i {^/ut^ V Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/synopsisofcontenOOhunt SYNOPSIS OF THE CONTENTS OF THE OF 1851. By ROBERT HUNT, KEEPER OF MINING RECORDS. SECOND EDITION. LONDON: SPICER BROTHERS, AND W. CLOWES & SONS, OFFICIxVL CATALOGUE OFFICE, 29 NEW BRIDGE STREET, BLACKFRIARS ; AND AT HYDE PARK. Price Sixpence. The preparation of this Synopsis has been attended with many difficulties, arising out of the incompleteness of the arrangements of the objects in the Building. Every care has been taken to insure accuracy in stating the positions of groups and special objects of interest; and should any inaccuracies be detected it is hoped they will be unimportant;, and that the omissions will be but few. In condensing a view of so large a collection within so limited a space, it was only possible to embrace the main features, the details being the object of the Official Catalogue. CLASSIFIED CONTENTS. AOATES, page 12 Agriculural implements, 66, 67, 79 ; produce, 72 Albert, Prince, statue of, 8 Alhambra, piece of, 92 Arabia, contributions from, 93 Architecture, ornamental, 40; models, 43; naval, 57, 65 Armour, Scinde, 65 Arms, 65, 81, 89, 92, 93 Arsenic, 20 Artillery, 28, 77 Australia, South, contrib. from, 68, 69 Austria, contrib. from, 87- 89 Aust rian art, examples of,77 Balances, 54, 56 Barometers, 58 Baskets, scented, 74 Basket-work, 91 Bed, state, 63 Bedsfeads, Renaissance and other, 41 Beer, 87 Beer-barrel machine, 31 Belgium, contrib. from, 89 Bell, Saxon, 78 Berlin wool, 85 ; carpet of, presented to the Queen, 62 Bookbinding, skins for, 38 ; ornamental, 43, macliine- ry, 87 Bookcase intended for the Queen, 88 Boots and shoes, history of, 37 ; German. 84-88 Birds'-nests, edible, 75 Birmingham manufactures, 24-27 Blast-furnace, model of, 17 Blind, contrib. by the, 42 Brazil, contrib. from, 93 Bridges, models of, 49,72, 88 Bronzes, 86, 90 Buttons, 85, 87 Cabinets, 40, 41, 81 Caen stone, carvings, 9, 39 Calico-printing, 28 Calotypes, 55 Calif. )RNiA,contrib.from,93 Caloric engine, 79 Can a D 4, contrib.from,7 1-73 Candles, 88 Canoe, 72 Carpets, 62, 63, 75, 89, 90, 94 Carriage Department, 36 Cements, 11, 12, 13 Ceylon, contrib. from, 47 Cliandeliers, candelabra, and candlesticks, 51, 52, page 77, 81, 84, 87, 90 Chemical apparatus, 52 Chemic\l Processes and Products, 64 Chili, contrib. from, 93 Chin- a, joss-house from, 94 Chronometers, 59, 82 Clays, China, 13 Clocks and clockwork, 59, 8y, 88, 90, 91, 92, 94 Clothing, 94 Coal, 15, 16, 73 Coal-mine, models of, 18 Colours, artists', 42 Columns, granite, Sec, 11 Compasses, 53 Composing machine, 82 Copper, mode of obtaining from the ore, 18 ; ores, 20, 68, 71 ; results of smelt- ing, 20 ; copper utensils, 75 Corn-mills, 35 Cotton goods, 30,81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93 ; machinery for weaving, 31 Cotton, United States, 80 Cotton, Woollen, and Flax, 28-31 Crucifix, iron, 89 Crystallography, 9, 12, 64 Custodia, 92 Cutlery, 50, 75, 89 Daguerreotypes, 54, 79 Decorations, house, ll, 41 Dknmark, contrib. from, 82, 83 Dog, marble, 9 Double-cylinder expansion steam-engine, 32 Dunin, Count, his man of steel, 60 Earthenware, 47, 87 East Indies, contrib. from, 73-76 Egypt, contrib. from, 93 Electric clock, 95 Electricity, applications of, 42, 43, 53, 54, 61, 94 Enamels, 45 Engineering, 65, 66 Engraving, 43, 44 Envelopes, machine for fold- ing, 42 Exhibition, miscellaneous character, 5 ; course to be pursued through, 6 ; divi- sion into classes, 6 ; course for examination of, 7 Exhibitors, grouping of, 0 Filter, high-pressure,page 10 Fine Arts, 42-45 Flax, manufacture, 29 ; ma- chinery, 33 Fluor-spar, 39 Food, 64, 65 Fountains, glass, 8 ; Eliza- bethan, 10 ; artificial, 10 Frames, looking-glass, 44 France, contrib. from, 90 Furniture, 40-42 Furs, Hudson's Bay, 37 ; United States, 81 Fuse, safety, 19 Gems, 12, 60 Glass, 50-52 ; painting on, 11, 49 ; manufacture of, 50, 52 ; engraving on, 50, 51 ; coloured and stained, 51, 57, 84, 85; Venetian, 51 ; silvering, 51, 90 Globes, 56, 87 Gloves, 38, 83, 88 Godfrey oe Bouillon, 77 Gold, works in, 60, 61 ; Cali- fornian, 60, 93 ; SouthAus- tralian, 68 ; Canadian, 71 Granites, 38 GRfc:ECE, contrib. from, 93 Gtternsey, — see Jersey Gum-paste models, 44 Gutta percha, applications of, 42, 50, 54, 74 Hair- work, 90 Harness, 38 Hat making machine, 35 Hats, 37, 92 Hearthrug, worked, G3 Heidelberg, castle of, model in cork, 84 Hemp, Indian, 74 Holland, contrib. from, 89, 90 House, iron, 32 Hyalotypps, 79 Hydraulic press used in the construction of the Bri- tannia bridge, 36 Hydraulic press models, 34 Ice-machine, 81 India-rubber, 50, 79, 89 Inlaying, 39, 41, 75, 84 Iron and iron-ores, 16, 17, 71, 79, 80, 83, 86, 91, 93 Iron manufactures, 17 Iron- works, model of, 17 Italy, contrib. from, 91, 92 Ivory, painting on, 43 ; carv- ings in, 44, 85, 92 Jersey andGtternsky, con- trib. from, 46, 47 b2 4 CLASSIFIED CONTENTS. Jewellery, page 87 Kiln, pottery, 14 Knittinf,', 62, 63 Koh-i-Noor, 76 Lace, 30, 35, 62, 87, 90, 92 ; machine, 35 Lahore jewels, 76 Lamps, &c., metal, 23 Lanterns, dioptric, &c., 56 Lathes, 33, 34 Lead, black, 12; lead ores, 21, 22 ; plan of a mine, 21 ; silver in, 21 Leather, 37, 38 ; 70, 72, 80, 83, 84, 87, 89 Life-boat, 79 Lighthouses, models of, 49 Lion, colossal, 78 Lithography, 43 Liverpool Docks, model, 11 Locomotive engines, 36 Looms, 31,32; Indian, pro- ductions of, 75 Machine carving, 9, 50 Machineey in motion, 31- 36 Magnetism, applications of, 54, 57, 58 Mahogany, 9 Malta, contrib.from,45, 46 Manchester panorama, 28 Maps, 43, 57 Marble, 9,14, 38, 40, 45, 92 Marqueterie, 91 Medals, Exhibition, striking of, 35 ; other medals, and coins, 44 Mediaeval Court, 23 Metals, process of separat- Mexican models, 45 Mineral manufactures, 38-40 Minerals, educational, 12 ; metallic and earthy, 71, 73, 80, 86, 88, 91, 92 Mining and metallurgy, 11-28 ; plans, 20 ; mining in South Australia, 68 Mint, refining at, 22 Mirrors, 41 Modelling, Indian, 76 Monument, Caen stone, 9 ; Durham (cannel coal), 16 Musical instruments, 62,75, 79, 82, 84, 87, 89, 90, 92 Norway and Sweden, con- tributions from, 83, 84 Organ, the grand, 57 ; Pari- sian, 77 Paper, 43, 90 Paper-hangings, 89 Paper-machines, 34, 35 Papier-mache manufactures, page 42, 86, 87 Parqueterie, 41, 81, 88 Pearl-work, 63 Peat, and its products, 15 Percussion-cap machine, 91 Pfrsia, contrib. from, 93 Peru, contrib. from, 93 Pharmacy, 64 Philosophical instru- ments, 52-56 Photographic apparatus, 52 ; papers, 57 Photography, 54 ; glass, 55 Plaids and tartans, 30 Plumbago, 71, 80 Porcelain, 48, 82, 86, 87, 88 ; painting on, 48, 88 ; sta- tuary, 48 Pottery, 47-49 Precipitation of metals, 61 Printing in colours, 42 ; in oil, 43, 88 Printing-presses, 34, 90 Pump, centrifugal, 35 Punching-machines, 79 Queen, the, statues of, 8 ; profile on glass, 51 Rooms, suite of, 88 Rose Dubarry, 48 Rotary marine engine, 36 Russia, contrib. from, 81,82 Rutland, Duke of, statue, 8 Safe, iron, 79 Scientific apparatus, 86 Serpentines, 38 Shale, bituminous, 15 Shawls, 90 Sheffield manufactures, 27, 28; plate, 61 Shetland knitting, 30 Ships, iron, 32 Shop-fronts, models of, 49 Silk goods, 84, 90, 91, 93 Silk machinery, 33, 35 Silk trophy, 8 Silver procured from lead, process of, 21 , 22 ; preci- pitation of, 51 ; works in, 60, 61, 91 ; ore, 71, 93 Skins of animals, prepara- tion of, 37 Sleighs, 72 Slide-lathe, 32 Spain and Portugal, con- tributions from, 92 Spindles, 31 Stags'-horn furniture, 84 Statuary, 8, 9, 10, 67, 77, 78, 83, 88, 89 Steam engines and machi- nery, 34, 35, 66, 89 Steel, production of, 17 Stereotyping, page 4^ Stones, building, 14 ; for or- namental work, 38 Stone China, 13 Stones, artificial, 12, S9; precious, 61, 69 Stoneware, 49 Stoves, 26, 79, 82 Straw- work, 93 Stylography, 83 Sugar-cane, 71 Sugar-crushing machine, 91 Sugar-house machinery, 35 Sugars, 74 Surgical instruments, 49 Switzerland, contrib.from, 93 Synopsis, the, its object, 5 Tables : console, 9 ; inlaid, 41, 45, 9]; Mosaic, 78, 92 Tallow, vegetable, 74 Tapestry, 90 Telegraphs, electric, 53 ; printing, 54 Temple, Hindoo, model, 75 Tesserae, 39 Theine, 64 Thermometers, 59, 82 Tiles, 39 Timber, Canadian, 9, 72 Tin, model of furnace for smelting, 19; purification of, 1 9 ; ore, 20 Tools, miners', 18 Tungsten, 19 Type, specimens, and mo- del of mould, 42, 72 United States, contrib. from, 79-81 Van Diemen's Land, con- trib from, 69, 70 Vases, 77, 82, 83, 87 Vegetable products, 65, 69, 70, 72, 73, 91, 92 Vessels, Indian, models, 75 Watches, 59, 92 Waters, mineral, 12, 73 Wax, fruits, 70 ; candles, 73 Weaving and spinning ma- chines, 31-35, 90 Wine-jars, Spanish, 77 Wire, gold and silver, 62 Wolfram, 19 Wood, carvings, 44, 50, 75 ; fossil, from Antigua, 70 Woollen goods, 29, 30, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92 ; ma- chinery, 32 Wootz, 73 Zinc, manufacture, 18 ; ores, 20, 78 ; castings, 77, 90 Zollverein, States of the, contrib. from, 84-87 A SYNOPSIS OF THE CONTENTS OF THE aEEAT EXHIBITION OF 1851. The attempt to arrange a system by wliicli with tlie smallest amount of fatigue tlie largest sum of infor- mation may be obtained in a visit to tlie Exhibition OF THE Industry of all Nations, is, from the very miscellaneous character of the accumulation, surrounded with many difficulties. It is scarcely possible that any two individuals should desire to see the Exhibition in the same way, or pro- bable that they would pursue the same path in their examination of the articles exhibited. At the same time, believing that a guide through the intricacies of this vast space will be a relief from that uncertainty which must necessarily beset a visitor standing in the centre of the Transept for the first time, a system for examining it has been essayed. The object of this work is to suggest a methodical and profitable plan of examining the contents of the Building, and to offer a slight outline of the most striking features of objects in the various classes into which its contents are arranged. "We are, in this Industrial Palace, surrounded by the results of the efforts of thought in almost every direc- 6 SYNOPSIS OF CONTE^^TS. tioii, ill Avliicli the human mind has tried its powers. The mineral, the vegetable, and the animal kingdoms, have contributed the material upon which man has worked ; and the various arts by which these have been made to assume every variety of form, for use or orna- ment, have here the most ample illustration. This opportunity, the grandest which has been offered in the w^orld's history, must not be lost. It is for us to learn what, through time past, man has aimed at, what he has reached within the present, and what may be the powers of advancement which still remain for him. Course to be It is iiccessary to adapt this Synopsis to the con- tin-ou^'h the tlitions w^hich have been found expedient in laying out Exhibition, the space enclosed, so as to suit the character of the various articles exhibited, and the order of classifica- tion which has been as far as possible maintained in the arrangements. The materials operated on, and the results of human industry, were found, upon careful consideration, to be very fairly comprehended within 30 Classes ; and although it has been exceedingly difficult, and in some cases impossible, to draw the line between the beginning of one and the ending of another, this adjustment has been on the whole fairly maintained in the British department. The Exhibitors of the United Kingdom will therefore be found to be grouped rather by the character of their productions than by the district in Avhich they were produced, although some deviations will be detected. In the Colonial and Foreign departments the grouping has been by districts ; but within these the same system of classification, which is as nearly a natural one as could be devised, has been, to a great extent, studied. There, will not therefore be much difficulty in tracking out any series of illustrations of a similar character synopsis OF CONTENTS. 7 from the Home into the Colonial and Foreign depart- ments. It is important that the line adopted as the most satisfactory one along v/hich to direct a visitor should he hriefly stated. The Transept and the groups of articles belonging to the United Kingdom, and the Colonies in the Western Main Avenue will first claim attention. Passing round by the western end, we pro- Course for ° ^ ' ^ examination ceed down by the south wall and examine the mineral of contents, productions and mining, Class 1, and then, leaving the agricultural class for a special section, proceed in con- tinuation of the same subject through Class 22, Iron and general Hardware. From this we progress readily into the woven materials, and crossing to the northern wall at once examine the machinery in motion by which these are produced, returning towards the Main Avenue to inspect engines and other mechanical inven- tions. In the bays abutting on the Nave, passing east, we shall find carriage manufacture, furs and leathers, ornamental stone manufacture, furniture, paper, and fine arts. We then purpose passing into the North and Central North Galleries, and examine the works of our potters and our glass manufacturers, naval architecture, engineering, musical instruments, and philosophical apparatus, and pass to the Southern Galleries, where the precious metals, tapestry, silk, shawls, &c., and the vegetable jDroduce and chemical manufactures are arranged, then descending by the southern stairs we proceed through the Sculpture Eoom and enter into our Colonial departments. These being investigated, the Foreign departments will claim attention, and here each nation will be taken in the order in which it is represented, proceeding from the Transept eastward along the Nave and returning westward. SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. Statuary. At eitlier end of the Transept the highly-ornamented gates show the attention which is now paid to metal manufacture. Entering those from the south, an MoMy^ ^""'^ equestrian statue of Her most Gracious Majesty first meets the eye ; and the association of the beautiful, exhibited in the specimens of British sculpture spread around, as the culminating point towards which the useful tends, is happily conceived. In the poetic figures of Titania, Puck, and Ariel, and in the groups of Amazons and Argonauts, Zephyr and Aurora, Alfred and his mother, not to mention the other no less favourable examples of British art, we have a very satisfactory proof that practical England cultivates still the study of the beautiful, and that the works of the hard-handed mechanic may be appropriately asso- ciated with the efforts of educated fancy to the advance- ment of the amenities of life. The Glass Fountain occupying the central place in the building is in every respect a remarkable object. It shows the extent to which glass can be employed for decorative purposes, and exhibits the beauty of the material in large works. Nearly four tons of crystal or flint glass are employed in the construction of this foun- tain, which may be, without much difficult}^, converted into a superb candelabrum. At the north end of the Transept equestrian statues of the Queen and His Eoyal Highness Prince Albert, and other works of art, meet the view. Looking westward from the glass fountain some bronze statues are seen : and beyond the Spital- Siik Trophy, fields trophy, which finely displays the powers of the metropolitan silk-loom and British plate glass, is the BronzeStatue Horse and Dragon, another exemplification of mixed metal casting. The colours and characters of the bronzes vary with the proportions in which the tin and The Glass Fountain. Bronze Statues, SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 9 copper are combined ; and in some cases they are also influenced by the admixture of small quantities of zinc and lead. The next group of objects, in no way re- markable for beauty or picturesque effect, is strikingly illustrative of the advantages of the Exhibition as displaying the products of other lands. Our interest- Canada Tim- ing colony, Canada, here shows us some extraordinary specimens of her vegetable productions in a pile of useful and ornamental woods. It is curious to pass from the works of nature to the elaboration of art shov^n in the marble dog, in which Marble Dog. we have a very remarkable illustration of inlaying and mosaic, and from this to the examination of the monu- ment, carved in the stone imported from Caen in Caen stone Normandy, and onward to the console table and glass, consoieTable which is said to be the largest piece of ornamental furniture ever made ; and a monumental brass, con- taining the story of the good Samaritan, and the six works of mercy. As illustrations of the arrangements ciiemicai of particles of matter in the process of crystallization, Products, the extraordinary masses of alum, spermaceti, and the beautiful group of Eochelle salts, the tartrate of potash and soda — must not be passed by : Nature's wonderful geometry is here finely exemplified. Beyond these we have a specimen of the Devonshire marble and its Devonshire capabilities ; a cross in Caen stone, and an altar-screen ^^^i'^^^* of oak, w^itli an exquisitely-carved trophy of birds, fruits, and foliage, the remarkable feature of it and the attendant illustrations being the application of steam i\iaciune machinery to produce, such involved tracery and deep undercutting as is here displayed. Lord Eldon and statues, his brother Lord Stowell in Carrara marble revive the memories of two extraordinary men, whose names are linked to the history of their age. Beyond these we 10 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. Mahogany. Icai'ii tliG extraordinary size to which the inahocrany trees grow, in a sectional specimen from Honduras. ChurchCiock In the clock, at which we next arrive, a good illustration, on a large scale, of the simplification of that machinery by which we mark the tread of time will be found. KUzabotlian The Elizabethan fountain, and several models mountain. r^i'oi^n(I^ couduct to ouc of thosc bcautiful illustrations Tiie Ligiit- of humanity — the lighthouse — by which the dangers of the coasts are indicated. In this is fully proved the advantages of the study of abstract science, the arrangement of the glass prisms being determined by the nicest inductive examination and mathematical calculation of the laws regulating the reflexion and refraction of light. Another, the glass of which is of British manufacture, occurs a little further on. This is of much importance, as hitherto we have been entirely dependent on the Continent for lenticular arrangements of this class. Hi^h-pres- The purification of water being; at the present moment sure Filter. . i • , ,^ i ♦ -i r.-, an attractive subject, the high-pressure filter is inte- resting. It consists of a hollow sphere of compact sandstone, enclosed within one of iron. The water, by the pressure of a high column, is forced into the sphere, and deprived of all its impurities in passing through the stone. The statue of Shakspere, and some Coallirook fine works in marble, lead us to the Coalbrook Dale rustic dome and Eagle-slayer, which must be regarded as a good exemplification of our ornamental metal- lurgy. The great equatorial instrument is an object of interest. The tube of the telescope is 20 feet long, and the object glass a lens of 1 foot diameter. A large fountain, in artificial stone, occupies a con- siderable space in the avenue, and displays a variety of jets-d'eaux. SYXOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 11 The models of the Plymouth breakwater, of the Plymouth . , ^ Breakwater. Undercliff, Isle of Wight, are instructive. ihat ot TheUnder- the Liverpool Docks, and a considerable section of Liverpool the town, on the scale of 8 feet to the mile, will Docks, enable all to form a very correct idea of these magnih- cent works. We have now reached the west end of the building, against the walls of which will be found many ex- amples of decorative art well deserving attention. As House Dcco these differ from each other mostly in the style of ^"^^i^"^- their ornamentation, the appreciation of them respec- tively must depend upon individual taste. If it is desired, the objects placed outside the build- ing may now be conveniently examined. These con- sist of a beautiful 2:ranite column, nearly 30 feet hioh, Granite constructed from the Che^sewring Granite Quarries, ^ near Liskeard, Cornwall. The shaft is one solid piece of stone of the length of 20 feet. Two obelisks of granite are also exhibited ; an enormous column of coal from Bangor, a column of coal showing the dif- ferent seams in vertical section, with several other gigantic specimens of fossil fuel. Here also occur specimens of Portland cement, samples of extra- ordinary slates, and the largest Admiralty anchors. Keturning, it vdll be most appropriate to progress by the southern wall, against which many very remarkable specimens of wall decoration, not immediately connected with the class to which this part is devoted, will be found. A series of ornamental woods in very great variety are also placed, and a remarkable display of elephants' tusks and other examples of ivory. Mining and Metalluegy. The first thing requiring attention on entering this 12 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. rals. Crystallo- graphy. Gems. Pliimbafjo. Black Lead Pencils. department, wliicTi is intended to furnish illustra- tions of tlie metalliferous and eartliy minerals of the United Kingdom, and the metallurgical processes leading to manufactures in metal, are some very Educational instructive educational sets of minerals, and a series Sets of Mine- ^ i i -n • p -. ol models illustrative of a modified system of crys- tallography. This is further illustrated by the specimens of gems, some in their natural condition and others cut. On the counters will be found some fine- illustrations of plumbago, and the manu- facture of black-lead pencils. The largest quantity of this material being raised at the Borrowdale Mine, in Cumberland, and the quality of this being indeed superior to almost any obtained in the