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 Book BINDERS, 
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ORIENTAL AND OCCIDENTAL 
 NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN 
 
 POR TINAT aisles 
 
 Oe Wsbe: 
 
 MIDWAY PLAISANCE 
 
 A collection of Photographs of Individual Types of various nations from all 
 parts of the World who represented, in the Department of Ethnology, 
 The Manners, Customs, Dress, Religions, Music and other 
 distinctive traits and peculiarities of their Race 
 
 WITH INTERESTING AND INSTRUCTIVE DESCRIPTIONS 
 ACCOMPANYING EACH PORTRAIT 
 
 TOGETHER WITH AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 Prof. F. W. Putnam, of Harvard University 
 
 Chief of the Department of Ethnology at the 
 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 
 
 Sounds which address the ear are lost and die 
 In one short hour; but that which strikes the eye 
 Dwells long within the mind; the faithful sight 
 Engraves the knowledge with a beam of light. 
 —FHorace—Ars Poetica. 
 < Gy Mia 
 
 < 
 —_ ee ih 
 ees 
 
 ST. LOUIS: 
 
 N. D. THOMPSON PUBLISHING CO. 
 
 1894 
 
Copyright 1894 by N. D. Thompson Publishing Co. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 LL THE WORLD IS HERE! Such was the exclamation of thousands of visitors during the 
 short six months of the World’s Columbian Exposition. What other combination of words 
 could have expressed the truth so effectively as these five monosyllables!] What was it 
 that so enticed and charmed the visitor ? The first impression was invariably that caused by the 
 
 grandeur and beauty of the architecture and landscape. Such a combination of lake, lagoons, buildings, 
 sculpture and color was never before grouped to form a picture so beautiful. But would this picture 
 rave been so entrancing if /é/e had not been there as well? We who were obliged to remain after 
 the close of the Exposition realized, when passing daily through the deserted grounds, that while all 
 the architectural and landscape effects were still intact the charm had fled—the life had gone out of 
 the picture. Constantly were we striving to conjure up the diversified and animated life that had 
 deen there, and to repeople the deserted avenues and buildings. 
 
 It is these vivid impressions of the life of the Fair that will be aroused with renewed pleasure 
 by the faithful reproductions of many familiar forms in the accompanying pictures of Types of the 
 Midway; and to those who were unable to visit the Exposition the Midway will in a measure become 
 the same charming reality as to those who had the good fortune to take part in its fascinating 
 Bohemian life. 
 
 Yes, in truth all the world was there. From the north, on the two sides of the Atlantic, came 
 he Eskimo and the Laplander, the probable representatives of two of the oldest peoples on the respective 
 continents. Although these peoples are greatly changed by admixture and environment during the 
 hundreds of centuries since they left their original homes, they yet furnish much of interest in their 
 yeculiarities of physical structure from which the peoples of the long, long ago can be faintly dis- 
 cerned. Although having marked differences, how nearly alike they seem and how they differ from 
 all the others by their short plump figures and broad light yellow faces as well as by their peculiar 
 garments. The Lap had his reindeer—the horse and the cow of the north combined in one beast— 
 and the Eskimo his dogs. How different was the Eskimo kayak from all other boats that gathered 
 on the lagoons. It was essentially part of the man who sat in the hole in the centre with his double 
 bladed paddle moving so gracefully and anon so speedily over the water. It was evidently his chief 
 dependence and the result of his necessities. 
 
 What a contrast in the extremes of humanity between these people of the north with their 
 long straight hair and the inhabitants of the Dahomey villaze—the black curly haired race of Africa. 
 Among these Africans were types of manly and womanly beauty and others whose appearance anc 
 actions were expressive of the lowest savagery about whom we could readily believe the stories of the 
 Amazon army and of cannibalism. With all this diversity of form and feature, of savagery anc 
 gentleness, they showed one trait in common, for who that heard the plaintive melodies and the wild 
 fervor of their songs and chants will not accord to the Negro an inborn love for music as much a 
 part of his nature as is his color. 
 
 From these Africans we turn to the Samoan village where were gathered several types from 
 the Pacific islands. These Polynesians are remarkable for their stalwart forms and for the magnificen 
 development of both men and women. Their complexion is light and their hair dark and abundant. 
 Their movements are graceful and powerful, full of action but expressive of gentleness and courtesy. 
 The airy houses of these people brought from Samoa—light frames of the bread fruit tree on which 
 was tied a thatch of leaves of the wild sugar cane—the scant clothing of native cloth made of matte 
 fibre, the simple method of making fire by rubbing two dried sticks together, and the great canoes for 
 making trips from island to island, are among the blessings enjoyed by our Polynesian friends, and 
 almost make one wish he might live in a country where life is so easy and where tailors’ and dress- 
 makers’ bills are unknown trials. 
 
 Acr the way, back of the bamboo fence was the Java village with its public square, on one 
 side of which was the Missigit or Mahometan place of worship and on the other side the theatre. In 
 this theatre was carried on a pantomime called the Wajang Wong, in which all the actors, dressed in 
 the traditional costumes and masks of the heroes and mythical characters represented, conform their 
 strange movements to the parts spoken for them by the Dalang or man behind the screen. Back of 
 the stage was an orchestra of twenty-four p ayers whose instruments gave forth sweet liquid sounds. 
 What is the meaning of the strange movements of these men and women dressed in gold embroidered 
 garments, their faces covered by strangely grotesque masks which by their color indicate the characters 
 represented? Why is it they move their arms and hands in such a stiff and awkward manner, turn- 
 ing their palms outward and throwing their fingers back in a wonderful way? What is the meaning 
 of the strange doll-like figures, mounted on long sticks and arranged in rows along the side of the 
 stage, dressed like the actors themselves and having heads made to represent the masks of the latter ? 
 What is the meaning of the figures cut out of flat pieces of leather and colored so as to give the 
 same general effect as the dolls? These figures let us into the mystery of the singular movements of 
 the actors in the pantomime. Formerly the flat figures were used to cast shadows upon a screen, the 
 movements of the hands and arms being made by the sticks attached to the hands. Afterward the 
 
dolls were made to take the place of these figures and were shown above the screen being manipu- 
 lated by a man behind it who carried on the dialogue. Thus we get at the meaning of the move- 
 ments we thought so strange. These pantomimes were long ago acted by means of these figures, 
 first as shadows and finally as marionettes. Then when men and women took the place of the marion- 
 ettes they were dressed and masked to represent the characters before expressed; and true to the 
 conservatism of the race, the movements of the arms and heads of the marionettes were stric ly 
 followed, for were not these the movements of their heroes and mythical beings from the earliest 
 time! Thus we have this strange pantomime illustrating a drama of a magic wand and a magic rose, 
 carried out in a love episode between a prince and his lady, a survival of much ethnological value. 
 To one who watched the dances and dramas of the Quackuhl Indians from Vancouver island, who 
 were living in their native houses with the great totem poles in front on the borders of the South 
 Pond, the close resemblance between the motions of the two peoples from opposite sides of the 
 Pacific could but be perceived. When we also saw these Quackuhls call forth their mysterious 
 mythical characters from the ground and recognized that they are cut out o flat pieces of wood 
 carved and colored to represent the nondescript called the great snake, and when we also saw these 
 Indians put on masks representing their heroes and mythical beings, we could but feel that the 
 Javanese and the Quackuhl folk-lore as exemplified by the singular dances and pantomimes had some 
 distant psychological origin common to both. It was such studies that the people of the Midway 
 furnished: and in no one place was there such a perfect representation of a distant and to most of 
 us little known people as in this Java village. What pretty little women were those Soendanese with 
 heir soft, dark skin and bright eyes. What dear little babies. What strange ear-ornaments, great 
 silver buttons in the ears of the women resembling so closely the ornaments shown on the old 
 sculptures of Mexico and Peru. There was shown in this village the home life of a hundred and 
 wenty-five Javanese of two distinct groups, and such an opportunity to study this people was never 
 before offered outside of their own country. 
 
 The Turkish village was a place of interest and instruction. Here among the turbaned Kurds 
 and Druzes were people from various parts of the great empire of mixed nations: Constantinople, 
 Smyrna, Jerusalem, and many other places of ancient history, were represented. The “House of 
 Damascus” and the “Bedouin Camp” gave us glimpses of Arabian life in the ancient city and in the 
 desert; and the Turkish Theatre gave us object lessons in the customs of the people who danced to 
 he music of the cymbals as in olden time. 
 
 What shall we say of the “Street in Cairo” with its confusion of life: Arabs, Egyptians, 
 Jubians and Soudanese in varying and characteristic costumes; jugglers, swordsmen, venders, donkey 
 joys, and camel drivers. How we dodged from under the camel that pushed on regardless of anyone 
 who stood in the way; and how we laughed at those who rode the beast as he lurched to his feet 
 with his load. Here indeed we met with life such as never before was seen in America and here 
 was the opportunity for a study of national character of great variety. At one end of the street the 
 old Temple of Luxor reminded us of ancient Egypt, while the architecture of the street and the 
 Mosque at the other end told of Cairo in its splendor. Here in the playhouse of the street were 
 gathered the dancing women, and here was ‘to be witnessed the national dans du ventre which not 
 being understood was by many regarded as low and repulsive. What wonderful muscular movements 
 did those dancers make, and how strange did this dance seem to us; but is it not probable that our 
 waltz would seem equally strange to these dusky women of Egypt. What is a dance, is a question 
 one was forced to ask after a trip through the Midway. Every nation had its own form. With some 
 it was a rhythmic movement of the hands and arms; with others of the feet and legs; and with 
 others of the body ; some were ceremonial, others for amusement, according to national traditions and 
 customs. 
 
 The space allotted to this brief introduction will not permit of further mention of the Oriental 
 and Occidental peoples gathered on the Plaisance; but for one and all, reference is made to the 
 characteristic and beautiful illustrations to which these few lines simply call attention. A careful study 
 of these faithful portraits of the many distinct peoples will show the different types of men and 
 women, how they looked and how they dressed. 
 
 We must not forget however that in the midst of peoples so new and strange to us there 
 were others nearer akin. To many Americans “Old Vienna,” the “German Village” and the “Trish 
 Villages” gave information of the customs of their fathers; while our own crowning achievement in 
 mechanics, the great Ferris Wheel, arising in the midst of this magic gathering enabled us to view 
 this mimic world as from another planet, and to look down upon an enchanted land filled with happy 
 folk. Truly there was much of instruction as well as of joy on the Merry Midway. 
 
 Peabody Museum of American 
 Archaeology and Ethnology, 
 
 Harvard University, Chief of Department of Ethnology, 
 Cambridge, Mass., February 22, 1894. World’s Columbian Exposition. 
 
FAR-AWAY-MOSES. (Jew.) 
 
 The Jews are the most remarkable of all races. No other people can boast a lineage so ancient and so unbroken, The historian Freeman says: “ They are 
 very nearly, if not absolutely, a pure race in a sense in which no other race is pure.” Their early history constitutes a body of sacred writings which, considered 
 as literature alone, stands unequalled. Representatives of their race have achieved eminence in every walk in life; as musicians, poets, philosophers and above all as 
 
 financiers; a Jew ruled the mightiest empire of modern times. For a brief but interesting account of this marvelous people see Hosmer's “Story of the Jews,” and for 
 a fuller history the five-volume work of Prof. Graetz recently published in an English translation. The above portrait is another illustration of the persistence of the Jewish 
 type. This man, who rejoices in the expressive sobriquet of Far-Away-Moses, is the descendant of Jews who were driven from Spain by Queen Isabella. He is 
 fifty-five years old and resides in Constantinople. He speaks many languages and is a noted dragoman. He has been immortalized by Mark Twain, whom he had 
 the honor of conducting through the Holy Land. 
 
gi a i) cle nate 
 
 REBECCA MEISE ALITHENSII. (Jewess.) 
 
 Though the Jews are no longer a nation and properly claim citizenship in all countries, there is no racial type that has been so persistent through so many 
 centuries and amid such yaried environment. Whether in Palestine or America, in the Tenth Century before or the Nineteenth Century after Christ, the Jew shows the same physical 
 characteristics, slightly modified by his surroundings, and the same intellectual acumen and business capacity that have made him the most successful financier in the 
 world. This handsome oriental lady was born of Jewish parents in Constantinople twenty-seven years ago; and, while retaining evidences of her Jewish blood, she is in 
 general appearance a fair type of Turkish beauty, and her dress gives an exact idea of the picturesque and gorgeous costume of that nation. Her husband, a merchant 
 of her native city, was induced to come to the Fair by Mr. Levi and that quaint character, Far-Away-Moses, whose portrait will be found on another page. She assisted 
 her husband in disposing of their beautiful stuffs, clothing, bric-a-brac, and many quaint curios; and the public was attracted by this beautiful woman as much as 
 by the rare wares they sold. She speaks English quite well with a very fascinating accent, and is exceedingly polite. 
 
