t V . .. * ^ t -• • ^ • ;. . ' V ' -^ V ^ /'^ J Jj ^ >■ y ^^'-i'-*' "/''' , •• my< c V* Si ■• '-SOf --* -.-^-^-a.— ,?»-. t^..-»^.. J . -^ > r-^ SURVEY OF PALESTINE. '-» Special Edition No. S^^>o ^^^^-^^*^ Chair}ita7i of Executive Covimittt'e. -- •^— , If ^. <<--<» — •r -. i#-*-«e--^-^-- • . ^-,jtf— .-«e-._ .^,.'^'*4f '!''■< ^ " XM ll^'.i ARCH.^OLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN PALESTINE DURING THE YEARS i873 - i874, BY CHAREES CEERMONT-GANNEAU, EE.D., Membre de F Institnt, Professeur an College de France. Vol. E With numerous Illustrations from Drawings made on the spot by A. LECOMTE DU NOUY, Architect. translated by AUBREY STEWART, MA. Published for the Committee of the PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND, 38, Conduit Street, London. 1899. LONDON : HARRISON AND SONS, PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HER MAJESl'Y ST. martin's lane, W.C. PREFATORY NOTE. The second volume of the present work was published in advance three vears aeo. T need not return to the reasons which have necessitated this inversion of the natural order of publication. In any case, the disadvantages of this course have been to a certain degree minimised by the fact that these two volumes may be looked upon, strictly speaking, as forming two independent wholes. The first volume, which is now presented to the reader, is in fact entirely devoted to Jerusalem and its immediate environs, within a radius which, towards the end, is somewhat enlarged and forms a natural transition to the second volume, which included extended excursions m Palestine. I must apologise for the long delay which, in spite of my exertions, has intervened between the appearance of these two volumes ; and still more for the considerable period of time — a quarter of a century — which will have elapsed between the conduct of these researches and the definitive publication of their results. The work will certainly suffer thereby from more than one point of view ; many recollections hiive faded from my memory, upon which I had the imprudence to depend ; many ot the too brief notes have lost, on reperusal, even for me the meaning which I should have attached to them at the moment. On the other hand, it will perhaps have gained in matureness, since the studies to which I have devoted myself in the interval have sometimes enabled me to go more deeply than I should have done at first into certain questions raised by these researches. I will briefly recall the conditions under which they were undertaken. In 1873, '^^s Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund did me the honour to propose to me an archeeological mission in Palestine, the expenses to be defrayed by them. After an agreement had been come iv Prefatory Note. to between the Foreion Office and the Ministere des Affaires Etranseres (to which I belonged and still belong), I accepted this flattering offer, which supplied me with means of action which I had not hitherto possessed. The Committee were good enough, at my request, to appoint as draughts- man M. Lecomte Du Noliy, a very talented architect, whose collaboration was most valuable to me in respect to the planning and reproduction of the •monuments. It is to him that 1 am indebted for the greater part of the illustrations inserted in these two volumes, prepared from his beautiful and faithful drawings.* I am glad here to be able to render homage to his skill, and to thank him for the devoted assistance which he rendered to me during this expedition. My mission lasted a year and ten days. I landed at Jaffa November 3rd, 1873, and re-embarked there November 13th, 1874. This period of time was entirely devoted to our researches, with the exception of a few days, when one or other of us was prevented by illness from carrying them on, for we led a very hard life, without taking the weather into consideration, divided between the exploration of different districts of Palestine and the excavations at Jerusalem. On the latter point an explanation is due. It was understood before my departure that the Committee would endeavour to obtain from the Ottoman Government a finnan, authorising me to undertake the excava- tions included in my programme. Unfortunately they were unsuccessful, and I left Palestine without havino- received this authorisation, which I had expected from day to day. Nevertheless, thanks to my friendly relations with various Europeans and natives living at Jerusalem, I succeeded somehow or other in obviating this inconvenience, which might have entirely paralysed all my efforts, and I was enabled, as will be seen, to carry out several e.xcavations which were not without result. Thanks to an exceptionally favourable combination of circumstances, I even succeeded, * Unhappily some of these drawings have been lost by the engravers. I have indicated them by a note in the course of the work. Prefatory Note. v as no European had clone before, in examininq-, pick in hand, the soil of the Haram, and, better still, the thrice holy ground of the interior of the Kubbet es Sakhra. All the same, I none the less regret not having been provided with the promised firman, since working under such con- ditions it was not allowable for me to choose (as I should have wished) the spots for excavation, and I was obliged to adapt myself to the necessities of the situation by only carrying on operations at those places where I could work without arousing opposition. My position, already delicate in consequence of its irregularity, was singularly aggravated after some time by the affair of the false Moabite pottery,* which gained me the animosity of certain persons who had taken too active a part in it, and could not forgive me for having unmasked an imposture of which they had been the first dupes. Then, shortly afterwards, the deplorable incident of Gezer — which I need not dwell upon here, as I reserve my account of it for another place — rendered the situation completely impossible by fettering the little freedom of action which I had hitherto managed to secure. I only mention these obstacles and contretemps to justify myself in the eyes of those readers who might have expected more numerous and better results from an undertaking commenced under such good auspices, and with so liberal a supply of means. However imperfect the results may be, I now submit them with the consciousness of having done all that I could within the narrow limits in which I was able to move. Qiiod pot ui feci. I will only refer here to my- remark in the " Prefatory Note" to the Second Volume ; that the reader must not expect to find in this work a comprehensive treatise upon the archceology of Palestine, or even the summary of the labours which I have for years devoted to these questions. It is simply the account — in certain cases with the necessary development — of the partial researches which I was enabled to carry out in Palestine Irom November, 1873, to November, 1874, for the Palestine Exploration Fund. * It will be found fully set forth or explained in my work, L(s Fraudes Anheoloviques en Fnkstine(Va.\\s, Leroux, 18S5), which also contains the history of the too notorious Shapira MSS. VI Prefatory Note. In conclusion, I have to thank Dr. Chaplin, who has been kind enough to undertake the laborious task of superintending the publication of these two volumes, together with Mr. G. Armstrong, the energetic Secretary to the Fund. My thanks are also due to Sir Charles Wilson, who has taken the trouble to read over the proof sheets. I am indebted to these gentlemen for more than one valuable remark. CLERMONT-GANNEAU. Paris, July 1899. Note. — The reader is requested to refer to the remarks in Volume II, p. iv, for the method of transcription adopted for Arabic names and words. CONTENTS PART I. Chapter I. Introductory remarks on the distinctive and specific character of Crusading masonry A. Masons' marks ......... Explanation of the Notation ....... List of places where the Masons' marks have been found List of the Masons' marks arranged according to locality B. The mediaeval tooling of stones by the Crusaders I 4 [ I 12 32 38 PART II. JERUSALEM WITHIN THE WALLS CHAPTliR n. Excavations near the " Ecce Homo" Arch ...... Chaptkk III. Excavations in the ground of Hammam es Sultan ..... Chapter IV. Excavations un Russian ground near the Church of the Holy Sepulchre Chapter V. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The tomb of Joseph of Arimathjea ....... Vaulted structure beneath the Greek chapel .... Ancient sculjKured console ......... Graffiti of pilgrims .......... Old Greek description of the holy places ...... A Greek inscription in the fagade of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre The tomb of Phillippe d'Aubigne ........ The entry of Jesus on Palm Sunday ....... 7» 85 101 lOI lOI 103 103 103 106 1 1 2 VIll Contents. Chapter VI. St. Anne'.s Market and Abbey PAGE ii6 Ch.apter VII. The Haram es Sher'if and its neighbourhood . Sfik el Kattanin Ancient church, possibly St. Michael's ... . . Near the Bab es Selseleh ........ Exploration in the interior of the Haram, along the east wall Boundary wall of the Temple ....... Fragment of a laver of basalt ....... Ancient sarcophagus ....... The cradle of Jesus ......... A so-called fragment of an inscription of the time of Herod . Fragment of an inscription of the Crusading period Various fragments of the Crusading period ..... The north front of the AVomen's Mosque ..... The presentation of Christ in the Temple ..... The unknown pool mentioned by Theoderich .... Arabic inscription giving the dimensions of the Haram . The re-building of the south wall of the Haram by the Sultans Ivelaun ben Kelaiin ......... Remarks on various matters ....... 127 127 129 132 135 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 165 167 and Mohammec 174 177 Ch.\pter VIII. The Ktibbet es Sakhra. Discovery of round arches above the boundary wall of the Kubbet es Sakhra, and of mosaics decorating its outer fagades . Roof and drum of the Kubbet es Sakhra Bases of the columns and piers within the building Bases of columns on the outside of the building . An excavation within the Kubbet es Sakhra . Passage in the rock under the Sakhra (north side) Curious arrangement of mosaics and glass windows in the interior of the Kubbet es Sakhra ....... The so-called " Buckler of Hamzeh " . The so-called " Saddle of el Borak " . . The stair leading down to the cave under the Rock of the Sakhra . The AVell of Souls Greek inscriptions found on the pavement of the Kubbet es Sakhra Fragments of ancient Arabic inscriptions in the Kubbet es Sakhra 179 205 21 1 214 216 217 218 219 221 222 222 222 226 Contents. IX Chapter IX. Various an/iqi/i/ies and reiiiai-ks. A Greek inscription in the Muristan Antiquities found under the Mehkemeh A mediaeval inscription, with emblems of corporate guild of handii;raft John of La Rochelle's epitaph An ancient sarcophagus A pediment of the classic pattern Remains of an ancient bath . Khan es Sultan . An ancient ossuary A Byzantine lintel Wrecks of inscriptions . A Cufic inscription of the 4th century a.h. Level of the rock and watercourse in one of the streets of Jerusalem A piece of an ancient frieze Ancient Arabic MSS. . The Arabic archives of Jerusalem An ancient inscription . A silver Jewish vase FACE 228 228 230 232 233 234 234 235 235 235 236 236 236 237 237 237 PART III. THE OUTSIDE AND IMMEDIATE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF JERUSALEM. Chapter X. The North side of the City. The Royal Caves ........ A Greek inscription built into the north part of the city wal The sepulchres of Kerm esh Sheikli, and the ground to the north flreek inscription near Jeremiah's cave . A column of Herod's temple Head of an imperial or royal statue Ancient sepulchres near the Ash Heap The so-called tomb of Simon the Just . On the way to the tombs of the Judges The Scopes ..... Rujum el B'himeh .... :isi of Jerusalem 239 246 248 254 259 266 267 270 271 273 Contents. Chapter XL The West side of the City. The tombstone of Jean de Valenciennes The cemetery of Mamilla rAGE 276 279 Chapter XII. To the South of tlie City. Excavations in a cave on Mount Sion . . ..... Other caves on Mount Sion .......... The hill called Ophel Deir es Sinneh ............ Various Legends connected with tlie southern neighbourhood of Jrrusalt Jebel el Mukabber and Jebel esh Shemma'a The Prophet's olive tree .... Bir Eiyub Khureitun ....... Khiirbet Merd, the city of Nimrod Chapter XIII. On the East side of the City. A Greek inscription in the city wall ..... Zechariah's tomb ........ At Se/ican. Discovery of two Hebrew inscriptions dating from before the Captivity .... Discovery of an inscription in Phcenician letters upon the monolithic monument in the Egyptian style . The SeJwan Necropolis El K'niseh . Greek inscriptions Various inscriptions The Dibonites of Selwan Painted inscriptions Various objects found in the valley of Jehosaphat Chapter XIV. The Mount of Olives. Sepulchres on the Mount of Olives .... Greek Christian inscriptions ...... On the top of the Mount of Olives. Various antiquities 2yi 29s 295 297 299 299 300 301 301 ,303 3°4 3°5 3 '3 316 319 320 321 322 322 322 325 326 327 Contents. XI Mosaics bearing Armenian inscriptions Greek Christian inscriptions The Mount of Olives in the fifth century a.d The sanctuary of the Pater Noster El Mansuriyeh ..... Tombs of the Prophets dreek epitaphs ..... Conclusions ..... Chapter XV, Jewish Ossuaries and Sepuliiires in flie I. — On the Mount of Offence .... II. — On the hill called Viri Gaiilai III. — Cemetery of Wad Yasfil and of Wad Beit Sahiir A. Diggings ..... B. Sundry Ossuaries from Wad Yasill and from Wad Other Ossuaries at \\'ad Vasul IV. — Sepulchre and Ossuaries of Sho'fat V. — Ossuaries of uncertain origin .... neiglibmirlwod of /eriisalcm. Beit Sahiir 329 337 341 342 344 345 349 374- 381 413 420 420 433 443- 448 45° PART IV. MORE DISTANT LOCALITIES. Chapter XVI. On the South and South-]\'est sides of Jerusalem. Tabalieh, Neby Yunan and St. Elias .......... 455 Sur Baher, Beit Jala 457 Bethleliem, Malhah 459 Bittir 463 Chapter XVII. On the North and Nortli-lVest sides of Jerusalem. Sha'fat 47' Kubeibeh 475 Chapter XVIII. On the Jl'est side of Jerusalem. Visits to Beit Tulma, Beit IMizzeh, Khurbet Farhan, etc. ...... 479 Soba, Rafidia, Abu Ghosh 480 b 2 Xll Contents. Chapter XIX. At 'Am was ...... The plague-well and the plague of Emmaus Mu'al, son of Jabal .... Latriin (Latron) ..... Bir el HelCi and the imaginary inscription of The Fenish \braham 4S3 48S 491 493 495 497 PART V. Ch.\pter XX. Greek inscriptions beyond Jordan .......... 499 Chapter XXI. Hearsay information ............. 506 Chapter XXII. Antiquities of uncertain or doubtful origin ......... 507 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 'Amwas, Greek inscriptions, seal, and Jewish lamps found at ..... . 485-7 Antiquities of doubtful origin — Capital of white marble, carved slab of white marble, seal, various fragments, vases, glass bottles, mould, and lamps' ....... 507-511 B Beit Jala, Objects found in a tomb at Bir el K'niseh, Greek inscription in a house near Beitir, View of rock escarpment near. (Platv) . Entrance to the spring .... Roman inscription near .... Broken cippus near .... 458 320 463 464 465 469 Capital, etc. (Plate) Cemetery of A\'ad Yilsul and Wad Beit Sahdr — Lid of sarcophagus, etc. .... Terra-cotta lamp ..... Tomb at Wa'r el Watwat, view of Plans of tombs, with sections Inscriptions on ossuaries .... Plan and sections of tomb in Wad Be't Snhur Ossuaries at Wad Yasul .... Pottery, etc., found in the various lonib.^ . Convent of St. Nicholas, Cufic inscription found at Church of the Holy Sepulchre — Ancient console, with cartouche, found during altera! Inscription in the facade of the church The epitaph on the tomb of Philippe d'Aubigne Seal of Raoul d'Aubigne ... Fragment of sculpture representing Christ's entry into City Wall. Greek inscription in the north part J) )) )j east ,, Crusading inscri[)tion. (Sec Inscriptions) Jerusalem 144 421 422 • 423 424-429 431-443 • 434-6 444, 445 447, 448 • 235 102 104 106 no "3 247 303 277 XI \ L^bl of llliisiyatious. Damascus Gate, Sculptured stone found inside Deir as Sinneh, Entrance to tomb near 233 298 " Ecce Homo " Arch — General plan of rock-cut chambers near the Sections of ditto ........ Perspective view from the point P . . . . . Sections .......... Diagram showing the rock scarp with the buildings removed Enlarged sketch of P on general plan Plan of the lower floors Sections, elevation, and detail . Lamp with Arabic inscription . A piece of lamp, little bottle, broken vase Terracotta vase restored . Piece of a second va.se ... n yellow terra-cotta 51 5 ' ' 5 2 53 54, 55 57 61 62 65, 66 67 68 69 H Hummam es Sultan — Ground plan of ............. 7^ Sections of 79' ^^> §3 Mosaic pavement .........••■ 80 Terra-cotta statuettes, handle of a vase ......... 82 A piece of flat tile, glass bottle neck, fragments of cornice and terra-cotta vessel . 84 Haram es Sherif and its neighbourhood — Crusading inscription near Bab es Selseleh . . . . . . . .130 Arabic inscription on eastern wall .......••• '32 Section of shaft sunk near the inscription 135 Fragment of the western boundary wall of the temple 136 Broken laver of basalt ........•••• 1 3^ Ancient sarcophagus ........■•■• 1 3S Fragment of an inscription of the Crusading period . . . . . . .141 \'arious fragments, bases of columns, of the Crusading period .... 142,143 Capital of white marble in one of the minarets. (Plate) 144 Arabic inscription giving the dimensions of the Haram ...... 167 Another inscription . . . . . . . . • • '73 Head of an Imperial or Royal statue. (Two plates) 259 Herod's Temple, Column of. (Plate) 254 List of Illustrations. XV I Inscriptions — Medieval, at Nazareth ..... In the fac^ade of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre On the tomb of Philippe d'Aubigne Medieval, in Siik el "Attarin Crusading, near Bab es Selseleh Arabic, on eastern wall Crusading period .... Arabic, giving dimensions of the Haram Another ..... Greek, Kubbet es Sakhra „ Muristan Mediaeval, from the Mehkemeh Cufic, at Convent of St. Nicholas Greek, in north part of city wall ,. ,, easi ,, ,, ,, near Jeremiah's Cave Roman, Tomb of "Simon the Just" Crusading, on Mount Sion In rock-cut chamber, Selwan Greek, near Bir el K'niseh ., (Byzantine), Selwan ,, Christian, Mount of Olives Roman, Mount of Olives . Armenian .... Fragments of, near the Pater Noster Greek, tombs of the Prophets . On Jewish ossuaries and sepulchres Hebrew, on sarcophagus . Found near Shafat . On ossuaries in W.ad Yasiil and Wad Beit Sahu Roman, near Bettir . Greek, at 'Amwas On ossuaries of uncertain origin Greek, from beyond Jordan 27 104 106 117 130 •32 141 . .67 173 223, 225 22S 229 i3S 247 3°3 254 . 269 277 321 32' -338 327 329 343 344 347 -■374 386- -417 4.8 450 431 -44 3 46s 485, 4S6 451 -454 499- -502 John of La Roi belle's epitaph . Jeremiah's Cave, (Ireek inscription near 231 254 XVI List of Illmtyations. K el Kebekiyeh, Funerary chapel called Cenotaph in, and sections . Another cenotaph near, and sections Kerm esh Sheikh, Plan of the cemetery . Sections of the tombs . Kiibbet es Sakhra — Plan of Exterior wall. (Plate) .... Details of small columns and ca])ital in Section, elevation, and ground plan of the round arches Section, elevation, and plan of one of the small arches Specimen of mosaic in the small arches Details of roof and drum ..... Elevation of the outer face of column Section of ditto looking east .... Bases of the columns and piers within the building Ditto, outside ....... Section of rock passage ..... Plan showing position of passage • . Greek inscriptions found on the pavement Kubeibeh, View of central apse at .... • Plan and sections of the church I' AGE 286 288 289, 290 25'. 252 180 ,84 188 189 2c6 208 209 2 12 215 217 475 476-8 M Marnilla, The cemetery of .......-•■• 285 Masons' marks 10, 13. 14, 22 Mehkemeh, Sculptured head, leaden statuette, and mediaeval inscription from . . 228,229 JMount of Offence. Vases and bronze cymbals found in a tomb ..... 382 Plans and sections of ossuaries found in a rock-chamber . . . 384 Inscriptions on Jewish ossuaries and sepulchres . . . 386-417 Mount of Olives — Greek Christian inscriptions .......... 326, 338 Fragment of a Roman inscription ...... . ... 327 Vase of thin bronze, and fragments of carved work ....... 328 Mosaic pavement with Armenian inscription. (Plate) ...... 329 Fragments of inscriptions and capital near the Pater Noster ..... 343^4 Plan of tombs of the Prophets ........... 347 Greek epitaphs in ........... . 352-374 Mount Sion, Various objects found in a cave on ....... . 292-3 Muristan, Greek inscription in the ........... 228 List of Illnstrations. xvii o Ossuaries of uncertaiti origin, inscriptions on I'AGK 451-4 R Rock-cut tomb on the way to the Tomb of the Judges Royal Caverns. Carved figure {Kerub ?) in the rock Russian Ground near the Church of the Holy Sepulchre- Plan of. (Plate) Elevation of the great gate .... Details of the capital ..... Plan of the springer ..... Old drafted wall Sections of ancient wall ..... Details of the groove ..... 271 • 243 86 86 . . 87 88 . . 89 90, 91, 92, 94 93 Sections, elevations of the windows, details of corbels, abacus, buttresses, and colonette ............ Capital in white marble ........... Crusaders' stone corbel . . ......... 95-97 98 99 Selwan — Plan of rock-cut clwmbir, where the two inscriptions were found Sections of .... . Plan of door in tomb of Pharaoh's wife Greek inscription (Byzantine) Sha'fat, Inscription found near Curious stone chimney-piece at " Simon the Just " — Tomb of. (View) .... Plan of Section showing the inscribed cartouche on the wnl Roman inscription in the tomb of rioba, Fortified wall at . . . . Rockcut tomb near SCtk el 'Attarin, Medieval inscriptions of Sancta Anna in 307 30S 314 321 450 472 267 268 269 269 480 481 117 V Valley of Jehoshaphat. Pieces of terra-cotta tiles, etc., found in ... . Viri Galitei. Plan of Jewish tomb .......... Glass bottle, bronze instrument, head of an iron nail, and terra-cotta vase found in tomb ......... Sarcophagus? with Hebrew inscription ...... 323 413 414 418 ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN PALESTINE. PART I. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ON THE DISTINCTIVE AND SPECIFIC CHARACTER OF CRUSADING MASONRY. The temporary occupation of Palestine by the Crusaders, if it did not actually arrest the continuous internal development of the destiny of the country, did nevertheless form an abrupt breach with the past such as furnishes the antiquary with one of those great chronological landmarks which are of such high value ; — I mean a definite date, to which and from which he can reckon. This sharply defined intrusion of the West into a province of the Eastern' world, plays pretty nearly the part of one of those intermediate strata by means of which the geologist can classify the beds which it separates. It is like a fused layer of trachyte interposed between two systems of sedimentary strata, and, if properly studied, it gives us a fixed base to work from, — a zero above and below which we can arrange our chronological scale for the classification of archseological and many other matters. Indeed, this period of the Crusades has the advantage, by its own historical conditions, of beine confined within certain fixed dates. The Crusading period has most assuredly no less interest if we consider it as an extension of and an appendage to the history and the civilization of Europe. But, without neglecting this point of view, it is rather under B 2 Archcsological Researches in Palestine. the former aspect that the nature of my studies and the character of my researches have led me to regard it, that is to say, as a differential element in the complex problem of the Archaeology of the Holy Land. But the point is to have sufficiently definite criteria to enable one to detect with precision the work done by the Crusaders, and by this means to distinguish it from earlier or later work. All who may have travelled in Palestine or Syria, know how difficult it often is to pronounce authoritatively that any building is a Latin work of the Middle Ages. No doubt when the building is in more or less good preservation, and is an architectural work in the eesthetic sense of the term, the style is a fairly good guide, provided, of course, that it is well defined. For example, one clearly would not hesitate as to the origin of certain details : vaulting ribs of such and such a profile, capitals of such a character, etc., do not admit of any doubt. Yet in some cases there is nothing more deceptive than considerations of mere style and form, when one has not any other evidence at one's disposal. Thus, to quote one instance, it is common knowledge that every pointed arch with normal joints and a keystone is Arab work, and that every pointed arch with a central vertical joint is Western work.