sree 3h 3 yy tb + Tear ae) Sha tee Bi a wee ¢ Oe AAA IU THAVOEOAATERGUETOUGE AATEC SMHS AT THOU fii TT {UQNYNNNNAITRNYOAARGYETENA NARA ARAN \ Wy! A rn 4 ) | N A 4X ~o i 34 f o b CODE HEALTH AND LONGEVITY: A CONCISE VIEW, 7 OF THE PRINCIPLES - Be, | ® CALCULATED FOR : THE PRESERVATION OF HEALTH, AND . THE ATTAINMENT OF LONG LIFE. BEING AN ATTEMPT TO PROVE THE PRACTICABILITY, OF CONDENS«| ING, WITHIN A NARROW COMPASS, THE MOST MATERIAL : INFORMATION HITHERTO ACCUMULATED, REGARD= ING THE DIFFERENT ARTS AND SCIENCES, OR ANY PARTICULAR BRANCH THEREOF. BY ‘SIR JOHN SINCLAIR, BART. 2 VOL. Ile oh Neque enim ulla alia re homines propius ad Deos accedunt, quam salutet hominibus dando.—~CiCERO, PRO LIGARIO, C. 38s femmes = | = EDINBURGH: PRINTED FOR ARCH. CONSTABLE & CO.3 AND T. CADELL ANB Ws DAVIES, AND J. MURRAY, LONDON. - 1807, CONTENTS OF VO Liss) PAR Dea, An Account of the Foreign Authors, who have written on Health and Longevity, with extracts from their worhs, illustrating the opinions they have entertained regarding these interesting sub- jects: No. 1 ate 3 : Pag. I: Regimen Saniiatzs Salerni: or the regiment of health, containing directions for the life of man, + 3 Tl. Cornaro, and the authors who immediately pre- ' ceded him, - “ - 44 Preliminary obfervations, u ib. “1. Marcilius Facinus, ie Re ib. 2. Antonius Gazius, - - 48 3. Platina Cremonenfis, = ib. A treatife on a fober life, by Lewis Cornaro, 5% A compendium of a fober life, “ 83 An earneft exbortation, “ - 95 Vi CONTENTS. No. Pag. Til, Of the authors who have written on health and longevity from the time of Gornaroto that of Sanctorius, - - aa 115 1. Thomas Philologus of Ravenna, -~ 116 2. Vidus Vidius, ee . ib. 3. Aieronimus Cardanus, - 117 4. Alexander Trajanus Petronius, - 119 5. Levinus Lemnius, = — = - ib. 6. Jason Pratenfs, ~ my Bed 4. Antonius Fumanellus Veronenfis, wa | 4 8. Fobannes Valverdus de Hamufco, Pet 9. Gulelmus Gratarolus, ~ 125 10. Henricus Ranzovius - ° ib. 11. Aimilius Dufus, ~ = ib. 12. Ferdinandus Euftatius, oe ib. IV. Sanéforius, = Fe - 122 Medicina Statica, or rules of health, im eight fetions or aphorifms, originally writ. ten by Sanélorius, chief profeffor of phyfic at Padua, - - 123 Sanétorius to the reader, =: ib. An account of the weighiag chair, 125 Set. 1. Of infenfible perfpiration, and the exatt weight thereof, - - 127 2. Of air and waters, - 146 ° Aphorifms added by the author, « 153 3. Of meat and drink. - ~ ib. Apborifms added hy the author, - 163 A. Of fleep and vigilance, onl 166 Aphorifms added by the author, ky Ke Se. 5. Of exercise and reft, ~ 174 8 frsot “J a<) Apborifms added by the author, CONTENTS: Vil No. Pag. Tv. 6. De venere, ~ we 179 Additi ab auétore, — - ~ 183 4. Of the affections of the mind, 184 8. Lo the ftaticomaftrix, - I 90 WV. Modern difcoveries regarding per/piration, 193 Mr. Abernethy’s experiments, . 195 VI. Of the foreign authors who wrote concerning health, from the time of Sanéforius, till the treaty of Utrecht, me, ¥. 204 1. Rodericus a Fonfeca, rs as ib. 2. urelius Anfelmus, ~ = 208 3. Francifcus Ranchinus, - ib. 4. Rodolphus Goclenius, ~ ~ ib. 5. Claudius Diodatus, = 2¢9 66. Fobannes Fonftonus, ne Hs ib. 4, Bernardin Ramazzini, ead 210 VII. The art of medicine among the Chinefe, 212 Chan Seng: or, the art of procuring health and long life, > - es ta The regulation of the heart and its affections, 216 The regulation of diet, ou * 223 The regulation of the a€tions of the day, 229 The regulations for reft at night, - 236 The means of happinefs, - = 241 Caufes of long life, = - 242 An encomium upon toniperance, ~ 243 VIII. Kant on the art-of preventing difeafes, = 245 Principle of dietetics, i 4 248 Of bypocondriafs, ~ - 25% Of fleep, - - - . 252 Of eating and drinking, 9 254 CONTENTS. Vill Ne. Pag, VIII Of the unpleafant fenfation produced by inop= portune meditation, ~ - 255 Of alleviating and preventing di sca by determination in breathing, bad. 256 Conclufion, - mis Ow BS IX. A treatife on health, by Hallé, . 260 Definition, object, and divifion of the Hygiene, 26% Hiftory of Hygiene, - ” 263 Hiflory of public Hygiene, - ~ 265 Of legiflation, manners, and police, among ancient nations, relative to Hygtene, ib. Phyjfical legiflation, or legiflative Hygiene among the nations of antiquity, - 269 Phyfcal legiflation, or public Hygiene : among the Hebrews, “ - ib. Legiflative Hygiene of Lycurgus, and of the Greeks in general, - - 274, Phyfical code of Pythagoras and of Plato, 282 Legifiative Hygiene of the Perfians, to the period of the infancy of Cyrus the Great, 287 Concerning the manners and cuftoms of the ancients, relative to Hygiene, = 289 Concerning the gymnaftic art, - 290 Concerning baths and repafts, in their rela- tian to the gymnaftiec art, - 296 Concerning the regulations conneled with pubhe police among the ancients, - 302 Public Hygiéne of the modern nations, = 307 Legiflation, - > “ ib. Manners and cuftoms, = a 308 The gymnaftic art, and baths, and regimen, ib, CONTENTS. ix ~ Ne, : Pag, > cop le Police relative to public health, —s ew 322 Lazarettos, hofpitals, and prophaylaétic és ; meafures, - - - ib, | Concerning prifons and workhoujfes, 727 ig adic, a the healthfulnefs of cities, of camps, of foips ; concerning colonies, draining, Sc. : ay ie 329 Hiftory of private Hygiéne, 3 334 Concerning Hygiene, before the era of Hippocrates, . - - ib. Hiflory.of Hygiene, arranged into oh principal epochs, - E 342 ep _firft epoch,—that of Hi cshhexep - 346 cdi Different periods of this epoch, = ib. “Firft period of the firft epoch, from the age of Hippocrates to that of Galen, — + 350 _ Diocles, Cary/rius, i : 358 Celfus, - 7 - a -ib. Plutarch, Aaasbiiis, “ a 362 Second period of the jirft epoch, ea aie, 368 Galen, > ns S ss ib. Porphyry, it. ~ 379 Oribafius, and the ancient Greeks, xB Jol- .. lowed Galen, = = ~ 381 Third périod of the firft epoch, - 385 ~1. Arabian fchool, - x ib. 2. School of the modern Greeks, 4 B+ School of Salernum, and European phy ficians, to the revival of literature, 303 Fourth period of the firft epoch,—from the | revival of literature to the time of Sanc- forius, - - = - 398 392 No. IX. CONTENTS. » Page Second epoch,—that of Sanétorius, = = 40S Third epoch.—Revival of the eae Sciences, = ve 4it Concerning the philofophy * art, and of pbi- lofophical fiudy, o yee - 414 Progrefs of the natural and experimental feiences, moft ufeful to the knowledge of man during the courfe of the third epoch, 420 Progrefs of Hygiene in the courfe of the third epoch, . = ~ 429 Traces of this progreft in the principal works which have contributed to tmprove the dif- ferent branches of Hygiene, « 432 General treatifes, ~ _ tb. Particular treatifes.—Progrefs of Hygiene in the phyfical knowledge of man, of bis relations to climate, of the varieties of bis phyfical conftttution or of bis temper- aments, “ ~ 2 433 Progrefs of Hygiene in the fludy of thofe things which concern health, - 437 Progrefs of Hygiene in the theory of regimen, 445 Fourth epoch,—diftinguifoed by the dif- covery of the aeriform fluids, and by the renovation of the chemical fctences, 449 Jn hiftorical abridgment of the difcoverics which concern man, which contribute to wmprove the knowledge of his phyfical constitution, and to affift us in compre- bending the phenomena of his organte Vatlomty “ - “ 450 CONTENTS, xi No. Pag. IX. Conjeftures relative to the advantages which the phyhcal knowledge of man and of Hy- giene may derive from the difcoveries al- ready made, during the courfe of the fourth epoch, ~ - - 458 » Expofition of a plan of a complete treatife on Hygiene, : - - 463 X, On Longevity, by Lucian, - 476 \ PART UL © ' AN : ACCOUNT OF THE FOREIGN AUTHORS WHO HAVE WRITTEN ON : , HEALTH AND LONGEVITY, | : WITH ) EXTRACTS FROM THEIR WORKS, YLLUSTRATING THE OPINIONS THEY HAVE ENTERTAINED “REGARDING THESE INTERESTING SUBJECTS. Vou. UE ; » AN € ~ ACCOUNT Ls Ps or : _ THE FOREIGN AUTHORS — | WHO HAVE WRITTEN ON HEALTH AND LONGEVITY. “ \ x went NUMBER I. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI : OR THE REGIMENT OF HEALTH, CONTAINING DIRECTIONS FOR THE LIFE OF MAN. MONG the foreign books which have been printed on the fubje@ of health, pofterior to the deftruction of the Roman power and empire, a work in verfe, written about the end of the eleventh century, for the ufe of Robert, duke of Normandy, or of his father, Wil- liam the Conqueror, deferves firft to be mentioned. It ; is true that two Jewith phyficians had previoufly drawn up, at the defire of Charles the Great, a treatife called Lacuin, or Tables of Health,. which is publifhed under the name of Elluchafen Elimithar. ‘This book, as M‘Kenzie in his Hiftory of Health obferves, is rarely to be met with, except in public libraries, which is no great lofs, being Ai 4 _ REGIMEN SANIFATIS SALERNI. but a mean, perplexed, and whimfical, performance, and {carce worth taking notice of, but only becaufe it hap- ' pens to be fometimes quoted by the learned. . The doétrines however of the univerfity of see at entitled to more notice; for, though it is dangerous, as has been juftly remarked, to prefcribe rules in verfe, on fuch a delicate fubjeét as health, becaufe the mufe may occafionally elevate the poet above the reach of falutary pre- cepts, and make him forget the phy/ician; yet there are: -fome uféful dire@tions in that work, and it is curious to trace the progrefs of human knowledge, regarding any important art or fcience, from its rude beginnings, till it reaches fome degree of vigour and maturity. | This work is fuppofed to have been drawn up about the year 1099, by Johannes de Mediolanus, or John of Milan, with the concurrence of the other phyficians of Salerne, then reckoned the moft celebrated f{chool for medicine in Europe. It was formerly in fuch high efteem, that it was call- ed “*'The Flower of Phyfic ;” * and Haller enumerates above twenty editions of it printed at different times, fometimes with, and fometimes without, a commentary. It has been tranflated into various languages. Into Englifh by Paynell, of which work two editions were printed at London in 1579 and 1607. But the beft edition of it in the Englifh language isby Dr. P. Holland, who tranflated, at the fame time, the Commentary of Arnoldus de Villa Nova, which is too vo- luminous, however, to be reprinted in this compilation, nor does it feem to contain any very important obfervations. * Hoe opus optatur qued flos medicing vocatur. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. 5 THE ORIGINAL LATIN. DR. HOLLAND'S TRANSLATION, Anglorum Regi fcribit fchola tota} All Salern fchool thus write te Salerni: Sivis incolumem, fi vis te reddere fa- num, Curas tolle. graveis, ‘irafei crede pro- fanum : Parce mero, ‘ceenato parum; non fit tibi vanum Surgere poft epulas, fomnum fuge meridianum, _ Ne mi@um retine, nec comprime _ fortiter anum. Hac bene fi ferves, tu longo tempore VIVES. Englands king, ‘And for mans health thefe fit advifes | bring. Shun bufie cares, rafh angers, which . difpleafe ; Light fupping, little drink, do caufe great cafe. Rife after meat, fleep not at after. noon, Water, and natures need, expell them - foon, ne fhalt thou live, if all thefe well _ be done. meee enamel si tibi deficiant medici, ci tibi] When phyfick needs, let thefe thy fiant - ‘Hec tria: mens hilaris, requies, mo- derata dizxta. doctors be, Spare dyet, quiet thoughts, heart mirthfull free. a TQ ‘ Lumina mané, manus furgens pelt Sleep not too long in mornings, early lavet unda, Hic illic modicum pergat, modicum fua membra Extendat, crines peciat, dentes fris cet, ifta Confortant cerebrum, confortant “i tera membra. Lote cale, fla Ppranfe, vsli, frigefce minuté, wife. And with coole water wath both hands and eyes, Walke gently forth, and flretch out every limbe, Combe head, rub teeth, to make them cleane and trim. The braine and every member elfe, thefe do relieve, ~ And to all parts continuall comfort give. Bathing, keep warm, walk after food or ftand, Complexions cold, do gentle warmth command. A 3 6 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. THE ORIGINAL LATIN. Sit brevis, aut nullus, tibi fomnus me- ridianus. * _. Febris, pigrities, capitis dolor, atque catarrhus, Hec tibi proveniunt ex fomno me- ridiano. DRe HOLLAND'S TRANSLATION, Let little fleep, or none at all fuf- fice, At afternoon, but waking keep thine eyes. Such fleep ingenders es ae ache, rheumes, Dulneffe of foul, and belcheth sia ill fumes, From forth thé ftomach. All FRR harmes enfue, By fleep at afternoons, beleeve | it true. Si fluat ie pectus, dicatur rheuma } Rheumes from the breatt, sGandieg catarrhys: Si ad fauces, branchus : efto coryza. a through the nofe : fi ad nares, | Some call catarrhes, fome tyfick, fone the. pofe. 7 Quatuor ex vento veniunt in ventre retento, Spafmus, hydrops, colica, et vertigo, ~ hoc res probat ipfa. When, wind sian the belly ae re= ftrain, The body gets by four difeafes pain. Cramps, dropfie, collick, eidcinels of brain. Ex magna ccena, ftomacho fit maxi- | Great fuppers put the flomack to ma pena. great pain, Ut fis nocte yi: fit tibi coena bre- | Sup lightly if geod reft you mean to Vis. £ ain. Tu nunquam comedas, ftomachum | Thou fhould’ft not eat untill thy ni noveris effe ftomack fay, Purgatum, vacuumque cibo, quem The meat’s digefted, which did paffe fumpferis anté. that way. “ a REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI, 7 rae ORIGINAL LATIN. Ex defiderio id poteris cognofcere “certo. Hee fint figna tibi, {ubtilis in ore - dita,” DR. HOLLAND’S, TRANSLATION. For the true ufe of appetite to feed, Is natures dyet, no more then fhall need, Perfica, poma, pira, & lac, cafeus, & Peares, apples, peaches, cheefe, and caro falfa, - Et caro cervina, & leporina, bovina, | caprina, , _ Atra hxc bile nocent, itis infir- mis inimica, powdred meat, Venifon, hare, goats flefh, and becf to eat. All thefe breed melancholly, corrupt the blood, Therefore not feeding on them, I hold goed. @eites mer many Ova Leraitia. vina py dm pinguia -‘jura, Nea Cum fimila pura, nature fant vali- tura. ) a Your new layd egs, brifk, cheei fully coloured wine, And good fat broth in phifick we define. 4 To be fo Sk bine: that nee pu | rity; 5 Doth nourifh nature very foveraign- ly. CeSey meee Regula prefbyteri bi hoc pro lege | The priefts fair daughter, held it a teneri, law moft true, Quod bona fint ova, candida, longa, | That ° egs be beft, when they are - nova. long, white, new. epaseneerS ‘ Nutrit triticum & impinguat, lac, cafeus infans, Tefticuli, .porcina caro, medullz, Dulcia vina, cibus guftu jucundior, )/ Ow! Sorbilia, & ficus mature, uveque re- - centes. cerebella, Bread of red wheat, milk, and new made cheefe, Beafts tefticles, pork marrow, brain of thefe. Sweet wines, delicious meats, egs that are rear, Over-ripe figs and raifins, ore ap- pear, To make the body fat, and nourifh nature, Procuring corpulence, and growtté of flature. 8 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. THE ORIGINAL LATIN, © ; DR. NOLLAND’S TRANSLATION. ~ Vina probantur odore, fapore, nito- | Smell favour, colour, chearfull, fine, re, colore. : | Thefe are the beft proofs of a cup of gi bona vina cupis, quingue hec lau- wine, | dantur in illis: ‘ In choice of good wine thefe are ever Fortia, formofa, & fragrantia, frigida, {peaking. frifea. Strength, beauty, Papen, coole | nefie, {prightly leaping, Corpora plus augent tibi dulcia, can- | The fweeteft wines do moft of all dida vina. }. revive, And cheer the fpirits, bei nutri- tive. Si vinum rubrum nimium quandoque | When too much red wine eeapeeny, bibatur, we drink, : ; " Venter ftipatur, vox limpida tuflifi- | It bindes the belly, makes the voice catur. to fhrink. Allia, ruta, pyra, & raphanus, cum | [ reade, from “garlick, nuts, hearb< - theriaca nux, grace, or rew, Preftant antidotum contra lethale | Pears, radifh-roots, and treacle ae venehum, | cy enfue : Such vertuous qualities, that they all ferve As antidotes againft poyfon to pres ferve. ERASER f ‘ Allia quimane jejunofumpferit ore, | He that takes garlick early in the Hunc ignotarum non ledet potus a- morn, quar‘um, Needs let no drink by him to be fors, Nec diverforum mutatio fata loco- j born, rum.: Diverfity of countries ne may fee, And well enabled if his mind fo bee. ‘REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. 9 THE ORIGINAL LATIN. . DR. HOLLAND'S TRANSLATION, ‘Lucidus ac mundus fit rite habitabi- | Dwell where the ayr is clear, fweet, lis aér, wholefome, bright, : Infectus neque fit, nec olens foetore | Infected with no fumes that hurt the " cloace. ae fight : a For fweeteft ayrs do nature moft de« light. J ers Si nogturna tibi noceat potatio vini, | If overmuch wine hath thy brain of- Hoc tu mane bibas iterum, & fuerit | fended, -medicina. BAD | Drink early next morning and its | . mended. eee . Gignit & humores ‘melius vinum | The better that the wines in good. _meliores, neffe be, ” Si fuerit nigrum, corpus reddet tibi | The better humours they beget in pigrum. thee. . Vinum fit clarumque, vetus, fubtile,. If wine look black, it makes thy body maturum, dull. Ac bene dilutum, faliens, “modera- pus it be cleer, old, fubtile, ripe and fine fumptum. full, | Well qualified, leaping, drunk dif- creetly ; Then with thy body it agrees moft oe ‘ Non acidum fapiat cetvifia, fit bene | For drinking beer or ale, thus we clara, , advife, | Et granis fit cocta bonis, fatis ac ve- | Not to be fharp or fower in any ferata, ; wife, pe | . Let them be cleer, well boyl’d corn found and good, Stale, and not news all thefe caule healthfull bloud. a “ 10 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. THE ORIGINAL LATIN. DR, HOLLAND'S TRANSLATION, De qua potetur, ftomachus non inde | Of whatfoere you drink, fee no of gravetur. fence, Unto the ftomack be procured thence. . ‘ PRR Temporibus veris modicum prandere | The fpring-time doth Ss a our _ juberis, dinners be, sed calor eftatis messi nocet im- | But light and little, fparing | in de= moderatis, — gree, Autumni fructus caveas ne fint tibi | The fummer feaiba being foultry luctus, hot, De menfa fume, quantum vis tempo- | Immoderate feeding: fhould be then © re bruma. ie, forgot. The fall of leaf or autumn doth deny, Eating much fruit, great harm ens) fues thereby, 2 But in the winter, cold doth then require, Such a full meal, as jioaes can des. fire. Salvia cum ruta faciunt tibi pocula | If in your drink, wafht fage is mixt tuta, with rew, Adde rofe florem, minuitque poten- | It is moft wholefome poyfon to fub- ter amorem. due: ma Adde thereto rofe flowers if you feele the heat, Of Venus to wax wanton, or ete great. Comey aes Naufea non poterit hec Nader vex- | Sea-water drunk stilts wine doth are, marinam well defend thee, Undam cum vino mixtam quifump-.; If on the fea, cafting chance to offend ferit anté. thee. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. ’ THE ORIGINAL LATIN. Salvia, fal, vinum, piper, allia, petro- | {elinum, Ex his fac falfam, ne fit boiiantrts falfa, ne! DR. HOLLAND'S TRANSLATION. Sage, falt, and wine, A tl there- with applyed, Garlick and parfley, thefe have ae _ bin tryed: To make good fauce for any kind of meat, ' Procuring appetite when men would eat. (enema net Lotio poft menfam 3: confert mu-, ‘nera bina, Mundificat palmas, & lumina reddit acuta. 61 fore vis fanus, ablue ae manus. If thou wilt walk in health, let me ~ advife, - Oft wafh thy hands, chiefly when thou doeft rife, From feeding at the table: for there« by, | Thou gain’iL two benefits, it clears _ the eye, Gives comfort to the palmes, both - which well tended, } Our health (thereby) the better is be-friended. SSR Panis non calidus, nec fit nimis in- veteratus, ae Sed fermentatufque, oculatus, fit be- né coctus, Et falfus modicé, ex granis vahdls electus. Ne comedas cruftam, choleram i gignit aduftam. Et panis falfus, fetmentatus, beak coctus. Purus fit fanus, non talis fit-tibi va- nus, - Not over cold not hot Jet be thy bread, Hollow and light, but ea leaven- ed, Sparingly falted, and of the pureft wheat, And fee that crufts thou do forbear to eat. Becaufe. that angry choller they be- . £ it Thy b: ead well bak’t, light falted, fourd of grain s All tnefe obferv’d, thou dott not cat in vain. 1% - REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI, ‘THE ORIGINAL LATIN. DR. HOLLAND'S TRANSLATION. Et porcina caro fine vino pejor ov-| To feed on pork, whether we fup o: or ina, dine, &i tribuas vinum, fuerit cibus ac me- | Is worfe than HEN if we have he dicina, wine : , But drinking wine seioniat it is found food, And phyfick for the body very good: flia porcorum bona funt, mala funt | The tripes or inwards of the hog is reliquorum. beft, And better then of amy other beaft, pee -ventrem, flay, Wepatis emphraxim, fplenis gene- tat lapidemque. way. stag is It harmeth both the liver and the {pleen, | Caufing the fonees as hath by proof impedit urinam muftum, folvit citd ae wine to urine is a {top or bin feen. Potus aque fumptus comedenti in- y He that drinks water when he feeds commoda praitat. on meat, finc friget ftomachus, crudus & in+ | Doth divers harms unto himfelf be« de cibus get: It cooles the ftemack with a crude infefting, And voids the meat again without digefting. OY ite arrears Gunt. nutritive seultusa carne vitu- Flefh of young cales, or veal is very Hox ‘ good, \ Quick in digeftion ons, fhe blood. — & To loofeneffe in the belly, it makes — Ri "REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI> 13 “PHE ORTOINAL LATIN. DR. HOLLAND’S TRANSLATION, rf bona gallina, & capo, turtur, | The hen, the capon, turtle and the fturna, columba. | ftare. ‘Quifcula, phafiades, igi peal We The ring-dove, quaile, lark, owl ortygometra, 1 _ fat and fair, © Perdix, frigellufque, otis, tremuluf- | The partridge, robin red-breaft, cock que, amarellus. . | of the wood, : The pheafant, heath-cock, morehen, all are good, , ‘ So the wild mallard and green ploo- ver too, | Eaten with wifdome as we ought to ida. ——— & ‘si pifces molles funt, magno corpore | The fifh of foft and biggett way tolles. take, Si pifces dui, parvi funt plus vali- | If hard and little do not them for- turi. é fake. Lucius & perca, & Bisuiilin albica, Pike, pearch, and fole, are known tencha, for dainty fifh, Gornus, plagitia, & cum carpa, gal- | The whiting alfo is a courtly dith : bio, truta. Tench, gurnard, and a well-grown r plaice in May, ; Carp, rochet, trout, thefe are good meat I fay. Lucius eft pifcis rex atque ; tyrannus | Among our fifh, the pike is king of aquarum. all, In water none is more tyrannical] QeanTSs sss Vocibus, anguille pravz funt, fi co- | Who knowes net phyfick, fhould be medaatur, nice and choice, Qui phyficen non ignorant, hexc tef- | In eating eeles, becaufe they hurt the - tificantur, voice ; 7: tee REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. ; a . THE ORIGINAL LATIN. | - | DR. HOLLAND'S ZRANSLA TION. - Cafeus, anguille, nimis obfunt, fi co- | Both eeles and cheefe without good medantur, ftore of wine, Nitu fxpé bibas, & rebibendo bibas. | Well drunk with them, offénds at. any time. Inter prandendum fit fepe parumque | In feeding at our meals fome doétors bibendum. think, Si fumas ovum, ‘molle fit, atque no- | Oft-times, and yet~ but little, we vum. fhould drink. In eating egges, chufe them are foft and new, : For otherwife, great perils may en- fue. + Pifam laudandum nunc faba Peafe may be prays’d, and difcom- ac reprobandum, mended too, Eit inflativam cum pellibus atque | According as their nature is to y do. nocivum, The hufkes avoyded then the pulfe Pellibus ablatis funt bona Ha fatis. is good, ‘ Well nourifhing not hurtfull to the blood. But in the hufks they are gnawing - meat, And in the ftomack caufe inflations great. poftque cameli, is good, Ac nutritivum plus omnibus eft afi- | When agues or confumptions touch ninum, the bloud, Plus nutritivum vaccinum Bis quoque | They nourifh well. But (beyond ovinum. all) fome fay, Adfit fi febris, caput & doleat, fugi- | Milk of an affe doth nourifh more endum cit. then they. Yet when as head-ach, or hot fevers fall, The milk of kine and theep are beft Lac phthifikois ae caprinum, = Goats milk, nor camels milk, to drink i of all. i) ieee sinsgeuead SANITATIS SALERNI.” THE ed he LATIN. 15 DR. HOLLAND’S TRANSLATION. Lenit, & humedtat, foluit fine febre | Butter doth foften, moiften and butyrum. make loofe befide, a pepets ~ | Thofe bodies where no fever doth i" abide, . i — Anciditque, lavat, penetrat, mundat Whey is incifive wathing piercing quogue ferum. . too, Cleanfing, and purging where i it is fit to do. SRO ee : Cafeus eit petidns, ftipans, craffus, quoque durus, Cafeus & panis funt ‘optima fercula rs fanis. Si non fant fani, tunc hune ne jun- _ gito pani. Cheefe is by nature cold,. ftuffing, groffe and hard: . Yet good with bread, where ficknefle is debar’d, When being found in health, for them it’s good, But if not joynd with bread, une - Ee eeveine food. . ignari medici me dicunt effe noci- vum, . -£t tamen ignorant cur nocumenta feram, a Expertis reor effe ratum., quia com- moditate ig ete ftomacho cafeus addit ‘ epem. Cafeus ante ‘cibii cabs fi defluat alvus: $1 conflipetur, terminet ille dapes. Qui phyficen non ignorant, hxc tef- cificantur. Cheefe doth apology his own de- fence, When they (unfkild i in phyfick) urge pretence That is hurtfull, yet mot igno- rance : Know not whereby his hurtfulnefle doth chance. The ftomack languifhing, cheefe doth releeve, 4 And (after ftuffing cates) great eafe i doth give, A modicum thereof, after all other food, By beft phyfitians, is allowed fer good. 1 16 _ REGIMEN SANITPATIS SALERNIL THE ORIGINAL LATIN, 4 DR. HOLLAND'S TRANSLATION. — Inter prandendum fit fepe snipe oe Often, yet little, drink in dinner — bibendum. time, Ut minus xgrotes, non inter fercula | But between meals, you raed from potes.’. drink decline ; That fickneffe may in power leffe _ prevail, Which elfe Rade dsinking) thar. ly doth affayl. _ s yo Ut vites panam de satis incipe | Phyficians much ee ei this coonam. Pok pifces nux fit, poft carnes oe adfit. Unica nux prodeft, nocet altera: ter tia mors eft. Singula poft ova, pocula fume nova. oy text, If that with fickneile thou weuldft not be vext. With drink begin thy fupper. Outre fay, Till thou have eaten firft, keep drink : “away. The comment therefore Nee the heft direction " Of drinking, when we go to our re- _ fection, A new laid egge ceaves a good cup of wine, Drunk after it, it will the blood re- fine. Nuts after fit, cheefe after fefh, is beft, In both thefe, they are helpfull te digeft, One nut doth wel], the fecond doth offend, | Beware the third, it hrings.a Headey ‘end. ¢ \ REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. TRE ORIGINAL LATIN. Adde pyro Al nux eft medicina veneno. _ Fert pyra noftra pyrus, fine’ vino funt pyra virus. Si pyra funt virus, fit malediéta py- rus, Dum coquis, antidotum pyra funt : _ fed cruda venenum. Cruda gravant ftomachum, relevant _ fed cocta gravatum. Poft pyra da potum, poft pomum vade cacatum, 17 ‘DR. HOLLAND’S TRANSLATION. When we eat pears, boldly we may _ drink wine, Nuts againft poyfon are a medicine. - Pears eaten (without ae are pe- rilous, Becaufe raw pears are counted ve- nemous. Being boyl’d or bak’t, weak ftomacks they do chear, Becaufe reftoratives they then ap- peare. By being raw, the ftomack they of- fend. ‘But comfort (otherwife) doth them attend, Drink after pears, and after apples, ufe The courfe that nature no way can refufe. $i cerafum comedas, tibi confert grandia dona. Expurgat ftomachum, nucleus lapi- dem tibi tollit. Hinc melior toto corpore fanguis in- eft. By eating cheries, great good doth — arife, To fuch as ufe them, for the learned wile Say, that they purge the ftomack, and befide, The broken ftones and kernels have been tried, To break the bladder ftone, breed. wholefome bloud, To fat and feed the body they be good. , Frigida funt, laxant, multum profunt | Prunes cool and loofe the body very tibi pruna, kindly, No way offenfive, but to health are friendly. B ig THE ORIGINAL LATIN. Perfica cum mufto vobis datur ordine jutto Sumere, fic eft mos nucibus focian- do racemos. Paffula non fpleni, tuffi valet, eft bo- na reni, REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. DR. HOLLAND’s TRANSLATION. Mutt or fweet wine, with peaches we fhould drink, Elfe harm will happen by them, a "igs -moft think, And fhew good reafons why it fhould | be fo. . With dry old nuts a raifin fill mut £05 Becaufe in cooling they are dull and flow. Shi Yet raifins hurt the fpleen by opila- tion: nae As nuts are divers, and caufe inflam- mation. | Rah Scropha, tumor, glandes, ficus cata- plafmati cedunt, Tunge papaver ei, confracta foris tra- hit offa. The evill that is tearmed by. the fwine, Under the chin doth to the throaten- | cline; Swellings, boyls, berth? all thefe holpen are, ‘If youa plaifter made of figs prepare. But if the fame with PopPY mingled be, Broke-bones it knits and ftrengthens perfedtly. Vermiculos veneremque facit, cuilibet obftat. fed | Both lice and luft by figs engender- ed are, Of thofe corrupting humours they ‘prepare. Multiplicant mictum, ventrem dant mefpila ftricdtum, Mefpila dura placent, fed mollia funt meliora, Medlars do bring ‘very much in- creafe, And loofneffe in the belly makes to } center - The hardeft medlars therein you may. ufe, But get-to nourifh : then the fofteft chufe. ° REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. 19 e THE ORIGINAL LATIN. DR. HOLLAND’S TRANSLATION. Provocat urinam muftum, cito fo- | Mutt doth provoke much urine, and luit, & infiat. . fome fay, It doth inflate, and asl fcours away. oe, - Preftat, & aagmentat carnem, ge mors: grow, - meratque cruorem. ‘Strength is augmented,. hldad and Provocat urinam, ventrem’ quot flefh alfo -mollit, & inflat. Encreafeth dayly, urine they do pro- Frigidat & modicum. Sed pie de- cure, | ficcat acetum. Enflate the belly, as the learn’d af- Frigidat, emaceratque, melancholiam fure. dat, {perma minorat, And furthermore, of vinegar, they Siccos infeftat nervos, & pinguia fic- | fay, Rate: | Although it t drieth, yet it cools his . way In paflage, and it makes one lean Being received fafting, fo | mean, It caufeth melancholy, harais the feed Of generation, | = doth fhaking breed. Lean folk it hurteth, drying up their bloud, And unto fat folks, greatly doth no - good. Mon .. Turneps do siete ftomack,breadeth wind, Provoketh urine, as by proof we find, They comfort fight, but yet the teeth offend, And gripes into the belly they do fend. Rapa juvat ftomachum, novit produ- cere ventum, Provocat urinam, preftatque in dente ruinam. Si malé co¢ta datur, tibi torfio fic “ Craffos humores nutrit cervifia,1 vires “By drinking ale or beer grele hu- generatur. Ventum fepe rapis, fi tu vis vivere | Rapes are the beft to nourifh, fo rapis. _ fome fay, And for our urine they do clenfe the way. B.2 20 THE ORIGINAL LATIN. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. DR. HOLLAND’S TRANSLATION. Egeritur tardé cor, concoquitur quo- Prefcriptions for the inwards of a que duré. Sic quoque ventriculus, tamen exte- riora probantur. a i Reddit lingua bonum nutrimentum medicinz. beatt, The heart is held but hardly .to di- gett. The maw is of like nature, Haye in defcent, Concoctu facilis pulmo eft, citd labi- | And therefore is no wholefom nutri- tur ipfe. Eft melius cerebrum gallinz, quam reliquorum. Semen feeniculi pellit fpiracula culi. \ ment. The tongue is faid to be of aces di- geftion, — And therefore is allow’d in our re- fection. The like opinion of the lights we hold, Though nature is fometime by them control’d. Of brains, a hen’s is beft of all to eat, And thofe of chickens are moft whole- fom meat. Of fenell-feed, our learned iy fitens fay, For breaking wast, it sete a ready /way. Bis duo dat marathrum, febres fugat, ; Four vertues in the fenell are al- atque venenum, low’d, Et purgat ftomachum, ae quoque | It quails the ague, when it growes to ; reddit acutum., proud, Poyfon it foon expels, the ftomack cheareth, Sharpens the fight, and comfortably cleareth. \ REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. THE ORIGINAL LATIN. . 21 DR. HOLLAND’S. TRANSLATION. Emendat vifum, ftomachum confor-} Anni-feeds for the flomack whole- tat anifum. Copia dulcoris anifi fit melioris. fom are, And quickneffe of the eye-fight they prepare. In fweetnefle, goodnefle, look how they exceed, The better bloud, and humours ftill they breed. feeiouemcs: _ Si cruor emanat, {podium fumptum | If flux of bloud at any time abound, oes fanat. Spodium doth inftantly that flux con-- found. Gaudet hepar {podio, mace cor, cere- brum quoque mofcho, Pulmo liquiritia, fplen, caput ftoma- _ chufque galanga. Vas condimenti preponi debet eden- ti. Sal virus refugat, re&té infipidumque faporat. Non fapit efca probé, que datur abfque fale. Urunt res falfze vifum, femenque mi- norant, Et generant {cabiem, pruritum, five vigorem. — Spodium the liver worthily doth pleafe, And mace the heart, if ought do it \difeafe. s Moufk is a wondrous comfort to the brain, And lycoris keeps the lights from any pain. Gallingale helps the PREACH, capers the f{pleen, _ All,thefe are wholefome phyfick, as I ween. Pannernmsy fauce that doth our table ty : Salt is commended beft by men of wit. | Poyfon it doth refift, makes favoury meat, Whets on the ftomack with defire to | eat ; For without falt, our food can yeeld no taft, | Yet over-falted, meats are bad re~ patt. | They inflate the face, diminifh na« tures feed, Itch, fcabs, and pufhes, they do daily breed. B 3 THE ORIGINAL LATIN. “REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. + DR. HOLLAND'S TRANSLATION. Sal primo poni debet, primoque re-] Salt fhould be firft upon the table poni, - fet, Non bene menfa tibi ponitur abfque | And laft tan’e off, when we have fale. \ Hi fervore vigent tres, falfus, ama- rus, acutus. done with meat. Three kind of tafts do foon the body heat, Alget acetofus, fic ftipans, ponticus | Salt, bitter, fharp, and divers harms _atque Undtus, & infipidus, dulcis dat tempe- ramentum. Bis duo vippa facit, mundat dentes, ‘dat acutum Vifum: quod minus eft implet, mi- nuit quod abundat. Omnibus adfuetam jubeo fervare diz- tam. Quod fic effe probo, ni fit mutare neceffe. Hippocrates teftis, quoniam fequitur mala peftis. ; beget. Three other favours cool in mode- rate kind, Tart, ftipticall, and pontick, as I find. Three more, unfavory, unctuous, and {weet, _ Nor heat, nor cool, and therefore held moft meet. Four benefits come by our fops in wine, They purge the teeth, “they make them clean and fine. They fharp the fight, gate good di- geftion, Remove fuperfluous things, that breed infection. To keep a cuftomary dyet, is the beft, Both for our health, and for mild na- tures reft. Cuftome obferv’d, we may not light- ly leave, « A dietarie cuftome will receive i bas REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. THE ORIGINAL LATIN. 93 DR. HOLLAND’ $ TRANSLATION. Fortior hxc meta eft medicine, certa| No giddy imperfection. Grave ina dizta, pocrates Quam fi non cures, fatué regis, & | Gives good advice, for health and _malé curas. Quale, quid, & quando, quantum, quoties, ubi, recta . notari, © Ne male conveniens ingrediatur iter. | natures eafe, It is a better way to cure by dyet, Then lavifhneffe, which brings all — out, of quiet. | He that is careleffe for his proper good, By fucha one, no danger is withftood. Six things in dyet fhould obferved be, | Firft, to refpect the food in quality. Debent hec medico in vidtus ratione | Next, what it is in fubitance; and withall, What time for aniputranscn beft doth fall. Fourthly, the quantity requires a care; | Fifthly, how oft we fhould the fame prepare. | Laftly, the place i ig not amiffe to know, And where fuch dyet beft we may beftow. Jus caulis foluit, cujus fubftantia ftrin-| Broth made of cole-worts doth both git, loofe and bind, Utraque quando datur, venter laxare| According as their nature is inclin’d : paratur. Yet if the broth and fubftance both you take, Digeftion the more follid they will make. Dixerunt maluam veteres, quod mol. liat aluum. Hujus radices raf foluunt tibi feces Vuluam moverunt, & fluxum fepe éederunt, a Malowes the belly much do mollife, And their roots fhaven, phyfick doth apply: For found purgation; hereof Iam fure, The menftruous flux in women they procure, 24 THE ORIGINAL LATIN. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. DR. HOLLAND’S TRANSLATION. _ Mentitur mentha, fi fit depellere len- | Mint were bely’d, if it fhould want ta, the might, Ventris lumbricos, ftomachi vermef- | The ftomack, worms, and belly to ; que nocivos. Cur moriatur homo, cui falvia crefeit in horto? Contra vim mortis non eft medica-. men in hortis. Saivia confortat nervos, manuumque | tremorem Tollit, & ejus ope febris acuta fugit. Salvia, caftoriumque, lavendula, pri- mula veris. Nafturtium Athanafia hee fanant paralytica membra, Salvia falvatrix nature conciliatrix. kill quite. As worm-wood juyce, it works i in operation, And is to health a foveraign pein vation. Why fhould man dy (o doth ‘the’ fentence fay,) When fage grows in his garden day by day? ! And yet all parden pein not eee vailes, When deaths fern power our ehiefett health affails, Sage comforteth the nerves both {weet and kindly, The palfie-fhaking hands it helpeth friendly. His power is foveraign gainft an ague fit, Sage and the beaver ftone, by learn- ed writ. Lavender and the prime-rofe of the {pring, Tanfey and water-crefles comfort bring, | To all fuch members as the palfie fhake, | When in the very greateft kind they * quake. Sage doth both councell and keep na~ ture found, Where fage then hea happy is the ground. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. - THE ORIGINAL LATIN, Nobilitas rute hec, quod lumina reddat acuta. Auxilio ruta vir quippé videbis acu- té. Cruda aii recens oculos ‘alg purgat. “Ruta viris minuit venerem, mulicri- bus addit. Ruta facit caftum, dat lumen, & in- _gerit aftum. Cocta & ruta facit de pulicibus loca tuta. De cepis medici non confentire vi- dentur, | ; Fellitis non effe bonas, ait ipfe Gale- nus, Phlegmaticis verd multum putat effe falubreis. Non modicum fanas Afclepius adferit illas, Prefertim ftomacho, pew ouicate creare colorem. Contritis cepis loca denudata capillis Szpe fricans, capitis poteris reparare decorem. 25 DR. HOLLAND’S TRANSLATION. Needs muft we call rew noble, by due right, Becaufe it clears and bn the fight. Carnall defires (in a it doth a _peafe, But yet to women giveth no fuch eafe, Rew-water fprinkled in the houfe, kills all the fleas, Rew, as it caufeth chaftity, it whets the wit And for the eye- tent always ae fit. Onyons (in phyfick) winneth no con- fent, To cholerick folke, they are no nutri- ment . By Galens rule. Such as flegmatick are, A ftomack good in them they do pre- pare. Weak appetites they comfort; and the face, With cheerfull colour evermore eibey grace. And when the head is naked left of | hair, Onyons (being fod or “faunas again | repair. / Appofitas perhibent morfus curare] A mad dogs byting may recured be, caninos, Si trite cum melle prius fuerint et aceto. With onyons, hony, heat thefe three. 26 THE ORIGINAL LATIN. ‘Eft modicum granum, ficcum, cali- dumque finapi, Dat lachrymas, purgatque caput, tol- litque venenum. isp REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. DR. HOLLAND'S TRANSLATION. Though muftard-feed is held the {malleft grain, His powerfull heat and deena isnot in vain. By caufing tears, it purges well the brain, And takes away infe@ting peyfonous pain. Crapula difcutitur, capitis dolor, at- que gravedo, Purpuream violam dicunt curare ca- ducos. The heavy head-ach, dnd that irk- fome pain, Which drunken furfeiting doth much conftrain : The f{mell of violets doth foon allay, And cures the falling-fickneffe, as fome fay. fegris dat fomnum, yomitum quo- que tollit & ufum. Illius femen colicis cum melle mede- | tur, Et tuffim veterem curat fi feepe biba- tur: _ Frigus pulmonis ih ventrifque tu- morem. Omnibus & morbis ea fubvenit arti- culorum, « The nettle foveraign is in his degree, It caufeth fleep in bodies fick that be. oe Cafting or vomiting it clears away, And flegme that hurteth nature day by day. An ancient cough it Mavs doth ‘prevent, | For flegme thereby is foon difpatcht and fpent. : It cures the chollick, a “moft cruel pain, . Difeafes in the desc it doth re- {train. ‘Cold in the lights, the bellies tu- mors too, And other harms the nettle doth un- do. Some fay befide, that it doth ¢ cure the gout, Though divers doctors thereof make ° fome doubt. 3 . REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. THE ORIGINAL LATIN, Nyffopus purgans herba eft é pectore phiegma, Ad pulmonis ‘apys' cum melle co- quenda jugata. Vultibus eximium dessin preftare colorem. 4 2 : oe eas Appofitum cancris tritum cum melle } * medetur. Cum vino o potum lateris fedare dolo- “rem ‘ $zxpe' folet, tritam fi nedtis defuper herbam, Szpe folet vomitum, ventremqiie te- mere folutum. - 27 DR. HOLLAND'S TRANSLATION. Hyfop a purging herb is held te be, And flegme from forth the breatt it fendeth free. | Being fed with honey, then it com ‘fort fends The ftomack, and the lungs it much befriends. Pargeth the lights from flegme, and addes a grace, By a moit clear complexion to the face, Chervill or tA eta call it which you will, Being fteept with honey doth a can= ker kill, Drink it with wine, the belly-ach it healeth, And doth affwage inflation where it {welleth. Laftly, when lafk or vomit shall op. « preffe, The power thereof doth heat, and makes ta ceafe. Enula campana reddit precordia {a- | Of enula campana thus we fay, nt Cum fucco rutz fuccus fi fumitur ejus, Affirmant ruptis quod api potio _ talis. It cheers the heart, expeiang grie£ away. The juyce of rew, and this fo well agree, That they are good for fuch as bur- ften be. Wine made thereof doth clearly clenfe the breit, Expelleth wind, and helps well to di- gett, v 28 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. THE ORIGINAL LATIN. DR. HOLLAND'S TRANSLATION. Cum vino nigram choleram bari Hill-wort, or peneriall fteept in repellit, | ‘| ~ wine, Appofitam veterem dicunt fedare | Purgeth black choller, as the learn’ d podagram. ii Sita £5, Gitte; Befide, our elders fay, and make no doubt, m , That it melts flegme, and cleerly cures the gowt. Whius fuccus crines retinere fluentes | Of water-creffes, moft opinions fay, Nlitus adferitus, dentifque levare do- | Hair they retain, when it doth fall lorem. | away. Lichenas fuccus purgat cum melle | The tooth-ach that tormenteth grie- perunctus, - aera ‘| vouily, | They give thereto a prefent remedy. They cleanfe all fkales that cleave unto the fkin, i If honey to the oyntment you put in. © \ Cexeatis pullis hac lumina mater hi- Young fwallows that are blind, and rundo lack their fight, (Plinius ut fcripfit) quamvis fint eru- | The damme (by celendine) doth | give ta, reddit. ‘them light. “| Therefore (with Plinie) we may boldly fay, Celendine for the fight is good al- way. : Auribus infufus vermes fuccus necat The juyce of willow put into the ear, ejus. : Doth kill the worms which are en- Cortex verrucas in aceto cocta refol- | _ gsndred there. vit. | The rind of willow fod in vinegar, Houjus flos fumptus in aqua frigef= | For taking warts away, the moft pre- cere cogit fer. Inftin@tus veneris cunctos acres fti- Let teeming-women caft willow- mulantes. flowrs away, Et fic deficcat, ut ne creatio fiat. | Becaufe they hinder child- birth with ‘ delay. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. THE ORIGINAL LATIN. Confortare crocum -dixerunt exhila~ rando, : Artus defedtos reficitque, iow re- Pe a ca | * And next, DR. HOLLAND'S TRANSLATION, Saffron doth glad the heart being fick and ill, But yet too much shin Siac to kill, Defective members it doth comfort kindly ; reftores the liver very friendly. Reddit feecundus manfum per fepe Leeks if their mipecey is not belyde: _ puellas, Manantemqie potes naris retinere cruorem, Ungas fi nares intus medicamine ‘tali. Quod piper eft nigrum, non eft dif- folvere pigrum. — Phlegmata purgabit, conco¢tricem- que juvabit. Leucopiper ftomacho prodeft, tuffi- que, dolorique Uuile, prevenict polo febrifque rigorem. To make young women fruitful; hath been tryde. : Befide, they 98 the bleeding at the nofe: In greateft violence, as fome fuppofe. Black pepper in diffolving is not flow, But guickly purgeth flegm, as many know, Befide, t’is very good to help digef- tion, When other things may fail that are- in queftion. : White pepper, to the ftomack com-- fort fends, And many wayes it from the cough defends. For divers griefes it yeeldeth good prevention, And with a feaver lands in ftout contention. . 80 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI.- THE ORIGINAL LATIN. . DR. HOLLAND’S TRANSLATION. Et mox poft efcam dormire, nimifque | If after meat we fall to fudden fleep, moveri, Our food from all digeftion it doth Ifta gravare folent Bigs ebrietaf- keep... ‘ que. Over-much moving is hurtful too, And drunkennefle doth moft of all undo.- In all thefe, Jet us ufe difcreet for- bearing, Being enemies that do offend our. hearing. Motus, longa fames, vomitus, percuf- | Long-fafting, vomiting, and fudder fio, cafus, - fear, . Ebrietas, frigus, tinnitum caufat in | Are hurtfull to the organ of the ear. Blowes, falles, and drunkenneffe are even as ill, And is fo cold, beleeve me if you will. Such as would noifes in the ear pre- vent, . To fhun all thefe, think it good do- cument. gure. Bainea, vina, Venus, ventus, piper, | Bathing, wine, women, boyftrous _allia, fumus, wind, Saccan cum cepis, faba, lens, fletuf- | To harm the eye-fight ge are que, finapi, — inclin’d, . The like doth pepper, garlick, duit. * ing {moak, Leeks, onyons, lentils, draw the fight aflope, And dims it as beans do. Aut, as ule weeping, I would not have mine eyes in their. moift keeping. Muftard, and gazing much agit the fun, The fight thereby is utterly undone. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. THE ORIGINAL LATIN. 81 DR. HOLLAND’S TRANSLATION. _ Sol, , coitufque, i ignis, labor ictus, acu-| The violence of luft in hot defire, ° mina, pulvis, Ifta nocent oculis, fed vigilare magis. Feniculus, verbena, rofa, & chelido- nia, ruta, Subveniunt oculis dira caligine pref- ig. Nam ex iftis aqua fit, que lumina reddit acuta, - . Spoyles them outright, and looking on the fire. Extremity of labour hurts\the eye, And the leaft blows, blood-fhot it in- ftantly. Tart and fharp fauces fade offend them mutt, As alfo walking in a windie duft. The laft istoo much watching ; thefe, believe me, Avoyd, and then thine eye-fight will not grieve thee. Of fenell, vervein, rofes, celendine, With rew among them, water ftilled fine, They are moft wholefome for to clear the eyen. © Sic dentes ferva, porrorum collige | To cure the tooth-ach, take the feed grana. “Ure cum hyofcyamo fimul, utere sing re decenti. ; Per fic chonion & fumum cape dente remotum. of leeks, When that fell pain annoyes and {wels the cheeks: But feed of hen-bane muft be mixt among. And burn them both to make the fmoke more ftrong. Hold thy mouth ore, and fo receive the fume, The pain it flakes, and worms in teeth confume, If through a tunnell you the fmoke . affume, 3D THE ORIGINAL LATIN. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. DR. HOLLAND’S TRANSLATION, Nox, oleum, frigus capitifque, an- | Nuts, oyl, and cold, which {trikes in« guillaque, potus, to the head, Ac pomum crudum faciunt hominem | Ecles, and raw apples, drinking late fore raucum. Jejuna, vigila, caleas dape, tuqite la- bora, towards bed ; By all thefe hoarfeneffe i in the voyce is bred. Ufe fafting, watchings, if the rheurs © poffeffe thee, ynfpira calidum, modicum bibe, com- | Hot meats and drinks avoyd, they prime flatum. not redreffe thee, Hee bene tu ferva, fi vis depellere | Labour thy body, and thy breath re- rheuma. Si fluat ad pectus, dicatur rheuma ca- tarrhus: Si ad fauces, branchos, fi ad nareis efto coryza. Auripigmentum, Sy mifcere me- mento, ftrain, Infpire warm air, if the catharre do pain. Beware of drinking much, it doth offend, Thefe (gainft all dicnariets to ive! I do commend. To know thefe rheumes, this is an obfervation, 3 If to the breft they flow in exalta- tion. Th’are call’d catharrs, But running through the nofe, Its called corifa: others fay, the pofe. When by the neck it doth it felf con- vay, They tearm it eon as phyfi- tians fay. fA ‘Auripigmentum, which fome arfe. nick call, Remember to mixe brimftone there, Sea & ‘REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. THE. ORIGINAL LATIN. ‘His d decet apponi calcem, conjuge fa poni, Quatuor hee mifce, commixtis ua-_ | Obferve thefe four then, if thow tuor iftis Fiftula curatur, quater ex his fi re- | ‘ae Many eines of help have been pleatur. 33. DR. HOLLAND’S TRANSLATION. White lime and fope; thefe four by way of plaifter, Are able any fitula to maitters hs wouldft be cur’d, affur’d. oes SEE) ‘Oflibus ex denis, bis centenifqae no- venis, Conftat homo, dethis bis dentibus & duodenis, Ex tercentenis decies fex quinqueqie VEeniss Vor. III. The fogee the teeth, and veyns that are in man, The author here doth number, as he can. ‘Two hundred nineteen bones agree fome men, Two hundred forty-eight, faith Avi- cen. : Numbring the teeth, fome, two and thirty hold, | Yet four of them by others are con- trold. Becaufe fome lack thofe teeth ftand laft behind In child-hood. Others till their - greateft age they find. The grinders, and duales, quadrupli, And them above, beneath called Ca- nini, | : That grind, that cut, and hardeft things do break, And thofe cal’d Senfus, Nature thefe befpeak To grind mans food. ia veyns i in man Wwe count, Three hundred dic bie which few furmount. C $4 ‘REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. THE ORIGINAL LATIN. DR. HOLLAND'S TRANSLATION. Quatuor huthores in humano corpore | Four humours in mans body alway# . conftant, are, Sanguis cum cholera, phlegma melan- } Bloud, choler, flegme, melancholy. cholia. And compare s Terra melancholicis, aqua confertur | Thefe, unto thofe four feverall eles pituite, ments, Aér fanguineis, ignea vischolerz. | Whereof they are continuall peel : dents. To earth ictal to ‘water flegme, The ayr to bloud, choler to fire éx- tream. Humidus eft fanguis, calet & vis aéris | The bloud is hot and moyft, like to | illi, the ayr, Alget phlegma, humetgqte, illific co- | And therefore therewith carryeth pia aquofa eft. heft compare. : Sicca calet cholera, & fic igni fit fimi-| Flegme cold and moytft, even in his lata. chiefeft matter, Frigens ficca melancholia eft, terra | Bearing his beft refemblance with adfimilata- the water... Sullen is melancholy, cold and dry. And totheearth it felf doth beft apply, But choler being hot and dry, defires To meet (he cares not) with how many fires, - . Natura pingues ifti funt atque jocan- | To fanguine men, nature hath much tes. _ commended, Rumorefque novos. cupiunt audire’ Firft, with a jocond fpirit they 2 are frequenter. - attended. Hos Venus & Bacchus deletant, fer- | Defirous to-hear tales and novelties, cula, rifus. ‘ | Women, nor wine, they gladly not defpife. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. 35 ~*" THE ORIGINAL LATIN. } DR. HOLLAND'S TRANSLATION. Et facit hos hilares, & dulcia verba } Their looks are chearfull and their — - loquentes. Omnibus hi ftudiis habiles funt, & engi spe. ‘Qualibet ex caufa non hos facile exci- tat ira., Largus, amans, hilaris, ridens, rubei- que coloris. Cantans, carnofus, fatis audax, atqnc benignus. ~ Phlegma dabit vires modicas, latof- que, brevefque. Phlegma facit pingfeis, biaels: red. dit mediocres. Ocia non ftudio tradunt, fed corpora fomno. Senfus hebes, tardus motus pigritia fomnus. Hic fomnolentus, piger, & {putamine plenus.. Et huic fenfus hebes, pinguis, facie color albus. language {fweet, For any ftudy they are prone and meet. No common matter kindles anger's fire, Contentious company Sig not de- fire. They are liberall loving mirthfull: and benigne, ‘ Flefhy and fat, capring and apt to fing. No muddy countenance, but fmiling chear, And bold enough, as caufes may ap- - pear. | Men that be flegmatick, are weak of nature, Moft commonly of thick. and ftubbed ftature. And fatneffe overtaketh them amain, For they are flothfull, and can take no pain. Their fences are but dull, fhallow _ and flow, Much given to fleep, whence can no goodnefs grow, They often fpet: yet natures kind _ direétion, Hath bleft them with a competent complexion. é Eft humor cholerz, qui competit im- | Choler, is fuch an humor as afpires, * petuofis, Hoc genus eft hominum cupiens pracellere cunctis. With moft impetuous, infolent de- fires, He covets to excell all other men, C2 36 . THE ORIGINAL LATIN. Hi leviter difcunt, multum come- dunr, cito crefcunt. Inde & miagnanimi funt, largi, fum- ma petentes. Hirfutus, fallax, irafcens, prodigus audax. Aftutus, gracilis, fiecus, croceique co- loris. . iaiah cian SANITATIS SALE RNI. DR. HOLLAND'S TRANSLATION. His mind outfteps ante a ae domes ken. : Lightly he ‘learns, eats-much, and {oon grows tall, Magnanimous, and fomewhat prodi- gall. -Soon mov’d to anger hei lah no caufe, Fis own will is his reafons = laws. Subtile and crafty, feldome {peaking fair, A wafting unthrift, overgrown with © hair. Bold-fpirited, and yet but lean and . dry, His fkin moft ufual of a faffron die. Reftat adhuc triflis cholere fubftan- tia nigre, Quz reddit pravos, sche pauca loquentes. Hi vigilant ftudiis, nec mens eft de- ‘- dita fomno, Servant propofitum, fibi nil reputant fore tutum. Invidus, & triftis, cupidus, dextraeque tenacis, Where melancholly bears the power- full fway, © To defperation it inclines alway. The melancholy fpirit is dark and fad, | Sullen, talks little, and his fleeps are bad. a For dreadfull dreams do rat much affright them, Start out of fleep, and nothing can delight them, — Their memory is good, and pepo fure, All folitary walks they, beft endure. - Becaufe to fludy they are ftill in- clin’d, “And being alone, it fitteth beft their mind. Simple, and yet deceitfull, not boun- teous. But very {paring, doubtfull, a tious, REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. | | < WHE ORIGINAL LATIN. Non. expe: coloris. distr Sen cet 2 Hi taht ‘humores, qui prailant cui- que colores. 37 _DR. HOLLAND'S‘ TRANSLATION. rsfraudis, timidus, luteique ‘Earthly. and heavy looks: By all opinion, Here melancholly holda his fole abe minion, che bears shat : complexion « do | , extend; *); Omnibus in rebus ex phlegmate fit | And colour in dur hodica: thus: ney color albus. » lend. ‘Sanguine fit rubeus, cholera. tubes To him is phlegmatick, a coloni _quoque rufus. Si peccet fngyis> fa facies rubet, extat | ocellus, Inflantur gene, corpus piminmgiie gravatur, Eft pulfusqte frequens, menuhs mol- lis, dolor ingens, Inprimis frontis, fit pnb: ven- tris, arena lingua, fitis, funt fornia. “plena rubore, . | Dulcor adeft fputi, funt acria duleia | : quaque, | And makes them fwell. white : Brownifh and tawnie, under cholers might, The melancholy man is pale: as earth, The fanguine ruddy, ever full of mirth, Yet where the fanguine doth too - much exceed, Thefe inconveniences thereby do ‘breed. a % | The bloud afcends too proudly to the face, | Shoots forth the eyes beyond their wonted place. The body _lumpifh growes, . | The pulfe beats thick, by vapours them inclofe, . The head will ake, and coftiveneffe _ enfues, | The tongue is dry and i rohice, can tell no news. ; _ | Extremity of thirft, caus’d through great heat, | And bloody coloured dreams, which make men {weat. G 3 Opa er: THE ORIGINAL LATIN- Accufat choleram dextray dolor, afpe- ra lingua, Tinnitus, vomitufque frequens, vie lantia multa. Multa fitis, pinguisqae i tor- mina ventris. Naufea fit, morfus cordis, languefcit orexis. ‘Pylfus adeft gracilis, , durus, veloxgiie, ‘calefcens. Aret, amarefeitqiie, incendia fomnia ‘Angit. Phiegma fupergrediens proprias in corpore legesy Os facit infipidum, faflidia crebra, falivas. Coftarum, ftomachi, fimul occipitif- que dolores. Pulfus adeft rarus, quoque inanis, Pracedit fallax phantafmata fomnus aquofa. tardus, mollis, hipaa SANITATIS SALERNI. | DR. HOLLAND'S TRANSLATION, Where choler rules too much, thefe Pan “figns will thew, The tongue grows fharp and rough, in {peaking flow. More wakefulnefs then needs, ting- lings in the ear, — Unwonted vomits, hatefull they ap- pear. Great thirft, the excrements do bea ly void, The ftomack is too nice, as over-cloid. The heart is full of gripes, and ex- tream heat Compels the pulfe impatiently to beat. Bitter and four our fpittle then will be, aes | ih And in our dreams, ftrange fires we feem to fee. Where flegme faperabounds, thefe figns will tell, — The mouth diftaftful, nothing can rel- lifh well, . And yet with moyfture over-floweth fill, Which makes the ftomack very fick and ill. The fides will ake, as if they beaten were, Loathfome will all our meat to us appear. The pulfe beats ie! The fto- mack and the head, With gripes and pangues do feem as they were dead. ‘Our fleeps are troublous; and when we dream, Of brooks and waters, then we ie the fircam. ' Spiritus uberiorque ¢ exit per shlebbo: REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. 39 WHE ORIGINAL LATIN, | | DR. HOLLAND'S TRANSLATION, Wumorum pleno cum fx in corpo- |When melanchollyin the bodyraignss re regnat, It doth indanger many dreadful pains, Migra cutis, durus pulfus, tennifque It fills it with corrupting filthineffe, - urina. . [Makes the fkin look of blackith ful- Sollicitudo, timor, triftitia, fomnia fomnes. tetra, _ The pulfe beats hard, the urin weak . Coacefcunt ruétus, fapor & es and thin, _ nis zqué, SoJlicitude, fear, fadneffe, dees a Levaque precipué tinnit vel fibilat} drowneth in, auris. It raifes bitter belches, breeds mu¢h {| rheum, | ‘ | And in the eare oft breeds a zee? ling tune. ° A feventeen years of age, fafely we _ may, Let youthfull bodies bloud, the learns ed fay. The fpirits are. reftored By letting bloud, And to encreafe them, drinking wine is good. After blood-letting, little good they gain By a eating meat, that is but vain, 'Phlebothomy doth purge and clear the fight. Cleanfeth the brain, and makes the marrow right, The ftomack and the belly it doth . clear, And purge the entrails croughl every year. It fharpens wit, and doth piace to _ fleep, | And from the heart all painfull grief y doth keep. “ , i / Denus feptenus vix ise oan a pe- tit annus. tomian, Spiritus ex potu vini mox multiplica- bie Oks Humorumque cibo Pe yh lente re- paratur. — Zumina clarificat, fyncerat phlebbo- tomia Mentes & cerebrum, calidas facit. effe medullas. Vifcera purgabit, ftomachum, ven- tremque coercet, — Puros dat fenfus, dat fomnum, tedia tollit. . 4 40° REGIMEN ea bie ee SALERNI.. THE ORIGINAL LATIN. DR. BOLLAND’ s Ket ambbie<- auget. a i voice, Ma Augmenting (erie viene “ei Tres infunt iftis, Maius, September, Aprilis, Et funt lunares, funt velut hydra dies. Prima dies primi, bametetanse pofte- riorum, Nec fanguis minui, nec carnibus anie- ris uti. Sit fenium atque inventa licet, fi fan- guis abundat, ‘ Omni menfe probé confert incifio ve- . nz. Hi funt tres menfes, Maius, Septem- ber, Aprilis, “An quibus eminuas, ut longo tempore Vivas. mott rejoyce. ‘Three f{peciall cone! our text doth here remember, For letting-bloud, Aprill, May, and September. The moon rules moft thefe moneths, yet certain days, Some do deny, and other fome dif- “praife The firft of May, and the lait of Aprill, As-alfo of September they hold i Days of thefe moneths re do aoe _ to bleed, And think it dangerous ona geote to to “féed, But this i is idle, a reat moneth are good. And for our health in thefe to let our bloud. For old or young i if bloud nd abounding be; All moneths it may be done advifed- ly. . If length of days and health you @ defire, . Thefe are the moneths that bleeding beft require. ee Frigida natura, & frigens regio, » dalor LA cold complexion, and a chillyayr, ingens, | Aches, or ingreams that to inflame prepare, a ~ \ |. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNT. &D | (‘PRE ORIGINAL LATIN, | BR. HOLLAND'S TRANSLATION. Balnea poft coitum, minor etas, at- | Bathing, and wanting dallying in que fenilis; —- ‘| that fport, Morbus prolixus, repletio potus & | Where Venus moft delighteth to res efcx, ; ) fort, Si fragilis, vel, fubtilis fenfus ftoma- Too young, or elfe too old, a long chifit, “| difeafe, | Be faftiditi, tibi non fens phlebboto- ‘Eating or drinking, nature to dif- mandi. gh! pleafe. ; ‘e Sea-fick feeling, when the ftomacks Las weak, | And empty veyns, that ren hinge do i? 4 : {peak, Prt | : All thefe forbid bloud- letting, and i A ; advife, : ae Not then to deal therewith in any wife. - ' i) What fhould we do when we te bleeding go, Thefe few inftructions following ~ will fhow. Before and after, union will do well, Left the incifion, or the weve fhould {well. Yet unction (without at ait is not fo good, It prevents fowning, and begets, new . bloud. | Bathing is wholefome, in divers times obferved. { And linnen a ought el to be | referved. | After bloud-letting, be difcreet in walking, ‘| And trouble not the brain with too much talking. | Hee oma tibi,” rgvando vis phleb- hotomari, Vel quando minuis, fueris vel quan- * do minutus. Undio, five Javacrum, & potus, faf- cia, motus, Debent non fragili tibi fingula men- oe teneri., ie 49 JHE ORIGINAL LATIN. ¥ REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. DR. HOLLAND'S TRANSLATION, Exhilarat oles iratos placat : aman-] Bleeding removes fad motions from tes the heart, Ne fint amantes, phiebbotomig facit,} Affwageth anger, being too mallee — part. And thofe diftempered fits procur’d by love, Bloud-letting gently doth them all remove, Fac plagam largam mediocriter, ut , The orifice (or as fome fay) incifion, cito fumus Exeat uberius, liberiufque cruor. | When as for bleeding you do make provifion, Ought to be larges the better to cons vay Groffe blond, st fumes which iffue forth that way. Groffe humors and groffe bloud muft "needs have vent, In cold or hotteft times by ois con- fent. mr (ee eseses ¢ , Sanguine fubtracto, fex horis eft vi- gilandum, Ne fomni fumus ledat fenfibile cor- pus. Ne nervum ledas, non fit tibi plaga " profunda. Sanguine purgatus nec carpas proti- nus efcas, When bloud is come away, ye muft be fure, ) | Six hours after watchfull to endure: Leaft fleep raife fumes, or turning on that arm, Impoftumes breed, by doing it leaf harm. The nerves, and Gliews, arteries alfo, Offend not, if in health you mean to M gate The bloud thus purg d, you inftantly may cat: So that the humors be in quiet fet. . REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI, THE ORIGINAL LATIN. Omnia de laéte vitabis rité minutus. Et vitet potum phlebbotomatus ho- mo. , Frigida vitabit, quia funt inimica mi- | agatigy Interdictus crtque minut nubilus Co ee nes exultatque minntis luce pe auras, _ Pmnibus apta quies, he motus fre _Rocivus, . Principio minuas in acutis, perper acutis, ; ZEtatis mediz multum de fanguine “tole. . Sit puer atque fenex tollet uterque “parum. Wer tollat duplum, reliquum tempus tibi fimplum. od ‘ 49 DR. HOLLAND'S TRANSLATION. Shun milk and white meats, when we are let blood, Becaufe (at fuch pies) they are never good, And drinking then perforce we fhould refrain, With undigefted drink ne’re fill a vein, | Cold and cold ayr, with all cold things befide, | | Are then our enemies, by proof well. tryed. ] Cloudy and troubled isa are bike wife ill, With melancholy bloud the veyns they fill, Too ftirring motion, or exceflive la- bour, . Avoid, and with foft eafe the body favour. In the beginning of a fharp difeafe, Then letting bloud is good, if you fo pleafe. The middle age doth favour bleeding befl, . Children and aged folks may let it reft, | Or take but little from them.: In the {fpring, | A double lofs of bloud no hurtful] thing, pic At other times, to take but indiffer- ently, And {till let good advice keep com. pany. Mh ‘THE ORIGINAL LATIN. Ver, wflas dextras autumnus hyee gue finiftras. Quatuor hzc ‘membra, ‘ips ‘pes | cepha, cor, evacuanda. | REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI.« - DR. HOLLAND'S TRANSLATION. ‘Spring-time. and fummer, if we _ | _ tend to bleed, Veins on the is fide do. si ‘og as need. vs | JEfias hepar habet, ver, shale yee Autumn and winter, cer the saad erdo ae wee fide crave, ‘In arm, or nate" ‘as they heft wl to have. | The head, heart, Pa and liver, all thefe four, _ Emptying require :Heeaiet i bet to reftore. ‘The heart calls for the pring, fum- mer the liver, i Order unto the reft is a due giver. Ex falvatella tibi plurima dona n mi- -nuta, Splenem, hepar, pectus, vocem, pres cordia purgat. Tnnaturalem tollit de corde dolorem. i- | Salvatella, the opening of that veyn, ‘In any man five benefits doth gain, The liver it doth purge from all of- fence, And from the fplene commands an- noyance thence. Preferves the ftomacks ae and - clears the breft, And keeps the voyce from belt harms oppreft. Ty | [SSS Si capitis dolor eft ex potu, lympha bibatur, , Ex portu nimio nam febris acuta creatur. . Si vertex capitis, vel frons zftu tribu- | lentur, ‘Tempora, fronfqie fimul moderaté - fepe fricentur, Morella coéta necnon calidaque la- --ventur, If head-ach come by srinking, too. much wine, Or any other drink that Shethed Mee The bodies danger to an ague fit, Ingrofling fumes that mach da the wit, To drink cold water let him not re~ frain, Becaufe it hinders all that hurts the brain. Crown of the head, or fore-head being vext. And with extremity of heat perplext: j “REGIMEN SANITATIS: SALERNI. | © 3PHE ORIGINAL LATIN. 45 DRe HOLLAND’S TRANSL ATION AQud-enim. credunt npg amg Chafe then the temples with mild dolori. : 4 ‘* S ite SRA \ Le RiPorrs run cies, Soe ‘Temporis ‘eftivi jejunia corpora fic- cant. i Quolibet in menfe & confert vomi- tus, quoque purgat Hlumores nocuos,ftomachus quos con- | tinet intus. Ver, autumnus, hyems, zeftad domi- . hantur in anno. Tempore vernali calidufque aer, ma- didufqie, Et nullum tempus melius eft phle- botomiz. — Ufus tunc homini veneris. confert moderatus, | Corporis & motus, ventrifqiie folutio, fudor, . ‘Balnea, purgentur tunc corpora per medicinas, /Bftas more calet ficea, & nofcatur in illa Tunc quoque precipué choleram ru- -bram dominari, Humida, frigida fercula dentur, fit Venus extra, moderation, And wath them with warm water | in good fafhion. But feething motherwort therein is oo belt, Becaufe it gently cools, and caufes reft. ; In fummer feafon, fafting is not good, Becaufe it dries the body and the bloud. To vomit once a month wholfom fome hold, , For hurtfull humors cri are con» trold, And voided quite awar. The fto- mack clear, Beware what next annoyance cometh there. Spring, autumn, wines. fummer rule the year, And all their feverall Nee in them appear. The vernall feafon is both moyft and hot, 3 And for bloud- imei no time bet- ter got. Let men with Venus meddle _mo- derately, For then they beft may fpare fuch company. Then temperate motion; laf, nor {weat offends, To purge by bathing, phifick then commends. Summer is hot and dry, red choler then Encreafeth, and dries all thats moift in men. 46 —S»-s« REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNI. THE ORIGINAL LATIN. "| DR.» HOLLAND’S TRANSLATION. Balnea non profunt, fint rare phle-| Meates moift and cool, do beft bé- — botomiz, | come that feafon, Utilis eft requiesMit cum moderami-| And wantoning with women fhews ne potus. : . {mall reafon. Bath not at all, and feldome open a vein, Ufe little motion, jahourang much re res ; frain, And drink but little, left it abe te pains ; 4 +. NUMBER fi. Bevan CORNARO, i - AND THE AUTHORS WHO IMMEDIATELY PRECEDED HiMé ; ees MES Preliminary Obfervations. | In the dark period which intervened, from the time when oe foe Regimen Sanitatis Salerni was written, till the ‘Era when Cornaro lived, there are hardly any works, ex= . cepting thofe attributed to Friar Bacon, at all conneéted with the prefent inquiry, which merit any particular at- tention. Among the foreign authors who wrote during that pe- tiod on health and longevity, there ‘ate three, however, who may be mentioned, more with a view of tracing the progrefs that had been made in thofe inquiries, than from any advantage to be derived from the doctrines which they have inculcated. z. Marcilius Ficinus, who eitted the works of Plato, was the firft phyfician, after the revival of learning in the weftern parts of Europe, who wrote concerning health, He was born in Florence, and educated in the family of the great Cofmo de Medicis, who appointed him preceptor to his fons, and beftowed a handfome eftate upon him. Among his other voluminous works, he publithed a treatife concerning health and long life. In his dedication to Lau- rentius, grandfon of Cofmus, he calls Galen the phyfician of the body, and Plato the phyfician of the foul. In his book he accordingly mixes a great deal of the fubtilties of ‘ Plato 48 A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. from Galen. To thefe, however, he adds feveral ridicu lous and fuperftitious precepts of his own, that ‘fill thew the darknefs of the age in which he lived.* : 2. Antonius Gazius of Padua, wrote a book concerning health and long life, which was publifhed anno 1491, by the title of Corona Florida ; but this work is little known, and is not to be met with in any of ‘our public libraries. 3d. Platina Cremonenfis addreffed a fhort treatife on health to Cardinal Roverella, anno 1529. He was no phyfician, but copied principally from Celfus all that he recommends. It is proper to mention him, he being pro- bably the firft who advifes delicate people to chew their food well, if they expeét that the ftomach fhould digeft it; for how is it poflible, fays he, that thofe who {wallow ‘their meat whole, fhould efcape crudities and erudta. tions. "+ Several other authors are éontaingd in the catalogues of Haller and of Ploucquet, who are not taken notice of in M‘Kenzie’s Hiftory of health, and whofe works ate not known to the learned in this ifland: but the treatifes written by Cornaro, have obtained a celebrity beyond al~ - “ * For inftance, 1, he admonithes people to confult a good aftrologer at every feptennial period of their lives, and when they fhalllearn from him the dangers which hang over their heads, they may then go to the phyfician to prevent thofe dangers; and 2, He recommends the internal ufe of gold “frankincenfe, and myrrh, toold people, in imitation of the wife men, who offered thefe three to the creator of the ftars, in order to obtain from him the benign influence of the three lords of the planets; viz. Sol, Jupiter, and Saturn.. See M‘Kenzie’s Hiftory of health, p. 229, + M‘Kenzie’s Hiftory of health, p. 2340 t M‘Kenzie’s Hiftory of health, p. 234. moft Plato and Plotinus, with fome ufeful rules, copied moftly . A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. 49 - ~ moft any publication of the fort; the good intentions of the author, the fimplicity and unaffe@ted manner in which the work is drawn up, the garrulity with which it is written, fo _ natural to an old man, the good fenfe of many of the doce trines which it inculcates, and the author having not only carried his own precepts into practice, but fo fuccefsfully, as thereby to have preferved his health till he had reached - about 100 years of age,—all thefe circumftances combined, have tended to render his little volume a general favourite. But though fobriety and temperance are certainly to be recommended, yet to carry it to fuch an extreme, as to weigh one’s food, or to meafure one’s drink, may be prac- tifed by a few individuals, for the fake of experiment, but would never do for mankind at large. Twelve ounces of folid food, and fourteen ounces of liquids, may carry on a vegetative kind of life for many years; but few would with to continue fo lifelefs and uncomfortable a ftate of exiftence. Cornaro tells us, that, in order to preferve his health, he not only refolved to reftrict himfelf to the quantities above mentioned, but was alfo obliged to be careful to avoid heat, cold, fatigue, grief, watchings, and every other excefs that could hurt his health.* How could the bufinefs of the world be carried on, if every man, like Cornaro, were. to begin.to follow fuch a fyftem at the fortieth year of his age? Though Cornaro, however, has carried his precepts and ‘his pra€tice to an extreme that cannot be generally adopt- ed, yet he has certainly great merit; 1, For the good . fenfe of many of his doctrines; 2, For his perfeverance in practifing them; and 3, For publifhing to the world the refult of his experiments. We fhall now proceed, therefore, to lay before the reader the treatifes in queftion, accord- * See pi 59." Vor. Il. py ae ing 50 A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE, ing to the beft tranflation of them that has hitherto bees printed in the Englith language.* edie eye Ir * The beft tranflation is certainly the one printed at London, for Ben- jamin Whyte, Fleet ftreet, anno 1779. ‘The following preface is pein to it. Lewis Cornaro was defcended from one of the moft illuftrious families in Venice, but,.by the ill conduét of fome of his relations, had the misfor. tune to be deprived of the dignity of a nobleman, and excluded from all honours and public employments in the ftate. Chagrined at this unmerit- ed difgrace, he retired to Padua, and married a lady of the family of Spil- temberg, whofe name was Veronica. Being in poffeflion of a good eftate,. he was very defirous of having children; and after a long expectation of this happinefs, his wife was delivered of a daughter, to whom he gave the name of Clara. This was his only child, who afterwards was married to’ John, the fon of Fantini Cornare, of a rich family in Cyprus, while that ifland belonged to the republic of Venice, Though he was far advanced in life when his daughter Clara came into the world, yet he lived to fee hertery old, and the mother of eight fons and three daughters. He ‘was aman of found underftanding, determined courage and refolution.. In his younger days he had contracted infirmities by intemperance, . and by indulging his too great propenfity to anger; but when’ he perceived the ill confequence of his irregularities, he had com- mand enough of himfelf to fubdue his paflion and inordinate appetites. By means of great fobriety, and a ftri& regimen in his diet, he recovered: his health and vigour, which he preferved to an extreme old age. At a very advanced ftage of life he wrote the following difcourfes, wherein " he acquaints us with the irregularity of his youth, his reformation of man- ners, and the hopes he entertained of living a long time. Nor was he miftaken in his expeétation, for he refigned his laft breath without any agony, fitting in an elbow chair, being above rco years old. This hap- pened at Padua, the 26th of April 1566. His lady, almoft as eld as him~- felf, furvived him but a fhort time, and died an eafy death. They were both interred in St. Antony’s church, without any pomp, purfuant to their teftamentary directions. ey) Thefe difcourfes, though written in Cornaro’s old age, were penned at’ different times, and publifhed feparately: the firft, which he wrote at the age of cighty-three, is entitled, A Treatife on a fober life, in which he declares war againft every kind of intemperance; and his vigorous ole age MPSS HELE BC!) A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE} ‘By Lewis Cornars, a noble oomre 6 ye he is a thing ate all doubt, that bana by time, be comes a fecond nature,*forcing men to ufe that, whether good or bad, to which they have been habituated: nay, we fee habit, in many things, get the better of reafon. This \ is fo undeniably ee, that virtuous men, by converfing | with ¥ ~ “age {peaks in favour of his precepts. The fecond treatife he compofed at the age of eighty-fix: it contains farther encomiums on fobriety, and points out the means of mending a bad conftitution. He fays that he came into the world with a choleric difpofition, but that his temperate way of life had enabled him to fubdue it. The third, which he wrote at the age of ninety-one, is entitled, An Earneft exhortation to a fober life : here he ufes the ftrongeft arguments to perfuade mankind to embrace a temperate life, as the means of attaining a healthy and vigorous old age. The fourth and laft, is a letter to Barbaro, patriarch of Aquileia, written at the age of ninety-five: it contains a lively defcription of the health, vi- gour, and perfeét ufe of all his faculties, which he had the happinefs of _ enjoying at that advanced period of life, This ufeful work was tranflated fome years ago into Englifh, under the title of Sure and certain methods of attaining a long and healthy life. The tranflator feems rather to have made ufe of a French verfion than of the Italian original: he has likewife omitted feveral paflages of the Italian; and the whole is rather a paraphrafe than a tranflation. This has induced us to give the public an exact and faithful verfion of that excellent per- formance, from the Venice edition in 8vo, in the year 1620; and as a proof of the merit and authenticity of the work, we beg leave to quote Mr. Addifon’s recommendation of it, Spectator, vol. iii, N°. 195. “The moft remarkable inftance of the efficacy of temperance, to- ** wards the procuring long life, is what we meet with ina little book ss publithed by Lewis Cornaro the Venetian; which I the rather mention, “ becaufe it is of undoubted credit, as the late Venetian ambaffador, who “ was of the fame a cuh attefted more than once in converfation, % The Girt edition was publifhed by | the auther at Padua, i in4to A. D.1558. D 2 6 when 52 A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. with the wicked, very often fall into the fame vicious courfe of life. ‘The contrary, likewife, we fee fometimes happen ; viz. that, as good morals eafily change to bad, fo bad morals change again to good. For inftance, let a wicked man who was once virtuous, keep company with a virtuous man, and he will again become virtuous; and this alteration can be attributed to nothing but the force of habit, which is, indeed, very great. Seeing many examples of this; and befides, confidering that, in confequence of this great force of habit, three bad cuftoms have got foot- ing in Italy within a few years, even. within my own me- mory; the firft flattery. and ceremonioufnefs ; the fecond Lutheranifm,* which fome have moft prepofteroufly em- braced; the third intemperance; and that thefe three vices, like fo many cruel montters, leagued, as indeed they are, againft mankind, have gradually prevailed fo far, as to rob when he refided in England. Cornaro, who was the author of the little treatife I am mentioning, was of an infirm conftitution, till about forty, when, by obftinately perfifting in an exact courfe of temperance, he re- ** covered a perfect ftate of health ; infomuch, that at fourfcore he publifh~ ‘** ed his book, which has been tranflated into Englifh under the title of, Sure and certain methods of attaining a long and healthy life. He lived to “ give a third or fourth edition of it, and after having paffed his hundredth “* year, died without pain or agony, and like one who falls afleep. The “ treatife I mention has been taken notice of by feveral eminent authors, “ and is written with fuch a fpirit of cheerfulnefs, religion, and good fenfe, as are the natural concomitants of temperance and fobriety- *¢ The mixture of the old man in it, is rather a recommendation than 2 ‘* difcredit to it.” * The author writes with the prejudice of a zealous. Roman Catholic againft the doctrine of the reformation, which he here diftinguithes by the name of Lutheranifm. This was owing to the artifices of the Romifh clergy in thofe days, by whom the reformed religion was mifreprefented;, a's introductive of licentioufnefs and debauchery. i al, ee es A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. 53 _rob ciyil life of ‘its fincerity, the foul of its piety, and the body of its health; I have refolved to treat of the laft of . thefe vices, and prove that it is an abufe, in order to ex- tirpate it, if poffible. As to the fecond, Lutheranifm, and the firft, flattery, Iam certain, that fome great genius or another will foon undertake the tafk of expofing their de- formity, and effectually fupprefling them. Therefore, I firmly hope that, before I die, I fhall fee thefe three abufes conquered and driven out of Italy; and this country of courfe reftored to its former laudable and virtuous cuf- torrie? i* ease ier pt BB To come then to that abufe, of which I have propofed to fpeak, namely, intemperance ; I fay, that it is a great pity it fhould have prevailed fo much, as entirely to banith fobriety. ‘Though all are agreed,-that intemperance is the offspring of gluttony, and fober living of ab{temioufnefs ; the former, neverthelefs, is confidered as a virtue and a mark of diftin@tion, and the latter, as difhonourable and the badge of avarice. Such miftaken notions are entirely owing to the power of cuftom, eftablifhed by our fenfes . and irregular appetites; thefe have blinded and befotted men to fuch a degree, that, leaving the paths of virtues they have followed thofe of vice, which lead them before their time to an old age, burthened with ftrange and mor- tal infirmities, fo as to render them quite decrepid before forty, contrary to the effeéts of fobriety, which, before it was banifhed by this deftruétive intemperance, ufed to xeep men found and hearty to the age of eighty and up- wards.. O wretched and unhappy Italy ! do not you fee, that intemperance murders every year more of your fub- je&ts, than you could lofe by the moft cruel plague, or by fire and, {word in many battles? Thofe truly fhameful eafts, now fo much in fafhion, and fo intolerably profufe, 1y°9 that 54: A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. that no tables are large enough to hold the difhes, which renders it neceflary to heap them one upon another ; ; thofe feafts, I fay, are fo many battles; and how is it poflible to fupport nature by fuch a variety of contrary and unwhole- fome foods ? Put a’ {top to this abufe, for God’s fake, for there is not, I am certain of it, a vice more abominable than this in the eyes of the divine majefty. Drive away this new kind of death, as you have banifhed the plague, which, though it formerly ufed to make fucl: havoc, now does little or no mifchief, owing to the laudable practice of attending more to the goodnefs of the provifions brought to our markets. There are,means ftill left to banifh in- . temperance, and fuch means too, that every man may have recourfe to them without any afliftance. Nothing more is requifite for this purpofe, than to live up to the fimpli- city didtated by nature, which teaches us to be content ' with little, to purfue the medium. of holy abftemioufnefs and divine reafon, and to accuftom ourfelves to eat no more than is abfolutely neceflary to fupport life; confidering that what exceeds this, is difeafe and death, and merely gives the palate a fatisfation, which, though but momentary, brings on the body a long and lafting ‘train of difagreeable fenfations and difeafes, and at length deftroys it along with the foul. How many friends of mine, men of the fineft underftanding, and moft amiable difpofition, have I feen carried off by this plague in the flower of their youth who, were they now living, would be an ornament to the public, and whofe company I fhould enjoy with as much pleafure as I now feel concern at their lofs. In order, therefore, to put a ftop' to fo great an evil, I have refolved, by this thort difcourfe, to demonftrate, that intemperance is an 2abufe which may be eafily removed, and that the en0d old fober living nay be fubftituted in its | ftead ; oA TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. | 5S ead ; and this I eiid@itike the more readily, as many - young men of the beft underftanding, knowing that it is a vice, have requetted it of me, moved thereto by feeing their fathers drop off in the flower of their youth, and me fo found and hearty at the age of eighty-one. They ex- prefled a defire to reach the fame term, nature not forbid- ding us to with for longevity ; and old age being, in fad, that time of life in which prudence can be beft exercifed, and the fruits of all the other virtues enjoyed with lefs op- pofition, the paffions being then fo fubdued, that man gives himfelf up entirely to reafon. They befeeched me to let them ‘know the method purfued by me to attain it; and _ then finding them intent on fo laudable.a purfuit, I have refolved to treat of that method, in order to be of fervice not only to them, but to all thofe who may be willing to perufe this difcourfe. I fhall, therefore, give my reafons for renouncing intemperance, and betaking myfelf to a fo- ber courfe of life; declare freely the method purfued by me for that purpofe, and then fet forth the effects of fo good a habit upon me; whence it may be clearly gathered, how eafy it is to remove the abufe of intemperance. 1 fhall conclude, by fhewing how many conveniencies and bldéffings are the confequences of a fober life. + I fay then, that the heavy train of infirmities, which had not only invaded, but even made great inroads in my con- - ftitution, were my motives for renouncing intemperance, to which I had been greatly addiéted; fo that, in confe- quence of it, and the badnefs of my conftitution, my fto- mach being exceedingly cold and moift, I was fallen into different kinds of diforders, fuch as pains in my ftomach, and often ftitches, and fpecies of the gout; attended by what was ftill worfe, an almoft continual flow fever, a~ ftomach generally out of order, and a perpetual thirfte : D 4 From. 56 . A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE, | From thefe natural and acquired diforders the beft delivery I had to hope for, was death, to put an end to the pains and miferies of life; a period very remote in the regular courfe of nature, though I had haftened it by my irregular manner of living. E inding myfelf, therefore, in fuch un- happy circumftances between my thirty-fifth and fortieth year, every thing that could be thought of having been tried to no purpofe to relieve me, the phyficians gave me to underftand, that there was but one method left to get the better of my complaints, provided I would refolve to ufe it, and patiently perfevere in it. This was a fober and regular life, which they affured me would be. ftill of the ereateft fervice to me, and would be as powerful in its ef- fects, as the intemperate and irregular one had been, in reducing me to the prefent low condition; and that I might be fully fatisfied of its falutary effeéts, for though by my irregularities I was become infirm, I was not reduced fo low, but that a temperate life, the oppofite in every refpect to an intemperate one, might ftill entirely recover me. And, befides, it in fact appears, fuch a regular life, whilft obferved, preferves men of a bad conftitution, and far gone in years, juft as a contrary courfe has the power to deftroy thofe of the eft conftitution, and in their prime ; for this plain reafon, that different modes of life are attended by different effe€ts; art following, even herein, the fteps of nature, with equal power to corre&t natural vices and im- perfeCtions. ‘This is obvious in hufbandry and the_like. ‘They added, that if I did not immediately have recourfe to fuch a regimen, I could receive no benefit from it in a few months,. and that in a few more I mutt refign myfelf to death. , Thefe folid and convincing arguments made fuch an im- prefion on me, that, mortified as 1 was befides, by the herd ee thoughts A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. 57 thoughts of dying in the prime of life, and at the fame time perpetually tormented by varions difeafes, I immedi- ately concluded, that the foregoing contrary effects could not be produced but by contrary modes of living; and, therefore, full of hopes, refolved, in order to avoid at once both death and difeafe, to betake myfelf to a regular courfe of life. Having, upon this, inquired of them what rules I fhould follow, they told me, that I muft not ufe any food, folid or liquid, but fuch as, being generally prefcrib- _ ed to fick perfons, is, for that reafon, called diet, and both very fparingly. Thefe directions, to fay the truth, they had before given me; but it was at a time of life when, impatient of fuch reftraint, and finding myfelf fatiated, as it were, with fuch food, I could not put up with it, and therefore eat freely of every thing I liked beft; and like- wife, feeling myfelf in a manner parched up bythe heatof my difeafe, made no {cruple of drinking, and in large quantities, the wines that beft pleafed my palate. This, indeed, like | all other patients, I kept a fecret from my phyficians. But, when I had once refolved to live fparingly, and according to the di€tates of reafon, feeing that it was no difficult matter, nay, that it was my duty as a man fo to do, IJ en- tered with fo much refolution upon this new courfe of life, that nothing has been fince able to divert me from it. The confequence was, that in a: few days I began to pers ceive, that fuch a courfe agreed with me-very well; and by purfuing it, in lefs than a year, I found myfelf (fome perfons, perhaps, will not believe it) entirely freed from all my complaints. | Having thus recovered my health, I began ferioufly to confider the power of temperance, and fay to myfelf, that if this virtue had efficacy enough to fubdue fuch grievous diforders as mine, it muft have ftill greater to preferve me in 58 A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. in health, to help my bad conftitution, and comfort my very weak ftomach. I therefore applied myfelf diligently to difcover what kinds of food fuited me beft. But, firft, ¥ refolved to try, whether thofe, which pleafed my palate, agreed or difagreed with my ftomach, in order to judge for myfelf of the truth of that proverb, which I once held for true, and is univérfally held as fuch in the higheft de- gree, infomuch ‘that epicures, who give a loofe to their ap- ~ petites, lay it down as a fundamental maxim. This pro- verb is, that whatever pleafes the palate, muft agree with the ftomach and nourifh the body ; or whatever is palat- » able muft be equally wholefome and nourifhing. The iflue was, that I found it to be falfe: for, though rough and very cold wines, 2s likewife melons and other fruits, fallad, _ With, and pork, tarts, garden-ftuff, paftry, and the-like, were very pleafing to my palate, they difagreed with me not- withftanding. Having thus convinced myfelf that the pro- verb in queftion was falfe, I looked upon it as fuch; and, taught by ‘experience, I gave over the ufe of fuch meats and wines, and likewife of ice ; chofe wine fuited to my ftomach, drinking of it but the quantity I knew I could digeft. I did the fame by my meat, as well in regard to quantity as-to quality, accuftoming myfelf never to cloy my ftomach with eating or drinking ; but conftantly rife from table with a difpofition to eat and drink ftill more. In this I conformed to the proverb, which fays, that a ‘ man, to confult his health, muft check his appetite. Hay- ing in this manner, and for thefe reafons, conquered in- temperance and irregularity, I betook myfelf entirely to a temperate and regular life: which effefted in me the al- teration already mentioned, that is, in lefs than a year it rid me of all thofe diforders, which had taken fo deep a root jn me; nay, as I have already obferved, had made fuch a progrefs, A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. 59 & “progrefs as to be in a manner incurable. It had likewife this other good effet, that I no longer experienced thofe annual fits of ficknefs with which I ufed to be afflicted while I followed a different, that i is, a fenfual, courfe of lifes for then I ufed to be attacked: every year with a ftrange kind of fever, which fometimes brought me to death’s.door. - - From this difeafe, then, I alfo freed myfelf, and became ex- ceeding healthy, as I have continued from ‘that time for- ward to this very day; and for no other reafon than that J never trefpafled againit regularity, which, by its infinite ef- ficacy, has been the caufe that the meat I conftantly eat, and the wine I conftantly drank, being fuch as agree with, my conttitution, and, taken in proper quantities, imparted all their virtue to my body, and then left it without difh- culty, and without engendering in it any bad humours. In confequence, therefore, of my taking fuch methods, I have always enjoyed, and (God be praifed) a&tually enjoy, the beft. of healths. It is true, indeed, that, befides the two foregoing moft important rules relative to eating and drinking, which I have ever been very fcrupulous to ob- ferve, that'is, not to take of any thing but as much as my _ | ftomach can eafily digeft, and to ufe thofe things only which agree with me ; I have carefully avoided heat, cold, and ex- traordinary fatigue, interruption of my vfual hours of reft, exceflive venery, making any ftay in bad air, and expofing, myfelf to the wind and fun; for thefe, too, occafion great diforders. But then, fortunately, there is no great difficulty in avoiding them, the love of life and health having more fway over men of underftanding, than any fatisfadtion they could findin doing what mutt be extremely hurtful to their conftitution.. I have likewife done all that lay in my power to avoid thofe evils which we do not find fo eafy to removes Thefe are melancholy, hatred, and other violent paflions, which 60 | A-TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. which appear to have the greateft influence over our bodies. However, I have not béen able to guard fo well againft either one or the other kind of thofe diforders, as not to fuffer myfelf now and then to be hurried away by many, not to fay all, of them; but I have reaped the benefit of knowing by experience that thefe paffions have, in the main, no great influence over bodies governed by the two foregoing rules of eating and drinking, and therefore can do them but very little-harm; fo that it may, with great truth, be affirmed, that whoever obferves thefe two capital rules is liable to very little inconveniency from any other exceffes. ‘This Galen, who was an eminent phyfician, obferved before me. He affirms, that, fo long as. he followed thefe rules relative to eating and drinking, he fuffered but little from other diforders, fo little, that they never gave him above a day’s uneafinefs.. That what he fays is true I am a living witnefs, and fo-are many others who know me, and have feen how often I have been expofed to heats and colds, and fuch other difagreeable changes of weather; and have likewife feen me (owing to various misfortunes which have more than once befallen me) greatly difturbed in mind. For they cannot only fay of me, that fuch difturbance of mind has done me very little harm, but they can aver of many others, who did not lead a fober and regular life, that it proved very prejudicial to them, amongft whom. was a brother of my own, and others of my family, who, trufting to the goodnefs of their conftitution, did not follow my way of living. The confequence hereof was a great misfortune to them, the perturbations of the mind having thereby acquired an ex- traordinary influence over their bodies. Such, in a word, was their grief and dejection at feeing me involved in ex- pehfive law-fuits, commenced againft me by great and deat 3 powerful A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. _— 61 powerful men, that, fearing I fhould be catt, they were feized with that melancholy humour with which intempe- rate bodies always abound ;.and thefe humours had fuch an influence over them, and increafed to fuch a degree, as to carry them off before their time; whereas I fuffered no- thing on the occafion, as I had in me no fuperfluous hu- -mouts of that kind. Nay, in order to keep up my fpirits, I brought myfelf to think that God had raifed up thefe -fuits againft me, in order to make me more fenfible of my ftrength of body and mind, and that I fhould get the bet- ter of them with honour and advantage, as it in fact came to pafs: for, at laft, I obtained a decree exceeding favour- able to my fortune and my charaéter, which, though it gave me the higheft pleafure, had not the power to do me any harm in other refpects./ Thus it is plain, that neither me- lancholy, nor any other affection of the mind, can hurt bo- dies governed with temperance and regularity. - But I muft go a ftep farther, and fay, that even misfor- tunes themfelves can do but very little mifchief, or caufe but very little pain, to fuch bodies; and that this is true I have myfelf experienced at the age of feventy. ‘I hap- pened, as is often the cafe, to be in a coach, which, - going at a pretty {mart rate, was overfet, and, in that condi- tion, drawn a confiderable way by the horfes before means eould be found to ftop them; whence I received fo many fhocks and bruifes, that 1 was taken out with my head and all the reft.of my body terribly battered, and a diflocated leg and arm. When I was brought home, the family im- mediately fent for the phyficians, who, on their arrival, f{ee- ing me in fo bad a plight, concluded that within three days I fhould die; neverthelefs, they would try what good two . things would do me; one was to bleed me, the other to purge me; and thereby prevent my humours altering, as _ they { 62 A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. they every moment expected, to fuch a degree as to fer- ment greatly, and bring on a high fever. But I, on the con- trary, who knew that the fober life I had led for many years paft had fo well united, harmonized, and difpofed, my humours, as not to leave it in their power to ferment to fuch a degree, refufed to be either bled or purged. I jutt caufed my leg and arm to be fet, and fuffered myfelf to be rubbed with fome oils, which they faid were proper on the | eccafion. Thus, without ufing any other kind of remedy, I recovered, as 1 thought I fhould, without feeling the leaft alteration in myfelf, or any other bad’ effeéts from this accident; a thing which appeared miraculous even in the eyes of the phyficians. Hence’ we are to infer, that whoever leads a fober and regular life, and commits no ex- cefs in his diet, can fuffer but very little from diforders of any other kind, or external accidents. On the contrary, lcon- clude, efpecially from the late trial I have had, that exceffes in eating and drinking are fatal. Of this I convinced my- felf four years ago, when, by the advice of my phyficians, the inftigation of my friends, and the importunity of my own family, I confented to fuck an excefs, which, as it will appear hereafter, was attended with far worfe confequences than could naturally be expected. This excefs confifted in increafing the quantity of food I generally made ufe of ; which increafe alone brought on me a moft cruel fit of fick- nefs. And, as it-1s.a cafe fo much in point to the fubje@ ‘in hand, and the knowledge of it may be ufeful to fome of my readers, I fhall take the trouble to relate it. J fay then, that my deareft friends and relations, ee ed by the warm and laudable affeCtion and regard they have for me, feeing how little I eat, reprefented to me, in conjunétion with my phyficians, that the fuftenance I took could not be fuficient to fupport one fo far advanced in : years, A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. 63 yéars, when it was become neceflary not only to pieferve nature, but to increafe its vigour. That, as this could not be done without food, it was abfolutely incumbent upon me to eat a little more plentifully. 