world, it may not be uninteresting to state that it is com- posed of nearly 90 per pent, of pure carbon, the remainder being principally silica and oxide of iron. A case of polished agates, in which will be seen most of the examples of these fossils, is fixed against the \vall, and immediately adjoining it several bottles containing the medicinal waters of Harrowgate, with their composition, as shown by analyses, attached, showing how, in the form of hydro- sulphuric acid, the sulphur is held in solution. A very interesting series of artificial stones now claim some attention. These illustrate the useful and ornamental application of several kinds of cement. The chemical constitution of these cements is some- what variable, but they may be in general terms stated to be silica (flint), alumina (alum), lime, mag- nesia, oxide of iron, and potash, or soda. Eoman cement is formed from curious nodules called septaria^ found in the London clay, in the Isle of Wight, and on the coasts of Kent and Somersetshire, which, with SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 13 other cement stones, are exhibited in this department. This, or plaster of Paris, in most examples, may be regarded as the base. Gypsum (native sulphate of Gypsum, lime) is exhibited here. The external and internal stucco, Keene's cement and scaoliola, examples of§tucco. T • 1 T . -, n TIT ScagUola. wnicn, executed with much taste, are displayed on the south wall, are compounds of these, with alum, borax, &c. On the same wall, but somewhat more towards the east, will be found a very highly- finished example of another patent, in which it appears borax is employed in combination with an acid, the object of this being to correct an alkalinity which has been found, in some cases, to injure the delicate colours employed. The statues and ornamental works around, in Greave's and other cements, are of a similar general character. Procuring and preparing the clays employed in the manufacture of earthenware and porcelain form a very extensive source for the exercise of labour. The Cor- nish china-clays, now so extensively used in the China ciays Potteries, are here largely exhibited, together with the so-called china-stone. This kaolin, or china clay, China Stone was introduced by Mr. Cookworthy, of Plymouth, who first established a cliina manufactory in this country. This substance is the result of the decom- position of the felspar of the granite ; it is found largely deposited near the granitic formations, and prepared by washing and slow deposit. Several va- rieties from the extensive clay-works of St. Austell, and also from the Morley works, on Dartmoor, should be examined, as a preparation for an inspection of the beautiful examples of the Ceramic art, which our potters exhibit. The china-clay is employed for forming the body of the ware, and the china-stone for giving the 14 SYNOPSIS OF COXTEN'TS. Limestone. Samlstones. Marbles. Elvans. Porphyries. Serpentines. Slates. fine white glaze, wliicli is tlie perfection of porcelain manufacture. Examples of our fuller's-eartli deposits, of our clays fitted for coarser earthen and stone ware, and of sands fitted for the use of the glass manufacturer and the potter, will be found worthy of attention. The numerous building-stones exhibited furnish much important information which materially connects itself with architectural economy. We have here granites from near the Land's End in Cornwall, and from Peterhead and Aberdeen ; and Ireland and Guernsey also contribute specimens of this valuable stone. Limestones in nearly every variety occur, Portland stone, Purbeck marble, Bath stone, the Plymouth limestones, and the magnesia limestones of the northern counties will be found. Sandstones in great variety are exhibited, the principal districts furnishing them being Yorkshire and ©erbyshire. The Kentish rag and the Surrey fire-stone are also shown. Marbles from L'eland in several varieties m^ay be here examined with speci- mens of the el vans, porphyries, greenstones, and ser- pentines of Cornwall, to which particular attention must be directed when we reach the section containing manufactures in stone. Magnificent specimens of slate from North Wales, Delabole in Cornwall, and many other districts, may be inspected in the arrangements of this section. At the same time, as all the uses to which this valuable stone is applied are illustrated in this spot, it may not be improper to direct attention to the magnificent slabs from Llangollen with which the principal entrance to the Industrial Palace is paved. The opportunity thus afforded of testing the durability of the varieties SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 15 employed will not be lost. The feet of tlioiisands treading over them daily for many months will convincingly show their respective degrees of dura- bility. Considerable interest was not long since excited by Bituminous the announcement of the production of an oil from some shaly rocks in the neighbourhood of Purbeck. The same results have been obtained from similar rocks in other localities ; and, on the Ehine, naphtha is rather extensively procured from this source. In Volatile pio- the cases against the wall will here be found a com- sJ^aie. ^^^^^ plete illustration of this bituminous shale and its products. Immediately adjoining this, a small case tells the very instructive story of the variety of Products products of coal as obtained by its destructive dis- ^^'^^ tillation. Following these, several examples of peat present themselves ; and, what will now be regarded with much interest, in relation to the projects for employing the peat bogs of Ireland — a series of the products de- Peat, and its rived from this substance. If the economical ques- P^"^^^^^^^^- tion, which very naturally arises, can be satisfactorily answered, in relation to the hydro-carbon compounds obtainable from peat, the bogs of Ireland, Dartmoor, and other parts of the United Kingdom, now value- less, will become sources of great v/ealth when de- veloped by the aid of science supporting the efforts of industry. The interest which attaches itself to coal in this Coal, country, as one of the great sources of British w^ealth, will render the information afforded by the specimens here collected together of considerable value. Several of the coal-fields of the country are very fairly repre- sented. We shall find examples of numerous kinds of 16 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. Bituminous the bitumiiious coals, and also of antliracitic or stone Anthracite, ^^al, as it is sometimes called, mucli of which is now employed in the iron manufactories. The gradual loss of the volatile or bituminous matters, and the conversion into the nearly pure carbon or anthracite, is very curiously exemplified in the coalfield of South Wales, the anthracites of some districts giving 95 per cent, of carbon. In striking contrast with this is the cannel coal, of which several varieties are exhibited, and, among other things, some curiosity will be Tlie Durham excited to see a wine-cooler and a temple — the Durham in Cannel monument erected on Penslier Hill, Durham — in this substance. The influences of peculiar molecular ar- rangement will be found in a coal presenting a very curious system of grooves, which fit into each other along certain lines ; and if fractured in these, a system of teeth-like arrangements present themselves. A large specimen of the peacock coal, so named from the beautiful play of colours produced by tliin films of sulphur deposited in the joints, will be examined Vvdth much interest — the iridescence in this case being due to the same cause which produces the chromatic phenomena of a soap-bubble— the power of a very attenuated film to decompose light. Iron Ores and Passing from coal, we naturally expect to find its associated mineral, iron ; and, consequently, following in this order, we now arrive at that division within which are included illustrations of the specimens of clay ironstones and hematites, and of the metal pro- duced from these under various conditions of manu- facture. On the most easterly of the three tables here asso- British Iron ciated will be found a very extensive collection of the ^^•es- ores of iron produced in this country. These have SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 17 been collected from every available district ; and immediately adjoining these, on the tables against the Avail, will be found good illustrations of the pro- Scotch iron ducts of the Scotch coalfield, the Blackland ironstone, with iron manufactured from it ; and also many spe- cimens of the productions in iron of our sister island, Ireland. Many other examples of the raw material Irish Iron and the metallurgical results occur in this neighbour- hood, amongst others a case which has a peculiar interest, as being an example of the production of steel pro- , 1 , .IS- 1 • 1 • ' ^ duced at one steel at once irom the lurnace, which is accompanied process, by specimens of the cutlery made from it. A model of the Ebbw Vale district, to scale, shows The Ebbw the character of the country, and the order of occur- worksl""' rence of the beds of ironstone, &c. This model may Model of be dissected, and thus the extent of the workings ^^stnct. on any particular bed shown. A model of the blast furnace, employed in reducing the ore, accomjmnies Furnace this, and, together with the series of ores and metallur- gical 2^roducts, very completely illustrates the con- ditions of our iron manufacture, which is more par- ticularly shown when we examine the iron exhibited by other Companies on the adjoining tables. Iron in the iron Manu- pig, the sheet, and the bar, and under the various conditions of brittleness or toughness, which is the result of the process of manufacture, are displayed. The fractures exhibit the molecular arrangement, upon which the quality of the iron depends ; and the twisting and knotting prove relatively the toughness of the metal. The importance of iron, as illustrated in our railways, our machines, and in the stupendous structure in which these specimens are exhibited, will render this section peculiarly instructive. Some models representing the underground work- c 18 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS, Underground iiigs of oiir collieries ; and one showing a mode oi Workings, ventilating coal-mines, by means of a strong draught of air generated by the centrifugal force of an hori- zontal chambered wheel — these, with a model of a Newcastle coal-mine, exhibiting all the surface arrangements very completely, well deserve close inspection. iviodci of ; A large model, on the scale of one inch to the foot, CoaiMino. ^-^^^ arrangement for dressing " (preparing) poor Tyvvainliaiie orcs for the market, as adopted at Tywarnhaile Mine, Diiehy of the Duchy of Cornwall, is the next important Cornwall, object. The ores are reduced to a fine state by the crushers, and are then passed through the various channels and troughs provided, so that, in obedience to the law of gravitation, the heavier and more valuable parts may be separated. The " round-buddle," an arrangement by which the final separation of the metalliferous portion of the ore is effected, is well deserving the attention of the miner. Against the wall will be found an illustration of the process of obtaining copper from the ore, as BankartCop- patented by Mr. Bankart. By roasting, the sulphuret per process. q£ copper is Converted into a sulphate ; this is dis- solved in water, and then precipitated by iron. Three pedestals of stone and coal are placed on a Miners' raised floor, and around these the tools employed by Tools. miners in the neighbourhood of Newport. The tools of the Cornish miner are on a neighbouring wall. Plates of corrugated iron, and other conditions, ex- hibit the metal called galvanized, which is coated with Zinc Manu- ziuc. The proccss of zinc manufacture, from the ore facture. (calamine) up to the formation of sheets and of metal Castings. Castings, which, it is thought, may be made available in the fine arts, as being a cheap material susceptible SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 19 of taking the most delicate forms, are deserving of attention. In connexion with mining operations, blasting of rocks is among the most dangerous processes. The safety fuses and cartridges here exhibited, are designed Safety-fuse, to obviate the chance of explosion of the powder in the bore-hole, before the men can escape to a safe distance. In a case against the wall, a series of specimens are exhibited to show the results of a process of employ- Process of se- ing the sulphur in the iron and copper ores to produce fauf ^ sulphate of soda, and to preserve the copper, silver, or other metals, which may be in the ore. The ore being roasted with common salt in regulated fui- naces, the sulphur combines with oxygen to form sulphuric acid, which combines with the soda, while the chlorine of the muriatic acid attacks and combines with the metals forming soluble salts. The model illustrative of the process of tin-smelting, Model of 1 &> Furnace for from the dressed ore up to the finished product, illus- Tin-smelting, trates the still simple process by which these, perhaps the earliest metallic ores smelted in Britain, are con- verted into metal ; and arranged on the tables in the immediate vicinity will be found an illustration of a process of separating tungsten from the tin, and thus jf^**^^" greatly increasing its value, and obtaining a pro- duct which promises to be of much importance in manufacture. Many of the tin ores of Cornwall have wolfram associated with them; and the processes of Wolfram, separation being very rude and imperfect, materially injure the tin. The process now employed, is to combine the tungsten in the tin ore, by heat, with '^'^^?'**^g'^ an alkali, and the result is here shown in the pro- duction of metallic tungsten, and some of its combi- 20 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. nations. Arsenic is also largely associated with the tin and copper ores : it is separated by roasting, in burning houses ; the sublimed matter being purified by subsequent processes, until arsenic, in the state of oxide, as here exhibited, is produced. On the table adjoining this, a series of the tin ores of Cornwall and Devonshire is shown, these are- stream- tin, — the pebbles found in the debris washed down into the valleys from the neighbouring hills, — and the oxide and sulphuret of tin, as found in the lodes, or mineral veins. The zinc ores of Cornwall, and those of other dis- tricts, are arranged in the immediate vicinity ; these are principally the sulphuret (black-jack) and cala- mine. Here also are the British cobalts, samples of barytes, &c. An extensive series of copper ores will be found, of great interest from the fine character of the specimens exhibited. The yellow ores are double sulphurets of copper and iron ; the grey ores are nearly pure sul- l^hurets ; and the other specimens exhibit the carbon- ates, and less common varieties. Sectional drawings of several of the mines — some of those being con- tributed from the Duchy of Cornwall, and a synop- tical table, exhibiting the average of the prices obtained for copper at the " ticketings," or sales by ticket, and some other matters connected with this source of British industry, are on the wall. These arc immediately followed by a very complete set of the results of copper-smelting, as carried on at Swansea. One series of specimens shows the i3rocess by which the copper is obtained, commencing with the raw ore, as purchased from the mines, and ending with the cake of nearly chemically pure copper. The other series is SYNOMS OF CONTENTS. 21 of scientific interest, as exhibiting the gradual separa- tion of sulphur from the ore, until it is at last reduced to so small a quantity that the metal begins to make its appearance. Within the same division as these, will be found Lead Ores, most ample illustrations of lead ores, of the processes of smelting, and of the separation of the silver. Lead ores from Cornwall, Wales, Derbyshire, the northern counties of this kingdom, and from Scotland, are among the group. Attention will, however, be principally drawn to the series of cases containing the examples contributed from Mr. Beaumont's mines in the lead district of Cumberland, Durham, and North- umberland. A section shows the geological character Geological of the district in which the lead is mined ; and by an caf Pian.^^^^" isometrical drawing, the mode of working Nentsbury mine will be understood. A very interesting case of specimens of the ores of Ores^ of ^ Durham and Northumberland, which have been grouped Northumber- by a working miner into something resembling the hollows, which in nature get thus filled in with crys- tals and metalliferous formations, deserves close exami- nation. The cases eastward from this, contain speci- mens of the lead ore, in various stages of progress towards the production of the metal ; the metal is also shown, and a beautiful cake of silver, of considerably silver, more than 12,000 ounces, valued at 3,400/., 2:>rocured from the lead by the process of H. L. Pattinson, v/ho also exhibits it, and shows the results. In this pro- cess the inventor has availed himself of the difference in the temperatures at wdiich lead and silver crystal- lize, or tend towards solidity. The melted metal being allowed to cool very gradually, the crystallizing lead is removed by means of the perforated shovel 22 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. exhibited, and the last portion remaining in the iron vessel is excessively rich in silver. This is submitted to oxidation in a reverberatory furnace ; the lead is converted into oxide, the silver remaining behind in a state of great purity. Some beautiful models of this process, as carried on upon the property of the Duke of Buccleuch, in Scotland, accompanied by speci- mens of the lead ores, and a model of the arrange- ments adopted for condensing the fumes from the furnaces, together with examples of sheet lead, and lead-j)ipe manufacture, from other exhibitors, satisfac- torily complete the history of the metallurgy of Lead Ores. lead. Amongst the miscellaneous matters which find a place as illustrative of metallurgical processes, or of the application of chemical science to some peculiar branches Platinum. of it, the mode of preparing platinum and palladium may be noted. The refining processes adopted at the Mint-refining Mint, particularly the separation of gold and silver Cobalt, by sulphuric acid, and the manufacture of cobalt blue, may be particularly examined. Numerous subjects of interest, which have not been named, will be found witliin this division, all of them imparting some useful information in connection with the reduc- tion of the metals from their ores, with the modes of mining, or of the geological conditions under which the physical phenomena of mineral lodes, and the pecu- liarities exhibited in our extensive coal-fields are l^roduced. Immediately adjoining the division appropriated to Class 1, the department of agricultural implements and machinery have their place : as these will be visited with an especial purpose, it is thought advisable to defer the notice of them to a separate section, and SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 23 proceed at once in continuation of metal manufacture, into the class comprehending iron manufacture, hard- ware, &c. Iron and Hardwatie. — Class 22. After examining the numerous examples of . cast- iron ranges, stoves, &c., occupying the eastern end of this division, we pass into the section usually indicated as the Mediceval Court, in wdiich will be found, contri- Mediasvai buted by different manufacturers, many beautiful illus- Court, trations of church decoration and furniture in the mediaeval style. Here the materials are of a very mixed character ; the glass manufacturer and the che- mist unite to furnish forth the line effects of the stained glass window ; the quarries of Caen have furnished the materials for the stone carvings ; and stone-earving here is also elaborately carved oak furniture, and inlaid woods, with splendid examples of the art of the brass-founder, in giving permanence to the delicate designs of the artist. Although, therefore, this division has been associated with metal manufacture, it is only really so, as far as its elaborate brass fittings are con- cerned ; for the display of altar plate and appointments enter largely into its attractions. Eich stuffs, paper hangings, chintzes, and carpets, combine to enhance the general effect, and each will naturally receive here all that attention which arises from the effect produced by the judicious combination of material. Between this division and the Main Avenue, a great L^mps. variety of lamps, lanterns, chandeliers, and candelabra feef^fec^.