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 AND ALL BOOKSELLERS. 
 
 Price 2s bi 
 
 
 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 LITTLE HENRY’S HOLIDAY 
 
 AT THE 
 
 GREAT EXHIBITION. 
 
 By the Editor of ‘‘ PLeasant Pages.” 
 
 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PART I.—GOING THERE. 
 
 Chap. 1. How the Idea Arose. 
 2. How the Money was raised. 
 How the Idea of the Palace arose. 
 4. How the Crystal Palace arose. 
 5. How the Idea was realized. 
 6. How it brought fourth Fruit. 
 
 PART IL—WALKING THROUGH. 
 
 Chap. 1. The Plan of the Exhibition. 
 2. The Lions of the Exhibition. 
 8. Tne Goods from Enégiand. 
 4, ‘he Goods from the Colonies. 
 5. The Goods from Europe. 
 6. The Goods from Asia. 
 7 
 8 
 
 a 
 
 I'he Geods from Africa. 
 The Goods from America- 
 
 PART III—GOING HOME. 
 
 Chap. 1. Thougats about the Exhibition. 
 2, Yhoughts about Lendon. 
 
 3. Vhougnts about PEACK and Bretnerncod. 
 
Me Ried 
 rit sila 
 
 Neg 
 o fe 13.5 7 
 
 ‘ Keron! Ry Sania s Rea ta 
 HES Na 8: a Gin neers *y 
 Yr re ¥ 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 LITTLE HENRYS HOLIDAY 
 
 AT THE 
 
 GREAT EXHIBITION. 
 Hart the Firat. 
 
 GOING THERE. 
 
 
 
 Auntroduciiut. 
 
 =», HAT, Papa,” said little Henry,—“ what zs the 
 if! Exhibition ? Really, Rose and Ihave been try- 
 —/'s ing to imagine what it is. Every day after you 
 / £& have done reading the TimEs, we have looked 
 == over it by ourselves; we have read that there is 
 a great building made of iron and glass, that it 
 is 1851 feet long, and—something broad, I for- 
 get;—and that there is a nave and a transept. But we can’t 
 imagine it. How can we get the idea of such a large place into 
 our heads !—unless—we 
 “ Unless we see it,” added Rose, “then we might. Don’t you 
 think, papa, that we had better go and see it? I should like to 
 know what the people mean by a transept.” 
 “ Well,” replied papa, “I can tell you a great deal about 
 
 
 
 
4 THE IDEA. 
 
 that Exhibition—if you 1ike. You shall go there this ver 
 
 morning. We will send James for a cab, and on our way I'll 
 
 give you a long history.” 
 * * * * * 
 
 Here comes the cab, Rose,—it has an old white horse,—see ! 
 That is because he is going to the Crystal Palace, I suppose. 
 Only, crystal is transparent. Ah, I’d rather not have a crystal 
 horse! Here comes papa. 
 
 P.. Now take your seats in the cab, 
 
 Henry. Please papa, may I hold this string which is hanging 
 down in the front. 
 
 . Rose. What is that for, Henry ? 
 
 Henry. Vllshow'you. It is called the check-string. The 
 driver has the other end fastened round his finger; so when we 
 want to stop him, and tell him where to go, I shall give this 
 string a good sharp pull, and then he’ll know. I shall pull him 
 up, and he'll pull up the horse. 
 
 Papa. But, now listen to my story of the Exhibition. I 
 shall divide my tale into several chapters. 
 
 Chapter First, 
 
 HOW THE IDEA AROSE. 
 
 GFE) enry. What does that mean ? 
 (A (; Rose. Why, J can understand that. 
 er (? Henry. It means—that the idea—got up ! 
 
 P. Yes, that is the meaning. Let us see how the idea of the 
 Exhibition got up, or grew. An idea sometimes grows like a 
 flower; it lies hid in some dark corner of the mind, just as the 
 flower lies under the earth until it is strong, and breaks 
 through to the light. Then it grows until it is very large, and 
 in the course of the year, you see a great sunflower. So the 
 idea of the Exhibition came to the light—before tk frablic. 
 

 
 eA 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF ARTS. 
 
 Henry. And grew in the Newspapers. 
 
 P. And then in Hyde Park,—until it brought forth— 
 
 Rose. Ah! a great Crystal Palace. 
 
 P. Or, rather, the Exhibition in the Palace: but some ideas 
 grow more quickly—they spring up instantly, like the mush- 
 rooms. We shall see soon. 
 
 The idea of the Great Exhibition has been growing ever since 
 the year 1756. 
 
 Hl, (whispering). Then it has been growing like an oak, 
 Rose. 
 
 In the year 1756, a “Society” in London, called THE 
 Soctezy oF Ants thought of something. The men of that 
 Society had once been to school, perhaps, and they remem- 
 bered that their master had said to the boys “ I want to teach 
 you to write and draw much better. So, if each boy will try 
 and make a better drawing than he has ever made before, the 
 drawings shali all be shown to me, and he who has made the 
 best shall have a preze!” The boys at school would therefore 
 strive more to make good drawings ; and, when they were all 
 shown to the master that he might give the prize, they formed 
 quite an Exhibition—this was the first Exhibition! Do you 
 know what we call the act of striving with one another ? 
 
 H. Yes, [have heard the word, it is called ‘ competition.’ 
 The boys were having a competition. 
 
 Rose. And it was a good thing even for those who did not 
 get prizes, because they learned to make better drawings. 
 
 fF. True. And that was the secret of the sly old master,— 
 he warted to improve the boys—to do them good. Now, the 
 Lonpon Society oF ARTS thought, that after boys had left 
 school, and had become men, and had learned to make other 
 things besides drawings, they might improve more quickly by 
 competition, and by “ Exhibition.” Therefore, in the year 
 1756, they said that they would give prizes to those who could 
 make the best carpets, or those who could make the best por- 
 
6 EARLY EXHIBITIONS. 
 
 celain, or tapestry ; and some people did get prizes. Soon after 
 a Royal Academy was also formed formed for exhibiting pic- 
 tures. 
 
 In the course of time, ‘the people found that it was a good 
 thing to make Exhibitions. So, in the year 1798 the French 
 made one; and have continued to make exhibitions every now 
 and then, from that time until this, while there have been similar 
 exhibitions in other countries: in Belgium, and even in Spain. 
 The English people have also had small exhibitions in the dif- 
 ferent large towns. In 1849, the year before last, a much larger 
 exhibition than any of the others was held at Birmingham. 
 
 H. Then I suppose that that made Prince Albert think of 
 having one in London. 
 
 P. It was not that exactly. I told you that there is in 
 England a Society called the Society of Arts, and His Roya 
 HIGHNESS THE PRINCE ALBERT is the President. This Society 
 began a series of Exhibitions of Manufactures, and the first 
 was held in the year 1847. Everybody liked that Exhibition. 
 So in the year 1848 the Society had another. This was liked. 
 even better than the first; so, im the year 1849 they held an 
 Exhibition which was the best of all. ‘The manufactures were 
 rrincipally ornaments in gold and silver, and other metals; and 
 some of them were graciously sent by the QUEEN herself! 
 
 And now THE IDEA, which had been growing for some time, 
 arose. ‘The Prince and other members of the society began to 
 see that if it was a good thing for the manufacturers in England 
 to make a competition with one another, it would be a good 
 thing for the manufacturers of all the world to do so! 
 
 Rose. But what a number of prizes they would have to give 
 papa! perhaps they did’nt think of that. 
 
 P. Yes they did. The Society knew that there must be a 
 great number of manufacturers if they came from all parts of 
 the world, and that a great many of them would deserve prizes. 
 But it was worth while to pay a very great sum of money to do 
 
PRIZES. 7 
 
 good to the manufactures of all the world! So, the Society de- 
 termined to give away prizes worth TWENTY THOUSAND PowunDs. 
 And, when they thought of all the manufacturers who would 
 try to get prizes, and of the wonderful things they would send, 
 they began to see that such things would make a truly GREAT 
 EXHIBITION. Thus the idea arose—gradually. 
 
 H. Well, I think that they were going to give away a great 
 deal of money. But were the Society really going to give all 
 that money of themselves? Where did they getit from? Please 
 tell me. 
 
 P. That question brings me to another chapter. They 
 were going to give £20,000, but they had not £20,000 to give. 
 So, you shall hear, secondly, How the money was raised. 
 
 Chater Second. 
 
 HOW THE MONEY WAS RAISED. 
 
 S * ANE are to give away £20,000,” thought the Society, “ but 
 
 Aigx we havn't got it”; and although they had the Sovereign 
 
 Prince at their head they found great difficulties. 
 
 tiose. Why couldn’t they ask the Queen? If I had been 
 Prince Albert that is what J should have done. 
 
 P. Ah, you do not know anything about it. The Queen 
 has not so much money to spare as you think,—the proper 
 parties to ask were the government,—that is, the gentlemen 
 who goyern the nation. But then, the money which the govern- 
 ment has belongs to the people, and the government would have 
 no right to spend it in any way they pleased. 
 
 Hf, Then, how dd they get the money papa? Ido want to 
 know very much. 
 
 P. You shall know if you have patience, for it is a rather 
 long story. They asked the government that some gentlemen 
 
8 THE ROYAL COMMISSION. 
 
 from the Society, and others might be formed into “ A Royal 
 Commission.” They would then have the Authority of the 
 Qiu en to promise the manufacturers prizes worth £20,000 
 which they would collect by Public Subscription. 
 
 Rose. I know what that is. Ihave seen “Lists of Subscri- 
 bers” in the Times. The people give away their money. 
 
 P. But, the Society could not obtain their request. No one 
 would advise the Queen to forma “ Royal Commission,’—it 
 was said that the money ought to be collected jirst. 
 
 H. Of course. 
 
 P. And then there might easily be a Royal Commission to 
 give itaway. ‘They were now much puzzled. Every one saw 
 that the answer from the government was.a just one. “ We 
 must not” they thought, “havea ‘ Royal Commission’ to give 
 away money that is up in the clouds! and, it would not be 
 right to have a Royal Commission merely to collect subscrip- 
 tions. And, unless we have a Royal Commission no one will 
 give us any subscription. Yet we shall want £20,000 for prizes, 
 and £30,000 or £40,000 for the building, and a great many 
 more thousands for the great expenses in letting the world know 
 all about it. What shall we do?” 
 
 Hf, That is just what I want to know. When are you going 
 to us tell papa? 
 
 P. Now, England isa very rich country. Itis full of rich mer- 
 chants, and manufacturers, and builders. Ill tell you of several 
 soon. ‘Two very rich builders, whose names were Munday, 
 heard what THE PRINCE and the Society wanted to do,—and, 
 they thought “ We'll help them!” So, they founda gentlemen of 
 the Society, named Fuller, and they said to him “ We think 
 that your plan of making an Exhibition from all nations isa 
 very good one; and, if you can carry it out, thousands of people 
 will pay to come and see it, so you'll be sure to succeed and get 
 plenty of money. Andthisis what we willdo. We will lend you 
 £20,000 and besides that, we will spend £50,000 to make a fine 
 
: 
 : 
 | 
 
 
 
 DIFFICULTIES.——-HELP. '¢ 
 
 building for you, and lend youa great many more thousands for 
 the expenses,—altogether about one hundred thousand pounds! 
 
 H. Well done Mister Mundays! They were 
 
 P. They were noble men certainly; but listen! Then Mr. 
 Fuller made haste at once to take the good news to the Prince 
 He hastened to His Highness’s country seat at Balmoral, in 
 Scotland, and on the 3rd September 1850, at the very moment 
 when the Prince was going out to hunt the stag, His Highness 
 was informed of this noble offer. 
 
 H.. Well, that shows how the money was raised. 
 
 P. Not quite. It would not have been right for the Society 
 to have let Messrs Munday spend all this money for them, before 
 they knew whether they would be able to pay it back,—besides, 
 they found that they would want nearly 7'wo hundred thousand. 
 pounds. The ‘ Royal Commission’ was now granted; and the 
 Prince and gentlemen who formed THE RoyAaL COMMISSION 
 FOR THE PROMOTION OF THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS, 
 began to collect subscriptions. 
 
 Rese. 'There Henry ! Then that is how the money was 
 raised. 
 
 P. No indeed it is not. The people would not subscribe 
 properly. ‘The appeal to the public was almost a failure.’ 
 Fine speeches about this Exhibition were made in London and 
 other parts of the country; but the people had never heard of 
 such a thing before, and some who wanted to show how wise 
 they were laughed at the thought, and the money ‘dribbled in 
 slowly.’ Thus the prince, nobles, and gentlemen of the Royal 
 Commission who were going to collect the money began to 
 think “we shall not be able to do it,” when another gentleman, 
 Mr. Samuel Peto, came to their help. He said I will be security 
 for £50,000; the Prince said he would be security for more 
 money ; and other wealthy men followed, until security was 
 raised for Two HUNDRED THOUSAND Pounps. And thus the 
 money was raised— laboriously. 
 
 
 
10 IDEAS.— PLANS. 
 
 H. Thank you, Papa. What is next? 
 
 P. You have heard 1st, How the idea of the Exhibition arose, 
 and 2ndly, How the means arose. You shall hear 3rdly, How 
 the idea of the Palace arose.* 
 
 
 
 ea 
 
 Chapter Chur. 
 HOW THE IDEA OF THE PALACE AROSE. 
 
 USES. When any one struggles through difficulties it does 
 () him good. He feels himself strong, and greater; and has 
 cy greater ideas. So the ideas of the “ Royal Commission” 
 
 began to enlarge. ‘There came grand thoughts of teach- 
 ing other things to men by means of the Great Exhibition ; 
 and there also came the thought “ We will have a splendid house 
 for our friends, when they come over to see us. So, architects were 
 wanted now,—men to draw plans of the building ; and the 
 architects came. 245 Plans weremade; 188 were made in Brit- 
 ain; 27 came from France, and a few came from Belgium, Hol- 
 land, and other parts; and with them there came new difficulties 
 for the Royal Commission. 
 
 The plans were all examined, and none of them suited. So 
 the Commissioners sent for other architects and engineers, to 
 make a new plan for the purpose. But when the people saw the 
 idea of a great brick and mortar building which was to cost 
 £200,000, they asked “ where are you going to put it ?” They 
 were told that it was to be placed in Hyde-park, but thousands 
 of people said “no!” And the newspapers made a noise ; and 
 
 
 
 
 
 * It may be as well to acknowledge that the materials for parts of this ac- 
 count are taken from the InLusTrRateED Lonron News, and the PoruLaR 
 ‘GUIDE TO THE EXHIBITIION. The Editor has, in fact, made free with every 
 source of information that he could obtain. 
 

 
 MR. PAXION. Il 
 
 angry men made-speeches ; and many said ’twas a shame their 
 park should be spoiled by a large brick and mortar building. 
 And the Commissioners— 
 
 H. I should think they were puzzled. 
 
 P. Perhaps they were; but somebody was always sent to 
 help them. Mr. PAxTON came this time. 
 
 Rose. What was the gentleman’s name Henry ? 
 
 H. Mr. Paxton. Let us hear about him. 
 
 P. Mr. Paxton thought about the building. This gentle- 
 man is a landscape gardener, and he is very clever in writing 
 books,—and in making houses, it seems. He made a beautiful 
 garden for the Duke of Devonshire, and as the Duke had a new 
 and enormous water-lily, Mr. Paxton made an immense con- 
 servatory of iron and glass forit to growin. And, when he heard 
 that the building of the Exhibition did not please the public, 
 he thought to himself, perhaps, “ Why should’nt a glass 
 house be as good for an Exhibition as fora house of plants? If 
 I were to make them one, like that of the Duke of Devonshire 
 Ym sure they would like it. They could have a house higher 
 than the trees, and the large tree scould grow inside it.” So, on 
 the 18th January, 1850, when Mr. Paxton was engaged on a Rail- 
 way Committee, he hastily sketched his idea of the building on a 
 sheet of blotting-paper, which happened to be near him. He 
 then went home, and from his sketch he formed a finished 
 drawing, working all that night, and working on still at all the 
 plans and particulars for ten days, when he set out for London by 
 train to see the Commissioners. He thought that his plan had 
 been made too late to be of any use, but he happened to meet 
 in the railway-carriage, a gentleman named Stephenson, an 
 engineer, who was one of the ‘ Royal Commissioners.’ 
 
 This gentleman looked at the drawings very closely, and at 
 last he said “ Wonderful!” but he thought it was a pity they 
 had not been prepared before. However, he said he would show 
 them to the commissioners. 
 
12 A CRYSTAL PALACE. 
 
 You know, I dare say, whether the Commission used Mr. 
 Paxton’s plans or not. At first it was said they were too late, 
 and then, that it was not usual to build with iron and glass. 
 Some of the architects who had made the plans for the Com- 
 missioners said it was impossible for such a building to answer, 
 —that it would be blown down by the wind,—that hail-stones 
 would break the glass,— that the glass would get loose, and fall 
 in, and the people of -‘all nations” would be bruised or killed. 
 Others said, it would be too hot inside, and the unhappy visitors 
 would be grilled. ‘The public, however, soon heard of it and began 
 to speak for themselves. ‘They saw the plans, and read about 
 them in the ‘Illustrated London News.’ ‘They read, and 
 talked, and were pleased. The mighty ‘ million’ shouted out 
 their opinions again: “It will be a famous place ! a transparent 
 palace like crystal. Let us have A CrysTAL PALACE! 
 
 ‘The Royal Commissioners said so too. ‘They said, we can 
 put it up in Hyde Park, and what is more we can take it down 
 again,—and that will be a very good thing. Then it was all 
 agreed to. Thus, the idea of the Crystul Palace arose—sud- 
 denly. 
 
 id Well done Mr. Paxton, this time! 
 
 P. That is what I say my boy! But let usgoon. We 
 have nothing raised yet but ideas. I shall have hard work this 
 time, for I have to tell you of the raising of the Palace. 
 

 
‘NOMMEXT HL JO MBIA ISTM-HEAOY FHL 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15 
 
 Chapter Fourth, 
 
 HOW THE CRYSTAL PALACE AROSE. 
 
 H, how diditarise ? I wish I were a poet, Henry, that I 
 } might make some fine comparison to show you how it 
 was done. 
 
 How? Swiftly and silently, almost like some fairy scene; and. 
 yet, with labour, as all therest had been done. ‘ Industry’ has 
 made many a fairy scene, and her secret is,—work ! work ! work! 
 
 But how ? how did the great building so suddenly rise ? As the 
 dry bones that were shaken by the wind came together, ‘ bone 
 to his bone,’ so came the columns of this Crystal Palace! The; 
 came from afar: an exceeding great army of iron and wooden- 
 bones. By waggon loads they came,—girders and trusses, 
 columns and ribs, of iron and wood. Then, they fitted one to 
 another, forming a framework fairy-like and fine for the trans- 
 parent glass. No unsightly heaps of brick! no smoking heaps 
 of lime! no click of noisy trowel! no great unsightly seaffol d- 
 ing! All the parts were ready prepared: and as they came 
 from distant places, they quickly joined together, like brethren, 
 who knew each other. Thus ranging in square companies 
 and in long rows, they helped and supported one another until 
 they were tall and strong. ‘Then were they able to bear up 
 their curved-shape friends, the giant ribs, who gratefully formed 
 a roof over their heads, and covered them in from the rain. 
 
 H. Well done Mr. ! But who did it ? 
 
 P. Well done Messrs. Fox AND HENDERSON you may say 
 now. 
 
 R. Then tell us please, papa, who were Messrs. Fox and 
 Henderson. I want to hear some more ‘ particulars.’ Will 
 you describe to us, a little bit ? 
 
 P. Very well, 1am not at all tired: but before telling you 
 
 
 
16 TOTAL LENGTH AND BREADTH. 
 
 how the building was made, you shall hear what there was to 
 make. 
 
 Messrs. Fox and Henderson are two of the great builders (or 
 contractors) who as I told you abound in our wealthy country 
 you shall now see what gigantic undertakings two Englishmen 
 can carry on. At the time when Messrs. Fox and Henderson 
 began the great palace, they had other extensive works in hand, 
 in all parts of the British Empire. These I will mention 
 directly. Let us first speak of their work in Hyde Park. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PALACE. 
 
 Look at the picture. This Crystal Palace is 1851 feet long. 
 
 Hf, Icannot understand exactly how much that is. 
 
 P. You can if you try.. Do you know the street where your 
 aunt lives, and where each house contains eight rooms ? 
 
 Rose. I know it papa, there are 50 houses on each side of 
 the road. 
 
 P. ‘Then just unagine that, instead of 50 there were 116 
 houses—then you get an idea of the length of the Crystal 
 Palace. Itis as long as 116 eight-roomed houses placed ina 
 row ! 
 
 H. Then how broad is it ? 
 
 P. About as abroad as a street of 28 such houses,—that is 
 4656 feet ; and in the arched part, called “the transept,” which 
 crosses the building it is 68 feet high. There! put it away in 
 your memory Rose. “ The Crystal Palace is 1861 feet long, 564 
 Jeet round, and 68 feet high.” 
 
 Hf. But how high is it in the large part papa? 
 
 P. Inthe ‘long part’ which is called ‘ the nave’ its height 
 is 64 feet. The whole building covers almost eighteen acres of 
 ground, a space about six times as large as that of St. Paul’s. 
 You know what a square foot is ? 
 
 fl. Yes. A square piece of board, which measured a foot 
 

 
 TOTALS OF SURFACE, SPACE, AND MATERIAL, 17 
 
 on each side would be the size of a square foot. I will cut out 
 a piece of the proper size when we are at home. 
 
 P. And if you wished to cut out enough pieces to cover the 
 whole space of the Exhibition, you would have to make NINE 
 EUNDRED AND EIGHTY NINE THOUSAND, EIGHT HUNDRED 
 AND EIGHTY FOUR of them, for that is the number of square 
 feet in the Exhibition. The floors of the galleries measure 
 217,100 square feet, and the ground floor measures 777,284 
 square feet. Let us add them together : 
 
 RUAILETICS. 50 cale a co oe 217,100 square feet. 
 Ground Floor........777,284 square feet. 
 
 Total .......... 994,384 square feet. 
 
 Would you like to know what space is continued in the 
 building ? 
 
 tiose. Yes, please, papa. 
 
 P. ‘Then suppose that you made Fig. 1. 
 
 a solid block thus; and that each of 
 the six sides was a perfect square foot, 
 ~ such a block is called a cubic foot. 
 
 Rose. And, how many cubic feet 
 could we put in the space of the Exhi- inary 
 bition ? a thousand ? 
 
 P. More. Cubic Foot. 
 
 H. Nota hundred thousand ? 
 
 P. Yes, Three hundred and thirty times as much. The 
 space of the Exhibition is no less than three hundred and thirty 
 hundred thousand cubic feet, or 33,000,000, as we say. The 
 surface of the glass measures 896,000 square feet. The quantity 
 of the wood is 600,000 cubic feet, and the quantity of the glass 
 is 896,000 Ibs. The weight of all the iron is 9,072,000 lbs. and 
 the cost of the building about £150,000. These, then are the 
 “totals.” You must write them down on a piece of paper. 
 
 
 
18 MESSRS. FOX AND HENDERSON, 
 
 H. Iwill, papa. 
 
 The CrysTAL Pauace, which Messrs. Fox and Henderson built is 
 six times as large as St. Paul’s. Its length is 1851 feet, (the number 
 of the year in which it is built), it is 456 feet broad, 64 feet high, in 
 the nave, and 68 feet high in the transept. The total surface of the 
 flooring measures 994,384 square feet; and the total space of the 
 building is 333,000,000 cubic feet. The total surface of the glass 
 measures 896,000 square feet. The total quantity of the wood is 
 600,000 cubic feet. The total weight of the glass is 896,000lbs., (or 
 400 tons). The total weight of the wrought-iron and cast-iron is 
 9,072,00Ulbs. (or 4,050 tons), and the total cost of the building is not 
 much more than £150,000. 
 
 Now the completion of all this work was undertaken by two 
 men. They began it at the end of July, 1850, and it was ready 
 for receiving the goods to be exhibited by about the end of 
 January, 1851. In how many months did they do it ? 
 
 H. Ihave been counting,—in only six months, papa. 
 
 P. This you will say then is a great undertaking for two 
 men: but asI told you, they had at the same time extensive 
 works in all parts of the kingdom. ‘They were making a whole 
 railway in Ireland: an immense wrought-iron bridge over the 
 river Shannon: another over the Medway, at Rochester: a 
 truly immense station for passengers at the end of the Great 
 Western Railway: a large station at Liverpool for another 
 Railway: a Railway-station at Bletchley: another at Oxford of 
 iron and glass, like the palace itself: and several other large 
 works which I cannot at present remember. ‘Think of that 
 dear Henry. Think what two men can perform, and when you 
 have plenty of work to do, never sit down and say “I cant!” 
 
 H. WellI won't again. But now, will you let us hear how 
 it was all done? 
 
 P. Yes; let us leave the totals, and attend to the parts. 
 We will imagine that we are sitting on the ground, in Hyde 
 Park, and then we shall see the parts coming. 
 
THE HOARDING. 19 
 
 First came the men with theodolites. Surveyors they 
 were called, for they took a “survey” of the ground. ‘Then 
 came the hoarding. : 
 
 Rose. What is that ? ? 
 
 H. I will tell you, the great boards which they stick up, 
 all round the place. 
 
 P. Here is a picture of the hoarding. o) Bigs 22 
 
 It pleases me very much; for 
 those who built this work of art 
 wisely copied the Works of Na- 
 ture, where nothing is wasted. 
 The boards of the hoarding were 
 all used afterwards for the floor 
 of the building itself. You may 
 see by the picture that it was ““"="= am 
 not necessary to nail them together. The two upright posts 
 were fixed in the ground and the boards were slipped in 
 between them. The posts were then tied together at the top, 
 so that the boards were held tight, and could not fall out. 
 
 Rose. But, Isuppose that there was some waste. What was 
 the use of all those great posts afterwards ? 
 
 P. They formed jozsts,—the thick pieces of wood which are 
 laid on the earth to nail the floor upon. 
 
 H. 'Tobesure. Don’t you see, Rose, that they couldn’t 
 nail the boards to the ground? it would be too soft. 
 
 Rose. Ah! 
 
 P. When the hoarding had been fixed, and the ground was 
 enclosed, the surveyors once more came with their theodolites, 
 and measured the places for the iron-columns; and then came 
 the columns themselves. 
 
 The columns were followed by all manner of parts--by “girders,” 
 “trusses,” “ braces,” “Paxton gutters,” “sash-bars,” “ ventilat- 
 ing bars,” and a great many more things. Ihave drawn some 
 of these parts for you on the opposite page. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sy. 
 
20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE IRON COLUMNS. 21 
 
 Let us examine them : 
 
 The beautiful CoLUMNS are interesting objects. There are 
 three rows,—the columns from the floor to the gallery, which 
 are 18 feet 53 inches high,—-the second row rise from the gallery, 
 they are 16 feet 7jinches long,—and the third row, which are as 
 long as the second, rise above them up to the roof. Thus, the 
 columns are placed on top of each other, only having small 
 columns between them, to which the girders are fastened. Let us 
 find out the good qualities of these columns. Suppose that all 
 
 16ft. 7iin. 
 three columns had been joined in one, thus 16ft. 7tin. 
 18ft. 53in. 
 
 
 
 
 
 H. The great column would have been d51ft. 8in. 
 too long. It would have measured 51ft. 8in. 
 
 P. Yes; besides the length of the smaller columns between; 
 and, if they had been made thus long— 
 
 Rose. 1can see: they would have been more likely to bend. 
 