SE ESE GHLAEDS by 
 Piace & Conver 
 
 YOO-KA-LUCKE, JOHNNY-JUMP-UP. (Eskimo.) 
 
 This man is from a tribe of Eskimo in Southern Labrador, and is forty years old. While retaining his native garb of undressed seal skin and adhering to 
 the ancient customs of his people, he has received something of an education at the missionary post in his native village, and is an exhorter of the Christian creed 
 to his wild-mannered tribesmen, who listen with perplexed souls to the strange stories which this seemingly learned man expounds from the white man’s talking-book— 
 uck-a-luck-a-looke, Though so widely scattered, the Eskimo all speak the same language with dialectal variations. Its most remarkable feature is that a whole European 
 sentence is expressed by one word. For example, Savigiksiniariartokasuaromaryotittogog, means ‘He says that you also will go away quickly in like manner and buy 
 a pretty knife.” This man is an uncle of Little Prince Pommiuck (who attracted so much attention at the Fair), being brother to his father, who met his death in a 
 very peculiar way about a year before they came to the Fair Chief Pommiuck desired, for his third wife, the belle of a neighboring village. Stealing silently with 
 his sled to the hut where the maid was sleeping, he succeeded in getting her out and a short distance away from the village when his unruly dogs began fighting. 
 This awoke the other residents, who immediately gave chase, and overtaking him, dispatched him without further ceremony. 
 
MARY DOOKSHOODE ANNANUCK.  (Eskimo.) 
 
 The Eskimo are the widest spread aboriginal people in the world, occupying the whole Arctic coast of America and a small portion of the Asiatic shore of 
 Behring Strait, thus stretching a distance of three thousand two hundred miles. They are short in stature and their skin is of so light a brown that, when clean, red 
 
 shows in the cheeks of children and young women. In 
 
 f 
 
 summer they live in conical skin tents and in winter, at times in snow houses, but usually in half-underground 
 huts built of stone, earth and bones, and entered on all 
 
 urs by a long tunnel-like passage. They live by hunting and fishing and are enormous eaters. In intelligence, 
 umor and are note 
 
 they rank well among barbarous races, have considerable 
 
 le mimics. Their language is peculiar; they have an extensive folk-lore and some 
 published literature. Full accounts of this curious people may be found in the narratives of Parry, Kane, Hayes and other Arctic explorers. This woman, who is a 
 
 vigorous type of the race, is the wife of Yoo-Ka-Lucke, just described. Brought up in Northern Labrador, until grown, she had never seen a green leaf or a blade 
 of grass. She now lives in Southern Labrador where, during the short summer season, grass and budding trees are to be seen. 
 
Laqypsgne WEF by, 
 Wate & Lower 
 
 PRINCE MERE HEMCY. (Arab.) 
 
 Tne Arabs that live in towns and villages are a remarkably handsome race—tall, lithe, well-formed, with dark hair and eyes. They are serious in demeanor 
 and polite in manner and conversation, and possess a self-control that seems wonderful to Europeans. They are proyerbially hospitable. The subject of this sketch, 
 born in 1863, is a prince among his people. He is a man of polish and refinement and fills the position of Sheik of the village of Mettauli, which lies near Mt, 
 Lebanon. Like all his countrymen, he is a Mahometan and conducts his daily life in accordance with the teachings of the Koran, which requires 
 
 quent prayers 
 and ablutions. The prince shares his countrymen’s passion for fine horses. He is a fearless rider, and excited the admiration of all beholders by his feats of daring 
 horsemanship at the Wild East Show in the Midway. He possesses the fierce fighting qualities for which his race is noted. 
 
ZAREEFA. (Bedouin.) 
 
 The Arabs, a race probably of African origin, comprise two distinct classes, those having fixed habitations and the wandering pastoral tribes called Bedouins, 
 
 that is “dwellers in the open land.” These constitute about one-seventh of the population of Arabia, and are also scattered over Syria and Northern Africa, They live 
 in frail tents made of poles with a coarse covering of goat's hair dyed black. They have the aquiline nose and regular features that characterize the Arab race, and 
 are active but not strong, and rather undersized. They are nominally Mahometans and have the virtues and vices natural to a barbarous people, which fact accounts 
 for conflicting statements about them made by various travelers. The most trustworthy authorities regarding them are Niebuhr and Burckhardt. Zareefa, a native of 
 
 Arabia and a princess of her tribe, is decidedly above the average of her countrywomen in beauty, and has a romantic interest attached to her by the fact that in 
 refusing the suitor to whom her father sold her she subjected herself to the penalty of death, from which she was saved by the intervention of American law. 
 
WONG KI. (Chinese.) 
 
 The Chinese are among the most ancient of peoples. They have a recorded history, in some measure trustworthy, going back nearly twenty-five hundred years 
 is the usual mist of myth and tradition. They boast a very early civilization. They cultivated astronomy from the remotest ages and 
 
 before Christ, beyond whi 
 have recorded in their annals a series of eclipses extending over three thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight years, which were 
 occurrence. The compass and gunpowder were t in China centuries before they were known to Europeans. The principal religions of China are Buddhism, Taouism 
 Co nism and Mahometanism. Among the best books on China is ‘The Middle Kingdom,” by S. Wells Williams. Wong Ki was the architect of the Chinese 
 Building, and the decorator and d 
 Arriving at manhood, he concluded to cast his lot with many of his countrymen in California, and there was successful at his trade and also fortunate in meeting the 
 
 stually calculated previous to their 
 
 re he spent his youth in studying the peculiar architecture of his country 
 
 gner of the Joss House. He is a native of Canton, 
 
 beautiful Ah Que, who is now his devoted wife. 
 
AH QUE. (Chinese.) 
 
 Ah Que is considered a beauty among her countrymen. Had she remained in China she would doubt 
 
 o do with the selection of 
 
 have been married early; but she would have had 
 
 nothing 
 The d 
 
 but at an early age came to California and was taken in charge by the Presb 
 
 her husband. She would probably not have seen him before the marriage ceremony. All that is arranged by a « go-between.” 
 
 lained when 
 
 s functionary will be exp come to Japan. She is the wife of Wong Ki, described on a preceding pa She was born in China; 
 
 g 
 erian Mission of San Francisco, where she received an education and religious training. 
 
 She speaks English correctly, and is c 
 
 tured and refined in manner, She is said to be very popular among her own people in San Francisco. Her unique and 
 tasteful robe, shown in the portrait, gives a good idea of the costume of the better classes in the Flowery Kingdom. She and her husband were the most prominent 
 Chinese at the Fair. They are thoroughly Americanized, and look upon the United States as their home, They now reside in San Francisco, 
 
IVAN MAKAROZDZE. (Don Cossack.) 
 
 This fine specimen of manhood was the chief of the band of Don Cossack rough riders whose marvelous feats in Buffalo Bill's Show astonished all beholders. 
 The Cossacks probably derive their name from a word synonymous in Tartar with a freebooter, and in Turkish with a light-armed soldier Ethnologically and historically 
 they are divided into two sections, the Cossacks of the Dneiper and the Cossacks of Great Russia, or of the Don. After some centuries of turbulence they have gradually 
 been brought under rigid military discipline, furnishing the Czar with one of the most valuable elements in the national army. They are, however, used chiefly as 
 irregular troops. So great is their superstition that in the midst of a conflict they have been known to give chase to a hare in order-to avert the omen by its destruction. 
 They also have retained the freefooter's fondness for plunder. Inured to hardship, cruel and merciless, the name of Cossack is a terror to their enemies. lvan Makarozdze 
 is thirty-eight years of age, and does not remember the time when he was nota soldier in service. The cartridges on his breast are those used in the old-style muskets, 
 
 which are still retained. For an interesting account of these people see “The Russian Shores of the Black Sea,” by Lawrence Oliphant. 
 
‘ pears | sree : é 
 y an ico of : KRHA 8 
 
 MELE. (Samoan.) 
 
 Samoa's village on the Midway claimed the attention of thousands of curious and intelligent s , whose interest in the people of the Navigator, or Samoan, 
 
 t-ser 
 
 isles has recently been quickened by events of political import in the South Seas, and also, perhaps, by the fact that the graceful pen of Robert Louis Stevenson has 
 
 The Samoans are a fine race physically; the men are amiable and cheerful; and the women certainly are 
 
 served to bring these handsome savages into promine 
 very pretty and pleasant to talk to. Their language is soft and liquid. The bodies of the men are splendidly tattoed and often with beautiful designs. The women 
 generally cut their hair rather short; it is curly and elastic to the touch, and in it they usually wear bright flowers. The men are fond of fame or notoriety; and in the 
 past this passion has had much to do with their habit of taking the heads of their enemies, by which they secure glory and admiration from the women. Mele, the 
 
 handsome Samoan girl of the Midway, 1s a fair type of South Sea beauty. Her bodice is of gaily painted native paper fringed with strings of fibre and grass blades, 
 
 sea weeds, beads, polished pebbles and sea shells. 
 
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 MERE ALLI HARFUSH. (Syrian.) 
 
 Syria, the country which extends for about three hundred and eighty miles along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, has for its eastern limit the Euphrates 
 
 but in point of fact it insensibly merges into the step 
 
 2 country, which naturally belongs, more or less, to Arabia. This land has been from time immemorial the battle- 
 
 in Asia and the territory through which the trading caravans of these empires have had to traverse; and by its position it has been the 
 
 field for the empires of Wes 
 
 medium for trai 
 
 nitting the civilizing influences of the East to the West, and again of the West to the East. Under such circumstances, the Syrians have seldom played 
 
 dent part in politics, art or science; but none the less on that account is their place in history one of the highest interest and importance. Mere Ali Harfush, 
 
 gorge 
 
 an indey 
 
 whose 
 
 is oriental dress and skill as a horseman and swordsman in the Wild East Show was one of the features of the Midway, is a sheik of a small village 
 
 near Baalbec, about thirty-five mil 
 
 from Damascus. He comes, therefore, from a spot which is one of the most mysterious places on the globe, where the ruins of the 
 
 ¢ 
 
 great City of Baalbec still stand and where the columns of the Temple of the Sun challenge the curiosity and wonder of the world, for they were built at a period 
 which antedates all history 
 
WIE, 
 APO 
 ccna 
 
 BEN YAKAR.  (Egyptian.) 
 
 ant Mission School there, was the proprietor of thirty-five of the ba 
 
 Ben Yakar, a native of Cairo rs in Cairo Street on the 
 Midway and showec 
 “the gift of the Ni 
 
 the 20th and 30th of September and falls as much by the middle of May. Six feet higher than this is devastation; six feet lower is destitution. It is the most 
 
 o was educated in the Prote 
 
 manner in which he con 
 
 great ability by ¢ 
 
 sted his enterprise. ‘Egypt is the most singular of all countries, Herodotus properly called it 
 
 for the destiny of the land and the nation is bound up in its one river. With a wonderful regularity the river begins to rise at Cairo between 
 
 ancient of lands: Abraham found it a great empire, in which the pyramid of Gizeh, then, as now, the largest structure ever reared by man, was standing. Pythagoras 
 
 learned philosophy in Egypt; Thales, mathematics; Lycurgus and Solon, law and government, 
 
HZ tc 
 
 eo 
 
 sai 
 
 GARL ERICK. (Laplander.) 
 
 Lapland is the most northerly country of Europe. The Lapps call themselyes Samelats, Lapp is a nickname given them by foreigners. They may be roughly 
 divided into two classes. 
 
 the roving and the settled, or the Sea and the Mountain or Forest Lapps. The former are fisherman; the latter are hunters and herdsmen 
 
 and are the true representatives of the race. The reindeer furnishes them with food, clothing and shelter. They retain the patriarchal 
 
 stem—the father having 
 
 absolute authority over the affairs of the family, and they live in encampments which seldom contain more than half a dozen tents or huts. Nominally they are Christians. 
 Many of the Scandinavian Lapps can read and write, but those in Russia are entirely uneducated They are a quiet, inoffensive people. They hav milder climate 
 and therefore enjoy more physical comfort than the Esquimaux ; but in intellect and morals they are inferior to the latter race. They are short of stature and of no uniform 
 complexion—their hair varying from blonde, or reddish, to a bluish or greyish black, while their eyes are black, hazel, blue or grey. Their dirty habits have become a 
 proverb among the Swedes and Norwegians, and they are not allowed to remain permanently in any of the towns 
 
 old and is a representative of the most cultivated of his race. 
 
 The young man pictured above is twenty-one years 
 
Cage S$ boy, - 
 Vase & Cooder 
 
 MARGARETTE OLSEN. (Swede.) 
 