* Well, this rule, which may be relevant elsewhere, is often violated in Palestine, and would infallibly mislead any one who trusted to it alone : for although the Arabs do not seem to have known or made use of * This difference, as we know, is not only a difference of form, it implies statical architectural principles quite distinct from one another, concerning the thrust and equilibrium of pointed arches and vaults. Now that I am dealing with the pointed arch, I shall mention a fact of great interest which I have gathered from local Arab tradition. We know that the non- semicircular or " pointed " arch which we nowadays call with more or less reason " ogive," was in the technical language of the middle ages called arc de tiers point t or arc de quint point. It is probable that these two denominations were applied to arches of different proportions, and were derived from the geometrical principles used in their construction. I could say a good deal about these principles, but the subject would lead me into a dissertation of far too great length. Be that as it may, 1 had the curiosity to ask some native master masons what name they gave to the pointed as contrasted with the round arch. What was my surprise when they answered without hesitation, Khumcs ! This word, which is completely unknown in t These terms are used to show the points in the base line from which the sides of an arch are drawn with the compasses. In a semicircular arch this point is in the middle of the base line (first point). In an equilateral arch (second point) it is at each extremity of the base line. For " third point " (see Cherry Hinton Church, Cambridgeshire, and the nave of Jesus Chapel, Cambridge) the base line is divided into three parts, and the sides are drawn from points which are one-third of the way from each end of the base line. In fifth point the base line is divided' into five parts, and each side of the arch is drawn from a point situated in the base line one-tifth from its opposite end. Introductory Remarks. 3 the system of the vertical-jointed pointed arch, yet on the other hand I have found many examples in which the Crusaders have built their pointed arches in the Arab fashion, with a keystone. But when we have to deal with a building possessing no distinctive style, without any characteristic details, which has been reworked at various periods, such as a piece of ruined wall, or sometimes a single fragment of plain hewn stone ; in short, when one has to be guided by what is called the dressing of the stones, then upon what principle is one to act, what clue can one follow ? Yet to this second category belong the greater part of the cases one meets with, and those often of the greatest importance for the solution of the archeeological problems of Palestine. In the absence of purely architectural details, which too often are wanting, is there any certain method whereby we can identify the dressing of the stones of a building erected by the Crusaders, or restored by them ? People have e.xtolled as certain criteria one after the other : the pre- sence or absence of the well-known bossage — which has caused so many mis- takes — the absolute or relative size of the stones, their colour, their state of preservation, the greater or less sharpness of their edges, the accuracy of their joints and of their squaring, the setting of the stones on their quarry-bed, or otherwise, the nature of the stone, etc. But these are indications of no critical value, and in too many cases even deceptive. We know what a wide divergence of views has arisen as to the probable age of many ancient buildings in Syria and Palestine ; it is not uncommon to find contradictory theories as to the date of a building. this acceptation in literary Arabic, is evidently connected with, if not actually the same as Khiims, "the fifth," that is to say, in Old French, "quint:' The term "quint point" having been disused for centuries, it is evident that the Arabic word cannot have been borrowed in recent times. If it really was so borrowed, the loan must date from the period of the Crusaders. But was it really borrowed from the Frank tongue? May not the Frank and Arab terms, which are so singularly alike, have both been derived from one common source, the technical language of that more ancient school of architecture from which both the Westerns and the Arabs may have independently derived the principle of the pointed arch ? In order to be able to answer this question, we need more knowledge than we possess as yet of the technical terms of the Byzantine and Persian schools of architecture. I regret now that I did not press my inquiries further, and did not make out distinctly whether, besides the term Khumes, which corresponds to quint point, native tradition did not perhaps know of another term, thuKth (= thultli), corresponding to tiers point. This remains to be verified, and I recommend it to the attention of all archaeologists who may have occasion to visit Syria. B 2 ArclicBolooical Researches in Palestine. AIK ^ t^ L 3 _75?\ QJD m |S L m ws VK ^:ra \^A U F M NiNOO ffX 6 H M 1 p 3 ^ Q_ A^ ^ G s ^ p b D^ @IPJP D 'T' 4 P P oZ \ o R B R R R ^ 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 R flRRlR K a K niR 5'5H^ 2 JTJ S 5 f^ c^o y°^ 10 LI .2 .3 14 15 6 .7 8 .9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 /\eKxo^ ^ A A V S VV 51 TJMTFiT^ AS<> U \X/ T M /yi ^ l^ H > W w XX X XT^ X X AA YA rr )0^ K /- V V OAwyj d vr U ^ Y z__r ^^ ^ K ^mc2d;0D' ^ Q i ib- A^ •^I'M/ YMtTM H 5 y :E:3|ra^ "O vs: + I la A t ± ^^ 4"A 1 -^:: H h H \ f H / ^ a. i D3> & S^ A A^ a— .^^ ^^ i^ ¥R) ^ A^ t 4_ < / /K ^ Ni ^7 ^ 7 A €- ^ ^ /^ J ^^ %r f i -i~ Cf A AA A A > A A ^ T F A^- ^ S n A A r f ^ .^^ ^ A ^S H [siKin ? i \ 31 ^ CP A^lc A 1 A I > X M c ^S^iS^ A I ^ _^ / >- \ — f -e ^ \ ^ A n °1 ^(5\A_D 9 C A "5 ^)^ AT 2 AH ^ ?f ^ ^ A ? 6 5 T & ^ ^^ T r F ^ T ^ A -r A B :>l/i) ITT Lb 5^ ^ frie (tA 4c^ o!^^ ^1^1 5V ^ \^ A ^^2A "^ NAE _^ j^ d — 'S~^ (S^ H kA -^ ^a 'v: Nifc \ lA ViAi-^KIA A Y Am ^ A^ /> ' LIST OF PLACES, BUILDINGS AND PARTS OF BUILDINGS WHERE THE MASONS' MARKS HAVE BEEN FOUND. JERUSALEM. CnURtH OF THE HoLY SePULCHRE (oUTSIDe). — Pavement of the fore-court, on the left, at the foot of the bench along the belfry : 6-8. — On a stone in the wall which closes up the right hand door of the church : 3-6. — Near the little outside door leading up to the little cupola of the Latins, in front of Calvary : 26-4. — In the angle on the left hand, near the entrance door, on the side where the belfry stands, on the fourth course of stonework [26-1 20;^]. — On a stone from the demolished chambers of the Khankah which have been given over to the Franciscans : 8-23. Belfry (outside). 13-16, 18-18. Belfry (inside). — At the top of the stair, on the right hand, and in the upper chamber: 8-5, 8-21, ii-Sc. 13-15, 18-17, 19-22, 20-17, 2-1 irt'. Belfry. — 10-14, 10-17, 1 1-8, 3-2, 19-23. Church of the Holy Sepulchre (inside). A/>se of the Greek Choir. — The stones of the semicircular wall show the mediaeval tooling,* with almost vertical strokes. * For mediseval tooling, see the explanation given below, Section B. Places where the Masons' Marks have been found. 13 — The outside of the wall, on the south side, second course: 26-1 2(5 (twice), 24-18, 24-14, 24-20, 15-19, 13-9 (three times), 26-12/^ 12-2, 11-23. — The outside of the wall, on the south side, second course, above, set back, as one goes in by the right ; 20-21. — The outside of the wall, on the south side, second course, on the left hand side of the stairs leading down to .St. Helena's Crypt : 26-1 2(5. — The inside of the outer boundary wall, under the moulding of the base : 21-8. — The outside curve in the corridor where the little chapels are : 13-16 (twice), 24-i4(5ir, 26-1 lac, 26-10, 26-1 2af, 24-21, 24-19, 24-17, 24-20^, 24-16, 24-15 15-21. St. Helena s Crypt. — The Pavement of the altar, at the end of the crypt, on the left hand side : 8-23. Region round about the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. — At the angle formed by the Street of the Christians and the street which leads from the forecourt of the Holy Sepulchre, on the left hand side : 2-13, 1-17, 5-23. — On the ofround belonsfinp; to the Russians, on the east side ot the Holy Sepulchre, on the left hand side of the entrance, second course of the visible angle : 25-9. — In the cloister of the canons of the Holy Sepulchre, Russian ground, at the top of the pier : 26-13. Abyssinian Convent. — On the lantern of St. Helena's cistern : 11-7 (repeated). — On a fragment of the arcade as one enters : 21-1 \ad. — 22-7af, i-it), 4-1, 4-5, 14-7, 18-5, 18-19, '8-20, 23-17.'" * We must add to these a mark which I have not been able to figure in my plate, -e— ^ , but which has been copied by Tobler {Go/gol/in, pp. 518, 619); Beilage G., No. 4), on a block of stone in the third bay of the pointed arcade in the south wall (goint; from west to east). H ArchcBoloncal Researches in Palestine. — In the blind alley on the left hand side of the street Khan es Zezt, before one comes to the bazaar, there are upon two or three stones what are not regular masons' marks, but probably marks of ownership of the buildings, i 7-9, i 7-9^. The Muristan. — In the Corn Market, on the bottom stones of the piers : [8-6r], 19-20^^. — Near the Corn Market, on one of the piers : 3-6(5. — On the ground belonging to the Knights of St. John, which belongs to Prussia, near the market: 4-10, 15-23, 27-14, 1-23, 12-3, 5-22^, 8-5. — D.S. : 26-14, 19-20, 6-15, 14-16, 14-21, 18-21, 27-21, 26-2. S. : 1-8, 1-20, I- I 2- 20, 28-8, 27-1, 26-19, 26- 25-19, 25-1, 25-3, 24-22, 20-5, 27-23, 18-15, i8-i3' 16-20, 15-7, 2-5, 8-19, 26-i2b, 10-13, 1 1-8 (twice), 20-19, 12-21, 4-16, 6-Sd, [10-21^^], 6-23, 21-19^^, [26-23^], 13-16, 12-22, ii-io, 28-8, 20-16 (twice), 24-22^, 14-18, 18-1417'. The Baz.\ars. — St. Anne's"" Bazaar, on various courses of ashlar, arches, voussoirs and springers (the tooling perhaps has been altered, it is not done with a toothed tool): 11-14. 11-8, 25-18, 23-10, 20-5, S-6dd. — On a fragment of a voussoir from one of the vaults of St. Anne's Bazaar, tooled freely in mediaeval fashion. I have brought the original stone to London. See Vol. II, No. 486, Rough List, No. 65. 7-15 (on the concave side). — In one of the bays between the Butchers' Market and the Shoemakers' Market, on a stone : 29-6. — In the wall of one of the lateral communications between the bazaars : 29-7. — In the back shop of a potter in the Butchers' Market, showing medieeval tooling : \o-\yic. * I call it so, because I have discovered the name of SCA ANNA (cut in Gothic letters) repeated on several of its stones. This, as I shall show hereafter, shows that the tolls of this market were, at the period of the Crusades, appropriated for the maintenance of St. Anne's Church and Convent {Probatica). Places iv/iere the Masons Marks have been found. 1 5 — In a cafe at the point where the Street of David joins the street of the Bazaar, as one steps up on to the terrace, on a mediaeval arch : 14-13 (twice);?'. — On another little staircase on the other side, leading to an upstairs stable ; the mark is on the stonework between two fine pointed-arches of the Crusading period, showing mediaeval tooling: 28-22, 28-23, 29-1, 29-2, 2i-i5if, 9-i8r, 8-9, 23-11. — On the ashlar of one of the piers of the arcade along the Street of David : 27-13. — At Khan es Sultan, towards the stable, on the three lower courses, which consist of fine large blocks ; on one of them which is mediaevally tooled: 7-18; on others, 22-14, 21-9, 29-15, 17-3, 28-14, i"/- 6-1 1, 20-2iac, 28-15, ii-22f, ad, 1-2, 14-10, 15-3, 15-2, 18-3, 21-10, 21-11, 22-3, 22-9. The Haram esh Sherif. — On the outside of the wall of the Sakhra, on one of the pilasters, on the left hand side of the western central door, on the third course, counting downwards from the springer, above the leaden hood: 24-12 (1 have found an almost exactly similar mark on one of the blocks on the outside of the tambour, upon the part which can be seen under the roof). — In the Mosque: 10-15, 28-11, 27-5, 19-20/^, 11-16, 11-18, ii_ii. — On the pavement to the east of the esplanade (or sahen), near the arches over the staircase : 20-14, 21-12, 14-18. — Pavement: R, 28-7, 26-5, 26-6, 25-2, 24-6, 22-13, 20-20, 20-8, 20-9, 19-17. 13-7- 5-19- 16-15, 9-1- The Central Esplanade [Sahen). — On a buttress on the west side, between the two staircases: 16-10, 15-13, 10-20, 3-6, iQ-i\ad, 2-iob. — On the arcade extending on the west side at the back of the chambers, at the south-west angle, upon medievally tooled stones : 5-21. — On the south wall of the esplanade, upon the stones of the buildings which have grown up against it, in the upper part, in the bay where the staircase is : 7-5. 