MY '~4L * M r f%, /r& r A Ft l trfe) ti + rf / 7 7{J * r ft >rrp. i ' 'fa if ' U'f t® tf' 5 , E N T E R ’ s POCKET DIRECTORY; containing, The Beft METHODS of FRAMING TIMBER BUILDINGS of all Figures and Dimensions* with their feveral Parts* As Floors ; Roofs in Ledgment, their Lengths and Backings ; Traded Roofs, Spires, and Domes ; Trading-Girders, Partitions, and Bridges, with Abutments ; Centering for Arches, Vaults, &c. cutting Stone Ceilings, Groins, & c. with their Moulds ; Centers for drawj4^G<5tme*Arch.es, Ellipfes, &c. &c. V. With the c t i o n s of a B A R N„ Engraved on Twenty-Four PLATES, with Explanations, forming the moft complete and ufeful Work of the Kind yet publifhed* By WILLIAM PAIN, Architect and Carpenter* Author of the PRACTICAL BUILDER, and the CARPENTER’S and JOINER’s REPOSITORY, LONDON, Printed for I, Taylor* N q . 56 , nearly oppofite Great Turndile, Holbottu MDCCLXXXI. [Price Four Shillings, bound*] , i 7 ^ » Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/carpenterspocketOOpain 1. TAYLOR having purchase! the few remaining Copies of the Works of the late Joshua Kirby, Efq* Defigner in PerSpedlive to his Majefxy, and Fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies, propofes felling them at the following reduced Puces. I. 7 ^)B. BrcohT dyloP s Method of P e>fpe£li r ve mode Rafy^ both in ' Theory and P>'agHc\ in two books, being an attempt to make' the art of perfpe&ive eafy and familiar, to adapt it entirely to the arts of defign, and to make it an entertaining ftudy to any gentleman who (hall choofe fo polite an amufement. Illufirated with thirty-five copper- plates, corredlly engraved under the author’s infpe-ftion. The third Edition, with -feveral Additions and Improvements, elegantly printed on imperial paper, at il. 4s. in fneets, or il. 10s. half-bound ; formerly fold for il. 11s. 6J. in fneets. II. The Perfpetti I. The Carpenters and Joiners Ref. of ter y ; or a new Syftem of Lines and Proportions for Doors, Windows, Chimnies, Cornices, and Mouldings for finifhing of Rooms, See. A great variety of ftair-cafes on a plan entirely new and eafy to be underftood. Circu- lar foffits, fiewing and winding in ftraight and circular walls, groins, angle- brackets circular and elliptical (ky-lights ; and the method of fquaripg and preparing their circu- lar bars, (hop-fronts, &c. By W. Pain, joiner ; engraved on fixty-nine folio copper- plates, 163. bound. II. Dffns in Architecture ; confiding of plans, elevations, and fedlions for temples, baths, caffines, pavilions, garden-feats, obelifks, and other buildings ; for decorating pleafure-grounds, parks, forefts, &c. &c. By John Soan, engraved on thirty-eight copperplates, imperial oTavo, 6s. fewed. III. The Bti der's Price-Book ; containing a correct lift; of the prices allowed by the mod eminent furveyors in London, to the feveral artificers concerned in building; co*l- ledled by an experienced furveyor, 2s. 6d. fewed. IV. The Carperter and Joinerf Vade-mecum , by Robert Clavering and Co. 2S. fewed. V. The Practical Builder ; or. Workman’s general Affiftant ; (liewing the mod ap- proved and eafy methods for drawing and working the whole or feparate parts of anv building, as the ufe of the tramel for groins, angle- brackers, niches, &c. femicirculaV arches on dewing jambs, the preparing and making their foffits ; rules of carpentry, to find the length and backing of hips ftraight or curved : trufics for roofs, domes,* &c. trading of girders, fedlion of floors, &c. The proportion of the five orders in their general and particular parts ; gluing of columns. Stair-cafes with jfheir ramp and twilled rails, fixing their carriages, newels, &c. Frontifpieces, chimney- pieces, ceilings, cornices, architraves, &c. in the newefttafte ; with plans and elevations of gentlemen’s and farm-houfes, barns, &c. By W. Pain, architedl and joiner ; engraved on eighty- three quarto plates, 123. bound, a new edition with improvements by the author. Vi. - A new Book of Ornaments ; containing a variety of elegant defigns for modern pannels, commonly executed in ftuCco, wood, or painting, and ufed in decorating princi- pal rooms ; drawn and etched by P. Columbani, on thirty-two quarto copper- plates, 7s. 6d. fewed. VII. 4 Variety Capitals, Frizes , and Cornices ; liow to increafe