is useless for the above 
 purposes ; if this same timber is Burnettized, it remains sound under the 
 same circumstances an indefinite period ; — our experience dates back to 
 the time you commenced Bumettizing. Hollers of this timber decay not; 
 un-Burnettized, they are kept from rotting by the various chemical agents 
 with which they come in contact; rarely is a partial decaj’ (and that on the 
 end only) seen. The rollers wear out rapidly by attrition. If new rollers 
 are made from Burnettized Maple, even the partial decay is prevented, and 
 the wood is condensed and hardened, so that such rollers wear very much less, 
 and their usefulness is preserved. In this view, Bumettizing is of the highest 
 value. 
 
14 
 
 I may add, that Bumettizing prevents neither decay nor the wearing 
 effects of attrition, when used for mangle rollers, with hot starch. 
 
 With great regard, very truly yours, 
 
 Samuel L. Dana, Chemist, attached to Merrimack 
 Manufacturing Co.’s Printery. 
 
 Boston & Lowell and Nashua & Lowell Railroads. 
 
 Manager’s Office, Boston, May 2d, 1859. 
 
 Dear Sir, — The Bumettizing Works, erected by the Nashua and Lowell 
 Railroad Company, some five years ago, at Nashua, for the preparation of 
 ties and other timber used upon tlieir road, are still in active operation, and 
 we are now enlarging the cylinder and tanks to a sufficient capacity for 
 Bumettizing nearly all of the unseasoned timber required for use on our 
 associated roads. 
 
 Our attempts to impregnate some kinds of seasoned timber have proved 
 a failure, but I am fully satisfied that the cost of the process, when properly 
 conducted upon green timber, is much more than repaid to us in the addi¬ 
 tional life of the wood. 
 
 We have some black oak ties in one of our tracks, prepared at your works 
 about eight years ago, which are perfectly sound and apparently as good, 
 excepting the wear, as on the day they were put down. Similar ties, m 
 their natural condition, only last, on an average, five or six years. 
 
 Our own work has not yet stood long enough to be quoted as an example, 
 except in one kind of wood. The common white birch is so extremely 
 perishable, when exposed with the bark on, at the surface of the ground, 
 that I have made use of it to test the efficacy of the process, putting down 
 several hundred sticks, as ties, each year, commencing with 1854. The 
 result is, that not one of them has shown the slightest symptom of decay. 
 The first ones laid may be seen at any time in the track leading into our 
 round house, at Nashua, and are easily recognized by the bark which still 
 
 adheres to their sides. Respectfully yours, 
 
 George Stark, Manager. 
 
 J. B. Francis, Esq., Agent, &c. 
 
 Lowell, April 19, 1859. 
 
 Dear Sir, — In the Summer of 1852, we laid down a new floor in the 
 cellar of Mr. Amos B. French, confectioner, 37 Central street, in this city. 
 The under floor and joists were spruce, and, at our suggestion, Bumcttized. 
 The joists were bedded in the damp earth, leaving only about two inches of 
 ah- space between the ground and the under floor. This space was not 
 ventilated, and, in our opinion, if not Burnettized, this floor must have rotted 
 
 so as to require renewal several years ago. 
 
 Our Mr. Peabody has this day seen part of this floor taken up for the 
 purpose of examination ; he found it in an exceedingly good state, eonsid- 
 
15 
 
 ering the place; and although the sap of the joist is somewhat decayed, the 
 floor is still strong and sound, and promises to last another seven years be¬ 
 fore it will require to be renewed. 
 
 This and other similar cases that have come to our knowledge has satisfied 
 us that Bumettizing wood, which is to be used in places much liable to 
 decay, is a very useful thing, and increases the durability much beyond the 
 cost. Respectfully yours, 
 
 Fifield & Peabody, Builders. 
 
 To James B. Francis, Esq. 
 
 I fully agree with Messrs. Fifield and Peabody, in the statement relating 
 to the floor in my cellar. Former floors in the same place have not lasted 
 more than about three years ; and the frequent repairs used to put me to great 
 inconvenience and considerable expense. Amos B. French. 
 
 J. B. Francis, Esq. 
 
 Dear Sir, — In answer to yours, with regard to the service of spruce 
 Burnettized shingles, I would say that, in 1850, I used twelve thousand on 
 my buildings, at the corner of Merrimack and Austin streets. I had 
 previously used shaved pine, and was induced to try the Burnettized spruce, 
 as a matter of economy, it being represented that they were more durable. 
 In this, I have not been disappointed ; for, on examination, this spring, I find 
 them in a very satisfactory condition ; particularly in places where they 
 would naturally give out first, I find no sign of decay; and, with the excep¬ 
 tion of a few that were very shaky, they appear as sound as when first put 
 on. Yours truly, 
 
 Jonathan Johnson. 
 
 Lowell, April 21, 1859. 
 
 Lowell, April 22, 1859. 
 
 James B. Francis, Esq. 
 
 Dear Sir, —The house, No. 25 Adams street, which I built in 1850, is 
 mostly covered with Burnettized spruce shingles. I had not quite enough, 
 and I used some pine shingles. I have just examined them and find the pine 
 shingles much decayed, but I could find none of the spruce that are decayed. 
 The adjoining house, which I built in 1819, was covered with spruce shingles, 
 not Burnettized. I patched them up last year, they being very much de¬ 
 cayed, and must be entirely renewed very soon. 
 
 Since 1850, I have used more than three hundred thousand Burnettized 
 spruce shingles, and I am fully satisfied that the Bumettizing is a paying 
 operation, as it makes a durable shingle out of an ordinary quality of spruce, 
 which, without it, would hardly be worth putting on. 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 Wm. H. Wiggin, Builder . 
 
 Shaker Village, N. H., April 27, 1859. 
 
 Esteemed Friend, — It is now almost seven years since we put in the 
 Burnettized spruce timber and floor to our wash house ; and, upon examin- 
 
ing the same carefully, this morning, we can find no traces of decay. These 
 timbers and floor arc very much exposed to wet and steam — so much so 
 that we have never been enabled to make a pine floor last but eight or nine 
 years. 
 
 AVe have the greatest confidence in the success of Burnettized timber, and 
 particularly of spruce, and cordially recommend it to all to adopt as real 
 economy, particularly in all wet, damp places, and where steam is used. 
 
 AVe see no reason why our floor may not last for many years more. En¬ 
 closed we send you samples of the timber as it now is. 
 
 AVith perfect respect, 
 
 David Parker, > Trustees 
 Hobert Shepard, j 
 
 James B. Francis, Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Lowell, May 4, 1859. 
 
 James B. Francis, Esq. 
 
 Dear Sir, —I take pleasure in expressing to you my very satisfactory 
 experience as to the durability and value of Burnettized lumber. Ordinarily, 
 in building, the timber most exposed is but a small part of the first expense; 
 and when we consider the importance of preserving such, it is quite aston¬ 
 ishing that the art of Burnettizing is so little known and appreciated by 
 builders and mechanics. But so it is, as the rotten houses, bridges, and in 
 fact everything built of wood daily testify; and men must be shown, Im¬ 
 practical experiments, that it is a matter of dollars and cents, before it will 
 receive that attention it deserves. 
 
 In the spring of 1851, I erected a building 40 by 28, in a situation where 
 the timber of the lower floor was partially covered with water, for one half 
 of the time at least, and also shut out entirely from any circulation of air. 
 This I thought a good place to test the virtue of the art, and I sent the 
 timber (which was green spruce) to the Company’s Mill, and got it Bumett- 
 ized; but by mistake there was a deficiency of about a dozen floor joist. 
 This lack I supplied with seasoned timber, of larger size, and put it in the 
 least exposed situation. This spring, (1859) I found a part of the floor 
 giving way, and on taking it up, I found the timber, that was not subjected 
 to the process, completely rotted away; while that which was Burnettized 
 was not only perfectly sound but as bright as if it had been sawed out 
 within thirty days. A r cry truly yours, 
 
 J. F. Manahax. 
 
 The following are taken from the numerous English testimonials: — 
 
 From S. it/. Veto, Esq., it/. P. 
 
 3 Great George Street, AVestminster, 
 8th January, 1849. 
 
 Sir, — In answer to your inquiry respecting some sleepers which were 
 prepared for me by Sir AV. Burnett's process, and which were laid down on 
 one of the lines of railways executed by me in the year 1841, I have to 
 
17 
 
 acquaint you they are now in as perfectly sound a state as when they were 
 first laid, whilst those that were put down in juxtaposition with them at the 
 same time, unprepared, are quite decayed. 
 
 I am, Sir, yours obediently, 
 
 (Signed) S. M. Pf,to. 
 
 To Lieut. Jackson, 
 
 Secretary to Burnett’s Patent. 
 
 Extract from the “ Builder ,” of the 2 d May , 1846. 
 