1 6 Archceolooical Researches in Palestine. "i> Mosque of El Aksa. — On the pavement of the central nave, on the right hand side, throughout the entire length, passim: 22-23, 23-1, 24-2, 22-10, 21-7, 25-16 (twice). The Great Store House adjoining the Aksa.* — Inside, on the left hand as you go in : 17-1, 24-8 ; further on : 3-16 (twice). — On the embrasure of a window : 8-6. — Passim: 16-23, 8-6^', 10-16 (four times), 13-14, 15-20 (three times), 16-11, 19-6, 17-23, 21-24 (twice), 25-14, ^5-15 (twice). Solomon's St.\bles. — E : \ 9-20«f . Underneath El Aksa. — Outside of wall : 29-1 i. On the Facade of the bnileling adjoiniuo the Aksa on the ivest side. — The entire wall is mediaeval work, includino- the beyinnincr of the return wall on the right, belonging to the Mosque of the M'gha'rbeh ; arch with : ig-iy ad. Above the central doorway, each voussoir has a mark : lo-i, 23-16, lo-i^ac. Gates and Passages leading into the Haram area. — On Bab Hitta, on the inside, on the right hand as you go in, on the third pier on medisevally looled stones, in the ninth course, counting from the bottom: 29-17 and 18, 27-4. — Ditto, on the inside, on the right hand as you go in, on a pier of the north porch : 3-3. — Ditto, on the right hand as you go in : 23-15 (twice), 9-23. * This long vaulted hall, which is not generally shown to visitors, is mentioned by Mujir ed Din. Places where the Masons Marks have been found. 1 7 — On Bab Hitta, on the left hand as you go in : 6-14. — Bab el 'Atmeh, on the left hand side as you go in : 9-18, 7-17, 2\-\i^ad, 19-20. — On one of the piers of the north portico of the Haram area, No. 10, counting from the north-east angle, in the middle of a stone which shows no mediaeval tooling, but marks of the point of the pick : 17-16, 14-4. — On one of the piers of the north portico, No. i on the right hand (or the left?) of Bab Hitta, on a stone worked with the point of the pick : 2-21. — On a pier of the north portico. No. 3 on the right or left of Bab Hitta, on a stone dressed with the point of the pick : 13-18. — On a pier of the north portico, No. 5 on the right or left hand of Bab Hitta, on a stone dressed with the point of the pick : 22-22, 26-9, 8-5. — On a pier of the north portico, No. 6, dressed with the point of the pick (no striae) : 24-1. — On one of the piers of the west portico, at the northern end : 5-21. — On the gate of the Haram area near the Mehkemeh, on a pier of stonework between the two inside arches, 1 7-9 ; is not a mason's mark, but probably a mark of ownership ;* deeply cut. The tooling is not mediaeval. — On the arches of one of the gates on the north side : 17-14. — Ditto : 9-20. — On the left hand as you go into the Gate El Ghawanimeh : 2-10. — In the Silk el Kattanin, on the right hand side, in a sort of chamber at the end of the hall where is an Arab tarikh (the stone bears marks of other characters also) : 8-20, 26-21. — Near the Bab el Mutewaddha, on a stone built into the wall of a house: 10-12, \o~iiac — On a house near the Haram : 28-9, 8-1 1. — At Bab es Sekinah, facing the Mehkemeh, there was a modern building which concealed the left hand bay of the double gate ; at the base of the pier A, are fine stones bearing marks : 5-8, 21-14, 5~-3- — Ditto, on one of the voussoirs of the left hand arch : 10-2, 8-19. * Like the great T in the blind alley of the street Khati ez Zdt, mentioned above. D 1 8 ArchcBological Researches in Palestine. Via Dolorosa. — On the wall on the left hand before you reach Bab el 'A.tmeh, coming from St. Anne's: 11-12, 5-21, ii-io, 3-21, 6-21, 23-14, 21-19, 19-5. 15-15- ^ On the south wall, between Bab el 'Atmeh and Bab Hitta, on a piece of wall which appears up to a certain height to consist of pieces of mediaeval stonework : 11-12, 15-16, 17-17. — On a stone in the wall beside the Bab el 'Atmeh, which shows mediaeval tooling very slightly slanted (curved surface ?) re-worked in Arab fashion at one end: 10-13. — On a smooth stone in the court of the chapel of the Scourging : 6-12, 25-23, 6-2. — On a smooth stone in the rioht hand iamb of the oreat walled up doorway of the Barracks : 14-3, 14-22. — North-west an^le of barracks, eicrhth course: 6-12. — Mediaevally tooled stone, wall of barracks : 3-9. — On the side pier of an opening level with the ground, before you come to the convent of the Sisters of Sion : 4-22. — At the bottom of the right hand jamb of the great bay in the wall, before you come to the convent of the Sisters of Sion : 4-18. — In the lane at the back of the old seraglio : i9-2 2rt:ir. The Prison. — In the entrance, on a slab of the Mastaba on the rieht hand: 20-11, 28-1. — On the east wall of the platform: 14-1. — On a stone bench in the basement : 28-2. House of Dives (so called). — On the side facing the old military hospital: 4-13 (twice). Tarik Bab el 'AMud. — On a medisevally tooled stone under the vault, looking toward the Armenian ground: 1-12. Places where the Masons Alarks have been found. 1 9 — On all the mediaevally tooled voussoirs of the arches in the court of a Jew's house : i9-20«r. — On the keystone of one of these arches, medictvally tooled: 28-17. Vault under the House of Rabah Effendi. — 2- 1 Of. House of Veronica (so called). — On a pier on the other side of the street, near the house: 3-1 1. — On a great stone almost opposite the half-buried arcades : 3-19. — The half-buried arcades. This mark is on the third voussoir of one arch and the fourth voussoir of another: 7-17. — Ditto, on the right hand side voussoirs of the arch which is under the house : 19-20 (twice). — Near the house, on the fourth voussoir of the same arch, mediaevally tooled: 4-15 (twice). Near the street Zokak el Bus. — At the beginning of the Hosh Sheikh Bakir, to the north of the Ecce Homo arch, near the street of Mohammed Derwish : 21-14^'. — On a house near the Maulawyeh : \\-%b, 13-3. The Kal'a (Tower of David). — On a stone in the castle yard, at the bottom of the ditch, near the Jaffa Gate, looking west: 4-16, ii-'icb, 7-4, 4-14. — In the wall beside the road, at the foot of the Tower of David, in the valley: 22-17. The Kasr Jalud, c.\lled the Tower of Psephinus. — At the corner of the tower, on the south side, a little way along the wall: 4-11 (twice), 16-12, 26-14, 2-"]^. — On the return face: 4-1 8^. — On the north side, on the inside, a loop-hole tooled (perhaps re-tooled) in the Arab (?) manner, obliquely: 2-IT, 16-6, 25-10, 11-15. D 2 20 Archceological Researches in Palestine. The Damascus Gate. — In the town-wall, near the gate : i-iS, i-6, 1-9, 5-7, 4-17 {twice), ii-S(^, [9-15], \2-2\c, 24-3, [24-1], 15-21, 23-13 (several times), 23-12, 23-21, 25-7, 26-22, 27-18, 11-3, 7-2, 13-22, 14-23, 18-4, 20-1, 20-18, 21-23, 22-6, 29-3, 29-4, 29-5. Walls of Jerusalem. — West side, opposite the cave of Jeremiah, on medisevally tooled stone : 25-12. Jerusalem, whereabouts unknown. — /.■ 4-9, 23-2, 10-22, 20-^ad, 19-20, 19-8. Immediate Neighbourhood of Jerusalem. — In the wall of the Armenian church on Mount Sion (House of Caiaphas) : 16-2. — On a corner-stone of the sanctuary of Neby Daud (the angle of the stone is cut away) : 15-23. — Near Neby Daud, on a mediseval stone (diggings of Mr. Maudslay) : 17-19. Church of the Sepulchre of the Virgin. — On the under side of small side arch: 4-20, 26-1 5^^ (often repeated). — On the soffit of the first cross rib of the vault, and on the corbel of the vault : 4-20, 26-23, 13-8 (often repeated). — • On the soffit of an arch : 19-20, 23-22 (often repeated). — Soffit of vault: 13-19, 13-20, 11-9, 10-12 (several times) 3-9, (several times), 6-18 (several times), 5-6, 5-3, 3-18 (several times), 26- 2TyCb (several times), 18-12 (several times): 8-19, 10-23. — On the base of a small column, course of ashlar and soffit of the arch: 23-11 (several times). — Courses of ashlar: 14-19, 21-14. Places where the Masoiis Marks have been fottnd. 1 1 — Second ridge rib: 9-12, 13-6, 16-15 (^-l' often repeated). — Keystone and soffit : 21-14 (several times repeated). — Head of the keystone of an arch : 26-2oad. — Keystone : i i-i. — Wall-arch on right hand: 28-12, 5-23 (several times). — Head of a wall arch : lo-ii, 10-9, 3-9 (several times, and on the keystone) 18- 11 (several times). — Outside: 26-17, 18-8 (several times), 12-10 (several times), 9-14, 3-10, 7-1, 28-13, 28-6, 28-5 (marks often repeated), 27-11,27-12, 26-23, 23-22, 23-23, 23-10, 22-5, 22-7, 21-21, 21-17, 21-18, 20-13, 14-6 (several times), 13-13 (several times), 13-10 (several times), 12-9 (several times), 10-23 (several times), 11-23 (several times), 11-2 (several times), 8-22, 5-23, 4-7, 2-6, 26-23 (several times), 26-22 (several times) 23- 23^1 19-20, ii~8(r (several times), 10-20 (several times), 10-23, 8-19 (several times), 6-21, 6-17, 20-5^/^ (several times), 4-20 (several times), 3-6, 3-10 (several times). U: 26-8, 23-8, 15-17, 15-9, 14-ri, 14-5, 10-7, 4-19, 2-3, 2-4, 15-20, 23-8, 14-11, 26-8 [20-5], 4-19, 10-7, 2-4, 2-3, 10-12, 26-11^. The Mount of Olives. On houses in the village: 26-1, 25-13, 5-10, 5-1, 26-11, 20-2i(5, 5-1. El Kebekiyeh (near the Pool of Mamilla). On the south-east side, which is that in best preservation: 21-13, 11-18, 20-140"^/, 1-4 (marks often repeated). — 25-11, 25-22, 23-9, 19-8, 17-21, 15-21, 13-17, 5-22, 4-16, 1 1-8. — On a buried stone close by : 20-3. Near the Ash Heaps (on the north side of the city). — On the splay of the east window of a ruined house : 5-4. — Same place, fourth stone to the right, in fourth course: 12-23. — Same place, fourth stone to the right, fourth course, on the east side : 2-7. — Wely on the left hand side of the road to Nablus (almost opposite the place where M. de Saulcy tried to make out the site of a theatre) : 2-22, 4-20^0^, 15-20. 2 2 ArchcBolovical Researches in Palestine. "A A LITTLE Ruined Church to the north of the Damascus Gate. — On the wall of the chambers : 21-14. — On a separate block of hewn stone, G : 16-21, 16-22. At the Asnerie of the Crusaders. — T: 9-19. AT NEBY SAMWIL. — On the lower courses of the north outside wall : 19-20, 19-10 [26-23], 2-23 2-20. — On the keystone of a vault: 21-18, 29-20, 29-12, 19-11. — P: 3-5. 3-4. 9-3. 11-13. 15-10- 17-20, 19-7. 23-5, 25-20, 26-3, 19-23, 26-i2f, lo-i irt', 8-II. 13-16^', 4-19, 16-13, 15--21, 22-17. KUBEIBEH (Emmaus of the Franciscans). The Church. The following marks are often repeated on the string-courses, courses of ashlar, voussoirs, etc. (which all show mediseval tooling) : 25-17, 18-10, 16-13, 15-22, 15-1, 13-1. 12-13, 6-13, 21-19, 21-18, 12-22, 11-8, lo-^d, 9-7, 4-18, 26-18, 21-20, 19-2, 16-16, 15-14, 14-20, 14-19, 1-5, 3-1, 5-2, 6-10, 6-17, 6-21, 7-6, 8-14, 9-7, 9-S, 9-15, 9-16, 9-21, 1 1-8. — Z : 2-2, 9-22, 16-17, 19-18. — N: 5-22rt', 9-10, 10-yc. 14-12, 9-11, 9-13. IK'BALA. Ruined Building. — M : 5-23, 15-23, 3-61^, i3-i4fl'r, 12-12, 10-17, 11-9, 19-20^, 18-4^, 11-8, 28-19, 28-18, 20-19, 19-4, 18-14, 13-12, 9-9, 8-12, 7-1 1, 1-22.* * According to a private letter which I have received from Father Paul de St. Aignan (Dec. 18, 1897), we must add, (i) the mark 21-10, (2) a mark which I have not been able to show in the plate ; it consists of a heart surmounted by a Q ; (3) a mark shaped like a fleur-de-lis, akin to 28-22, 28-23, 29-1, and 29-2, in the plate. Places ivkcre the Masons A f arks have been found. 23 SOBA. — On the stones of the old fortification wall : 28-20, 6-23, 1 1-4, io-2\b. -- On the drafted stones: 28-16, 21-23, 24-11, 7-19, 6-22, 10-16^;^, 6-21, 29-16, 29-8. ABU GHOSH. — Right hand apse, looking east : 7-16. — Central apse: 27-17, 27-15, 7-20, 6-1, 4-14, 8-5«c, lo-ijad. — Lower part of the apse, stones not medievally tooled until one reaches the beginning of the vault (cul-de-four) : 22-12, 12-22. — Lower part of apse, on the soffit of the same voussoir (mediaeval tooling): 24-3, and 11-8. — Lower part of the apse (mediaeval tooling): 15-4, 13-2, 15-23, 5-14, 4-4, 12-16 (several times). — The Crypt, soffit of arch : 12-1 (twenty-one times), 5-13 (several times), 5-20. — On the crown of the arch : 12-22. — On the outside ; i 1-6. — On the piers: 3-20^, 5-23, 2-7, 1-17, 27-19, 23-18, 23-19, 19-13 (several times), 16-5, 14-14, 12-16, 11-17, 9-17, 8-1 1, 7-22, 6-9 (several times), 5-16, 4-12, 4-8, 3-20, 19-20, 21-14, ii-iOf/, [9-16] repeatedly, 7-4, 6-2ib, 27-20. — On a block which has been re-tooled, or badly tooled : 8-5. — [5-14] (several times), 11-22 (several times) 27-6, .24-13, 15-5, 14-8, 5-5, 2-8, 19-20, 8-8, 12-12, 9-16, 6-21, 27-10, fc-6, 11-18, 5-15. — E : ig-2oae. — /.• 19-20, 27-7, 14-15, 23-18. — O: 12-12, 3-23, 6-4, 7-23, 27-7, 27-8, 20-21, 8-2i/'i, 4-i6r, 6-22(/, 21-18, S-22C (twice), 15-21, 15-20, 19-9^^, 29-10, 29-9, 3-22, 6-16, 7~j, 8-1, 7-23, 9-2, 9-5, 9-6, 10-10, 10-18, 13-4, 16-7, 19-9, 19-16, 19-21, 20-10, 22-11, 22-15, 23-6, 27-8. Besides these, I find in my notes the following remark : " on a stone in the crypt a mason's mark representing a human head." Unfortunately the sketch of it which we made has been mislaid. BEIT NUBA. — On the ashlar of the apse : 2-18. 