or decreafe them, flill retaining the fame proportion as the original : likewife twelve defigns for chimney- pieces, drawn an inch and a half to a foot. Drawn and etched by P. Columbani, on twelve large quarto copper-plates, 6s. fewed. VJII. Currus Civilis ; or genteel defigns for coaches, chariots, poft-chaifes, vis-a-vis, road and park phaetons, whifkies, fingle-horfe chaifes, &c. in the moll fafhi'onable taftc, elegantly engraved on thirty copper- plates, ics. 6d. plain, 18s. coloured, fewed. IX. The Modern Joinery or a colleftion of original defigns in the prefent tafte, for chimney-pieces and door-cafes, with their mouldings and enrichments at large j friezes, tablets, ornaments for pilafters, bafes, fub-bafes, and cornices for rooms, &c. with a table, filewing the proportion of chimneys with the entablatures to rooms of any fize. By N Wallis, architect, 8s. fewed. X. O r name 7 itr in the Palmyrene Tafte, engraved on twelve quarto plates. By N. Wallis, architedt, 4s. 6d. fewed. Note N°- 9 and 10 fewed in one, 12s. XI. The Carpenter's TreaJ'ure ; a collection of defigns for temples, with their plans, gates, doors, rails, and bridges, in the Gothic tafte, with the centers at large for ftriking Gothic curves and mouldings, and fome fpecimens of rails in the Chinefe tafte ; form- ing a complete fyftem for rural decorations. By N. Wallis, architedt, 2s. 6d. fewed. XII. An EJfay on the Covfrudiion and Building of Chimnies , including an enquiry into the common caufes of their fmoaking, and the molt effe&ual remedies for removing fo intolerable a nuifance ; with a table to proportion chimnies to the fize of the room. Hi lift rated with proper figures, by Robert Clavering, builder, 2s. 6d. fewed. Alfo the following Books of modern ornaments, ufeful to all Carvers, See. See. XIII. The Principles of drawing Ornaments made eaj ], by proper examples of leaves for mouldings, capitals, fcroles, hulks, foliage, &c. engraved in imitation of drawings on fixteen plates. With inftrudlions Jor learning without a ?na(ler. Particularly ufeful to carvers, cabinet-makers, ftucco-workers, painters, fmiths, and everyone concerned in ornamental decoration. By an Artift. 4s. 6d. fewed. XIV. A new Booh of Ornaments, by S. Aiken, on fix plates, 2s. 6d. fewed. XV. Twelve new Defigns of Frames for Looking-Glafes, Pidiures, Ssc. by S. H. carver. XVI. A Book of Tablets , done to the full fize commonly ufed for chimey-pieces. Defigned and etched by J. Pether, on fix plates, 3s. 6d. fewed. XVII. Law's new Bock of Ornaments, 2S. fewed. XVIII. A Book of Vafes. By T. Laws, 2s. fewed. XIX. A Book of Vafes. By P. Columbani, 2s. fewed. XX. A Book of Vafes from the Antique, on twelve plates, 2s. fewed. XXI. Gerara's new Book of Foliage, 23 . fewed. XXII. A J mall Book of Ornaments on jix Leaves. By G. Edwards, is, fewed. XXIII, A new Bock of Defigns for Girandoles and Glafs Frames in the prefent Tafie. Drawn and engraved by B. Paftorini, on ten plates, 4s. fewed. XXIV. A Plan and Elevation of the King of Portugal's Palace at Mafra, on two large fiieets, 6s. XXV. A North Wefi View of Greenwich Church, is. PREFACE. JN the art cf buildings an intelligent and expert carpenter is intitled to the foremojl place , or fir ft degree of eminence \ for he is able to erect a houfe without calling in either bricklayer or mafon , neither of whom can execute the like tajk independent of his ajjijtance . His prcfeffton depends on the praMical application of the moft plain , Jim fie, and unerring principles ; and more pleafure refults from the view , as well as more com- fort from the ufe , of a neat well conftruded common houfe, than from the moft fuperb but ill contrived palace ; where fanciful ouiam-enis are frequently in- troduced with no better intention than to difguife blemifhes in proportion and Jymmetry . Strength and convenience are the' two moft e Jen tied requifites in building the due proportion and correfpondcnce of parts conftituting a beauty that always fir ft attracts the eye : and where that beauty is wanting , carving and gilding only excite difguft . In like manner, the affectation cf gaudy drejs in a man , who has the misfortune to be deformed , anfwers no other purpofe than to invite ridicule and contempt. Architecture being founded on geometry , a carpenter ought to