^^^^' are suspended, in many of which new and interesting Metal, forms will be found, showing the increasing desire among our manufacturers to add elegance of design to 24 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. perfection of material and completeness of workman- Locks, ship. Here also will be found a somewhat remarkable display of locks, and some other appendages to house furniture and decoration. Birmingham. Passing round into the adjoining bay westward, the peculiarities of metal manufacture at once indicate that we stand in the representative section of Bir- mingham. The general hardware, which is made in great variety at this metal mart, is here exhibited in much Briss perfection, in the shape of cabinet and general brass- founding, founding ; metallic bedsteads, suspending gas lamps, with finger-plates, bell-pulls, curtain decorations, and the stamping, liko examples of stamping and pressing metal into forms. Galvanized Articles of use, in the so-called galvanized iron, which is simply iron covered with zinc, are nu- merously displayed, as are also tinned and japanned Or-molu. ware. Or-molu ornaments, and Birmingham jewel- lery in its vast variety, are largely exhibited, their mountings differing only from ordinary brass in containing a larger proportion of copper to the zinc employed. Buttons. Clasps, brooches, and buttons in metal ; glass, horn, shell, and silk display another branch of Birmingham trade ; to which may be added the thousand and one small wares jDroduced by the industry of that famous mart, which for a long period has supplied the w^orld. Steel Pens. The manufacture of steel pens, of which there are several exhibitors, is also well illustrated. Among the works of peace we find magnificent examples of the emblems of war, such as regulation 'Muskets. swords, dress sabres, revolving pistols, rifles, and mus- SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 25 kets. The beauty of workmanship upon many of these can onl}^ be seen by close inspection. Gilding, colour- Giidinj^steei. ing, damascening, and etching on steel and iron have Damascening here been largely employed. Cutting-tools and instru- cutting-toois ments of almost every kind find also their apt illustra- tions. Medals and die- sinking may be examined with Medals. interest. Projecting upon the Nave, papier mache manufacture, Papier Mache ornamented with landscape and Alhambraic painting, becomes a point of great interest. Passing from the division distinguished as Birmingham into the range devoted to hardware generally, we meet with numerous examples of beautiful castings in iron, iron Castings A series of stoves, fenders, balcony-railings, and iron stoves, tables, are remarkable for the extreme sharpness of the castings. The perfection of the Berlin iron castings has been said to be due to the phosphorus contained in the bog iron-ore employed. At the meeting of the British Association at Birmingham, a peculiar variety of phos- phorus was exhibited, of a remarkably incombustible character. It had been employed with the best effect in copper castings, and it was expected that, by com- bining this alio tropic phosphorus with iron, the same good result would be obtained. It is quite impossible ^.^ ^ to enumerate the kitchen-ranges, steam apparatus. Ranges, automaton roasting-jacks, kitchen furniture, or the more elegant grates and stoves which are here ga- thered together. Gas apparatus, of several very inge- nious kinds, are exhibited, and well deserve atten- tion. The advantages of employing gas in many ^ ^ ^ . culinary operations cannot be doubted, where the ApparaUis^"'^ principle of combining the carburetted hydrogen with a sufficient quantity of atmospheric air to ensure the combustion of the whole of its carbon, is attended to. 26 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS, Gas cliG^D-broilers, roasting, baking, steaming, and boil- ing arrangements, will be met with ; many of them are novel, and all promise to be effective. Examples of furniture embracing combinations of metal and compo- sition ornaments, will here be found, and near these a Gas-burners. Variety of gas-burners and lamps of different new forms of construction : the combination of glass and porcelain with brass originated with a large Birmingham firm now exhibiting. Among the many attempts which have been made to remove the objections to close stoves — particularly to the influence of heated iron on the atmosphere of an apartment — several examples will here be found. In some of these, air is drawn from without the building, and being made to pass through channels of fire-brick, it flows warm into the room in Ventilating which the stove is placed ; the deteriorated air being removed through the chimney with which the fire- place is connected is a decided improvement. In other warming arrangements, coils of pipe, through Hot-water which hot Water is made to circulate, these coils being App.uatuo. ^j.j.^j^gg(j ornamental radiating cases, are recom- mended for halls ; of these there are also examples. Drawing- Many beautiful examples of polished steel grates room Grates. or-molu dccoration, and others in which metal and pottery have been effectively combined, occupy this department. The castings exhibit in many cases a very far higher order of art than has hitherto been introduced into our metal manufactures. Some of the productions of this kind from Sheffield, Birmingham, the Metropolis, and other districts, exhibit much that is exceedingly novel and highly tasteful, showing that the result of the Exhibition has been already to unite art more closely than hitherto with manufacture. The examples in which the original colour of the metal has SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 27 been preserved, by tbe employment of some cliemical agent, or in which a certain colour has been produced in the same way, are satisfactory as showing that the labours of science are appreciated in the workshops of the manufacturer. The compartment between this avenue and the Nave is especially devoted to Shefheld Sheffield ^ ^ . Steel and manufacture : we have a series of models illustrating Cutlery, the furnaces used in the manufacture of steel through its various stages, and steel in its several condi- tions as sent into the market. This marks the com- mencement of the staple of the place, and it is with increased interest and instruction that the manu- factured products of carbonized iron will be studied from this point. The plain bar, ingot, and sheet of steel are before us, and knives of all kinds, from the Knives, delicate ladies' penknife to the huge carver with its three-feet blade, to illustrate Sheffield cutlery, so famed throughout the world. Saws of all kinds, from the Saws, common hand- saw to the large circular saw six feet in diameter, Avhich, notwithstanding the delicate etch- ing which adorns it, is still a frightful instrument, and files in an equally large, if not a still more ex- Files, tensive variety, are exhibited, and a model illustrating the different cuttings of these tools. Agricultural cut- ting implements, as scythes, reap-hooks, sheep-shears. Scythes, &c. adzes, &:c., exhibited with a view to high utility, will interest the agricultural visitors, particularly those who — so conveniently are the two classes situated — pass from the agricultural department at once into this. Joiners' tools, garden tools, railway springs, royal Albert skates, sash-bars, and poHshed steel furni- !oo°dl7 '"^^^^ ture of all kinds, show the varied industry of Shef- " field. The interest taken by the w^orking men of Sheffield in this gathering of the Industry of all Nations SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. is seen in tlieir contribution of files : of steel highly ornamented on one side with the Industrial Palace itself, and on the other with illustrations of their own class of industry. In addition to the steel manufactory, a large number of articles in other metals will be found, which, from their elegance and variety, are of much interest. If we turn again from the Sheffield compartment into the hardware avenue, a new order of manufacture demands an attention which our space will not allow Baths. us to give. Baths in great variety, and decorative metal furniture of almost every description, will be found on either side. Here also we have displayed Cannon. the formidable cannon of a man-of-war with its car- riage lashings complete ; and steel rollers of enormous size, Avith many very curious and ingenious ma- chines. An examination of these brings us again to the western walls, when, turning to the north and moving eastward, we find ourselves in the department devoted to manufactures of cotton, flax, and wool. Classes 2, 12, COTTON, WoOLLEN AND FlAX. 14. Calico Print- Wc are properly introduced to this Class, in which ^"«* the aid of the chemist is largely sought, by a " sheet of waste specimens indicating the mode of arrange- Manchester i^'^^^^^ the panorama, 400 feet long, illustrative of the Panorama, calico-printing of Manchester, consisting of geometric forms, conventional arrangements of natural forms, and miscellaneous combinations and forms derived from nature." This sufficiently displays the extent of illustration which is given to this very beautiful art. The advantages of science are most strikingly shown in the operations of the calico printer, and particularly SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 29 illustrated in the number of new colours wliicli have been introduced within a few years, and the perma- nence and brightness which have been given to others. Manchester, London, Glasgow, and other districts have contributed to tell the story of this interesting branch of industry. The flax manufacture of Ireland has Flax Mauu- long been a marked feature of the industry of the iJeiand. country. We have it here illustrated by almost every variety of bleached and unbleached linen ; some speci- Linen, mens are stated to be the finest ever produced, and these are contrasted with coarser kinds. Table-cloths, Table Linen, napkins, and sheeting afford but little scope for descrip- sheeting, tion ; it will be sufficient to direct attention to their locality, and to state that some remarkable examples in the woven patterns occur. Damask table linen in the brown state, just as taken from the loom, with heraldic insertions, and a new satin tweeling applied, is stated to be the finest and strongest damask table-cloth hitherto manufactured in Ireland. Cambric and cambric muslins are in sufficient variety to show the delicacy to which the labours of the loom can be carried. Lines, twines, nets, sail-cloths, sackings, and shoe Bridport threads, from Bridport, are also in this division. Printed window-blinds from Manchester, ticks, huck- abacks, duck, four-yard wide sheeting from Knares- borough, and a most extensive series of woollen cloths, Woollen worsted stufi*, Leeds and Bradford blankets. All the manufactures of Leeds, Huddersfield, Haliflix, and Bradford, and from Devonshire, in the varieties of broad cloth, beavers, pilots, cassimeres, doe-skins, tweeds, serges, &c., and exhibiting the art of dyeing wools in any (and almost every) colour, are to be found in Class 12. The broad-cloths of Yorkshire pre- 30 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. sent an example of perfection in our woollen manu- facture Avliicli can scarcely be excelled. Merinos, Laclies wiU discover in tliis department a most Alpacas, &c. extensive display of merinos, de laines, moreens. Para- matta cloths, coburgs, alpacas, and moliairs, and all the intermediate varieties of mixed material, which peculiarly belong to their departments of dress, 'i^weed. Scotland exhibits her shepherds' tweed ; her linsey Linsey. of cottou twist and woollen weft ; plaids, with the riaids. German lambs '-wool of which the finest varieties are made, particularly the Royal Stuart, Victoria, Sinclair, Tartans, and the 42nd ; tartans in considerable variety, and also tartan hose. Shetland The women of the Shetland Islands have contributed Knitting-. ^1^^ result of their industry in the specimens of shawls and veils knitted by hand in Shetland, from a thread composed of silic and wool. Stockings and other ex- amples of the fancy knitting of these islands, par- ticularly a group from Fair Isle, are choice specimens of this process of hand labour. Cotton Class. Passing across the west end of the Main Avenue, we ot^A^ENuT.^ find another class of cotton goods, in the shape of striped cotton for sailors' shirts, ginghams, and the Carlisle manufacture peculiarly distinguishing Carlisle. Similar Ginghams, p^-ocluctions from Glasgow, Belfast, and other places, are also in this locality. Lace. Laces, ancient and modern, are brought into contrast here, and tambour work, and various- worked muslins, are displayed. If we now pass across the north-west end to the north wall, we find ourselves at once involved in a display of machinery, of which this country may be justly proud. Scarcely any portion of the Great Exhibition can by possibility prove more instructive than this. SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS, 31 Maciuneuy in Motion. The processes, for example, of cotton maiiufacture, CoUunWeaw are here most fully illustrated. The cotton, m its raw condition as obtained from the cotton plants of the New and Old A¥orlds, passes into the machine at one end ; it presently becomes, by the magic action of this almost automatic combination of iron and brass, a fine thread ; and this gliding onward through the loom, and being crossed and re-crossed by the flying shuttle, passes out at the other end of this machinery a finished piece of calico. NcAV York contributes a machine for embellishing Book embei- books ; and (strange contrast !) near it are machines ^^^^^"s- for cutting boiler-plates, bending metals, and punching Cuttinj^ holes. Steam j)erforms, with equal ease, the most l^oilerPlates. delicate labour, or such as requires the exercise of enormous force. A patent machine for printing table-covers is curious, but still more so are the spindles and self- Spindles, acting mules for making twist or yarn. Machinery has been employed to do strange things ; and here Ave find a beer-baiTel made by machinery, and we Beer-ban-ei learn that, by the machine used, a 56-gallon beer- ^fit'^.^.^^'^' barrel can be made in five minutes ! Several cotton looms are exhibited, and machines Looms, for warping, sizing, and weaving, much of it being of Warpin^r and a very novel character. Weaving, The history of invention is always instructive ; and here we find a loom, which has been in work upwards of 50 years, standing in contrast with the refinements of more recent machines. The illustrations of those SYNOPSIS OF CONTEKTS. employed for weaving fustian, silk, and canvas, show very clearly the differences of construction re- quired. Near these are several examples of the won- Jacquard drous Jacquard looms for weaving figured patterns in Looms. stuffs or silks, a process which must excite an inte- rest amounting to wonder when seen for the first time in action. Doubie-cy- A double-cylinder expansive steam-engine, a machine sive^Engnie! for Cutting and turning wood, and an apparatus for stopping condensing steam-engines, almost instantly, without any danger to the machinery, invite attention. Circular Near these is a circular comb for carding wool, which vv^l. ' is stated to be the finest ever made ; and several other examples of the machinery employed in the woollen factories are spread around. As a diversion from the machinery in motion we may turn and examine all the advantages of employ- Iron house, ing iron in the construction of a fire-proof house. A pair of wheels under a truck, to which are attached rails, intended to be put in their places as the wheels progress, is ingenious ; the hoped-for advantages of this being the immense difference thus made to the draft of the carriage when passing over soft ground. Iron ships. Modes of constructing iron ships are also shown ; and some new methods of securing the j)lanking, or of covering the iron with a composition ; after which the vessel could be sheathed with copper, if desired. Without stopping to notice the engines and ma- chines from Manchester, Yorkshire, and Ireland, all of Slide Lathe, which are very deserving of attention, the extraor- dinary slide lathe for sliding shaftings, 38 feet long, must be particularly named, from the beauty and per- fection of all its adjustments, This will be found to SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. the east of the refreshment court. Drilling machines!, a nut-shaping, a bolt- screwing, and a wheel-cutting ma- Wheei-cut- chine, are near it. Beyond these we have others for « ^ ^ • punching and cutting ; radial drills, slotting machines. Planing, and a beautiful one for planing iron ; and to work these, IpsAvich contributes a steam-engine. The flat surface plates, and the experimental straight-edges, are exemplifications of the nicety to which mechanical processes can be brought, the flat surfaces being pro- duced by scraping. Lathes of various kinds, large and small, screw Lathes. . lifting-jacks, and other nice pieces of machinery, are placed in this division ; but from the interest attached to it, the flax-dressing machinery must, of necessity, become a more attractive subject of consideration. Much of the flax machinery exhibited involves Flax modifications of great novelty. We have here, ma- Machinery, chines for crushing the straw of flax, for cutting it into two lengths ; peculiar holders of that new and interesting, because so generally useful, substance, gutta percha. Here, also, is exhibited the seed, and the flax in its various stages of progress ; yarns spun and canvas manufactured ; and, connected by position with these, the machinery for dressing, preparing, spinning, and twisting flax and tow. The spinning, in this instance, being by cold water, instead of steam, which is generally employed. Having examined all the peculiarities (and they are Silk -weaving many) of the flax-dressing and spinning machinery, Machinery, the machines which are employed for silk- weaving and for the manufacture of lace will require some attention. These several groups, which are employed in the manu- facture of cotton, woollen, linen, and silk goods, must be regarded as remarkable exemplifications of that skill D SYKOPSIS OF CONTENTS, Printing Presses. S^team Print- ing. Paper Machine. Lathes. Models of Hydraulic Presses. wliicli lias been, since the time of Arkwriglit, devoted to the improvement of all our textile fabrics. Beyond these we discover a series of printing presses, of various kinds, which show the facilities afforded by steam presses, and the various mechanical contrivances which have been introduced, within the last twenty years, for facilitating all the opera- tions of printing. The progress of knowledge, and the consequent improvement of the morality of a l^eople, are ever coincident with the production of elegant literature ; the diffusion of a correct system of thought, regulating all moral action. To the mechanical improvement of the printing press we are indebted for the means of effecting this ; and books in thousands can now be printed off and sold at a cheap rate, which formerly could only be produced by tens in the same time, when, of course, literature was a luxury reserved only for a few. The machines for making paper are no less ingenious than those already indi- cated ; rags pass in at one end, and a sheet of paper 23resently appears at the other. The power of action of some of the large machines, commonly employed in foundries where heavy works are executed, will be well understood upon an exa- mination of the great lathes for turning locomotive wheels and shafts ; and one which is by far the strongest shaping machine in the Exhibition, perfoim- ing circular work, as well as planing and shaping, is worthy of attention. The models of very powerful hydraulic presses may be usefully studied before examining the large machines in the outer department. The agriculturist will be pleased in inspecting a unique and useful foot machine for taking the smut off SYMOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 35 wheat, capable of cleaning 200 bushels an hour from Machine for this injurious fungus. Near this are some steam corn- g^J^t fio*m mills, showing the principle of the anti-friction curve, Wheat, and others for grinding grain, and also flints and Corn Mills, bones for manure. A working model of a four-horse power double striking cylinder engine, which drives the coining press, that ^^^'^^^ strikes the medals to commemorate the Exhibition, will be noted attentively. The merits of the centrifugal pumps may be stu- p^^^'^^*^""^^ died: one of them is said to be capable of throwing 2,000 gallons of water in a minute, with a fan of but one foot diameter, and the other discharges water, we are told, to 90 per cent, of the driving power. Some models from Macclesfield of improved silk- Silk M a- throwing, winding, cleaning, doubling, and spinning machines are very interesting. Amom2f the lace machines, one makins; tAVO different Lace Ma- chine sorts at a time — a very fine description of blonde ^ lace, and a commoner kind — is curious in its arrange- ments. And a lever machine for twist lace has many very ingenious adjustments. In the history of paper manufacture, the model of P^iper Ma- the first paper machine ever made will be examined with interest. Models of hat-making machinery, and the patent- TTat-makiug steam brewery, will give nev7 information to numerous visitors. Steam sugar-cane mills, sugar refiners, and other Su'j:ar-iiouse machinery for making sugar, as vacuum pans and '^^'^"^-^y* attached apparatus, capable of turning out 80 tons of sugar in 24 hours. Clarifiers, heaters, and liquor pumps will, in a like manner, show the application of machinery to a branch of manufacture with v/hich the public have but little familiarity. D 2 36 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. Eetiirning towards the Central Avenue, the observer cannot but be struck with the ponderous locomotive engines exhibited, in which many novel features may be noticed and much elegance of construction observed. Near these is the great hydraulic press, hj which the huge tubes of the Britannia bridge, weighing 2,000 tons each, were lifted 100 feet to rest securely on its towers, and unite Anglesea with the main land. The principle • — that the pressure communicated to a small column of water, is multiplied over a larger mass with which it may be connected, by the difference between its surface measurement, and that of the small column — was in this example carried to the highest limits yet attained by any artificial means. The large rotar}^ marine engine, near this, for pro- pelling the screw, cannot but be regarded with interest by those who feel how much of the prosperity of England is due to the efforts of mechanical ingenuity and skill. Several other equally interesting exempli- fications of the attention given to the improvement of machinery will be discovered on all sides. Carriage De- Cakkiage Department. — Class 5. partment, Class 5. YoY the moment, we would pass the court devoted to mineral manufactures, and examine the carriage department, in which a very extensive variety of vehicles, from the dress coach to the street cab and public omnibus, are collected. As these speak suffi- ciently for themselves, we must simply direct attention to some extraordinary examples of the wheelwright's art ; and jjassing east, we find ourselves in the depart- ment within which the works of the tanner, the currier, and different trades working in leather, are collected. Hydraulic Pr^'ss, Ihitannia Bridge. Rotary Engine. SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 37 Leather. — Class 16. Leather, Here will be found illustrations of the processes by ^^^^s^^- which the skins of animals are rendered available for purposes of use and ornament. The hair being re- moved by the agency of an alkaline bath, the skin is subjected to the chemical action of the astringent prin- ciple of the oak bark ; this principle — tannin — com- bines chemically with the skin, forming a true com- pound of tannic acid, with the gelatine, &c., of the animal sheet. Numerous plans for quickening the operations of the tanner have been introduced ; but in all cases of chemical action, it has been found that time is an important element. Nature works slowl}^, and her works endure — man quickens the action, and the permanency is destroyed. At a very early period, the Hudson's Bay Company Hudson Bay promised to exhibit their finest skins, and we have them here displayed. The case of furs in the Nave is Case of vari- a remarkably interesting object if regarded as a natural ' history collection merely ; but when associated with the use of these animal products for the comfort and ornament of man, it is rendered much more so. We have here exemplified the beaver-skin as Beaver imported, and with the coarse hair pulled out, and its progress towards a finished hat. Other skins and furs are shown in reference to the same class of manu- facture. The history of boots and shoes is told us in a series History of of imitations from the Eoman and British shoes and shoes.