 P. True; then another good quality is, that they are 
 hollow. 
 
 H. Then they cannot be very firm. If you have a hollow 
 friend, you never say he is a firm one. 
 
 The same law does not apply to iron-columns. Hollow- 
 ness gives firmness and strength. You know that straws are 
 hollow; so also are quills. Professor Cowper was talking in a 
 lecture about the beauties of these columns, and wanted to 
 show their strength, —so he cut two quills of equal length, and 
 placed them upright. On these small quills he managed to 
 place 100lbs. weight, and then another 100lbs., but they did not 
 break until 224lbs. was placed upon them. The quills possessed 
 this strength, just because they were hollow. ‘his hollowness 
 is a beautiful quality. It not only gives strength, but gives 
 them another use—like the hoarding, they are made to serve two 
 purposes. 
 
 
 
 
 
. a) THE TRUSSES. 
 
 Rose. What else are they fit for, I wonder ? 
 
 P. Ifyou look at the picture below, which shows the form 
 of the roof, you will see that, when it rains the water might 
 settle in all those ridges, therefore the water must be conveyed 
 from the top of the building to the bottom. May it come down 
 through the roof on the heads of the people. ? 
 
 Rose. Tobe sure not. Ah! there would be a good plan,— 
 it might pour down through the columns. 
 
 P. And so it is does,—the columns are water-spouts. They 
 not only hold up the roof, but carry down the water. 
 
 H. So we may say three good things of the columns : 
 
 1st. Their short lengtk gives them strength ; 
 
 2nd. Their hollowness gives strength; and 
 
 3rd. Their hollowness make them useful as water-spouts. 
 P. While you may add 
 
 4th. Their hollowness also gives lightness. 
 
 The columns are kept apart by the cross-pieces called girders, 
 which are drawn on the same page with the columns—but, let 
 us ascend at once to the immense girders which extend across 
 from the columns on one side of the nave to the columns on the 
 other side, a distance of 72 feet. These immense girders are 
 ealled TRUSSES, and as you may observe, contain nine girders. 
 
 
 
 Truss (for the roof cf the Nave.) 
 
THE RIDGE AND FURROW ROOF. 23 
 
 ' H. Yes, and on each girder a little roof is raised—they are 
 like little hills. 
 
 Rose. Or Arab’s tents, that is the way you draw tents 
 Henry! You make lines up and down. 
 
 P. They are called ridges, and the valleys between them are 
 called furrows; thus they form what the architects called a 
 ‘ridge and furrow’ roof. 
 
 Rose. And I suppose that in the furrows there are gutters, 
 or something, that the water may run away to the columns. 
 
 H. But you see Rose that the water would run ‘long-ways,’ 
 it could not reach the poles on each side. 
 
 P. Ah! How can it reach the columns ? 
 
 Rose. Well that would be very easy ; there might be a gutter 
 on the top of each large truss. The gutters in the ridges would 
 lead to the gutters in the trusses. (See Fig.6, page 25.) 
 
 HY. Yes the gutters on the trusses are placed crossways,— 
 of course. ‘Then, they lead to the tops of the columns, and the 
 water flows down them. 
 
 FP. That is right; at the base of each column, is a pipe 
 through which the water is conveyed, as Mr. Dickens says 
 “into the jurisdiction of their honours the Commissioners of 
 Sewers.” I will show you two more interesting points concerning 
 the roof and the gutters, and then we will conclude our descrip- 
 tion. You know that, when any vapour rises and reaches a 
 cold surface, as there is no heat to keep the particles of the 
 vapour apart, they unite again, or condense, as we say. 
 
 Rose. Yes, and form drops. I noticed that yesterday ; 
 mamma poured some hot-water into the slop-basin and put the 
 plate of toast on the top; then the steam arose up to the flat 
 plate, and when we lifted it up a number of little drops fell off. 
 
 FP. And soit might be in the Crystal Palace; the vapour 
 which we call ‘ breath’ arises from the crowds of people 
 below—and if the glass roof were flat, thus , or like 
 the bottom of the plate, then ? 
 
 
 
 
 
24 PAXTON GUTTER.—-TRANSVERSE GUTTER, 
 
 H. Then the vapour from the people’s breath would form 
 drops, and make a shower-bath on the people’s faces. It would 
 return to those it came from. 
 
 FP. But by placing the panes in an oblique (or slanting) 
 
 direction so... and so --—______ the drops 
 
 formed by the vapour do not fall thus, but trickle along the 
 glass, slowly. 
 
 H. And, when they reach the end of the glass, don’t they 
 
 fall off ? 
 
 P. No: there is a gutter to receive them, a very ingenious 
 
 affair, which was invented by Mr. Paxton, and is called the 
 
 Fig. 5. ‘‘ Paxton gutter.” This you will see 
 
 is really three gutters. There isa 
 
 larger one with a smaller one on each 
 
 g Y) side. 
 
 Z H. And I can see what they are 
 for,—the drops from the vapour in 
 
 ZV) the inside of the glass trickle down 
 
 the panes, and the side of the wood, 
 into the small gutters; and the rain 
 outside the glass pours into the large gutter. 
 
 P. Justso; and again, the gutter is a good firm solid rafter, 
 and is therefore useful as part of the frame-work for the glass. 
 Here is a piece of the outside of the roof,—you may see the 
 ridge and furrow,—the Paxton-gutters,—and the “ crossway” (or 
 transverse) gutters on the tops of the trusses. (vide neat page.) 
 
 H. Well, then, they are very good gutters. They do three 
 things ; 
 
 Paxton Gutter, 
 
 1st They support the glass ; 
 2nd They receive the rain outside the glass ; 
 3rd They reccive the breath inside the glass. 
 Rose. They are almost as good as their relations the 
 columns, Oneisacolumn and a spout,—the other isa rafter and 
 a gutter, 
 
THE NUMBER OF THE PARTS. 95 
 
 P. And now if we jump down from the roof to the floor, we 
 shall find that it also serves three purposes. When we reach 
 the Exhibition, we shall find that the boards which were once a 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 
 
 Transverse Gutter, &c. 
 
 hoarding, are now used as a floor, a dust-trap, and a ventilator. 
 But we have had too long an account. Let us add up ‘the 
 quantities, and proceed. 
 
 H, As you say them, papa, I will write them on the same 
 piece of paper with the totals, if you will please speak slowly. 
 
 P. Very well, then, write down 
 
 Cf the columns there are 3,300. There are 3,300 girders made of 
 cast-iron, and 358 of the long ¢russes made of wrought-iron. The 
 Paxton-gutters would measure altogether no less than 20 miles—the 
 panes of glass are joined to thin slips of wood which are called ‘ sash 
 bars’ — the total length of these is not less than Two HUNDRED 
 MILES ! 
 
96 BEGINNING TO BUILD. 
 
 There! what do you say to that? 
 
 H. Now papa, please to tell us how it was all put together, 
 
 if you are not tired. 
 
 P. Qh, Zam not tired.. When the hoarding was fixed, and 
 the foundations were prepared, the columns began to arrive. 
 
 It was some time before the different parts came, for they had 
 all to be cast at places near Birmingham, which are a long way 
 off. A month and twenty days had past away; the 20th of 
 September had arrived, and only 77 columns had been fixed 
 out of 3,300. But, during all this time every thing had been 
 made ready, and hundreds after hundreds of columns had been 
 cast. Everybody had learned his duties, and was prepared to 
 proceed, and then came the columns in abundance. Ah, it was 
 a truly busy scene! if you had only been outside that hoarding 
 you would have liked to watch the waggons! Every day you 
 would have cried out ‘*‘ Here they come!” and, asthey un- 
 loaded you would have seen columns, girders, trusses, and other 
 pieces in abundance. 
 
 From the immense and mighty furnaces of the casting works 
 were brought, in one week, 316 girders ; and also every week, at 
 least 200 columns. Each casting, as soon as it was delivered, 
 was very carefully weighed aud examined. It was made to 
 bear very heavy weights, to see if it were of the proper strength, 
 it was next painted, and was then carried off to its proper place 
 to be fixed. All this was done with the greatest dexterity. 
 ‘“* Kach heavy article could be lifted from the waggon, weighed, 
 placed in the ‘ proving machine,’ lifted out again, and taken to 
 its place in less than four minutes.” 
 
 The scene became more busy every week. As more columns 
 were brought in, more men were hired to work, and in the 
 course of a month, (by the end of October) hundreds of columns 
 were rising, and nearly 1500 men were at work. 
 
 H. But, papa, if the columns were three or four times as 
 tall as the men, how could the men lift them ? 
 

 
 PREPARING FOR THE GLASS. 27 
 
 P. Very easily, by means of ‘ shear-legs.’ 
 Rose. What are ‘ shear-legs’? not their own 
 legs I suppose, are they stilts ? 
 
 No, nor wooden legs, although they are 
 made of wood, ‘They are two wooden poles, which 
 are placed together so: What shape do they form, 
 with the line of the ground ? 
 
 Rose. A triangle, papa. 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 
 
 P. Here is a picture of a 
 column being hoisted by means 
 of the shear-legs. You may 
 notice that there is a long rope 
 on each side to keep them steady. 
 At the apex of the triangle (you 
 have learned what that means, 
 in Pleasant Pages,) there are 
 pulleys with ropes passing over 
 them,—thus you see how the 
 men pulled them up. 
 
 With 1500 men at work, not 
 sav only were great numbers of the 
 
 ==. columns and girders soon raised, 
 ' but the smaller parts of the 
 During all this time the glass-blowers 
 had not been idle. They had plenty to do; they had to make 
 large and thick panes of glass almost a yard and a-half long and 
 ten inches broad. They soon found that as they had to make so 
 many thousand panes, they had really too much todo. ENGLAND 
 could not supply workmen enough to make such an immense 
 quantity in so short a time; it was necessary, therefore, to bring 
 workmen from foreign countries to help. Each pane was made 
 in a manner different from the old system, which you will under- 
 stand better when you have an “ Object Lesson” on glass. 
 
 
 
28 GLAZING THE ROOF. 
 
 A few weeks, and the scene in Hyde Park was more exciting 
 still. The increasing numbers of men had worked on through 
 November to the beginning of December, when the bustle was 
 at its height. The columns, girders, and heavy castings were 
 still being brought; with an enormous number of smaller castings 
 which were erected with amazing rapidity. Other pieecs of 
 framework, and sash-bars, for the glass were next prepared— 
 then came the glass, and with it came more men still, to fix it. 
 
 HT. Yes, Glaziers, I suppose. 
 
 P. The most trying undertaking of all was next begun, 
 namely, the hoisting of the great curved ribs for the roof of the 
 transept, (see frontispiece) these ribs we shall be able to see when 
 we reach the Palace. I cannot give you an idea of the great 
 ‘crabs,’ and tall ‘“shear-legs” which were used. This most 
 dangerous work was completed in one week; sixteen great ribs 
 were erected, and fortunately without any accident. Then the 
 glaziers were mounted high up to their work, and soon they were 
 dotted over the roof, looking in the distance something like the 
 flies on the ceiling. When these glaziers worked on the ‘ridge 
 and furrow’ roof, they worked in new and ingenious machines 
 with wheels which travelled in the Paxton gutters. The men 
 soon learned to work quickly, and 80 of them, in one week, 
 put in 18,000 panes of glass. One man, in one day, inserted 
 108 panes which covered 367 feet of the roof. 
 
 Thus all kinds of labour were being executed at the same 
 time, and all varieties of people were seen. There were not only 
 the glaziers attending to the glass, but carman unloading the 
 waggons, and workmen raising the roof,—workmen raising 
 the columns, painters painting them, carpenters attending to 
 the works of wood, carmen unpacking the glass—crowds of 
 porters performing odd jobs, while the scene was made gayer 
 still by the numerous red coats of the sappers and miners which 
 sparkled here and there amidst the crowd. ‘ Useful men these” 
 you would have said---“‘ they have done all the surveying and 
 
THE STEAM-ENGINE AND HIS MACHINES, 29 
 
 lanning.” Besides these were the higher orders of workmen, 
 
 is Royal Highness the Prince, Mr. Wyatt, Mr. Fuller, the 
 architect Mr. Paxton, the contractors, the decorator Owen Jones, 
 numbers of draughtsmen and clerks, with a great sprinkling of 
 visitors, whose principal labour was, in trying to understand how 
 all was done so quickly. 
 
 But even with so large a supply of men there were not enough 
 hands to complete the great work; and a new power had been 
 added—a great steam-engine with the power of six horses might 
 have been seen—-setting in motion several machines, and causing 
 them all to help. 
 
 Let us talk of these machines: the steam was turned on, and 
 this was the signal for them to work. They were obliged to 
 obey---evidently they knew this, and had been accustomed 
 to steam, for immediately they began punching, and drilling, and 
 cutting bars of iron into their proper lengths. Another machine 
 had been preparing the ‘Paxton gutters ;’ another cut the wood 
 into sashes for the glass, preparing them by mile lengths; another 
 actually painted them; while another,—a still more knowing 
 machine—received logs of wood, and sent them out again in 
 the shape of long spouts for drainage, with even the holes 
 for the nails bored through them. Ah! those machines, how 
 well they obeyed the steam, and how the steam kept them at 
 work! No machine took the slightest interest in the work of 
 his neighbour, or even offered to assisthim. The spout-machine 
 kept entirely to his spouts, and not a single gutter or sash-bar 
 did he make. Indeed he had no time to try; he was so intent 
 on his work that he scarcely seemed conscious of haying a 
 neighbour at all. 
 
 Rose. Perhaps he had’nt any “ consciousness.” 
 
 FP. He was none the worse for that. Certainly, every 
 machine kept to his own business, and so did each workman, 
 and that is one reason why the building was finished in time. 
 
 The conscious workmen, indeed, seemed as active as the 
 
3 WORKING STEADILY.—THE GOODS. 
 
 machines ; all worked on steadily, and the great giant---the 
 dumb, unconscious palace,—rose silently over their heads. 
 “« Wonderful !” they thought as they saw what they were doing 
 —all wondered at the work of their own hands! still guided 
 by greater minds than their own, their hands worked on, while 
 the building seemed to look down from its height, and wonder 
 how large it was going to be. 
 
 HH. Perhaps, he wondered what he was being made for / 
 
 tose. And he would have wondered what those impertinent 
 steam-engines had to do with it, and why their wheels went 
 round and round without seeming to mind him at all. 
 
 P. True. And as through all December the machines and 
 the crowds of men worked on (for now there were nearly Twentyr- 
 FIVE HUNDRED MEN) the great giant of iron and glass must have 
 stared more still. Yes, indeed! for his masters were working 
 all through the night, and had lit bim up by torchlight! He 
 must have felt it to be awful and grand when the bright lights 
 danced through the dim shades, and the men and machines 
 moved on. What did the machines care for the night ? why 
 should they go to sleep? ‘They “never tired nor stopped to 
 rest.” No! each machine still worked and “ pursued the even 
 tenor of his way.” 
 
 H. Poor Crystal Palace! I dare say he felt that he must be 
 built, and must grow up as large as they chose to make him; he 
 could'nt help himself. 
 
 P. Yes, and as time rolled on, strange things rolled in. 
 While the Palace had been thus preparing, beautiful goods to 
 exhibit had been prepared by thousands of men in all parts of 
 the:world. Gentlemen from England had been sent all over 
 Europe ; and messages had been delivered to ‘ all nations’ say- 
 ing that this Palace was built for them to exhibit in. Like the 
 school boys whom we talked of, they were invited to a ‘compe- 
 tition’ for prizes. Soon they began to try who could make the 
 finest and best of goods; and, when they had done their best, 
 
ARRIVALS.—COMPLETION. 3l 
 
 they sent their works over the land and the seas to Hyde Park. 
 If you had had the proper ears, you might have gone to the top 
 of the Palace one windy night, and have heard that they were 
 coming. Great wheels were buffeting the ocean waves, and 
 bearing ships from the east—great sails were driven along by 
 the wind from the countries of the west, north, and south; and 
 the whistling wind, which had crossed the ocean for thousands of 
 miles, and had reached the Palace before them, whispered in all 
 its corners “they come!” Great packages were soon made 
 ready ; and by railway from the cities of Europe, by canal and 
 rail from the counties of England, they were sent off, directed 
 to the Great Exhibition. After that, they came,---and with 
 them came a scene of bustle and business, which I could not 
 reasonably attempt to describe. There were workmen from 
 Austria and France; men from the Zollverein and Bavaria ; 
 from all parts of Germany, from Russia, from Switzerland and 
 Italy, from Spain, Belgium, and Holland. From the far-west 
 came Americans; and from the east the men of Egypt, all 
 attending to their goods ; and, amidst the confusion of tongues, 
 a work mightier than Babel’s still went on, and by its appointed 
 day, the 1st of May, the Crystal Palace was finished. 
 
 On the 30th April, the night before the Palace was born, 
 I stood outside and asked him ‘“ how came you here?” soon 
 I imagined that the answer came back in these words: “We, 
 the Crystal Palace, are so bewildered at ourselves, that we 
 scarcely know how we came here. We know where we came 
 from. We came from the bottom of the sea, and from the tops of 
 the mountains, from dark caves, and from mines in the bowels 
 of the earth. Then we were called by different names, such as 
 sand, soda, galena, ironstone, and pine. But some of us were 
 melted in hot furnaces, and were cast, and are now called ‘ iron,’ 
 and ‘glass; and some have been hammered, cut, sawn, and 
 drilled. But it has been done so quickly that all we can tell you 
 is, we are now called “Tae Crystan Patace.” Thus, the 
 Crystal Palace arose,—rapidly. 
 
32 
 Chayter Fitth. 
 HOW THE IDEA WAS REALIZED, 
 4) I suppose you remember the lst of May, Henry? 
 
 i) Yes, very well, papa. 
 
 A P. On the Ist of May, 1851, the people rose up 
 early ; at five o’clock on the first of May the people were 
 getting up; at four o’clock on the first of May, there were peo- 
 ple getting up; at three o’clock in the morning there were 
 people getting up; a few people rose at two, and many were 
 rising all night long, for some never slept at all. When the 
 morning came, there were clouds over head, but beneath there 
 was light-hearted joy. Tens of thousands of men and women 
 hurried down the streets. Cabs and carriages filled the road, 
 and all moved onward to the west. From north, and south, 
 and east, and west ; by steamers and rail, by omnibus and cab, 
 by carriage or gig, came the myriads of people, and stood round 
 the Great EXHIBITION. 
 
 Rose. Yes, we heard about that papa; the Exhibition was 
 ready to be opened. 
 
 J’. But I think you do not know of all that gave the people 
 joy. As I was waiting with the crowd, I saw an old man with 
 an eager face, and a very glad sparklingeye. His head was bald 
 and his beard was grey ; ‘‘ What is it” I said “ that makes you 
 glad? Is it that you see the Crystal Palace sparkling in the 
 light of the sun?” “not only that,” he said; ‘Is it that you 
 expect to see the Queen, and intend to say ‘God bless her’ ;” 
 “not only that,” he said; “Is it that you see men of all climates, 
 and of all colours meeting together with friendly louks ?” not 
 only that.” ‘It is all these together that make me. glad. Dont 
 you notice, he whispered, that all these men have one feeling 
 toward that building? Dont you hear the Frenchmen say to 
 their enemies ‘the perfidions English’ “ Brothers! we helped to 
 
 a3 
 
 BES, 
 
 
 
 IO Gap 
 
 
 
THE TALE FROM “ OLD TIME.” 83 
 
 \ ea 
 
 make it Listen how they say “we ail have an interest 
 there!” 
 
 H. Ishould like to have seen that old man; he had some 
 kind thoughts. 
 
 P. Yes, you shall hear more about him soon. On that day 
 there was a brotherly feeling beaming from the faces of all, and 
 Til tell you why. This Exhibition was showing them the 
 marvellous good works of each others hands, which they had 
 never seen before, but now it was beginning to teach them 
 more.—This Exhibition had brought them together, and was 
 showing them marvellous good-will in each others hearts, which 
 they had never seen before. For the first time since the world 
 was made, men of all nations were working together in one great 
 act of peace. 
 
 Now hear what the old man related to me. ‘ Not forty years 
 ago,” he said, “ I saw the fathers of these men meet on the 
 battle-field. I saw their forefatners meet, hundred of years 
 ago. ‘The Franks and the Goths, the Celts and the Moors, 
 met only to show their hate to each other. Do you know why ?” 
 he said. 
 
 “No,” I replied. 
 
 “Then Ill tell you—it was because they did not know 
 each other.” “Ah '!’ he cried, I have seen all history! I’ve 
 seen it all myself. { remember the first great gathering of 
 Christian nations, seven hundred years ago. 
 
 Rose. What an old man papa! How could he have lived for 
 seven hundred years ? 
 
 P. You will hear. He has lived six thousand years. But 
 listen to his story. 
 
 “That mighty gathering of the nations! Like the people 
 around us now, they were brought together by an zdea. How 
 that idea arose and grew! ‘Ihe ‘Industry of All Nations,’ 
 was aroused, and was making swords and spears. They met 
 and heard the idea from the sacred lips of their priests. ‘ Go 
 
34 INSIDE THE PALACE.—IST MAY. 
 
 dip your swords in blood! Go wage fierce war! Go kill, for 
 the sake of Christ, the Prince of Peace! Hundreds of thou- 
 sands are to follow hundreds of thousands; and meet around 
 Jerusalem, the former city of God, to destroy their fellow men.’ 
 Europe answered with the cry, ‘ It’s the willof God! It’s the 
 will of God!’* Then, as they promised to go, and to fight 
 round the Holy City, the blessing of the Almighty was asked 
 by the Archbishop of Roms, on the first and fearful gathering 
 of the nations. But the high days of chivalry are passed away, 
 and those of the sword and spear are passing away too. Come 
 come with me,” said the old man suddenly; ‘*‘ Come to the 
 Crystal Palace! ye shall see a very different gathering of the 
 nations of the earth. Come!” he cried, as he moved along 
 faster, (for he had been moving on all the while), I never 
 stop! and, with his hour-glass in his hand, he bore me on his 
 wings over the people in the midst the Great Exhibition. 
 
 H. (Whispering.) Rose, the old man had wings! Who 
 was he? 
 
 P. Iknow not how it all happened, but when we reached 
 the palace, the people inside had seen the sight. The splendid 
 carriages, and the pomp and show had gone away, and I found 
 inside, the Queen and the Prince of the greatest nation of the 
 earth. There were other princes, nobles, and mighty lords, the 
 old warrior of the world, with his sword put up for ever—and 
 the great men of all degrees who had come from thousands of 
 miles. As I gazed through the bright and beautiful building, 
 and saw the long lines of faces, the many strangers in character 
 and in dress, it seemed that men from all countries of the earth 
 hadmet. Had met—not with fierce rage, or flaming sounds— 
 not diseased and dying with hunger and fatigue—not expiring 
 under a burning sun outside the gates of the city—but near 
 
 emer ee 
 
 * Deus id vult, Deus id vult. 
 
THE ADDRESS AND THE REPLY. 39 
 
 where the cool crystal fountain played, and murmured a sweet 
 soothing sound; near the quiet shade of a noble tree ; under the 
 high arch of the transparent transept. There, surrounded by the 
 brilliant trophies of the arts of peace, more beautiful and plea- 
 sing than the trappings of war, there the second gathering of 
 the nations began. 
 
 The sound of a thousand voices had just ceased to breathe 
 their melody through the air, to the hymn of ‘ God save the 
 Queen,’ when the President of the Society of Arts, H1s Royar 
 Hieuness THE Prince ALBERT, whose first difficulties you may 
 well remember, arose and read along address to Her Majesty. 
 It would take too long for me to tell you all of it, but I will 
 read to you the last and most striking parts :— 
 
 Having thus briefly laid before Your Majesty the results of our 
 labours, it now only remains for us to convey to Your Majesty our 
 dutiful and loyal acknowledgements of the support and encouragement 
 which we have derived throughout this extensive and laborious task, 
 from the gracious favour and countenance of Your Majesty. It is 
 our hearfelt prayer that this undertaking, which has for its end the 
 promotion of all branches of human industry, and the strengthening of 
 the bonds of peace and friendship among all nations of the earth, may, 
 by the blessing of Divine Providence, conduce to the welfare of Your 
 Majesty’s people, and be long remembered among the brightest cir- 
 cumstances of Your Majesty’s peaceful and happy reign, 
 
 Her Majesty then arese, and replied. Here are some of Her 
 Majesty’s cheering words. 
 
 I cordially concur with you in the prayer, that by God’s blessing 
 this undertaking may conduce to the welfare of my people and to the 
 common interests of the human race, by encouraging the arts of peace 
 and industry, strengthening the bonds of union among the nations of 
 the earth, and promoting a friendly and honourable rivalry in the 
 useful exercise of those faculties which have been conferred by a bene- 
 ficent Providence for the good and the happiness of mankind. 
 
 There, dear Henry! Does not your heart feel glad? The cry 
 which rose in Christendom more than 700 years ago might well 
 
386 THE PRAYER. 
 
 have been uttered again for the cause of Peace—‘ It is the will 
 of God’—‘ It is the will of God.’ 
 
 Henry. Peace és God’s will, always. 
 
 P. True, and so said the Archbishop of Canterbury, for the 
 highest part of the service had yet to come. None forgot that 
 GOD was there; and after the reply of Her Majesty, there stood 
 up —not the Archbishop of Rome, but the Archbishop of Eng- 
 land, He arose to ask the divine blessing on this noble sey? 
 He asked that it might be blessed to teach all nations more of 
 love, brotherhood, and peace. Hear some of his words. 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 Prayer. 
 
 And now, O Lord, we beseech Thee to bless thy work which Thou hast 
 enabled us to begin, and to regard with Thy favour our PuRPOSE of knitting 
 together in the bonds of peace and concord the different nations of the earth ; for 
 with Thee, O Lord, is the preparation of the heart in man. Of Thee it cometh 
 that violence is not heardin our land, wasting nor destruction within its 
 borders. -It isof Thee, O Lord, that nations do not lift up the sword against 
 each other, nor learn war any more it is of Thee, that peace is within our 
 walls, and plenteousness within our palaces. Therefore, O Lord, not unto us, 
 not unto us, but unto Thy name be all the praise. 
 
 * * * * * * * 
 
 Both riches and honour come of Thee, and thou reignest over all. In thine 
 hand it is to make great and to give strength unto all. Now, therefore, O 
 God, we thank Thee ; we praise Thee, and entreat Thee so to overrule this 
 assembly of many nations, that it may tend to the advancement of Thy glory, 
 to the diffusion of Thy holy word, to the increase of general prosperity, by 
 promoting peace and good will among the different races of mankind.* 
 
 
 
 * This is only a part of the prayer which is too beautiful to be for- 
 gotten. It is so simple that a child may understand it, and it is there- 
 fore printed entire, that the children may read it often, and long 
 remember it. 
 
 ALMIGHTY and everlasting God, who dost govern all things both in Heayen 
 and in earth, without whom nothing is strong, nothing is holy, accept, 
 we beseech Thee, the sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving, and receive 
 these our prayers, which we offer up unto Thee this day, on behalf of the 
 kingdom and people of this land. We acknowledge O Lord, that thou hast 
 multiplied on us blessings which thou mightest most justly have withheld. We 
 
THE OPENING, owl 
 
 Then once more came the sound of the Organ. The thousand 
 voices again were heard, and the song of ‘Hallelujah’ rang 
 through the building, while the Queen and nobles walked 
 through the aisles of the palace, from one end to the other, until 
 they again reached the transept from whence they started. The 
 Queen then declared. 
 
 THE EXHIBITION OPENED. 
 