1, on the other hand, _ produced my reafons for not complying with their de. fires. Thefe were, that nature is content with little, and that with this little I had preferved myfelf fo many years ; and that, to me, the habit of it was become a fecond na- _ ture; and that it was more agreeable to reafon, that, as I advanced in years, and loft my ftrength, I fhould rather leffen than increafe the quantity of my food; farther, that it was but natural to think that the powers of the ftomach grew weaker from day to day; on which account I could fee no reafon to make fuch an addition. To corroborate _my arguments, I alleged thofe two natural and very true proverbs; one, that he who has a mind to eat a great deal muft eat but little; which is faid for no other reafon than this, that eating little makes a man live very long ; and living very long he muft eat a great deal. The other proverb was, that what we leave after making a hearty meal does us more good than what we have eat. But nei- ‘ther thefe proverbs, nor any other arguments I could think of, were able to prevent their teazing me more than ever. Wherefore, not to appear obftinate, or affect to know more than the phyficians themfelves; but, above all, to pleafe my family, who very earneftly defired it, from a perfuafion that fuch an addition to my ufual allowance would pre- ferve my ftrength, I confented to increafe the quantity of food, but with two ounces only. So that, as before, what with bread, meat, the yolk of an egg, and foup, I eat as much as weighed in all twelve ounces, neither more nor lefs ; I now increafed it to fourteen ; and, as before ] drank but fourteen ounces of wine, I now increafed it to fixteen. This C4 A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. This increafe ind irregularity had, in eight days time, iudtk an effect upon me, that, from being cheerful and brifk, I began to be peevifh and melancholy, fo that nothing could _pleafe me, and was conftantly fo ftrangely difpofed, that I _ neither knew what to fay to others, nor what to do with my- - felf. On the twelfth day I was attacked with a moft violent pain’ in my fide, which held me twenty-two hours, and was’ _ fucceeded by a terrible fever, which continued thirty-five days and as many nights, without giving me a moment’s | refpite, though, to fay the truth, it began to abate gradual- ly on the fifteenth: but, notwithftanding fuch abatement, I could not, during the whole time, fleep half a quarter of an hour together, infomuch that every one looked upon me_ as adead man. But, God be praifed, I recovered, merely ' by my former regular courfe of life, though then in my _ feventy-eighth year, and in the coldeft feafon of a very cold year, and reduced to a mere fkeleton ; and I am pofitive that it was the great regularity I had obferved for fo many | years, and that only, which refcued me from the jaws of death. In all that time I never knew what ficknefs was, unlefs I may call by that name fome flight indifpofitions of a day or two’s continuance; the regular life I had led, as I have already taken notice, for fo many years, not having permitted any fuperfluous or bad humours to breed in me 3 or if they did, to acquire fuch ftrength and malignity, as they generally acquire in the fuperannuated bodies of thofe who live without rule. And as there was not any old malignity in my humours, (which is the thing that kills people), but only that which my new irregularity had oc- cafioned, this fit of ficknefs, though exceeding violent, had not ftrength enough to deftroy me. This it was, and no- thing elfe, that faved my life; whence may be gathered, how great is the power and efficacy of regularity; and 3 how A TREATISE. ON A SOBER LIFE: so how great, likewife, is that of irregularity, which in a few days could bring on me fo terrible a fit of ficknefs, jute as eat had es al me in health for fo many years. } : _ And it appears to me a no weak argument, ane fince the world, confifting of the four elements, is upheld by order, and our life, as to the body, is no other than a harmonious combination of the fame four elements, fo it fhould be pre- jerved and maintained by the very fame order; and, on the other hand, it muft be worn out by ficknefs, or deftroyed by death, which are produced by the contrary effects. By order the arts are more eafily learned ; by order armies are render- ed victorious; by order, in a word, families, cities, and even itates, are maintained. Hence I concluded, that orderly living is no other than a moft certain caufe and foundation of health and long life ; nay, I cannot help faying, that it is the only and true medicine ; and whoever weighs the matter well, muft alfo conclude that this is really the cafe. Hence it is, that when a phyfician comes to vifit a patient, the firft thing he prefcribes is to live regu larly. In like manner, when a phyfician takes leave of a patient on his being recovered, he advifes him, as heten- ders his health, to lead a regular life. And it is not to be doubted, that, were a patient fo recovered to live in that - manner, he could never be fick again, as it removes every caufe of illnefs; and fo, for the future, would never want either phyfician or phyfic. Nay, by attending duly to what I have faid, he would become his own phyfician, and, in- deed, the beft he could have ; fince, in fact, no man can be © a perfect phyfician to any one but himfelf. The reafon of which is, that any man may, by repegted trials, acquire a perfect’ knowledge of his own conftitution, and the moft hidden qualities of his body, and what wine and food agree Vou. IIL. E | with \ 66 A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE.’ with his ftomach. Now, it is fo far from being an eafy : matter to know thefe things perfeétly of another, that we cannot, without.much trouble, difcover them in ourfelves, fince-a great deal of time and repeated trials are requifite for that purpofe. | Thefe trials are, indeed (if I may fay it), more isa Ne» Se as there is a greater variety in the natures and con- ftitutions of different men than in their perfons. Who could believe that old wine, wine that had paffed its firft year, fhould difagree with my ftomach, and new wine agree with it? and that pepper, which is looked upon as a warm fpice, fhould not have a warm effe€t upon me, infomuch that I find myfelf more warmed and comforted by cinnamon? Where is the phyfician that cou'd have informed me of thefe two latent qualities, fince I myfelf,; even by a long courfe of obfervation, could fearce difeover them ? From all thefe reafons it follows, that it is impoflible to be a perfec hyfician to another. Since, therefore, a man cannot have -a better phyfician than himfelf, nor any phyfic better thaw a regular life, a regular hfe he ought to embrace, I do not, however, mean that, for the knowledge and cure of fuch difordets as often befal thofe who do not live regularly, there is no occafion for a phyfician, and that his afliftance ought to be lighted. For, if- we. are apt to re= ceive fuch great: comfort from friends who come to wifit us in our illnefs, though they do no more than teltify their concern for us, and bid us be of good cheer, how much more. regard ought we to have for the phyfician, ‘who is a friend that comes to fee us in order to relieve us, and pro- mifes us a cure ? But, for the bare purpofe of keeping our- felves in good health, I am of opinion, that we fhould con- fider as a phyfician this regular life, which, as we have feen,, is our natural and proper phyfic, fince it preferves men, - even A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. bY even thofe of a bad conftitution, in health ; makes them live found and hearty to the age of one hundred and upwards } and prevents their dying of ficknefs, or through a corrup- tion of their humours, but merely by a diffolution of their radical moifture, when quite exhaufted ; all which effects feveral wife men have attributed to potable gold, and the ~ elixir, fought for by many, but difcovered by few. How- ever, to confefs the truth, men, for the moft part, are very fenfual and intemperate, and love to fatisfy their appetites, and to commit every excefs; therefore, fecing that they cannot avoid being greatly injured by fuch excels, as often as they are guilty of it, they, by way of apologizing for their conduct, fay, that it is better to live ten years lefs, and enjoy themfelves ; not confidering of what importance are ten years more of life, efpecially a healthy life, and at a ma- turer age, when men become fenfible of their progrefs in’ knowledge and virtue, which cannot attain to any degree of perfeétion before this period of life. Not to fpeak, at prefent, of many other advantages, I © fhall barely mention that, in regard to letters and the iciences, far the greateft number of the beft and moft ce= lebrated books extant were written during that period of life, and thofe ten years, which fome make it their bufi- nefs to undervalue, in order to give a loofe to their appe~_ tites. Be that as it will, I would not ad like them; I ra- ther coveted to live thefe ten years, and, had I not done fo, I fhould never have finifhed thofe tracts, which I have compofed in confequence of my having been found and hearty thefe ten years paft, and which I have the pleafure to think will be of fervice to others. Thefe fenfualifts add, that a regular life is fuch as no man can lead. To this I anfwer, Galen, who was fo great a phyfician, led fuch a_ life, and chofe it as the beft phyfic; the fame did Plato, te eal Nas Cicero, 68 A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. Cicero, Hocrates, and many other great men of former times, whom, not to tire the reader, I fhall forbear naming > and, in our own days, Pope Paul Farnefe led it, and Cardi- nal Bembo ; and it was for that reafon they lived fo long: likewife our two doges, Lando and Donato; befides many ethers of meaner condition, and thofe who live not only in cities, but alfo in different parts of the country, who all found great benefit by conforming to this regularity. There- fore, fince many have led this infe, and many actually lead it, it is not fuch a life but that every one may conform to it, andthe more fo, as no great difficulty attends it; nothing, - indeed, being requifite but to begin in good earneft, as the above-mentioned Cicero affirms, and all thofe who now live in this manner. Plato, you will fay, though he him- felf lived very regularly, affirms, notwithftanding, that in re- publics men cannot do fo, being often obliged to expofe themfelyes to heat, cold, and feveral other kinds of hard- ihip, and other things, which are all fo many diforders, and incompatible with a regular life. JT anfwer, as I have al. — ready obferved, that thefe are not diforders attended with any bad confequence, or which affect either health or life, . when the man who undergoes them obferves the rules of fobriety, and commits no excefs in the two. points concern- ‘ing diet, which a republican may very well avoid ; 3 May, it is requifite.he fhould avoid; becaufe by fo doing, he may be fure cither to efeape thofe diforders, which otherwife it would be no eafy matter for him to efeape while expofed to thefe hardfhips, or, in cafe he fhould not efcape them, he may more eafily and fpeedily prevent their bad effeéts. Here it may be objeGted, and fome actually obje@, that he who leads a regular life, having confiantly, when. well, made ule of food fit for the fick, and in {mall quantities, has no refource left in cafe of illnefs. To this L might, in the A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE; 6g the firft place, oe that nature, defirous to preferve man in good health as long as poflible, informs him, ‘her- felf, how. he is to act in time of illnefs; for fhe immedi- ately deprives him, when fick, of his appetite, in order that he may eat but little; becaufe nature (as I have faid already) i is fatisfied with little 3 wherefore, it is requifite that a man, when fick, whether he has been a regular or irregular liver, fhould ufe no meats, but fuch as are fuited to his diforder; and of thefe even in a much fmaller quantity than he was wont to do when in health. For were he to eat as much as he ufed to do, he would die by it; becaufe it would be only adding to the burden with which nature was already opprefled, by giving her a great- er quantity of food than fhe can in fuch circumftances. fupport ; and this, I imagine, would be a fufficient cau- tion to any fick perfon. But, independent of all this, 1 might anfwer fome others, and {till better, that whoever leads a regular life cannot be fick, or, at leaft but fel- dom, and for a fhort time; becaufe, by living regularly, he extirpates ‘every feed of ficknefs and thus, by remoy- ing the caufe, prevents the effect 3 fo that he, who purfues a tegular courfe of life, need not be apprehentfive of illnefs, as he need not be afraid of the effeét who has guarded againft the caufe. | “Since it therefore appears that a regular life is fo profit- able and virtuous, fo lovely and fo holy, it ought to be univerfally followed and embraced; and the more fo, as it _ does rot clafh with the meansior duties of any ftation, but is eafy to all; becaufe, to lead it, a man need not tie himfelf down to eat fo little as!1 do, or not to eat fruit, fifh, and other things of: that kind, from which I-abftain, who eat little, becaufe it is fufficient for my puny and weak ftomach; and fruit, fifth, and other things of that : | Oe ton ae we kind, ey 70 A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. kind, difagree with me, which is my reafon for not touch. ing them. Thofe, however, with whom fuch things agree, “may, and ought to eat of them; fince they are not by any means forbid the ufe of fuch fuftenance. But then, both they, and all others, are forbid to eat a greater quantity of. any kind of food, even of that which agrees with them, than what their ftomachs can eafily digeft: the fame is to be underftood of drink. Hence it is that thofe, with whom nothing difagrees, are not bound to obferve any rule but that relating to the quantity, and not to the quality, of | their food; a rule which they may, without the leaft difi- — culty in the world, comply with. Let nobody tell me, that there are numbers, sakes though they live moft irregularly, live in health and fpirits, to thofe remote periods of life attained by the moft fober; for, this argument being grounded on a cafe full of uncer- tainty and hazard, and which, befides, fo feldom occurs as to look more like a miracle than the»work of nature, men fhould not fuffer themfelves to be thereby perfuaded to live irregularly, nature having ‘been. too liberal to thofe who did fo without fuffering by 1¢ ; a favour which. very few have any right to expe. Whoever, trufting to his youth, or the ftrength of his conftitution, or the goodnefs of his: ftomach, flights thefe obfervations, muft expec to fuffer. greatly by fo doing, and live in conftant danger of )difeafe and death. I therefore affirm, that an old man, even of a bad conftitution, who leads a regular and fober life; is furer of a long one, than a young man of the beft confti-. - tution, who leads a diforderly life: It is not to be doubted, however, that a man blefled with a good conftitution may, by living temperately, expect to live longer than one whofe conftitution is not fo good; and that God and nature can agate matters fo, that a man {hall bring into the world with A «TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE., aa with him, fo founda conftitution as to live long and. healthy, without obferving fic. ftri@ rules; and then die in a very ; advanced age, through a mere difiolution of his "elementary parts ; as was the cafe in Venice, of the pro-. gurator Thomas Contarini; and in Padua, of the cavalier Antonio Capo di Vacca, But it is not one man ina hun- dred thoufand that fo much can be faid of, If others have amind to live long and healthy, and die without ficknefs of: vbody. or mind, but by mere diffolution, they muft fub- mit to live regularly, fince they. cannot otherwife expect to enjoy the fruits of fuch a life, which are almoft infinite in number, and each of them, in particular, of infinite value. For, as fuch regularity keeps the. humours of the body cleanfed and purified, it {uffers no vapours to afcend from the ftomach to the head ;-hence the brain of him, who lives in that manner, enjoys fuch a conftant ferenity that he is always perfectly mafter of himfelf. He, therefore, eafily foars above the low and groveling concerns of this life, to the exalted and beautiful contemplation of heavenly things, to his exceeding great comfort and fatisfaction ; becaule he, by this means, comes to confider, know, rid underftand, that which otherwife he would never have confidered, known, or underftood ; that is, how great is the power, wifdom, and goodnefs, of the Deity. He then defcends to nature, so acknowledges her for the daughter of God, and fees, and even feels with his hands, that, which. in any other age, or with a perceptio: nelefs clear, he could | never have feen or felt. He then truly difcerns the bru- tality of that vice into which they fall who know not how to fubdue their paffions, and tholfe three importunate lutts, - which, one would imagine, Came altogether into. the world with us, in order to keep us in perpetual anxiety and dil- | gurbance. Thefe are, the luft of the flefh, the luft of ho- 4 nours, “oO A TREATISE ON A SOBER Lire. nours, and the luft of tichés; which are apt to increafe with years in fuch old perfons as do not lead a regular: life ; becaufe, in their paffage through thé flage of manhood, they did not, 28 they ought, renounce fenfuality and their paffions, and take up with fobriety and réeafon; virtues which men of a regular life did not negle&t when they paffed through the aboveementioned ftage. For, knowing fuch paflions and fuch lufts to be inconfiftent with reafon, _ by which they are entirely governed, they at once broke -Toofe from all temptations to vice; and, inftead of being flaves to their inordinate appetites, they applied themfelves to Virtue and good works ; and, by thefe means, they alter- ed their conduét, and became men of good and fober lives. When, therefore, in procefs of time, they fee themfelves brought by a long feriés of years to their diffolution, con- fcious that, through the fingular mercy of God, they had fo fincerely relinquifhed the paths of vice as never after- wards to enter them, and moreover hopiiig, through the merits of our Saviour Jefus Chrift, to die in his favour, they do not fuffer themfelves to be caft down at the thoughts of death, knowing that they muft die. This’is particularly the cafe, when, loaded with honour, and fated with life, they fee themfelves arrived at that age, which hot one in maiiy thoufands of thofe who live otherwife ever attains, They have itill the greater reafon not to be dejeéted at the thoughts of death, as it does not-attack ‘them violently and ‘by furprize, with a bitter and painful turn of their humours, with feverifh fenfations, and fhatp pains, but fteals upon them infenfibly, and with the’ great- eft cafe and gentlenefs: fuch an end proceeding entirely from an exhauftion of the radical moifture, which decays by degrees, like the oil of a Jamp, fo that they pafs gently, without ‘# TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE, 73 without any ficknefs, from this terreftrial and mortal to a celeftial and eternal life. * Oholy and truly happy regularity ! How Hie and. haps py thould men, in faét, deem thee, fince the oppofite ha- bit is the caufe of fuch guilt and mifery, as evidently ap- pears to thofe who confider the oppofite effects of both! fo that men fhould know thee by thy voice alone, and thy lovely name ; for what a glorious name, what a noble thing, is an orderly and fober life! ! as, on the contrary, the bare. mention of diforder and intemperance is offenfive to our dats. Nay, there is the fame difference between the mentioning thefe two things as between the uttering of the words angel and devil. ~ Thus Ihave afigned my reafons for abandoning intem- perarice, and betaking myfelf entirely toa fober life; with the method I purfued in doing fo, and what was the con- fequenee of if; and; finally, the advantages and bleflings which a fober life eankers upon thofe who embrace it, Some fenfaal inconfiderate perfons affirm, that a long life ‘is no blefling; and that the {tate of a man, who has paffed his feventy-fifth year, cannot feally be called life, but death; but this ig a great miftake, as I thall fully prove; and it is my fincere with, that all men would endeavour to attain my age, in order that they too may enjoy that period of life which of all others is the mott defirable. - 1 will therefore give an account of my recreations, and the relifh which I find at this ftave of life, in order to con- vince the public (which may likewife be done by all thofe who Know me) that the ftate I have now attained to is by no means death, but real life; fuch a life as by many ts deemed happy, fince it abounds with all the felicity that can be enjoyed in this world. And this teftimony they will give, in the firft place, becaufe they fee, and not with- . out 7A A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. \ put the greateft amazement, the good ftate of health and fpirits 1 enjoy ; how I mount my horfe without any aflift- ance, or advantage of fituation ; and how I not only af- cend a’ fingle flight of ftairs, but climb up a hill from. bote tom to-top, afoot, and with the greateft eafe and uncon- cern; then how gay, pleafant, and good-humoured,,1 gins how free from every perturbation of mind, and every, dif- agreeable thought; in lieu of which, joy.and. peace have io firmly fixed their refidence in my bofom. as neyer to de» part from it. Moreover, they know ia what, manner.I pafs my time, fo as not to find life-a burden ; feeing I can contrive to {pend every hour of it with the, greateft delight and pleafure, having frequent opportunities of converfing with many honaurable gentlemen, men -waluable for their good fenfe and manners,: their acquaintance with letters, and every other good quality. Then, when I cannot enjoy their converfation, I betake myfelf to the reading of fome good book. When I have read. as muchas I like, I write; endeavouring in this, as in every thing elfe, to be of fer- vice to others, to the utmoft of my power. And all thefe things I do with the greateft eafe to myfelf, at their proper feafons, and in my own houfe ; which, befides be- ing fituated in the moft beautiful quarter of this noble and learned city of Padua, is, in itfelf really convenient and handfome, fuch, im a word, as it is no longer the fafhion to build ; for, in one part of it, I can fhelter my- {elf from ‘extreme heat, and, in the other, from extreme cold, having contrived the apartments according to the rules of architecture, which teach us what is to be obs ferved in practice. Befides this houfe, I have my feveral gardens rapid with running waters, and in which I always find fome- ¢hing to do that amufes me. I have another way of di- | , verting ‘A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. 7s verting’ myfelf, which is, going every April and May, and likewife every September and O&ober, for fome days, to enjoy an eminence belonging to me in the Euga- nean mountains, and in the moft beautiful part of them, adorned with fountains and gardens ; ; and, above all, a convenient. and handfome lodge, in which place I like. wife. ‘now and then make one in fome. hunting party fuitable to my tafte and age. Then I enjoy for as many days my villa in the plain, which is laid out'in regular freets, all terminating in a large fquare, in the middle of which ftands the church, fuited to the condition of the place. This villa is divided by a wide and rapid branch of the river: Brenta, on both fides of which there is a con~ fiderable extent of country, confifting entirely of fertile and well cultivated fields. Befides, this diftri@ is now, God be praifed, exceedingly well inhabited, which it was not at firft, but rather the reverfe ; for it was marthy, and the air fo unwholefome as to make it a refidence fit- ter for fnakes than men. But, on my draining off the waters, the air mended, and people reforted to it fo faft, and increafed to fuch a degree, that it foon acquired the perfe€tion in which it now appears: hence’ I may fay with truth, that I have offered in this place an altar and a temple to God, with fouls to adore him: thefe are things which afford me infinite pleafure, comfort, and fa- tisfaction, as often:as I go to fee and enjoy them. At the fame feafons, every year, I revifit fome of the neighbouring cities, and enjoy fuch of my friends as live there, taking the greateft pleafure in their company and eonverfation ; and by their means I alfo enjoy the con- verfation of other men of parts, who live in the fame places ; fuch as architects, painters, fenlptors, muficians, ; and 716 A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. and hufbandmen, with whom this- age moft certainly abounds. I vifit their new works; I revifit their form: er ones; and I always learn fomething which gives me _ fatisfa€tion. . I fee the palaces, gardens, antiquities; and with thefe the fquares and other public places, the churches, the fortifications, leaving nothing unobferved, _ from whence I may reap either entertainment or inflruc= tion. But what delights me molt is, in, my journies ; backwards and forwards, to contemplate the fituation and other beauties of the places I pafs through ; fome in the ~ plain, others on hills, adjoining to rivers or fountains ; with a great many fine houfes and gardens. Nor are my recreations rendered lefs agreeable and entertaining by my not feeing well, or not hearing readily every thing that is faid: to: me, or by any other of my faculties not being perfeCt ; for they are all, thank God, in the higheft perfection ; particularly my palate, which now relifhes better the fimple fare I eat; wherever I happen to be, . than it formerly did the moft delicate difhes, when I led. an irregular life. Nor does the change of beds give me any uneafinefs, fo that I fleep everywhere foundly' and quietly, without experiencing the leaft difturbance ; and all my dreams are pleafant and delightful. It is likewife with the greateft pleafure and fatisfaction I behold the fuccefs of an undertaking fo important to this ftate,—I mean that of draining and improving fo many uncultivated pieces of ground, an undertaking begun within my memory, and which I never thought I fhould live to fee completed, knowing how: flow republics are apt to proceed in enterprifes of great importance. Ne- verthelefs, I have lived to fee it,’ and was even im per~ fon in thefe marfhy places along with thofe appointed to oe / ee ee A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. 77 to fuperintend the draining of them, for two months to. gether, during the greatett heats of fummer, without ever finding myfelf the worfe for the fatigues or 1nconveniences I fuffered 5 of fo much efficacy is that andealy life which I everywhere conftantly lead. _ What is more, | am in the greateft fads; or rather * fure, to fee the beginning and completion of another un- dertaking of no lefs importance, which is that of preferv- ing our eftuary or port, that laft and wonderful bulwark of my dear.country, the prefervation of which (it is not to flatter my vanity 1 fay it, but merely to do jutticé to truth) has been more than once recommended by me to this republic, by word of mouth, and in write ings which coft me many nights ftudy. And to this dear country of mine, as I am/ bound by the laws of nature to do every thing from which it may reap any benefit, fo I mott ardently with perpetual duration, and a long fuc- ceflion of every kind of profperity. Such are my genuine and no trifling fatisfactions ; fuch are the recreations ard diverfions of my old age, which is fo much the more to be valued than the old age, or even youth, of other men, be- caufe being freed, by God’s grace, from the perturbations. of the mind, and the infirmities of the body, it no longer experiences any of thofe contrary emotions which tor- ment a number of young men, and many old ones defti- tute of ftrength and health, and every other blefling. And if it be lawful to.compare little matters, and fuch as are efteemed trifling, to affairs of importance, I will further venture to fay, that fuch are the effets of this fober life, that, at my prefent age of eighty-three, I have been able to write a very entertaining comedy, abounding with in- nocent-mirth and pleafant jefts. This {fpecies of compo- fition is generally the child and offspring of youth, as tra gedy slp 7B A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFEI gedy is that of old age ; the former being, by its facetious and fprightly turn, fuited to the bloom of life, and the latter, by its gravity, adapted to riper years. Now, if that good old man*, a Grecian by birth, and a poet, was fo much extolled fur having written a tragedy at the age of feventy-three, and, on that account alone, reputed of found memory and underftanding, though tragedy be a grave and melancholy poem, why fhould I be deemed lefs happy, and to have a {mailer fhare of memory and . underftanding, who have, at an age, ten years more ad- vanced than his, written a comedy, which, as every one knows, isa merry and pleafant kind of compofition? And, indeed, if 1 may be allowed to be an impartial judge in my own caufe, I cannot-help thinking that I am now of founder memory and underftanding, and heartier, ‘than he was when ten years younger. » ; And, that no comfort might be wanting to the fuliets of my years, whereby my great age may be rendered lefs irk- {ome; or rather the number of my enjoyments increafed, I have the additional comfort of feeing a kind of immortality in a fucceflion of defcendants. For, as often as I return home, I find there, before me, not one or two, but eleven, grand children, the oldeft of them eighteen, and the youngeft two; all the offspring of one father and one mo- ther; all blefled with the beft health; and, by what as yet appears, fond of learning, and of good parts and morals. Some of the youngeft I always play with, and, indeed, children from three to five are only fit for play. Thofe above that age I make companions of; and, as na- ture has beftowed very fine voices upon them, I amufe my- felf, befides, with isin and hearing them fing, and play on various oe et a bk rr * Sophocles. A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. 79 various inftruments. Nay, I fing myfelf, as I have a better voice now, and a clearer and louder pipe, than at gpa period of life, sine are the recreations of 2: eld age. — ee - Whence it appears, that the. life I lead is iheeotan and, not gloomy, as fome perfons pretend, who know no bet- ‘ter; to whom, in order that it may appear what value I fet on every other kind of life, I muft declare, that I would not exchange my manner of living’ or my grey _ hairs with any of thofe young men, even of the beft con- _ ftitution, who give way to their appetites ; knowing, as I do, that fuch are daily, nay, hourly; fubje@, as 1 have already obferved, to a thoufand kinds of ailments and. deaths. This is, in faét, fo obvious, as to require no proof. Nay, I remember perfe@ly well how I ufed to | behave at that time of life. I know how inconfiderately that age is apt to act, and how foolhardy young men, hurried on by the heat of their blood, are wont to be ; _ how apt they are to prefume too much on their own ftrength in all their aGtions; and how fanguine they are in their expe€tations ; as well on account of the little ex- perience they have had for the time paft, as by reafon of the power they enjoy in their own imaginations over the time to come. Hence they expofe themfelves rafhly to every kind of danger; and, banifhing reafon, and bowing their necks to the yoke of concupifcence, endeavour to gratify all their appetites, not minding, fools as they are,. that they thereby haften, as I have feveral times obferv- ed, the approach of what they would moft willingly avoid,—I mean ficknefs and death. Of thefe two evils one is troublefome and painful, the other, above all things, dreadful and infupportable; infupportable to every man who has given himfelf up to his fenfual appetites, and | z to 80 =A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. to young men in particular, to whom it appears a hards {hip to die an early death ; dreadful to thofe who refle& — on the errors to which this mortal life is fabjeét, and om the vengeance which the juftice of God is wont to take on finners, by condemning them to eveilafting punith- ment. On the other hand, I, in my old age, (praife to the Almighty) am exempt from both thefe apprehen- fions ; from the one, becaufe | am fure and certain that I cannot fall fick, having removed all the caufes of illnefs by my divine medicine; from the other, that of death, becaufe from fo many years experience I have learned to obey reafon ; whence I not only think it a great piece _of folly to fear that which cannot be avoided, but like- wife firmly expe& fome confolation from the grace of Jefus Chrift when I fhall arrive at that period. . Befides, though Iam fenfible that I mutt, like others, reach that term, it is yet at fo great a diftance that I cannot difcern it, becaufe I know I fhall not die except by mere diflolution, having already, by my regular courfe : of life, fhut up all the other avenues of death, and there- by prevented the humours of my body from making any ‘other war upon me than that which I muft expe& trom the elements employed in the compofition of this mortal frame. Iam not fo fimple as not to know, that, as I was born, fo I muft die. But that is a detirable death which nature brings on us by way of diflolution. For mature, having herfelf formed the union between our body and foul, knows beft in what manner it may be moft eafily diffolved, and grants us alonger day to do it than we could expeét from ficknefs, which is violent. This is the | death, which, without {peaking like a poet, I may call not death, but lifes Nor can it be otherwife. Such a death does not overtake one till after a very long courfe of A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. 8) of years, and in confequence of an extreme weaknefs ; it being only by flow degrees that men grow too feeble to walk, and unable to reafon, becoming blind, and deaf, de. crepid, and full of every other kind of infirmity. Now | I, by God?s blefling, may be quite fure that Iam at 2— very great diftance from fuch a. period. Nay, I have . reafon to think, that my foul, having fo agreeable a dwell- ing in my body, as not to meet with any thing in it but’ peace, love, and harmony, not only between its humours, but between my reafon and the fenfes, is exceedingly _ content and well pleafed with her prefent fituation: and of courfe, that a great length of time and many years mutt be requifite to diflodge her. Whence it muft be conclud- ed for certain, that I have ftill a feries of years to live in health and {pirits, and enjoy this beautiful world, which is ' indeed beautiful to thofe who know how to make it fo, as I have done, and likewife expect to be able to do, with God’s afliftance, inthe next; and all by the means of virtue, and that divine regularity of life, which I have adopted, concluding an alliance with my reafon, and declaring war againtt my fenfual appetites ; a thing which every man may do who defires to live as he ought. Now, if this fober life be fo happy 5 if its name be fo defirable and delightful ; if the -pofleffion of the bleflings which attend it befo flable and permanent, all I have fill left to’ dois to befeech (fince I cannot compafs my defires — by the powers of oratory) every man of a liberal difpofi- tion, and found underftanding, to embrace with open arms this moft valuable treafure of a long and healthy life; a treafure, which, as it exceeds all the other riches and bleflings of this world, foit deferves above all,things to be cherifhed, fought after, and carefully preferveds ‘ “This is that divine fobriety, agreeable to the deity, the Vox. I. : 1) friend 82 A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE« friend of nature, the daughter of reafon, the fitter of all the virtues, the companion of temperate living, modeft, courteous, content with little, regular, and perfe&t mif- trefs of all her operations.. From her, as from their pro- per root, {pring life, health, cheerfulnefs, ‘induftry, learn- ing, and all thofe actions and employments worthy of | noble and generous minds. ‘The laws. of God and man ate all in her favour. Repletion, excefs, intemperance, fu- perfluous humours, difeafes, fevers, pains, and the dan- gers of death, vanith in her prefence, like -clouds before the fun. Her comelinefs ravithes every well-difpofed mind. Her influence is fo fure, as to promife to alla very long and agreeable cxiftencé : the facility of acquir- ing her is fuch as ought to induce every one to look for. her. and fhare in her witories. ‘And, laftly, the pro- "-mifes to be a mild and agreeable guardian of life ; as well of the rich as of the poor; of the male, as of the female fex; the ald as of the young : being that which teacheth the rich modeity; the poor frugality; men continence; women chaftity ; the old how to ward off the attacks of death ; and beftows on youth firmer and fecurer hopes of life. Sobriety renders the fenfes clear, the body light, the underftanding lively, the foul brifk, the memory tenacious, ous mo-— tions free, and all our ations regular and eafy. By means of fobriety, the foul, delivered, as it were, of her earthly burthen,: experiences a great deal of her natural liberty : the fpirits circulate gently through the arteries ; ‘the blood runs freely through the veins ; the heat of the body kept mild and temperate, has mild and temper- ate effects: and, laftly, our faculties being under a per- + fe ee preferve a pleafing and agreeable har- mony. | : O mof innocent and holy Sobriety, the fole refrefhment of ~ A PREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. 83 fn nature, the soondibeg mother of human. life, the true phyfic of foul as well as of body ! How ought men to praife thee, and thank thee for thy princely gifts ! Since thou beftoweft on them the means of preferving this blefling, I mean life and health, than which it has not _ pleafed God we fhould enjoy a greater on this fide of _ the grave, life and exiftence being a thing fo naturally co- veted, and willingly preferved, by every living creature. But, as I do not intend to write a panegyric on this rare and excellent virtue,’ I fhall put an end to this difcourfe,: left I fhould be guilty of excefs in dwelling fo long on fo pleafing a fubject: yet as numberlefs things may ftill _ be faid of it, I leave off with an intention of fetting forth the reft. of its praifes at a more convenient opportunity. 4 A COMPENDIUM OF A SOBER LIFE. (My Treatife on a fober life has begun to anfwer my de. fire, in being of ferviceé to many perfons born with a weak conftitution, who, every time they committed the leaft exa cefs, found themfelves greatly indifpofed, a thing which, it inuft be allowed, does not happen to robuft people. Several . of thefe perfons of weak conftitutions, on feeing the fore- going treatife, have betaken themfelves to a regular courfe of life, convinced by experience of its utility. In like manner, I fhould be glad to be of fervice to thofe who are born with a good conftitution, and, prefuming upon it, lead a diforderly life ; whence it comes to pafs, that, on their attaining the age of fixty, or thereabouts, they are x3 attacked € 4 4 84 A. TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. = ~ attacked with various pains and difeafes ; fome. with the gout, fome with: pains in the fide, and others with pains in ) the ftomach, and the like, to which they would not be fub» ject were they to embrace a fober life ; and.as moft of them die before they attain their eightieth year, they would live toa hundred, the time allowed to man by God and nature. And it is but reafonable to believe, that the intention of this our mother is, that we fhould all attain that term, in order that we might, all tafte the fweets of every ftate of life. But, as our birth is fubje@& to the revolutions of the heavens, thefe have great influence over it, efpecially. in rendering: our conftitutions robuft or infirm; ‘a thing ‘ which nature cannot ward. again ft ; for if fhe could, we fhould all bring a. good conftitution with us into the world: But then fhe hopes, that man, being endowed with reafon and underftanding, may of himfelf compenfate, by dint of art, the want of that which the heavens have denied him; and, by means of a fober life, contrive to-mend his infirm conftitution, live to.a great age, and always enjoy good health. For‘man, it is not to. be doubted, may, by art, exempt himfelf in part from the influence of the heavens; it be- ing the commen opinion, that the heavens give an inclins ation, but do not impel-us ; for which. reafon the learn= ed fay, that a wife man rules the flars. I was born with a very choleric difpofition, infomuch that there was no living with me ; but Itook notice of it, and confidered, that a perfon-fwayed by his paffion muft, at certain times, be no better than a madman ; I mean at thofe times when he fuffers his paffions to predominate, becaufe he then renounces his reafon and underftanding, I, there- fore, refolved to make my choleric difpofition give way to. reafon; fo that now, though born choleric, I never fuffer A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. §5. fuffer anger entirely to overcome me. The man who is na- turally of a bad conftitution may, in like manner, by dint — of reafon, and a fober life, live to a great age, and in good health, as I have done, who had naturally the wortt, fo that it was impoflible T fhould live above forty years, whereas I now find myfelf found and hearty at the age of eighty-fix ; and were it not for the long and violent _ fits of illnefs which I experienced in my youth, to fuch a degree that the phyficians gave me over, and which rob- bed me of my radical moifture,.a lofs abfolutely irre- . parable, I might expe& to attain the above-mentioned term of one hundred. But 1 know for good reafons that it is impoflible ; and, therefore, do not think of it. Itis énough for me that I have lived forty-fix years beyond ‘the term I hada right to expe; and that, during this fo long a refpite, all my fenfes have continued perfed, and even my teeth, my voice, my memory, and my ftrength ; but what is ftill more, my brain is more itfelf now than ever it_was ; nor do any of thefe powers abate as I ad- vance in years; and this becaufe, as I grow older, I leflen the quantity of my folid food. | This retrenchment is neceflary, nor can it be avoided, fince it is impoffible for a man to live for ever; and as he draws near his end, he is reduced fo low as to be no longer able to: take any nourifhment, unlefs it be to - {fwallow, and that too with difficulty, the yolk of an egg in the four-and-twenty hours, and thus end by oneee dif- folution, without any pain or ficknefs, as I expe& will be my cafe. This is a blefling of great importanice ; yet may be expetted by all thofe who, fhall lead a fober life, of whatever degree or condition, whether high, or middl- ing, or low; for we are all of the fame fpecies, and compofed of the fame four elements: and, fince a long B.3 and 86 A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. ~ and healthy life ought to be greatly coveted by every man, as I fhall prefently thew, I conclude, that every man is bound in duty to exert himfelf to obtain longevity, and that he cannot promife himfelf fuch a bleffing without temperance and fobriety. ¥ Some allege that many, without rately fuch adits; have lived to an hundred, and that in conftant health, though they ate a great deal, and ufed indifcriminately every kind of viands and wine; and therefore flatter — themfelves that they fhall be equally fortunate. But in this they are guilty of two miftakes; the firft is, that it is not one in a hundred thoufand that ever attains that happi- nefs ; the other miftake is, that fuch, in the end, moft af- _ furedly contraét fome illnefs, which carries them off: nor can they ever be fure of ending their days otherwife: fo that the fafeft way to obtain a long and healthy life is, at leaft after forty, to embrace fobriety. This is no fuch, - difficult affair, fince hiftory informs us of fg many, who, in former times, lived with the greateft temperance 5 and I know that the prefent age furnifhes us with many fuch inftances, reckoning myfelf one of the number: we are all human beings, and endowed with reafon, cru nace we are mafters of all our ations. This fobriety is reduced to two things, quality and quantity: The firft, namely quality, confifts in nothing but not eating food, or drinking wines, prejudicial to the ftomach. The fecond, which is quantity, confifts in not eating or drinking more than the ftomach can eafily di- geft ; which quantity and quality every man fhould be a perfect judge of by the time he is forty or fifty, or fixty ; »and whoever obferves thefe two rules, may be faid to . live a regular and fober life. This is of fo much virtue and efficacy, that the humours of fuch a man’s body be. come + > A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. 87 ‘ome moft homogeneous, harmonious, and perfe‘t; and, when thus improved, are no longer liable to be corrupted or difturbed by any other diforders whatfoever, fuch as fuffering exceflive heat or cold, too much fatigue, want of ’ natural reft, and the like, unlefs in the lait degree of ex- . cefs. Wherefore, fince the humours of perfons who ob- f ferve thefe two rules relative to eating and drinking can- not poflibly be corrupted, and engender acute difeafes, the fources of an untimely death, every man is bound to comply with them ; for whoever aéts otherwife, living a diforderly inftead of a regular life, is conftantly expofed to difeafe and mortality, as well in confequence of fuch dif- orders, as of. others without number, each of which is capable of producing the fame deftructive effed. It ts, indeed, true, that even thofe who obferve the two rules relating to diet, the obfervance of which con- dtitutes a fober life, may, by committing any one of the . other irregularities, find himfelf the worfe for it a day or two, but not fo as to breed a fever. He may likewife be affected by the revolution of the heavens ; but neither the Jneavens nor thofe irregularities are capable of corrupting . the humours of a temperate perfon; and it is tut rea- fonabie and natural it ihould be fo, as the two irregulari- ties of diet are interior, aid the others exterior. But as there are fome pe:fons ftricken in years, who ate, notwithftanding, very gluttonous, and allege, that nei- _ ther the quantity nor quality of their diet makes any im- preflion upon them, anu there ore eat a great deal, and of every thing without diitinétion, and indulge th: m- felves equally in point of drinking, becaufe they do not _ know in what part of their bodies their ftomachs are fi‘ u- ate; fuch, no doubt, are beyond all meafure fenfual, aad ilaves to gluttony : ; to theie I anfwer, that what they lay F4 Is 88 _ A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. is impoffible in the nature of things, becaufe it is impols ’ fible that every man who comes into the world fhould not bring with him a hot, a cold, or a temperate, confti> — tution ; and that hot foods fhould agree with hot confti- tutions, cold with cold ones, and things that are not of a temperate nature with temperate ones, is likewife impof- fible in nature. After all, thefe epicures muft. allow, that they are now and then out of order, and that they cure themfelves by taking evacuating medicines. and ob- ferving a ftri& diet; whence it appears, that their being out of order is owing to their eating too much, and of things difagreeing with their ftomach. There are other old gluttons, who fay, that it is necef» fary they fhould eat and drink a great deal to keep up | their natural heat, which is conftantly | diminithing as they advance in years; and that it is therefore neceflary to eat heartily, and of fuch things as pleafe their pa- late, be they hot, cold, or temperate; and that, were they to lead a fober life it would be a fhort one. To thefe I anfwer, that our kind mother Nature, in order that old © men may live ftill to a greater age, has contrived matters fo, that they fhould be able to fubfift on little, as I do; for large quantities of food cannot be digefted by old and feeble ftomachs. Nor fhould fuch perfons be afraid of _ fhortening their days by eating too little, fince, when they happen to be indifpofed, they recover by leffening the quantity of their food; for it is a trifle they eat, when con- fined to a regimen, by obferving which they get rid of their diforder. Now, if by reducing themfelves to a very {mall quantity of food, they recover from the jaws of death, how can they doubt but that, with an increafe © of diet, ftill confiftent, however, with fobriety, they will be able to fupport nature when in perfect health ? ob i : as Others \A TREATISE CN A SOBER LIFE. 89 Others fay, that it is better for aman to fuffer every year three or four returns of his ufuai diforders, fach as the gout, pains in the fide, and the like, than be tormented the whole year by not indulging his appetite, and eating every thing his palate likes belt; fince, by a good regi- men alone, he is fure to get the better of fuch attacks, To this I anfwer, that our natural-heat growing lefs and lefs, as we advance in years, no regimen can retain vir= tue fufficient to conquer the malignity with which difor- ders of repletion are ever attended; fo that he mut die oF lat of thefe periodical diforders, becaufe vis anriter life, as health prolongs it. Others pretend, that it is much better to tee ten years lets, than not indulge one’s appetite. To this I an- fwer, that longevity ought to be highly valued by men of parts; as to others, it 1s no great matter, if it is not duly prized by them, fince, they are a difgrace to mankind, fo that their death i is rather of fervice to the public. But itis a great misfortune that men of bright parts thould be cut off in that manner, fince he, who is already a cardinal, might, perhaps, by living, to eighty, attain the papal crown ; and in the flate, many, by living fomé years extraordinary, may acquire the ducal digni-~ ty ; and fo in regard to letters, by which a man may rife fo as to be confidered as a god upon earth ; ; and the like in every other profeflion. There are others, who, though their ftomachs become weaker and weaker with refpeét to digeftion, as they ad- vance in years, cannot, however, be brought to retrench the _ quantity of their food, nay, they rather increafe it. And, -becaufe they find themfelves unable to digeft the great quantity of food with which they muft load their ftomachs, by eating twice in the four-and-twenty hours, they make 3 : a 90 ‘A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. a refolution to eat but once, that the long interval between one meal and the other may enable them to eat at one fit- ting as much as they ufed to do in two: thus they eat till their ftomachs, overburthened with much food, pall, and ficken, and change the fuperfluous food into -bad humours, which killa man before his time. I never knew any perfon who led that kind of life live to be very old. All thefe old men I have been fpeaking of would live long, if, as they advanced in years, they leffened the quantity of their food, and eat oftener, but little at a time ; for old ftos machs cannot digeft large quantities of food; old men changing, in that refpe&, to children, who eat feveral times in the four-and- -twenty hours. Others fay, that temperance may, indeed, keep aman in health, but that it cannot prolong his life. To this I anfwer, that experience proves the contrary ; and that I myfelf am a living inftance of it. It cannot, be faid, that fobriety is apt to fhorten one’s days, as ficknefs does; and that the latter abbreviates life is moft certain. Moreover, a conftant fucceflion of good health is preferable to frequent ficknefs, as the radical moifture is thereby preferved. Hence it may be fairly concluded, that holy fobriety is the true parent of health and longevity. O thrice holy Sobriety, fo ufeful to man, by the fer- vices thou rendereft him! thou prolongeft his days, by which means he greatly improves his underftanding, and by fuch improvement he avoids the bitter fruits of fen. fuality, which dre an enemy to reafon, man’s peculiar pri- vilege: thofe bitter fruits are the paflions and perturba-— tio:s of the mind. Thou, moreover, freeft him from the dreadful thoughts of death. How greatly is thy faithful difciple indebted to’thge, fince, by thy afliftance, he en- Joys, A TREATISE ONA SOBER LIFE. . gl joys this beautiful expanfe of the vifible world, which i is. really beautiful to fuch as know how to view it with a philofophic eye,-as thou haft enabled me todo! nor could I, at any other time of life, even when I was young, but altogether debauched by an itregular life, perceive its beauties, though I {pared no pains or expence to enjoy’ _ every feafon of life. But I found that all the pleafures of that age had their alloy; fo that I never knew, til I _ grew old, that the world was beautiful. O truly happy. life ! which, Over and above all thefe favours conferred on thine old man, haft fo improved and perfected his fto- mach, that he has now a better relifh for his dry bread than he had formerly, and in his youth, for the moft ex- quifite dainties: and all this he has compafled by a@- ing rationally, knowing, that bread is, above all things, man’s proper food, when feafoned by a good appetite; and, whilft a man leads a fober life, he may be fure of never ‘wanting that natural fauce; becaufe, by always eating little, the {tomach not being much burthened, need not wait long to have an appetite. It is for this reafon-that dry bread relifhes fo well with me; and1 know it from 3 experience, and can with truth affirm, I find fuch fweet- nefs in it, that I fhould be afraid of finning againft tem- perance, were it not for my being convinced of the abfo- lute neceflity of ea'ing of it, and that we cannot make ufe, of a more natural food. And thou, kind parent Nature, who atteft fo lovingly by thy aged offspring, in order to prolong his days, haft contrived matters fo in his favour, ‘that he can live upon very little; and, in order to add to the favour, and do him till greater fervice, haft made him fenfible, that, as in his youth he ufed to eat twice a-day, when he arrived at old age he ought ‘to divide that food, of which he was accuftomed before to make but two meals, OZ ie: TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. meals, into four ; sinker thus divided, it wetil be more eafily digefted; and, asin his youth he made but two meals in the day, he fhould, in his old age, make four, provided, however, he leffens the quantity as his years — increafe. And this 1s what I do, agreeably to my own experience; and, therefore, my {pirits, not opprefled by much food, but barely kept up, are always brifk, efpeci- ally after eating, fo that Iam accuftomed then to _ a fong, and afterwards to write. : : z Nor do I ever find myfelf the worfe for writing imme-_— diately after meals; nor is my underftanding ever clearer; nor am I apt to be drowfy ; the food I take being in too {mall a quantity to fend up any fumes to the brain. O how advantageous it is to an old man to eat but little } - Accordingly I, who’know it, eat but juft enough to keep body and foul together ; and the things J eat are as follow. Firft, bread, panado, fome broth with an egg init, or fuch other good kinds of foup or fpoon-meat. Of flefh meat I eat veal, kid, and mutton. I eat poultry of every kind. [ . eat partridges, and other birds, fuch as thrufhes. 1 like- wife eat fifth; for inftance, the goldney and the like, amongft fea-fith; and the pike, and fuch like amongtt frefh-water fifh. All thefe things are fit for an old man, and, therefore, he ought to be content with them; and, — confidering their number and variety, not hanker after ’ others. Such old men as are too poor to allow them- felves provifions of this kind, may do very well with bread, panado, and eggs; things which no poor man can want, unlefs it be common beggars, and, as we call them, vagabonds, about whom we are not bound to make our= — felves uneafy, fince they have brought themfelves to that pafs by their indolence, and had better be dead than alive; for they are a difgrace‘to human nature. But, though a 4 | poor A TREATISE ONASOBER LIFE. . 93 poor man fhould eat nothing but bread, panado, and eggs, there is no neceflity for his eating more than his ftomach can digeft. And, whoever does not trefpafs in point of either quantity or quality, cannot diz but by mere diflo- lution. O-what a difference there is between a regular and an irregular life ! One gives longevity and health, the ether produces difeafes and untimely deaths. '» Ovunhappy, wretched Life, my fworn enemy, who art good for nothing but to murder thofe who follow thee! How many of my deareft relations and friends haft thou robbed me of, in confequence of their not giving credit to me! relations and friends whom: I fhould now enjoy. But thou haft not been able to deftroy me, according to thy wicked intent and purpofe. Iam ftill alive in fpite of thee, and have attained to fuch an age, as to fee around me eleven grandchildren, all of fine underftanding, and amiable difpofition ; all given to learning and virtue ; all beautiful in their perfons, and lovely in their manners ; whom, had I. obeyed thy dictates, I fhould never have beheld. Nor fhould I enjoy thofe-beautiful and conveni- ent apartments which I have built from the ground with fuch a variety of gardens, as required no {mall time to attain their prefent degree of perfeétion. No! thy na- ture is to deftroy thofe who follow thee before they can fee: their houfes or gardens fo much as finifhed ; whereas I, to thy no {mall confufjon, have already enjoyed mine for a great number of years. But, fince thou art fo pef- tilential a vice.as| to poifon and deftroy the whole world, and I am determined to ufe my utmoft endeavours to ex tirpate thee, at leaft in part, I have refolved to counteract thee fo, that my eleven grandchildren fhall take pattern af- ter me, and thereby expofe thee for what thou really art, | a OA A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. a moh wicked ees and mortal, enemy of the childs -ren of men. ° ? I really cannot help admiring, that men of fine pare and fuch there are, who have attained a fuperior rank in letters, or any other profeffion, fhould not betake them- felves to a regulaf life, when they are arrived at the age of fifty or fixty, or as foon as they find themfelves ate tacked by any of the foregoing diforders, of which they might eafily recover ; whereas, by being permitted toget a-head, they become incurable. As to young men; Iam _ no way furprifed at them, fince the paflions being ftrong — at that age, they are of ‘courfe the more eafily overpows | _ ered by their baleful influence. But after fifty, our lives ' fhould, in every thing, be governed by reafon, which teaches us, that the confequences of gratifying our palate and our appetite are difeafe and death. Were this pleas fure of the palate lafting, it would be fome excufe; but it is fo momentary, that there is fearce any diftingnifhing between the beginning and the end of it; whereas the difeafes it produces are very durable. But it muft be a great contentment to a man of fober life to be able to re- fle@ that, in the manner he lives, he is fure that what - he eats will keep him in good health, and be produ@ive © of no difeafe or infirmity. Now, I was willing to make this fhort addition to my treatife, founded on new reafons ; few perfons caring to perufe longwinded difcourfes; whereas fhort tratts have -achance of being read by many; and I wifh that many. _ may fee this addition, to the end that its utility may be more extenfive. Aa + - ‘ 2 pita ad EARNEST EXHORTATION, Wherein the sea gts da ftrongeft bee tcsnses to pera _ fuade all men to embrace a regular and fober life, in _ order to attain old age, in which they may enjoy all _ the favours and bleffings that God, in his goodneds, - vouchfafes to beftow upon mortals. Nor to be wanting to my duty, that duty incumbent upon every man, and not to loofe, at the fame time, the {atisfa@tion I feel in being ufeful to others, I have refolv- ‘ed to take up my pen, and inform thofe who, for want of “converfing with me, are ftrangers to what thofe know and fee with whom I have the pleafure of being acquaint- ed. But, as certain things may appear to fome perfons , fearce credible, nay, impoffible, though aétuallv faa, I fhall not fail to relate them for the benefit of the public. Wherefore, I fay, being (God be praifed!) arrived at my ninety-fifth year, and {till finding myfelf found and hearty, content and cheerfui, I never ceafe thanking the divine majefty for fo great a blefling, confidering the ufual fate of other old men. Thefe fcarce attain the age of feventy © without lofing their health and f{pftits, growing melan- choly and peevilh, and continually haunted by the 7 thoughts of death ; ‘apprehending their laft hour from one day to another, fo that it is impoffible ‘to drive fuch -- thoughts out of their mind; whereas fuch things give me not the leaft uneafinefs ; for, indeed, 1 cannot at all make them the object of my attention, as I thall hereafter more plainly relate. I fhall, befides, demonftrate the certainty - I have of living to a hundred.’ But, to render this difs fertation more methodical, I fhall begin by confidering man 96 _ A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. * man at his birth ; and from thence accompany him through every flage of hfe to his grave, » I therefore fay, that fome come into the world with | the {lamina of life fo weak, that they live but a few days, or months, or years; and it cannot be clearly known to what fuch fhortnefs of life is owing; whether to fome defc& in the father or ‘the mother in begetting them, or tothe revolutions of the heavens, or to the defe@ of na- ture, fubjeét as fhe is to the celeftial influence. For I could never bring myfelf to believe that nature, the common — parent of all, fhould be partial to aay of her children. Therefore, as we cannot aflign the caufes, we muft be content with reafoning from the effets, fuch as they Sites appear to our view. Others are born found, indeed, aid full of fpirits, but notwithflanding, with a poor weakly conftitution ; and of thefe fome live-to the age of ten, others to twenty, others to thirty and forty; yet they do not live to extreme old age. Others again bring into the world a perfect conftitution, andlive to oldage, but it is generally,as I have already {aid, an old age full of ficknefs and forrow, for which they are to thank themfelves ; becaufe they moft unreafonably pre- fume on the gooduefs of their conftitution, and cannot by any means be brought to depart, when grown old, from the mode of life they purfued in their younger days, as if they. fill retained all their primitive vigour. Nay, they intend to live as irregularly when paft the meridian of life ag they did all the time of their youth ; thinking they fhall never grow old, nor their conftitution be ever im-' paired. Neither do they confider that their ftomach has loft its natural heat, and that they fhould, on that account, pay @ greater regard to the quality of what they eat, and what wines they drink; and likewife to the quantity of eachy - A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. 07 each, which they ought to leflen: whereas, on the con- trary, they are for increafing it; faying, that, as we lofe our health and vigour by growing old, we fhould endeavour to repair the lofs by increafing the quantity of our food, fince it is by fuftenarice that man is preferved. i In this, neverthelefs, they are greatly miftaken, fince, as the natural heat leffens as a man grows in years, he _ fhould diminith the quantity of his meat and drink; nature, -efpecially at that period, being content with little. Nay, | though they have all the reafon to believe this to be the cafe » they are fo obftinate as to think otherwife ; and ftill follow their ufual diforderly life. But were they to re- linquith it in due time, and betake themfelves to a regu- dar and fober courfe, they would not grow infirm in their old age, but would continue, as I am, ftrong and hearty, confidering how good and perfeé a conftitution it has pleafed the Almighty to beftow.upon them, and would live to the age of one hundred and twenty. This has been the cafe of others, who, as we read in many authors, have lived a fober live, and, of courfe, were born with this perfect conftitution ; and had it been my lot to enjoy fuch a conftitution, I fhould make no doubt of attaining the fame age. ‘But, as I was born with feeble ftamina, I am afraid I fhall not outlive an hundred. Were others, - too, who are alfo born with an infirm conftitution, to be- take themfelves toa regular life, as I have done, they would attain the age of one hundred and upwards, as will be my cafe. - And this certainty of being alste: to live a great age is, in my opinion, a'great advantage, and highly to be va- iued; none being fure to. live even a fingle hour except fuch as adhere to thé rules of temperance. This fecurity of life is built on good and true natural reafons, which can Vou. III. G never 98 A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. ‘never fail; it being impoflible, in the nature of things, that he who leads a fober and regular life fhould breed any ficknefs, or die of an unnatural death, befere the time ‘at which it is abfolutely impoffible he fhould live. But fooner he cannot die, as a fober life has the virtue to remove all the ufual caufes of ficknefs, and ficknefs can- not happen without a caufe ; which caufe being removed, ficknefs is likewife removed; and ficknefs being remov~ ed, an untimely and violent death mult be prevented: — And there is no doubt that temperance has the virtue and efficacy to remove fuch caufes ; for fince health and ficknefs, life and death, depend on the good or bad quali- ty of the humours, temperance correétstheir vicious ten- dencies and renders them perfeét, being poffeffed of the na« tural power of making them unite and hold together, fo.as to render them infeparable, and incapable of alteration or fermenting ; circumftances which engender cruel feversg and end in death. It is true, indeed, and it would be a ‘folly to deny it, that, let our humours be originally ever ~ fo goad, time, which confumes every thing, cannot fail to confume and exhauft them; and that man, as foon as that happens, muft die of a natural death ; but yet with- out ficknefs, as will be my cafe, who {hall die at my ap- pointed time, when thefe humours fhall be confumed, which they are not at prefent. Nay, they are {till per- fe&; nor is it poflible they fhould be otherwife in my prefent condition, when I find myfelf hearty and content, eating with a good appetite, and fleeping foundly. More- over, all my faculties are as good as ever, and in the high- eft perfeétion; my underftanding clearer and brighter than ever, my judgment found, my memory tenacious, my {pirits good, and my voice, the firft thing. which is apt to fail others, grown fo ftrong and fonorous, that I cannot . help ‘ATREATIS® ON A SOBER LIFE. 9 help chanting out loud my prayers, morning and night, inftead of whifpering and ciate them to saylelly: as was formerly my cuftom. | And thefe are all fo many true and bare figns ai tokens that my humours are good, and cannot wafte but with. time, as all thofe who converfe with me conclude. O how glorious: this life of mine is like to be, replete with all the felicities which man can enjoy on this fide of the grave, and even exempt from that fenfual brutality which age has enabled my better reafon to banith! be- caufe, where reafon refides, there is no room for fenfuali- _ ty, nor for its bitter fruits, the paffions and perturbations of the mind, with a train of difagreeable apprehenfions. Wor yet can the thoughts of death find room in my mind, - as T have no fenfuality to nourifh fuch thoughts. Nei« ther can the death of grandchildren, and other relations and friends, make any impteflion on me but for a moe _ment or two, and then itis over. Still lefs am I liable to be caft down by loffes in-point of fortune, (as many have feen to their no {mall furprife). And this is a happinefe not to be expected by any but fuch as attain old age by fo- briety, and not in confequence of a ftrong conflitution ; and fuch may, moreover, expe& to {pend their days hap- pily as I do mine, in a perpetual round of amufement and pleafure. And how is it poflible a man fhould not enjoy himfelf, who meets with no croffes or difappointments in his old age, fuch as yduth is conftantly plagued with, and from which, as I fhall prefently thew, I have the ‘hap- pinefs of being exempt. The firft of thefe is todo fervice to my country. O what a glorious amufement! in which I find infinite de- light, as I thereby fhew her the means of improving hez. important eftuary or harbour beyond the poflibility of its 5 a Man filling . 100. A TREATISE ON’ A SOBER LIFE. filling for thoufands of years to come; fo as to fecure to ‘Venice her furprifing and miraculous title of a maiden city, as fhe really is, and the only one in the whole world : the will, moreover; thereby add to the luftre of her great and excellent furname of Queen of the fea. Such is my amufe- _ment; and nothing is wanting to make it complete. Another amufement of mine is that of fhewing this maid and queen in what manner fhe may abound with provifions, by im- proving large traéts of lands, as well marfhes as barren fands, to great profit. A third amufement, and an amufe- ment too without any alloy, is the fhewing how Venice, though already fo ftrong as to be in a manner impregn- able, may be rendered ftill ftronger ; and though extremely beautiful, may ftill increafe in beauty; though rich, may acquire more wealth; and) may be made to enjoy better air, though her air is excellent. .Thefe three amufements, all arifing from the idea of public utility, I enjoy in the higheft degree. » And who.can fay that they admit of any alloy, as in faét they do not ? Another comfort I enjoy is, that, having loft.a confiderable part of my income,'of which my grandchildren had been unfortunately robbed, I, by mere dint of thought, which never fleeps, and without any fatigue of body, and very little of mind, have found a true and infallible method of repairing. fuch lofs more than double, by the means of that moft commendable of arts, agriculture. Another cemfort I ftill enjoy is, to think that my treatife on temperance, which I wrote in or- der to be ufeful to others, is really fo, as many aflure me by word of mouth, mentioning that 'it has proved extreme- Jy ufeful to them, as it in fa&t appears to have been ; whilft others inform me by letter, that, under God, they are in- debted to me for life. Still another comfort I enjoy is, that of being able to write with my own hand 5 for L.write enough A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIEE. 103 4 / czough to be of fervice to others, both on architeCture and | agriculture. I likewife enjoy another fatisfa€tion, which is that of converfing with men of bright parts and fu- perior underftanding, from whom, even at this advanced period of life, I learn fomething. What a comfortis this, that, old as I am, I fhould be able, without the leaft fatigue, to ftudy the moft atigipamae fublime, and difficult, fub- jects ! I mutt farther “ad though: it may appear impoflible to fome, and may be fo in fome meafure, that, at this age, I enjoy at once two lives ; one terreftrial,, which I poffefs in - fact; the other celeftial, which I poffefs in thought; and this . thought is equal to actual enjoyment, when founded upon things we are {ure to attain, as Iam fue to attain that celeftial . life, through the infinite goodnefs and mercyof God. Thus I . enjoy this terreftrial life, in confequence of my fobriety and temperance, virtues fo agreeable to the deity 3 and I enjoy, by the grace of the fame divine majetty, the celeftial, which he makes me anticipate in thought ; a thought fo lively as to fix me entirely on this objet, the enjoyment of which I hold and affirm to be of the utmoft certainty. And I hold that dying, in the manner I expeét, is not really death, but a paflage of the foul from this earthly life to a celeftial, immortal, andinfinitely perfect, exiftence. Neither can it be otherwife: and this thought is fo fuperlatively . fublime, that it caw no longer ftoop to low and worldly ob- jeéts, fuch as the death of this body, being entirely taken up with the happinefs of living a celeftial and divine life; whence it is that I enjoy two lives, Nor can the termin- ating of fo high a gratification which I enjoy in this life give me any concern ; it rather affords me infinite pleafure, as it will be only to make. room for another glorious and immortal life. ; : G 3 Now, 102 A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. Now, is it poffible that any one fhould grow tired of fo great a comfort and blefling as this which I really enjoy, and which every one elfe might enjoy, by leading the life [have led ? an example which every one has it in his power to follow: for j am but a meré man, and no faint ; a fervant of God, to whom fo regular a life is extremely agreeable. And whereas many embrace a fpiritual and contempla- tive life, which is holy and commendable, the chief employ- ment of thofe who lead it being to celebrate the praifes of God ; O that they would likewife betake themfelves en- tirely to a regular and fober life! how much more agree- able would they render themfelves in the fight of God! what a much greater honour and ornament would they be to the world! They would then be confidered as faints i in~ deed upon earth, as thofe primitive chriftians were held who joined fobriety to fo reclufe a life, By living, like them, to the age of one hundred and twenty, they might, like them, expeét, by the power of God, to work numberlefs miracles ; and: they would, befides, enjoy conftant health and fpirits, and be always happy within themfelves ; whereas they are now, for the moft part, infirm, melancholy, and diffatisfied. Now, as fome of thefe people think that thefe are trials fent them by God Almighty, witha view of promoting their fal- vation, that they may do penance in this life for their paft errors, I cannot help faying.. that, i in my opinion, they are | greatly. miftaken. For I can by no. means believe that it is agreeable to ‘the deity that man, his. favourite creature, fhould live infirm, melancholy, and diffatisfied ; but rather enjoy good health and fpirits, and be always content with- in himfelf. In this manner did the holy fathers live, and by fuch conduét did they daily render themfelves moré acs aime to the divine majetty, fo as to work the great and furprifing & TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. 103 furprifing miracles we read in hiftory. How beautiful, how glorious, a fcene fhould we then behold! far more beautiful than in thofe ancient times, becaufe we now _ abound with fo many religious orders and monafteries, which did not then exift ; and were the members of thefe communities to lead a temperate life, we fhould then be- hold fuch a number of venerable old men as would create furprife. Nor would they trefpafs againft their rules; they would rather improve upon them ; fince every religious community allows its fubjects bread, wine, and fometimes eggs, (fome of them allow meat), befides foups made with vegetables, fallads, fruit, and cakes, things which often dif- i, agree with them, and even fhorten their lives. But as they are allowed fuch things by their rules, they freely make ufe of them, thinking, perhaps, that it would be wrong to _abftain from them; whereas it would not. It would ra- ther be commendable; if, after the age of thirty, they ab- {tained from fuch food, and-confined themfelves to bread, wine, broths, and eggs : for this is the true method of pre- ferving men of a bad contftitution ; and it is a life of more indulgence than that led by the holy fathers of the defert, * who fubfifted entirely on wild fruits and roots, and drank nothing but pure water ; and, neverthelefs, lived, as I have already mentioned, in good health and {pirits, and always happy within themfelves. Were thofe of our days to do the fame, they would, like them, find the road to heaven much eafier ; for it is always open to every faithful chrif- - tian, as our Saviour Jefus Chrift left it, when he came down upon earth to fhed his precious blood,“in order tg deliver us from the tyrannical fervitude of the devil; and all through his immenfe goodnefs. So that, to make an end of this difcourfe, I fay, that fince length of days abounds with fo many fayours and G4 hleflings, 104 A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE, bleffings, and I happen to be one of thofe who are atrived at that ftate, I cannot (as I would not willingly want charity) but give teftimony in favour of it, and folemnly affure all mankind, that I really enjoy a great deal more — than what I now mention; and that I have no other reas fon for writing but that of demonftrating the great advan- _ tages which arife from longevity, to the end that their own _ conviction may induce them to obferve thofe excellent rules of temperance and fobriety. And therefore I never ceafe to raife my voice, crying out to you, my friends, may your days be long, that you mer be the better fervants to the hur aa | ‘ LETTER FROM SIGNOR LEWIS CORNARO, tah THE RIGHT REVEREND BARBARO, parte IARCH ELECT OF AQUILEIAs wht MY LORD, ‘Cue human underftanding muft certainly have fomething divine in its conftitution and frame. How divine the in vention of converfing with an abfent friend by the help of writing ! How divinely is it conttived by nature, that men, though at a great diftance, fhould fee one another with the intelletual eye, as I now fee your lordfhip !-By means of this contrivance, I fhall endeavour to entertain you with _ matters of the greateft moment. It is true, that I thall {peak of nothing but what I have already mentioned; but jt was not at the age of ninety-one, to which I have now attained, a thing I cannot help taking notice of, becaufe, 4s I advance in years, the founder and heartier I grow, to the amazement of all the world. I, who can account for . ae ae rons 8 A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE, 105 it, am bound to fhew, that a man may enjoy a terreftrial paradife after eighty, which I enjoy; but. itis not to be. obtained except by temperance and fobriety, virtues fo ac- ceptable to the Almighty, becaufe they are enemies to fen- fuality, and friends to reafon. | , we Nov, my lord, to begin, I mutt, #09 you, that, spichit | i ire days paft, I have been vifited by many.of the learned doétors of this. univerfity, as well phyficians as _ philofophers, who were well acquainted with my age, my life, and manners ;. knowing how ftout, hearty, and gay, I was ; and in what perfection all my faculties ftill continued ; likewife my memory, fpirits, and underftanding, and even my voice and teeth. They knew, befides, that I conftantly employed eight hours every day in writing treatifes, with my own hand, on fubjeéts ufeful to mankind, and {pent many hours in walking and finging. O, my lord, how me- lodious my voice is grown! Were you to hear me chant my prayers, and that to my lyre, after the example of David, I am certain it would give you great pleafure, my voice is fo mufical. Now, when they told me that they had been already acquainted with all thefe particulars, they added, that it was, indeed, next to a miracle, how I could write fo much, and upon fubjeéts that required both judgment and fpirit.. And, indeed, my lord, it is incredible what fatisfa€tion and pleafure I have in thefe compofitions. But, as I write to be ufeful, your lordfhip may eafily con- ceive what pleafure I enjoy. They concluded by telling me, that I ought not to be looked upon as a perfon ad- vanced in years, fince all my occupations were thofe of a young man, and by no means like thofe of other aged per- fons who, when they have reached eighty, are reckoned decrepid. Such moreover, are fubje&t, fome to the gout, fome to the, Aciatica, and, fome to other complaints, to be relieved 106 A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. relieved from which they muft undergo fuch a number of painful operations, as cannot but render life extremely dif- agreeable. And, if by chance, one of them happens té efcape a long illnefs, his faculties are impaired, and he can- not fee or hear fo well ; or elfe fails in fome one or other of the corporeal faculties; he cannot walk, or his hands fhake; and fuppofing him exempt from thefe bodily infirmities, his _ memory, his fpirits, or his underftanding, fail him 3 he is not cheerful, pleafant, and happy, within ‘himfelf, as I am. : i " Befides all thefe bleflings, I mentioned another, which I enjoyed, and fo great a bleffing, that they were all amazed at it, fince it is altogether befide the ufual courfé of nature. This bleffing is, that I had already lived fifty years in fpite of a moft powerful and mortal enemy, which fF can by no means conquer, becaufe it is natural, or an oc= cult quality implanted in my body by nature; and this is, that every year, from the beginning of July till the end of __Auguft I cannot drink any wine of whatever kind or country; for, befides being, during thefe two months, quite difguftful to my palate, it difagrees with my ftomach. Thus lofing my milk, for wine is, indeed, the milk of old age, and having nothing to drink, for no change or pre- paration of waters can have the virtue of wine, nor, of courfe, do me any good; having nothing, I fay, to drink, and my ftomach being thereby difordered, I can eat but very little; and this {pare diet, with the want of wine, ré- duces me, by the middle of Augutt, extremely low; nor is the ftrongeft capon broth, or any other remedy, of fer- vice to me, fo that I am ready, through mere weaknefs, to fink into the grave. Hence they inferred, that were not the new wine, for I always take care to have fome ready by the beginning of September, to come in fo foon, I fhould A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. . 107 > fhould be a dead man. But what furprifed them ftill more was, that this new wine fhould have power fufficient to re- ftoré me, in two or three days, to that degree of health and ftrength, of which the old wine had robbed me; a fact they themfelves have been eye-witneffes of within thefe few days, and which a man muft fee to believe it ; info- mich that they could not help crying out, “ Mahy of us “ who are phyficians have vifited him annually for feveral | © years paft ; and ten years ago judged it impoflible for him ‘to live a year or two longer, confidering what a mortal. ** enemy he carried about him, and his advanced age ; yet - & we do not find him fo weak at prefent as he ufed to be.” This fingularity, and the many other bleffings they fee me enjoy, obliged them to confefs, that the joining of fuch a number of favours was, with regard to me, a fpecial grace * conferred on me at my birth by nature, or by the ftars; and to prove this to be a good conclufion, which it really is not, (becaufe not grounded on ftrong and fufficient reafons, but merely on’ their own opinions), they found themfelves under a neceflity to difplay their eloquence, and to fay a great many very fine things. Certain it is, my lord, that ‘eloquence in mep of bright parts, has great power; fo gréat as to induce people to believe things which have neither aétual nor poffible exiftence. I had, however, great pleafure and fatisfaction in hearing them ; for it muft, no doubt, be ahigh entertainment to hear fuch men talk in that manner. Another fatisfadtion, without the leatk n mixture of alloy, I at the fame time enjoyed, was to think, that age and ex- perience are fufficient to makea man learned, who without ~ them would know nothing ; nor is it furprifing they fhould, fince length of days is the foundation of true knowledge. Accordingly, it was by means of it alone I difcovered their conclufion 108 =A TREATISE ON A SOBBR LIFEe. conclufion to be falfe. ‘ Thus, you fee, my lord, how apt. men are to deceive themfelves in their judgment of things, when fuch judgment is not built upon a folid foundation. And, therefore, to undeceive them, and fet them right, I made anfwer, that their conclufion was: falfe, as I fhould aétually convince them, by proving, that the happinefs I - enjoyed was not confined to me, but common to all man- kind, and that every man might equally enjoy it; fince I - was but a mere mortal, compofed, like all others, of the four elements; and endued, befides exiftence and life, with rational and intellectual faculties, which are common to all men. For it has pleafed the Almighty to beftow on his favourite creature, man, thefe extraordinary bleffings and favours above other animals, which enjoy only the fen-. fible perceptions, in order that fuch bleffings and favours may be the means of keeping him long i in good. health ; fo that length of days is an univerfal favour granted by the Deity, and not by nature and the ftars. But man being in his youthful days more of the fenfual than of the rational animal, is apt to yield to fenfual im- preflions; and, when he afterwards arrives at the age of forty. or fifty, he ought to confider, that he has attained the noon of life by the vigour of youth, and a good tone of ftomach ; natural bleflings, which favoured him in afcending the hill but that he muft now think of going down, and approach- ing the grave with a heavy weight of years on his back ; and that old age is the reverfe of youth, as much.as order is the reverfe of diforder. Hence it is requifite he fhould alter his mode of life in regard to the articles of eating and drinking, on which health and longevity depend. And as the firft part of his life was fenfual and irregular, the fecond fhould be the reverfe, fince nothing can fub- fift without order, efpecially the life of man, irregularity : being A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE, 109 being without all doubt bicildiei and — advan- tageous, to the human {pecies. Befides, it is impoffible in the nature of things, sh ibs man who is bent on indulging his palate and his appetite fhould. not be guilty of irregularity. Hace it was that, to avoid this vice, as foon as I found myfelf arrived at maturer years, T embraced a regular and fober life. It is no doubt, true, ~ that I found fome difficulty in compaffing it; but, in or- der to conquer this difficulty, I befeeched the Almighty to grant me’ the virtue of fobriety; well knowing that he would gracioufly hear my prayer. ‘Then, confidering, that when a man is about to undertake any thing of importance, which he knows he can compafs, though not without dif- ficulty, he may make it much eafier to himfelf by being fteady in his purpofe; I purfued the fame courfe. I ens deavoured gradually to relinquith a diforderly life, and to ac- cuftom myfelf mfenfibly to the rules of temperance: and thus it came to pafs that a fober and regular life no longer prov- ed uneafy or difagreeable; though, on account of the weaknefs of my conftitution, I tied myfelf down to fuch ftri& rules in regard to the quantity and quality of what I eat and drink. - Bat others, who happen to be bleffed with a flronger temperament, may eat many other kinds of food, and in “greater quantities; and fo of wines; whereas, though their lives may ftill be fober, they will not be fo confined as mine, but much more free. Now, on hearing thefe ar- . -guments, and examining the reafons on which they were founded, they all agreed that I had advanced nothing but what was true. Indeed the youngeft of them faid, that though he could not but allow the favour or advantages I had been fpeaking of to be common to all mankind, yet I iwi the {pecial grace of Baie able to relinquifh with eafe 410 > A TREATISE ON ‘A SOBER LIFE. eafe one kind of life, and embrace another; a thing which » he knew by experience to be feafible, but as difficult to him as it had proved eafy to me. To this I replied, that, being a cxieitall like bined I likewife found it a difficult tafk ; but it did not become a - perfon to fhrink from a glorious but praéticable undertak- ing on account of the difficulties attending it, becaufe, in proportion to thefe difficulties, is the honour he acquires by it in the eye of man, and the merit in the fight of God. Our beneficent Creator is defirous, that as he originally fas voured human nature with longevity, we fhould all enjoy the full advantage of his intentions ; knowing that, when a man has pafied eighty, he is entirely exempt from the bit- ter fruits @f fenfual enjoyments, and is entirely governed by the dictates of reafon. Vice and immorality muft then . leave him; hence God is willing he fhould live to a full maturity of years; and has ordained that whoever reaches his natural term, fhould end his days without ficknefs by mere diffolution, the natural way of quitting this mortal life to enter upon immortality, as will be my'cafe. For J am fure to die chanting my prayers ; nor do the dread- ful thoughts of death give me the leaft uneafinefs, though, confidering my great age, it cannot be far diftant, know- ing, as I do, that I was born to die, and reflecting that fuch numbers have departed this life without reaching my age. Nor does that other thought, infeparable from the form- er, namely the fear of thofe torments to which wicked men are hereafter liable, give me any uneafinefs; becaufe iam a good chriftian, and bound to believe, that I fhalk be faved by the virtue of the moft facred blood of Chrift, which he has vouchfafed to fhed, in order to free us from ‘thofe tormentse How beautiful the life I lead! how hap- PY | A TREATISE ON A SOBER LIFE. | it py my end! To this, the young gentleman, my antago- nift, had nothing to reply, but that he was refolved to _ embrace a fober life, in order to follow my example ; and that he had taken another more important refolution, which was, that, as he had been always very defirous. to live to be old, fo he was now equally impatient to. reach that period, the fooner to enjoy the felicity of old age, | _ The great defire I had, my lerd, to Sapects with you at this diftance has forced me to be prolix, and ftill obliges me to proceed, though not much farther. There are many fenfualifts, my lord, who fay, that I have thrown © away my time and trouble in writing a treatife on temper- ance, and other difcourfes on the fame fubjeét, to induce. _ men to lead a regular life; alleging, that it is impoffible to conform to it, fo that my treatife muft anfwer as little ‘purpofe as that of Plato on government, who took a great deal of pains to recommend a thing impracticable; whence ~ they inferred that, as his treatife was of no ufe, mine will thare the fame fate. Now this furprifes me the more, as they may fee by my treatife, that I had led a fober life for many years before I had compofed it ; and that I fhould never have compofed it, had-I not previoufly been con- _ yineed that it was fuch a life as a man might lead; and, being a virtuous life, would be of great fervice to him ; fo that I thought myfelf under an obligation to reprefent- it in a true light. I have the fatisfaction now to hear, that yumbers, on feeing my treatife, have embraced {uch a life; andIhave read, that many, in times paft, have actually led it; fo that the objeGtion to which Plato’s treatife on government is liable can be of no force againft mine. But fuch fen- fualifts, enemies to Fealon, and flaves to their paflions, ° ought 112 A TREATISE ON “A SOBER LIFE. ought to think themfelves well off, if, whilft’they ftudy to indulge their palate and their appetite, they do. not con-_ tract long and painful difeafes, and are not, many of iia , overtaken by an meant death. —— quantity of their daily infenfible perfpiration, he does not cure, but deceive theme | “ut. He only, who knows to what quantity, and when, the fecret perfpiration of a man’s body amounts to more or lefs, fhall find out how much, and when any thing ought to be added or fubtracted, in order to the preferva- tion or recovery of his health. Iv. Infenfible perfpiration alone is commonly. wont to exceed all the fenfible perfpirations put together. v. Infenfible perfpiration is made either by the pores of the body, which is tranfpirable in all its parts, and is inclofed in toe fkin as it were in a net; or by refpiration performed by the mouth, which, in one day, commonly amounts to about half a pound : for that may be difcover- ed by the dewy drops upon a looking-glafs, if it on fet clofe to the mouth. x Via 128 _- MEDICINA STATICA. vi. If the meat and drink taken in one day amount té the weight of eight pounds, the infenfible tranfpiration ordinarily amounts to five pounds, or thereabouts. vir. The quantity of infenfible tranf{piration admits of fome variety, according to the diverfity of nature, climate, ieafons, age, difeafes, aliment, and other things, that are - non-natural. | ‘ ty) wd vii. It may be eafily computed what was the quanti- ty of the noéturnal perfpiration, and that of the fenfible excrements, by weighing the body in themorning, before and after fenfible excrétion. 1x. If the weight of the body begin to be augmented © more than it is wont, without any greater addition of meat, and drink, or a retention of the fenfible excrements, — _ there enfues a difficulty of breathing. x. The body is preferved in the fame ftate of health when it returns to the fame weight, witheut any unufual fenfible evacuation: but if it be reduced to the fame weight, by a more than ordinary evacuation, by urine, or ftool, it begins to recede from its former health. x1. If it be perceived by ponderation, that there hath been any obftruétion of the perfpiration, there will fuc- ceed, in the fubfequent days, either a more plentiful per- {piration, or fome more abundant fenfible evacuation, or fome fymptom of an evil habit of the body, or a fever. xi1. Much perfpiration, and a plentiful and more than ufual fenfible evacuation, are not confiftent together. . xu. If any one does fenfibly evacuate more than is re« quifite, his perfpiration is lefs than is requifite. xiv. It is an ill fign, when a man goes to ftool, urines, or fweats, more than is requifite, and perfpires lefs than he fhould do. xVe _ MEDICINA STATICA. © 129 xv. If the body be daily reduced to the fame weight, without any alteration in the evacuation of thofe things that are perfpirable, it will need no crifis, and will be continued in a found pofture. © xvi. When the body is one day of one [weight, and another day of another, it argues an introduétion af evil ~ qualities into it. xvil. That weight, which to any one is fuch as that, when he goes up fome fteepy place, he feels himfelf lighter than he is wont, is the exaét ftandard of good health. _ -xvint. Evil qualities are the produdiions of Sucks, but we mutt not affirm the contrary, to-wit, that ahs quali- ties are the productions of defect. xix. Not only the weight, but the excefs alfo, is di- minifhed, either by the evacuation of the fenfible or in- fenfible crude matter, or by that of the fenfible or in- fenfible concoéted matter. The latter conduces to health, the former takes away the excefs, but leaves the ill qua- lity behind. xx. There are two kinds of infenfible tranfpiration : the one is immediately made after fleeping, upon the complet- ing of the concoétion, and after this there is an augmentation of a man’s ftrength; the other in the time of vigilance ; and. this latter is occafioned by crude humours; and by reafon thereof the ftrength is impaired: for it is performed with more or lefs violence, anfwerably to the greater or jefs motion of the vigilance. xx1. That perfpiration which eafes the hody of a great, and that an unprofitable, burthen, is not that which is at- - tended with fweating, but that invifible perfpiration or breathing, fuch as is that which, in the {pace of four-and~ Vou I. oom oe twenty 130 MEDICINA STATICA. twenty hours, in the winter time, may exhale fifty ounces, Or more. . hey xx. Invifible perfpiration becomes vifible, either when there is an excefs of nutriment, or when there 1 1s a remiflion of heat, or by reafon of violent motion. xxii. Infenfible perfpiration, attended by fweating, is not good; becaufe fweating abates the ftrength of the fibres. Yet fometimes it is accounted good, peasite it occafions a diverfion from a greater evil. xxiv. The more fubtile and free from moifture the in- vifible perfpiration is, the more healthy it is. xxv. All’the liquid excrements are the more weighty, and fall down to the bottom; the thick are lighter, and keep up on the top, fuch as are hard and thick dregs, fpittles, and others of that kind. xxvi. Liquid excrements, allowing an equality as to quantity, take off a greater burthen from the body, than the hard and confiftent. | xxvii. Liquid meats are alfo the more weighty, and ne folid the more light ; bread and flefh are light, wine and broaths are heavy. A cupof wine is of equivalent weight — to a piece of bread, though above thrice as big as it in bulk. to a man, when it is not really fo, he is in a worfe con- dition than if it feem and is felt to be fuch, when it is really fuch. | xxix. The weight of an animal may af confidered two ways, for thefe two things are confiftent, to-wit , that the body may be more weighty than ufual, and yet the per- fon fancy. himfelf lighter; and, on the contrary, that the body may be lighter than ufual, yet the mitt os feel him- felf heavier. XXX. xxvii. When the body feems to be more burthenfome ee ee ee ee ae -MEDICINA STATICA.. 