24 Archcsological Researches in Palestine. •AMWAS. The Church. — K : On the wall of the part rebuilt by the Crusaders: 21-18, 22-8, 23-4. LYDDA. The Church. — On the stones of the exterior piers, now comprised in the outer wall of the mosque: 12-14, 12-/, 3-8. — On a mediaeval stone in the west wall, on the outside of the mosque : 5-18. — Almost every stone of the Church of the Crusaders bore a letter or a mason's mark: 9-20, 3-17. 12-15, 12-19, 21-16, 8-2, 10-4, ■]-•]. 7-13, 7-12, 7-8, 5-18. 5-12, 5-11, 4-18, 3-15, 1-14, 21-14, 10-17, 8-2, 8-3, 26-16, 7-9, 3-13. io-i6rt', 8-19. — On a media^vally tooled stone near Lydda, which serves as a horse- block for the Greek convent: 2-17. — Y: 10-12, 8-1 1, 1-15, 1-13, 3-14, 3-12, 5-5, 7-10, 12-18, 16-4, 16-9, 16-8, 17-7, 27-3, 27-2, 28-21, 29-19. The Bridge. — On a voussoir of the eastern arch : 2-16. — On a voussoir of the central arch : 26-20. — On a voussoir : ^i-l^ 10-3. — On the drums of a column enclosed in the stonework at one end (five drums visible), the rest probably buried inside : 12-12 (twice). — 4-8, 8-19, 7-14, 10-17, 4-3, 3-23, 4-21, 21-15, 12-17, 12-6, 7-141:, A,-2od, 2-19 (twice^, 8-19, 8-15, 4-6, 20-16, 17-6, 16-1S, 20-22, 26-15, 27-16, 10-5, 12-5. On the same Bridge. — A : Centre arch, north side : 10-6, 7-14, 4-20. — Soffit of centre arch, south side : 22-16. Places lu/iere the Alasons Marks have been found. 25 RAMLEH. The Church. — Right hand apse : i-ii, i-i, 13-5, 12-21, 17-22. — 29-14. The (so-called) Tower of the Forty Martyrs. — On mediaevally tooled stones : 8-6, 9-4, 14-17. — On non-mediaevally tooled stones : 20-7, 11-23^ (twice). — J : On the staircase of the tower : 12-21, 24-4 [13-13]- YEBNA. The Bridge. — A: East arch, north side : 11-5. — East arch, south side: 15-6, 22-2. — West arch, north side : i-io. — West arch, south side : 6-20. BEIT JIBRIN. The Ruined Church. — On medisevally tooled stones, repeatedly : 7-4, 1 2-1 2c/, 5-22C. — Q : 12-12, 8-6fl^, 6-4. GAZA. The Little Greek Church. — On medisevally tooled marble : 10-21, 1 1-9, 17-15. The Great Mosque. — On the voussoirs of the great door, on the inner side ; the original tooHng has disappeared through the polishing of the stone: 1-21 (five or six times). E 26 ArchcBological Researches ui Palestuic. — Soffit of the voussoirs of the door : 2-12 (several times). — On the upper fillet of the cornice, on the right hand side of the door looking towards it : 1-9. — On a marble string course, several times repeated : 29-13, 20-4. EL BIREH. Church. This solitary mark, 18-7, occurs more than thirty times on all the obviously medieval parts of the building. — On stones of non-mediseval tooling : 21-6. — /.- 6-7, 10-8, 18-6, 16-1. — L: iS-S^r, 8-12 (twice), 20-21, 18-9. nAblus. The Great Mosque. — On the outside : 2-15, 4-2, 4-8, 12-4, 21-14C, 13-23, 18-1, 24-4, 24-9. — H : 2-1, 3-19. The Church of Suk el 'Atain (Nablus). — On mediaevally tooled stones : 17-2, 11-22, 21-13^. SEBtJSTIEH. — On all the voussoirs of a sub-arch («;r doiibkmi) : 2-9, 5-22^, 8-6, 12-12, 23-7. — Ashlar of window splay, smooth stone : 1 1-19. — All the following marks occur many times over: 4-20rtf(^, 11-20, I1-21, 12-4, 12-11, 21-14, 19-20, 19-14, 19-15- /.• 2-7, 23-3, 15-18, 21-22, 12-8, 2-14, 8-17, 6-3, 11-21. ACRE. The Rushdiyeh School : 17-10. Places where the Masons Marks have been found. 27 NAZARETH. The Ancient Church of the Crusaders.* In the left hand apse : 19-20. Here and there there are some other new marks, of a very complicated kind, which I have not been able to put into the Plate, the notice of them having reached me too late.t In the window of the left hand apse : OGIER. This name is found repeated many times on various stones of the building ; the letters of which it is composed are sometimes increasing, and sometimes diminishing in size as they go on. It is a true mason's mark, contemporary with the building, and not, as one might think, a grajjito. This is proved, first, by the very fact of its repetition, and secondly by the fact of its existence on several of the stones belonmne to the foundation. All the stones show the diagonal strokes which are characteristic of Crusaders' work ; the strokes seem very sharp as far as I can tell from squeezes. TYRE. B : Hiram's Tomb: 16-3 (the cross was most likely cut afterwards, and is not a true mason's mark). SIDON. The Castle in the Sea. — B : Wall c : 2Q-\ibc, 21-2, 18-2, 18-16, 20-2. — Wall d: 13-14, i5-2i-^b, 22-20, 17-12, 10-19. Upon this subject M. van Berchem writes to me as follows : " If my memory does not deceive me, the masons' marks are not to be found on the facade itself, but upon the stonework of an exterior porch which joins the facade upon one side. One arch of this porch may be seen in the photograph* built into the wall .... The stones show diagonal strokes, and in the facade there is an arch like the one of the bridge at Lydda.t made out of the materials of the Frank church there, with a moulding of the same kind, but more carefully wrought. This part of the castle does not seem to have been meddled with by the Mohammedans. They have built in front of it a staircase which blocks up the original entrance. This seems to have been built for convenience of access to the inner court, whose walls butt against the chapel at this point. The stonework of the vaults also seems to mc to show traces of the hands of the Franks. The fagade is certainly Frankish work, and the marks which I have noted have no doubt the same origin .... The stonework of the porch is not the * A verj' good one, taken by M. van Berchem himself. I think that with the aid of a magnifying glass I can make out the mark 22-19 o" the first voussoir on the right hand side of the arch (which carries the staircase ?), which appears on the left hand side of the photograph. \ See Vol. II, p. no sqq. of this work. Places tv/iere the Masons Marks have been foimd. 29 same as that of the original facade, where the stones are drafted with a deeply cut border, whereas in the porch and staircase they have smooth joints with traces of diagonal tooling. Perhaps the porch was built at the same time as the staircase, to replace the original entrance which has been superseded by the latter ; but, I repeat, these additions seem to have been made by the Franks .... The porch has a central joint at the crown of the arch." SAHYUN. A : On the lintel and voussoirs of the discharging arch of the postern* on the north side of the castle: 5-9, 8-13, 13-21, 17-5, 8-18, 8-10. Four of these marks are distinctly visible on an e.xcellent photograph of the postern taken by M. van Berchem. The marks N and AA are cut, the one on the right, and the other on the left hand side of the same drafted stone which serves as a lintel to the postern. The mark N is often repeated on a square tower of the same castle. MARGAT. The Castle. — A A : On Biirj es Sati, an outlying tower of Margat, on the side next the sea: 21-14, 20-2, 31-2, 15-20, 12-21, 32-2. — On some of the voussoirs of an arch in the interior, between the entrance of the second enceinte and the interior court (this part of the casde is entirely Frank work): 9-20, i8-3<5, 8-4, 15-20, 25-8, 19-3,- 18-23, 18-22, 8-4. SAFITA (Chastel-Blanc). The Tower or Keep. W: In the great hall in the upper story: 7-4, 21-14, 5^23, 19-12, 17-4, 14-2, 4-23. — AA: 11-16, 31-5, 11-23, 30-22, 31-1, 30-1, 12-4, 31-19, 31-6, 31-3, 30-12, 31-21, 30-14, 6-19, 26-20, 11-22, 31-18, 30-10, 32-6, 12-22, 32-3, 30-4, 30-18, 19-2. * See a good sketch of this postern in Dussaud's Voyage en Syrie, 1895, p. u- 30 Arclicsological Researches tJi Palestine. LEBANON AND CCELE-SYRIA. — C: Kul'at esh ShOkJf : 13-5. — BURKUSH : 20-2\C, 24-8, 4-18^', 26-^ad. NORTHERN SYRIA. TOKLEH. — X : A Tower: 7-4, 8-5, 17-13, 24-5. ALEPPO. — A : — On various stones on one of the towers of the old walls of the town: 20-sad, 6-5, 6-4, 15-12, 16-14, IQ-IQ- 20-6, 22-4, 22-18, 24-23. 25-5, 28-3, 27-22, 25-4, 22-7. One may reasonably doubt whether these marks are Arab or Frank, for Aleppo was always continuously occupied by the Mohammedans during the period of the Crusades, and their historians * have made us acquainted with the names of the sultans who in succession caused work to be done upon the city wall. "The enceinte," M. van Berchem writes to me, "is altogether Arab work both in its general conception and in its details. As far as I remember, these marks are cut in the centre of stones which cannot have been taken from any other building." Nevertheless, these signs seem too characteristically Frank to be Arab ones, and although none of them are alphabetical ones, which would settle the question, yet several of them are to be found upon stones belonging to buildings of incontestably Frankish origin. I therefore ask myself whether the Arabs may not in this case, as they have done in many others, saved themselves trouble by transporting ready-hewn stone from some of the towns and castles near Aleppo, when they had won them back from the Crusaders. Or, may they not at some particular * M. van Berchem believes that he can prove that the part of the walls whereon he found these marks is the work of the Ayubite Sultan El Melik edh Dhaher Ghazi (Saladin's son). It is probable, because Yakut tells us that this prince rebuilt the town and dug the ditch Places where the Masons Marks have been found. 3 1 period have made use of Prankish prisoners to hew some of their stone ? and may not some of these men either from the custom of their trade or out of some whim of their own, have cut their marl-cs upon the stones, although the act would have been unavailing for them, considering the conditions under which they were working? Aleppo was one of the principal centres to which the prisoners taken in these endless raids were sent, and on both sides, both Mohammedans and Crusaders, as we know,* were quite prepared to make use of workmen who cost them nothing for the great works necessary for the defence of towns. I give this conjecture for what it is worth, without laying any especial stress upon it, and until I have more evidence in my hands, I shall suspend my judgment as to the origin of the masons' marks discovered at Aleppo. TORTOSA. — AA : The Church: 31-23, 31-17, 2i-22ad, 31-14, 31-12, 30-6, 8-6, 12-22, 30-9, 13-S, e-iqb, 30-13, 31-3. bAniAs (BALANEA). — A A : On several stones which were being re-tooled : 20-23. KUL'AT 'AREIMEH. A A : On the right hand pier of one of the gates : 30-8. — Marked on a stone with very plain mediaeval tooling : 32-4 ; 18-3, 21-22^^, 30-15, 30-16, 32-5, 30-5, 30-11, 12-23, 30-19, 22-2iad, 31-4. OF UNCERTAIN ORIGIN. F: 2S-10, 28-4, 27-9, 25-21, 23-20, 15-8, 7-21, 5-17. Note. — See also, although it leads us a little beyond our own ground, the masons' marks found at El Hadhr (Hatra), in Mesopotamia, by Messrs. Ainsworth and Rassam {Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archceology, March, 1892, p. 256). Layard believed them to be Sassanid, and says that he has found others like them at Bisutun and Ispahan. Mr. Ainsworth seems inclined to attribute them to another source. Several of them bear a great likeness to our Crusaders' marks. * For instance, Saladin, as we learn from the Mohammedan chroniclers (see Mujir ed Din, el Uns el /elll, page 338 of the Arabic text of Cairo), employed two thousand Frank prisoners to dig the ditch and build up the wall of Jerusalem after he had taken it from the Crusaders. ArchcBological Researches in Palestine. II.— LIST OF THE MASONS' MARKS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO LOCALITY. I-I Ramleh. 2-10 Jerusalem. 4-1 Jerusalem. 1-2 Jerusalem. 2-1 1 Jerusalem. 4-2 Nablus. 1-3 Jerusalem. 2-12 Gaza. 4-3 Lydda. 1-4 Jerusalem (neigh- 2-13 Jerusalem. 4-4 Abu Ghosh. bourhood). 2-14 Sebiistieh. 4-5 Jerusalem. 1-5 Kubeibeh (Emmaus 2-15 Nablus. 4-6 Lydda. of the Francis- 2-16 Lydda. 4-7 Jerusalem (neigh- cans). 2-17 Lydda. bourhood). 1-6 Jerusalem. 2-18 Beit Nuba. 4-8 Abu Ghosh, Nablus. 1-7 Jerusalem. 2-19 Lydda. 4-9 Jerusalem. 1-8 Jerusalem. 2-20 Neby Samwil. 4-10 Jerusalem. 1-9 Jerusalem. 2-21 Jerusalem. 4-1 1 Jerusalem. i-io Yebna. 2-22 Jerusalem (neigh- 4-12 Abu Ghosh. i-ii Ramleh. bourhood). 4-13 Jerusalem. I- 1 2 Jerusalem. 2-23 Neby Samwil. 4-14 Jerusalem, Abu I-13 Lydda. 3-1 Kubeibeh. Ghosh. I-14 Lydda. 3-2 Jerusalem. 4-15 Jerusalem. T 1 1 I- 1 5 Lydda. 3-3 Jerusalem. 4-16 Jerusalem and neighbourhood, 1-16 Jerusalem. 3-4 Neby Samwil. Abu Ghosh. 