 P. Just at that moment, I missed my friend TIME who had 
 brought me thither on his wings, and rubbing my eyes, I found 
 
 
 
 
 
 acknowledge that it is not because of works of righteousness which we have 
 done, but of Thy great mercy that we are permitted to come before ‘hee with 
 the voice of thanksgiving, and that instead of humbling us for our offences, 
 Thou hast given us cause to thank Thee for Thine abundant goodness. And 
 now O Lord, we beseech Thee to bless thy work which Thou hast enabled us 
 to begin, and to regard with Thy favour our purpose of knitting together in 
 the bonds of peace and concord the different nations of the earth ; for with 
 Thee, O Lord, is the preparation of the heartin man. Of Thee it cometh that 
 violence is not heard in our land, wasting nor destruction within its borders. 
 It is of Thee, O Lord, that nations do not lift up the sword against each 
 other, nor learn war any more, it is of Thee that peaceis within our walls, and 
 plenteousness within our palaces; itis of Thee that knowledge is increased 
 throughout the world, tor the spirit of man is from Thee, and the inspiratio n of 
 the Almighty giveth him understanding. Therefore, O Lord not unto us, not 
 unto us, but unto Thy name be all the praise. While we survey the works of 
 art and industry which surround us, let not our hearts be lifted up that we forget 
 the Lord our God, as if our own power and the might of our hands had gotten 
 in this wealth. Teach us ever to remember that all this store which we 
 have prepared cometh of ‘lhine hand and is all thine own. Both riches and 
 honour come of Thee, and thou reignest over all. In thine hand it is to make 
 great and to give strength unto all. Now, therefore, O God, we thank Thee ; 
 ‘we praise Thee, and entreat Thee so to overrule this assembly of many nations, 
 that it may tend to the advancment of Thy glory, to the diffusion of Thy holy 
 word, to the increase of general prosperity, by promoting peace and good-will 
 among the different races of mankind. Let the many mercies which we receive 
 from Thee dispose our hearts to serve Thee more faithfully, who art the author 
 and giver of them all. And, finally, O Lord, teach us so to use those earthly 
 blessings which Thou givest us richly to enjoy, that they may not withdraw our 
 affections from those heavenly things which Thou hast prepared for those that 
 love and serve Thee, through the merits and mediation of thy Son Jesus Christ 
 our Lord, to whom, with Thee and the Holy Ghost, be all honour and glory. 
 
38 BUCKINGHAM PALACE. 
 
 myself in the place where I had first met him in the Park; but 
 how I returned I cannot tell. 
 
 H. I think that you had been dreaming, papa. 
 
 P. Very likely--however, I remembered all that my spirit 
 had seen, and I also looked back on the past. I thought 
 how the idea of the Exhibition arose, and how the idea of the 
 palace arose, and now I had seen it made real. It was, as we 
 say ‘realized’—‘ Why’ I asked ‘was it magnificent” Not be- 
 cause of the glitter and gold, but because God was there! the 
 God of heaven, where angels sing of peace on earth and of good 
 will towards men, deigned to smile on that day. He is the 
 source of high magnificence. 
 
 So, when we look back on the Exhibition of the Industry of all 
 Nations, we may truly think, how the idea was realized,— 
 magnificently ! 
 
 Just then, I thought I heard a flapping of wings, and 1 
 imagined that my friend ‘Time’ was flying over-head. I could 
 not see him, but I heard him singing contentedly to himself: 
 “T have seen a grand day to day.” Yes, I cried to him—you 
 have seen one of the grandest days since the beginning of the 
 world, it tells us that there are even better days to come yet. 
 
 * * * 
 
 H. Papa. Here isa park! and I canseea pond. I think 
 that we must be near the Exhibition now. Shall I pull the 
 string, and ask the cabman ? 
 
 P. No, you need not do this—this place is called Piccadilly. 
 
 Rose. And, what Papa, is that building in the distance 
 across the park ? 
 
 P. That is Buckingham Palace, where HER MAJESTY THE 
 QUEEN lives. This park is called the ‘Green Park; we shall 
 soon reach Hyde Park. Here is a little drawing for you by 
 which you may see where we are, and what is the exact position 
 of the building.—See next page. 
 
THE GOLDEN FRUIT. 39 
 
 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 
 
 KNIGHTSBRIDGE 
 
 
 
 _ H. Yes, we have to pass Hyde Park Corner; and go up the 
 road to Knightsbridge. Have you finished your story, Papa ? 
 P. Notquite. Listen— 
 
 Chapter Sixth. 
 
 HOW IT BROUGHT FORTH FRUIT. 
 
 OME plants bring forth finer fruit than others. Just as 
 a sun-flower is like a golden flower—there are fruits called 
 = ‘ golden fruits.’ 
 
 Rose. Yes. I have often read about golden fruits. 
 
 P. And such are some of the fruits of the Exhibition. It 
 has begun by bringing forth golden fruit in a remarkable degree. 
 Round medals of gold, called sovereigns, have rolled in every 
 day, in amazing numbers. They have been gathered from the 
 great crowds of people who have come to see it. 
 
 Here is a correct account of the large sums of money which 
 have been taken since the Exhibition was opened.—(See next 
 
 page.) 
 
40 
 
 — -—___ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thursday 
 
 Friday jcc et 
 Saturday ...... 
 Monday ...... 
 Tuesday ...... 
 Wednesday .... 
 
 Thursday 
 
 Briday sas) +: a 
 
 Saturday,..%.> 
 
 Monday 4.2... 
 
 Tuesday ..... 
 
 Wednesday .. _ 
 Thursday... 2. 
 
 Friday .J0¢' is 
 
 Saturday 7.4... 
 
 Monday 
 ‘Tuesday 
 
 Wednesday .... 
 MhGrscay ec icote. 
 Friday x s.<.ca95 
 Saturday ...... 
 Monday ...... 
 Tuesday .....% 
 Wednesday .... 
 Thursday ...... 
 DMARY ven e's’ 52 
 Saturday .....- 
 
 Mondays. 05 ss 
 Tuesday 
 
 Wednesday. .. 
 Thursday ...... 
 Pridayioiii. ssa 
 Saturday ...... 
 
 For ‘Season Tickets,’ to June 7th ...... 
 
 ecenee 
 
 + 
 
 DAILY RECEIPTS, ETC. 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 ” 
 
 
 
 1é, 
 
 Is: 
 2s. 6d, 
 5S. 
 
 . 20138. 0 
 
 
 
 she . May 1 piSeason Tickets only admitted. 
 
 £560 0 
 
 482 
 1,362 
 1,458 
 1,790 
 
 1,824 10 
 1,843 15 
 1,597 10 
 2,209 10 
 2,064 15 
 2,426 0 
 2,956 10 
 2,472 5 
 2,345 0 
 3,360 15 
 3,012 5 
 3,797 J1 
 4,095 10 
 5,078 0 
 
 920 2 
 1,347 17 
 1,859 4 
 2,375 18 
 
 4,611 0 
 
 2,429> a1 
 2,415 2 
 2,500 16 
 2,566 17 
 2,008 11 
 1,506 10 
 
 65,976 13 0 
 
 eoreoro SF gBeocococooooceooceoocooesoosacoooe&o 
 
 
 
 £137,697 13 0 
 
 te 
 
 
 
TOTAL RECEIPTS TO JUNE 7th, 4] 
 
 Besides all this money, the subscriptions which you may re- 
 member, were collected by the Royal Commission, amounted 
 to £64,344. The Commissioners also received £3,200 from 
 Messrs Spicer, and Clowes, for the privilege of printing and 
 selling the Catalogues; also, for the privilege of supplying the 
 refreshments, £5,500 was paid. Suppose we add these accounts 
 to the larger one. 
 
 £137,697 13 0 
 64,344 0 0 
 33200 0 0 
 5,500 0 0 
 
 £210,741 13. 0 
 
 H. What, papa, are the season tickets,’ for which so mucn 
 money was paid ? 
 
 P. A ‘season ticket’ is a ticket which will admit the owner 
 to see the Exhibition on any day during the season in which it 
 is open. They cost £3 3s. each; I may as well tell you, also, 
 that only those people who possessed ‘Season Tickets,’ were admit- 
 ted on the 1st of May. All who went there on the 2nd and 3ra 
 May, paid £1; and all who went during the next three 
 weeks, paid 5s. each for admission. On what day of the month 
 would the three weeks after the 3rd May end? 
 
 Hf. Twenty-one days after, that would be the 24th May. 
 
 P. True; and, since the 24th May, the rule has been that 
 all who go to the Exhibition ona Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, 
 or Thursday, shall pay 1s. each; those who go on a Friday, are to 
 pay 2s. 6d. and those who go on a Saturday, must pay ds. each. 
 
 Now, by this list of the monies paid, you can easily tell how 
 many people have visited the Exhibition. How will you do so? 
 
 H. We will multiply the money received on the shilling 
 days by twenty, because every pound admitted twenty people ; 
 for the number on the half-crown days, we will multiply the 
 pounds by eight, because each pound paid for eight people; and 
 the money received on the ds. days, we will multiply by four, 
 and soon, Then we will add up all the numbers. 
 
42 CIVILIZATION.—THE CRUSADES. 
 
 P. You may do so to-morrow; and the exercise shall form 
 your arithmetic lesson. 
 
 But this golden fruit, is not the best fruit of the Exhibi- 
 tion. Do you remember, what old Time said of the first gath- 
 ering of the nations—of the Crusades ? 
 
 Rose. I, do, papa. 
 
 P. Now, when men write the History of Europe, and speak 
 of the Crusades, they show that out of evil came good, that na- 
 tions gained new ideas, they learned much of each other, and 
 much from each other. Thus, they became more ‘ civilized.’ 
 —‘ Civilization that is a long word. 
 
 HY. Yes, it is, rather. 
 
 P. But suppose that you find out its meaning. And you 
 will understand what, in future days men will say, when they 
 write the History of Civilization. If from the gathering of men 
 for war, there came forth new ideas, how many new and_ bright 
 thoughts must be gained from this gathering for Peace. They 
 are its best fruits, and are now being gathered to be scattered 
 amongst ‘all nations.’ Ah! these fruits will last longer than 
 the golden ‘fruit.’ They will reach the very corners of the 
 earth, and will make refreshing gladness for weary spirits. So, 
 the bright gold coins, and still brighter thoughts from the Great 
 Exhibition, will show how it brought forth fruit—abundantly. 
 
 Hf. Papa, I think we are near the Palace. Look at the 
 number of empty cabs; here they come! two—four—seven— 
 ten; I think I could count a hundred in five minutes, and they 
 are all coming from the Exibition ! ; 
 
 Rose. And the omnibuses which are coming from there. 
 Look! they are all empty. And how slowly we are moving 
 now! the horse cannot go on because of another cab in front. 
 
 HT. Yes, I hearda policeman tell the driver to keep in the line. 
 
 P. Then we had better walk the rest of the way. You may 
 pull the ‘check string’ now Henry, and we will get out. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 et pack en ee 
 DEO | LOG SOC) COE: 
 4 Az AS Ss SX 
 
 
 
 Part the as 
 
 WALKING THROUGH. 
 
 Chapter Seuenth. 
 
 THE TRANSEPT. 
 AD. A O CHANGE GIVEN. Read that, 
 i 69 Rose!” said Henry. “I suppose that 
 yy = that is because it would take too 
 much time, and we should have to wait. 
 Keep close to me, I have taken hold of 
 Papa’s coat. Now we are inside! 
 Rose. Oh! 
 yor P. What do you say to it Henry ? 
 Henry. Oh! (Vide Frontispiece.) 
 P. Well what do you think of it ? 
 Henry. JVve not begun to think, Papa. Iam looking. What 
 a large place itis! Is the roof really as high up as that ? 
 P. Idonot know what height you mean by ‘that.’ It is 
 about as high as it seems to be ! 
 Rose. But, papa, there do not seem to be many people. I 
 cannot see a crowd. 
 P. There are I believe more than thirty thousand people 
 
 
 
44 LOOKING AT THE NAVE, 
 
 here, which number you know is three hundred hundred; but 
 there is plenty of room for them, because the building is so 
 large. Come and see what a large place it is. 
 
 HH. Don’t you remember the description, Rose ? “33,000,000 
 cubic feet ?” 
 
 Rose. Ah, but then we only heard the number, it is so 
 very different now that we see the place—wait! I feel rather 
 ‘nervous.’ 
 
 P. But you have not seen it yet. Let us walk a little further 
 —to yonder glass fountain—then you will see the nave, which 
 vill give you some idea of the length of the building. 
 
 Now, Rose!—from this fountain, you can see one of the 
 1ong aisles—how beautiful it is! 
 
 Rose. And how very long! 
 
 P. But that is only half the length of the building. That 
 is the eastern side of the naye—turn round and look in the 
 opposite direction. ‘This aisle which is of equal length, is the 
 western nave. You thus see what is meant by 1851 feet. 
 
 Before we begin our walk, you may iook at this little drawing 
 which will shew you the two principal aisles. 
 
 
 
 Tig. 9. 
 NORIH 
 
 | od 
 
 a 
 
 LJ 
 
 pat: So Ee eee ” 
 5 NAVE o ees aa 
 
 a 
 
 Zz 
 
 cc 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 SOUTH 
 
THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPACE. 45 
 
 The side, at which we entered from the Knightsbridge Road, 
 isthe south side, This opposite end of the transept is of course— 
 
 H, The north side. So the TRANSEPT extends from South 
 to North. 
 
 P. And the Nave, Henry, extends you may see from east to 
 west. The western half of the nave, contains the objects sent 
 from different parts of Britain, and from her colonies. The 
 eastern half of the nave, contains the objects sent from different 
 parts of the woRLD—from Foreign Countries. 
 
 H. And who does the transept belong to Papa? 
 
 P. Its two sides are divided between the British Exhibi- 
 tors and the Foreigners. On this, the western side are goods, 
 principally from India, a colony of Great Britain. On the 
 eastern side are goods from Tunis, Persia, and other Foreign parts. 
 
 H. Yes. There is the name PERSIA, hanging on that long 
 piece of red cloth ; and Inp1A, is printed on the opposite side. 
 
 P. When the Royal Commissioners wanted to arrange the 
 divisions of the building, they decided that the middle of this 
 transept, should represent the middle of the world; and that 
 the western side should represent England and her colonies, 
 while the eastern side should represent the remainder of the 
 world. 
 
 Hf. Lunderstand the arrangement very well Papa. Do you 
 Rose ? 
 
 Rose. Which do you mean? 
 
 P. Why Rose, you have been looking at the fountain all the 
 time. I don’t think you have heard a word. 
 
46 THE FOUNTAIN AND TREES. 
 
 Rose. Is it not pretty? See how the water dances! 
 
 H. Beautiful! And look at the statue of the Queen, on 
 horseback. The other statue is Prince Albert’s, I suppose. 
 
 P. These statues are those made by Mr. Wyatt. ‘The 
 Illustrated London News,’ says that they are not such good 
 statues as Mr. Wyatt can make, and he should have kept them 
 at home. 
 
 H. Well. JI do’nt think so. I think that he wasa good 
 man to make statues of the Queen and the Prince. It shows 
 that he thought more about them than of any one else. 
 
 Rose. Oh, but is it not all beautiful papa? I feel so glad! 
 Look, Henry, at the fine broad old tree. How fresh the green 
 leaves look! They make nice quiet shadows. And here are 
 some foreign trees, nearer. 
 
 And there !—there is a very pretty fountain, making a round 
 sheet of water, just the shape of the glass-case on our mantel- 
 piece, and Rose! peep through those iron-gates ?—there is some- 
 body selling cakes! 
 
 P. Refreshments, we call them Henry, that is ‘the Refresh- 
 ment department.’ Let us begin our walk. 
 
 Ttose. Oh wait one minute, papa, please! I---I see some- 
 thing. What is that great shawl, hanging up in the gallery ? 
 
 P. That, Rose, is not a shawl. It isa large carpet. It was 
 designed by a gentlemen named Papworth; and it is 30 feet long 
 and 20 feet broad. When the designer had made the pattern 
 for the whole carpet, he divided it into about 150 squares. 
 These square pieces of pattern, were then sent to about 150 
 
THE QUEEN’S CARPET, 47 
 
 different ladies; and each lady worked the pattern of her square 
 in Berlin wool. As soon as the pieces were returned, they 
 were all united, and formed the large carpet you see hanging 
 up there. 
 
 RR. Henry, I wonder how much the ladies were paid for 
 their trouble! 
 
 P. Not anything. 
 
 Hf, Oh, I suppose then, they are to be paid his it is sold. 
 
 P, No they did not work for money, but for love. The 
 carpet was made, as a present for the Queen. They made it 
 because they loved the Queen. They felt it an honour to be 
 able to please Her Majesty. Ladies will always work more for 
 love than for money. 
 
 Rose. And so will little girls, papa. Ido. But there are 
 plenty more carpets hanging up. Look all the way down there, 
 Henry! See, there is something covered with gold ornaments, 
 how the sun-light sparkles on it; my eyes are so dazzled—there, 
 I cannot see! 
 
 P. You are like the gentleman who passed me just now. 
 I heard him declare that he could not see anything 
 
 H. Then, he was blind. 
 
 P. No; he meant that as soon as he began to look at one 
 object, his attention was drawn to another; and that before he 
 could look well at that, his eye saw something else more 
 beautiful; so he had not seen anything—properly. 
 
 H. Well, I can see plenty of things. Look at the ships 
 and boats, under the word Inp1A. See what a number of 
 
48 No ‘“* KICKING UP A DusT!” 
 
 statues there are! There is a curious statue---the man has a 
 sword! what is he going to do to that little boy? Look at the 
 beautiful silk curtains (or shawls) in India! And, what can 
 that thing be--- over there! 
 
 P. You may well ask strange questions, Henry. Before we 
 walk down the nave, you may just look at the parts, mentioned 
 in my description. The large arches over your head, are the 
 great transept ribs which I spoke of. You can see now the 
 three iron columns, above one another, and the cross-pieces or 
 ‘ girders.’ 
 
 ftose. And you said papa, that you would tell us something 
 about the floor. 
 
 P. Yes. Look atit. You observe the planks are not close 
 together. There are large spaces between them, and through 
 these spaces the dust falls. 
 
 H, Ah! So that no one can ‘kick up a dust/—in this 
 palace! 
 
 P. No—it is all kicked down. And these same spaces also 
 serve to admit fresh air into the building: thus as I told 
 you, the planks have been useful in four ways—as hoarding, 
 flooring, dust-traps, and ventilators. Mr. Paxton, I believe, 
 remarked that the fine machines he had prepared for sweep- 
 ing the floors are not necessary, as the floors are kept clean 
 by the long dresses of the ladies. Look at that lady in a 
 blue silk gown, walking across the nave. 
 
 if, Well, you see what a beautiful place it is, to have 
 such fine ladies for its crossing sweepers. 
 
|THE ROYAL PORTRAITS. 49 
 
 Rose. And now you understand, Henry, why no one may 
 ‘kick up a dust’ in the Palace of Peace. The ladies won't let 
 them do it. 
 
 P. Come, Rose, I see you are not nervous now, we will 
 walk down the long aisle, and take a general view. 
 
 Chapter Cighth. 
 THE ‘LIONS’ OF THE WESTERN NAVE. 
 
 E shall notice only the most striking objects at first, the 
 AV. lions of the Exhibition as they are called. 
 Hf. That is to show that they are the finest I 
 
 
 
 
 
 suppose. 
 P. We will first travel eastward. Here are 
 
 I. THE PorTRAITS oF HER MAJESTY AND THE PRINCE. 
 
 Rose. Ah! here is the Queen ! 
 
 P. No, it is only Her Majesty’s portrait—but it is a very 
 pretty painting. The companion picture of THE PRINCE ALBERT 
 is on the other side. Both portraits are painted on china. 
 These portraits are exhibited by Her Majesty—but the next 
 object is attracting more attention. 
 
 Rose. Do you mean, papa, this cage looking like our 
 parrot’s brass cage? I do not see anything in it. 
 
 FP. Indeed, there is something inside, which, if it could be 
 sold for the value set upon it, would pay for the whole Crystal 
 Palace; and for twelve more Crystal Palaces besides. Here is 
 
50 THE KOH-I-NOOR’S ““‘ PROPERTIES.” 
 
 the inside’ for you to look at. Three diamonds! The large 
 middle one is called—the ‘ Koh-i-noor.’ ; 
 
 II. Tort Kon-1-Noor DIAMOND. 
 
 Rose. Papa; you are joking. How can you squeeze so 
 much value into such a little thing? How can it hold the worth 
 of 896,000 Ibs. of bright glass in that little space ? 
 
 H. Besides the worth of the Zron, how much is a Crystal 
 Palace worth? 
 
 P. About a hundred and fifty thousand pounds. Now 
 multiply that by thirteen. 
 
 H. Answer. Nineteen hundred and fifty thousand pounds. 
 
 P. And the KoH-I-NooR, is said to be worth TWENTY 
 HUNDRED THOUSAND PounDs, or £2,000,000, as we say. But 
 such a value is not a real one; itis the value set on it by men— 
 an artificial value we call it. 
 
 H. Itis a very remarkable thing, papa; what makes it so 
 valuable ? : 
 
 P. Five qualities which it possesses. 
 
 1st. Its brightness. 4th. _ Its scarceness. 
 2nd. Its hardness. 5th. Its size. 
 3rd. Its transparency. 
 
 The lustre of a diamond is its chief beauty, the second quality 
 the hardness renders it useful, for it is harder than any other 
 substance. The hardness assists to preserve its beauty,—if it 
 were soft it would more easily become tarnished. Its beauty is 
 increased by its third quality transparency, and its clearness from 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KOH-I-NOOR, 
 

 
THE KOH-I-NOOR’S VALUE AND HISTORY. 53 
 
 colour. Its beauty and use, however, would not give it this 
 great value. Suppose that diamonds were as plentiful as glass? 
 
 H. No. It is the fourth quality, scarcity, which gives it 
 value. 
 
 P. True, and the fifth one increases it. A diamond’s value 
 grows with its size. 
 
 “You have, I dare say, seen an ounce weight; a penny often 
 weighs an ounce. If an ounce were divided into 150 parts, we 
 should call each part a carat. And it is by these little weights 
 that diamonds are measured. A diamond weighing 3 carats, is 
 worth £72—weighing a 100 carats, it is worth £80,000. 
 
 Hard as the diamond is, it may be acted upon by fire. Diamonds 
 have been burnt—burnt to ashes—or rather, to a black powder 
 called charcoal. Think of that beautiful diamond, being 
 changed by fire into charcoal! It is composed of the same 
 substance, called ‘ carbon.’ 
 
 Rose. But papa, how can it change so ?—the particles of 
 charcoal are black ! 
 
 P. And so are the particles of many a transparent thing. 
 The diamond is really only black particles of carbon, arranged 
 in such a manner that the light can pass through them—and 
 arranged so close-together, that the diamond is very hard. By 
 burning it, the arrangement of its particles is altered, and thus it 
 is transparent no longer. 
 
 H. Where did the Queen find it papa? 
 
 P. It was givento Her Majesty. I almost forget its history, 
 but it would be too long for me to relate now. I, believe it 
 
54 THE PRINCE OF WALES'S SHIELD. 
 
 belonged to some Persian Monarch—and was taken from him 
 by one of the Great Mocurs who ruled India. It was then 
 stolen, or taken by force, from the great town of Delhi, by other 
 Hindoos; and in the last war, between the British and the 
 Sikhs, it was taken from Runjeet Singh, and presented to Her 
 Majesty. You know, I suppose, that Koh-i-noor means ‘Moun, 
 tain of Light.” There are other diamonds in the Exhibition, 
 which we will talk of one day. 
 
 H. Were papa, is a beautiful circular shaped thing made 
 of whitish metal. 
 
 P. Yes, thatis exhibited by the Prince of Wales. It is 
 
 III. PRINCE oF WALES'S SHIELD. 
 
 This shield. was the gift of the King of Prussia, who was the 
 Prince’s godfather, when he was baptized. Look at the centre! 
 Here is a cross, and a beautiful head of our Saviour in the 
 middle. ; 
 
 Rose. And, who papa, are these four men? there is one at 
 each end of the cross. 
 
 _ P. They represent. the four Evangelists, Matthew, Mark, 
 Luke, and John, who are supposed.to be writing the gospels, or 
 accounts of what they have seen and heard of our Saviour. 
 We have not time to examine the shield now. You may ob- 
 serve the engravings of the twelve apostles, and the pictures to 
 teach Faith, Hope and Charity; it is a beautiful shield. Let 
 uS pass on. 
 
 IV. SPANISH WINE JAR. 
 P. Here isa great Jar! 
 

 

 
 | Ss 
 oy 
 I=ti 
 t) 
 
 Try (3 
 
 
 
 is Oe ir rae Sd pee, 
 
 7) 
 
 aa 
 
 <a 
 es 
 
 —, 
 ca 
 
 SS 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 S 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 Wy 
 Y 
 (7 
 
 YW, 
 
 eS 
 
 
 
 LS 
 
 SPANISH WINE VASE. 
 
SPAIN.—INDUSTRY. 57 
 
 H. But you do not call this ugly thing one of the ‘ Lions,’ 
 papa ? © 
 
 P. Yes I do—because it teaches me something. It makes 
 me think. This great jar is a wine-cooler, and is sent from 
 Spain. That country being at the very south of Europe, and 
 opposite to Africa, has a very warm climate. When the wine 
 has been made it must be kept cool, therefore it is poured into 
 jars like these, which are put down in the earth. 
 
 Rose. But what were you thinking about it, papa? 
 
 P, I was thinking that it might teach us a sad truth:— 
 Riches may lead to poverty. 
 
 The Spaniards, with the gold they once procured from 
 America, were the richest nation in Europe. They were so 
 rich that many found they need not work to live—they became 
 , gentlemen’ and ‘grandees.’ But too many, when they thus 
 gained gold, lost the habit of industry. 
 
 H. Which is worth more. 
 
 P. Certainly. The people have never been very industrious 
 since; and this jar reminded me of the fact. The wine-manu- 
 facture is perhaps the principal one in Spain. Living under a 
 beautiful climate, if the people worked hard, and cultivated the 
 soil, it would yield them great riches, but no, that would cost great 
 labour! and the grapes grow there without trouble. Again, 
 the processes of pressing the grapes, and fermenting their juice, 
 are so simple, that the wine-manufacture is very easy. Another 
 source of riches in Spain, is tobucco, which is also easily culti- 
 vated, and manufactured; but, the manufactures which require 
 great industry, and attention, are not flourishing. 
 
58 MANUFACTURES OF’ SPAIN. 
 
 Their merino sheep yield a fine and peculiar wool but the 
 greater part is exportedas ‘raw material.’ ‘The metals of Spain 
 ought to yield much wealth. Long before America was dis- 
 covered, the Romans used. to speak of this country, and of 
 the household articles made of silver. The Phcenicians when 
 they visited Spain, are said:to have left their bronze anchors 
 here, and to have supplied their places with silver, loading their 
 ships with it,—but now, very few mines in the country are 
 worked. The great quicksilver mine is the most important. 
 
 Fiose. What are the manufactures of Spain ? 
 
 P. Not such as please me. In Toledo, the town from which, 
 T believe, this jar was sent, the hardest and sharpest of sword- 
 blades are made. "The Government of the country carry on this 
 manufacture, and. that. of tobacco, and gunpowder. 
 
 Think, Henry—wine, tobacco, gunpowder and swords! Men 
 may one day learn to discard them all! The wine manufac- 
 ture is no better than the other three, for wine may lead to 
 drunkeness ; and “ drunkeness kills more than the sword.” 
 
 Oh, when we talk of the fruzis of this Exhibition, well may 
 we be glad! Many a Spaniard may learn in this building, from 
 the works of other nations, what indusiry is worth,—so, should 
 there be another Exhibition in 1951, perhaps, Spain may be 
 represented by far more noble things than this great wine-cooler! 
 