qualify him- felf in the fundamental principles of that fcience *, he fhould acquire a proper judgment of the materials he works on, both as to quality and quantity ; and in the ufe of them, the dimenfims of fcanilings according to the bearings \ the trujjing of girders and partitions, and the dove-tailing of collars. To affift: the young practitioner in thefe: particulars applicable to common buildings on given plans and elevations, under the fever al articles of framing, flooring, roofing, ceiling, and a rching \,with. the conjlruClion of bridges, groins, and fpires is the purpofe of the following fheets. Every objeCl treated of, is fo circum - ft anti ally and accurately reprefented in the plates, that very little explanation is needful to comprehend them . ; the deferiptions are therefore proportionally brief, to avoid confufihg the mind by a multiplicity of words > — In conclufion, the intention being to concentre every material operation in the common branches cf carpentry ; it is hoped nothing is emitted necejfary to enable an attentive- workman to become, his own furveyor, and to execute whatever infiruClions he receives, on true principles, according to the moft coned methods. If decorations are required, the proportions cf the orders, mou 1 dings, with their enrichments, cornices, with other parts of ornamental architedure, are fully treated of, and explained , according to theprefent tafte , in the Practical Builder, and Carpenter and Joiner’s Repofitory, both by the fame author . A Table of Scantlings for cutting Timber in proportion to different Heights and Lengths of Polls, Girders, and other bearing Timbers. Bearing- Scantling. Poll. Inches. I If 8 ft. high 8 by 6 I 10 8 7 I 12 9 8 1 H 10 8 I 16 12 10 I Girders, if Scantling, 1 bearing. Inches. | 12 feet. 10 by 8 I 16 ti 10 1 20 13 12 I 2z f 14 i2 1 28 '5 13 I 32 18 16 Binding Joifts, if Scantling. bearing. Inches. 6 feet 6 by 4 8 7 4 10 8 4* 12 10 7 H 12 5 Bridging Joifts, if Scantling. bearing. Inches. 4 feet 4 by 3 5 4 lr 34 6 5 32 the Depth Girder. of If bearing. 6 feet 8 io 12 4 Scantling. Inches. 6 by 2 7 2 8 2 IO 2 IO 2 Beams or Tyes. Length. 12 feet 16 20 n 30 3 6 Scantling. 8 by 6 . 9 10 1 1 12 *3 7 8 9 10 12 Ground Sills. From 6 by 4 To 6 by 5 Or 10 by 6 Raifing Plates the fame as Sills. From 6 by 4 To 8 by $ Or to by 6 1 Small Raftei ‘ 8 . Length. Scantling. 8 feet 44 by 3 io 5 3 12 L 54 34 - L [ 2 , t Principal Rafters. t 1 Lengths. Bottoms. Tops. 1 2 feet 8 by 4 1 6 by 4! 16 9 5 7 5 20 10 Si ^ 52 T 24 1 1 6 9 6 30 12 7 9 7 ; 36 12 8 ,0 , 8 Purlines. Bearing. Scantling. 6 feet 6 by 6 8 7 6 IO 8 7 12 9 8 Punchings, or upright Studs. From 3 by 4 To 6 4 Or 9 5 if required |. • uuagjo/fw offlr'- € 'fef2*yr>?fn t Z ’'uopruoz 3 * 1.1 PLATE T. The Elevation and Fart of the Flan of a Timber -built Bam , S HEWS the manner of framing the timbers together, with a porch at entrance. The meafures of the timbers are ail figured for the fcantlings in common practice. The camber of the beams to be if inch. The whole length of the building 42 feet from out to out; and the breadth 28 feet. Thefe fcantlings will do for a. building twice or three times the length, but of the fame width, or not exceeding 30 feet wide.— If the building fhould "exceed the foregoing heighth and width, the fcantlings muft be in proportion to their length and bear- ings, as in the table of timbers^ B PLAT E II. Kg. A is the Elevation of the End , and Fig. B the Section of the Bdrft, with all the Meafures of the Timbers figured fcr Practice. T HE whole width from out to out is 28 feet, and 26 feet 4 inches within, with gable-ends for more convenient room* The dotted lines in the fedlion of the roof reprefent ftretching pieces to go between the purlines, to prevent them from fwagging down, the bearings be- tween the principals being near 13 feet long. As the meafures are all figured, they will appear plainly on infpedtion. The ground-fills to .be 10 inches by 6, the main poll 8 inches by 10, the door poll 8 inches fquare. The interface in the Tides, between the pod, to frame the quarters or punchings in, 8 inches by 8, braces 6 inches by 4, punch- ings 5 inches by 3, raifing plates on the top of the poll. 8 inches by 6 ; braces there from the pod to the beam 9 inches by 3, tefiel or top- part of the poll: 1 