1-17 Jerusalem, Abu 3-5 Neby Samwil. 4-17 Jerusalem. Ghosh. 3-6 Jerusalem and neighbourhood, Tk'hala 4-18 Jerusalem, Lydda, I- 1 8 Jerusalem. Lebanon and I-IQ Gaza. J. rv LJcLldi Coele Syria. 1-20 Jerusalem. 3-7 Lydda. 4-19 Jerusalem (neigh- I— 21 Gaza. 3-8 Lydda. bourhood), Neby 3-9 Jerusalem and Samwil. 1-22 ik'bala. 1-23 Jerusalem. neighbourhood. 4-20 Jerusalem (neigh- 3-10 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood), Lyd- 2-1 Nablus. bourhood). da, Sebustieh. 2-2 Kubeibeh. 3-1 1 Jerusalem. 4-21 Lydda. 2-3 Jerusalem (neigh- 3-12 Lydda. 4-22 Jerusalem. bourhood). 3-13 Lydda. 4-23 Safita. 2-4 Jerusalem (neigh- 3-14 Lydda. 5-1 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 3-15 Lydda. bourhood). 2-5 Jerusalem. 3-16 Jerusalem. S-2 Kubeibeh. 2-6 Jerusalem (neigh- 3-17 Lydda. 5-3 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 3-18 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 2-7 Jerusalem and bourhood). 5-4 Jerusalem (neigh- neighbourhood, 3-19 Jerusalem, Nablus. bourhood). Abu Ghosh and 3-20 Abu Ghosh. 5-5 Abu Ghosh, Lydda SebQstieh. 3-21 Jerusalem. 5-6 Jerusalem (neigh- 2-8 Abu Ghosh. 3-22 Abu Ghosh. bourhood). 2-9 Sebustieh. 3-23 Abu Ghosh, Lydda. 5-7 Jerusalem. Places where the Masons Marks have been found. Z2, 5-8 Jerusalem. 5-9 Sahyun. 5-10 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 5-1 1 Lydda. 5-12 Lydda. 5-13 Abu Ghosh. 5-14 Abu Ghosh. 5-15 Abu Ghosh. 5-16 Abu Ghosh. 5-17 Unknown. 5-18 Lydda. 5-19 Jerusalem. 5-20 Abu Ghosh. 5-21 Jerusalem. 5-22 Jerusalem and neighbourhood, Kubeibeh, Yeb- na, Sebustieh. 5-23 Jerusalem and neighbourhood, Ik'bala, Abu Ghosh, Safita. 6-1 Abu Ghosh. 6-2 Jerusalem. 6-3 Sebustieh. 6-4 Abu Ghosh, Yeb- na, Aleppo. 6-5 Aleppo. 6-6 Abu Ghosh. 6-j El Bireh. 6-8 Jerusalem. 6-9 Abu Ghosh. 6-10 Origin unknown. 6-1 1 Jerusalem. 6-12 Jerusalem. 6-13 Kubeibeh. 6-14 Jerusalem. 6-15 Jerusalem. 6-16 Abu Ghosh. 6-17 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood), Ku- beibeh. 6-18 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 6-19 Kijl'at el Hosn, Tortosa, Safita. 6-20 Yebna. 6-21 Jerusalem and neighbourhood. Suba, Abu Ghosh Kubeibeh. 6-22 Soba, Abu Ghosh. 6-23 Jerusalem, Soba. 7-1 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 7-2 Jerusalem. 7-3 Abu Ghosh. 7-4 Jerusalem, Abu Ghosh, Yebna, Jebcil, Kul'at el Hosn, Safita, North Syria. 7-5 Jerusalem. 7-6 Kubeibeh. 7-7 Lydda. 7-8 Lydda. 7-9 Lydda. 7-10 Lydda. 7-1 1 ik'bala. 7-12 Lydda. 7-13 Lydda. 7-14 Lydda. 7-15 Jerusalem. 7-16 Abu Ghosh. 7-17 Jerusalem. 7-18 Jerusalem. 7-19 Soba. 7-20 Abu Ghosh. 7-21 Origin unknown. 7-22 Abu Ghosh. 7-23 Abu Ghosh. 8-1 Abu Ghosh. 8-2 Lydda. 8-3 Lydda. 8-4 Margat. 8-5 Jerusalem, Abu Ghosh, Jebeil, North Syria. 8-6 Jerusalem, Ramleh, Yebna, Sebus- tieh, Tortosa. 8-7 Jebeil. 8-8 Abu Ghosh. 8-9 Jerusalem. 8-10 Sahyun. 8-1 1 Jerusalem, Neby Samwil, Abu Ghosh, Lydda. 8-12 ik'b/Ua. 8-13 Sahyun. 8-14 Kubeibeh. 8-15 Lydda. 8-16 Jebeil. 8-17 Sebustieh. 8-18 Sahyun. 8-19 Jerusalem and neighbourhood, Lydda. 8-20 Jerusalem. 8-21 Jerusalem, Abu Ghosh. 8-22 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood of). ■23 Jerusalem. ■I Jerusalem. •2 Abu Ghosh. -3 Neby Samwil. •4 Ramleh. -5 Abu Ghosh. -6 Abu Ghosh. ■7 Kubeibeh. -S Kubeibeh. ■9 ik'bala. -10 Kubeibeh. -II Kubeibeh. ■12 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). -13 Kubeibeh. -14 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). -15 Jerusalem, Kubei- beh. -16 Kubeibeh, Abu Ghosh. -17 Abu Ghosh. -18 Jerusalem. -19 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). -20 Jerusalem, Lydda, Margat. -21 Kubeibeh. -22 Kubeibeh. 34 Archcsological Researches in Palestine. 9-23 Jerusalem. lO-I Jerusalem. 10-2 Jerusalem. IO-3 Lydda. 10-4 Lydda. 10-5 Kubeibeh, Lydda. 10-6 Lydda. ic^7 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood), Ku- beibeh. 10-8 El Bireh. 10-9 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 10-10 Abu Ghosh. lO-II Jerusalem and neighbourhood, Neby Samwil. tO-I2 Jerusalem and neighbourhood. Lydda. 10-13 Jerusalem. 10-14 Jerusalem. 10-15 Jerusalem and neighbourhood. 10-16 Jerusalem, Soba, Lydda. 10-17 Jerusalem, Ik'bala, Abu Ghosh, Lydda. 10-18 Abu Ghosh. 10-19 Kiirat el Hosn. 10-20 Jerusalem and neighbourhood. 10-21 Jerusalem, Soba, Gaza. 10-22 Jerusalem. 10-23 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 1 1 -I Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 1 1-2 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 1 1-3 Jerusalem. 1 1-4 Soba. 1 1-5 Yebna. 1 1-6 Jerusalem, Abu Ghosh. I J -7 Jerusalem. 1 1-8 Jerusalem and neighbourhood, Kubeibeh,Ik'bala, Abu Ghosh. 1 1-9 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). il-io Jerusalem, Abu Ghosh. ii-ii Jerusalem. 11-12 Jerusalem. 11-13 Neby Samwil. 1 1-14 Jerusalem. 11-15 Jerusalem. 11-16 Jerusalem, Safita. 11-17 Abu Ghosh. 11-18 Jerusalem. II-19 Sebiistieh. 11-20 Sebustieh. 1 1 -2 1 Sebustieh. 11-22 Jerusalem, Abu Ghosh, Nablus, Safita. 11-23 Jerusalem and neighbourhood, Ramleh, Safita. 1 2-1 Abu Ghosh. 12-2 Jerusalem. 12-3 Jerusalem. 12-4 Nablus, Sebustieh, Safita. 12-5 Lydda. 12-6 Lydda. 12-7 Lydda. 12-8 Sebiistieh. 12-9 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood) 12-10 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 12-11 Sebiistieh. 12-12 ik'bala, Abu Ghosh, Lydda, Yebna, Sebustieh. 12-13 Kubeibeh. 12-14 Lydda. 12-15 Lydda. 12-16 Abu Ghosh. 12-17 Lydda. 12-18 Lydda. 12-19 Lydda. 12—20 Jerusalem. 12-21 Jerusalem, Ramleh, Margat, Kiii'at el Hosn. 12-22 Jerusalem, Kubei- beh, Abu Ghosh, Tortosa, Safita. 12-23 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood), Kiii'at el 'Areimeh. 1 3-1 Kubeibeh. 13-2 Abu Ghosh. '^Z-'i Jerusalem. I 3-4 Abu Ghosh. 13-5 Ramleh, Lebanon, and Coele Syria. 1 3-6 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). ^S-7 Jerusalem. 13-8 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood), Tor- tosa. 13-9 Jerusalem. 13-10 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 13-11 Sidon. 13-12 ik'bala. 13-13 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood), Ram- leh. 13-14 Jerusalem, Ik'bala, Sidon. 13-15 Jerusalem. 13-16 Jerusalem and Neby Samwil. 13-17 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 13-18 Jerusalem and neighbourhood. 13-19 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 13-20 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 13-21 Sahyun. 13-32 Jerusalem. Places where the Masons Marks have been found. 35 13-23 Nablus. 15-17 Jerusalem (neigh- 17-3 Jerusalem. 14-1 Jerusalem. bourhood) 17-4 Jerusalem. 14-2 Safita. 15-18 Sebiistieh. 17-S Sahyun. 14-3 Jerusalem. 15-19 Jerusalem. 17-6 Lydda. 14-4 Jerusalem. 15-20 Jerusalem and 17-7 Lydda. 14-5 Jerusalem (neigh- neighbourhood, 17-8 Jebeil. bourhood). Abu Ghosh, Mar- 17-9 Jerusalem. 14-6 Jerusalem (neigh- gat. 17-10 Acre. bourhood). 15-21 Jerusalem and 1 7-1 1 Sidon. 14-7 Jerusalem. neighbourhood, 17-12 Kiirat el Hosn. 14-8 Abu Ghosh. Neby Samwil, 17-13 North Syria. 14-9 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). Abu Ghosh. Si- don. 17-14 Jerusalem. 17-15 Gaza. 14-10 Jerusalem. 1 4- 1 1 Jerusalem ( neigh- 15-22 Kubeibeh. 17-16 Jerusalem, Lydda. bourhood). 14-12 Kubeibeh. 14-13 Jerusalem. 15-23 Jerusalem and neighbourhood, ik'bala, Abu Ghosh. 17-17 17-18 17-19 Jerusalem. Kiirat el Hosn. Jerusalem (neigh- 14-14 Abu Ghosh. 16-1 El Bireh. bourhood). 14-15 Abu Ghosh. 16-2 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood.) 17-20 Neby Samwil. 14-16 Jerusalem. 17-21 Jerusalem (neigh- 14-17 Ramleh. 16-3 Tyre. bourhood). 14-18 Jerusalem. 16-4 Jerusalem, Lydda. 17-22 Ramleh. 14-19 Jerusalem (neigh- 16-5 Abu Ghosh. 17-23 Jerusalem. bourhood), Ku- 16-6 Jerusalem. 1 8-1 Nablus. beibeh. 16-7 Abu Ghosh. 18-2 Sidon. 14-20 Kubeibeh. 16-8 Lydda. 18-3 Jerusalem, Margat, 14-21 Jerusalem. 16-9 Lydda. Kul'at el 'Arci- 14-22 Jerusalem. 16-10 Jerusalem. mch. 14-23 Jerusalem. i6-ii Jerusalem. 18-4 Jerusalem, Ik'bala, 1 5-1 Kubeibeh! 16-12 Jerusalem. Kul'at ei Hosn. 15-2 Jerusalem. 16-13 Neby Samwil, Ku- 18-5 Jerusalem. 15-3 Jerusalem. beibeh. 18-6 El Bireh. 15-4 Abu Ghosh. 16-14 Aleppo. 18-7 El Bireh. 15-5 Abu Ghosh. 16—15 Jerusalem. 18-8 Jerusalem (neigh- 15-6 Yebna. 16-16 Kubeibeh. bourhood), el '5-7 Jerusalem. 16-17 Kubeibeh. Bireh. 15-8 Of unknown origin. 16-18 Lydda. 18-9 El Bireh. 15-9 Jerusalem (neigh- 16-19 Sidon. 18-10 Kubeibeh. bourhood). 16-20 Jerusalem. 1 8-1 1 Jerusalem (neigh 15-10 Neby Samwil. 16-21 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 1 5-1 1 Sidon. bourhood). 18-12 Jerusalem (neigh- 15-12 Aleppo. 16-22 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood), el 15-13 Jerusalem. bourhood) Bireh, Damascus. 15-14 Kubeibeh. 16-23 Jerusalem. 18-13 Jerusalem. 15-15 Jerusalem. 17-1 Jerusalem. 18-14 Jerusalem, Ik'bala. 15-16 Jerusalem. 17-2 Nablus. 18-15 Jerusalem. F 2 36 ArchcBolozical Researches in Palestine. 18-16 18-17 18-18 18-19 18-20 18-21 18-22 18-23 19-1 19-2 19-3 19-4 19-5 19-6 19-7 19-8 19-9 19-10 19-11 19-12 19-13 19-14 19-1S 19-16 19-17 19-18 19-19 19-20 19-21 19-22 19-23 20-1 20—2 20-3 20-4 20-s Sidon. Jerusalem. Jerusalem. Jerusalem. Jerusalem. Jerusalem. Margat. Margat. Jebeil. Kubeibeh, Safita. Margat. ik'bala. Jerusalem. Jerusalem. Neby Samwil. Jerusalem and neighbourhood. Abu Ghosh. Neby Samwil. Neby Samwil. Safita. Abu Ghosh, Margat. SebCistieh. Sebiistieh. Abu Gh6.sh. Jerusalem. Kubeibeh. Aleppo. Jerusalem and neighbourhood, Neby Samwil, ik'bala, Abu Ghosh, SebCistieh, Kul'at el Hosn. Abu Ghosh. Jerusalem. Jerusalem, Neby Samwil, Jebeil. Jerusalem. Sidon, Margat. Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). Gaza. Jerusalem and neighbourhood, Lebanon and Coele Syria, Aleppo. 20-6 Aleppo. 20-7 Ramleh. 20-8 Jerusalem. 20-9 Jerusalem. 20-10 Abu Ghosh. 20-1 1 Jerusalem. 20-12 Kiirat el Hosn. 20-13 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 20-14 Jerusalem and neighbourhood, Kul'at el Hosn. 20-15 Sidon. 20-16 Jerusalem, Lydda. 20-17 Jerusalem. 20-18 Jerusalem. 20-19 Jerusalem, Ik'bala, Nazareth. 20-20 Jerusalem. 20-21 Jerusalem and neighbourhood, Abu Ghosh, el Bireh, Lebanon and Ccele Syria. 20-22 Lydda. 20—23 Damascus. 21-1 Sidon. 21—2 Sidon. 21-3 Sidon. 21-4 Sidon. 21-5 Sidon. 21-6 El Bireh. 21-7 Jerusalem. 21-8 Jerusalem. 21-9 Jerusalem. 21-10 Jerusalem, Kiirat el Hosn. 21-11 Jerusalem. 21-12 Jerusalem. 21-13 Jerusalem, Nablus. 21-14 Jerusalem and neighbourhood, Abu Ghdsh, Lydda, Nablus, Sebijstieh, Safita. Margat, Kul'at el Hosn. 21-15 Jerusalem, Lydda. 21- 16 Lydda. 21- 17 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 21- 18 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood), Neby Samwil, Kubei- beh, Abu Ghosh, 'Amwas. 21- -19 Jerusalem, Kubei- beh. 21- -20 Kubeibeh. 2 1- -21 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 21- -22 Sebiistieh, Tortosa, Kfil'aterAreimeh Kijl'at el Hosn. 21- -23 Jerusalem, Soba. 22- -I Kul'at el Hosn. 22- -2 Yebna. 22- -3 Jerusalem. 22- -4 Aleppo. 22- -5 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 22- -6 Jerusalem. 22- -7 Jerusalem and neighbourhood, 'Aleppo. 22- -8 'Amwas. 22-9 Jerusalem. 22- -10 Jerusalem. 22- -II Abu Ghosh. 22- -12 Abu Ghosh. 22- -13 Jerusalem. 22- -14 Jerusalem. 22- -iS Abu Ghosh. 22- -16 Lydda. 22- -17 Jerusalem, Neby Samwil. o*? -18 Aleppo. 22 -19 Kid'at el Hosn. 22 -20 Kai'at el Hosn. 1 22 -21 Kijl'at el Hosn, Kul'atel'Areimeh, Kul'at el Hosn. 22 -22 Jerusalem. 22 -23 Jerusalem. 23 -I Jerusalem. Places where the Masons Marks have been found. 37 23-2 Jerusalem. 23-3 Sebiistieh. 23-4 'Amwas. 23-S Neby Samwil. 23-6 Abu Ghosh. 23-7 Scbustieh. 23-8 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood.) 23-9 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 23-10 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood.) 23-11 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 23-12 Jerusalem. 23-13 Jerusalem. 23-14 Jerusalem. 23-15 Jerusalem. 23-16 Jerusalem. 23-17 Jerusalem. 23-18 Abu Ghosh. 23-19 Abu Ghosh. 23-20 Of unknown origin. 23-21 Jerusalem. 23-22 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 23-23 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 24-1 Jerusalem. 24-2 Jerusalem. 24-3 Jerusalem, Abu Ghosh. 24-4 Ramleh, Nablus. 24-5 North Syria. 24-6 Jerusalem. 24-7 Kul'at el Hosn. 24-8 Jerusalem, Lebanon, and Ccele Syria. 24-9 Nablus. 24-10 Kul'at el Hosn. 24- u Soba. 24-12 Jerusalem. 24-13 Abu Ghosh. 24-14 Jerusalem. 24-15 Jerusalem. 24-16 Jerusalem. 24-^7 Jerusalem. 24-18 Jerusalem. 24-19 Jerusalem 24-20 Jerusalem. 24-21 Jerusalem. 24-22 Jerusalem. 24-23 Aleppo. 25-1 Jerusalem. 25—2 Jerusalem. 25-3 Jerusalem. 25-4 Aleppo. 25-s Aleppo. 25-6 Sidon. 25-7 Jerusalem. 25-8 Margat. 25-9 Jerusalem. 