 Beautiful Spain! Thou ancient land of sunny clime, and. fruit- 
 ful soil! may thy people gather new thoughts from here, and 
 may they learn how to-shine forth once more, with higher, truer 
 glories then those of. the: Moor,.and: the ‘olden time’! Let us 
 pass on again. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 THE MASS OF ROCK CRYSTAL. 
 
THE QUEEN OF SPAIN’S JEWELS. 61 
 
 Rose. Will you just come over here for one minute papa ? 
 Here is a glass case full of diamonds—all twinkling! They do 
 twinkle so! 
 
 P. Ah these will shew you more of the character of Spain. 
 These are 
 
 V. THE QUEEN oF SPAIN’s JEWELS. 
 
 They are sent from France by a great jeweller there, who made 
 them for the Queen of Spain three or four years ago. He went, 
 I believe, to that country, and borrowed them, that they might 
 be exhibited here. ‘These jewels tell you that Spain, with all 
 her poverty, loves the pomp of her former riches. All true 
 Spaniards would I am sure rather have empty pockets, than 
 know that the Queen of ancient Spain was not ‘properly’ 
 decked with jewels. 
 
 Rose. Will you wait one minute papa please ? Here is some- 
 thing, which I want you to see. We did not notice it. 
 
 HT. Do you mean that ugly piece of Ah, what is it? 
 
 P. That is— 
 
 
 
 VI. Tue Mass oF Rock CRYSTAL. 
 
 It is principally famous for its size, I believe. The other day 
 I saw a ‘Chinaman’ wondering at this object. He had a 
 a catalogue in his hand, but as it was not printed in Chinese he 
 could not use it. I therefore explained to him what Rock 
 Crystal zs. 
 
 Rose. Then tell us too, papa, please! 
 
62 ROCK CRYSTAL.—THE ALPS. 
 
 P. Very well. Itis a Hydrate of Silica. 
 
 Rose. Oh, papa I could never learn such a long name as that 
 —especially, in the Exhibition ! 
 
 P. Then I may just say that rock-crystal—Look at it! 
 What do you think it is like? 
 
 H. It is like a great transparent flint. 
 
 P. That is it—exactly. It consists of the hard substance 
 which forms flint, and is called Silica ; and of.a transparent 
 colourless substance called water. These are united so as to form 
 the half-transparent rock-crystal which is therefore called 
 ‘Hydrate of Silica.’ When I was talking to the Chinaman 
 I taught him some Geography and History from this block. 
 
 H. Then please let us hear that also, papa. 
 
 P. I told him to look on his map of Europe for a range of 
 mountains called the Alps ; and to see how the people who live 
 at the north of Europe must cross these Alps, to reach the 
 South. I next told him to read in his history book of a man 
 called Bonaparte. This great general once came to the Alps, 
 and finding that those high mountains must be crossed, he 
 caused a great road to be made through them, which we call the 
 Simplon. 
 
 _ Rose. But what has that to do with the rock-crystal papa ? 
 
 P. The Simplon is the place from which this large mass 
 was procured. It belongs I believe, to the Duke of Devonshire. 
 Read the paper on the pedestal, and see. 
 
 Rose. Look papa, where Henry is! 
 
 P. Yes. He is noticing 
 
 
 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ve 
 
 
 
 THE ZINC STATUE. 
 
THE ZINC STATUE.—FRENCH ORGAN. 65 
 
 VII. THE Zinc STATUE OF THE QUEEN. 
 P. I cannot say, Rose, that this is a very pleasing statue 
 ~ What do you think of it? 
 
 Rose. It is so high up that I cannot see it very well. I think 
 that the Queen looks like a I don’t like to say what I 
 think ! 
 
 P. The figure may not be pleasing, Rose, but the statue is 
 a very important work. 
 
 One of the mining companies in Paris (called the Vielle 
 Montagne, Mining Company) formed this statue on purpose for 
 the Exhibition. The whole statue is 21 feet high; and, although 
 it.is so large, it was begun and completed within the short space 
 of three months. 
 
 It is cast in Zinc, a metal which, as you learned in your 
 object lessons in Pleasant Pages, is well suited for statues. 
 
 HT, Yes, I remember its qualities, papa. Zinc is light and 
 hard, and less fusible than lead. It is also more brittle, and 
 breaks with a sort of grain. 
 
 P. We shall, as we proceed find other statues in the nave, 
 formed of Zinc. 
 
 H. ‘That is a very large organ, papa. May we walk up to 
 it? 
 
 P. Yes. This is 
 
 VIII. THE CELEBRATED FRENCH ORGAN, 
 
 Thus we have two fine works from France. The case you, 
 may observe, is built in the ‘Gothic’ style. It is 30 feet high, 
 and has many mprovements which you cannot understand. 
 
 
 
66 GODFREY DE BOUILLON. 
 
 Some of the pipes are very tong. One, the c ¢ c, measures 16 
 feet. 
 
 Rose. I wish papa, that the gentleman who is sitting there 
 would play—may I ask him? 
 
 P. No, You will hear the organ before we leave, I dare say, 
 as this gentleman is here all day long.—Let us proceed. 
 
 Henry. Come here Rose, and look at this giant. I think it 
 is Goliath. 
 
 Rose. Or perhaps, it is Alfred the Great. 
 
 FP. Itis an enormous statue, but itis not great? enough for 
 Alfred the Great. It is a representation of 
 
 IV. GODFREY DE BOUILLON. 
 
 Look at him Rose! He has a bold determined countenance. 
 What a heavy looking war-horse he strides! What a strong 
 arm he must have had to have reined in so powerful an aniraal! 
 With what energy he is holding up the standard, and calling to 
 his companions in arms, ‘ Ho, to the crusades !” 
 
 Hl. Was he a crusader papa? 
 
 P. Yes, he was one of the leaders of the second crusade, 
 Here is a leader of the ancient gathering for war, come forward 
 in the midst of the gathering for peace. 
 
 H. That is not right. Ho! GoDFREY DE BovUILLon! Go 
 home again! You are out of your place. 
 
 P. No. Heis better here. His days of glory are not yet 
 «one by, and never will be. 
 
 Henry. Why papa? 
 
a 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AVOOIVRRLRYVY NHNHa MATT IIFArn 
 

 
ON ‘“‘ MIGHTY’ MEN. 69 
 
 P. Because he not only represents war but chivalry. He de- 
 clares, as he holds up his standard, “I will stand firm and will 
 fight, for all that is good and right.” That is ‘chivalry.’ 
 
 Rose. Well, and he deserves ‘glory’ when he is so good as 
 that, and is anxious that every one should have what is right. 
 
 P. So he does! But, although the glories of his chivalry 
 will never pass away, they are being dimmed. 
 
 Henry. Why papa? 
 
 P. Look at him!—Say to him, “ Why you are a mighty 
 man? Where is your might?” And he will tell you that it is 
 in his right arm. He will say that he is mighty because he 
 has the strength ot his horse, and the courage of a lion. 
 
 Rose. But he has a very determined spirit papa; that is a 
 fine thing! 
 
 H. And akind spirit too. 
 
 P. And, there you have the foundation of his glory! He 
 will always have glory because he had these two things ; but, 
 now see why it is being dimmed. There are coming forth in 
 the present day—and they are begining to multiply—great 
 Herogs oF Peace! 
 
 - Rose. Have they a determined spirit papa? 
 
 P. Yes, very; and if you ask one of these men of peace 
 “where is your might?” he will not shew you his right arm; 
 he'll tell you my might is not that of the brute! I believe in 
 the greater power of the human mind, and in the still greater 
 power of Love. Love, and reason! these are my strength; I 
 have more faith in these than I have in my right arm! 
 
70 CAIN.— ST. MICHAEL AND THE DRAGON. 
 
 H. Thankyoupapa. Hear now what I will say to Godfrey! 
 Sir Godfrey! we will always call you a great man, for you were 
 great in your time, but,—what shall I say papa? 
 
 P. Say that better days are now dawning; and in these 
 modern days we will say ‘mighty man,’ not to him who ruleth 
 a horse, or taketh a city, but to him who ruleth his own spirit! * 
 Pass on to the next. ‘This is a statue of 
 
 X. Carn. 
 
 Cain with his innocent wife and children. Oh! it is a truly 
 beautiful piece! How often have I looked with sad feelings on 
 this poor man. He could not rule his own spirit ; and he was 
 the first murderer. Murdered his innocent brother, and brought 
 deep misery down on his offspring. Look at him! 
 
 Rose. Ah, how he hides his face! I feel very sorry for him. 
 
 H. Papa! please come here! only look at this tall angel in 
 armour! I never knew before, that angels wore armour. 
 
 P. They wear no armour but the armour of righteousnesss. 
 These figures are the high archangel, St. Michael, and his 
 enemy. 
 
 XI. St. MicwaEn anp THE Dragon. 
 
 In his hand the angel holds the sword of truth. This two- 
 edged sword destroys evil, and no bad spirit can bear the 
 wounds it makes. ‘he old dragon, the father of sin, has fallen 
 down before it. 
 
 
 
 * He that ruleth his spirit is better than he that taketh a city. 
 Prov. XVI. 32, 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ee 
 
 
 
 D THE DRAGON. 
 
 ST. MICHAEL AN 
 

 
MAZEPPA,—ACHILLES.—THE AMAZON. 73 
 
 Rose. So he has Henry! look at his sharp finger-nails. He 
 has lost his hold of the rock. 
 
 P. And how peaceful and firm the angel looks! with what 
 majesty does he hold up his arm! he seems to say co! Let sin 
 and sorrow fall, and leave this world for ever ! 
 
 We have passed two beautiful little sculptures of a Boy anp 
 A Serrent, and his deliverer Taz Doc, but these we will 
 examine another day. 
 
 Here is a statue of Mazeppa, another of the ancient hero 
 AcuHILLsEs, wounded in his heel. 
 
 Rose. Look at the crowd of people around that curtain! 
 
 P. Yes, they are examining a beautiful sTAINED GLAss 
 WINDOW, but we will leave it, and pass on to something which 
 will interest you more. 
 
 H. Do you mean, papa, this great bronze horse, rearing up 
 on his hind legs. Why look Rose! no wonder he starts! a lion 
 or some strange animal has rushed upon him! 
 
 Rose. And, who is that sitting on the horse, holding up a 
 spear ? it looks like a woman. 
 
 P. Come round to the front of the statue, and you will see. 
 
 XII. Tus Amazon. 
 
 Hf, Look Rose at that great fierce beast! how savagely he 
 has seized upon the noble horse! 
 
 Rose. Ah, I can’t look at that; I am looking at the woman. 
 Now, does not she look steadily at the lion? see! she is not at 
 all afraid. 
 
 Henry. But look at the horse’s eye, and his nostril ! 
 
74 - PHYSICAL FORCE.—MORAL FORCE. 
 
 Rose. No, 1 would rather not; oh-no, no! I cannot.look at. 
 anything but this woman. How firmly she sits upon the horse, 
 She is not afraid of falling, and she seems to be thinking of the 
 lion as she looks at him. , 
 
 P. Let me tell you something about that statue. Professor 
 Kiss, who formed it, is I am sure, a good man; and this fine 
 statue of his, seems made to prove all we said of Godfrey de 
 Bouillon; and to teach the same lesson as that of St. Michael 
 
 Did I not tell you that moral force is greater than physical 
 force ? 
 
 Ftose. I don’t understand those words, papa. 
 
 P. Imean that the power of the mind is greater than any 
 power of body. What do you think will make that lion fear? 
 
 Rose. The javelin that she is holding up to him. 
 
 JP. No—not that. What can a javelin do against. the 
 strength of a lion? It is that those eyes of the Amazon can 
 speak, and the rude brute can read their language. They shew 
 him a cali, fearless expression, saying “‘ Lion! my spirit is greater 
 than thine. Be gone! and do not show thy savageness to me.” 
 
 Rose. And do you think that he will mind ? 
 
 P. Yes. That very look of the Amazon will make him 
 forget his own strength of body—her nobleness has so awed 
 him that he can only feel his own baseness. 
 
 Henry. We has a rather skulking look Rose. 
 
 P. And yet a look of the fiercest savageness. Look at all 
 three once more! There is in the fierce wild-beast the lowest 
 and basest kind of expression ;—in the tame animal, the com- 
 

 

 
HISTORY OF AMAZONS. Ri 
 
 panion of man, there is a nobler countenance ;—but in the 
 woman, the highest created being, there is high dignity, which 
 shews that she was made ‘in God’s image.’ 
 
 Let us go on again— 
 
 H. What papa is meant by an Amazon? 
 
 P. The Amazons are a fabulous race of female warriors. It 
 is said that in ancient times there was a great battle, in which 
 nearly all the men of a certain city, who went out to fight, were 
 slain. The women of the city therefore resolved to defend it, 
 and taking up arms, were more successful than their husbands, 
 for they defeated their enemies. They then determined to live 
 without men in future and accordingly they put to death all 
 who remained, and elected two queens. 
 
 Rose. And did they fight any more? 
 
 P. Unfortunately, history saysthey did. The women becameso 
 fond of fighting, that while one queen governed at home, the 
 other was always out on the battle field. Itis said that they 
 founded the cities of Ephesus, and Smyrna, in Asia Minor. They 
 themselves lived on the borders of the Caspian Sea. There is 
 great uncertainty in all that is recorded of them. Some do not 
 believe that such a race of women ever existed. It is said that 
 they were also found in Africa; and in the present day, I believe, 
 one of the black kings of Africa, the king of Dahomey, has an 
 army of female warriors. 
 
 Hf, But did the Amazons ride on horseback, papa? 
 
 P. Yes, it is said that they were the first who fought on 
 norses ; but, the African Amazons rode on horseback! 
 
78 BAVARIAN LION.—GREEK SLAVR. 
 
 Rose. Here is an enormous lion papa!— 
 
 P. This statue is 
 XIII. ‘Tue Bavartan Lion. 
 An account of whichI read to you from the newspapers. It isa 
 
 striking object, not only as an imitation of nature, but because 
 of its size. It is a wonderful specimen of metal casting. What 
 a mass of metal it is! and yet, how perfect is each small part! 
 It stands now just as it was taken from the mould; no file or 
 other tool has touched it since it was cast. The city of 
 MUNICH in Bavaria, from which it was sent, is very famous for 
 casting bells and statues— 
 
 HT. Look, Rose, at the two horses! 
 
 P. We will not examine them to day—there are several 
 other interesting objects—statues of Adam and Eve—a model 
 of the Falls of Niagara—a block of Zinc, weighing 164,000lbs, 
 troy. Here is something more interesting than any---this is a 
 
 statue of 
 XIV. Tue Greek SLAVE. 
 
 It tells a dreadful tale, for you to remember. We often hear 
 of the slave-trade, but few of us feel enough horror and shame 
 at so wicked a business. How would you like your mamma to 
 be taken away, and to be chained, and thus held up for sale ? 
 
 Rose. Oh, that would be a horrible thing, papa! 
 
 P. Not more horrible than the case of this young Greek, 
 The cruel Turks, in former times, conquered Greece; and the 
 female prisoners, it is said, were taken to the bazaar in Con- 
 stantinople for sale. See with what scorn, and yet with what 
 sname and sorrow she looks on the men who wish to purchase her! 
 
LACE FROM BELGIUM. 79 
 
 You may look very long at this statue and think of it very 
 often; and learn from it to feel ashamed, and ever lift up your 
 voice against such wicked traffic as the slave-trade. 
 
 We will not return through the nave, but we will go back 
 to the transept by the north gallery. 
 
 Charter Dinth. 
 
 THE NORTH GALLERY. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of pictures. 
 
 Rose. How are they made papa? The trees are raised 
 above the paper, and seem like real trees. 
 
 P. That is the question I asked myself, when I first saw 
 them. But in examining them very closely, I found that they 
 consisted of hair. 
 
 Hf, What a crowd there is round these glass cases, papa! 
 
 P. Yes—we are passing through BELGIUM. 
 
 In these cases are three wax figures of the Pope, Arch- 
 bishop Fenelon, and another. Belgium is a country which has 
 long been famous for its lace. Look at the beautiful vestments 
 of the Pope! I should think that you have never before seen 
 anything so delicately or so beautifully worked. 
 
 Rose. But papa, will you read this paper—it says that one 
 person worked on this piece of lace for five years, 
 
80 WAX-DOLLS, AND RAG-DOLLS. 
 
 Henry. Come here Rose! just round the corner, there is a 
 large wax figure of a lady—covered with lace. 
 
 P. Yes we will go and look at it. The lace on this figure 
 surpasses that on the pope, I think. 
 
 Rose. 'The Lady looks as though she were covered with dew 
 drops. 
 
 P, If you come forward a little nearer to the transept, 
 you will see something particularly suited to your taste, Ruse. 
 
 Rose. Isee what you mean, papa. Here Henry, is a case 
 full of wax dolls. Oh papa, I should like to stop here for an 
 hour, I never saw such a number of dolls together before— 
 they are just like a public meeting. 
 
 H. And look at that dear little black doll, Rose. "The 
 word ‘ AFRicA,’ is written under it. 
 
 P. Yes. You may observe that there is one doll from each 
 large division of the globe—one from Europe; another from 
 Africa; and another from America; each doll well represents 
 the character of the race it belongs to. Here is also a small 
 case of rag dolls. 
 
 Rose. They are very beautiful too, papa, they look like wax, 
 exactly. Oh, papa, we can never examine all the beautiful 
 things in this building! 
 
 P. Do not say ‘never,’ Rose. You would certainly have 
 to visit the Exhibition a great many times--more than a 
 hundred, perhaps. You may now come with me to examine 
 some cases full of wax flowers. 
 
 Here they are! but I cannot let you look at them very long, 
 
PROPER WORDS. 81 
 
 you would stand round them all the day, and say “ beautiful,” 
 “beautiful,” until you could not say it any longer. 
 
 Rose. So they are beautiful, papa; lovely! delicious! 
 
 P. Do not use such a word as that Rose---‘ delicious’ is not 
 used to express any qualities which please the eye. 
 
 H. No. We say—‘delicious taste.” 
 
 P. Soif you want to express the feelings you have in looking’ 
 at the Exhibition, you had better keep to the words ‘ wonder- 
 ful!’ ‘beautiful, ‘most beautiful !’"—‘magnificent,’ ‘splendid,’ ‘most 
 magnificent,’ ‘most extraordinary’—‘astonishing’—and so on. 
 
 H. Well, I should like to make some new words; I think 
 that, the things must be tired of hearing those old words said 
 to them so often. 
 
 P. True; perhaps they have been uttered some millions of 
 times, they are dropping from the lips of tens of thousands of 
 people all day long. 
 
 Rose. Well, papa.—I must say ‘beautiful’ again, here is a 
 beautiful camelia, I will say ‘a magnificent one,’ because it is so 
 large. 
 
 P. The truth is, Rose, it is not a camelia at all. Itisanew 
 water lily of gigantic size, and is truly one of the ‘lions’ of 
 the Exhibition. You will, I think, say so when you hear its 
 history. It is called 
 
 XV.. THE VICTORIA REGIA.. 
 
 You may examine it. Notice its immense leaves, how broad, 
 mooth, and flat they are! The Victoria-Regia has become -: 
 
82 THE VICTORIA REGIA, 
 
 celebrated not only because of its size, but because it may al- 
 most be said to be the parent of the Exhibition. 
 
 H. How can that be, papa, will you please to tell us? 
 
 P. Yes, Ihave in my pocket a copy of Houszenotp Worps, 
 in which there is an account of this lily. Let us go a little 
 further to yonder red seats, in the corner of the gallery, we can 
 then look down into the transept. 
 
 ose. So we can, Henry; and we have come all the way back 
 again to our friend the glass fountain. 
 
 P. Now, while you sit here and rest, you shall hear a few 
 words concerning the Victoria-Regia :— 
 
 ‘* On New Year’s Day in the year 1837, a traveller was proceeding, 
 in a native boat, up the river Berbice in Demerara, when, on arriving 
 at a point where the river expanded, his attention was attracted by an 
 extraordinary object. He caused his crew to paddle quickly towards 
 it. The nearer he approached, the higher his curiosity was raised. 
 Though an accomplished botanist, and especially familiar with the 
 ‘Flora’ of South America, he had never seen anything like it before. 
 It was a Titanic water-plant, in size and shape unlike any other known 
 plant. 
 
 “*¢T felt as a botanist,’ says Sir Robert Schomburgh ‘ and felt 
 myself rewarded! All calamities were forgotten. A gigantic leaf, 
 from five to six feet in diameter, salver-shaped, with a broad rim, of a 
 light-green above, and a vivid crimson below, rested upon the water ! 
 Quite in character with the wonderful leaf was the luxuriant flower, 
 consisting of an immense number of petals, passing in alternate tints 
 from pure white to rose and pink’ [and, in some instances, measuring 
 
‘VIDA VINOLOIA AHL 
 
 il alll il "f 
 | ma nh 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ve 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 Ht 
 i 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 ! ij hee 
 Ml ii 
 OMe 
 
 ——— 
 

 
THE VICTORIA REGIA-HOUSE. 83 
 
 fifteen inches across], ‘ The smooth water was covered with blossoms ; 
 and, as I rowed from one to the other, I always observed something 
 new to admire.’ 
 
 “‘ But, Sir Robert Schomburgh, not content with mere flowers, dug 
 up whole plants ; and sent first them, and, afterwards seeds, to Eng- 
 land, where the magnificent lily was named the ‘‘ Victoria Regia.’’ 
 After some unsuccessful attempts, the task of forcing it to blessom in 
 an artificial climate, was confided to Mr. Paxton. When the Victoria 
 Regia was to be flowered, Mr. Paxton determined to imitate Nature 
 and make the flower fancy itself back again in the broad waters and 
 under the burning heats of British Guiana. He deceived the roots by 
 imbedding them in a hillock of burned loam and peat ; he deluded 
 the great lubberly leaves by letting them float in a tank, to which he 
 communicated, by means of a little wheel, the gentle ripple of their 
 own tranquil river ; and he coaxed the flower into bloom by manu- 
 facturing a Berbician climate in a tiny South America, under a glass 
 ease. 
 
 ‘¢ With that glass case our history properly commences.”’ 
 
 Mr. Dickens then goes on to say that, under this glass case, 
 the lily grew rapidly. So successful was the plan of its culti- 
 vation, that in little more than a month it out-grew its home, 
 and Mr. Paxton was obliged to set to work, and make a very 
 large green-house for it. As this building was for a most per- 
 severing and assiduous plant,- which grew at the rate of six 
 hundred and forty seven square inches per day, Mr. Paxton 
 found it necessary that the new conservatory should be sixty 
 feet long, and forty broad. 
 
86 THE GLASS PALACE. 
 
 This pretty building, called the Vicrorta Reera Howse, saw 
 built of iron and glass, and it was from this, that Mr. Paxton 
 derived the idea of the Crystal Palace. 
 
 H, Which we may call ‘The Atserr House.’ 
 
 Rose. Sothat the Victoria Regia might, almost, be called the 
 Parent of the Palace. If there had been no Victoria Regia 
 there would have been no “ Victoria Regia-house ;” and if 
 there had been no Victoria Regia-house, there would not per- 
 haps have been a Crystal Palace. 
 
 HH. No, because even if Mr. Paxton had thought of it, he 
 would not have liked to make such a large building of iron and 
 glass; if he had never made one before, he would have been 
 afraid that it might not answer. 
 
 Rose. And, so would every one else have been. But, papa, 
 do look at the fountain again! see, there is the sun shining upon 
 the water as it rises and falls. Really, there are some little mugs 
 near it, and some of the people are drinking the water— J feel 
 very thirsty. 
 
 P. Then, you shall soon go to the refreshment room. I will 
 only, therefore, add one or two words on 
 
 XVI. THE CRYSTAL FOUNTAIN. 
 
 P. Ineed not tell you that the fountain is very beautiful. 
 
 H. No we can see it. 
 
 P. And it isan object rather to be seen, than to be described, 
 if you wish to gain an idea of its beauties. It has been called 
 ‘Crystal’ because of its transparency. I do not think that by 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LLLCEMMUL ALT ETA) 
 
 
 

 
THE CRYSTAL FOUNTAIN. 89 
 
 any words we could give:an exact idea of itselegantshape. It 
 contains altogether about 40 ton of flint-glass, and is 27 feet 
 high. Let us go down stairs and examine it more closely. 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 Now that we are nearer, can you see the water as it rises 
 upward through the tubes ? 
 
 H. I cannot, papa. 
 
 P. That is because the tube inside the glass, through which 
 the water flows upward, is silvered. The glass pillar is also so 
 cut outside, and arranged, that this tube cannot be seen. The 
 whole fountain has been made by Messrs. Osler of Birmingham, 
 who have now become very famous as glass manufacturers. Let 
 us now go to the north of the transept—beyond the iron 
 gates— 
 
 Rose. Where the refreshments are. 
 * * * * % 
 
 Chapter Centh. 
 THE WESTERN NAVE. 
 ms} AVING now rested, and refreshed ourselves, let us 
 look at the ‘ Lions’ in the western nave. 
 AN H. I call that high framework, with so many beauti- 
 ful silks on it, a ‘ lion.’ 
 P. Soitis. It is called 
 
 XVII. THE SILK TROPHY. 
 Do you know where Spitalfields is ? 
 
90 THE SILK TROPHY. 
 
 H. Yes, it is near Bishopgate Street. 
 
 P. It is the principal place in London for the silk manu- 
 facture. The other silk towns in England are, Macclesfield, 
 Derby, Coventry, and Manchester. This trophy is arranged in 
 three ‘tiers—and in the lower tier you may observe large 
 mirrors. 
 
 Rose. Yes, and I have been observing myself in one. 
 
 H, But, I observe the colours the most, papa. What a 
 beautiful red that is, and what a rich green! The crimson,— 
 the blue,—the brown figured silk—the bright golden coloured 
 silk, all these are very beautiful. Who sent it to the Exhibition, 
 papa P 
 
 P. It was sent from Spitalfields by Messrs. Keith and Co. 
 It must have cost them very much money, for all this silk was 
 sent from their house alone. 
 
 Rose. Look, Papa, at these fancy silks with the pretty 
 patterns upon them. 
 
 P. Yes, these may teach you what men can do when they 
 try. The French people have more imagination than the Eng- 
 lish—and they therefore imagine (or design) patterns for silks, 
 &c., which are much more elegant than ours. So, we find that 
 the English people have been more famous for plain, than for 
 fancy silks; and, instead of trying to find English artists to 
 make silk-patterns, they have used patterns from France. 
 
 Hf. I should think, papa, that if the English would only 
 study how to make patterns, they might design some as good as 
 the French ones ! 
 
THE PEOPLE OF NANTES. | 
 
 P. Yes, and the Exhibition has taught them this. The 
 men of Spitalfields, when they heard of the Exhibition, were 
 at first afraid to enter into ‘ competition’ with the French. 
 _ However, these silks which Messrs. Keith exhibit, prove that 
 the English manufacturers would in time (if they studied as you 
 say) become quite as good designers as the French. 
 
 Hf. And perhaps they might have been so before, if they had 
 tried. But, if the English and French compete with one another, 
 that will be rivalry. ‘Then they will become enemies ! 
 
 P. No, that need not be. By such rivalry men may teach 
 each other, and become better friends. When men become 
 very busy with such rivalry as this, they will not have time for 
 the dreadful rivalry of war. 
 
 HH. And the unprofitable rivalry too!—because the more the 
 people gain by peaceful rivalry, the more they will see what they 
 lose by war. 
 