 The preservation of timber from premature decay is a subject which affects 
 so large a number of our readers that we are bound to give the widest pub¬ 
 licity to every invention that appears likely to effect that object. The various 
 testimonials -ye have received in favor of Sir \V. Burnett’s process, and the 
 time that has elapsed since the experiments were first made, lead us to enter¬ 
 tain a veiy favorable opinion as to its efficacy, at all events, for a long period 
 of time. The effects ascribed to it are, that it hardens and improves its tex¬ 
 ture. It enters into permanent chemical combination with the ligneous fibre, 
 and does not come to the surface of the wood by efflorescence, like other 
 crystallizable salts ; and no amount of washing or boiling in water will 
 remove the chemical compound so formed. It preserves wood and other arti¬ 
 cles from the adherence of animal and vegetable parasites, and also from the 
 attacks of insects ; and from wet and dry rot. Further, it renders wood unin¬ 
 flammable, when used of a certain strength. 
 
 The basis of Sir W. Burnett’s process is chloride of zinc, or as it is more 
 commonly called, muriate of zinc, which seems to have a peculiar affinity to 
 woody fibre, entering into intimate union with its component particles, and 
 forming as it were a new mineralized substance. There is a chemical combi¬ 
 nation of the metallic base, not merely a mechanical alteration of the position 
 of matter which might be again disunited. There is no decomposition pro¬ 
 duced, but the fibre of the wood appears to be permanently pervaded by the 
 zinc, and the atoms of which they are formed enter into a new and fixed 
 arrangement. 
 
 Welton Place, Northamptonshire, 
 October, 1845. 
 
 Bear Sir William, — I am happy to send you an account of an experiment 
 with the Solution, where it was put to a very severe trial. Some inch boards 
 of elm, sawn up immediately upon being felled, were steeped in the Solution, 
 and used to support the rich earth of a melon and cucumber bed constructed 
 upon what is termed the “ Tank System ; ” being subjected to the action of 
 steam from a tank of hot W'ater beneath, while they supported a body of 
 highly manured earth, two feet in thickness. Other elm-boards were used, 
 in part, in the same apparatus. These were of seasoned wood of high 
 quality. On examining the apparatus in the present October, after being 
 
 3 
 
 
18 
 
 
 seven months in action, the unprepared wood was permeated by the spawn 
 of terrestrial fungi which were growing on the under side; they had also 
 given way in the centre, so much so as to endanger the slate-covered tank 
 beneath. The prepared boards were perfectly straight , sound, and unaltered. 
 
 I am, dear Sir William, very truly yours, 
 
 Richard Trevor Clarke. 
 
 Sir William Burnett, Iv. C. H., &c., Sc. 
 
 Petworth Park, 28th Nov., 1845. 
 
 S IE) _In answer to your inquiry as to my opinion of Sir William 
 Burnett’s process, I beg to inform you that, after two years’ experience, I 
 think so favorably of it, I propose using it on Colonel Wyndham’s estate at 
 Petworth more extensively than has been done hitherto. 
 
 I find it very useful for preparing oak, gap-rails, English fir, beech, and 
 all timbers that are at all liable to be attacked by the worm. 
 
 As the time required for simple immersion in the Patent liquid could ^ not 
 generally be spared, Colonel Wyndham has had a hydraulic apparatus fixed 
 at Petworth which will enable much larger quantities of timber being pre¬ 
 
 pared ; to which he now proposes to add a small steam-engine. 
 
 I am, Sir, your humble servant, 
 
 To C. Jackson, Esq. ’ H ™ UpT0 *' 
 
 Secretary of Sir William Burnett’s Patent. 
 
 Copy of Report, dated Charleville Forest, Ireland, \2th January, 1843. 
 
 Sm, — I have been using extensively, on the Earl of Charleville s 
 Estate, Sir William Burnett’s Patent Solution for the prevention of dry' rot, 
 &c., in timber, since June, 1840. All the timber so prepared has a very 
 satisfactory appearance ; I consider it quite as good for seasoning timber, 
 and preferable to the solution of corrosive sublimate for timber that is to be 
 worked on the bench; — it does not leave that gritty substance on the surface 
 that is left from corrosive sublimate, which is so injurious to the plane-irons. 
 I have also had a large quantity of small poles, or tops, prepared principally 
 of Scotch fir, from one and a half to three inches in diameter, consequently 
 they are nearly all sap. They have been in use about two years in what 
 is commonly called American paling. I find, on examining them, that 
 they are as sound between wind and water, as when put into the ground. 
 
 (Signed) E- Tong, 
 
 To the Secretary, Burnett’s Patent. Foreman to the Earl of Charleville. 
 
 Woolwich Yard, 15th July, 1841. 
 
 g IR) _Agreeably to your memo, of this day’s date, we have to acquaint 
 
 you that we have examined the several specimens of timber which have been 
 
19 
 
 prepared by Sir William Burnett, and deposited in the fungus pit at this 
 Yard, and find their state to be as follows, viz. : — 
 
 Prepared. 
 
 English Oak. — Perfectly sound. 
 
 English Elm. — Perfectly sound. 
 Dantzic Fir. — Perfectly sound. 
 
 Unprepared, 
 
 English Oak. — Has a small spot of 
 f ungus on the end. 
 
 English Elm. — Doaty. 
 
 Dantzic Fir. — lias fungus on the 
 outside, and is decayed in the heart. 
 
 We are, Sir, your most obedient servants, 
 
 O. Lang, It. Abethell. 
 
 Master Shipwright. Assistant to the Master Shipwright. 
 
 P. S.—The prepared and unprepared deposited in the pit the 25th 
 August, 1836. 
 
 To Capt. Superintendent Hornry, It. N., C. B. 
 
 N. B. — Some pieces of prepared and unprepared canvas and calico were 
 also placed in the fungus pit at the same time, and on its being opened in 
 May, 1838, for the inspection of its contents, the Official Report stated that, 
 as regarded the canvas and calico, the experiment was decisive and conclu¬ 
 sive, the prepared being but slightly injured, and in some cases not at all, 
 whilst the unprepared was entirely destroyed. 
 
 Royal Dockyard, Sheerness, 
 29th April, 1839. 
 
 Sir, — In reply to Sir William Burnett’s inquiry relating to some pieces 
 of wood prepared by him, and sent to this Yard to ascertain the effects pro¬ 
 duced on them when subject for a given period to a submarine immersion ; 
 and whether, during that immersion, any effect was produced by the prepar¬ 
 ation on the iron nails with which they were necessarily secured to the piles 
 under water ; I beg to state that it is my decided opinion the preparation on 
 prepared pieces of wood has had no injurious effect on the iron nails by 
 which they were fastened, nor does the preparation appear in any way to 
 hasten the oxydation of the metal. I subjected two pieces of wood at the 
 same time (and of the same kind,) one prepared, the other not, and, from a 
 careful examination afterwards, I am decidedly of opinion that the 
 preparation does not hasten the oxydation of metal, and, on com¬ 
 parison WITn the unprepared portion, appears to retard it. 
 
 The wood was two years subjected to this experiment. 
 
 I am, Sir, your most obedient servant, 
 
 J. Mitchell, 
 
 To Dr. Warden. Civil Engineer. 
 
 
20 
 
 PROTECTION OF WOOD FROM FIRE. 
 
 Admiralty, 19th June, 1844. 
 
 Sir, — My Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty having caused experi¬ 
 ments to be made to test the incombustibility of woods, when saturated in 
 your Solution, I am commanded by their Lordships to acquaint you that it 
 has been ascertained that the soft woods, such as yellow pine and other 
 deals, both Foreign and English, saturated in Solution prepared in certain 
 proportions, when exposed to the immediate contact of iron heated to a 
 blood-red heat, did not at all ignite into flame ; whereas, unprepared wood of 
 the same kind burst into flame immediately. 
 
 The same effects, however, are not produced in the same degree by the 
 same process upon the bard woods. I am Sir, 
 
 Your most humble servant, 
 
 Sir William Burnett, Iv. C. II. (Signed) John Barrow. 
 
 Admiralty, 14th August, 1845. 
 
 Sir, —In reply to your letter of the 9th instant, with its inclosure from 
 Sir William Burnett, I am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the 
 Admiralty to transmit to you, for the information of Lord Stanley, a copy 
 of a Report from the offleers of Portsmouth Yard, upon the effects of his 
 Solution applied to the purpose of preventing ignition in timber, or rather 
 to prevent it breaking into flames. In consequence of that report, my lords 
 have ordered the bulkheads in the holds and magazines in Her Majesty’s 
 ships to be fitted with timber so saturated, and it is also applied largely to 
 the various buildings in Her Majesty’s dock yards. 
 
 (Signed) W. A. B. Hamilton, 
 
 Geo. Wm. Hope, Esq., &c., &c. Secretary. 
 
 Sir : Portsmouth Yard, 13th March, 1844. 
 
 With reference to your directions of the 1st ultimo, to make experiments 
 as to the degrees of prevention against ignition into flame, which timber sat¬ 
 urated with Sir William Burnett’s Solution, affords comparatively with wood 
 of the same kind and unprepared, we have the honor to state, that we have 
 7 very carefully instituted a series of experiments on this subject, of which the 
 
 following are the results. 
 