 In area Sweden is one of the larger countries of Europe. It is sparsely populated and has, beside 
 
 the capital, only five of any size. Agriculture 1s the 
 
 the best educationa 
 
 chief industry The Swedes are hardy, industrious and thrifty. Sweden has one ems in the world The most 
 
 conspicuous building in 
 
 ion has 
 
 every town and village is the school-house. Primary educ seen compulsory for more than fifty years, and higher education in the public schools and universi- 
 
 sincere and honest All well-educated Swedes speak one or more 
 
 ties is free. Besides being remarkably intelligent, the people are refined 
 
 foreign languages. The Lutheran is the established church, but other sects are tol for the regulation of the liquor traffic, adopted in 1877, has produced 
 
 nt born in Dalecarlia. The inhabitants of this district in Central Sweden are 
 
 very beneficial results, The beautiful girl whose portrait appears above is a Swedish pea 
 
 te} 
 
 the handsomest people in the Scandinavian peninsula. They are proud and independent, and adi 
 
 sly to their old customs and national costume. They 
 see DuChaillu’s “Land of the Midnight Sun 
 
 wear their simple peasant dress even before the councils of the Diet. For a very interesting account of the 
 
4 
 & oO 
 Praag Ws 
 - Mace & Cower 
 
 RAIN-IN-THE-FACE. (Sioux Indian.) 
 
 The Sioux, a numerous tribe, inhabit the northwestern part of the United States, where on june 25-27, 1876, Lieutenant-Colonel George A, Custer, with thirteen 
 commissioned officers, a surgeon, and two hundred and fifty-five enlisted men (including five civilians and three Indian scouts) were ambushed and slaughtered in the 
 Black Hills. Sitting Bull has received the notoriety and credit for this fight; but it was his cousin, Rain-in-the-Face, who planned and executed the affair. It 
 
 Is said 
 that Rain-in-the-Face cut out the heart of the dead Custer 
 
 He himself received a wound in the fight, which has compelled him to use crutches ever since 
 Longfellow, in his striking poem, “The Revenge of Rain-in-the-Face,” thus commemorates the event: 
 
 “Whose was the right and the wrong ? And say that our broken faith 
 
 Sing it, O funeral song, Wrought all this ruin and scathe 
 With a voice that is full of tears, In the Year of a Hundred Years. 
 
omentensicninrccenetnetanenrct PCa 
 
 sown 
 
 Some epee 
 
 KE-NE-WA-NA. (Sioux Squaw.) 
 
 This is a fair type of the rugged women of the Sioux Nation, whose powers of endurance on the march and in the drudgery of Indian life are a constant 
 wonder to all observing travelers. 
 
 The dark countenance which looks at us in the picture is that of a woman of twenty-eight years, who is a relative of Rain-in-the- 
 The features are regular, matronly, and not devoid of beauty, while the figure is that of a strong and vigorous woman. 
 women are more cruel, if such a thing is possible, than the men. 
 group. When first discovered the Indians of the Sioux line 
 ancestors was probably on the western side of the 
 
 Face. It is said that in Indian warfare the 
 The Dakota, or Sioux, family of Indians is an independent and wide-spread ethnical and linguistic 
 
 age held a territory extending from the Arkansas River to Rainy Lake; and the original home of their 
 
 The most graphic and interesting book on the Sioux Indians is unquestionably “War-Path and Bivouac,” 
 In the appendix to “The Story of the American Indian,” by Eldridge S. Brooks, may be found a list of the best hundred books on the American 
 
 yntinent. 
 
 by John F. Finnerty 
 
 Indian. 
 
Ss 
 
 iN re? 
 
 rr y* \) i ie ie St 
 ff WW ; ay j f | ; 5 a 
 
 WILLIAM. (Samoan.) 
 
 This athletic specimen of manhood from Samoa declined to use his native name in Chicago and chose the cognomen of William during his stay at the Fair. 
 His fantastic headgear and dress, ornamented with grasses and sea shells, give an idea of the finery in which these people delight. The Samoans belong 
 to the brown Polynesian race and are akin to the New Zealand Maoris. They are, perhaps, the lightest in color of all the Pacific islanders. Their number is 
 decreasing, and the population is now said to be about 35,000. The islands were visited by Bougainville in 1768, and from him they received the name of lles des 
 Navigateurs as a tribute to the skill of the native boatmen, The Christian religion was introduced in 1830, and the Samoans are now nearly all Christians. June 
 14th, 1889, representatives of Germany, Great Britain and the United States signed an act, at Berlin, under which the three powers recognized the independence of the 
 Samoan government and the free right of the natives to elect their chief, or king, and choose their form of government according to their own laws and customs. 
 
a 
 
 Seip 
 a 
 
 SALINA. (Algerian.) 
 
 Algeria, the most important of the French colonial possessions in Northern Africa, is a mountainous land inhabited by Europeans and no less than eight native 
 
 races—Berbers, Arabs, Moors, Jews, Turks, Koulgis, Negroes and Mozabites. Until 1830, when Admiral Duperre, of France, captured the country, it was a land of pirates 
 and turbulence. The City of Algiers is the most cosmopolitan place in the world with the exception of Cairo. The street costume of the women of Algeria is very 
 curious. They wear full white trousers over their house dress, the young: 
 A small white veil is drawn tightly across the face, just under the e 
 
 ones having as much as 
 
 enteen yards of white starched material gathered in at the ankle 
 
 thin enough for them to breathe through without exposing the features hidden beneath it. 
 
 Over the head and shoulders is worn a white haik of Turkish toweling. In full dress a band of jewels is worn around the head and across the forehead, with pendants 
 
 something like a necklace. Many bracelets, silver anklets and tings, set with uncut jev 
 
 complete the showy indoor toilet. The women have a great deal of time to 
 give to their finery and little else to think of. Salina, the Algerian “danse du yentre” artiste of the Algerian Theatre, was one of the handsome women on that 
 wonderful Street of Nations. 
 
Corenyern 8 
 
 Azsse 660 Gn 
 
 ABAL KADER. (Southern Soudan.) 
 
 Soudan, which means in Arabic ‘the land of the blacks,” is that wide region of Africa which stretches from the Atlantic to the Red Sea, and from the Sahara 
 the central equatorial regions and the Albert and Victoria Nyanza’s in the south. This is the home of the true negro race, and until very 
 ing its resources and geography were not obtainable. In 1882, the Mahdi raised the flag of revolt and preached a religious crusade. 
 
 rrisons and cut off Emin Bey in the Equatorial Province and shut up Gordon in Khartoum, after which Egyptian influence in the 
 
 and Egypt to the Gulf of Guine 
 recently definite information conc 
 
 His armies overpowered the Egyptian 
 
 instrument called wahassa at the Fair while the other 
 
 Abal Kader, the Soudanese musician who made melody on a rude 
 
 Soudan vanished among the native tr 
 
 Soudanese kept time by their barbaric dan was a fair specimen of the people of the upper Nile. A detailed account of this region and its people may be found in 
 
 “The Wild Tribes of the Soudan,” in which F. L. James relates his personal experiences during three winters spent there. 
 
Copsey ABS 
 
 IN noe ee a 
 
 HASSAN CHORBA. (Egyptian.) 
 
 s a population of about 200,000. The streets are unpaved, and only 
 
 1 by one in breadth, and ha 
 
 Cairo in Egypt is of irregular form, about two mil 
 
 a few of them are wide enough to admit carriages. The by-streets and those in the quarters of the interior are very narrow, generally from four to ten feet wide ; and 
 
 hake hands across the streets. Among 
 
 g, each 
 
 e of the method of buildin tely below it, two persons may with eas 
 
 in conseque g tory proj 
 the tribe of vagrant and ragged boys that swarm in the streets of none are more conspicuous than the donkey boys, who are a necessary feature of a city where 
 few who can avoid it walk, and where driving is impracticable. H a, a native of Cairo, was a donkey boy in his youth, and at the Columbian Fair wa 
 
 yy many young Americans, who remember with 
 
 To obtain an understanding of 
 
 f 
 tures of this Arab will probably be recalled 
 
 t 
 delight their day on the Midway and their visit to the Street in Ca 
 
 promoted to be chief of the donkey boys on the Cairo Stre The strong 
 
 Books on Egypt are so numerous that it is hard to particular 
 
 sably the best work is “Egypt and the Egyptians,” by D. MacKenzie Wallace 
 
 stics and the part played by it in European politics, pro 
 
 its charac 
 
- 
 
 a ‘ : ; , 
 . \“S : ees 
 MARY MOSER. (German Peasant.} 
 
 Germany's exhibit at the Fair was exceptionally fine in all departments; and from the great Krupp gun down to the most minute object of peaceful commercial 
 IIfe the sons of the fatherland had reason to be proud of the display which was made under the direct patronage of the Emperor. In the German Village on the 
 Midway, among other structures illustrating life in different parts of the great empire, was the Hessian Town Hall built of wood from the Black Forest; and in one of 
 its rooms Mary Moser, in her quaint costume, with its enormous puffed sleeves, which were strangely like those of the reigning fashion, entertained many visitors. The 
 German peasantry have been for ages the type and pattern for peaceful, domestic and agricultural life. Industrious, frugal and faithful in all their relations of life, they 
 have set an example which the people of other nations have cheerfully accepted as a model for their own guidance. ° A trustworthy and interesting account of the 
 manners and customs, food, dress, amusements, religion, etc., of this race may be found in “German Home Life,” a little volume reprinted in 1877 from Fraser's 
 Me 
 
ZAB EL MADJAB.  (Algerian.) 
 
 Barbary is neral title given to the northern part of Africa, The Barbary States comprise Morocco, Algeria, Tunis and Tripoli. Algeria 
 
 to the por 
 
 as will be seen by 
 f Salina the dancer, contains numerous native races, one of the negroid types from the southern confines being illustrated by this portrait of Zab 
 
 referer 
 el Madja 
 
 much attention at Chicago. The climate of Algeria varies considerably in different parts: in the northern portion it resembles that of Spain; while in the Sahara the heat 
 is often excessive. s Simoon, or t 
 
 who is a powerfully built man standing six feet and 
 
 inches high. He is a follower of Islam, and with his co-religionists from this far away land attracted 
 
 wind of the 
 
 In general 
 healthy climate. Opthalmia, however, is very common. Algeria is an inviting winter resort,  |ts 
 
 an's ‘Winters in Algeria,” published in 1890. 
 
 excepting the pla in the vicinity of marshes, A\ 
 
 picturesque attractions are entertainingly set forth in 
 
Sorvnienr 1658 ar Ta 
 
 SOOREENDE. (Javanese.) 
 
 The mild and kindly face of this man and that of Toajong, the Soendanese Javan girl, gave a fair idea of the countenances of these interesting people from the 
 Java Village, where their dignified and courteous bearing charmed all visitors. 
 
 Sooreende, who was a carpenter and also a tiller of the soil, came from the west coast 
 of the beautiful island. 
 
 These people are nominally Mahometans; but the great mass of the population are believers rather in the primitive animism of their ancestors ; 
 
 and in the essence of their creed they are little removed from their ruder brethern, the Dayaks of Borneo and Battaks of Sumatra. 
 left many remarkable objects of interest throughout the island 
 
 Bara Buder, 
 
 The early Hindu conquerors of Java 
 Temples are common in both Middle and Eastern Java, the most famous of the ruins being that of 
 
TOAJONG. (Soendanese Javan.) 
 
 Java is surpassed in size by several islands of the Indian Archipelago, but in other respects it is the most important of all, The island has been the scene of 
 the most eventful occurrences and possesses the noblest memorials of by-gone splendor. It has a larg population than all the other islands of the Indian Ocean 
 together, and is as densely crowded as the most populous European countries. The natural beauties of the Island rival the most favored regions of the globe. With 
 
 and its coffee and sugar a perpetual 
 
 a mild climate, an industrious and gentle people, and rich resources, its fertile fields are the granary of the East Indian Islands 
 The effect of Hindu 
 
 proper, Soendanese and the Madure 
 
 Se 
 
 source of wealth to Holland, the land which claims its allegiance. The population consists of Javane 
 
 influence on the Javanese is the distinctive difference which separates them from the Soendanese. 
 