^"*^ sandals, through all the various forms this useful article has taken, to the present time. Also here are most of the skins from which the leather employed for shoes is manufactured ; and in many cases are examples given of the different results of variations in the tanning and dressing processes. SYNOPSIS Ol* COi^TUNl'S. Goat, seal, sheep, calf, and other skins manufac- tured for bookbinding, are exhibited, and the manu- facture of morocco leather illustrated. Not only are the fine varieties of leather exhibited, but rhinoceros and hippopotamus, buffalo and horse skin. Oiled leather and Irish kid, with several varieties of buck, doe, and sheep skins, are employed to illustrate glove manufacture. Harness in great variety, and much of it highly ornamented, will be an interesting portion of this class. Mineral Ma- MINERAL MANUFACTURES. — ClaSS 27. iiutaotiires. (;iass27. The mineral manufacture presents a very striking appearance : Nature has furnished in the rocks of our island, a series of stones, as beautiful in colour as varied in design, alid as capable of being wrought into forms of delicacy, as any which are to be found in other parts of the world, and we have evidence in this exhibi- tion of our native industry, in giving elegant forms to our British marbles. Serpentines. The Serpentines of the Lizard district, in Cornwall, (these rocks are combinations of silica and magnesia,) will be seen to exhibit a very interesting variety ; their capability for ornamental purposes will be evident upon inspection of the obelisks, vaseg, font, candelabra, chim- ney-pieces, and other specimens ; a case of serpentine, and steatite rock, with impregnations of copper, will be Granites. found interesting. The granite^ of Cornwall will also be seen to show some very remarkable features. This stone, so well known for its high durability, is also now proved to be susceptible of receiving elegant workman^ ship, and of being wrought into highly tasteful forms. In the same group porpheries, and some other Cornish productions will be found. Marbles. The marbles of Derbyshire, in all their variety, from Skins for Binding. Morocco. Bhinoceros and Hippo- potamus' Hides. Leather Gloves. Harness. SYl^Ot»SlS OF CONTEN'TS. 39 the palest encrenitical marble, to the fine black marble of that county, with vases of fluor-spar — the now scarce variety, Blue- John, as it is locally called— of a beauti- Fluor-Spar. ful amethystine colour, and all the other varieties of this fluoride of calcium, are exhibited. The ingenuity of the Derbyshire artist in the practice of inlaying has been long known, and the finest Florentine work Inlaying, is here most fairly rivalled. The beauty of some of these si^ecimens, almost removing them from this into the Fine Arts' department, cannot but attract ad- miration. Around this section will be found a great variety of other productions of the United Kingdom ; some exquisite carvings in Caen stone, and numerous Various examples of similar works in slate, limestone, the Bath oolite, Portland stone, &c. The series of tiles, Tiles, many of them being new designs, and others copies from the tiles of the Alhambra, and those of the Mediaeval period, will be admired. These i^roductions, upon which much taste and skill were formerly em- ployed, are ably revived. In those exhibited, some colours are introduced which were not known to the ancients ; thus the moderns have a decided advan- tage in the colours they are enabled to give to orna- mental pavement. Tessera3 in great variety and colour are also shown. These are now principally manufac- tured by compressing the cla}^ in a dry state in moulds ; the particles are forced within the limits of cohesive force, and are thus held together by the operation of this power ; being afterwards baked, they acquire the firm- ness of stone, and are excessively durable. These, and other examples, promise the introduction of a new style of floor decoration. The numerous articles in terra-cotta, and in artificial 8toiies of different kinds, are too numerous? to notice. 40 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. They will all well repay examination ; as will also several examples of ornamental constructions in con- nexion with house and cottage architecture. Imme- diately eastward of this division will be found the bays allotted to furniture, a similar space being devoted to it also on the other side of the Main Avenue, within which is included particularly metropolitan furniture. FuKNiTUKE. — Class 26. Chairs. Distributed on either side,' we find easy chairs for the luxuriant or weary ; and some interest attaches to a copy of a chair which once belonged to the Abbot of Glastonbury. Much of the oak furniture is ela- borately carved and variously ornamented ; and Ave have modern designs and copies from the antique of Tables. considerable merit. The drawing-room furniture, con- tributed from the provincial towns, will be found to display great taste, and to exhibit many novelties. An Chiffonier, open consolc chiffonier, for example, displays a com- bination of statuary marble, glass, wood — the English walnut, — and metal, which is exceedingly effective. Cahinet. Taunton contributes a cabinet of walnut-wood, grown in the neighbourhood, elaborately carved. The sup- porters of the cabinet are four figures emblematic of the Seasons, as shown in the contrasts of buoyant youth and the decrepitude of age. This idea is carried onward in the convolvulus, the grape, the barley, and the hop, which in carved tracery runs around the cabinet. The additional ornaments of glass, needle- work on velvet, the figures from nature, will meet Sideboard. with many admirers. Near this will be found a side- board, in which, in addition to much very excellent Slab of Gal- carving, a slab of Galway marble, 10 feet 6 inches way Marble. ^Qjig^ ig introduced. Another sideboard, of carved New Zealand wood, should also be inspected. The SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 41 end of a drawing-room, witli cliimney-piece of wliite marble, the carved figures representing Chaucer's characters, and the pillars, doors, and frieze painted in imitation of inlaid marble in the style of the Eliza- bethan period, and other room decorations of a very striking and tasteful character, will be found in this department. It is obviously impossible to do justice to the nu- Parqueterie. merous examples of the art of the wood-carver and the cabinet-maker which occur in this class — the speci- mens of parqueterie or inlaid work for flooring, of English buhl and or-molu, as applied to elegant furni- -Buhl, ture, are very numerous. Inlaid tables, some of them iniaidTables. said to be formed of upwards of 10,000 pieces of British and foreign woods, are remarkable objects. An heraldic chair, involving much British history ; the Aldobrandine cabinet, so called from its carving telling the incident of Aldobrand presenting his first proof to Bertha ; the Eenaissance bedstead in walnut, and Renaissance other articles in the same style, with much in imita- ^ * tion of the oak furniture of the Middle Ages — respec- tively claim attention in this department. A mirror, 11 feet by 7, will be regarded as a fine Mirror, specimen of plate glass and of silvering, and, together with a carved girandole looking-glass, and several specimens of this class, may be regarded as an exceed- ingly favourable illustration of ornamental furniture. Bedsteads and couches, in considerable variety and Bedsteads, most elaborately and, in some instances, most taste- fully decorated, will invite attention by their attractive display, and one introducing an apparatus for making a person get up is amusing. Numerous picture frames, exhibiting great variety of carved decoration, are spread around, and examples of others in putty, com- position, papier mache, &c, &c. 42 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. To the east of tlie furniture department, on the north side, we have the section of Fine Arts, as far as they come within the meaning of purely industrial productions. Class 30. Fine Arts. — Class 30. Fine Arts. AVithin this space we have a very miscellaneous Papier Manhe collcction. The powers of papier-machd manufacture are tested in mouldings of great elaboration, as in the figure of a dragon 14 feet long, and a Corinthian capital for a column. It is interesting to observe the works of humanity suffering from any deprivation of a sense ; and the examples contributed by the pupils of the Blind Institution in the Avenue Road, in basket- weav- ing and knitting, are pleasing examples. Type. Numerous specimens of type and of printing are to be found here, and a model of a mould for casting type on an improved principle. Stereotyping is an important, and at the same time a troublesome pro- Gutta Percha ^^ss, consuming much time. Gutta percha is here impression showu as uscd for receiving the impression from the and Electro- -, stereotype type, and an electro-stereotype plate produced by the plate. ordinary electrotype process of precipitating the metal Envelope i^to the mould. The machine for folding envelopes Folder. exceeding ingenuity, and so are the examples of Compound compound plate printing in different colours, recom- T^lftto Print* ing. mended for the prevention of the forgery of bank notes, the colours being on different plates, which, com- bined, form one. Artists' Oil and water colours, coloured crayons, and samples Colours. artists' leads in great variety, are here placed ; many of the colours showing the great improvement which has been made in pigments, within a few years, by attention to chemistry. A drawing in coloiiriS also illustrates this ; but a far more extensive series of STI^OmS OF CONSENTS* 4S pigments will be found in the gallery among the chemical productions. Ornamental papers and bindings are largely shown. OrnaTnental Much of the latter being favourable examples of the Binding!^ advance in the art of decoration even in books. The work of the boys of Greenwich Hospital schools is an interesting contribution to be found here, asso- ciated with various kinds of maps from different exhi- Maps, bitors, some of them examples of the raised- surface maps. It is pretty generally known that paper can now be Paper in great manufactured of almost any length. An illustration of this is here exhibited in a sheet 2,500 yards long, and 3 fi3et 10 inches broad ; and another of brown paper 420 yards long, and 7 feet 9 inches broad. Models of many celebrated architectural structures Architeoturai axe placed here, and also of designs for new erections. ^^°*^^^^* Amongst these we may mention the Martyrs' Monu- ment at Oxford ; the Portico of the Pantheon at Rome ; the Temple Church ; Preston Hall ; the Eoyal Arch at Dundee ; of Tynemouth Castle : and there are many others. Examples of printing in oil colours, of chrome- Printing in lithographic printing, &c., show the present state of chromo- these arts. Of the latter there are some very inte- lithography, resting examples, displaying the result obtained after each impression taken from the individual stones : it should be stated that every colour requires to be produced on a separate lithographic tablet — a work of considerable delicacy. Painting on ivory of the marriage of Her Majesty, Painting on a scene at the coronation, and the baptism of the ^^^^J"* Prince of Wales, are exhibited in this compartment. Engraving by electricity is a new art, of which Engraving by exainpies are shown. The i)roces^ is to connect the Electricity on 44 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. Seals en- f raved hy lachinery. Carvings in Ivory and Wood. Gibbons' style. Trophy in carved Wood, Coins and Medals. Tortoise- shell Frame. Gum -paste Models. Anatomical Model. Mexican Figures. steel i^late with one pole of a galvanic battery, and the engraver, a mere metal point, with the other : this is held by means of a glass or ivory handle. Every time the two are brought into contact there is a spark, a small portion of the steel undergoing com- bustion ; therefore the engraving is a series of dots produced by the combustion of the steel effected thus by the agency of the voltaic current. This process is more applicable to steel than to any other material. Seals engraved by machinery have two or three exhibitors. Carvings in ivory, representing celebrated characters, medallions, and studies from the antique, are nearly associated with carvings in wood of the Laocoon, the tiger-hunt, &c., and sundry other pieces of similar work, some in walnut, others in box, and some in cork. A frame for a looking-glass in Gibbons' style, and a trophy about 6 feet long carved by hand in walnut, are exquisite specimens of that art to which the genius of Gibbons gave a considerable degree of celebrity. The oak buffet from Warwick, with the story of Kenilworth, forms a prominent object in this department. Specimens of coins and medals show our present excellence in the art : amongst other illustrations, the medal presented to Major Edwardes will be found. Satuettes from various artists are arranged in different parts ; and here is a frame of 3 feet square, com- posed of 2,300 pieces of tortoise-shell and mother-o'- pearl. We have the trophies of the wars of all nations, and a model of the Fountain of Commerce in gum paste, and an anatomical figure exhibiting the muscular system. Of a like character, as works of art, are the wax SYNOPSIS OP CONTENTS. 45 models of the Mexicans and American Indians. The Mexicans have long been celebrated for their modelling in wax. These have been executed in England by a Mexican ; but they are good examples of the art pursued in that country with so much effect. The process of enamelling consists in fusing metallic Enamels. * oxides mixed with a silicious compound upon the surface of metallic plates, generally copper ; although gold, but for its cost, would be superior to it. This peculiar art, therefore, demands much skill on the part of the artist, as he often paints in a colour which is not that which is produced after firing. The present state of enamel painting in this country is favourably exhibited. Several very interesting specimens of the art will be found in this department of the Exhibition. Immediately adjoining this section, before we arrive at the staircase, will be found the three follov/ing Colonial sections, which it is recom- mended should be now inspected. Malta. Malta. Maltese stone has been long known to us by the very Maltese elaborate works which are executed in it, and from time stone, to time brought to this country. The carvers of Val- letta have contributed many of the most favourable specimens of their art in this material — ^jugs, large Carvings, vases, and pedestals. We have this stone also, oiled, and prepared for pavement ; and its utility as a drip- Pavement, stone shown. ^^'^P^'^^^* An inlaid marble table — the royal arms, and the em- inlaid Table, blems of Malta in coral and lapis-lazuli, bear evidence to the skill of the exhibitor, who also contributes figures Wax Figures, modelled in wax, and constructed of cloth. Some of the specimens of red Gozo marble and stalactites are in- Red Gozo teresting. ^^^^i^- 48 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. Vegetable produce. Cotton. Silk. Wheat, &c. Silk and Nankeen ma- nufactured. Gold and Sil- ver Filagree. Jersey and Guernse\ . Silk. Arrow-root. Models. House Venti- lation. Sideboard of carved Oak. The examples of the vegetable produce of Malta are very instructive : we have common Maltese cotton, and Nankeen cotton, the thread made from four varieties, and cotton fabrics also. Maltese silk and cocoons, and some beautiful examples of the silk lace of the island, are associated with these. Wheat, and cinnamon, and aniseed, and some other things are sent from the island, together with straw, and the articles made therefrom. The mittens of lace, with beads, collars, cuffs, em- broidered muslin, and Nankeen dresses, plain and em- broidered, will be of interest to the ladies. The gold and silver filigree work of these islanders has been long celebrated. Malta has furnished to the Exhibition a great variety of specimens, illustrating this important branch of its industry : bracelets, breast-pins, and cha- telaines, basins, plates, flowers, bouquet-holders, broaches, and numerous other things, show the charac- ter of this work : such are the interesting contributions of Malta. Arranged near these, we have the Channel Islands : Jersey and Guernsey, Jersey and Guernsey. The Silk-growers' Company of Guernsey send raw silk, grown by them ; and we have samples of the Guernsey arrow-root, produced from the Arum macU' latun, as illustrating the attention of the inhabitants of the island to the fresh sources of useful industry. A model, representing the visit of Her Majesty to Jersey, in 1847, and models in ornamental leather work, are not without interest ; we have, associated, models of an improved system of house-ventilation ; of chimney-pots ; and of a lighthouse. A sideboard of carved oak, the back representing the signing of Magna Charta, the panels worked in tapes- gYHOP^X^ OF CON^^J^TS, 47 try, is sent from Jersey, as is also a novel mahogany cellarette table, and a clock to go 500 days with- out winding up. Some specimens of tapestry-work, for ladies* dresses, mark a rather peculiar feature, and an interesting one, of the industry of these islands. Ceylon. Ceyion. The mineral productions of Ceylon exhibited consist of iron, tin, manganese, and plumbago. The ruby, the chryso-beryl, zircon, and tourmaline, are among its earthy and rarer minerals. Its vegetable produc- tions are numerous, particularly coffee, cinnamon, tobacco, gamboge, tamarinds, &c. ; numerous oils, and wares, ivory, buffalo and deer horns are sent over ; and carvings on the tortoise-shell, and in wood and stone ; crockery, plain and painted ; agricultural tools ; gold and silver ornaments ; cutlery ; lace ; cotton fa- brics, and cordage — illustrate the industry of the Cey- lonese. Models of carriages and palanquins, and of their temples, convey to us some idea of the customs of this island. Ascending the North Stairs, and proceeding to the right, we are brought to the Ceramic series. North Gallery, near Transept. Pottery. — Class 25. Pottery. To enumerate the various objects of interest within this group is obviously impossible ; and to select where there is so much which is excellent is a task of diffi- culty, and invidious distinction might appear to be given. To avoid this, the general character of the divisions of the group will alone be attempted. Earthenware, — the common clay body,— will be seen Earthenware, to be materially improved in its character, and in par- ticular its glaze is superior to what it was. Many very interesting applications of earthenware to ornamental 48 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. Porcelain, Painting on Porcelain. Hose Du- barry. S hatuary Porcelain. Pleiades. Ino and Bacchus. Tripod. purposes are now for the first time exhibited. Much of this ware is at present manufactured with the finer quahties of the Cornish and Devonshire clays. Porcelain manufacture is of comparatively recent date in this country, the first specimens being made in the latter half of the last century by Mr. Cookwor- thy, of Plymouth, who drew attention to the great clay deposits of Cornwall. He afterwards removed his works to Worcester, and thus introduced his Kaolin into the north, Avhere it is now most extensively em- plo3^ed. Our ordinary, or, as it is called, tender porcelain, is a clay body into which a glaze, composed of sihca and an alkali (in fact a glass), is run. Hard porcelain is a semivitrified body throughout. Both of these will be found fully illustrated in the present collection. Some of the sets will at once strike every observer as being exceedingly beautiful, and in all respects marking a very considerable improvement in our manufacture. Many of the colours painted on our china will be found to be of greater purity than usual ; and the Eose Dubarry, which w^as the name given