 [A portion of the experiments were made by placing the prepared and un¬ 
 prepared specimens in one of the furnaces of the metal mills, in which the 
 results were decidedly in favor of the prepared woods, which resisted that 
 intense heat much longer than the unprepared. The experiments were then 
 continued as follows.] 
 
 Red Pine, (Canada) the red hot iron placed over both — the unprepared 
 burst into flame immediately — the prepared gave no symptoms of flame, 
 and the iron became cold without its inflaming. 
 
 Elm (Canada) placed in hot pots containing the copper cakes lately ladled 
 out of the refining furnace. The unprepared ignited into flame in half a 
 minute. The prepared into a very much smaller flame in two minutes and 
 a quarter. 
 
Yellow Pine (Canada) placed in the cake pots similarly to the before-men* 
 tioned. The unprepared hurst into flame immediately. The prepared 
 was watched for twelve minutes, but burst.not into flame at all. The heat 
 was very great. 
 
 A second experiment was tried on this timber by placing red hot bon 011 
 it. The unprepared ignited immediately bito flame. The prepared not at 
 
 all. 
 
 It appears from the above experiments, that some of the prepared woods 
 (especially the Canada Yellow Pine) have resisted ignition into flame to an 
 extraordinary degree. 
 
 We are of opinion that Yellow' Pine Timber prepared in this way might be 
 used most beneficially, not only for magazines and light room bulkheads, 
 but also for all the bulkheads of a ship. There appears to be nothing in the 
 Solution calculated to injuriously affect the health of the crew, and if, by 
 preparing Yellow Pine Timber in this way, it might be made as durable as 
 the timber generally used for bulkheads, it would be found to possess the 
 double advantage of preserving the timber and prevent its ignition into 
 flame. The solution used in the above experbnents was about eight tunes 
 the ordinary strength. We remain, &c. 
 
 ••(Signed) R. Blake. J. Watts. 
 
 F. Sturdie. J. Owen. 
 
 Portsmouth Yard, 
 25th May, 1845. 
 
 Sir, — With reference to your memo. 20tli March last, directing me to re¬ 
 port whether we propose that bulkheads should be prepared with Sir 
 William Burnett’s Solution of the same strength as that used in the experi¬ 
 ments described in our letter of the 16th March last, that is, eight times the 
 usual strength, and if so, v'hat would be the expense of fittbig a line-of- 
 battle ship in that maimer. 
 
 The following is the comparative expense of fitting the bulkheads of the 
 hold of a line-of-battle ship with ordinary timber unprepared, and with Yel¬ 
 low Pine and Riga Fir, prepared with Solution of one pound of Chloride to 
 two gallons of water. 
 
 Bulkheads, &c. in hold, of English oak, 3 in. thick, £ j. <1. 
 
 2,760 cubic feet, 968 0 0 
 
 Do., Yellow Pine, 3 in. thick, 2,760 cubic feet, in¬ 
 cluding cost of preparation, 577 18 0 
 
 Difference in favor of Yellow Pine, 
 
 £388 2 0 
 
 Bulkheads, &c. in hold, of Riga Fir, 3 in. thick — 
 
 2,760 cubic feet, including cost of preparation, 646 18 0 
 
 Difference in favor of Riga Fir, £319 2 0 
 
 We have, &c., &c. 
 
 (Signed) R. Blake. J. Watts. .T. Owen, 
 

 
 Chemical Analyses of, and Experiments on, various specimens of 
 Burnettized Timber. 
 
 From Thomas Graham, Esq., M. A., F. R. S., L. and E., Professor of 
 Chemistry, University College, London. 
 
 After making several experiments on. wood^ prepared by the Solution of 
 chloride of zinc for the purpose of preservation, and given the subject my 
 best consideration, I have come to the following conclusions : 
 
 The wood appears to he fully and deeply penetrated by the metallic salt. 
 I have found it in the centre of a large prepared paving block. 
 
 The salt, although very soluble, does not leave the wood easily when ex¬ 
 posed to the weather, or buried in dry or damp earth. It does not come to 
 the surface of the wood by efflorescence, like the crystallizable salts. I have 
 no doubt, indeed, that the greater part of the salt will remain in the wood 
 for years, when employed for railway sleepers or such purposes. This may 
 be of material consequence when the wood is exposed to the attacks oi in¬ 
 sects, such as the white ant iu India, which I believe would be repelled by 
 the poisonous metallic salt. 
 
 After being long macerated in cold water, or even boiled in water, thin 
 chips of the prepared wood retain a sensible quantity of the oxide of zinc; 
 which I confirmed by Mr. Toplis’s test, and observing that the wood can be 
 permanently dyed from being charged with a metallic mordant. 
 
 I have no doubt, from repeated observations made during several years, of 
 the valuable preservative qualities of the Solution of chloride of zinc, as ap¬ 
 plied in Sir W. Burnett’s process; and would refer its beneficial action 
 chiefly to the small quantity of the metallic salt which is permanently retained 
 by the ligneous fibre in all circumstances of exposure. The oxide of zinc ap¬ 
 pears to alter and harden the fibre of wood, and destroy the solubility, and 
 prevent the tendency to decomposition of the azotized principles it contains, 
 
 by entering into chemical combination with them. 
 
 (Signed) Thomas Graham. 
 
 University College, 25th Oct., 1845. 
 
 Extract from “ Illustrations of the Theory and Practice of Ventilation, &c., S$c. 
 By D. B. Read, M. D., F. R. S. E., late Vice President of the Society of 
 Arts for Scotland, and Senior President of the Royal Medical Society, Edin¬ 
 burgh. (Pages 73, 74 ; subject, Dry Rot.) 
 
 In all cases where there is either peculiar exposure, a difficulty in obtain¬ 
 ing constant and free access to timbers, or a desire to give the highest protec¬ 
 tion, the materials should be subjected to those agents whose antiseptic 
 powers tend to oppose all incipient vegetation. Among these the muriate of 
 zinc, introduced by Sir William Burnett, which I have used on different oc¬ 
 casions, and which, from the specimens I have seen, is the most powerful of 
 those materials that do not affect the texture or other qualities of the wood. 
 
 Many oily antiseptics, though offensive from their odor, are also effectual 
 in preventing Dry Rot; but, as yet, I have not seen any specimens of wood 
 or canvas that have resisted such trying circumstances as those that were pro¬ 
 tected by the muriate of zinc. 
 
23 
 
 TESTIMONIALS 
 
 AS TO THE PROTECTION OF CANVAS, CORDAGE, COTTON, &c. 
 
 FROM DECAY AND MILDEW, AND WOOLEN FROM MOTHS. 
 
 To the Proprietors of Sir William Burnett's Patent. 
 
 Albany Road, 17th August, 1842. 
 
 Gentlemen, — My first series of experiments on the effects of the chloride 
 of zinc upon fibrous substances, was directed solely to the object of affording 
 occular demonstration that some permanent chemical change in the fibres of 
 the material submitted to its action was brought about by immersion in the 
 Solution. Of the results of these trials, I had the honor to transmit you 
 specimens, which were, I believe, amply sufficient to convince any unpreju¬ 
 diced observer. Since then, I have, for my own satisfaction, made some few 
 experiments, with a view to determine the preservative power of the chloride, 
 under circumstances likely to give considerable confidence in the permanency 
 of the salutary change operated upon the organic structure. I took two sep¬ 
 arate pieces of the same woolen cloth, one of which had been immersed for 
 forty-eight hours in the solution of chloride of zinc, then dried, and after¬ 
 wards washed in cold water; the other piece in its ordinary unprepared 
 state ; both were then subjected to a similar process of dyeing, in the course 
 of which operation they both remained in the boiling fluid for some time — 
 say twenty minutes. The two pieces were subsequently buried in the earth 
 of a melon-frame, and taken thence at the end of fourteen days. The unpre¬ 
 pared piece was in a state of complete decay ; the prepared piece retained its 
 original strength of texture and color. These specimens were placed in your 
 hands. I have now the pleasure of sending you two pieces of sail-cloth, 
 which have been treated in the same way, and with similar results. The 
 time they remained in the earth was three weeks. 
 
 These experiments will, I conceive, go very far to remove any doubts 
 which might be raised as to the permanency of the preservative power of 
 chloride of zinc on animal and vegetable fibre ; since the boiling in the dye- 
 vat, subsequently to preparation, may well be supposed to have removed 
 from the cloth whatever w r as left soluble in water, by the previous macera¬ 
 tion in the dissolved chloride. 
 
 In my own mind, not the smallest doubt exists that a permanent chemical 
 union takes place, as I have before intimated, between the organic fibre and 
 the metallic base of the salt; and that to such union must be ascribed the 
 new pow r er, now so frequently and so satisfactorily ascertained, of resisting 
 decomposition under circumstances well known to induce the premature 
 decay of animal and vegetable fibrous structures. 
 
 I have the honor to be, gentlemen, your very obedient servant, 
 
 Charles Toplis. 
 
24 
 
 Admiralty, 13th July, 1840. 
 