foot 3 inches by 8 inches, beam 1 1 inches by c, king-pofi: 1 foot 1 inch by 6 inches, the fhaft of ditto 6 inches by 6, when the butments are cut ftraight to the king poll *, the rafters 4 by 4, the principal rafter at bottom mull be 9 inches by 5, at top 7 inches by 5. .The purloins or girt pieces framed between the principal rafters to be 6 inches fquare, for the reception of the fmall rafters, and to be framed into the principal rafter horizontally, or level with the bafe-line, as re- prefented in the fedlion \ the fmall rafters 3 inches by 4f. ti.it. n.izr. PLATE III. The Plan of a Roof in Lodgment, /hewing the Method to find the Length of the Hfis, Square or Btvel , and their Backing to any Pitch required . L E T a , by r, d, be the angles or corners of the building* to find the length of the hips and their backing. Firft, lay down the # plan of the roof abed to a fcale of one inch to a foot, as the fcale a b *, then, according to the ground you have to build on, take your dimenfions, and draw the plan : fuppofing the plan abed that to be roofed in * then draw the principal rafters on the plan a b c, and difpofe of the beams at proper diftances, as room will admit, which beams, numbers i and 3, will (land to receive the top of the hips ; then draw' the bafe lines of the hips a — r, b—c , at the bevel- end ; and at the fquare end draw the bafe lines c — e , d—e\ then take the perpendicular height of the principal rafters b , and fee it perpen- dicular from the bafe- lines of the hips a Cyb c, and re, d e y as c /, and ef\ then draw the lines a /, bf, efi df thefe lines will be the length of caclg hip refpeCtively. Then, to find the backing of the hips, draw a line fquare with the bale-lines of the hips as 4, 1, 3 and 4, 5, 7 ^ then fee thecompafles at 1, and extend them to touch the hip at 0, and draw the fin all dotted circle as there deferibed ; then from the point 2, where that •circle cuts the hafe-line, draw thefe lines 2—3, 2—4, which are the backings of the hips : proceed in the fame manner at the angles b , d k , which gives the length of the principal rafters to ftand on the beam k i ; then draw the lines //, / m, which gives the length of the principal rafters to (land on the beam Im. In this plan the perpendiculars are all equal ; but the lengths of the rafters are not alike, as appears by the plan ; a b^ c d are the bevek for the feet and tops of the hips ; the fides and ends are laid out by - the fame rule as the foregoing,, which is obvious fo as to require.; no. further explanation. Ze/ufo/iJ^l&rA'dJulyj bj /Taj'/cr inJUolfiom , PLATE V. Is a Plan of an M-roof, where a Building is too wide to fpan at once , a Gutter mufi he in the Middle . T HIS will require four hips and four vallies, as is plain to in- fpedtion : the lengths of the hips and vallies, and their backings are found in the fame manner as before ; a a hips, bb vallies, c c princi- pal rafters, RR the ridge lines, g the gutter, / rafter feet, which are to itand on the gutter-plate, h rafter-feet at the eaves j binding-joift, k the trimmer to frame into the hammer-beam for the cheftal-rafters / to* iland upon all the reft is plain to infpe&ion* P L ATE VI. A Building to be covered in , whofe Plan is an L, which requires a Hip and Valley •, the whole is plain to In/peHHon^ the Timbers being all properly placed » ■ A S to the general heights or pitch of the roofs, they are various according to fancy ^ but for plain tile covering very little under a fquare will do *, and for flate about one third of the width tor the perpendicular height, &V. the width or fpan of the roof 28 feet, the perpendicular height 10 feet, length of rafters 17 feet 6 inches, fcant- lings or’ rafters 9 inches by 5 at bottom, 7 inches by 5 at top ; king- poll « foot 1 by 6 inches, ftruts 4 by 4, beams i 1 by 9, hips 6 by 4 ; Fig . A, valley 6 by 8 ; Fig. B, the binding joilb ^ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, the trimmers and hammer beams - 9 7, 8 their fcantlings ; 1 inches by 5 ; the length and backing or the hips are found by the lame rule as in the foregoing roofs j the (mall rafters 47 inches by 3, ceiling joifl 27 inches by 3, SV. Tl.TT. Stands, Putts/tZJiifyjiJ-jfo, fyTTayforJFfSd 'mJBettcm. W. Pain del- £ Ti.m f % \\ $ J^rndon, P/ib/fjb 'c/Jitlyg -.JjSo, by 7 . Tay for.. WfJ 6 zhJTblbvm . PLATE VII. A fquare Pavilion w'th two Wings to be roofed in, the Top of the Ridge JiniJJoes the Roofs of the Wings under the Cornice of the Centre-building , as at a. T H E centre- building 40 feet fquare, the two wings 30 feet by 20. On the centre- roof is a turret for a clock \ fo that the ratter has 4 feet taken from the perpendicular, which makes the principal rafters polards to fupport the turret ; the whole length for the centre-roof would be 25 feet; but the polard rafter, as cut-, is about 18 feet in length, io inches by 6 at bottom, 8 by 6 at top*, king poll i foot 2 inches by 7 inches *, fhaft of ditto 6 inches by 7, braces 6 inches by 4, hips 7 inches by 4 *, beams 14 inches by n; the beams to the two wings 12 inches by 10, principal rafters 9 inches by 5 at bottom, and 7 by 5 at top ; king- pod 13 inches by 6 ; braces 4 by -4-; length of rafters 1 8 feet 6 inches, perpendicular height 1 1 feet. Fig . A, one fide of the centre-roof in ledgment \ Fig . B and C the fide and end of one wing in ledgment j the turret has a bell- roof, which appears on infpediiom Note , The length and backing of the hips found as before, needs no further explanation. PLATE VIII. Naked Flooring . TTIG. Fl 9 is a bridge- floor ; the binding joids a 9 b, c 9 d 9 e, f,g 9 &c. are framed into the girders about 3 ~ inches below the top, and half an inch below the under-fide of the girder, to receive a furring on the girder, in order to prevent the ceiling from cracking-, this fhould be done always ; the binding joifts to be framed into the girders at 4 feet didances not to exceed 5 feet. As to the depth of the binding, if the girder be a foot deep, the binding joid. mud be 9 inches deep, by inches, the bridging joid 4 by 3 fo that the bridging joid will notch down half an inch on the binding, and the binding will be half an inch bt low the girder, as in the fed: ion Fig . C, and the binding joid to be one fide with pally mortices for the ceiling joid, and the Angle mortices for ditto: if the girder be _ 14 inches deep, the binding joid will be 10 inches deep by 5 inches thick, the bridging joid gf by 5 inches. One fide of the Boor, as Fig. B 9 is framed in another manner, the binding joid framed fluid with the top of the girder, being deep enough to go half an inch below, and to be morticed for the ceiling joid as before, which is plain in Fig . A, the fection of the floor. Thefe bind- ing joids may be framed about 4 or 5 feet apart, fo that they admit of two, or not to exceed three fmaller joids between them, as reprelenred in Fig. F. Thefe lores of floors are never more than 10 inches deep, girders iometimes 8 or 9 inches deep-, fo the depth ol the binding joid mud be half an inch below the girder, by 3-r or 4 inches thick •, ceiling joid 2t by three inches, &c. The 4 fmall joids between the binding joids 2~ by 5, or 3 by 5 inches ^ all the red is plain on infpe&ion. Ti.mr. " I " IT 11 — 11 l iir - l - - - i- IF Jjf. C . a ■ ■ m ITT Jtihdws? Joist- B H H B H H PI toiTinn Joist Jiridejtu? Joist on tho —Bin dm/? Joist Tyr.£. H=a H=H H=a ■ B ■ ■ ■ ■ 1 Fu? . F. \ \ i 1 — ; : zr ■' jx.1"’ w.; i mr* \ M "■ W W M M 1 W. Join dot. London, LiddLskd Ju/o 3 ;s?do i 1 JTaylord T "t>d inJLddom . PLATE IX. The Manner of truffmg Girders by two different Ways. . A reprefents the girder to be trolled , the trufs to be of dry oaic, about 4 inches or 4-J fquare. Let into each fide of the girder about if inch, and at the butments a and b put iron plates to keep the pieces of wood from prefling into each other, and a good wedge in the centre at r, which will fpring the girder when drove tight, and a bolt through the' wedge when fet with driving •, the two Tides are not fuppofed to come together by one inch. Fig. B another way to trufs a girder. Suppoflng one piece not ftouc enough, then take two pieces of tim- ber, and fuppofing the trufs to be 4I or 5 inches fquare, let one inch into each piece, and have two king-pieces as a and b cut dove-tail, and let one inch into each piece, the fame as the trufs, and have wedges at the tail, as c and d ; bolt them together, and drive the fpring wedge. They will be very tight and ftrong, when bolted to, notwithstanding they will be 3 inches apart, as reprefented by the (haded part of l) PLATE X. Stuffing Girders , Partitions, &c. ipIG' A reprefents the girder to be trufied •, the trufs about 4 inches fquare, let in fo that the Tides fhall nearly come together, and have two bolts at the meeting of the trufs, as a and b , and wedges drove at the tail to Tpring the girder *, when bolted together, put in iron plates for the wedges to drive againit. Fig* B is a trufied partition with fcrew bolts to trufs it up, which is very plain to infpe&ion. Note , All girders fhould be cut camber, half an inch in ten feet, or one inch in twenty feet, and fo on in proportion. ' p — 1 Lr— r — r • i Lr— r r— d 1 L p — — l d ~i L n — — J 1 L — r _j 1 L ■ B — r 1 Jit/vg IvJ.Tqvlor thJToffom • del. Tua. PLATE XL Shews the Method of framing Dove-tail Collars . WIG. C a collar and rafters putting together, which (hews by the circular dotted lines, at top and bottom of the rafters, how they are brought together. The mortice on the infide of the rafter to be the exadl width of the collar, and the outfide as much as the bevel-line i - — z the infide or outfide of the collar, thefe when put clofe together will complete the work defigned. Fig . A fiiews the method of dove tailing beams on raifing or, any place required. The dove-tail on each fide the beam fhould not be more than one inch and quarter, and about one inch and quarter down. Fig . B is another method of putting down beams, with an indent cut in the beam : leave as much fubftance in the plate as will exaflly fit the indent in the beam, and the indent one inch and quarter deep. This is a very good way, for the beams never can draw out of their places. Fig* D fiiews the rafters put together, &c. PLATE XIF. Shews Roofs and truffcd Partitions. JfIG. d reprefents a roof with a dove-tall collar *, N Q i. is a pod ^ or afhleer framed into the girder and principal rafter *, 2. is the hammer beam which frames into the afhleer, and to have an indent or notch down on the wall-plate, to keep the wall from going out. Fig, B is another roof with firms to fupport a running purjinc to bear up the fmall rafters or a collap-may be framed to the rafters to hold the purline, if a collar, the rafters mud be all of a depth * but. with fir uts the rafters mud be notched out. Fig. C reprefen ts a trailed partition. fy T. litylorJW? \56 ifiJ3bl7om I \ ^ Jl. JlIaI. Lo/ufonPubfoh dJuty y byiZi/ayZcr A T fA3 in Ifolbm'n . P L ATE XIII. Reprefents Domes for Temples , Pavilions , &c. WIG . ^ is a dome on the oflagon plan. F/g-. F, Fz^ C are truffes for an ogee- roof on the faid oftagon plan. One fide of the trufs is the rafter, and the other the hip. Fig . E and D are roofs fuppoled to be fet on o&agon plans, and the ceiling to be a dome. To find the length and backing of curve-line hips, divide the bale- line of the rafter into a number of equal parts, and draw the dotted lines to the back of the rafter as in Fig, C , then divide the bafe- line of the hips, Fig , F, into the fame number of parts, and take them off the rafter, and fet them dn the hip, Fig. F, as i—2, 3—4, 5—6, 7—8, 9—10, which will give the back of the hip. This method will find the curve of any curve-line hip. . The hip in Fig. A is drawn by the tramel. To find the backing of the hips, lay down the plan of the hip b in Fig. F, for the edge to touch the angle •, then take off the diftance from the plan of the hip, the diflance 1—2 and fet it on the hip Fig. F 1 — *2 , and the fame at the top, and fhift the mould and mark it; that will give the backing of the hip Fig . A: the mould muff go off to nothing at the top. PLATE XIV. JPIG. A reprefents a trufs roof for a church or chapel, a bridged r roof. Fig. B is a trufied roof, with a very large fpan for a church or chapel. The poftS a and b are fuppofed to go down to the bottom or pavement, and to be covered with columns and entablatures. Fig . C is a trufs for a large building, temple, or pavilion, with a fiat and baluftrade on the top. Tl.XIV ' - — u/fo fy'J^JhyfcrJl^o&JfoZdcm . PLATE XV. £“ 1 G. A reprefents a double trufs for a roof whofe rafters are fhortened, and pitches on the gutter A? framed on the top of the king-poft, the whole is plain to inlpedtion. big. B is a fingle trufs for a roof, big . C reprefents a curb-roof, a and b dormer-windows. This fort: of curb-roof is much the belt when garrets are to be in the