131 xxx. If thefe two things concur, to-wit, that a man » feel himfelf lighter than he is, and yet is not really fo, it is an argument of a moft healthful conftitution. -xxxi. That body which is reduced to a lefs weight, than is proportionable to the juft computation of its _ healthful ftate, is in a worfe condition than that which acquires a greater weight than is 8 proportionable to its healthfulnefs. a “ : xxxir. When the body, by reafon of any exercife of itfelf,: ‘or of the mind, becomes of lefs weight, there im- mediately enfues a diminution of its vigour ; which does not happen if it becomes of leis weight after fleep, when _ there is a perfeat concoction. xxxi. If without any precedent violence there bea | diminution of the weight, and an impairing of the vi-« gour, the reafon is, becaufe there is not fo much reftor-~ ed as had been loft. _ xxxiv. There are but three ways whereby an animal is weakened, either while the weight of the body is aug- mented, without any impairing of its vigour; when the vigour is diminifhed, the fame weight of the body ftill remaining ; or, laftly, when both vigour and weight ad- mit of diminution. | : xxxv. That wearinefs which éenfues upon the body 5 becoming lefs ftrong, and of lefs weight, is more dan- gerous than any, other ; for ponderofity is a kind of ftrength. xxxvi. The weight of the body communicates ftrength to us, when we either draw any i downwards, or carry, turn, cr thruft, it. | xxxvil. The ftrength of an old man does many times depend more on the weight, than the vigour, of his body: BE bit. tee an 1382 MEDICINA STATICA. an old aiillias of little weight may live a long time, but cannot be ftrong. xxxvill. If, after fleeping, the body be reduced to its ufual weight, without feeling any trouble, it is well ; for it argues perfect concoction ; but if with trouble, it is ill. : | | xxxix. The body does not fall into any difeafe upon external mifcarriages, unlefs it have fome of the entrails prepared for it: that preparation is difeovered by the ~ more or lefs than ufual weight, occafioned not without fome precedent difturbance. xL. If nature be obftrué&ted while fhe is employed 1 the office of perfpiration, fhe becomes aia defective in divers others. . When the head aches, the By receives a fudden shied in perfpiration, and becomes more ponderous. xt. The firft feeds of difeafes are more certainly dif- covered by the alteration of the unufual perfpiration, than by the obftrudtion of the offices. xii. If, by ponderation, thou fhalt find that the mat- ter of ufual perfpiration is retained in the body, and that the party does neither fweat nor urine for fome days ai- ter, infer thence that the retained matter ia ase future corruption. | xuiv. But if by ponderation thou fhalt find, that upon: fome violent caufe, the perfpirable matter is more than ufually emitted out of the body, be affured, that the place where the perfpirablg matters had beem lodged, and . whence they were violently evacuated, is filled with crudities, which are crowded into the fmalleft paflages. ‘xiv. Yet if thofe crudities which fo force their way ‘in, could, as to all parts, be rendered fluid and perfpir- able, it were well; but if not, the part wherein they are contained _ MEDICINA STATICA. | 133 contained firft becomes hard, like leather, it at laft {chirrous. ~xuivi. If that which is perfpirable fhopld not ‘i diffi. decuipitacs by nature, or fome feverifh heat, the body _svould be immediately prepared for a malignant fever. | XLYII. Such as are in fevers are as likely to grow worfe and worfe, iftheir perfpiration be diverted by the excef- five applications of medicines from an un‘kilful phyfician, as it might be“if diverted by the mifcarriages of the patients themfelves. xiv. A {mall quantity of cafia does not divert pere {piration, does not impair the ftrength, but only eafes the body of a fuperfluous weight: but other medicines con- tribute more to evacuation, are diffufed to the more ree mote parts, and render ‘the body lighter; and yet the - meat and drink which is received afterwards fill up the evacuated paflages; thence the belly and bladder are ex~ ficeated, and foon after the body commonly becomes more ponderous. ae xLix. Any pain or grief of the body obftruéts the paflage of that per{pirable matter which is concocted. olay cold, even the leaft that we feel in the night while we are afleep, obftructs perfpiration. LI. One of the moft frequent caufes that hinder per- {piration in the fummer time is the often turning of our bodies in bed. Lu. There are three epee caufes of the obftruction of perfpiration, nature’s being otherwife employed, diver- fion, and want of ftrength. uu. Hence it appears by a flatical ponderation, that on the day a man takes phyfic, and during the {pace of three hours after refection, there is little peripiration « : Le for 134 MEDICINA STATICA. for on fuch day of taking phyfic nature is bufied! about . fenfible evacuation ; and after meat he is intent on the firft concoétion. tiv. In fluxes and vomiting perfpiration i 1s obftruéted, becaufe it is diverted. | ~ ty. A burthenfome weight of garments is a hinderance to i ce becaufe they abate a man’s ftrength. 7 . The body does not perfpire every hour after the aie rate, in regard that after refection, in the {pace of five hours, it is commonly wont to exhale a pound, or thereabouts ; from the fifth hour to the twelfth, about three pound; from the twelfth to the fixteenth (at which time we are to take refeétion, or at ihc half a pound, tvit. He who takes his refe€lion, or is evacuated by phyfic, during the hours of greateft perfpiration, fuch as are, for the moft part, thofe of the morning, is highly in- jured ; becaufe, prefently after meat, as alfo after phyfic, per[piration is extremely diverted. Lyi. The fecret and infenfible perfpiration -eafes us more than all the fenfible ones put together; for, after fleep, before there be any evacuation of the fenfible ex- crements, every one feels himfelf lighter, becanfe he is really become lighter, by three pound, or thereabouts. — tix. In the fpace of one night, there are commonly — evacuated, of urine, fixteen ounces, more or lefs ; of con- coéted excrements, by ftool, four ounces ; and by occult perfpiration, forty, and above. yx. There are many, who, in the fpace of four. and-twenty hours evacuate as much, by infenfible per- aa as they do by ftool in the fpace of fifteen days. . How comes it then, that moft of our country. men, in all difeafes, mind only the evacuation by ftool or _ - MEDICINA STATICA. ‘ 135 | OF uring, nd hardly ever think of infenfble perfpira- tion? | _“LXI. It in pethe night stro haft satiated, more than —ufually, but without {weating or any difturbance, be af- fured of thy being in perfect health. _uxut, Then are we at the greateft diftance from any , difeate, when we are come to the mean proportion of the latitude of healthy ponderation,. not through fpontaneous _ fenfible: evacuation, or that prefcribed by the phyfician, ot yet by fafting, but by the infenfible perfpiration which comes by fleep, after perfe& concoétion. _aixiv. What quantity of perfpiration is convenient for . seat one, in order to his continuance in a moft health- ful conftitution of body, you will thus find out. Obferve in the morning, after a fomewhat plentiful fupper over night, that fort of greater perfpiration, which may be completed in thyfelf in the {pace of twelve hours ; grant it to have amounted to fifty ounces, fome other morning -after fafting over night, yet with this provifo, that thou didft not exceed at thy dinner the day before, make the fame obferyation ; let us admit the perfpiration to have amounted to twenty ounces: this foreknown, pitch upon that moderate proportion of meat and other non-natural eaufes, which will be likely to reduce thee daily to the mean between fifty and twenty ounces ; and that mean will be thirty-five ounces. ‘Thus mayeft thou live a long and healthful life, nay, haply arrive to that of a hundred years. . | LxXv. The healthful bodies of men, and fuch as are moit moderate in their diet, become every month more than ufually ponderous, to-wit, by one pound or two, and are reduced to the ufual weight about the month’s end, I 4 | . as 136 + MEDICINA STATICA, as it happens to women, but after a crifis made by @ more plentiful or more muddy emiffion of urine. LXVI. Before the faid menftrual crifis made foon after fleep, either there is felt a drowfinefs of the head, or wearinefs of the body, and afterwards, by 2 more plen- tifal evacuation of urine, all things are quieted. Lxvit. The'external caufes which ordinarily obftru& perfpiration are a cold troubled, and moift, air ; fwim- ming in cold water; grofs and vifcous meats ; the inter~ aniffion of corporeal exercife, or that of the mind, and, in robuft perfons, over much abftinence from venery. Lxvitt. External cold obftruéts perf{piration in a weak body, becaufe its heat is diffipated ; but in a robuft per- fon, it augments it: for the heat is forced to the bottom, and re-duplicated, and thereupon nature 1s corroborated, and upon that the weight of. the perfpirable matter that is retained being by her confumed, the body becomes and is felt lighter. LX13; The health of that Body: is more firm and of longer continuance, whofe weight, in the procefs of many years, is neither augmented nor diminifhed, than that of a body whofe weight is altered every year. Lxx. For a body to be reduced to its ufual ponderofi-. ty, by the acceflion of crude humours, is ill ; but if it be by the addition of fuch as are concocted, itis moft whole- fome. cy GR ) | * LxxI. It is an ill fign, when a healthy perfon becomes | of lefs weight than ufual, it being fuppofed his courfe of life be the fame as before, for there is not any refufion of that wholefome matter which had been loft. - uxxi. The concoéted excrements of the belly are of great bulk,but little weight ; they {wim on the furface, by reafon of the air contained in them, and whatever ’ may MEDICINA STATICA. 137 may be evacuated, at one and the fame time, never ex- ceeds the third part of a pound. . | -uxxim. If it happen that in one day’s fpace, anti fome mifcarriage or other, 'there be fo great a retention _ of perfpiration as may amount to a pound, nature is com- monly three days employed in the infenfible expurgation of that which’had been retained. ‘ Lxxiv. Then does nature make a great infenfible eva. cutien; when fhe endeavours to void perfpirable matter, retained by yawnings and extenfions of the joints. : —Lxxv. The perfpirable matter confifts of two parts, to- wit, a light, and a ponderous. * _uxxvi. The ponderous part ts fo exuberant that living creatures are generated of it, as punaizes, lice, and the like. | Lxxvii. From the more ponderous part of perfpiration do proceed the contagious infections of fuch as lie toge- ther: for the light part vanifhes, but the more ponder- ous, being adhefive, does infect. uxxvit. They who in the fcorching heats of fummer are obftruéted.in the exhalation of the perfpirable mat- ter, are incommodated by heat ; but to thofe who have an abfolute freedom of perfpiration the heat is not troublefome. Lxxix. A greater sath te differs from a leffer edivat healthful, becaufe the greater does the more accelerate old age. Be it fuppofed, that fome perfon hath his health as well when he weighs two hundred weight, as at two hundred and five pound; we have obferved that the excefs of thofe five pounds did more accelerate old age. Lxxx. Why does animated flefh live, and not putrify, as a carcafe does? becanfe it is daily renewed. Why are children in a capacity of living longer than old men? becaufe ¥S3 MEDICINA STATICA. becaufe they may be more often renewed, fince they begin from the loweft weight of the whole latitude, and fo pro- ceed to the higheft: for they are capable of moft of the healthful weights.. Why is there a neceflity that old men fhould die? becaufe they are capable only of the laft proportions of weight. But.why only of thofe? be- caufe their fibres are hard, and, as fuch, cannot be asy more renewed, whence death enfues. _ Exxxr. Why are they cured who are finipietDet by fain dangerous difeafe? becaufe they are capable of feveral forts of, healthy ‘weights: for fuch difeafes take away thirty pounds from men’s’ bodies, more or lefs as the bo-« dies are more or lefs replete, and as the difeafe is more — er lefs hot, and according to its continuance, + —— APHORISMS ADDED BY THE AUTHOR, LXXXLL Oxp men prolong their lives by frequent fpit- tings ; for thefe being retained within the body, as being uncapable of coétion or digeftion, hinder perfpiration ; the confequences whereof are fuffocation and death. Lxxxi. Old age is indeed a difeafe, but may laft a long time, if the body be made eafily perf{pirable. LXxxiIv. Venery, actual frigidity of the body, over-— plentiful drinking, fupping as young men do, to be angry more than needs, and much exergile, all thefe fhorten the lives of old men. Lxxxv. Old men reach not dcorenil age by reafon of the weaknefs of their expulfive faculties. Thence it comes to pafs; that when they drink more than it was requifite they dhould, they urine lefs, and perfpire lefs, than MEDICINA STATICA. 139 than they are wont. The remedy is, that the fubtraétion be equivalent to the addition. uxxxvi. Infenfible perfpiration being quite Si aitked, does not only deprive the chiefeft parts of life, but alfo one ignoble part. It deprives the chiefeft, when there is _ an apoplexy in the brain, palpitation in the heart, an ex- cefs of blood in the liver, and a {uffocation in the matrix: Rie it deprives the ignoble part by gangrene. -’“ uxxxvit, That women ate troubled with the fuffocas tion does not proceed from the womb’s comprefling the midriff, but from ‘the frigidity of the corrupted feed, which does not want perfpiration. ‘Exxxvit. The humours of perfons troubled vet the gout, though they are ~ grols, are diffolved only by way of vapour. — LXxxx1x. Vomiting diverts urine and perfpiration. xc. The frequent turning of the body ia bed, fince the doing of it requires the afliftance of all the mufcles, does. weaken and obftrué concoétion and perfpiration. ‘The remedy is, for one to be obftinately refolved to hie 1 in one and the fame pofture. xer. While the knees are kept actually warm, the feet are not chilled ; fuch perfons fleep weil, they. oe more, and urine lefs. xu. Loofenefs of the belly is taken away by thofe things which augment Seesspeyen of which kind bath- ing is one. xciir. As the loadftone is better deateried where there is much iron, and wine better kept in a great veflel than a little one, fo fuch ‘bodies as are more ponderous, yet healthy withal, do better preferve ftrength than fuch as hg in their weight, through want of aliment. 4 . XCIVe 140 MEDICINA STATICA. XCIV. They who urine more than they coer do pere {pire little, or nothing at all. xcv. Why is there an obftruction of infenfible per- fpiration in intermittent fevers? becaufe the peccant hu- mour is in the circumference of the body. | xcvi- In the dropfy, the water in the lower part of the belly is not diffolyed, becaufe its crue and pardnals a hinder perfpiration. xevul. Hot humours being got togothnedh into any part are to be entertained with hot digeftives, in order to their. diffolution by infenfible perfpiration. xcviur. Why is fainting or fwooning beneficial in high fevers? becaufe it caufes {weating and a ftrong perfpira- tion. — , xcix. If the pricking of a nerve be clofed up with ' milk, meal, or any fuch thing, the retained ichor becomes fo fharp and corroding, that the patients die of conyul- fions, if the wound be not opened with oil. c. Perfpiration is beneficial in tumours, if it be pro- cured by things a¢tually and potentially moift; other- wife they turn to a fcirrhus, by diffelving the tenuious humour, and leaving the grofs. x c1. If any part of the body be full of blood, or fome other humour, as it is obferved in tumours, and in the pleurify itfelf, it is not to be refrigerated ; becaufe, the matter being evacuated, it is refrigerated of itfelf. cu. Hypochondriacal perfons are recovered of their diftemper, if their bodies be made perfpirable by frequent bathings, and be kept to moift diet. > cut. Infenfible perfpiration, procured by fomentations, in an unpurged body, attraéts more humours than it dif- folves, as appeared in Simon’s cafe. civ. Thofe bodies which infenfibly perfpire sili are neither purged nor blooded, as it is manifeft in children. x CY. . Me MEDICINA STATICA. 141 cv. How come lice to be generated ? becaufe the per- {piration of the malignant ichor, or thin nail is ob- ftructed. cvr. A eNekrstic is prevented by thofe things that pro= mote perfpiration; by thofe that promote fuppuration, it becomes a {phacelus,” sabi is, when gi part is mortified by inflammation. evi1. Why does the part affected with a gangrene Wed 2 becaufe the little arteries, by reafon of the redundancy of blood, are not raifed up. It is remedied by fenfible and infenfible perfpiration. evi. The moft clammy humours in robuft bodies make their way out through the narrowelt paflages, as it is manifeft by the fatnefs voided by urine, as alfo by a mixture of water and honey injected into a wounded breaft ; and confequently they muft make their way through the infenfible paflages. crx. By difflation, as well the beneficial as the fuper- fluous matter is evacuated ; but if after fleep ftrength and y vigour be acquired, the fuperfluous matter only is for the moft part évacuated. cx. That difflation which is not fenfibly perceived, is natural, and is an argument of ftrength; but fweating argues the contrary. cx. If, in the winter time, any part of the body be very cold, the whole does fo far fympathife with it, that the concoé¢tion and ‘perfpiration of the whole is thereby leffened. ~ exit. Swimming is more fafe towards the evening : in the morning the pores are ftopped by the coldnefs of the water, whence there is fome danger of a fever. cxir. If, in the fummer time, the body lie uncovered, the’ perfpiration is obftruéted ; whereupon enfue a drow- finefs 142 MEDICINA STATICA. baat and fics Ninel of the head, and a bruifed unweildi- ‘ nefs of the body. | cxiv. lf the weight of the ee be bien eielaied in the {pace of five or fix days, it is not to be taken off of a fudden,- but by degrees ; for abftinence from food, if it be extraordinary, hurts the ftomach, the brain, and the heart, and, after a while, the whole body. cxv. In autumn, the weight of the body i 1S. augment- ed; which. if it exceed the ftandard of the healthy lati- ‘tude, tertians, and other putrid fevers, are apt to be the confequences thereof. cxvi. Things that are extreme cold ina witilent Pc, if they be not heated, prove mortal, by reafon ak the dif- ficulty of tran{piration | cxvil. Nothing is. more hurtful to malignant ulcers, — than thofe things that hinder per {piratipnye as a oil, Wax. cxvi. Of all the intermittent fevers, the quotidian only is not without danger ; for flegm is one of the chief- eft things that obftruct perfpiration. | cxix. Ifthe perfpiration be {topped in the aie the fenfe of the pericranium is ftupified, as may be obferv- ed in perfons walking in the wind and rain, _ cxx. Nothing is more apt to take away putrefaction, than for one to ufe much ventilation, not only that i which is procured by what is drawn in, but alfo by what is evacuated through the infenfible paflages. . cxxi. Refrigerations in acute difeafes are fy ai ueeas of death, as in Hermocrates for they take away per- {piration. | cxxu. After bathing, the pores of the fkin are cons denied with oi], to the end, that the alimental moifture bein MEDICINA STATICA. © | 145 being attracted may not be diflolved. In dangerous cafes therefore, ufe oil to clofe and not to open the pores. —exxur. And yet that courfe of diet, which we leait re. aa brings us to an old age great as that of Philip. _ exxiv. The diaphragma, or midriff, by contra@ting its - felf to its principle, dilates the breaft; by that dilatation is infpiration wrought. And by dilating itfelf, it contracts the breaft, and by that contraction expiration is wrought. _exxyv. But the fpincter, or the mufcle that fhnts the bladder, by contracting itfelf to its principle, clofes the bladder, and keeps in the urine; by {preading itfelf, it -dilates the bladder, and emits the urine. if ‘ ; OF THE PESTILENCE. CXXVI. iss infected with the plague communicate ‘the infeétion as long as the next and remote caufes re- ‘main; but any one of thofe failing, the poifon ceafes, like the motion of a clock, when, upon the breaking of a tooth in any one wheel, it is at a ftand. cxxvit. We are not infected with the plague by con- taét, but by drawing in the peftiferous air, or the vapours arifing from infected goods. It happens thus: the vital fpirit is infe€ted by the air, by fuch infection of the {pirit the blood is congealed, which laft being forced out. wards raifes carbuncles, black fpots, and buboes: if it remain within, it caufes death; if it be quite expelled, we are paft all danger. cxxvill. If the whole infection be foroad out into car- buncles and buboes, it is a good fign ; if not it is mortal. cxx1x. We are not of ourfelves infefted with the plague, but it is brought to us by others. This is manie feft 144 MEDICINA STATICA. feft by the experiment of fuch as are {hut up in nuns neries. . | ong cxxx. Not all, but much about the third part, of man- kind dies of the peftilence. That it is fo, may be feen © by the experiment of thofe whofe office it is to view the | dead. . cxxxi. They who conceive the blacknefs of the ¥pots to be a fign of aduftion, are miftaken; for many times aged men, being internally and externally cold, without — any fever, depart this life in two days time, with the fame blackneis, but proceeding from a thrombus, or clots of blood. cxxxu. If a fmall quantity of blood, by reafon of the vital fpirit’s being infected, becomes a clot of blood, and this laft be wholly thruft out by buboes and carbuncles, they are cured ; if it be not wholly forced out, they die, a$ in the black fpots, : cxxxul. Confequent to this is it, thatthey, who have their ulcers and buboes opened, if the internal infection be wholly come out, recover ; if not, they die. cxxxiv. There are two ways to put a ftop to the plague ; to-wit, that the found be feparated, and that the infetted may have place enough to air themfelves. There are two ways to do the latter; to-wit, that they be not fent to places they abhor to come into; and that their houfehold {tuff be not burnt. cxxxv. They whofe lungs are thin, are eafily infeed — with the plague; the contrary is te be afiirmed of thofe whofe lungs are thick. It argues the thinnefs of the lungs, when any one drawing in his breath as much as he can, that fingle ftroke of the pulfe is fomewhat weaker, or more gentic. CXXEWE, ‘MeDIctNA ‘STATICAs 143 ‘exe The plague i is not to be ‘compared to fire, which increafes upon the addition of fuel; but the former de-= creafes, though the fuel of it remain in the fame pofture.. cxxxvit. The rays of the plague are removed. from one place to another by the wind ; but not Me any vl0- lence ofa lucid body. oh cxxxvilt. They who prefcribe any other remedy for the pan bia of the plague, befides that of flying from it. are either ignorant men, or cheating quacks. : _ exxxix. Hence it comes to pafs, that of perfons of. qua- lity hone almoft are cured by remedies ; but very many of the meaner fort of people without them. -¢xL. Why does the plague continue long? Becanfe, while i it rages, they air things that are infedted, which, while they are cleaning, thieves fteal and {catter up and down ; after the plague is at a ftand, they do not infed; otherwife the plague would be perpetual. _ a. Becaufe fome among the infedted perfons, when they are forced out of the city; do not air themfelves as they fhould do, by which means the infection increafes. 4 4 ‘Becaufe they’ do not prohibit the people’s affembling in churches. Divine fervice at fuch times thould be per- formed in the open air. Becaufe men make ufe of chirurgeons that are ftrang- ers, or foreigners, who are the better pleafed the greater _ the plague is. Becaufe they do not feparate the found into other houfes from the infected. Becaufe they ufe internal remedies againft the plague; when none’ can be admini{tered but what are hurtful. Becaufe they admit poultry to be brought to the mar- ~ ket, which the found coming to handle, after they had Vou. III. K | been 146 — MEDICINA STATICAs been handled by the infected, are afterwards thereby i itt feed, . | OF AIR AND WATERS. ~ _ Sedition. IT. x. Acozp air and cold vathiage put arora bodies into a heat, and, by taking away what is fuperfluous, make them lighter ; but they refrigerate weak bodies, and, by mafter- ing the heat, make them more ponderous. — 1. Warm air and baths a€tually warm, if crudities do not obftruct, do alfo promote perfpiration, refrefh the in- ward parts, and render men’s bodies lighter. — ‘ ur, An external air, penetrating into the innermoft oats of the body, through the trunks of the arteries, may make the body more or lefs ponderous ; lefs, if it be asain and. warm; more, if it be thick, and moitt. tv. How great the ponderoufnefs of the air is, may, in the jir/? place, be gathered from the greater or leffer weight of the dregs of alum dried before in the fun, and afterwards expofed to the air in the night time. Secondly, from our feeling a greater cold than what is obfervable in the wea- ther-glafs, for the moifture or ponderoufnefs of the air is to us the meafure of its coldnefs. Thirdly, from the great- er or leffer bending of a very thin board, efpecially if it~ be-of pear tree. Fourthly, from the contraCtion of the flrings of a lute, or from hemp. | v. How great the ponderouinels of water is, may ealily be underftood, if fome heavy thing be fuppofed appendant in the watere For that water is lighter, and confequently the more ' sd MEDICINA sTaTicAs == 144 ‘more wholefome, wherein thé heavy thing does the more pravitate 5 but that wherein it does lefs gravitate, is iis more ponderous and the more unwholefome. ‘ yi. That water which is more heavy, and the ait that i is more muddy, and more ponderous, convert the invifible -perfpiration into an ichor (or thin matter) which being pent in, and afterwards not, diffolved, does for the moft part cauiea cachexy, or evil difpofition of the body. vit. In a cold healthful air perfpiration is alfo obftructs ed, the pores are condenfated, but the fibres are corro- borated, and the weight of that perfpirable matter which is s retained neither hurts nor is felt. : vit. In a thick foggy | air perfpiration i is ob fbpucved, the hoe are filled, but not condenfed, the fibres are loofened, not ftrengthened, and the weight of the perfpirable mats ter unevacuated hurts, and is felt. . ix. If cold weather fuceeed a warm air, fuch as that in fummer time, it fhall, that day (it being fuppofed that a man takes the fame liberty of drinking), hinder about. a ‘third part of the perfpiration; which if it be not made fen- fible, is apt to difpofe the body to putrefaétion, or fome | ~ evil habit. | x. The hindrance of nEpieitation: hocacoiea by unex- pected cold, is more hurtful to weak bodies than that which is hindered by degrees. x1. He who is furprifed unclothed at. fiche time as a cool air fucceeds a precedent heat, is wont to peripire lefs by about two pounds in one day’s fpace, yet without any fenfible inconvenience to him. | xin. A pleafant and fomewhat cool breeze is more pres judicial to bodies well warmed, than the cold of air and »a< ter in an exceflive degree: for the former does not render ‘ the body lighter, but obftru€s and loofens it ; but the late K 2 : tes * ; 148 | MEDICINA STATICA. | oe ae ter obftrudts and 26¥oWorates it, and thence it comes s that the bodies are lefs ponderous. "oe s x11. When the unwholefome giuattees of the air in” water difpofe bodies to a malignant putrefadtion, their . weight for the moft part is but little heeded; as if this~ fhould be the reafon of it, that by their corruption the nerves become EO as it is obferved-in diftraéted pera fons. . xtv. To fwim in cold water after violent exercife is ex- tremely pleafant, but mortal: for there is soe more | ean than oppofite motions. | et. . That which treacheroufly difpofes the eritraily to in» dilpo ition, does not or times feem to be either itd or unpleafant. — , xv1..A pleafant gale of wind from the fouth furprifing a man at a violent exercife, is many times mortal ; for the gale occafions a difficulty of breathing, and from the exer- cife proceeds acrimony. xvi, It happens to thofe who, after rospeid are defirs ous of having a cooler gale of wind than is requifite, that the perfpiration of that part which is not well clothed is obftructed ; but that night or the next day, moft . them, are fubje€t to a great aching of the head. xvin. If bodies be fuddenly thifted out of a warm air into a cool, they are injured ; becaufe they are rendered of greater weight than is requifite. If removed out of a cold air intoa warm, they are alfo endamaged, becaufe they ‘\ become lefs {trong. ’ xix. Perfons of weak conftitutions make a greater con- verfion of the perfpirable matter retained into urine, in the winter time ; robuft perfons do the fame in the fummer. xx. ‘Fanning obftructs perfpiration, and makes the head more ponderous, and more hot. a Kxt,) _ MEDICINA STATICA. - 149 -xxr. The wind, as it is colder than the fin, fo is it ever obftrudtive and hurtful to it, but more than any part to the " head, becaufe itis moftexpofed. xx. In all feafons of the year generally dry weather is ‘more healthy than. cateniloe rains, for it renders men’s bos dieslighter. a9 | ; -- xxut. In the Piola time, icaveilestc badids are lefs ponderous‘than they are in winter, by about three pounds, ; KXIV. In the fummer time men are fubje& to wearinefs, not becaufe the body is more i aa but becaule it is lefs ftrong. xxv. Ina warm air, the body i is of lefs Biigth, _as well teieatoh that with the perfpiration. there is fomewhat of the better fpirits exhaled, as becaufe the warmth is not ' oncentrated. ae Sie : xxvi. There is always by a warm air fomewhat difperf= ed through the whole ‘kin, which carries away with it ‘fomewhat of the internal good humour. xxvi. In. the fummer time we are troubled with ee “mot. principally proceeding from the warmth of the air, for every part of the body is warmer than the fummer air, but becaufe there is not fo much coldnefs i in the fummer air, as that the natural heat may be ‘fufliciently concentrated. Whence it comes to pafs, that, being fo diffufed, it cannot infenfibly evacuate that perfpirable matter which isof its own -pature hot; which matter being kept in becomes fharp, and is the caufe of our being troubled with much heat. xxvii. When men’s bodies, in the hotteft feafons, upon fleeping in the night or day time, perfpire abundantly, or fwear, they become. lighter, and are not that day troubled with any heat. xxix If a cold air immediately Mewece the fummer heat, | there 4 120 ‘MEDICINA STATICA, there will be occafioned, for the moft part, that day, the retention of about a pound of the infenfible excrements. . xxx. If the fummer prove like the fpring, fo’ as that men’s bodies may be reduced to the weight an{werable to the {ummer, it muft be the effet of {weating. _ -xxxr, At the beginning of fummer, if intenfe heat come of a iudden, wearinefs and faintnefs enfue, which do not continue long though the fultrinefs be increafed for fome days after, becaufe the weight of the peripitable rae is abated, xxx. The fame vigour is not fo much ohne pital in ftruggling with a lefler, as it is with a eteae weight of sin body. ; XXXUI. Perfpiration, procured by the force of warm air or water, is hurtful, unlefs the malignancy of it be not bay. lanced by fome greater benefit, « TvEX _ xxxiv. Robuft bodies perfpire more in the fummer time by day, in the winter by night, | xxxv. That impediment of refpiration ‘yhibhl in the fummer time is apt to be introduétory to a malignant fever, does hardly in the winter time caufe the leaft al- teration: for, in the fummer, men’s bodies are filled with a perfpirable r matter ae a fharper nature than they are in winter, | xxxvi. To fleep in the fummer time eae the body un- covered, or abroad in the open air, does for the moft part difpofe it to putrefaction, by hindering the perfpiration. xxxyn,, The difficulty of refpiration does not heat the entrails, unlefs the perfpirable matter become fharp by reafon of its retention, or upon the account of external heat, or violent motion. xxxvi1. In the fummer-time when cold does of a fude den fucceed heat, the inconyenience of exceflive venery is | hardly f -MEDICINA STATICA, - er” hardly perceived : but if the air re-aflume its former warmth, men are very fenfible of the injury Pon have. received by the precedent mifcarriage. ' | | , xxxix. The injury men receive by the not immoderate exercife of venery is commonly balanced by an equal be~ nefit, if the heat be concentrated by the cool air. xu. In the fummer nights men’s bodies are moft dif- pofed to fevers, by reafon of the viciflitude of the air, for at the beginning of the night, the air is inflamed, but about © midnight it is more temperate, and in the morning cool ; _ whence it comes to pafs, that the ufual perfpirable matter is not evacuated i in fuch as fleep with the bed-clothes off, and their ,bodies are more eae ; which happens not in winter. XL1. From the autumnal equinox to the winter folftice, we perfpire every day much about a pound: from thence to the {pring equinox we begin to perfpire more freely. x~u: Autumn is an unhealthy feafon, as well by rea- fon that the perfpiration is obftructed by the cold then coming in, as for chat what i is not perfpired becomes tin and corroding. © ! XLII. Peis indifpofitions are syed? if the body be not of greater ieee in autumn than it had been in fummer. “xiiv. That weight which is Papemenen by ie a is to be abated by degrees. XLV. ‘The more than ufual weight of the body i is not to be taken off in the {pring, but in autumn; for the cold air then coming in is a greater enemy to the weight. . xyz. ‘Thou wilt not be troubled with any difeafe in | autumn, if the cold weather then coming in find thee well furnithed with clothes, if thou ufe diuretics, and wilt be kept 1 in the, wee weight as before, K 4 . Car gt < e°3 —. SA, $52 | © MEDICINA sTATICA, az -xtvit. He who is well otiae pirfpires the better for it, »od is rendered of lefs weight, dna XLVIII. They who in the winter time are commonly troubled with difeafes pra: ceding from the abundance of “humours, are to be purged in autumn, and not in the {pring, and ought to be reduced to the weight they were | of at the beginning of fummer, gt a xix. But if the difeafes proceed from (oes malignant quality, the bodies are to be purged in the fpring, and not in autumn ; for the malignancy of the quality is more aug- mented in fummer than in winter. L. They who at the beginning of the fpring diveft them- felves too foon, and in autumn are backward in putting on their winter garments, are, in fummer, apt to, fall into fevers, and in winter to be troubled with diftillations, — i. The retention of the perfpirable matter, as it has a fharp quality, caufes fevers, and eryfipelafes; as to its re- dundancy, it caufes apoftems, dj Aallarons or_anevil habit of the body. - ‘tu. External cold, by ,concentrating the heat, ane na- ture fo much the ftronger, by how much it is the more able to bear about two pounds of perfpirable matter un- ~ evacuated over and above its ordinary weight, tint. At the beginning of winter, men’s bodies are eafi- ly + duced to their ufual weight ; but in the beginning of ‘fummer it is with much ado that they are reduced to ) the fummer weight. — : uIv, There would be,an uninterrupted carea even to the extremity of age, if men’s bodies were kept in an equal weight during the four feafons of the year. ‘ Lv. Thofe bodies whofe weights are much augmented and diminifhed in the fpace of a year, are in great dan- ger. | LYI. _MEDICINA/STATICA. 153 ivi. The greater variety there is of the weight of any body in the {pace of a year, and the greater the augment- _ ation or diminution of the blood is, fo much the worfe is the condition of that,body.. . ivi. The augmentation of ‘the week: eauon at tice - beginning of autumn, the diminution at the beginning of fummer. | ! . OHI OK ty. Thofe bodies Male ress 1S mummegritial are in a more dangerous condition than thofe whofe weight is diminifhed. | - APHORISMS ADDED BY THE AUTHOR. et ux. Lose parts of the body which are covered do. healthfully perfpire ; but if they be found uncovered after fleep, their pores are condenfated oe even as ih anh air. ae 3 : tx. That air which is over cool, moitft, or windy, ob- ftruéts perfpiration : whence it happens, that such as keep ‘within doors, as, for example, women, are not troubled with coughs, catarrhs, or inflammations of the lungs. tx1. The city air is worfe than that of the country; be- caufe it is more thick, and, not rarified by the wind, takes away the appetite. : OF MEAT AND DRINK. Se&ion III. 1. [F the ftomach, filled with meat, does, while the body fleeps, complete the firft concoction, the perfpiration of that night 154 MEDICINA STATICA. night does commonly amount to forty ounces ; if it does not complete it, it comes to but about eighteen. ir. If the ftomach be quite empty and fafting, though the party fleep, he does not Platts a eighteen OUNCES. rue A full body that fees not concoct, perfpires much about the fame rate as one in a manner fafting, that has not any thing to concoct. , iv. Meats that are very nourifhing, mutton only except- ed, from fupper over night to dinner the next day, do not / ufually perfpire above eighteen ounces. v_ Many who feed plentifully on meats of little nourifh- ment, may, in thé {pace of one night, perfpire above forty ounces, vi. Thofe aliments Sahiiegs continue bodies in their ufual weight are either thofe of very much neurifhment, or fuch as caufe obftinate crudities, vile Thofe which continue them in their ufual light. nefs are fuch as they are accuftomed to, and eafily eva- porated. vit1. Mutton is eafily concocted, and vaporous 5 ; for in a night’s {pace it perfpires one third part of a pound more than other meats, and fuch as a man is accuftomed to, 1x. The meats which are made of leavened pafte do not make bodies more ponderous, for they perfpire more eafily than turnips. x. A healthy perfon does infenfibly exhale as much in the {pace of one day as he does by ftool in a fortnight; nay, though he once every day evacuate the concocted and confiftent faces. xt. The full ftomach, and the empty, diminifh the per- fpiration ; | i SO STATICA. ill . 559 fpisetaae sthe full Romach diverts it, by the corruption ‘of meats s5 the empty attracts i it, that it may be filled. xu. WI hen the full ftomach does not complete, the con- cottion is difcovered by the weight ; for then the body perpizes lefs; but the empty ftomach is filled with wind. xm. Windinefs is nothing elfe but an se la oy kind be ‘perfpirable matter, xiv. The robuft perfon eohraincs fc plentiful feeding by infenfible perfpiration 5 one lefs robuit, by ‘urine; a weak perfon, for the moft a by the eon of the ia, Sue | v. When a ‘man hie & fupping, the ftomach being’ ao and no ‘paroxyfm prefiing upon a man, there is a retention of the perfpirable matter, and that being retained, becomes fharp, and thereupon the body i is ih ph for Hot diftempers. : xvi. That abftinence from riba which reduces men’s bodies to a Acer Me but witha] fuch as is unufual to ‘them is hurtful, : ; _xvil. Why are : there fome that die bE hunger; if there be never any defe&t of blood in the living creature? Bes eaufe the blood, making to the empty part of the belly, for- fakes the heart. xvint, Undigefted meat, not only as to its quantity, but alfo as to its quality, makes the body more pone stots inafmuch as it hinders perfpiration. xix. When any one feems to himfelf lighter than he is, and yet is not fo, it isa very good fign; for this proceeds from the aaa of the three concottions exaétly digeft- ed. ee Oyen there is a lightnel and agility of the body felt for a whole day wipes Srie argues there preceded a concoétion 156 MEDICINA STATICA. concoction of the chyle and blood, “and that the idk des at a of the third conco€gtion are almoft evacuated. 1. Undigefted meat, the more full of nouriGenaetatt it , ONS a i much the worfe, either becaufe it caules a erence, weight or a worfe corruprion. _ xxut. The body is rendered molt light es the corrup= tion of meat; for all the liquid excrements are af great weight. xxiu1. The ufe of fwine’s fleth and edutiecogeaes is Bote ful, as well becaufe thefe do not perfpire, as becaufe they {uffer not other meats eaten with them to perfpire. xxiv. Upon the eating of fwine’s ficth and mufhrooms the body commonly pestpiecs lefs than it is wont by a third ‘part of a pound, xxy. Melons perfpire fo little, that they abate about a fourth part of the ufual perfpiration. xxvi. That retention of -the ‘per{piration cauled by me- lons is evacuated by urine or fweating. | xxvit. Grapes and green figs perfpire but little, and fomewhat hinder the perfpiration of other meats 5 haply becaufe they are fenfibly evacuated. xxvii1. That kind of food does perfpire beft of all, and conveniently nourifhes, whofe weight is not felt in the belly. xxix. Plentiful ae is more hurtful in a ta and idle perfon, than in one that is employed ; for the en- trails are made heavy by reft, but ¢ are eafed of their weight by exercife. xxx. The body :perfpires: beft after that meat whofe freces are emitted in a certain confiftency. : xxx. Chicken’s fleth fhall be of lefs nourifhment than a lettice, if a man eat fo plentifully thereof as that it cane Pha not - MEDICINA STATICA. | 2 fee not be. evacuated thcwite than by the way of Tiqui faceasag re) ian a ee Pantierstisiy you will. ana: out Guat fafting conduces to your health, and when it does not: it will be healthful, if there be any thing of the precedent day’s re- | feétion left to be perfpired, if there be not, it will be | un- healthful. | | XXXII. When the body i is Seer sae diet toa eine below the leffer ftandard of its healthy weight, what it lofes of its ftrength is irrecoverable. But that there is a leffer and greater weight in reference to health, you will . - find by the 64th sg eam of the firft fe€tion, and bythe 6oth of this third. , xxxiv. If thou canft but find out every day what quan- tity of meat is convenient for thee, thou wilt know how to. preferve thy vigour and life a oR pee, and Bare thou wilt | __ difcover by the fame aphorifm. xxxv. The ftrength of nature is not a little impaired, when a man’s fupper amounts fometimes to four pound, . fometimes to fix. xxxvi. That is the moft healthful proportion of meat, when after eating the body'performs whatever it has to do with the fame agility, as if it were fafting. ; xxxvit. The body alfo is much more burthened by eight pounds of meat eaten in a day at one meal, than by ten pounds taken in the fame {pace of time at three feveral meals. xxxvim. That quantity of meat, is the moft wholefome for every man, which may without any trouble be over- come by the concoctive faculty ; and that is done, if fo much be confumed.as is received into the body ;. for va things will be difcovered by cee ene XXXIX, 183 _ MEDICINA. STATICAs XXXIX. That quantity ‘of meat is to be ‘ochiueaa into the body which nature is able to concoét, digeft, and perfpire. xL. If nature could digeft a hundred pound weight of meat, and there be given but ninety-nine pounds, the ani- mal would upon that account be Naies. in | procels of time. tt. Then wills meats of good nutriment. pet juice pro- mife thee a long continuance of health, when the quantity of perfpiration is in the mean, between excefs and defect : the excefs, after a plentiful fupper of meats of eafy per- {piration commonly amounts, in the fpace of one night, to forty ounces or thereabouts, the defeét but to fourteen. That proportion therefore of meat, which will bring thee to two-and-twenty ounces, which is the mean between the other two, will promife thee infallible health and long life. \ eae . “+ xu. The opinion of Celfus is not fafe for all MRI to-wit, that in the ufe of the fix not natural things, men ought fometimes to be fparing, and fometimes to exceed. / x~u1. Bodies are with lefs trouble reduced to their ufu- al weight, if men take four pounds of meat at dinner, and four at fupper, obferving a convenient interval, than if they take fix at dinner and two at fupper. na xtiv. That perfon deftroys himfelf by Seerorne who éats once a-day befides his ordinary meals, whether he eat lit. tle or much. : | xiv. The body is made more ponderous by four ounces of meat that is of much nutriment, fuch as pork, eels, and and all fat things, than by fix ounces of meat that is of little nourifhment, fuch as are {mall fithes, chickens, {mall birds, and the like. xLvi. If there be any difficulty in the concoction of meat which is of little nourifhment, it will happen only in the ~~ | ‘MEDICINA STATICA. 2. Ogg the firft concoétion ; but if there be a difficulty in the’con- -coétion of meat of much nutriment, it will happen in all the conco&tions. | | XLVI. Meat of little nutriment moiftens and ee ie belly, is foon digefted, and readily promotes the perlpira- tion of men whether fleeping or waking. | _ XLVHI. Meat of much nutriment binds the belly, if i it Be not corrupted, is of difficult concoétion, and perfpires » little. XE, Where there is a difficulty of concoction, there i is but a flow perfpiration, — ‘i. Not that meat which is fluid, but that which is of oe ees juice ought to be eaten firft, for the pylorus or ‘ftomach- -gut, is not at the bottom, in men, as it is in dogs. iI. Three inconveniences are confequent to men’s feed- ing on variety of meats; there is an excefs of eating, the concoétion i is lefs, and the. perfpiration lefs. Be sie sk he time of leaft perfpiration is, when the ftomach is full, efpecially with variety of meats. | zur. They who vomit up their {upper do immediately ‘remove the pain of their ftomach, but the next morning they feel their bodies more ponderous: for vomiting ‘di- -yerts perfpiration, by attracting the perfpirable matter to the inward parts; which matter, upon the fcore of its be- ing fharp caufes laffitude and heat, upon that of its redun- dancy, it caufes heavinefs. | : tiv. That perfon, who eats more than is requifite, is nourifhed lefs than is requifite. : ty. They who in their youth are immoderate i in their diet, make the ftomach larger than it fhould be, whence it - comes to pafs, that it proves a hard matter to reduce them afterwards to a moderate dict. 4 2 rs Oe ~ GGO0 30 MEDICINA STATICAe. VI. Macy one be defirous to be reduced to 4 moderate diet, ‘et him ufe food of little nutriment, and fo.the fto- mach foon difburthening itfelf of it, will be contracted, and reduced to a lefs capacity. | ‘LvIn.. You will find what quantity of meat you fhoutd eat, if for feveral days together you obferve that the body after fleep is without any: trouble reduced: to the fame weight. Lyin. If after a olentifel fupper the body be of lefs weight the next day, it happens either by reafon of the. corruption of the meat, or becaufe nature is ftirred up to expel that which is beneficial, which is extremely hurtful: — for the body is prepared for -difeafes when thofe things which are beneficial are evacuated, and eka co kept within the body. oe cae tix. If a man’s fupper amount to eight pounds, and what he has eaten be corrupted in the ftomach, the next day the body will be of lefs weight, than if the fupper had been of three pounds, and the meat had not been corrupt- ds } | sae . Lx. Thofe meats that are moft conducive to perthtedse tion are not corrupted ; nay, after watching whole nights, ee ree a man from wearinefs and heavinefs. . Meats not apt td perfpire are wont to caufe obs eter corruptions, laflitude, Rene and don- - derofity. | Lxu. Then is a living creature in the Bott condition, when after the concoction is completed, the body feems to be more burthenfome Bigs sisi ick while yet it is of lefs weight. | xx. If any one-has been exceffive in eating or drink- ing, and there enfue thereupon fuch fenfible evacuations as are MEDICINA STATICA; « 161 ter than ufual, the body is, next day, lighter than ixtv. Liquid meats, fuppofing an equality as to quanti- tye are more ponderous than the folid; the liquids go to the bottom, the folid keep on the top: a cup of wine, or ‘tnefs of broth, is of more weight than a whole loaf. xv. If exéefs in drinking make the eyes, as it were, full of tears, it is a fign the body has not perfpired. as much as it fhould have done. ixvi. If after much drinking you {weat or urine much, it is an argument of either great ftrength or great weak- nefse, aoe -ixvur. The Baltic of cold water obftruas infenfible perfpiration, but augments the fenfible: . , Lxvill. In thefe our days, drinking, even in temperate perfons, is difproportionate : for men eat commonly after the rate of twelve ounces, but drink after that of forty, and above. | ~uxix. In a man of miderite diet, the nocturnal per- fpiration fometimes amounts to three pound; in a perfon who feeds plentifully, the flomach being empty before, and ftrong, it may amount to five pounds. \ Lxx. If a body be in its ftahdard of greater weight, faft- ing is beneficial to it, if in its mean, it is hurtful, if in its lefler weight, it is much more hurtful. uxxr. If after long fafting the body be plentifally fed, the perfpiration amounts to a pound more than it ufually does. Lxxu, To eat immediately after wb exercife of body or mind is hurtful; for the wearied body perfpires with fome difficulty. ~Lxximt. When fober perfons, and fuch as are moderate in their diet, die betimes, their friends wonder at the {trange- Vou, Tite. L nefs 162 -MEDICINA STATICA. nefs of it, becaufe they know nothing of infenfible “pere ‘ {piration. ixxiv. Excefs of meat and drink does not only keep the acrimony of the perfpirable matter which is retained lurking in the body, but alfo the depraved affeétions of the parts, efpecially of thofe that are not the principal, and — that for along time ; which affections, when the bodies are _ purged, or brought low by much fafting, break forth of a fudden, and turn into violent diftempers. 4 uxxv. That phyfician who is to regulate the diet of princes, if he be ignorant how much, and when, they daily perfpire, deludes and does not cure them, andif he ok them any good, it is by chance. Lxxvi. For about the {pace of four hours after meat moft people do hardly perfpire a pound, thence to the ninth hour two pound, from the ninth to the fixteenth hardly a pound. | ts ixxvi. Then is it the proper time to take refeGtion, | when the body fhall be reduced to that weight, yet health- ful, which it was of a little before the party had eaten the day before. And this only eee himfelf fhall find out without the balance. txxvin. But if the unufual sake of the over-night’s. drinking be not taken off, either by the ftrength of the concoCtive faculty, or by corruption the next day, take the advice of thefe two verfes. Si noGfurna tibt noceat potatio vini, Hoc tu mane bibas it emaire eS fuerit medicina. if over night Bol taki f a dofe, And find’ ft thyfelf amis, Thou muft next mora another take: Na remedy lik this. LXXIX, ee Be ae 4 MEDICINA STATICA, 163 vixix. If the healthful weight of the body, after fup- per, amount to two hundred pound weight, the body be- ing rendered lefs healthful by immoderate venery fhall weigh about a hundred ninety-eight pounds, becaufe that remiffion of vigour is the hindrance why two E pounds of the aliments cannot, at leaft without fome trouble. or anguifh, be converted into the healthful weight.. : xxx. Meat of eafy perfpiration does more eafily, and with much lefs trouble, recruit the wafted ftrength of thofe who ufe venery, than does that of difficult perfpiration, or of much nutriment, txxx1. New wine, though fomewhat muddy, if it be coneoéted in the ftomach, does not only perfpire itfelf, but very much promotes the perfpiration of other meats. This quality alfo have thofe hot things that are flatulent. Lxxxul. Onions, garlic, mutton, pheafants, but above all, the cyrenaic juice, promote the perfpiration of meats not eafily perfpirable. — ) ; _APHORISMS ADDED BY THE AUTHOR. LXXXIII. A\ very {mall quantity of food is not em- braced by the ftomach. Thence comes it, that it is not concocted, it does not nourifh, it does not perfpire. Lxxxiv. Infenfible perfpiration is an excrement of the third concoction; if therefore the rf concoction be not performed neither will the third. Lxxxyv. If that quantity of food which amounts to about four pound be hurtful, taken all at once ina day, the fame quantity, divided into two or three meals, may ae L 2 be 164 | MEDICINA STATICA. be healthful: the repletion of the je belly diverts infenfible evacuation. | Lxxxvi. The inconveniences attending, extraordinary fafting are thefe, the head is fitled with humours, the ‘ temples beat, the hy pochondries are dilated, and a weari- nefs of the arms and thighs. Lxxxvil. That emptinefs of the ftomach whiche! 1S OC= cafioned by the fcantinefs of meat is greater than that which is occafioned by phyfic ; which latter does indeed excite fenfible evacuation, but diverts the infenfible. Lxxxvill. In flegmatic conftitutions, if the ftomach be empty in the morning, by reafon of their not having fupped the night before, dry. food's is very beneficial, fuch as hifewit. Lxxxix. No man will fall into any difeate, if he care« fully provide that he be not troubled with crudities. xc. It is fafer for aged perfons to take their refection thrice in.a day; as Antiochus did, than twice, or to eat much at once; for it much obitrudts perfpiration. xer. Why did not Antiochus eat fifh at fupper? Be- caufe they hinder perfpiration: after fleep perfpiration 1s: very gaod, which not pecker meds there is a remiflion of ftrength and vigour. xcu. The coldnefs and clamminefs of the juice of cue cumbers is kept in the veins, nay, other unwholefome juices, though of eafy concoGtion, by obftruéting the perfpiration, caufe malignant fevers. cH. Why does the corruption of meat caufe weari- nefs? Becaufe it diverts. perfpiration. But how? Be- caufe is caufes the celiac difeafe. But why does the cocliac difeafe caufe wearinefs ? Becaufe there comes out along with the excrements fomewhat of the former well conco&ed meat. wy eo XCIV. MEDICINA STATICA. 16 x¢iv. If any ones goes with’a tired body to fupper, or to wath himfelf, there enfues, immediately after fleep, a certain chillnefs over the body, and wearinefs ; yet about twelve hours after fupper all is well again; becaufe then the concoétion and perfpiration is good. evs Meat after violent exercife is hurtful, as well by’ teafon it is not embraced, as that it diverts perfpiration. xcvi. He who goes to fupper with a difturbed mind, digefts much lefs than ‘obi, who is undifturbed and - cheerful. xevit. Drinking between dinner and canal is hurt- fal: but if we drink fo much the lefs at fupper the hurt- fulnefs is taken off. ; | xcvir. Vomiting after fupper weakens a man, not only upon this fcore, that it voids the aliment, but alfo becaule it diverts perfpiration. xeix. If aman exceed in meat and drink once or twice in a month, though he does not fenfibly evacuate the next day, yet he weighs lefs than ufual. c. He who confines himfelf to a regular diet, wants the conveniences of thofe perfons who exceed once or twice a-month: for the expulfive faculty being ftirred up by redundancy excites fo great a perfpiration, as without ftatics nobody would believe. cr. In a cold body honey is good, becaufe it nourifhes and pérfpires ; in a hot it is hurtful, hecaule it turns into choler. 3 3 cu. Nothing more obtruds apie a fora man to drink while the chyle is preparing. cur. The liver does not attra& the chyle, by reafon of * ts coolnefs, much lefs does it expel the perfpirable mat- ter. L 3 cly, 166 MEDICINA STATICA, civ. Ina healthy man, if the belly be loofe, it either happens through fome defe& in the concoétion, or the diftribution of the dele % reafon of the obftru@ion of perfpiration. . cv. There are two winge2 eye prejudicial to- good health, viz. to give up the body wholly to a floth- ful repofe, and to eat before the concoétion’ of wie had been eaten before. OF SLEEP AND VIGILANCE. Section IV. x. Unoistursep fleep is fo great a promoter of per- {piration, that, in the {pace of feven hours, fifty ounces of the concoéted perfpirable matter do COnMNDEAY exhale out of {trong -bodies. at i. A man fleeping the {pace of feven hours 1s wont, infenfibly, healthfully, and without any violence, to per- {pire twice as much as one awake. mi. That perfpiration of a fleeping perfon which is at- tended with much fweating, is not more plentiful than any kind of infenfible perfpiration without fweating. iv. After a good night’s reft the body is: felt of lefs weight, as well’ by reafon of the augmentation of ftrength as by that of the exhalation of at the, leaft about three pounds of excrements. v. Difturbed freee does commonly obftruét one third part of a pound of the ufual perfpiration. vi. In undifturbed reft, the perfpiration is fometimes greater, allowing the fame proportion of time, than in violent exercife. } VI. MEDICINA STATICA. 167 yir. In the morning fleep, but after the completing of the firft concoftion, a pound of the perfpirable excrements do commonly exhale in the {pace of one hour, but if it be not completed, there is not a fourth part exhaled... yi. Thofe things which hinder fleeping do alfo ob- firu& the perfpiration of the concoéted perfpirable mat- Here) ix. Short fleeping proceeds from the acrimony of the perfpirable matter, which is not evacuated; but the re- tention of the perfpirable matter is commonly occafioned by nature’s being more than ufualiy employed about fome other internal fundions. x. The acrimony of the perfpirable matter which is retained, very often afcends up to the head, difturbs fleep, and diverts the perfpiration of the fuperior parts. x1. If any one, after fleep, feels a kind of pain in his arms, or imagines them more than ulually wearied, it is an argument that the body is of greater weight than na- ture can long endure. xit. They who fleep with their feet and legs uncovered, are deprived of as much perfpiration as may amount to a pound in the {pace of one night. xi. A contiuual agitation of the body in bed is more difturbant than fwift running; for in the motion:of a perfon running, the mufcles only of the inferior parts are moved, in that of a perfon lying along, the mufcles of the whole body in a manner are in motion. xiv. Perfpiration is more ob{tructed in perfons fleep- ing by a cool foutherly gale of wind, than it is in per- fons awake by a great cold. : xv. If the night’s reft be lefs than ufual, there is a di- minution in the exhalation of the concoéted perfpirable matter, but the perfpiration of crudities is augmented. L4 | XVI. htm a 168 MEDICINA STATICA. XVI. Nees meats of eafy perfpiration men’s bodies are yendered rather weak than weighty; but after thofe of difficult. perfpiration they become both weak and weighty. * : xyut. The eriviwmctels oceafioned by fleep ridkanae in {pecies from that which comes by vigilancey the former implies the evacuation of concoéed perfpirables without acrimony, and with a recruiting of the ftrength; the lat- ter, that of crudities, and is fharp, violent, and with fome difficuity. . xvuit. A perfon fleeping perfpires twice as much as one waking. Thence came that remarkable faying, two hours of reft in a perfon awake are but equinglen to one of fleep. xix. I have found, by experience, thet In iis re of feven hours the infenfible perfpiration in a perfon fleep- ing, as to many, amounted to about forty ounces; in one’ awake but to twenty. xx. He who goes to bed with an ae ftomach per= ’ fpires that night about a third part lefs than he is wont ‘to do. xxi. Perfons of a choleric conftitution, who go to bed with a ftomach quite empty, have thefe inconveniences ; the belly and head are filled with crudities, their temples beat, their flefh wattes away, they are troubled with vehement ftretchings about the arms and hands, fometimes a heart-burning, or corrofion of the mouth of the fto-— mach, vertigoes and epileplies ; as it happened to Diodo- rus. | xx. After a perfpiration greater than we are wont .to have, a more plentiful {upper promifes a longer and founder fleep. XXL + . _ MEDICINA STATICA. 169 %. XXIM. ‘Alets than the ufual perfpiration i 1s the foretell. er Of difturbed fleep, and a troublefome night. | _ xxiv. Tf, after a fhort and unquiet fleep, the fleth be found cold, and that thereupon a feverith fit fucceeds, in weak perfons it commonly prefignifies death, in ia a Jong continuance of ficknefs. xxv. By change of lodging fleep is difturbed, and the perfpiration 1 is lefs. For unwonted things, though better, are ak Wea to body and mind. ! xxvi. Men dream more in a bed they are not accuf- _tomed to than in that they conftantly lie in. _ Xxvu. They who fleep and do not dream perfpire well, and fe on the contrary. ; xxvur. Sleep about four hours after meat is beft ; for then nature is leaft employed about the firft concodion, it better recruits what was 3 loft, and more promotes per- {piration. : _ xxix. If about five hours aii fupper you weigh a perfon juft awaked out of his fleep you will find that he hardly perfpired a pound ; if it be done eight hours after fleep, you will find that he has perfpired three pound. xxx. Ha man’s fleep be fhorter than it is wont to be, there is fomewhat of the perfpiration obftructed, which if it be not repaired in the fubfequent days by a more plen- tiful perfpiration, there is fome danger of a fever. xxx. If there bea retention of any part of the ufual perfpiration, the next day, or after dinner, we are over- come with fleep, and in an hour’s fpace perfpire about a pound: or the night following, our fleep is fo much the longer, the more expedient it was that we fhould per- {pire more than ufually ; otherwife we fall into a fen- fible crifis, or into a difeafe. ; | XXX 170 f, MEDICINA STATICA. Xxxi1. Ofcitation, and the firetching of the joints af- ter fleep denote that the body has perfpired very well, as it is related of cocks, fmiting themfelves with their wings before they crow. xxxit. The ofcitations and extenfions of the joints and limbs, which happen immediately after fleep, are raifed out of the plenty of perfpirables excellently well - prepared for evacuation. xxxiv. Men’s bodies perfpire more in half an hour’s {pace, by yawning, gaping, and ftretching out of the bo- dy, than in three hours of any other time. xxxv. They who adminifter fyrups, or other medicines, to fick perfons during the time of their beft perfpiration, which ys commonly for the {pace of two hours after fleep, injure them ; but in the fubfequent hours they do them good. xxxvi. In paroxyfms, or any great fits of ficknefs, gap- ing and ftretching of the body fignify the concentration of the heat, but the evacuation of a great quantity of acrimonious perfpirable matter that had been retained. xxxvul. In an hour’s fleep at noon, after meat, men’s bodies commonly. evacuate fometimes a pound, fometimes half a pound, of excrements infenfibly perfpirable; a pound, if there be ought retained of the precedent day’s -perfpiration; half a pound, if nothing. Xxxvilt. If ought of the precedent day’s perfpiration be retained, and that it be not evacuated by fleeping: at noon, immediately after fleep there is felt a great. heavi- nefs of the head, and a very afilictive pain. xxxix. If within four hours after fleep the meat a man . has eaten be corrupted, immediately thefe two inconve- niences mutually confequent one to the other will follow, to-wit, an obftruction of perfpiration, and watching. : XL. MEDICINA STATICA. _ 17] xu. There is no caufe does more frequently interrupt fleep than the corruption of a man’s meat. This is caufed by the fympathy there is between the ftomach and the brain. ORS abe XLI. Sleep is better in winter than in fummer, not allies, men’s bellies are hotter, or their fleep longer, but becaufe before day-light their bodies are a@tually hotier, and as fuch are apt to perfpire very much, whereas: in fummer id are more cold. _ . : KLU. Purity of difcourfe, and agility of body after fleep, are indications that the body has perfpired that night 3 commonly at leaft three pounds, _ _. xu. Lightnefs of the head after fleep at noon de- notes that there’ had not been any thing retained of the | precedent day’s perfpiration. XLIV. Sleep moiftens all the external and internal parts, becaufe it attenuates the perfpirable matter, and being fo attenuated it difperfes it into all the members. ~ XLV. Vigilance ftirs from the centre to the circum. ference that blood which is lefs prepared for perfpiration than it is in fuch asareafleep. | | XLVI. By fleep the humours are concentrated, the in- fluent heat is united to the innate, thirft is taken away, unlefs choler be predominant, there is a converfion made of the blood into the fecond moiftures, and the bodies be, come lighter. xLVil. By fleep the animal fpirits languilh ; by vigil- ance the vital and natural f{pirits Janguith. ¥ ; xLvilt. By vigilance the animal {pirits 'are corrobor- ated, but the vital and natural languith. XLIx. By fleep tie internal parts are more ated and are alfo made more light. By vigilance the external _ parts are made more hot, and alfo more light. Ly 172 MEDICINA STATICA. u. By too much fleep the internal and external parts grow cold, the humours are forcibly crowded in, and made imperfpirable, and sg bodies are rendered more ponderous. ui. Choleric bodies are extremely prejudiced by ex- ceflive fleeping, not becaufe the excrements of the third concoétion are made imperfpirable, but becaufe they be- come extreme fharp, and are afterwards noxious to the head and other entrails. | : - In perfons fleeping with the bed-clothes caft off, Seong is more obftructed than it is in perfons awake, who have no clothes on; as well by reafon of the quiet pofture of fuch as are afleep, as alfo for that the heat of the external parts retreats inward. : Lit. A more than ufual watching renders men’s bo- dies, during the firft fubfequent days after it, more pon- derous, and more weak. ‘They are more ponderous, be-~ caufe, after the evacuation of the perfpirable excrements, there is left behind a certain juice, which, of itfelf, is crude, and, by accident, ponderous ; they are weaker, becaufe where there is any crudity, there is no converfion made, and confequently the {trength is impaired. tiv. If after immoderate watching a man fleep fever hours, the perfpiration will be more than ufual, by about a pound. : : ? Lv. Continued watching renders men’s bodies more ponderous, not by reafon of the greater perfpiration, or fenfible evacuation, but becaufe the recruit of fat and flefh is not anfwerable to what had been wafted. yvi. In the morning the body both is, and is felt lefs ponderous ; it is fo, becaufe by the precedent fleep three pound of perfpirable excrements were evacuated 5 it is fo felt, not only becaufe it is lighter, but alfo in regard that by hae MEDICINA STATICA, 173 by the concoétion of the meats that were eafily perfpir~ able there is an augmentation of ftrength. . LY. A man’s body may become more ponderous by unufual watching, if the meat, wherewith it is fed, be unfit for per{piration. ivi. There is fo plentiful an exhalation of the body in ) perfons fleeping, that not only the fick lying with the found, but alfo the found among themfelves do mutually communicate their B94, or evil difpofitions. Pe ee FH ick ¢ APHORISMS ADDED BY THE AUTHOR. LEE. Avrer meat i : after fleep Fonca tions after concoction, tran{piration is beft. ux. Diacydonium, or marmalet, not taken immedi-~ ately after fupper but after the firft fleep, excites fleep, provided there be nothing drunk after it. txt. Diacydonium, or marmalet, taken with a little - cinnamon, ftrengtheneth the ftomach; and that being ftrengthened, fleep always follows. btxu. A fmall quantity of generous wine and garlic caufe fleep and perfpiration, but if a man take more than is requifite they obftru& both; however they convert the perfpirable matter into fweating. LXiiI. That man will doubtlefs come to a great age who does daily concoct and digeft well; concoétion is caufed by BSP and reft; digeftion by vigilance and ex- ercife. Lxiv. If the wearinefs enfuing after fleep be taken off by ufual exercife, the defe&t was in the digeftion, and not in the concoétion. LV. 174 MEDICINA STATICA, - uxv. When we rife from fleep with our ufual weight, but with greater unweildinefs, if it be not taken off by our accuftomed exercife, it fignifies an accumulation of erudities, corruption of meat, or immoderate cOition. txvi. Unufual fleeping at noon is hurtful to all the en- trails, and checks perfpiration. Nee Lxvit. Wearinefs or unweildinefs after fleep is taken off by thofe things which facilitate perfpiratiog : thefe : are abftinence, exercife, vigilance, and anger. Lxvul. If the body lie loofe and flat, fleep is hurtful ; if it be contracted, it is good: the entrails lying clofe and compacted together having eafy concoétion, but when they are loofe, by one’s lying at length, ney havea aut cult concoction. -uxrx. If in found perfons, a cold Fret athe fier fleep it argues they perfpire lefs than they fhould do, | and in procefs of time, if the fame thing happens, they are troubled with the gout. Luxx. By immoderate fleep, and ‘exceflive drinking of wine, the ftrength 1s fuffocated ; by exceflive vigilance and exercife, it is diflolved: all thefe diminith conco@tion, and that diminifhed, there is a floppage of requifite ‘per- fpiration. | OF EXERCISE AND REST. Seétion V. a r. Lux occult perfpiration of a man’s body is lefs in violent motion, than itis in the morning, nine or ten hours from the time he had fupped.- iI, MEDICINA STATICA. rhs Tae 1 That which is evacuated in violent motion by the - pores i is {weat, and an occult perfpirable matter: but, as _ it is violent, it is raifed for the moft part out of unconcoéted juices : for it feldom happens that there fhould be fo great a colle€tion of concocted perfpirable matter in the body as is evacuated by violence. Me Int. Sweating always proceeds from.a violent caufe, and as fuch (as ftatical experiments make it appear) it obftrudts the occult evacuation of concocted perfpirable matter. ays, The body perfpires much more lying quietly in bed than turning from one fide to another by frequent agita- tion. v. Cheerful and angry serie are lefs wearied by ee travelling than the fearful and penfive: for the former perfpire more healthfully, but the other lefs. vi. Thofe bodies which are admitted to refe€tion, after immoderate exercife, receive much prejudice ; becaufe, as they are wearied and burthened with meat, they perfpire lefs. poe vit. Exercife from the feventh hour to the twelfth after refeGtion, does infenfibly diffolve more in the {pace of one hour than it does in three hours at any other time. : vitt. Infenfible evacuation after violent exercife ob- ftruéts the fucceflive recruiting of that which is wafted : nay, if the fame violence fhould continue, the body will be rendered fo light, that in many there would be fome danger of a future confumption. : 1x. By exercife men’s bodies are made lighter: for all the parts, efpecially the mufcles and ligaments, are cleanfed from.excremerits by motion, the perfpirable matter is pre- pared for exhalation, and the fpirits are made more tenui- us, or fubtile. . X. 176 MEDICINA STATICAs x. Motion prepares bodies for the €vacuation of fen- - fible and infenfible excrements 3 reft. does it rather for that of the infenfible only. ; B08 If the body lie pada in. the bel after fupper fot the {pace of ten hours, it fhall perfpire excellently well : if it reft there yet, fomewhat longer, there follows immedi- ately a diminution of both fenfible and infenfible evacua- tion. . Waee cee rete xit, Long reft eee indifpofed bodies more “ene as weil in regard the perfpirable excrements are prepared for evacuation by motion, as alfo for that the meat and drink, if fuch as the patient is not accuftomed to, of more in quantity than is requifite, are not digefted ; and thence proceed all inconveniences, and many times death. — xiii. If a perfon who has kept his bed long be troubled with pain in the feet, the remedy is walking 3 if one that 1s pati a journey be fo troubled, the remedy is reft. . There are two kinds of exercifes, one of the body, fee other of the mind : that of the body evacuates the fen- fible excrements; that of the mind the infenfible rather, and efpecially thofe of the heart and brain, where the mind is feated. | 3 ) . An exceflive reft of the mind does more obftru@ a than that of the body. xvi. The exercifes of the mind which moft conduce to the eee up of the {pints are anger, fudden joy, fear, and forro XVII. Ment bodies refting in ‘bed, and agitated with a vehement motion of the mind, for the moft part become more faint, and Jefs ponderous, than if there be a tranquil- lity of mind, with a violent motion of the body, as it hap- pens at tennis, or any game at ball. uy 4 AVIII, “MEDIGINA SPATICA.. 17 7 XVIII. By eee decane exercife the excrements of the firft and fecond concoétion are for the. moft part difperfed through the compafs of the whole body, and therefore _ the*belly is hardened; yet are the bodies made lighter, _ becaufe the infenfible evacuation is much greater than the excretion » “of the fenfible excrements made by the belly. XIX. Violen st of Sad and body Deaies bodies of lighter weight, haftens old age, and threatens untimely _ death: for, according to the philofopher, thofe perfons | Eare exercifed die fooner than fuch as are not. xx. Violent exercife takes off from a body filled with __ meat or crude humours a lefs than ufual weight of the | fenfible excrements ; 5 of the infonfible, almoft nothing at ‘nit ae e ~~ XXI. By exercife kel body apie ay by fleep, more, and the belly is more loofened. xxi. Frictions and osbing aes in bodies full of crudities, obfruct'perfpiration. xxur. Then is exercife moft wholefome ; ; Rica after * the completing of the firft and fecond concoétion, the body is reduced twice in a day, before meat, to its ufual weight. | | | XXIV. Swimming immediately after violent exercife, is hurtful ; for it very much obftructs perfpiration. xxv. Violent exercile in a place where the yiid blows is hurtful. xxvi. From the wind proceeds a difficulty of ae tion, from the motion, acrimany. xxvii. Riding relates more to the perfpirable matter fF the parts of the body from the waift upwards, than down- wards: but in riding, the amble is the moft wholefome, the trot the moft unwholefome, pace. Vow, © M ‘XXVIII. \ 173 MEDICINA STATICA. sr --xxvur. Waftage in fedan or Hare litter, as alfo g going | by water, does not fo much difpofe bodies to due eae | tion, as walking. . 4 xxix. The motion of a boat and litter, if it be contdaued long, is moft wholefome ; for then only it does wonder. | fully difpofe the body to due perfpiration. xxx. Riding in a coach or chafiot is the moft violent of any way: for, it does not only caufe the unconcocted perfpirable matter to exhale out of the body, but alfo of- fends the folid eer of the body, oe particularly the reins. xxxI. Leaping does at firft attra thi tet inwards, then impetuoufly forces it to the external parts, and with — a certain violence expels the concocted paaitax, pogetver with the unconcocted. | ae - xxxur. The exercife of the top, confifting of moderate _ and violent motion, to-wit, walking and. the agitation of the arms, promotes perfpiration. | 3 xxx. Moderate dancing, without any capering or: _ jumping, comes near the commendation of moderate walk. ing ; for it moderatély expels the concocted eens aut matter. APHORISMS ADDED See AUTHORs caxxiv. Wuen there is a defect of perfpiration in found benign: it is remedied by exercife. ; xxxv. By immoderate. exercife the fibres are hardened,. whence follows old age, whichis an univerfal hardnefs "of the fibres: this hardnefs, by condenfating the paflages, obftru&s ‘MEDICINA STATICA, = , 179 | obftruas the beat’: foftnefs, by keeping them ‘open, cautes length of life. © XXXVI. He who would have a youthful Cape hao! let him avoid pweating, or peiviees too much through heat. wie fa x ce DE VENERE." Sectio Sexta. sae AAS RN abftinentia 3 4 coitu, et nimius ulus, impediung Seleibionen, fed nimius uftis magis. at. Poft coitum immoderatum quarta pars folitz per {pirationis i in pluribus prohiberi folet. | ur. Mala a nimio coitu orta mediaté 4 es per- fpiratione, immediate a lefis concoétricibus dependent. iv. Cognofcitur coitum profeciffe, fi & fequenti fomno nulla-fentiatur laffitudo, nec ulla corporis mutatio facta fit in gravitate, vel levitate. : v. Diuturnz venereorum covitationes, modd gravius, et moda levius efficiunt corpus; gravius fi Eun? levius fi vacuo fiant ftomacho. vi. Poft nimium coitum cum muliere, quam maximé concupita, non fentitur illicd laffitudo: animi enim con- folatio juvat tunc per{pirationem cordis, et auget ejus TOs bur, bade in Be quod amittitur, promptius remittitur. M 2 VII » ‘ + . a y ¥ % The claffical reader will eafily perceive why this chapter is not tranflated, 180 MEDICINA STATICAS vit. Propenfi ad coitum f temperent libidinem, illi¢o. {uccedit corporis agilitas, quia tales melius perfpirant, a virt. Immoderatus coitus facit perf{pirare cruda, que deinde carnes frigidas efficiunt. 1x. Coifum nh nocuifle, hxc indicant: urina zque cogta ut ante, corporis agilitas, refpiratio facilior, et idem fere corporis’ pondus perfeverans ; eadem tamen fervata eorum qué ingeruntur quantitate et qualitate. rae x. Prefens vulnus immoderati coitus eft ftomachi -re- frigeratio: futurum, prohibita perfpiratio; unde facile fiunt palpitationes in fuperciliis et artubus, et deinde 1 in Sede . Pa: principatum, fi . Coitus in xftate magis nécet : non quia corpus ma- ) gis ee fed quia co&io,.cum fit minor, deperditum difficilius refarcitur. ea ‘¢ xt. In actu venereo multum erudi perfpiratur, et fi diu duret, cruda transferuntur 3 2 centro ad corporis ambitum, fiunt obftru€tiones, et inde alvus fupprimitur. ~ heli X11. Quanto quis majori cc€undi cupiditate conflagrat, tanto ejus ufus immoderatus minus ledit. , . xiv. Coitus immoderati detrimentum precipué mani- feftatur poft fomnum fequentem ; tunc enim ex Staticis experimentis cognofcitur perfpirationem effe impeditam, et cibum effe male digeftum, nec non ftomachum valde lex- “3 fum. | | xv. Coitus ledere folet primam coétionem, primo di- minuendo perfpirationis proptitudinem, deinde in crudam qualitatem convertendo cibum. xvi. Qui coitu utitur, et {perma non emittit, minus de- bilitatur. Itidem fi die fequenti utatur, et emittat quocé die precedenti fuit preparatum, minus debilitatur. ' xvi. Hh qui coéundo fperma.ex ftudio non emittunt, in ; ‘tumosem Bis “MEDICINA STATICA> | 181 tumorem tefticulorum facile incidunt: fperma enim eft imperfpirabile. | xvii. Coitus immoderatus poft ftomachum ledit magis ‘éculos. mes Mog “Mesa -~ x1x. Coitus immoderatus ledit vifionem, quia ab oculis fubducit maximam fpirituum copiam ; inde tunice oculo- rum predura et rugofie, nec non meatus minus pervii red- duntur. | xx. A diminuta perfpifatione fibre tunicarum oculorum _ Opaciores 3 inde vifio fit per fpatia perexigua, qualia funt im cancellis: Specilla uniunt -objeéta in cufpidem, ut dif- - tin€té per unum folum fpatium videatur. nt xxi. A coitu immoderato diminuitur calor naturalis; a diminuto calore diminuta perfpiratio ; 2 diminuta per(pira- tione Matus et palpitatio. xxu. Coitus immoderatus Rate, cibos eae et boni nutrimenti. . xxmr. Coitus. calefacit jecur et renes, quia excitatus calor minus: exhalat: refrigerat vero ftomachum, cerebrum et cor, quia per meatus patentiores excitatus omnino, et : proprius aliqua ex parte propterea refolvitur. xxiv. Hinc coitus immoderatus in hepate bilem, in. renibus nephriticum afiectum, in ftomacho crudum fuc-, cum, in cerebro catarrhum, et in corde palpitationem et Syncopen. | xxv. Edulia poft nimium coitum fi flatus gignant, ut oftreacea et muftum, perniciofa: impediunt enim ne-ad confuetum pondus corpora reducantur. _ xxvi. Macilentis magis nocet coitus, quia magis dash fiunt, et magis refrigerantur. ° xxvi1. Coitus immoderatus illico maximé leve eflicit corpus, quamvis deinde perfpirationem prohibeat; efk enim vehemens corporis et animi motus ; corporis, quia . M 3 omnia i182 MEDICINA STATICA. omnia AS conan : animi, quia refolvitur. quod colligat animum corpori, fpiritus fcilicet vitalis. : xxviul. Si poft coitum fomnus laborem facit, ex coitu major facta eft gblatio, quam ex fomno facta fit vitalis {pie - - ritus additio. “ni KXIX, Poft nimium erate ufum, fore eahit Pada ad cor: unde languons prohibua perf{piratio, et spegdenis: augmentum. | | xxx. Senes ex ufu eee coitus fiunt ‘ponderoGiores et frigidiores : juvenes vero leviores et calidiores. : ) xxx. Coitus in juvenibus, animalem, vitalem, et. Nae -turalem facultatem roborat : animalem per motum expur- gat, et fopitam excitat ; naturalem per evactianongm HE flui; et vitalem per letitiam, 3 | 4 xxx. Cibus copiofior folito, poft immoderatum, coi- : tum, interimerit, nifi fuccederet aliquze ciborum -corrup- tela. ? : xxx. Dum oft coéundum, parum vel aiid come- dendum: dum eft comedendum, parum vel nihil coéune dum, - ~ ’ . | XXXIV. Si pott coitus exceflum nulla caste te lathe tudo, malum: id perinde ac in phreneticis fit ab‘incenfis ‘fpiritibus, qui exiccando, brevi fpatio, roborant nervos et tendines, fed paulo poft imminuitur P fpirituam gengratio ; % et vires derepente cadunte ; ADDITI. a é i : 4 | MEDICINASTATICA «183 2 | 5 LE AB ee ; | a 2 j “ENXY. Corrvs juvat excitatus a natura : bia ‘mente men” tem et memoriam ledit. . | XXXVI. In debili ob coitum augetur corpoiis pondus : quia ‘minus perfpirat. : xxxvit. Coitus importunus impedit, perfpiratum, quia ‘ diminuit vires: unde a on fit majoris ponderis, nifi fe- » uatur alvi fluor.» xxxviri. Nimius coitus éalefactende et exficcando mag= nam jaGuram facit : fi vero infenfibili pérfpiratione remit- tatur caliditas, et alimento ficcitas, nullam: “xxx1x. Corporis agitatio in coéundo, inftar canum, ma- gis nocet, quam feminis emiffio: hec folunt vifcera, illa omnes nervos et vifcera defatigat. xi. Ufus coitus A cibo, et ftando, edie A cibo, vilce- rum officia divertit ; ftando, mufculos et eorum utilem perfpiratum diminuit. - xu. Poft motum, coitus _infalubris ; poit cibum, nom ita; poft fomnum, faluberrimus. / - xii. Coitus calefacit pein: et refrigerat ftomachum ; a ftomacho, crudus fuccus ; a jecore, bilis: unde poracea, et oris morfus. Remedio eft vidius tenuis et Lcd per {piratio M4) | of 184 . MEDICINA STATICAs : ) OF THE AFFECTIONS OF THE MINB, SeGion VII. x. Amonesr the affetions of the mind, anger and ala- crity render men’s bodies lighter, fear and fadnefs, more ponderous ; atid the reft of the affections poe oe aniwer- ; ably to their participation of thefe. a. In grief and fear that which is lighter perfpires, but , | what i is more ponderous is, left behind ; in saben and “ate there is a perfpiration af both. 11. Hence it comes to pafs that fuch as are fubject to rele and grief. are apt to be troubled with obftrudtions, — hardnefs of the parts, and hypochondriacal affections. 1v. Such as are angry or joyful feel no wearinefs in travelling ; for their bodies eafily perfpire the grofs matter; which happens not when they are troubled with grief or fear. 7 v. The ponderous part of perfpirable matter being more, than ufually retained in the body, difpofes a man to fadnefs and fear; but the light part difpofes him to Eom and an ger. v3. Nothing contributesmore to freedom of refpiration than fatisfa€tion and confolation of mind. VII. By fadnefs and fear the members moft full of moife ture are eafily indurated. vit. Grief and fear. obftruct the perfpiration of the grofs perfpirable excrements ; and the obftrudtion of. per-. fpiration, ir Ae ‘ -MEDICINA STATICA, = 189 fpiration, from what caufe foever it proceeds, caufes grief , andfear. ) 7 ix. Grief, if it continue don brings a coldnefs on the | flefh ; for it hinders the exhalation of the sol portion of » the perfpirable matter. ae «km Hence it comes, that that ee wich a man falls : into after much grief, difcovers itfelf in cold fweats, and . mols many times mortal. : x1. The acrimony of the perfpirable matter which is re- tained by the means of grief, is conveniently taken off by : alacrity 5 5 for. pleafant humours are thereby - diffufed through the body, and thereupon ponderey and aqumiony | - are taken off from it. XII. Anger and hope take away fear, and joy taketh away fadnefs: for a paflion’ of the mind is overcome, not. by medicines, but by fome contrary paffion ; for contra- ries are under the fame genus, | xt. It does not imply any “contradidtion to fet that the. retention of the perfpirable matter in melancholy " perfons is cold and acrimonious, or hot: fuch are the livers of hydropical perfons wha are in fevers; to-wit, they are cold in refpedt of the natural heat, and hot in re- “fpeét of the adventitious, | xiv. Difeafes proceeding from melancholy and a clofe | muddy air, agree in this, that they are immediately occafi- oned by the groffnefs of the perfpirable matter which is retained: for grief. does intrinfically obftru& the excre- tion of the grofs matter, and the muddy air does it extrin- fically. | xv. They who carry grief along with them to their beds, ° perfpire fo much the lefs that night; and the next day their bodies continue more than ufually ponderous. Yt: In venerous meditations, the grofs part of the pers | fpirable 136. _ MEDICINA STATICA. Vi sirabfe ‘excrements, is with grief retained 5 whats part, upon the evaporation of the fubtile, becomes yet more grofs _and more cold: if this be pent up together, it caufes an almoft invincible coldnefs ? in the head, anda hardly eal palpitation in the heart, or other members. ' xvit. Melancholy is two ways overcome, either by a free, perfpiration, | or fome continual fasictatiiae of. the mind. : after joy, it muft of neceflity happen either by reafon of a lefs quantity of meat, or by that of their more tran{pirable quality. | “aucRiae. The confolation of the mind, from ahastonans caufe it proceeds, opens the paflages, and Xey much ae motes perfpiration. | xx. If, after.anger, there immediately enfue fome con. folation of the mind ; ; or the contrary happen, men’s bodies, allowing an equal proportion of aliment, are lighter the next day, than they would be if aul anger or joy | had con- tinued. | xxi, As there is a fudden period put to fome great pleafure by a {mall evacuation of feed: fo all other immo- derate affeCtions of the mind may be abated and taken off, by fome evacuation of the perfpirable matter. xxii. Fear and grief, as we find by ftatical experiments, are taken off by the evacuation-of the grofs perfpirable ex- crements ; anger and alacrity by that of the tenuious. xxiir. If any one find himfelf in a merry jocund hu- mour, without any caufe, it proceeds from a greater free- dom of perfpiration, and his body wil be fobne the next - ' day-of lefs weight. xxiv. Moderate joy infenfiby evacuates what is fuper- fluous 3 . xvuzt. If mens bodies become lighter after eek Hin ‘MEDICINA STATICA. ~ mye : snout 4 itictiie joy, both what is fuperfluous and what is beneficial. iy on . , XXV. “Moderate j joy affitts ‘the concoétive faculties ; for | nature, not being burthened with that which is ck ae ekg does much better perform her funétions. ' -xxvi- Unexpeéted joy is more hurtful than that which is looked for: for it does not only excite the evacuation of the excrements of the third concoétion, but alfo the ex- ~~ halation of the vital fpirits ; but the sn ope joy promotes only that of the excrements. | “xxvir. Joy and anger take off from the body what makes i it more ponderous, and what renders it more light : grief and fear take away only what makes it mare light, — but what makes it more ponderous is left behind. -” xxvitr. A continual gladnefs for many days vgn hinders fleep, and renders a man weaker. - : : XXIX. If any one, after moderate joy, : finds himfelf lighter, it does ‘not proceed principally f from the evacuation of the whole body, but from that of the heart and brain, whence what is eyacuated is leaft of all, as to RGRAETY and greatett, as to virtue. — 3 : xxx. Thofe aliments which open and facilitate perfpir- . ‘ation produce joy, thofe that obftruét it, grief. - xxx1. Parfley, and other aliments that are opening, in- duce joy; pulfe, fat meat, and other things which incraf- fate, and prefently fill the cavities of the paflages, caufe grick ns xxxir. If the cavities of the paffages be evacuated, and afterwards prefently filled, it was rightly faid of Hippocra- tes, that evil paflions of the mind are generated. 7 -xxxut. To thofe who are fubje&_to anger, immoderate exercife is very hurtful ; for their paffages are immediately emptied, and with much violence are filled up again; whence 183 § - * MEDICINA STATICA. whence it came that Hippocrates forbade choloric perfons to ufe fri@ions and wreftling. xxxiv. In a perfon who ufes no exercife. of body or mind, the paflages are not emptied, nor are there any evil paffions of the mind contracted. xxxv. A body lying:all along does perfpire more and becomes of lefs weight, if the mind be vehemently active, than if the body were in a lise: {wift motion, and the mind were idle. . | xxxvi. The fhifting of the body from one acs to _ another makes a longer alteration .of the body than of the mind itfelf, Mesa xxxvit. The paffions of the mind/are oncethed about the internal fubje@Q, which rather moves, than is moved : inafmuch, as it is leaft as to quantity, and greateft as to virtue, like the fperm of man; and by the difpofal thereof, in feveral manners, is the origin of hese or ponder- efity, and lightnefs. ‘ xxxviut. Thofe bodies which aeetoen more than ufually, mot occafioned by any motion of the body, but through fome vehement agitation of the mind, are with greater dif. - ficulty reduced to their ufual and healthy perfpiration. xxxix. An immoderate affection of the mind is more hurtful than an immoderate motion of the bady. xL. Lhebody would pine away, and be deftroyed through | idlenefs, were it not for the motion of the mind ; but the contrary canhot be affirmed. xu1. A vehement motion, of the mind differs from 2 yehement motion of the body; the latter is taken off by seft and fleep; the former by neither ref nor fleep. xLu. Let thofe forbear gaming whofe thoughts are al. fegetnER upon winning 3 becaufe if they always have good fortune, | a MEDICINA STATICA. - 189 fortutie, out of excefliye j joy, they will hardly fleep in the night, and, in time, will find the want of the exhalation of the concoéted perfpirable matter. _ xu, A moderate victory is more - wholefome than a glorious one. Re _ XLIv. Study i is longer endured in a -viciffitude - of the affections of the mind, than if it be without affzCtion, or without any change of affcétions ; for perfpiration becomes — more moderate and more, wholefome. XLV. 7 Study, without on affe€tion, pely endures. an y | vicifitude oF Breions; as at dice, at which kind af gam- | ing men feel, one while the joy for winning, another, fad- nefs for lofing, i it may continue night and day. XLVI. In all ftudy continual fadnefs difturbs the good conftitution of the heart, and excefs of gladnefs bingers fleep 5 for every excels is deftructive to nature. — xivit. They who are fometimes merry, fometimes fad, - fometimes angry, fometimes timorous, have a more health- ful perfpiration than they who continue in one and the fame, though that a conftantly-good affe€tion. | xivit. Gladnefs makes the diaftole and the fyftole more eafy; grief and fadnefs render them’ more difficult. a % : ‘ TO 190 ‘ MEDICINA STATICAs 3 "O THE STATICOMASTIX. As t Section VIII. x. Lue ftaticomaftix, while he attributes the cure of difeafes to tha pofition of the heavens, paralogifes, by aflign- ing a more common caufe than he needed to have done. it. The fool firft denies, yet afterwards admits, ftatics or ponderation, afirming that there is a diverfity of weight ina guilty perfon, and an innocent. In like manner, he firft denies that the fpirits of fwine are light; and after- wards he would have their getting up to any place to pro- ceed from the lightnefs of their fpirits. y . 111. He who is experienced in ftatics, knows the weight of the excrements, though he neither fee them, nor weigh - them. He weighs the body before, and again, after all evacuation ; what is deficient is their weight: : and -fo it is no unfeemly thing to weigh the excrements, as the trifler afirms.. iv. No ftudent in niphyie befides the fool bite, but knows, that the vital faculty is diffufed into the arteries, — and the animal into the nerves, by rays, and not by fpirits 5 as he imagines. v. The fool thinks that lightnefs, as to the balance, in living bodies, proceeds from the plenty of fpirits ; ; it feems he never knew that dead bodies are lighter? than the living, and that living bodies, after coition, weigh Jefs. vi. He belies the afithor, affirming that the faculty of ‘moving bodies upwards is no other than the fpirits them- _ felves ; whereas the author affirms, that thie fpirits are ina- nimate, and that they gravitate more than air. * ‘ “ VIls % ‘MEDIUINA STATICA. 3 191 Vit. He: is out again, “heh he affirms that men’s bodies are colder in the night time; therefore they perfpire little or nothing. Nor did he ever obferve, that the pulfe and -nodturnal perfpiration are figns of a more hot body. - wut. The fool thinks that living bodies are lighter than | the dead ; never having taken notice, that butchers, fifh- thongers, and fuch as deal in fwine, when’ they fell the living, make a deduction of ten pounds in the hundred | weight. = * _ 1x. The extravagant man never chicks of the difieteads there i is between one’s being light, if weighed in the balance, and the fame perfon’s feeling himfelf lighter. A mari may be fenfible of his: being very ponderous, and yet be picid in, ‘the balance. x. We know the weight of the body by Desh not by _ imagination, a3 our inconfiderate fool does, who 1 imagines that flegm is more ponderous than blood, yet néver obferv- ed, that the former does fwim on the top; and that by ~ reafon of flegm the body is not really, but is felt, of greater weight. But why? becaufe it obftrudts perfpiration. x1. He charges the author with a falfity in making him _ affirm that infenfible perfpiration is a difflation of the flefh, when he affirms no fuch thing. In the winter-time, there _ are about fixty ounces perfpired in the fpace of one day with eafe; if that perfpiration were of fleth, a man’s body would be deftroyed. x11. Galen made no mention of ftatic medicine, pored fore it isa vain fcience. He is doubly miftaken ; firft, be« caufe he never read his fix books De Tuenda, &c. Second- ’ ly, it does not follow, Galen faid nothing of it, therefore it is vain : we have found out many inftruments, and thofe not contemptible, which were not known before our times. 4 ‘ey res SLIT. 192 MEDICINA STATICA<. x1. The famous author of the Commentary on the rath of the firft fe€tion of aphorifms, afirms, that the meat is proportioned to the difflation, and, Com. rsth, that there is a greater difflation in the winter-time, therefore it is re- quifite there fhould be more meat eaten ; it is therefore. re- quifite the weight thould be known 3 all which the trifling ‘f{taticomaftix denies. xiv. The fool, making no nee himfelf, denies thofe things that others have found true by experience. He boldly adds this aflertion,—if thirty-fix ounces be per- {pired'in the {pace of one night, there will be thirty-two of flefh, and four of excrements. . The trifling anfwerer puts the lie on all authors, rite that the fpirits are more tenuious than the air. Are they not made of the blood and air? does not the air pafs through the whole body? but the fpirits remain in- clofed in vefiels. q his xvi. He afirms that a pleaitent perfmetaan does not take away from the body one ounce of its weight. There is no temerity deferves greater punifhment, than fuch a. ‘man’s, as makes no account of experience, yet oppofes ex- perience. We have found it certainly trué, that in the {pace of a night, the body weighs lefs by three pounds, and that after coition, men’s bodies are lighter, as to the ba- lance. Therefore the fool is chargeable with a lie. xvi. He affirms, that after an immoderate purgation of the termes, bodies are more ponderous; after an extraordis nary retention of them, more light. A fatal error to the inconfiderate man, who does not diftinguith between being, heavy, in reference to the balance, and one’s feeling him- felf heavy. ; 4 MODERN DISCOVERIES REGARDING PERSPIRATION. Sancrorius deferves great commendation for the pro- digious pains he took in fo nicely and minutely obferving, Bir fo long a fpace of time, the different changes of the quantity of perfpiration upon different occafions. But is it not amazing, that in thirty years fpace, he -fhould never once have thought on inhalation, or reforp- tion from without ? If inhalation or reforption is not con- fidered, it is plain, that only the apparent, not the real, quantity of perfpiration can be found by flatical experi- ments. If, for example, the body, after ten hours, is found lighter than it was by ten ounces, without any fenfible difcharge, it doth not follow, that juft ten ounces, and no more, are exhaled during that fpace, be- caufe two or three ounces might have been gained in the fame time by the way of reforption; in which cafe, the real quantity of perfpiration is not ten, but twelve or thir- teen, ounces; fo that weighing the body fhews only the ex- cefs of the latter above the former, as Dr. Arbuthnot hath, and I believe the firft, diftin@tly and explicitly taught. A lad, at Newmarket, having been almoft f{tarved, in or- der that he might be reduced to a proper weight for riding a match, was weighed ‘at nine o’clock in the morning, and again at ten o’clock, and he was found to have gained near 30 ounces in the courfe of an hour, though he had only | N ounces 7 194 MODERN DISCOVERIES ON PERSPIRATION. drank half a glafs of wine in the interval.* A gentleman in the city was lately weighed before dinner, and was high- ly offended to find from his weight, not long aftér dinner, that he muft have eat, untefs fome deceit was played on him, above two pounds of beef-fteaks, fo much had he in- creafed in weight. In the year 1779, Dr. Ingenhouz aieeas that the animal body threw out azotic and fixed airs. In the very fame year, Mr. Cruickfhanks, the celebrated author of a work on the abforbent fyftem, and le&turer on anatomy in London, publifhed a fimilar difcovery; and in juftice to both characters, I muft obferve, as I heard from Dr. Ing- enhouz, that their refpe€tive works were in the prefs at the fame time. ‘This however is not the only inftance of two perfons, ignorant of each others purfuits, happening to hit upon the fame thing. Nothing was more fimple than the experiment of thefe philofophers; the hand was immerfed under quickfilver and the bubbles of air colle&t- ed, and it was difcovered, that the difcharge from the fur- face of the body was, x. Two parts fixed air. . One part agotte air. 3. A quantity of agueous fluid, nae contained the dif. ferent falts of the body. e To thefe difcoveries, confirmed f Mr. Abernethy, lec- turer on anatomy at Bartholomew’s hofpital, was added an important faét, that the abforbents had the power of feparating the oxygen air from the azotic, that is, of de- compofing our atmofphere, as alfo of abforbing fixed and other airs. EXPERIMENT * From Dr. Watfon’s Chemical Effays. MR. ABERNETHY’S EXPERIMENTS. 195 EXPERIMENT. i. The Lermometer betzvcen 50° ana 60% aN filled and inverted, fays Mr. Abernethy, a jar in quick- filver, and threw up into it one meafure of atmofplieric air, which could contain feven ounces of water The quickfilver was depreffed two inches and a half from the top of the jar. After moving my hand ten minutes be- neath the furface of the quickfilver, to detach any common air which might adhere to it, I put it up into the ait in the jar, and there retained it for the fpace df an hour. Before I withdtew my hand,I depreffed it beneath the furface of the quickfilver, ftill keeping it within the glafs, and agitated it in this fituation, for ten minutes: this was done that I might not remove any of the air, which was the fubje&t of the experiment. - The fame conduét was purfued in all the fubfequent experiments. After five hours expofure of the hand to this air, the quantity in the glafs was diminifbed about half an ounce. It might have been expected that the perfpiration would have increafed the bulk of the air; but in this experiment, the ab/orption feemed to furpafs in quantity the fecretion: I now threw up into the j jar lime water, by which nearly an ounce of air was rapidly abforbed,; and the lime was precipitated ; the remaining air being examined by the ad- dition of nitrous gas, was found to contain nearly one fixth lefs of oxygen gas, than it did before the experiment. In another fimilar experiment, after the hand had con- tinued nine hours in the air, I found more than one ounce meafure of carbonic gas, or fixed air, had been ptoduced, and the remaining air being examined by the eudiometer, N 2 contained 196 MR. ABERNETHY S: EXPERIMENTS). contained one fourth lefs of oxygen than before the experi- ment.. | It might, perhaps, here be inquired, does: the oxygenous gas of the atmofphere contribute to the formation of the carbonic gas ?