 Sir, —With reference to your letter of the 29th of last month, I am 
 commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to acquaint you, 
 that from the report of the trials of the strength of the Cordage and Canvas 
 prepared with the Solution on your plan, as compared with that unprepared, 
 it appears that after both were equally exposed to wet and damp, as well as to 
 the effects of the atmosphere, the prepared Cordage is on the average about one- 
 twelfth stronger, * and the Canvas about two-thirds stronger than the unpre¬ 
 pared. I am, &c., &c. 
 
 II. E. Amedroz, 
 
 Sir William Burnett, K. C. H., F. R. S., &c., &c. Pro-Secretary. 
 
 Portsmouth Yard, 24th June, 1840. 
 
 To the Admiral Superintendent. 
 
 Suspended by weights, canvas No. 3. Immersed in the Solution two 
 pieces prepared, and two unprepared, which had been placed in a damp 
 cellar for twelve months; when tested, broke at the undermentioned 
 weights: 
 
 Prepared. Unprepared. 
 
 Pieces laid open. 
 
 Weft 
 
 broke at 414 lbs. 
 
 Pieces rolled up. 
 Weft 
 
 « 
 
 broke at 505 lbs. 
 
 Pieces open. Pieces rolled. 
 Weft Weft 
 
 broke at 197 lbs. broke at 267 lbs. 
 
 Two pieces exposed on the Sheers. 
 
 Prepared. • Unprepared. 
 
 Weft broke at 293 lbs. | Weft broke at 266 lbs. 
 
 From the foregoing trials of strength, I am induced to suggest, that it 
 would be beneficial to Iler Majesty’s service, were all cordage, canvas, &c., 
 especially that for store at home, or for Foreign service, dipped in this Solu¬ 
 tion, as it appears in every instance to preserve the articles frpm the effects 
 of damp, mildew, and premature decay. I am, 
 
 s / F. W. R. Sadler, ‘ 
 
 Master Attendant. 
 
 From the late Joseph Somes, Esq., dated London, Nov. 29, 1843. 
 
 I hereby certify that I have had upwards of 24,000 yards of “ Burnett- 
 ized ” canvas in use, as awnings and sails, on board my ships, in all quarters 
 of the globe — the greater part of which have been in wear more than three 
 years, in India and China ; and I find, on their return to this country, that 
 they are invariably free from mildew, and, comparatively, in a good state 
 of preservation. Having experienced such beneficial results from the adop¬ 
 tion of Sir W. Burnett’s process, I shall use it more extensively, and recom¬ 
 mend it with the greatest confidence. 
 
 (Signed) JosErn Somes. 
 
 To the Secretary of Sir W. Burnett’s Patent. 
 
 * The Cordage, in this instance, was submitted to the Solution as Rope, previously tarred; — 
 condition in which Cordage cannot derive the full benefit of the Patent. 
 
We, the undersigned, Captain and Officers of the Niger expedition, on 
 board the Wilberforce, having paid attention to the general wear and con¬ 
 dition of the sails, awnings, and tents, supplied the vessel, which had been 
 subjected to Burnett’s Patent preservative process, feel pleasure in testify¬ 
 ing to its efficacy; the canvas, generally, having been greatly exposed to 
 tropical rains and a vertical sun, and notwithstanding that provided by 
 contract to the ship was of a much lighter description than that issued in 
 the Royal Navy. 
 
 The rain awnings would appear to be made somewhat water-proof by 
 the preparation, as they are less pervious to rain than common canvas, and 
 are likewise more flexible and tougher than that which has not undergone 
 the process. 
 
 We are also most decidedly of opinion that the Patent is a perfect pre¬ 
 servative against mildew and rot, as is manifestly shown by the present 
 condition of the sails and awnings, they being still good and serviceable ; 
 which would, in all probability, had they not been “ Burnettized,” have 
 become rotten and useless. 
 
 Given under our hands, on board the Wilberforce, at Cape Coast Castle, 
 tills 29th day of March, 1842. 
 
 William Allen, Captain and senior Officer present 
 of the Niger Expedition. 
 
 William Ellis, Commander of H.M.S. Soudan. 
 
 William Forster, Master of H.M.S. Wilberforce. 
 
 M. Pritchett, m. d., Surgeon of H.M.S. Wilberforce. 
 
 Letter from Captain W. Cook, one of the Commissioners appointed by Govern¬ 
 ment for conducting the Niger Expedition. 
 
 II. M. Steamer Wilberforce at Sea, 
 oth April, 1842. 
 
 Dear Doctor, — In compliance with your request, I herewith give you 
 my opinion as regards Sir William Burnett’s Patent composition for pre¬ 
 serving canvas, &c. I do this the more readily, because I have narrowly 
 watched its effects upon the sails of this vessel, during the last twelve 
 months ; and I have no hesitation hi asserting that, but for the Patent com¬ 
 position, they would long since have rotted from the yards. In confirma¬ 
 tion of this, I may state that during the late rainy season, when there 
 was so much sickness on board, I have frequently known the sails to have 
 been rolled up to the yards for many days together, -without an opportunity 
 of airing or drying them. 
 
 Under the same circumstances, sails made of the best bleached coker 
 canvas, without the composition, would have been destroyed ; whereas these 
 sails, though not originally of the best sail-cloth, are still bent and in con¬ 
 stant use, without exhibiting the least signs of mildew. 
 
 I remain, my dear Sir, yours faithfully, 
 
 M. Pritchett, M. D., &c., &c. W. Cook. 
 
 4 
 
26 
 
 12 Northampton Square, St. John’s Street Road, 
 London, Dec. 1844. 
 
 Sir, — In reply to your inquiry as to how far the sails, awnings, &c., 
 prepared by being steeped in your Patent Solution were preserved thereby, 
 I beg to state that during the two years I commanded H. M. Steam Vessel 
 Albert, I had many opportunities of testing its effects, and found in all cases 
 the result to be very satisfactory. 
 
 The awnings prepared by you were subjected to every alteration of at¬ 
 mosphere, being kept spread night and day, both in the dry and rainy 
 seasons (which I considered to be the severest test to which they could have 
 been subjected.) These awnings lasted, at least, twice as long as it is pos¬ 
 sible for unprepared canvas to have done under the same circumstances ; 
 and they, when worn out, presented as white and unmildewed an appearance 
 as they did when first put on board. The sails, also, which were frequently 
 many days together wet through without being loosed (owing to the inces¬ 
 sant rain,) never became either mildewed or warm, while a top-sail, made at 
 Ascension of unprepared canvas, became black with mildew from head to 
 foot. In fact, the prepared sails w'hen repaired with new canvas presented, 
 after a short exposure to the rain, a ehecquered appearance, owing to the 
 new canvas becoming warm and turning black. A new r unprepared quarter¬ 
 deck awning, supplied by II. M. Steam Vessel Kite, was worn out in fourteen 
 months, while a main-deck awning much worn in the Niger expedition 
 was subsequently used by me for twenty months, and then became unser¬ 
 viceable almost as much from its being cut up with shot, and tom by being 
 kept spread in tornadoes, to preserve the health of the people, as from its 
 natural decay ; this awning must have been in use for nearly thirty months, 
 being constantly spread and exposed to rain, sun, and damp. This, I think, 
 is as satisfactory a test of the efficacy of the Solution as can be wished. 
 
 I think it necessary further to state that the process gone through does 
 not in any way thicken the cloth, or render it difficult to handle, it being as 
 soft and pliable, in fact rather more so than unprepared canvas. In con¬ 
 clusion, I should certainly say that a great saving is effected by your inven¬ 
 tion ; and its adoption by vessels, especially those employed in the African 
 trade, would be of incalculable advantage to them. 
 
 I have the honor to be, your very obedient servant, 
 
 (Signed) Mackleod B. Cockraft, Lieut. 
 
 Late commanding II. M. Steam Vessel Albert, on the West Coast of Africa, 
 To Sir W. Burnett, K. C. H., &c., &c., &c. 
 
 Southampton, December, 1841. 
 
 Sir, — I beg to inform you that having, in compliance with your request, 
 subjected a slip of canvas three feet long and four inches w r ide, eighteen 
 inches of which had been saturated with Burnett’s patent preparation, to the 
 action of an extremely damp part of my cellar, from July last for about two 
 months, open, and afterwards folded up and subjected to the pressure of an iron 
 weight in the same place, but for some weeks under water which had found 
 
27 
 
 its way into my cellar; on examining it recently I find the part perfectly 
 saturated with the composition sound and good, but the part wholly free 
 from the influence of the said composition rotten and easily torn. I there¬ 
 fore do not hesitate to record my most favorable opinion as to the value of 
 the discovery, which seems effectually to destroy the principle of vegetation 
 so productive of fermentation, and consequently of rot, or decay; and I 
 think considerably lessening the probability of spontaneous combustion in 
 sails or ropes on board of ships, unavoidably, at times, under the influence 
 of wet or damp. Yours truly, 
 
 "W» Ward 
 
 F. W. J erningham, Esq., Southampton. 
 
 8, LoCKYER-TERRACE, PLYMOUTH, 
 6th November, 1845. 
 