 P. Let us go to the next ‘lion.’ I might as well tell you, by 
 the way, that the manufactures in Spitalfields were begun by 
 French people, 165 years ago. France, you know, is a Roman 
 Catholic country, but there is a town in France called NANTES 
 which was inhabited by Protestants. ‘The Roman Catholic 
 priests were so angry with these people for being Protestants, 
 that they would have killed them, if they had dared. But this 
 they could not do, as a law (or edict as it was called) had been 
 made to protect them. In the course of time, however, there 
 came to the throne a king called Louis XIV. This king de- 
 clared that he liked ‘uniformity’ all through his kingdom; and 
 
992 SPITALFIELDS.. 
 
 that all his people should be of the same religion; and that all 
 the Protestants must become Catholics. So, he was. easily 
 persuaded by the priests to destroy the edict which protected the 
 Protestants, or to revoke it as we say. You may read in the 
 History of France of “THE REVOCATION OF THE EDICT OF 
 NANTES.” 
 
 Rose. What happened next, papa ? 
 
 P. Next happened most horrible deeds. When it was found 
 that the people of Nantes would not become Catholics, their town 
 was attacked by the people, and the agents of the government. It 
 is supposed that about 25,000 people were either shot, drowned, 
 or died in prison. Thousands of citizens, however, escaped,— 
 being some of the most skilful and industrious manufacturers of 
 France--some fled to Switzerland, others to Germany, and 
 Holland; and others to England, where they settled, and es- 
 tablished the manufactures which we now find in Spitalfields. _ 
 
 Rose. Was this the beginning of the silk manufacture in 
 England ? 
 
 P. Almost. The manufacture was of very little importance 
 before then—you see what it is now. 
 
 HH. Are you going to stop at this place, papa ? 
 
 P. Yes, what do you say to this object ? 
 
 H. That it isa great ugly pile of all manner of things. 
 
 P. It may not appear so beautiful as some other objects, 
 but is very interesting. It contains numerous useful materials. 
 Have you never heard of Canada’s ancient forests ? of the fine 
 patriarchal trees, which have existed for thousands of years ? 
 
CANADIAN TIMBER.—WHALE’S JAW. 93 
 
 They are said to have lived before the Deluge. This pile 
 represents the 
 
 XVIII. CANADIAN, AND VAN DIEMAN’s LAND TIMBER. 
 
 Around it, you see specimens of many useful and ornamental 
 woods, which render the colonies of Canada and Van Dieman’s 
 Land so very valuable to England. Here is a fine piece of 
 wood—it is a slab of Canadian black walnut. Itisas hard, and 
 can be brought to as fine a polish as the French or Italian Walnut; 
 and it has, I think, amore beautiful grain. The tree from which 
 this was cut, yielded, I believe, 27,000 feet of timber. 
 
 Rose. But how many different sorts of wood there are! I 
 should like to count them. 
 
 P. Iwould rather that you should understand them. This 
 pile of woods might afford you many a day’s study—you shall 
 hear more of them when we begin our ‘ Object Lessons.’—Let 
 us go round and look at something which is leaning against the 
 back of it. 
 
 Hi. This looks like a jaw. 
 
 P. It is the jaw-bone of a whale. Look at the number 
 of teeth it has. Its molars (grinding teeth) have a curiously 
 flattened surface. 
 
 Rose. Yes—they look just like pieces of a tree, which have 
 been sawn off straight. I have been counting the teeth—there 
 are twenty-three on each side ; but I thought papa, that whales 
 had no teeth, I have read ina Natural History book, that whales 
 have whalebone in their mouths, instead of teeth. 
 
94 SPERMACETI. 
 
 P. Those are the whalebone whales, found in icy Greenland; 
 but the whale from which this jaw was taken, lives in the South 
 Seas. The south sea whales have teeth—and they yield a very 
 valuable substance, called SPERMACETI. 
 
 _ H. And, if you read this paper which is hanging to the jaw, 
 Rose, you will see that it says, “THE JAW OF A SPERM-WHALE.” 
 
 Rose. Yes, J will read the rest. “ This whale yielded 10 tuns 
 of oil, or 2,520 gallons, valued at £850 :—it was captured by the 
 PRINCE REGENT whaler, on : but where is papa? ‘There 
 he is! He has gone away, and Henry too,—You are peeping 
 into a little box, papa! 
 
 P. Ican see a great number of ‘boxes’ inside this one. It 
 is a model of the celebrated OPERA Housk, called ‘ Her 
 Majesty’s Theatre ;’ it is here that Jenny Lind used to sing—and 
 here, that the wonderful singers from Italy, and France, still 
 astonish the English people. 
 
 H. Here is a very fine looking-glass papa! 
 
 P. Yes, we cannot stop to examine many more objects to day. 
 There is, just beyond the looking-glass, the statue of one of 
 England’s most celebrated Queens. She lived in the age of 
 chivalry and war. While her husband, Edward the Third, was 
 in France, she met David the king of Scotland at Neville’s-cross, 
 near Durham, and defeated him. He had come to England, 
 thinking that, as the king was away, he could easily conquer a 
 woman,—but he was mistaken. He was taker prisoner, at nearly 
 the same time when the king of France was brought in captivity 
 to England. 
 
 
 
MONUMENT OF QUEEN PHILIPPA. 95 
 
 I like this Queen, however, not only for her dauntless spirit, 
 but for her love of mercy. You have, I dare say, read of the six 
 citizens of Calais, who, when the city was surrended to Edward 
 after a siege, were to be hung. 
 
 Rose. Yes, papa, and she saved their ives. She asked-her 
 husband, Edward IIL, to spare them. What was the Queen’s 
 name ? 
 
 P. Her name was Queen Philippa. Her monument in 
 Westminster Abbey had decayed, and this is a restoration of it. 
 ft is executed in English alabaster. 
 
 H. Then, as it is a nice monument, we will put it amongst 
 the ‘ lions.’ 
 
 XIX. MoNUMENT OF PHILIPPA, QUEEN oF Epwarp III. 
 
 P. Here are many more nice objects: several GOTHIC ORNA- 
 MENTS, a beautiful FOUNTAIN, and so forth. But— 
 
 H. Here is some pretty work, papa. I think that it is 
 CARVING work. 
 
 P. Yes, this is worth remembering. It is a specimen of 
 
 XX. MACHINE CARVING. 
 
 P. This may well be called a ‘trophy,’ as, I see, it is named 
 in the Catalogue. 
 
 H. What does that mean, papa? 
 
 P. A trophy is generally understood as a sign of victory. 
 Many of the objects are I find called ‘trophies,—they speak 
 certainly of peaceful victories. A French writer (Jules Janin) 
 
96 MACHINE-CARVING. 
 
 speaks of certain ‘warriors of industry’ whom he heard talking 
 over their victories, when on his passage to England—I will read 
 to you— 
 
 As the conversation proceeded I inwardly admired the zeal and ardour 
 of these workmen artists. There were seated about that table dyers, 
 who explained to us, with the enthusiasm of a warrior at Marengo or 
 Austerlitz, their recent conquests over indigo, their battles, their 
 triumphs, their defeats, in their conflict with the purple of the East or 
 the blue of Prussia. 
 
 There were cotton and flax spinners, fanatics in their craft, who 
 detailed to us, with all the forms of an epic, the transformations of 
 cotton and wool; this man excelled in giving form to the tissue of the 
 other ; that man, with the steel of his neighbour, produced inimitable 
 neatness and delicacy ; and all together, on the eve of the great struggle 
 about to commence, were seized with trembling and emotion. 
 
 In this passage of the French writer, Henry, is one of the 
 ideas which you and all boys will do well to learn. Here is an 
 idea which is being spoken, not only by writers of France, but 
 by men of Germany, of Austria, of Belgium, and even of Russia. 
 
 H. What is the idea papa? 
 
 P. Iwill tell it to you; and will teach it to you, over and 
 over again, from the objects in this Exhibition. You heard of 
 the victory which belongs to ‘mighty men’—the victory over 
 one’s own spirit. Now, even the victories of which those dyers 
 talked, the victories in useful arts, are better than those of. war. 
 The steam-engine is a victory. It is a victory of man’s mind and 
 

 
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 THE MASS OF CRYSTALLIZED ALUM. 
 
THE STEAM-ENGINE, A VICTORY. 99 
 
 skill over the elements, making them his servants. What 
 victories there were to be gained before that ‘silk trophy’ could 
 be produced! Even in a few inches of cotton, there are tales of 
 conquests requiring more skill than Napoleon’s greatest battle. 
 Such skilful victories cost no tears—they are for the good of 
 man ! , 
 
 Rose. And why, papa, do they call this carving a trophy ? 
 
 P. Not only because of its beauty. You would if you 
 knew the man who made the carving, have said, ‘“ What efforts 
 you must have made to carve such beautiful birds, flowers, and 
 leaves! How carefully you must have eut such delicate 
 tracery,—how did you cut so deeply underneath each object ?” 
 
 H. I should like to know how he did it. 
 
 P. But these carvings show greater skill than if they had 
 been the work of man’s hand. The man who made them did not 
 carve them, directly, of himself, but he made certain machines 
 do his work for him. 'Think what care must have been required, 
 to make machines do work like this!’ What atrue trophy it is 
 —carving by machine ! 
 
 Rose. Here papa, is another curious object,—it looks like 
 rock-crystal. 
 
 P. You may put your tongue to it, and taste it. 
 
 H. Iwill, papa. Ah, the taste is very sharp! It tastes like 
 Alum. 
 
 P. Itis Alum. Let us talk of 
 
 XX. THE Mass oF CRYSTALLIZED ALUM. 
 
 Rose. Are you going to tell us how it is made, papa ? 
 
100 CRYSTALLIZED ALUM. 
 
 P. Yes, if you like—if you can understand. It is composed 
 of ‘ Sulphate of Alumina,’ united with ‘Sulphate of Potash ? 
 
 H. Ithink that that will be very hard to understand, papa, 
 will it not ? 
 
 P. Not very—it is possible to understand almost anything, 
 if you pay attention. We will take a little bit at a time, and 
 you will see—Ilst. Sulphate of Alumina. Alumina consists 
 of a white shining metal called Aluminum, united with the gas 
 Oxygen, forming a rust or oxide. 
 
 Rose. So Alumina is Oxide of Aluminum—‘ust’ we may call 
 it. 
 
 H. And we read in ‘ Pleasant Pages,’ that Alumina is com- 
 mon clay or Argil. 
 
 P. Well, Sulphate of Alumina is Alumina or common clay 
 mixed with Sulphuric Acid. There is a certain clay which is 
 obtained near Whitby, in Yorkshire, called Alum-clay, or 
 Alum Slate, which contains Sulphate of Alumina mixed with 
 various impurities. If you go there you will find a great. 
 stratum of this clay. 
 
 H, A stratum, I know, means a slice of earth. How large 
 is this slice of Alum-clay ? 
 
 P. Itisa very good sized slice—for it is about 28 miles long, 
 and extends 18 miles north of Whitby. It is a very thick slice 
 also ; it goes down very deep in the earth, and rises up to a great 
 height—there are cliffs of alum-clay 100 feet high, and more— 
 even as high as 750 feet, and all this stratum contains ‘Sulphate 
 of Alumina’ for the English people to make their alum with. 
 
ALUM CLAY. 101 
 
 H. How do they get out the ‘Sulphate of Alumina? Do 
 they pick out little bits with their fingers ? 
 
 P. No. That would be impossible—its very minute particles 
 could not be distinguished from the other substances in the 
 * Alum-clay.’ No !—heat is necessary to separate them. When 
 alum-clay is put on a fire, the heat causes all its particles to 
 separate, and arrange themselves differently. 
 
 Rose. Ah, I have often heard of the particles being separated 
 by heat; and I suppose that, when the Alum-clay is heated, all 
 the particles of ‘ Sulphate of Alumina,’ and all other particles 
 which are alike, arrange themselves together—in classes as we 
 might say. 
 
 P. Yes. Now, if you understand that clearly, you may at 
 once see how this mass of alum was made. 
 
 To form a piece of alum of such a weight, the men of Whitby 
 require about 130 times as much ‘ Alum-clay.’ So they set to 
 work—they make a large flat bed of brush-wood and small coal, 
 for a fire, and pile pieces of the Alum-clay upon it. The fireis | 
 lit, and the whole mass burns slowly—sometimes the men wish 
 to make a great quantity of alum—so they make an enormous 
 burning mass of fire and clay—Two Hundred feet square! And 
 this great mass they pile up higher and higher, until it is 100 feet 
 high. 
 
 Rose. Why, that is higher than, yonder transept, papa! 
 
 P. True. Try and think what a vast heap it must be! It 
 continues to burn for months. 
 
 By this fierce process, the particles of ‘ Sulphate of Alumina’ 
 
102 HOW ALUM IS MADE. 
 
 are separated from the mass. They are next dissolved in water; 
 and whilst thus dissolved, Sulphate of Potash is thrown into the 
 water, and it is all stirred up together. Thus, the alum is made. 
 ‘Sulphate of Alumina,’ Sulphate of Potash, and water, mixed 
 together. Only, it is then in a diguéd state,—how do you think 
 it became solid again ? 
 
 H. Just as salt does. If you throw a lump of salt into « 
 glass of water, and dissolve it, you can get all the salt out 
 of the glass again. The water will evaporate, and leave the salt 
 at the bottom. Is that the way, papa ? 
 
 P. Yes, the water in which the alum is dissolved evaporates; 
 and the alum, in drying, forms the crystals younowsee. Both 
 Wuitsy and GLasGow are famous for their alum. 
 
 Rose. I wonder what is the use of alum. 
 
 P. It is used as a medicine, and in various arts. In dyeing 
 it is also useful to fix, or bite in, the colours used. 
 
 Rose. So, that they may not wash out. 
 
 FP. And, therefore, the dyers call it a mordant—a word 
 derived from the Latin, mordere to bite. This use in dyeing 
 is its principal use. ‘ 
 
 Hf. Before we leave the alum, papa, will you come and look 
 at these crystals? Here are some beautiful red ones. The red 
 is very bright. 
 
 Rose. And here is one quite yellow. Here are some of a 
 bright green colour, and there is a beautiful blue one a little way 
 off. 
 
 P. Yes, most of these are formed by combining an acid 
 

 

 
 SLAB OF HONDURAS MAHOGANY. 
 
SLAB OF HONDURAS MAHOGANY. 105 
 
 with Potash, or some metal. You shall know more about them 
 soon. Let us look at.this large slab of mahogany. 
 XXII. Stas or HonpurAs MAHOGANY. 
 
 This is brought from HonpuRas, a place situated in the land 
 between North and South America— Central America it is called. 
 This slab does not interest many of the visitors,— but one day I 
 noticed several men passing down the aisle, when one who wore 
 ‘a flannel jacket, stopped, and cried out to his companion. 
 ‘Here ! this is the thing for us!’ and they all clustered around it 
 as busy as bees, while one took a rule out of his pocket and 
 measured it. ven when the others had passed on, he stopped 
 to talk about it to a gentleman who was with him. 
 
 H. How large isit, papa? 
 
 P. Ihave forgotten its dimensions, and I have not a rule 
 with me; we will measure it the next time we come. The 
 largest log of mahogany I ever heard of, measured 57 inches 
 across, and 64 inches from top to bottom. When we measure 
 the one before us, we will see whether it is as large, or larger. 
 
 Rose. What fine looking trees the mahogany trees must be! 
 for their great trunks to be as broad as this slab, all the way up; 
 it would take me some time to walk round such a tree. 
 
 P. There are higher trees than the mahogany tree, but few 
 have a nobler appearance. It grows for two centuries, and is 
 then an imposing sight, not only from its gigantic trunk, but 
 from its massive branches, and its rich green shining leaves. Its 
 thick branches and leaves extend over such a surface, that the 
 proudest old English oak is insignificant compared with it. 
 
106 THE MAHOGANY TRADE. 
 
 Rose. Ah, I suppose that Honduras is a hot country, for you 
 once told us that animals and vegetables of warm climates are 
 larger than those of cold countries. 
 
 FP. Yes; and because of the heat of the climate, the task of 
 carrying away the heavy logs of mahogany is generally per- 
 formed by night. An account of a search for mahogany trees 
 would make an interesting tale for you; but a finer scene might 
 be drawn of the trucking of mahogany, by night. You would 
 hear of the men cutting roads through the woods for the pur- 
 pose; of the hard-working oxen dragging their heavy load over 
 the fresh cut brambles; of the drivers leading them, and show- 
 ing the way with torches made of pine-wood, until the morning 
 light; then, if they have reached the river side, the water finishes 
 their labours for them, for the mahogany logs are tied together 
 in rafts and floated along. 
 
 Let us examine some other object. 
 
 H. But will you tell me, papa, where mahogany was first 
 used in England ? 
 
 P. It was very scarce in this country, about the beginning of 
 this century; and was scarcely seen, except in the houses of the © 
 rich, but it was first used in England, about 130 years ago—in 
 the year 1724. There is a tale of a clergyman of London, 
 whose brother was a captain; this captain, when at the West 
 Indies, sent home to his brother some mahogany wood. 
 
 The clergyman happened at the time to be building himself a 
 house; and accordingly he asked one of the carpenters to use 
 up thisnew wood. The carpenter, however, found that it blunted 
 
 
 
THE IRON DOME FROM COLE-BROOK DALE. 107 
 
 the edges of his tools, and that none of them were hard enough 
 for the purpose. So, the wood was laid aside as too hard, until 
 the clergyman’s lady required a candle-box, and then a piece of 
 mahogany was tried once more. The making of that candle- 
 box cost much trouble, but it was the beginning of the maho- 
 gany trade—the box was seen and admired. The clergyman 
 caused an article of furniture to be made of the wood, and 
 polished. This was still more admired,—then the rage for 
 mahogany began, and has continued ever since. 
 
 Rose. Yes. And men are very careful with it—they use it 
 in little thin slices, called veneers. 
 
 P. Isee an object, not far off, which will interest you. 
 
 H. Do you mean that tall iron thing ? 
 
 P. Yes, here it is, you may get underneath it. This is 
 
 XXIII. THe Iron DoME FROM COLE-BROOK DALE. 
 
 Cole-brook Dale is in Shropshire. It is a beautiful valley, 
 with the river Severn flowing through it; and is, perhaps, the 
 principal place in England for large iron-castings. 
 
 Rose. Is all this ornamental iron-work cast, papa? 
 
 P. Yes, just as fenders and stoves are cast; only it is such 
 a very large casting. Have you noticed this large figure in the 
 middle? This man with his arrows and bow? How bold, and 
 beautiful is the position of his body ! 
 
 Rose. And, look up, papa! I was wondering where his 
 arrow was. You see that there is a great eagle at the top of the 
 dome, and the man has shot it. Here, too, is a nice easy-chair ; 
 
108 SIGNAL FOR LIGHTHOUSE. 
 
 how nicely it rocks backwards and forwards! I suppose it is 
 put here that people may enjoy themselves under the dome. 
 You would like to sit on this, Henry! 
 
 P. No doubt, but we will leave the Eagle-slayer, and the 
 dome, and look at the next object. Here is a very striking 
 
 XXIV, SIGNAL FOR THE ToP oF A LIGHTHOUSE. 
 
 You have seen a prism? 
 
 H. Yes, papa, we have one at home. 
 
 FP. And this signal is composed ofa number of prisms, which 
 are beautifully arranged so as to refract, and reflect the light. 
 
 H. But they do not surprise me, papa, so much as this 
 TELESCOPE does. What a very large telescope it is! Is it put 
 there that we may get a view of the further end of the building ? 
 
 P. No. This is for the purpose of studying astromony. It 
 has all the latest improvements, and has the most perfect 
 machinery for ‘adjusting’ it. We will have an Object Lesson 
 on it soon. | 
 H. Here is something worth looking at, Rose. Just stroke 
 this ! 
 
 P. These are the famous 
 
 XXYV. COLLECTION OF SKINS AND FURS. 
 
 Rose. How nice and soft they are! This one is beautiful— 
 but look, papa! Now that I have stroked this skin, it is not so 
 black as it was. 
 
 P. It does not appear so, Rose—but you have been pressing 
 
COLLECTION OF SKINS AND FURS. 109 
 
 the hair down with your hand. Now, draw your hand over it in 
 an upward direction,—from the bottom to the top. 
 
 Rose. Ah, now itis very black again—there is a straight mark 
 all the way up the fur, where my hand has been. 
 
 P, When you reach home, suppose that you sit down and 
 think why that is so,—why the hair, when standing upright, 
 should appear blacker than when it is pressed down. 
 
 H. There are a great many different sorts, papa. Here is the 
 skin of a red fox—the skin of a black fox—and is this a white 
 fox, papa? I never heard of one before. 
 
 P. Yes. This fox is found in the Arctic Regions. In the 
 summer its fur is of a grey, leaden colour, but as the intensely 
 cold weather approaches, it becomes white. 
 
 Rose. Here is an animal, papa, which looks like a white 
 weasel—is it a ferret P 
 
 P. No, this is another instance of the skin of an animal 
 becoming white in the frozen regions. This little animal lives 
 in the chilly land of Siberia. In the winter it becomes perfectly 
 white on all parts except the tip of its tail, which is quite black. 
 It is called the Stoat, and sometimes 
 
 H. The Ermine, papa. I have seen Ermine-fur before— 
 kings and queens wear it—it is very expensive. And I can tell 
 you why those animals of the cold countries have white skins. 
 
 P. Yes, you learned from the History of the White-Bear, 
 in ‘ Pleasant Pages’—but there is no time to talk over that 
 question now, nor to make a lesson on furs. We will proceed. 
 
 Rose. But I was noticing, papa, how many thick furs are 
 
 
 
110 SKINS AND FURS. 
 
 brought from the cold countries. The animals have them to 
 keep them warm. I suppose these are the skins of the Black, 
 Grey, White, and Red Fox—the Black Bear,—the Brown Bear, 
 —the White Bear,—the Beaver—the 
 
 What skins are these, papa ? 
 
 P. Seal-skins,—proceed, ‘the Fur Seal, the Grey Seal, the 
 Common Seal,’ 
 Rose. And here are some of smaller animals—the Weasel. 
 
 P. The Marten. 
 
 Rose. The Stoat, (or Ermine). The Sable, (from which 
 mamma’s boa is made). The Brown Squirrel; the Grey 
 Squirrel; the Marmot; the Badger. 
 
 P. And here is the skin of a Lynx. 
 
 H. But look, papa, at the gallery! There are other great 
 skins hanging from the gallery besides the Bears! 
 
 Rose. Yes, there are the skins of ‘Tigers, Leopards, Jaguars, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cheetahs, Lions; and they all have the word NICHOLAY upon © 
 
 them. 
 
 P. Thatis because they are sent by the furrier, Nicholay, 
 of Regent Street. This is a most interesting collection : but, 
 we must pass on. 
 
 H. Here are several things in glass-cases, papa—they seem 
 to be models. 
 
 P. Weill look at the large ones first—which are not in 
 glass-cases. You have I daresay, often heard of the 
 
 XXVI. BRITANNIA TUBULAR BRIDGE. 
 If when we reach home you will look at your map, you will 
 
 
 
 a 
 
BRITANNIA TUBULAR BRIDGE. 111 
 
 see at the West of Wales, an island called ‘ The Isle of Anglesea,’ 
 separated from the main-land by a narrow strait. Across this 
 strait has been built the famous iron-bridge, in the shape of a 
 tube, through which the railway passes. 
 
 Here is a model of another bridge. 
 
 Rose. This is a suspension-bridge, papa, is it not ? It seems 
 to be hanging by chains. 
 
 P. Yes. It is made of wrought-iron, and is being placed 
 over the river Dnieper, in Russia. This is the largest bridge 
 of the kind that has ever yet been constructed. The Emperor 
 of Russia is, I believe, very much pleased with it. 
 
 Rose. What model is this, papa, in the glass-case ? 
 
 P, This is a model of part of England. Itincludes Leices- 
 tershire, Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Cheshire, and 
 Lancashire. Here is another model which is still more beautiful. 
 It is 
 
 A MODEL OF THE UNDERCLIFF, ISLE oF WIGHT. 
 
 HT, And here is another model! A rather ugly one, I think. 
 
 P. Iwish you had been to the place it represents. I have 
 seen it, and have seen what a useful work it is. Do you see this 
 long line of stone in the middle of the water ? 
 
 Rose. Yes, papa. 
 
 P. This has been formed in the midst of the sea, as a barrier 
 against the waves. It serves to break them as they dash against 
 it ; and is, therefore, called a Breakwater. 
 
 It is situated near Plymouth, 
 
112 MODEL OF THE PLYMOUTH BREAKWATER. 
 Rose. Yes, I can read the description, papa. 
 
 XXVIII. LimesToNE MopEL OF THE PLYMOUTH ~ 
 BREAKWATER. 
 
 With silver lighthouse, and beacon; made for the Exhibition 
 under the direction of the Lords of the A--d, ad; m--i, mi; 
 r--a--l, ral; t--y, ty; Admiralty. What do they 
 
 There! I declare that papa has gone away again; he never 
 will stop for me to read the ‘ descriptions.’ 
 
 HH. Come here, Rose, I will make room for you. We are 
 looking at such a large model, with hundreds of houses, streets, 
 churches, people, docks, water, ships, and every thing! 
 Come and see! 
 
 Rose. It looks like some very great town. What place is it, _ 
 papa ? 
 
 P. This is the famous town of Liverpool, 
 
 
 
 
 
 XXIX. MopEL oF THE TOWN OF LIVERPOOL. 
 
 Which bids fair to be as large as London, one day. On 
 account of its good situation on the river Mersey, its trade and 
 population is always increasing. What will be its size a hun- 
 dred years hence, no one can say. 
 
 H. In which county is it, papa? 
 
 P. In Lancashire ; and the Lancashire people are a very 
 active race. They are said to be the ‘go-a-head’ men of 
 England. 
 
MODEL OF THE TOWN OF LIVERPOOL. 113 
 
 Tose. Go-a-head! That is what the boy in the steamer 
 said to the engines, when he wanted them to go on. 
 
 HI. Perhaps, the Lancashire people have a great many steam- 
 engines in their part, so that they have learned to be active 
 from them. 
 
 P. Yes, that zs the case. Not only in Liverpool, but in the 
 great cotton towns, Manchester, Bolton, Rochdale, &c., the 
 people are very active. They have vast factories filled with 
 steam-engines and machinery; and, perhaps, from saying ‘ go-a- 
 head’ so often to their machinery, they have been excited to go 
 faster themselves. 
 
 HT, Ah, I shouldn’t wonder. I should be more active if I 
 kept company with a steam-engine. I could not stand still very 
 long. 
 
 Rose. Henry, let us go on. See what a distance we have to 
 walk yet. Look all the way down there, what immense distance! 
 I can see the I see myself. Oh,—it is a looking-glass ! 
 
 H, Yes, look up! 
 
 XXX. THE LARGEST SHEET OF PLATE GLASS IN THE 
 ‘WORLD. 
 
 
 
 P. See, what an immense glass it is, Henry. What care 
 must have been given, to form a plate of glass of this size so 
 perfectly level and smooth. _ It was made by the Thames Plate 
 Glass Company, at their works at Blackwall. 
 
 H. ‘Then, we can’t go through that, papa. I suppose we 
 have reached the end ? 
 
 ce 
 
114 END OF THE WESTERN NAVE. 
 
 P. Yes. This is the end of the Western Nave. Sit down. 
 
 + * * * 
 
 H. How pleasant it is to rest! My eyes are very tired 
 with looking, I do not want to see much more. 
 
 P. You cannot expect to see very much on your first visit. 
 Every one feels that the building itself is as much as he can 
 well see in one day. There are many more interesting things, 
 which, as yet, I have only heard of. I have heard that there is 
 a bundle of nails, three thousand in number—yet, they are so 
 small, that they only weigh three grains! One thousand are 
 made of gold, another thousand of silver, and another thousand 
 of iron. There is a piece of oil-cloth from Manchester, worth, 
 I believe, 500 guineas; and there is a beautiful little steam- 
 engine, which, it is said, may be wrapped up in paper, and put 
 inside a walnut-shell :—the plate on which it stands is not 
 larger than a sixpence. There is a German bed, with clock- 
 work, which can be ‘wound up,’—it can be set to any hour; 
 and, when the time arrives, the lazy sleeper is thrown out of 
 bed! There is the portrait of the Queen in needle-work, which 
 is so fine that it looks like a pencil-drawing; and a German 
 lady has sent a table-napkin which has been torn. 
 