Coprasenr 1836 by Pi Rc= & bodee 
 
 GUSTAV HEROLD. (Leader German Cavalry Band.) 
 
 an hear, at almost any time of day, music of the best composers played by fine bands or orch 
 
 th 
 
 every town and village of 
 y day in the year at certain hours, and all the populace, old and young, turn out to listen; while everywhere, throughout 
 of resort, daily concerts are given, which are either free or exceedingly cheap. Emperor William of Germany sent 
 
 iermany one 
 
 e sum 
 
 military bands play ev 
 j 
 
 and ot! 
 
 p 
 
 cavalry ship of Gustav Herold. The members of this band wore the striking uniform of t 
 
 band of twenty-four pieces under the le: 
 
 ment of the German Village incurred great expense in securing the two celebrated bands which furnished the music in that won illust 
 s the Mecca of all Teutons at the Fair. Here “Die Wacht am Rhein” and other aits dear to the German heart were heard all day lo f 
 great empire were represented by peasants in holiday attire; and farm houses, ornaments, fabrics, restaurants and concert gardens combined to make the picture seem 
 real and enduring. For a description of Germany, its customs, etc., see, besides “German Home Life” heretofore recommended, Baring-Gould’s “Germany, Past and 
 ,” by Ruggles, and “One Year Abroad,” by Blanche W. Howard, 
 
 Present,” “Germany Seen Without Specta 
 
[BSE 2 PLACES COOUER. i 
 SEGRE APTETE 
 
 JEAN ALI YACOB. (Algerian Frenchman.) 
 
 A general description of Algeria has already heen given in Portfolio No. 3. Of the 3,637,000 people of Algiers 273,000 are of French descent; and this 
 handsome Frenchman, whose rhythmic notes stimulated the fanatical negro dancers during the ordeal of the torture dance in the Algerian Theatre, claimed Algiers as 
 his birth place. From the time of Barbarossa, in the early decades of the XVIth Century, a system of military despotism and piracy prevailed, which the English, Dutch, 
 French, Spanish and Americans endeavored in vain to extirpate, until 1830. In that year the town of Algiers capitulated to a French fleet, and the French took 
 possession of the place Since then the influence of France has, of course, steadily increased. Jean Ali Yacob is a fair specimen of the Algerians of French 
 
 extraction. He occupied a place on the stage of the theatre, where the representatives of the mixed races of Northern Africa were to be seen; negroes, black as 
 polished ebony, Arabs, Jews, Moors and Frenchmen; some of them men and women of great personal beauty and others with hideous and repulsive features. In 
 general all the people of Algeria are subject to the French tribunals, and the head of the Roman Catholic Church is the Archbishop of Algiers, with four Vicars-General. 
 The mosques and ther lands belong to the State, and the Mohamedan cult is supported by it, 
 
JEANETTE LE BARRE. (French Peasant Girl.) 
 
 We Americans are too much inclined to think of Paris as France. Henry James says in his “Little Tour,” “France may be Paris, but Paris is not France.” The 
 
 fact that the strength of a nation is in its peasantry and yeomen is especially true of France. The French peasants are models of industry and thrift, and that ca acity 
 
 for doing much with little which is characteristic of the whole race, Just back of the great Ferris Wheel a quaint old-fashioned wooden cider press was erected, v 
 amid scenes of carel 
 
 ess gayety and not 
 
 from the glitter and sheen of Oriental finery, the grateful beverage was expressed and served by att 
 girls garbed in the most fetching” costumes imaginable, which the visitors were gravely informed accurately portrayed 
 
 active French peasant 
 old-time Normandy fashions. A halo of 
 mystery and beauty was thus cast over the amber cups, whose contents roused memories of wayside presses dear to youth, with perhaps other memoiies of long 
 schoolmates’ faces recalled by the sparkling eyes of the Normandy maidens. For information regarding French life—particularly the life of the provinces— 
 James’ book referred to above, Hamerton’s “Round My House” 
 
 forgot 
 
 besides 
 
 and “The Saone,” Stevenson's “In'and Voyage” and Balzac’s novels. 
 
sis sD G0r VR GHE IBIS bY POAC REOBVER. 
 
 HARRY SHANTON. (American Cowboy.) 
 
 During Buffalo Bill's European tour with his Wild West Show, Harry Shanton, the “Laramie Kid,” played a prominent part as a rough rider and exhibitor of 
 wonderful feats of horseman 
 
 hip on bucking bronchos. He was born in Cheyenne, Wyoming, and is now thirty-two years of age, having passed all of his life, except 
 the period of his engagement with Buffalo Bill, on the plains, leading a wild life in the saddle. The possibilities of movement in an American bucking broncho, and 
 have never ceased to excite the amazement of Europeans, and, it may also be added, of 
 In Europe, Rosa Bonheur, the famous artist, painted Shanton in his great act of horsemanship, and made him a handsome present for 
 consenting to sit, or ride rather, as her model. He wears the typical costume of the cowboys, and is considered one of the cleverest of Buffalo Bill’s riders. This 
 picturesque figure of Western life, the Cowboy, has been the subject of numerous magazine articles, and is truthfully and vividly painted in Theodore Roosevelt's 
 «Ranch Life” and in "The West Thro’ a Car Window,” by Richard Harding Davis. 
 
 the sticking qualities of an American cowboy under such trying circumstan 
 
 a large majority of Americans. 
 
JOSE MARIA GARCIA. (Mexican Cowboy.) 
 
 Mexico has a population of about 12,000,000, of which from one and a half to two millions are whites—Spaniards, Americans, Germans, French and English— 
 millions Mestizos, and the rest Indians. The upper 
 the elegance of that hospitality and politeness which charac! 
 
 about tl 
 
 classes of Mexico are mainly of pure Spanish blood, and are distinguished for their high breeding and 
 tize all classes, Brantz Mayer's ‘ Mexico As It Was and As It Is,” and Madame Barca’s “Life in Mexico,” 
 1 works, though fifty years old; and among the best of recent descriptions of the country and people are “Face to Face with the Mexicans,” by Fanny 
 Gooch, and Conkling’s “Guide to Mexico.” From Chihuahua, in Northern Mexico, ‘ Buffalo Bill,” obtained this daring rider and lasso-thrower, He accompanied Col, Cody 
 juring: his four years abroad, and is a type of the Mexican plainsmen who pass their lives in the saddle caring for great herds of cattle. The ruder class of Mexicans 
 are inordinately fond of finery, which in the case of the Cabelleros, or horsemen, usually takes the form of immense sombreros weighted down with silver and gold 
 ornaments, jingling golden spurs and gay trappings for the horse and saddle. It is said that if a Mexican cowboy has $200 to spend he will put $100 into a hat, 
 $75 in a saddle and $25 in a horse. It is only fair to add that a suitable horse is purchasable in Mexico for that amount of money. 
 
 are ~ste 
 
Loprnron? 1893 by PeAACE & COOVER. 
 
 HASAN SHITA. (Egyptian Donkey Boy.) 
 
 Camels, donkeys and queer buildings were the rule in Cairo Street. 
 
 Little boys and girls went bumping along amid the laughter of the scattering crowd; the 
 camels shee 
 
 d and lurched from side to side in zig-zag courses carrying their laughing loads of giggling girls or grinning men; the camel-riders appeared to be 
 bowing graciously to the crowds while hanging on with grim desperation to the loops of the saddles, as if they were on bucking bronchos; and the donkey boys—who, 
 by the way, were stalwart grown men—brought to the memory of every visitor all that he had read and half-forgotten about the “sharp rascals,” or “fine, energetic 
 fellows” who follow this work in Cairo for a livelihood 
 
 Hasan Shita, the Donkey Boy of Cairo Street, was thirty years of age, a devout Moslem and an excellent 
 attendant for the hilarious American youngsters, who enriched him with “bakshish,” and were glad of an opportunity to imagine themselves in a land where this word 
 is the bane and sorrow of all travelers 
 
POSNABORNU. (Hungarian Gypsy.) 
 
 reme eastern portion of Austria Hungary, who are first mentioned under ce of their own 
 
 over 46,000; an 
 
 d many of them have abandoned their nomadic life and have taken to a 
 
 iculture and other 
 
 supposed to 
 
 ir origin in India, where the Bazigars present many features analogous to the scattered gypsy tribes of Europe and America analogies of language 
 the strange one of the three-stringed viol, which appeared in Europe in the XIllth Century at the time of the arrival of the gypsies with an instrur 
 the Baz render it not unlikely that Asia was their original country, unless they may have found their way from Egypt to India at a still 
 
 remo 
 vabornu and his brethren dre 
 
 a thriving trade at the World's Fair, where they found many people in the mood to listen to their 
 
 claims of powel 
 hich enabled them to foretell the future of their patrons. 
 
SAMILIA. (Hungarian Gypsy Queen.) 
 
 Samilia, the Gypsy Queen, who set up her court near the Midway, is said to have reaped a golden harvest from the people who 
 
 sought her aid. She had a 
 
 tations and 
 
 past in the lives of her callers; and many a rural visitor who had successfully shielded himself from the tem 
 
 gift, or a trick, perhaps, of revealing 
 
 mystery with which public opinion surrounds these strange people capitulated at once and untied his purse strings when he entered the presence of this shrewd young 
 
 ans; but scholars are still ntending over 
 
 woman. The gypsies are a wandering folk whose origin is involve arly they are supposed to be Egypt 
 
 in mystery. Popul 9 
 y that India was their original home the question is by no means settled. They have no literature worthy of 
 
 the ethnological questions involved; and though some 
 
 the name—nothing but rude ballads, some love and dance songs and a considerable mass of folk-lore. The songs are of small merit. but the folk-lore would 
 
 investigation. Among the best accounts of this curious people are Borrow’s works, “The Gypsies,” by Leland, and «In Gypsy Tents,” by 
 
 probably repay clo: 
 
 Francis H. Groome. 
 
BACHIBONZOUK. (Greek.) 
 
 During the present generation the modern Greek has begun to establish himself firmly in the commercial and social life of our western world. With a versa- 
 tility which would not be discreditable to a western-born American with Yankee antecedents he has entered into successful competition with the keenest and most alert 
 business men of all nations. To the Col.mbian Fair floc'ed the shrewdest traders and schemers of the globe, all eager to better their condition. Bachibonzouk, who 
 's a Greek by birth, had resided for some years prior to the Fair in Constantinople. He had a fine figure, commanding presence, and hit upon the idea of displaying 
 upon his person at the Fair, one of those gorgeous Oriental costumes of cunning needlework and embroidery for which the Turks are famous. He was a marked 
 success in the Turkish village, where curious crowds followed him about eager to examine the strange dress, which he said cost more than five hundred dollars, and 
 represented a costume anciently worn by the Sultan's officers, and still used by the house guards employed by the wealthy in the Orient. The beautifully wrought 
 weapons which he wore were inlaid with mother of pearl, gold and ivory, and embellished with many curious designs and quotations from the Koran. 
 
TOENDOORA.  (Javanese.) 
 
 In one of the bamboo houses of the Javanese village this pleasant faced girl occupied her time in painting quaint designs upon sombre shades of cotton cloth. 
 Like her mates from the pleasant isle of the Southern Oc 
 behind the bamboo palings one of the most popular and ple: 
 
 she exhibited a gentle courtesy and refinement of manner, which at once made the little community 
 asant resorts on the street of nations. As a rule Americans knew very little about the Javan possessions of 
 Holland until the great object lesson was spread before their astonished eyes in Chicago. Mr. Seward in his ‘Voyage Around the World” published an interesting 
 chaptet about the country, and Sir Stanford Raffles, who for five years was its English Governor, wrote a large work upon the island; but these books had been 
 forgotten and the Javanese lost sight of until these representatives came to insist that they were worthy of closer acquaintance. The Dutch have owned Java since 
 1623 without interruption, except from 1811 to 1816, when Napoleon took Holland and England sent a fleet to take possession of the island. When Napoleon fell 
 England restored Java to the Dutch and kept Ceylon, Malacca and the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
pre 4 & =] 
 
 BACHARA. (Soudanese Sheik.) 
 
 The “Land of the Blacks” sent many of its strange people to the Fair. The true home of the negro race is to be found in this wide region; but various 
 
 other pure and mixed elements are also present in the population derived principally from Hamitic and Semitic stocks. Until 1882 the Egyptian Soudan was an ill 
 organized province with Khartoum for its capital. In that year it was subdivided into four sections ; West Soudan, Central Soudan, East Soudan along the Red Sea, 
 etch of country differs considerably in physical features in 
 
 and Harar east of Abyssinia and north of the Somali country abutting on the Gulf of Aden. This broad s 
 its various parts. Those districts watered by the Nile are wondrously fertile, while Kordofan and Dar-Fur are bare and waterless, except in the rainy season. This 
 stern-faced warrior of the Soudan, who was to be found in Cairo Street in one of the little huts made of bark and resembling a hay stack, had a distinctively 
 savage appearance. Tall, straight, with well knit arms and legs and with black kinky hair, profusely tallowed and peculiarly arranged, he was suggestive of the relent- 
 less warriors into whose fierce faces the ill-starred Gordon gazed during the last moments of his life. 
 