 Dear Sir, — During three years’ experience on the Coast of Africa, I 
 have seen your prepared canvas tried in every form and shape, with the 
 greatest success : in fact, I never saw a spot of mildew on prepared canvas 
 (either in awnings or sails,) when I have frequently seen unprepared canvas 
 completely covered with mildew in six or eight hours. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, your obedient servant, 
 
 (Signed) John Seccombe, Lieut., It. A., 
 Late of IT. M. Ship “ Espoir,” serving on the Coast of Africa. 
 
 To Sir William Burnett, K. C. H., &c., &c. 
 
 “Great Liverpool” Steamship, 
 Southampton, 27th May, 1844. 
 
 SiR, — In compliance with your order to report on the sails of this ship 
 which were made of “ Burncttized ” canvas, I have to inform you that a 
 great part of the said sails have been in constant use for nearly three years, 
 and that they have been frequently furled for fifteen or twenty days to¬ 
 gether, in head winds, and when at anchor; that not the slightest appear¬ 
 ance of mildew has been observed while bent or in the sail-room, and that 
 the canvas is in every other respect equal to that used for sails. 
 
 To Lieut. Kendall, B,. N., I am, Sir, 
 
 Superintendent Peninsula and Your obedient servant, 
 
 Oriental Steam Navigation Company, A. M‘Leod. 
 
 Southampton. Commander. 
 
 Extract from a Note, dated the 29 th March, 1845, from A. H. Holdsworth, 
 Esq., to Sir William Burnett. 
 
 I wrote a few lines before I left London ; I have now the pleasure of men¬ 
 tioning that I have just heard from Gordon, of the Cormorant, in which 
 letter the following passage occurs : — 
 
 Pray make my compliments to Sir William Burnett, if you see him, and 
 say nothing can have behaved better than his canvas. Our quarter-deck 
 
28 
 
 awning, that had not been prepared by him, in one night became full of 
 black spots, and in fact became completely mildewed. I then ordered one 
 that had been prepared by his process to be brought on deck, to be wetted, 
 and then rolled up, and kept in that state for ten days, exposed to a hot sun 
 and heavy showers near the funnel; and, at the expiration of that time, it 
 was dried, and found to be as good as when it came from the sail-loft. 
 
 Extract from an Official Report, dated Portsmouth Dockyard, 
 
 2ith September, 1847. 
 
 SlI1 > — In obedience to your memorandum of the 23d instant, respecting 
 the canvas that was rolled upon rollers, and has been deposited in the cellars 
 of the hemp-house since April, 1839, we beg to report that we have carefully 
 surveyed the said canvas, and find that one of the pieces was prepared with 
 Sir W illiam Burnett’s Solution, and the other unprepared. The latter is 
 very much mildewed in every part, and in several places so rotten that it 
 broke through on being removed from the roller, which was very much 
 decayed ; whereas the canvas prepared with Sir William Burnett’s Solution 
 is perfectly free from mildew, excepting a few small spots, which appear to 
 have been caused by its being in contact with some particular fluid; and the 
 sound state of the roller on which the prepared canvas was rolled, compared 
 with the other, is very remarkable, it having been cut from the same spar. 
 
 We remain, Sir, your most obedient servants, 
 
 (Signed) Charles Brown, Master Attendant. 
 
 J. Taplin, Master Sailmaker. 
 
 B. Harvey, Master Rigger. 
 
 To the Admiral Superintendent, &c., &c., &c. 
 
 PREPARED CORDAGE. 
 
 Jerusalem Coffee-House, London, 
 12th May, 1842. 
 
 ' !i ’ I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of yesterday’s 
 date, requesting me to give my opinion of Sir William Burnett’s Solution, 
 for the preservation of rope, canvas, planks, &c.; a large quantity of each 
 of these articles having been supplied in a prepared state to the late East 
 India Ship Viscount Melbourne, lost in January last, in the China Sea. 
 
 It is with pleasure I give my testimony to the value of Sir William Bur¬ 
 nett s Solution, having had ample opportunity to judge of its good effects, 
 during a period of fifteen months, viz. : from October 1840, to January 
 1842, when my unfortunate ship was lost. I will briefly give my reason 
 for judging thus favorably of it, viz.: — 
 
29 
 
 1. Rope. Tlie Melbourne’s rope was supplied and made by the same person, 
 
 of the same description of yam ; one-half was tarred in the usual 
 manner, the other half was dipped in Sir W. Burnett’s Solution. To 
 give both kinds a fair trial, braces, buntlines, clue garnetts, &c., were 
 rove in opposition to each other. After several months had elapsed, 
 the prepared was found to wear better than the tarred rope, and to 
 have the additional advantage of being much lighter, easier to work, 
 and causing less “ chafing ” to the sails. It is decidedly to be pre¬ 
 ferred for “ running gear.” 
 
 2. Canvas. All the Melbourne’s new sails and store canvas had been dipped 
 
 in the Solution, which made them softer, consequently lighter to work 
 than they would otherwise have been. There was not the least ap¬ 
 pearance of mildew during the voyage. 
 
 3. Planks. The launch was lined with planks prepared in the Solution 
 
 already mentioned; with the exception of one month, when her ser¬ 
 vices were required for the ship, about thirty sheep were constantly 
 kept in her, without the slightest detriment to the wood. This boat 
 was the providential means of saving the lives of twenty-seven people, 
 who were exposed in her to the elements for thirteen days, during 
 which time they traversed 1,000 miles. I consider that the excellent 
 sound state in which she was is to be attributed to her planks for 
 lining having been prepared in Sir William Burnett’s Solution ; and 
 having had good cause to know its value, would strongly recommend 
 it to the notice of all persons connected with shipping. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, 
 
 Your most obedient, humble servant, 
 
 Charles W. M. S. M'Kerlie, late H.C.S. 
 
 Commander late East India Ship Viscount Melbourne. 
 
 To the Secretary for Sir W. Burnett’s Patent. 
 
 14 Macfarlane Street, Glasgow, 
 12th February, 1844. 
 
 Gentlemen, — At your request we have much pleasure in certifying that, 
 so far as our experience goes, your process of “ Burnettizing ” ropes has been 
 very successful, rendering them much more pliable, and not nearly so liable 
 to decay, wet having no injurious effect on them ; the same quantity of ropes 
 now serving us, on an average, fully double the time they formerly did 
 when unprepared. 
 
 We are, Gentlemen, your obedient servants, 
 
 (Signed) Thomas Frame & Co. 
 
 Wood Merchants. 
 
 To Messrs. W. Middleton and Son, 
 
 68, Glassford Street, Glasgow, Agents for Sir W. Burnett’s Patent. 
 
PROTECTION OF WOOLEN FROM MOTHS. 
 
 Admiralty, 27th May, 1839. 
 
 Sir, — I beg to acquaint you that, on the 4th December, 1838,’ I placed 
 several pieces of your prepared cloth and fur in a tin chest, containing some 
 clothing much infested with the moth; upon examination, it appears that 
 the cloths and fur, so prepared, are now in the same state as when first 
 placed m the chest, untouched by the moths; indeed the insects appear to me 
 to b o totally destroyed, for nothing but the cases or skins remain in the chest, 
 which I conceive can only be attributed to the effects of your preparation. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, your most obedient, humble servant, 
 
 rp o. wt (Signed) Thos. Morton. 
 
 lo Sir W. Burnett, Iv. C. H., &c., &c. 
 
 FURTHER TESTIMONIAL. 
 
 Admiralty, 1st July, 1841. 
 
 Sir,— Mith reference to my Report to you of the 27th May, 1839, I 
 have again examined the marine clothing (chiefly great-coats, articles the 
 moths make great havoc with, and which w'ere much affected with them,) 
 contained in a tin chest in my custody, and amongst which clothing several 
 pieces of your prepared cloths and fur were placed on the 4th December, 
 
 38 ' 1 now find the cloths and fur so deposited remain untouched by 
 moths, and they appear to me to be in the same state as when first deposited 
 m the chest; and I have no hesitation in stating, that your prepared cloths 
 have been the means of destroying the moths that were in the chest, previous 
 to the introduction of your prepared cloths and fur. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, your most obedient, humble servant, 
 
 rp c* ht -n ,, (Signed) Thos. Morton. 
 
 To Sir W. Burnett, K. C. H., &c., &c. 
 
 SPECIFICATION 
 
 Of the Patent granted, in England, to Sir William Burnett, Knight, Com - 
 mander of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order, of Somerset Place, Strand, 
 in the County of Middlesex, for Destroying the Tendency of certain Vegetable 
 and Animal Substances to Decay . Sealed July 26, 1838. 
 