 _H. Well. J could tear one of our table-napkins, and send 
 ite 
 
 P. True; but the fact that this napkin has been torn, is not 
 the only interesting thing about it. It has also been mended : 
 
- THE GOODS FROM ENGLAND. ~ 115 
 
 and it'is darned with such neatness and skill that you cannot 
 discover where. 
 LL. I could soon tell where she took up the -stitches—I 
 think. 
 . P. Well, we shall see. There will be time amet another 
 as to look at these things. Suppose that, while we rest here, 
 I tell you of some of the Goops From Eneianp? 
 W. Yes; do, papa, please! and we will go and see them 
 afterwards. 
 - P.. Very well; I will. 
 
 clan ai 
 
 Chapter Clenenth. 
 
 THE GOODS FROM ENGLAND. 
 
 vA OU must know that not all the articles exhibited by each 
 se country are specimens of man’s skill. The piece of 
 x) rock erystal which we looked at is not. 
 
 There are four classes of objects to be found in the 
 Exhibition. You must have noticed that the different objects 
 are not all made of the same material—they are not all brass. 
 
 W. Certainly not; the alum is not, neither is the Koh-i- 
 
 noor. : 
 
 P, Neither is the statue of Godfrey de Bouillon, nor the 
 
 Prince of Wales’ shield. The varied objects are made of all 
 
 kinds of material—brass, iron; gold, plaster of Paris, precious 
 I 
 
116 THE FOUR CLASSES OF OBJECTS. 
 
 stones, wood, gutta percha, ivory, &c.—these form the first class 
 of objects in the Exhibition, consisting simply of THE WORKS 
 OF NATURE. They are the different substances whieh the other 
 objects are made of; and are exhibited m the exact state 
 in which they are found in nature—in a raw state, as we say. 
 Therefore they are called Raw Marmriats. See if you can 
 make a list of raw materials, 
 
 The next class are the works or MAN; the different kinds ot 
 tools, and all the wonderful machines whieh men use im making 
 other articles. These form a class called Macuinery. Men- 
 tion some machinery that you know of. 
 
 The third set of objects are the effect of the first and second 
 class. They show what has been done by the second class to 
 the first class. They are the substances formed by the ma- 
 chinery from the raw materials, and are called MANUFACTURES. 
 Tell me any manufactures that you know. 
 
 The fourth class are another kind of manufacture, They are 
 ornamental manufactures, which require much imagination and 
 taste, such as carving, sculpture, pictures, models, statues, 
 mosaic work, &c., &c. The men who make such objects we 
 call artists, and all such works we call Worxs or Art. You 
 may mention some of the works of art which we have just 
 seen. 
 
 There are, therefore, four classes of objects in the goods sent 
 from England, 
 
 H, I will say them papa—Raw Marsriats, MacnInEry 
 MANUFACTURES, and Finz Arts, 
 
ENGLISH RAW MATERIALS, EY? 
 
 P. I can only undertake now to mention the principal objects 
 sent of each class. . 
 
 1. Amongst the RAW MATERIALS of England, the princi- 
 pal minerals are Iron, CoppEr, Leap, Tin, Coan, Sxats, 
 and Satr. 
 
 These are England’s most valuable minerals. You will see 
 them all beautifully arranged in the mineral gallery. 
 
 The Iron from Wales, Staffordshire, and Shropshire. The 
 Copper from Cornwall. Lead ores from the Peak in Derby- 
 shire, the Mendip Hills in Somersetshire, and Cornwall. Tin 
 principally from Cornwall. Coal from Northumberland and 
 Lancashire. Slate from Westmoreland and Wales. Salt from 
 Cheshire and Worcestershire. 
 
 The principal vegetable and animal raw materials are Corton, 
 which, though not produced in England, is the great source of 
 England’s wealth; Corn and Porarors for food; BariEy 
 and Hops for beer; and Fxuax for the linen manufacture ; 
 Sarrron for its yellow dye; Trmser for ship-building, &c., 
 from the Elm, Ash, Beech, and particularly the old English 
 Oak. The animals yield Wax and Tattow for candles; 
 Fratuers for beds, &c.; Horsx-Ha1r for furniture ; Woot for 
 the cloth-manufacturer; LrarHEr for shoes, harness, &c. 
 
 2. The MACHINERY of our country I will not attempt to 
 describe. The machinery department is 800 feet in length, 
 and contains every description of machines for spinning and 
 weaving, printing, &c. These are constantly kept in motion 
 by large steam-engines which have a separate department. 
 
 12 
 
H8- _ ENGLISH MACHINERY. 
 
 Amongst the newest machines is a printing-machine, invented 
 by Mr. Applegath, which is used for printing the Times, 
 newspaper, and the Illustrated London News. You know 
 what a cylinder is. In printing-machines it has been the- 
 custom for the types to be placed with their faces upward, and. 
 (after the paper has been laid upon them) for the cylinder to 
 roll over them just as the garden-roller rolls over the stones. 
 In this new printing-machine, however, the cylinder is placed 
 upright just like a drum when it stands on its end, and the 
 type is placed all round it. When we visit the machinery 
 department you will be able to see the advantages of this 
 arrangement, and one of the printers there will explain it to 
 you. 
 
 There is another famous machine in which sheets of paper 
 are cut, folded, gummed, and formed into envelopes.  It- 
 belongs to Messrs. Dz 1a Rup, the great fancy card makers, and. 
 has attracted very much attention. 
 
 _ There is a machine for making hollow bricks —needle- 
 making machines—weighing-machines—model steam-engines, 
 &c., &c., &c. In another room are all the new machines and. 
 implements. used in agriculture—such as threshing machines, 
 dibbling machines ; hoeing machines; harrows; ploughs of all. 
 kinds ; mw¢nnowing machines; cutting and clod-crushing ma- 
 chines; pumps; digging machines; carts—and many other 
 wonderful things, which will astonish and alarm many of the 
 country people. Besides these there are smaller ‘ machines,’ 
 which we call tools or instruments—such as watchmakers’: 
 
ENGLISH MANUFACTURES. 119 
 
 tools and instruments ; surgical instruments; philosophical in- 
 ‘struments, and tools for every description of trades. 
 
 3. The MANUFACTURES of Hite you will expect to 
 be very numerous—why ? 
 
 HI. Because there is such a multitude of machines. If the 
 English did not make some good manufactures with them, they 
 might as well be burnt. 
 
 L. Or melted, you should say; for they are made of-iron— 
 then the war people would get hold of them, and would beat the 
 ploughshares into swords. 
 
 P. And the pruning-hooks into spears. 
 
 H. And the steam-engines into cannon. 
 
 P. There is little fear of such a perversion now-a-days: 
 Men have learned once for all the proper use of iron and steel. 
 They know now what God sent it for. Let us next see what 
 they do with their beautiful machines. 
 
 The principal manufactures of England are, the Manvurac- 
 TURES oF CLoTHine from Corron, Woot, S1ix, Linen, LEATHER, 
 Gutta Percua, Harr, Srraw-piarr, &c.—including calicoes, 
 muslins, lace, and net,—broadcloth, flannels, baizes, worsted, 
 worsted stockings, shawls, bombazines, merinoes, mousseline-de- 
 laines, tapestry and carpets, —velvets,. satins, silk waistcoatings, 
 crape, ribbons, fringe, gimp, sewing silks, silk buttons, um- 
 brellas, hats, silk gloves and silk stockings, silk handkerchiefs 
 and neckerchiefs ;—in linen, there are shirtings and sheetings, 
 table-cloths, diapers, sail cloth, &c.;—in leather, you will see 
 shoes, saddlery, bookbinding, driving bands for machinery, and 
 
120 HOUSEHOLD UTENSILS.—BUILDING MANUFACTURES, 
 
 all kinds of straps. From gutta percha they have made every- 
 thing! From hair and bristles they have made horse-hair 
 cloth, clothes and hair brushes, wigs, watch-guards, ear-rings, 
 and other ornaments. From straw we have hats, bonnets, mats, 
 palliasses, chaff and provender for horses. 
 
 Henry. And suckers for “ ahora cobbler.” What other 
 manufactures are there? 
 
 P. Many more. There are manufactures without number, and 
 if you should ever understand half of them I shall be very glad. 
 
 From the porcelain, pottery, and hardware manufactures, 
 and from the metals and glass, we get a fine group:—the 
 manutactures of HousrHoLp UTENsILs; such as lamps, candle- 
 sticks, decanters, jugs, tumblers, and other cut glass. 
 
 Again we have another important group—BvUILDING AND 
 ARCHITECTURAL MANUFACTURES, such as bricks, tiles, chimney- 
 pots, cornices, brackets, and exterior ornaments, iron railings 
 and gates, singular fancy knockers, locks, stoves, paper-hang- 
 ings, stove-copings and mantel-pieces, panneling, window 
 frames, sashes, window glass, and other appurtenances of 
 houses and palaces. 
 
 There are also objects which form the class inhuman manu- 
 Jactures ; such as cannon, revolving pistols and rifles, swords, 
 daggers, spears, bayonets, and others which, thank God! are 
 doomed to pass away, and be crushed under the influence of 
 those never tiring, never stopping, indomitable inhabitants of 
 the machine department. 
 
 Besides these there are elegant specimens of the FuRNITURE 
 
FURNITURE, CARRIAGE, AND PAPER MANUFACTURES. 121 
 
 Manvuracturze—from the plain and useful, to the exquisitely 
 beautiful, so good that it seems a pity that it should ever be 
 worn out. We have the same character of goods in the Car- 
 RIAGE ManuracturE—carriages so beautiful that ther useful- 
 ness is lost in the abundance of ornament. In contrast with 
 these there are truly good railway carriages, which are both 
 ornamental and serviceable at the same time. 
 
 HT. Papa, I have been waiting. You have forgotten a very 
 important manufacture. 
 
 P. What is it? 
 
 H. The Parer MANnvFACTURES. 
 
 P. To be sure. From paper we get books, cards, and a sheet 
 of paper, made by Mr. Joynson, of St. Mary Cray, 46 inches 
 wide and 2,500 yards long, which is four times the length of 
 the Exhibition. 
 
 H. T hope that is brown paper, because it can be used for 
 wrapping up the Exhibition when it has to be removed. 
 
 P. Unfortunately the paper is white. From paper we also 
 get tea-trays. 
 
 Rose. You said ‘ tea-trays,’ papa! 
 
 P. Yes. From the pulp used in making paper, a substance 
 called papier-maché is formed, and this is made into a great 
 variety of articles. 
 
 Rose. Are there any other manufactures, papa ? 
 
 P. Yes; far too many for us to talk about now—manufac- 
 tures of bone, ivory, horn, turnery, and so forth. We will 
 learn much more about each, in our Object Lessons. 
 
| ae THE FINE ARTS. 
 
 Hf, I will just count up these manufactures, papa. 
 
 I. CrotHine MANUFACTURES. 
 
 2. HousEHoLp Utrensi1t MANUFACTURES. 
 
 8. BurtpIna AND ARCHITECTURAL MANUFACTURES. 
 4, ‘InnuMAN MANUFACTURES.’ 
 
 5. FuRNITUuRE MANUFACTURES. 
 
 6. CARRIAGE MANUFACTURES. 
 
 7. PapEeR-Goops MANUFACTURES. 
 
 Now, papa, we are ready for the FINE ARTS. 
 
 P. The ‘ Fine Arts’ of the Exhibition, Henry, are as ditti- 
 cult to describe as the machinery. We shall soon visit the 
 Sculpture Room, the Medieval Court, and the Fine Arts Court, 
 when I will try and make you decent the beauties of some 
 of the objects there. We have not yet said anything of the 
 goods from Scotland, or Ireland; but they will not need a ets 
 tinct description. 
 
 You may remember Scotland. by her raw material, oatmeal ; 
 and her manufactures in Scotch cambric, sewed muslins, &c. 
 You may remember Ireland by her raw material, flax, potatoes, 
 and pigs, and her manufactures, linen, poplins, &c. 
 
 _ Friend. How art thee, friend ? 
 
 Rose (whispering to Henry). Who is that Quaker aaa 
 Henry? That is the twenty-first gentleman papa has spoken 
 to, since he has: been in the Exhibition. 
 
 Friend. I saw thee just as I came in at. the western door: 4 
 am bound for CANADA. 
 
COLONIAL GOODS.—CANADA. 123 
 
 _ P. So are we. We want to gain some information concern- 
 ing the colonies of Britain. | 
 
 ee ne 
 
 Chanter Cwelfth. 
 
 THE GOODS FROM THE COLONIES. 
 ' OANADA. 
 
 WRIEND. Thou knowest, little Henry, that the colony of 
 Canada is at the northern part of America. 
 
 H. Yes. We have been looking at this timber 
 trophy before. 
 
 Friend. Thou wilt see here a beautiful specimen of maple- 
 wood—a light yellow wood. Here it is! I will read thee 
 something concerning the maple, from a paper which I have in 
 my pocket. 
 
 _ “The soft maple is but rarely cut down, as it supplies sugar 
 abundantly. In spring, before the snow has left the ground, 
 and there is still a morning frost, the farmer bores a hole two 
 or three inches deep in the tree and sticks a little cane spout in 
 it. ‘In a few hours he has in his wooden trough below, from 
 twotothree gallons of syrup; and every morning, for a fortnight, 
 as the sap rises with the sun, the tree pours forth its sweetness 
 until twenty or thirty gallons are collected. In a spring with- 
 out frosts, the supply of sugar fails, and its collection is a work 
 
 
 
124 CANADA—WOODS, SLEDGES. 
 
 of hardship. The sugar maple grows from forty to fifty feet 
 high, and about six feet in circumference.” 
 
 We have also the walnut tree, with a very hard, close-grained 
 wood,and here, the beech tree, which is used for common furniture. 
 The bark of this tree is used to make canoes, such as thou see’st on 
 the top of the trophy, andin the Canada department. We have 
 white and red oak, bass wood, rock-elm, which grows thirty 
 to sixty feet from the dry rock, and won wood, which, I have 
 read, is so obstinate and agape that it is of no earthly 
 use whatever. 
 
 P. Let us go into the Canada department, Look, Rose, at 
 these beautiful sledges! These are used in Canada, in the 
 winter time, for travelling on the ice. They are dragged by 
 horses. Accidents sometimes happen when travelling thus ; the 
 ice breaks, and the horse and sledge fall in together. 
 
 Rose. And the poor traveller is drowned ? 
 
 P. The traveller saves his own life and that of his horse by 
 strangling him. The horse has a kind of slip-knot fastened 
 round his neck; this the traveller pulls very tight, until the 
 horse cannot breathe, and floats on the water’s surface ; he then 
 jumps on the animal’s back—or to the surface of the ice, and 
 drags the horse out of the water. 
 
 Rose. But what is the use of strangling the horse, papa? I 
 should think that would ke/ him, instead of saving his life. 
 
 P. No. The strangling causes the horse to le perfectly 
 still; otherwise he would plunge and kick, and could not be 
 drawn out. When he is on the ice again, the rope is loosened, 
 
 ee 
 
~ 
 
 CANADA—AXES, RAFTS. 125 
 
 and in about half an hour the horse breathes freely again, and 
 proceeds onthe journey. I have heard that travellers have had 
 such accidents four or five times in one journey. 
 
 Rose. See, papa, Henry is walking with the Quaker gentle- 
 man. They are looking at some axes. 
 
 Friend. Didst thou ever observe the shape of these axes? 
 Look at this one! Thou mayest see that the blade has a convex 
 
 
 
 shape; it is made so, that it may not stick in the wood, when 
 used for felling trees. Here are more than a dozen different 
 shaped axes; each has a particular use. The emigrants 
 may learn from these Exhibition axes that they can procure 
 better and cheaper axes in Canada, than in England. I have 
 known them bring over axes, and find them to be quite useless; 
 they are obliged to buy new ones. 
 
 HT, Will you tell us about the timber-ra/fts of Canada? 
 
 Friend. I wish I had time to describe them to thee. On 
 the Ottawa, or Grand River, there are from eight to ten thou- 
 sand men employed in attacking the forest trees with axes such 
 as these; the great trunks are lopped, squared, and carried to the 
 water’s edge by horses, where they are thrown into the river, 
 
126 - AUSTRALIA—PARROTS: 
 
 and tied together in immense rafts—rafts which are sometimes 
 as large as a field of three acres. 
 P. We will walk unto the next department. Here we are in 
 
 AUSTRALIA, 
 
 A very different part of the world, but still one of England’s 
 colonies. 
 
 Friend. Here are specimens of ores sent fins Bice eee 
 by the Austratian Minrne Compayy. 
 
 P. Yes. This company is becoming very prosperous—look 
 at this beautiful specimen of carbonate of copper. 
 
 Rose. What a bright green it is, papa. 
 
 P. True. It is from this carbonate of copper that the precious 
 stone of the Russians—the malachite, is procured; you will 
 hear more of this soon. aL 
 
 Rose. And here is a piece of magnetic iron ore. You once 
 taught us, papa, about ‘magnetic’ iron. 
 
 Friend. And a friend of mine—a mineralogist — once 
 informed. me that wherever you find magnetic iron, there is 
 very likely to be gold near it. 
 
 Rose. Well, I was just looking at a piece of gold ore which 
 is placed close by —— 
 
 H..Come here, Rose, to the other side of the room. re is 
 a glass-case full of parrots. 
 
 Friend. Ah, thou seest here a very nice collection; I have 
 seen them in Australia by hundreds. This little one, the 
 Roselle, is almost as common in that country as the sparrow 
 
 — 
 
AUSTRALIA—SHELL NECKLACES. 127° 
 
 is in England. A farmer in Australia, whom I knew, once 
 gave one of his men a flail, and set him thrashing, and to: 
 another man he gave a thick stick, telling him to knock down 
 all the Roselles that flew in for the corn. In the course of the 
 day he had killed a barrow-full of them. 
 
 1, How pretty this one is; look at the gold colour at the 
 top of its wings, and they shine in one part like silver ! 
 
 Friend. Yes, this is supposed to be the bird referred to in 
 Scripture. In the Psalms you read, “ Ye shall be as the wings 
 of a dove, with silver wings, and her feathers like gold” (Psalm 
 Ixviii. 13)... Thou canst see how golden they look at the edges. 
 Let us look at the next object. 
 
 Rose. What are these dear little shells? See what a number 
 there are! and how much they are like pearl! for they reflect 
 the light—now they are purple, now they look green, and now 
 they are white. 
 
 Friend. Yes, I can tell thee about those shells. The native 
 women make them into necklaces. The shells are not like 
 these when found, but are prepared by the women in this way : 
 they make a fire of sticks, on which they burn a quantity of fresh 
 green grass, The shells are held over the fire, and the vegetable- 
 acid from the fresh grass, which rises with the smoke, destroys 
 the outer coating of each shell. The Indians use almost the 
 same process in making their leather, for mocassins, &c. They 
 set light toa heap of green brushwood, and hold the skin of 
 the animal over the fire, the smoke from which serves to dry 
 and preserve the skin, although it does not exactly tan it. 
 
128 THE INDIAN DEPARTMENT. 
 
 P. We will not stop longer in Australia. Let us cross the 
 nave, and look at the Indian department. 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 The most striking feature in this department is the room 
 furnished in the style of an Indian Palace. Here is a most 
 gorgeous display of the luxury of the East. We have, also, 
 several most interesting models to show the different castes of 
 Indians. There is a model of an Indian farm in which the 
 collector is collecting the rates due; a model of a native court 
 of justice; and another of a British court of justice... In ano- 
 ther model are seen two or three poor Indians doing ‘ penance’— 
 according to their barbarous religious customs, they have iron 
 hooks run through their flesh, and with these they are drawn 
 up to a great height, and swung round in the air. 
 
 Here are also two ivory chairs, with shawls, carpets, and. 
 
 matting. In another part are models of the mills, &c., used 
 in the manufactures from the cotton plant; also several clumsy 
 mills used in grinding sugar, distilling spirits, &c.; a beautiful 
 model of a Hindoo temple may also be seen; while the first 
 Indian compartment is filled with weapons of war, suits of 
 armour, &c., very tastefully arranged ; the shields and saddles for 
 war horses, with red and gold embroidery, make a good show. 
 A brass gun, with a tiger’s mouth, made by the natives, is a 
 very striking object. 
 
 One of the most remarkable objects in the Indian department 
 is the self-feeding Peacock lamp, made of brass. From the 
 
CEYLON, JERSEY AND GUERNSEY, ETC. 129 
 
 breasts of several peacocks oil is supplied to the lamp burners, 
 whenever it is required. This lamp, although it reminds us of 
 the idolatry of the Hindoos, speaks at the same time of their 
 humble and confiding spirit, for although it was held sacred, it 
 was readily lent by them to the English, to be shown at the 
 Exhibition. | 
 
 The most valuable, however, of the Indian contributions, is 
 the rare and costly collection of jewels. The crowds of spark- 
 ling diamonds arranged in one glass case, speak in a striking 
 manner of the wondrous riches of the East. 
 
 After papa had finished his remarks on the Indian depart- 
 ment, their “ friend” was compelled to leave. Henry and Rose 
 then accompanied their papa through other departments of the 
 Colonies, which they noticed in a very hurried manner. In 
 Cryion they saw specimens of cinnamon and coffee, carvings 
 in tortoiseshell and ivory, with fine specimens of rubies. 
 
 In Jersny and Guernszy, the Islands of the English 
 Channel, they saw specimens of arrow-root, which the inhabi- 
 tants of those islands have lately begun to cultivate. They 
 also saw a elock sent from Jersey, which will go 500 days 
 without winding up. 
 
 In Matra they saw beautiful specimens of carving; Rose 
 could not get away from the exquisite imitations of birds and 
 flowers,—even papa was a long time before he could persuade 
 himself to look at anything else. 
 
 Other wonderful things were seen by Rose and Henry. 
 Specimens from Nova Scorta, the Bermupas, BarBapoes, the 
 
130 . VIEW FROM THE END GALLERY. ~ > 
 
 BaHAMAS, DEMERARA, and other colonies of Great Britain.’ 
 They then wandered through many strange places until they 
 found themselves again at the eastern end of the nave. 
 
 “Look, papa!” said Rose, “look at the number of people 
 sitting on the seats in the gallery; I should like to go up 
 there !” 
 
 “Well!” said papa, “you shall—we will go and sit on 
 one of the seats, and take one look atthe nave before we leave— 
 I think that you will be surprised.” 
 
 On reaching the gallery, Rose and Henry were indeed sur-. 
 prised,—the view of the crowded aisle was a most extraordinary 
 one. 
 
 “Oh, papa!” cried Henry, as the sight first caught his eye— 
 “‘ what an immense crowd of people. I did not suppose that there’ 
 was such a number! How they all move and shift about!: 
 I cannot look at them very long—they dazzle my eyes.” ~ 
 
 “‘Nor can any one else,” said papa; “they shift about, as Punch 
 says, ‘like a crowd of Jack-o’-lanterns.’ See what an immense 
 length is the building. Now you have an idea of 1,851 feet!” . 
 
 “And what a number of things I can see, papa!” cried 
 Rose. “Look at the red curtains, and the crimson flags. 
 Look at the white marble statutes, the bronze images, the 
 golden vases, and the sparkling fountains! How light and 
 fairy-like the building is! how pretty the stripes of blue on the 
 columns, and what brilliant colours there are on the tapestries !) 
 Then, look at the crowds of black hats, and the bright yellow 
 bonnets moving about. Two men with red hats are coming. 
 
 Se 
 
NATIONAL ANTHEM.—DEPARTURE. 131. 
 
 down the aisle in the midst of the black ones—there is a Turk” 
 with his white turban—a Frenchman wearing a cap—and there 
 is another patch of red, made by four soldiers. How they move 
 on in a thick stream near the Transept, and pass the crystal 
 fountain! See how some are loitering and poe are 
 sitting—others standing—and others lounging about doing”? —— 
 
 “Stop, Rose,” said Henry—“listen! There is some one 
 playing the French organ! He is playing ‘Gop savp THE 
 QuzEn,’” 
 
 P, Ah, how beautiful that sound is! and how pleasant the 
 thought, that “God save the Queen” is being played by a 
 Frenchman ! 
 
 “Yes,” said Henry, “and he begins by saying ‘God bless 
 our gracious Queen.’ ” 
 
 P. And all ‘those people from many nations, whom you see 
 mingled together in one crowd—may they be able to sing with 
 him! Let them sing the new words of the National Anthem, 
 which were made‘to be sung in better days :— 
 
 ‘¢ And not this land alone, 
 But be thy mercies known 
 From shore to shore! 
 Lord, make the nations see 
 That men should brothers be, 
 And form one family, 
 The wide world o’er.”’ 
 
 Rose. Ah, I wish that they would all sing that ! 
 P. Perhaps they will one day. But it is now getting rather 
 late ; we must return home, 
 J 
 

 
 Put the Chind. 
 
 GOING HOME. 
 
 Sn cane 
 
 Chapter Chirteenth, 
 
 Grinxe 2HERE is a cab!” said Rose to Henry. ‘ Now we shall 
 BT i be able to go home. Papa has gone to meet the driver, 
 “~N and is holding up his fingers to him.” 
 
 “ Engaged, sir!’ replied the cabman, with an independent 
 air; and as papa, and Henry, and Rose walked up toa long 
 row of cabs, “ Engaged!” “Engaged!” “ Engaged !” was the 
 answer from each driver. Indeed, it was easy to tell that the 
 cabs were engaged ; for the horses had bags tied to their noses 
 in an engaging manner, from which they were peaceably feed- 
 ing,—being ‘ engaged’ in another sense. 
 
 - “You see how it is, Henry,” said his papa; “the visitors 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 who came in these cabs have agreed to pay the cabmen so 
 
FINDING A CAB. 133 
 
 much for the day. That is the plan we should have acted 
 upon !”” 
 
 HT, Here is a policeman, papa; will you ask him what we 
 shall do? 
 
 P. Can you tell us how we shall get a cab? We have been 
 waiting here three-quarters of an hour ! 
 
 Policeman. Yes, sir; and I have seen people a-waiting here 
 for three hours, and more. You may wait four hours, perhaps, 
 unless you are very sharp; and this, sir, is the case every day. 
 This is the way the people have to get home from the Exhibi- 
 tion—40,000 or 50,000 people a-day, sir! It’s no joke for such 
 a load to be carried home. We want a new railway on purpose. 
 
 fiose. Here comes an omnibus with “ Exuipririon” on it, 
 papa ! 
 
 Omnibus Conductor (calling to papa). Room outside, sir! 
 “That,” said papa, “will not do. We must walk, Henry, 
 towards Hyde Park Corner, and meet one of the cabs or omni- 
 buses which are coming.” 
 
 “I’m so tired,” said Rose; ‘ but I can see an omnibus now !” 
 
 No sooner, however, had the omnibus stopped than a crowd 
 of people of all kinds surrounded it, and shocked Rose by the 
 rude manner in which they pushed each other, and struggled 
 to enter. 
 
 ““ Come,” said papa, “ we must walk towards home until we 
 find a cab ;”—but they did not meet with one until they had 
 reached Hyde Park Corner. 
 
 Fora long time after they had taken their seats, little Henry 
 
 32 
 
134 THE PEOPLE OF EUROPE. 
 
 and Rose were very quiet, with their heads leaning against the 
 corner of the cab; but as soon as they were rested Rose begged 
 her papa to tell cae another tale on their way home. 
 