roof. PLATE XVI. 27 1 G. A reprefents a Centre for a brick or Hone arch* Fig . B a trufs for a temple with a bell- roof. Fig. C a bell-roof with a Hat and baluflrade at the top. jpi.xn. , --r 3 ;-i7t!?0 £yJ7iwfarj\rf5tf' wJ/oMer/i. PLATE XVII. JP 1 G. A reprefents a rib-dome with a bell-top, a is the method of fquaring the purlines. Get the piece as big as the fhaded parts i, 2, 3, 4 •, then find the place of the purline as at b , which divides the dome in two parts as at d b c\ then drop lines from b to the plan at^; then draw the arch line g — h , that is the plan of the curve of the purline ; g, i is a mould to work it by ; and when fquared, make a mould exad to the fweep of the dome as Fig. E, to find the true curve. Take off the angles 2, 4 ; then with the mould E draw the curve on the outfide as at 5* 6, and the infide 7, 8 •, when worked off at the angles 1, 3, the purline will be in its right form for framing the ribs into. Fig . B reprefents an elliptical dome with a fky- light at the top. Fig. C a centre for a ffone or brick arch. Fig. D a caveto for a temple. F P L A T E XVIII. TflG. A reprefents a large dome on a circular plan, with a fkyligh* and baluftrade at top for a temple, &c. Fig. B fhews the manner of truffing partitions, bearings, &c. Fig- E fcarfing of plates. i 2, ori/rf<7/i r Pu66is/t i22u/v 3 ^ z/5o 5y~ T.Ziiyfo? 'J\T° 56 i5tJ66l6o/7Z . P L A T E XIX. ■Shews the Manner of framing Spires for Country Churches , See. T H E height of the fpire is three times the diameter and om half to the top of the vane ; the body of the fpire three times the diameter of the curb it Hands on, which is 12 feet* fo the body of the fpire is 36 feet high, the neck and vane 6 feet high, the whole height 4 1 feet; the walls 3 feet 9 inches thick for the towers which the Ipire Hands on. PLATE XX. f Reprefents a truffed Bridge whofe Span is Jixty Feet'.. "PIG. A Ihcws {he manner of butments, &c. as> is plain to in«- x fpeftion. Tl. XT ZendffritJfttA/ij'A '(UttA'3;jj<9o fryJITqyZor.fiF'Sd SnJSpl&arn . ...{ / WTaih del. PLATE XXI. Shews the Method of making Centres for Arches , Vault s 9 Ceilings , &c. JfIG. A and i? are plans to be arched or groined with brick or (lone, by b y the centres for the body range which is to be fct on quarters or temporary plates for that purpofe, which is to ftand clofe to the piers as reprefented by the line i — 2 on the plan : r, r, are the ribs to cut the jack-raftcrs or ribs out of as marked on die centre, when the body- range b , b , is fet and boarded, then the centres c, c, are to be cut as marked by the lines J — 2, 3 — 4, 5—6,. and the whole ribs b b, to Hand on the recefs between the piers *, then board them. Now,, to find the mitre-cut for the boarding, take the girt of the centre c and ft retch it out as s t or u w and x y ; then draw the lines a — c — d y . e— /, g—h y i — £, / — m y and fo on to t — u y and the fpace between thefe lines will reprefen t the cover or boarding of the groin, whofe mitre-cut is reprefented by the black lines drawn from 0 to and from n to q y when the boarding is cut as the lines direct fixed on the centres they will make the angles of the groin complete. Fig . B the body- range is an ellipfis on the tranfverfe diameter, cuts* out the jack-ribs as marked a — b y c—d y e—f y g—h on the centre c in the plan B y and fo on. Fig. D is the plan of an arch or groin-ceiling, whofe angle-ribs are drawn by the tramel, the fame as the body-range in Fig B ; and they mult be fixed up in their proper places, over the bafe lines a—b and c — d y then draw the two ribs e % f, then divide the plan for the places* where they are to ftand as 123456 from the bafe lines 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^ draw lines to the ribs z- — 2^ 3 — 3, 4 — 4 ; then to the rib e draw 1 — 1, 4 — 4, 5: — 5 which will give the length of the jack-ribs to be cut, to fix between the hips, which will complete the groin ceiling* .This method will do for any brickor ftone groin or groin- ceiling* G P LATE XXII . tT/G. A. is the plan of an o&agon to be domed* whofe covering mull be Cut as Fig, \. Fig. 2 is the dome, whofe arch-line ab muf be divided into & number of equal parts, as here into ten, and drop dotted lines to the plan as, 2 — 2, 3 — 3, 4 ■ 4, 5—5, 6—6, 7-7, and fo on ; then take the parts