 To all to whom these presents shall come, etc., etc. Now know ye, that 
 m compliance with the said proviso, I the said William Burnett, do hereby • 
 declare that the nature of my said invention, and the manner in which the 
 same is to be carried into effect, are fully described and ascertained in and 
 by the following description thereof, — that is to say : — 
 
31 
 
 The invention, consists in destroying the tendency of certain vegetable and 
 animal substances to decay, by submitting them to the action of chloride of 
 zinc. In preparing wood, canvas, cordage, sail-cloth, hemp, flax, wool, and 
 other vegetable and animal -matter, or articles made thereof, a tank or other 
 vessel of wood or other suitable material is provided. This is to be Ailed 
 about two-thirds full of chloride of zinc, dissolved in cold water, in the pro¬ 
 portion of one pound of chloride of zinc to five gallons of water ; this is al¬ 
 lowed to remain for ten or twelve hours, when the solution will be ready. 
 The material which is to be prepared is then placed in the solution, keeping 
 it completely covered by the liquid. If wood or timber is to be prepared, it 
 is to remain in the solution from ten to twenty-one days, according to its 
 size and thickness; that is to say, if the timber be of the thickness of from 
 eight to thirteen inches and upwards, it is to be immersed in the Solution for 
 twenty-one days ; if from four to eight inches thick, for fourteen days ; and 
 if less than four inches thick, for ten days. When the wood or timber has 
 been so immersed it is to be taken out and placed in a situation sheltered 
 from the weather until it becomes perfectly dry. In preparing canvas and 
 cloth of hemp or wool, they are to be kept in the Solution for forty-eight 
 hours, and then dried under cover; and, in this manner, other vegetable 
 and animal materials of thin texture may be prepared. In the preparation 
 of rope or cordage above the thickness of two inches, steep the hemp or 
 yarns, of which the same is to be formed, in the Solution, forty-eight 
 hours, and all rope or cordage of two inches or less is to be steeped in 
 the Solution for seventy-two hours. In all cases, where tar is employed, 
 the yarns forming the cordage should be placed in the Solution for forty- 
 eight hours, and allowed to dry before undergoing the tarring process. In 
 ship-building, and in building or repairing houses, besides preparing the 
 timber to be used therein as above described, it is desirable to use a paint, 
 made by grinding impure oxide of zirc (lapis-calaminaris) with oil or other 
 suitable vehicle. This paint is recommended to be applied at the time the 
 materials are brought into contact, to the faying parts ol all scarfs, and 
 on the joists and faying parts wherever else two pieces of timber are brought 
 into contact, and also on the under-sides of the flats of all magazine plat¬ 
 forms, and all other platforms, below the orlops of ships of the line, and 
 lower decks of frigates, and below the upper decks of sloops and smaller 
 vessels. In houses, the paint, made as before stated, is to be used for the 
 inside of skirting and wainscotting of ground-floors, and upon every part 
 of the timber materials below the external surface of ground floors. 
 
 In witness whereof, etc. 
 
 Enrolled January 21, 1830. 
 
 February 7, 1852. The patent to Sir William Burnett was extended for 
 seven years, from July 26, 1852. 
 
SANITARY USES OF CHLORIDE OF ZINC. 
 
 Chloride of zinc is of great value as a sanitary and deodoriz¬ 
 ing agent; it is the most convenient and effective article yet dis¬ 
 covered for removing unpleasant odors from the sick-room; and it 
 i» highly appreciated for that and other purposes by physicians and 
 surgeons who are practically acquainted with its properties. 
 
 The following documents are reprinted from English publica¬ 
 tions. 
 
 Copxj of a Letter from Sik William Burnett, M. D., Director-General of 
 t te Medical Department of the Navy, to the Secretary of the Admiralty. 
 
 Admiralty, 20th May, 1848. 
 
 Sir, — In consequence of the numerous reports, both written and verbal 
 which have been made to me during the few past years respecting the appli¬ 
 cation of the Solution of chloride of zinc, as a disinfecting, or, at all events 
 as a deodorizing agent, I have been induced to request you will be pleased 
 to lay the accompanying papers before my Lords Commissioners of the 
 Admiralty, convinced that whatever tends to increase the comforts or to 
 improve the moral and physical condition of all classes of men in Her 
 Majesty’s Naval Service, will meet with their Lordships most favorable 
 consideration. 
 
 Presuming that the value of the chloride of zinc, as a preservative of 
 vegetable fibre, is now established beyond all doubt, I may be permitted to 
 call your attention to its effects when brought into contact with noxious gas 
 m whatever way generated, or with putrid animal or vegetable substances 
 evolving noxious odors, either of which, if indeed they be not chemically 
 the same, can seldom exist for any length of time in ill-ventilated rooms or 
 in densely populated districts, without producing disease, and ffequentlv 
 contagious diseases. The application of the fluid to correct the feetor of 
 bilge-water, is now in general use, both in vessels of war and merchant 
 vessels, whether employed in the conveyance of goods or passengers, and 
 it is admitted on all hands, with the most unquestionable success. In the 
 Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company’s vessels, the experi 
 ment was fairly tried, so far back as 1844, and with the happiest results 
 The same proof of its effects has been observed in her Majesty’s ships 
 Rapid, Rhadamanthus, Childers, Fisgard, Stromboli, Imaum and Rosa¬ 
 mond. 
 
33 
 
 In some of these vessels, and in others not herein mentioned, the effluvia 
 had seriously affected the health of the people on board, causing, as in the 
 Stromboli, oppressive headache, dyspepsia, and sleeplessness. Such was 
 the relief obtained in the latter vessel that the honorable Captain Plunket 
 has remarked, in a letter dated 22d January, 1845, that, were the Solution 
 not allowed by government, he would provide it at his own cost. In the 
 Rosamond, formerly the Eclair, the surgeon reports that the most trifling 
 catarrhal complaints were frequently accompanied with a low typhoid form 
 of fever until, by the copious use of the Solution, “ a noisome foetor,” 
 which existed on the fore orlop', or troop deck, had been removed.* 
 
 The apparent effects of the Solution, in three line-of-battle ships in the 
 Mediterranean, was still more remarkable. In two of these, — the Albion 
 and Rodney, in which it was only sparingly used, — the effluvia from the 
 after holds, in which there were salt provisions, and consequently leakage 
 to a certain extent, was very disagreeable, while the smell from the bilge- 
 water rendered the cockpit cabins scarcely habitable. In the Vanguard, 
 in which it was used according to the directions given, the surface of all 
 the timbers and planking in the hold being thoroughly imbued with it, 
 there was little or no unpleasant effluvia, and the number of her sick 
 were, in consequence, less numerous, and the diseases less severe, than in 
 either of the two other vessels employed in precisely the same duties and 
 localities. 
 
 In a communication from Commander Ryder, of a recent date, there is 
 further evidence of the great advantages to be derived from a proper use 
 of the Solution in steamers, particularly within the tropics, where disease 
 is more apt to be engendered by the accumulation and decomposition of 
 foreign matters in the holds of these vessels, such as indeed appears to have 
 been the case in her Majesty’s ship Growler, which was lately employed 
 in conveying free negroes from the coast of Africa to the West Indies. 
 The surgeon of that vessel states, that he considered the exciting cause of 
 the fever which attacked the greater part of the crew, was the effluvia evolved 
 from the accumulations in her holds and bilges, which (while she was being 
 cleared out at Bermuda) was readily neutralized by the Solution, with the 
 effect of thoroughly eradicating the disease. 
 
 The value of the Solution, as a sanitary agent, I think I may be permitted 
 to state, has been established by the most unequivocal proofs. Noxious 
 gases are speedily deprived of their more poisonous qualities in its presence, 
 while the odors of corrupt or diseased animal substances, even it arising 
 from a living body, are rendered imperceptible or innocuous, if not annihi¬ 
 lated ; these, there is every reason to believe, are not only frequently the 
 direct source of fatal and malignant diseases, but they are chiefly instru¬ 
 mental in conveying the principles of contagion from one person to another, 
 when from the debilitating influence of a tainted atmosphere they have ac¬ 
 quired that property. 
 
 By a report lately presented to the Commissioners of Sewers, the Solution 
 
 * Vide Reports printed by Order of the House of Commons. 
 
 § 
 
34 
 
 appears to have had a vast superiority over several other deodorizing agents 
 employed in a series of experiments performed imder their immediate inspec¬ 
 tion on cesspools and other receptacles of filth, with the view of rendering 
 the removal of these matters less dangerous to the communities in their 
 neighborhood. In proof of its efficacy under these or similar circumstances, 
 and consequently of its power over those miasmata so fruitful of typhoid 
 fever, I have already submitted for your consideration a number of docu¬ 
 ments, in which its beneficial effects were freely admitted, and in particular 
 I took the liberty of directing your attention to one from the Chairman of 
 the Board of AVatford Union, and to another from the Governor of the 
 Workhouse of that parish; and also to a communication from Dr. Lindsay 
 to the Right Honorable Lord Auckland. These, however, form but a small 
 portion of the documentary evidence now in my possession relative to the 
 deodorizing properties of the Solution. 
 
 J here is not, so far as I am aware, any means known by which a specific 
 contagion may be made perceptible to the senses, in contradistinction to a 
 fei er-exciting miasm ; if such an entity does really exist in a separate form, 
 Professor Liebig supposes it most readily attaches itself to certain noxious 
 gases, and by that means propagates the peculiar disease to which it belongs. 
 These gases, however, as previously observed, are capable of being destroyed 
 by the Solution, and it seems not unreasonable to infer the contagion also; 
 but if this be not admitted, it is clearly demonstrable that, from the want of 
 a proper vehicle of conveyance, it must be rendered at all events infinitely 
 less diffusible. In this light, therefore, the Solution may be viewed as a dis¬ 
 infectant. The following documents bear more particularly on these points. 
 