—Both reafon and experiment reply. that it does not; for if oxygenous gas combined with carbon on: the furface of the fkin, much heat fhould be produced at the time of their combination ; but this production of heat — is not found to take place. Experiments alfo thew that carbonic gas is perfpired from the veffels; for into what- ever air the hand be immerfed, the quantity of carbonic gas given out will be nearly the fame. This is a. point which I have determined by careful experiment. EXPERIMENT II,. Having filled and"inverted a jar in quickfilver, I put up into it a feven-ounce meafure of agotic gas. I purfued the plan related in the former experiment, to avoid adding to, or abftraCting from, this air. After two hours expof- ure of the hand, on throwing up lime water, a rapid and confiderable diminution of air followed fo that rather more than an ounce of carbonic gas was produced, when no oxygen was prefent. ‘The increafe of the quantity of carbonic gas is accounted for in this experiment, by the heat of the atmofphere: being greater, which difpofed the {kin to more copious per{piration. | I made fimilar experiments with the ydrogenous and nitrous gafes : in thefe an equal quantity of carbonic gas was produced ; and when the hand was furrounded by oxygen, the quantity of carbonic gas was not much greater. EXPERIMENY ‘MR. ABERNETHY’S EXPERIMENTS. 197 EXPERIMENT III. Thermometer about 50°. 4 next wifhed to difcover what effet the a@tion of the “thand would produce on carbonic gas. 28 Into a glafs jar filled with, and inverted in, quickfilver, I . introduced fix ounces of carbonic gas, and expofed my hand to it, for the {pace of nine hours, in the manner, and with the precautions, before related. In that time the air was reduced in quantity to lefs than three ounces, A por- tion of the carbonic gas was examined, by the addition of dime water, before the experiment, when it was almoft wholly abforbed, an unexaminable bubble only remained. When the remaining gas was examined by lime water, af- ter the experiment, a cenfiderable quantity of azotic gas, which doubtlefs exhaled from the hand, was found mixed | with it. — | I twice repeated this experiment, with fimilar events, though with rather lefs diminution in the quantity of car. bonic gas:/it was however fufficiently evident, that the abforption of this gas by the {kin was very copious and xapide er : EXPERIMENT Iv. Thermometer 80°. The abforption of carbonic gas makes it difficult to af- certain precifely the quantity perfpired,.fince that gas which is thrown out from the body by fecretion, will probably be re-admitted by abforption: I therefore withed to difcove, the quantity of carbonic gas perfpired in one hour. The hand being retained one hour in five ounces of ni- trous gas, no afcent nor depreflion of the quickfilver wag N 3 remarked, 4 age 198 MR. ABERNETHY'S EXPERIMENTS. gh ae ; ' remarked. On the introduction of lime water into the glafs, jix drams of carbonic gas were abforbed. In a fimilar experiment with atmofpheric air, after the expiration of an hour, the quickfilver had rather rifen, and three drams of carbonic gas were difcovered by lime water, In another experiment, in which hy ‘drogenous gas was ems ployed, Sour drams of carbonic gas were found at the ter- mination of an hour. - 3 , All the laft related experiments were performed 1 in very hot weather. If two drams of carbonic gas were emitted in an hour, as the quantity ufually obtained in five hours was but one ounce, it would be a fufficient demonftration of the abforption of a part of the air perfpired. Neither are thefe experiments conclufive as to the precife quantity | of air emitted ; for even in an hour part of that which is exhaled will be again imbibed. When I firft attempted the experiments with carbonic gas, I fuppofed that the ab- forbents would receive it reluCtantly ; for I thought that matter which was thrown out from the {kin in fuch quan tities, could neither be requifite nor falutary to the body. The experiment proved that | was miftaken, and there are reafons to fhew the falubrity of this gas. When it is ad- mitted into the ftomach, it is generally found beneficial, When employed as a local application, iis ftimulus is ules ful, and when in combination with the blood, it probably poe eel ferviceable effects, EXPERIMENT V, Thermometer between 60°. and 709% The experiments that have been related, indiftinétly thew, that a {mall quantity of one kind of air, when mix- ed MR. ABERNETHY’S EXPERIMENTS. 199 ed with a larger proportion of another, can be abftracted from it by the a€tion of the animal body. This circum- ftance will be hereafter fully proved. I will now relate agpepeninent” ‘that was made in fupport of this opinion, as it was performed beneath quickfilver, and in the fame manner with thofe which immediately precede it, Into a jar, filled with, and inverted over, quickfilver, three meafures of axotic gas and three of carbonic were introduced; the two airs depreffed the quickfilver two inches and a half, and occupied the fpace’ef feven ounces of water. After five hours expofure of the hand, the air contained in the jar filled the fpace of only five ounces and a half of water; on putting up lime water to this air, it was diminifhed to three ounces. In this experiment one ounce and a half-of carbonic gas appears to have been re- moved, and half an ounce of azot ; but if you admit that ene ounce of carbonic gas was perfpired during this ex- periment, and one third of an ounce of azotic, the quanti~ ty of air eftimated to be abforbed is increafed, but the proportions remain unaltered. ESRI MENT VI. pas Re: a 60°) In the experiments with common air, I have mentioned ‘that it contained lefs oxygen after it had undergone the operation of the hand, than before it became the fubjeét of experiment. A queftion here occurs, does this variation proportionably arife from the addition of the one gas, or the removal of the other? That it is owing to abforption will, i believe, be evident, from the following experiments.— N 4 Although 200 MR, ABERNETHY'S EXPERIMENTS. Although the addition made to any kind of air cannot be accurately afcertained when water is employed, yet, if the hand removes any portion of air, that removal. will be afcertained by examination ; “neither does the experiment | appear liable to deception. In the experiments next re- lated, the air was confined by water; this gave | me an op- portunity of ufing larger veflels, and expofing a greater extent of furface of the {kin to the conta of the air. J] forbore particularly to remark the quantity of air abforbed in the foregoing experiments; for though it correfponded to thofe which I fhall next relate, yet the correfpondence “was not uniform, and the degree of abforption | was lefs evident. “yd I filled and inverted a jar in water, ‘and put up into it twenty-four ounces, by meafure, of atmofpheric air ; to this the hand was expofed for twelve hours, the fame pre~ cautions being ufed to avoid adding to, or taking from, the air contained in the jar. ‘The water had rifen in the vef- fel, and about two ounces and a half of the air were ree moved ;' that which remained was examined by the eudi- ometer, when two meafures of it, and one of nitrous gas, filled ihe {pace of nearly two meafures, and one third of another : it therefore follows, that about one half of the ufual quantity of oxygenous gas was removed from the other part of the atmofphere. That there could be no additton of nitrogenous gas capable of fo greatly altering the proportions of thefe gafes, muft, I think, be too evi- dent to need argument for its proof. Similar experiments were afterwards made with correfpondent events. In the experiments made under quickfilver, the abftration of oxygen was equally evident and confiderable; it therefore APP eae that the animal body is capable of taking away the oxygen MR. ‘ABERNETHY S EXPERIMENTS. 201 oxygen, when in intimate mixture, with a much greater. quantity of, azot- ‘The avidity with which oxygen is ab- forbed, will be’ made ftill more ‘confpicucuily evident by . the following comparative ie hares ¥ ae ae el OT aE malay fA eis 4 rwI98 EXPERIMENT VII. a filled and inverted two jars in water, into one I put twenty-four ounces, by meafure, of azote gas, into the other the like quantity of oxygen. ‘The hand was put into thefe ; airs alternately, and retained. there for an hour each time : after it had been expofed to each for eight hours, the water rofe one eighth of an inch in the bottle contain- ‘ing the azotic gas, and nearly a whole inch in that. cons taining the oxygen. On/eftimating the quantity, ene by weighing the water which filled the bottles to the dif. ferent marks, it appeared that ome twentieth part only of the- azotic gas was removed, but one third of the oxygenous gas was gone. The remaining oxygenous gas was found to contain one eight more of azotic gas than before the experiment, I next examined the degree of celerity with which other gafes would be imbibed. Hit EXPERIMENT VIII. Having filled and inverted a jar in water, and put into it thirteen ounces of mitrous gas, I retained my hand in this air, at different times, five hours, in which time three punces were abforbed. My hand being retained for as many hours in a like quantity of hydrogen gas, not more than one ounce and a half was removed. “The removal of a quantity of oxygen gas from common air, is furely a curious circumflance ; if this be the effedt , of 202 MR. ABERNETHY § EXPERIMENTS. of an aétion in the abforbing veffels, it muft much exalt our ideas of their fubtility, and their aptitude, or difpofition, to admit one f{pecies of matter, and to reject another. That _ the abftraction of one air, in preference to another, dé- pends upon this caufe, I believe will not, on reflection, be doubted; it might indeed be fufpe&ted, that oxygenous gas was feparated from the atmofphere by the fkin, as it is in the lungs by chemical attraction: but it has been proved that carbonic gas is removed with equal celerity ; and experiments on animal fubftance fhew in them a dife pofition rather to part with, than to imbibe, carbonic gas. The removal of this air is therefore not likely to’ be the effect of chemical affinity. The different degrees of celerity with which other gafes are admitted, feem to efta- blifh the opinion, that the removal of one kind of air in preference to another is the effe€t of an aétive Selecting power in the abforbing veffels. _ The experiments which have been related fatisfactorily prove the quality of the aeriform perfpiration; perhaps the proportions may occafionally vary, but, as nearly as 1 can determine, it confifts of rather more than two parts of - carbonic, with the remainder of azotze gas. The quantity of the matter perfpired is with lefs certainty afcertained 5 in one hour I obtained four drams of carbonic gas: but it fhould be remembered, that thefe experiments were made in very hot weather ; and it alfo deferves notice, that. the quantity of the cutaneous perfpiration is fubje& to great variety. In every experiment abforption was found to be equal to perfpiration, in many it was much more copious ; efpecially when the air to which the fkin was expofed was falutary to theconftitution. The oxygenous and carbonic gafes are very readily imbibed; whilft the zztrous, hydrogenous, A and MR, ABERNETHY’S EXPERIMENTS, 203 and azote gafes, tardily gain admittance into the abforbing veffels. In experiment vy. from about half of the furface of the hand two ounces anda half of carbonic gas were abforbe ed in five hours ; in athe experiments, irom the hand and welts there was imbibed, In eight hours 8 ounces of oxygenous gas. In.five hours - 3 do. -— nitrous gas. In five hours 1% do. — hydrogenous gas. In eight hours 1 do. — azotic gas. EXPERIMENT IX. Thermometer 65°. TI next endeavoured to afcertain the quantity and quality of aqueous perfpiration. I introduced my hand and fore arm into a glafs jar covers ed with bladder ; 5 an aperture was left in the bladder, to admit my arm, round which the bladder was tied; fo that the afcent of any vapour was prevented. In fix hours I procured nearly three dranzs of limpid taftelefs water. The quantity colleéted correfponds with the refult of Mr. Cruikfhank’s experiments, who obtained the water of per- fpiration in the fame manner. Half of this liquid was eva- porated by a gentle heat; there remained a fmall refidue on the glafs, which had a very flight tafte of fait. The other half was fuffered to ftand many days, in which time no change appeared ; it did not then alter the colour of the vegetable blue. Into one portion of this watery liquor marine acid was dropped, which caufed no coagulation or recipitation of animal matters into the other fome cauftic alkali was poured, which produced no vifible effe@. I : therefore 204 MR. ABERNETHY S EXPERIMENTS: therefore concluded that the water of perfpiration in a ftate of health, contains little or hati ys except a very si portion of falt. ; ey ut - Perfpiration is generally faid to be fenfible, 0 or infenfibles perhaps it may be better diftinguifhed by aertform or watery. It may be expected, that a general eftimate of ' the quantity of this fecretion fhould be attempted ; but the difficulties which oppofe any accuracy. of flatement are confiderable. In thefe experiments the procefs was not continued under its ufual circumftances; the arm was fur- rounded by water, or quickfilver; and when in the latter — fluid, the circulation was in fome degree interrupted by its afcenfion and preflure againft the edge of the jar. For the uncertainty which thefe circumftances occafion, allow- ance mult be made; but before-an eftimate of the quantity of 'perfpiration be attempted, the extent of the furface of. the body fhoulid be known. Mr. Cruickfhank fuppofes the extend of the hand to be to that of the body as one to fixty; it is much more, according to my computation. After ineffe@tually endeavouring in different ways to mea- fure the furface of the body, I concluded that I fhould ap- proach neareft to its true extent by meafuring the circum-. ference of the trunk and limbs at different parts ; and hav- ing thus obtained the mean circumference, I coulé then calculate the extent of their furface, as if they were cylin= ders, the dimenfions of which were afcertained. The fur- face of the head, hand, and foot, I computed, by applying paper, cut as the occafion required, over thefe parts; af- terwards placing the feparate pieces of paper fo as to form an extended plane, I meafured its extent. I thall mention thefe meafurments, that the reader may correct them if -he fhould think them in the leaft erroneous. Ifa man be five feet - 7 MR. ABERNETHY’ S CEP RIME NTS, 206 feet fix inches high, I will fhippte! the mean circumference of the trunk of his body to be thirty-three inches, and its length, from the top of the fternum to about the sh abe cise var ai . Square inches. ‘The extent of furface of sie lies will there- Rapes be wegen ys . “ orien 26 The circumference of the neck 13 Hee length from the fternum to the chin 3 inches ee 4103 OF The farface of the head, and back of the neck 286 “The mean circumference of the arm 10 inches, its _ length 12. Surface of both arms. ‘ 240 The mean circumference of the fore arm 8 inches, its length 10. Surface of both fore arms . 160 The furface of the hands and wrifts meafuring to the extremities of the bones of the fore arm 340 The mean circumference of the thigh r7 inches, its length 16, Surface of both thighs , pit SAK The mean Be aaierence of the leg 11 inches, its length 14. Surfaceofbothlegs .. .. 308 Surface of both feet 2 : ; : 182 Allow for folds of the fkin, aceatitirs of the fur- face, &c. “ : . . : ; 75 The extent of the furface of the body will be oo 200 Fhe fuperficial extent of the hand and wrift,. according: to this calculation, is to that of the body as one to about thirty-eight and a half. In experiment rv. the Jeaft quantity: of carbonic gas emitted from the hand, in one hour, was three drams by meafure ; it may be fuppofed that the heat of the weather incréafed the fecretion from the fkin; let us therefore con- fider two drams as the ordinary quantity. If then the per-: fpiration of all parts were equal, feventy-feven dram meas fures 406 MR: mae ee EXPERIMENTS5 fares of bs anda gas oe a third of that quantity of az otic gas, would be emitted from the body in the fpace of one hour. If we alfo fuppofe pefpiration to be at all times equal, nearly three gallons of air would be thrown out from ~ the body in the courfe of one day. Although the quantity of air perfpired is fo large, yet the weight of the body will not be much altered by its lofs; it is the agueous per/pira- tion by which this will be principally diminifhed. When — the thermometer was between 60° and 70°, I obtained about ¢hirty grains of fluid from my hand and part of the fore arm in an hour; the furface from which this fecretion was made I compute to be one twenty-fifth part of the ex- tent of the body. The fuppofition being allowed, that perfpiration is at all times, and in every part, equal, about two pounds and a half is the lofs of water which the body would in one hot day fuftain. Ip moft of the experiments which I have made, the aé/orption of air was equal to the perfpiration; in many it was much greater, efpecially if the air was falubrious to which the fkin was expofed. - Experiment vi. makes is appear probable, that if the zaked body was expofed to freth currents of the atmofphere, that only the oxygenous parts would be abforbed; the decompofi- tion of which, in the body, would produce an increafe of animal. heat, which might in fome degree make up the lofs- fuftained by the expofure. Our clotbing probably pte- vents very much this effect, and perhaps makes it lefs ne- ceflary. Ifthe perfpired carbonic gas be confined by our garments, it feems likely that it will be taken up again by the abforbents. Whether the body does ufually imbibe water from the atmofphere, adequate to the lofs fuftained by aqueous perfpiration, is uncertain. But I am inclined to fuppofe, that the abforption of arr from the fkin is nears ly equal to the fecretion. Pee NUMBER VL OF THE FOREIGN AUTHORS WHO WROTE CONCERNING HEALTH, FROM THE TIME OF SANCTORIUS, TILL THE TREATY OF UTRECHT.* : An attempt to analyfe the numerous foreign authors who wrote regarding health ‘and longevity, from the time of San@orius, till the peace of Utrecht, would be indeed a laborious undertaking ; but the author of the Hiftory of Health having given a fhort account of fome of the moft remarkable amongft them, it may be fufficient to extract from his work the particulars which he mentions. He begins with remarking the great advantage which phyficians derive from a knowledge of the nature and quantity of infenfible perfpiration, afcertained by San¢tori- us; and the glorious difcovery of the circulation of the blood, which the immortal Harvey publifhed about the year 1628. Some of the following authors, however, could not avail themfelves of thefe important difcoveries, being made pofterior to their time. Rodericus a Fonfeca, a Portuguefe of Lifbon, principal profeffor of phyfic in the univerfity of Pifa, and afterwards of Padua, publifhed, anno 1602, a treatife De tuenda vale- : tudine @ Extracted from M‘Kenzie’s Hiftory of Health, page 291. 908 AURELIUS ANSELMUS, &&¢. zudine et producenda vita, ad Ferdinandum Medicem magnuigt Hetrurie ducem; in which he propofes to conduct the infirm as well as the robuft, to a healthy old age. He de- clares that he collected his rules from the Greeks and the Arabians, but more particularly from Galen’s fix books of Preferving health, The fix things neceffary to human life, are by him called the fix inftruments * by which health is maintained. He was undoubtedly a man of. learning and good fenfe, and has made a judicious collection es foretul precepts from the ancients. Aurelius Anfelmus of Mantua publifhed his Geroco- gnica five de fenum regimine, anno 1606. He was chief phyfician to the duke of Mantua, though but a young man, and declares, that he writes concerning old age, becaufe it is the only period of life, in which a man may be properly faid to live, as it excels all other periods in underftanding and prudence. * Old people are much obliged to him for « his good opinion of them ; but it is obvious that his rules © to direét them muft be grounded upon the experience of s© others.” To him fhall be fubjoined, Francifcus Ranchinus, profeffor at Montpelier, who alfo publifhed a Gerocomice de fenum confervatione, et fenilinm morborum curatione, anno 1625. It is a very judicious per- formance, and fhews the author to have been a man of erudition and good underftanding. Rodolphus Goclenius, a German phyfician, dedicated a treatife, De vita proroganda, to Frederic count palatine of the Rhine, and Otho landgrave of Hefle, anno 1608. He * Inftrumenta illa, cum quibus fervatur fanitas, diligenter explicand& fust': hac vero funt numero fex, aér, cibus, potus, &c. CLAUDIUS DIODATUS, &c. 209 colleéted his materials from feveral hiftorians, philofophers, and phyficians, ancient and modern; and has illuftrated his medical precepts with hiftorical facts, which renders them both ufeful and entertaining. Claudius Diodatus, phyfician to the bifhop of Bafil, . publithed, anno 1628, his Pantheon Hygiafticon Hippo- craticum Hermeticum, de hominis vita ad centum et viginti annos falubriter producenda. But notwithftanding the great expectation which he raifes by this high title, his book (full of the vain boafts of the chymifts) i is calculated rather to obtrude particular noftrums than to give prudent rules for the government of health. _ Johannes Jonftonus, a Polifh* phyfician, of good re- putation, addreffed to a nobleman of that country a treatife called Idea Hygieines vecenfita, anno 1661. He difcourfes of the fi ix infiruments of health, and recites the common rules in a neat Roman ftyle. Some authors of this period have taken the trouble. to write again{t particular forts of food in common ufe. To give but one inftance,. Joannes Petrus: Lotichius publithed a diflertation againft cheefe, anno 1643, entitled Tracia- tus medicus philologicus novus de casei nequitia, which feems to be rather ludicrous than ferious or valuable. I fhall take notice of one foreign performance more, con- cerning health, becaufe it is fomewhat different from any that we have hitherto mentioned. , In * I thought, by his name, that he was a Scotchman, but found my miftake in the following paragraph : “ Nen ingratum tibi et relique no- “ bilitati futurum, fi me patriis laribus reflituerem, reddita’tandem, per “ Sueci regis mortem, pace.’ Vo, Ll. O 210 > . BERNARDIN RAMAZZINI. In the year 1710, Bernardin Padoaicds principal pro- feflor of phyfic in the univerfity of Padua, publifhed a book for the ufe of Raynald, duke of Modena, entitled De prin- cipum valetudine tuenda commentatio. The health of a good prince, fays he, is the greateft blefling imaginable to the public. And this he confirms. by the example of the Romans, who fell into the utmoft grief and confternation upon hearing that Germanicus was dangeroufly ill at An- tioch; and prefently, upon a fudden report that he grew better, ran with excefs of joy into the Capitol, burfting the ‘doors, and crying out, ‘* Rome is fafe, our country is happy, ‘*Germanicus lives!” But foon after, when they were affured » that he was dead, gave way to their fury, broke down the temples of the gods, overturned their altars, and threw ig guardian deities of Rome into the ftreets. A prince who regards his health, continues he, fhould permit his phyfician to remind him of the following parti- culars.—« 1, He fhould be put in mind of the annual changes of the feafons, that his clothes, palace, furniture, and method of living, may be adapted to. them. 2, He fhould be advertifed when any epidemical diftem- per begins to fpread, that he may remove into ‘a more healthy air: 3, As the variety of delicacies, which cover the tables ~ of princes, is a great temptation to excefs, they fhould be exhorted to partake of a moderate quantity of fuch things only as they know by experience to agree with their con- ftitution. ‘4, Princes fhould not be fatigued with baGaet foon af. ter dinner, nor with any bufinefs at all after fupper, but fhould follow the example of Auguftus Cefar, who would neither BERNARDIN RAMAZZINI: SIL neither read nor write letters after fupper, left they fhould difturb his fleep. | 5, It is thameful in a prince to be a afineaed, and “thereby become the jeft of the mob; as Claudius Tiberius Nero was, in derifion, called Caldius Biberius Mero. Let princes imitate Julius Cefar, who, as Suetonius informs us, vin parciffimus fuit; and Auguftus, who rarely drank | above three glaffes after fupper. . | 6, Manly exercifes, fuitable to their high rank, according tothe cuftom of the country, and efpecially riding on horfe- back, fhould be recommended to princes. They fhould alfo indulge themfelves in other innocent and genteel recrea- tions, and never fail to admit young people to partake of their diverfions. ; 7, The conftitution of the prince fhould be carefully ftudied, and well underftood by his phyfician: and his diet, exetcife, and evacuations, ought to be regulated ac- cordingly. 8, No man is ignorant of the bad effects which violent paflions produce in the human body. Anger, fear, grief, and even exceflive joy, have been the caufes of death to many. Amd princes are fo far from having any right of exemption from thefe paflions, that they are generally more expofed to them than any of their fubjeéts. “ Let a man « read (fays our author) the forty-fifth* chapter of the O 2 “¢ feventh * Pliny there mentions the vexations Auguftus met with from his worthlefs affociates, Lepidus and Mark Antony.—The neceflity of concealing himfelf for three days in a ditch, after a defeat; feditions and mutinics in the army ; hatred of banifhed citizens; {nares laid to take his life away; treachery and wickednefs of his own family and friends; peftilence and famine in Italy ; a fixed refolution to die, in confequence of which he fafted four days, whereby he was brovght to death’s door; and, at laft, the mortification of leaving the fon of his enemy. his beir and, fusieffor to the empire. (212-- BERNARDIN RAMAZZINI. .& feyenth book of Pliny’s Natural hiftory, and when he has “¢ confidered the many misfortunes, dangers, terrors, and “¢ real calamities which Auguftus encountered, let him ho- ‘¢ neftly declare whether or not he envies that exalted ruler “* of the world.” — It fhould, therefore, be the phyfician’s ftudy to know what paffions his prince is moft prone to, that, in the favourable moments of good humour, he may refpectfully recommend a diet and craranetan proper to fub. due thofe enormities. » 2ke es Pas Aa Hey ¢" | | s vi: i Lie - : | a eh NUMBER: VIL. ; Cy ey een , | OF Meaty ten * THE ART OF MEDICINE AMONG THE CHINESE, Ir cannot be faid that medicine has been negleéted among the Ghinefe, for they have a gréat number of ancient au- thors who treat of it, having applied themfelves thereto from the foundation of the empire. But as they were very littled verfed in natural philofo- phy, and not at all in anatomy, fo that they fcarce knew the ufes of the parts of the human body, and confequently were unacquainted with the caufes of distempers, depend- ing on a doubtful fyftem of the ftru€ture of the human ~ frame, it is no wonder they have not made the fame pro- grefs in this fcience as our phyficians in Europe. However, the ftudy of medicine has always been great- ly efteemed by this nation: not only becaufe it is ufeful for the prefervation of life, and the recovery of health, but be- caufe they believe there is a clofe connection between it and the motions of the heavens. There were formerly imperial fchools for the improve- ment of medicine; but the phyficians at prefent in greateft efteem, are thofe whofe anceftors were phyficians before them, and transmitted their knowledge from father to fon. But the only particulars mentioned by Du Halde, con- . nected with our prefent fubje@, are contained in the fol- lowing extracts. 03 CHAN vy Ke , me Me es 214 THE ART OF MEDICINE eae . | ini. \ y row gh 34 iat 4 CHAN SENG: OR, THE “ART OF PROCURING. HEALTH AND LONG LIFE. > | sotweH Tyen hath numbered our days, and is the maf. *“ wr of them, yet if taken rightly, it may be faid he hath icst them in our own difpofal ; for the fupreme Tyen is no reipe€ter of perfons: nothing moves him but virtue; and 5 Shofoever practifeth it, hath within himfelf a fure evidence of his friendfhip.. They then who would prolong their life — ~ muit immediately ftudy to be virtuous. A regular care of the body, fupported by the conftant praétice of virtue, will make-that conftitution hail and ftrong, from whence will’ follow a long and happy life. Give me leave in this place to relate what happened to myfelf. ne digas The blind fondnefs of ‘a mother, who had not shies refo- lution to contradict me in my infancy, but imdulged. my appetite in every thing, entirely ruined my conftitution, and loaded me with infirmities. My father, who had already ** Joft.my,two elder brothers, and who in an adyanced age ® had no child but me, was inconfolable. He had applied to the moft able phyficians;, but their medicines only in- creafed my.diforder.. When there were no hopes of my recovery, my fathes faid within himfelf, there is but one way left to fave my fon, and:that is to do works of cha- rity, which move the heart of Tyen: from that time he fet ‘ himfelf upon building bridges, repairing highways, giving clothes to the poor, ‘tea to travellers, and fending victuals: to the prifoners, fo that in ‘one year’s time he was at a con~ fiderable expence in thefe charitable works; nor was this in vain; it was vifible that, without ufing any phyfic, I by little and little regained an healthy look, my ftomach and my AMONG THE CHINESE. — 215 ‘my ftrength returned, and my father found me in a condi- tion fit to apply myfelf to ftudy ; he provided me an able matter, and of a very mild temper fuitable to my delicate conftitution; but my application to reading at length occa- _ fioned a very dangerous relapfey out of which I with great difficulty efcaped, Then my father made mea choice col- le€tion of more than one hundred books of phyfic, and gave * me orders to confine my ftudy to that fcience. ‘This,’ faid he,’ ‘ will do you fervice, and make you helpful to others.’ Tread _ thofe long treatifes, but fo far from learning to recover my ftrength thereby, that I perceived it grow lefs every day ; fo pr gave over phyfic, and bent my thoughts fincerely to practice : virtue : I confulted with able perfons, I perufed alfo fome books proper to my defign, and adding my own reflections to what I had learnt, I framed for myfelf a regimen of life, which hath fucceeded perfe@tly well with me; for from a lean and infirm ftate, I in a few years found my- ° {elf plump and found ; and for one of my age I nave a freth colour, a body ftrong, and free from all indifpofition, «and fee myfelf the head of a numerous family, which enjoy perfect health. | ° In fort, among the many maxims whick have been communicated to me in converfation, or which I have found in books, fome not fufhciently warranted I rejected, others which were fcarce intelligible I cleared up, and out of all I have formed to myfelf a plan of life, which hath aftablith * ed me in my prefent happy ftate: however confined my _ obfervations may be, yet I believe the world will be obli- ged to me for making them public, . ‘becaufe they an be of ufe to preferve men from the infirmities fo common in life, and to procure them, as I have done, an agreeable old age, without having my hearing, fight, or any other of my fenifes, impaired thereby. | . O4 Thefe ae es. . of Wee : + % iL Ld ie wi 5. ae he ¥ * an ae r * * & Sagi 3 e- W - $ 216 THE ART OF MEDICINE Thefe maxims may be reduced to four heads, which con~ fift in the regulation of, 1. The heart and its affections ; 2. The ufe of diet; 3. The bufinefs of the day; 4. oRent at t night. ‘ THE REGULATION OF THE HEART AND ITS “ AFFECTIONS. e ~ ¥ han a Tue heart is in man what the roots are to the tree, and the {pring to the river ; it prefides over the whole man, and . as foon as the art of governing it is known, the faculties of Ry the foul and the five fenfes are likewife under command ; it ought therefore to’be our firft care to keep a guard over the defires and affections of the heart; and that your care may be attended with fuccefs— 1. Employ not yourfelf im any thoughts and def fons but what lead to virtue. The principal duties of fociety are thefe,—fidelity to the fupreme magiftrate, obedience to pa- rents, moderation and equity. Upon the pra¢tice of thefe vircues every one fhould, when he retires in order to make his evening refle€tions, ferioufly examine himfelf. Limit not your endeavours only to the perfecting yourfelf, but {trive moreover to make your virtue beneficial and ufeful. Comes there then any thought into your head ? are you about to fay any thing? do you form any fcheme in your mind ? refle& upon it before hand, and afk yourfelf thefe quef- tions :—Is what I think, what I am about to fay or do, be- neficial or injurious to others ? If it be beneficial, fpeak or * act, notwithftanding the difficulties that difcourage you ; - if it be injurious, never allow yourfelf i in fuch views, dif- courfes or attempts. Further, that you may keep from being furprifed into the committing what'is wrong, watch every moment over your ‘ “ i AMONG THE CHINESE. 217 your heart, defcend often into yourfelf, and pardon your- felf no fault. It is only by vigorous endeavours, efpecially at the beginning, that we improve in virtue. A man thus ~ attentive and watchful over himfelf, though he muft, , aCe cording to the courfe of human affairs, be expofed’ to va- rious accidents, yet he will find by experience the effects of a fecret protection, which by unknown ways will pree ferve him from every misfortune. ar, Keep peace in your heart. When a man’s heart i is filled with agreeable views, and fuch as are agreeable forte. *. ‘maintaining union in civil fociety, his thoughts fhine forth i in his countenance; his inward joy and ferenity of mind. Ws {parkle i in all the outer man, and every one perceives the ° yas true and folid {weetnefs and fatisfaction which he taftes in... the inmoft receffes of his foul. This is what the ancients would have us underftand by thefe figurative expreffions: a ferene fly, a fine fun, a gentle zephyr, charming clouds, infpire men, and even 1 birds, with joy; on the other hand, gloomy weather, boifterous wind, heavy rain, violent thun- — der, and continual lightnings, terrify the very birds, who fly for fhelter to the thickeft woods. A wife man therefore G Pe + fhould always appear with a countenance breathing that — «> peace and tranquillity which he enjoys within himfelf. em It isa maxim, that violent paflions, fuch as hatred, ane =... ger, forrow, rend the heart. As itis no eafymattertolive © . in fociety without frequent fubje&s of difpute and unea- > ~ finefs, we ought to-take prudent meafures, and be upon our guard, againft thefe enemies of our peace. Am I threatened with a troublefome affair, I meet the form with a compofed mind, and endeavour to quell it. Am F. involved in it againft my will, I labour to furmount it, without lofing any thing of my ufual freedom of temper. *. Have i taken wrong meafues, I am-not obftinate in jufti- * fying * t Th 918 THR ART OF MEDICINE fying my proceedings. If to retrieve a misfortune, any one gives me difhoneft counfel, I am fo far from following it, that I do not give it the hearing. If in any affair there happens a difappointment which I could not prevent, I fuit myfelf in fome meafure to it; is it over? I think no more of it. Ifa man, after having aéted according to his knowledge, fubmits. _ the event to the decrees of heaven, nothing can difturb the - Joy of his heart. On the contrary, if upon the bad iffue of a rafh undertaking, a man is obftinately bent upon making 4¢ fucceed, if he revolves in his mind a thoufand ufelefs:pro- jects, and gives up himfelf to the violent motions of anger, he kindles a fire in his bowels which confumes them, his lungs are as it were burnt up, the blood and humours altered and put into an unnatural ferment, the corrupt phlegm drowns the internals, and the habit of the body being thus’ difordered, vifibly waftes away. Were thofe phyficians, Lu and Lyen, to come again into the world, they could not, with all their fkill, and with the aflitance of vegetables and mine- als, repair the radical moifture already deftroyed ; hence comes that faying, ¢ that if the excefles of debauchery make great havoc in the body, the vexation mand pain of the mind makes ftill greater.’ I obferve in particular, three great difeedae of the cgi which are caufed by anger and forrow. 1. The liveris hurt, and by this means the ative prin- ciples of the blood, the fource of the vital fpirits, are not _fecreted but remain blended together. Sometimes the liver communicates its diforder by confent of parts to the pleura, which degenerates into a tumour and univerfal in- flation. 2. The lungs are damaged + whence it Rit. that the blood, and the air that is taken i in, endeavouring to find a | pallage AMONG THE CHINESE. — F19° paflage where obftruéted, an irritation enfues, thence a fpitting of blood, which at laft ends in a ie gee con- famption. ) ; 3 “The ae is E Ypoilel: and confequently the Hach of its glands, whence proceeds the fermentation proper for digeftion, becomes vifcous, and lofes its virtue with its | natural fluidity ; this deftroys the appetite, till at laft the. ftomach is difabled from receiving nourifhment. ‘The - oefophagus, or gullet, is feized with a fort of palfy, which — prevents it from laying hold of, and thrufting forward the — food towards the mouth of the ftomach, which turns and rifes at the leaft approach of it. Pak ie Such are the fatal effets of violent paffions. When 2 heart is habitually poffefled by them, what help can a man hope for, and of whom can/he complain but of himfelf ? "rir. Refle& often upon the happinefs of your condition. He is happy who underftands his happinefs; and yet how many do we fee who have not a contented mind amidft the greateft profperity ? - They are unhappy, becaufe they will be fo. The empire is in peace; the year is fruitful; fee the’ great felicity which Tyen hath freely given us: If I lead an eafy and quiet life at home, what have I more to with for? That I may the better relith my happinefs, I often confider that I live at eafe in my houfe, whilft fo many travellers have the inconveniencies of wind, duft, and rain, to undergo ; or fail upon rivers-or lakes in the height of a ftorm, which raifes mountains of water, ready to {wallow them up every _ moment; whilft fo many fick are confined to their beds, and feel the acuteft pains, without finding eafe from medi- cines ; whilft fo many unfortunate perfons are under un- juft profecutions, or languifh in a prifon, deftitute of friends, fuffering hunger, thirft, cold, and many other miferies in- feparable from their confinement; whilft fo many families . are ‘~ 220 THE ART OF MEDICINE. are in mourning for the death of their neareft relations, or undone by a fire, or fome other like accident ; and whilft many others feek to end their miferies with their lives, by violent means. WhenI compare myfelf with thefe un- happy perfons, and fee myfelf free from the evils with which they are furrounded, cannot I be content with my lot ? ae Bey He who never met with croffes knows not the value of a quiet life. Thofe which I have experienced are now of great ufe to me; for befides the two great fits of ficknefs already mentioned, which had brought me through much pain to the gates of death, I very narrowly efcaped thip- wreck. When a difappointment befals me, IT make myfelf eafy by thus reafoning with myfelf,—Is there any thing in this affair comparable to any one of thofe trials which I have already gone through? Did we recur to the fame remedy in affi€tion, we fhould learn from our own experience, that it is in our power, with a little refleCtion, to make a good ufe of that portion of happinefs which Tyen hath given us. On the contrary, he who fets no bounds to his defires, were he to acquire the riches and glory of an em- pire, would ftill think he wanted every thing. Let us confider that our powers are limited; let not then our de- fires be unbounded ; let us take things as they come; and | efpecially be careful not to give up ourfelves to continual folicitude and anxiety, which will rob us of the moft valu- able moments of life. is The celebrated Yen, my countrymen, had a fine maxim —< If,” faid he, * your ftate of life be mended, think lefs upon what you have not than upon what you have; other- wife you will be always defiring, and will never fee your defires fatisfied. If you fall below your former condition, fay thus to yourfelf: what is left is fufficient ; my fubftance 5 may AMONG THE CHINESE. 221 may be taken from me, but none fhall rob me of the tran. quillity of my heart, which is the greateft of all goods.” | with fuch fentiments, notwithftanding the decreafe of your. fortune, you will be richer than you imagine. This is the moral of that ancient fable. Seeing a gentleman before me on a fine horfe, while I was mounted upon an afs;—Ah ! faid I to myfelf, how different is my condition from his! but, upon turning my head, I faw a good likely country- _ man driving a heavy wheelbarrow: O then! faid I, if lam not his equal who goes before me, at leaft I am much his better who follows me. ‘This fable is fufficient, on fome occafions, to.revive my fpirits. I have wrote it on a fcroll, and fet it up in my ftudy, that I may ftill call it to mind. iv. When you enjoy a good ftate of health, know the value of it, and ftudy to preferve it. Difeafes and infir- | mities are the lot of man, and it is difficult for him to be entirely free from'them. The flighter. ones. embitter life, by their variety and continuance; the greater are attended with fears and apprehenfions. Every part of life is fubject to mifery. Infancy is, if I may fo exprefs myfelf, con- demned to cries and wailings; manhood and old age are expofed to the long abfence of a family, to changes of for- tune, and to grievous diftempers. We fee others who have much more reafon to complain; fuch as are born or be- come deaf, blind, dumb, half paralytic, cripples, and thofe who have loft the ufe of all their limbs. Ihave already told you what I fuffered from a complication of diftempers. I have rid myfelf of them, and now enjoy a found and vi-' gorous health; I have my hearing quick, my fight clear, a good appetite, and a cheerful temper. Another may acquire firm health as well asI; but when it is once obtained, he fhould know how to preferve it. — One 29% THE ART OF MEDICINE One of the beft means is, to refift that natural propenfity which we have to fenfual pleafures, and to ufe very mo- derately even the.allowable. An old man, who feels him- felf as lively and eager after pleafures as if he was in the vigour of his age, fhould learn to reftrain himfelf by the following refleCtions :—After the fiftieth year, man is in his decline ; the blood begins to run weak, the fpirits fail, and feeble old age is not far off. Though a man could promife himfelf to live an hundred years, is that fo long a term? and will he not foon be at the end of that race? But are there many who arrive at an hundred years? Our life is fo fhort, that we ought to avoid every excefs that may make it yet fhorter. Do we not perceive that our end draws nigh, when, in reading, the eyes are fubje& to dazzlings; when the feet ftagger with walking; when, after meals, the nourifhment loads the ftomach; when, after having {poke fome time together, we find ourfelves out-of breath? does not all this teach us, that we are not young, and that we muft bid adieu to pleafures, which will quickly confume the weak remains of health, which it is of fo great moment to hufband for the prefervation of life! The lamp, fays the proverb, goes out when the oil is fpent: more oil may be added to the lamp, as the fame waftes it; but if the radical moifture of the body be once confumed, have we any means to repair that lofs? This ¢equires ferious reflection. | THE AMONG THE CHINESE, 223 | THE REGULATION OF DIET. We E ‘ud eat and aaa t i bes the body. The paicalienent which we take, if it be well regulated, keeps the ftomach in a fituation agreeable to it. The ftomach is the concoéter and digefter of food, the firft fource of the blood, vital fpirits, juices and humours difperfed into the dif. ferent parts of the body, to maintain their natural vigour. _ He, therefore, who regards his health, ought to be very exaét in obferving certain rules relating to eating and drinking. — ae ae hunger, and the want you peel within, regulate your food, and take great care that you do not offend in quantity. Exceflive eating hurts the vital fpirits, and fatigues the flo- mach. The vitiated chyle, carried into the mafs of blood, makes it thick, and unapt to a fpiritous fermentation. For the fame reafon, never think of drinking but when you are dry ; quench your thirft without excefs. Too much drink damages the blood, and fills the ftomach with wind, by precipitating the indigefted chyle; ropy wine occafions wind in the fermentation, whence follows an inflation. u. Breakfaft early. The air is drawn in by the noftrils, and the juices of the earth by the mouth, the exhalations of which we take in, It greatly concerns us never to go out of doors fafting ; this caution is efpecially neceflary in epidemical diftempers, or in going among fick people. In winter, a glafs or two of wine is an excellent prefervative againft unwholefome air. Itis good to take fome food, but in a {mall quantity, which ferves to employ and fettle the ftomach, and is a fort of cordial. In fummer, it prevents injuties from bad air, and keeps off colics, vomitings, dyfenteries, &c. In winter, it fortifies againft fevere cold 5 and Q94 THE ART OF MEDICINE and noifome fogs. In fpring, it, is of great virtue againft high winds, the ferei, (an unwholefome vapour that falls after funfet in hot countries), and cee. fo req and plentiful in that feafon. | I rife very early ; and before I have either ee my face, or cleanfed my mouth, I {wallow a porringer of rice gruel, taking a little of the rice. Barley or rice gruel are agreeable to the ftomach, and to very good purpofe moiften the ferment inclofed in it. For want of rice gruel, Iufe © warm water, {weetened with a little powdered fugar. ut. Make an hearty meal about noon, on the plaineft meats, which are moft wholefome and nourifhing. Suffer not fome forts of ragouts, which are invented only to pro- voke or pleafe the appetite, to come on your table. There are five forts of high fauces, and each of them, if fre- quently ufed, hath unwholefome qualities: Meats too fait offend the heart; too four, the ftomach ; too bitter, the lungs; too poignant, the liver, by their tartnefs; too fweet. the reins. But what is moft to be avoided in feafoning, is too much falt. Salt flackens the motion of the blood, and occafions a difficulty of breathing. Salted water flung into the blood of a creature, juft killed, immediately curdles it. Hence, they whofe common food is falt meats, have a pale complexion, a flow pulfe, and are full of corrupt hpmours. Accuftom yourfelf therefore to the fimpleft food ; it will preferve you from many difeafes, and keep you in perfec health. But take care to eat your meat hot; never eat cold meat, efpecially when it is fat. This fort of food, by ftaying too long in the ftomach, will produce crudities, which occafion gripes, a diarrhoea, and fuch 1 ike dif- orders. | 3 IVe st, AMONG THE CHINESE. 295 aw “Rat osely, and chew your meat well. ‘se This flow chewing breaks the food in pieces, mixes it with the faliva, reduces it to a proper finenefs, which is the firft diffolution, ane fits it for the fermentation of the ! ftomach. , dai athe digeftion thus ae by the teeth, oad by the hélp of the faliva, is Sey Cape by the ferment of the ftomach. | asi Thus \ we efcape many accidents, which befal iach as cat haftily 5 fuch as coughs, hiccups, and the 7¢/, that is, ‘ani irritation of the gullet, which is fometimes mortal. ® What can be at once more difagreeable and Seaton than to fee a. man catch his meat a§ a tiger feizes his prey, toeatina hurry, cramming his mouth inceffantly with both hands, as if the was fighting for it, or feared it fhould be - _ fnatched from him ? —-v. Do not fo far gratify your appetite, as tor rif from table _ quite fatiated. A large quantity of food difturbs the fto- -mach, and hurts digeftion. Though you have, at the fame time, a {trong {tomach, and which eafily digefts its - food, do not employ its whole ftrength, but keep fome of it in referve: I will explain my meaning by a fimilitude: A man who can lift or carry an hundred weight, if loaded . with only fourfcore, is not much fatigued; but lay on him a load much heavier, his too-extended nerves will feel the weight, his bones will not bear up under it, and, after a few fteps, he will ftagger and fall backwards. ‘The appli- cation is ealy. When we are accuitomed to a fober life, the ufe of meats is much more beneficial. In fhort, it is by long fuff-ring of hunger and thirft that we fhould learn , moderation. ‘Lhe fatisfying to the full the demands of either, is the ready wag to expofe us to certain ficknefs; fj) aa P | 2.26 THE ART OF MEDICINE becaufe neither the animal ner vital fpivts will be fufficient for their functions. vi. Sup betimes, and fparingly. Itis better to eat ones) if there be a neceflity.. It is ufual, in fummer, in the fifth and fixth moons, when the days are longeft, to make four meals; the firft at early rifing, the fecond at eleven, the third towards funfet, and the fourth jut before bedtime. In the other feafons of the year, three meals are enough. I would have every one determine, as near as may be, the quantity of rice and other food to be taken at one meal, agreeably to his conftitution and way of life; and that he fhould keep to that rule, making it a law to himfelf never to tranfgrefs it, unless on fome occafions, when the victuals pleafe the palate, and give an inclination to take more than ordinary ; but this temperance is moft neceflary at fupper, which ought to be very light. Generally fpeaking, eat no meats which are herd of digeftion; fuch as thofe whofe fubftance is glewy and vifcous. Abftain from meats half raw or very fat; thofe that are cooked up with rich fauces; from high feafoned ragouts, which carry fire into the bowels; from new corn, which men are fond of eating at its firft coming, and which is not wholefome till it is come to maturity, by in- fenfible fermentation, and evaporating its plenteous volatile and pungent falts. This advice chiefly rene old perfons, | ahd thofe of a weak ftomach. vil. Lake care that your food be tender, and thoroughly refed; for if it be hard, and not eafily chewed, the fto- mach will with difficulty digeft it. Fleth that is tough, fibrous, or half drefled, is very hard of digeftion. When a man is in the ftrength and vigour of his age, when the . blood hath all its fire, and the ftomach is ftrong, he will - fuffer lefs inconvenience from fuch kind of food; but it will OO ES AMONG THE CHINESE. 227 “will infallibly brake him fick, if he be of a weak ftomach, or advanced in years. As for my own part, I give orders that the rice, fleth, fith, roots, herbs, and in general every thing that is brought to my table, be thoroughly done, and very tender, otherwife I would not touch it: vit. Sleep not till two hours after your meals. The food which pafies by the gullet into the ftomach fhould be ground and diffolved there, that ir may be able to circulate; be filtrated, and aflimilated. Sleep taken invmediately after fupper deprives the ftomach of the liberty of aCting upon the ~ aliments, which not being fufficiently attennuated, ftagnate there, caufing crudities, four belchings, and often a lien- tery, and confirmed diarrhea. If this continues for fome time, there appears a wannefs in the face, and the body becomes languifhing, feeble, and bloated. The digeftion . being thus hindered by unfeafonable fleep, chylification is ebftru€ted, and the vitiated chyle being difperfed, by the circular motion, into all the bowels, and ftopt there by its thicknefs, becomes more and more coagulated by its de- » praved acid, which is the fource of a multitude of diftem- pers, from the obftrutions which happen in the glands. I advife, then, walking a while after meals. This gentle motion facilitates digeftion. Take care, alfo, that you do not eat immediately after a violent fit of anger. ' Anger caufes an effervefcence in the juices that: are ftrained through the falivary glands; the faliva, with its noxious ferment, goes into the ftomach, infe&ts the chyle, and cor- _ rupts the mafs of blood. , 1x. Begin your meal wtth drinking a little ted. It moiftens the throat and ftomach, and preferves the radicak heat and moifture from rude attacks. Clofe allo your meal with a cup of tea, to wath your mouth and teeth; it is a method which will faften them, and preferve them even to old Kea age, 2.28 THE ART OF MEDICINE. age. I do not advife drinking much either of tea or any’ other liquor.. The ftomach does not like to be too moift ;. a little drynefs and heat put it in a condition moft fuitable to its funClions. I freely own I do not love tea; and when I am obliged to drink it, I perceive my ftomach naufeates it. ‘The weaknefs of my conftitution in youth may have contributed to this averfion. Ido not diftin- guifh even the beft tea from the worft. This fometimes draws upon me the raillery of my friends; but lin my turn laugh at their nicenefs,-and pleafe myfelf with my infenfibility. But it is a common faying, he who does not love tea, covets wine. (The Chinefe, as Ihave obferved, make their wine of diftilled rice, and it is very ftrong.) I do indeed drink wine ; but/I-never take more than four or five {mall glafles: more than that would give fhortnefs’ of breath, 2 dizzinefs, ficknefs at ftomach, and next day I thould be like one expecting a fit of ficknefs.: Wine, moderately taken, refrefhes drooping nature, re- vives its forces, and gives to the blood and pulfe their ‘natural vivacity; but drunk to excefs, it produces — windy fermentations, ob{ftruétions in the reins, and-fouls the ftomach. Nothing appears to me either more Gamerit, or more” unworthy reafonable men, than the contending at a feaft who fhall drink moft bumpers, or fhall fooneft: empty his bottle. For my part, when I entertain my friends, I invite them cheerfully to drink two or three glaffes to. put them in good humour; but I ftop there, without prefling them. farther, or infifting on compliances which would deftroy their health: thefe are my maxims in diet ; they are eafy; and if they are pra@tifed, I am fure they will be found be-- neficia’. | THE. AMONG THE CHINESE. 220 . roma OF THE ACTIONS OF THE Day. Int fee common actions of life, we are attentive enough to _great matters, which give a vifible blow to health; but there are many fmall ones which ‘are looked upon as trifles, and thought below notice: and yet due care with regard to thefe trilles may keep us from many inconvenienciecs and a contrary conduct fhorten the term of years which defigned us. In general, our life depends upon the regular motion of the fpirits : : of thefe there are three forts, the vital which we call ¢/img; the animal, which we call &; and a third degree of fpirits, much more noble, more free from mat- ter, and to which the name of fpirit does much better agree, which are called shin. The vital fpirits produce the animal, and of both thet is begotten a third degree of fpirits defigned for intellectual operations. If the vital fpirits happen to fail, the animal muft unavoidably droop; and this fecond fort of fpirit be- ing exhaufted, the third cannot fubfift, and the man mutt die. Itconcerns us therefore not idly to wafte thefe three principles of life, either by an immoderate ufe of fenfual pleafures, or by violent labour, or by too intenfe and conftant application of the mind.* - Bs S08 ie * What the Chinefe author here fays, agrees well enough with the fentiments of a modern writer. Thus the latter exprefies himfelf, and it will ferve as an illuftration. ‘ AU the fprings’ fays he ‘ of a human body would be ufelefs and unactive, if God had not produced and appointed the vital {pirits, to make them act, and to imprint on them a lively motion ; and the animal fpirits to put the internal and external fenfes in exercife: fohe has. ie poled, as the general inftrument of the vegetative foul in the P 3 animal 230 _ THE ART OF MEDICINE ‘In The moft important advice, which I can give, for maintaining the body in a due temperament, is to be very méderate in the ufe of the pleafures of fenfe ; for all excefs weakens the fpirits. Do not labour to difcover what-is out of the reach of your fight, and you will pre- ferve the liver in good order; hearken not after any thing © with atoo earnefl attentivenefs, and your kidnies will he found; abftain from too much and teo frequent {pit- ting and {pawling, and your lungs will ‘be well; under. take not very curious and fine works, and the heart wil keep its foree and vigour : when you have fuffered hunger, don’t immediately eat t much ; ; and above all, keep from food animal, the arterial blood, which is alfo called the vital fpirit, when it hath been warmed and purified in the heart. "The animal {pirits are much fu- perior to the vital, as they are the infirument of a more noble life. x. The particles which compofe the animal fpirits are much fmaller, and more fubtle, than thofe which compofe the vital. 2. The particles of the animal fpirits move in every fenfe feparately as the particles of air; this is the Chinefe 47, The particles of the vital fpirits keep gliding one over another as the parts of water; thisis the Chinefe #fng. 3. The particles of the animal fpirits are fo rapid, that they are imperceptible to all the fenfes; and the fineft part of thefe {pirits is called shiz. The operations of growth, nourifhment, &c. are vital operations, and afcribed to the Chi- nefe tfing. Thofe of perception, both by the internal and external fenfes, are animal operatians. The animal fpirits, according to the ancients, are nothing but a fubtle air, a very fine breath, exactly anfwering to the £i. It is a compofition of {mall bodies, ina brifkc and continual motion, like thofe particles which make the flame of a lighted torch, thefe fpirits ac- cording to the moderns, are nothing but a fubtle humour, which flows from the brain into the nerves with fuch impetuous force, that, if epen~ ed, they are very dificult to be {topt.’ The author I quote, means by the animal {pirits, a pure and fubtle breath, which anfwers to the Chinefe &i; and, moreover, a flame finer than that of aquavite, which i is the Chi. ne fe shin, Nad ie _ AMONG THE CHINESE. 231 food of a deltas and cold nature, left the ftomach fhould fuffer by it: this regards the internal parts. _ As to external a@ions ; walk not too long at once, for: _ your nerves will be fatigued by it; ftand not for hours together in one pofture, for the bones will hardly fupport you; fit not too long, the fleth will fuffer by it; lie not down more than is neceflary, for thereby the blood will be lefs fluid, and it will have more eel y to pafs a the veins. In different feafons there are alfo rules to be shied to defend yourfelf from too great heats and colds: in win- ter keep not yourfelf too hot, nor in fummer too cold. My maxim is to prevent intime all forts of diftempers, and to take precautions againft their weakeft attacks. * mu. As foon as you are awake, rub over your breaft, where the heart lies, with your hand feveral times, left, coming warm out of bed, the cool air fhould feize you on a fudden, and ftop the pores of the body, which would occafion rheums, and other inconveniencies ; whereas a few frictions with the palm of the hand put the blood in ' motion at its fource, and prevent from many accidents: in wathing your face, as foon as you are out of bed, keep your eyes fhut, left the falts of the gum of the eyes, -and the {weat, entering with the water there, fret, and at length produce a ferous inflammation. 1. As of all the paffions which ruffle us, anger does the moft mifchief, fo of all the unwholefome affections of the air, wind is the moft dangerous, efpecially when it “comes through any narrow paflage, is cold and piercing, “and furprifes us unawares ; it infinuates into the body, penetrates the nerves and arteries, and often caufes the torturing pains of the gout, palfy, and fuch like grievous difeafes, The ancient proverb, therefore, ad~ P 4 viles IS2 THE ART OF MEDICINE vifes us to avoid a blaft of wind as carefully as the point of an arrow. Likewife, after hot bathing, or. hard labour, when the body is in a {weat, by no means leave of any of your clothes, nor expofe yourfelf to the frefh air; for this ligt refrelhment may coft you dear. The cold air clofes the pores, and thence comes a gathering of © ill humours, which would have found. vent this way, either by fenfible fweat, or infenfible perfpiration, efpecially at the feet, the back, and belly, which fhould not feel the cold. Therefore, even in fummer, when we wear very thin cloaths, it is proper to cover the lower belly witha large cotton cloth, to preferve it from colical diforders, which fudden cold would occafion there. I know the re- medy in this cafe is fudorifics ; but though they cure the prefent diforder, they weaken the mafs of blood, and alter its fermentation, when fimilar and heterogeneous particles are evacuated promifcuouily. iy. In the fourth and fifth moons, May and ints if there be long and continued rains, as it happens in fome fouthern provinces, the dampnefs of houfes fhould be re- medied by burning odoriferous herbs in them, or wood well dried, and which makes a clear fire: He who fits ot lies down i in a moitt place is in danger of a fit of the palfy, or at leaft a very obftinate flux. In fultry weather, when you fweat much, fhift your linen frequently, but do not put on what hath been juft dried in the fun, v. When the j juice is {queezed ont of the cane$, don’t burn the wood and hufks under your. eyes, that fort of fire having the malignant quality of clouding the fight. You will find the fame inconvenience by burning train oil inflead of comthon oil. Mutk, and the blofloms of young oranges, Contain imperceptible infects ; therefore do not put your nofe to them, left thefe fmall vermin getup to AMONG THE CHINESE. 933 to the brain. ‘The air is full of sirpiendapielbte eggs of various fmall infects, which we fuck. into the ftomach with: our breath; but they cannot be hatched there, for want | of a fit medium; whereas the infects which lay their tittle ees in the meally cup of flowers, may be drawn up Rayon: nofe, with a ferment proper to hatch them. vi. During the three {pring months, when nature is ~ on all fides in a ferment, we fhould conform ourfelves to to this ead, we fhould ftir about, and walk, that the ao may be more pliant; for a feacstaey and unactive life are at this feafon direétly contrary to health. If there fhould be fome warm days, don’t leave off your winter clothes too foon, nor all at once, but by degrees, left you fhould be furprifed with fudden cold weather, which in that feafon very commonly fucceeds heat. vit. In fummer, the {pirits in the body are much fpent, the reins are weakened, the radical moifture is wafted, and, if I may ufe the expreflion, evaporates in water and fweat. At this time, we ought to take our meat a _ little warm, and adapted to procure a moderate heat — within. | If, after violent exercife, you drink what is warm, and capable of raifing a {weat, let it take its courfe, and’be not fo ill advifed as to top it, by throwing off your clothes, much lefs by wiping it off as faft as it rifes, or with 2 wet cloth; nor is it good while you {weat to fan yourfelf. | beer ; a nM. -VHI- During the three winter months, when the wa- ters have not their free courfe, the blood in our veins becomes flow, heavy, and apt to turn four. The veilels being too full for want of perf{piration, this fullnefs hia- ders' the free motion of the fluids, and makes it too flow ; 5 befides, the air being full of nitre, which is drawn in by the,breath, carries into the mafs of blood flimulating par- I ticles, O34: THE ART OF MEDICINE ticles, by. which the chyle is clogged, and contracts an acidity. It is therefore neceflary to redouble your care to maintain the natural heat, and vital {pirits; do not then, during that feafon, ftir out of doors, but upon great neceflity ; keep yourfelf warm within, and rife not too early, left you be pinched by the firft cold of the white © frofts. Wear clothes fit te keep you warm, but do not load yourfelf with fur. Don’t hover continually over a a fire, which may caufe a violent inward fermentation, enough to give you a fever. Efpecially, be advifed to wear a double girdle, about four or five inches broad; for the heat which that keeps up in the reins, warms ithe reft of the body. 1x. In travelling, if you go by water, as it is not eafy to provide, rife in the morning, furnifh yourfelf before- hand with fome pills of ¢2 whang, and as foon as you awake {wallow three or four drams of them in a cup of warm water. Thefe pills are called zz whang, becaufe the tz whang is the principal of its five {mall ingredients; but for want of thefe pills yeu uae take the tz whang by. itfelf. If, in travelling by land, you crofs moyntains burnt up by the fun, though ever fo dry, do not drink of {pring or river water on which the fun fhines; for, be- fides that it hath at that time pernicious qualities, it is often full of the fpawn of innumerable infeéts. If you travel in the midft of winter, and your feet are frozen, as foon.as you come into your inn, order fome water to be brought juft lukewarm, and bathe your feet and hands with it, rubbing them gently to foften them, and to recal the natural heat into the veins and arteries, After that firft operation, you run no rifk in wafhing them in ever fo hot water; but if, negiesling that precaution, you ; AMONG THE CHINESE. . ‘BBS you plunge your feet all at once into boiling water, the frozen blood coagulates, the nerves and arteries will be hurt by it, and you are in dagger of being lame ever after. iy In like manner, when you come in benumbed with . cold, it is not wholefeme prefently to drink any tis thing hot, but ftay half an hour before you drink.* f THE — _* The # whang is nothing elfe but the root of the great comfrey. ‘The beft grows in the province of ‘Ho nan, about thé city of Whay king, whence it is called whay hing ti whang. Thefe roots, when dry, are as big as one’s thumb, and a great deal longer. This root has excellent properties; much is afcribed to its virtues in Europe, much more in China. A Chinefe phyfician, who isa chriftian, affirms, that the richer fort, who regard their health, take every morning fome fmall pills of ti whang, juft as we fee many in Europe drink coffee or chocolate. Some cut this root into little flices, and boil it, or elfe diftil it iz balneo marie; others bruife it, make it up into a bolus, and fwallow it in warm water. It is ufually compounded with five ingredients, viz, aromatics, cordials, diuretics, gentle fudorifics, and weak acids,.the better to quicken and convey to the vifcera the virtue of the # whang, which always predominates in thefe pills. Of thefe ingredients the principal is fw Jin, You muft not confourd this root with the tu fu lia, which is the efgquina or China root. The tu fu lin is very common in China, and exceeding cheap. The fu /in, which is very much efteemed, and is very dear, taftes fweet, is of a temperate quality, and hds nothing hurtful in it, or that needs a corre@tive. It isa good remedy in difeafes of the liver and ftomach, in the dropfy and afthma. What there is of heat in it helps to cut the phlegm that annoys the mouth and throat, and difperfe windinefs in the ftomach and fides ; moreover, it appeafes grief of heart, and the violent diforders which arife in the mind by an excefs of forrow or fear; it relieves the great drynefs of the mouth and tongue; it hath the double virtue of curing a violent flux and a ftoppage of urine; it ftays immoderate yomitings and convulfions in children; and, by ftrengthening the kidnies, difpofes women with child for an eafy labour. No vinegar nor acid meats muft be taken while this medicine is ufed. It may perhaps be afked, what fort of fhrub grows from the fw Jin, of what figure are its leaves, flower, and fruit?. The Chinefe herbalift, who never fails to take notice of thefe ‘ particulars i »* 236 SHE ART OF MEDICINE THE REGULATIONS FOR REST AT NIGHT. I SHALL ke notice of particulars, which may appear of little importance, and perhaps be treated as trifles; | but particulars in treating of waite does not afcribie to the fe lin either falk, or leaves, or flowers; which gives room to conjecture that it ought to be placed in the elafs of truffles. There is good f« Hin to be met with in the province of Shen fi; and there is fince found better in the province of Yun nan, which only is ufed at court, where a pound of it is fold for a tael. A merchant, fays Father Dentrecolles, brought me one of thefe roots a foot long, but not fo thick in proportion, and as broad as one’s hand, which weighed three pounds: I believe that the reddith bark which covered the white fubftance confiderably increafed the weight of it, The fu ling grows alfo in the province of Woe kyang, and is ufed in the fouthern provinces, where it bears a good Price ; but is not comparable to that of Yun nan. A learned phyfician gives this reafon for it, vim. the fu lin of Che kyang, being of a {pungy fubftance, hath lefs body and ftrength than that of Yun nan, and cannot refift the fharp and nitrous air of Pe sing ; on the contrary, the fu lin of Yun nan and Shen fi is folid, has few pores, and is very ponderous. ‘This difference of texture, according to the re- marks of a Chinefe author, comes from hence, that the mountain pines, fuch as thofe of Shen fi and Yun nan, are of a more folid fubftance than shofe which grow by or near the fea. But it may be faid, to what purpofe do you he e fpeak of pines? This is the reafon of it, and it confirms the conje¢ture already made concerning the nature of the fe lin: the Chinefe herbalift, fays Father Dentrecolles, affirms,'1. That the good fw lia is found under ground, upon mountains or in valleys, near thofe places where old pines have been cut: 2. That it is formed and receives its growth from a very fpiritous fubftance communicated from thofe pines, and fpreading in the foil; upon which account I have been of opinion, that the fu lin ‘might be formed and grow in the fame manner as truffles, which are not faftened to the earth by any perceptible root. Perhaps the fu fin is a fort of fungus, from the great roots of pines which have been cut, whole nutricious juice, kept in the earth, runs to a mafs, and produces that fub- | fiance, AMONG THE CHINESE. 237 but experience has convinced me, that thefe very things, infignificant as they feem, are not to be neglected; fince, by obferving them, they contribute to the prolerepign of of health. | 2 1. As there remains, in the evening, in the mouth and between the teeth, an unwholefome filth from the food of the day, or foul vapours from the entrails, before you t F : go ftance, whith is at firft foft, and more or lefs fpongy in proportion to the fatnefs of the pine. The fr Jin, which I have had in my hands, feemed to me to have had no roots to connec it to thofe of the pine; ‘and books fay nothing of them. Now, did it firmly cohere to the roots: ef the felled pine, it might be conftdered asa fort of mifsletoe of thofe roots, just as the pine hath mifsletoe on the outfide, which is not faftened to it by any fibre, though it be nourifhed by it. Thefe are the conjectures: of this father, which will perhaps put us on fearching in Europe after the fu lin, on the mountains whence pines have been long fince cut. The fame phyfician, adds Father Dentrecolles, having affured me that the fu liz is planted and cultivated, I then thought myfelf miftaken in my conjecture’ of placing it in the clafs of Truffles; but when he told me that he did _ not think it had a ftalk and leaves when planted, I returned to my firft opinion; for having read in the dictionary of the academy, that there are places whither they tranfplant fmall truffles, to make them larger, and that, being tranfplanted, they fhoot neither flalk, branches, nor leaves, it feemed to me poffible to be thus with the planted and cultivated fulin. Here, are two obfervations to be made, which I ought not to : omit; the firit is, that the fu dia is prepared for ufe, by taking off the - rind, which is ufelefs, and flightly boiling the inner fuftance; the fecond is, that, according to the Chinefe herbalift, to find the good fu din, whofe fubftance is folid and clofe, fuch as comes from Yun nan, you muft fearch. for it about ‘fix foot round the great pines, digging fix or feven feet deep. It is pretended, that from the place where it is found, there arifes -a fine vapour, which the fkilful diftinguifh by the eye. The good fu lia has this property peculiar to itfelf, that it lies in the ground without rotting, or damage by worms; and the longer it lies, the more it grows, and the better it is. b35 - THE ART OF MEDICINE go to bed, rinfe your mouth well with water, or with téay lukewarm, and rub your teeth with a foft’ plidnt. brufh, to keep them clean. ‘You will then feel, in the mouth and upon the tongue, an agreeable frefhnefs. This prac- tice will feem a little troublefome, but it will be only at firtt; for after a few days you will find pleafure in it, and if, by forgetfulnefs, or any other yagi you omit it, you will net be eafy. | ie 11. The middle of the fole of the foot is as the saith and — opening of a great many fources of the {pirits difperfed all over the body ; the veins and arteries which end there, are like the mouths of rivets, which muft be kept open, otherwife they are opprefled and overflow. The fuligi- nous vapours of the bloed are carried off by infenfible perfpiration; and as vicious humours difcharge them- felves upon the legs, fome way muft be opened to facili« tate that perfpiration. It is a healthy cuftom, when you . are undrefled, and réady for the bed, to take your foot in one hand, and with the other fmartly rub the bottom of _ it as long as you can, and till you feel there a great heat; then rub feparately every toe till you are weary. This is an effectual method for preferving and repairing the vital and animal fpirits.* Tif. * What is here recommended, I have feen practifed, fays P. Dentrecolles, by an Englifh gentleman, on board whofe fhip I was. He ufed every night to have his feet rubbed by one of his fervants, following probably an Englifh prefcription, which in this agrees with our author’s maxim. ‘The European phyficians advife plaifters to the foles of the feet, to allay burnings of a fever attended with dilitioufnefs, and to mitigate the fharp, pains of the clolic. ‘This makes it credible, that the pratice recom- | mended by our Chinefe author might be ufeful to fuch as would fubmit tO ite “AMONG THE CHINESE. 239 f un. Before you lie down, do not amufe yourfelf with things that fhock the imagination, and leave impreflions which may difturb your reft; fuch as apparitions of f{pirits, monftrous births, {trange feats of legerdemain, or tragical ftories. Thefe render your fleep unquiet, which will in- terrupt the elaboration of the fpirits, and ftop perfpira- tion, fo neceflary to health. av. As foon as you are in bed, you fhould lull the heart _to fleep; I mean, you fhould compofe it, and caft afide every: thought which may banifh fleep. Lie upon either fide, bend your knees a little, and fleep in that pofture, which will prevent the diffipation of the vital and animal {pirits, and keep the heart in good cafe. Every time you awake, itretch yourfelf in bed. This will render the courfe of the {pirits, and the circulation of the blood, more free. Sleep not in the pofture of a dead man, fays Confucius ; that is, lie not on your back. Let not your hands reft upon your breaft or heart, and then you will _ have no frightful dreams, or fancy that fome yez, or evil , {pirit, opprefles you, and holds you, as it were, benumbed, fo that you cannot help yourfelf, by ee or changing pofture. v. When once you are in bed, keep filence, and re- frain from all talking. Of the internals, the lungs are the tendereft, which are placed above the others, and. ferve for refpiration, and formation of the voice: when, therefore, you are laid down in a proper pofture, they incline to and reft upon the fide; whereas, if you talk, you force the lungs to raife themfelves in part, and, by ftrongly heaving, they fhake all the other noble internal parts. A comparifon will help to make you underftand me.—The voice, which comes from the lungs, is like the found from a bell ; if the bell be not hung, you damage it 240 THE ART OF MEDICINE it by ftriking it to make it found. It is faid, that Con- : fucius made it a law to himfelf not to fpeak after he was in bed, no doubt for this reafon.* er | vi. Sleep with your head and face uncovered, that you may breathe more purely and freely. Accuftom yourfelf to fleep with the mouth fhut; nothing tends more to preferve the radical moifture, which vanifhes and eva- porates through an open mouth. The leat inconve- nience that can happen from it, is an early lofs of teeth ; for the air, by continually pafling in and out be- tween them, hurts, and by degrees loofens them. JBe- fides, one is liable to draw in grofs particles or malignant dnfluences, which, pafling through the mouth, infinuate | into the body, infe&t the blood, and give rife to various inte: : I, Sleep not on the fkins of tigers or leopards. If o fi of thefe creatures enter never fo little into the flefh, you will find how venomous they are. Neither fleep in the air, on the dew, upon cold ftones, or in a damp place, nor even upon beds or chairs that are varnifhed. Such indifcretion will occafion palfies, ring- worms, and cold diftempers. It is alfo dangerous to reft NM Peo onnneenm wn iee wm OE * This author reafons according to his flender notions of anatomy; for it is plain he knew but little of the ftruciure of the lungs, the feparation ‘of its lobes, and how eafy it changes its figure. He is ignorant alfo of the office of the midriff, which is the active inftrument of refpiration ; fince, by contracting its mufcles, it admits the air into the Jangs, and expels it, by relaxing them. Would he have thofe dumb who, by mere weaknefs, or in extreme old age, are confined to their beds. for whole years?. He feeks too much for myftery in the filence which Confugius kept at night: he then forbore to talk with his difciples, probably becaufe he had difcourfed enough with them in the day, and wanted. reft. & AMONG THE CHINESE, 7 as seft ones felf in chairs, or on ftones, heated by the fun. A malignant heat might infinuate into the body, fix the humours in fome one place, and caufe an‘ abfcefs there: ::..’ } Thus you have a fummary of the precepts which the Chinefe phyfician gives to preferve health, and to pro- | long life to extreme old age. We may no doubt be' furprised to find the Chinefe (who are fo little verfed in the fcience of anatomy, which is the moft important part of phyfic, for difcovering the caufes of difeates) - reafoning as if they underftood it. .They fupply-what is Wanting in this part by experience, and. by their fkill in determining by the pulfe the difpofition of the inward parts, in order to reftore them to their natural ftate by proper medicines. And, when all is done, no more fick _perfons die under their hands, than do under thofe of the a moft able phyficians in Europe. 3 Upon the whole, the perfonal experience of a phyfician, wlio knew how to recover his own health, which was ruined in his childhood, ought, methinks, to give weight -to thofe means which he tried. Yet 1 doubt whether the rules he prefcribes will be as well approved in Europe | as they are in China. 3 THE MEANS OF HAPPINESS. Tue way to live happy, is not to be perplexed with too many cares; and happinefs in one’s {tation is the way to enjoy a long life. One man, by too much attuvity,’ lofes _ what another gains by being entirely mafter of himfelf. Vol. I. Ee, O49, THE ART OF MEDICINE “CAUSES OF LONG LIFE. Tur care of inculcating » virtue upon your chi Idren will. recommend you and your family a great deal more than - the fineft buildings can. It is a common, but an ill founded, opinion, that the northern climate is a great deal better than . the fouthern provinces, and that the inhabitants ofthe for- mer live much longer, and in greater plenty, than thofe of the latter. This long and happy life ought not to be attributed to the goodnefs of the climate, but to the wife ‘conduét of the inhabitants, | To convince you of this, let us enter into a fmall detail. | In the northern provinces, the. richeft ladies - -giye fuck to their own children themfelves, and don’t feek for any nurfes upon whom they may devolve that care ; but in the fouth- ern provinces, women of the moft ordinary rank hire {trange nurfes, at a very dear rate. In the northern’ pro- vinces, they who have lands, cultivate them with their own hands ;. or at leaft they look over the cultivation of them, {paring neither fatigue nor care. In the hot countries, they farm their lands out, and liye quietly upon their rents, breeding up their children in fo much idlenefs, that they. don’t fo much as know a waggon, and can fearce diftinguifh the five forts of grain neceffary to the fubfiftence of life. In the north, wives and maids are at no expence for paint, which they feldom or never ufe; their clothes are of home- {pun ftuff, and the ornaments of their heads are very mo- deft. ‘It is otherwife with the fouthern countries, where the women muft have gold, pearls, and bodkins for their hair, fet’ with diamonds, in order to drefs themfelves. If in one family there are wives, daughters, daughters and — fifters-in-law, what expence does this fingle article require! ees | AMONG THE CHINESE, 243 If an: entertainment is prepared in the northern countries, it confifts of pigs, fheep, pullets, ducks, pulfe, and fruits growing upon the fpot; and thefe entertainments are very feldom made, and never but upon extraordinary occafions, | But in the fouthern provinces, they are treating their friends every moment with thefe kinds of entertainments, and the houfe refounds with the noife of the mufic and the founds of the inftruments. An hundred forts of precious furni- ture are expofed to the eyes of the gueft ; and the fervices are. compofed of the fruits of the four feafons, iin ihe ©. “meat of every province,. : XN “. AN ENCOMIUM UPON TEMPERANCE. Orr longeft-lived emperors were * Han vi ti, Lyang vii ti, and Song kau tfong; the firft living 70, and the other two upwards of So years. The maxim of Han vi ti _was, that temperance was the beft phyfic. Lyang vi ti faid of himfelf, that he had lain thirty years in an apart. ment feparate from his wives. As for Song kau tfong,’ though he was naturally of a ftrong conftitution, yet he was always very moderate in his ufe of pleafures, and -mafter of his paflions. UPON THE: SAME SUBJECT. ‘Li king ta, though capable of the greateft pofts, would never enter into them. He retired to the mountains Ki chew, that he might ftudy the doctrine of the philo- fophers Lan and Chwang. Many years after he retired, * Q2 , | - Wang * Hang, Lyang, Song, are the names of three dynasties, : » yt ® ; 944 ‘THE ART OF MEDICINE, &c. Wang Shew Ching, Lyn Chong, and others, paid him a vifit, and afked him for the fecret of preferving life and health. .What are our bodies, anfwered he, but a com- pofition of blood and animal {pirits? That pretended miraculous ftone which people talk of, is only a com- pound of vegetables, ftones, and metals. How abfurd is it to believe, that this compofition can ever preferve or rein{tate the blood and the fpirits in their vigour and due circulation! To live always frugally, without buftle, in quiet, and, above all, in a great abftraction of heart and mind, is the great medicine, and the precious ftone, whofe ‘wirtues are fo rare, NUMBER VIL KANT ON THE ART OF PREVENTING DISEASES« INTRODUCTION. Int is no eafy matter to get an Englith coat fitted on the German philofopher. This will account for the un- couthnefs and irregularity in the following paper. “An elegant tranflation of any of the works of the celebrated Kant is a mere impoflibility.—At one time grave and deeply metaphyfical, at another jocofe and indire€tly fatirical ; his language and arguments are now meafured and precife, now irregular and diffufe. This is peculi- arly characteriftic of fuch of his works as were written “at an advanced period of his life. Add to this, that when he once gets involved in metaphyfical tran/cen. dentalities, his expreffions are fo profoundly myftical as- | to be f{carcely comprehenfible, even to his own country-~. men. But, even with all thefe. defeats, | his works certainly contain a great deal of fterling matter; and the moft trifling compofition of aman who has produced fuch a fenfation on the philofophical world, by fubmitting a con- tinued fyftem of ideas, cannot be altogether unworthy of — notice. oO: 3 Tn 246 KANT ON THE POWER OF f In tranflating his Treatife on the art of preventing - _ difeafes, I have endeavoured to flick as clofe as poflible to my original ; conceiving, that every facrifice ought to | be made in order to preferve the a ites Penete of the - anthor. 5 This Treatile bears the following title: Vou der Macht des Gemuth’s durch den bloffen Vorfate feiner krankhaften Gefuble Meifler zu fein. Englith, On the Power of the Mind in over- coming unpleafant Senfations by mere Refolution. ] 1. Tranflated by Fohn C. Colquhoun, Efy. ‘Tue ‘univerfal means propofed at the outfet, regards | only the’ feience of Dietetics; that is, it is merely of negative effect, confidered as the art of preventing dif- ~ eafes. ‘But fuch an art_prefuppofes a. certain power of the mind, which philofophy alone, or the fpirit of philofophy, : can produce ; and to this power merely does the dietetie - propofition announced in the title refer. t. ‘As I cannot illuftrate this propofition by examples drawn from the experience of others, I muft neceflarily confult my own; and when I have made known tne re- - _fult, I may then put the queftion to others,—-Whether or not they have made fimilar obfervations ? There are two wilhes which are entertained by the » generality of mankind, viz. health and long life. But the RESOLUTION OVER DISEASE, 247 the former with is not the neceffary condition of the latter; it is quite unconditional. The poor wretch, who has been for years:lying in the hofpital, in a ftate of ficknefs and - debility, is often heard to exprefs the wilh that death might ¢ foon deliver him from fuffering. But this. with is not ut- tered from the heart. It is indeed diétated by reafon ; but oppofed by a ftronger principle,—that of natural inftinct. Even when he hails death as his deliverer, he {till demands a fhort.delay; he continually finds fome pretext for the procraftination of his peremptory decree. The fanatic re- folution of the fuicide to put a period to his exiftence forms no exception from this general obfervation; becaufe it muft be regarded See eek as hs effe&t of a momentary phrenzy. With regard to health ag the fecond natural with, it is not fo eafily afcertained. One may conceive himfelf to be in perfect health, (he may judge of the agreeable feel- ings of life), and ha be ignorant whether he is fo in reality. Every caufe of natural death is difeafe, whether: it is perceived or not, There are many perfons of whom , we fay, without wifhing to ridicule them, that they are always fickly, yet never fick; whofe diet is a continual alternate departure from, and recurrence to, a particular mode of living 3 and who, notwithftanding, live to a good old age; although, perhaps, they may not have made any great ex- ertion of their powers. But how many of my friends and acqaintances have I furvived, who, having adopted a regular mode of living, and perfevered ‘in it, boafted of the enjoyment of perfe& health, while, in the meantime, the feeds of death (difeafe}, which lay in them unper- ceived, were rapidly proceeding towards their develope- ment, although the perfons themfelves were inconfcious of Q4 . any 9AS8 KANT ON THE POWER OF, any malady. Every caufe of natural death, as was faid above, is difeafe; but the conneétion between the caufe and its effect we cannot poflibly feel; the underitanding. alone can perceive it, whofe judgment may be erroneous but our fenfations do not deceive us; and, for this reafon, we generally believe ourfelves to be in a ftate of health, unlefs our feelings inform us of the contrary. But the abfence of thefe feelings admits of no other expreflions for the ftate of the frame, than that it is apparel healthy. / PRINCIPLE OF DIETETICS. ‘Lure doétrine of dietetics muft not proceed upon the notion of eafe; for this faving of our powers and feelings brings on weaknefs and imbecility, and a gradual deeay of our vital powers, from the want of exercife, as a too fre- quent and too violent exertion exhaufts them. The doc- trine of the ftoics, /u/fine et ab/fine, as principle of dietetics, belongs not only to practical philofophy, confidered as moral {cience, but likewife when regarded as ars medica- trix. This art affumes then the form of philofophy, when the mere power of reafon in mankind, in overcoming fenfations by a governing principle, determines their man- ner of living. On the other hand, when it endeavours to excite or avert thefe fenfations, by external corporeal means, the art becomes merely empiric and mechanical. An excefs of warmth, of fleep, and the tender treat- ment of a healthy perfon, are to be confidered as evil ha- bits, which originate from the notion of eafe. 1. In confulting my own experience, I can by no meahs fubfcribe the prefcription—* One ought to keep his head * and feet warm.’ T have found it, on the contrary, much more ee ee ee Tl tS es | RESOLUTION OVER DISEASE. 9AG more conducive to health to keep both cold ; to which the Ruffians add the breaft ; and my reafon for this is, that by following this maxim, one is not fo liable to catch cold. It is indeed much more comfortable to wath the feet, in winter, with warm water, than with cold; but we are thereby expofed to the danger of torpidity in the blood- veffels, which, in old age, often produces an incurable difeafe in the feet. To keep the belly warm in cold wea- ther might, however, be laid down as a dietetic pre- feription, on account of the bowels it contains, with the nature of which a confiderable degree of heat is con- genial. P 11. To fleep much at a time, or at intervals, is a method of avoiding thofe cares to which we are expofed, when awake. But it is indeed fingular, that mankind fhould defire long life, in order to confume the greater part of it in fleep.. This notion of eafe, however, as a means of promoting longevity, contradicts itfelf in the end. For ‘the habit of | awaking, and again falling afleep, alternately, in long winter nights, is hurtful and deftructive to the whole nervous fyftem, and, in deceitful reft, in the higheft degree debilitating ; and this facrifice to eafe is therefore a caufe of the fhortuefs of life. * The couch is the neft of numberlefs Oieates. um. To beftow upon ourfelves a careful and delicate treatment, in old age, merely for the fake of fparing our powers, by avoiding inconveniences, as, for example, to avoid going abroad in bad weather, or, in general, to de-, legate that labour to others which we ourfelves might un- dertake, and to hope for longevity by this means, is like- wife contradiCtory to its end, and rather tends to produce what we wih to avoid—a fpeedy old age and fhortnefs of life. It has often been a fubje& of difpute, whether or not "the 250 . .KANT ON THE POWER OF» the flate of marriage contributes to promote longevity. I have indeed obferved, that unmarried perfons, or thofe who were early left in a ftate of widowhood, preferve, for the moft part, longer a youthful appearance than married perfons ; which feems to indicate long life. Perhaps the latter betray, in their harfher features, the marks of a con- jugal ftate; which leads us to fuppofe them fhorter lived. _ But in examining this principle, I have, under the conduct of experience, difcovered a faét, which feems to be de- cifive to the contrary.. I found, in the whole lift of perfons 7 who had lived to an extraordinary age (120-169), nota fingle one unmarried; nay, they had all been married feveral times, and moft of them again in the laft days of their lives. In fome families, longevity is hereditary; anda conneCtion formed with fuch a family might perhaps lay the foundation of another. ae) edit aa Sy A habit of philofophifing, without perhaps being really a philofopher, is likewife a means of averting many un- - pleafant fenfations, and, at the fame time, the intéreft we feel in the employment, produces a certain a@tivity of mind, _ which renders us in a manner independent of external ac-_ cidents; and although it is a mere’play, ftill it is powerful. in its effets, by preventing the vital powers from becoming torpid from the want of exertion. True philofophy, on the other hand, which finds an in- tereft in the whole of the objet of reafon, produces 2 feeling of power which can, in a certain degree, alleviate the bodily infirmities of age, by a reafonable appreciation _ of the value of life. But new opening profpeéts in the enlargement of our ideas, although they may not properly belong to philofophy, are produCiive of the fame, or a fimilar effet ; and the mathematician, who has an imme~ diate intereft in the fcience, is, in fo far, likewife-a philo- pher, . RESOLUTION OVER DISEASE. - 251 pher, and enjoys the beneficial confequences of fuch an exertion of his powers, in a Beafh andi unexhaufted old ane d 2 " | > Mere trifle, i ina sitar void of. Shits priduce alfo,' to thofe of ‘more limited capacities, almoft the fame effe@; and thofe who, with nothing to do, are ftill continually ' employed about fomething, generally attain a good age. A certain man, pretty much advanced in life, was greatly interefted in bringing all the clocks in his room to. ftrike the one after the other, and no two at. the fame time; which labour gave himfelf and the watchmaker occupation enough during the whcle day. Another found fufficient employment in the care and feeding of his finging birds, in order to fill up the time between his own meals and fleep. An old woman of fortune, who occupied herfelf the whole day with her {pinning wheel, intermingling her labour with infignificant converfation, complained, at a very advanced age, as one would upon the lofs of an agreeable company, that, as fhe could no longer feel the ‘thread between her fingers, fhe was in danger of iia for; ennul. ie . £ OF HYPOCONDRIASIS. “Lue weaknefs of allowing ourfelves to become the prey of difagreeable fenfations, which have no determinate ob- jet, without attempting to overcome them—the 4 ypocondria vaga, a difeafe which does not originate from any bodily indifpofition, but is, in fact, a mere creature of the ima-. gination, by which the patient fancies himfelf affifted with all manner of difeafes of which he has read or heard —this is the dire& reverfe of that power of the mind by which we are enabled to overcome unpleafant fenfations. It a x 252 KANT ON THE POWER OF It is the terror of evils which might affiié mankind, withs | out their being able to oppofe them, were they-really to take place; a fort of phrenzy, which may indeed proceed from fome difeafed matter not immediately falling under the cognizance of the fenfes, but is merely. reprefented by the imagination as an evil which awaits us. In this cafe, the felf-tormentor (heautontimorumenos), without calling his own courage into exertion, in vain demands the aid of the phyfician; whilft himfelf alone, by a proper regimen of his own thoughts, can do away thofe oppreflive repre- fentations of evils, which might perhaps be incurable were they really to take place. | On account of my flat and narrow cheft, which eke little room for the motion of the: heart and lungs, I have always had a natural difpofition towards hypocondriafis 5 which, in my earlier years, rendered me even difgufted with life. But the confideration, that the ‘caufe of this — ob{ftruction was perhaps merely mechanical, and could not be removed foon, led me to pay little attention to.it; and whilft I felt my breaft heavy and full, my head was not- withitanding clear and cheerful; which cheerfulnefs did not fail to communicate itfelf in fociety, not by fits and ftarts, as is ufual with hypocondriac perfons, but naturally and defignedly. | The obftruction ftill remains ; for the caufe of it lies in my bodily frame. But I have overcome its influence on my thoughts and actions, by turning my attention afide from this feeling, as if I had nothing to do with it. ! OF SLEEP. Aone the unpleafant fenfations, may be reckoned that of being unable to fleep at our accuftomed time, or 5 to RESOLUTION OVER DISEASE. 253 to keep ourfelves awake; but particularly the former. To chafe away all thought is, indeed, the ufual advice given by the phyfician in a cafe of this kind ; but ftill the fame thoughts recur, or others in their ftead. Here, however, there is no other dietetic counfel than, upon the confciouf- nefs of any rifing thought, to turn the attention immediately from it, when, by the interruption of that one thought, a gradual confufion of ideas arifes, by which the cenicioutgels of our external fituation is removed, and a quite different _order takes place; an involuntary play of the imagination, in which, by means of a wonderful artifice of the animal organization, the body becomies incapable of external mo- tion, while it is ftill alive to, and de anes agitated by, the internal or vital motion. - This agitation is caufed by dreams, which, stil when awake we may not be able to recal them to our re- colle€tion, muft have taken place; becaufe in the cafe of a total want of them—if the nervous powers, which proceed from the brain, the feat of our reprefentations, did ‘not work in combination with the mufcular powers of the bowels—life could not be for a moment fuftained. For this reafon, it is probable that all animals dream when aig fleep. Every perfon, however, who has tiie. to bed, and pre- pared himfelf for fleep, will fometimes find his endeavours to procure it, by thus averting his attention from his ruling thoughts, unfuccefsful. In this cafe, he will feel fome- thing fpaftic in the brain; which circumftance coincides with the obfervation, that a man is always, immediately upon awaking, about half an inch taller than if he had re- mained in bed awake. ! As want of fleep is a common complaint of infirm old: age, I have felt, for about a ‘aus paft, attacks fomething fimilar 254 KANT ON THE POWER OF e fimilar to the cramp, accompanied with very acute pain, although with none of that real and vifible motion of the parts affected, as generally attend cramps. Thefe pains I fuppofed to, be fits of the gout, according to the defeription others gave me of that difeafe: I therefore had Tecourfe to the phyfician. 