Y 
 { 
 FI 
 F 
 |. 
 icc m ete i S fe 
 WILLIAM AEKO. (Hawaiian. ) 
 On the eastern slope of Mauna-Loa in Hawaii, the greatest of the Sandwich Islands, stands Kilauea, the largest active volcano in the world. A great painting 
 of this natural wonder formed one of the attractions of the Midway. The volcano is over four thousand feet above sea level; its crater is oval, nine miles in circum- 
 ference, and contains within it a fiery lake of molten lava, rising and falling like the waves of the sea. The climate of the islands is fairly temperate, and their ch ef 
 
 products are sugar, wool, rice and fruits. Gaetano is said to have discovered them in 1542; but Captain Cook, who was killed by the natives a year later, rediscovered 
 and named them after Lord Sandwich in 1778. American missionaries visited the islands in 1820 and found a nation without a religion, idola'ry having been only 
 recently abolished. In less than forty years the missionaries had taught the whole Hawatiai people to read and write, to cipher and sew, The total population now 
 amounts to about 90,000 only 34,000 being natives. When Cook found them they numbered about 200,000, William Aeko is a native of Honolulu and one of the 
 quartette of singers who rendered native melodies in the building where the painting of Kilasea was exhibited. He is a fair type of the middle class Hawaiians. 
 
ABOU BAKR GHINDI. (Soudanese.) 
 
 Definite information which even approaches accuracy about the Soudan and its people is extremely difficult to obtain; and thus it happened that the represen- 
 tations of certain of its tribes who found their way to Chicago during the Fair were never failing objects of interest to visitors. Dr. Schweinfurth in his work on « The 
 Heart of Africa” estimates the population of the Soudan at about 7,000,000. Alvan S, Southworth, who critically examined some of the accepted African statistics 
 during a jounrey in the Soudan, says that nearly all of them must be accepted with suspicion, though he credits Dr. Schweinfurth’s figures on population. Khartoum 
 its capital, has 50,000 inhabitants, and is situated on the Blue Nile about two miles from its juncture with the White Nile. Its people are of every species of mixed 
 breed: it is also noted for variegated scoundre!ism and many odd phases of crime, the result of the slave trade. Abou Bakr Ghindi, the drum beater from the Upper 
 Soudan, looks fierce enough in the picture ; but, as a matter of fact, he is a timid fellow, whose actions reminded visitors of a petulant, over-grown child. His duties 
 at the Fair were to beat a vigorous tattoo on a rude drum which furnished music for the Soudanese warriors in their wild dances. 
 
HADJI ABEET. (Greek Brigand.) 
 
 This young Moslem came to Chicago not as a representative of a particular people, but as an actor pure and simple and ready, no doubt, to play any role 
 which his genius and ability fitted him for. He is a clever dancer and actor, and in the striking costume of a Greek brigand appeared on the stage of the Turkish 
 Theatre. His dress and atms were of the most elaborate and picturesque character. He is a native of Syria, but while yet a boy entered upon a roving career and 
 wandered from one Mediterranean port to another until he finally settled in Athens, Greece, from which point he found his way to Chicago. He is only twenty-five 
 years of age and speaks several languages. The queer drama presented in the Turkish Theatre furnished him an opportunity to display his talent, and he was one 
 of the bright particular stars of that establishment, where danse du ventre artists and twirling dervishes competed for public applause and American dollars. The 
 so-called Theatres of the Midway, whether known as Turkish, Algerian, Persian or what not, were nearly all of the same general character. 
 
PARONGA. (Javanese Carpenter.) 
 
 This deft-fingered carpenter after helping to put up the bamboo huts in the Java village turned his attention to the making of musical instruments, marionette 
 figures, grotesque masques, bamboo whistles and other articles which were sold to visitors on the Midway. That the Javanese are wonderfully expert handicraftsmen, 
 was made quite evident at the Fair; and some of the stories told about their habits at home bear out the assertion, All the rice of Java, for instance, is cut by hand 
 and not even with the sickle, but with a knife three or four inches long, so that the Spears are clipped as with a pair of scissors. Taking a few blades gently, they 
 
 bout as large as a bunch of asparagus. When they have cut and bound up five, one is laid 
 
 cut them off, and when they have a handful bind it in a tiny sheaf al 
 for the landlord and four go to the cultivators. At Buitenzorg, a town thirty-six miles south of Batavia, there is one of the finest botanical gardens in the world 
 some of enormous height 
 
 asid 
 rich in the special department of tropical plants and trees, where may be found hundreds of varieties of palms—African and South American: 
 
 and breadth. 
 
| 
 | 
 | 
 a 
 
 MAHBOUBA UM ZANUBA. (Soudanese Woman.) 
 
 This thick-lipped matron of forty from the Soudan was said to have been matried at thirteen and to have been the mother of twenty-three children, She has 
 had four husbands, all of whom are dead, her last husband dying in captivity after the fall of Khartoum. Along the shores of the Blue and White Niles and theit 
 tributaries, these people live in villages constructed of baked mud. The Mohammedan religion dominates the entire country, and thus distinguishes these polyglot tribes 
 d by a sheik. Squalor and poverty prevail ; 
 
 n village is gove 
 
 from the peoples farther to the South who practise fetichism and other heathen cermonials Ea 
 plunder and oppression by officials high and low, is the rule. General Gordon before his last memorable journey to Khartoum thus summariz 
 living in the Soudan in memoranda which he sent to Clifford Lloyd, Under Se: retary of State in Egypt: “The divisions of the people of Soudan may be thus 
 classified: 1. Bedouin Arabs, living a nomadic life in tribes. 2. Arabs settled in districts adjoining rivers, who before Mehemet Ali's conquests were under their own 
 sultans. 3. Mercantile classes occupying towns, 4 Employees of Egyptian government. 5. The adherents of hunters driven out of Bahr Gazelle,” 
 
 the classes of people 
 
RAHLO JAMMELE. (Jewish Dancing Girl.) 
 
 Rahlo Jammele was another beautiful Jewish dancer who shared the honors with Nazha Kassik at the Mooris Palace. Larger in figure and more fully developed 
 
 than her light-footed sister she was selected by Milhem Ouardy, the manager, on account of her remarkable cleverness in handling the sword during her dance. Her 
 ed sights of the Mid 
 nt dances of the peculiar people. Her sword dance had in it much that was startling and not a little that was 
 
 skill in this particular was one of the acknowle She is a native of Jerusalem, where she early learned the dances of that country; end 
 
 while still a child she was instructed in the ai 
 
 amusing, and never failed to win for the fair performer a generous round of applause. Her dress is of heavy rich material wonderfully embroidered, and her shapely 
 head is surmounted by a turban which had a suggestion of coquettishness about it. Like Nazha Kassik, she wears a great necklace of amber beads. Unlike the 
 Egyptian, Persian or Turkish dancers, these Jewish girls’ movea with a willowy grace in dancing which to Western eyes, trained to the habit of admiring steps in which 
 
 the feet and ankles play the prominent part, was most pleasing 
 
SOLOMON LEVI. (Egyptian Jew.) 
 
 Isabella, “the Catholic,” had high honors paid to her memory at the great Fair for the aid she gave Columbus. She made the Castilian Court «the nursery 
 of virtue and of high ambition,” but her proscription of the Jews can only be accounted for by a charge of bigotry This man, Solomon Levi, who came to the Fair 
 from Cairo, claimed descent from the Jews driven out of Spain during: the reign of Isabella. He does not bear the strongest facial characteristics of the Jewish race. 
 For many years he has followed his profession of Dragoman or ir 
 
 preter at Cairo, and has conducted many parties of Americans to see the wonders of the Pyramids 
 and Sphynx in the ancient land of the Pharaohs. He speaks English fluently, and, having often heard from his patrons of the vastness of the Western world, turned 
 tourist himself and came to Chicago as manager of the Soudanese warriors in Cairo street. His dress is most picturesque, consisting of a pleated skirt and loose 
 Jacket, with a vest of flowered embroidery confined by a woven girdle. This costume, however, is somewhat marred by a “Florence” collar, which certainly is not a 
 product of the Nile country. 
 
FARBIANU SISTERS. (Roumanians.) 
 
 These handsome young women came from Roumania, a kingdom in the southeast of Europe between the Carpathians, the Pruth, the Black Sea and the Danube. 
 The name Roumania is the one officially adopted by the United Kingdom that comprises the former principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia. In its native form it 
 appears simply as “ Romania,” representing the claim to Roman descent put forward by its inhabitants. These call themselves « Romani” or “Rumeni,” but by their 
 neighbors, Slavonic, Greek, Magyar and German they are universally known by one or other form of the word “Vlach.” The Vlach or Roman race, however, occupies 
 a far wider area than that included in the present Romanian Kingdom. Under the treaty of Berlin in 1878 complete religious freedom was guaranteed to Romania, and 
 it was provided that all foreigners should be treated on a footing of perfect equality. These daughters of Roumania were brought to the Fair’by Mr. T. Negreskou, a 
 Roumanian, educated at the Musical Conservatory of Bucharest, who has traveled 
 
 extensively all over the world as a manager of musical entertainments. The Farbianu 
 Sisters were members of the Roumanian Royal Concert band in the Moorish Palace on the Midway; they had previously toured Europe during a period of six years. 
 y F y F eye sf 
 
=e 
 
 ABU EL HADE. (Malayan.) 
 
 Johore, or Djohor, a small State occupying the southern part of the Malay or Malacca Peninsula, and one of the most prosperous in the East, made an 
 independent exhibit at the Columbian Fair which was probably the least important in size among the nations exhibiting. Johore is traversed by a railway and exports 
 much fine timber. It is governed by a Sultan with the title of Maharajah. The present ruler, Maharajah Abubaker, sent the merchant Abu El Hade to manage his 
 exhibit at Chicago, a duty which he performed with marked credit to himself and his illustrious master. On the Midway there was a typical Malayan bungalow, or 
 thatched cottage, constructed of the finest native woods. The floor of this cottage, supported by posts, was raised seven feet above the ground, suggestive of the 
 dangers lurking in Malacca from wild beasts and venomous serpents. In the Agricultural Building was placed a complete exhibit of the products of Johore. The 
 principal exports of the country are timber, rattans and dammar, but the soil and climate are well fitted for the growth of sugar cane, tice, tobacco and coffee, which 
 are being introduced, 
 
GUNILD BLODOXE. (Laplander.) 
 The mest probable etymology for the term Lapps, by which name the people of Lapland are known, is the Finnish “lappu” which means “land’s-end folks.” 
 
 Their country 1s in the north-west portion of Europe on the North Atlantic, the Arctic and the White Seas, and the people are divided into fisher, mountain and forest 
 Lapps. When first definitely described by Laestadius (1827-32) their condition was very miserable, but since that time matters have very much improved. The 
 
 principal colony has its quarters on the Stuor-Lule Lake and possesses good boats and nets, and besides catching and drying fish makes money by shooting 
 wild fowl and gathering eggs. The mountain and forest Lapps are, however, the true representatives of the race. This lady, who is not devoid of beauty 
 accoiding to our ideas, 1s also beautiful from her national standpoint, where a plump figure is considered the highest type of female beauty. The Laplanders 
 brought with them to Chicago a herd of reindeer and a quantity of the moss upon which these animals feed. A number of the deer died, but at the close 
 
 of the Fair there were still a half dozen or more of them remaining, a never failing source of interest to children and adults alike. 
 
MIRJA YACOB. (Persian.) 
 
 lt 
 
 Its bound 
 
 Persia is a genuine “terra incognita” to most Americans. Jaries are, on the north, Russia and the Caspian Sea; on the east, Afghanistan and 
 
 Baluchistan; on the south the Arabian Sea and the Persan Gulf; and on the east Turkey. Even the names of the surrounding countries have a far away and 
 
 mysterious sound, and perhaps it will bring the location of the land nea 
 
 rer to the minds of most of us if it is said that the Euphrates and the Tigris flow only a 
 short distance from, and nearly parallel to, its eastern boundary, while a point on its western and northern boundary is Mt. Ararat. These names have at least a 
 familiar sound to a Bible reading people. In modern political geography the terms Persia and Iran are synonymous. The kingdom which we call Persia the Persians 
 themselves call Iran, but Iran had originally a much wider significance than Persia. Muirja Yacob, the manager of the Persian theatre on the Midway, and of its booths 
 and bazaars, 1s said to be a fair type of the middle class Persian. He was born at Oussani and has travelled extensively through the Orient. 
 
DAMA WAJA. (Javanese.) 
 
 Javans are somewhat shorter in s ature than the Javanese proper, and lighter in color. Most of these people found in the interesting village on 
 the Midway were from Sundanese stock. Their eyes are always brown or black, and the ha 
 
 The Sundani 
 
 t black and long. The Javanese consider a golden yellow complexion the perfection 
 of female beauty. ‘“ She shone bright even in the dark” is the highest compliment of poetic adulation which they are able to pay to their women. Dama Waja, whose refined 
 and modest face looks out from this picture, was one of the handsomest of the Javanese women employed in exhibiting the curiously wrought embroidery in the Midway 
 
 Village or in waiting upon visitors in the tea house. Of an amiable disposition, and with intellectual perceptions quickened by the wonders of the great Exposition, she 
 entered heartily into the spirit of the Fair, and made many pleasant acquaintances among the visitors, Of course she was asked what were her impressions of America ; 
 a question which no distinguished foreioner is permitted to escape. Her reply was that she "thought Americans were unnecessarily and unusually noisy, and that the 
 ladies, though beautiful, were too forward and masculine.” 
 