to a colour employed at Sevres in the orna- mentation of a set of porcelain during this favourite's reign, will be found revived for the first time in this country. In statuary porcelain, or Parian — a most interesting and almost new application, — v/e have in addition to numerous good examples of known groups and single figures, some very fine specimens of the application of china to the multiplication of some of the purest specimens of high art. The statues of the Pleiades, Ino and Bacchus, the Eeturn of the Prodigal, and a Grecian tripod, may be regarded as remarkable examples in this line, since the difticulties which arise in the designing of the figure, SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 49 the finished one being one-third less in size than when in damp clay, and the danger of complete fusion during firing, require an unusual exactitude of atten- tion. These figures are a true porcelain, the mass being fused throughout. Stoneware of various kinds, and many novel adapta- Stoneware, tions of pottery, will be found in this group. Against the wall may be sought examples of steam printing, for transferring to printed earthenware ; and many choice examples of panels for decorative purposes, and some specimens also of painting on glass, to which we have been brought by continuing our right-hand course. North Gallery. The contents of tliis gallery are of a very miscella- neous character ; amongst other things the folloAving will be found of great interest : — Models of a proposed harbour of refuge on the Models, eastern coast of England, of a wire bridge and a bar trellis suspension bridge, railway bridges, girder bridges. Bridges, and others. Samples of chain and chain cables ; model of tele- graphic lighthouse, and models of the lighthouses, lamps, and gear from the Board of Northern Lights ; plan of lighthouse for the Goodwin Sands, and a Lighthouses, model of an emigrant's galvanized iron house, and furniture adapted to it. These, plans of shop fronts, shop Fronts, landing- piers, &c., numerous other models of new and in many cases most ingenious contrivances, will be found in this line, which space will not allow us to enumerate. These are followed by a great variety of surgical Surgical In- instruments, adapted for almost every variety of opera- strum ents. tion, or arranged for the relief of human suffering, E SYKOPStS OF CONTENTS. Cutlery. Carving. Moulding and carving by Ma- chinery. GUTTA Pkucha. India- rubber. Glass Manu- factures. Chandelier. Cutlery follows these, which are, as a group, re- markahl}" fine illustrations of this branch of British industry. Proceeding along the same line we have specimens of carving in walnut and in English oak ; one piece taking for its subject the Canterbury Pilgrims of Chaucer, at the Tabard, in South wark ; another good example being the carved oak pulpit. Moulding and panels, made by machinery, are exhibited, and ornamental sawing also by machinery. The uses of gutta percha are largely illustrated here in ornamental furniture of various kinds ; and near tliis will be found an equally interesting illustration of India-rubber manufacture . Chandeliers of fancy straw, a bird-cage of ivory and rose- wood, shaving brushes mounted in silvered glass handles, combs, &c., all find a place in this division. Central North Gallery. — Glass. Class 26. This beautiful manuhicture is most fully illustrated in this group. The various materials employed in the manufacture — the sands, the alkalies, the lead, and the manganese, which when fused, form so beautifully transparent a mass, are shown, and models of the fur- nace, lears, pots, tools, and machinery for cutting, are associated. Many very choice examples of cutting and engraving in glass will be found ; and some of the chandeliers and candelabra are of very large size, and fine examples of this class of workmanship. The large chandelier, intended for sixty wax lights, in style approximating to the Gothic, is a beautiful specimen of British crystal glass. Another, in the Alhambraic style, of contrasted colours of red, blue, and opaque white, is novel in its arrangements. The style of cuttina; in another chandelier near this is remarkable. SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS* 51 Rectangular drops, lapidary cut, are so suspended as to intersect each other, and to have the appearance of an aggregated mass of crystals. Coloured and stained glass, in great variety, is shown ; Coloured and if these are compared with the colours produced in this country while the restrictive duties trammelled the manufacturer's progress, it will be discovered that our glass-makers only required a fair opportunity to rival the productions in Bohemian glass. These colours are the result of the combinations of metallic oxides, as gold, silver, copper, cobalt, uranium, &c., &c., with the ordinary flint glass. Several candelabra are of exceeding beauty, display- ing the utmost purity in the material, and the greatest skill in workmanship. A glass candlestick of the Giass^ ^ largest size is novel for its acorn drops, cut-glass oak leaves, and twisted shaft. Here are also some interest- ing revivals ; amongst others, the old gilt diamond Venetian glass, and some exceedingly good imitations Revival of of the Venetian frosted 2;lass. Amons; the numerous Venetian ^ ° . Glass. examples of engraved glass, a plate with profile portrait ^^ ^^^ of Her Majesty, surrounded by Thorwaldsen's frieze Engraving;-. of the Triumph of Constantino, is a very fine example. All the ordinary examples of flint and bottle glass are very extensively exhibited. The examples of silvered glass will attract the ad- Silvering miration of many. This is really silvering, since that metal is precipitated on the glass ; the ordinary pro- cesses consisting of the application of an amalgam of mercury and tin to the surface. Various substances have the property of precipitating silver from its solu- tion. Among others, the essential oils, aldehyde, gun cotton dissolved in an alkali, and grape-sugar. This last is the preparation employed in producing the effects exhibited. The glass is made with a space 52 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. between its two walls or sides ; this is filled witli a neutral solution of silver, to which some grape-sugar has been added, and the beautifully-pure coating of that metal is thus produced. The solution being re- moved, and the interior washed and dried, it is sealed from the influence of the air. By this means, under a surface of ghass, is obtained the effects of metallic re- flection, which cannot change unless the glass is broken. The examples of pressed glass are numerous, and many novelties in this manufacture are introduced. Plate, Crown, Plate, crowu, and sheet glass, the so-called German Glass. sheet, and patent plate, are exhibited, of very large sizes, and of superior manufacture. Some examples of glass shades are the largest ever yet manufactured ; and certainly, vrhen we consider the difficulties of blowing such, tliey are remarkable examples. Some interesting specimens of optical glass are associated with these ; and also very fine specimens of the alkalies em- ployed. In the same line of gallery, passing westward, we Musical In- come to the Musical Instruments, of which a very Class X. ' considerable display is made — pianofortes of almost every kind, and of great beauty as pieces of cabinet work, are exhibited ; harps, organs, cornopeans, horns, the newly-invented euphonia serpenteclide, and various other instruments, are in this group. Philosophical Instruments. — Class 10. Philosophical Leaving the musical instruments, passing westward, instruments. r^|Qj-^g same gallery, we come to a most interesting Chemical pi'oup. Numcrous chcmical and philosophical appara- Apparatus. ^^^^^ ^ mixed character, are the first in order ; a very useful cabinet, containing every variety of chemical apparatus, being most completely fitted. Photographic Photographic api^aratus, and various ingenious contrivances, useful Apparatus. ii ? & ' SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 53 in many kinds of manufacture, will be next met with. We then have the arrangement for the electric light Electric light exhibited, showing how the charcoal poles, or points, between which the light is developed, are maintained at a uniform distance from each other, during the opera- tion of the electric current. The attempts made, hitherto unsuccessfully, to apply electro-magnetic force Eiectro- as a motive power, also receive illustration. The great En|hie^s? difficulties are, the loss of power through space, and the setting up of a counter current, acting as an opposing force the moment motion, is produced. Electrotypes and electrotype apparatus will be found Electrotypes, of considerable interest, most particularly some very delicate specimens of flowers, &c., covered with copper, by the process. A film of silver is first formed on the article, whatever it may be, by dipping it in a solution of phosphorus, in sulphuret of carbon, and then into a silver solution ; after which, it is connected with the batter}^ Compasses of various kinds, with many of the most Compasses, approved, and the newest arrangements for preserving these instruments as free as possible from vibration at sea, are exhibited. JSTear these some very fine electrical Electrical machines will be found ; also a very powerful steel magnet, constructed on the principle recommended by Dr. Scoresby, and some cast-iron magnets, of much power, which can be readily made at small cost . Of electric telegraphs, and machinery connected with Electric them, there are between twenty and thirty exhibitors. "^^^^^"^^P^^^* We have here the ordinary double-needle telegraph, and all the numerous modifications of that instrument which have been introduced. Many of the contri- vances are most ingenious, and all more or less tend towards the improvement of an instrument which is 54 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. undoubtedly the most perfect illustration of a grand application of science to the useful purposes of man which has been made within our own time. The rriuting printing electric telegraphs are also exhibited, and Telegraphs, ^^^^-j^. operations will be observed with much interest. Batteries ^^^^ improvements made in galvanic batteries for the purpose of ensuring constancy of action, and in- creased effect, are shown. Dipping ^ Magnetic instruments, dipping, intensity, and varia- ' * tion needles will be found worthy a close examination, ^particularly the dipping-needle deflectors, which have been employed most successfully in tracing out the lines of equal magnetic variation over every part of the globe. There are also smaller instruments of the same class for ascertaining the magnetic character of the primary rocks, and other similar observations. Miners' dials, theodolites, &c., are amongst this group. Magnetic A magnetic balance, of exceeding delicacy, is also exhibited. Here the weight of a body is determined by the force required to overcome the attractive power of magnets, instead of that of gravitation, which is the ordinary method employed. Gutta-percha In the miscellaneous matters of this group will be application. ^^^^^^ many arrangements connected with the applica- tions of gutta percha as an electrical insulator, and its use in the form of tubing for communicating from one apartment of a building to another with facility, and many mechanical and electrical contrivances of exceed- ing ingenuity. Beyond these we arrive at the several bays devoted to sun-drawn pictures. Photography. Photography, in all its principle divisions, is well Daguerreo • represented. A very extensive series of daguerreotypes, portraits, and views of celebrated places, merit a close inspection. It is curious to notice, as they are here collected, the peculiar differences in the styles of the SYNOI^SIS OF CONTENTS, 55 portraiture in the productions of different photographic artists, arising principally from the arrangement of the lights. It is now well known that these pictures are produced by the action of the solar rays on a film of iodide of silver, and that the image is developed by mercurial vapour ; the true daguerreotype picture being represented by the white mercurial film, and the dark surface of polished silver. The coloured portraits are all of them the result of painting by a process of stippliRg after the picture is finished. Many plans for giving permanence to these colours have been devised, the most recent being what are called enamelled daguerreotyes, a protecting glazing being applied to the surface of the picture. Several interesting exemplifi- cations of the phenomena of solar action are shown, the chief object being to prove that light, luminous power, and the agent producing the photographic image, can be separated from each other. The productions on paper, calo types or Talbotypes, Caiotypes. and other vaTieties, are numerous, and many of them exceedingly beautiful. Some copies of forest scenery are remarkable for their truthfulness, and, contrary to a commonly received idea, they show that the natural landscape, with its green foliage, is capable of producing a faithful image upon any sensitive photographic pre- paration. The most recent improvement is the introduc- Photographs tion of the use of glass plates for the reception of the first negative image in the camera. The result of having so x)ure a substance as glass from which to obtain the positive impressions, is, that pictures of exquisite sharp- ness are thereby obtained'free from all the imperfections which attend the use of paper negatives. Many of the photographs exhibited are from glass negatives. The truthfulness of these pictures show how valuable an adjunct to the artist is the scientific application of the fact that some salts of silver blacken in the sunshine. 66 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. Some of the assay balances in this section are fine examples of the perfection to which machines for determining the weight of bodies can be brought. The hydrostatic balances, and ordinary beams and scales, are not without interest. Among many other things of much interest near these will be found the dioptric and trioptric lanterns. These are devised for throwing two or three pictures upon a screen at once by the agency of an ingenious lamp, an ordinary argand, the flame of which plays on a ball of lime, upon which, through the centre of the flame, is projected a jet of oxygen at the same time. For dissolving views and the representation of long or jjanoramic views, these lanterns are well suited, the images from the lateral lenses being totally reflected by carefuUy-adj usted prisms. A large number of globes are collected at the west end of this galler}^, many of them being arranged for edacational purposes, upon which the physical geo- graphy of the earth can be drawn, or the constella- tions of the heavens shaped as studies. Some of these are adjusted to movements showing the rotation of the earth on its axis, and amongst them portable globes, to be inflated Avith atmospheric air. A charvolant, or carriage, drawn by kites, is among the many curious devices of ingenuity. The astorama, a concave representation of the heavens, and the planisphere, are both instructive. A vertical orrery, and other pieces of a similar ap- paratus, are also here exhibited. SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 57 Gallery — West End. The grand organ, forming the central ohject at this Grand end, is 38 feet high, 26 feet wide, and 23 feet deep. It contains about 5,000 pipes, the largest being 32 feet long, and the shortest ^ths of an inch. It has 80 stops, of which 15 are reeds, and 14 appropriated to pedal organ. Arranged behind this instrument, and on either side, are a oreat variety of examples of naval architecture, ^'^^'^l , ArciiiLpCLiirp from the 120-gun ship of the British navy to the hshing-boats of our shores, and pleasure and life boats. When we enumerate the model of a catamaran, of an ancient Koman galley, steering-wheel and binnacle, a case containing models of plans for fitting temporary rudders to ships at sea, of boat fitted with a rocket-gun for discharging rockets to carry ropes to a rock or a ship for the purpose of saving the lives of the ship- wrecked, harpoon gun for whales, and gun for shooting wild ducks — it will be apparent that the group is of considerable importance. The Ordnance map of Eng- land and Wales is suspended in this division. Central South Gallery. Passing southward by the organ, specimens of stained stained Glass glass Avindows invite the eye ; and we reach a very important scientific arrangement which would not, unless pointed out, be likely to receive the notice it merits. This is an adjustment by which the variations of the earth's magnetic intensity is made to register Photographic itself. It has been long known that the diurnal ^^^gisters. variation of the needle was regulated in some mysterious manner by solar influence. Faraday has recently 68 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS, proved tliat atmosplieric oxygen is magnetic, and that its magnetism varies witli temperature, thus explaining the alteration observed in the earth's magnetic force. To register these very delicate variations, photographic papers are moved by clockwork behind a screen, in w^liich there is an opening, through which a reflected beam of artificial light, concentrated by a lens from the end of a bar magnet, is thrown ; every movement of the freely suspended magnet altering the angle occa- sions a deviation in the line impressed by the light on the sensitive paper. Thus each variation is deter- mined with the utmost exactitude by the character of the darkened line upon the sensitive preparation. We have here photographic self-registering magnetic and meteorological a^Dparatus, consisting of a declination magnetometer, and bifilar, or horizontal force and vertical force magnetometers, syphon barometers, and dry and wet bulb thermometers, all rendered self-regis- tering by this means. This method is employed in the Observatory at Greenwich, and other places, and not only is the solar beam made to register the magnetic disturbances which it sets up, but to record in a similar manner variations in the temperature and atmospheric pressure. Instruments for determining the pressure of the atmospheric column are in great variety, as regards external decoration, and of excellent manufacture, in Barometers, respect to the scientific adjustments of the barometric column. There is not, however, much novelty in the construction of any of these. One very ingenious instrument for determining the variations of atmo- spheric pressure in the coal-mines, where the alterna- tions of temperature are very small, promises to be of much utility. Nearly all colliery explosions occur when there is an alteration in the atmospheric pressure ; it is SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 59 therefore an important step to put into the hands of the miner an instrument by which every change can be easily perceived and the danger guarded against. Maximum thermometers register their greatest height Thermome- usually leaving a bit of steel to mark that point : these are always troublesome, owing to the liability of the steel to be involved in the mercury. A modification is exhibited in a maximum thermometer, in which the marker is a small portion of mercury separated from the main column by a little air ; under no circum- stances, unless much violence is used, can these com- bine ; thus a great improvement is effected. A large collection of clocks of various kinds is the Clocks, first principal group in this gallery. Among these is a contribution from Exeter of one of those extraordinary efforts of mechanical skill and patient industry which from time to time astonish us. Thirty-four years are said to have been spent by a self-taught artist, who died in poverty, in completing the clock now shown, the details of which are exceedingly curious, consisting of a Curious moving panorama and figures, a perpetual almanac, adjusted to mark leap years, requiring regulation but once in 130 years, a circle exhibiting the day of the week, and marking the equation of time, together with many other ingenious mechanical contrivances, and much peculiar ornamental work. A 400-day timepiece is near this, and several very highly -wrought specimens of this art, including examples of the most delicate worlananship. Astronomical clocks, chronometers, gold Astronoini- watches, with various escapements, alarums, &c., will ciironome- be found associated with pedometers, for measuring Qoiawatches walking distances, and odometers, for measuring car- riage distances. It will be instructive to notice the varieties of com- Compensa- pensation pendulums, and a model showing the system {ums^aTd ^' • Balances. 