1 , But, in the meantime, becoming rather. sap Grapes at 7 finding myfelf prevented from fleeping, I fummoned up my ftoic principles, and. turned my thoughts with earneft- nefs towards fome indifferent object, (as, for example, to- wards the. comprehenfive name of Cicero) in order to avert my attention from thefe fenfations ; by which means they very foon became blunted, and were finally overcome by drowfinefs. And this remedy I can at all times repeat with equal fuccefs, whenever my fleep is interrupted by © attacks of this kind. But to convince me that thefe pains were not merely imaginary, I perceived, in the morning, that the toes of my left foot were very much inflamed. . I. am perfuaded, that many attacks of the gout, cramps, and epileptic fits, and even the podagra, which has been fo long held incurable, might be alleviated, and perhaps by. degrees totally removed, by means of this firm refolution at every new attack; provided that our fenfual regimen did not oppofe the cure. OF EATING AND DRINKING, For thofe who are young, and in a ftate of perfect health, it is certainly the moft judicious plan to confult merely the appetite with regard to their diet, both as to the time and - the quantity. But in infirm age, a‘ certain habitual, ap- proved, and wholefome, mode of living ought to be adopt- ed. 7) oe ee “¢ Ca ; . ee RESOLUTION OVER DISEASE. 255 ed and followed out from day to day; provided the necef- fary exceptions are made for the want of appetite. In old age, for example, the appetite rejeéts a* quantity of liquid | (foup or water), and requires more fubftantial food, and. _ . More irritating beveridge, in order to promote the motion _. of the bowels and the circulation of the blood. In aged ‘people, water requires a longer period of time before it is received into the blood, if it does not contain liquid par- ticles affimilated with the blood (fuch as wine). The de- fire which the, appetite feels towards drinking water— thirft is, for the moft part, a mere habit, and can be over-— come by the firm refolution not to yield to it; and by this - means the defire is brought within the meafure of the na- tural want. ‘The drinking a quantity of water is likewife prejudicial to-fleep, becaufe the warmth of the blood i is thereby leflened, : ‘sii OF THE ok sale Ege haa SENSATION PP aDiCey BY * Eye ons fe eR LUNE MEDITATION. ~ HOUGHT is to the philofopher a means of nourifhment, sneree which he could not live when alone and awake. _ But to employ ourfelves in deep meditation over a certain determined object, when engaged in eating or walking, produces, in the firft cafe, hypochondriafis, in the fecond, giddinefs. In order, therefore, to avoid thefe unpleafant fenfations, by means of a dietetic principle, if is only requi- fite to devote a certain portion of time to their different employments alternately, and during the period allotted to recreation, to fet afide all ferious meditation, and to allow full {cope to the'more mechanical play of the imagination. Unpleafant fenfations of this kind often take place when, at ufual times, being without fociety, we employ ourfelves, ; 3 . at hs $500... KANT ON THE POWER OF . = ‘ , / at the fame time, in reading or meditation ; becaufe the vital power is, by this labour of the head, drawn ewer from the itomach, which we are loading. I have found by my own experience, and heard from | others whom J have confulted on the. fubject, that ferious thinking, when walking, very foon fatigues us; while, on _ the other hand, if we give ourfelves up to the full pay of the imagination, the motion is reftorative. — This fatigue is ftill fooner brought on when, with the motion and meditation, is joined converfation with an- other. In this cafe, we very foon find ourfelves compelled to fit down, in order to purfue the fubject of difcuffion. — Walking in the open air, by prefenting to the view a con- tinual change of objects, has the effect of preventing the attention from being entirely abforbed. by aRy one indi- vidually, OF ALLEVIATING AND PREVENTING DISEASES BY DETERMINATION IN BREATHING.., Some years ago, I was at times afflicted with cold in my head, and a cough, which became fo much the more un- pleafant, as they generally made their appearance at night when I went to bed. Having become impatient at being thus prevented from fleeping, I refolved, in order if poffible to remedy the for- mer difeafe, to draw breath through the nofe with my lips clofed. This I did at firft with fome dificulty, but by per= feverance the pipe became always clearer, and at laft I fuc- ceeded in performing this operation with perfeét eafe, and , immediately fell afleep. In order to put a ftop to the cough, which is occafioned by the irritation produced by the air we breathe through the ae “ \ RESOLUTION OVER DISEASE. « “2a the mouth ‘upon the top of the Sia spite it was neceffary to have recourfe to fome immediate operation of the mind, and not to any mechanical means; viz. to avert the atten- tion entirely from this irritation; and to fix it upon fome other object, (as mentioned above in the cafe of fits of the cramp). By this means the preffure of the air was oppofed : - The exertion, however, ‘drove the blood to my face, as I plainly felt; but the faliva produced by the fame irritation prevented its ufual effects, and I was neceflarily obliged to fwallow the moifture. This operation of the mind requires, indeed, a very ftrong degree of refolution, which is, how- ever, well rewarded by the beneficial effeéts it produces. — It is certainly a very important dietetic prefcription to en- deavour to acquire a habit of drawing breath through the nofe, fo as to perform this operation in the fame manner even in the moft profound fleep. One who has acquired this cuftom, will awake immediately, ‘as foon as he opens his mouth; at firft a little frightened, as was the cafe with myfelf, before I became properly habituated. When one is obliged to walk faft, or to move up hill, a ftill greater degree of refolution is requifite ; but in every cafe it would be better to moderate the exertion than to make an excep- tion from the rule. This principle may, in like manner, be applied to every kind of fevere exercife. My young friends and pupils have praifed this dietetic maxim as approved and falutaty; nor have they treated it as one of thofe trifling domeftic remedies, which are intro- duced for the purpofe of fuperfeding the {kill of the phyfi- cian. It deferves notice, that, although, in fpeaking for any length of time, the a&t of breathing would appear to be performed through the mouth, which is fo often open- ed; and, of courfe, this rule tranfgrefled with impunity ; yet this is by no means the cafe. The operation is per= Vot. IIT. R ie formed 258 KANT ON THE POWER OF formed likewife through the nofe; for, were the nofe ftuff-- ed at the time, we fhould fay of the orator— he fpeaks — . through, the nofe ;” whereas, in reality, he does not:. and, on the other hand, if the nofe is clear, we fay ‘* he « does not fpeak through the nofe,” while, in fa&, he ” does: A fingular contradiction in terms, indeed, as Profef- for Lichtenberg humoroully, but very juftly, obferves.. Many other beneficial confequences might be enumerat~ ed, as'proceeding from this habit of breathing through the nofe. Its effeéts in the cafe of cough have already been mentioned.’ I have likewife found that, when very thirfty, and having no other means of quenching nny thirft at hand, I have been able to allay this unpleafant fenfation by means of feveral ftrong draughts of breath through the nofe, CONCLUSION. | Thofe difeafes, which can be overcome by the mere re~ folution of man, are all of the fpaftic kind; but it cannot be faid that, vice verfa, all difeafes of this kind can be over- come by refolution. For fome of thefe are of fuch a nature, that our endeavours to fubje€t them to our determination tend only to increafe the complaint. This is, indeed, the cafe with myfelf. I have been for fome time afflifed with that malady, which, about a year ago,t was defcribed in the Copenhagen Gazette as, ‘* an epidemical catarrh, ac~ — ‘* companied with oppreffion of the head,”—a difeafe which has in a manner diforganized my intelleCtual frame, and rendered me incapable of undertaking any fort of fe- vere mental labour: and, as this oppreffion has thrown itfelf upon the natural infirmity of old age, it will probably end only with life. To. * This treatife was written in 1797. RESOLUTION OVER DISEASE. 259 To this, then, does the art t of prolonging life bring us at laft ; that 1 we are merely tolerated among the living, a fitu- ation certainly not the moft defirable. But for this I have a - myfelf to blame. For why fhould I not give place to the vrifing | generation ? a fhould 1 refed the common en- joyments « of life, i order to protra@t my exiftence to an unufual length, aii bring the death. lifts into confufion by Bee ‘example? “Why fhould 1 attempt to fubjea to my own n determination that which was formerly denominated “fatey—to which mankind were wont to bow in humility and devotion, —by propofing dietetic maxims, which are not ‘Tikely fo become general, or to fuperfede the thera- peutic preferiptions of the apothecary ? i s R2 = NUMBER IX. ee Na al ba eS Stance Spt & iy iss : a} A TREATISE ON HEALTH, BY HALLE. _ a Translated from the Encyclopedic Methodique ; Sujet,, Medicine Tome 7. Part ae Livraison 65. Voce Hygiene. — : ‘ Consiperanie progrefs had been made in printing this volume, containing the doctrines of foreign authors on the fubject of health, before I had an opportunity of perufing what the authors of the French Encyclopedia had publifhed regarding it; and upon examining that great work, I was much pleafed to find that the celebrated Hallé had been - employed in that department, and had written a treatife under the word or title Hygiene, which is extremely method- ical, and ably drawn up, and to which there is annexed the plan of a complete work upon the fubjeét. — Yet various reafons have induced me to tranflate this work, and to lay before the reader the annexed plan to it. In the firft place, though the treatife was intended merely as a fketch, yet it is one of the beft works on health that has hitherto appeared, and therefore merits every poflible atten- tion. In the fecond place, it contains the fulleft inform- ' , ation, 4 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. | 261 ation, that can be laid before the reader, of the more recent doétrines of the moft intelligent men on the continent, re- garding health. And in the third place, the Encyclopedie Methodique i is fo vaft a work, that few perfons in this country have accefs to it. And confequently a tranflation of any paper which it contains, fo ably drawn mre is pecttieer defirable. | There was alfo an additional inducement to tranflate it, from the liberality with which the author does juftice to the works on health which have been written in this country. ’ Upon comparing the plan of a complete treatife on health drawn up by Hallé, with the fyftem which I have purfued, it will be feen that the fame objects may be obtained, by a different arrangement, and yet that no material point may be omitted in either: the former plan feems, on the whole, to be beft calculated for a fcientific, the latter for a popular work. Indeed, in the plan adopted by Hallé, there are too many divifions and fubdivifions for a treatife at all intended for the ufe of the bulk of mankind—of that, however, the reader will be the better enabled to judge by examining both. DEFINITION, OBJECT, AND DIVISION OF THE HYGIENE. | : m ies vGEL4, or HyGrEne, is that department of medicine, the objet of which is the prefervation of health. Medicine may with propriety be divided into two great departments: one of which embraces every circumftance interefting to man in a ftate of health; this is the doctrine | of Hygéia or Hygiene, in the moft extenfive import of that term: the other has for its object, all that conceyns him in a ftate of difeafe; this is the art of healing, /’iatrique, {from the scopes, fano, I heal), or, ifi the reader prefer the ; R 3 expreflion Xv ’ % 262 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. expreflion therapeutics, taking that word, as we have done the term Hygiene, im its moft extenfive aeceptation. | Each of thefe two divifions fuppofes, ro, the anatomical and chemical knowledge of man; the farft confidering him in a ftate of health, and the fecond in a ftate of difeafe: 2da, The phyfiological knowledge of his funétions, and of their phenomena; the former department ftill regarding him in the enjoyment of his health, the latter overtaken by difeafe: 370, An acquaintance with thofe influences, te which he is expofed im each of thefe conditions, whether neceflarily, or in confequence of his neceffities, and of the laws of his nature: Jefly, The’ advantages which may be derived from thefe influences, either for the prefervation | of his health, or for removing his difeafes, —_ But, generally, in treating of Hygiene, or the doctrine of ealth, we proceed upon the fuppofition, that the reader has already acquired the knowledge of anatomy and of chemiftry ; it is alfo taken for granted that he is acquaint- ed: with the phenomena of health and of life comprehend- ed under the term phyfiology, The knowledge of thofe influences, to schil action man while in the enjoyment of his health is expofed, and of the advantages which may be derived from them for his pro- tection from difeafes, ftill remains to be confidered ; and the moft comprehenfive treatifes on Aygiéue are generally limit- ed to the inveftigation of this part of the fubject. But ever when circumf{cribed within thefe bounds, the doétrine of health embraces objects of a vaft extent: for it is neceflary to underftand, 1mo, The various conditions which a healthy man may experience in refpect to the in- fluences to which he is expofed; this is the ftudy of tem- peraments and of conffitutions: 2do, The caufes, the nature, and the effects of thefe influences; this is what has been very HYGIANE, BY HALLE. _ - 963 “very prepofteroufly termed the non-naturals: 3tio, The me- thod of regulating or of modifying thefe influences, fo as to render them conducive to the prefervation of health; this department of the fubje€t has been peep denomin- ated regimen OX dietetic. The three tracts afcribed to finpoccates: and intitled, Dz Diata, (Mee! Asairns), furnith us with an example, with an | imperfect one indéed, of this triple divifion; but the exe- cution of it is very defective ; and of thefe three books, the _ fecond is that which has accomplithed its ey with the greateft exactnefs. In this article, I thall content myfelf with exhibiting a senersh table of the hiftory of Aygiéne, whether public or private. I referve for a preliminary difcourfe on this fub- ject, the complete detail of the plan, according to which, in my opinion, this department of medicine ought to be treated. 5 i a HISTORY OF HYGIENE. | Tue firft obfervations of man neceflarily had for their object the effects of regimen. It is alfo extremely probable, that before men fought a remedy for their difeafes in medi- _cinal fubftances, they began with moderating the ufe of aliments; and that diet, whether fuggefted by nature or directed in confequence of obfervation, became their firft refource in the treatment of their maladies: It is, however remarkable, that Hippocrates, claiming the invention as his Own, congratulates himfelf for having determined the juft proportion of diet, relative to temperaments, to circum~- ftances, and to different periods of difeafe. We may ac- count for this fact by confidering, that among men, art Beginning its career by a {mall number of obfervations, at R4 firft 264 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. firft extended its progrefs by analogy, and ended in a rou- tine. Men of ardent and impatient minds have by reafoning generalized fome portions of experience, and framed fyftems of rules, to which fome of their difciples ftri€tly adhere, and which are neglected by the vulgar: but the tafk of reducing this routine of practices to principles, and of fabftituting a fyftem of obfervations, and of laws correfponding to the intentions of nature, in the place of a confufed experience, {upported by the credit of the example, and of the tradi- tion of their fathers, has been referved for men of great genius and of real obfervation. This progrefs of the human mind is oraae delineated to us in the page of hiftory. | . sali s Hippocrates in his excellent treatife concerning ancient | medicine, (Tegs eepa.aing turgivas ), exhibits to us the reprefent- ation of the firft attempts to illuftrate the nature of bygiéne or of regimen. It is from thefe attempts, as he informs us, that medicine dates its origin; and it is to them that he refers us, with the view of demonftrating the folid found- ation of an art, which he undertook to defend againft the affaults of its defamers. Tn this manner, as he remarks, the choice, the prepar- ation, and the admixture of aliments, have given birth to the art of medicine, and are themfelves the offspring of obferv- ation. This fame obfervation has alfo thewn, that thefe preparations, this fele€tion, and mixture, muft have become more neceflary according to the difference of temperaments; that man, whofe conftitution began to be undermined by difeafe, could not make ufe of the fame food adopted by him who enjoyed a perfec ftate of health. Hence proceed- ed rules and regimen; and what name could be given to Such an invention more chara€teriftic of its nature than that of medi- cine? (fays Hippocrates), /ince its object had been, by changing -» ‘the 1 HYGIENE, BYHALLE. = (265 the regimen which produced both his fufferings and his difeafes, to fecure, the Support, the health, and the prefer vation of man, Ta ae yee th ay sy ayopeoe Dinosoregov ay 66 Teoryxoy LciAAwy . Séivo, i inreixny ; on tugacte emt tH tS avienas v vyein te nal TeoPy roth cornely, army ott xeiyng THs Metin 8 Ns of Doves xaos yEoos yi es ee . a4) Obfervation foon: Pabigiied: to the ss cules quantity of aliment, the meafure and proportion of exercife and of reft, as’ all as” of Beep and of se Renivent aie and the fecond ahs sit ara Dats mutt ie minis ae shyaaaliya in hot climates, haye become one of the daily neceflaries of man, as well as an object of pleafure and of luxury. een OF PUBLIC ang Tak OF BESTEL ERON, MANNERS, AND POLICE, AMONG ANCIENT S28 ‘rma ee TO ) HYGIENE. \ \ ‘THE Herth of thefe firft f oternitiods; upon the hap- pinefs, the prefervation, the moral and phyfical perfection of man, and the advantage refulting from political aflocia- tions, foon ftruck men of fuperior minds, deftined to give an impulfe to the age in which they lived. Thus do we perceive that the firft founders of fociety, philofophers, and legiflators, have eftablithed upon thefe important objects, the foundation of their phyfical inftitu- tion, and an effential’ part of their legiflation; and whilft they made the divinity, the principle of truth, the feeling of neceflity, as well as the force of example to interpofe, for the purpofe of infuring a greater degree of reverence. to their laws, they alfo introduced thefe ufeful cuftoms; in- fomuch, that men were rompien to felf-prefervation, and to ty % é “266 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. rie to accelerate their progrefs to perfection, by the united in: fluence of reafon, of authority, of habit, and of a vate tion. — ' Hence arofe a diftin€tion between public and privatl ie: giene ; a diftin@tion of great importance, and which never - _ conftituted a part of the law or government of any nation, but in ages the moft remote. The legiflators of modern times have neglected this department of the ancient code, which, by wife regulations, prepared generations healthy and vigorous. Without doubt, the ancients were more convinced than the moderns of the mutual dependence be- ‘tween the phyfical and moral virtues, and of the neceflity of uniting the laws which enjoin temperance and wifdom to thofe which are enacted to check excefles and to punith crimes. Perhaps they thought that great empires were lefs calculated for thofe wholefome rules than {mall republics : ‘perhaps the modern fyftems of military taétics, rendering the ftrength of the individual of lefs importance for fuccefs in war, have occafioned this unfortunate indifference. The Chaldeans, and above all the Egyptians, who were in the habit of uniting all the ufeful feiences and all public inftitutions to their religious myfteries, were the firft, as far as our knowiedge extends, who joined thefe two depart- ments of medicine and of legiflation. We ought not, at leaft, to afcribe this honour to the inhabitants of India, to whom fome philofophers have allowed a priority of claim over the natives of Egypt and of Chaldea. Tt will be univerfally admitted, that the Hebrews and _ the Greeks borrowed the greateft part of their cuftoms from the Egyptians. Mofes has copied them more exaétly, by impreffing upon his laws, refpeQing regimen, a myf- terioug and a religious character. This folemn character was the only reftraint which could bind an ignorant and {fuperftitious - HYGIENE, BY HALLE. * 267 fuperftitious multitude; the plain dedu€tions of reafon would have never fecured their obedience to a code of re- gular ceremonies, the aim of which was the prefervation of their health and exiftence; but the neglect of which - would not have been produétive of an effeé& fufficiently -inftantaneous to imprint uisen! their minds the feeling of , foxt and of terror. | _. Pythagoras addrefled himfelf to coi fai Reed to bites wi enthufiafm ; but his inftructions extended not Dirk the precinéts of his own fchool. | | » Lycurgus and Minos incorporated their precepts with f ne love of their country, and the impreffion of their virtue which they left behind them, co-operating with national pride, cemented their tenets, in which their fellow citizens -acquiefced with all the reverence due to laws. The public games, and the prizes offered to the fuccefs- fal competitor in the different exercifes in Greece, refulted from thofe political inftitutions defigned to form the body, _and to impart to it a fuperior degree of vigour and ftrength. The moft illuftrious citizens. were emulous of the glory to be reaped in thefe fields of conteft ; and the gymnafia were the firft fchools in which the youth were trained mp for all kinds of triumphs. Among the Romans thefe inftitutions loft much of their utility; the glory refulting from the public games was abandoned to flaves and gladiators ; and inftead of thofe pacific and honourable contefts, which charmed the en- lightened. inhabitants of Geeece, bloodthirfty Rome facri- ficed human victims on the altars of her pleafures. Certain tranfient modes of fafhion, which in the. age of the em- perors, introduced again fome diftinguithed perfonages up- on the public ftage, do not merit any fhare of our attention im this: place. Thefe whims originated rather i in a deprav- ation 268 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. ation of morals, and in the negle& of every fpecies of des corum, than in any national eftablifhment for the purpofes — and the glory of having completely fubdued modefty, was the only triumph which accrued to both fexes from thefe fhameful exceffes. It was not thus that theSpartan women _ prefented themfelves to the fight of their fellow citizens ; the idea entertained of their virtue, fupplied the place of garments, whilft it commanded the refpect of the fpe€tators, and their utmoft ambition was to fhew themfelves scmgaued of fupplying the country with heroes. al The gymnafia, however, were kept up among the Romans; and the defcription of the buildings allotted to thefe pur- pofes, which has been handed down to us, proves that they attached great importance to the gymnaftic art; and that they included it among the sag a pte: hank se the education of youth, vss : Public baths were conftru&ted at Rome on a fcale of the greateft magnificence ; but the prattice of them could only be regarded either_as an objet of fenfuality or of health to individuals, fince it was not united with the gymnaftic art; it is when thus aflociated alone, that baths can be ae among public and national inftitutions. To the account of public Hygiene, mult be wiesling a | care, with which, among the Romans, the ediles attended to the cleanlinefs of cities. The expences devoted to the repair of fewers, and to the purpofe of procuring an abun- dant fupply of water to a great city, are attefted to us by monuments, which time has refpeéted, and of which the indolence of the modern Romans ftill avails itfelf. In gen- eral, we may fearch for the materials from which the hif- tory of public Hygiene among the ancients may be com. pofed, 170, In their legiflation; 2d, In their cuftoms and iat manners ; # * cas ® = AY ; so HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 269 saanners 5 3t0, In their Epis detnsGiine the public ‘police. "ahs ieee 45. Boers oy LEGISLATION, OR LEGISLATIVE HY- _ GIENE AMONG THE NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. "PHYSICAL L LEGISLATION, ’ OR PUBLIC HYGIENE AMONG ae brat cetata eh | ae he) a Bt Ray te ; us sitesi 6 eye view of pa ties dcpiators as atiicjaiey shave accomplithed for the prefervation of Aealth, will not be devoid of utility in this place; and the circumftances of our prefent fituation beftow a new intereft on this {ub- joes ; I do not confider salads Mofes bi left us on this topic as deferving of any very ample detail. All the meafures which he adopted for the prefervation of health, are refer- able to three principal objects. The prohibition of certain _ kinds of food, ablutions prefcribed for legal uncleannefles, and the feclufion of certain diftempers regarded contagious, efpecially leprofy. Some writers affign a regard to health as the origin of the rite of circumcifion; but I do not find it ftated in any work, that the inhabitants of Arabia and of Syria had been fubjected to any topical affection in the parts removed by circumcifion. The practice of this operation in the ifland of Madagafcar, among nations who in other refpects do not appear to have any notion of Judaifm, or of Mahomedifm, do not tend to give additional confirmation to this opi- nion. In refpe& to the legal prohibition ie certain articles of food, it is, in my opinion, very difficult to affign a reafon why fo many {pecies of animals were profcribed among the Hebrews. 270 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. Hebrews. It however has been imagined, that the leprofy | being a very common difeafe among them, and {wine being — {ubje&t to a certain kind of derangement of the adipofe membrane, very analogous to leprous deformity, there was ground for the belief, that the ufe of the flefh of this ani- mal was apt to communicate a predifpofition to leprofy.* However improbable fuch an opinion may be, it affumed fome afcendency over the minds of men at a period when our knowledge of animal phyfics was limited to a few weak analogies; and it is to thefe analogies that the pro- fcription of all thefe animals, which were regarded as con- ‘ftituting one individual clafs, is to be afcribed, becaufe one of thefe animals, upon fome fimilar reafon, appeared fufpi- cious. The hog appearing at firft fight entitled to be rank- ed among thofe animals who have the hoof cleft, and yet. being remarkable on account of its inability to chew the cud, which is a fun€tion common to almoft all the animals of this clafs, it follows from this circumftance, that the » union of the power of rumination with the character of a forked hoof, appeared an effential attribute of thofe animals, whofe fleth is to be regarded as falubrious food. Confider- ing the matter in this light, it was concluded, that two claffes of animals ought to be excluded from the article of diet 5 1fty that compofed of the ruminating animals that are not cloven footed; 2d, that of cloven footed animals which are not endowed with the faculty of rumination. Moreover, * 'The flefh of hogs is well known to be unwholefome in Egypt, and other countries of the eaft, where they are fed differently from what they are in Europe; and, it is probable, experience of this fort induced the eaftern legiflators, Mofes and Mahomet, to forbid its afe by an article i, their refpective codes of laws. TRANSLATOR. HYGIENE, BY HALLE, yi Moreover, thofe animals whofe feet have toes have been arranged i int the fame clafs with fuch as have the feet un- forked 3 fo that thofe among them that chew the cud have bee excluded from tl the number of thofe articles of food, | the ufe of which has been permitted by 1 the law. This precept r refulted i in a greater uniformity in the regie men of this people; for the kinds of animal food authors. ized by their law were reduced to a fmall number, fince ~ among os. birds and fithes, there were fimilar prohibitions. which exclu ded from the range of falutary_ food, numerous ea winged fowls, of fifhes, and of amphibious ani- mals. oh eee > This uniformity i in their regimen, ~ eer ie by. the prohibitions fanctioned by their religion, joined to the abfolute. interdiCtion of foreign alliances, and even of one tribe with another, muft have preferved among the indivi-. duals of the Jewith nation, a peculiar analogy with refpect to thofe. features and phyfical characters which conftitute national refemblances. It has thus been, alleged that the race of the Jews is fenfibly diftinguifhed in the various cli- mates, and in the midft of thofe very different nations, among whom this people is {cattered. I know not, how- ever, whether it would be an eafy tafk, to analyfe the linea- ments of this refemblance; and with regard to myfelf, 1 never could explain them with fuch precifion as to fatisfy my own mind. | It is a more eafy tafk to comprehend the objet for seh legal purifications were inftituted, in warm climates, where the rapid putrefaction of animal fubftances, the profufe perfpiration, and the odour of that excretion, efpecially among individuals of a red complexion, a colour which is _ abundantly common in thefe countries, are fo many caufes ef unhealthinefs, which ablutions counteraét. The Arabs, who Q72 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. who are defcended from the patriarchs, the anceftors of the Hebrews, and from whom have {prung the firft Muf- fulmans, fcrupuloufly adhere to the fame praétices. Maho- met found them prevalent in that country, and prefcribed them to his followers. It is well known that, in thofe countries fo often ravaged by the plague in our times, the beft prophylactic againft this contagion, is the immerfion in water of all thofe bodies that are capable of communi- cating it. Thefe remarks enable us to aflign a reafonable motive for the purifications prefcribed i in the law of Mofes. » This legiflator invefted cleanlinefs with the authority of a religious precept ; and chofe rather to carry the pra€tice of this virtue to the moft fcrupulous minutenefs, than to run the rifk of fuffering it to be neglefed in circumftances of importance. It is a very fingular faét, that this people, who have been able to preferve fo many phyfical traces of the firft diftinguifhing characters of their anceftors, fhould be almoft everywhere remarkable for an exceflive degree of flovenlinefs, wherever the individuals of it are found united together within the fame limited fpace; as is ob. fervable in Rome, in certain cities of Germany, and in all thofe places where there is a particular ward or quarter appropriated to this nation. If we may take it for granted, that this propenfity to uncleanlinefs is hereditary, this fuppofition . . furnifhes a {till more fatisfaQory reafon why. their legifla- tor has taken fo much care to render cleanlinefs obligatory on a nation, whom he knew to be little inclined to the practice of this domeftic virtue. With refpe€t to the feclufion of certain difeafes deemed contagious, and efpecially the leprofy, the Mofaic code ex- hibits the fame characteriftic features, that is, an exceflive degree of precaution. We are ignorant of the nature of — the leprofy, of the walls, and of the buildings; but we everywhere a a Ae) HYGIENE, BY HALLE, ore ‘everywhere obferve the moft ftudious care to deftroy even the fhadow of contagion. The leprofy of the Hebrews ap- , iia have been the difeafe denominated elephantiafis in modern practice ; and the difcrepancies which the defcrip- tion given of it by the Hebrew lawgiver, feems at firlt fight to prefent, difappear, as the citizen Chamferu has remarked, when we confult the context, and obferve, that the expreflions from which the tranflators have inferred, _ that the leprofy produced pits, or depreffions of the fkin, -inftead of forming projecting tubercles, only fignify, that this derangement of the fkin penetrated below its furface, and extended through its thicknefs, fo that the expreffion, pit or depreffion, has been fubftituted for that of depth or. penetration. We know that the terms of the Hebrew lan- guage lead to fimilar miftakes, from the number of fignifi- cations of which the fame word is fufceptible. This pofi- tion being admitted, and the leprofy and elephantiafis being alfo the fame difeafe, it might excite our aftonifhment, that — perfons labouring under this diftemper, which in our cli- mate is in no inftance infeGtious, and whofe contagious nature is even very problematical in warm regions, fhould be fo rigoroufly excluded from the community among the Hebrews, if an exceflive degree of precaution in every other point refpeCting health, had not been one of the diftin- guifhing characteriftics of the ceremonial code of this peo- ple.* It may, moreover, be obferved, that the hideous and Vou. TIT. | Ss é ‘ difgufting * The contagious nature of leprofy appears to be. seta: from the me~ dical hiftories of the French army in Egypt. ‘Thefe accounts do not au- thorize us to identify leprofy with elephantiafis, and this latter difeafe is hot infectious. See Relation Chirurgicale, toc. par D. Lar rey, Docteur, &c. Sve. Paris, 1804, TRANSLATOR, i oe % Ms ' 4 274 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. difgufting afpect of perfons attacked by this frightful ma- _ lady, muft have infpired this averfion, and countenanced the prejudices of thofe who regarded it as contagious. It is perhaps to this frightful appearance alone, that the eure rency which the fame opinion has obtained in our American colonies, where lepers are with the fame care camel from fociety, is to be traced. — ; ‘ : ae LEGISLATIVE HYGIENE OF LYCURGUS AND OF THE GREEKS | ' IN GENERAL. | a : All the obfervances applicable to the prefervation of health contained in the ceremonial inftitutes of the He- brews are limited to thefe points alone. For we do not obferve any traces of a public inftitution authorized by their law, which had for its objeé& to promote the phyfical per- fection of man. The firft laws in ancient hiftory which fur- nifh us with examples of fuch an eftablifhment are thofe of — Lycurgus. It is, indeed, true, that the laws of Crete had already prefcribed public education and eating in common. But what the Cretans had done in this refpe€t, the Spar- tans executed with ftill greater efficiency, fince Lycurgus occupied himfelf with the tafk of eftablifhing the empire of the laws upon the foundation of public manners, which he framed and prepared by inftitutions {till more power- ful than the laws themfelves. It is proper to remark in this place, as if faiguensag con- fiderations which are by no means foreign to the phyfical knowledge of man, that the art of forming’ his manners, is perhaps of much greater importance than the art of pre- {cribing him laws; guid leges fine moribus vane proficiunt ? : Manners : ‘ | c HYGIENE, BY HALLE. O75 Manners are a {pecies of habit, by which man is carried along, as it were infenfibly and contrary to his inclinations, which gives an uniform dire@tion to all his a€tions and to all his ideas. The tendency of this dire@tion ought always to be to urge him on to what is right, but lefs by precepts than by an irrefiftible impulfe. It is by addreffing his fenfes ‘through the medium of external objects, by inftitutions, , monuments, feafts, and public folemnities; that man, al« ways prone to imitation, always difpofed to accommodate himfelf to the obje&ts with which he is furrounded, is prompted to action. It is therefore a point of great ime portance, when we with to change the manners of a nation, to erafe every trace of its ancient habits, and to delineate everywhere the image of thofe which we are inclined to fubftitute in their place. In general, laws addrefs the underftanding; and manners fubjugate man through the inftrumentality of the fenfes. No people underftood better the influence of manners than the Greeks; and no legiflas tor availed himfelf more of this influence than Lycurgus. But however nearly allied thefe confiderations may be to the phyfical hiftory of man, we muft limit our inquiries, in this place, to that department of that eminent man’s legiflation, which has for its object the prefervation “of health, or the perfection of our {pecies. In ftudying the legiflation of ancient nations, we mutt never forget that their chief aim was to furnith the ftate with hardy citizens and able defenders. Every citizen was a foldier; and every private confideration was invariably facrificed to the interefts of the republic. It is in this order of things that we muft fometimes feek for the origin | of cuftoms, which in our own times appear barbarous and inhuman. i Sere Bag, Pay desc p 2 Tr, me aa ‘ 3 at 276 |. °° HYGIENE, BY HALLE. Tt was an eftablifhed cuftom at Sparta, as among the moft ancient ftates of Greece, as well as at a latter period among the Romans, to decide upon the fate of every infant at its birth; and according to its ftrength, and the indica- tions which it gave of a found conftitution, to receive it into the number of the living, or to exclude it from this privilege, when its condition authorized the prefumption that, in its future life, it would only become a feeble being, deftitute of ability to ferve its country. : Among all othér nations, the parents shieabfelves were the arbiters who gave judgment in this cafe; at Sparta, they were the elders of the tribe, who decided folemnly upon it in the name of the republic. The Spartans un- — doubtedly were of opinion, that the poflibility of ftrength- ening a feeble conftitution ought to be deemed a hazard’ too difadvantageous, and did not imagine that men, fo little befriended by nature, would indemnify their country for the debility of their organs, by the extent of their know- ledge, or the eminence of their virtues. als The Thebans did not admire this barbarous cuftom ; wr perhaps the recolle€tion of the fate of CEdipus, was, among this people, the caufe of an exception, fo accordant to the di€tates of humanity. We mutt not, however, eftimate the lofs which Lacede- mon mutft have fuftained from a profcription of this nature, by that which the fame law would have occafioned among: ourfelves. The licentioufnefs of parents, their debauchery, their effeminacy, their weaknefs, fuperinduced by a wretch- ed fyftem of education, muft among modern nations have greatly multiplied thofe feeble beings, whom death feems to claim from the firft ftage. of their infancy, and who can only be refcued from his grafp by dint of attention and of vigilance. HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 277 vigilance. Independent of all this, Lycurgus had turned his attention to the great object of preparing vigorous fta- mina, and fought, in the education of the Spartan women, _- the ingredient of that ftrength of body, which, combined with energy of foul, was to form the ‘ciel whom he with- , ed to ) give to his country. It was with the view of siete kites this important neice that until the time of marriage, the Spartan wo- men, trained up to the fame exercifes with the men, deriv- ed from a mafculine and fevere education that ftrength — which they were to tran{mit to their children. _ At the period of their marriage, they ceafed to feces ‘tit gymaatium, and devoted themfelves to the difcharge of thofe important duties, which the honourable fituation of wives and of mothers impofed upon them. ’ It is a very ancient opinion or prejudice, that fomething is conveyed to the child from the external impreffions with which the mother is affeted during pregnancy. While this period lafted, the eyes of a Spartan woman were con- {tantly feafted with images, which recalled the idea of beauty combined with ftrength. Thus careful were this people, that every circumftance concurred to prepare a race of heroes; and prior even to his birth, a Spartan was not to be regarded as an ordinary mortal. Scarcely had he appeared in the world, when the eyes of his country were fixed upon him; and his education became the moft important concern of the ftate. It was 2 cuftom among the ancient Greeks, of which the hiftory of Achilles furnifhes us with an example, to immerfe the new- born infant in cold water at the moment of its birth. Other nations made their children pafs through the fire. Le Clerc, (Hitt. of Medicine, Book I, c. xiv,) after having extracted 9 3 it) trom | paint Paks bs “e 6 Vis HYGIENE, BY HALLE. from Plato all that this philofopher has urged againft He- rodicus, and againft gymnaftic medicine, quotes the ex- ample of the Lacedemonians, who plunged their children in wine immediately on their birth. He adds, that thefe republicans concerned themfelves little about the accidents which might refult from this meafure, being perfuaded that thofe to whom it proved fatal, would have never be- -come robuft and hardy citizens. He obferves, without quoting his authority, that the children thus treated fre- quently died of an attack of epilepfy. Le Clere and his author have undoubtedly, in this place, miftaken epilepfy for tetanus, or locked jaw, which is frequently induced in new born infants, by cold and moift temperature ; and, in general, by every kind of irritation, efpecially in warm countries. SN The young Spartans, i in early shined alone, were intruft- ed to the care of their parents. This period extended to the age of feven years; and during this time, fo favour- able for the developement of their organs, all their phyfical and moral faculties unfolded themfelves in perfec liberty. Their limbs were not fhackled with ftrait bonds, their minds were not enflaved by the harfhnefs of a premature feverity. When they reached the feventh year of heir age, hey became the children of the ftate; and from this period they began to inure themfelves to fatigues proportionate to their age. Their fports, always performed in public, as well as their exercifes, were conftantly directed to the fame end; that of hardening their bodies gradually againit €X-~ ternal impreflions, of bracing their limbs, and of carrying their motions to the higheft pitch of improvement. When they attained to the age of twelve, they began to lay afide their | 2 RYGIENDU RY ATALLE. .* 2N9. their loofe flowing hair, and the long drefs of infancy ; they ftripped themfelves even of their coat, ftockings, and _ thoes, and clothed with a fimple cloak, and {pending almoft the whole day in the gymnafium, by the moft rigid mode ‘of living, by the moft violent exercifes, and by the ftriéteft "temperance, they were trained up to a military life, which, in-the ancient fy{tems of education, was the moft indifpenf- ible of all acquirements, fince every citizen was a foldier. For the fpirit of conqueft and of {way unceafingly torment- ed thefe reftlefs nations, who have’ bequeathed to pofterity the .fineft models of wifdom and of humanity combined with the moft deplorable examples of ferocious war. The Spartans were lefs accuftomed to the ufe of baths than the other ftates of, Greece. They appear, to have been familiar with the ufe of the dry ftove, fince in the public baths of Rome, that department of the building ap- | propriated to this kind of ftove was denominated the Laco- nicum. But they were habituated to bathing or immerfion in the flowing ftream of their rivers. , In the Spartan fyftem of education, there was a cuftom which merits particular notice in this place, an account of the diverfity of its effects upon the morals of the different ftates of Greece. In fact, fuch an ufage fuits a nation dif- tinguifhed for its wifdom and for the ftriCtnefs of its morals, and ferves to carry its virtue to a ftill higher pitch, which, on the contrary, can only increafe licentioufnefs and difli- pation in ftates abandoned to pleafure, and corrupted by effeminate luxury. Thefe obfervations are applicable to the cuftom eftablithed at Sparta, and, which Lycurgus had bor- _ rowed from the Cretans, of cementing tender attachments among the youth, by means of which, friends infeparably united, interefted in the glory and honour of their aflociates, eS 4 became 280 | HYGIENE, BY HALLE. became mutual iniltru€tors, whofe fuperintendence refulted _ in more advantageous confequences, than all the feverity exercifed by their mafters. The publicity of their inter- courfe was the fecurity of their virtues; and we may more- over place the utmoft confidence in the purity of an inftitution of this nature, among a people; whofe women impreffed upon their contemporaries, and handed down to potterity, an high opinion of their virtues and of their mo- defty; although they fcorned, even in the eyes of the pub- lic, the ufe of thofe veils which are rather to be confidered as the emblems of virtues than as its guardians. ‘On the contrary, it is well known into what profligacy of condu€t thefe intimate affociations degenerated among the Athenians, among whom even the virtues of-a Socrates , were not exempt from fufpicion, and appeared debafed by — the devoted attachment which the young Alcibiades pro. feffed for him. It may readily be conceived, that the infti- tutions of Sparta could not be naturalifed at Athens with facility; and among nations addicted to this fpecies of de- bauchery, a degenerated and enfeebled' race muft needs | have fuffered the punifhment due to thofe injuries com- mitted on the moft facred Iaws of nature. ‘ To the exercifes by which their early infancy was invi- gorated, fucceeded a feries of real contefts among the Spare tan youth, who had attained the age of eighteen. They were taught to defpife and refift pain upon every occafion they encountered that feeling in a more formidable fhape in the midft of their pleafures than in the field of battle. Inftead of being abandoned to themfelves, in an age in which the turbulent paflions predominate, they were at this period furnifhed with new incentives to their courage, and all their paflions controuled or abforbed by the love of © their ” By HYGIENE; BY HALLE. 281 their country, kindled in their fouls exquifite dnjopmieiig, and delivered them up to a fpecies of intoxication, unac- pein by pleafure. | _ Senfuality experienced every difeouragement ; and the black broth of Sparta, which gratified an appetite excited ~. by violent exercife, was undoubtedly a dith which a Spar- tan alone could relifh. ‘he arts, the offspring of imagin- © ation, and which afford it fo agreeable an éxercife, were _ only rendered familiar to the Spartans as far as they infpir- ed noble and manly fentiments. ‘T’o the art of oratory this people were ftrangers ; their eloquence confifted in ftrength and precifion of ideas; their poetry was pregnant with fire and enthufiafm ; and their mufic admitted only of grand and forcible modulations, ‘calculated to "esa to natin and courageous enterprizes. Time impairs the nobleft inftitutions; but it is remark able, that the vices, which at firft changed thofe of ‘Lycur- gus, were the very oppofite to thofe which generally under- mine and enfeeble the primitive virtues of infant ftates. Such was the nature of the impulfe communicated to the Spartans by their firft inftitutions, that, inftead of tending to enfeeble the fentiments with which they infpired them, they tranfgreffed the limits which the legiflator prefcribed to them; firmnefs and courage were converted into fero« city and barbarity ; the pride of the ftern virtues extinguifh- ed the very fentiments of humanity ; and inftead of refting fatisfied with rendering their bodies hardy and vigorous, they fubjeéted them with a favage joy to the moft unavail- ing punifhments. The fteadinefs with which the Spartans perfevered in the firft track which Lycurgus pointed out to them, evidently refulted from the care exercifed by that legiflator to preferve them from all commixture with foreign nations. 282 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. nations. He rather chofe to-deprive them of the arts, the offspring of luxury and of commerce, provided they remain= ed {trangers to the corruption which followed in their train; and it was perhaps a more advantageous alternative for them to preferve all the roughnefs of a firft imprefliom, than to fuffer its original traces to be effaced, in affociations which never introduce elegance of manners without its concomitant vices. Np ein In fine, the greateft eulogium which can be paffed upon the phyfical inftitutions of Lacedemon is, that in no other diftrit of Greece could man lay claim to purer and nobler blood than circulated in the veins of the Spartans. eee - ‘Travels of the Young Anacharfis. ) . very ihe paaerean CODE OF prrincoais AND OF PLATO. Ir was not under the formal fanétion of laws, that the other {tates of Greece received fuch of their practices as are connected with the prefervation of public Aealth; and, in general, thefe objets are far from being fo nearly allied to legiflative enaCtments as to the manners and cuftoms of nations. . There are, however, two men who merit a place i in the rank of lawgivers; and whofe precepts, confidered i in their relation to public Aygiéne, may be compared with the code of Lycurgus. Thefe are Pythagoras and Plato. The former, with no other defign than that of eftablifhing a fchool of philofophy, became almoft the legiflator of a nation; and the latter, in devifing a fyftem of laws for ftates, was fimply denominated a philofopher. _ Sobriety and temperance were the original bafis of the dietetic laws of Pythagoras; and abftinence from certain fubftances, HYGIENE, BY HALLE. © 2338 fubftances, as well as a vegetable regimen, were only con- clufions deduced from a firft principle; the object of which was to procure, in conjunétion with bodily health, the per- > fe€tion of the intelle€tual fun€tions. Certain prohibitions could not be confidered as ftri€t and rigorous precepts, ine cept for his difciples alone, who, like all the followers of _ religious or philofophical fchools, always take ‘merit to themfelves, in increafing the feverity of obfervances, whilft _ they not unfrequently lofe fight of the end for which they were ; inftituted, viz. the phyfical and moral perfection of © man, The man who theds the blood of an ox or of a fheep, will be habituated more eafily than another to wit- _ nefs the effufion of that of his fellow creature ; inhumanity takes pofleflion of his foul; and the profeflions, whofe ob- jeQt is to facrifice animals for the purpofe of fupplying the neceflities of men, impart to thofe who exercife them a ferocity, which their relative conne€tions with fociety but — imperfedtly ferve to mitigate. Would it be a true infer ence from thefe premifes, that the thirft of blood is one of thofe depravities to which the human fpeciés abandon _ themfelves with the leaft relu@tance ? and ought men to be compared with thofe carnivorous ‘animals, among which the colour, or the fmell, or the tafte of blood, awaken a terrible inftin&, which prompts them to forget even the very mafter whom they formerly careffed, and from whom they received their nourifhment? Go 4 There is another obfervation which I equally refer to the ? phyfical organization of man,' and which owes its origin to that kind of religious fchool eftablifhed by Pythagoras. It. ‘relates to the influence of fymbols and of fymbolical dbterv- ances, in engraving the maxims of morality upon the human mind. He had learned this method among the Egyptian nN priefts ; 284 “HYGIENE, BY HALLE. | priefts; but he had not confidered that man, fuperfitious | from his birth, foon attaches himfelf to the type, whilft he overlooks the idea of which it is the emblem, lays hold of the image to fubftitute it in the place of the thing repre- fented, and by this means becomes more religious without improving his condu@. There is little reafon to doubt, that idolatry and fuperftition had their origin in fymbolical and myfterious language, which, covering truth with a veil, exhibited her only under emblematical appearances. But this inquiry is lefs immediately connected with the | do&tvine of health, than with the nature of man. | We may obferve here, as one of the circumftances which - moft decidedly contribute to bodily health, the care exercif- ed by the Pythagoreans in regulating all the emotions of » the foul, not only by the ftudy of philofophy and of the ‘fpeculative fciences, not only by the precepts and practices of the mildeft morality, but, moreover, by the ufe of mufic, "by the peaceable profpeét of agreeable folitudes, in general, by all thofe means, which diffufing ferenity over our exter- nal fenfes; tran{fmit into our fouls the placid affeCtions of our eyes and of our ears. _ Thave not thought it fuperfluous to dwell for a moment upon thefe confidertions; fince the fyftem of Pythagoras “was not confined within the limits of his ewn fchool, but became, during a certain period, the law of a Grecian co- lony eftablifhed at Crotona, which was deftroyed only by the jealoufy of certain perfons, who, on account of their vices, were refufed admiffion into this fociety. A nation of philofophers, governed by the mildeft laws, among whom the paflions kept in perpetual fubje@tion to the do- - minion of reafon, would have never interrupted peace, union, and equality, would undoubtedly have been a noble fpectacle, Ais HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 983 fpeétacle, and a rich fource of obfervation, for all thofe — who devote themfelves to the fiudy of the phyfical and moral qualities of man—a chimerical fabric; but which it was an honourable attempt to have reared to a certain height, in {pite of the inevitable deftruCtion which human depravity prepared for it. ‘The phyfical effe€t of an infti- tution of this nature upon fucceflive generations, in one of the fineft climates-in the world, is unfortunately a problem which has not yet been folved, which offers itfelf to our meditation, but which will furnith few pages in the ete of public Aygitue. _ The fine distin, which occurred to ie mind of Plato, while organizing his ideal republic, affords little new ma- . terials adapted to our purpofe; and the divifion of the education of the clafs of warriors, between the gymnaftic art and mufic, is the only circumftance which we deem ‘worthy of obfervation in this place. It merits our attention, both becaufe this department of Plato’s plan is fupported upon the experience of the ftates of Greece, and becaufe the legiflator’s obje&t was to counterbalance the phyfical effets of one of thefe inftitutions by thofe of the other: infomuch that mufic cured the foul of that rudenefs and favage difpofition with which the exercifes of the gymna- fium infe&ted it; whilft thefe, on the other hand, in invi- gorating the body, and in accuftoming it to endure the moft fevere labours, guarded the body againft that effemi- nacy and want of energy which refulted from the effects of mufic. We may, however, remark in this place, that by - the term mufic, (weoun), Plato and the ancients underftood _ alfo every fubject comprehended under the jurifdi€tion of the mufes; that is, all the {peculative fciences. It is never . thelefs certain, that mufic, peoneety fo called, occupied a conf{picuous 286 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. confpicuous place among the inftitutions of Greece. They - regarded it as poffeffing extenfive influence, both phyfical and moral, over the minds of men; fince the kings and the ephori enacted a difhonourable decree againft an Ionian mufician who had juft introduced into Sparta inntovations,- which, by beftowing more voluptuous modulations on mu- fic, appeared to them calculated to corrupt the youth. In other countries of Greece, feveral laws prefcribed the number of ftrings which the lyre thould poffefs, and pro# hibited any addition to this number under the fevereft penalties. Plato himfelf confiders the changes introduced into mufic as fymptomatic of depravity’of morals, and as a prefage ominous to the community. He prefcribed to the pupils of his republic the Dorian and Phrygian modulations; of which, the former was energetic and manly, the latter: lofty and noble. But he prohibited the Lydian meafure, calculated to introduce languifhing plaintivenefs; and the Ionian, which breathed foft voluptuoufnefs. Whatever may be in this, one expreffion of this great man, inftruéts us as to the objet which he had in view when he com- pofed his fyftem of public education— When you arrive « in a city,” he obferves, ‘* you, will perceive that educa 6 tion is negleéted, if there be a want of ahah and. “ of judges.” . _ I do not examine here in detail what Ariftotle nae ae vanced after Plato, and the afliftance which many other philofophers of antiquity have been able to afford, either by their actions or by their writings, in advancing.the per- fe€tion.of the fpecies. There are few things deferving of attention in thefe, which ought not to be referred to the semarks juft now made, and which have not been borrow- HYGIENE, BY HALLE, | 287 ed from the examples quoted in the preceding difquif ‘ tions. pe . - LEGISLATIVE. HYGIENE OF THE PERSIANS, TO THE PERIOD Fae “OF P THE INFANCY OF CYRUS THE GREAT. eh al ‘ ’ Ir is near the time of Pythagoras, that is, in the fixth century before the Chriftian era, that we muft fix the epocha at which Xenophon reprefents Cyrus leaving the — fevere feminary of the Perfians, and exhibiting at the’ court of Aftyages, an example of a manly education, of a fobriety, a wifdom, and-an abftemioufnefs, which appeared an incom- prehenfible phenomenon to the voluptuous courtiers of the emperor of the Medes. Let not the Cyropedia be regarded merely as an ingeni- ’ ous romance; this romance, at leaft, cannot be confidered as built upon a foundation entirely fabulous. Is it to be imagined that Xenophon would have.placed before the eyes of his fellow citizens fo fine a picture of a foreign and a rival nation of the Greeks, had he not entertained a fettled opinion upon this point, efpecially at a period when, dege- nerated from its real {plendour, and debafed by luxury and_ effeminacy, the Perfian nation no longer furnifhed any traces of that unchangeable glory which i is the infeparable and exclufive companion of virtue ? $i Among the Perfians, of whofe manners, before the era at which this nation was blended with the Medes, Xeno- phon has left us fo exquifite a fketch, the education of children was not intrufted to their parents. The child was the property of the nation; and from the age of fix or feven years, was under the fuperintendance of magiftrates, fee lected from among’ the elders, and who were chofen for the ipecial purpote of Erie over the education of the youth, 28S _ HYGIENE, BY HALLE, youth. During the period of ten years, they were inured, ~ to every fpecies of exercife; they rofe at break of day, ate in common, not in the houfes of their parents, but in thofe of the mafters to whofe charge they were confided. They were there accuftomed to endure hunger and thirft, and to reft fatisfied with a frugal repaft. Their drink was water ; bread and cardamon (xagdeecov, which tranflators interpret by the term nafturtium, or water-crefes) conftituted their food; and their exercife confifted in bending the bow and in throwing the javelin. When arrived at the age of puberty, {till feverer exercifes were allotted to them ; and until they reached their twenty- fifth year, they ferved an apprenticefhip to war, in all its various forms. They flept in the open air, under arms; they accompanied to the chace the ‘chief of the nation, fuf- tained in this exercife the reprefentation of hoftile confli€ts, endured cold, and every f{pecies of inclemency of weather ; ate only once in the day, and fed upon the game taken by the hunters ; on all other occafions they were fatisfied with the fimple cardamon added to their bread. Such of them. as did not participate in the fatigue of the chace, engaged in exercife among themfelves, and contended with one an- other for the prize and glory of dexterity and ftrength. - They attained their twenty-fifth year before they affociat- ed with the full grown men. ‘his people were not anxious to gather the fruits of maturity in the age of expectation; and they did not prematurely exhauft the refources of the fate. Every adult carried arms for the {pace of twenty- five years. At the age of fifty, he was inrolled in the clafs of old men; and from this period he never engaged in ' warfare, except in thofe confli&s which were maintained in defence of his own habitation and.of the national terri« tories. Such was the order of the laws refpecting the edu: a cation HYGIENE, BY HALLE. | 289 cation and employment of men in a warlike and invincible nation, which did not fink under the efforts of the Greeks, , _ until a period when incorporated with the Medes, and enerv- ated by luxury, and by the riches acquired from the nations which i it conquered, it extended its dominion far beyond its . proper limits,—and whofe defcendants firmly fuftained all the weight of the pride and of the power of Rome. “One remark ftill remains to be made on this people, which is not foreign to the fubje& under difcuffion. .The laws prohibited them from blowing their nofes and from {pitting in public, as well as from retiring from their exer- cifes for the purpofe of fatisfying the calls of nature. This fingular prohibition, as Kenophon obferves, would be in- explicable, did we not confider, that the exceflive temperance of this people in limiting the ufe of food to what was in- difpenfably neceflary, from this circumftance alone, render- ed evacuations lefs prefling and lefs frequent, the copiouf- nefs of which is in general proportioned to the fuper-. abundance of fluids, and to the imperfeCtion of digeftion. CONCERNING THE MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE ANCIENTS, BEATANS TO HYGIENE. , + Files Ture i is an authority paramount to that of the laws ; it is the authority of manners. By manners, I underftand in this article, all that is univerfally eftablifhed among men by : the nearly irrefiftible influence of habit and of imitation. | This is the precife import of the Latin expreffion mos, mores. We violate laws, but we never violate manners; or at leaft this violation is never committed by the vulgar; and the vulgar conftitute the bulk of nations. Manners, then, are’ one of the moft important objects of inquiry, both ina Vou. Il. . ty one bls % a 290 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. phyfical and in a moral point of view. Laws give us an idea of the legiflator’s abilisien: ; manners indicate the senate | ‘of nations. ee CONCERNING THE GYMNASTIC ART. Tue next important confideration on the fubje€ of Ay- giene, with, which the manners of ancient nations furnifh us, is the gymnaftic art. This at firft conftituted the na- tural exercife of foldiers; and Homer, in certain parts of the Iliad, gives us a lively defcription of real military gym- naftics. The prizes offered to dexterity and ftrength in thefe innocent wreftlings, and the intereft which they ex- cited both among the fpectators and among the competitors, {oon converted thefe warlike inftitutions into pleafant fhews, which decorated the leifure intervals of peace, and mingled with the public feafts. Hercules and Pelops inftituted games of this kind; and Iphitus, king of Elis, after their example, revived them at the eftablifhment of the Olym- pic games. Philofophers and phyficians foon perceived, how greatly conducive thefe exercifes were to health and ftrength, to what perfe€tion a young man attained by the habitual ufe of them, how many ailments vanifhed i in the midft of thofe various and complicated motions which they rendered neceffary, and what energy thefe motions impart- ed to the preferving and depurating functions, ‘They ob- ferved, that even convalefcents, in adjufting the ufe of thefe exercifes to their refpective degrees of ftrength, recovered more expeditioufly from a long and painful train of mala- dies. They communicated their obfervations to their fellow citizens, and the practice of gymnattic exercifes was foon more extended. Buildings were conftruéted with the view of giving countenance to this eftablifhment, and of uniting it ’ HYGIENE, BY HALLE. eas! it with other inftitutions which compofed the education of " youth ; and it is obvious how much the gymnattic art con- tributed to the perfeQtion and prefervation of man. | {t is from confidering the relation between its practice and the prefervation of health, that the invention of this art has been ‘afcribed to Herodicus, although before his. ~ time Iccius had delivered fome precepts refpedting it. It ‘has been faid of Herodicus, that he preferved his life, and attained to a great age, in fpite of a fickly conftitution, by the ufe of gymnaftic exercifes: and it was on account of this care of his health, that Plato regarded his condud&t as - reprehenfible; fince this philofopher was of opinion,” that an infirm conftitution eftranges man from the: public intereft, - and confines his attention entirely to himfelf; and that to pro- long fuch lives, is equally injurious to the republic and to thofe unfortunate individuals, whofe exiftence is for a long period protracted in the midft of their infirmities. Whence happened it that a man of Plato’s penetration had not re- - marked, that many individuals of infirm conftitutions have been gifted with great perfpicacity of underftanding, and by their wifdom and counfel have proved infinitely ufeful, both in refpe& to their own private concerns and to the public weal ? But let us return to the confideration of gymnaftic in- ftitutions. We have feen that the ancient Perfians made great ufe of thefe in the time of Cyrus. The progrefs of this art accounts for the diftinction which Plato, Ariftotle, and Galen made, between military gymnajfics, the moft an- cient of all, athletic, or, in the language of Galen, exception- able gymnaftics, and medical gymnaftics, or real Byvang/ies ior 2 the * See the Third Book of his Republic. ’ r 292 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. the obje&t of which was the prefervation of health, and the perfection of the fpecies. This laft fort conftituted an ef- fential department of the education of youth. Varro * remarks, that whilft the Romans employed themfelves in agriculture, and derived from the purity of their morals, and from the labours of the field, that ftrength and vigour which preferve health, they remained ignorant of the gym- naftic art. This fpecies of exercife became neceflary, when they quitted their fields, to furrender themfelves to the te- dious floth of their cities and to fatal inadtivity. Phyficians, from the time of Varro to the fall of the empire, carefully inculcated this practice, for the cure of difeafes, and for the prefervation of health. And Plutarch informs us, that in his time, thefe ufeful exercifes were univerfally practif- ed.¢ We have already adverted to the exceffes of which this people were guilty in this refpe&t under the emper- ors. Medicinal or true gymnattics, that fpecies, viz. which was comprehended in the education of youth, and to which men in all ages have had recourfe for the prefervation of their health, differed from the athletic, not ftriétly by the nature of the exercifes, but by the degree in which they — were practifed. In reality, the object of the athletic fpecies was, not to impart to the body all the permanency of a vigorous ftate of health, but all the ftrength which it could poflibly acquire. Whence refulted an exceffive ftrength of conftitution, which was denominated athletic ; and of which certain ancient ftatues gives us an idea, for fuch men are very rarely obferved i in our times. All the ancients repro- | ws bate * De re Ruft. Lib. ii, Proem. sh + See Mercurial de Arte Gymnaft. Lib, i, eap. 5- HYGIENE | BY HALLE. 998 weer exceflive degree of bodily vigour; they regard it as furpafling the boundaries of nature, as injurious to the mental functions, and even to the ftability ofvhealth. ..;... _Itis to. the athletic, at leaft to the abufe of the gymnattic art, improperly underftood, and carried to an immoderate length, that the following aphori/m of Hippocrates, whic the ordinary copies give us in thefe terms, muft undoubt- edly | be applied : Ey TOC yumvasiweoict Ce ear ‘dexgoy eveZices, Qu Page, nv a) arya eaeuy « & yee. SuveesToce every ey TH oodreg #08 aT eee eset. ints, Mi BK eergeueecy, BOE Fs Ouveer lacs é ems TO pines did Doves; réwera 2 ey eat 7 yeQoV. TETeay By et vere thy eveihy. Avery’ ZuuPéges en Vhs salah iyo madw cexny ccveobeer 10s ray 73 came, &e. Ti hat is, in gymnaftic exercifes, it is dangerous to attain to the higheft degree of vigour, if this vigour be pufbed to the laft extremity to sobich = sc In ‘fad, igre of the m ip ways remain at the fame point, or maintain its pofition without variations. Since then it cannot thus permanently /upport it/elf, and that neverthele/s it is not /ufceptible of any amelioration, it mufl neceffarily grow worfe. It is on this account that it is ufeful to reduce without delay this exce/s of vigour, that the body may recruit itfelf apart, Fc. Villebrune is not inclined to underftand this aphorifm as referring to athletic gymnatftics, but only to medicinal gymnattics ; and inftead of yoprasinciow, in gymnaftice deditis, he fubftitutes wenssos (& vein), in its que ad bonum habitum enercentur. Lorry explains this paflage differently, and applies. it to thofe who make the gymnattic art their prin- cipal occupation, as for example, the athletes, and to thofe who were ambitious of attaining to that degree of ftrength which chara¢terized that race. This is alfo the opinion of Bofquillon ; and many reafons, which it were ufelefs to _~ fpecify in this place, “induce me to prefer their opinion to that of Villebrune. But be this as it may, it is eafy to con- i ie ceive, Pe 8 é 9946 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. ceive, that thofe who devoted themfelves, whether from — tafte or from their particular fituation in fociety, to the — conftant practice of gymnattic exercifes, arriving gradually — at a point which is the excefs of bodily ftrength and vigour, could not continue their ordinary exercifes, without being _¢xpofed to danger; and thar, in order to refume them with- out inconveniences, the ftrength thus acquired and carried to excefs, muft of neceffity be diminifhed, (ely evdeZihy aveiv ech Readies), in order to reftore to the invigorating ation of the gymnaftic art, the requifite {pace of time for producing — its effe€ts without breaking the fprings of the body, (#a mroersy aeany caver eer) o'tos adey 46 cape). And, in this fenfe, the expreffion pe ice reftoration, is at leaft as intelligible as the word dvamaveis, repofe, which Villebrune skint od in its place. S| The authority of Galen who himfelf witneffed the ef- — fe&ts of gymnaftics, the authority upon which the vulgar — text refts, will appear on this point equivalent to that of the manufcripts quoted in the refpe€table work of this learned critic. Still farther, the word dvagé{cis appears to correfpond much better than the other to the remarkable expreflion Adsy xiv sieinv wh Rowdiws, to reduce quickly this ex- ceffive vigour ; which fignifies, to remove it by enfeebling remedies, that fubftitute in its place an artificial and ad- vantageous debility. This is the import of the word Zu- alacis, finking, confidentie, which Hippocrates afterwards adopts to exprefs the change that muft be effected, for the purpofe of preventing the refults of this exceflive ftrength; a change, in accomplithing which, ‘he alfo dire€ts the ap- plication of a wife moderation, and which he wifhes to be adjufted to the temperament of the patient. And foon af- ter, he ufes the word xswors, evacuations, to which he again contrafts the term evabeelits, reforations, Or, accord- ing HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 298 ing to V illebrune, evenavors. And, on all octafions, he recommends meafures and proportions fuited to the condi- tion of the perfon who is brought back by thefe Bets to a moderate degree of ftrength and vigour. From this difcuffion is feems evident, that in this ftate of preternatural vigour, fuperinduced by the immoderate ufe | of gymnatftic exercifes, phyficians were obliged to weaken, — and, if the expreffion may be ufed, to fk, or reduce, by means of proper evacuations, the perfon who had attained this excefs of ftrength; and afterwards to reftore him by a well concerted plan of recovery to that moderate or middle ftate, which alone is compatible with a permanent ftate of health. Hippocrates, i in fact, {peaks exprefsly to the fame purpofe, in the fubfequent part of the paflage quoted above, and in the fame 'aphorifm : pn res amines és a0 eayaron eres. chaheghy yee WAX’ dxosn ey r) Pucis 4 ” vs MeAAovlos o vmopsvery es T8T0 oeryeey “@ravTas oe nob ab Bag ab 6 TO torvctboy ayeoce, oParseat, nook BeALY Kb } dvb eelies as sp To sory cero erat, oPurseat. which fignifies—we muft not pufh this debilitating proce/s too far, for that would be dangerous ; but it muft be accommodated to the conftitution of the perfon upon whom the experiment is performed. For thefe precautions are equally applicable to eva- cuations, which, carried te an extreme length, are produftive of dangerous effelts. And again, the proce/s of refforation, if car- vied afrefh to an excefive degree, would alfo be attended with danger. | Galen alfo informs us, that wreftlers were fubje€ to fudden accidents, as burfting of blood-veffels, and hzemor- rhages; and Mercurialis quotes St. Jerome, who affirms, that they never attained to a advanced age; and who cor- roborates on this point the authority of Hippocrates and of Galen, adduced above. The explanation of this remark-. able aphorifm was certainly not a point of trivial import-_ T 4 ance ‘ é 296 ° HYGIENE, BY HALLE. ance to the medical hiftory of the gymnaftic art. 1 thalt not here enter into any practical details relative to this art, fo much neglected in thefe days. . One of my colleagues _ will without doubt have in this refpect gratified the expect- ations of his readers in the article gymnajfics. CONCERNING BATHS AND REPASTS, IN THEIR RELATION TO THE GYMNASTIC ART. Tue practice of bathing was too nearly connected with the general fy{tem of exercifes, not to include places appro- priated to both the one and the other, in the fame eftablith- ments; an important department of the Gymnafium was afligned to baths and ftoves. Among the Romans efpe- cially, much more than among the Greeks, the edifices reared for the practice of bathing were conftructed with tafte and magnificence; and yet public baths were not, till a very late period, eftablifhed at Rome. The people were admitted into thefe baths upon paying a very moderate fum ; and the hours in which admiffion was granted were regulated by the laws. Arrangements of police maintain- ed decorum in thofe places; and it was not till the period of degeneracy and corruption, which. prevailed under the infamous emperors, that the fexes were obferved promif- cuoufly mixed together. So predominant over the manners of nations, efpecially in corrupting them, is the influence of thofe by whom they are governed! The pevele imitate - and defpife their rulers. The hot and tepid baths, the moift and dry ftoves, ag nicum), the cold bath, and above all, bafons in which {wimming might be pra@tifed, were the principal depart- ments of the public baths, infomuch that they ferved either for the purpofe of cleanlinefs; and, in this point of view, the ~ , \ : Dates | _ HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 297 the exercifes themfeives rendered their ufe indifpenfable ; either to reftore to the body the flexibility, to the fluids the - liquidity, and to the pores of the fkin the permeability, of which violent exercifes had deprived them: or to furnith a new field of exercife, equally adapted with all the reft to ‘ftrengthen the body, without exhaufting it, and to put all _ its limbs in motion. . I {peak not here of any accommoda- tions which fenfuality fuperadded to all thefe ufeful objects of attention: the gymnaftic art did not authorize thefe ef- feminate: conveniences, more calculated to enervate man, ‘than to advance his progrefs to perfection. _Alternation of heat and cold, produced either by fuccel- fi ive immerfions in baths of different temperature, or by the -affufion of cold water upon a body, which had juft quitted the hot bath, (calida lavatio), was one of the practices in »moft common ufe among the ancients. Hippocrates, when ‘fpeaking of regimen in difeafes, and even in acute diforders, adverts to the precautions which the affafion of cold water in coming out of the bath demanded, according to the dif- ferent kinds of affe€tions, to which the body had been expofed: and Galen treats of the fame fubje&t.* There was alfo a period at which the ufe of the cold bath was in general vogue; and Antonius Mufa, the phyfician of Au- guftus, appears to have been the perfon who introduced it. Auguftus, according to report, had been cured of a difeafe by this practice. ‘This fafhion continued; and the inha- bitants of Rome boafted of the hardihood with which they immerfed their bodies in the coldeft water. Seneca makes it a fubje&t of exultation, and fays of himfelf,t ze tan- ‘tus Pfychrolutes, qui kalendis Fanuaris in Euripum fala- bam. Plutarch and Galen remonftrated againft the ufe of * Gal. Comm. iii, in lib. de victu inacutis, c. 44, ed. de Chartier. t Epift. 83. & : ¢ 298 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. of cold water, as I fhall eX mecniee to obferve i in the fequel. ‘Swimming alfo was peculiarly regarded as an effential part of the education of youth; and the fame importance was attached to it, as to reading or the knowledge of letters. (Neque literas didicit, nec natare, wire véiv, whre yecppeceree sarin sera) —he has learned neither to read nor to fwim, was the charaéter given of a perfon asic wee withed to eenaonagn as grofsly ignorant. The pra€tices which followed or “The fecond courfe is not detrimental to a found Somach, but it is apt to caufe acidity in a weak one; foould oy ‘one therefore labour under a debility of this organ, be will do better to begin with dates, apples, and fimilar articles. Celfus, a little before, had alfo obferved, that it is a more eligible plan to begin the repaft with articles of food feafon- ed with falt, and with pot-herbs, and the like. Cibus a fal- famentis, oleribus, fimilibufque rebus, melius incipit. And in an« other place, the fame author remarks, imbecillima materia ef omne clus; Pot-herbs are of all articles of food the leaft nutri tive. He condemns then the cuftom of ending the repaft with light aliments, the fole advantage of which is to ex- - cite appetite, or to gratify the paiate. ‘Without i inquiring in this place, how far this opinion is. founded in truth, it is ftill worthy of remark, that the art of prefenting to men fatiated with food, and already fuffi- ciently nourifhed, viands which awaken extinguifhed appe- tite, and excite pleafure and defire without neceflity, is treacherous and deftruétive. This art was cultivated among the ancients, as among ourfelves: it was even carried to a degree of criminal perfection ; as it appears that their fe- cond courfes had a confiderable refemblance to our own fricaffees and deferts. However fimple and light fuch food may be, yet if it be taken often, the concoéting faculties are cloyed; it” muft undergo in the ftomach an alter- ‘ation, very different from that which proper digeftion would have produced. It is this morbid change which Celfus points out by the expreflion coace/cit ; to which muft be fubjoined the alteration which Hippocrates defignated by the word xatewde, an expreffion which in my opinion ought to be underftood as defcriptive of cer- tain articles of food, liable to excite burning eruétations, as 5 f ‘ Z 302 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. as I think I have scares proved under the article Mic ment.* _ An inveftigation refpeéting the modes of clothing, and head-dreffes, ufed among the ancients, equally appertains to their cuftoms and manners, and is no lefs connected with medicine, confidered in its relation to the doctrine of health; but I fhall have occafion to offer fome reflections on this fubjet, in treating of the manners and cuftoms conneéted with this doétrine prevalent in modern times, and when I come to inftitute a: comparifon between the various modes of drefs adopted by different nations. I might extend to a much greater length this difquifition, yefpeéting the medical and phyfical hiftory of manners and cuftoms among the ancients ; but many of the topics which might be fubjoined here would have no néceffary connec- tion with public Aygiene, and will fall to be treated of with more advantage and convenience in other articles of this | Dictionary. | in. CONCERNING THE REGULATIONS CONNECTED WITH PUBLIC POLICE AMONG THE ANCIENTS. Tue only department of public police which ought to be the fubje& of difcuffion in this place, is that which relates to the healthfulnefs of dwellings, and, in general, to the health of men, colleGted in cities, in camps, in fhips, &c. , The fituation of cities, the direCtion of their buildings, and the order in which the ftreets fhould be divided, the arrangements favourable to their cleanlinefs, are the prin- cipal objects which claim the attention of men invefted with public offices. Ancient * Chi, §.% Wha ei 4 ' HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 308 _ Ancient hiftory affords us a memorable inftance of a city which recovered its healthfulnefs on changing its pofition. This was the city of Salapia, now called Sa/pe. Vitruvius informs Us, that Gtuated at firft on the north-weft fide of a marth called Salapina palus, the fouth-eaft winds convey- ed to it noxious effluvia from this fwamp. They removed _ it four miles from its former fituation, to the fouth-eaft of _ the marfh: befides, M. Hoftilius opened up a drain from the morafs, towards the fea; in confequence of which, all the infalubrity which payed, fatal ines inhabitants of this city entirely. difappeared. _ Hippocrates has caaiades a caret one sai his treatife on air, water, and fituaticn, tq obfervations calculated to throw light on this department of public hygiene. In afcer- taining what muft be the refult of different expofures to the.winds, and that of fituations relative to the foil and ~ water, he has neceffarily furnifhed us with the elements of public Aygitne, and laid the foundation upon which the rules or meafures of police, refpe€ting the moft unexceptionable plan of arranging houfes, ought to be eftablithed. Vitruvius, who wrote in Italy, and who was one of thofe artifts who ftudied architeéture with the deepeft attention, ~ not only in regard to the fufficiency of the buildings, but - {till more in refpe& to their healthfulnefs, has left us fome directions relative to the proper fituation of cities. He ade vifes that they fhould be built on elevated ground, at a diftance from morafles. If they are fituated in the vicinity of the fea, he difapproves of their facing the fouth or the weft, or of their being expofed to the influence of hot winds, He recommends that cellars and public granaries fhould be placed towards the north, and obferves, that a fouthern expofure is not favourable to their utility: as ftore- houfes for provifion. The , ‘ é $04 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. The infpe€tion of the entrails of animals, a monument of the moft abfurd fuperftition, ceatc- to be contemptible | when it is applied to the purpofe of afcertaining the in- fluence of air, water, and fituation, upon living creatures. Vitruvius informs us, that the ancients infpeéted the liver of animals, in order to judge of the nature of the water of a country, and of the falubrity of its nutritive produétions. From this fource they derived inftruétion refpeéting the choice of the moft advantageous fituations for building ' cities.. The fize and difeafed condition of the liver, is in faé&t a pretty fure indication of the unhealthinefs of pafture grounds, and of the deleterious quality of the water, which, efpecially when it is ftagnant, produces in cows, and par- ticularly in fheep, fatal difeafes, that have often their feat in the liver; as for inftance, the rot, which frequently de. ftroys whole flocks in marfhy countries. The fpleen is alfo a vifcus, very apt to be affected by thefe qualities; and ob- ftructions of this organ are very common in that diftri&t of Italy in which Vitruvius wrote. He mentions two cities, fituated in the immediate vicinity of one another, Gnofus and Cortyna, which,were yet charaéterized by the follow- ing remarkable difference. In the territory of Cortyna, animals had a very fmall fpleen, which, on the con- trary, acquired an aftonifhing fize in the domains of Gnoffiis. auth Farther, in the cafes in which the vicinity of a morafs could not be avoided, Vitruvius obferves, that if the morafs be near the fea, or if it be fituated on the north or the north-eaft of the city, it is much lefs hurtful, either on account of the faltnefs of the water of the fea, which com- municates with it, and retards the putrefaétion of animal and vegetable fubftances; or on account of the nature of the winds, which carry off its exhalations, and correct : their ¢ i 4 ~ “HYGIENE, BY HALLE. ~ 305. their saeriots effects, by the greater degree of coldnefs and drynefs of the air confequent on their blowing. He alfo remarks, that marfhes fituated near the fea, but raifed above its: level, are lefs to be dreaded than others ; becaufe. they can be remedied by an outlet into the fea, which can eafily | be effected. Now it is a remarkable circumftance, that Vitruvius obferves, that for thefe reafons the vicinity of moraffes had not rendered Aquileia, Altina, or Ravenna, infalubrious places of refidence; and yet Lancifi, in the _ beginning of this (laft) century, informs us, that Aquileia in _ ancient times fo flourithing, fo popular, and fo renowned, had been entirely deftroyed, and that the peftilential miafms of the marfhes which had depopulated it, were the only caufes to which its deftruction could be afcribed. Vix noftro evo reliquias edium et veteris fortune veftigia vetinet, nullis aliis armis everfa,quam corruptoex aquis herentibus aere.* Thisis not _ the only example which Italy affords us of a phyfical change in its foil ; and the fame Lancifi obferves, that the marfhes of Italy are now furprifingly increafed in point of number from what they were in paft ages; infomuch that cities, celebrated in ancient times, have been overwhelmed by their waters. Nos autem in eo agimus feculo, in quo enormiter autte funt paludes, et eoufque excreverunt, ut celeberrime quon- dam urbes primum innatantibus aquis obruta, dein longa oblivione Sepult2, vin ac ne vix quidem nomen ) fervaverunt pofteris me« morandum.t We are all acquainted with the care which the Roman, emperors, Julius Czefar and Auguftus, took to drain the Pontine marfhes, and with the very fhort duration of the fuccefs that attended their labours. For it. appears, that their efforts at leaft effected a temporary completion of Vou. Wl. | U their * De Nox. Palud, Effluviis, Lib. i, p. 1, ¢. 3. + Ib, de Sylva Ruberag ¢ et Sermineta, non nifi per partes excidenda. § 23. - ; ‘ a 306 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. their object, as the following. pallage) ‘ded pena ~~ of Poetry proves: Sterili ifque diu palus, aptaque remis Vi icinas urbes altt, et grave Jentit avatrum. But chats works have been deftroyed by the increafe of _ the waters, ds has fince been the fate of the works under- taken at the command of Quintus the Sixth; and I know not whether thefe direfted by Pius the Sixth, in our own _ days, have been attended with more complete fuccefs. But - be this as it may, this obje& is affuredly one of the moft important which appertain to public Aygiene; and it 1s one of thofe in which the induftry-of modern times is in uo refpect inferior to the labours of the ancients. | _ ‘The refpeét which the Ediles enjoyed among the Romans, . the nature of their functions, the abundance of water con- veyed into the city by the aqueduéts, the remains ftill ex- ifting of the fewers appropriated to the prefervation of © cleanlinefs, the cemeteries everywhere fituated without the walls of the cities, Caefar’s attention in creating: particular Ediles, denominated Cercales, whofe province was to watch over the prefervation of corn, and the reparation of public granaries, may be adduced as. fo many proofs of the care exercifed by the ancients about every thing which could contribute to the prefervation of health. , The health of men affembled in camps, and in fhips, and of armies on their march, equally excited the public atten- tion. We know that among the provifion which a foldier carried, was included, befides a quautity of rice, a bottle full of vinegar, intended to be mixed with their water, for the purpofe of compofing a falubrious and antifceptic drink, ' which the Romans denominated Pofca. This regimen muft ¢ certainly have contributed to maintain good health among the HYGIENE, BY HALLE, 807 the troops; but there can be no doubt, that Sidaticed. ent of military difcipline, the ftri€t obfervance of which was fo conducive to the fuccefs of, their arms, -a rigorous police of health was alfo eftablithed i in their camps. How | can the fa&t otherwife be accounted for, that in a: great number of diftant expeditions, of long duration, and fome of them chequered with viciflitudes of good and bad for- tune, the Roman armies had not been vifited with many more fignal examples of deftructive epidemics ? 47) ' Lie eda ete 5 eee eae be _ PUBLIC HYGIENE.OF THE MODERN NATIONS. LCISEATION. Tus. labours of she moderns to fupport eftablifhments of public hygiéne, are not. to be found in their codes of laws; if we except the inhabitants of the eaft, among whom legal ablutions, a reli€t of Hebrew legiflation, combined: with the peculiar obfervances of the Mahometan religion, accord with the exigencies which refult from the heat of the lie | mate, and are in truth important provifions for the preferv- ation of health. ‘Lhe legal prohibitions of certain articles of food correfpond in a great meafure to thofe of Mofes ; 5 and the profcription of wine, a degree of perfeation aimed at by one fect, only among the Jews, that of the Nazareens, istruly a ftatutory prohibition among the followers of Maho- met. It is, moreover, fo il-contrived, that it is almoft uni- — verfally evaded ; and it has given rife to another abufe, that of opium, the dangers of which greatly exceed in magni- .tude thofe which could ever refult even from the exceffive ufe of fermented liquors. The laws of the Chriftian church Bushe not to be review- ed in this place; their fole obje€t is to condu€t man to a “eine of moral aaah by the aid of fenfible objects, be U2 , and | 308 % HYGIENE, BY. HALLE. and to reftrain him from exceffes by abftinence and tems perance. The excefles indulged in, at table efpecially, ap- peared to the church the caufe of almoft all others; and this conclufion is fan€tioned by reafon. Many of the par- ticular inftitutions of the church bear a refemblance to thofe of Pythagoras; but it has been the fate both of the former and of the latter, that men, having their attention often more engroffed with their ftri€t execution than with the end to the attainment of which they are fubfervient, and being at the fame time lefs religious than fuperftitious, have expofed them to the derifion of thofe who form their judgment from a fuperficial view of things, and even to the contempt of certain philofophers. It muft alfo be allowed, that many of the dietetic cuftoms introduced into the Chrif- tian church, have not been devifed with due attention to the falubrity of certain kinds of food, and more efpecially are not calculated for all climates. We fhall dwell ftill lefs upon monaftic inftitutions, many of which have rather ‘aimed at painful privations than at ufeful obfervances. The beft- of them are. affuredly thofe who have banifhed indolence, and modified meditation by means of exercifes, manual labour, and, above all, the cultivation of the foil. It is among them at leaft that purity of manners has been longeft preferved. . ) It is not then in the legiflation of moderm nations that we mutt feek for the rudiments of public-Aygiéne. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. THE GYMNASTIC ART, AND BATHS, AND REGIMEN. | Wir regard to eftablithed inftitutions, to practices, and to cuftoms, we find nothing among modern fates which gorre{ponds HYGIENE, BY HALLE. = 3309 correfponds to the gymnattic {chools of the ancients. Our ‘military gymnattics themfelves do not admit of a compari- fon with them. In thefe, men are calculated upon as the different points of the furface and folidity of a body, geo-- metrically confidered. They are difciplined to preferve in “this | body a complete order and uniformity, to a@ in obe- -dience to, and as it were by the impulfe of a {pring, which " communicates to all the parts an ifochronous movement. But no attention is paid either to their fafety, or ftrength, or perfection, as individuals ; at leaft, there is no eftablifh- ed praétice, no exifting law, which has this object for its end; and the folicitude of a few military men, more en- | lightened and more attentive than their brethern, the writ- | ‘ings of fome phyficians, friends to humanity, are all the ‘monuments which prove that the fate of thefe human vic- tims, deftined to be facrificed to the pride and caprice of the rulers of this earth, has ever excited any hare of in- tereft. | | ~ It muft however be essen si before eet invention Bo gunpowder, and the new fyftem of military ta€tics, in which the ufe of gunpowder has 'refulted, the tournaments of chi- valry, and a number of feudal extravagances, conftituted ~ a fpecies of military gymnattics, really produGtive of advan- tageous effeéts. The knights of chivalry, animated by two very powerful motives, glory and love, exercifed themfelves in combats, where ftrength and agility at once triumphant, formed them for courageous enterprizes, and trained up for the ftate brave warriors and intrepid defenders. But could it be believed that the only place in Europe at this moment, where the elements of a tolerable phyfical inftitution of this nature are to be found, ‘is the feraglio of the Grand Sultan, in the education of the young Icoglans, who are deftined to compofe his life guards ? . U3 _t y, 310 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. It were neverthelefs an a& of injuftice to exclude from the numbet of gymnaftic practices, the games common in > our colleges. Thofe of the hand-ball, of tennis, of the foot- ball, of prifon bars, and many others, as they ftimulate felf- love, by the honour of a vi€tory due at once, to ftrength, td agility, and to adroitnefs, were inyented with perfect propriety for the purpofe of developing the whole mufcular — power of the body, of perfe€ting the external fenfes, by increafing their accuracy and precifion, and of unfolding in — the youth the germs of more than one fort of ufeful induf- try. The tennis refembles in many refpects the game which ~ Galen fo much extols under the name of the Small vel, peixer oDecipee. The eftablifhment of public baths, and the pra€tices x Ye- {pecting them have not been handed down to us from anti- quity. The Ruffians and the Turks are the only European nations athong whom there are public buildings appropriat- ed to baths. In both thefe nations vapour baths are chiefly ufed. Among the former, they flog the naked body in the bath with branches of trees; and in coming out of it, they frequently roll themfelves in the fnow, or immerfe their bodies in cold and congealed water. The Turks foak and knead, as it were, their limbs, to increafe their flexibility. ‘The obfervations ftated above concerning immerfions or af- fufions of cold water on coming out of the hot bath, or from the Spartan (dry) ftove, are fufficiently applicable to the cuftoms eftablifhed among the Ruffians. This altern- ation muft both harden and ftrengthen the body, and, above all, render it independent of the moft noxious oieihs of viciflitudes of temperature. This pratice brings to our recollection a cuttin preva- lent among certain northern nations, of immerfing their new-born infants in cold ‘water or in fnow. The nations 2, who | HYGIENE, BY HALLEY $11 who inhabit a milder climate, have been inclitied to imitate this example; the moft robuft infants have refifted its ef- fe€ts, pethaps derived advantage from it; but the moft feeble have funk under it. It ought, moreover, to be con- — _ fidered, that the utility of this practice to children,. who are to pafs their lives in a warm or temperate climate and atmofphere, and in the midft of well-regulated cities, can- not be the fame with what accrues from it to thofeé who imuft live like favages, or endure almoft the famie degree of hardfhip in a frozen atmofphere, furrounded with fogs. The fafeft practice is, to enable them by degrees to endure the viciflitudés of the atmofphere, and bathing with cold ‘water, but not to plunge them into it at the moment of their birth; that is, at the inftant when they come out of abath, the temperature of which always amounts to 30 degrees, Reaum. We know likewife that the fame danger arifing from the cold viciflitudes of thé atmofphere, is fo much the greater, in proportion to the heat of the climate which we inhabit ; fince, in America, the impreflion communicated by cold — - and moift ait, and more efpecially the air of the fea, cooled _ by the breezes, is one of the moft frequent caufes of tetanus ot locked jaw, which fo often attacks new-born infants dur- ing the firft weeks fubfequent to their birth, and againft which the only prophylaftic means are to enable them to endure thefe viciffitudes.