SIED AFFENDE. (Egyptian Camel Boy.) 
 
 This man, who was a groom, or stable hand, at his home in Cairo, had for his duties not only the care of the animals under his charge, but also the office of 
 ng a beautiful costume, 
 
 running before, or at the side, of his master when he went out to tide, bearing in his hand a highly colored and decorated staff, and weari 
 The cleverness of the camel drivers and donkey boys of Egypt is 
 
 embroidered in gold; his dark features being crowned on state occasions by a snowy turban. 
 frequently mentioned by travelers, but not always in a complimentary manner. Sometimes they are spoken of as bright, obliging and intelligent, but quite as often one 
 Perhaps, however, these latter terms are used by travelers in much the same sense that one frequently hears an almost 
 
 teads of them as ‘ rascals” or ‘ nuisances.” 
 similar class of personal servants spoken of in this country when the opprobrious epithets do not by any means describe, nor are they intended to describe, the true 
 
 character of the individuals referred to. Sied Affende speaks English imperfectly, and is a Mohammedan. He was twenty-six years of age when he came to the Fair. 
 
KI HING AND FOKE SING. (Chinese Actors.) 
 
 an public, for the performance often continues from day to 
 
 The most daring stage manager would hesitate before inflicting a Chinese drama upon an Americ: 
 
 day for from six to nine months. The novelty of the Chinese drama was, however, sufficient to commend it as a Midway attraction, and the theatre was well patronized 
 
 The law of China forbids females to take part in dramatic performances, and the female characters are therefore taken by men. Ki Hing and Foke Sing, the 
 
 actors, are represented in gorgeous costumes. The plays presented were cut down in an attempt to make them re asonably tolerable to American ideas, but it is safe 
 
 to say that no American at the Fair sat out an entire performa The two most important plays were entitled «The Heavenly Dream; or, God in Heaven,” 
 
 representing the golden past when the gods were on familiar terms with the great ones of earth, and “The Double Thumb,” a Chinese “blood and thunder’ drama, 
 
 in which an innocent man is convicted of murder on the circumstantial evidence of possessing a double thumb, which was also a peculiarity of the real murderer, 
 
 jwho escapes 
 
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 NAZHA KASSIK. (Jewish Dancing Girl.) 
 The Moorish Palace was built to remind visitors of that wondrous building, the Alhambra, the ancient fortress and residence of the Moorish kings of Granada, 
 which stards on a hill overlooking the city of Granada. Splendidly decorated and with its interior exquisitely painted, its wonderful architecture and bewildering rows 
 
 of marble pillars, fretted ceilings and countless arches and courts have been the theme of the romancer for centuries One of the most popular at'ractions on the 
 
 lace where an attempt was made to revive the glories of the ancient Alhambra; and among its many interesting and instructive sights were the 
 dancers to be seen within its walls. Nazha Kassik the clever Jewish dancing girl who appeared here is a native of Beyrouth, Syria 
 resembled somewhat the steps of the Syrians, had in it something which was peculiarly Jewish in its rhythmic grac 
 
 swinging of beautiful arms and waving of shapely hands while her nimble feet kept time to the wierd music 
 
 Her dancing, while it 
 
 and sinuous swayings, in which there was much 
 
 produced by the strange instruments which accompanied 
 her. Her dress consists of a loose vest with wide sleeves above the elbow and a richly embroidered skirt, while about her neck hangs a great necklace of bright amber 
 so large as to appear almost barbaric. 
 
COPYENGAT SAY 34 GiBHON 
 
 MILHIM OUARDY. (Syrian.) 
 
 Syria is the land which extends for about three hundred and eighty miles along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. Etymologically “Syria” is merely 
 an abbreviation of the word “Assyria,” a name which covered the subject-lands of the Assyrian Empire, the subject-peoples being also called « Syrians.” During the 
 Graeco-Roman period the shorter word came to be restricted to the territory west of the Euphrates, the designation « Syrians,” however, being given to the gi 
 
 of the Semitic populations dwelling between the Tigris and the Mediterranean who are more accurately called Aramaeans (Gen. x, 22). 
 
 mass 
 Accurate statistics relating to 
 modem Syria are not to be obtained. Even the area of the land under cultivation is unknown. The total population is believed to be less than 2,000,000. 
 times Syria's principal export was timber, but this has now entirely ceased. It continues, however, to export wheat, Other exports are silk cocoons, wool, hides, sponges, 
 almonds, raisins and fruits. Milhim Ouardy, the Syrian swordsman at the Moorish Palace, is a native of Deir El Hamar, Mount Lebanon, he speaks several languages and 
 is a dragoman by profession. In addition to his duties at the Moorish Palace he conducted an Oriental bazaar on Fifty-fifth Street, outside the Fair grounds, 
 
 In ancient 
 
MOONADING. (Malayan.) 
 
 To look after the Malayan bungalow and village on the Midway, the Maharajah Abubaker, of Johore, sent this strong-featured representative of the Malayan rz 
 to Chicago. He comes from the town of Johore, a flourishing little settlement fifteen miles northeast of Singapore. English is taught in the schools founded there by 
 the Mahe 
 
 Abdulrahman Tumongong, of Rio, Singapore and Johore 
 
 ah. The population of Johore is about two hundred thousand, the greater number being Malays and Chinese. It was the present Maharajah’s grandfather— 
 who ceded Singapore to the British. The dynasty is the continuation of the Sultans of Malacca, who retired 
 
 to Johore on the conquest of their capital in 1311, by Albuquerque. The country is covered for the most part by a virgin forest, and comprises about twenty thousand 
 square miles. It has only been partially explored, but is gradually being opened up under the patronage of the present enlightened ruler, who has travelled much a 
 takes a keen interest in the development of his country. The Malays live chiefly by fishing and wood cutting, while the Chinese are generally traders and shop keep: 
 All kinds of fruit are plentiful, and the climate is tropical but healthy. Its capital is Johore 
 
 nd 
 
COPLALGANT y 
 
 VALENTINE PETERS. (Night-watch, Old Vienna.) 
 
 Old Vienna was intended to represent that ancient city during the seventeenth century; and in architectural appearance both within and without it was one of 
 the marked successes of the Midway and of the Fair itself The outer walls were purposely given an appearance of great antiquity; and the large extent of space 
 covered by the buildings made Old Vienna a feature among the throng of rival attractions. Within the walls quaint shops and bazaars and one of the best restaurants 
 at the Fair served to amuse and entertain visitors. In the center of the court there was a large music stand, and all the surroundings combined to make a visit to the 
 palace something to be long remembered. At the entrance stood a stately figure arrayed in ancient costume, a night-watchman representing an important officer of 
 the good old days, before city streets were properly illuminated and when robbers and foot pads had a comparatively easy time of it He was dressed in short 
 trousers and a full-sleeved coat and armed with a sword and a spear, to which was attached an old fashioned lantern with a single candle. Such functionaries as 
 Valentine Peters are now, happily, only to be seen at World’s Fairs and in dramatic representations of old-time plays, and yet, even in this country, there were officials 
 of this character not more than two generations ago who patrolled the streets at night with their feeble little lantems, ostensibly on the lookout for the evil disposed 
 and proclaiming the hour and the condition of the weather. at intervals as they trudged along the dark streets. 
 
i 
 
 en epee 
 
 te 
 
 L COPYRIGHT RAR 4, 
 
 STELLA BLAIR. (Scottish Dancer.) 
 
 Amid the masses of the Moorish Palace and its bewildering labyrinths of colonnades and pillars, with the brilliant colors on which the Oriental eye loves to rest, 
 there were many departments intended to provide amusement and attract the attention of the sight-seers who thronged the Midway from early morning until late at 
 night. On the lower floor was a labyrinth and the harem richly decorated with antique Oriental tapestries. On the second floor there were numerous groups of wax 
 figures reproducing a famous exhibition of the same general character in Berlin, and also a diorama representing the execution of Marie Antoinette. The music was 
 furnished by the Royal Roumanian Concert Band; and on one side was the dancing hall where representative dancers from widely separated lands vied with each other 
 in their efforts to amuse a somewhat satiated public. Stella Blair, the Scotch lassie, had a place in this hall, where she danced the highland fling cleverly, the 
 surroundings and the character of the other dances making the Scottish dance all the more pleasing by. reason of its contrast. 
 
MONAHAN LEVI, ISAAC COHN AND H. HONDON. (Turkish Jews.) 
 
 The Turkish village, like many another village on the Midway which was primarily intended to depict certain national characteristics and pecularities, contained 
 
 within its walls a good many things which were by no means Turkish, and which are seldon if ever, found in a genuine Turkish village but may be seen in Constan- 
 tinople, which is one of the most cosmopolitan cities of the world. Here might be found at times Egyptians, Turks, Jews, Greeks, Syrians, Armenians and representatives 
 of nearly all the nations bordering on the Mediterranean and of the countries east thereof, Mr. R. Levi, a Jew, was the holder of the concession for the Turkish village, 
 and Mr. Monahan Levi, whose portrait appears above and whose first name has a somewhat Celtic twang to it, is his brother. Mr. Isaac Cohn and Mr H. Hondon, the 
 other figures in the picture, are also Jews and all were born in Constantinople and claim to be descendants of the Jews expelled from Spain by Isabella the Catholic 
 They were occupied at the Fair as salesmen in the Bazaars of the Turkish village, and are represented in the picture as smoking 
 
 the Nahrgeela or water pipe and 
 drinking Turkish coffee. 
 
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 C. BRIGNARDELLO. (Algerian Musician.) 
 
 Algerian Theatre on the west Midway, where the terrible exhibition of the torture dance was given by the savages who claimed interior Algeria as their 
 
 In the 
 
 home, many ng and strange 
 
 hts were to be seen other than the hideous performance in which the benighted barbarians thrust needles into their quivering 
 limbs and ate, or at least profes: 
 
 ed to eat, living scorpions for the entertainment of their patrons, Not the least among the more pleasing features of the theatre was 
 the impersonation of a mediaeval troubadour by C. Brignardello, a clever Algerian musician, who revived that knightly calling, which in the age of chivalry not only 
 referred to heroic acts and deeds of arms, but regarded skill in verse and melody in singing and accompaniment. Princes and nobles of highest rank practiced these 
 arts and were then styled Troubadours They were sometimes assisted and attended by jongleurs to play to their singing. A similar race of knightly songsters in 
 Germany were the Minnesanger who set great value on the production of new meters and he who produced one with a melody to suit it was called a Meister, M: 
 Brignardello played in several parts of the performance in the Algerian Theatre. 
 
MR. D. JOSEPH. (East Indian.) 
 
 The white turbans and swarthy features of the intelligent, keen-eyed East Indians and Singhalese about the Ceylon exhibit and tea pavilion, near the lake shore, 
 ed much attention from discriminating visitors at the great Fair. Ceyon had much to offer in the way of instruction and amusement to American sight-s 
 tenths of whom probably knew nothing whatever about the country beyond the rather vague assertion which is contained in the first line of the Mis: 
 beginning “What though the spicy br 
 
 th 
 
 ts, 
 
 onary hymn, 
 s blow soft o’er Ceylon’s isle,” and the rather negative and somewhat discouraging assertion a little further on in that lyrical 
 there ‘Every prospe 
 
 n to the 
 
 bit of misinform 
 
 pleases and only man is vile.” One glance at the intelligent and gentle countenances of Mr. and Mrs. 
 much to banish the prejud 
 
 Joseph and other native attaches of the Ceylon exhibit did 
 
 if any existed, which had crept into the minds of visitors from the good 
 
 lon. The exhibit consisted largely of the antiquities of the island with not a little which gave evidence of its growing importance in 
 
 bishop's metrical reference 
 
 the commercial world. 
 