 Papa just at that moment was looking rather sleepy, but he 
 quickly. woke up again. 
 
 “Well, Rose,” he said, “ I had almost ees something 
 but I nad intended to describe some ofthe goods which eee 
 been sent from the different nations. Would you like to hear 
 such an account?” 
 
 H. I should be very glad, papa ; ene next time we go we 
 shall know where to look for each article. 
 
 P. I thought before we left home this morning that you 
 would like, as I speak of the countries, to see them on the map; 
 so I have brought you my pocket-map of the world, which we 
 will pin up in the cab. 
 
 _I intend to speak first of the goods sent from BAe but 
 before doing so, I purpose telling you something of the people 
 of Europe. The European race may be divided into three 
 principal families. At present, Iwill only mention two, You 
 may have noticed, even in England, how different are the com- 
 plexions of many people ; some have round, fair faces, with red. 
 cheeks, and light hair, and blue eyes. 
 
 H. Yes; I have seen many, papa. 
 
 Pay, hile others have more sallow faces, of a longer shape; 
 their foreheads are not always so broad, but they are longer and 
 higher than those of the other race; their hair is more often 
 black than brown, and the eyes are sometimes very dark. 
 
GERMANIC AND CELTIC FAMILIES, Lage 
 
 - Rose. T have seen them, But what has that to do with the 
 goods at the Exhibition ? 
 
 P, A great deal, I cannot go into the particulars of the idea 
 which I wish to teach you; but these two kinds of people may 
 be said to represent two of the principal families of the Euro- 
 pean race. Those with broad foreheads, fair complexions, blue 
 eyes, light hair, &c., may be said to represent the Germanic 
 family ; while those with the dark complexion, with longer 
 face, and with dark hair and eyes, may well represent the 
 Celtic family. ‘Try and remember the names of these two 
 families. 
 
 H. I willsay them, papa: “ Germanic family—Celtic family.” 
 
 P. Now, it has been found that just as these two races differ 
 in physical appearance (or appearance of body), so also there is 
 a marked difference in their mental distinctions. 
 
 Rose, Which means a difference in their minds. 
 
 H, Ah, Rose, I see something !—and then there will be a dif- 
 ference in their manufactures. Their different kinds of minds 
 will think different thoughts, then of course they will make 
 different things, and send different things to the Exhibition ! 
 That is what papa wants to show us, I think. 
 
 P. We shall see. The Germanic tamily are well known for 
 their industrial virtues, if you know what is meant by that ;— 
 they are a persevering and thinking people. Their minds seem 
 to be ever engaged on the things around them; to be attending 
 to those things which they are quite sure are ‘real’ —the 
 matters which they can handle, feel, see, and hear, Such solid 
 
136 THE ‘MATTER OF FACT’ FAMILY. 
 
 matters seem to engage their minds more than any beautiful 
 objects which are matters of fancy,—therefore we call them a 
 ‘matter of fact’ people. 
 
 Now, the people living in the country called Hotianp are a 
 ‘Germanic’ people—they are called Dutch. Suppose that you 
 were to show a Dutchman a solid round cheese, and a beautiful 
 diamond brooch with fancy ornaments of gold. Which do you 
 think he would admire ? 
 
 tose. The CHEESE, papa. He would say that the round 
 cheese was ‘a matter of fact’—a solid, real thing. 
 
 Henry. And he would say that the brooch was only a matter 
 of fancy—that it had no real value. 
 
 P. And this ‘matter of fact’ Dutchman is a good repre- 
 sentative of the GeRMANIc family ; for he is one of the unmixed 
 German breed. 
 
 But, the other family—the Celtic nations—have different 
 mental qualities. We do not find that they are the same slow 
 reflecting people as the matter-of-fact Germanic race ; but they 
 have acute active minds, ever thinking new thoughts of new 
 things. We do not hear much talk of their understanding, but 
 more of what we call imagination —— 
 
 H, I have learnt what that means: it is the power which 
 makes ‘ images’ in our minds. 
 
 P. True; so these Celts love to make images in their minds 
 of beautiful things—of things which we do not always call real ; 
 they are famous for beautiful ornaments and all matters of 
 taste and fancy. 
 
THE ‘IMAGINATIVE’ FAMILY. 137 
 
 So, if you were to call on a dark-haired, long-faced French- 
 man, and say, “Which do you love best, this cheese or this 
 diamond brooch ?” he would say 
 
 H, “Give me the diamond brooch,” he would say. ‘Give 
 
 the lumpy Dutchman that lumpy cheese. I value beautiful 
 things.” 
 
 
 
 Rose. Because they please his ¢magination. 
 
 P. And this imaginative Frenchman is one of the CEtric 
 family—almost a pure Celt., But he would not say “lumpy” 
 Dutchman, he would be too polite. 
 
 Rose. And politeness zs “‘ ornamental behaviour !” 
 
 P. True. Now, bear these two points in mind when we 
 speak of the produce of each nation. We may call the reflec- 
 tive Germanic race —— 
 
 Rose. The people for ‘ matters of fact.’ 
 
 P. And the imaginative Celtic race —— 
 
 H. The men for ‘matters of fancy.’ Did you not ¢el/ us, 
 papa, when you talked of the silk trophy, that the French 
 people beat the English people in fancy silks? That is because 
 they are Celts, and I suppose that we are not. 
 
 P, Only partly so. 
 
 Rose. And silk is a fancy article. You told us, papa, that 
 the silk manufactures of England did not flourish here until 
 the poor I'renchmen from Nantes settled in Spitalfields. 
 
 P. Now, you may look at the map. Suppose that you went 
 from the Exhibition to Dover, and then crossed the English 
 
138 THE FRENCH DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Channel to the land on the opposite side—in Gh. country 
 would you find yourself? 
 H, In France, papa, 
 P, Then, let us see what France has sent to the Exhibition. 
 
 FRANCE, 
 
 The French, you know, area Celticrace. Before I had been 
 to see the Exhibition, I was reading an account of the “ French 
 Department.” The first sentence showed that it related to 
 France. 
 
 “ The space is occupied with articles tastefully arranged, showing 
 the peculiarities of French industry. A great variety of objects 
 known as ‘fancy articles,’ with beautiful specimens of tapestry. 
 
 Articles of jewellery, and ornamental articles in fancy woods, pearl, 
 &e.” 
 
 These are placed in the front of thedepartment. On entering 
 are found— 
 
 “ Beautiful bronzes and ornamental workings in the precious 
 metals, decorative furniture, brilliant mirrors (in the polish of which 
 the French have hitherto surpassed the English), sofas, splendid 
 shawls, silks, merinoes, and carpets. 
 
 “« Beyond these, in the farthest space, are articles of apparel, boots, 
 shoes, gloves, hats, &c.; designs for paper-hangings and chimney- 
 pieces.” 
 
 H, Ah, that is rather curious. The ornamental things are 
 placed in the front, and the useful things at the back. 
 
 P, But, when we examine the French department, you will 
 
ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS.—JEWELLERY, 139 
 
 find that even the useful things are made in the most elegant 
 manner. The French shoes are made of —- 
 _H, Shiny leather. 
 
 Rose. Say polished leather, Henry—‘ French polished.’ 
 
 P, While the gloves of French kid are equally fine. 
 
 H. I wonder, papa, which are the most striking objects of 
 the French Department ? 
 
 P. Two monuments of their wonderful ingenuity. One is 
 
 the most beautiful case of artificial flowers that ever man saw. 
 The flowers are all made of French cambric, yet I have known 
 people, who have examined them, declare that they must be 
 real, One gentleman would not for three or four minutes be- 
 lheve that they were artificial; not until he had read the inscrip- 
 tion which was fastened to the case. There is a blighted wither- 
 ing rose, with the shrivelled leaves falling off, and the very 
 maggot, with its web, may be seen on it. An old fading sun- 
 flower in the distance is the very picture of sorrow; its yellow 
 petals are turned grey, and—but it’s useless to describe, you 
 must see it. 
 The other representative of France is the case containing the 
 jewels of the Queen of Spain, exhibited, as I told you before, by 
 the Queen of Spain’s jeweller at Paris. For their beautiful 
 jewellery, the French have long been as famous as for their 
 workings in the ‘ precious’ metals, gold and silver. 
 
 HT. I will now count up the productions of FRANCE :— 
 
 1. JEWELLERY, ARTIFICIAL FLowers, and many ORNAMENTAL 
 ARTICLES in fancy woods, pearls, &c. 
 
140 THE BELGIAN DEPARTMENT. 
 
 2. Workings in the Precious Merats ; Splendid SHaw ts, SILKs, 
 MerINnoEs, Camprics, Mustins, and CARPETS. 
 
 3. Boors, and SHors, Hats, Guoves, and other wearing apparel. 
 And that is a proper sort of list for an imaginative and ingenious 
 nation ! 
 
 P. I shall not have time to give you so long an account of 
 each nation. You know that we are to have a course of 
 “Ossect LESSONS FROM THE GREAT Exursirion,” and in that 
 course the most interesting ‘lions’ of each nation will be de- 
 scribed. 
 
 Look at the map and you will see a country at the north of 
 France. 
 
 tose. Yes,—BELGIUM, papa. 
 
 BELGIUM. 
 
 P. The department of this country is properly placed next to 
 that of the French in the Exhibition. 
 
 Rose. Are the Belgian people Celtic, papa ? 
 
 P. You shall judge for yourself. 
 
 They exhibit not only the magnificent Lacze which you saw 
 on the Archbishops Fenelon, A’Becket, and the Pope, but beau- 
 tiful Musica InstRUMENTs. 
 
 H. (whispering.) Think, Rose !—Musie. 
 
 P. Also, numerous magnificent specimens of carpets, for which 
 Brussels, the capital of Belgium, has so long been famous. 
 
 There are other specimens of woollen manufactures from 
 Brussels, Antwerp, Louvain, and Ghent: the weavers of the 
 
CELTIC AND GERMANIC BELGIANS.—FLANDERS. 141 
 
 latter city had once upwards of 30,000 looms. But Belgium, 
 poor country! has been the scene of many a dreadful war; and 
 it exhibits goods which painfully remind us of the fact. 
 
 Rose. What are those, papa? 
 
 P. A most formidable collection of arms, of bright barrelled 
 muskets, and bayonets, from a town called Liege. Liege is the 
 Birmingham of Belgium, and can supply guns, and many other 
 metal manufactures, as cheaply as we get them from that 
 famous town. Now, tell me what think you of Belgium? Is 
 it the country of a Celtic or of a Germanic nation ? 
 
 Hf. Let us count up its products :— 
 
 BELGIUM has sent to the Exhibition, Lacr, Mustcan In- 
 STRUMENTS, CarPETS, WooLLEN Goops, Muskers, and other 
 Mrrat Manuractures: some are fancy articles, and some are 
 not. What do you say, Rose? 
 
 Rose. I can’t tell. I should think that the people are both 
 Germanic and Celtic. 
 
 P. That ¢s the state of things. Belgium is a curious country. 
 It is situated between France, a Celtic nation, and Holland, a 
 Germanic nation. It has more than once changed masters,— 
 belonging at one time to France, and at another time to Hol- 
 land. The towns near France, such as Liege and Namur, are 
 mostly Celtic: in fact, they are of French origin, and their 
 language is similar to the French. Again, in the northern part, 
 called Flanders, where we find the great woollen manufactures, 
 the people are more Germanic, ‘resembling their neighbours, the 
 Hollanders, while their language (called Flemish) is a dialect of 
 
142 CONNECTION OF SOIL, PRODUCE, AND MANUFACTURES, 
 
 the Dutch. There is thus a very great distinction between the 
 two parts of the nation—a distinction which is kept up by the 
 inhabitants of the towns. 
 
 H. Then we will say that the goods sent to the Exhibition 
 from Belgium, show that they are a mixed nation—half Celtic 
 and half Germanic. 
 
 HoLianpD is the next country, papa. You said that the 
 Dutcnu were a ‘matter of fact’ Germanic people. I suppose 
 that they have sent plenty of butter and cheese? 
 
 P. Wait a minute, we are going on a little too fast. Before 
 we go any further, I must tell you that we cannot judge 
 what will be the object of a nation’s industry (much less what 
 they will send to the Exhibition) merely by knowing the race to 
 which they belong. The manufactures of a country depend 
 also upon its soil, and the vegetables and minerals it yields. . 
 
 H, Ah, I had forgotten that. There would not be so many 
 metal manufactures in a country if its soil did not contain 
 metals. 
 
 P. And then, again, the character of a people (and even their 
 industry) will much depend on the climate of their country. 
 
 Take Holland, for instance. . The land is lower than the sea; 
 the soil is therefore very marshy, exactly suited for Cows— 
 even more than for sheep; therefore 4 
 
 Rose. Plenty of milk—plenty of butter and cheese. I see,. 
 papa, the butter and cheese making does not grow entirely from: 
 the character of the people. 
 
 P. No. We find, too, that Holland. sends beautiful linen to 
 
 
 
THE DANISH DEPARTMENT.. 143 
 
 the Exhibition; for large tracts of the soil are well suited for 
 growing the linen plant, called ‘flax.’ The character of the 
 people may, therefore, help us a little to remember their produc- 
 tions, but may not always serve as a guide. 
 
 When you look in the Exhibition for the goods sent from 
 HOLLAND, you may look for Linens and Woven Goops, 
 Mertat Manuracturses; good. specimens of Macurnery, 
 Basket Worx, Dutcu Cuocks, and almost. every variety of 
 manufacture. 
 
 Rose. We shall soon be home, now, papa. 
 
 P. Yes; and I have told you very little, as yet, of the goods 
 sent from Hurope, We will pass through the other countries 
 hastily, If you cross the North Sea, from Holland, you will 
 find a country at the north-east, called 
 
 DENMARK, 
 
 _ P. When I visited the Denmark department I was much 
 pleased with a piece of sculpture there. It represents a hunter, 
 who has taken possession of the cub of a lioness ; and its mother 
 following him. The position of the lioness is very interesting. 
 She has not attacked the hunter, but has grasped him with her 
 claws ; and is looking up intreatingly in his face. The hunter 
 has tucked the sleepy-looking cub under his arm; while with 
 his right hand he holds up a lance, with which he threatens to 
 defend himself. The countenance of the lioness is a beautiful 
 representation. It expresses the earnest anxiety which even a 
 dumb animal can feel for its little one. 
 
144 THE SWEDISH DEPARTMENT. 
 
 In Denmark, you may see the usual produce of the fields ; 
 also knitted articles, leather and boots, with decorated vases, 
 musical instruments, &c. 
 
 H, What comes from SwEDEN, papa? 
 
 P. From 
 
 SWEDEN AND NORWAY, 
 
 where, as well as in Denmark, the people are more Germanic 
 than Celtic, we have the produce of their famous iron mines. 
 The iron of Sweden is, you are aware, that which is so useful 
 for making into steel ; so they have not only sent iron ores, but 
 all kinds of steel tools, such as files, iron tubes, iron plates, iron 
 pots, and cooking utensils, sabres, and swords, to show the beau- 
 tiful quality of their steel. Swedish iron is not only of superior 
 quality, but its quantity is ¢mmense. 
 
 Very fine specimens of two metals called Copatt and NickEL 
 are also exhibited, with specimens of Maa@yeric Iron, for it is 
 from Sweden that we obtain our principal supply of these metals. 
 Sweden has also sent Corron Goons, made in the houses of the 
 peasants, with hand-looms, as it used to be made in England, 
 before steam power was introduced. Besides all these things 
 there are specimens of FLax, and of Linen. 
 
 If from Sweden you cross over the Baltic Sea, you arrive at a 
 very large country called 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 This is truly an enormous country. It contains one-seventh 
 
THE RUSSIAN DEPARTMENT. " 145 
 
 of the whole land of the earth. It therefore yields the Emperor 
 immense riches ; it will even yield more yet, when more of the 
 soil is cultivated, for not one-sixth at present yields fruit. There 
 is one large tract of land in Russia with a soil composed of 
 decayed vegetable matter, in some parts three feet, and in other 
 parts six feet deep. This fertile tract of land is as large as the 
 countries of Austria and France together; and upon it, immense 
 quantities of wheat are grown, which afford a supply for 
 Europe, and increase the riches of Russia. 
 
 The soil also yields riches in another way—from the tember, 
 which is cut down in the immense forests. Mineral substances, 
 again, areabundant. There are large mines of copper and salt ; 
 there are quarries of marble, and abundant supplies of gold, 
 platina, and, in some parts, precious stones. 
 
 You may Ailrette expect that in the Exhibition eee has 
 shown signs of her r2ches,—and this you will find to be the case: 
 On my first visit to the Exhibition, the Russian department was 
 not opened, but was surrounded by a hoarding, for one of the 
 ships containing the goods sent was blocked up by the ice of the 
 Baltic Sea. 
 
 The department is, however, now opened with the most gor- 
 geous and dazzling display. They have in Russia a green stone 
 called malachite, which one of the Russian porters told me was 
 worth its weight in gold. 
 
 Rose. I never heard of that stone before, papa ! 
 
 P, No, it is not well known ; it is, in fact, a sort of copper ore, 
 consisting of copper united with carbonic acid, or ‘ carbonate of 
 
 
 
146 RUSSIAN RICHES~MALACHITE, 
 
 copper.’ This stone has also been found, but in smaller quan- 
 tities, in the copper mines of Burra Burra, in Australia. 
 
 But I was going to tell you of the extravagant quantities of 
 this precious stone which Russia has sent to the Exhibition. 
 People had been accustomed to see it used for brooches, jewel 
 boxes, and other small articles; but how was every one sur- 
 prised to find it worked up into a pair of drawing-room doors ! 
 These doors are a beautiful and astonishing sight. They are to 
 be sold if any one will buy them. Their value is said to be 
 £6,000. Will you have them, Henry ? 
 
 H, Yes, if you will lend me the money to buy them, papa: 
 No, I don’t think that I would buy them, then,—because with 
 the £6,000 I could build a dozen houses as large as the one aunt 
 lives in. | 
 
 Rose. Ah, papa, Henry is a ‘matter-of-fact? man. He is 
 one of the ‘Germanic race.’ Look at his blue eyes ! 
 
 P. Not only is there a pair of doors made of malachite, but 
 a beautiful mantel-piece, with a table and chair on each side of 
 it. The chairs are worth £120 a-piece, and the prices of the 
 tables are £400 each. : 
 
 In the front of the department, there are three large hand- 
 some vases, made of a precious stone. called jasper, which have 
 excited the wonder and admiration of many people—almost as 
 much as the malachite has. Those who understand the work- 
 manship of vases, have been very much struck with .one of 
 them. They have been wondering how, in such a hard stone, 
 the beautiful border of leaves could be cut. It is supposed that 
 
ARTIFICIAL FRUITS. 147 
 
 a diamond was used for the purpose. The vase is valued at 
 £2,000. All three of these vases are the property of the 
 Emperor, and were made at his own manufactory. 
 
 In the very centre of the front is another great vase, of por- 
 celain. This also was made at the Emperor’s manufactory—it 
 is valued at £2,500. 
 
 But these things form only a small part of the riches sent 
 from Russia. There are quantities of SILVER-PLATE ; gold-plate 
 also; and jewels worth £40,000. 
 
 There is an artificial branch of currants, made of a precious 
 stone called white cornelian, in which even the very stones are 
 seen inside the fruit. These look so natural, so juicy, and 
 tempting, that the young Prince of Wales said,— He should 
 really like to eat them.” 
 
 There are even more specimens of fine Jewellery.—There are 
 
 Bunches of cherries in red cornelian, 
 Pears in agate stone, 
 Plums in ony. 
 
 Rose. Are there any more articles, papa ? 
 
 P. Yes. In the background there is a curious carpet made 
 of squares of squirrel-skin. dfedallions made of porcelain, and 
 vases of beautiful azure and gold. 
 
 H, Has Russia sent any raw material, papa? 
 
 P. I cannot say, as I have not examined the whole of the 
 department yet; but I expect that when we go there we shall 
 see specimens of tallow, timber, wheat, flax, hemp, linseed, wool, 
 hides, and so forth. 
 
 K 
 
148 THE- GERMAN DEPARTMENT. 
 
 H, Which family, papa, do the Russians belong to? 
 
 P. They are neither Celtic nor Germanic, but belong to a 
 family formed by the union of the Germans with the Mongolian 
 race. ; 
 
 The people of this family are called the Selavonic race. The 
 chief distinction in their character is, perhaps, a love of brute 
 force; many of them are in a rather savage state, and their 
 favourite occupation is plunder, and war. If you travel to the 
 south of Russia, you will reach a famous country called — 
 MANY. 
 
 You have heard, I dare say, that this country is divided into 
 several small states. Those states situated around the River 
 Rhine have, together with Prussia, formed a union, so that the 
 taxes paid as “customs” may be more easily collected. This 
 union, from.the German words zoll, a tax, and verein, a union, 
 is called 
 
 THE ZOLLVEREIN. 
 
 HT. Are the people a Germanic race, papa? 
 F. Let me see if you can judge. Would a ‘matter of fact’ 
 people be more likely to send useful or ornamental articles ? 
 ~ Rose. Useful articles, J should think. | 
 P. Then listen to the first account I read of the Zollverein, 
 
 “The general. character of the articles sent by these states is 
 utilitarian (useful).” 
 
 Here is a list of some of their goods. There are models of their 
 fine apparatus used in MINING OPERATIONS—rare minerals— 
 
 
 
 — ee eee 
 

 
 2 
 . 
 a i a 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 REC. 
 
 
 
 E Weesre 
 
 je x J 
 KSEE SSS 
 
 ALLELE. Yip Wy 
 
GERMAN PRODUCE. 151 
 
 fine preparations of colours, such as the beautiful blues, smalt 
 and ultramarine. 
 
 There are also woven goods in abundance—all useful things. 
 The principal article of commerce in Saxony—the Saxony 
 BROAD CLOTH — hosiery—worsted, and woollen stuffs — the 
 celebrated Berlin wool work, and paper patterns for ladies to 
 copy—with specimens of calico, are sent. Carpets, silks, oil- 
 cloths, and a very large display of useful ‘raw material.’ 
 
 H. Then such a list of goods as that, seems to belong to a 
 Germanic nation. 
 
 P. That is correct. But, although the Germans are a hard- 
 working, matter-of-fact nation, they have sent us ornamental 
 goods. In the department of the kingdom of WurtremMBURG 
 there are some extraordinary specimens of stuffed animals. — 
 There is a scene of hunting the wild boar, and another of stag 
 hunting, I think. Opposite those two scenes there are collec- 
 tions of animals, which have been prepared to illustrate some of 
 the fables published for children. There is the whole history of 
 RervEks, the Fox, in which are many diverting scenes. These 
 you may see on our next visit. I have drawn some of them 
 for your amusement. 
 
 In another part of the Zollverein there is a very pretty model 
 of the castle in which H1s Royan HicHNEss THE PRINCE ALBERT 
 was born, Although it is pretty, it does not display any of the 
 remarkable ingenuity which we see in the works of the French. 
 
 If you look again at your map, you will see, at the south- 
 east of Germany, a country called 
 
152 THE AUSTRIAN DEPARTMENT. 
 
 AUSTRIA. 
 
 _ Here we have a strange empire, a curious mixture of the 
 Germanic, the Celtic, and the Sclavonic races. The people of 
 Austria have sent us many fine things. There are fine speci- 
 mens of raw material. 
 
 From Bouemtia, the northern part of Austria, the most aia 
 tiful objects in stained glassaresent. There are lucifer matches, 
 for which Bohemia is also famous, ———— enormous quan- 
 tities. 
 
 The most striking of the useful articles are the articles of 
 AvsTRIAN Furyirure. These articles are ornamented with the- 
 most perfect carvings. Iam afraid that when you visit the 
 furniture room, and notice its style, you will wonder what it: 
 was really made for. The great bed in particular will surprise 
 you. : 
 In the statuary room of Austria you will find a statue, called: 
 “The Veiled Vestal.” It represents a female, whose face appears: 
 to be covered witha veil. You know that it would be almost. 
 impossible to cut a thin veil in marble, and the artist has, there- 
 fore, only carved the folds of the veil on the face, and has in- 
 dented the parts of the face between the folds, so that ata 
 distance you feel sure thatthe figure has on a real veil. Every 
 one is deceived at its appearance, until he has examined it closely. 
 
 Which country would you like:to hear of next? . 
 
 Rose. Here is a country, papa, atthe west of Austria. It is 
 
 alled SwirzERLAND. 3 
 
 
 
THE SWISS DEPARTMENT. » Ibe 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 P. This country is the most mountainous in Europe. Just 
 as there are two kinds of Belgians, so there are two families of 
 Swiss—the French Swiss (of Celtic origin), and the Germanic 
 Swiss. 
 
 The Celtic division is famous for its JEWELLERY, and its beau-. 
 tiful GenEvA Warcues. The other division is more famous for 
 its agriculture—its dairies, butter, &c. 
 
 The ingenuity of the Celtic family in Switzerland is as great 
 _ as in any other country. They have sent to the Exhibition 
 watches for the deaf and blind—a watch which only requires 
 winding once a year, or not so often, indeed, as it runs 374 days 
 —a watch smaller than a fourpenny piece, to hang in a brooch. 
 —a still smaller watch, made on the top of a pencil-case. This 
 beautiful little thing not only tells the hour, but the day of the 
 week and the month. Next to the watches there are valuable. 
 cases of jewellery work, also many curious and valuable philo- 
 sophical instruments. There are very beautiful and delicate 
 carvings in wood, and straw-plait of wonderful fineness, to- 
 gether with a number of “ingenious trifles,” which, it is said, 
 show how the people in that mountainous country occupy them- 
 selves during the winter months. 
 
 They also send specimens of ornamental ribbons, embroidered 
 curtains, velvet, “Swiss muslins,” and “cambries” in abun- 
 dance, with many varieties of cotton goods. 
 
 It is said that in nearly every branch of manufacture—either 
 
134, CHARACTER OF THE SWISS. 
 
 of pottery work, or of woven goods, or of metal work—the 
 Swiss have sent good specimens. 
 
 H. They seem very industrious for a Celtie race, papa! 
 
 P. You must not suppose that the Celts cannot be industrious. 
 They are not generally disposed to work hard when tilling the 
 soil, but most Celtic people have hee patience as well as in- 
 genuity. 
 
 You may learn from the Swiss nee much a nation may owe 
 to the climate and country it livesin. The Swiss of Geneva 
 and the neighbourhood are not very different in their origin 
 from the Spanish or Portuguese, or from the people of France 
 and Italy, which countries surround Switzerland; but they are 
 by far the most active. What do you suppose had —_ to 
 make them so? 
 
 H,. The wind, papa, which blows across the snowy moun- 
 tains. I should think that the mountain breezes would always 
 keep the Swiss from going to sleep. 
 
 P., There is no question that both the Celtic and the Ger- 
 manic Swiss owe much of their activity to such a cause. If 
 you were to ask a Swiss, ‘ Why is it that you are so much more 
 active than the Celts of Spain?” he would say, perhaps, “ Be- 
 cause I do not live in so warm a climate—because I breathe the 
 mountain air—because, ever since I have been a little child, I 
 have been accustomed to climb the mountain side, and walk 
 ever the steep hills.” 
 
 There is very much that is interesting in the history of a 
 Geneva watch. You may one day hear how the different parts 
 
 
 
 i nit —_ 
 
GENEVA WATCHES.—SPAIN, 155 
 
 of each watch are divided amongst different hands in the vil- 
 Jages, and are put together and finished in the towns. Watches 
 are made in the same way in CLERKENWELL, near London, ex- 
 cept that the workmen live in dark back streets, and closely- 
 packed houses, breathing a very different air from that of their 
 fellow-workmen in Geneva. 
 
 Rose. And not having such#pleasant cottages, I dare say. 
 