* . The unfrequent ufe which modern nations have hitherto made of baths, has eftablifhed a remarkable difference be- tween their repafts, the hours appropriated to them, the refpeGtive quantities of food confumed, and the mode of conduét adopted on thefe occafions, and the cuftoms of the ancients in this refpe&. It would be a difficult tafk to | U4 point a * See Dazille’s Difeafes of the Negroes, and his treatife on Tetanus. ae J: (312 _ HYGIENE, BY HALLE, point out the advantages or difadvantages refulting from ‘this difference. Habit has became a law; and the greateft lofs which we have in reality fuftained in this cafe, confifts - in the proportion of exercifes and the utility of baths. I do not intend to difcourfe in this place concerning the choice of aliments, or the art of | feafoning them.. In the degree of fimplicity attained in this refpe&t, the mo- _ derns appear to have the advantage over the ancients; if we compare the ftate of cookery in France with that of which Appius has left us fuch {fpecimens, as fupprefs every defire of imitation. Habit, moreover, converts into a deli- cate morfel what would excite the ftrongeft naufea ina ftomach unaccuftomed to certain feafonings. We might quote a thoufand inftances of this truth in all countries § and in all nations. What European would imagine that he ~ . could ever bear the cauftic tafte of pimento, to which neverthelefs he becomes habituated after he has lived fome time in our colonies, or in the Indies? Who will believe that the Perfians can endure the habitual ufe of afa-fetida, —~_ more efpecially when he fhall be informed that this fetid gum as it comes to us, by no means approaches in point of {mell or tafte to what it poffefles.in the country in which a it is colle€ted ? ‘What apparently merits a greater fhare of our attention is, the change which it feems muft have been | the effet either of certain kinds of aliments univerfally adopted, or of other fubftances, the ufe of which has been introduced into common life at different periods. Among thefe may be reckoned fermented liquors, diftilled fpirits, -tea, coffee, chocolate, fugar. We may inftance alfo in the ufe of tobacco, fo univerfally eftablifhed for more than a century, and known almoft for two centuries. We are perfeCily aware of the general effeéts which thefe fub. ftances produce on individuals; but it is impoffible to 3 afcertain singe (en s | HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 813 afcertain the changes experienced by the fpecies in confe- -quence of their ufe; and whether the lives of men have been prolonged or fhortened, whether their health has been - more or lefs permanent, fince the introduétion of thefe ar- ticles into common ufe. Nothing very remarkable has been obferved relative to thefe points, if we except the fact, that the very general ufe of coffee, has certainly diminifhed the exceflive indulgence in fermented a anche a numer- ous clafs of the community. , With regard to the particular examination of ifetent forts of aliments or of feafonings, thefe are detailed at due. length under their refpeCtive articles.* We ought alfo to attend to topography in our inquiries concerning the’ regi- men adopted by different nations, which, in this refpeét, are regulated either by local circumftances, or ftill more by the influence of climate; the effets of which diverfifying the - neceflities of the inhabitants, contribute to render more ' general the ufe of certain fubftances lefs univerfally em- ployed among other nations. The complicated difquifition into which this view of the fubje& would lead us, would extend this article to too great a length. In {peaking of the cuftoms prevalent among the ancients, I have not mentioned their veftments or drefs ; it is in fact among the modern cuftoms that, in this refpect, we meet with praétices very repugnant to the order of nature, and the effects of which have a remarkable influence both upon health and life. The only circumftance relative to the mode of drefs adopted by the ancients which deferves our “notice, is, the difference between the coftumes of the inha- bitants of the weft and north, and thofe ‘of the fouthern and oriental nations, as well as between the drefs ufed in wary and that worn in the time of peace. A long. loofe robe, * See Aliments, &c. 314 HYGIENE: BY HALLE. - robe, and only held together by a girdle, was the habit worn in peace, among all the nations of the eaft and ofthe fouth, even in Europe: It ig ftill in ufe among the Turks, — and the Ruffians themfelves have continued to adopt this kind of drefs. The drefs ufed in war was always fhorter and lighter, for the purpofe of being better accommodated to promptitude of action, and to celerity of motion. On the contrary, this fhort drefs, with fomie flight diffetenées, . has always been adopted in peace and war among the northern nations, as, for example, among the Gauls, the Germans, and the Scythians, a reftlefs, ative, and warlike race. In all countries, however, the women wore a long habit ; and we know that among the Scythians, the men, when affeéted with a certain diftemper, which induced im- | potency, (S1aga v3ces, femininus morbus), quitted thé habit ‘of their fex, and, affuming a long drefs, affociated with the women, participating at the fame time in their labours and employments. One important obfervation, however, {till remains fela> tive to the veftments of women. Although a long habit ‘was generally adopted by them, as charaéteriftic of their -fex, a fingular difference ftill diftinguifhed the garments worn by the females of the north from the drefs adopted by thofe of the eaft and fouth. The fhape of the latter was always fuch, that fixed to and refting upon the fhoul-’ ders, it fell in a waving manner over the reft of the body, and was held together only by girdles, tied either under the breaft or above the haunches. On the contrary, the habit worn in the north, had.always been divided into two parts, the one covering. the inferior half of the body, ex- tending to the feet, and tied above the haunches, forming what is now denominated a petticoat ; the other, fixed above — the fhoulders, fupplying in a greater or lefs degree the place | : of roe oe “aie AI ay 5 lle aa ” ee —s iin . - ee a ee a ee ee eee ee ee ee ee, ee ee a re { “HYGIENE, BY HALLE. Bis vf a qwaiftceat, as far as the girdle, and then defcending © fomewhat lower above the petticoat. The petticoat efpes ! _ cially is the diftinguifhing charateriftic of the drefs worn in the north and weft; and this circumftance is what con- fers importance on the preceding remarks. eDhe: women, tying their petticoat above the haunches, mutt have held it fomewhat tight to prevent its getting loofe and falling. The cold forced them to wear many of thefe at the fame time; and their haunches appeared bulky both by the number of petticoats, and by the thicknefs which their folds colle€ted about the waift, neceflarily oc- _ €afioned in that part of the body. This thicknefs contraft- ed with the flender form of the body to the waift, has fug- gefted the advantages and pretended charms of a fine thin fhape. Thefe advantages becoming more ftriking by being oppofed to the extraordinary {welling of the haunches, the women have endeavoured to improve the beauty of their fhape by carrying thefe contrafts beyond all bounds. They have not only ridiculoufly overloaded and fwelled their haunches; they have tightened and fqueezed beyond mea- fure that part of the body which joins them. Hence, bodies of every fort of fhape, in other words, thofe narrow moulds in which they endeavour to caft the breaft and the abdo- men, by comprefling the bones of the thorax, and making ethem affume, inftead of their natural form, widened at the bafis, the fhape of an inverted cone. Hence compreflion of the vifcera, and a thoufand other evils, which will be confidered under other articles of this Di€tionary: ‘The bodies of infants were foon fubjefted to thefe ab- furd and pernicious experiments, their parents being folici- tous that their delicate breafts fhould grow. in moulds which would have imparted to them forms difavowed by — nature. People thus perfwaded themfelves that the body of ; 316 “HYGIENE, BY HALLE. ef an infant required thefe preternatural fupports, and des ceived by the weaknefs which their children contracted from the ufe of thefe fatal machines, mothers have accufed nature, conceived that they might redtify her errors, en- feebled her refources, for the purpofe of enjoying the un- fortunate privilege of fupplying them. No creature, how- ever, enjoys a greater degree of ftrength and of firmnefs | than the infant whofe powers of body are permitted to un- fold themfelves without reftriQion or conftraint. All his mufcles exercifed in balancing his body, and in maintain- ing an equilibrium, early acquire the neceflary bulk, and that habit of a€tion by which they are ftrengthened. Whilft in the infant, conftantly propt and kept in an inflexible © fheath, the fame mufcles remaining in a ftate of preter- natural ina€tion, acquire neither the ftrength nor the vo- lume which they ought to poffefs, and the infant bends and totters whenever he ceafes to be thus fupported. We have been of opinion, that thefe fatal precautions muft have im- mediately involved their abettors in a. fucceflive train of errors; and the clothes in which the new born infants were {wathed, have rendered them a f{pecies of immovable mum- mies from the moment of their birth, whofe piercing and woful cries in vain protelt againft the injuries inflicted on nature. It was in-vain, that when it became neceflary to relieve them from thefe fhackles for the purpofe of remove ing their ordure, they teftified by their joy and tranquillity the horror with which this barbarous cuftom infpired them. Prejudice, equally infenfible to the expreflion of their plea- fure as to that of their fufferings, haftened to abridge their happinefs, by configning them again immediately to thefe painful bonds. They fliffled their renovated cries by rock- ing their cradles; and fleep induced by the’ uniformity of motion, or filence rendered neceffary by the inutility of complaint, % HAN é . HYGIENE, BY HALLE. ‘B17 | bitin imipofed at laft upon the mother, under the one heap iar of a deceitful calm. | | _ Phyficians to no purpofe dedonutgs againit thefe abufes. It was neceflary that they fhould be affailed by the authoritative voice of a man, who could clothe the cold des ductions of reafon in new language, whofe energetic re- _ proaches put ftupidity itfelf to the blufh; and who knew to confound man by contrafting his conduét with the dice tates of nature. Lefs anxious than phyficians to inculcate, to demonftrate, and to convince, Rouffeau knew to com. mand and to infure obedience. He was moreover acquaint ed ‘with the method of reftoring women to a juft fenfe of that very affeting duty, which they had almoft invariably intrufted to mercenary nurfes, by demonftrating to them - what real charms adorn a mother who opens her bofom to her infant, and who does not deprive him of that aliment which nature prepares for him. He thus reftored our bodies to their liberty, and mothers to their duty. Philofophy triumphed over vanity. Let it, however, be obferved, to _ the glory of his eloquence, but to the fhame of humanity, that for this triumph fhe is more indebted to enthufiafm than to reafon. In truth, the Frenchman, too lively to paufe imme- diately on obtaining his end, too headflrong to: recognize the meafures of wifdom with fufficient promptitude, has exaggerated (and, alas! what has he not exaggerated!) the: precepts of the philofopher. Miftaking the force of the impulfe, which it was neceflary to communicate to him, for the purpofe of making him defert eftablifhed habits, he abandoned himfelf to the contrary excefles without reftraint. “He believed that a young and tender infant, ftill warm and moift from his mother’s womb, might be treated like a hardy foldier, inured to the ‘frofts of winter, and to the {corching ‘ : ? $18 _ HYGIENE, BY HALLE. fcorching tays of a fummer’ s fun: in this refpect, he ¢ even forgot the inftru€tions communicated by the brute creation _itfelf. He was equally miftaken both in regard to his mind and body; he confounded licentioufnefs with liberty ; he poy his pupil inftead of dire€ting him; and above , he was not aware that a child, prone to imitation, re- ae the rudiments of his education from example ; and that we muft not expect that the perfon who is a conftant eye-witnefs of every error and of every vice, fhould make, any progrefs in virtue or in wifdom. This celebrated revo lution has at leaft refulted in one confolatory truth; we learn from it that the roots of prejudices are not always fo deeply fixed as is apprehended. In refpeé to the inhabitants of the eaft and of the weft, ef the north and of the fouth, the coverings of the head exhibit differences fufficiently remarkable, and accordant with the differences obferved between their refpective ‘dreffes. The natives of the fouth and of the eaft of Europe, and of Afia, in general, have had and ftill have the head habitually covered. ‘They even proceed the length of cut- ting off the hair with which nature furnifhed them, for the | purpofe of fubftituting in its place caps and turbans. Thofe of the north and eaft have either had the head uncovered, or have covered it only occafionally. Our hats, which fa- _ fhion had introduced a long period before we availed our- -felves of their ufe, are now worn only occafionally, and, in general, we lay them afide in the houfe. The Turks and Arabs, on the contrary, wear their head-drefs without in- termiffon. The tiara and mitre of the Medes, were alfo habitually worn among the ancients, although thefe nations had preferved their hair. The Phrygian cap continued al- ways in vogue, whilft the Grecians went with the heads uncovered. Amongtt the Romans, the inhabitants of the city, _HYOIENE; BY HALLE. 319 gity, even side the moft feorching rays of the fun, covers ed their heads only with a flappet of their clothes; the peafants alone ufed a head-drefs; and in the city, the cap, which among us has become the emblem of liberty, was at | Rome the diftinguifhing badge of flavery. Perhaps the very practice of placing a cap upon the head of a pike, to fignalize the epocha of national deliverance, in reality re- _ prefents only the trophy of recovered freedom, and was, invented for the fole purpofe of reprefenting the deflruc- tion of flavery, the fymbol of which was the cap, by the courage and power of arms, denoted by the pike. ‘ In inftituting a comparifon between the Greeks and Ro- mans, the founders of the liberty of Europe, and nations living under the yoke of defpotifm, they pretended to cha- racterize the difference between their governments, by the -moft marked diftinGtions between their fafhions and cuf- toms. But, independent of political confiderations, it ap- pears that, in general, men have experienced a more ur- gent neceflity of protecting the head from the rays of a burning fun, than from the impreffions of cold and frotk. This difference is alfo to be abferved in the contraft which Xenophon draws between the cuftoms of the Medes in this tefpect, and thofe of the Perfians, who inhabited a wild and mountainous country. With regard to the effects which the difference of thefe cuftoms mutt have produced an the body, and particularly on the head, this is not the - - place to give a full eftimate of them. The remark of Hip- pocrates upon ‘the difference obferved between the fkulls of the Egyptians, and thofe of the Perfians, flain in a battle, is well known. ‘The heads of the Egyptians, accuftomed from their infancy to endure the heat of the fun with their heads naked and thaven, prefented 1 harder and thicker fkulls than a & é 320 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. than the heads of the Perfians, habituated to have that part of the body defended with thick coverings. . The cuftom of fhaving the head, in the moft confider- able number of thefe countries, in which they are in the habit of decking it with a fplendid apparatus of coverings, 18 perhaps to be afcribed to cleanlinefs, and to the defire of faving trouble, than to any other caufe, among nations ex- tremely attentive to their beard; whilft among the nations of Europe, the interefts of the beard have been Sei facrificed to thofe of the hair. We might indulge here in a fhort difcuffion | coher the remnant of a cuftom, for a long period adopted by the Europeans, viz. that of kneading the hair with mutton fuet and ftarch, formed into an impervious mafs, with which they covered the hairy fcalp. A defcription of this nature appears applicable only to the Hottentots; and yet this is what all of us have obferved upon the heads of our fathers and even upon our own. We are ftill converts to the utility of befmearing our hair with tallow, and of powder- ing it with ftarch ; and the thick layer of it which is col- lected in their interftices, appears to us an aliment adapted to promote their growth and prefervation. The copious perfpiration which exhales from the head, throughout the _ whole extent of the hairs, is doubtlefs confidered as an ufelefs evacuation ; and as (by a law of our organization, and by the fupplies which provident nature appears to have ‘prepared for the purpofe of indemnifying our errors) habit leflens the inconveniencies arifing from any cuftom, we ~ believe that nature has willed the neceflities which we our- felves have occafioned. We do not confider that neither the ancients, nor the inhabitants of the eaft, ever adopted - this cuftom; although their women were equally careful ef their hair, as conftituting one of the ornaments moft conducive — Sr Se ee On Mates: 2a re ; ‘ é vis conducive to their beauty. Their moft induftrious refearch led only to the ufe of perfumes, and to the application of volatile oils, in order to give pliancy to their hair, never to the kneading of it with unctuous fubftances. In our days, however, thofe abfurd cuftoms begin to go into defuetude; _ thanks to the predominant influence of fathion: for let us not deceive ourfelves, but candidly acknowledge, that to_ fafhion reafon is frequently indebted for her triumphs. POLICE, RELATIVE TO PUBLIC HEALTH, Tue attention with which governments watch over dif- ferent objects connected with public health, is perhaps one of thofe points, relative to which modern nations can beat the moft advantageous comparifon with the ancients. LAZARETTOES, HOSPITALS, AND PROPHYLACTIC MEASURES. One of the moft important articles of public police is tb guard againft the introduétion of contagious difeafes. The lazarettoes eftablifhed in the fea-ports of the Mediterranean, for fubjeQing merchantmen to the tefts of a quarantine, have protected Europe from a plague which periodically rages on the eaft and fouth coafts of that fea; and the © contagious attacks of which have, on different occafions, depopulated Marfeilles, Meffina, Naples, and Rome. The ‘quarter of the Franks at Conftantinople is, by a ftrict pro- hibition of intercourfe with the infected, very generally preferved from this difaftrous malady; whilft the Turk, — lulled into a falfe fecurity by his belief in the doctrine of predeftination, fuffers his brethren to be cut off, and dies himfelf, the victim of his blindnefs. It thus appears, that fequeftration or feclufion of the infeéted, is the only pre- Vou. IIL. 2. fervative 322 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. P ) fervative meafure to which the public police can have re» courfe, to ward off peftilential contagion. The managers of the lazaretto of Marfeilles have publifhed a detail of their labours, to accomplifh this purpofe. In the 17th century, Cardinal Gafaldi printed a voluminous’ work © on the means employed at Rome to arreft the progrefs of | the plague in 1656; which, imported from Sardinia into Italy, {pread its ravages to Naples, to Civita-Vecchia, and to Rome. This curious and interefting work, concerning public police, is intitled, Hieronym...Cardinalis Gaftaldi... traétatus de avertenda et profliganda peffe, politico-legalis, eo Tucubratus tempore quo ipfe lamocomiorum primo, mox fanitatis commiffarius generalis fuit, pofte urbem invadente anno 1656-7, ac nuperrime Goritiam depopulante, typis comm iffus. * This work is now fcarce, and deferves to be confulted, both be- caufe the plague, which the author defcribes, has tar found a place in the collection concerning the plague of Marfeilles, publithed by Chicoyneau, and becaufe it alfo contains a more complete enumeration of the contagious difeafes, which in different ages have ravaged the earth, and have been characterized under the name of plagues, than this laft performance. The colleQtion of Chicoyneau is alfo a body of information on public police. The fecond part of it comprehends the principles, illuftrated at confiderable length. When we confider how feldom the plague has invaded chriftian Europe fince 1720, compared with the frequency of its vifits previous to that epocha, we mutt admit the importance and fuccefs of this department of public police, and acquiefce in the utility of lazarettoes, built _ for the purpofe of defence againft the inroads of contagion. The eftablifhments, which have for their object fecu- rity again{t' the plague, much too modern, if we con-— . fider -* In fol. Bononiz 1684, e Camerali typographia manoleffiana, “HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 328 fider the number of contagious diftempers of fhis kind which have defolated Europe, and the univerfe in gen- eral, bring to our recolleétion a more ancient inftitu- | tion, of which no traces now remain, becaufe the plague "againft which it was direéted has difappeared in Europe; that of hofpitals, for the reception of patients afflicted “>with the leprofy. The crufades had introduced leprofy into Europe; and the prejudice concerning the contagious nature of the difeafe, induced the cuftom of fecluding thofe unfortunate perfons who had been attacked by it, and of affembling them together in hofpitals built for that -purpofe. This malady has difappeared, more perhaps be- eae the climate was not favourable to its generation, than in confequence of the precautions employed for refift- ing its propagation. In faét, it is well known that, in our climate at leaft, this difeafe is in no inftance contagious. t But be this as it may, this inftitution of hofpitals, for the “reception of lepers, has partly, at leaft, given birth to our modern hofpitals; concerning the utility of which, no reafonable doubt could ever have exifted, if it had fortunate- ‘ly occurred to their founders, that the more extenfive thefe ,eftablifhments are, the more odious they in reality appear ; and if the ambition of exhibiting to the view of fuperficial travellers an enormous mafs, bearing the refemblance of national benevolence, had not made them lofe fight of the true method of rendering them ufeful,and of carrying their adminiftration to perfeGtion. Thefe defects are how- ever perceived; and the meafures already fuggefted in every part by able phyficians, will without oo be car- ried into immediate execution. Thefe great hofpitals will be divided, houfes of recep- se 2 tion ‘+ See foot-note, p. 273, TRANS | ’ X ; Pay P] “S24 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. tion will be formed, and as many as poflible of the defti- tute fick will be accommodated in private habitations. The former will be built upon a {cale only fufficiently ex- tenfive to afford falutary accommodation to the poor be- longing to each diftri&, or to thofe who labour under difeafes, the treatment of which requires means of relief, — which can only be adminiftered in public eftablifhments: the latter, appropriated to the poor, whofe habitations are too unhealthy, or too incommodious, will be proportioned to the population of thofe limited wards or departments to which they fhall be deftined. In fhort, all the poor who can be relieved or attended to in thefe, will be fent neither to the hofpitals nor to the houfes of reception. "We fhall then be enabled to organize a fyftem, for the relief of the poor, which will be truly conducive to the prefervation of their health, and‘ of fubje€ting it to an adminiftration planned upon principles of real utility. Whatever apparent profufion the greateft number of the hofpitals eftablifhed. in this country may indicate, there is fcarcely any of them which is not extremely defective in regard to economical management, to the adminiftration of remedies, and of the means of relief, or to the falubrity of their local fituas tions. | | ee ae In Italy, above all in Spain, all thefe accommodations are united, and, it may even be affirmed, carried to an unreafonable degree of fuperfluity. In thefe places, lazy indigence finds an afylum, which is favourable to its ufe- lefInefs. The hofpitals in Vienna, and above all thofe — eftablifhed in England, have been highly celebrated. The day will undoubtedly come when we {hall have nothing to envy them on this account. Already, as far as houfes of reception and lodgments for the poor are concerned, ufe- ful and valuable eftablifhments have been ere€ted, and 5 - ftand eS d d ; HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 325, ftand as honourable monuments of the humanity of Frenchmen. The fuccefs with which the labours of a very refpectable and interefting fociety, long known under the . name of Charité maternelle, have been crowned, is well known: could it again be eftablifhed among us, the bonds of the moft facred of connections might then be ftraiten- ed; and by foothing the forrows of the mothers, and ren= _ dering their fruitfulnefs a blefling to them, citizens might be preferved for the country. This refpectable affociation had the merit of) fait a great number of infants, whom corruption of morals, mis- fortune, or fhame, had accumulated in the foundling hofpi- tals, and almoft all of whom were there expofed to inevitable death. It was during the fame period that the vigilance of our magiftrates was occupied on a grand experiment, | the refult of which, although unfavourable, taught us at leaft this important truth, that the rearing of infants _by fpoon-meat, or artificial nurfing, is, upon a great eftablifhment, impracticable; fince the condition moft effential to the fuccefs of this difficult operation is want. ing, the immediate communication between the mother and her child, and that fpecies of incubation, which fupplies a portion of animal heat, neceffary to the news born child in the earlieft ftages of the action of its pul- monary organs. This truly patriotic experiment has taught us the difference between artificial nurfing, fucceisfully practifed in private houfes, in the hands, upon the knees, - and even in the bofoms of parents, and the fame mode of nurfing, ineffeCtually attempted, although apparently un- der all the conditions neceffary to its fuccefs, upon child- ren collected together, committed to the charge of women, all whofe care and attention were neceflarily limited folely to the object of watching the infants in their cradles, and X 3 | of | ‘ pe 326 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. of diftributing to them, with precifion and regularity, the food confidered moft fuitable to their age. How ought — this fact to give double force to our gratitude, to the founders of a’fociety, which had for its obje& to protec the virtues of mothers, and the lives of their children. ‘It was alfo during the fame period that eftablifhments: were formed for the treatment of children who were fup- pofed to be born infe&ted with the confequences of a crime, which ought not at leaft to involve innocence in difs grace. It was an object well worthy of the curiofity of men who devoted their time to the prefervation and re{tor- ation of health, that the experiment made ona grand feale, _ proves the poflibility of conveying both 'the aliment and the remedy at the fame time from the breaft of an infect- ed nurfe to the body of a difeafed child...) = 42) 4 In {uch enterprizes, the failure of fuccefs does not. i tion reproach, and: ought not 'to damp our zeal. It is only among thofe who meditate much upon the interefts of hus manity, that its real benefactors are to be found. . > - But this age, in difputing with thofe that are paft the palm of difcoveries:ufeful to the prefervation of man, will be able to record in the catalogue of its own, the art of preferving whole generations from one of the moft de- {truCtive fcourges of population, that of the fmall-pox. Inoculation, praGtifed from a remote period for the preferv- ation of beauty, among a barbarous nation, with whom beauty was an article of commerce, foon appeared worthy of the attention of philofophers, and of the inveftigation of phyficians. A woman of real courage, and whofe genius and character were even fuperior to’her charms, Lady Wortley Montague, herfelf, fubmitted to the experiment :t her child- ren : This afiertion is not well founded. Lady Mary Wortley ach herfelf fubmitted to no fuch experiment. TRANSLATOR. 4 ‘ as é HYGIENE, BY HALLE. STs _ren followed her example. She perceived, in the fuccefs confequent on her trial, the fafety of her own country, and the advantages refulting to the whole of Europe. One fortunate experiment {truck with aftonifhment the minds of all her contemporaries, {urmounted every obje€tion, and filenced every prejudice, dux femina faéti. Other writers - will fufficiently unfold, and with much greater ability than I peffets, the hiftory of this celebrated experiment. They will {peak of the eftablifhment of an hofpital for inoculat- _ ing the poor in London about the year 17503 of the intro~ duGtion of inoculation into the foundling’ hofpital of the fame city, of the meafures adopted in the military {chool _ * of France for inoculating the pu ils: they will record the. rules of the inoculating fociety of Chefter; they will cele brate this operation practifed on many thoufand individuals in entire villages of Franche-Comté, by the ‘courageous Girod, whom the inhabitants of that country, refcued for a long period from the fcourge of the {mall pox, ftill re- gret and revere as their common father. ‘And while they render thanks to heaven, that free and enlightened nations voluntarily embrace this voluntary practice, they will alfo extol the happy exercife of an abfolute fovereignty ~ over nations ftill funk in ignorance and ftupidity, by re- cording the means employed by Catherine II, for the pur- pofe of conferring this ineftimable benefit upon the nations fubjected to her fway. The fceptre of defpotifm wielded by beneficent hands, fometimes ceafes to be the fcourge of humanity. ) } : CONCERNING PRISONS AND WORKHOUSES. __ Prisons, as well as hofpitals, in collecting together a great number of men, collect alfo and evolve moft adtive eaufes of mortality. The ftory of the afizes at Oxford, X 4 - and ; ‘ ; J é 328 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. and of the black hole at Calcutta, has been recorded a thous {and times. And a fhort time before the era of the revolu- tion, we witnefled fimilar difafters in the prifon of the fmugglers in the city of Orleans. The neceflary attention to the prefervation of health is, therefore, a debt due from fociety, not lefs to the man accufed or guilty, than to him who is infirm and indigent. Prifons and hofpitals have excited the ative folicitude of one of the moft celebrated friends of humanity; of one of the firft citizens of the world, of the refpectable and venerable Howard. The. only man, perhaps, fince the beginning of time, who tra- | velled, not to withdraw his attention from the cares of life, not to admire the monuments of art, or to enjoy the contemplation of nature in her diverfified attire, not. to {tudy governments, or to pry into their fecret tranfaGtions, not to obtain any perfonal intereft or advantage; but fole- ly for the benefit of humanity, to vifit the abodes of afflic- tion and of mifery, and to place before the eyes of men a picture of the various means by which they have multi- plied the calamities of their fellow-creatures, and of the meafures which they ought to have adopted for the pur- pofe of increafing their happinefs.. What a noble example _ given by one man to the univerfe! The fyftem of prifons is {till more remote from perfeCtion than that of hofpitals. Societies of learned men amongft us have however publith- . éd to the world excellent reflections relative to both thefe — departments, which, were it not for the unhappy afpec of the times, would undoubtedly have enlightened the folicitude of governments. | More fortunate than Howard, and not lefs the friend of hymanity, the refpe€table Benjamin Thomfon (Count Rum- ford), has witneffed charitable eftablifhments, formed un- der his eye in Bavaria, the offspring of his care and attens oe — ee ee apie A aa y HYGIENE, BY HALLE, 829 fion, in which every thing that can render men happy, and healthy, and good, is fubmitted to the ftrigteft calcu- ~ lation, and to the teft of the moft demonftrative experience. - ‘There, in one of the countries of Europe, where mendicity debafed and degraded man to the loweft pitch of depravity, _ both with refpe& tohis moral difpofitions and to his phyfical -conftitution; he devifed means of reftoring the idle to -Tabour, the man funk in depravity to virtue, the indigent to the conveniencies of life and to happinefs. There the beggar, refcued from floth, from ufelefinefs, from filth, from vice, and from contempt, bleffes his benefactor, hap- py in the enjoyment of life, in being indebted for it to his Jabour, and in receiving falutary food, ee humiliation and without remorle. CONCERNING THE HEALTHFULNESS OF CITIES, OF CAMPS, OF SHIPS; CONCERNING COLONIES, DRAINING, &c. . WHEREVER men are collected together, it is neceflary to fuperintend the healthfulnefs of the inclofures within which they are aflfembled. Public places, temples, apart- ments for public fhows, camps, fhips, cities, ought at all times to excite. this watchful attention. Hales gave the ‘firft model of ventilators, adapted to renew the current of the air by accelerating its motions. Thefe inftruments have been employed both on board of fhips, and on differ- ent other occafions. ‘They have alfo been conftructed in various ways. But the theory of fire, now better under- ftood, has furnifhed ftill more efficacious means of accom- _ plithing the fame end; and in exhaufting the virulent ef- fects of filth, either in public fewers or in private habit- ations, the point operation of thefe two agents has proved advantageous in obviating We danger of noxious exhal- ations, . | ; $30 . HYGIENE, BY HALLE. - gations, and the offenfivenefs of an infe@tious odour. But the falubrity of buildings chiefly depends upon the art of. conftru@ting them, fo as to afford to the air accefs and egrefs without obftruGtion. The healthfulnefs of great cities muft alfo frequently refult from the art of arranging the dire@tion of the ftreets, of fixing the fituation of places of public refort, and of maintaining a free circulation of air. | | “ee nA Let us not hefitate to sptitder siihiGest to men to cidenii we are indebted for the precious gift of pure and free air, ale though, yielding to the force of circumftances, they have fied from their agitated country, Let us never forget that we owe to the Baran de Breteuil the liberty of bridges and quays, upon a river which conveys fertility and abundance into one of the fineft cities in Europe; that it was under his adminiftration, fruitful in grand and ufeful undertak- ings, that the miniffer of police, converted. under our eyes, a foul cemetery, a loathfome charnel hourfe, teeming with all the afflictive attributes of deftruétion, into’a fpa- “cious place, acceflible to an active intercourfe, and expofed ~ to a falubrious atmofphere; that in fpite of the apprehen- fions and remonftrances of the prejudiced, fo many thou- fands of dead bodies were dug up, without accident, with- out tumult, and with the greateft decency; that the mo- tions of a great population were not interrupted by it, or — their eyes offended withany affliCting fpeCtacle, nor the public health threatened with any alarming difafter; and that, in the midft of this irkfome labour, the eye of the curious obferver could ftill with fecurity penetrate the myfteries of | nature, in the flow deftruGtion of beings, and could draw from thence interefting knowledge concerning thofe tranf- rautations, whofe products will perhaps, at a future pes tiod, pave the way to ufeful difcoveries. | The ahae : a HYGIENE, BY HALLE. é; 334 The health of foldiers collected in camps, of failors af. fembled in fhips, has given birth to many ufeful works; and the obfervations of Pringle on this fubjeQ@ have acquir- ed very great celebrity. . Lind, Poifinnier, and Pringle, have enlightened navigators by their obfervations and the- _ ories, concerning the regimen of failors; whilft the im- mortal Cook has experimentally proved what fuccefs' may refult from thefe rules, praétifed with underftanding ; and; in this refpedt, has exhibited to Europe a new example, by . bringing back, from a long and perilous voyage, the whole crews of three fhips, with the lofs only of one man, whom the unconfirmed ftate of his health, at his departure, had already threatened with the near approach of death. _ ‘Refpe&table works have inftru@ted the Europeans con- cerning the method of efcaping the dangers which await them in their colonies, fituated in thofe burning climates, where the thirft of gold has prompted them to endure the influences of an unfriendly atmofphere. The terror infpir- ed by the moft deftruGiive maladies, would have expelled them from thefe countries on their firft- eftablifhment in them, if avarice had not been infenfible to the fear of death. But more efpecially was it neceflary to inftrué them in the art of preferving the health of thofe unfor- tunate flaves, whom they condemn to moiften, with their fweat, a foreign land, fertilized by their labours only for their mafters. ~Le C. Dazille is one of thofe who have executed this laft tafk with the greateft fuccefs, in his ob- fervations on tetanus, and the difeafes of negroes: and the colonies are indebted to him for the prefervation of many of their inhabitants. But all thefe labours reflect more honour upon the fpirit of humanity, and upon the talents of fome refpectable individuals, than upon the vigilant attention of governments. It is only public works, and \ uleful ~ 932 HYGIENE, BY HALLE, ufeful acts of legiflation, fuch as thefe, that can confer honour on adminiftration. The voice of philofophy and of learned men, was for a long period heard, in almoft every country, before the bene- ficent hands of their rulers were obferved pouring confola- tion into the bofom of the wretched. The works of Lancif: had exifted for a long time before the reft of Europe had conceived the vait utility of removing from the environs of cities, and of populous places of abode, thofe fect of dan- gerous emanations; whence {pring malignant intermittent fevers, a clafs of difeafes almoft as deftructive, perhaps ‘more infidious, than the plague itfelf.. It was however at the folicitation of the Italian government, that. this cele- brated phyfician compofed his treatifes, collefted together under the title of De Nowiis paludum effluviis ; and his re- markable differtation De /jlva Serminete non nifi per partes excidenda. ‘The operations in the Pontine marfhes direét- ed by Sextus V, and the work of Cardinal Gaftaldi, already quoted, alfo prove, that it was in Italy that works of this nature, fo eflentially conneCted with the health of the citi- zens, firft became objects of fpecial attention to government, It is, however, only in our own days that the works ne- ceflary to change the influence and temperature of a country, which for a long period had remained unhealthy, and overfpread with fwamps, have been executed in the neighbourhood of Rochefort; and Europe, as well as France, ftill exhibit great tra€ts of country covered with noxious and ufelefs moraffes. In Piedmont and in the Milanefe, government framed laws for removing the rice fields from the great cities, juftly apprehenfive that their exhalations prove injurious to the inhabitants of thefe cities; and {truck with the difmal fpeétacle of the difeafes, which crufh the untortunate cultivators of rice, and HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 333 and cut them off in the meridian of life, it occurred to the Tulers of ‘that country to examine, whether there be any means of multiplying this valuable food at lefs ex- “pence, and without facrificing forty years of the lives of a numerous population to the object of eg it to mature ‘ity, and of houfing it.) “It is on your account, ye siatautiaivis of dietett that fuch facrifices are made! It is around you that all the folicitudes of governments rally, to avert from you every fpecies of noxious influence! It is for you that fo much labour is beftowed on the improvement of the public roads; it is for your convenience that fpacious and falubrious walks are formed; and that thofe deep refervoirs in which your inanimate remains fuffer decompofition, are removed from your fight. It is moreover for your ufe, that artificial fewers, more commodious than the hut of the poor, are dug; and that pipes, deftined to pour forth falubrious wa- ter, are erected at a vatt expence, whether you are indebt- ed for their conftru€tion to the vigilance of your magif- trates, or to the active induftry of your fellow citizens. In fhort, it is in the midft of you that the fubje€t of Aygiéne is in reality ftudied and reduced to practice ; and yet, with this difference, to which we are no longer permitted te afcribe the defeéts of an obfolete regimen; with this dif- ference, I fay, that the diftricts where the groans of mifery _ are heard, or to which painful and laborious induftry re- . forts for fhelter, feem forgotten and abandoned, whilft the moft fuperfluous affiduities accumulate round opulence and effeminacy. In vain have we witnefled the moft unexpeét- ed inftances of the viciflitudes of fortune. Every thing around us has experienced a change, except our. infenfibi- lity to the diftreffes of the unhappy. Let the indigent then avail themfelves of their liberty, not to abandon themfelves to _ hf : i ¥ Pi B84 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. ‘to the blind and tumultuous exceffes of an unprofitable. fury ; not to avenge themfelves of the negleét which they _ fuffer, by fpreading ruin around them; but ina manly and lofty tone, to claim that care and attention which are due to them; to point out in the vicinity of the fumptuous edi- fices of an opulent city, the nuifance of a muddy turbid river,* which circulates in the midft of their afylums, and whofe courfe might be ufefully altered, its pure water, and - a the advantages derived from it, not contaminated by noxious miafms; and without any other trouble than that of appro- priating to this ufeful object, treafures, fo often prodi- gally fquandered for the malaga of Seip ag pofes. , : | HISTORY OF PRIVATE HYGIENE. CONCERNING HYGIENE BEFORE THE ERA OF HIPPOCRATES. PRIVATE hygiene is that which afcertains, by means of rules deduced from obfervation, how far a man, anxious to preferve his health, ought, according to his age, his — conftitution, and the circumftances in which he is placed, to avail himfelf of the ufe of thofe objects with which he is f{urrounded, and of his appropriate powers, whether for the purpofe of fupplying his wants, or of sb ial his ar fures. Thefe * The Bicure at Paris is in the fections of the Gobelins, and of the bo- ‘tanic garden. ‘he Society of Medicine has compofed a treatife on this fubject, in the fequel of its memoirs for 1789. ‘ HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 8335 -Thefe rules are either general, and deduced from the univerfal laws of the animal economy, and.of its relations with furrounding objects; or particular and. referable, eis ther to the different conftitutions of individuals, or to the diverf ity of things accommodated to their ufe. - In the hiftory of this branch of bygiéne, I do not propofe to give a fuller or lefs. complete lift of the authors who have treated of it; my fole object is to delineate a fketch of the progrefs which the fcience has gradually made by the aid of obfervation. The general hiftory of medicine, configned to an abler pen than mine, will exhibit, under the chronology of authors, a table, of which any that I could offer in this place would be only an extract. - It is in the works of Hippocrates, or in thofe which are aferibed to him, and whofe authors were either contempo- rary with, or flourifhed avery fhort time prior or pofterior to, the father of medicine, that we recognize the firft rudiments and firft piconets is of the art of preferving health. | But before the exiftence of the = men had rea in- ftru€ted by the progrefs of obfervation; and this progrefs _ is attefted to us in the writings of ancient authors. - - Mofes, in his hiftory of the world, has defcribed the dif- ferent fubftances which man fucceflively included in the range of alimentary matter. He reprefents him as at firft faithful to reafon, then tranfgrefling the rules which it pre- feribes ; obedient to the laws of neceffity, but yielding to the charms of pleafure with too faint a refiftence ; fatisfy- ing his hunger with the fruits with which the trees in a happy climate abundantly fupplied him; then with the herbs and corn which he obtained from a more avaricious earth as the reward of his labours, with the milk of his eflocks, and, finally, vith their flefh; fubjeGting alfo the juices $36 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. juices sf vegetables to the procefs. of fermentation, and Cm ‘ traGting from them liquors, which recruit his exhaufted ftrength, but which, when indulged in to excefs, intoxicate _ and deprive him of his reafon. He exhibits to us the dur- ation of his life, diminifhing in proportion as he created to _himfelf new wants; and the neceflity of having recourfe to a mixture of aliments, derived from both the vegetable s, and animal kingdonis, and to a more numerous clafs of different fubftances for his fupport, become more urgent, of whilft his vital powers decreafe daily in vigour. He points out to us his con{titution at once undermined by his crimes, perpetuating an hereditary debility in his race, and the ex-_ cefles of fathers affixing the feal of deftruétion even to their pofterity. In truth, the longevity of certain hermits, who recurring to a vegetable diet, and to the ftri€teft tem- perance, have exceeded the ordinary term of human life; and the example of the celebrated Cornaro, feem to de- monftrate, that by tranfgrefling the boundaries of real want, and yielding to the folicitations of pleafure, man has actually abridged the duration of his life. : Nature has attached pleafure to want} but. the former of thefe guides almoft always decoys her followers to a greater diftanee from the right path than the latter. - Reafon has been given us for the purpofe of adjufting the quarrel be- tween them; but man, who has once acknowledged the fupremacy of pleafure, recognizes with difficulty the exact province of reafon: he has deferted the tree of life, and’ he is no longer permitted to gather its fruits. The hieroglyphics of Egypt, where Mofes was brought. up and educated, and the fables of Greece, fuggeft to us the idea of their common origin, and of the fimpleft veget- able diet always characteriftic of the earlieft ages of the world;' of different preparations perverting, in the courfe » | of “HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 337 of time, the fimplicity of the primeval modes of living ; and finally, of man affailing the lives of the lower animals, and devouring their flefh ave the purpofe of fupporting b his own exiftence. “According to Dr. Mackenzie,* the different fpecies of aliments were introduced into ufe in the following order of fucceffion: fruits, corns, culinary plants, bread, milk, fith, flefh, wine, beer. This laft beverage, according to Herodotus, was invented by the Egyptians; and it feems to have been defcribed by Mofes at an earlier period, fince in many paflages of Leviticus and of Numbers, this le- giflator makes mention of other intoxicating liquors befides — wine, which are expreffed in the Greek text of the Sep- tuagint by the word cixsge, the root. of which is Hebraic, and fignifies to intoxicate. ‘To thefe kinds of aliments muft be fubjoined, butter, honey, olive oil, eggs, and cheefe. Thefe early inventions were foon followed by more com- plicated preparations, according as fenfuality awakened, or as neceflity obliged mankind, to meafure the refiftance of the food which was to undergo the aflimilating procefs, by the diminifhed a€tivity of their enfeebled organs. In this man- ner does Hippocrates, with an able and correct pencil, fketch in his treatife concerning the ancient ftate of medi- cine, (weg! derens inteixns), the hiftory of the improvements fucceflively beftowed upon aliments; and points out to his readers, man, taught as much by pain as by pleafure, to choofe, to prepare, and to transform the different fub- {tances which ferve him for nourifhment, and thus detect- ing, in his experience, the firft elements of the dotrine of health and of medicine. In fact, if with Mofes we admit Vor. III. Y the a * Hiftory of Health, ch, 3. ¢ Ch, xv, 9. ToC Re Via dp - ca ‘a 338 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. the hereditary debility of the human body from the abufe — of enjoyments, we may conceive, that a nourifhment, at — firft falutary, afterwards became too courfe for his debilitat- ed organs; an uneafy fenfation thus became inftrumental. in afcertaining the meafure and modifications of regimen. For, obferves Hippocrates, you cannot find any meafure, any balance, or any other calculation, to which you may appeal with more certainty, than to the fenfations themfelves which the body 7 4 experiences. —=étgoy Oe, 802 scebyedy, wOe ceotbeeoy, wdevee wrrov 2205 : B. Oy aveDiguy eon, To anglers, ae oy evgoing a&AAO 4 Te camctos THY 4 atobnowy.* : wong 4 If thefe fenfations had been fufficient to eftablith the rules of regimen, there would have been no occafion for the interference of art. For, as Hippocrates again remarks, where no perfor is ignorant, and where every perfon is infiruct- ed either by cuftom or by neceffity, no perfon can with propriety be defgnated an artift.t The wants, the errors, and the in- firmities of men, however increafing, obfervations accumu- lating, and tradition becoming inadequate to the tafk of colleCting and tranfmitting them to pofterity, art arofe, and its neceflity was recognized. In proof of its reality, Hip- pocrates quotes the cafe of the gymnaftic phyficians; who daily, he obferves, make new obfervations on the aliment and drink, which procure to the body an increafe of frength and of vigour.t | | The ftudy of regimen had: been carried to an exceflive degree of refinement prior to the era of Hippocrates, fince Herodotus obferves of the Egyptians, that having believed themfelves to have detected, that the greateft number of difeafes originate in the abufe of aliment; they took care every month to — . devote * L. C. edit. de Van-der-Linden, § 16, + Ib. § 9. $ Ib, ‘ 4 \ , HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 339 devote three fucceffive days to vomiting and purging them/felves, by the ufe of clyfters, in‘ order to preferve their health. —Zve- waitect Tete nuteas eareeng penvos txoicov, eusroice Sneapeevor THY vyiny xoek xrbopatt, vouilovres ame Tay TeeDovtay ciTiay mieoris THS yoows Teict avbea crocs, yiverbos. | This pra€tice of vomiting, which was denominated /yr- _ maifin, (cvgnateuos), was introduced among the Romans; but rather from the view of its fubferviency to the gratifis cations of the table, than from its tendency to promote health. And it appears from many paflages of Hippocrates, that, in his time, the Greeks had occafional recourfe to gentle means of exciting vomiting, and of evacuating the ftomach.. But Herodotus, like a man of found judgment, after having obferved that the Egyptians were the healthieft men in Africa, afcribes this advantage lefs to thefe prac- tices, than to the uniformity of temperature in their cli- mates, where, he obferves, the feafons are not fubjeét to any viciflitudes. Independent of all this, and although the regimen introduced by Pythagoras, and the inftitutions of Lycurgus, had preceded the age of Hippocrates and of Plato-by a long feries of years; although dccus, a phyfician of ‘Tarentum, had, fome years before, recommended the union of the gymnaftic art with the moft temperate regi- men, for the prefervation of health; although this laft phyfician acquired fufficient reputation to render the diet of Iccus a proverbial expreffion, to fignify a very temperate and fimple repaft,* Plato ftill afcribes the invention of medi- cinal gymnaftics to Herodicus; and Hippocrates affumes to himfelf the honour of having determined with precifon, the proportions of regimen, either for invalids or for people Y2 | in Euterpe, Glafgow edit. § 77. * SeeSteph.of Byzant. quoted by Mackenzie in his Hifgry of Health, 4 4 } 340 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. in the full enjoyment of health. Hippocrates’ claim to this improvement may be found afferted in the firft and third books of his treatife on the Regimen of People in Health ; and in that intitled, concerning the Regimen in acute Dif eafes. In this latter performance, Hippocrates exprefsly ob- ferves, that the ancients left nothing in writing on diet which _deferves being mentioned ; and that they have paffed over this important article in filence. —dcde 80: wigl rns dsetrns ob werzctios Zuveyearvov, edev bksov Adve, xolros poy t8r0 waekxev. In the firft book on diet, the author of that book begins by point- ing out how many defderata the works of the ancients leave unfupplied on this fubje&t ; and he adds at the end of his preface, I fhall explain what none of my predeceffors have attempted to demonftrate. —onora de und: tmaxcsence ynders way weoregay Onrdout, eyo taidesea, nod ratte dxow est. He afterwards more. particularly; afflumes to himfelf, the merit of having determined the times, and. the fymptoms, which: precede derangement of ‘health, and the means’ of preventing the confequenceés by the refpective propor- tion of food and of exercife.t He conftantly -reprefents himfelf as the author of thofe inventions in the third book, -where fpeaking of the combination’ of exercifes with ali- ment, and of: their-utility for preventing difeafes, .in thofe cafes in which health becomes*precarious, he adds, ‘27 thofe cafes, our objet? muft not be to. preferve health by the agency of remedies ; and I myfelf am the’ perfon who in thefe. difcoveries has. made the nearef? approach to the true end ; but none bas yet exaétly attained it.'—ts1 0 acu 20 dao av Pecgpecnay Divot Tor Uryialerbat, 4 Mev By Ouveroy sueebinvecs eyise 7B o¢s eto evento, To O¢ as #dev.t And, in the per of the fame book, __while + Tid. § iv, ed. de Van-der-Linden. “* } Lib. de Dieta, § 1. HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 34] _ while proceeding to the fecond part of his fubject, fpeak- ing of the fame difcoveries, he farther obferves, with regard to this invention ; honourable to me who am its author, ufeful for thofe who are inftruéted in it, and to which none of my predeceffors have even attempted to afpire, I confider it as the _ moft important of all. —xd 02 73 etenuece xerov wey tol ro steiees APEALHeov Oe Teics tater, zde15 OE 1 Tay ae BOE emrey erence cvvbesves, 9 ages LWT To LAA BOAAS neve elyoes ubsov. | This coincidence between the three books, concerning regimen, and that concerning regimen in acute complaints, of which Hippocrates is univerfally regarded as the author, gives fome confirmation to Dr. Mackenzie’s opinion, who > thinks that this celebrated phyfician is alfo the author of the three other books, although Leclerc afcribes them to Herodicus. The writer of the article gymnaftics (old Ency- clopedie), adduces as proof, that thefe books are not the compofition of Hippocrates, .the contempt which, in his opinion, the minute information concerning the’ gymnattic art contained in them merits. ‘This argument appears to me of little force, refpecting an art which we never prac- tifed, which was fo familiar to the Greeks, and fo import- ant in the eftimation of that people; and of which the author of that book could fpeak with fome precifion, with- out appearing tedious or unimportant to his contemporaries. if any thing, however, can render the opinion of thofe who afcribe thefe books to Herodicus, more probable, it is that the third appears to correfpond in many refpects with the very fevere criticifm of Plato on Herodicus, fince, in this book, the author generally treats of perfons who experience fome change in their health, or fome debility in the exer- cife of their functions, and lays down rules of regimen ae fuitable cd ) Ib. § 113 3AZ- : HYGIENE, BY HALLE. fuitable to thefe derangements, with the intention of ob- viating their confequences. And even Plato’s criticifm itfelf is, at bottom, to be regarded as a panegyric upon the au- thor, fince he reproaches him on the fcore of his fuccefs alone ; our philofopher being averfe from prolonging a life, which he regards as burdenfome to the individual, and ufe- Jefs to the ftate. : Thus is it, that the-origin of the {cience, that is, a by= " giene, reduced to fixed’ principles, by the refults of obferv- ation, cannot be traced far beyond the era of Hippocrates, and of Herodicus his mafter; and if any one fhould de- fiderate more extended details, concerning the monuments of anterior date, relative to this fubje&t, he cannot read a more fatisfactory treatife, in this refpect, than the hiftory which Dr. James Mackenzie gives.of thefe remote times,. in his work intitled, the Hiffory of Health, and the Art ff preferving it.* I ought to apprize the reader, that 1 my- {elf fhall borrow many paflages from this work, which I fhall take care to quote, whenever an opportunity offers it- felf of transferring them to this article. HISTORY OF HYGIENE, ARRANGED INTO FOUR PRINCIPAL EPOCHS. j \ In reducing the hiftory of an art to certain epochs, there is an effential difference between the method of af- fuming, as rallying points, the periods at which celebrated men have acquired fome reputation in it by their works, and that of reftricting our inquiries to thofe epochs alone, in which the art has been really progreffive. This laft fyf- tem, which alone is truly interefting, is very barren in res {pect _*® Second edit. Edin, 1769. -_ - Oe ee a ES gee te a Te Pe ee ee ee \ F MYGIENE, BY HALLE. — 343 | fpe& to remarkable eras: the other fyftem, is that which almoft all medical hiftorians have followed. __ According to the fecond fyftem, we can only enumerate four principal epochs in the hiftory of Aygigne. The firft . is that in which the art, reduced for the firft time to pre- cepts, founded on regular obfervation, has given birth to works which have lived in the efteem of pofterity. This _ epoch is that of Hippocrates, with whom mutt be affociat- ed his mafter Herodicus, and Polybius, his fon-in-law and pupil. Its commencement may be dated from the birth of Hippocrates, that is, from the 46eth year before the chriftian era. The great number of ages which we fhall comprife between the firft epoch and the fecond, ought not to excite the reader’s aftonifhment, when he confiders that during this period, of confiderable duration, nothing really new has been conftructed on the bafis eftablifhed by Hippocrates; and that his principles had been only more or lefs developed, in proportion as the fpirit of obfervation . had, in a greater or lefs degree, extended its influence among phyficians. For, with refpeét to the ftudy of ana- tomy, cultivated fuccefsfully after his time by Herophilus and Erafiftratus, its effeéts in accelerating the progrefs of hygiene were, at that period, very inconfiderable ; and I do not deem thofe times, in which its motion was rather re- trograde than progreflive, better intitled to be included in the number of the epochs of the art; as, for inftance, when it was perverted by the introduction of fubtle dif. quifitions concerning the degrees of heat and of cold, of dryne/+ and of moifure, which infe&ted the laft periods of the _ Arabian fchool; or when the extravagant fooleries of the adepts decoyed phyficians from the path of true obfervation, to direct their attention to the inveftigation of thofe che- mical fecrets, the poffeffors of which infuring the gift of a Via Cs Tore x é 344 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. fort of immortality to others, were ignorant of the means of appropriating it to themfelves. 2do, I place the fecond epoch of the art at the period at which the celebrated Sanéforius difcovered the pheno- « mena of infenfible perfpiration, and their conne€tion'with - — all the funétions of the animal economy, efpecially with the inequalities of regimen, and with the variations of the atmofphere. Sanéforius was born in 1571. We muft then fix the epoch, the honour of which is exclufively due to, him, towards the end of the fixteenth century, 3ti0, The renovation of phyfics, before the middle of the | feventeenth century, by the experiments of Zorrice/i and of Pafcal; the difcovery of the weight of the air, and of its a€tion on bodies by reafon of that weight; the circula- tion of the blood, already demonftrated by Harvey, in the beginning of that century; the labours of A/alphigi, of Hales, and of fo many other celebrated natural philofophers, who, devoting their time to the inveftigation of animal phy- fics, have thrown a new light on every department of medi- cine. They paved the way for the entire revolution which it experienced in the renowned fchool of Boerhaave; and whatever movements the glory of this celebrated epoch may have received from them, we may affirm, that the phyfical {fciences are indebted to it for all the precifion to which they have attained fince that period. It is a fingular fact, that of the men who diftinguifhed themfelves in this noble revolution, if we except thofe who devoted themfelves almoft exclufively to the mathematical fciences, a very con- fiderable number were phyficians. This revolution has laid the foundation of all that has been accomplifhed during the greateft half of the fixteenth, and during three fourths - of the prefent (laft) century. We alfo owe to this great impulfe, communicated to the phyfical {ciences, all the changes . ee ee es? eee ee ¥ years 4 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. O45 changes which Stah/, Boerhaave, and, fince their time, the Barons, the Rouelles, the Macquers, have introduced into chemiftry, and the light which the fcience of medicine has _ derived from the fame fource. ‘I have thought it proper to feparate this latter epoch from that of Sanéforius, although they are fo nearly con- ‘tiguous; becaufe Sanéforius had it fcarcely in his power — to derive any afliftance from the fources of which his fuc- ceffors availed themfelves ; becaufe in a period when the wifeft phyficians were thofe, who f{crupuloufly traced the footfteps of the ancient Greeks, who confined themielves to the ftudy of their works, and were occupied in confirm- ing the precepts of their mafters by new obfervations, he _alone had the courage to extend the range of his inquiries, which they feemed to have circumfcribed; who opened up for himfelf a new path, and pointed out to his fuc- ceflors a method, hitherto unknown, of penetrating the {e- crets of nature. - 4to, I do not hefitate to fix the fourth and laft epoch at the immediate opening of the brilliant career, upon which Priefiley, Black, Lavoifier, as well as many of our phyficians, who, either by fertile inventions, or by their zeal to pro- pagate knowledge by the method of inftruction, have fo well deferved of the arts, of the f{ciences, and of medi- cine, entered with fuch diftinguifhed fuccefs. ‘This epoch, remarkable for the difcovery of the gafeous fluids, of the chemical a€tion of air on bodies, and by that of the com- pofition and decompofition of water, has put into our hands _ many of the keys which open the fanctuary of nature. Let us hail the fuccefs which has already illuftrated this era, and which furnifhes indications of ftill more profperous events in future times. Phyficians will henceforth be able to flatter themfelves, with the hope of deriving from che- 3 | _miftry Sg ; % d 346 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. -miftry more certain knowledge, and lefs hypothetical ex planations of the principal phenomena of the animal eco- ~.nomy; and chemiftry, that noble fcience, abfolutely un- known to the ancients, will amply expiate thofe errors with which its infancy debafed our art. We fhall moreover wit- nefs another refult of that fortunate alliance, contracted in our own time, between the experimental and mathematical fciences: I mean, that medicine, enriched with a ftill greater number of acquired facts, will be able to approach with accelerated pace towards that exact and demonftrative courfe, which they fo frequently accufe her of having abandoned, and without which fhe cannot flatter herfelf with the hope of obtaining any fhare of real Begin: or of permanent glory. | f I proceed, meanwhile, to refume the hiftory of hygiéne 5 and to give an outline of its revolutions till the prefent time, and of the changes which, in future, we ae fuppofe it deftined to experience. FIRST EPOCH, THAT OF HIPPOCRATES. DIFFERENT PERIODS OF THIS EPOCH. Tue birth of Hippocrates has been fixed about the 46oth year before the chriftian era. Pythagoras, refpeCting whom every circumftance which anfwers my purpofe in this article, has been recorded in the hiftory of public Aygiéne, was born about the 6octh year before the fame era.* The period in which he flourifhed, then, was 140 years prior to the age * Travels of Anotharls Vol, iv, Table of epgchs of the Grecian hif- tory. x Fe & ; a HYGIENE, BY HALLE. SAT age of Hippocrates. It was during the epoch of Pytha- goras, that medicine and philofophy, combined together, were, according to the obfervation of Leclerc, practifed by the fame individuals. Hippocrates, the fame author ftill farther obferves, upon the authority of Celfus, was the firft perfon who feparated thefe branches of knowledge. This feparation was not, however, a divorce ; and phyficians never ceafed to be con- verfant in philofophy. But this divifion refulted in a double advantage: 1/?, the exercife of thefe two profeflions becom- ing ‘daily more extenfive, medicine, in order to be pra&tifed with advantage, required that the fame individual fhould confecrate all his time to this fole object: 2d, Philofophy devoted herfelf to fyftematic explications of all the pheno. mena of the univerle ; for, after that of fecing,the firft defire which man feels is to comprehend, and his impatient mind — fearcely perceives effecis, when it {prings forwards towards their caufes, without confidering at how great a diftance they are removed from it, and that this diftance can be overtaken only by obfervation, This fpirit of fyftem was peculiarly calculated to, injure medicine; which, unfortu-_ nately, fince that period, has been but too much enflaved by its influence. I thus enumerate the feparation of fyf- tematic philofophy from medicine, among the firft progref- five fteps made by the art. Hippocrates not only refrained fromtilluftrating the theory of medicine upon the principles of the philofophy of his age; he was moreover. unwilling that this faculty of interpreting the phenomena of nature. on theoretical principles fhould be abufed in its application to objects, the explication of which fhould be entirely the sefult of obfervation and experience. ‘This opinion is ob- vioufly maintained in the treatife concerning the fate of meai~ vine among the ancients, (atermexains inremns). ‘The author 3 of & é 348 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. of this traét, whom Boerhaave, in oppofition to Galen, and to fome other writers, believes to have been Hippocrates, oppofes with remarkable folidity of argument, and by an appeal to facts, a fyftem common in his time. The/e, obferves he, in the beginning of his treatife, have very much _ deceived them/elues in their multifarious reafonings, who, being inclined to fpeak or to write concerning medicine, have affumed as the bafis of their explanations, heat, or cold, or drynefs, or moif- ture, or any other doctrine which they have been pleajed to adopt, narrowing, as it were, the boundaries (ts Bead uyorrts) of the art, and, attributing to the agency of one or two caufes, by ihe aid of which they pretend to explain every thing, the principal caufe of difeafes, and of death. We confiders this fyftem as an innovation introdueed in his time, when he fays, but my defign is to recur again to the confideration of thofe, who have eftablifbed a new method of cul tivating our art, by building it upon hypothetical fuppofitions.§ And he afterwards adverts to the phyfical and evident effects of aliment on our bodies, and fhews their incompatibility with the doétrine which he combats. The other books in which Hippocrates appears to found the theories, both of internal caufes and of regimen, as well as certain modes of treatment in difeafes, upon the qualities again{ft which, he has juft now argued, confidered as principles of the faculties of our bodies, are acknow-— ledged to be fpurious. We ought not then to deduce from their authority any argument for denying his being the author of the former do€trine, which in every other refpeét is abundantly rational. The opinion, that experience is para- mount to every other confideration in medicine, that every procefs of reafoning muft be condu€ted in conformity to 1f5 § Van-der-Linden, ib. § 22 Ear an HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 349 its di€tates, and that the mind muft be guarded againft the infanity of attempting to comprehend every thing, is, there- fore, to be regarded as one of the firft fleps of progreflive improvement at which phyficians arrived after the birth — of philofophy. For, obferves Hippocrates in his precepts, — (wagaliyerrcs), in order to practife medicine, we muff not at firft occupy ourfelves in forming proceffes of reafoning clothed with ° Some probability, but deduce our reafonings from obfervation. —e ys HV. fen AwYIT UD meoregoy wr bavai, meorenovlos inzeevery, cree sesh peed rove. This much, then, Hippocrates accom- plithed, by feparating medicine from philofophy. Iconceive it neceffary to begin this branch of my fubjed, by giving this explanation of the meaning which ought to be affixed to the pofition, that medicine was feparated from philofophy ; and of the idea which we ought to entertain of this primary character of the sg of Hippocrates afcrib- ed to it by Leclerc. ! This epoch ought to be divided into different seisods : and the firft of thefe periods may be extended from the ‘time of Hippocrates to that of Galen. The fecond will comprehend Galen, and the ancient Greeks who followed him. The third will embrace the Arabian {chool, from which that of the modern Greeks, among whom A@tua- rius was the only phyfician, who merits any particular attention, can fcarcely be diftinguifhed. During the fame period arofe the fchool of Salernum, more famous: than praifeworthy ; and yet, till the revival 'of letters, after the facking of Conftantinople, there appeared in Europe many remarkable and eminent men, independent of the chemifts, who adhered to the fyftem of medicine laid down in its conceited jargon. Laftly, a fourth divifion of this epoch will correfpond to the period elapfed between the revival | of ‘ + & 350 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 4 of learning and of the Greek doétrine, and the. epockr of 7 SanGforius. ‘ FIRST PERIOD OF THE FIRST EPOCH, FROM THE AGE OF HIPPOCRATES TO THAT OF GALEN. Tue works of Hippocrates, whether confidered as relat- ing to Aygiéne, or as connected with the other departments of medicine, are charaéterized by the following remarkable peculiarity, that to the moment at which natural philofophy and chemiftry diffufed new light upon medicine, they were always regarded as a common text-book, on which the moft valuable medical performances could only be cont ag as commentaries. The brevity and concifenefs of the text have pata illuftrations neceflary ; accumulated experience of the dif- ferent influences to which man is naturally fubje&t, or voluntarily fubmits himfelf, has added new force to thofe previoufly obferved, but almoft all the original ideas are to be found in thefe primitive works. Whether we afcribe to Hippocrates the invention of thefe élements of the art, or whether. he is only to be regarded as the able digefter of the doétrine eftablifhed in the fchool of Cos previous to his time, the treatifes which he has left us are always to be confidered as one of the fineft monuments of anti- quity. | =) The Books concerning Hygiene atiributed to Hippocrates. imo, The excellent treatife concerning air, water, and fituation, (wigl digay, Uddrwv, 4 cower.) ‘This is univerfally regarded as the work of Hippocrates. In this traé&t, he difcourfes of the various effeéts, which are the fenfible indications of the different qualities of the atmofphere, of | winds, ' ‘ 4 _ HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 351 winds, of water, of the fituation of cities relative to thefe objects, of their expofure to different points of the horizon, and of the characters of falubrity and infalubrity which refult from fuch an expofure, as well as of the phyfical and moral conftitution of the people who are expofed to - thefe influences. He alfo mentions the different feafons _ of the year, and their effects upon the human body. Finally, he fubjoins to thefe general obfervations particular remarks, characteriftie of the moral and phyfical habits of the Afiatic _ and European nations. Among the former, he diftinguithes _ thofe of the eaft and thofe of the weft, in the number of whom he includes the African ftates known in his time, that is, the inhabitants of Egypt and of Lybia. Among the European nations, he expatiates at very great length on the Scythians, on the Sauromates; and compares the ftates of Europe in general with thofe of Afia. The in- fluence of government on the moral and phyfical qualities of a people alfo appeared to him an objet worthy of great attention; and it is as a republican that he traces the criteria which diftinguith free nations from thofe fubje@- ° ed ta.the yoke of an arbitrary power. Thefe criteria appeared to him impreffed in a fenfible manner both upon their moral and phyfical conftitution. 2do, The treatife on food, (weg! teePic), is like the preced- ing, in the judgment of almoft all the critics, a genuine production of Hippocrates. ‘This piece is characterized by lefs order and method; but we find in it marks of pro- found meditation, and of truly philofophical views. The author treats of the peculiar nature of alimentary fub- ftances, of their proportions, with the age and tempera- ments of individuals, of their varieties, and of the me- chanifm of their application. The abruptnefs of the lan- guage ; i 352 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. guage often gives an air of obfcurity to the difcourfe, _ I have given a fketch of the univerfal topics difcuffed in this book, at the beginning of the article Aliment. ua 3tio, The treatife concerning the falubrity of regimen, (aegi Oscelrns Vyrevas), 18 written chiefly for the inftru€tion of men who, living in a ftate of privacy and difengagement from active bufinefs, can apply themfelves with fome detail to the care of their health. Such are thofe whom the author denominates iwral, privati homines. The author of this tract, in the opinion of a great number of critics, was Polybius, the fon-in-law of Hippocrates. The qualities of : heat and of cold, of drynefs and of moifture, are the principal _ indications which he fpecifies, with the view of regulating the diet, according to the feafons, the age, fex, and tem- perament of the individual. Upon this fubje@t, it is proper _ to obferve, that the author of the book concerning the frate | of medicine among the ancients, has not rejeCted thefe confi- derations, but difapproved of the ufe which was made of } them, by regarding them as explanatory of all the pheno- . mena of health and of difeafes, and of ail the effects of aliment and of medicine. The author of this book, alfo, lays down fome rules to facilitate the extenuation of too corpulent people, and to reftore to a good plight fuch as are emaciated. The bafis of his regimen turns principally ey “A ‘, = ai 4 fo EP ae ae Se ae ee ee ee upon the choice of aliments and drinks; upon’ exercife, , baths, inunctions, and the means of exciting vomiting, according to circumftances, and to different temperaments. A more complete idea of the contents of this book will undoubtedly be given under the article of Regimen. — The three books on diet, (weg! dsaivns), which Leclerc, as I have already obferved, afcribes to “Herodicus, have been alfo attributed by different critics to other phyficians, fome ef whom lived prior to Hippocrates. Galen attaches little value HYGIENE, BY HALLE. $58 value to the firft, in which a few excellent remarks are interfperfed among a farrago of obfcure illuftrations, re- fpecting the nature of things, and the generation of man, On the contrary, he, as well as Celfus, confiders the fecond and third worthy of the father of medicine; more efpe- cially the fecond, in which the qualities and varieties of _aliment are explained at great length. It is, however, evi- dent, that the firft and third, at leaft, are the compofition of the fame*author ; not only becaufe in each of thefe the _ author claims to himfelf the invention of regimen, as was ftated above, but, becaufe in the firft, the writer premifes, that he will fpecify the fymptoms which are the harbingers of difeafe; and by the affiftance of which, we can pre- fcribe the regimen calculated) to avert their confequences, and executes his promife in the third book; which is alfo - one of the inventions of which he boats. In the firft book, he exprefles himfelf in the following manner: I have alfo found out the means of previoufly afcer= taining, and before man is attacked by them, (wea t xepeery civ abeaawoy...agoadyracts), the difeafes which muft originate in both kinds of excefs, (of aliment and of exercife). For thefe difeafes aré not fuddenly generated, their elements gradually aca cumulate, and they at laft appear when thefe are united, (abgows xpoasworloa). I have then afcertained the derangements which man experiences before his health is deftroyed by difeafe, and the means of reftoring him to a found fiate of bealth.* In the third book, at the commencement of the firft part ‘of that. book, he makes ufe of the following expreffions: J have however detected the prognoftic figns (zeolvwres) of thofe things which predominate in the body, whether aliment prevails over Vor. Ill. Z ) " emercife, * Lib. i, de Dieta, ed. Van-der-Linden, § x11. 4 4 r] 354 HYGIENE, BY HALLE, exercife, or exercife predominates over aliment, as well as the method of remedying each of thefe exceffes, and of Srudying qn comprehending, beforehand, (ago xarapdlavey), the flate of health, in order to prevent difeafes ; at leaft, to guard pis . indulging in too great and too frequent exceffes, for then we a muft have recourfe to remedies, &c.+ In proceeding to the — fecond part, he thus expreffes himfelf: Now, my invention confifts, firft, in difcerning the fymptoms which precede an at. tack of difeafe, (est 0 weodielvwois wiv wed v8 ucwve), then in perceiving the changes which bodies experience, whether the a quantity of food exceeds the degree of exercife, or the degree of exercife furpaffes the quantity of food; or whether both one and the other mutually maintain a juft proportion. For the excefs of either generates difeafes, and health refults from their mutual agreement. We fee, then, that the fame fyftem guides she wee of thefe two books; that the ideas and the expreflions are the fame, and, confequently, that they came from the fame pen. The firft book, which has been improperly divided into two, begins by laying it down as a principle, that the equilibrium of health depends upon a juft proportion be- tween food and exercife. Our author then proceeds to explain the nature of man, which he eftablithes upon the union of the two principles of water and of fire, from which are derived the four primary qualities. This train of reafoning fufficiently proves that the author of this book is a different perfon from the writer of the treatife cons cerning the ftate of ancient medicine. This book contains fome curious paflages illuftrative of the philofophy of the ancients. ‘The fecond book, much more fatisfactory on . | : the © + Ib, Lib. iii, 41. ae a 4 Tb. 6 1% = a ne te ee ee Re COD OE LRM, ae GE ee ee See Laer Sa pct oO ee ee as eee o> ce ‘ . ? HIYGIENE, BY HALLE. ~ BSS the fubje& of our inquiries, and replete with excellent obfervations, contains, in the firft place, remarks on the effeéts of the different regions of the atmofphere, and of the winds: the author then difcuffes the qualities and varieties of aliments. ‘I have given a pretty full account of this part in the article ALrmenr, p. 710, and following, of this Didtionary; and I flatter myfelf that I have in fome refpets contributed to render certain capital terms of the Greek text more intelligible. This book is then concluded with fome obfervations on the different ingre- dients of Aygiene, and efpecially on baths, dietetic vomits, and, above all, on the different kinds of pymnaftic: eXxere cifes. ) ~The objet of the third book, is to determine ie rules and meafures of all things, the ufe of which contributes to the fupport of life and health. It is divided into two prin- cipal parts; of thefé, one is appropriated to thofe ‘* who compofe the mofét numerous clafs of men, (rotor woracion ray avtewawy), who live upon fuch aliments as opportunity fup- plies, who are forced to labour, who are obliged to pafs their lives in travelling, or depend for their fubfiftence on maritime commerce.” Food, drink, the principal kinds of exercifes, baths, dietetic vomitings, methodical dire€tions, according to circumftances and to the temperature of the feafons, conftitute the obje&t of the precepts given by the author in the firft part of the fecond book. But, after having given this feries of general’ precepts, which he confiders as applicable to the greateft proportion of the human race, who cannot pay any particular atten- tion to the prefervation of their health, (+p wagbe: raiv dvdgde aay), he pafles on to the expofition of particulars which {uit the condition of thefe, who, leading a more inaCtive life, do not experience any real enjoyment without the poffe/- Z 2 | fron ‘ faean is 1 356 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. Sion of health ; and whofe leifure affords them time to ap- a ply themfelves to all the inquiries neceffary for its preferv- ation. It is in this part of his book, that he ftrictly invef- tigates the diftinguifhing marks which predict alterations of health,.and the manner in which health vacillates to- wards different indifpofitions, which he regards as the germs of difeafes. The degree of importance which he at- taches to each of thefe alterations, that the generality of mankind neglect, fuggefts to him the proportion of dietetic means, by which he refifts their progrefs. We here per- ceive, that that {fcrupulous attention to his own cafe, by which the author is conftantly occupied, has incurred the juft cenfure of Plato, and of all the philofophers, who are perfuaded that man lives not exclufively for his own in- tereft. After all, this part, as well as the firft, contains many interefting particulars, and curious obfervations. gto, Vhe book concerning dreams, (agi wuaviay), principal- ly fuggefts obfervations relative to the connection of dreams, with variations of regimen, and to the precautions which they point out for the prefervation of health. Many con- fider this book as the fequel of the third book, on diet. ‘This opinion is not deftitute of foundation. ‘There is, in fat, a very ol-vious connection between the topics difcuff= - ed in this book, and thofe illuftrated in the fecond part of the third book on diet, where all the effeéts of plethora, — { and of errors in regimen, are confidered. Thefe errors are the caufes of the greateft part of thofe difquietudes which difturb reft and fleep. And it is eafy to perceive. that the fame hand executed both of thefe works. 6to, The treatife on the regimen in acute difeafes, (weet dale zs obswv), is generally divided into four books; but the regi- men which fhould be prefcribed to the fick is handled in the three firft alone; the fourth, which is not confidered as the 7 compofition HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 357 tompofition of Hippocrates, contains only the hiftory of dif- ferent difeafes, and their diagnoftic and prognoftic fymptoms, as wellas the method of cure. Thefe firft three books, univer- fally. afcribed to Hippocrates, and confidered as one of his moft important produCtions, have no very clofe connection with the fubject of Aygiene. The author, however, adverts to feveral of its principles, by comparing the habits of a per- fon in a found ftate of health with the exigences of a ftate. of difeafe; and by contrafting the effeéts of aliments, of drinks, | of baths, as well as of the different kinds of regi- men, upon man, confidered both in a ftate of health and of difeafe. The firft book is intitled, efpecially in fome editions, concerning ptifan, that is, the decoction of barley, (ae! aliedvns); and its principal object in reality is to ex- plain the effects of this article of food, particularly appro- priated to the fupport of Patients pak the courfe ah acute difeafes. qmo, ‘The book concerning the ufe of liquids, (An Ufeay x%encs@), is alfo limited to the confideration of morbific af- fe€tions, both internal and external; but we likewife find in it fome reflections which are not foreign to the preferv- ation of health; as are alfo to be found fcattered in differ- ent other treatifes, fuch as that concerning the different re- gions inhabited by man, (xg) timo téiv xox’ avlgwms) 5 concerns ing winds, (+e! Quowy) ; concerning the fiate of medicine in an= cient times, (meet dgyelns inreixns), Scc. In refpe& to Polybius, the fon-in-law of Hippocrates, and his fucceflor in the fchool, which he had eftablifhed, we have mentioned every thing that came to our know- ledge, when treating of the book afcribed to him by Galen, - that, viz. concerning healthy regimen. ZL 3 | DIOCLES & é 358 HYGIENE, BY HALLIN DIOCLES CARYSTIUS. Drocies Carystius, who has been called the fecond Hippocrates, is only known tous by the letter which he wrote to Antigonus, one of Alexander’s fucceffors, and which we find preferved in the editions of Paulus Egineta, at the end of the firft book, ch. 100, under the title of ' Prophylactic epiftle of Diosles, (Avonartss smesaan meoPurcer] ins « It is of the fame purport with the third book on diet. Dio- cles, in this letter, fpecifies the figns which precede dif~ eafes, and the prophylactic means to be adopted, when thefe fymptoms make their appearance. He divides dif- eafes into thofe of the head, of the breaft, of the abdomen, and of the bladder. ‘The author then proceeds to treat of the prefervative meafures which correfpond to the changes induced in our bodies, by the influence of the feafons; and obfervations of this nature conclude the letter. “The topics difcuffed in this morfel of antiquity are neceflarily very vague, and do not convey to. us the idea of any remark- able progrefs of the fcience. The author of the article — Ancient Phyficians, (Dittionaire Encyclopedique de. Medicine), places the age in which Diocles flourifhed, at the diftance of 72 years from the era of Hippocrates.. CELSUS. : CELSUS, (Aurelius Cornehus Celfus), according to the fame author, wrote in the 30th year of our era, and muft have been born about the 11th year before the commencement of the chriftian difpenfation. More frequently the elegant and judicious tranflator of Hippocrates, than an original, we recognize more order and method in his works than in thofe of his mafter. His age is beyond queftion much in- debted to him; but he did not greatly accelerate the pro- grefs HYGIENE, BY HALLE 959 prefs of the art. The firtt book of his works contains the. precepts relative. to health. He begins by an expofition of the regimen adapted to firong, healthy, and robuft people; and then gives the rules fuitable to thofe of a weakly con- ftitution, and to invalids; and, finally, the precepts, the obfervance of which is revered neceflary by the feafons, ot which are ufeful in the different circumftances of life. In his firft chapter, he lays down two remiatkable rules. His firft general maxim is, that a mat of a good comftitu- tion; and in the full enjoyment of health, ought not to - _ confine himfelf to any invariable law. A very wife pres cépt, from which tefults a notable propofition, improperly cerifured by fome authors, who have not entered into its general fpitit. The propofition is the following: modo plus jufto; modo hon amphius affiumere ; fometinies to exceed the Sri meafure of neceffity, fometimes to confine curfelves within its bounds. This is certainly the true import of the éxpreffion jufto; and Sebizius has not attended to its proper fignifica- tion, when he reproaches Celfws as the advocate of glut- tony and drunkennefs. It is certain, that the ftri€ and precife law of rieceflity is not calculated for thofé who en- joy # vigorous ftate of health, but for thofe alone who are’ obliged to watch over themfelves with a tigorous attentions: and when San@toritis has made’ the following refletion, Celi fententia ron omnibus tuta oft;* he has faid nothing which the author himfelf had not advanced in the fubfe- quent chapter. Celfus, moreover, deduces from the fame propofition ani inference relative to the cuftomis of his own time, and to the ufe which was made of the gymnattic axt. This inference confirms what I have faid in the firft - part of this article, concerning the true fenfe of an aphor- L4 ifm hy = 3, aphy 42. ‘ é 360 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. - ifm of Hippocrates.t ‘The text of Celfus is as follows: Sed ut hujus generis exercitationes cibique neceffari funt fic athletici fupervacui. Nam et intermiffus propter alquas civiles neceffitates ordo exercitationis corpus affiigit ; et ea corpora que mere corum repleta funt, celerrime et fenefcunt, et egrotant. But as this kind of exercife and of food is neceffary, fo violent exercifes ave fuperfluous ; for both the order of exercife being interrupted on account of fome neceffary avocations, injures the body, and thofe bodies which after the manner of the athletics have become luft , very quickly both grow old and fickly. — _ A fecond very remarkable and very important propofi- tion, to which, in my opinion, the abufe of antidotes, in certain inftances, is attributable, is the following: Caven- dumque ne in fecunda valetudine, adverte prefidia confuman- tur. —and we muft take care left, in good health, our afore in fickne/s foould be wofted. re Farther, the precepts of Celfus chiefly relate to rapier and to the choice of aliments and of drinks, to the ufe of baths, the proportions and mutual relations of diet and of labour; to dietetic vomitings or fyrmaifm, and to gym- naftic exercifes. The part of his work in which the regi- men adapted to people of weak and delicate conftitutions is confidered, is replete with judicious obfervations. For thefe we are indebted to this author; or he was at leaft the firft, as far as we knew, who explained them, with a method and perfpicuity which we do not find in the works of Hip- pocrates. We here perceive, either that himfelf was the {fubject of his own obfervations, or at leaft that he has de- rived his precepts immediately from the ftudy of nature. In the number of people of weak conftitutions, he includes the greateft part of men of letters, and of the inhabitants of + Sect. i, aph. 3. Ne ee Tg a en ee pet f é HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 361 of cities. Qyo in numero magna pars urbanorum, omnefque pene bupidi literarum funt. : Sat _ After this difcuffion, Celfus proceeds to the variations of regimen, which different conftitutions, different periods of life, fex, and the feafons, render neceflary. He afterwards explains the regimen adapted to perfons Jabouring under different infirmities, and that which is moft proper to avert the effects of peftilential contagions. In the fecond book, from the beginning of chapter 18th, he explains the pros perties and qualities of aliments and of drinks. We here find many of the obfervations of Hippocrates interfperfed among thofe which are peculiar to our author; and, un- fortunately, we alfo meet with claffifications very much at variance with found phyfics, of fubftances effentially dif- ferent in their nature, arranged under the fame order, and with contraditions which feem inexplicable. We thall find in this book, cucumber included in the order of fub- ftances, which Celfus defignates by the expreflion gue bonz fucci funt, which afford good juices; and the fame vege= table, in the fubfequent chapter, claffed with thofe (que ali fucci funt) which yield bad juices. This divifion itfelf preients us with nothing that is perfpicuous or intelligible ; and, in the order of cooling fubftances, we find coriander affociated with cucumis, &c. But, notwithitanding thefe inconfiftencies, Celfus is one of the authors in the Hippo- cratic era, from whom, thofe who think for themfelves derive moft profit, and by the perufal of whofe works they will beft inform themfelves concerning the ftate of medi- gine among the ancients. Dr. Mackenzie, in his work, elucidates in ample detail the moft remarkable precepts of this phyfician, as well as thofe of moft.of the other writers. I fhall not enlarge fo much upon them in this place, becaufe {uch a defcription would | é é S62 HYGIENE, BY HALLEs would extend this article to too great a length; and be= caufe it is more natural to referve the full confideration of the fubjeét, for the article of Recrmzn, to which Ehope to give my moft ferious attention. PLUTARCHy AGATHINUS. prdeueday who was not a phyfician, has left us an ex- cellent treatife, intitled, Viyrervee creeelyerpata, —precepts for ihe prefervation of health. This treatife contains no new ideas; but a new illuftration of ideas, with which phyfi- — cians had been previoufly familiar. And im the hiftory of* our art, it is proper to diftinguifh the epochs at which the intermixture ‘of philofophy has inhanced the value of medi- cine, and extended its empire over the minds of man. The Shew of fcience, and of accurate demonftrations, makes little impreflion upon the vulgar. Plutarch, with a loofer chain of reafoning, but with ftriking comparifons, and art enchanting ftyle, adorned the precepts of the art, and con= ciliated to them the affeCtions of his readers. His precepts were reduced to practice by himfelf; and a long life, a vigorous health, the prefervation of all his faculties un- impaired till a very advanced age, confirmed the truth of what he had written. Among other kinds of exercifes, he highly eftimated reading with a loud voice; and we fee that this cuftom was generally regarded by the ancients as productive of the moft falutary confequences. He attaches little value to fyrmaifm or dietetic vomitings, fo often prac- _tifed among the ancients. He confiders them as an inven= tion favourable to gluttony, but contrary to nature, and hurts ful to health. The little importance which Plutarch attaches to cold bathing, fo univerfally prevalent in his time, is 2 fact no lefs remarkable. On this fubje& he exprefles him- felf in the following manner: Astrea xencbai, boyeo [ey bmrb= Deux lex ov ee ee ee ee, hoes ES ae a ee OSE Ee a eee ae ee a ae eS Te eee 8 | g | HYGIENS, BY HALLE. * 363 Sarhntind 1 veeevaoy peowArdy 4 vyservov tot, ——the habit oj f plunging one’s. fel i inte the cold bath after exercifes, is rather the incon« Sdevate a& of a young man, than a falutary cufleom. He confiders, that hardening of the body, and that infenfibility to the influences of external objecis, (Ovemeedercey wees toe an xe CLAK@ gteara 78 coner@-), which, he obferves, to refult from the ufe of the cold bath, as noxious to the internal fun€tions, and: unfriendly to perfpiration. He fubjoins thefe confider- ations: Lhat the perfons who are accuftomed to the ufe of cold baths, neceffarily relapfe into that precifion and ferupulous re=, fularity of regimen, which, in his opinion, ought to be avoided, having their attention always occupied in guarding againft — tranfeveffing the iri rules of this regimen, infomuch, as the teaft error would foon be punifbed by fatal confequences. In repped to the warm bath, he adds, you may much more fre~ quently tvanfgre/s againft t with impunity. In truth, any dia aninution of tone and of vigour, which the body may fuftain from its ufe, is of far lefs moment than the advantages derived from at, on account of properties fo ecelaaa: one conducive to the procefs of digeflion.* _ This is not the place to inveftigate: nr the truth or the | falfehood of this opinion of Plutarch. It is: only proper to obferve, that the Romans. adopted the ufe of the cold bath, efpecially from the reign of Auguftus, whofe life, as has been faid, Antonius Mufa faved, by its application ; that they had even carried this practice to. the verge of infamity, and perhaps to excefs. Seneca boafts of his vigour in this refpe&t: Lantus ego pfychrolutes! Finally, that Plutarch wrote this treatife nearly about the time when Agathinus, a celebrated phyfician who practifed: at Rome, extolled in Ca the * Plut. 1c. ed, of Hen. Steph, 2572, in 8vo, Graec. p. 227, Lat. 2.26. j ay 4 564 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. the higheft degree the habitual ufe of the cold bath, for men as well as for children. But Agathinus recommended the ufe of the cold bath only after moderate exercife, at the moment when one feels his body active, and before he: takes food. He directed frequent and fudden immerfions,. intermixing dry friCtions, and adding the exercife of fwim- ing. He did not with that the temperature of the water fhould be reduced to the freezing point; and he did not. believe, that with thefe precautions, any great danger might be apprehended, in very hot weather, from bathing even after {upper. It does not appear that he advifed the ufe of the cold bath in the firft ftage of infancy; but he condemned the application of the hot bath, at this age, as. _ q moft prejudicial to health. ‘This fpecies of the bath he. regarded as ufeful only to men who had been fatigued, or whofe bowels were tardy and conftipated.