MRS. THERESA JOSEPH. (East Indian.) 
 
 wife of Mr. D. Joseph, of 
 
 his lady, tk 
 and not far from C 
 
 the Ceylon exhibit, was born in the city of Trivandrum, the capital of 
 Cormorin. When very young, as is the custom in that country, she married Mr. Joseph, who had made a successful start in life on a tea estate 
 in Ceylon, and returning with her husband to the island, remained there with him for a number of years until they were summoned to Chicago to take part in the 
 tea pavilion and exhibit of Ceylon. Ceylon’s exhibit was a most Interesting one. The island is a possession of the British Crown, acquired by 
 administered by a governor, who receives his appointment for six years. It was first settled by the Portuguese in 1517. The Dutch captured the i 
 the English, in turn, obtained control in 1795. Its most important product is coffee, which, since 1841, has gradu 
 of tea has been recently introduced; and an excellent quality is now grown there. 
 Singhalese, 540,000 Tamils, 163,000 of Arab descent, 14,000 Europeans 
 
 the State of Travancool, India, near the coast 
 
 conquest, and is 
 id in 1639, and, 
 ally become a source of large revenue. The cultivation 
 The total population of the island is about 2,500,000 
 
 80,000 are 
 , and the remainder Malays and other Asiatics, 
 
 of which 1 
 
 amare 
 
R. J. LEVI. (Constantinople.) 
 
 t of Constantinople, and by profession a chef and caterer, was the 
 
 Mr. R. J. Levi, a Jewish re: manager and chief proprietor of the Turkish Village and 
 Theatre. Many of the vendors of Oriental wares in this village were Jews and personal friends of Mr, Levi; and all returned to the Ovient 
 
 at the close of the Fair 
 well paid for their enterprise 
 
 in coming to Chicago. Mr. Levi, when at home, ranks high in the city of the sublime Porte as a caterer; and it is one of the curious 
 
 and tive things in connection with the great Exposition that a man whose training and education had been in d 
 
 istinctly different channels should have organized 
 usion such an enterprise as the Turkish Theatre. This is another illustration of the wonderful fertility of the Jewish mind and the 
 power of the Jew to adapt himself to any environment, and to utilize every opportunity for pecuniary g: 
 
 and carried to a successful con: 
 
 ‘ain and personal advancement. Mr. Levi is unusually tall and 
 handsome, and he appeared at the Fair in a fanciful garb that gave him a striking appearance. 
 
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 anne 
 
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 pa sone 
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 MAHOMET EL BASHSE. (Egyptian Camel Driver.) 
 
 sion which graced the great days of the Columbian Fair have been forgotten, or at least when theit 
 memory lives only in the more pretentious “offical histories,” wherein are recorded the speeches and addresses of the great ones of earth who visited Chicago in the 
 memorable year of the Exhibition, old men and women will be telling their children of the wondrous sights they witnessed on the Midway and in Cairo Street, and 
 even the famed tales of “the thousand and one nights” will then lose not a little of their prestige because of the charm of personal adventure which the parental 
 story-teller can throw around his tale. By that time the Midway will be as famous in story as Bagdad during the Caliphate of Haroun al Raschid. And who shall 
 say that the “bridal procession” of Cairo Street, with its camels, gay trappings, wild music and changing color, will not usurp the place of some of the stories of the 
 ingenious princess? Mahomet El Bashse is the man, who, seated on the camel in that procession, beat the kettle drums a vigorous tatoo, keeping time, or claiming 
 
 Long after many a stately ceremony and pompous prc 
 
 to keep time, to the ear piercing notes which came from the flute players. 
 
« st | 
 
 MR. MANDOOER.  (Javanese.) 
 
 The Javanese Village certainly succeeded in interesting everybody who paid a visit to it. In the first place, the enterprise was entirely devoid of objectionable or 
 “fake” features. The Javanese are a self-respecting, industrious, courteous and intelligent people; and although they came to the Fair primarily to make money, they 
 quickly discovered that their qualifications as business competitors with the rest of the world, were in a very certain and definite manner being made known for the 
 
 first time to the people of a great nation, who had heretofore known nothing whatever about Java or the Javanese ; or, if they did know, had never had their interest 
 sufficiently aroused to cause them to make an acquaintance intimate enough to warrant the beginning of business and commercial relations. |t will be strange, 
 indeed, if the “ queer little Javans” have not succeeded in arousing the commercial spirit of Americans by their exhibit at Chicago, which will eventualiy result in the 
 building up of considerable trade between the two countries. Mr. Mandooer is a Soendanese Javan, and was foreman of the village 
 
ABAL-BU-WYYO._ (Soudanese.) 
 
 One of the strange dancers and characters in West Cairo Street was Abal-Bu-Wyyo, a Soudanese from far up the Nile. He wore a curious head dress made 
 of the hair of some wild beast, and ornamented with brass coins, beads and shells: about his loins he had a broad girdle hung with dried sheep hoofs, which rattled 
 noisily as he danced. His exhibition was unlike any other dance to be seen upon the Midway, and consisted of a series of wild leaps and mad whirling, while at the 
 same time keeping up a monotonous humming noise and occasionally making demoniacal grimaces, in which he exhibited his gleaming white teeth and exposed his red 
 and lolling tongue for an almost incredible length. The constant rattling of the sheep's hoofs and the accompaniment of a tude and deep-toned musical instrument 
 played by another Nilese African, who crouched upon the floor by the dancer's side, gave to the exhibition a most savage and barbarous color which never failed to 
 impress visitors strongly. Abal-Bu-Wyyo speaks a dialect of Arabic and the language of his own negro tribe, but made only slight progress in Englis! during 
 the Fair. 
 
 ree 
 
ZAROTEFFA. (Soudanese Woman.) 
 
 ‘The negro types at the Fair—Soudanese, Dahomeyans, Nubians and the Congo people—represented very fairly the barbarous or half ciy 
 
 who are a numerous and rapidly increasing class of American citizens. This woman was the wife of a Soudanese warrior and mother a, the dancing 
 
 Soudanese baby of Cairo Street. Ste was about thirty-two years of age and came from the confines of Nubia, speaking a dialect of Arabic and Soudanese. in 
 
 appearance she strongly resembles the Congo negroes. As a race the negroes come from inter-tropical and sub-tropical + s of the Eastern hemisphere, streiching, 
 roughly speaking, from Senegambia, West Africa, to the Figi Archipelago, Pacific Ocean, west and east, and lying north and south between the extrem of 
 the Phillipines and Tasmania. The negro domain thus originally comprised all Africa south of the Sahara, India, south of the Indo Gangetic plains, Mala and 
 
 the greater part of Australasia, Since historic times began, however, the great domain has been intruded upon in the east by the M ongoloid peoples, in the 
 
 west by Caucasians, Pethaps on> of the most striking lessans which the Columbian Exposition taught was the fact that African slavery in Ameri 
 
 a had not, after all 
 been an unmixed evil, for of a truth, the advanced social condition of the American Africans over that of their barbarous countrymen is most encouraging and wonderful. 
 
 BAR at neta 
 
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 N Ge ae oe aie ¥ ae 
 CALONA. (Soudanese Baby Dancer.) 
 In crowded Cairo St Ben Yakar, with an enterprise which would have been creditable in some bustling Yankee showman of the num type, gathered 
 
 trange peoples which 
 Elamit 
 and in the parts of Lybia about Cyrene, and strangers of Rome, Jews and proselytes, Cretes and Arabians” Of 
 Apos' 
 
 used the visitor to remember that jingling 
 
 logue of the names of Orientals that he 
 
 together a motley throng ned at Sunday-school 
 
 “Parthians and Med and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judea and Cappadocia, in Pontus and Asia, Phrygia and Pamphylia, in Egypt 
 
 truth it seemed, at times, that they were 
 
 all there, but unlike their Scripture prototypes the babel of voices was confusing, and we could not say with t e that “Every man heard them speak in his own 
 
 ng among this polyglot assembly was Calona, the tiny African infant of two and one-half years, who, with a rattle 
 
 language.” Not the least interes wild sheep's 
 
 had been trained to dance with baby feet in the weird rites of the Soud 
 
 hoofs and a head buffalo hair, ornamented with sea shells, beads and pebbl 
 
 where in this collection. A\ the dance her hat for stray nickels; and 
 
 warriors, Her mo asked her 
 
 er’s portrait (Zaroteffa) appears e € 
 name, had been taught to reply in good English, “Mary Anderson,” a trick which generally succeeded in ‘bringing down the house”—and the desired shower of 
 
 small coin. 
 
 Ret car 
 
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 Paes? 
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 993 ws Pinte & conven 
 
 NICHAN. (Armenian.) 
 
 Standing more than six 4 
 
 in height, he is clad in the uniform of 
 “Prince of India,” by Lew 
 
 The figure on the right in the picture is one which would command attention anywhere 
 that famous band of Turkish soldiers, the Janizaries, whose achie ements have been the theme of histzrian and story-teller for ac 
 fiction in which this splendid arm of the Sultan's army figures, may be found a stirring description of their services at the 
 
 ng blow and make the actual capture of the city. The other figure is 
 
 siege of Constantinople, where, 
 
 that of a Greek who appears al o in Po tfolio No. 5. Mr. Nichan, the Janizary, is an Armenian, born at Sayaz, Armenia, about five hundred mles from Constantinople 
 
 He was one of the life guards of the late Sultan Abdul Aziz, who was said to have committed st At the great Fair Mr. Nichan was to be found in the Turkish 
 ats of mail and mementoes of Oriental splendor, his presence added 
 
 and other weapons, 
 hed in a beautiful scabbard set with jewels and richly ornamented, was presented 
 
 In the 
 
 the most recent notable work of 
 
 Wallace. 
 as ever, they were reserved by the Sultan to strike the fir 
 
 ion of antique armor, swords 
 
 Bazaar, where, amid the splendid colle 
 greatly to the interest of the scene. The great carved sword which he wears, shea 
 
 to him by the Sultan for meritorious services. 
 
SOFIA ZIEDAN. (Bedouin Dancing Girl.) 
 
 In the Damascus palace, where a successful effort was made to depict the 
 
 a6 
 
 nuine Bedouin life of Syria and Arabia, this charming: young girl entertained 
 thousands of visitors with a dance which, it was claimed, dates back to the time of David, the minstrel king of Israel. Her dress is a fabr 
 
 and her ornaments are large pieces of silyer coin and rings of the same material. 
 
 woven of camel's hair 
 Her finger nails and hands were stained with henna, and she was always careful to 
 keep her eyelids tinged with kohol, customs which have been closely adhered to by Orientals for ages, as is thoroughly attested by the evidence of implements used 
 anklets of silver, she danced to a strange measure of so-called 
 music which was furnished by her companions who, seated about her, beat upon kettle drums. She is a modest little woman : and her dance had none of the objection- 
 able features which were urged, not improperly perhaps, against some of the other exhibitions on the Midway. 
 
 0 "3 
 
 for that purpose found in the tombs. With bright black eyes, red lips and bare feet, with encircli 
 
 Born near Baalbec, she was unable to speak English 
 
 and only succeeded in picking up a few words during the Fair. [A description of Bedouins, their habitat and racial characteristics, may be found under another portrait 
 
 in this Portfolio and earlier in numbers of the series. ] 
 
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 HALLAD ABDALAH. (Syrian Bedouin. } 
 The Bedouins of ihe desert were not without their representatives at the great Fair. These people, who are scattered throughout Syria and Arabia and despise 
 
 agriculture and the settled life of the town Aras and peasants, may be found on the borders of the cultivated lands with their camels, sheep and goats, leading a 
 
 nomadic life; and being more or less independent of govermental restraint, they are not infrequently engaged in robbery and blackmail upon thei sedentary brethren. 
 
 The life of the Syrian peasant is thus made a very unenviable one, for in addition to the onerous governmental tax, he is compelled to pay tribute to the wild tribes of 
 
 the desert, in order to obtain immunity During the present century the Turkish Government has made some substantial efforts to compel the Bedouins to lead a more 
 
 settled existence, but the safety of peasants and travelers is-yet by no means 
 
 red Hallad Abdalah is a petty Sheik of a small band of Bedouins inhabiting 
 
 the hills near the ancient city of Damas a Moslem and came to Chicago unable to speak any other tongue than Arabic, which he said was the ‘ language 
 
 of the Gods,’ 
 
 DATS casas) 
 
& cooren 
 
 . (Ceylon.) 
 
 From an island in th an, which Manaar, comes this type of the interesting peopie of Ceylon who built their 
 pavilion near the lake shore at the great Fair, ar eir_ most interesting exhibit of antiquities and agricultural and manufactured 
 products. From the sea utmost Indian isle” of the old yraphers presents a most beautiful appearance. Adam's Peak, the most prominent, though not the 
 loftiest of the hilly ranges of the interior, towers like a mountain monarch amongst an of picturesque hills, and is a sure landmark for the weary navigator 
 
 e waters of the ocean Mr. Tobias 
 
 90 light house is hidden from sight amic 
 
 when as yet the Color st the green grove it seem to be springing from 
 
 scountant and manager of the household fo 
 
 was for many years ¢ eal_hy Englishman who has’ a 
 
 the tea department of the Ceylon pavilion, He speaks English fluently and Life in Ceylon is not so picturesque as in India, for which 
 
 reason Mrs, Gordon Cumming advises the traveler to visit the island first or iccount of the country see her “ Two Happy Years in Ceylon 
 
OLYMPE BERTRAND. (Normandy Peasant Girl.) 
 