 Several instances are reported, in which it was considered to have arrested 
 or retarded the spread of contagious maladies. In September last, erysipelas 
 began to infest the patients in the Royal Alarine Infirmary at Woolwich ; it 
 speedily acquired considerable virulence, became contagious, and carried off 
 several men who were under treatment for other ailments of minor import¬ 
 ance. On this being reported, I caused the Deputy Inspector to adopt the 
 usual precautions required on these occasions, and to cause the vapor of the 
 Solution to be diffused throughout the wards by hanging up pieces of woolen 
 cloth moistened with it, and by sprinkling it occasionally on the floors and 
 bedding. In the course of a few days, after the employment of these meas¬ 
 ures, the spread of the disease was arrested, while all open sores, with which 
 these patients were affected, put on a much more healthy appearance than 
 they presented previously to the employment of the Solution. Early in 1848, 
 the disease, m a malignant form, was again introduced to this establishment, 
 from one of the ships in the river ; still, by the constant use of the Solution, 
 it was prevented from attacking other patients ; even those with open buboes 
 escaped-a circumstance so unprecedented as to lead to the conviction of 
 the medical officer in its disinfecting properties. 
 
 In the Royal Alarine Infirmary, at Chatham, typhus fever, introduced 
 from Ireland, appears also to have been held in check by its being freely 
 used in the wards; and a similar result, it was considered, occurred onboard 
 
85 
 
 the Barretto Junior transport, when crowded with troops on a passage to the 
 West Indies. 
 
 The great benefit derived from the application of the diluted liquid to foul 
 sloughing or cancerous sores, stands, however, on a more sure foundation. 
 In the Imaum, it was used with the greatest benefit in the treatment of 
 certain forms of ulcer. In eases of scrofulous ulcer, attended with an 
 “ overpowering odor,” it was found, in the hands of E. Wilson, Esq., to 
 have the effect not only of removing the bad smell, but of promoting a 
 healthy process in the sores. 
 
 In the case of a child afflicted with perforation of the intestines, it was 
 of essential service. 
 
 In the City of Dublin Hospital, its external application has been highly 
 approved of. 
 
 I cannot conclude this letter without expressing my firm belief, that a 
 more general use of an agent so innocuous in itself, and yet so powerful 
 in the prevention of disease, is most urgently required in all hospitals or 
 dwellings wherever typhus fever or other contagious diseases exist, as well 
 as in emigrant ships, where it is at all times so difficult to enforce cleanli¬ 
 ness, or dispel foul animal miasmata, even by proper ventilation. 
 
 (Signed) W. Burnett, Director-General, etc. 
 
 “Unite,” Convict Snip, Woolwich, 
 30th November, 1848. 
 
 Sir, — The cholera having happily ceased, we feel it our duty to bring 
 to your notice the advantage resulting from the use of the chloride of zinc, as 
 a destroyer of all foetid exhalations, and as one of the most powerful dis¬ 
 infectants with which we are acquainted. We used the Solution in the 
 “ Warrior ” and the “ Justitia ” with good effect, but it was in the hospital- 
 ship where we had the best opportunity of practically testing its great 
 utility. This ship is remarkably well ventilated; and the chloride of lime 
 has always been used ; we therefore directed its discontinuance, and in its 
 place used the zinc ; we consider the advantages of the latter to be great 
 and incontestible; it destroys all offensive effluvia more effectually than the 
 former, leaving the atmosphere around free from all unpleasant smell, while 
 the chlorine from the lime is, to many, peculiarly offensive. One patient, 
 laboring under abscess of the lungs, was so offensive as to be scarcely 
 approachable; the Solution removed all odors, and so contributed to the 
 patient’s comfort that he requested to be allowed to use it as a gargle and 
 to wash the surface of the body with it. He declared that he found great 
 relief from its use. 
 
 The patients were allowed to have either the lime or the zinc, as they 
 liked, to sprinkle the bedding and place in the close stools, but they inva¬ 
 riably preferred the zinc, stating that the odor of the lime was offensive, but 
 the zinc had no unpleasant smell. 
 
 So strong is our opinion of its utility as a deodorizing agent, that we shall 
 never cease to use it on all occasions when an agent of that kind is required. 
 
36 
 
 and we recommend, most strongly, its general adoption in every department 
 of the Convict Establishment. In the naval service it is properly appre¬ 
 ciated. To the mercantile marine it would be invaluable ; for when offensive 
 smells arise from a hold which cannot be cleansed, the free use of the Solu¬ 
 tion would remove all these, and at the same time preserve the woodwork of 
 the ship, which we believe to be always undergoing decomposition, when 
 noxious effluvia are evolved. 
 
 We are, etc., 
 
 (Signed) G. H. Dabbs, Surgeon It. A r ., Medical Superintendent, 
 
 Woolwich Convict Establishment. 
 
 Edward Noi loth, Surgeon, K. N. 
 
 Frederick M. Rayner, Assistant Surgeon, R . N . 
 H. P. Vouees, Esq., Superintendent of Convicts. 
 
 Her Majesty’s Dock-Yard at Portsmouth, 
 14th July, 1847. 
 
 Sir, — In reply to your memorandum of the 12th instant, wherein I am 
 directed to report the effect of Sir William Burnett’s fluid, when employed 
 for the removal of noxious smells, such as bilge-water, or when employed as 
 a disinfectant, if such has ever been the case ; I beg leave to inform you that 
 I witnessed its application in February, 1844, for the purpose of removing 
 a more than ordinary stench of bilge-water and other offensive odors in 
 the “ Victoria and Albert ” royal yacht, with most complete success. I am 
 informed by the carpenter that she has remained comparatively sweet ever 
 since, and when a bilge-water smell is occasionally perceptible, a slight appli¬ 
 cation of the fluid removes it. 
 
 I have heard from some of the officers thereof that it has been used with 
 remarkable benefit in several ships in ordinary for the same purpose. 
 
 I have ordered it for very disgusting privies, the effluvia from which it * 
 quickly neutralizes. 
 
 I have employed the fluid in a severe case of open cancer, the foetor from 
 which was intolerable to the patient and attendants ; this it destroyed so long 
 as the dressings were kept moist therewith. 
 
 I have witnessed the use of, and employed the fluid as a preservative of 
 specimens of morbid anatomy, and found it just as good as spirits of wine. 
 
 I have tried various experiments on a small scale, on noxious gases and 
 offensive odors, with, in every instance, perfect success, from which, and 
 the efficacious results in the before-mentioned instances, there can be no 
 doubt of the fluid possessing potent powers as a corrector of noxious and 
 disagreeable odors ; moreover, if sufficiently applied, and kept for a short 
 space of time, so as to permit the timber to imbibe some of it, I am con¬ 
 vinced that the fluid will not only correct the bilge-water smell, but have a 
 resisting effect to its future formation. 
 
 I have, etc. 
 
 (Signed) James Henderson, Surgeon. 
 
 Hyde Parker, Esq., C. B., Admiral Superintendent, etc., etc. 
 
37 
 
 Relative Merits of the Chloride of Zinc and Chloride of Lime as tested in 
 the “ Lord Auckland” Convict Ship. Extracted from the Journal of the 
 “ Lord Auckland," March, 1847. 
 
 The chloride of lime I have always used very extensively, and although 
 it has counteracted disagreeable smells by creating one of its own, I have 
 never found it so beneficial or lasting in its properties as the chloride of zinc. 
 In the first place, the effluvium arising from the former application is any¬ 
 thing but pleasant; and, so soon as the smell of chlorine has ceased to per¬ 
 vade the apartment, I have invariably found that the noxious smells become 
 as prevalent as ever; indeed, a few hours after its use, we have had the 
 disagreeable smells from the closets descending the prison deck; and although 
 used twice a day, morning and evening, and then scrubbed into the wood¬ 
 work and left wet with the liquid, it has not been a sufficient safeguard 
 against the strong urinous and other smells from the round-houses. 
 
 With the chloride of zinc there is no unpleasant smell whatever from its 
 solution ; it not only eradicates the feetor from close and confined places, 
 but produces a sweetness and an agreeableness of the air between decks, 
 the lasting properties of one application keeps everything pure for forty- 
 eight hours, which I could never obtain by the chloride of lime. And 
 although I have been in the habit of using both remedies in different ves¬ 
 sels, even before the application of the latter (chloride of zinc,) at the 
 appointed time in the morning, we seldom or ever found any unpleasant 
 smell to warrant such a washing or sprinkling ; but with the former, (chlo¬ 
 ride of lime,) its effects were gone in a few hours. 
 
 (Signed) Benjamin Bynoe, Surgeon R. N. 
 
38 
 
 '« 
 
 
 SANITARY PURPOSES AND METHOD OF APPLICATION, AS 
 RECOMMENDED IN ENGLAND. 
 
 Objects . 
 