25-10 Jerusalem. 25-11 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 25-12 Jerusalem. 25-13 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 25-14 Jerusalem. 25-15 Jerusalem. 25-16 Jerusalem. 25-17 Kubeibeh. 25-18 Jerusalem. 25-19 Jerusalem. 25-20 Neby Samwil. 25-21 Unknown. 25-22 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 25-23 Jerusalem. 26-1 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 26-2 Jerusalem. 26-3 Neby Samwil. 26-4 Jerusalem. 26-5 Jerusalem. 26-6 Jerusalem. 26-7 Jerusalem. 26-8 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 26-9 Jerusalem. 26-10 Jerusalem. 26-11 Jerusalem and neighbourhood, Kul'at el Hosn. 26-12 Jerusalem, Neby Samwil. 26-13 Jerusalem. 26-14 Jerusalem. 26-15 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood), Lyd- da. 26-16 Lydda. 26-17 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 26-18 Kubeibeh. 26-19 Jerusalem. 26-20 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood), Lyd- da, Saflta. 26-21 Jerusalem. 26-22 Jerusalem and neighbourhood. 26-23 Jerusalem and neighbourhood, Neby Samwil. -I Jerusalem. -2 Lydda. -3 Lydda. -4 Jerusalem. "5 Jerusalem. -6 Abu Ghosh. -7 Abu Ghosh. -8 Abu Ghosh. •9 Of unknown origin. •10 Abu Ghosh. ■II Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). ■12 Jerusalem (neigh- bourhood). 27. 27. 27. 27. 27- 27- 27- 27- 27- 27- 27- 27- 27- 27- 27- 27- 27- 27- 27- 27 27 27- 27- 28- 13 Jerusalem. 14 Jerusalem. 15 Abu Ghosh. 16 Lydda. 17 Abu Ghosh. 18 Jerusalem. 19 Abu Ghosh. 20 Abu Ghosh. 21 Jerusalem. 22 Aleppo. 23 Jerusalem. I Jerusalem. 38 Archceological Researches in Palestine. 28-2 Jerusalem. 29-9 Abu Ghosh. 30-20 KQl'at el Hosn. 28-3 Aleppo. 29-10 Abu Ghosh. 30-21 Kijl'at el Hosn. 28-4 Of unknown origin. 29-11 Jerusalem. 30-22 Safita. 28-5 Jerusalem (neigh- 29-12 Neby Samwil. 30-23 Banias (Balanea). bourhood) 29-13 Gaza. 31-1 Safita. 28-6 Jerusalem (neigh- 29-14 Ramleh. 31-2 Margat. bourhood) 29-15 Jerusalem. 31-3 Safita, Tortosa. 28-7 Jerusalem. 29-16 Soba. 31-4 Kul'at el 'Areimeh 28-8 Jerusalem. 29-17 Jerusalem. 31-S Safita. 28-9 Jerusalem. 29-18 Jerusalem. 31-6 Safita. 28-10 Of unknown origin. 29-19 Lydda. 31-7 Kiil'at el Hosn. 28-11 Jerusalem. 29-20 Neby Samwil. 31-8 Kiirat el Hosn. 28-12 Jerusalem (neigh- 29-21 Of unknown origin. 31-9 Kid'at el Hosn. bourhood) 29-22 Of unknown origin. 31-10 Kiirat el Hosn. 28-13 Jerusalem (neigh- 29-23 Of unknown origin. 31-II Kid'at el Hosn. bourhood). 30-1 Safita. 31-12 Tortosa. 28-14 Jerusalem. 3C^2 Kul'at el Hosn. 31-13 Kiirat el Hosn. 28-15 Jerusalem. 30-3 Kijl'at el Hosn. 31-14 Tortosa. 28-16 Soba. 30-4 Safita. 31-1S Kiirat el Hosn. 28-17 Jerusalem. 30-5 Kijl'at cl 'Areimeh. 31-16 Kiirat el Hosn. 28-18 Ik'bala. 30-6 Tortosa. 31-17 Tortosa. 28-19 ik'bala. 30-7 Karat el Hosn. 31-18 Safita. 28-20 Soba. 30-8 Kiirat el 'Areimeh. 31-19 Safita. 28-21 Lydda. 30-9 Tortosa. 31-20 Kiirat el Hosn. 28-22 Jerusalem. 30-10 Safita. 31-21 Safita. 28-23 Jerusalem. 30-11 Kul'at el 'Areimeh. 31-22 KuKat el Hosn. 29-1 Jerusalem. 30-12 Safita. 31-23 Tortosa. 29-2 Jerusalem. 30-13 Tortosa. 32-1 Kid'at el Hosn. 29-3 Jerusalem. 30-14 Safita. 32-2 Margat. 29-4 Jerusalem. 30-1 5 Kul'at el 'Areimeh. 32-3 Safita. 29-5 Jerusalem. 30-16 Kial'at el 'Areimeh. 32-4 Kiirat el 'Areimeh 29-6 Jerusalem. 30-17 Kul'at el Hosn. 32-5 Kiirat el 'Areimeh 29-7 Jerusalem. 30-18 Safita. 32-6 Safita. 29-8 Soba. 30-19 Kiirat el 'Areimeh. B. The Mediteval Tooling of Stones by the Crusaders. There can be no doubt that every stone in Palestine upon which we find any of the Latin letters, so thoroughly mediaeval in their form, which appear in the preceding plate, bears as it were the signature of the mediaeval hand which cut the mark, and consequently boldly displays its date and origin. Medicsval Tooling of Stones by the Crnsadevs. 39 This certainty becomes less pronounced when instead of unmistatcably Latin letters of the alphabet, we have to deal either with such letters as are common to both the Greek and the Latin alphabets, or with purely symbolical marks, albeit among these latter there are some whose mediaeval origin is abundantly proved by their form alone. We must not forget that the Crusaders are not the only people who have cut masons' marks on stones, for this practice existed in the East before their arrival, and may indeed have continued to exist afterwards. There are Greek, Roman, Byzantine, and Arab marks, etc.,'" and occasionally it is difficult, sometimes even impossible, to distinguish between them. A severely accurate critic might therefore justly declare that, in the absence of any other proofs, the evidence furnished by masons' marks alone ought in some cases to be received with caution. It is, moreover, obviously insufficient, for in spite of the immense number of masons' marks, it is clear that there are pieces of stonework undeniably hewn and dressed by the Crusaders, which bear no masons' mark whatever ; indeed, as is only natural, the greater part of them do not. Under these circumstances, when we have to do with pieces of stone which bear masons' marks of uncertain origin, or even, which is much more important, which bear no mark whatever, is there any certain test which enables us to say by whom they were worked ? Here comes in that second criterion, of far wider application, to which I have already alluded; a test which up to the year 1874 was altogether neglected, because it was unknown : the medieval tooling of the stones worked by the Crusaders. I must first explain how I came to discover this criterion. While comparing with one another all the pieces of hewn stone which bore unmistakable masons' marks (such as Gothic letters), that is to say, which showed in some form or other indisputable signs of western origin, I noticed that the very great majority of them also jDossessed a certain peculiarity of their own. Then, leaving this class of stones and turning to those whose marks were entirely symbolical, I found that this peculiarity still remained. At last, I discovered that this same distinct peculiarity belonged to a whole category of stones, in addition to the two classes already connected together by the similarity of the masons' * Not to mention marks of other origin, we have, for example, Nabathaean marks mixed with Greek marks at Bostra (De Vogiie, Syrie Ccntrale, Architecture, I, p. 65 ; cf. Corpiis Inscr. S'.miticariim, Aram., No. 180). 40 ArchcBological Researches in Palestine. marks ; stones which bore no marks of any kind whatever, which I found both in buildings of thoroughly mediaeval appearance, and also in some of uncertain character. Thanks to my having observed this detail, this third category of stones, which is by far the most numerous one, can now be recognised with the same degree of certainty as the two preceding ones. This characteristic peculiarity, which unites together in one group all the three categories of mediaeval wrought stones, that is, those bearing letters, those bearing marks, and those with no marks whatever, consists in the tooling being the same, I mean the regular strice or strokes cut upon the surface of the stones by the tools used in shaping and dressing their present faces. Let us first consider the most simple and also the most common instance, that of quadrangular blocks of stone with plane sides. Upon such blocks as these, the tooling of which I have spoken consists in parallel strokes of greater or less sharpness, all pointing the same way, and extending obliquely from one end of the stone to the other : the face of the stone seems to be covered with diagonal or nearly diagonal stripes, for as the stones are mostly oblong, and not square, these stripes do not exactly coincide with the diagonal line : the angle of inclination of the parallel strokes seems generally to be between 40^ and 45°. On looking more closely, one soon sees that these oblique strokes are not formed by continuous lines but by a number of little cuts or clints, more or less close together, and more or less visible, according to the state of preserva- tion of the stone, and traced in very regular lines. They have evidently been made by means of a special tool, a sort of toothed hammer, like our boticharde, which it would be easy to reconstruct from the traces left by it, not only of the exact size of the original, but also with the same number of teeth at the .same distance apart. The workman must have stood with the stone laid before him sloping at whatever angle he was used to : he then proceeded to dress its sides by means of this tool, by hitting it light blows close together, and working along from left to right, from one end of the stone to the other. He continued this operation, always working parallel to the direction of his first strokes, until the whole surface had been thus regularly dressed. These regular scores give the stone a very remarkable appearance : it is easiest to see when the light is very oblique. This succession of strokes in alternate furrows and ridges catch the rays of light in a very peculiar fashion, which one recognises directly after having once learned MedicBval Tooling of Stones by the Crusaders. 41 to notice it. This structure, which one might call the artificial epidermis of the mediaeval stones, is so characteristic a feature of them, that, thanks to it, I have often been able to find many masons' marks which otherwise I should have overlooked. For I was warned at the first glance by the very nature of the stone that a mason's mark of some kind might be found on it. I remember having often spent many minutes in persistently moving my candle in every direction along one of these stones, which were rendered suspicious by the mere fact of this tooling, and having at last made out a letter or mark, whose loose thin lines could hardly be perceived, and would therefore never have attracted my attention had it not been awakened by the characteristic appearance of the stone. 1 have observed the presence of this peculiar tooling of the Crusaders upon stones of all shapes and used for all purposes, ashlar of walls or of piers, voussoirs of arches, and even drafted stones with countersunk margins. It is to be found on marble"' as well as upon all the varieties of the ordinary calcareous stone. It is a mistake to say,t as some archaeologists have done since I have drawn their attention to it, that it was especially made use of in the interior of buildings. I have noted its presence on the outside at least as often. It is not limited to stones with flat surfaces. I have found it as well upon stones with curved surfaces, both conve.x; and concave, both upon stones standing upright or lying flat ; for instance, the bases of columns, upon the inside and outside stones of apses or round walls, the voussoirs of arches or vaults, mouldings of every kind of profile and direction, etc. The only difference is that in the case of curved surfaces the scores slant - very slightly, and distinctly appro.'-cimate to the normal a.xis of the generating cylinder ; that is to say, they approach the vertical when the cylindrical element stands upright, and the horizontal when it lies flat. This can be fully explained by the necessity of making the tool move in a straight line ; for if the workman, still using the same tool, had continued to move it as he was used to do when working on flat surfaces, the tool would only have fallen upon a curve at right angles to its superficies, and would have made dints instead of continuous lines. * For example, in the church at Gaza, where the Crusaders have indulged largely in the use of marble taken from ancient buildings. t The same restrictive remark has been made with regard to masons' marks ; it has no better foundation than that about the medieval tooling. 