 P. We will now pass westward to 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 Here is a strongly Celtic race of people. Their principal 
 manufactures, wine, sword-blades, tobacco, &c. One of the 
 swords sent to the exhibition from TorEpo, has a blade which 
 is beautifully ‘tempered.’ It is so elastic that it may be bent 
 so as to form a circle; and in this shape it is put away in its 
 sheath. When taken out it immediately becomes straight 
 again. 
 
 H, The Spaniards ought to have sent plenty of ‘fancy-work,’ 
 as they are Celts. 
 
 P. So they have done. I have read that the fancy work in 
 embroidery, and the black lace of Spain, is truly exquisite—so 
 beautiful that “the English ladies who work crochet and 
 Berlin wool may throw away their needles and hooks in 
 despair.” Spain has also sent a shrine in gilt metal, and in 
 precious stones. There is a wonderful table, ornamented with 
 mosare work. It proves how patient, as well as ingenious, are 
 
156 SPANISH INGENUITY—RAW MATERIAL-AND ROADS, 
 
 many of the Celts. It must have cost immense labour, and 
 have taken an immense time—for it is said to contain three 
 million pieces of wood ! 
 
 There are, from Spain, beautiful specimens of raw material, 
 to show what wealth there still is in their soil. There is in the 
 iron mines abundance of iron as fit for making fine steel as that 
 of Sweden, but not much is sok, for want of good roads to 
 convey it to the ships on the coast. 
 
 I read about the Spanish roads, papa, in “ Uncle’s Richards ‘f 
 letter in Pueasant Paces. I remember how he was bumped 
 about in the diligence. How strange, papa, that there should 
 not be good roads; but making roads is not ‘ fancy work.’ 
 
 Rose. Do the Spaniards make much woollen cloth or cotton: 
 goods, as the English and the German people do? 
 
 P. I think not. Most of their fine merino wool is exported 
 as ‘raw material.’ They have woollen manufactories; but I 
 have read that the manufactures are mere shams. It is said that 
 all sorts of woollens, cottons, hardware (or iron utensils), are 
 smuggled into the country. 
 
 The next country to Spain is 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 The Celtic people of this country are very similar to the 
 Spaniards. Formerly the two nations wereone. The Portuguese 
 have sent us beautiful artificial flowers formed of feathers— 
 exquisite carving in ivory—fine marble—barrels of snuff (of 
 which any one may take a pinch). There are specimens of 
 
 
 
PORTUGAL AND ITALY. 157 
 
 woollen and cotton cloths. I have not noticed these cloths, 
 but I have read concerning them :—“ Of these, the less said the 
 better.” 
 
 H, Now let us cross the Mediterranean, papa, to 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 P. Here is a truly Celtic race. Like the Spanish and Portu- 
 guese, they have sent us everything that is beautiful. Poor 
 Italians! They live in ‘the garden of Europe,’ with a rich soil, 
 and a most luxurious climate, and yet they are not a happy 
 people. 
 
 Rose. Why not? 
 
 P. Because they want perseverance and industry. They. 
 know very little of the enjoyment of ‘working hard!’ They 
 are famous for their music, their dancing, and their painting. 
 The marble statues and splendid architecture show how rich is 
 the imagination of this Celtic nation. | 
 
 From the northern parts of Italy,—Tuscany and LreHory, 
 we have beautiful specimens of straw-plait. 
 
 Rose. I once wore a Tuscan straw hat, and mamma wears a 
 Leghorn bonnet. 
 
 P. None but Italians could, I should think, make such beau- 
 tiful work in straw. You do not set much value on a straw ; 
 yet, see how this value can be changed by industry! There 
 are in the Exhibition specimens of Tuscan plait which are 
 worth their weight in gold. Beside the statues, the Italians have 
 sent mosaic tables, and other ornamental furniture ; but the most 
 
158 THE TURKISH DEPARTMENT. 
 
 striking objects are their ingenious models, showing the beautiful 
 anatomy of different animals. I will show them to you the 
 next time we go to the Exhibition. 
 
 At the east of Italy is a country called 
 
 TURKEY. 
 
 The most noticeable article in the Turkish department is a 
 huge brass machine, of elegant shape, looking something like a 
 large tea-urn. Itis really a large brazier for charcoal, called a 
 mangal. ‘The charcoal is burned inside the mangal, which, in a 
 Turkish house, is placed in the centre of the room; the Turkish 
 jadies sit round it to warm themselves. 
 
 H. I think I would rather look at a blazing fire, than a brass 
 mangal. 
 
 The Turks have also sent us beautiful specimens of coffee- 
 cups, and other household utensils. There are specimens of the 
 famous Turkey carpets, Turkish beads—of which you shall 
 one day hear more—silks embroidered with gold, musical 
 
 instruments, and many more of the kind of articles which © 
 
 people call ‘beautiful.’ There are, too, specimens of the Turkey 
 sponge from the shores of the ARCHIPELAGO ; there is one piece 
 just as it was taken from the rock, with an oyster still sticking 
 to it. 
 
 ftose. What is the name of that little country at the south of 
 Turkey ? ; 
 
 P. That is 
 
 PS eS ee 
 
GREECE—MARBLE AND STATUES, 159 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 Greece was formerly the first country of the world; but, 
 alas! the fates go round like the world itself, and Greece, in 
 the midst of the World’s Industry, is an unimportant place. 
 
 Amongst her raw materials there is a piece of the beautiful 
 marble which was used for the great Parthenon, and for the 
 statues, in the days of Greece’s glory. There are many other 
 fine specimens of marble, like that which was used for building 
 many an ancient temple. You may see a blackish marble— 
 variegated marble—marble with reddish and ‘sky-blue green’ 
 spots—grey marble—marble with grey spots, like clouds— 
 marble with yellow veins—green marble—greentsh marble— 
 flesh-coloured marble—transparent marble, and marble which 
 is perfectly black. 
 
 There is also ‘marble alabaster.’ There are other raw 
 materials from Greece, but few manufactures. 
 
 H. Now, I think, papa, that you have mentioned all the 
 countries of Europe. I will count them up, that I may remem- 
 ber them:—Great Britain, Francs, Beterum, Hoxzann, 
 Denmark, SwepEen and Norway, Russra, the ZottvErern, 
 AusTRIA, SwiITZERLAND, Sparn, Porruaat, TurKery, and 
 GREECE. 
 
 There is one thing I notice, papa,—that the Celtic nations are 
 found at the south of Europe, and at the west, and most of the. 
 Germanic nations live northward. 
 
 P. That is the case. The most westward of the Celtic 
 
160 THE AFRICAN GOODS.—BHGYPT. 
 
 nations are the people of Ireland, which country is, you know, 
 
 at the west of England. These people have all the failings of 
 
 the Celts, and all their good qualities, also. These good. qualities 
 
 might be better known if the Irish had better opportunities of 
 
 showing them. é . 
 Let us now mention the principal Goops From AFRICA. 
 
 a fe 
 
 Chapter Fourteenth. 
 
 THE GOODS FROM AFRICA. 
 feu is the least civilized part of the world. We 
 Ds 
 
 shall not, therefore, find many of her productions. In- 
 
 deed, the history of the goods from the remainder of 
 the globe will not occupy much time. The principal African 
 contributions have been sent from Egypt and ‘Tunis. 
 
 EGYPT. 
 
 Egypt is on the northern side of the eastern nave, opposite to 
 the Koh-i-noor. In the front of its department it protrudes 
 long matchlocks, sabres, and very large saddles, richly em- 
 broidered with gold, similar to those exhibited by other Eastern 
 countries. One of the walls of the department is covered’ with 
 drapery of violet, crimson, green, and blue silk garments, with 
 crimson and green shawls, all embroidered with gold. 
 
 
 
 5 
 } 
 , 
 7 
 { 
 
THE CHARACTER OF EASTERN MANUFACTURES. 161 
 
 Hf, I think that the people of Africa and Asia seem very fond 
 
 of gold embroidery. I wonder whether they are Celts? 
 _P. No; they belong to a different race, which you may 
 hear of one day. It is said that the goods from Turkey and the 
 Eastern countries convey an instructive lesson to the mind. The 
 East is the land of despotism, where power belongs only to the 
 wealthy rulers. So, itis found, that in splendid dress, jewellery, 
 and armour, and in all that belongs to the rich, the Eastern 
 nations excel the Europeans; but that in common comforts—in 
 those articles which all classes meds Tey, do not equal the 
 more civilized nations. 
 
 On the southern side of the nave, opposite to Turkey, is the 
 department of 
 
 TUNIS. 
 
 Here we have nearly the same kind of goods as in Egypt. 
 The tools of husbandry, hay-forks, &c., are very rude, while 
 there is “ eatremely, fine door-matting, and a magnificent collec- 
 tion of gold-embroidered dresses.” 
 
 You may see, on the map, that Tunis is in the northern part 
 of Africa—in the part inhabited by the Moors and Arabs; so 
 we find in the Tunis department a real Arab’s tent of black 
 camel’s hair. ‘This tent is adorned with such ornaments as the 
 Arabs. find in Africa—skins of lions, leopards, antelopes, and 
 wild goats. There are Arab musical instruments—a fiddle with 
 two strings, a guitar, and an African banjo. There are hats 
 hanging up, as large round the brim as a coach-wheel, very 
 suitable for wear under an African sun, no doubt. 
 
162 THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.—ASIA. 
 
 From 
 THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, 
 
 which, you can see, is at the very south of Africa, are sent 
 skins of wild animals, buffaloes’ horns, rhinoceros’ horns, and 
 oil from the sheeps’ tails, which I will one day describe to you. 
 The sheep of the Cape, and of Africa, have enormous tails, 
 which are sometimes carried on wheels. There is an elephant’s 
 tusk weighing 103 Ibs. Amongst the manufactures is the head- 
 dress of a Kaffir warrior, and a beautiful tippet made of the fea- 
 thers of various Cape birds. 
 
 There are also goods from the, western coast of Africa— 
 broad-brimmed straw hats again, calabashes, poisoned ar- 
 rows, &c., &c, 
 
 —_+—_— 
 
 Chapter Fitteenth. 
 THE GOODS FROM ASIA. 
 
 ne principal Asiatic goods are sent from India, Ceylon, 
 
 Persia, China, and the islands of the Indian seas. 
 The two former countries have been mentioned. 
 
 PERSIA, 
 
 like the other Eastern countries, sends many ‘fine’ things. 
 The Persian carpets and rugs are beautiful. There are silk and 
 
 ] 
 4 
 | 
 
 
 
THE CHINESE DEPARTMENT, 163 
 
 cotton dresses, and numerous articles embroidered in silk and 
 gold. There are silk and gold scarfs, silk and gold cushions, 
 silk and gold bags for ladies, silk and gold slippers for gentle- 
 men, silk and gold caps for gentlemen, silk girdles, embroidered 
 purses and sashes, scented woods, mother-o’-pearl beads, &e. 
 
 CHINA 
 
 sends many siagular things. It is a country noted for its por- 
 celain, silk, tea, &c. You must remind me that, when we go 
 again, we particularly examine one collection of goods. Itisa 
 complete collection of the various materials employed in 
 THE GREAT PORCELAIN WORKS OF KIAING-TIHT’-CHIN, 
 
 There are Chinese gongs, lamps, edible birds’ nests, which 
 you will like to see; ivory chessmen, all kinds of woods inlaid 
 with mother-o’-pearl, japanned goods, the dyes used for making 
 green tea, Chinese shoes, model of a Chinese junk, and other 
 articles, such as you may have seen in the Chinese Exhibition. 
 
 At the south of China you may observe a large group of 
 islands in the Indian Ocean, such as Sumarra, Bornzo, Java, 
 &c. From thence are sent the extraordinary gum which has 
 lately become so extensively useful, viz., Gurra PrRcHA. 
 Indian-rubber is also sent, with collections of spices ; for some of 
 these islands so abound in spices, that they are called ‘the Spice 
 Islands. Sago, another important produce of these parts, has 
 been sent, with gamboge, tortoise-shell, shellac, isinglass, ana 
 specimens of the fine rattans, bamboos, and other canes of the 
 tropical countries. 
 
 L 
 
164 AUSTRALIA.—NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 THE GOODS FROM AUSTRALIA. 
 
 By proceeding south-eastward from the Spice Islands you 
 arrive at Australia. This department, you may remember, we 
 visited:in the Exhibition. There is, in one part, a piece of 
 ‘fibrous malachite,’ with specimens of ‘stream-gold, and 
 polished stones. One of the most important products of Aus- 
 tralia is its wool; of this specimens are sent, with patent and 
 enamelled kangaroo-skins. From Van Dieman’s Lanp— 
 the large island at the south of Australia—are sent all varieties 
 of wood,—black wood, velvet wood, musk wood, myrtle, sassa- 
 fras, and blue-gum timber, rosewood, and many others. There 
 are all kinds of earths, gums, skins, with other most varied 
 animal and vegetable productions. Honey and bees’-wax is 
 sent ; for, it is said, that in no place in the world do bees thrive 
 _ better then in Van Dieman’s Land. 
 
 —_+——— 
 
 Chapter Sixteenth. 
 
 THE GOODS FROM AMERICA. 
 
 ¥f ¥’, when in Van Dieman’s Land, you take a ship and 
 6 proceed eastward, you will arrive at two large islands 
 
 i 
 q 
 Y called New ZEALAND. 
 
 The people here have begun to manufacture ; and have sent 
 
 
 
THE UNITED STATES. 165 
 
 specimens of cloth and soap,—of leather, and bags made from 
 flax ; for flax and corn grow beautifully in the fine climate of 
 these islands. 
 
 From New Zealand continue eastward, and you reach the 
 great continent of the New Wonrcp. 
 
 In South America, the principal countries are under a tropical 
 climate ; their produce, therefore, is not unlike that of the East 
 Indies and the Spice Islands. From Curu1, Perv, and Brazit, 
 there are gold and silver orés—raw hides from the numerous 
 herds of bullocks in the neighbourhood of Brazil; and artificial 
 flowers, and butterflies, formed of feathers and beetles’ wings. 
 From British Guiana and the Wesr Inp1xEs are not only 
 spices, but the produce of the splendid trees and vegetables,— 
 such as the mahogany, banyan, nutmeg, cocoa, coffee, sugar, 
 rice, almonds, raisins, &c. 
 
 In North America we have products from Mexico, California, 
 and principally from 
 
 THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 Mexico sends little else besides a collection of woods, and 
 “ designs of fruit and reptiles in wax.” 
 
 From CarirorniA is 100 lbs. of quicksilver, and, I believe, a 
 small lump of gold ore; but a much larger quantity was ex- 
 pected. 
 
 From the Unirrp S14rEs we have fine collections of raw 
 produce, and are to have many more articles. Most of them 
 are useful rather than ornamental. There are some punching 
 
 L 2 
 
166 THE AMERICAN GOODS. 
 
 machines, which are striking objects ; stoves and grates, ploughs, 
 and a large iron safe, which, it is said, no one can open except 
 the man who made it. America is famous for its india-rubber, 
 and has, therefore, sent a model of an india-rubber life-boat, 
 which, it is said, can be made to be put in one’s pocket; yet, 
 when opened, it is two yards long and one yard wide. 
 
 The most important products of America, however, are its 
 Corron and Corn—of these, there are all kinds of specimens— 
 and Inpran Cory, or Maize. A new kind of oil has also been 
 sent, called Lard Ow: great quantities of it are made in Ame- 
 rica from lard, the fat of the pig. It is much used for machi- 
 nery. In the north gallery there is a ‘ great exhibition’ of 
 Soap—all kinds of plain soap and fancy soaps made into fancy 
 shapes. There are busts in fancy colours of celebrated persons 
 done in soap. If I remember rightly, Her Majesty’s counte- 
 nance has been modelled in this way. 
 
 The least agreeable articles from America are the peculiar 
 rifles and pistols called ‘revolvers,’ which are constructed so 
 as to fire off several balls without the trouble of reloadmg. The 
 most agreeable and beautiful object is the statue of the Greek 
 slave, which we saw and talked about when noticing the “tions’ 
 of the Exhibition. 
 
 H. There was another agreeable thing, papa—I mean that 
 great picture of an eagle, hanging up at the end of the nave. 
 It was an enormous eagle, you may remember. 
 
 P. Yes; I had forgotten it. If you look at our map once 
 more, you will see that at the north of the United States are 
 
 
 
THE NORTH AMERICAN COLONIBS. 167 
 
 several British colonies—Canapa, New Brunswicr, Nova 
 Scorza, NewFounpDLanp, &c.; but as we have visited the de- 
 partment of Canada, which is the most important, I will leave 
 you to look for the productions of the smaller colonies another 
 day. 
 
 H, I should like, now, to count up all the countries we have 
 heard of, papa; but I don’t think that there will be time, for, 
 see, the cabman is turning round the corner! We are nearly 
 home. 
 
 P. I had intended to talk to you about our great city, Lon- 
 don, but there will certainly not be time now. 
 
 H. No; the cabman has reached the beginning of our terrace. 
 I am very glad we are so near home; and I am very glad that 
 we have been—— 
 
 P. You may be very glad, too, that there is so great an Ex- 
 hibition. Let us always think of it as the TempLE or Pxacs, 
 for such it is. There, men are now learning to love the peaceful 
 arts; they are learning, too, how their neighbours, as well as 
 themselves, take delight in such works. 
 
 H. So, they learn that they are like each other. 
 
 P. True; they learn, too, that God, their Father, has given 
 to all the same kind of feelings and tastes; and that He can 
 make them all work together for good. When they have thus 
 learned that they are brethren, men will learn that they may 
 work together for even a greater good. God has made all men 
 to admire that which is fair and right—all men can see that 
 truth and justice are more beautiful than anything in the 
 
168 “THE GOOD TIME COMING.”—HOME. 
 
 Exhibition. Thus, Henry, we may hope that a ‘ good time’ will 
 soon come. In that time, men of all nations will often meet. 
 Then, they will strive together that, under God’s blessing, “all 
 things may be settled upon the best and surest foundations ; 
 that peace and happiness, truth and justice, religion and piety, 
 may be established among us for all generations.” 
 
 H. Why, papa, I think that men mean to do so very soon,— 
 at least, there is somebody who wants to teach them to do so, 
 for, see what somebody has printed on the cover of the Cata- 
 logue !—I will read it to you. 
 
 THE PROGRESS OF THE HUMAN RACE, 
 RESULTING FROM THE COMMON LABOUR OF ALL MEN, 
 OUGHT TO BE THE FINAL OBJECT OF THE EXERTION OF EACH INDIVIDUAL. 
 IN PROMOTING THIS END, 
 WE ARE CARRYING OUT THE WILL OF THE GREAT AND BLESSED GOD. 
 
 Ah! that is rather too hard a sentence for me; I cannot 
 understand it yet. 
 
 P. Then I will explain it to you fully another day; but we 
 have reached home again. Come, Rose. 
 
 H. Why, Rosz! Poor Rose, she is so tired, papa, that she 
 has fallen fast asleep ! 
 
 
 
 ee we eS 
 
 
 
 (oe 
 
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 sures of Learning. 
 
 Truth—Reginald’s Draw- 
 ing Copy. 
 
 Truth—The Errand Boy. 
 
 Truth— The Watercress 
 Man. 
 
 Truth— Mr. Ganeall’s Bar- 
 gain. 
 
 Truth—The Wager. 
 
 Truth—John Huss. 
 
 Truth—Martin Luther. 
 
 Proverb—A fool uttereth 
 all his mind. 
 
 Proverb — Deep _ rivers 
 move with silence. 
 
 Proverb — Empty vessels 
 
 make the most sound. 
 
 Proverb —He that runs 
 
 fast will not run long. 
 
 Honesty — Introductory 
 Lesson. 
 
 Honesty — The Broken 
 Window. 
 
 Honesty—James Walters. 
 
 Honesty — Benjamin’s 
 Bookstall. 
 
 Honesty—The Two Men 
 of Business. 
 
 Proverb— Write injuries 
 in dust, and kindnesses 
 in marble. 
 
 On Singing Praises. 
 
 6 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Vertebrated Animals. 
 
 Articulated Animals, 
 
 Molluscous Animals. 
 
 Radiated Animals. 
 
 Recapitulation. 
 
 The Three Kingdoms of 
 Nature. 
 
 Organic Bodies. 
 
 How we know an Animal 
 from a Vegetable. 
 
 The Four Sub-kingdoms. 
 
 The Bones of Animals. 
 
 Vertebrated Animals. 
 Wiilie’s Framework. 
 
 Willie’s Framework. The 
 Head. 
 
 Willie’s Framework. The 
 Bones of the Face. 
 
 Willie’s Frameworks. The 
 Limbs. 
 
 Vertebrated Animals. Di- 
 vision into Classes. 
 
 The Class Mammals. Prin- 
 ciples of Classification. 
 
 The Class Mammals. Order 
 1. Bimana. 
 
 HISTORY. 
 
 Ancient Britons. 
 
 The Romans JuliusCeesar. 
 Ditto. Caractacus. 
 
 Ditto. Conquest of Britain. 
 
 OF VOL, I. 
 
 The Northern Barbarians. 
 
 The Saxon Invasion. 
 
 The Saxon Heptarchy. 
 Allodial System. 
 
 The Introduction of Chris- 
 tianity. 
 
 Invasion of the Danes. 
 
 Alfred the Great. 
 
 Edward, Athelstane, and 
 Edmund. 
 
 Edred, Edwy, and Edgar, 
 
 Edward the Martyr, Ethel- 
 red, Edmund Ironside. 
 
 The Three Danish Kings. 
 
 Edward the Confessor. 
 Harold. 
 
 The Norman Kings. The 
 Conquest. 
 
 The Feudal System. 
 William the Conqueror. 
 
 OBJECT LESSONS, 
 
 The Tablecloth. 
 Bread. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Sugar. 
 
 Milk. 
 
 An Egg. 
 
 Salt. 
 
 Cottee. 
 
 Cocoa. 
 
 Water. 
 Boiling Water. 
 
 
 
PART OF CONTENTS OF VOL. I. *‘ PLEASANT PAGES.” 
 
 Questions for Examina- 
 tion. 
 
 The Rasher of Bacon. 
 
 The Knife and Fork. 
 
 The Plate and Breakfast- 
 cup. 
 
 TRAVELLER THROUGH 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 English Traveller. Intro- 
 duction, 
 
 Berwick. 
 
 Northumberland. 
 
 Visit to a Coal Mine. 
 
 How to make Geography 
 Lessons, 
 
 Cumberland. 
 
 Carlisle. 
 
 Westmoreland Lakes — 
 Ullswater. 
 
 Ditto— Windermere. 
 
 Westmoreland. 
 
 Questions for Examina- 
 tion on Northumber- 
 Jand, Cumberland, and 
 Westmoreland, and 
 Durham. 
 
 Durham. 
 
 Yorkshire. 
 
 Hull, York. 
 
 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Solids, Liquids, and 
 Fluids. 
 
 Fluids (Caloric). 
 
 The Crust of the Earth 
 (Lime). 
 
 Ditto. Argil or Clay. 
 
 Ditto. Silica or Flint. 
 Ditto. Vegetable Soil, 
 Boulders. 
 
 Ditto. Sketch of Geology. 
 
 DRAWING LESSONS. 
 Lines. 
 Angles. 
 Triangles. 
 
 Quadrilateral Figures, 
 Drawing Copies. 
 Perspective— 
 The Horizontal Line. 
 Vanishing Point. 
 Point of . Sight 
 Point of Station. 
 Recapitulation. 
 Practical Exercises. 
 
 and 
 
 HYMNS AND POETRY. 
 
 A garland! a garland! 
 
 All the flashing, gleaming 
 glory. 
 
 Alas for men! that they 
 should be so blind. 
 
 And now another day is 
 
 gone. 
 
 A rosy child went forth to 
 play. 
 
 Awake, little girl, 
 time to arise. 
 
 Be you to others kind and 
 true. 
 
 Can you catch the flying 
 shadows. 
 
 Epitaph on an Infant. 
 
 Fair befal the cotton 
 tree! 
 
 Father of all! we bow to 
 thee. 
 From day to day we 
 humbly own. 
 God’s presence 
 everywhere. 
 God bless our native ]and. 
 God might have made the 
 earth bring forth. 
 
 Hark ! amid the ‘ shivery 
 leaf sounds.”’ 
 
 Harvest Home. 
 
 He is the wisest, and the 
 happiest man. 
 
 Higher, higher will we 
 climb. 
 
 How oft enchanted have I 
 stood. 
 
 it is 
 
 shineth 
 
 
 
 How lovely shines the 
 liquid pearl. 
 
 How fast those pretty 
 blossoms fall. 
 
 Hurrah! hurrah! for Eng- 
 land. 
 
 I have a little sister. 
 
 I sing the almighty power 
 of God. 
 
 ** Let there be light,” the 
 Eterval spoke. 
 
 Little brother, darling boy. 
 
 My home, my own dear 
 home. 
 
 Mother, how still the baby 
 lies! 
 
 Now I lay me down to 
 sleep. 
 
 Old England for ever ! 
 
 Reader, whosoe’er thou art. 
 
 Sing a sweet melodious 
 measure. 
 
 Spring is coming, Spring 
 is coming. 
 
 The bird that soars on 
 highest wing. 
 
 The stars are bright. 
 
 There is a flower, a little 
 flower. 
 
 Time speeds away—away, 
 away. 
 
 To a bee. 
 
 Up! up, let us a voyage 
 take. 
 
 When all thy mecries, O 
 my God. 
 
 Work while you work. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 Songs for the Seasons— 
 Spring Song, Summer 
 Song, Autumn Song, 
 Winter Song. 
 
 Morn amid the Mountains 
 
 Little Travellers Zion- 
 ward. 
 
 Children of Jerusalem. 
 
 God save the Queen. 
 
 7 
 
“PLEASANT PAGES” FOR SABBATH HOUBS. 
 
 THE FAMILY SUNDAY-BOOK 
 
 Is intended to afford interesting reading for the Young during 
 the leisure hours of the Sabbath, and at the same 
 time to supply a course of 
 
 INFANT-SCHOOL LESSONS FOR SUNDAY 
 SCHOOL CLASSES, 
 
 (From Five to Ten Years of Age.) 
 
 The First Volume of the Famrty SuNDAY Book is now ready. It con- 
 tains Ten large Illustrations, with Twenty-four highly interesting Scripture 
 Lessons, Which have been pronounced as ‘‘ differing in style from any 
 Scriptural instruction that has yet been produced.” 
 
 Price, in elegant cloth binding, gilt edges, 1s. 6d. 
 
 London: Houston and StonEemAN, 65, Paternoster Row. 
 Edinburgh: Menzizs. Dublin: J. Ropertson. And all Booksellers. 
 
 OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 
 
 ‘“‘Then we have the lovely FAmMinty SunpDAY Book—lovély, because all its 
 graces are reserved for application on the Sabbath-vay. As we lave said, we 
 honestly admit our inability to do anything like justice to the surpassing useful- 
 ness of these unpretending periodicals.”,—Lancaster Gazette. 
 
 ‘¢ A nobler work than to sow the seeds of immortal life in the plastic infant 
 mind cannot be imagined, and this glorious mission seems to be that for which 
 Tut AUTHOR is peculiarly adapted. The lessons hitherto given are founded 
 upon the incidents connected with the creation, fall, flood, and other portions of 
 early Scripture history, and appeal in the sweetest manner to the sympathies of 
 opening minds. The Scripture training thus early commenced, is the most potent 
 means of shutting out Romanism, or any other isa which pollutes the pure 
 fountain of Christian truthh * * * * * * ‘Truth had never a more attrac- 
 tive expositor for the young, every family ought to have in-its possession THE 
 FAMILY SUNDAY BOooK.’’—Portsmouth Guardian. 
 
 8 
 

 

 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
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