 Mode of Applying the Fluid . 
 
 Pr < portion of 
 | Mixture . 
 
 To purify Sick Rooms, 
 and the Wards of 
 Hospitals, Work- 
 houses, Prisons, 
 Factories, and 
 Crowded Places,the 
 between-decks of 
 Ships, etc. 
 
 Moisten, with the diluted solution, a piece of flannel 
 cloth, attached to a long rod, and wave it through the air 
 of the apartment for ten minutes at a time; in addition 
 to which, the floor should be mopped or sprinkled over 
 with the same, if necessary, several times a day, and a 
 small quantity of the same dilute solution should be put 
 into the close-stools and bed-pans. The water-closets 
 should also be cleansed with it, and a couple of gallons 
 occasionally thrown down each. . .. 
 
 Fluid.Water. 
 
 1 to 40 
 
 
 N. B. For use on board ships , between decks , and in 
 places where , from imperfect means of ventilation , it may 
 be incon venient to wet the floors . Moisten, with the dilu¬ 
 ted solution, thick pieces of flannel cloth—the thicker the 
 better—and wave them through the air of the apartments 
 for ten minutes, and then suspend them in the most con¬ 
 venient manner to the deck-beams, or across the rooms, 
 and keep other similar pieces of cloth thoroughly and 
 repeatedly saturated with the same solution,in flat dishes 
 upon the floors. It is essentially necessary that the bilge- 
 water in the hold of the vessel should be purified agree¬ 
 ably to the instructions given below. 
 
 • 
 
 To Purify Fever 
 Wards in cases of 
 death. 
 
 When a patient dies of fever, the body should be 
 sponged over with the dilute solution, and the clothes 
 and bedding should be immersed and kept in a sufficient 
 quantity of it, for forty-eight hours before being washed. 
 The floor should be well mopped over with the solution. 
 Flannel, moistened with it, (as before recommended,) 
 should be waved through the room. 
 
 1 to 40 
 
 To Purify the Clothes, 
 Linen, etc., of sick 
 persons. 
 
 Immerse the articles in the dilute solution, as directed 
 in sick rooms. 
 
 1 to 40 
 
 To prevent the com¬ 
 munication of In¬ 
 fectious Disease. 
 
 Sprinkle the dilute solution over the whole of the floor 
 of the apartment, and very slightly on the coverlid of the 
 patient's bed. The clothes used should be immersed in 
 the solution, and afterwards thoroughly dried. Moisten 
 pieces of flannel cloth, and use them as directed above. 
 
 1 to 40 
 
 To purify the oclor of 
 Night-chairs. 
 
 Put half a pint of the dilute solution into the pan 
 previous to its use, and when emptied, rinse it out with 
 a small quantity. 
 
 1 to 40 
 
 To disinfect dead 
 bodies, and purify 
 apartments prepar¬ 
 atory to the visits 
 of Searchers, Un¬ 
 dertakers,and J ury • 
 men, and in cases 
 of Post-mortem Ex¬ 
 amination. 
 
 Wash the body occasionally with the dilute solution, 
 which will removo all unpleasant smell and retard pu¬ 
 trefaction. 
 
 1 to 40 
 
 To prepare and arrest 
 the decomposition 
 of Subjects for Dis¬ 
 section. 
 
 Immerse the subject in the dilute solution, and let it 
 remain about two hours: after which time it will be 
 purified. As the dissection proceeds, the parts should 
 be sponged over with the same; and, if they are to be 
 preserved, the blood-vessels should also be injected with 
 the solution. 
 
 I to 40 
 
 
39 
 
 Objects . 
 
 Mode of Applying the Fluid. 
 
 Proportion of 
 Mixture. 
 
 To disinfec1 Cesspools, 
 Drains, Water-clos¬ 
 ets, etc. 
 
 Pour in a quantity of the solution in proportion to the 
 capacity of the receptacle. For ordinary water-closets, 
 one gallon of the dilute solution will generally be effect¬ 
 ual. For large cesspools, the quantity must be in- 
 creased in proportion to their contents. 
 
 Fluid.Water. 
 
 1 to 20 
 
 To purify Larders and 
 Stables. 
 
 Sprinkle the floor and wash all the wood-work with 
 the dilute solution. 
 
 1 to 20 
 
 To sweeten musty 
 Casks, Tubs, etc. 
 
 Rinse them well with the dilute solution. .... 
 
 1 to 20 
 
 To destroy Canker 
 and Fungus in 
 Trees. 
 
 Apply the solution carefully with a brush to the parts 
 affected only. 
 
 1 to 40 
 
 To extirpate Bugs and 
 other Vermin. 
 
 Wash the floors and all the crevices with the dilute 
 
 solution. 
 
 The joists, etc., of the bedsteads should be moistened 
 by a brush with a solution consisting of one part of 
 fluid to five parts of water. 
 
 1 to 20 
 
 To purify Bilge-water 
 and the holds of 
 Ships. 
 
 The quantity to be used at a time is twenty gallons of 
 the dilute solution for each hundred tons of the ship's 
 measurement. It should be poured into the air-holes of 
 the ship, so that it may find its way by the limber-holes 
 into the well; and it should be thrown by a small engine 
 into places where it may be inconvenient to introduce it 
 by other means. A portion may also be poured down the 
 ship’s pumps, the boxes being previously removed to 
 allow of its free passage below. The solution should be 
 allowed to remain in the ship twenty-four hours At the 
 expiration of that time the ship should be pumped as dry 
 as possible, the well thoroughly cleansed and washed 
 with the solution, and the operation repeated as occa- 
 
 1 to 20 
 
 N. B. When floors and other wood-work are washed with the Solution, 
 it should not only be freely applied, but well rubbed into all parts of the 
 wood ; and the use of soap or soda should be avoided immediately before 
 or after its application. 
 
LOYIS, HODGES & SILSBEE, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS, IMPORTERS, AND DEALERS IN 
 
 * 
 
 Dyeing Drugs, Drysalteries, 
 
 CHEMICALS, &c. 
 
 Nos. 63 & 67 WATER STREET, BOSTON. 
 
 Proprietors of tlio 
 
 MATTAPANNOCK CHEMICAL WORKS, 
 
 First and Second, corner of C Streets, 
 
 SOUTH BOSTON, 
 
 FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 Logwood, Hypernic-Fustlc, and 
 Light Bark Liquor. 
 
 Cut and Bolted Dye Woods. 
 Extract of Logwood. 
 
 Purified Carbonate of Soda. 
 Prepared Soda Ash. 
 
 Dunging Salts. 
 
 Preparing Salts. 
 
 Scouring Salts. 
 
 Silicate of Soda. (Patented 1855.) 
 Sugar of Lead. 
 
 Tin Crystals. 
 
 Muriate of Tin Liquor. 
 Oxymuriate of Tin Liquor. 
 
 Chloride of Zinc. 
 
 Iron Liquor. 
 
 Red Liquor. 
 
 Acetate of Lime Liquor. 
 
 Liquor Ammonia fort. 
 
 Aqua Ammonia, any Strength. 
 Spirit of Ammonia, 
 spirits of Nitre. 
 
 Vinegar, and Strong for Manu¬ 
 facturers’ use. 
 
 Acetic Acid. 
 
 Muriatic Acid. 
 
 Nitric Acid. 
 
 Red Prus. Potash Powders, &c. 
 
 Also, constantly on hand and for sale at Store, 
 
 Alum. 
 
 Blue Vitriol. 
 Copperas. 
 
 Bi Chrom. of Potash. 
 Prussiate of Potash. 
 Red Prus. of Potash. 
 Indigo. 
 
 Madders. 
 
 Woad. 
 
 Soda Ash. 
 
 Sal Soda. 
 Caustic Soda. 
 
 A rgols. 
 
 Oxalic Acid. 
 Tartaric Acid. 
 Nitrate of Lead. 
 
 Turmeric. 
 
 Cutch. 
 
 Gambler. 
 
 Sumac. 
 
 Cudbear. 
 
 Cochineal. 
 
 Starch. 
 
 Oils, Elaine, Ac. 
 
 REFERENCES. 
 
 AMOS A. LAWRENCE, Esa. 
 
 Messrs. JAMES W. PAIGE & CO. 
 
 Hon. NATHANIEL SILSBEE. 
 
 E. SMITH, Esq., Treasurer Naumkeag Steam Cotton Co. 
 
 F. B. CROWNINSHIELD, Esq., Treasurer Merrimack Man’g Co. 
 
I 
 
V 
 
 Lovis, Hodges & Silsbee, 
 
 OFFICE, 03 .V 67 WATER. STREET, 
 
 JYol over Sixty Feet long, 
 
 CAN BE BURNETTIZED AT OUR WORKS 
 
 Manufactured and for Sale, in any quantity, in the form 
 of a Concentrated Solution. 
 
 nmtiMaaMii&imm 
 
 1ATTAPANN0CK CHEMICAL 
 
 A. 3XT 3D 
 
 BORNETTtZtNC WORKS, 
 
 First and Second, corner of C Streets, 
 
 SOUTH BOSTON;