60 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. Gold and Silver Chas- Death on ' Pale Horse, Goldsmiths' Company Frizes. Diamonds. adopted in the compensation balance, by whicb an exact adjustment for temperature is obtained, this depending upon the different rates of expansion in two dissimilar metals. In some of the skeleton chrono- meters and clocks, all the varieties of motions employed in the measurement of time can be studied. Within this department is also included Count Dunin's man of steel, composed of 7,000 separate jjieces ; the whole body being made to contract or expand in every direc- tion. Immediately following the philosojjhical instruments, as we pass eastward in the Central South Gallery, we come to a glittering display of the precious metals. Gold and silver work in great variety, and of enor- mous value, are shown. We have beautiful examples of castings in these metals, and also of chasing. It is stated, in illustration of the latter process, that in the figure of Death on the Pale Horse, from West, the silver is only of an inch in thickness, the legs and every part being beaten up out of the solid piece. Hammered plates appear to have been used very early, and were brought to a remarkable degree ' of perfection by Cellini, some of whose works are imitated in this collection. Many of the designs of centre-pieces are of the most elaborate description ; and some of the vases and cups in silver and gold are exceedingly beautiful. The designs in competition for the prizes offered by the Goldsmiths* Company will be of high interest; and altogether the works of our gold and silver smiths will be found to be of a very remarkable description. Several fine collections of the precious stones are asso- ciated with this valuable series — tiaras, necklaces, stomachers, and bouquets of diamonds will be exhi- bited. Kubies in great variety, and sapphires and 1 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 61 turquoise ; and a unique blue diamond, weighing 177 ^q^^^^' grains, is in this series. The "jade " of the Chinese will be found mounted in choice forms, as will also be the sardonyx, bloodstone, lapis lazuli, rock crystal, and Precious almost every variety of gem in elegant gold fittings, many of the designs being new, and displaying a very high degree of taste. Specimens of electro-plating are very numerous. It will be understood that the electro-plate differs Eiectroplat- from the ordinary or Sheffield plate in having the silver precipitated on a surface of copper or German silver, by means of an electric current from a solution of the oxide of silver in cyanide of potassium, or some such solution. The electric current is usually that de- veloped by the galvanic battery, but some manufac- turers are novv^ employing permanent magnets as the source of electricity, the current being generated by the rotation of the armature in front of the poles. Formerly the silver was precipitated as dead or frosted metal ; but by the use of a little bi-sulphuret of carbon in the solution, it is now throvm down bright. Oxide of gold, dissolved in cyanide or ferrid- Klectro-piate cyanide of potassium, is the solution employed for ^ gilding by electrical decomposition. The process is in all respects like that of silver, but a much weaker electric current precipitates the gold than the silver. It will be evident that this process affords us a very Precipitating easy means of producing a combination of the metals Metals, in elegant designs upon any surface. The surface being covered with an etching ground, the design is traced through it to the metal, and one kind precipitated ; this is covered, and another kind deposited along other lines. Some examples of this process v/ill be found amongst the electro-plating processes. Examples of Sheffield plate are numerous ; this, the 63 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. old process, is still preferred for many purposes. Here the plating is effected by binding a piece of silver to a piece of copper, exposing them to such a heat that they cohere ; and then rolling them out into plates, which are afterwards worked into the various forms required. Told Draw '^^^ ductility of the metals is shown by the i)ro- hijr. cesses of drawing gold and silver wire, and the manu- ¥Yin^e[ facture of bullion fringe. Hanging above the central galleries v/ill be seen a splendid display of every kind Carpets. of carpct manufacture : Axminster of the finest quality, velvet, and Brussels ; Masulipatam carpets, and nu- Car' et*-^^^'^'^ mcroLis otlicrs of our own manufacture ; one carpet, made at Axminster, for the drawing-room at Windsor Castle, is remarkable as a specimen both in design and size, being 52 feet by 38 ; and no less interesting is The Ladies' the ladies' carpet, worked in Berlin wool by the Lady <^^'irpet. Mayoress and 150 ladies of Great Britain, and pre- sented by them to Her Most Gracious Majesty. Be- yond the beauty of this Avork, there is a higher pur- pose shown ; it is an illustration of a branch of manu- facture which can afford to its executants a recompense more liberal than they can obtain in most other sorts of needlework. These two fine productions hang at the corner where the Central North Gallery imme- diately meets the Transept. CentfvAl South Gallery. Tapestry, &c. — • Class 19. The extraordinary variety of articles comprehended within this class renders it quite impossible to do more than indicate the position of the group. These articles are sufficient examples of industry in many of the Limerick channels in which it is exercised. Beautiful specimens Lace. Limerick lace are found in this section. Counter- . Work!'^ panes of knitted cotton and knitted babies' dresses, one SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 63 of wliicli is said to be composed of 1,464,859 stitches, and to have required 6,300 yards of cotton. Carpets of needlework again occur, and many of them are of very elegant design. The knitting by the poor Irish children of Limerick, Knitting; bj in caps, lace, &c., exhibits a kind of labour which en an ladies might most advantageously encourage ; there is also some very remarkable Irish pearl- work executed Peari-work by poor girls in the parish of Ardee, in Ireland. The Connaught schools also contribute the results of their industry, as do the Moravian establishment, Fulnech, near Leeds. The Balbriggan stockings, of remarkable Baihrig^an softness and elasticity, Curragh lace, Irish poplins, ^^odxinq^s. crochet, bring us to the end of the South Central Gallery. South Gallery. The South Wall is ornamented with many specimens of needlework of various kinds. A hearthrug, de- Worked Ru signed and executed by the exhibitor, representing the banners of all nations, surrounding the British crown, worked on canvas, with silk chenille and wool — is a fine example. The state bed is in all respects a fine example of State Bed. design and execution. The footboard rei)resents the Aurora of Guido, worked with wool, in tent stitch. The tester, or headpiece, is a combination of the fruits and flowers of all countries ; and the centre is Thor- waldsen^s Night, worked from a model. The quilt and hangings are of embroidered Irish poplin ; the canopy being tastefully worked — angels holding garlands of flowers, watching over' the sleepers. The draperies are all worked on canvas, with chenille, in folds, in imita- tion of velvet. The bedstead is gilt, in the style of Louis XI Y. An extensive variety of w^orks of this 64 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. kind will be found in this locality ; from which, pass- ing westward, we arrive at the Chemical section ; but tapestry and other needlework are still continued on the walls. Chemical Processes and Products.— Class 2. A purely technical interest attaches to this depart- ment. The values which belong to many of the prepa- rations will be overlooked by the great mass of the public, while they will be highly appreciated by che- mists. It Las been often stated that the French pro- Pigments, duced far superior pigments to ourselves ; but on look- ing at the various examples of pigments which are here exhibited, we cannot believe our foreign friends to be Crystals. ^Giy scrious rivals. The crystals exhibited are, many of them, of exceeding beauty ; and although it is onl}^ a question of mechanical care to produce them of any size, the purity of the salt is one which involves nice chemical knowledge. Alum. Stannate of soda, alum, sugar of lead, sulphate of Sulphate of copper, ferro-prussiate of potash, and many of those Copper. substances which give large crystals, are made the at- tractive objects. Food. — Class 3. Theine. Tea contains a peculiar nitrogenous principle, theine ; the same substance is also found in coffee, and known as caffeine, but there is no chemical difference. Sam- -ples of this alkaloid are exhibited, procured from Chinese tea, coffee berries, and leaves, and from Para- guay tea. Gelatine. The consumption of gelatine has increased very largely in this country ; we have it here in all its states of preparation. Consolidated Consolidated milk, one pound of which is said to Milk. contain the equivalent of four quarts of pure milk, SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 65 will be found very near it. Mustard, in its various Mustard, stages, is shown ; and dried fruits, in great variety ; lioney, botanical specimens. Pliarmaceutical articles, Pharmacy, and confectionery, grains of all sorts, and seeds of all tionery. the edible plants, are exhibited. The vegetable products of Scotland form a very in- Vegetable ^ teresting compartment. Within this are comprehended Scotland.^ all the products of the northern part of the kingdom, arranged in six divisions. 1. Comprises all the plants cultivated for their cereal grains, together with their straw or haulm. 2. Plants cultivated for their herbage and forage. 3. Plants cultivated chiefly for their roots. 4. Plants cultivated for their uses in the arts and manufactures. 5. Plants cultivated for their medicinal properties ; and 6. Plants cultivated for their timber. A very miscellaneous assortment, comprehending Misceiia- many things of considerable interest, brings us again "ection.^^' into the section devoted to Engineering. A model of a fortified town, showing three difierent Fortification, systems of fortification, is an interesting production. The exhibition of fire-arms, including rifle pistols, Fire Arms. rifles, fowling pieces, models of field guns, and 24-lb. FieM*guns. battery gun, and many other kinds, must be regarded for beauty of work, as exceedingly fine illustrations of the art ; as are also the naval and military regulation Keguiation swords. An electro-plated steel chain mail, worn by the Scinde Ar- Scinde Irre2;ular Horse, is a o-ood example of modern "1®"^* ^ . , . . ^ Is AVAL Aft. armour. This brings us again to the Naval Archi- chitkcture. TECTURE, on the South Side ; and many models of fishing, pilot, and- life boats, are interesting examples of the several purposes to which these are applied. By F 66 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. tlescendiiig tlio stairs on tlie south side, we come into the department devoted to agricultural implements — to which those who are interested in the tilling of the ground may devote some attention. The examples are too numerous to allow of anything like a description in this Synopsis. Agricultural Implements. — Class 9. It is not practicable to group the various machines and implements, since they are distributed over the whole length of the avenue by the numerous exhibitors of them, without any reference to their characters and uses. Ploughs of all kinds are to be found in this collec- tion, from the light ordinary and iron plough to the horse-plough and the steam ploughing-machine. In the steam-plough the large engine is not used for moving up and down the field with the plough, but is stationary, whilst the plough is working from the ledge on each side up to the engine, when it is advanced the width of the part ploughed. Dibbling-machines, of many varieties, harrows of all kinds, clod-crushers, and digging-machines are nimierous. Many of the steam-engines exhibited for moving agricultural implements and machinery are of very compact construction, and exceedingly ingenious as pieces of mechanism. Bolting and threshing-machines, for horse or hand power, winnowing-machines, barley avellers, wheat- cleaners, crushing-mills, chaff-cutters, mills, &c., may be here inspected. A model of a machine-house, with models of steam-engine and threshing, cutting, and crushing machinery, mtli steaming apparatus, pumps, &c., complete, as required for a farm of 400 acres, with SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 67 plans for an entire model farm-yard and buildings, while capable of giving many important suggestions to the agricultm-ist, are susceptible of conveying to the uninitiated the necessary arrangem^ents for the suc- cessful cultivation of the soil. A large number of carts of various kinds for the Carts, different purposes of agriculture, and some very inge- nious new machines, capable of ploughing, sowing, or reaping, under different conditions, will prove of much interest to every farmer and country gentleman. The collection is most extensive, and it is said, by those best fitted to form an opinion, to be highly creditable to the manufacturing ingenuity of the ex- hibitors. We pass from the eastern end of the Agricultural Avenue into the room devoted to the most exalted of the arts. Sculpture Eoom. There are many exceedingly beautiful specimens of British art still retained in this apartment, although many have been removed for the purpose of decorating the transept and nave. In the centre of the room are the statuettes in competition for the Art-Union prizes, Art-Un many of these being very poetic realizations of intel- Prizes, lectual imagination. The marble statue of the Hunter The Hi is a realization in stone of the fine energ}^ of volant life. The statues of the Eoyal children, and some other familiar groups, are in this apartment. But since the mere enumeration of the names of the statues and basso-relievos conveys no more information than the attached labels — and in this Synopsis more than this could not be attempted— our path will be by the north-eastern door of this room into the Colonial Department. 68 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. South Australia. The South Australian colonies have lately attracted unusual attention from the discovery of extraordinary mineral deposits, the most remarkable being those of Burra-Burra. Copper Ores. The copper ores exhibited will show the peculiar character of the mines of this district. The ores are most of them green and blue carbonates and red oxides, yielding from 30 to 70 per cent, of copper, the former being the variety usually called malachite. These minerals appear to be formed under conditions very unlike those which prevail in our mining dis- tricts. They afford evidence that at one time the whole of this mineral mass existed as metallic copper, some specimens of red oxide still holding cojDper un- changed in the centre of the mass ; from red oxide it passed into the carbonate, the prevailing exterior crust of these formations. A set of drawings suspended on the walls give a very faithful representation of the surface and some of the underground workings. The hills, which rise gently on either side of the valley, are clay slate ; and the general character of the ground in which the ore is worked is that of an indurated clay. The quantity of copper ore of the richest quality within this mining district — still further illustrations being afforded by the contributions of the South Australian and the Wortli- ing Mining Company — would appear to be almost inex- haustible. Smelting operations have been success- fully established in the proximity of the mines, pre- viously to which all the copper ore raised was sent to Swansea to be smelted. Gold. Some specimens of gold from the streams of rather an extensive district prove the existence of this pre- Geological cious metal. The geological character of the country Specimens, SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 69 may be gathered from tlie series of litliological illus- trations exhibited. Agates, jaspers, and other stones, ^^^^^^"^ many of them polished and some mounted, show how far the ornamental arts are likely to be aided beyond that assistance they have already received from the introduction of the Australian malachites. A case containing several bottles of olive oil is in- teresting as showing that the olive, although not indigenous in Australia, can be cultivated with advan- tage in the colony. The vegetable produce is illustrated, in the first Vegetable place, by a dried bouquet of wild flowers, somewhat injured, however, on the voyage ; and then by sam- ples of wheat, barley, and oats, and the flour from these grains : a box of soap is also shown from the colony ; the mineral products, however, being the most remarkable illustrations. Van Die men's Land. Van Die- men s uana. Specimens of myrtle, musk, and iron-wood, polished, and several articles of furniture — tables, sideboards, Furniture. &c., show one variety of the produce of this colony, and the industrial skill of the colonists. A series of geological specimens enables us to form Geology, some idea of the formation of the districts from which these have been collected, and to learn their value as building stones and for other industrial purposes. That Worsted worsted work from this antipodal land should be sent to the Great Exhibition, and that we should also have specimens of pottery from so far, is in itself an inte- Pottery. resting feature. Pickles and vegetable oils, the produce of the Pickles, colony, and the oils obtained from the whale and fish ; oiis.^^^^^^ tanned kanoraroo skins, and boots made from them : J?^^^ ' ' Jvangaroo the skins of other animals, and specimens of leather, skins. TO SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. Leatlier. Wool and Corn. Ve«?etable Products, &c. Model of Bridge. Stuffed Birds Turning. Cabinet- work. Organ-pipes. Nassau. Bahamas. Barbadoes. Bekmuda. Fruits' modelled in Wax. Fossil Wood from Antigua. and of leather manufacture, are grouped around, and with wool and corn, and the articles of domestic con- sumption collected in other cases — such as dried apples, starch, salts, arrow-root, and tobacco — pleasingly show the productions of the country. A model of the bridge from Hobart Town to Laun- ceston is a pleasing feature. Natural history learns something from the cases of birds, insects, whales' teeth, and a large jaw-bone. We find also some spe- cimens of turning, and some good examples of cabinet- work, and organ-pipes of wood. Such is a very hasty outline of the produce of this interesting colony. jSTassau contributes furs, birds, and shell-work of a very ornamental character : one example of this work, in the purest white shells, being exceedingly tasteful ; and Demerara specimens of the produce of the island, models of the native huts, native articles of dress, and some polished woods. Also within this section will be found contributions from the Bahamas, Barba- does, and Bermuda, the latter contributing a model of a Bermudian boat ; corals, sea-cane, and specimens of basket and straw work. Among the geological specimens we have the chalk-rock of Barbadoes ; from the vegetable world we have the Barbadoes cotton, the green seed cotton, the fibre of the Yucca gloriosa, or Spanish needles, from which the Yucca hemp is j)repared, and the ropes exhibited made. Specimens in wax of the fruits of the Bahamas will make many acquainted with new forms of the vegetable produce — the bread-fruit, the plantain, the banana, the guava, the hog-plum, sapodilla, &c. A case containing the fossil woods of Antigua may be regarded as a great natural curiosity ; the gradual substitution of silica for the wood is one of Nature's curious chemical processes. SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 71 Examples of the sugar-cane will also be found Sugar-cane, within this division, and many other interesting illus- trations of the produce of remote colonies. Nova Nova Scotia also here exhibits her iron and her coals. coha. Canada. Canada. Extending from this division towards the ISTave, the space is occupied by the products of Canada. The people of this colony have well estimated the value of this Industrial Exhibition ; and desiring to show the produce of their country, have, with much industry, collected their raw material, and sent with it many examples of their skill in manufacture. The specimens of iron ore, which are very numerous, iron Ore. and contain examples of magnetic iron, argillaceous and bog iron, hematite, chromate of iron from the eastern townships, and a great variety of iron ochres, prove that the produce of the country has been largely developed by the geological survey which has been carried on under the direction of Mr. Logan for the Government. We have also copper ores from the Bruce Mines, Copper Ores. Lake Huron, and copper smelted from them. A case containing native gold, from the gravel on Gold, the south-east side of the prolongation of the Green Mountains into Canada, is of exceeding interest. The specimens varying in size from a mere dust to lumps weighing a quarter of a pound. Silver ore, containing about 3J per cent, of silver silver Ore. and plumbago, show the value of Canada as a mineral district. Among the earthy minerals we have specimens of Earthy the magnesite rock, containing above 80 per cent, of Minerals, carbonate of magnesia ; lithographic stones, the qua- 72 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. Ajo^ricultural Produce. Maple-tree Sugar. Animal Kingdom. Furniture. Models, Copying- press. Fire-engine. Sleighs. Canoe. Metal Manufacture, lity of which is shown by the drawings upon them ; agates, soap-stones, gypsum (plaster of Paris), slates and serpentines. The remarkable pile of timber, already alluded to as standing in the Central Avenue, is a fine illustration of the value of the Canadian forests. The contributions of the agriculturalists are large, consisting of corn in ear, Indian meal, barley, oats, peas, beans, flax, hemp, Siberian oil-seed, hops, and sugar made from the maple- tree. The animal kingdom has contributed moose hide and leathei, and the moose-deer's head and horns ; calf-skin, and porpoise-skin considered superior to it. Furniture of various kinds is sent: — a bedstead of black walnut, a carved tete-a-tete table, a hand- some pianoforte, and chairs and tables. Models — one of a wooden bridge, having an arch of 250 feet span ; and another of a locomotive, made b}^ a boy of 14 ; and other things. Amongst the inventions from Canada are a copying- press, with a new arrangement of its leverage ; and a fire-engine, capable of throwing two streams of water 156 feet high, or projecting a single stream to the height of 210 feet. To the English the sleigh is somewhat of a novelty; and the examples" of the single and double varieties here shown will give a favourable impression of the pleasures of a winter ride in one of these elegant carriages over the smooth surface of th.e