* Galen quotes Agathinus in many places; but is filent as to his opinions relative to Aygiene. . The truth is, that Plutarch had contaimlag gone too far in exaggerating the limitations which the ufe of the cold bath requires, and that its advantages have always been recog- nized by found obfervers, if on every occafion we avoid the rafhnefs which might render its ufe dangerous, and do not contrat a habit in this refpe€t, the afcendency of which would fooner or latter become troublefome. I do not fpeak here of Plutarch’s two difcourfes, concerning the. ufe of animal food, (ae! cugxopayias), in which he expoftu- lates againft this cuftom, more by philofophical reafonings than from confiderations of its effects on health. For our author himfelf, as Mackenzie obferves, did not abftain from the + Sce Oribaf. .coll. lib. x, cap. 7, a ~ ‘ $ «HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 365 the ufe of this kind of food; and he appears to have com- pofed thefe difcourfes, rather with the view of fubmitting to the public fome ingenious opinions entertained by him, than of introducing a reform in the cuftoms of his time. _ To the authors who have written on Aygicne, during the period now under confideration, we may add thofe who have treated on aliments. Galen mentions Xenocrates, who lived under the reign of Tiberius, and had written a treatife on fifhes, included in the colle€tion of Photius; but which, as Mackenzie remarks, comprehends little that is really ufeful. Diofcorides, who flourifhed under Nero, has inferted in his work different articles concerning ali- ments; their feafonings and qualities, among the medicines which compofe its principal) fubjeQ.. Thefe articles are efpecially to be found in the fecond and fifth books, and in general they poffefs but a moderate fhare of merit. We mutt not clafs Celius. Apicius in the number of the authors who have written on Aygiéne, although he collect- ed all the receipts on cookery extant in his time. He lived under the reign of Trajan. But Pliny, the naturalift, who flourifhed under Vefpafian and Titus, furnifhes all that curiofity can defire, concerning the natural hiftory of ali- mentary fubftances, concerning the properties attributed to them, and concerning the practices of the Romans in his age: and the charms of his ftyle, the profound and philofophical refletions with which his work is complete, compenfate for the errors and credulity which we are obliged too frequently to lay to his charge. - While {peaking of the philofophers who, in this age, employed themfelves in difquifitions conne&ted with the prefervation and phyfical perfe@tion of the human race, it would be an unjuft omiffion to pafs over the name of flulus Gellius. In the en book, ch. 1, of the Aitic Nights, 4 a Se . , SOG HYGIENE, BY HALLE. Nights, Noétes Attice, of this author, we find a paflage worthy of notice, concerning the fuckling of infants by their mothers, and the inconveniency of mercenary nurfes, who in Rome were generally feleCled from among the flaves. It is Favorinus, a celebrated philofopher of that period, born at Arles, who is fuppofed to addrefs himfelf to the mother of a Roman lady. | | Duum mater puelle parcendum et effe diceret, adbibendaf-~ gue puero nutrices, 8c....Oro te inquit, mulier....Sine eam totam integram effe matrem fil fut....Plereque ite prodi- giofee muleres fontem illum fanétifimum corporis, generis humans educatorem, arefacere et extinguere, cum periculo quogue averfi corruptique laétis, laborant ; tanquam pul ehritudinis fibt infignia devenuftet....Non idem fanguis eft nunc in ubertbus, gut in utero fut? Nonne hac quoque at re folertia natura evidens eft, quod poftquam Janguis ille opifex tn penetralibus futs omne corpus hominis finxit, ad-~ ventante jam partus tempore, in fupernas fe partes profert, ad fovenda vite ac lucis rudimenta preflo eft, et recens natis notum et famuiliarent vittum offert? Duamobrem non jruftra creditum eft, fe intus valeat, ad fingendas corporis atque animt fimilitudines vis et natura feminis, non fecus ad eandem rem laélis quogue ingenia et proprietates valere, Neque in hominibus id folum, fed in pecudibus animadver. fum; nam fi ovum la&e hedt, aut caprarum agi alan- ivr, conflat ferme in his lanam duriorem, in ilis capillam gignt tencrior ett... Due, malum, tgitur ratio eft, nobilitas tem iftam modo nati hominis, corpufque et animum bene in= geniatis primordiis inchoatum, infitivo degenerigue alimento da&tis alient corrumpere 2...Si prafertim, iffa quam ad pra- bendum la&te adhibebitis, aut ferva, aut fervilis eft, et, ut pleruimque folet, externe atque barbare nationts ; fi inproba, Ai informis, fi tmpudica, fi temulenta eft. | “ Wher P fe . a 4 F “HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 367 58 When the young woman’s mother faid that the muft be fpared, and nurfes provided for the child, I intreat you, woman,” faid he, ‘§ allow her to be the fole and entire mother of her own fon...Many unnatural women endeavour to dry up and extinguifh that facred fountain of the body and nourifhment of man, with great hazard, turning and corrupting the channel of their milk, left it fhould render the diftinétions of their beauty lefs attractive...Is not that blood which is now in the breaft, the fame which was in the womb? Is not the wifdom of nature evi- Kj dent alfo in this inftance, that as foon as the blood, which is the artificer, has formed the body within its penc- tralia, it rifes into the upper parts, when the period of par- turition approaches, to cherifh the firft principles of life and light, fupplying known and familiar food to the new- born infants ? Wherefore it is not without reafon believed, that as the power and quality of the femen avail to form likeneffes of the body and mind, in the fame degree alfo the nature and properties of the milk avail toward affeQing the fame purpofe. Nor is this confined to the human race, but is obferved alfo in beafts. For, if kids are brought up by the milk of a theep, or lambs with that of goats, -it is plain’ by experience, that in the latter is produced a coarfer fort of wool, and in the former a fofter fpecies of hair... What, I would.afk, can be the reafon, that you fhould corrupt the dignity of a new-born human being, formed in body and mind upon principles of diftinguifhed excellence, by the foreign and degenerate nourifhment of another’s milk ?.,.Particularly if fhe, whom you hire for the purpofe of the fupplying the milk, be a flave, or of a fervile condi- tion, or, as it often happens, of a foreign and barbarous nation, or if fhe be pr wo or pemoumcd, or unchatte, pr a pemprard _ I only v é $68 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. I only extract from this eloquent piece, fuch claufes ag contain ideas and reafonings moft intimately allied to the phyfical knowledge of man. The whole paffage merits a _ perufal in the original. Favorinus, whom Aulus Gellius makes the principal character in this dramatic {cene, lived in the reign of Adrian. SECOND PERIOD OF THE FIRST EPOCH. GALEN. Gaten, born at Pergamos, a city of Afia Minor, in the 130th year of the Chriftian era, was the perfon who (after Hippocrates) moft ably elucidated the art of medicine, by the extent of his knowledge, and by the excellence of his writings. Having deeply imbibed the Hippocratic fpirit by repeated perufal of the Coan fages’ works, he has analyfed his writings, and enriched his doétrine, by happy applica- tions: and anatomy, which in his time had already made great progrefs, eminently contributed to give a greater de- gree of precifion to his ideas. Thefe advantages, it muft be confefled, are counterbalanced by fome defe&ts, by a copioufnefs which is often diffufe, and by a degree of minute fubtility. He it was, who, independently of the little folidity of the famous doétrine of heat and of cold, of moifture and of drynefs, which he embraced, fubjoined to it the extreme and ufelefs fubtility of the four degrees, into which he divided each of thefe imaginary qualities. It was by means of thefe divifions, purely hypothetical, that he pretended to claflity and to define the different properties of aliments and of medicines. This doctrine was afterwards diffufed, and had great fuccefs, in the Ara- dian fchool. It conftituted a great part of the knowledge of ai : : q ‘ j 4 “ 4 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 369. of phyficians of Europe, during the thirteenth and four- teenth centuries, who were acquainted with Arabian wri- ters alone, and, with Galen, through the medium of the Arabian {chool. This doétrine reigned until the learned men of the Greek empire were {pread over Europe, and, with their manufcripts, carried thither the tafte of anti- quity. From that time, the works of Hippocrates became - the abfolute ftandard of the fchools, as well in Italy, as in France, and i in England. It is very aftonithing, thatold fines genius 2 as Galen, fhould have attached fo much importance to fpeculations, fo little fufceptible of accurate demonftration; and that a man, who in other refpects fcattered fo much philofophy _ through his writings, who has compofed the admirable trea- tife de ufit partium, thould be the very perfon who indulged himfelf i in. fuch frivolities. We meanwhile fee, that full of veneration for Hippocrates, he was averfe from afcribing to him the treatife intitled Concerning the fiate of medicine among the ancients, (wees ap yzcekng ingens), the author of which oppofes this very doétrine, already become fafhion- able in his time, revived afterwards and amplified by Galen; and, for the purpofe of overturning it, makes ufe of the moft folid spelen: dictated by the fimpleft ob- fervation. With refpe& to the doétrine of hygiene, Galen ought to be confidered, either as an original author, or as comment- ator on Hippocrates. | The original works of Galen ate, fix ee on the Preferv= ation of health, (iyevav): a book containing a difquifition on this queftion, Ls hygiene (+3 iyewer) dependent on medicine, or on the gymnaftic art ? another book having this title, Cov- cerning the bef? complexion (xatacxsvn) of the body, the means by which it may be known and defended from the caufes which can Vou. Il, Aa deftroy ? v é 370 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. deftroy it: another, treating of the con/titution, of a good cone fiitution, &c. (ec, sibia,) and of the difference between it and an athletic confiitution: three books, concerning the properties of aliments; one upon the aliments, which form good or bad puices, (wegl svyrulas, 15 naxoyveles teoPav); another on atte- nuating diet, (aweel Acaluvsons dseiras); another on the exerci/e defignated that of the fimall ball, (wixeaus eetgus), a fpecies of game analogous to that of the hand ball. To the books of Galen on /ygiéne, is ordinarily joined the treatife intitled, on the method of recognizing, and of curing, the paffions of the foul, that is, the exceffes which refult from their indulg- ence. To this piece, Chartier adds another, which has nearly a fimilar title, and contains analogous precepts, un- lefs, that in the former of thefe titles, he makes ufe of the expreflion, «ay & rn Yoxn wabov, —of the paffions of the foul ; and, in the latter, of the term cay & ry oxy duaglecrer, —of the errors of the foul. But, in both books, the text of Galen, exhibits on each occafion the laft term auaglywara, faults or errors. It is afluredly a very wife and a very juft idea, to clafs the precepts of philofophy with the means moft conducive to the prefervation of health. Laftly, a fubje&t of great importance, and worthy of deep confideration, is that of which Galen treats in his book on habits, (wigi ray car.) Different fragments, and certain other treatifes, afcribed to Galen, might be fubjoined ; but they add nothing to what is contained in the above: and the fpirit as well as do&trine of Galen will be fufficiently comprehended by the perufal of thofe which have juft now been quoted. If we fubjoin to thefe his three commentaries on the treatife of Hippo- crates, concerning air, water, and fituation ; a commentary on the book attributed to Polybius, concerning the falubrity of the regimen of individuals ; and four commentaries on the book \ ; ’ HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 371 book intitled de alimento; we fhall have all that Galen has _ left us of any importance on Aygiéne. The abridgment of Lacuna, intitled epitome Galeni operum, and publifhed at Lyons in 1643, gives a pretty complete account of the works of Galen; the prolixity of which required this affiftance. It alfo enables us to turn over the original text without lofs of time, whenever we. have occafion to confult it. Mackenzie gives a very good idea of all that Galen has added to the knowledge communicated by his predeceffors on the doctrine of Aygiéne. | «In order to adapt his rules concerning Aygiéne to perfons ‘under all circumftances, Galen divides mankind into three claffes. In the firft, he reckons thofe who are naturally found and ftrong, and at liberty, from their affluence, to beftow what time and care they pleafe on their health. In the fecond, he places fuch as are of a delicate and infirm conftitution. And his third clafs, contains thofe whofe neceflary occupations, in public or private life, will not permit them to eat, fleep, or ufe exercife, at regular hours.” | “€ As to the firft clafs, he obferves, that to preferve health and life, as long as is confiftent with the life of man, it is neceflary that the ftamina of the organs fhould be naturally good. For fome,” he fays, “ are fo crazy, that E/culapius himfelf could fcarce prolong their lives beyond threefcore. This clafs he divides into four periods; viz. infancy, youth, manhood, and old age. ‘Two of thefe periods, namely, infancy and old age, had been touched upon but flightly before his time. But as to youth and manhood, whether of robuft or tender conftitutions, the general rules eftablith- ed by Hippocrates and others, for preferving health, are, forjthe moft part, the fame which Galen alfo recommends, and therefore need not be repeated here.” Aa2 abi , \ : : é : 372 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. <¢ To be brief, there are four articles with regard to the prefervation of health, which Galen has confidered more | attentively than any that went before him, viz. 1, infancy 3 2, old age; 3, the difference of temperaments; and 4, the care neceflary to be taken by thofe whofe time is not in their own power, &c.” Dr. Mackenzie afterwards enters into a fucctna detail concerning the moft important rules, which Galen gives for preferving the lives and health of men, in thefe four periods of life. I {hall not follow him in the difquifition, which belongs rather to the article of regimen, than to-an hiftorical article. I fhall content myfelf with enlarging upon three objeéts, which are more immediately conne¢t- ed with the hiftory of the art: thefe are, 1, The origin of the term zon-naturals, to fignify the objects which appertain to Aygiene. 2, The hiftory of cold baths, efpecially in their applica- tion to infants. : 3, The eftablifhment of the doctrine of the four tem~ peraments, and of their four degrees, which, notwithftand- ing its abfurdity, for fo long a period, kept poffeffion of the {chools. I, “ The epithet of on-naturals, applied to the things moft effential to the f{upport of human life, appears extreme- ly fhocking and contradictory,” as Mackenzie has obferved : nor does it feem lefs extraordinary,” fays he, “ that the ufe of an expreffion, fo ill-fancied, which arofe merely from the jargon of the peripatetic {chools, fhould for fo long a pe- riod have continued current among phyficians. The origin of it appears to be derived from a paffage, where Galen divides things relating to the human body into three claffes. The firft, confifting of thofe things which are zatural to it; the fecond, of things which are non-natural, that is, beyond ; “ the ee ee eh Oe -~ ¥ . + a ee ee . ee ee ee oe ee ne ee | a HYGIENE, BY HALLE, 378 s¢ the pale of its nature; the third, of things which are _extra-natural, that is, of things different from the ordinary" courfe of nature. The following are the words of Galen, copied from the Latin verfion of the book de Oculis, afcrib- ed : to him: * Qui fanitatem vult reflituere decenter, debet invefligare Septem RES NATURALES, que funt, elementa, com- - plexiones, humores, membray virtutes, [piritus, et operationes.— _ Et RES NON-NATURALES, que funt fex, aer, cibus, potus, .gnanitio et repletio, ‘motus et guies, fomnus et vigilia, et acci- dentia animi. Et RES EXTRA-NATURAM, que funt tres, morbus, caufa morbi, et accidentia morbum comitantia. From this fantaftical diftin€tion, the epithet of mon-naturals firft arofe, and has been retained in common ufe to this day ; though it cannot be underftood without a commentary. Hoffman, for example, when he applies this epithet to air and aliment, accompanies it with the following explan- ation: ¢ 4 veteribus he RES NON-NATURALES appellantur, quoniam extra corperis effentiam conftitute funt.2+ ‘This ex~ planation of Hoffman applies extremely well to air and to _aliment; but how can it be transferred to evacuations, to fleep and to watchfulnefs, to motion and to reft, and to the affections of the foul?” II, We have feen that the ufe of the cold bath had been introduced by Anionius Mufa; extolled by Agathinus, and condemned by Plutarch, by very inconclufive arguments. ‘Galen was far from adopting the opinion of Agathinus, refpecting the ufe of the cold bath, In whatever eftima- Aa3 tion * It is found in Chartier’s edition, tom. x, § 3, c. 2, p. 510. The Greek text has not reached our times, Mackenzie’s quotation, in which he does not mention the edition, fpecifies Clafs vii, lib. de Oculis, parte tertia, cap. 2. J Diff 3, Decad. Sce Mackenzie’s Hift. &c. Introduction, p, 4, note. S74 > HYGIENE, BY HALLE. tion it may be held, on account of its ftrengthening effect, he did not wifh that it fhould be applied before the growth of the body was completed. The age at which he fixed the commencement of its ufe, was the middle of the fourth feptennary, that is, about the twenty-fourth year. He — farther directed, that the young man who had recourfe to cold bathing, fhould have a good conftitution, and enjoy an uninterrupted ftate of good health; that his temper fhould be chearful and open, that is, that he fhould have no predifpofition to melancholy, or hypochondriafis. He advifed, that the beginning of fummer fhould be chofen for acquiring this habit, that there might be fufficient time for being inured to it before the return of winter: that the day feleted for commencing this practice fhould be calm, and as warm as poflible for the feafon; that the hotteft time of the day fhould alfo be chofen for immer- fion into the cold water; and that the gymnafferium, or the place where the people {tripped themfelves, fhould’ be of a proper degree of temperature. According to Galen, alfo, cold bathing fhould be preceded by fri€tions, quicker and - harder than ufual; and after the cuftomary undtions, the young man ought to engage in the moft violent exercifes. After thefe preliminary pra€tices, © let him plunge in,” fays Galen, * quickly; becaufe nothing can bring on a greater degree of fhivering, than entering gradually into cold water, infomuch, that every part of the body is affeéted in fucceffion. Let not the water into which he immerges be either lukewarm or frozen.” * If tepid water,” obferves this great phyfician, ‘ has not the advantage of exciting the flux and reflux of heat, (8 aosesrece Seguccrtees imravdxarncy,) water whofe temperature is diminifhed io the point of freezing, takes too faft a hold of thofe who are not accuftomed to it, and the cold affects the vital parts.’ The young man, he adds, will be able by de- grees HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 375 grees to accuftom himfelf to endure water of the freezing _ temperature ; but, in his firft attempts, he muft not expofe. himfelf to water which is too cold, &c.* ‘ _ Before entering on thefe details, Galen obferves, ¢ a well Sormed healthy body, ought not to be wafbed in cold water during the progre/s of its growth, left this progrefs foould be retarded.’+ But it is chiefly in refpe&t to the moft tender age, that he ftrenuoufly oppofes the ufe of the cold bath. ** Let us leave,” fays he, ‘‘ this cuftom to the Germans, the Scythians, and other barbarous nations, as alfo to the wild boars and bears, never advifing any perfon to run the hae zard of infli€ting a fudden death on a new-born infant, in the hope of ftrengthening and rendering him hardy, if he dies not in courfe of this dangerous experiment.”{ There is certainly fome truth in this ftatement; but it is a falfe affertion, that the ufe of the cold bath is naturally a caufe _ capable of retarding the growth of the body; and between the practice of plunging a new-born infant in water of the temperature of ice, and the entire profcription of cold - bathing till the age of twenty-four years, there are certain- ly a great number of intermediate gradations. We confider Dr. Mackenzie’s refleCtions on this fubje&t deferving of being quoted in this place; inafmuch as they were fuggeft- ed to him by this paflage of Galen, in a very pertinent note, and are very worthy of being known. He obferves; in the context, that the practice recom- mended by Galen of rubbing the body of the new-born infant with falt, has for a long time gone into defuetude, and has been advantageoufly fuperfeded by that of cold Aa4 bathing, * De Sanitat. tuend. Jib. iii, c. 4, ed. de Chartier. + Tb. ; Ib. lib, i, c. 10, a “ ; d 376 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. bathing, employed with proper precautions. He then ftateg in a note, ‘ that the cold bath, by ftrengthening the folids, and promoting a free perfpiration, gives livelinefs, warmth, and vigour, to infants ; highly conducive to prevent rickets, broken bellies, fcrophulous diforders, and coughs, to which children are extremely obnoxious in fome countries. And nature herfelf feems to have pointed out this remedy to men, beth in the ancient and new world. Virgil informs us, that it was a cuftom in Italy, long before the building of Rome, to plunge their new-born infants in the coldeft ftreams. Durum a flirpe genus, nates ad flumina primum, ' Deferimus, fevoque gelu duramus et undis.* *¢ And William Pen, in his letter to Dr. Bainard,+ has the following words: ‘ I am affured that the American In- dians wafh their young infants in cold ftreams, as foon as born, in all feafons of the year.’ | “¢ ‘With repard to infants of a {trong conftitution, there can be no objection to the ufe of cold bathing, efpecially if (to avoid a fudden tranfition from the warmth in which a foetus was formed to an .oppofite extreme) parents would defer it to the next fummer after the child is born. But to guard againft any poflibility of danger to the infant from this daily and quick immerfton of the whole body, let. the nurfe obferve whether he becomes warm and lively imme- diately upon his being taken out of the water, or foon after he is rubbed dry and dreffed; if fo, the cold water will undoubtedly prove of fervice to him: but if, on the con- trary, ® fEn. lib. ix, 603. ‘- Hiftory ef cold Baths, part ii, p. 291. —————— ee * wa y HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 3TT trary, the child becomes chilly and pale, and efpecially if any of his limbs fhould be contracted or benumbed with the cold, and continue fo for fome time after he is rubbed dry and drefled, the ufe of the bath muft be intermitted for a few days, and tried again when the child is brifker; or, in cafe the fame fymptoms fhould return, it muft be pone laid afide.” If it fhould be replied to thefe teftimonies, that the prac- tice of the cold bath is not neceflary to render infants ftrong and vigorous, I fhall very readily acquiefce in the truth of the affertion: but the oppofer of this cuftom muft alfo grant, that it is not fo prejudicial as has been believed ; that it muft neceflarily contribute to fortify young children againft the inclemencies of the feafons; and, above all, againft the varieties of temperature, fo often hurtful to thofe who are clothed with fo much care, and are feclud- ed with fo much folicitude from all atmofpherical impref- fions. | III, I proceed to the doétrine of heat and of cold, of drynefs and of moifture, and of the four degrees into which _ Galen has divided thofe qualities of bodies. He does not apply thefe diftin€tions to aliments, but to medicines. The fubftance of his obfervations on this fubje& is as follows. I fay the fubftance, becaufe the diffufe flyle of this writer does not permit me to infert in this place an entire trans- lation of the paflage. ‘* Whatever may be the quality of a medicine, whether beat, cold, drynefs, or moiffure, we muff ree. - fer it to a middle fate, which conftitutes what may be called the perfect temperament, (1 twxgarov, 73 wicov), Having affum- ed this for the fubjeét of our comparifon, a body, whatever may be its nature, whofe condition may be confidered as tempered, in proportion as medicinal fubffances are removed from the tempera- ment ef this body, they become, in refpect te it, more or lefs bot, 3 cold, é 378. HYGIENE, BY HALLE. cold, dry, or moift, fome to the firft degree, others to the fecond, ‘ third, fourth. Thus is it, he adds, that the oil of rofes, (ro pedwov), being in the firft degree of cold, the fourth degree will be filled with hemlock, the juice of poppy, mandrake, and hen- bane: and dill, as well as fenu-greek, being in the firft degree of heat, the fourth will be poffeffed by cauftic fubftances. We may reafon in the fame manner with regard to drynefs and moiffure. It is of confequence, he fays, net to confound thefe degrees. I propofe to myfelf ta execute this claffification, not by the aid of probabilities and conjeétures, but by precife and accurate experiments: a work abounding with difficulties, but calculated to confirm and infure the progrefs of medicine. This will be the eye by whofe affiftance truth will be recognized and eftablifoed.+ Such are the eulogies which Galen paffes upon this fyf- tem of claffification, of which he was not the inventor, but which he boafts of having carried to a great degree of per- fe€tion. ‘The middle term is man in general, and each individual in particular ; and in each individual, the organ of touch, or the fkin efpecially. This arrangement he ac- companies with the following obfervation : that as the con- ftitution of each individual is different, what may be claff- ed in the number of hot fubftances for one, will be fome- times found in the number of cold fubftances for another, &c. Whatever truth may be in this theory when ftripped of its’ hypothetical garb, I fhall reft fatisfied with having ad- verted to it in this place, as more worthy of occupying a diftinguifhed place in the hiftory of errors than in that of the progrefs of the art. And I fhall remind my readers, | 3 that t Lib, iii, de Medicam. fimp. facult. ed. Chartier, cap, 13. ows er eee ee ee Se ee ae HYGIENE, BY HALLE. S72 that the fame man, fpeaking of the qualities of aliments, a work replete with excellent obfervations, obferves, that he fhall have recourfe to experience alone in order to _ determine them; and not to any procefs of reafoning founded upon the fuppofitious properties of thefe fub- ftances.. He has alfo given us fome very ufeful remarks, in the three books written by him on this fubject. I have had occafion to give a fuccinét acceunt of this age under the article Aliment. I {hall clofe this article, as Mackenzie has done, by quot- ing a remarkable paflage of Galen, extracted from his Trea- tife on the prefervation of health. ‘I befeech all perfons, fays he, “ who {hall read this treatife, not to degrade them- felves to a level with the brutes, or the rabble, by gratify- ing their floth, or by eating and drinking promifcuoufly whatever pleafes their palates; or by indulging their appe- tites of every kind. But whether they underftand phyfic or not, let them confult their reafon, and obferve what agrees, and what difagrees, with them; that, like wife men, they may adhere to the ufe of fuch things as are con- _ ducive to their health, and forbear every thing which, by their own experience, they find to do them hurt; and let them be affured, that, by a diligent obfervation and practice of this rule, they may enjoy a good fhare of health, and feldom ftand in need of phyfic or phyficians.” PORPHYRY. Between Galen and Oribafius, who, after Galen, was the firft of the Greek phyficians whofe writings have come down to us, an interval of two centuries elapfed. In this {pace of time we ought not to forget the celebrated Por- phyry; the pupil of Plotinus and Longinus, men of ftill greater 380 “HYGIENE, BY HALLE. greater celebrity. He was one of thofe extraordinary men, who, lefs occupied with the harmonious proportions of na- ture, than with fpeculations fuggefted by their own genius, and fearching for virtue beyond the boundaries of human nature, and not as an inmate of the human breaft itfeif, regard it as an inflexible rule, to the obfervance of which man muft be bound down; and to which mutt be facrific- ed, not only his prejudices and his cae but even his fa- culties and his organs. Porphyry was a native of Tye: he lived about the mid= dle of the third century, and withed to reftore the abftes mious fyftem of the Pythagoreans. Plotinus, his matter, a Pythagorean philofopher, had acquired great re{pe&t on account of his virtues. He was the. oracle of his time; and the firft families in Rome intrufted to him the inftruc- tion and education of their children, It appears that Por- 4 phyry, who fucceeded to his fchool, wifhed to avail him- felf of the advantages of his fituation, for the purpofe of q reviving a fect, whofe fevere virtues and peculiar practifes were congenial to his own difpofition, and afforded him an opportunity of acting a confpicuous part after Plotinus had difappeared from the fcene. He wrote a book on abftinence from animal food, of which Bourigny has given us a trans- lation, ‘This book is addrefled to Firmus Caffricius, an apoftate from his {chool, to whom he recounts the advan- tages accruing from the regimen which he had abandoned, and how much it contributed, not only to bodily health, but to the perfection of the foul. He eftablithes his fyf- tem upon thefe two fundamental propofitions; 1/f, ‘ That a conqueft over the appetites and paflions will greatly con- tribute to preferve health, and to remove diftempers:” 2d, ** That a fimple vegetable food, being eafily procured and : | eafily HYGIENE, BY HALLE, S81 eafily digefted, is a mighty help towards obtaining this con- ae over ourfelves.f¢ - In fupport of his firft propofition, he adduces the ex- ample of fome of his friends, who, for a long period, were tormented with the gout both in their feet and hands. in- fomuch, that ‘they were under the neceflity of being car- ried about from place to place, for eight years fucceflively, without ever obtaining any relief, yet were perfectly cured, by divefting themfelves of the care of amafling riches, and _ by turning their thoughts to philofophy; and at once got rid of their mental torments, and of their bodily fuffer- ings. He then afks, whether animal diet, rich and fump- tuous, does not require more expence, and, at the fame time, more incite to irregular paflions and appetites, than a diet compofed of fimple vegetables? From thefe pre. mifes, he deduces conclufions of a very comprehentfive nature ; and which, in Dr. Mackenzie’s opinion, “ favour more of the rant of an enthufiaft, or of the mortification of a hermits than of the ns mind of a well inftru@ted natural philofopher.” T fhall fay nothing farther of a perfon, who, perhaps,‘ had ftronger pretenfions to the character of a whimfical man, than of a rational being; and whofe writings have added nothing to our ftock of knowledge. ORIBASIUS, AND THE ANCIENT GREEKS, WHO FOLLOWED GALEN. ORIBAS1US, and the Greek phyficians, denominated the ancient Greeks, and the laft of whom was Paulus ZEgineta, have borrowed all their obfervations on Aygiéne from Galen, and $ See Mackenzie, b. ii, 1 Q é 882 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. and other writers who appeared earlier than themfelves, and of many of whom we are entirely ignorant. Alexander | of Tralles, the moft original among them, has left us no- thing on the prefervation of health. According to Freind, Oribafus lived inthe middle of the fourth century, towards the year 360; and Paulus Aigineta in the middle of the feventh century, about the year 640. Mackenzie obferves, that. - Oribafius was the firft of the ancient phyficians who ex- prefsly recommended exercife on horfeback, for the fake of health. ‘ This exercife, above all others, ftrengthens the body and ftomach, clears the organs of the fenfes, and whets their activity.” He adds, what in the prefent times will fcarcely be believed, but what is neverthelefs true in cer- tain circumf{tances, “that this exercife is very hurtful to the breaft.”* Mackenzie goes too far in afcribing thefe pre- cepts to Oribafius. That phyfician only collected what many authors before him had written; and this paflage in particular, as Oribafius himfelf acknowledges, is extract- ed from the thirtieth book of 4ntz//lus. Oribafius had un- dertaken thefe colle€tions (medicine collectanea) by the order of the emperor Julian, who had formed the defign of hav-_ ing all that was really ufeful extracted from the writings of the phyficians, already become too voluminous, and col- lected together into a complete body of medicine. Mackenzie notwithftanding, in attributing to Oribafius the firft direCtions relative to the utility of exercife on. horfeback, obferves, that Galen diftinguifhes two kinds of exercifes.t Give exercife, in which the body moves itfelf — {pontaneoully ; pafive exerci/é, in which the body is moved ® Collect. Med. lib. vi, c. 24. + De Sanitat. tuend. lib, ii, ¢. x1. by , ‘ ; ce HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 383 by a foreign impulfe: and that he remarks, that exercife on horfeback is a mixed kind of exercife, participating of each. Mackenzie moreover obferves, that the ancients. being unacquainted with the ufe of ftirrups, this exercife _ was ftill more fatiguing to them than to us. He adds, that many ages before Oribafius, the Greeks reckoned riding on horfeback healthful; and quotes, on this fubje@, a very _ remarkable paflage from a work of Xenophon, intitled, oi- — wovopeinds, —on domeftic economy.t This paffage is to be found in the dialogue between I/chomachus and Socrates. Ifcho- ‘machus having related to Socrates the exercife which he per- formed on horfeback, to infpe&t the labour carried on in the country: Socrates highly approves of this mode of ex- ercife; ‘* which,” fays he, ‘* gives you at the fame time both’ health and riba of body,” —chy iyscsov seh chy pouay. Aetius, born in the city of Amida, in Mefopotamia, is placed by Freind at the beginning of the fixth century. He has added little to what Galen advanced relative to Aygiéne. He treats of this fubje& particularly in the fourth book of the firft Tetrabible. He is fomewhat more particular than Galen in his remarks, on the health of infants, the choice of nurfes, &c. In the third book, he defcants at large on the ufe of exercifes, frictions, and baths, and yet advances nothing new upon the fubje&t. But in the preface to his firft book, he fpeaks of the changes which the fenfible qualities t Mackenzie’s quotation correfponds to an edition which he has not fpecified. He only fays (Xenophon in his economics, lib. ii, § 3), The book intitled Economics, is not divided into two in the folio edition of Paris, 1725. "This book makes the fifth of thofe called amouwnuoveymkrav, or Me- morabilia; and the paflage in queftion is to be found there, pp. 850, E, and 851, A and B, ~ se Oh Sie auia, © 384 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. qualities of fpirits, in their progrefs to maturity, experience, and of the different properties in which thefe changes Te- fult. Thofe who will perufe this differtation, ought not to {uffer themfelves to be difgufted by a phrafeology, which the accuracy of modern phyfics and chemiftry may confider — as reprehenfible. Amid the exceptionable theories of thefe times, they will be able to recognize obfervations, which evince that the author was habituted to the ftudy of nature: Lorry highly eftimates this piece of Acting ; and we may here, with propriety, ex paffant, caution thofe who with to derive any advantage from reading the ancients, to attend lefs to their manner of explaining the phenomena of nature, and to their modes of expreffion, than to the folidity of their ideas, and to the firm bafis upon which thefe explane | ations are built. By adepting this plan, we may find in. the writings of tHe ancients, fome valuable remarks, fome important facts, and even the elements of fome modern difcoveries; of which, it may excite our aftonifhment that they fhould ever have a glimpfe, furnifhed as they were — with fuch fcanty means of affiftance. __ Oribafius and Aetius have adopted and extended the Galenical do€trine concerning the degrees of heat and of cold, but they ftill limited its application to medicine. Paul of Aigineta is poflefled of as few claims to origin- ality, as an author, as thofe who have juft now been men- tioned. His firft book contains the whole of his difquifi- tions on fubjets relative to the prefervation of health ; and all the information which we receive from him is to be found in the works of his predeceffors. With this au- thor, we clofe all the obfervations which we have to offer concerning the fecond period of the firft epoch. We per- ecive, that, after Galen, all the writers who belong to this period, with the exception of Alexander Trallius, who wrote nothing sa. +. ee oe nh Looe - ——s - * “ee ~~ a ~~ ‘HYGIENE, BY HALLE. — (885 nothing o on ihe fybetrine of bygiane, have. left u us almoft no- thing - which ‘they had not derived from foreign fources. We are neverthelefs indebted to them for the prefervation ofa variety ‘of details, relative to the cuftoms of their times, and efpecially to the gymnaftic art, to the ufe of baths, of -exercifes, and of fri€tions ; and we moreover derive from them very full and accurate information refpeéting the ftate of medicine, in the ages which preceded their own. THIRD PERIOD OF THE FIRST EPOCH. I, ARABIAN SCHOOL. { THE third period, of which I am going to exhibit a very ‘rapid fketch, offers to us, if I am permitted fo to exprefs myfelf, three dynafties almoft contemporary; but among which, that of the Arabians acquired a decifive afcendency, and impreffed its character upon the two others by an ob- vious preponderancy. © _ Thefe three dynatties, or ate thefe three heels, are ‘the Arabian febool, the fchool of the modern Greeks, and that of Italy, or the /chool of Salernum. ‘The Arabian {chool has the priority in point of time. Freind points out to us two principal epochs, at which the Grecian medicine had been able to penetrate into the eaftern parts of Afia. ‘The firft was the alliance of Sapor, king of Perfia, with the emperor Aurelian, whofe daughter he married. The emperor commiflioned a number of phy- ficians to accompany his daughter, and thefe probably efta- ~blifhed themfelves at Nibur, or Nifabur, the capital of Chorazan, built by Sapor in 272, in honour of his queen. Schools, and generations of phyficians, were confequently formed in that city; as we have feen that the race. of the ROL. tis. Bb Afclepiades cine. v i] 386 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. ° ie « ¢@ e % ¢ Afclepiades hereditarily praGtifed medicine in Greece. Hence it is; obferves Freind, that the moft celebrated Ara- -bian phyficians were educated in the oriental regions, and there acquired their knowledge of literature and of medi- _ It is neverthelefs certain, from what the fame author, in his eflay on the hiftory of medicine, under the article of Uranius, has obferved, that the Arabians had not made any very dif- _ tinguifhed progrefs in this art, previous to the fecond epoch, that is, before Asexandria was taken in 642. It is believed that, on that memorable event, the Saracens, who attached 3 _ great importance to medicine, in which Mahomet himfelf pretended to be very learned, muft have faved, from the ~ general wreck of the Alexandrian library, thofe books alone q to which they afcribed fome merit in this refpect. But, q - although this fuppofition fhould be groundlefs, it is affur- — edly very natural to conclude, that from an intercourfe with thofe learned men, who at that period refided in — Alexandria, and to whom, as is well known, Amru, the general of the caliph Qrmar’s forces, was very favourably — inclined, the Arabs might have imbibed a fpecies of know- ledge, analogous in other refpeéts to their tafte; and thus have diffufed over the eaft the sat of the Greek — medicine. 4 Freind obferves, that the firft tranflation of the works of — the Greek phyficians in the eaft, had been made into the — Syriac language, by aren in 6223 at which period 4 Paulus Aigineta alfo lived. And confequently the origin ~ of the well-known Arabian fchool can be traced back to the age of the laft furvivor of the ancient Greek Pipl 4 cians. q The Arabian writers whofe works have come dagil to ; ; us, ought to be divided into two fchools, that of the eaft, and — cf Ay ?) * bs ; 4 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 387 and that of the weft. The eafern fel ‘is confiderably older than the other. Serapion and Rhazes, however, _ who were. the moft ancient of thofe whofe writings have reached our. time, lived, the former, about the end of the ninth, and the latter at the beginning of the tenth century. | And the laft writer of this fchool, whofe name deferves to ‘be mentioned, is Avicenna, who lived in the end of the tenth and the beginning of the eleventh century. But, prior to thefe, there were many other celebrated writers, whofe works have perifhed in the wreck of ages; but whofe me- mory has been handed down to pofterity by Hally Abbas. Among thefe were Aaron, Maferjavye, the family of the Bachtifua, Honain, Ifaac the fon of Honain, and the elder Mefue. To thefe fucceeded Serapion and Rhazes; and this latter phyfician was followed by Haly Abbas, whofe work is attributed by fome critics to J/aac, furnamed the Iraelite, an author prior to Rhazes, but none of whofe writings now remain. This work, intitled Pantechni, or the whole effence of the art, is an abftra of all the pre- ceding writers, almoft all of whom have been copied them- - felves, or have copied the Greeks, and who yet have left us excellent obferyations, and very accurate defcriptions of difeafes unknown to, or imperfectly obferved by, the an- cients. Avicenna {ucceeded Haly, fince he was born in the fame-period at which the latter publithed his work, that is in 980. We may trace back the origin of the weftern fchool to the era at which Abdarhaman defcended from the family of the Ommiades, whom the baffides had deprived of the caliphate, fled to ‘the weft, and was received in Spain, where the Saracens, who had already been eftablifhed in _ that kingdom fince the year 711 of our era, acknowledged him as their.legitimate caliph. This event took place about Bb2 the ts 4 8 Dot waa 388 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. Erector ox 0% the 139 of the hegira. At that periody. Almanzor reigned in the eaft, and patronifed the arts and {ciences. ‘The caliphs of the weft difcovered themfelves emulous of the fame glory; until the Moorifh kings of Morocco feized upon their throne towards the year 1030, or the 420 or 421 of the hegira, and difplayed the fame attachment to the arts. Neverthelefs, the firft known writer upon medicine, whom the weftern {chool produced, was Avenzoar, a contemporary of Avicenna. We learn from his authority, that celebrated {chools were eftablifhed in Spain, and efpecially at Toledo, previous to his own — time; but it alfo appears that, till the age of Averrhoes, a native of Cordova, and who died in Morocco in 1198, or 59sth year of the hegira, the writers of the eaftern {chool were little known in that of the weft, either from the ef- fect of wars, or on account of the hatred which the houfe of the Ommiades harboured againft that of the Abafides. — Avenzoar might have been a contemporary of Avicenna; and, at the fame time; his life might have been nearly pro- longed to the time of Averrhoes, if it be true, as hiftorians affure us, that he lived to the age of 135 years. They add, that he clofed this very long life without experiencing any q infirmity throughout its whole courfe. After Averrhoes, Freind places A/bucafis, whom he confiders as the fame q perfon with Alzabaravius, and who is the laft writer of the _ weftern fchool deferving of any confideration. The period — in which he lived is confequently fixed near the thirteenth centur ye There is another clafs of some who may be con- q fidered as appertaining to the Arabian fchools. This clafs ~ is compofed of the ews. They pra€tifed medicine, both 4 in the eaft and weft. Freind remarks, that they had an ~ academy in Afia, from the 204th year of our era; and q that — ~~ HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 389 that they had a fetes in the medical eftablifhments of the Moors i in Spain in 7143 that, efpecially about the end of the tenth century, they were throughout Europe generally the belt inftruéted in the fciences cultivated by the Ara- bians, and ‘that they were ordinarily invited as phyficians to the courts of the caliphs, the kings, and even of the popes. At the commencement of the ninth century, the Jews Farragut and Buhahilya were phyficians to Charle- magne; and digefted the tables called Laccuni fanitatis, or tables of health. Thefe tables were the fame with thofe- ; publithed under the name of Elluhafem Ellimitar, or, at leaft, in Freind’s opinion, the former had the greateft re- femblance to the latter. Thefe fchools have contributed very little to the do@trine of hygiene. Rhazes and Avicenna extrahed from Galen all that they have written on this fubje@. Among the books dedicated by Rhazes to Almanzor, prince of Cho- razin, there is one intitled Ox the Prefervation of Health ; and Avicenna’s writings on this fubje€t are ftill lefs deferv- ing of the attention of thofe who have perufed the ancient Greeks. Se | On this fubje& many obfervations may be made with ~ advantage. 1mo, Gymnattic eerie were perverted and infenfibly abandoned, in proportion as the Roman empire loft its fplendour. It does not appear that, after the era of the Arabians, any part of the ancient gymnaftic art was prac- tifed, if we except bathing, public eftablifhments of Which . were preferved in the eaft. ‘ 2do, Two great errors crept into the fpeculations of phy- ie atis concerning the dodtrine of hygiene; the firft was that of the influence of the celeftial bodies on the health, the life, and the fate of man; and the abfurd pretenfion of Bb3 reading NN 4 390 > HYGIENE, BY HALLE. reading their deftinies in the revolutions of the planets. The fecond was that of fearching in particular medicines for antidotes againtt difeafes, and of afcribing to thefe the exclufive virtue of preferving the health of the body. The imagination of the Arabs, fondly attached to the marvel- lous, was better fuited to refearches of this nature, (defti- tute as they were of foundation, and incapable of being defended by any rational proof), than to the flow progrefs — of obfervation, which proceeds only ftep by ftep, which never haftily overleaps any interval, and which places faith in any difcoveries, only in proportion as the connection of. facts fubfifting between them demonftrates their agreement, and eftablifhes their truth. It was alfo a very acceptable difcovery to find in a panacea the means of prolonging life withgut renouncing any of its fenfual enjoyments, and without being obliged to have recourfe to the true antidote againft the evils by which it is abridged, that is, to pru- dence and temperance. Galen informs us, that from the time of Herophitus, (334 years before our era, according — to the author of article ANCIENT PuysIciANs,) compofitions, to which great efficacy in the prefervation of health was attached, were known under the pompous title of the hands of the gods. Pliny alfo {peaks of certain panaceas, much celebrated in his time. - What virtues have not been afcribed to the theriac of Andromache? ‘The Arabians invented different forts of this drug. Roger Bacon, Lord Verulam, the great Bacon himfelf, attached credit to thefe abfurd premifes; and the chemifts, laftly, filled up the meafure of thefe extravagancies, which before their time required only to be affociated to the ridiculous pretenfion of making gold. . 3tio, The doétrine of the four degrees, paffed from the Greeks who fucceeded Galen to the Arabians. Among ; .. thefe; a : oF . r] - HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 391 thefe there were however fome who rejeéted it; and _ Freind remarks, that 4verrhoes accufes A/kind, author of a work concerning the degrees of medicinal fubftances, of having carried the niceties of thefe diftin€tions too far, and of having attempted to form the fcale of the properties upon the model of the fcale of mufical tones, and of arith- metical progreflions. He reproaches him with having mif- - underftood the fenfe of Galen, in what he advanced on this fubje€&t. Moft of the authors of this defcription have limited the application of this fyftem to medicine alone; but Charlemagne’s phyficians, Farragut and Buhahilya, ex- tended this do€trine to aliments, and to all the fubftances which, after the example of Galen, thofe phyficians de- nominated non-naturals. ‘The work intitled Zaccuni Sania tatis, and publifhed in the name of El/uchafem Elhimitar, a phyfician of Bagdad, is afcribed to them. All the aliment- ary fubftances to which their knowledge extended, and all the objets conneéted with Aygiéne are arranged in thefe tables called taccuni. Thefe tables are divided into compart- ments, called domus or hou/es, 2 appropriated to the different kinds of obfervations relative to each fubje€t. In the fourth column or houfe, are arranged the degrees of heat, of cold, of moifture, or of drynefs, which in their opinion corref- ponded to each obje&t. Fohn Schott has publifhed an edi- tion of this work, with that of A/benguefit and Alkind, as well as of the treatife of Bubabylia, concerning fimilar claf- fifications of difeafes, under the title of tacuini egritudinum. He has fubjoined figures which reprefent each fort of ali- ment, and every thing characteriftic of the fix objects termed non-naturals. This edition appeared in Strafburg in 1531. One would bluth to dwell for a moment on thefe abfurdities, if they did not effentially belong to the hiftory of the art, and if they had not ferioufly occupied the atten- Bba | tion iN é : 392 ; HYGIENE, BY HALLE. . : - tion of the {fchools from the time of Galen to the revival of _ letters in Europe; a {pace which comprehends thirteen cen- : a turies: what a Ipace, and what a void! _ 4. ee Il) SCHOOL OF THE MODERN GREEKS. _ Tae modern Greeks will not afford us any very.exten- five field for obfervations. Freind concludes the laft of the a ancient Greeks with Paulus /ligineta. -Palladius, Theo q philus, and Stephen of Byzantium, although the age in which they lived be very uncertain, are placed by him at the head of the modern Grecks ; and, moreover, their works contain nothing connected with the fubjeG& of which I am treating. The others, alfo, form a feries very barren of information A ‘adapted to our purpofe. They extend from the tenth to 4 the thirteenth century, that is, from Nonus to Myrepfus. In this catalogue, {till lefs remarkable than numerous, S7- 4 meon Sethi, a tranfcriber of Mich. Pfellus, left us fome re- a marks on the nature of aliment, and dedicated this treatife to the emperor Michel Ducas.. But the moft remarkable perfon of this feries is Auarius. His works include many — objects deferving of attention; and are very inftructive | concerning the {tate of medicine in his own time, and in ; thofe which preceded him: befides this, they. poffefs the 4 merit of being well written; a character to which the au- 4 thors of this age are little entitled; but they contain few | _ remarks relative to Aygiéne. The third book, onthe method of curing difeafes, contains fome hints concerning the pre- fervation of health, concerning regimen, the choice of ali- ments, the ufe of baths, and of exercife. Of thefe objets we have a fummary view from the ninth to the twelfth chapter ; but no new information is to be derived from this difquifition. It is remarkable, that in the fixth chapter of the — oe HYGIENE, BY HALLE. ; 393 the fifth book, amid a group of antidotes, the compofition of which was known to Atuarius, he defcribes one which he denominates fanitas, and of which he affures us, that a —dofe of the fize of a lentil, taken daily in wine, would defend the perfon to whom it was adminiftered from all - kinds of infirmities and difeafes throughout the whole "period of his life. he defcription of this msfrum alone gives us an idea of the author’s character, and of the knowledge prevalent in his time, without being under the neceflity of fubjoining that this fame recipe was alfo endowed with ne property of expelling demons and evil pie Oe : om, SCHOOL OF SALERNUM, AND EUROPEAN PHYSICIANS, _ TO THE REVIVAL OF LITERATURE. _ Saternum had already been celebrated re the middle of the feventh century, for the cultivation of letters; and the Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin languages, were publicly taught in that city. Such was the reputation of Salernum in the time of Charlemagne, that in the year 802, this emperor founded a college in it; the firft, obferves Freind, which had been eftablifhed in Europe: at leaft we fhall not with fome authors contend that the f{chools of Bologna and of Paris were inftituted prior to that of Salernum. We may leave thefe refearches to the vanity of focieties, who fometimes feem to glory more in dates buried in the recefles of ages, which infure them the merit of ancient ufeleffnefs, than in the number of their works and labours, by which they ought to have proved their exiftence. The firft diftinguithed perfon whom this fchool produced was Conflantine of Carthage, furnamed the African. He was matter of all languages; and was in all appearance, fays \ or é 394 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. fays Freind, the firft who imported into Italy the knows ledge of the Greek and Arabian medicine. He lived to- wards the end of the eleventh century. The date adopted by Freind is 1060. He was invited to Salernum by Robert Guifcard. But we cannot quote him among the authors . who improved the doctrine of Aygiéne. The fchool of Salernum had foon become celebrated, by 2 work for which it was indebted for almoft the whole of its reputation. It was that compofed by Jobn of Milan, and addreffed, in name of the whole fchool, to Robert duke of Normandy, the fon of William, at that period the’ titular king of England, although he afterwards declined that throne, who paffed through Salernum in his way from the Holy land. It is on this account that the work in quef- tion begins with this verfe, | Anglorum regi fcribit schola tota Salerni. Robert had been wounded in the arm, in which a fiftu- | , Tous ulcer remained, that required the advice of the phyfi- © cians of Salernum. The work of thefe gentlemen is entire- ly devoted to precepts refpe€ting the do€trine of Aygiene, with the exception of one chapter concerning the ulcer, and fome others on the practice of blood-letting, and cer- tain other remedies. They dwell chiefly on aliments, and their ufe; but are very fcanty in their obfervations on the other departments of hygiene. But the only remarkable and aftonifhing circumftance refpeCting this performance, once fo very celebrated, is the reputation which it had acquired, and the number of commentators who had been at the - pains to make it the bafis and theme of their reflections. Among thefe are Arnaud de Villa-nova, Curion, Crellius, Conftanfon, René Moreau ;* and, in our own time, a phy- fician of the faculty of Paris, Levacher de la Feutrie. Moreau’s # See René Moreau’s own work. ~ \ r HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 395 Moreau’s work contains many interefting obfervations ; and in the commentaries of Arnaud de Villa-nova, there are alfo many remarks which merit-attention, and are wor- thy of another vehicle. Lommius, in the dedicatory epiftle of his commentary on the firft book of Celfus, intitled, de Sanitate tuenda, gives a very appofite character of the -phyficians of Salernum’s work, when he fays of this pro-. dudtion, “ qué vin fcio, an quicquam in literis medicorum in~ elegantins fit, aut indoétius.” In this letter he with great _ propriety expreffes his aftonifhment to fee phyficians ne- gle€ting to read the ancients, efpecially Celfus, for the purpofe of devoting themfelves to meditations on fo yery miferable a performance. Mackenzie having occafion, eer treating of the Schola Salernitana, to advert to thofe phyficians who employed themfelves in writing verfes, places Ca/for Durante, phy- fician to Pope Sextus Quintus, firft in order after ohn of Milan. We forgot Eobanus of Hefle, who wrote with, at Jeaft, an equal degree of elegance, and lived about the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the fixteenth century. ‘He acquired great reputation by his poems, infomuch that fome of his contemporaries ftiled him the Homer, and. others the Ovid, of his time. He compiled a poem De tuenda bona valetudine, divided into three parts: the firft comprehends the elements, the fecond the general precepts. of Aygiéne, the third fome refleCtions upon the properties of medicines. There is fubjoined to it a fmall poem of F. B. Fiera of Mantua, intitled Cena, and dedicated to Raphael Rearius. Moreau {peaks with commendation of the works both of Hobanus and Durante. But Mackenzie confiders Dr. Arm/flrong’s Art of preferving Health, as by far the beft poetical performance on this fubjeft. As to myfelf, J fhall j join to it a Latin poem, full of imagination, 3 | . of ‘ % ¢ 396 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. of beauties, and of elegance, which Citizen Geoffroy has publithed in our own time, intitled Hygiene, and where the fcience of found phyfics appears to acquire new eclat from being clothed with the charms of poetry. Had it been my 7 intention to quote every remarkable performance of this kind, I would have mentioned the Pedotrophia, or the art ~~ of fuckling children, of Scavola de Sainte Marthe ; and the Callipedia, or the education of children, by Claade Quillit, (Calvidius Latus), of which there have been two editions very different in refpect to the following circumftance: in the firft Afazarin is treated with all the feverity of fatire ; but in the fecond, being bribed by the douceurs of that minifter to alter his opinion, the author has made him the fubjedt of a fulfome panegyric: a melancholy example, and but too frequently copied, of the venality of men of letters! But it would be along and ufelefs labour to give a com- plete catalogue of all the poetical works on Aygiéne, efpe- cially if we credit René Moreau, who reckoned upwards of 140 that had written on this fubjeét before his time; {he lived in the time of Cardinal Richelieu). My object, however, 1s not fo much to give.a lift of authors, as to trace with all the ability of which I am poffeffed, the rife and progrefs of the art. In truth, it is not with the hiftory of individuals, or with the number of artifts, that we are — chiefly concerned ; but only with the acceflions which they have made to the labours of their predeceffors, and with - _ the new rays of light, which their writings have thrown on the fcience of man and on the art of his pioieLy ation. The Schola Salernitana, which occafioned this fhort di- ’ _ greflion, or at leaft the work to which its name has been » afixed, appeared in the beginning of the twelfth century, that is, after the year 1100. This fchool, as well as thofe a q i -° 3 ¥ K q e q 4 q 1 of "HYGIENE, BY HALLE. (397 of ‘Paris: and Bologna, have conferred on mankind a ftill greater obligation, by diffufing over Europe a tafte for ftudy:, and from that moment, a multitude of univerfities and of colleges were founded in Italy, in France, in Ger- many, and in England. The twelfth, thirteenth, and four- teenth centuries were the eras of the births of almoft all the univerfities ; the firft foci of learning in times of igno- -rance; and fince, the monuments of Gothicifim i in times of learning. Roger Bacon, Arnaud de Villa-nova, Peter de Albano, &c. ‘ appeared i in England, in France, and in Italy, towards the end of the thirteenth and at the commencement of the ~ fourteenth centuries, before the revival of Grecian litera- ture. They diftinguifhed themfelves above all their con-.. temporaries by talents, which, in another period, would have greatly forwarded the progrefs of the art. Aftrology and. the folly of alchymy infected. moft of the celebrated men of thofe times. Arnaud de Villa-nova was the only writer whofe labours contributed in any remarkable degree to illuftrate the doétrine of health. He compofed a trea- tile De regimine Sanitatis ; another on the fame fubjeé, ad- drefled to the king of Arragon; a treatife De confervanda juventute et vetardanda fenefiute; and a commentary on a part of the work of the phyficians of Salernum. Thefe treatifes contain excellent reflections; and in different ‘parts of them the author fpeaks of the choice of air, relative to the expofure of houtes, and to habitations in general. FOURTH $98 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. FOURTH PERIOD OF THE FIRST EPOCH, _ FROM THE REVIVAL OF LITERATURE TO THE TIME OF SANCTORIUS. Towarps the end of the fourteenth and beginning of the fifteenth centuries, Emmanuel Chryfoloras began that | - revolution which diffufed over Europe the knowledge of — Greek literature, and terminated the reign of the Arabians. This revolution was completed by the taking of Conftan- tinople in 1453- It did not eradicate the prejudices of aftrology ; and, in the fame time, about 1470, MJar/filius ‘Ficinus wrote a treatife on the prefervation of health and the prolongation of life, (de vita fudioforum producenda ), in which he inculcates the propriety of confulting the af- — . trologers. at every feptennary period, or climacteric year, of having recourfe to magical practices, and to the ufe of certain antidotes againft the malignant influences of the principal planets. . Mackenzie obferves, that this ir fouesernae folly for a long period continued to infe&t even phyficians themfelves; and that 150 years after, that is, at the commencement of the feventeenth century, a German phyfician, Martin Pan/fa, had equally imbibed aftrological prejudices, which he dif- feminated in a treatife intitled, ureus libellus de prolongan= dé vita, publifhed in 1615, and dedicated to the fenate of © — Leipfic. « If we fhould alfo review the very numerous perform- ances which, from the revival of letters to the epoch of Saniorius, have appeared on the doétrine of health, and efpecially on the ufe of aliments, we would find them dif- tinguifhed by a great fhare of erudition, by an accurate knowledge of the ancients, a more refined doctrine, and by ay Sen ‘ a : HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 399 by a founder judgment, than thofe of all the preceding ages: but we would meet with little additional information “to what had been advanced by the ancients, if we except what regards the practices of the times, and the regimen adopted in this period. In this manner has Platina of ‘Cremona given us an idea of the cookery of his age; and Fobn la Bruyere de Champier, (Fo. Bruyerinus Campegius), has left us a valuable treatife concerning the articles of food ufed in France in the fixteenth century; a treatife which has fupplied Legrand Daufy with a great part of the . curious obfervations, colle&ted by him in a well written work, on the private life of the ancient French. Boerhaave _ diftinguifhes the work of La Bruyere Champier from all ‘thofe of that age, and propofes it with the tract of Melchion Sebiz, (Melchion Sebizius), an author of the feventeenth century, as one of thofe who may fupply the place of a great number of others. The works which, confidered in their relation to the do€trine of Aygiane, are diftinguifhed above all others in the period under review, are, the treatifes of Corvaro, on - the advantages of a fober life; and that of Mercurialis, on the gymnaftic art among the ancients.. To which may alfo be added Chancellor Bacon's treatife, intitled Hiforia V ita et Mortis. 5 _Cornaro deferves great attention, becaufe perfonal expe- rience furnifhed the materials of his book; beeaufe he proves that man, by the ftudy of himfelf, and by having the courage to render himfelf fuperior to the attractions of pleafure, in order to adopt the meafures dictated by reafon and neceflity, can improve his conftitution, and repair his organs, enfeebled by exceflive indulgence; becaufe he in- ftruéts us in what we are not fufficiently apprized of, the difference, viz. between the meafure neceflary to fupply our wants, Yer ne 400 _ HYGIENE, BY HALLE. wants, and that requifite to gratify our. pleafures ; how ag much we are the dupes of our -own peculiar fenfations ; ; a above all, fince the art of perverting the gifts of nature, has created us artificial wants and faCtitious appetites, and taught us to call every feeling by the name of eet which ‘ is not blunted by fatiety. | | “Lewis Cornaro, who died, at the age of more than: 100 years, in 1566, wrote four treatifes on the advantages of a fober life. He was 83 years when he wrote the firft, 86 when he publifhed the fecond; the third appeared after he had completed his gift year; and the laft was compof- ed in the gsth year of his age. From the age of 35 to 40, he faw himfelf attacked with a multiplicity of difeafes, — which feemed to threaten him with a fpeedy diffolution. Thofe complaints were pains of the ftomach and of the loins, with attacks of colic, fits of the gout, and an infati- able thirft accompanied with fever. Remedies were of no avail. His phyficians declared to him, that the only re-_ - maining refource confifted in a regimen of extreme fobriety and regularity: he refolved to adopt it: he foon perceived — | the utility of their advice: the quantity of food which he daily confumed was reduced to twelve ounces of folid nourifhment, compofed of bread, of the yolk of eggs, of flefh, fith, &c.; and the quantity of liquid (the Italian text, mentions of wine) amounted to fourteen ounces. ~ | Cornaro has made many other obfervations worthy of remark. The firft is, that adhering to fo rigid and fo ftriét a regimen, he found himfelf wonderfully little affected by the events and accidents which are productive of fatal con- fequences to thofe who do not live with the fame regular- ity; an advantage which he experienced on two contin- gencies. One of thefe occafions was, when a terrible legal procefs, carried on pr incipally againft himfelf, yet coft his » z brother : Lye? ne 8 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. © 401 brother ai many of his relations their lives, had no inju- : rious effect. whatever on his health. The other, when overturned i in his carriage, and having his head and whole body | bruifed, his foot and his arm diflocated, he recovered without the aid of any of thofe means which are confider- ed as indifpenfable to effeét a cure in fimilar cafes. Another obfervation, equally deferving of attention, re- | fpeats. the obligations which habit impofes on us. Cornaro, | accuftomed to live upon twelve ounces of folid food; and _ fourteen of liquids, or of wine, (oncie quatordici di vino), : fuffered himfelf to be perfuaded, at the age of 78 years, to increafe this proportion to fourteen of the former, and fix- -teen of the latter. His ftomach became difordered; he fell | into ennut and melancholy, and was feized with a fever, which continued thirty-five days; and from which he re- covered only. by returning to his former proportions. We may give the hiftory of Cornaro a place among the - fine experiments which have been made on the fubject of bygiéne ; and which confequently have contributed to fix the principles, and to accelerate the progrefs, of the art. Leonardus Leff jus, a celebrated jefuit, who lived about the end of the fixteenth century, before the death of Cornaro, ftruck with the beauty of this example, wrote a work on . this fubjeét, which he clofes with a lift of diftinguifhed men, whom the fobriety of their lives carried beyond the ' ordinary period of human life. This book is intitled Hy- giafticon, feu vera ratio valetudinis bone ; and the firft edition was publifhed in 1 563; at Anvers. Leffius was not the only perfon whom the example of Cornaro had determined to write on the prefervation of health. Zhomas Philologus of Ravenna had already written a treatife, intitled De Vita ultra annos 120 protrabenda, printed at Venice 1553. He alludes to one period at which Venice witnefled many of Vou. III. Ce het ‘ % a 4.02 HYGIENE; BY HALLE. - her fenators at the age of roo years appearing in public, {urrounded with the veneration which their age, their dig- nities, and their virtues, procured to them; and afcribes to debauchery, and to the want of fobriety, the paucity of fimilar examples in his own time. He was the firft, obd- ferves Mackenzie, who cenfured the eftablifhment of ce- meteries in the midft of cities. CGardanus, a man whofe ufefulnefs to fcience would have been infinitely greater, had his judgment equalled his genius and erudition, alfo wrote four books on the prefervation of health. In the three firft he treats of alinient, and in the fourth of old age. The example of Cornaro is the theme of his admir- ation, and conftitutes the foundation of his precepts. He - eenfures Galen; and alleges, in proof of the juftice of his reproaches, that that celebrated phyfician died at the age of 77 years: but Cardanus was fully perfuaded that him- felf would not furvive his 75th year. Another proof of this extraordinary genius’s want of candour and accuracy is, that he condemns exercife as injurious to health; and that comparing the longevity of trees to the common dur- ation of the lives of animals, he attributes the long life of the former to their being deftitute of locomotion. Among the productions of this age, the laft place ought not to be affigned to Ferome Mercurialis’s treatife on the eymnaftic art, in fix books: the three firft books treat of different objets relative to exercife, and to the different kinds of exercifes practifed among the ancients; the three laft treat of the effets of thefe exercifes, and of their uti- lity to ftrengthen the body, and to preferve its health. It would be difficult to unite a founder judgment and a greater fhare of erudition, than this excellent author exhibits. Haller, however, accufes him of fuch a prepoffeffion in fayour of the ancients, that he is not only entirely filent on the Ay HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 408 the fubje&t of the exercifes in ufe among the moderns, but even condemmis riding, as productive of inconveniencies in- jurious to health : without doubt, obferves Haller, becaufe this exercife was not one of thofe in which the ancients delighted to engage. With regard to this firft reproach -eaft on our author, we ought in fome meafute to reftrict its application. It muft however be allowed, that although | Mercurialis has, in imitation of the ancients, praifed riding in the ninth chapter of his third book; although, in the eighth chapter of the fixth book, he {peaks of it as a fpecies of exercife highly calculated to maintain the health of thofe who do not labour under any difeafe, and ufeful even in amperfe& digeftion: in his laft chapter, he defcants at fuf- ficient length upon the inconveniencies of hard trotting or gallopping in difeafes; and ‘repeats, with fome degree of complacency, the reproaches with which Hippocrates and fome others have loaded riding, efpecially hard riding or cantering, imputing to this kind of exercife, when conti- ' nued for a long time, difeafes of the inferior extremities, and impotence, brought on by long preffure on the tefticles. This difeafe was common among the Scythians. But we ought to add, as has already been obferved, that the an- cients, unacquainted with the ufe of ftirrups, muft have felt in a ftill greater degree thefe inconveniencies. With regard to ambling, or a broken pace, (egwitatio in afturconi- bus vel tolutaris), he prefers it to every other fpecies of riding, on account of its eafinefs and fprightlinefs. In _ refpect to the other accufation brought againft Mercurialis, of having filently pafled over the exercifes pra€tifed by the moderns, there is alfo fome foundation for it. There is however little difficulty in excufing him, when we confider that fince the revolution of chriftianity, and that which the Arabs had introduced into Europe, gymnattic exercifes Cc2 had & é 404 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. had gone into abfolute defuetude ; and that, properly fpeak- ing, he had no reafon to make any farther mention of the gymnaftic art. ___ The date of the treatife written by Bacon, intitled Hi/- toria Vite et Mortis, fhould be fixed about the end of the period and epoch of which I am now fpeaking. The au- — thor’s objet is to inveftigate the caufes of natural death, ‘and, in this way, to afcertain the means of protraéting, as far as is confiftent with the laws of human nature, the ordinary term of life. The living man fuftains a continual lofs of the energies of life, and his loffes are continually repaired; but this reftoring faculty is at length exhaufted, and man dies. Human life would be protracted as long as the organization of our bodies permits, by diminifhing the activity of thofe caufes, which diflipate, weaken, and deftroy, and by maintaining the energy of that power which repairs, foftens, and renders flexible, the parts whofe induration refifts the effets of the reftoring faculty. It was upon thefe fimple ideas, that the iluftrious Bacon eftablifhed plans of refearches, worthy of being deeply confidered, and whicheven ~ at prefent can furnifh great and important materials for re- flection. In moft of the {ubjeéts of which he treats, Bacon © himfelf has rarely put his finifhing hand to the work; but he always prefented vaft views, plans of refearches preg- nant with important confequences, a firiking renunciation of prejudices, and of ideas accredited from habit, a con- tinual appeal to experiment, a conftant endeavour to adhere _ ftrictly to nature; and to afflume her for his fole and en- tire guide. Bacon was truly a great man, and placed, ac- cording to the order of time, between the era of the revival of literature and that of the firft progreflive fteps of the phyfical fciences. He feems to have appeared for the pur- pofe of terminating the barren admiration of the ancients, which «HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 405 | which ‘pervaded the minds of men, of making the ftudy of nature follow i in fucceffion the ftudy of books, and of add- ing to the riches accumulated by the patient inveftigators of antiquity, the ftill more fertile produce of an active and of an indefatigable experience. SECOND EPOCH, THAT OF SANCTORIUS. > cake te -- % z Ls: Sy ¥ \ ‘Tue circulation of the blood had not yet been difcovers ed; philofophers had not learned to eftimate the weight of the air, and were {till ftrangers to the phenomena of the barometer ; ; the thermometer had not been invented; and the means of obfervation, hitherto imperfeé and inaccurate, left to man, curious to ftudy nature and to appreciate her phenomena, only the hope of guefling pretty nearly refpect- ing them, and no appearance of being able to ia tt the amount of his own obfervations. Sanéorius appeared, and had already eyeerined the firft idea of a thermometer, that of a fixed point, from which its graduation could commence, and of the appli- cation of this inftrument to examine the degree of febrile heat. But what confers immortality on his name, is his, fine fuit of experiments on infenfible perfpiration, which he conceived with a degree of genius equal to the patience exercifed in carrying them into execution. He conceived the defign of compariag the food confumed with the quane tity of excretions evacuated from the body, and of weigh. ing them comparatively; of weighing the body itfelf in the different circumftances, connected with diet and evacuae- tions; and by this me ins he formed a {trict ¢ftimate of the - quantity of ingredients which efcape irom the body through Ce3 the cy t Mee 406 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. the perfpiratory pores. He accomplifhed full ise a he obferved with great fagacity the different relations and va- a riations of this excretion, of which no theory had been of- fered previous to his time. He knew the modifications which it experienced from all the caufes which affe& the body, in what proportion it is augmented, diminithed, ac- celerated, retarded; the conne€tion of its variations with the condition of the body, and with the fenfations of un- —eafinefs and of comfort, of levity and of weight, which affe€&t us in the different circumftances of life. The whole — dotrine of health is .ntimately connected with this fyftem — of obfervation, infomuch, that the work of Sanéforius is itfelf a real treatife on Aygiéne. And to whatever degree of perfection many learned men, fince his time, may have carried refearches of this nature, the glory refulting from their labours has no more obfcured his reputation than the © lucubrations’of ancient and modern phyficians have effaced from our minds the recollection of the works of Hippo- crates. The field is always vafts it appears even to increafe in extent at the prefent time; but the fpace over which the firft inventor travelled, ftill exhibits the pofts which he eftablifhed in the courfe, and upon which are conftantly fixed the eyes of his fucceffors and rivals. Neverthelefs, even before the time of Sanéforius, another perfon had firft conceived the idea which this phyfician fo. ably developed and executed. This perfon, Nicolas de Cufa, wrote a dialogue concerning ftatical experiments, and the advantages which phyficians might derive from their appli- cation to the human body, for the purpofe of afcertaining the proportion of fenfible and infenfible evacuations. But men of genius had not made any progrefs in a career which he had only pointed out, and upon. which none had entered before Sanétorius. Nicolas was born at Cu/a, a {mall town of J 4 : HYGIENE, BY HALLE. «AQ of she, electorate of Treves, and lived in the fifteenth cen- tury. -Sanéorius was born at Capo d MGxias in the pull of © ‘century. The body neha, As he evacuation from the eible - furface of the fkin, and from the lungs, although almoft infenfible, is not on that account the lefs copious. It ex- ceeds, according to Sanéforius, the quantity of all the other " @vacuations taken together. ‘This evacuation chiefly takes place, and is more abundant in the morning, after the ter- mination. of fleep. Then the body, which has thrown off all. its. fuperfluities, returns to the fame weight which it ~y ' poffeffed at the fame hour on the preceding gay. ehe furplus of weight which the food and drink confumed had added to it, difappears, partly by the nutrition which re- pairs the lofs it {uftained, and partly by excrementitious ~ evacuations. - Such i is the order of nature. If perfpiration be diminifhed, and the lofs be not indem- nified by other fenfible evacuations, the body increafes in pe weight, and fooner or later becomes difeafed ; or it is ul- ss timately unloaded by a.more abundant perfpiration, and then returns to its former weight. But the term weight of the body has two very different fignifications. In one fenfe, we underftand by it the weight which the balance afcertains; in the other, the weight which is indicated by fenfation. The weight pointed out _ by the balance is an augmentation of volume ; that indicat- _ ed by fenfation, is an additional load, which refults from a difproportion between the mafs of the body and the activity of its powers. A body may be heavier to the balance, and yct lighter to the fenfation : this is fymptomatic of a great increafe of its activity and vigour. It can be lighter to the balance, and heavier to the fenfation: this is a fign of a great ay a é 408 fi HYGIENE, BY HALLE. great diminution of its powers, and of its natural ativity, ~The body may be light in both thefe fenfes; it is then fimply a diminution of fubftance. It can alfo be heavier in each of thefe meanings 5 this is a proof of its being over- loaded. The diminution of perfpiration, denen tenes by the balance, is fymptomatic of indifpofition; and reciprocally, pains, fufferings, and all bodily diforders, as well as men- tal difquietudes, leffen the quantity of perfpiration. | : Excefs of perfpiration, excited by violence, is equally — productive of diforders which affe& the health; and the body can only recover its found ftate by returning to regu- larity, and to the natural meafure of perfpiration. An increafe of all the other evacuations, points out, or — produces, a diminution of perfpiration, and fupplies its — place. But perfpiration is the evacuation of robuft people; evacuations by ftool and urine ‘efpecially, counterbalances it, and fupplies its place, in weaker conftitutions ; and fali- vation in old men. Perfpiration i is retarded or diminifhed by pains of £ body | and difquietudes of mind, cold during fleep, exceflive heat, when it caufes tofling of the body in bed, the procefs of digeftion, the effect of a medicine, the fenfible evacuations | augmented, too great a load of clothes and coverings, which fatigue the body. Partial cold has greater influence on the procefs of per- {piration, than the cold which affects the whole body. Cold augments the perfpiration of thofe who enjoy a vigorous {tate of health; but diminifhes this evacuation in people of feeble conftitutions. The heat which, in the , hotteft time of fummer, excites painful fenfations, inter- tupts perfpiration; that, on the contrary, which fuffers the. pCi rons pele HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 409 the perfpirable matter to efcape ipa is copa of no fatigue. Fis se LAY) After taking guid: the body el i only one eA during the fpace of five hours;* in the feven following hours, the quantity perfpired amounts to three pounds; and during the four fubfequent hours, it perfpires {carcely half a pound. This is the time in which we ought to have recourfe to a fupply of food: it is alfo the period which fhould be feleéted for the seen es of medi- cines. Seciietii: alone Si ofiaite a greater degree of relief than all the other evacuations taken together: the perfpiration which follows fleep eafes the body before any other fenfible evacuation is experienced. Nature is three days in re-eftablifhing the proportion: : _ diffolved by the retention of only one pound of perfpirable _ matter, in oppofition to her laws. — In the {pace of a month an increafe of weight generally fupervenes in the human body, which difappears at the end of the month by a crifis; this crifis is induced by means of a copious difcharge of turbid urine. It difcovers itfelf by a degree of laffitude, and heavinefs of the head, and appears to fupply the place of the periodical evacuae tions of the female fex. Would you wifh, by an examination of the infenfible perfpiration, to fix the proportions favourable to the pro- longation of health, and of life, to an extreme old age? obferve, after a pretty liberal repaft, what quantity of per- fpirable matter will be evacuated at the end of twelve hours. Suppole, if you pleafe, this to amount to fifty ounces: ob- ferve then, after a day of fafting or of abftinence, which fhall not have been preceded by any excefs, the lofs which you fhall have fuitained. Let us fuppofe this to be twenty ounces : : ‘ U 410 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. ounces ; take a middle term between thefe proportions of regimen, and you. fhall obtain, fays Sanéforius, a meafure which will produce a perfpiration of thirty-five ounces : this will be the meafure required. vt The means of: prolonging the exiftenan of old men, would be to maintain the flexibility of their organs, and a free perfpiration. Such are the principal Satan hoes Sanétorius has eftablifhed concerning the general fyitem of infenfible pere {piration. ‘ He has noi publifhed his experiments in detail, but recorded oniy the. refults. | Aceurate obfervations have finee demonftrated, that thefe refults are not ail of them equaily exact; allowance, however, ought to be made for the variations of which difference of climate and of temperature are neceffarily productive; for it muft not be forgotten that Sanéforius made his obfervations in Italy _ and that the refults obtained by Dedart in France, Keil in Engiand, Gerter in Holland, Robinfon in Dublin, Rye in Cork in Ireland, and Linings in South Carolina, have demonftrated, that upon the fuppofition of the general in- fluence deduced by Sanéforius from his experiments being perfectly well-founded, the proportion of inftantaneous pers fpiration muft neverthelefs vary from difference of temper- ature, whatever in other refpe@is may have been the _ ftrength and vigour of the temperaments of the fubjeéts upon whom the experiments are performed. Taete firt principles, laid down by Sanéforius, are Sob le€ted together in the firft fe€tion of his work: in, the fubfequent fe€tions he examines the influence of the at- mofphere, of baths, of the feafons, and of the different hours of the day, &c.; that of {olid food and drink, both — in refpect to their quantity and quality; the effeét of fleep — and of watchfulneis, of exercife, of venery; and, finally, he HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 411. he afcertains the derangements which the pailions of the foul occafion in the function of the perfpiratory organ. - Sanéforius had no fooner opened this paflage to faine, than jealoufy, inimical to every fpecies of glory, and more efpecially to that which is founded on the moft folid bafis, - bufied itfelf in undermining his reputation. That reproach by which ftupidity is fo deeply alarmed, the reproach of innovation ; appeal to eftablithed pra€tices, that power fo ~ yitorious over flothful {pirits; that pretended, that indo- lent refpe@& for antiquity; fo little creditable to it, and fo fatal to the progrefs of the {ciences, were all combined for the purpofe of rendering abortive the obfervations of a man “who had been willing to make fome additions to the labours of the ancients. The inquifition however was not appeal- ed to; but one Obicius publithed a work again{t him, under the infolent title of Staticomaflyx, that is, the Scourge of _ fratics. t is of no confequence to obferve, that this man had his partizans; but his name has been preferved to pof- terity by that of Sanéforius, as the fame of Homer has tranf- mitted to us the name of Zoi/us. ‘ THIRD EPOCH. REVIVAL OF THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES. Tue ftate of the phyfical and mathematical fciences is not an inquiry foreign to the hiltory of medicine. Slower in her progrefs than the experimental fciences, becaufe fhe is almoft entirely confined to contemplative obfervation, and becaufe fhe is not permitted to avail herfelf of the aid of experiment, but under the greateft reftrictions, medicine ig illuminated by the reflection of the light diffufed over the other departments of the ftudy of nature. Of all the | branches ‘ a 412 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. branches which compofe our art, Aygiéne is that which has the moft evident conneétion with the other phyfical feiences. We are therefore the more authorized in this place to re- view the grand epochs, diftinguifhed by the moft remark~ able efforts of the human mind. During the fifteenth and fixteenth centuries, the Rudy of the claflics had gradually re-eftablifhed true principles, the refults of obfervation. It performed a ftill more eminent _ fervice; it infpired active minds with the hopes of elevat- ing themfelv's to the level of the ancients, of participating in their glory, of meriting in conjun@tion with them the honour of inftructing and enlightening mankind, and of cultivating the field of nature, while engaged in the fearch of truth. Aftronomers had already fubjeéted the opinions of the ancients to a new ordeal of examination. Nearly a cen- tury before, Copernicus had announced, that the fun is in the focus of the planetary fyftem, and that the earth is carried round it, like Mercury, and Venus, and Mars, and ~ Jupiter, and Saturn. This innovation of doétrine had not roufed the attention of the fchools, or awakened the jea- 3 loufy of the ecclefiaftical inquifition. The honour of this perfecution was referved for Galileo. The polarity of the loaditone was known; and the compais, invented many years before, ferved to guide the path of the mariner. Kepler bad juit calculated the orbits of the planets, and determined the laws of motion to which they are obedient. He was the firft perfon who illuftrated phyfics by the aid of mathema- tics. Ge/ner, Rondelet, Mathiolus, Dodoéns, Cafalpinus, Al- drovandus, Profper Alpinus, had already enriched natural hiftory by their refearches. The Bauhins had lately dit- fufed over botany the firft rays of fyftematic obfervation ; and this pha department of natural hiftory began to affume ‘ é HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 413 affume the fhape of a fcience. Chemiitry, ftill enveloped in myftery and enigma, was however indebted for many remarkable facts to the labours of Roger Bacon, of Raymond Lully, and of Paracelfus ; and anatomy had already been 3 cultivated with great fuccefs by Fallopius, Vefalius, Botalus, are and Dulaurens. The feventeenth century commenced its career with | great efforts and with great fuccefs. Galileo confirmed the » doétrine of Copernicus, invented the telefcope ; and his ; pupil Torricelli demonftrated the gravity of the air; whofe progreflive diminution, according to the different heights of the atmofphere, was foon calculated by Pa/chal. ‘This latter philofopher, at the fame period, folved the prin- cipal problems of the equilibrium of fluids. Harvey proved, _ by inconteftible experiments, the whole fyftem of the cir- culation of the blood. Afeliius difcovered the laéteal veins. , Endowed with lefs folid, but more ardent, genius, Vanbel- mont {hook off the yoke of antiquity; and with whatever juftice he may have incurred the reproaches of the fage friends of nature, the fire of his enthufiafm undoubtedly haftened the birth of chemiftry, and prepared her for ex- hibiting her wonders. In this manner was propofed an honourable ftruggle between the ancients and the moderns. Defcartes opened the field of combat and of victory. He taught natural philofophers to calculate and to doubt; — and in his method, prepared that inftrument which, ina fubfequent age, was to overturn the edifice reared by him- felf. It appeared that the f{chools wifhed to have their oracles. Ariffotle, worthy of another fpecies of worfhip, had been the idol of the univerfities ; and De/cartes became the object of adoration in his time. CONCERNING : ‘ é Al HYGIENE, BY HALLE. CONCERNING THE PHILOSOPHY OF ART, AND OF PHILOSOPHICAL STUDY. Arter having traced, with all the ability which I could exert, the unequal progrefs of the human mind, fometimes more rapid and fometimes more flow, and fometimes retrograde, in the road of obfervation ; having now reached an epoch, when its accelerated march is, if I may ufe the expreffion, precipitated towards every point of the ftudy of nature: let me be permitted to paufe, and to examine what guides - it had feleted in this route; how it has had fufficient dif- - cernment to find caufes in their effets, and, multiplying obfervation by experiment, to foar by the aid of reafon to the knowledge of principles; to what laws it muft be obe- dient to prevent its going aftray in this career; how medi- cine and Aygiéne have been able to fhare in the general movement; and how it fhall be competent for them in fu- ture ages to derive from it ftill greater advantages. The art of making progrefs in the fearch of truth, is pro- perly what we now underftand by the term philofophy. Whatever may be the end which man withes to attain, whatever may be the nature of the fcience which he pro- pofes to acquire; let him inveftigate the conneétions and relations of objects with one another, for the purpofe of arranging them into a whole, which facilitates their ftudy and the acquifition of the knowledge of them: let him obe ferve the different properties of their mafles, and the man- ner in which they act upon each other, counterbalance, interfere, or participate in each other’s motions, that he may be enabled to appreciate and calculate the laws to which their mafles are fubje&t: let him explore their com- ponent ingredients with an attentive eye, and obferve their element ‘ 4d HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 415 ¢lement falling afunder or entering into union, and form. ing by their concourfe perpetual changes: let him thus daily increafe his information refpe€ting the myfterious transformations of nature; or let him confider this eternal principle of motion and of aétion in all living beings, in- _¢reafing and reproducing itfelf, this fingular faculty of per- ception and of fenfation, which is confidered to be the exe - clufive appurtenance of animals; and attempt to afcertain the direction which thefe two powers, feated in the internal parts of organized bodies, give to the laws of their mafles, and to the combinations of their elements. In fhort, cons verfant in all thefe matters, from deep meditation on them, and fixing his eyes fometimes on himfelf and his fellow- - creatures, fometimes the patient and docile pupil of nature, ae fometimes emboldened to become her interpreter, to folicit _ and importune her to reveal her fecrets; fometimes believ- ing that he has acquired the afcendency over her, and can force her to deviate from her ufual courfe, and purfue a new one, let him congratulate himfelf in being able to prevent or repair the diforders which threaten his exift- ence. Ina word, whether he attaches himfelf to natural hiftory or to phyfics, whether he be a chemift, a phyfiolo- gift, or a phyfician, he muft in one and all of thefe pur. fuits be a philofopher ; that is to fay, while engaged in the ftudy of fats, in arranging them according to thofe rela. tions which enable him to perceive and to feize on their connections and their confequences, he muft know how to methodize his obfervations, and to regulate his experiments, — and {till more to appreciate them, to deduce from them all the conclufions of which they admit, and no inference which they do not legitimately fan€tion. It is neceffary, that having his imagination and enthufiafm under complete fubje&tion, in the midit of all this intelle€tual exercife, he 3 may 416 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. may be able to form a proper judgment both of himfelf and of others, to feparate what he clearly perceives from that of which he has only obtained a glimpfe; to eftablith a diftinét boundary between the field over which he has _ travelled, and the deceitful profpe&: that frequently unfolds itfelf to his view; to eftimate the value of theories, and to diftinguith thofe which are the complete and neceflary re- fult of facts, from thofe that are only the bond of connec- : tion between them, and merit only the name of methods ; _to avail himfelf of thefe provifionally, and only as of Ari- adne’s thread, not only to enable him to penetrate into the labyrinth, but alfo to direé& him to find the way out of it. And thus let him proceed fometimes flowly, and fometimes with rapidity, always with caution, without lofing fight of _ the true road which leads to the temple of truth. is To fupply all thefe conditions, and to enable him to is tain to the knowledge of truth, the philofopher has three guides, reafoning, experiment, and calculation. ence arife three modes of operation. Qne is the art of deducing ac~ _curate inferences from eftablifhed premifes, fuch, for in- ftance, are fundamental truths: this is what conftitutes rational philofophy. The fecond is, that of proving thefe principles, and of confirming the inferences, by demon- firating them to the fenfes by means of experiment: this is what forms experimental philofophy. Laftly, the third is the art of meafuring, of appreciating, and of verifying the fenfible refults of experiment by the aid of calculation: this is termed mathematical philofoephy. From the combin- ation of thefe methods of inveftigation refult the complete demonftration of the truths which are the obje& of our inquiry. They reciprocally aflitt each other. Reafon folicits the aid of experiment to eftablifh her principles; and the — inaccuracy of our fenfes requires the precifion of calcu- 3 lation HYGIENE, BY HALLE. ET lation to ‘meafure the extent and value of the products which refult from experiment. It is not however always poflible to avail ourfelves at the fame time of the combin- ed affiftance of all thefe methods. But we may conftantly affirm, that a fcience has reached the acme of improve- ment when it can build its reafoning upon the bafis of ex- periment, and confirm experiment by means of calculation. It is on this account that the knowledge of gafeous fluids, and the new methods of meafuring caloric, by rendering almoft all the elements of bodies, of which fo great a number efcaped without the knowledge of the ancient che- mitts, appreciable and fafceptible of calculation, have en- abled modern chemiftry to take fo brilliant a flight. And _ when fhe fhall afcertain the / proportions both of Mght and of eleGricity, which a€t fo confpicuous a part on many of her operations, what degree of accuracy will fhe not im- _ part to the precifion at which fhe has already arrived? It is undoubtedly frem our inability to feparate from the air, to confine, and to calculate, all the emanations, whether odorous or inodorous, which change its ‘properties, that eu- - diometry is ftill fo treacherous and deceitful. It is, in fine, by that beautiful and enchanting harmony between reafon, experiment, and calculation, that the admirable experiments of Coulomb, his excellent electrometer and his magnetometer, will always conftitute a memorable era in the hiftory of magnetifm and electricity. Medicine and phyfilogy ftill, un- fortunately, prefent us with elements equally unfufceptible of calculation and certainty, and confequently with experi- ments too frequently inaccurate, uncertain, and deceitful. May the methods of availing ourfelves of the aid of the fenfitive and nervous organ, and of afcertaining the degree of its influence over the moving and contraCting fibre, with which we have been fupplied, enable us to approach nearer Vou. IIT. ee to x % 4 418 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. to the point of perfedtion which we ftill obferve at fo vaft a diftance! : . Wee 8 ola If, after having explained the refources by which the human mind can attain to the knowledge of the truth, we with to fatisfy ourfelves in refpe€t to the ufe it has made of the means thus put in its power, we fhall fee that the moft memorable era of the rational philofophy afcends to the period at which 4rifotle publifhed his /ogic, a truly admir- able performance, containing a mafterly analyfis of the human underftanding, where, by the relation of two de- monftrated propofitions, which aét the part of things known, he teaches the art of deducing from them a third; that is, of finding out an waknown truth, whofe exiftence is a con- fequence neceffarily refulting from the truth of the two former propofitions. From this fource fpring combinations, which, by their fecundity, link fome truths to others, whofe pedigree embraces every propofition which the mind of man can compafs or afcertain, This art, carried to per- fection by the meditations of the fineft genius of antiquity, this geometrical method, transferred from the abftrac&t {ciences to other fpeculations of the human mind, has neverthelefs, like all other excellent things, been egregiout- ly abufed; and what ought to have been the touchftone of truth, and one of the moft precious inftruments of its re- fearch, has become the means of clothing error with the external femblance of what is right. Apparently, for a long period, the vehicle of all the nonfenfe and puerilities of the fchools, fyllogifm, in the eflimation of fome modern philofophers, deferves to be laid afide as a dangerous wea- pon. But whatever care may have been taken to difguife its forms, or to narrow its limits, whenever inferences are de= — - duced without comparing them with their premifes, or with. — eut giving a full demont{tration of the latter, our procefs of reafoning . N é HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 419 reafoning muft neceflarily be falfe and illogical. Authority has for a long time ufurped the place of demonftration, not lefs in medicine than in every other branch of fcience ; and prejudices muft be the offspring of authority, when : ih peat by obfervation. Bacon and Defcartes ftood forth as the chpbtierits of authority; and, from the time of this laft philofopher, a predilection for experiment began to overturn many opi- -nions which had obtained a currency on the faith of the ancients. We fhall therefore refer the moft memorable . epoch of the experimental philofophy, not lefs to him than to the age'in which he lived; and if, in our profeflion, any individual could claim the honour of having created this {pecies of philofophy, this perfon, as has already been ob- ferved, would be Sanéforius. But experiment, while it makes an impreflion upon our fenfes, does not always en- able them to comprehend the phenomena which it prefents to them. By deducing confequences more comprehenfive than the faéts which are their premifes, by generalizing partial relations, by laying hold of one only-more promi- ‘nent and fenfible than the reft, from amidft an aflemblage of caufes, fplended theories have been engendered, which feemed to have experiment for their bafis, and which ex- periment has overturned. ‘To this fubje€t, the remarkable expreflion of Hippocrates, ‘* experiment is deceitful, and to form a judgment of it is a difficult (or dangerous) task, —ide weiga chartgh, ure xeicls yadrewn,” is very applicable.