42 Archceological Researches in Palestine. This difference, which is perfectly reasonable in itself, is strongly emphasized by certain very significative facts which I have had occasion to remark. For instance, in the churches at Abu Ghosh, Kubeibeh, and elsewhere, the stones which form the heads of the semicircular apses, when viewed from within, consist each of them of two parts ; the one flat, being the starting point of the apse, and the other slightly concave, to agree with the general curvature of the apse. Now the flat part shows diagonal scores at the usual angle ; on the other hand, the other part shows scores which come very near being vertical. Thus the two methods of tooling are to be found upon the same piece of stone. I have observed the same peculiarity on some stones at the spring of arches and vaults, for example, in a mediaeval arch at Soba : the flat part of the stone is scored diagonally, whereas the concave part is marked with strokes which are all but horizontal. The discovery of this distinctive tooling of the Crusaders, to which I attach, I think rightly, a very great importance, and which I propose to call by the short title of Mediceval Tooling, has led me to lay down the following rule : — Every stone which shows tooling" according to this definition is a stone which has passed through the hands of the Crusaders. For my own part, I have not hitherto met with a single fact contradicting this law, which apjDlies, the reader will bear in mind, to Palestine and to some other districts in Syria. It has been generally accepted, indeed so generally that it has pretty well become public property, and people who have made constant use of it since 1874, often forget to whom they owe this criterion, which is so valuable under so many circumstances. They have sometimes also forgotten the restrictions with which I prudently confined its application : they have tried to get more information out of it than it has to give, and it is perhaps this which has led certain archaeologists* to question its trustworthiness. It would, for instance, be a grave perversion of this rule to make my formula read the other way, and to draw the inference that every stone which has passed through the hands of the Crusaders shows the mediaeval tooling. Neither must we confuse that absolutely specific and sharply defined tooling with other forms more or less resembling it, which have been produced with distinctly different tools, and by other * See, for example, the criticisms of Mr. Dickie in the Quarterly Statement ior 1897, p. 6, s.nA Excavations at Jerusakw, p. 27. MediiEval Tooling of Stones by the Crusaders. 43 methods altogether. One certainly needs some practice to be able to distinguish all these various methods of stone cutting from one another, and an archaeologist new to his work is liable to be mistaken. But when once experience has been gained, I consider this criterion to be almost infallible. It is so accurate that in many cases it has enabled me to trace on one and the same block of stone later dressings by Arab workmen made in order to adapt the material left by the Crusaders to various uses ; for instance, a voussoir which has afterwards been hewn square, or perhaps, on the contrary, a block originally square which has been hewn into a voussoir, or simply cut to fit other stone work. It is in a case like this that one is struck by the difference between the mediaeval and the Arab style of tooling, styles which careless observers are too apt to confound with one another. The same remarks apply to ancient materials which have been reworked by the Crusaders. For example, the famous stele of Herod's temple has certainly been used over again in some building of the Crusaders before it was worked into the Arab building in which I discovered it. This is distinctly proved by the re-tooling in mediaeval fashion which I have observed on one of the small ends of the block.* But, I repeat, it is only by means of a certain amount of experience that one can obtain the power of applying the law of mediaeval tooling with absolute certainty, and we must not hold it answerable for mistakes which are really due to people who have tried to make use of this test without thoroughly understanding in what it consists. In order to display it in an instructive manner, and to supplement the well-known deficiencies of mere verbal description, I had taken in various parts of Palestine many squeezes- which I intended should illustrate at first hand the different kinds of toolino- mediaeval or otherwise, under various conditions, about which there would be no possibility of error. My intention was to publish faithful photographic reproductions of these specimens ; but owing to circumstances beyond my control I have been unable to carry out this scheme. It is well worth someone's while to take it up again, and it would be of great service to the archeeology of Palestine if a whole series of blocks of stone could be photographed directly for the especial purpose of showing the marks of the tooling upon them, treating their surfaces as real pieces of evidence as to * This statement is confirmed by the e.\istence of a cross there, which was carved at the same period. G 2 44 Archesological Researches in Palestine. their dates.* An even better plan would be to form a small collection of stones judiciously selected and classified from this special point of view, and to exhibit it in a museum. An hour's inspection of it would teach anybody all that is known about this subject by the most experienced archaeologist. For all students of the archaeology of Palestine, the application of this rule, which depends upon the micrographical examination of what I have called the " skin " of the stone, has a value in numberless cases upon which I need not enlarg-e further. We know, moreover, what o-reat importance professional men attach to this detail. " The nature of the tooling is one of the most certain methods of establishing the date of a building," was said, with all the authority which his opinion deserves, by one of the most learned architects of our time, M. Viollet le Due, in his Dicfionnaif-e 7'aisonnd de P Architectjire Francaise. If this be true in Europe, it must also be true in Palestine, and all the more so because there we find ourselves in an exceedingly favourable environment, due to historical causes; and this test, in addition to its intrinsic interest, has there a differential power which remarkably enhances its value. Thanks to it, we can distinguish between the work of the Crusaders and that of their predecessors and successors, although all these are often piled together in apparently inextricable confusion. In such an architectural medley, for instance, as the heterogeneous buildings of the Haram enclosure, or the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, we can, so to speak, recognise one by one each of the stones which have passed through the hands of the Crusaders. The rule is so exact that it enables us, whenever we can apply it, to pronounce upon the origin not merely of a block of stone, but even of a mere morsel broken off from a block. Now there are cases in which we only need the presence of such a morsel to decide the date of a whole course of stone work. I hardly need add that it would be exceedingly useful to study the building materials of antiquity in this aspect, and to fix with accuracy the true characters of Arab, Byzantine, Roman, and Greek — nay, even of Jewish tooling. Of course, in order to accomplish this one would have to start by obtaining some certain indisputably correct data to work from, and this, I am well aware, is not always very easily done. Yet there are cases in which it is possible. Take, for example, the stele of Herod's * Mere descriptive sketches, such as those to which one sometimes has recourse, cannot in this respect at all replace the accurate pictures obtained and reproduced by photography and photogravure. Mediaeval Tooling of Stones by the Crusaders. 45 temple. In it we undeniably possess an authentic specimen of the tooling of Herod's time, and this, if properly studied, would enable us, far better than any of the minor considerations upon which so much stress has been successively laid, to solve the vexed question of the true characteristic of really Herodian stone work in that architectural miscellany, the enclosing walls of the Haram. However, this most desirable extension of the method to which I have alluded, would lead me too far from the special subject of this present essay, which is mediaeval tooling, and to it I must return. 1 have laid down the general law of this tooling, and have laid due stress upon the precautions which must be observed in applying it. Like all rules it has exceptions and anomalies. I have mentioned some of various kinds which it is now my duty to point out. On many of the convex blocks of stone which form the apses of the church at Sebiistieh, of indisputably mediaeval work, as is proved by the masons' marks and all the rest of their cutting and position, the strokes on the convex surface are just as slanting as if that surface was flat, instead of drawing, as usual, near to the line of the normal axis of the cylinder, that is to say, to the vertical line. Upon some blocks of stone with flat sides I have observed that the strokes of the mediaeval workman, instead of being straight, tend to be circular in direction, and that these curves, which become larger and larger, start from one of the corners of the rectangle. The tool was the usual toothed pick of the Crusaders, but it was handled differently, and the block to be levelled had been placed in an abnormal position by the workman. I have many times met with tooling of doubtful origin, loose and irregular, possibly due either to a bad tool or a bad workman, it may be a native workman more or less accustomed to the Western method of stone-cuttino-. Lastly, there are cases in which the medieeval tooling is altogether absent, and nevertheless there can be no doubt whatever that the stone, which bears a characteristic mason's mark, must have been either hewn or caused to be hewn by the Crusaders. This is when we have to deal with stones which are either entirely polished, or dressed with the point of the pick. The latter case is the more common of the two ; I have noticed many examples of it ; among others, in the dressing of the piers of the porticos of the Haram. This tooling with the point may be Crusaders' work, but on the other hand they may have worked up old materials. My information upon this subject is too scanty to enable me to come to any definite decision 46 Archceological Researches in Palestine. What I have pointed out in connection with the mediaeval method of stone cutting, besides its local practical use, might also furnish us with a new element in the history of Western architecture itself. We know already that the methods of tooling in the West vary according to the country and the period to which they belong ; the time being known, it might perhaps be possible to make out from what country of Europe the cutters of any particular piece of stone work must have come, and, as a consequence of this, to discover to what school the greater part of the builders employed by the Crusaders belonged. It is well known that it was just in the twelfth century that the various forms of stone cutting reached, at all events in France, their highest perfection. Some writers have formerly been inclined to attribute this result to the influence of Greek and Roman art in Syria. I leave it to specialists to decide whether the fact which I have stated is at variance with this explanation or agreeable to it. I shall merely remark that the peculiar method of stone cutting such as we have seen in the buildings erected by the Crusaders in Palestine appears to belong to them alone, and this conclusion fully agrees with the hints given us by the masons' marks, by the characteristic profiles of divers mouldings, and by the use of the pointed arch, with its vertical joint at the top, etc., all of which things appeared in Palestine together with the Crusaders, and disappeared with them. Everything seems to combine to prove to us that the Crusaders borrowed none of all these things from the new country and environment into which they had made their way. They came into the Holy Land armed cap-a-pie, not only for war but also for the works of peace, with their own methods, their own plans, tools, and architects, and even with the workmen belonging to their own guilds. When they were driven out of Palestine, they took away with them every thing of this kind which they had brought thither, and they left behind them the unmistakable track of their sojourn in the land, a bright track throwing much light upon the task of unravelling that tangled mass, which renders the critical study of the archteology of Palestine so difficult and at the same time so instructive. One word more upon this subject, upon which indeed a great deal more might be said. When, with all due precautions, one makes use of this law, as I have had occasion to do for some years over a considerable part of Palestine, noting the masons' marks at the same time, one is really astonished at the inconceivable number of stones which, in what was relatively so short a time, were hewn by the Crusaders, and bear their distinct mark, Mediceval Tooling of Stones by the Crjisaders. 47 without mentioning those which they may have caused to be hewn without their being so marl