frozen sno^^^ Some sets of sleigh robes complete the illustration. The Canadian trading canoe is a fine example of this class of boat. Cooking and parlour stoves ; a church bell, made from the copper of Lake Hin'ou ; printing types, SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 73 rifles, chopping and block adzes ; specimens of cut- lery and of agricultural implements — exhibit the con- dition of metal manufacture in Canada. Mineral waters, the analyses of which are given. Mineral Snow-shoes and mocassins ; travelling- trunks, and biscuits ; cloths, satinette, blankets, and carpets ; wax Cloths and and wax candles — show the variety of useful illustra- tions in this section. Among the novelties, specimens of what the Canadians term wild asparagus are exhi- bited ; the object being to introduce its downy seed as an article of commerce for the manufacture of felt, for which it appears to be adapted. East Indies. East indies. Xear the entrance, from the Transept, the skins of the leopard, the tiger, and other wild animals of the Indian jungles, are arranged, together with buffalo hides, and several varieties of leatlier. Within the last few years, the East India Company have instituted a geological survey of their territory, with a particular view to the ex]Dloration of their coal deposits ; and here we liave Coals, specimens of the results obtained, in an interesting series of coal from the different provinces ; and also examples of the iron-stone formation, and of the cele- brated Wootz, or Indian steel, the peculiarity of which depends, it would a23pear, on its being made from mag- netic iron, and smelted with charcoal. Otlier minei'als, metallic and earthy, and examples of potters' clay are associated in this division. The vegetable produce in the cereals is well exem- Vegetable plified ; and peas, and beans, and linseed, and mustard, P"^*^'^"^^- together with a very extensive series of dried fruits, show, thoroughly, the advantages of collecting the raw produce of a country, to tell the story of the sources of its industry. We have intoxicating drinks from, tons, 74 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. The Date. new sources, such as the elate, the PahTiyra-tree, and lu'iian^Hemp ^^-^^^i*^' ^^^^ Indian hemp, the juice of which is said to have driven mad some of the army of Xenophon, and Opium. which is still used to produce effects similar to those of chloroform, is exhibited ; and opium and tobacco, the betel leaf, the areca nut, and the Indian masticatory betel, coffee, clarified butter, and numerous other vegetable products of a similar character. Gums^&c. Eesins, gum resins, and true gums are in a peculiar manner associated with India, and we have the varie- Gutta-percha. tles most extensively illustrated. Gutta-percha, which has been made familiar to us by the valuable purposes to v\^hich it has been applied since its introduction into this country, is here exhibited ; together with articles of native manufacture in this substance. Vegetable The Vegetable tallow, so called, which has been proved by chemical analysis to be a true wax, is likely to be brought largely into demand in this country, and will therefore be examined with some interest. Sugars. rp|-^g 'Es.st Indian sugars are well known in our markets. Some curious vegetable dyes are exhibited ; the black of Nepaul is said to possess some remarkable properties, and is of great permanence. When we have named Spices, &c. gummy products, spices, remedial agents of much value, and a great variety of ornamental woods, par- ^^■^^s^- ticularly the Lingoa wood tree of 7 feet 6 inches diameter, it will be apparent that the vegetable pro- ducts of our East India territories are well represented. The ornamental baskets, made of a scented wood, are of elaborate workmanship, and most interesting, as showing a class of handicraft peculiar to the East. Deers' horns of all sizes, elephants' tusks, and stuffed birds, together with specimens of native silk, are grouped to show the products of the animal kingdom, which are usefully employed. SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 75 In addition to these the source of the East Indian Edible birds* isinglass is shown, and the edible birds' nests of Java. The metal manufactures of Mirzapore and other Metal manu- districts are well represented, and their characteristic goldsmiths' work will attract attention. The Indian carpets displayed exhibit that peculiar chromatic har- mony for which the Orientals are remarkable, and the specimens of matting are very elaborately constructed. Matting. Cashmere shawls, from the Punjaub, of great value, Cashmere muslins, worked in silk and gold, from the looms of Muslins Dacca, brocades, velvets and rich silks, of various kinds and and colours, well illustrate the productions of the looms of India. The tent constructed by the Thugs, the state palan- Tent, quin from Travancore, the elephants' trappings, and Elephant the Lahore bed, are of considerable interest to Eu- Trappings, ropeans ; as will also be the specimens of the art of the lapidary, from Delhi. The brass and copper culinary utensils are good Copper and illustrations of useful metallurgy ; and we have also ^^^^^* some very interesting examples of inlaid metals, and of bronzes. Indian cutlery of the ordinary character, and Cutlery, weapons of war of the most exquisite finish, show that the Orientals have lost none of their ancient excellence in the manufacture of steel. These are arranged in picturesque groups in the bay at the south-east corner of the Nave, Carvings in stone and wood are curious, and many Carvings in of the latter, from their extreme delicacy, no mean wood.^^^ rivals to the works of Gibbons. The musical instru- Musical In- ments from Bengal are singular illustrations of na- tionality. The model of a Hindoo temple, and numerous models Models of of Indian vessels of all kinds, instruct us in many of the peculiarities of the East. 76: SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. Hindoo Fur- Chess-tables, cliairs, some of tliem carved in stone, and other pieces of Indian furniture, will be examined curiously from their strange beauty. Modelling. Several specimens of native work, in the shape of modelling, representing the mode of making a revenue settlement with the natives in the open country ; na- tives at their various occupations ; representations of Toys. public spectacles, &c., are curious ; as are the numerous Ornaments, collection of toys and ornaments. Amongst the most valuable articles of the Exhibi- Laiiore tions are the Lahore jewels, which are to be displayed in this department. This hasty sketch gives necessarily an imperfect view of a most important contribution, embracing the productions of not merely India proper, but of the islands of the Indian seas, and of a great extent of Central Asia. It is, however, sufficient for the purpose aimed at in this Synopsis to say, that within the bays devoted to the illustration of Oriental industry, are gathered together a series of illustration from which those who have never travelled beyond our island may ]earn a most instructive lesson of the Far East. FOREIGN DIVISION.— East of Transept. Adopting in the first place the system of indicating the striking objects in the Main Avenue, we move east- ward from the i3or traits of Her Majesty and the Prince on Sevres China, to the Great Diamond of Eunjeet The Koh-i- Singh, Koli-i-Noor, the tale of Avliich is so momentous — Noor Dia- ° ' mond. the value of which is so great, it being computed to be Avorth 2,000,000/. sterling, secured in its iron case and box, which is in itself a very ingenious piece of mechanical contrivance. Beyond this we are in the first place met by the shield presented to the Prince of Wales, and two ponderous earthenware vessels : SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 77 these large jars are from Spain, and are emplo3^ed in Wine jars, preserving wine, being bnried up to their necks in the ground. Some fine specimens of artillery, a brass can- non, eight feet long, and an iron mortar and field piece, will attract attention as works of industry, resting happily in all the brightness of that peace which must be cemented by the intercourse of nations with each other. The French display several examples of statuary, the most remarkable being, perhaps, Cain and his Family after the Murder of Abel. Some bronze castings, from France, are also very superior, as Avorks in metal. The Parisian organ, which is a prominent feature in Parisian tlie Nave, is mounted in a handsome Gothic case, 30 ^^'^^* feet high, and contains many improvements, among which is the pneumatic finger movement, and several newly-invented stops — of these there are 20; the longest pipe on the pedals is the ccc, which is 16 feet long. Satan Overthrown by an Angel, is near this. The colossal statue of Godfrey de Bouillon, by Eugene Godfrey de Simonis, is a striking work of art ; the same sculptor exhibits near this two pleasing statues of a crying boy, with a broken drum, and another, with a toy. Several other statues might be named, but these will be suffi- ciently evident in passing down the avenue. The statues of Mazeppa and Achilles, and the beau- Mazeppa. tiful window, which is admirably adjusted, are good examples of Austrian art. A very fine metal candela- Candelabrum brum is a good specimen of mixed metal casting. The Egyptian vase is peculiar, from the character of the material, a native sulphate of lime, or alabaster, and not inelegant in form. Eome contributes several very interesting marbles ; 78 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. Cupid and Psj^^clie, Flora, Armida and Einaldo, from Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered, and Yenus, are examples. Amazon , The Amazon, by Kiss, and tlie other figures grouped around, are remarkable as examples of castings in zinc. Some are retained of the natural colour of the metal, others are bronzed. That exquisite production, the Amazon attacked by a Tiger, is a copy of the original statue, in bronze, ornamenting the entrance to the Museum at Berlin. A little to the east still, we have Munich the statucs of Libusa and Georgius, from Munich, and the Colossal Lion, from the same city. The Lion is in every wa}^ striking, as a work of art, and is no less so as an example of metal casting. As it now stands, so it was taken from the mould ; no file, or other tool, having ever touched the metal since its consolidation. The perfection of every part is extraordinary. Bell from Saxony has contributed a church bell, of great beauty, Saxony. weighing 650 lbs., cast in the foundry of Freidrich Gruhl, in the Moravian colony of Kleinwelhe. This casting is highly ornamented, and has inscriptions in German. New J ersey, in the United States, exhibits at the Zine Ore. eastern end of the ISTave a fine mass of zinc ore, the red oxide, weighing 16,400 lbs., taken from near the surface, in Sussex county ; and is the width of the vein from which it is taken. There are other articles of considerable interest along the centre of this section ; many of them being, however, of the same character as the articles named, they have been regarded as parts of the group. Some mosaic tables should, however, be examined, from the remarkable amount of . labour bestowed on their construction. BYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 79 United States. The extreme east end of the building is occupied hy the contributions from the United States of America. On the northern side of the iN'ave is arranged the machinery. Among the more striking objects in this department are a set of punching-machines of con- Punching- siderable power : they are furnished with rolling or Imuckle- joints ; and since the long levers pass through a space of many feet, and these move over not more than half an inch, a large amount of power is concen- trated upon the punches. A caloric engine is also ex- Caloric hibited, which the inventor states has many novelties ; * but it appears to be but a modified arrangement for heating and cooling air : the inventor is supposed to employ some gases not named, under a piston, as in his f Ericsson's] ordinary eno'ine. A lar^e iron safe is An iron Sate. also sent to the Exhibition, said to be so constructed that no person but the inventor can open it. Several kinds of agricultural implements, ploughs, &c., are ex- ^sri^uitujal hibited, and some light and elegant carriages ; with stoves and grates of various descriptions. Stoves. India-rubber manufacture is largely illustrated ; india-rubber, amongst other things, by a model of an India-rubber life-boat, made to be put in a person's pocket, six feet long, and three feet wide ; and India-rubber pontoons. On the southern side of the Nave is a ver}^ ex- tensive collection of daguerreotypes ; many of them Daguerreo- remarkably fine examples of the art. Hyalotypes, or jj^^iotypes positive pictures on glass ]3lates, adapted for magic lantern slides, and some good specimens of the calo- type are also displayed. Some of the cabinet furniture in this section is very good, and a grand piano, with pianofortes, several new adjustments, appears to possess great advantages ; it is certainly of charming tone and very high finish. 80 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. Fliimba;;o. Cotton, Lard-oil, ISIorocco Leather. Hour. Indian Corn. The examples of the raw materials of this country appear, however, to be of a more really interesting character than any of the more finished and liighly elaborate productions. The plumbago and iron ores, both of them remarkable for their purity and consequent richness, are indications of sources of wealth yet to be developed. Looking at the case illustrative of the economic geology of Ohio, at the collection of metallic and earthy minerals ex- hibited, and the metallurgic progress as shown in the pig iron, and finished iron, and steel manufactures, no one can avoid the thought that the district producing such minerals possesses a most valuable mine, upon Avhicli industry has only to exercise her skill. Samples of cotton have been forwarded from all parts of the States ; and facts connected with tlieni become important to us in the consideration of our own cotton manufacture. Lard-oil is an article exhibited to which some pecu- liarities are attached. It is remarked by the exhibitors that the oil is expressed from the lard at winter tem- perature. The oil thus expressed will not consolidate at any temperature above that at which it is obtained, fcherefore the lower the temperature at which it can be got the less the liability to consolidation. This oil has been largely employed in this country for lubricat- ing machinery, and also for the adulteration of olive- oil. Numerous instances of ingenuity and excellent workmanship will be found in the productions of America. Morocco leather, Genesee flour, Indian corn, and malt prepared from it, maple sugar, mustard, smoked hams, oil of peppermint, Vermont woods, velocipedes, merino wools, and gold ores, show the variety of American SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 81 productions wliicli our brethren of tlie United States have contributed. In the Gallery at the east end, distinguishingly Gallery at marked by the American arms, there are numerous ^^^^ specimens of the manufactures of the United States ; and a curious exhibition of fancy soaps, in the shape of a Fancy Soap, coloured glass window, the colours being given to the soap. Of this article there are several exhibitors. In the South Gallery woven fabrics are exhibited. South Gal- Boston sends her cottons for sheets and bed ticking. New York and Massachusetts flannel, blankets, woollen shaAvls and cloths, and printed cotton for Cotton, dresses. From Ncav York also are some specimens of ^^oiiens, stained glass for ornamental purposes. Furs of great Furs, beauty are also exhibited. Victoria boa and gauntlets, from the skins of animals abounding in South Carolina, are very beautiful, the selection of the skins, in each, having been made out of the skins of upwards of a thousand animals. EussiA. Immediately west of the United States the produc- tions of the Russian empire find a place. These are not numerous, a large quantity not having reached England in time, owing to the ice. We have, however, here some very fine examples of parqueterie — a pair of Parqueterie T i •! , TIT Candelabra. very elegant gilt candelabra. In this department Avill be much admired a cabinet, Cabinet, upon which a considerable amount of art and skill has been expended. The paintings on this are very deli- cately executed, as are also those upon the very large porcelain vases. A very fine example of metal casting will be found in a large vase. The more remarkable illustrations of Eussian manufacture will be found near the South SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. Wall, where are displayed tlie iron ore, and iron in its vaaioiis states of pig, bar, and sheet ; the last being very superior to our own productions in that way. Looking glasses, and some parqueterie, constitute the principal examples of Russian industry at present exhibited. Pump. Steam- gauges. Type- arrani-'er. Pianofortes. Tuninfj-fork. Astronomical Clock. Porcelain. Statuary copies after Ttiorvvaldsen, Denmark. In the small space occu23ied by. Denmark will be found some examples of the vegetable and mineral pro- duce of the country. There are many mechanical con- trivances of much interest. A pump, which can be used as a fire engine, radiating stoves, and steam-gauges. A machine for composing and assorting types, said to be capable of arranging the types with great precision. Several musical instruments are exhibited — cabinet pianofortes and others, flutes, and an orthochord, or tuning-fork, on the prongs of which, opposite to each other, are applied weights which, being set to the de- grees marked on the fork, produce different tones. An astronomical clock, chronometers, and some ingeniously-contrived self-registering thermometers, azimuth and other compasses, show the capabilities of the Danes in this class of manufacture. The con- tributions from the Royal Porcelain Manufactory at Copenhagen are very excellent specimens of the ce- ramic art. The paintings are of high character. Two dessert plates are deserving of admiration. The paint- ings are of the Tuilleries and Fontainebleau : on the edge are portraits of those French kings whose history is connected with these palaces. Since 1802 the prin- cipal business of this establishment has been that of producing copies in biscuit china of the works of Thor- waldsen. A great many fine examples of these are here. Figures from sacred and ]orofane history. Twenty- SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 83 five bas-reliefs in biscuit of sacred, allegorical, and my- tliical subjects, modelled after that great artist's pro- ductions from the originals in Thorwaldsen's museum, ThorwaUlsen and also a series of decorated Etruscan vases. The forms are co^Dies of the antique, and the ornaments paintings after Thorwaldsen. The black earthenware Jutland pots used by the peasants of Jutland stand in striking ^ ^ ^^"^ contrast with these specimens of finer manufacture. Metal manufacture, paper, playing cards, stearine, glue, sugar-candy, and similar articles, are in the miscellaneous class of this collection. Leather for boots and gloves is exhibited, and the Leather, articles manufactured from them. An example of Stylograpliy is also exhibited, which appears to be a Styiograpiiy. modification of the English process, glyphography, the drawing being made through a coating on the metal, and the copper then precipitated into it by the action of the galvanic battery. An ivory jewel-casket, Jewel-casket, with Thorwaldsen's Ganymede and the Eagle, is a fine specimen of this class of art. Norway and Sweden. A statue of a shepherd boy in marble, executed at Marble sta- Eome, by M. Molin, a Swedish sculptor, distinguishes ^"^* this space. As might have been expected, the great mass of the articles exhibited consist of illustrations of metal manufacture. The iron ores of Bofors and Dan- iron Manu- nemora, with specimens of the iron produced at these Vv^orks, commence the series. Tubes, iron-plates, iron- W^are of various kinds, files, and fine cutlery, sabres and swords, show the character of Swedish steel. Specimens of cobalt and nickel, of much iniserest in Cobalt and England, from the circumstance that our principal supply of these metals is from the mines of Norway and Sweden, are in the collection. Cotton goods made Cotton. g2 84 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. Woollen. by the liand-looms of the peasantry, and woollen cloth of various kinds, are of considerable interest. Swedish Silk. silks and satins, moire faconnee, gros de Naples, &c., are among the woven fabrics. A portrait of King Oscar I., woven in silk, being a good example of the use of the Jacquard loom in Sweden. The Zollveeein. The contributions in this section are of a very taste- ful description, and well displayed. A very splendid gilt chandelier is amongst the most striking of the ar- ticles. The stained glass for windows contains many very fine specimens of colours. The looking-glasses are large and well-silvered, and we have arranged a large collection of curious toys. The furniture is, most of it, of a tasteful character, and displays the industry of the cabinet-maker in mau}^ striking examples. The apartment on the north of the Nave devoted to articles of vertu, and various productions of German taste, contains many works of art and art-manufac- ture of the most exquisite kind. Leather. Leather in its various conditions, and boots and shoes, form one set of illustrations, and by no means . imimportant ones, of the industry of the German states. The musical instruments, especially the grand piano, are of great beauty and superior quality. On the north- ern side of the Nave will be found a very interesting model in cork of the Castle of Heidelberg, being mo- delled to the scale of l-135th part. A set of furniture, made of stags' horns, inlaid with ivory, is a very remarkable exhibition of this sort of work. The cabinet writing-desk is of great beauty. Two inlaid tables are also fine specimens. The manner in which the various woods are combined with mother* o' -pearl and or-molu is effective. SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 85 The examples of woollen manufacture are very ex- wooiien tensive, as is also that of cotton and other woven ma- Manufacture, terials. In this class will be found a curious assort- ment of crochet woollen- work, particularly worsted gloves, silk purses. Spun coat and waistcoat buttons form an interesting section. The carvings in ivory from Darmstadt are exceed- Carving in ingly beautiful ; the principal article of the group ^^^'^y* being a colossal goblet. The battle fought by Her- man, from a picture in the possession of the Grand Duke of Baden, is engraved on it in alto-relievo : it is supported by figures of eight German emperors ; the cover is in the form of a cupola surmounted by the figure of Germania ; the minor ornaments are in the old German style. Patterns of stained glass are very effective ; as is stained also the ordinary flint and coloured glass, and the ^^^^^* examples of pottery. Hamburgh contributes largely in the Avay of metal Pottery, manufactures, and coloured and printed w^oollen and Hamburg, cotton cloth. The contributions from P russia are highly important ; Prussia. but we can do little more than indicate their main cha- racters. Woollen manufactures are most extensively dis- Dyed wool- played, many of them being fine examples of dyeing, — the colours of great brilliancy; velvets and silks, raw and bleached linens, shawls of various kinds, em- broidered llama stuff, and many similar articles are exhibited to show the industry of Prussia as repre- sented by woven materials. Berlin has long been celebrated for its paper patterns Berlin Pat- for the Berlin wool-work. They are here exhibited in wolds^"^ great variety, and the ladies may feast their eyes on the brilliant display of colours which are here associated. 