 This maid of Normandy was born near Cherbourg, where the first Napoleon is said to have declared that he “would renew the wonders of Egypt and raise 
 his pyramid in the sea.” These ambitious designs which were to make Cherbourg a great military port, were continued by Louis Phillippe and Napoleon Ill, and at 
 their successful realization in 1858 the Queen of England was present, against whose dominions they had at one time been mainly directed. Nearly 70,000,000 francs 
 have been expended on the works, Olympe Bertrand, in the “fetching” costume of a Normandy peasant girl, found occupation at the Fair near the great Ferris Wheel 
 
 where she, with a bevy of Normandy maide 
 
 , served French cider to the thirsty sight-seers. She is a fair type of her class; and the shrewdness of the managers of 
 the enterprise in clothing their employes in the picturesque caps and dr 
 
 s of French peasants made the cider-girls of the Midway one of the striking sights on 
 that wonderf.| thoroughfare. The beauty of its scenery and the picturesqueness of the peasants’ costumes make Normandy a favorite feld for artists. The province Is 
 also rich in historic associations, Joan of Arc was burned at Rouen in 1431, In addition to books heretofore noted, Normandy Picturesque,” by Henry Blackburn, and 
 «In and Out of Three Normandy Inns,” by Anna B. Dodd, may be recommended to readers who wish to learn more of the country and its people. 
 
 DATARS! ce, 
 
| 
 ] 
 
 BREHIM EL KORANY AND SAID RAYAB. 
 
 In the beautiful bridal procession which charmed and interested so many visitors on Cairo 
 mention. Galla a, the magician, whose marvelous de 
 a constant, though somewhat comical, wonder and the two is boys who headed the 
 
 types. It is the duty of the Sais boys to precede the equipage or camel of their O 
 
 demand room and place in the crowded and narrow streets for the passage of the dignitary 
 
 stuffs, whose quality is graded, of course, in keeping with the state of their master. Bi 
 
 love to one of the dancing maidens of Cairo St 
 
 t 
 
 gay cavalcade, are 
 
 (Egy 
 
 set, each 1€ 
 
 eptions awoke memories of Oriental wonder workers, the fat fencer whose supplene 
 
 all 
 
 iental masters carrying a highly colored 
 
 actors in 
 
 the queer 
 
 staff or 
 
 ytians. } 
 
 him El Korany, the figure on the left, found time, while at Chice 
 
 rod, and with cries 
 
 ceremony deserve especial 
 and avoirdupois became 
 
 of a place in this book of Midway 
 
 to 
 
 They are clad usually in a picturesque costume of white and colored 
 to make 
 and an actual wedding was the result, proving one of the most interesting events 01 the cosmopolitan Exposition 
 
JAMELEE. (Syrian Dancer.) 
 
 When the great Fair was at its zenith there were, of course, a large number of visitors present who, having ample time and money-at their disposal, went 
 
 again and again to witness particular performances on the Midway where individu. actors had gained their favor and approbation. It was interesting to note, tor 
 
 instance, in each of the Oriental theatres that the different artists appeared to have admirers and frequent patrons in the audience, and that often a round of applause 
 
 would spring from some portion of the assembly where it was quite apparent sat a group of sight-seers who had visited the theatre for the 
 and applauding the act of some particular dancer. Over the Turkish cafe this charming woman of Syria danced for the pleasure of her patrons and admirers al 
 through the Fair and gained a popularity that increased steadily until the close. It was customary in these dances for only one performer to appear at a time, while 
 
 press purpose of witnessing 
 
 the rest, grouping about her upon divans and cushions, encouraged her by witty comment or shrill feminine cries, all the time keeping up a curious musical accompani- 
 ment on tamborines and stringed instruments 
 
MR. E. RUSCHEWEYH. (Leader of the German Infantry Band.) 
 
 To the young emperor of Germany the managers of the World’s Fair are indebted for a national exhibit which was, perhaps, the most complete in all 
 departments of all the foreign displays. From the mighty engines of war shown in Krupp's building on the lake shore to the dainty fabrics in the Manufactures 
 Building and the antiquities shown in the German Village on the Midway and elsewhere, Germany took first rank among the nations. The emperor caused a 
 competitive examination to be held among the fifteen hundred military bands of his armies; and the successful musicians were formed into the two great bands which 
 were sent to Chicago. This gentleman, Mr. Ruscheweyh, was chosen as leader of the infantry band of forty-eight pieces that furnished music at the German Village 
 and elsewhere. He is a typica, German soldier and a veteran of three great wars. This number of the Types of the Midway contains portraits which are, generally 
 
 speaking, of a more highly in‘ellectual character than any have preceded; nearly all of the subjects being men of eminence and social position in their 
 
 respective countries. It is, in fact, the “civilized” portfolio of the work. 
 
PRINCE RADHEN ADUIN SOEKMADILAGA. (Javanese.) 
 
 Although a prince of Java and a direct descendant of the ancient rulers of that island realm, this pleasant-faced gentleman enjoys only such power as the 
 Dutch resident in Java sees fit to allow him. All decrees of any importance must first be submitted to the representative of the actual rulers of the island for his 
 approval; and, while Radhen Aduin Soekmadilaga bears the title of prince by right of birth and enjoys a generous income allowed him by the Dutch government, 
 he is a prince in name only. The native princes still maintain their state and dignity, but they are shorn completely of all power. This gentleman was educated in 
 Batavia, completing a collegiate course, which he supplemented by travel in Holland and other parts of Europe. He acquired some knowledge of the Dutch 
 language, which will doubtless prove useful to him at home. His tastes and inclinations are towards philosophy and poetry; and he found little to interest him in the 
 stirring commercial life of America. His demeanor is that of a gentle and dignified scholar, who finds his highest delight in the study of literature and philosophy 
 The success of his countrymen of the Java Village in winning the admiration and respect of visitors gave him great pleasure, which he frequently expressed to those 
 who were in his confidence. 
 
ANTONIO. (Apache Indian.) 
 
 The Apaches of Arizona are, without question, the most intellectual of the American Indians. They are, at the same time, the most warlike and cunning of the 
 aborigines ; and ever since the days of the Spanish conquest, until very recently, they have maintained uninterrupted war against Spaniard, Mexican and American alike. 
 This young man was captured when a child by the late General George Crook, and, with fifteen other children, was sent to Fortress Monroe. He was afterwards 
 educated in Boston, learned the trade of a leather worker, and in 1892 was sent to the Southwest by Prof. Putnam, of Harvard University, to procure ethnological 
 material for the Fair. He is a Chirachaua Apache by birth and a grandson of Chief Couchise. He speaks Spanish, Apache and English with equal ease. He was 
 very successful in his mission. The best works on the Apaches are ‘On the Border with Crook” and “An Apache Campaign,” by John G. Bourke, Captain Third 
 Cavalry. Captain Bourke was the army officer in charge of the troops guarding the Columbian relics at the Convent of La Rabida on the lake shore. 
 
MR. ARDEEJI. (East Indian Merchant.) 
 
 This gentleman is a Parsee merchant of Bombay, India, who visited the Fair and took great interest in the display of Indian products; teak and sandal wood 
 hammered brass, filagree silver and Oriental curios. The Parsees are the most interesting people of Asia, active, handsome and intelligent, with light olive 
 
 complexions, aquiline noses, 
 
 bright black eyes, strong chins, thick lips and, usually, full beards. The women are delicately formed, with small hands and feet, fair 
 complexions, beautiful black eyes, finely arched eyebrows and a rich profusion of long black hair, which they dress tastefully and ornament with pearls and gems. 
 Among the Parsees women are much more considerately treated than by any other Asiatic people. They appear freely in public and have the entire management of 
 household affairs. They are proverbial for benevolence, hospitality and sociability. Learning is highly prized by the Parsees; and they generally acquire several 
 languages—Gujarati, Hindustani and English. They are fond of good living and do not hesitate to spend their money freely for the best the market affords. They use 
 wine, but seldom give way to the vice of intoxication. The native costume of the Parsee is loose and flowing and admirably adapted to the climate in which he lives, 
 
canrareuréa 805 ar PEACE 4 
 
 MR. GEORGE PANGALO. 
 
 He was born in Smyrn 
 > types as a forerunner of that final 
 
 ntleman is a ty, 
 
 difficult to say of just what race this 
 1 to a place in a 
 
 Perhaps he is entitl 
 
 When 
 On graduating he entered 
 t on the “Gazette de 
 
 It would b 
 
 paternal grandmother was an Italian. 
 
 all the nations of globe shall be of one blo 
 institution, conducted by the Congregationalists. 
 and then he gave one year to journalism in Buchare 
 
 to be manager of the Anglo-Egyptian bank in Cairo, 
 
 a child, he was 
 
 here 
 
 nies: 
 
 e of Smyrna.) 
 
 Turkey, of an English moth 
 
 (Na 
 
 r and a Greek father, and his 
 earth when 
 American 
 Salonica ; 
 and was 
 
 are to pos 
 
 Co 
 
 race O 
 
 work on ra 
 n_ Roberts 
 
 taken to Constantinop!| 
 e for five years; th 
 After this he went to Ale 
 
 an 
 ark in 
 ank clerk 
 
 he was educated ir 
 
 railroz en he spent one year as 
 
 Ron 
 
 ai 
 
 dria, Egypt, and 
 
 ae 
 
—taneriawree 93 87 Peace & cooven 
 
 MR. BARAMSABGEE. (Parsee Merchant.) 
 
 A native of Bombay, Mr. Baramsabgee, early engaged in commerce and finally established a branch house in China. Like most of his people, he is an 
 educated gentleman. The Parsees have many curious customs. On rising they first rub face, hands and feet with nirang, reciting meanwhile a prayer against the 
 influence of evil spirits; then they bathe, clean their teeth and say their prayers. Breakfast is always a light meal with them. Their dinner is seasoned with pungent 
 sauces, curries, chutneys and pickles. One of these sauces, which is famous in Bombay, is marked with the mild initials H. F. (hell fire). The evening meal is taken 
 
 after sunset and is the signal for deliverance from labor—for eating, drinking and conversation. 
 
 A tat, or parting drink for the night, is a time-honored custom among 
 the Parsees. 
 
 The world-wide habit of throwing rice after a newly-married couple has its origin among these people, where it is a part of the wedding ceremony. 
 
 At its conclusion, the bride and groom each throw rice upon the other, and the one who is most expeditious is considered to have obtained the start over the other 
 in the management of the household. 
 
terravenreo 1093 ca coove Fiver Hi, 
 
 SIGNOR ICILIO V. NINCI.  (Italian.) 
 
 This gentleman was born in Alexandria, Egypt, of Italian parents. His father was a commissioned officer in the artillery service of the Grand Duke sscany } 
 but not finding the military profession in accord with his ideas of life, he resigned and fitted himself for the practice of law, and removed to Alexandria for that 
 purpose. The son was educated in his native city and in early life entered upon a commercial career and soon became a leading spirit on the Alexandria stoc! 
 exchange. In 1882, the year of the massacre, he was able to save the lives of many Christians by his knowledge of the Arab character and his acquaintance with the 
 language. After the bombardment of Alexandria he was among the first to cheer the landing American marines; and during the campaign he followed the English 
 army as war correspondent. Mr. Ninci bears the title of “knight,” and has been connected with a number of “affairs of honor” in the capacity of second. He was 
 
 assistant manager of the Cairo Street enterprise at the great Fair. 
 
——— - 
 
 OPYRIGHTED 1822 BY PLAC 
 
 MR. ORMANGEE. (Bombay Merchant.) 
 
 Mr. Ormangee and his Parsee companions were among the most intellectual of the Oriental visitors at the Fair. The Parsees originally came from Persia on 
 the conquest of their country by the Arabs about 720 A.D. In religion they are followers of Zarathustra, commonly known as Zoroaster, and are called fire worshippers. 
 The representative of their cr 
 
 at the World's Congress of Religions, however, denied that they worshipped fire, saying that they used it as the symbol of light, of 
 the Deity and of purity, as other religions use pictures or symbols in their worship. Their funeral ceremonies are very solemn. When a Parsee is about to die a 
 > it was born 
 
 priest is called who recites texts of the Zeand-Avesta and prays for the dying one. After death the body is taken to the room on the ground floor wt 
 
 (all Parsees are born on the ground floor), and a dog is brought in to frighten away evil spirits. The male friends advance to the door of the room, bow and 
 raise both hands from the floor to their heads, to indicate deep respect. The body is then taken to “The Tower of Silence,” where, with much ceremony, it is left 
 naked on a grating, to be quickly strinped of flesh by vultures. The bones, which fall through into a pit, are afterwards taken to a subterranean chamber prepared 
 
 for their reception. 
 
te Re ae 
 
 2 FRE Wa ee is 
 
GETTY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 
 
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