from the plan 2—1, 3 — 2, 4 — 3, 5 — 4, 6 — 5, 7 — 6. Set on Fig. 1, the arch fretched out* as 2 — 1, 3 — 2, 4—3, 5—4, 6-^-5, 7 — 6, and draw the arch-lines 2, 0,2, through thofe points, this will give the edge of the covering for board, lead, and date 1 Which was to be done. Fig. 3 is the plan of art ogee-roof o&agon, whofe curve-line is to be divided into ten equal parts more or lefs at pleafure ; drop dotted line's to the plan Fig. A as before 5 take the parts from the plan 1, £, 3, 4, 5, 6, and fo on as before, and transfer them to Fig. 2, the rafter fretched out, and that will be the covering, -boarding, lead or date; Fig. B is a circular plan for a dome, whofe rib or rafter is orie fourth part of the plan as i — 2, Fig. 3 ; the outlines are the cover for one fourth part of the two in- fide lines ; the cover for one eighth part of the rib or rafter 1, 2 is divided into fix equal parts, or it may be more at pleafure ; and thofe parts drop to the bafe-line 2 — 3 ; and fet one foot of the compafies at 3, and turn the parts to i — 1, 2 — 2-, 3-3, 4 — 4, and fo on ; then transfer thofe parts to the rib fretched out. Fig. 3, and draw through thofe points, which will give the edge of the covering; Then.; to find the crofs or level point, fet one foot of the compafies at 0 , and draw the arch- 'lines -1 — 1, 2 — 2, 3 — 3, 4 — 4, and fo on; thofe lines will be the joints of the board, which will be freight, when the cover-board is bent to the dome; The bell-roof. Fig. C, and caveto-roof. Fig. D ; the cover is found the fame way as that of Fig. A. The cone-roof. Fig. E is drawn from the diameter i — 2 to the point 3, or it might be ihorter at pleafure: fet the compafies at 3, and extend to 1 , draw the arch-lines 1 — 2, 3 — 4, 5 — 6, and fo on to the top ; each part reprefents the width of a board, and thofe arch-lines will be the joints and be freight, when bent to th6 curve of the plan, which was to be done'; Fig -i G reprefents a corn-ice to be bent in thicknefles to go round the circular plan Fig. B 4 Firf draw the cornice full fize for pra&ice, and draw the fpring and back- line a; then draw the bracket b , and cut it to fuit the cornice as you fee it on the plate ; make as many as you think will do to bend your thicknefs on, and fix them to the plan as 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, n, and glewing the thicknefs on the brackets prepared, the cornice will come off to its curve and fpringing, which may be ealily worked for ufe. Fig. F is an impof or fur-bafe moulding to go into the concave part of Fig. E , to be bent to the curve and fpringing. To glew this moulding in thicknefs, make the brackets as /, and fix them to the curve of the plan of Fig. E y and glew the thicknefs as in Fig. F ; the moulding will come off to the curve and fpringing. By this method any circular moulding maybe made to its fpringing ; and fuppofing there was required a ground or dado under the fur-bafe, Fig. E ; to prepare the faid ground or dado, glew it up freight as ufual, and plain it fmooth ; then groove it on the back ; let the grooves and fpace be equal ; groove it down to the thicknefs of a veneer, then fcrew it down to a templet faf to its proper curve, and glew in the back-fiips ; when dry take it up, and the work will be complete. T/.XX1T. WJPaln del. PalluAdJu/yj ;//<9e AyX2qyA7rJV?6d Holism . FI. xxm . J IK Tam del. P L A f 1 XXIII. Shews the Manner of drawing Gothic Arches and EUipfes, and making Centres for the fame , JPIGURES ABC are Oxey Gothic arches; DEF and G hair- lip Gothic arches ; I an ellipfis on the conjugate diameter; K an 'tllipfis ofi the tranfverfe diameter. The pradUcal way of drawing the ellipfis is the tramel as (hewn in Fig. i, by making a crofs at right angles as and a rod as ah d\ make two heads, mortice them, and put them on the rod, the fame way as a, gage-head, and fatten them with a wedge and a point or pencil at a ; then fix the one head at £, half the conjugate diameter a £, and the other head at d half the tranfverfe diameter a d , and put them in the groove, and move the rod round with the pins in the groove, the point or pencil at a will defcribe the ellipfis. Fig. H is a fegment of a circle ; Fig . L a femi-circle with a fquare to a flute Or neach to know if they are true, ^ ^ ' - ■ - r Z <3 / * ^7