86 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. Lead and Zinc. Chemicals. Scientific Apparatus, Bronzes. Iron Castings Tlu) iroii Castings of tliis city are no less celebrated, and of these the Exhibition has many fine examples. The illustrations commencing with iron ore, the car- bonate and hydratcd oxides are continued to the pro- duction of specular steel iron, to cutlery of every Mettai Manu- variety, and the reproduction in metal of works of the "^^* highest order of Art. The other metalliferous ores of Prussia, and m.any of the earthy minerals, are exhibited with the maim- factures of lead and zinc. The chemical collection is an exceedingly fine one, and cannot be examined without interest. A considerable variety of scientific apparatus, much of it possessing features of novelty, are also interesting. The bronzes are of great beauty. Victory standing on a rock and throwing a wreath to the victor, by Eanet, and Victory writing in the Book of History the names of those victors she has crowned, may be taken as fine examples of mixed metal casting. Papier-mache Papier-mache is largely employed in Prussia, and examples of its varied applications are now contributed. The porcelain manufactories within the kingdom have been long most celebrated, and every variety of the ceramic art which has received any attention forms a portion of the beautiful illustrations contributed to the Exhibition. The States of the Zollverein are, altogether, very large exhibitors. Nassau sends calamine and other zinc ores, iron ores and manufactured iron, coal, and lignite and amber. The chemical manufactories of the Zollverein send examples of their products, and these are numerous and choice specimens. Amongst the pigments, the smalts, ultramarine, and cinnabar, are very striking specimens. Perfumery, sugar, samples of dried fruits, Porcelain. Metals. Chemical Manufac- tures. Pigments. SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 87 macaroni, tobacco and cigars, are but a small portion of a very extensive miscellaneous series. Ships' beer, wliicli will keep for many years in any Beer, temperature, soap, starch, flour, and seeds, are sent in starch, illustration of the products of nature, and the industry of the people. Wool fleece of a remarkably fine character, cotton, Wool Fleece silk, and woollen cloth, glazed printed calico, lace, and table covers, are the production of the looms of these States. Book and book-binding machinery, leather manufac- Leather, tured into ladies' baskets, writing-cases, braces, and numerous other articles. Musical instruments, ivory toys, chessmen, card arid fancy note-paper, together with some beautifully arranged examples of metal button manufactures, show the extensive contributions of the Zollverein. A large terrestrial globe, showing tlic comparative Globe, elevations of the land, mountains, &c., above the level of the sea, is instructive. A gilt chandelier, and numerous lamps and candle- sticks, form an interesting group. Terra-cotta, earthenware, and true porcelain, in con- Terra-cotta. siderable variety, will all be found in the southern ^^^'^^^^^'^ compartments. ' " On the north side, papier-mache articles, jewellery Jewellery, in gold and silver-gilt frames, porcelain, and glass or- naments, toys, stuffed birds and other animals, to- gether witli a very extensive collection of every kind of steel manufacture, will be found. Austria. The Austrian exhibition is of a very remarkable character. The porcelain and glass articles near the Porcelain. Nave are very striking examples of these classes of 88 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. manufacture. Paintings on wood, paper, and canvas, for ornamental purposes, are extensively exhibited. The suite of rooms, the floors being very choice ex- amples of parqueterie, representing the interior of a palatial residence, consisting of dining-room, library, and bed-room, ante and drawing-room, will be visited with eagerness, and surveyed with admiration. The furniture and ornaments are alike tasteful and ele- gant, and the painted ceiling a most effective work. A book-case of carved oak, intended as a present to Her Majesty, is a very beautiful specimen of carving. The furniture exhibited, of which there is a large variety beyond that alread}^ named, is exceedingly beautiful. Steam-engines, model of bridge, specimens of print- ing from the Government printing-offices, oil paintings and printing in oil, so closely resembling each other as to be with difficulty distinguished. On the southern side of the Nave, fresh examples of porcelain and glass are again seen ; the green and white vases being re- markable for size, elegance, and colour ; and the illus- trations of painting on porcelain within this bay are exquisite examples of art which has long received the marked patronage of the Austrian government. The sculpture-room contains many beautiful works of art in marble and in plaster. The Ishmael is a choice example. Here are also some specimens of re- markable size of paintings on porcelain, and the high finish of these works must recommend them to every attention as choice productions of art. Among the miscellanies of this large section may be named the following : — Specimens of coloured cottons, woollens, and blankets. Pipes and pipe- stems in infinite variety. Gloves. Musical clocks. Walking-sticks, Eiding-whips. Stands of toys. Ladies' parasols, ex- SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 89 liibiting tlie high style of the belles of Vienna. Fancy boots and slippers. Candles and minerals. Mineral. A large iron crucifix, 15 feet high, swords, daggers, iron Casting, rifles, pistols, cutlery in great variety, and numerous Steel Cutlery metal wares, files, scythes, and all sorts of tools, show the character of Austrian metallurgy and metal manu- facture. Belgium. Entering on the northern side, some very ornamental paper-hangings are exhibited. Musical instruments in Paper-iumg- great variety, and furniture still more various, may be furniture examined with interest. The patent humectator, a machine used for moisten- Machinery, ing corn, steam-engines, and locomotives, well illustrate Belgium machinery. On the south side Brussels carpets are exhibited. Ornamental carving in oak, and a splendid gilt chande- Carving in lier. Cotton and woollen fabrics in considerable variety. About twenty carriages, of different descriptions, are within this section. Leather of many kinds, and India- rubber clothing, will be found near those. A stand-of-arms look formidable, and the guns and swords around make a good display. Specimens of beautiful furs are also worth examination. An altar-piece of Leclerc, and tlie statue of a Canadian woman weeping for the loss of her child, are fine spe- cimens of art. The woven articles, particularly the broad cloths, will be found to be fine examples of the productions of the Belgian looms. Holland. Some very fine candelabra will be noted as extra- ordinary works ; and within the section devoted to the Dutch contributions we find nearly every variety of 90 GyjSOPSIS OF CONTENTS. manufacture belonging to this industrious people : — metallurgy, metal manufacture, woven fabrics, basket- work, clocks and toys, with numerous articles of the highest merit form the interesting features of this section. A small percussion cap-ma.king machinCj producing them from the ribbon-copper, and a sugar* crushing machine^ are good examples of machinery, Feance. The important exhibition b}^ France of her industry cannot possibly be described in the very hasty glance we are compelled to take of it. It is in every way creditable to that great nation, and will be viewed by all with admiration. An apartment against the North Wall is devoted to the Gobelins tapestry and carpet work, for which France is so f[ir-famed. The large work on the west wall of this room is a very interesting contribution. Com- merce and industrial art are united ; the four quarters of the globe are indicated as contributing their stores. By a well-turned compliment, Manchester and Bir- mingham are honoured, and the symbols of the more important divisions of human labour are introduced. The smaller examples of this class are veiy elaborate and beautiful. The examples of Sevres china in; this department are very fine illustrations of the works of this national pottery. Musical instruments are exhibited in considerable variety. Iron castings, intended for fountains, a fine bronze, eagles and deer, will be found in this localit3^ The spinning machinery, printing presses, and nu- merous examples of the application of steam power and of mechanical skill, will be curiously examined. Metallic cements, zinc Avorks in great variety, and comparative illustrations of zinc and lead paints, are SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 01 associated. A large variety of or-molii clocks, and clocks with steel ornaments, will attract attention. On the south side of the Nave, the delicate work in liair, silvered glass, bijouterie in all its forms^ consti* tute a very interesting feature. The numerous productions of the gold and silver smith display much taste and fine workmanship ; clocks in ornamental stands, and numerous articles of this class, fill one room very completely. A very large series of designs for carpets, shawls, paper and lace, will be found near the South Wall, together with specimens of printing, binding, &c. The silks of L^^ons, woollen and cotton goods, lace, and numerous other examples of the productions of the looms of France, are of great import. The larger collection of these mil be found in the Central South Gallery. Italy. The collection of minerals from Italy will be exa- mined with much interest. They have been collected with great industry, and display very fully the re- sources of the country. Examples of chemical products, sulphuric and nitric acid, are associated with the sul- phur ores, and iron and steel are shown in connexion with the iron ores. The specimens of silk in all its stages are numerous ; and the vegetable products of the country are fairly exemplified. "Woven and dyed silks, velvets, and other productions from the looms of Italy, are col- lected. A considerable portion of furniture, exhibiting the peculiar character of Italian cabinet-work, is shown. The inlaid tables are, many of them, very beautiful. A cornice, in pear-wood, carved and ornamented with 92 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. fruifc and flowers, ; a curricle chair, and inlaid pedestal ; an Etruscan cabinet floor ; and some of the furniture in white wood and mahogany, — will attract much at- tention. The combinations of silk ornaments and marqueterie are very pleasing. The works in silver filagree, the silver plate, chased and engraved, the examples of artificial marble, the illustrations of the medallic art, and wood carvings, render the Italian section of the Exhibition very inte- resting. A very beautiful table of mosaic work illus- trates this extraordinary art. Spain and Portugal. The beautiful lace dress of a lady distinguishingly characterises these countries ; then hats, caps, lace, and ribbons, meet our view. Cotton-working, fancy flow^er-work, and altar de- corations, are spread around the section. Fine slabs of marble are exhibited, and a very fair series of the minerals of these countries, which have lately been attracting the attention of English capitalists. These are too extensive for enumeration ; but some silver ores and very fine specimens of magnetic iron cannot be passed unnoticed. An ivory carving of Prometheus Chained is a fine work in ivory ; and there are some other examples of art manufacture. The principal vegetable products of Spain are col- lected, and some of its manufactures. Lace of a very handsome description will be found on the w^alls. The most remarkable contribution from Spain appears to be the " custodia," a piece of altar furniture, made in Spain for the cathedral of Lima, of gold and precious stones, valued at 28,000^. SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 93 The swords of Toledo are exhibited, and many other superior arms made from the magnetic iron ore. Snuffs are in abundance. Cigars from the Havannah are a prominent feature ; and specimens of silk in its raw state show the result of its cultivation in Spain. An original piece of the Moorish palace of the Al- hambra, about 2 feet square, is an interesting object. SWITZEKLAND. The woven materials of the Swiss cantons are very Woven Goods interesting. Cotton prints from Neuchatel. Helvetian grey warp and w^eft woollen yarn — lace and blonde, much of it of very elaborate design and beautiful work- manship — fully illustrate this branch of industry. Clocks w^atches, musical boxes in large variety, show Clocks and the skill displayed in this class of mechanical industry, for which the Swiss have been long celebrated. A number of very delicate adjustments are introduced, some of them of a novel character. The works in straw, particularly the large round Straw-work. ])askets ornamented with blue satin, will please, as another branch of industry, which largely employs the industrious peasant population. Iron ore and metal, iron wire some steel tools, and f/^"; Steel. a few fire-arms, are also shown as the production of the country. We have now arrived near the Transept, on the north side of the East Nave : Egypt, Greece, Turkey, Per- sia, and Arabia, display their stores. Drugs, seeds, and grains are shown ; many of the mineral products, manufactured silks, calico, saddles for dromedaries and horses, head-dresses in gold and velvet, pipes, coffee-sets, dried fruit, &c. On the southern side some of the products of Brazil, Chili, Peru, and California. ^34 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. Tlie silver ores of Chili, and the gold ores of Cali- fornia, are exceedingly interesting specimens. A¥ithin these bays, and around the east side of the Transept, China is represented, and amongst the beautiful exami^les of Chinese sMll, the model of a joss-house will be much admired. Tunis. The coilecfcion within this bay consists chiefly of ar- ticles of clothing, much of it very highly ornam^ented, skins of animals, matting, carpets, &c. The model of a Tunisian tent is a very interesting object. The examples of iron manuf^icture and of earthen- ware are exceedingly instructive, as showing the state of these kinds of industry in l^ortii Africa, and con- trast strangely Avith the richly-embroidered dresses and valuable horse caparisons iji the adjoining cases. The Galleetes south and east of the Transept present a still numerous and miscellaneous series. The very important cases in which are exhibited the imports into Liverpool and Hull should be carefully studied. They teach us a lesson on the requirements of our country, and, it is possible, may lead to the discovery of supplies from native sources. The glass windows on the northern side ; the illus- trations of carpet manufacture by the foreign nations ; the silks of Lyons in the Southern Gallery, and a miscellaneous collection of manufactured articles, have an interest of a peculiar character, and will Avell rejpay examination. SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 95 Around tlie southern side of tlie Transept we find collected almost every variety of manufactured clothing, from all parts of the kingdom ; and on the western side, the silk manufacturers of England make their choicest display of tlie work of their silk-looms. The Electkic Clock marks the centre of the Transept, and the end of our very imperfect labour. This requires a more careful description than can be given at the end of a very hasty generalization. The clock is worked by the magnetic power imparted to bars of steel by the electric current generated by the chemical action in a Smee's battery. It will be ob- served that the pendulum beats in imison with the attractibii and repulsion of steel bars opposite the ends of the magnet ; when connexion is established, the in- duced magnetism frees the pendulum from the action of a S23ring, and thus a uniform rate of oscillation is obtained. This is commimicated to the hands by simple machinery, and may be conveyed to any number of dials by very simple adjustment. London Printed by William Clowes and Sons, Stamford Street and Charing Cross. THE FOLLOWING EXHIBITION OFFICIAL CATALOGUES WILL BE PUBLISHED IMMEDIATELY BY THE CONTRACTORS TO THE ROYAL COMMISSION. 1. The EXHIBITION OFFICIAL CATALOGUE, Fcp. 4to., price Is. Sc/., or Is. in the Exhibition Building, or in 3 parts, at 6d. each; interleaved Is. each part. 2. The EXHIBITION OFFICIAL FRENCH CATA- LOGUE, price 2s. 6d. 3. The EXHIBITION OFFICIAL GERMAN^ CATA- LOGUE, price 2s. 6d, 4. The EXHIBITION OFFICIAL DESCRIPTIVE and ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, Super -royal 8vo. price 30s. The Illustrated Catalogue will be also published in Sections, to suit the convenience of Visitors ; and will be followed by a Supplemental Volume (to be sold separately), containing the Official and Scientific Report of the Juries upon the whole Exhibition, prepared by authority of Her Majesty's Commissioners. 5. COLOURED LITHOGRAPH PLAN of the BUILD- ING, price 6d. G. SM4LL PLAN of the BUILDING, price Id. 7. SYNOPSIS, ou revue sommaire, des PRODUITS de L'INDUSTRIE de L'EXPOSITION UNIVER- SELLE de 1851. Par Robert Hunt, Archiviste des Mines. 8. The SAXON SECTION of the EXHIBITION OFFICIAL CATALOGUE, printed separately, price 3(/. Advertisements are now being received for the next edition of all the Catalogues. HAND-BOOK FOR THE NATIONAL GALLERY. 1. A NUMERICAL CATALOGUE OF THE PICTURES, AND REMARKS. 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE PAINTERS, THEIR CHRONOLOGY, THEIR SCHOOLS, AND REFE- RENCES TO THEIR PICTURES. CONTAINING BY FELIX SUMMERLY. (Vll.) LONDON: GEORGE BELL, 186, FLEET STREET. PAINTERS ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER. SCHOOLS. B. Bolognese. » F.Florentine. I G. German. 1 R.Roman. D.Dutch. I Fl. Flemish. I M. Mantnan. I S. Sienese. £. Engli.sh. ( Fr. French. | P.Parmesan. ) Sp. Soanish. V. Venetian. A.D. 1370—1441, J. van Eyck ...G. 1445— 1520, L. da Vinci F. 1446— 1524, Perugino R. 1450—1535, Francia ,B. 1474—1563, M. Angelo F. 1477 — 1511, Giorgione V. 1477—1576, Titian V. 1481—1530, M. da Ferrara R. 1481—1536, P. Peruzzi S. 1481 — 1559, II Garofalo R. 1483—1520, Raffaelle R. 1485—1547, S. del Piombo V. 1488—1530, A. del Sarto ...F, 1491— 1531, E. da Ferrara.. .R. 1492— 1546, G. Romano ...M. 1494 — 1534, Correggio P. 1503—1540, Parmegiano ...P. 1510—1592, II Bassano V. 1512—1594, Tintoretto V. 1528—1612, Baroccio R. 1532—1588, P. Veronese ...V. 1550—1603, Steenwyek Fl. 1552—1617, Paduanino V. 1555—1619, L. Caracci B. 1558—1623, L. Bassano V. 1560—1609, A. Caracci B. 1569—1609, M. Caravaggio R. 1574—1642, Guido B. 1577—1621, Bronzino F. 1577—1640, Rubens Fl. 1581—1641, Domenichino...B. 1590—1666, Guercino B. 1594—1665, Nicolo Poussin, R. 1594—1678, Jordeans Fl. 1596—1656, Van Goyen ...D. 1599— 1641, Vandyke Fl. 1599— 1660, Velasquez Sp. 1600— 1670, A. Veronese ...V. A.D. 1600—1682, Claude R 1606—1667, Cuyp D. 1606—1674, Rembrandt D. 1609- /665, F. P. Mola R. 1610— 1650, J. Both D. 1610—1694, Teniers Fl. 1613—1670, Vander Heist. ..D. 1613—1675, G. Poussin R. 1613—1685, Murillo Sp. 1615— 1673, S. Rosa R. 1616— 1671, S. Bourdon ...Fr. 1619—1683, Vander Neer ...D. 1625—1713, Carlo Maratti...R. 1632— 1693, N. Maes D. 1633— 1707, W. V. Velde ...D. 1636—1689. Jan Steen D. 1647—1704, Vander Plaas ...D. 16.50—1708, Storck D. 1656—1696, Huysman I> 1690— 1743, Lancret Fr. 1691— 1758, P. Pannini R. 1697—1784, Hogarth E. 1697—1768, Canaletti V. 1714—1782, Wilson E. 1723—1792, Reynolds E. 1727—1788, Gainsborough...E. 1737— 1815, Copley E. 1738— 1820, B. West E. 1742—1807, A. Kauffman Fr. 1753—1827, G.Beaumont ...E. 1753—1839, Beechey E. 1759—1810, Hoppner E. 1769— 1829, Lawrence E. 1770— W. Petber E. 1776—1837, Constable E. 1778—1831, Jackson E. 1786—1839, Hilton E. 1785 —1841, Wilkie E.