- And what art has given more indubitable proofs of the truth of this affertion than the art of medicine ? We muft then have recourfe to calculation for the pur- pofe of appreciating the value of experiment. And it is at the commencement of the eighteenth century, at the epoch when Newton demontftrated the power of calculatien, in Dd2 unfolding 4.20 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. unfolding the theories of attraétion, of light, and of ' colours, that I place the moft brilliant period of the ma- thematical philofphy. It was this philofophy which enabled him, not only to afirm, but alfo to predidt, long before- | hand, the refults of experiment, when he announced the. combuftibility of the diamond, and the compofition of water. Since that period, philofophers have become more and more cautious, in deducing their confequences, and in - forming their theories; and the afpe& of the fciencés has changed in proportion as they have bécome more com- pletely fufceptible of calculation. Such, in my opinion, is the idea which we ought to form to ourfelves, of the influence of the fpirit of philofophy Olt every department of the ftudy of nature. PROGRESS OF THE NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCES, MOST USEFUL TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF MAN, DURING THE COURSE OF THE THIRD EPOCH. | Aut the fciences fo fuccefsfully cultivated in the courfe of this era, have participated more and more of the impref- .fion of this fpirit. The methods of the ftudy and claflifi- cation of fubftances had already begun to fmooth the field of natural hiftory, when Tournefort publithed his fyftem, to which we owe the fuccefs of Linneus, who has affixed his feal to every department of this beautiful {cience, and of whom fo many celebrated naturalifts boaft as their common preceptor. The Fu/fens, for their part, had prepared them- felves, during a long period, to explore a new route in the fame career; and the phyfician finds the virtues, the prin- ciples, and the organic characters of plants, united in a truly HYGIENE, BY HALLE. f — 421 truly admirable manner, in the analogies, a table of which they have delineated to us. The natural philofopher poffefling in fucceffion the ther- mometer, the firft idea of which is due to Sanéorius,* the barometer, the pendulum, the air-pump, optical inftru- ‘ments, and all the machines of experimental phyfics, weighed the air, examined its phyfical properties, ftudied the phenomena of a vacuum, thofe of the percuffion and of the fall of bodies, received from Newton the knowledge of light, of the colours which compofe it, of the different relations of its refration, and in the fyf{tem of attraction, had a tranfient view of the univerfality of that powerful law by which bodies aét upon each other in the inverfe ratio of the fquare of their refpe€tive diftances, and from which almoft all the motions of the univerfe proceed; a ‘new and powerful agent univerfally diffufed, and almoft univerfally unknown, obeyed the voice of Dufay, of Nollet, and of Franklin, and voluntarily rufhed forth from all the bodies of nature. Air and water combined, prefented to the attentive obferver’s eye, the phenomena of alternate folution and precipitation, which explained a multiplicity of atmofpheric meteors ; and the bafis of the hygrometrical theory, eftablifhed by Leroy, received frefh acceffions of Dd 3 improvement * Sanélorius demonftrated his thermometer to his pupils, in his lectures, thirteen years before the defcription of it was publifhed in his commenta- ries on Avicenna, (queftion fixth), printed in 1625; confequently fix years before Drebbel had explained his own in 1618. He had alfo fuggefted the idea of a computing pendulum, before that inftrument had been invented by Galilee, and applied to clock-making by Auyghens, (queftion fifty fix). Sandorius had intended his thermometer to meafure the temperature of _ patients in fever, and in the different conditions in which the natural heat appeared changed. cy 8 422° HYGIENE, BY HALLE. improvement and utility in the hands of Deluwe and of Sauffure. In fhort, man immerfed into the atmofphere was no longer furrounded with a world of enigmas, and ceafed to contemplate with a blind aftonifhment the me= teors with which he was encompaffed. Medicine, while fhe recolle&ts the errors and deceitful promifes of the pupils of Paracelfus, will not forget that to the Vanhelmonts, already endowed with a better genius, fucceeded in chemiftry, men juftly celebrated for their knowledge of the art of healing. Whatever may have been the fate of the theory founded on the imaginary prin- | ciple of phlogifton, it will preferve with veneration the names of Beccher, of Stahl, of Boerhaave, and of Hoffman. It will recal to our remembrance that we are chiefly in- debted to Stab/, for having banifhed from the feience the reveries of alchymy, and the follies of the univerfal reme- dy; and in the works of the two latter, it will difcover that if fuch men have not derived from the chemical art other refources for that of healing difeafes, and preferving the life of man, it was becaufe in all probability an immut- able law, referves the moft powerful efforts of the human mind for certain eras; and becaufe, for the improvement of individuals, as well as for the developement of their phyfical and moral powers, there are ages and periods in which thofe powers muft remain ftationary. Theories of fermentation, ftill imperfect indeed, were neverthelefs pro- 3 pofed, and were ready to receive a greater degree of perfec- tion from the knowledge of the gafeous fluids. The theory of affinity, explained by Geoffroy, threw new light on the changes and transformations which take place in chemiftry, and was afterwards to furnifh Scheele and Bergman with powerful inftruments of analyfis. Venel, in the midft of this (lait) century, and Béack after him, recognifed the | | nature We J HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 428 mature of the principle which characterizes the acidulous mineral waters, and paved the road for the difcoveties of the prefent day. Macbride and Pringle applied the fame principle, which i is evolved during effervefcence and fer- ‘mentation, to medical ufe, and detected its antifceptic pro- a perty. Beccari analyfed or feparated the two principles which compofe the farina of wheat; and Rouelle difcover- ed, in almoft ail vegetables, that g glutinous matter, whofe ftriking analogy with animal fubftances he had already announced. Cartheufer excited the diftruft of chemifts with refpec to the nature of the produéts of analyfis by fire, fubftituted in its place an analyfis which is accomplifh- ed with greater accuracy, by means of water and alcohol, _and applied it with fome fuccefs to the knowledge of medi- cinal fubftances. Thus chemiftry began to thow itfelf capable of eftablifhing, upon a more folid foundation, the hope of furnifhing new light to the knowledge of man, and had already afforded the moft efficacious afliftance to medi- cine. 7 The fiudy of anatomy no irl confined its range to a acer contemplation of lifelefs organs. The circulation difcovered by Harvey, and the courfe of the laCteal veins obferved by 4/é/lius, eftablifhed in the midft of this incrt mafs a principle of motion, and canals of reparation. The leGtures of Rudbeck, and of Bartholine, brought to view dif- ferent parts ofthe lymphatic fyftem, which, at a much latter period, were to be formed into a curious and vaft whole, by the refearches of Hewfon, of Hunter, of | Sheldon, and of Mafcagni. ‘The art of inje&ting multiplied ad infi- nitum the vifible branches of the vafcular fyitem; and Ruyfch excited a doubt, whether any other fubftance but vefiels entered into the ftructure of the body. Leuwenhoeck, calling the power of the microfcope to the afliftance of ana- Dd4 tomy, = 424 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. tomy, difcovered a world, where it had been believed that the organization of living beings terminated. Malpbigi, Duverney, Winflow, Ferrein, Cowper, Albinus, Valfalva, Morgagni, &c. explained with greater precifion the ana- tomy of the organs of fenfe, of the vifcera, of the muf- cular fyftem, and the different organical diforders, which induce, follow, or accompany different difeafes. Willis and Vieuffens had, before their time, fuccefsfully begun an expofition of the nervous fyftem, and of the anatomy of the brain; our acquaintance with which organs, has, in the prefent age, been fo greatly extended by the labours of Meckel, of Walter, of Scarpa, and of Vicg-dazyr. To thefe efforts, to advance the feience of the anatomy of the human body, were added the knowledge borrowed from comparative anatomy. Perrault, Malpbigi, De Graaf, Grew, and Swammerdam, opened a career, in which, not- withftanding the excellent works of Daubenton on quadru- peds, and Hunter’s refearches, a complete performance is {till a defideratum. Vicq-d’azyr taught us to conceive the poffibility and the advantages of fuch a performance; and we now obferve the execution of this ufeful projet advanc- _ ing, under the happieft aufpices, by the anatomical re- fearches of our colleague Cuvier, already multiplied to fo great an extent. Thus does the bond of conneétion be- tween anatomy, phyfiology, and the ftudy of organized bodies, become daily flronger and clofer. It is by the aid of this union that the principal fun@ions of the body have been examined with a degree of fuccefs, which, perhaps, at a future period, will afford medicine, and the do€trine of Aygiéne, juft caufe of felf-congratulation. The phenomena of generation, and thofe of the develope- ment of the foetus, which had firft been inveftigated in birds and quadrupeds by Fabricius and Harvey, were afterwards iluftrated K 4 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. or ae illuftrated in the chick by Haller, and fince by Manduyt and Vicg-d’azyr ; whilft the celebrated Hunter traced the - progrefs of the foetus in man, almoft from the moment of conception to its complete evolution. Vaillant, at the be- ginning of this (laft) century, while engaged in developing the mechanifm of generation in plants, removed the bound- ary which appeared to feparate the vegetable from the ani- mal kingdom, and thus fixed the bafis of the fexual fyftem of Linueus. Perfpiration, whofe phenomena had been fo admirably illuftrated by Sanéforivs in Italy, was brought to the teft of the fame experiments by Dodart in Paris, by Keil in England, by Gorter in Holland, by Robinfon and Rye in Ireland, by Linings in Carolina: and Gorter, efpe- cially, beftowed on this doétrine a new degree of precifion; whilft the celebrated Hales, by inftituting a comparifon with refpe& to this function, common to all beings who live in air, between vegetables and animals, multiplied the relations which unite the two organized kingdoms. Di- geftion, for a long period, explained upon mechanical prin- ciples, or upon different hypothefis of fermentation, at that period equally remote from being properly underftood with digeftion itfelf, was ultimately fubjeéted to accurate experi- ments by Reaumur, whofe trials have fince been repeated with equal fuccefs ; and this funétion placed in a new point of view by the Abbe Spallanzani. But one of the moft illuftrious epochs in phyfiology, one of thofe which have had the moft decided influence on the fcience of medicine, is that when Haller, penetrating into the fanétuary of nature, demanded from her the fecret concerning the fources of ation and of fenfation, and un- folded, by a long feries of ingenious experiments, his the- ory of irritability, and of the relations between the nervous and mufcular fyftems. Whence happened it, that the phe- nomena, 8 é 426 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. nomena, which now {fo generally occupy the attention of phyfiologifts, did not then prefent themfelyes to the cares ful eye of fuch an obferver? Be this as it may, from that moment, all the theories concerning the animal fun@ions affumed a new dire€tion. Finally, offfication and its pro- grefs, firft obferved by Duhamel and Heriffant, have offered to. phyfiologifts a very interefting fpe€tacle; whilft the practical obfervations of David, on /pontaneous necrofis, and the ingenious experiments of Trsja, on artificial necrofis, and the reproduétion of bones, have developed this interefting department of the myftery of nutrition, and placed the ob- ferver in the footfteps of nature, in one of her moft curious operations. Thus has obfervation gradually occupied the province of conjectures ; human and comparative phyfio- logy ceafed to be a field, opened to the excurfions of ima- gination alone; and theories, experiencing a more folid’ fupport, foon affumed the fhape which they fhould always poffefs, and appeared to be the refult of fa&ts compared together, and of inferences deduced from the obfervation of their relations. In the midft of all thefe seh dupe BeBe ae leaning upon the traditions of paft ages, proceeded with a timid ftep in the path of experience. Continually occupied in compar- ing the phenomena which obfervation affords to her view, with what the ancients have advanced upon the fubjedt 5 and difcovering perhaps too much anxiety to find in the works of the ancients, what fhe ought to perceive in the refult of obfervation; contemplating with a curious and eager eye, and taking an active part in the inveftigations of the natural and experimental fciences, and neverthelefs receiving the light imparted by them with the diftruft and referve natural to thofe who have been long deceived; fhaking off the yoke of prejudices with reluctance, but ence \ s , F] HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 427 once extricated from their trammels, abandoning them for ever; not having the command of the time which nature — has reckoned, and which ought to be feized, becaufe it is on the wing; and yet refponfible for the refult of her trials, fhe advanced flowly, and refembled, in her difquietudes, a fteward who is accountable for a precious depofit intrufted to his care. Powerful inftruments, unknown to the an- cients, ‘mercury and cinchona, &c. have notwithftanding placed her in a condition to contend with advantage againft nature herfelf, in the cure of fome defperate difeafes. She ean alfo aflift nature in her falutary tendencies, by the moft: efficacious means, among which muft afluredly be reckoned electricity: and her movement, bolder and more ' certain in the treatment of external maladies, has enabled her to make great additions to the knowledge and fuccefs of former times. But if we confider medicine in her tout en femble, and in her conneétion with the philofophy of the art, we obferve her efforts to arrive at perfection, charac- terized by the different kinds of trials. : 1mo, The critical doétrine of the ancients in acute difeafes, built upon the theory of concoéfion, and of obedience to the motions of nature, received a greater degree of precifion, by more extenfiye obfervation concerning crifes, and’ by the more minute, if not more philofophical, ftudy of their prog- noftic fymptoms. 2do, The progrefs of draBtical obfervers, gradually liberat- ed from the power of prejudices, and fubjecting their fyf- “tem to the teft of experience, has been directed by Syden- _ ham, Mead, Freind, Torti, Huxam, de Haen, and Stoll. 3110, Modern theories, attempting to connect all the phe- nomena with a {mall number of principles, all incontplete when confidered as a whole, but almoft all of them true in fome of their parts, ufeful if they are regarded as the means a t 428 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. means of fimplifying ftudy, and of conneéting a number of facts, by enabling the ftudent to feize upon their moft prominent relations ; hurtful or pernicious, if we exclufive- ly view them as a faithful reprefenration of nature, and as the law of the art, but generally difappearing at the patient’s bed-fide; exhibit to us in turn the fuccefs of the {chools of Stahl, of Boerhaave, of Hoffman, of ae and, in the prefent day, of Brown. Laftly,,The methodical fpirit, and that important art of defcribing with precifton, and of claflifying with fuc- _cefs, of throwing individuals into groupes, and of ar- ranging {pecies together into orders, of delineating the great outlines of their general characters, and of blending with precifion their thades of difference; a valuable art, fprung up in the bofom of the natural fciences, and tranf- mitted through them to medicine, has given birth to no/o- — logical methods ; among which muft pre-eminently be dif- tinguifhed the nofologies of Sauvages, of Vogel, of Cullen, and the pyretology of Se//e. Nor ought we at the fame time to forget, that the illuftrious Linneus occupied himfelf in this field of labour, to which phyficians are indebted, for at leaft a degree of precifion, till this period, unknown, in medical language. If we fubjoin to all thefe improvements, that degree of perfection to which the moral and intelleQtual knowledge — of man fo intimately allied to the ftudy of his phyfical faculties, the improvement which the analyfis of his fenfa- tions and ideas, that of the underftanding and of the paf- fions, fo accurately delineated, before this epoch, by Mon- taigne and by Bacon, have received from the works of Dée/- cartes, of Malebranche, of Nicol, and of the philofophers of Port-royal, of Locke, of Leibnitz, of Rouffeau, of Condillac, and of the firft editors of the Encyclopedie; we fhall have a fketch Leis ont r) HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 429 fketch of all the elements fubfervient to the phyfical know- ledge of man, to the art of preferving his health, and of advancing the perfection of his nature, which the fciences enlightened by the fpirit of philofophy, and, above all, by the experimental philofophy, have furnifhed. “PROGRESS OF HYGIENE IN THE COURSE OF THE THIRD EPOCH. In this epoch, Aygiéne was far from having reaped all the advantages which it might have derived from fo many fources of affiftance. I fpeak here of Aygiéne, concocted and reduced into theory and precepts by men who feri- oufly applied themfelves to the tafk. Although I have al- ready given a favourable reprefentation of many writers, and others are ftill entitled to the fame juftice, it may, in general, be obferved, that this branch occupied a very ins confiderable place in the plans of ftudy and of inftruétion. I confider it, however, as the bafis of the medical know- ledge of man, and, in many refpects, as the key to the art of healing. ‘This indifference, as I have afferted in an- other place,* appears to me to originate from two caufes : ‘6 mo, From the circumftance that men, little attentive to whatever affects them when in the full enjoyment of their health, are infinitely more impatient to obtain deliverance from the fufferings which annoy them; phyficians on this account have refolved, in preference, to devote their atten- tion to that department of their art, from which they de- rive a greater proportion of praife and of confidence, and which is more conducive to their perfonal intereft, without confidering that fuccefs, in this branch of the profeffion, can ® Fourcroy’s Journal, entitled Medicine eclaires, &c. tom. iv, p. 226. ‘ : a 430 - HYGIENE; BY HALLE. can acquire true : folidity, only from an intimate knowledge of the circumftances, connected with a ftate of health. 2do, Another caufe of this indifference to the ftudy of hy= giéne is, that modern governments, much lefs occupied than | the ancient governments with the tafk of endowing men: with ftrong and vigorous conftitutions, have much more generally depended on the art of profiting by their vices and defeéts, and of calculating their produce, than on.the art of improving their phyfical and moral education : from. thefe mercenary views, they have generally been induced to abandon a fyftem which conftituted the glory and the fuccefs of the ancient ftates, and which gave true philo- fophers ae influence over the icon ac and happinefs of nations.’ . Down to the end cf the feventeenth century, all ‘the works which treat of Aygiéne are limited—1//, to treatifes concerning the doctrine of perfpiration, which was a very favourite topic of inveftigation with men pofleffed of real ability: 2d, to commentaries on that futile production, known by the name of Schola Salernitana, and which Rene Moreau adorned with illuftrations worthy of another text: - 3d, to compilations more or lefs ufeful from the works of the ancients, fuch, for inftance, is the work of Gonthier of Reanno, (intitled ELxercitationes hygiaftice), in which we find fome paflages worthy of remark, relative to the praétices of his time; and the treatife of Nonnius, intitled De re ci- baria. ‘Towards the middle and the end of that century, and about the commencement of the eighteenth, the phy- fical theory of atmofpheric air began to be applied to ufe~ ful purpofes. JZayow, afterwards for fo long a period for- gotten, appears to have conjectured its true effects, in re- {fpiration and combuftion. Bayle, and afterwards Hales, inveftigated the changes*which deprived it of irs refpir- ability HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 431 ability, without being able to afcertain them. Hales and Sutton occupied themfelves in improving the means of re- “novating: it. Arbuthnot publifhed his treatifes on air and aliment, and propofed to himfelf, in this manner, to fub- je& to a new examination, all the branches of the doctrine of health. Locke. wrote upon education, and upbraided the mothers and teachets of his time, for ‘the care they took to deprive their children and their pupils of the falutary impreffion of cold air, and for training them up in effeminacy, and in ‘ftudied delicacy; of real detriment to their health, inftead of ftrengthening and rendering them hardy, by a manly _ fyftem of education, equally advantageous to their body and to their mind. Ramazzini devoted himfelf to inquiries concerning the health of artifans, and the difeafes to which they are obnoxious. Winflow demonftrated the injurious _effeéts of whalebone ftays on the conftitution of females. and of children. But neither Locke nor Win/lw contri- buted to reform the manners of their contemporaries. It was about the middle of this (laft) century, that Row/eau finally fubverted all the ancient opinions on thefe fubjeds, His leffons were repeated by a crowd of authors. During the fame period, multiplied obfervations concerning the proper regimen in inoculation, and the treatment of fmall- pox, demonftrated that the influence of frefh and renovat- ed air, far from being prejudicial in thefe eruptive difeafes, was often of advantage in them, and even neceflary; and that the regimen fuited to inoculated patients, fhould not be exclufively regarded as a hot regimen. Thefe facts completely changed the method of regimen, both with re- {pect to medicine and Aygiéne, as well as the theory of the education of children; not without occafioning them to degenerate into many excefles and exaggerations. : Lofily, Oy : 452 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. Laftly, works worthy of the public efteem, and of feri- ous confideration, have attached the name of Tz/fot to fome branches of the doctrine of Aygiéne ; in which he has aim- — 4 ed at preferving the health of the people, of young perfons, and of fome claffes of citizens particularly expofed to dif- eafes which refult from different occupations in life. But thefe performances, as well as many others equally refpect- able, have not by any means introduced thefe changes into Aygiéne, that might be expeéted from the flate of the phy- fical {ciences, down to the fourth epoch. TRACES OF THIS PROGRESS IN THE PRINCIPAL WORKS WHICH HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO IMPROVE THE DIFFER- | ENT BRANCHES OF HYGIENE. — To give a more accurate and ufeful account of the fub- jet of which we treat, we proceed to give as ample an explanation as is poffible in a rapid fketch of the different branches of prefervative medicine; and, after a review of the works moft diftinguifhed either by their fuccefs or by their merit, to confider what advantages have accrued to each of thefe branches, from the ftate of the fciences dur- ing the epoch, the hiftory of which we Have detailed. GENERAL TREATISES. Ir we confider the general treatifes written on hygiéne during this epoch, we find them, included in the ancient divifion, for the firft idea of which we are indebted to Galen. This divifion embraces the whole. Thefe treatifes are to be found in the complete fyftems of medicine of Seanertus and of Riverius, &c. and in the collection of works a aes a P HYGIENE; BY HALLE. — 433 ssl in which Funcker has developed the medical hiftory of his mafter Stas/. I have already mentioned the work intitled Exercitationes hygiaftice of Gonthier, and the com- | mentaries ‘of Rene Moreau on the Schola Salernitana. George Cheyne often differed from all his contemporaries in refpect to the opinions and practices adopted in his treatife, intitled De infirmarumvaletudine tuenda. In that tra€t he preaches — up the doctrine of an almoft exclufive vegetable diet. It appears to have been his intention in this performance to revive the tenets of Pythagoras and of Porphyry; and, like the ancients, he reeommends the practice of dietetic vomit- _ ings. In other refpeéts, this author is diftinguifhed by a great fhare of genius and of knowledge. Finally, one of the moft refpeétful and philofophically written works, al- though very concife, is that which conftitutes the commen- taries of Lory on the ftatics of Sanéforius. PARTICULAR TREATISES, PROGRESS OF HYGIENE IN THE PHYSICAL KNOWLEDGE OF MAN, OF HIS RELATIONS TO CLIMATE, OF THE VA- RIETIES OF HIS PHYSICAL CONSTITUTION, OR OF HIS TEMPERAMENTS. One of the principal foundations of the phyfical ftudy of man is the influence of climates on his conftitution. This fiudy is founded upon the aggregate of geological and phyfical knowledge, and, above all, upon the theory of the atmofphere; upon the natural fciences, and upon the inveftigation of the different animal, vegetable, and mineral produCtions, both in their connection with the climate, and as they indicate the nature of the foil, and of its influence on the creatures by whom it is inhabited. Laftly, it is alfo founded upon the mathematical means of Vor. Ill. Ee determ ini- TS 4S 4. HYGIENE, BY HALLE. _ determining the fcale of popwiation, and of appreciating the caufes which make its proportions to vary, according to the relation of thefe proportions, with the circumftances that affect its falubrity, with political events, with epi- demics, &c. Thus all the phyfical and natural fciences, contribute to the improvement of this branch, which alfo requires an acquaintance with travels, the multiplicity of which, during this epoch, has furnifhed ample fubje& for reflection to the phyfician, who wifhes to afcertain with fome precifion the ftrength of thofe bonds that connect the conftitution of man with the country which he inhabits. ° Simmerman and Bergman have given us ftritures on phy- fical geography in general; and the former* has defcribed, in a very ingenious manner, the relations of men and of animals with the climates and regions of the earth. Pro/- per Alpinus,t+ about the end of the fixteenth and beginning of the feventeenth centuries, wrote his obfervations on the Egyptians, and on the ftate of medicine in Egypt; and his treatifes contain a topography of that country, delineated by the hand of a mafter.. Pifon, Marcgraff, and Bontius,+ have defcribed, with almoft an equal degree of ability, the topography of Brazil, and of fome parts of South America. Certain treatifes, and fome particular memoirs, delineate the hiftory of different other regions. But few works pre- fent a more accurate table, or a more perfect model of this fpecies of writing than the memoir upon the topography of _Marfeilles, ® Specimen Zoologié geographice. Zimmerman. + Hiftoria nat. Aigypt. et de medicina JEgyptorum, t Guliel. Pifanis de Indie utriufque re naturale et medicina; to which is an- nexed the natural hiftory of Chili, by Marcgraff, and the treatife de medi- cine Inderum of Bontius. “HYGIENE, BY HALLE. | 4.35 Marfilles, by Dr. Raymond, inferted in the fecond volume of the memoirs of the Society of Medicine. This fociety _ have undertaken to draw up a defcription of France, con- fidered under the view of the medical knowledge of cli- mates; and a great number of materials have been ait _ €olleéted for the execution of this defign. The knowledge-of the varieties which the phyfical con- ftitution of man prefents, and of the temperaments in_ which it refults, is one of the moft important of all the fub- — jes, the ftudy of which contributes to the full illuftration of the doétrine of health. It is very aftonifhing, that with all the affiftance derived from the prefent advanced ftate of anatomy, our progréfs in this department of knowledge dhould have been fo inconfiderable. This interefting fub- . ject of inquiry has been almoft exclufively intrufted to the habit of obfervation.. Scarcely has any one attempted to -reduce experience to theory. We repeat what the ancients have left us on this fubje€t, without giving ourfelves the | trouble of appreciating its import. Their primitive qualities reduced to the four principal temperaments, whofe deno- ‘minations are derived from real or fuppofed humours, ftill conftitute the amount of what the great Boerhaave has prefented to the public on this fubject, in his Inftitutions of Medicine. ‘This doctrine, which has now become obfo- lete, and which no perfon has lately been at the trouble to revive, has yet received a great modification, more in the minds than in the works of phyficians, from the knowledge of irritability, and fyftems of medicine built upon that knowledge. We find, in the preliminary obfervations to the fecond volume of Lorry’s treatife on Aliment,* a ftate- Ee2 ¥ ment * Page I to 89, 436. ; HYGIENE, BY HALLE. ment iof the authors? ideas: aa the phyfical fources of the differences among men, in which he fuggefts fome very ingenious confiderations; but as they are only fubordinate to his principal view, they are not fo developed, or fo pre- cife, as a treatife on temperaments would require. With regard to works exprefsly written on this fubject, one might almoft affirm, that the bet which we are in poffeflion of at this day, is {till the treatife written in the be- ginning of the feventeenth century, by Livinus Lemnius, intitled De complexionibus, where the theoretical divifions of temperaments, although founded upon the ancient hy- pothefes, are brought together by a method fufhiciently re- mote from obfervation and the practical ftudy of man. The pen drops from the hand while we contemplate fuch an expofition of fuch a fubje&t! The refpective relations of all the fyftems of the parts which enter into the com- pofition of man, of the lymphatic fyftem to the fangui- ferous fyftem, of the nervous fyftem to the mufcular fyf- tem, of the cellular fyftem to the vafcular fyftem, of fenfi- bility to ftrength, the mutual relations of the vifcera to one another, and the refpective proportions of the different parts of the general fyftems, confidered in the different regions in which they are diftributed; of the cerebral region to the pulmonary and abdominal regions; of the trunk to the extremities; of the centres to the furfaces ;. all thefe relations, fo true, fo pofitive, fo important, fo fuf- ceptible of being eafily verified, both from the fenfible differences among men, and by the phenomena which ac- _ company the fucceflive periods of life: Were thefe then confiderations fo frivolous, fo ufelefs, or fo fuperficial, as not to reward the labour of colleéting together all the fcattered ideas refpeting them into a complete work upon the “HYGIENE, BY HALLE. — 437 the ubjede ? ‘But this i is not the place to extend this dif. cuffion. as IO, oo cae 12 PREP ee. a PROGRESS oF HYGIENE IN THE STUDY OF THOSE THINGS ate A WHICH CONCERN HEALTH. Tee ie Aprer thefe sre remarks, neceflary to eftablifh he knowledge of man, and of men, or of the /ubject of by- giene, ‘the principal obje& of our reflections is the influ- ences to which he is expofed. Phyficians have always arranged this ftudy under the ancient divifion, known by the t ti tle ‘of the fix x” non-naturals. Y have already afcertained the import of this ftrange term; and it appears to me that the phrafe, matter of hygitne, might with propriety be fub- ftituted in its place, fince thofe things, and the proportion in which their ufe is limited, are in reality the inftruments and the means of which we avail ourfelves for the purpofe of obtaining the prefervation of health. _ The knowledge of atmofpheric air, and of its influence “upon man, has more efpecially received great acceflions from the progrefs of phyfics throughout the whole extent of this epoch. The thermometer, although its fenfible phe- nomena do not indicate any accurate proportion of the quantities of caloric, correfpondent to its degrees ; the ba- rometer, pointing out the changes in the weight of the atmofpherical column, and agreeing, although imperfetly, | with the different conditions of the water diffolved in the air; the Aygrometer, fufceptible without doubt of a new degree of improvement; but already accordant with me- teors intimately conneéted with health; the proper means of afcertaining the ftate of atmo/pherical electricity, to which freth acceflions of knowledge will undoubtediy add a new “degree of precifion, are important inftruments which me- La ae dical 7 , ; Y : ‘ & dical meteorology and Aygiéne have advantageoufly employ- ed. The experiments of Duhamel and of Tillet, thofe of Fordyce, of Banks, and of Blagden, on the degree of heat to which man can be expofed confiftent with fafety; the knowledge acquired by thefe experiments of the property by which the body in all temperatures maintains its pecu- liar degree of heat, have overturned the prejudices acqui- efced in on the authority of the great Boerhaave. © | Arbuthnot’s treatife on air, notwithftanding, ftill remain- ed the moft complete of all thofe which, in courfe of this epoch, had been particularly appropriated to the inveftiga-_ tion of Aygiéne ; and yet electricity was not known at the ‘time in which Arbuthnot wrote. To this treatife we are therefore obliged to fubjoin thofe of the natural philofophers who wrote on electricity, Lygrometry, and meteorology. We muft add to thefe the perufal of the writings of the phyficians who have treated of epidemic difeafes, and who have attended to their agreement with the variations of the _ atmofphere: fuch are Sydenham, Huxham, Lind, fiillary, and, in our own country, a great number of excellent ob- fervers; to whom may now be added, all the works upon epidemical conftitutions of the atmofphere, brought for- ward by the eftablifhment of the medical fociety, or col- leCted in their memoirs. The works publifhed on the danger of burying in cities, on the mephitifm of privies ; thofe to which the vaft exhumations, attempted, propofed, or executed, at different times, have given rife, and the moft important of which are the compofition of V icq-d’ Azyr and of Thouret, ought to occupy here a place more confpi- cuous, in proportion as they exhibit ftriking practical proofs, added to thofe adduced of the theory, and reftore to their due degree of importance, propofitions fometimes eftablifhed upon a bafis whofe folidity was not fufficiently appreciated. ‘ a HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 439 appreciated. But thefe works bear the impreflion of the fava epoch, to which they belong. | _ To the refleftions of Locke, to the sbfeetanda of Wine nie and of Buffon; to the impreflive remonftrances. of Rouffeau, upon the clothing of infants, repeated in a thou- fand fhapes by phyficians and by authors, who have writ- ten on education, fcarcely any thing can be added. A treatife publifhed on drefs, by citizen Alphonfo le Ray, al- though it contains fome ingenious remarks, is afluredly far from conveying a fufficient degree of information in the prefent ftate of ‘things. _ And even long before the era in _ which we live, a great many hints, applicable to this fub- ject, could have facilitated its developement. In truth, whether we confider garments as having an influence on mufcular powers, determining either their dire€tion, or the relations of their fixed to their movable attachments, and thus entering into a combination with the theory of the gymnattic art; or whether we regard them as defending the body from the influence of the atmofphere, the know- ledge acquired - concerning animal mechanifm, and the - views already fuggefted by Franklin, and feveral other natural philofophers, concerning the conducting properties of bodies for heat, might have afforded room for a much greater number of ufeful reflections upon their materials and their form. In the prefent day, this objet might be {till more fatisfaCtorily accomplifhed. If we except the defcriptions which either cceGast or naturalifts and travellers have given us of the public baths, frequent in Ruffia, in Finland, in the countries inhabited by the Turks, and in the Faft Indies, the moderns have made no addition to the knowledge left us by the ancients concerning baths ; and almoft all our modern writers have treated of them more in their relation to medicine than in Rea their 440 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. their connection with the doétrine of health. We find, however, in Lorry’s commentaries on Sanéforius, the ele- ments of many ufeful confiderations on this fubje&, worthy — of being placed in new points of view in the prefent day. Cofmetics, and all the applications made to the skin, whether for preferving cleanlinefs, or for heightening the — {plendour of its beauty, are in the very fame predicament. And a work in which the author embellifhed his precepts “ . ‘, “~~ i kN : m — a = * fe we = ed Pers eo — — mon Le ee ee ee with all the graces of an ingenious fidlion, under thename of Abdeker, cannot now be regarded as aniwering) saiinie pletely the object of hygiene. | | ‘The fubject of aliment has been treated more fully io more fuccefsfully than any other in the courfe of this epoch. In this refpet, however, the era under review muft be divided into two periods. The firft terminates with Arbuthnor ; and the work of that phyfician on aliment may be regarded as its completion. During this period, certain authors publifhed very voluminous performances, more replete with true erudition than with true phyfics. Such are the treatifes of Pi/anelli, of Nonnius, and of Mel- chior Sebizius, on aliments. They are very valuable, fince — they bring together into one point of view, the labours of the ancients, and enable us thoroughly to comprehend their doctrine on the fubje& in queftion. Others, among which may be reckoned Aréuthnot’s treatife, difplaying a lefs prolix erudition, offer an application, too frequently illufory indeed, of the chemieal knowledge of the times, — and more efpecially of analyfis by fire; but we find in them a more philofophical order, and pra€tical obfervations, well arranged, and which indicate a correct nedentteamigs and a found judgment. * In the fecond period, chemiftry, unfolding the means of a more fimple analyfis, has in a greater degree facilitated the examination ree 3. Brees , HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 441 examination of animal and vegetable fubftances, and the comparifon of their charaéteriftic qualities. The analyfis of the fart na of wheat, by fimple wafhing in cold water, perfortned in Italy by Beccari, and in Germany by Kefel- h Meyer ; ; its feparation into a flarchy matter and a glutinous | fubfiance, awakened the attention of all chemifts and phy- ficians. The labours of Reuelle added to thefe firft views of the fubject, all the knowledge that could be acquired from the ufe of the inftruments, of which, at that period, he had it in his power to avail himfelf. The feparate con- fideration of the glutinous fubftance, and its infolubility in the greateft number of menftrua, excited many doubts with regard to the falubrity of the farina of wheat, em- ployed as nourifhment for infants, and afforded a handle for many exaggerations, which I have endeavoured to efti- mate under the article ALimENT. The analyfis, although fill imperfe&t of milk, of albumen, of the yolk of an egg, and of the blood, have already thrown great light on the effential chara€ters of the nutritious matter. More pro-. found inveftigation of the products of vinous fermentation — has conduced to the knowledge of fermented liquors, and enabled us to form more accurate ideas of the effects which refult from their ufe. é All the moft accurate knowledge which at that period could be obtained, with regard to the peculiar nature of the alimentary fubftance, to the varieties of aliment in which it is contained; with refpe€t to the nature of mu- cous bodies, whether found in mucilages, in faccharine fubftances, in fermentible juices, or in gelatinous fub- _ ftances, both animal and vegetable, has been condenfed with equal fagacity and erudition, by the celebrated Lorry, in his treatife en aliments; which I confider as the beft fummary of all the information acquired on this fubjeét, at ; the = j AAD HYGIENE, BY HALLE. the end of this epoch. I have given a very comprehenfive view of this treatife in the article devoted to this objet. Cullen, in the beginning of his Materia Medica, has alfo given excellent obfervations on the different parts of the nutritious matter. rie Laftly, it would be highly unjuft to omit quoting here among the number of men whofe works have chiefly con- tributed to the improvement of this branch of the art, the refpeCtable name of Parmentier, whofe labours, conftantly direéted to public utility, have difcovered the nature of many nutritive fubftances, particularly of farinaceous fub- ftances, and vindicated from unmerited contempt the pota- toe, one of the moft abundant and moft ufeful fpecies of aliment. This worthy citizen has acquired a ftronger title. ‘to our gratitude, inafmuch as we are perhaps at this day ‘indebted to him for our efcape from all the horrors of a terrible famine, with which we were threatened by the wicked machinations of men, notwithftanding of the fer- tility of our foil, and of the multiplied gifts of nature. Botany, by the accuracy of its defcriptions, has taught — us to diftinguifh the ufeful aliment and agreeable feafon- ing, from the fatal poifon, in a clafs of aliment, at prefent in too great requeft; and the obfervations of Pawlet and of Bulhard on mufhrooms and poifonous plants, ought not to be paffed over in this place without praife and acknowledg- ment. Let us be equally attentive to beftow a thare of the glory due to thefe learned men, upon thofe who have en- lightened the citizens with refpe&t to the danger by which they are too frequently threatened, and at whofe inftiga- tion laws have been promulgated, prohibiting the ufe of — veffels and utenfils of copper and lead in thofe cafes in which thefe metals can be attacked by folid food and liquids, and can convey into our bodies the germs of de- 7 | : ftruction, ee re re Sa ee ee es ; 4 t 4 HYGIENE, BY HALLE.- 443 ftru€tion, in the deceitful garb of falubrious nourifhment, and lurking under the charms of an agreeable liquor. “Navier’s eflays efpecially merit a particular attention onthe | part of chemical phyficians, by multiplying the means of pe, and deftroying this perfidious enemy. Gorter, by determining with ftill greater accuracy than Sanéterius the moment of moft copious perfpiration which follows fleep, by proving, that till the very moment of our wakening, this, like the other evacuations, is almoft entire- ly impeded; that it is in the moments immediately fub- fequent to our awaking from fleep, that this, as well as all the other excretions, burft forth with greater impetuofity and profufion, prepared by reft, and excited by all the moving powers, which at this period refume a new degree of activity; by thus affifting us in incorporating together the theory of aliments, of evacuations, of fleep, of repofe, and of exercifes, Gorter has furnifhed the do€trine of hygiene with a bafis, upon which important confideraa tions, fubfervient to the prefervation of man, can reft with greater folidity. | The more accurate analyfis of the bile, made by modern chemifts; the different ftates of the phofphoric acid in urine, afcertained by them with a greater degree of preci- - fion than by their predeceffors; the univerfality of this acid recognifed in the animal economy, in the bafe of bones, and even in the gaftric juices, have placed the agents and products of digeftion in a new point of view, have author- ized us to take for granted the bond of conneétion between the different conditions of the fubftances evacuated, with the order and derangement of this function, as well as with the order and derangement of offification, and have paved the way to new and important views of thefe pro- cefles, and to the ufeful labours of Bertholet, of V. auqueliz, | and “444 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. and of Fourcrey, on gouty difeafes, on the differences be- tween the phyfiology of man, and of the lower animals, and on the characteriftic features of thofe changes which take place in the fucceflive periods of life. Of the knowledge of mufcular motion and of animal mechanifm, inveftigated afreth by certain anatomifts, fub- je€ted to calculation by the celebrated Bore/iz, in his trea- tife De motu animalium, thefe authors could not form an accurate eftimate, becaufe, although they have given an exact meafurement of the inftrument, they could not pof- fibly fubjeét the power itfelf to precife calculation. Never- thelefs, if they have not been able to difcover the total amount of the force and of the variable a¢tion which it exercifes, they have at leaft afcertained with precifion the different elements of which it confifts; and the ufeful views which they have propofed, undefervedly overlooked fince their time, ought not to be entirely loft on their fuc- ceffors. The ftudy of the gymnaftic art, now for a long period abandoned; that of its influence upon the deve- lopement of the corporeal organs, and upon the art of pre- venting diftortion, more by natural than by artificial means, which ought to be referved for the cure of difeafes, deferves at length to receive more efficacious afliftance from animal phyfics, too much neglected on the frivolous pretext of their infufficiency. Phyficians have too frequently repeat- ed, and in the prefent day ftill too frequently repeat, that the calculation of phyfics, and the products of chemiftry, are always too remote from the refults of nature. The works of nature is a problem compofed of what is known and conftant, taken in conjunction with what is unknown and fubjeét to change. Shall they always thus continue to perfuade us, either that the ‘inveftigation of this problem mutt be abandoned ; or prs in order to enable us to efti- mate HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 445 mate what i is ‘unknown, and to fix the ftudy of aie is variable, we ought to neglect the conftant and calculable elements of the problem in queftion ? ; . - Laftly, the influence which the moral part of man poffeffes over his phyfical nature; the power which our fenfes, our paflions, and the intellectual part of our confti- tution, exercife over the functions which preferve our ex- iftence, whatever affiftance phyficians may have received from. philofophers on thefe fubjeéts, have been explained by the former in a very vague manner. The phenomena ‘of the comparative developement of our phyfical, moral, and intelleétual faculties, of their derangement, and of the relations between them, demonftrated by the accidents of health and difeafe, have, however, placed in the hands of phyficians more multifarious means of accomplithing this delicate analyfis. They ought confequently to have been able, with greater ability than other inquirers, to follow nature in the interefting details of this kind of obfervations; and they ought to have put themfelves in a condition of furnifhing | more ufeful leflons, and more accurate confider- ations to philofophers. oa PROGRESS OF HYGIENE IN THE THEORY OF REGIMEN. ‘Tue idea of the improvement of regimen neceffarily re- fults from the improved knowledge of man, and from the knowledge of the things to whofe influence he is expofed. The former is the conclufion of a problem, of which the latter are.the data. We have prefented to the reader a fketch of the hiftory of public Aygiéne: with regard to pri- vate Aygiéne, and to the general details of regimen, they are particularly to be found in general treatifes, and in thofe which concern aliments. The fecond volume of Lorry’s t work, he ‘ | j 446 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. work, Arbuthnot’s performance before his time; and at 4 more ancient period, Lommius’s excellent commentary on the firft book of Celfus, intitled De twenda valetudine; the unfortunate Bennet’s inveftigations concerning the regimen beft adapted to the prefervation of fuch as are threatened — 4 with pulmonary affections, collected together in his trea- tife called Theatrum tabidorum, comprehend the beft ob- fervations which can be compiled on the theory of regi- men, whether calculated for thofe who enjoy a permanent ftate of health, or for thofe whofe exiftence is feeble and precarious. . I have already mentioned what regards the education and regimen of infants, and the revolution which on this fubje&t has taken place amongft us, eftablifhed upon ob- fervations, for a long period forgotten by the timidity of mothers and of teachers, but effentially true and ‘ufeful. . ‘The confequences deduced from thefe obfervations, how- ever, fometimes pufhed too far, compel us to repeat to thofe men whofe judgment is overpowered by improper ideas; who are acquainted with a few principles only, without any inclination to perceive their fhades of differ- ence ;- who contemplate all men with the fame eye, all cir- cumftances under the fame point of view; who appreciate the powers of nature by their own preconceived opinions ra- ther than their own opinions by the laws of nature ; compel us, I fay, to repeat to them, that every thing beyond the boundaries of truth is error; that every general inference deduced from one fac, or from many faéts, and applied to every cafe without diftin€tion, neceffarily exceeds thefe boundaries; that the fuccefs of a rafh experiment finely. demonftrates the extent of nature’s refources, but does not authorize them to expofe themfelves to the charge of hav- ing furpaffed her limits. In fhort, to bring to their recol- le€tion oF OS ae HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 444 leétion the obfervation of the excellent Horace, an obfery- ation fo often verified among all mankind, Dum vitant flulti witia, in contraria currunt. One of the works which has met with the moft favourable reception amongft us, fince — the time of Rowféau, is the {mall treatife of M. de Fourcroy, -counfellor to the bailliwick of Clermont, intitled Children educated according to the order of nature. It is now in the hand of every mother; and although it had only this merit, it would be worthy of great attention. The precepts which it lays down are juft and ufeful; but their import efpecial- ly requires to be appreciated with difcernment, and to be | -underftood with the reftriQions, which circum{tances, the ftrength or the weaknefs, and the fufceptibility of indivi- duals, render indifpenfably neceflary. As to what remains, on this fubje€t, if the writings of philofophers little converfant in medical fcience, have, on this account, the difadvantage of not being applicable in every cafe, we ought to find this error rectified in the works of phyficians on the fame fubje&. The knowledge "of the difeafes of children, the habit of perceiving their approach, of preventing and of treating them, gives to their precepts a greater variety, and a more extenfive ap- _ plication. Without mentioning the works exciufively con- fined to the treatment of difeafes, there are others which treat of phyfical education in general; and of thefe, al- though the epochs at which they were publifhed ftamp upon them different impreflions according to the opinions prevalent at the time, there have at different pericds been diftinguifhed in ourown country, thofe of Brouzet, of Rau- tin, of Defefsarts, and of little treatife of citizen Saucerotie, © remarkable for its brevity, its fimplicity and per{picuity. 7 do not confider it neceflary, upon a fubje& on which fo little 448 HYGIENE, BY HALLE: little new has been advanced, to yeeondalie numerous works of foreigners. | : We are far from being in poseliell of fo maby aes on the health of old men, as on that of children. Man, however feeble and tottering at the two extremities of life, has equal need of fupport, and the aged befides re- quire confolation. This fubje&t engaged Galen’s attention; and there exifts a treatife, of the commencement of the feventeenth century, intitled 4n/elmt...Gerocomia. This ex- ample has not had many imitators. It has been referved for our age, to liquidate the debt incurred by the pre- ceding, and to fill up with advantage this breach in our art. ici I have ranked in the number of the works which have contributed to the improvement of Aygiéne, Ramazzini’s treatifes on the difeafes of artifts. In faét, it is truly in the ftudy of thefe difeafes, that the phyfician ought to feek for the leffons of experience, as to what is conducive to the prefervation of fo many ufeful men, to whom fociety owes its enjoyments. So important a confideration would it be, to remove them from thofe influences, often dangers ous and fometimes fatal, by which they are furrounded ; and yet a Aygiene of artifts is {till a defideratum in the me- dical art. The Society of Medicine intended to attempt a work of this kind, which ought to conftitute an effential — part of the colleétion of arts and traéts publifhed by the Academy of Sciences. Citizen Pajot des Charmes has al- ready enriched it with valuable obfervations, made in the midft of workhoufes. But the zeal and the knowledge of this refpeCtable obferver were unaccompanied with that acquaintance with medicine which was requifite to give his remarks all the utility and all the extent of which they are fufceptible. t fhall HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 449 igh Dall not repeat here what has already been advanced concerning phyficians who have written on the health of the poor, of the people, of men of letters, of men. of fathion, | ae of foldiers, of failors, of Europeans who travel to ‘tropical climates, and of the inhabitants of our colonies. After, the names of Plempius, of Portis, and of Ramazzini, ater adorn the feventeenth century; our own (laft) re- gifters,. with _ grateful acknowledgments, the names of Pringle, of Lind, of Hillary, of Duhamel, of Poiffonnier Defpervieres, ' of the illuftrious Cook, of the venerable Ti/r, and of Dazille, already quoted, and worthy of having their names again. repeated. ed a - FOURTH EPOCH, DISTINGUISHED BY THE DISCOVERY OF THE AERIFORM FLUIDS, AND BY THE RENOVATION OF THE CHEMICAL SCIENCES. | Wiruour daring to flatter myfelf, that I have unfolded to an extent worthy of the fubje@, the hiftory of that epoch, whofe principal features have now been traced, I believe that I have given a pretty exact view of the changes which the art of preferving health has experienced during | its continuation, and of the principal points to which its | progrefs can be referred. In the epoch which remains for us to examine, we ought to confine ourfelves lefs to the works already pub- lifhed on Aygiéne, than to the means which we enjoy of attempting works of this nature with greater fuccefs. We _are in pofleflion of new and powerful fources of affiftance ; we can confequently cherifh greater expeCtations. ew OL bl. 1 No R ; % oe 4.50 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. Not only has it happened, that certain works of this kind have appeared but a few years ago; but many, from the nature of their fubjeéts, and of the details into which their authors have entered, are effentially conneéted with thofe which were given to the public during the third epoch, do not differ from them by any effential character, and have been affociated with them in the table of which we {ketched the outline. The reports made to minifters by the Society of Medicine, concerning the regimen of failors; and the works of the competitors for its prizes, on the fubje&t of military hygiene, which will be publifhed without any unneceflary delay, may be arranged in the fame clafs; and in refpe& to general treatifes, the work of citizen Tourtelle has lately been diftinguifhed among our- felves; and in Germany, the works publifhed at Jena, by Dr. Chrifopher William Hufeland: \ fatisfy myfelf with al- luding to thefe in this place, in order to confine my range at prefent to the examination of thofe means of improve- ment pointed out to us by the progrefs which the phyfical and chemical fciences have made in the objects applicable to the knowledge of man, and to the prefervation of his health. ae wa AN HISTORICAL ABRIDGMENT OF THE DISCOVERIES WHICH CONCERN MAN, WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO IM= — PROVE THE KNOWLEDGE OF HIS PHYSICAL CONSTITU= TION, AND TO ASSIST US IN COMPREHENDING THE PHENOMENA OF HIS ORGANIZATION. Tue fourth epoch, which now occupies our attention, is chiefly remarkable for the difcoverics of gafeous fluids, and ’ 4 by | ef the compofition of water, and by the theory of oxygen; . i “ 4 4 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 451 by | the theory of caloric, and by the new means of appre- - ciating and of calculating its quantities; by the improved ae of ele€tricity, and by the accuracy of the inftru- ments contrived to calculate its ftrength, or to detect its fainteft appearances ; by the difcovery of the phenoniena of galvanifm ; by the progrefs of comparative anatomy : in fine, by the precifion given to the language of {cience, through the inftrumentality of the new fyftem of nomen- clature, An abler pen has traced, in the Diétionary of Chemiftrs, the hiftory of the difcovery of elaftic fluids; of which the genius of Vanhelmont had obtained a glimpfe at the begin- ning. of the feventeenth century; whofe phenomena in ‘combutftion and refpiration had been briefly delineated by Mayow in 1669—a difcovery which Boyle and Hales had afterwards improved by experiments, whofe refults they had not anticipated; which Black and Venel have alfo forefeen in their works, upon the principle which renders waters acid- ulous, and which yet efcaped the perception of every eye, till Priefiley glorioufly opened the career, the palms of which were referved for Lavoifier. * : Ff2 The * The difcovery of oxygen gas, that great fource of animal life and of animal heat, of which the very ingenious Dr. Mayow, as appears from his effays on the Nitro-aerial and Fiery Spirit, had but a faint and conjectural glimpfe, obfcured by much unfatisfaGtory reafoning and inadmiffible hy- pothefis, was certainly firit exhibited by Dr. Prieftley, and, about the fame time, (unknown however to each other), by the immortal Mr. Scheele of Stockholm, although Hallé afferts in the text that the palm of this difco- very is due to Lavoifier. Dr. Prieftly obtained oxygen gas, or, as he term- ed it, dephlogiflicated air, in June or July 1774, from the oxyd of mercury, or) precipitate per fe; and from minium, or the red oxyd of lead, This fact he publicly mentioned, at Lavoifier’s table at Paris, in the prefence of that great and unfortunate philofopher and of his lady, who had no’ previous knowledge of this interefting fluid, and expreff- *ed their furprife at the phenomena related by Pricflley, m the month 8 § 452 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. The a€tion of atmofpheric air on combuftible bodies, its combinations with carbon and hydrogen, the formation of acids, and the phenomena of the compofition and decom- pofition of water, are not deftined for the fole purpofe of exciting a barren admiration: in thefe man he ras the fecret of his own exiftence. : The compofition of the atmofphere, and the proportiod’s of its component parts, have at laft difcovered the nature of the air in which we live. But yet the art of eudiometry, and all the means employed for carrying it to perfeétion, have only proved the varieties of thefe proportions; and it is in vain that we have hitherto expeéted from eudiometry fatisfactory proofs of its degree of falubrity. In order to obtain certain knowledge on this point, we muft have re- courfe to the examination of its effets upon the animals which refpire it, to the alterations induced by the matters which contaminate it, and to the phenomena of a/phywies. We are at leaft already well aware, that of all the poifons which infeét the atmofphere, the moft virulent known, among thofe by whofe caufes we are commonly furround- ed, are the combinations which form carbonic acid, carbon= ated hygrogen, and fulphurated hydrogen. | The identity of the produéts of combuftion and refpiration, the fimilar changes which the air experiences at the fame time in the lungs, and on the furface of the fkin, the new qualities which the blood acquires in pafling through the pulmonary vellels, exhibit, under a new point of view, the relations of October of the fame year. About the fame time, he repeated the ex- periments which had formerly procured him his dephlogifticated air, im the prefence of many of the fcientific chemifts of Paris, at the celebrated. M. Trudaine’s} TRANSLATOR. 5 t See Doctrine of Phlog. eftablithed, p. 119. HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 453 relations of man with the air which he breathes, and‘with the atmofphere i in which he is immerfed. From that pe- riod, the weight and elafticity of the air have ceafed to act the moft prominent part in the theory of its ufes in refpiration. To the phyfiologift’s eye, the life of man, as well ast that of the lower animals, has become the refult of the combinations of a fluid deftined to effeé a continual renovation of the furface of the globe, in all thofe points which are fubmitted to its action. But is this vaft foun- tain of life inexhauftible; and in the midft of its continual lofles, and of its perpetual alterations, how can it recover its ftrength, or recruit its exhaufted energy ? The fine experiments of Ingen-hou/z om vegetables, feem to unveil this myftery of nature. The property which light appears to excite into a€tion in vegetables, of pouring a ftream of pure air into the bofom of the atmofphere, efpe- cially of difcharging it in the greateft abundance, when in contact with water, and with carbonic acid, announces to us their being vefted with a fun@tion, which is the exa& counterpart of the refpiration of animals; and points out to us animated beings mutually furnifhing themfelves with the materials of life, and nature alternately reftoring to both the requifite proportions of atmofphere, always chang- able, and always capable of being repaired. : In the midft of thefe combinations and transformations of bodies, one fugitive fubftance appears and difappears, efcapes the notice of our fenfes, declines to fubjeQ itfelf to the teft of the balance, incalculable in its mats, undefin- able in its nature. Caloric, which the thermometer points out to us without inftructing us in its proportions, ul- timately fuffers itfelf to be arrefted. One of its moft con- ftant effeéts becomes the meature of its quantity; and a portion of this fubftance, formerly inappreciable in the Fi 3 5 centre ¥ roe | > é 454 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. centre of the calorimeter, no longer evades the calculations of Laveifier and of Laplace. In the proceis of refpiration, the animal fuffers a great proportion of this fubftance to efcape. This proportion, compared with the quantity of carbonic acid, formed, with that of the oxygen gas of which the atmofphere is deprived, feems to fubftantiate another product of refpiration; and this produét corre- fponds to the water that efcapes in the form of vapour from the veficles of the lungs. Caloric united to arterial blood, and tranfmitted with it to the different parts of the body, partly, at leaft, unfold to us the fecret of animal temperature, and of the means Saath by nature in re- pairing its loffes. With this theory is conneéted that of the sah —_ of caloric through the different bodies of nature, by the inter- vention of their condu€ting properties. A great variety of phenomena, till lately very little known, elucidated by Benjamin Thomfon, Count Rumford, difcover to us the manner in which this principle is tranfmitted through elaftic fluids and liquids; and the art of propagating, of confining, of preferving, and of diftributing heat, contri. butes to improve thofe of conftructing our habitations, of clothing our bodies, and of preparing oir aliments. New inftruments of analyfis, furnifhed by the combin- ations of that ative, univerfal, transforming principle, the bafe of oxygen gas, difcover to us, in the midft of grand analogies, ftriking differences between the principal vege- table and animal fubftances. Both of them are converted into oxalic acid. But the azotic gas, which the latter emits in fuch abundance, proves that the refemblance between them is not in every inftance entirely complete. The com- pofition of ammonia, formed of the fame characteriftic prin- ciple of animal fubftances, united to Aydrogen gas, revealed in the hands of Bertholet a fecret, which the chemifts, ‘ ? HYGIENE, BY HALI.E. ASS | for fo long a period, had demanded of nature, and for fo long a period received a refufal. Two clafles of fubftances are found diftinétly formed in vegetables and animals, and. ‘ the theory of animalization is fketched out.* One of the moft fingular products of animal organiza- tion, phofphorus, and the phofphoric acid in which it refults, _ already well known in the bafis of bone, and in the animal _ fibre, have been traced in the aliments, in the excrementi- tious fluids, in the formation of the hair, of the horns and of the fkin of animals, in the gaitric juices, in the nutriti- tious fluids, and in that which is confecrated to reproduc- tion. Bertholet, Fourcroy, and Vauquelin, have examined their relations and differences, in gouty difeafes, in the comparifon of people of different ages, in that of men with the lower animals; and if we are ftill unacquainted with the method of its formation, we at leaft obtain a slimpfe of its conneétion with the phafes of life, and with the derangements of the animal economy, in moft of the difeafes which afflict humanity. Lavoifier and Seguin. have alfo endeavoured to inform themfelves of the phenomena of per/piration, and to fubject it to experiments, whofe accuracy leaves nothing to defire upon this fubject. Others are doubtlefs invited to. finith the labours which they left incomplete; as for.us, let us refrain in this place from fuperadding to immortal regrets, fhameful and deplorable recollections, While modern chemiftry has acquired fo ariy claims “upon eur acknowledgments, Cou/smb has fubjected electri- city to calculation; he has meafured its minuteft propor- tions, and determined the progreflions, which it follows to the different points of the furfaces of bodies. In fine, _Ff4 | this * See the article ALIMENT, ch, i, fee. 3. = > aaa, 4 456 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. this fubftance, equally volatile, and much more rapid in its motions, than caloric, permits itfelf, like the latter,tobe meafured; and the balance appreciates all the degrees of its action. Volta accumulates and confines it in his con- denfer : the doubler of eleétricity, invented and improved by — Bennet, Darwin, Nicholfon, and Read, feems to colle& its . fainteft traces, {cattered through the atmofphere, and even to afcertain the alterations which it inftantaneoufly nape riences, from the refpiration of animals. An unexpected prodigy is preparing, and a phenomenon, which Haller amid fo many experiments and. refearches had not perceived, comes, as it were, fpontaneoutly to offer itfelf to Galvami’s attention. ‘That combined apparatus of. nerves and of mufcles, with which nature generates within us the whole phenomena of motion, ifolated from the whole, is languid, inactive, and, in appearance, completely deprived of life. It unexpectedly revives, at the inftant of fimple contact, eftablifhed or broken between the parts of the circle of condu€tors upon which it refts. On the one hand, the rapidity of communication, and the nature of the conductors, feem to eftablifh between thefe pheno- mena, and thofe of eleGtricity, ftrong analogies; which other obfervations appear to deftroy.. On the other hand, the fteadinefs of the phenomenon, independent of the liga- ture of the nerves, independent of the complete feveration of their trunk, independent of the difference either of the parts or of the individuals from which they are taken, pro-. vided that the parts feparated be either contiguous, or com- municate by means of proper intermedia, feems to forbid our aflimilating its caufe to that which in the living body fupports the natural influence of the nervous or the muf- cular fyftems. What will be the confequences of the dif- covery of a property fo very furprifing? Let us ftill refrain from giving a decifion on this point. AGE b 3 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 457 ' Finally, the anatomi(t’s eye furveys in fucceflion all the lower animals, and comparing their ftruCtures with that of “man, he has drawn a parallel between all the fyftems which compofe the appurtenances of their life. ,From man to infe&ts, Cuvier inveftigates and developes the ftruCtures of the vifcera; and the difpofitions of the nervous and the ~mufcular fyftems. He fhews in what orders of animals the chyle circulates by the influence of a contractile heart and of arterial veffels, and is carried from the centre to the ex- tremities and furfaces, to be afterwards reconducted to- wards the centre: in what other orders the fame fluid, on- ly effufed into the intervals between the vifcera, foaks thofe parts'which ‘it appears to nourifh, only by watering them. He unfolds in each of them the ftru€ture of thofe organs by which the .atmofphere or circumambient fluid is fub- mitted to the mechanifm of a true refpiration, whether the fact be, that this atmofphere, whatever be its nature, receiv- ed into lungs properly formed, there finds a nutritious fluid carried thither by pulmonary veflels; whether the fame atmofphere, conveyed by appropriate veffels, appears to go in queft of the nutritious fluid as far as the heart ; whether being diffeminated throughout the body by means of its re- {piratory pores, it everywhere comes into contact with the juice poured out in the whole extent of the animal’s body. Cuvier points out to us the univerfality of this fun@ion of refpiration, fuperior even to that of the circulation, and al- ways maintaining a conftant affinity with the reftoring fluid, and confequently with nutrition. ‘Thus do we’ ob- ferve, that the firft end of the organization of animated beings, the fupport of life, however complicated or fimple may be its mechanifm, is always refolved into’ one problem alone, that of eftablifhing a perpetual relation between the circumambient fluid and the alimentary juices. CON- % e 458 HYGIENE, BY HALLE, CONJECTURES RELATIVE TO THE ADVANTAGES WHICH “THE PHYSICAL KNOWLEDGE OF MAN AND OF HYGIENE. MAY. DERIVE FROM THE DISCOVERIES ALREADY MADE, DURING THE COURSE OF THE FOURTH EPOCH. So many fuccefsful labours appear to enlarge the hori- zon of nature to our fight; and it is only by a retrofpective - view of paft ages, and by refleCting on how many illufions enthufiafm has frequently introduced into our theories, that we are taught to paufe and to fay, one plaufible error alone can, during many agesy exclude us from the path that condudts to truth, But if we ought to {peculate with caution, we ought not at leaft to relinquifh hope, while we indulge in the contemplation of the confequences announced to us’ by thefe premifes. : One folitary truth, least ie eieoee can form a bond of conneétion between ali the branches of Aygiene. . Let the changes which the air experiences, and which it operates in our organs, and in our fluids, be equally well explained throughout the animal economy, as in the pul. monary functions: let us attain to an equal degree of cer- tainty refpecting the effetts of the atmofpherical fluid, in all the parts in which it enters into fome combination with the nutritious matter; in the ftomach and inteftines, with the alimentary mafs, or with the aliment which is defined zo afford neurifoment, and is about to be converted into chyle; in the lungs, with the aliment which is ready te part with its nutritious matter, and which prefents itfelf to its action in the chyle completely formed, and-in the blood immediately after its reception; at the furface of the fkin with the aliment which is about to be vefted with nutritious properties, and which, under the form of lymph, is diffufed in 4 . tom f WYGIENE, BY HALLE. 459 An the lymphatic fyftem, and in the fubcutaneous cellular we bs, with the fame lymph united with the fat, and chang- ed into milk i in the mammary organs, where it obeys fo quickly | and fo obvioufly the influence of atntofpherical contaét, in what females diftinguifh by the name of tle afcent of the milk; and we fhall have a more complete and a lefs conje€tural theory of the relations of the aGtion of the air with nutrition. To this, let us fubjoin a more st knowledge of the relations which unite the excretory funétions, and their produéts, with the different changes which the food under- goes i in the body. “Let us fuffer ourfelves to be perfuaded that the carbonic acid, and the aqueous vapour, formed in the lungs 5 that the fame products formed in the perfpir- atory organs; that the water, which is frequently precipi- tated with fuch rapidity, efpecially in the firft moments of digeftion, towards the urinary canals; that the different gafeous fluids evolved in the inteftinal paflages; in thort, that the bile which filters through the biliary pores, fituat- ed near the vafcular fyf{tem of the vena porte, are only different refults of the fame means which nature employs in different parts of the body, and of the circulation to de- prive the blood and the alimentary juice of a part of their carbon and hydrogen. We fhall then have a pofitive proof, as‘ well as an explanation, of that important obfervation, fo much extolled by medical phyfiologifts, that all the evacu- ations, whether in their natural order, or in a ftate of dif- eafe, are partly deftined mutually to fupply each other, and ought to be regarded as fubordinate parts of one individual univerfal operation. In refpe& to that other produ&t, equally important, which is evolved in the midft of all thefe procefles, caloric, if, by means of experiment, we fhall one day fatisfy our- felves 460 HYGIENE, BY HALLE, felves that it is not only difengaged in the pulmonary or- gans, in the proportions which anfwer to the combinations of which oxygen gas furnifhes the bafis; but that it is alfo formed by analogous means at the furface of the skin; that it is perhaps alfo extricated in other proportions, by the transformations feated in the biliary, inteftinal, and urinary paflages, fuperadding to this the knowledge of the _conftant and even reciprocal relations between the intenfity of animal heat and the degree of fufceptibility in the nerv- ous and mufcular organs: we fhall, in the firft place, ob- tain a ftill more comprehenfive idea of the refources of nature to generate animal temperature; we fhall better perceive the advantages of a cold and denfe air over that which is warm and rarified, to promote thofe combinations, of which this heat is a produét; and we fhall be poffeffed of a theory of the action of free and renovated air upon the cutaneous organs in children, in nurfes, and in men, who take exercife in open air, and in eruptive complaints. We hall alfo be able to account for the differences which are perceptible in the fkin, and in the whole cutaneous lymphatic fyftem, between men brought up in the obfcur- ity of cities, and in low moift fituations, and thofe who are enveloped in the circulating air of plains, and who live in dry and elevated fituations. We fhall likewife be able to explain the varieties of animal heat during digeftion, and in the different periods which fhare in the labours of that procefs. Finally, we fhall ftill farther have it in our power to {ketch the theory of febrile heat, or of cold, in pulmonary, inteftinal, and bilious maladies. : If to thefe refults we fubjoin the theory of the condu@- ing powers of caloric, confidered in refpe&t to the different _ fubftances with which we are furrounded, and to thefe which are applied to our bodies, or which ferve us as gar- ments; HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 461 ments 5 the theory of the production of cold by evapor- even externally applied, poffefles of quickening and reviv- ing, and cold of blunting and impeding the fun€tions of the n nervous and mufcular fyftems: if we alfo determine in what degree thefe phenomena obtain, either in general or in the particular cafes of individuals: if it be competent for us to afcertain at what point external cold, according to age, temperaments, and circumftances, promotes thefe combinations which generate animal heat; at what degree, on the contrary, ought the point to be placed, at which this natural heat is fo far furpaffed by the external cold, that it refults in the diminution or extinétion of the moy- ing powers: we fhall then be poffefled of a complete theory of the utility and dangers of cold or of heat, rela- tive to the effects of the air, baths, and drefs; and we fhall alfo obtain the folution of fo many queftions, fo often dif cuffed and fo erroneoufly decided, relative to education, to the treatment of cutaneous diféafes, to the regimen of nurfes, of children, of adults, and of old men. It is not neceflary for me to enlarge farther on thefe objects, or to fubjoin other examples, in order to fhew how fertile in confequences, one folitary fact, fully per- ceived, may become; how much the progrefs of the phy- fical and chemical fciences, aided by the difcoveries of comparative anatomy, muit concern thofe who devote their time to the ftudy of Aygiene, and contribute to the folution of fo many great and important queftions; how, in fhort, all the theories refpeCting climates, temperaments, airy drefs, aliments, excretions, exercife, and confequently edu- cation and regimen, rally round thofe very queftions exclu- fively, which have juft now been propofed. _ How defirable would it be, that in the important and valuable % v e 462 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. valuable art, to which I with ufefully to confecrate my labours and my life, the perfeCtion of a language whofe expreflions would be lefs borrowed from theories which deftroy each other in fucceflion, and more énumerative of facts which are immutable; whofe compound words con- veying a juft idea of what they exprefs, might form a lan- guage clear and concife’; and whofe influence over our ideas would no longer refult in the inevitable effect of an em- blematical, metaphorical, and inaccurate language, the in- convenience, viz. of leading us to miftake the terms ef a convention for the voice of nature, could i: fuperadded to what has been advanced! __ : Here I clofe this difcourfe, whofe object has been to review the hiftory of the art and its refources; the progrefs which it has a€tually made, and that which it might have amade; the conne€tion of this art with fall the other {fciences, and the neceflity under which the man who de- votes himfelf to its ftudy labours, of ‘cultivating and be- coming acquainted with them. It was not my intention to quote all the works worthy of being noticed, and te Iketch a plan of a library of Aygiéne. I have confidered not - men in particular, but the human mind in general, as a being whofe life is compofed of a fucceflion of ages, and ig divided by unequal intervals, between the attempts of in- fancy, its fimple and ingenious fpirit, and the hopes which it teaches us to entertain, the frivolous purfuits, the pre- judices, and the incredulity of the fecond period; the ebul- lition, the imagination, and the errors of youth; finally, the firm confidence which experience communicates in mature age, and the great efforts which it is capable of making when it afcertains its forces, and the diftance of the end which it withes to reach. [I supyory Se ee Ce i a ee 4 ) HYGIENE, BY HALLE, 4.63 {I sussomn here a plan of a treatife on Aygiéne, almoft fimi- lar to what I have inferted in the fourth volume, p. 255, of the Journal publifhed by Citizen Fourcroy, under the title of Medicine tlluftrated by the phyfical fciences. 1 give it without adding in this place any elucidations of which it may be fufceptible, becaufe I hope to realize it in one of the preliminary difcourfes afterwards to be pre- fixed to the whole Ditionary of Medicine, where I fhall prefent it to the public with fome improvements; the neceflity of which experience has already taught, but which require to be farther premeditated.] \ EXPOSITION OF A PLAN OF A COMPLETE TREA- } TISE ON HYGIENE. «© FfyGiEwe, as well as the art of healing, is only the re- fult of particular obfervations compofed and generalized. Thefe obfervations have been collected from the experience of all ages, and of all countries; they have varied accord-. ing to the circumftances of the times, and to the fituation of places; to their analogies and differences the art is in- debted for its exiftence. “ Tt is on this account that I have deemed it ufeful to “premife, by way of introduction to Aygiéne, imo, phyfical and medical geography; 2do, phyhcal and medical knowledge of hiftory : thefe are, fo to fpeak, the patterns ‘which we imi- tate , ‘ é ABS HYGIENE, BY HALLE. tate; they afcertain the practical and pofitive department upon which the theoretical and Sa branch of the art is eftablifhed. « The object of this theoretical aa general divifion, which conftitutes the elements of the art, is to propofe rules conducive to the prefervation of health. Thefe pre- cepts have for their end to afcertain the ule of thofe things which minifter to our neceflities and to our enjoyments ; and even to fettle the meafure which in the exercife of our moral and phyfical faculties, is adapted to the conftitution of man, to the circumftances in which he is placed, and, of confequence, neceflary to his prefervation. This meafure, on the one hand, correfponds to the nature of man; and, on the other, to the nature of things, and to their influence upon our organs and our conititutions, “Thus the ftudy of hygiene is neceffarily divideds into three parts. “ The firft includes the knowledge of the beste man, in all thofe conditions, which diverfify his wants and facul- ’ ties. The fecond has for its object the knowledge of the things which he ufes and enjoys, and of their effets upon his conftitution and organs. ‘The third comprehends the laws deduced from thefe fources of knowledge, and deter- mines the bounds within which his enjoyments muft be limited, if he would with to-enjoy a confirmed flate of health. | ‘In the language of the fchools, thefe three. Pattee may be denominated the /wbjeé?, the matter, and the gueans of hygiene. ‘* But there is a fecond divifion.of ‘ue fabjed, of eral importance in this place, and of which I obferve few exe amples in the works of thofe who have treated of, Aygiéne : although I am far from alleging that they hayei overlooked — this HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 465 this diftinétion, it is that of public hygiéne and of private Aygiene, according as man is confidered, collectively, or in fociety, or in his individual capacity. It is in public hygiene that the philofophical phyfician becomes the legiflator’s foul and advifer; and, in this refpect, many fine examples have been handed down to us from antiquity. “* A complete treatife on hygiene ought, in ‘my opinion, to be clofed with what I confider an important inquiry, the confideration of the light which /ygiene reflects on the art of healing. In truth, the different fhades of the ftate of health condué us to the different difpofitions which render us obnoxious to difeafe. The varied effects which the things that man ufes and enjoys produce upon his con- ftitution, lead us to the caufes which derange and difturb his health; and the difference of the meafures within which his enjoyments ought to be confined, according to the diverfities of his conftitution, places us in the imme- diate vicinity of the variations of regimen, fuited to the different conditions of the man who labours under 4if- eafe. | “© The conne€tion of public Aygiéne with the meafures rendered neceflary by epidemic plagues, completes the table of thefe relations. «© Such, then, are my motives; and fuch the bafis upon which I have conftruéted the plan of which I here exhibit the firft fketch. I have given fome idea of the manner in which it fhould be executed, in the articles Africa, Ages, or different periods of life, (regimen of), Affections of the foul, (hygiene), dir, Atmofphere, Aliments, Europe, &c. of Ency- clopedical D Gionary of Medicine.” ~ Vor. III. Ge IY GIRNE, 466 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. HYGIENE, INTRODUCTION. ‘ I, Natural Hiftory of Man, in different cdisratate Of; Phys fical and Medical Geography. aR ae II, Natural Hiftory of Man, in different ages ; 5 OF, lien caf and Medical Knowledge of Hiftory. | Bebo of Eee into. Three Parts. PART FIRST. oor Subjedt of Hygine : alway Or the knowledge of Man, in a found State of Health, in his Relations, and in his Differences; that is ta fay, i fociety, or in his individual capacity. PART SECOND. Matter of Hygiene : a | Or the knowledge of thofe things which Man ufes or — ; enjoys, improperly denominated Non-naturals, and of their Influence upon our Conftitution and our Organs. PART THIRD. Means or Rules of Elygiene : | Or Rules which determine the meafure within which the ufe of the things called Non-naturals ought to be reftrained for the prefervation of Man ; confider- ed either as a member of fociety, or in a colledtive capacity, or as an individual. | PART HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 467 PART FIRST. SUBJECT OF HYGIENE. _—~ Divifion of this Firft Part into Two Seétions. + Sect. I. Knowledge of Man in a found State of Health, confidered i in Society or in his relative Capacity. 1, Relations refulting from Climates and Situations. aye -———— from Affociations in common ‘q eaiebiiabiis or Places of Abode. 35 — from Uniformity in the Mode of Living with regard to Occupations, with re- gard to the common ufe of Air, of Food, &c. 4o° - from Uniformity in Cu/foms and Manners, Laws, Governments, &c. Sect. II. Knowledge of Man, confidered individually, or in his Peculiarities. 1, Peculiarities relative to different Periods of Life. 2, to the Sexes. to ‘T’emperaments.* 4) ————_-——— to Habits. to Profeffions. 6, ——~-——_——_-— to different Circumftances of Life; Poverty, Convalefcence, Travels, &c. Gg2 PART * Thope to give in one of the articles of this Difionary fome ideas con- cerning a new claffification of conftitutions and of temperaments. 468 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. PART SECOND. MATTER OF HYGIENE. Divifion of the Sond Part ints See Claffs. T CLASS I. Circumfufa: Or things with which we are furrounded. hs If. Applicata : Or things applied | to the “Bleleics of the Body. YI. Ingefia: — Or things deftined to be introduced into the Body by the primary Paflages. IV. £xcreta, Excretions : Or things deftined to be expelled from the : Body. V. Geffa, ACtions: Or Functions which are exercifed by the vo- luntary Motion of the Mufcles and Organs, VI. ‘Percepta, Perceptions : Or Funétions and Impreflions which depend upon the Senfibility and Organization of the Nerves. CLASS - One part of this claflification is borrowed from the divifion of the occafional caufes of difeafes, adopted by the ancients, and ftated by Boer- haave in his Inftitutions of Medicine, paragraph 744. This divifion is li- mited to four principal articles; circumfufa, ingefta, excreta, et gefta, which the ancients thus exprefied, ca tkwhiv ages aenovlu, que extus acciduat; rx woorbepousva, gue apponuntur ; 7a xtvoupsya, que evacuantur; Te Woievusyx, que geruntur. ‘The divifion which I propofe appears to me more complete and more applicable to hygiene, ~ a MYGIENE, BY HALLE. 469 CLASS I. CIRCUMFUS4, ead into T: sa Orders. ORDER I. Atmo/phere. 1, Air, and Subftances which are diffolved in it, mixed or combined with it. _ 2, Solar Heat and Light; artificial Heat and Light. 3, Ele€tricity. 4s Magnetifm, and Influences. | 3, Natural Changes of the Atmofphere; Suc- ceflion of the Seafons; Temperatures ; Meteors, &c. Orper II. Land, Situation, and Water. 1, Climates. 2, Expofures. 39 Soil. 4, Natural Changes of the Globe, Earth- | quakes, Inundations, &c. 5, Artificial Changes of Places, Culture, ‘ Habitations, &c. - CLASS IL. APPICATA, divided into Five Orders. Oxper I. Dress Garments, Ligatures, Machines, Beds, Coverings. Il. Cofmetics ; Attention to the Hair, to the Beard, to the Skin, Paints, Perfumes. G ¢g 3 ORDER 3 , > 3 “d _ ones rit a) ea. a 470 HYGIENE, BY HALLE, Orper III. Cleanline/s ; Baths, Lotions, Stoves, &c. IV. Friétions and Undions, (practifed among the Ancients). V. Medicinal Applications ; as Amulets, &c. “CLASS Il. Incest, divided into Three Orders. Orver I. Aliments.t 1, Simple Aliments; Vegetable, Animal, &c. 2, Compound Aliments. 3, Seafonings. 4, Preparation of Aliments, Cookery. Orver Il. Drinks. 1, Water. 2, Aqueous Juices of Vegetables and of Animals. 3» Infufions and Mixtures in Water. ‘4, Fermented Liquors, and cpanel in thefe Liquors. a 5, Alcoholic Liquors, and Infufions in thefe Liquors. Orver III. Non-evacuants, preventive Remedies, 9c. CLASS ? ~ } See the plan of the divifion of aliments, conformable to vegetable and animal analyfis, of which I have given a fketch in this Dictionary, article Aliment. art. 4. paragr. 3. a a k < HYGIENE, BY HALLE. 47h CLASS. IV. _Excrera, divided into Two Orders. Orver I. Natural Evacuations. 1, Continual. 25 Daily. 3, Periodical. Ay xteadvaility and ittegular ; Lochia, feminal Evacuations. Orper I. Artificial Evacuations. — : 1, Sanguineous. 2, Ulcerous. : 3, Medicinal; Tobacco, Sh ehaas: Purgatives, Emetics. CLASS V. Gest, divided into Four Orders. Orver I. Watching. Orper II. Sleep. OrveER III. Motion and Locomotion. 1, General Motion; impreffed, fpontaneous, mixed. 2, Partial; of the Limbs, of the Organs of the Voice, of Speech, &c. Orpen IV. Ref. | 1, Abfolute, or Ina¢tion. 25 With active Difpofition, without Loco- motion; Pofition, Station, Efforts. CLASS ~ ~ ; ¢ 4°72 HYGIENE, BY HALLE» CLASS VI. Percept, divided into Four Orders. OrDER I. Sen/fations. | 1, The external Senin 2, Hunger, Thirft; and the Senfation of all our phyfical, moral, intellectual, and habitual Wants. 3, Phyfical Love. 4, Sympathy and Antipathy. ORDER II. Funétions of the Souli§ 1, Paflive AffeCtions; agreeable, painful. 2, Active Affections; Attachment, Averfion. OrveR HI. Funétions of the Mind. 1, Intelligence. 2, Imagination. 3, Memory. ' OrvDER IV. Debility, or Privation of Perceptions. 1, Of the Senfes; Apathy. — 2, Of the Soul; Indifference. 3, Of the Mind; Inactivity. 4, Ennui; Refleffne/s, Uneaf nefs of Mind. - PART § See concerning this important claflification, the, article Affections of the Soul (4ygiene) of this Dictionary. YWYGIENE, BY HALLE.» 4.73 PART THIRD. MEANS OF HYGIENE: Or Rules for the Prefervation of Man, by the well-regulated Ufe of the ae called Non-naturals. Arrangement if this Third Bas into Feiva Divifions. DIVISION I. Public Hygiene: | ~ © Or Rules for we Prefervation of Man, _confidered as a Member of Society, or in his collective Capacity. Hl. Private Hygiene : ‘Or Rules for the Biéfetivation of Man, confidered as an Individual. DIVISION I. Pupzic HyGiene, arranged into Four Seétions. Secr. I. Rules of Public Hygiene relative . To Climates-and Situations, Ii. To common Places of Abode or Habitations. Ill. To the common Mode of Living; in refpe& to common Occupations, to the common Ufe of Air, of Aliments, &c. IV. ‘To Cuftoms, to Manners, to Laws, &c. ‘DIVISION = Cd 474 HYGIENE, BY HALLE. DIVISION II. Private Hyerene, in Three Seétions. Sect. I. General Principles of Regimen. TT, Rules relative to the Nature of Air, of Aliments, &c.; or the Generalities of Regimen. Ill. Rules relative to the Differences among Indivi- duals or the Particularities of Regimen. : SEcTION I. General Principles of Regimen, Four Orders. Orv. 1, In the Manner; Ule, Abufe. 2, In the Mea/ure; Excefs, Privation. 3, Inthe Order; Regularity, Irregularity. 4, In the Duration, or Continuity; Habits, Changes. SECTION II. Generalities of Regimen: Divided into Six Orders, according to the Divifion of the Second Part of Hygiene into Six Clafles. (See that Divifion.) SEcTION III. Particularities of Regimen: Divided into Six Orders. w Orp. 1, Regimen in different Periods of Life. a, of Sexes. 25 of Temperaments. Ay relative to Habits. Ps relative to Profeffions. 6, — relative to Circumftances of Life; Pover- ty, Travels, Convalefcence, &c. Consequences HYGIENE, BY HALLE, 475 Consequences of HYGIENE, or its Connections | with the Art of Healing. I ‘Species of Connections: concerning the Differences of Man in a found State of Health, with the predifpof- ing Caujes to Difeafes. 1, Of Man in his focial Capacity ; epidemical and endemial Difpofitions. , 3, Of Man confidered as an Individual; individual - Difpofitions to Difeafes, according to the Pe- riod of Life, Sex, Temperament, &c. Il. Species of Connetions, concerning the Knowledge of the things called Non-naturals, with the occafional Caujfes of Difeafes dependent on the State of the Air, &c. III. Species of ConneCtions, concerning the prophylactic Rules of Hygiene, with prefervative and curative Precepts. 1, Of epidemic and endemial Difeafes, 2, Of fporadic Difeafes. Pe a atk ee ee ab ie ES fst i ia4 ie Ve ee, 2, NUMBER x." 79 itnage ON LONGEVITY. — This little piece of Lucian’s is (to speak in the language of painters), in his worst manner; being nothing more than an enumeration of persons who were remarkable for the length of their lives. It was customary, it seems, at that time, on the birth-days of great men, for poets, orators, and all the herd of flatterers, to send them compliments on the occasion. This is one which our orator sent to Quintillus, who, with his brother, was prefect of Greece, under the emperor Marcus Aurelius, whom he likewise takes the opportunity of paying his court to. Though there is not much wit or humour in this treatise on Lon- gevity, Ll would recommend it to those amongst my readers who use spectacles, to whom it may probably afford some consolation. Accept, moft excellent Quintillus, as a {mall tribute, my lift of long-livers, which I was admonifhed to prefent to you by a dream, that I had on that night when you gave a name to your fecond fon, when I prayed to the gods that both you and your children might live a long and happy _ Tife, well knowing that length of days to you would prove a blefling ON LONGEVITY, BY LUCIAN. ATT a blefling to all mankind, and particularly to me and mine: for to me alfo the dream feemed to prefage fomething good: as it appeared, therefore, to be the will of the gods that I fhould offer to you fomething in my own way, and fuitable to my profeffion, on this aufpicious day, the day of your birth, I here fend you an account of all thofe who were remarkable for having lived long, and enjoyed health of body and mind; whence you may reap the double advan- tage, firft, that of a cheerful and well-founded hope that you may yourfelf arrive at a good old age, and fecondly, the conyiétion you will receive from the examples which I will produce, that thofe only can enjoy perfect health and long life, who take the greateft care both of mind and body. The life of Neftor, the wifeft of the Greeks, was, ac- cording to Homer, extended to three times the natural age of man, and he is defcribed as the model of induftry and application. Tirefias alfo, as the tragedians inform us, lived more than fix ages; and moft probable it muft be, that a man dedicated, as he was, to the fervice of the gods, and inured to temperance and fobriety, fhould attain to length of days. Whole nations of men are celebrated for their longevity, on account of their manner of living, as the Egyptians, who were called facred fcribes; * the Affy- rians and Arabians, interpreters of myfteries; the Indian Brachmans, deeply {killed in philofophy; thofe who are called the Magi, prophets and holy men amongft the Per- fians, Parthians, Baftrians, Choramians, Sacians, Medes, with many other barbarians; thefe were all remarkably long-lived and healthy, owing moft probably to that tem- perance # See Diodor, Sic. c, xvi. n. 26, 418 ON LONGEVITY, BY LUCIAN. perance and abftinence which their ftudies obliged them to. Even at this time there are. whole nations that live much longer than others ; 3 the Seres in particular, who are faid to extend life even to three hundred years : fome at- tribute this longevity to the air, others to ‘the foil, and others to their manner of living, for they drink, it is faid, nothing but water. Hiftory tells us that the Athotes* alfo, frequently live to a hundred and thirty, and the Chaldeans to above a hundred, feeding on barley bread, which ftrengthens the fight, and makes their fenfes quicker and more powerful than thofe of other men. __ i But I have fpoken hitherto only of thofe people who, we are told, lived longer than others, either from the tem- perature of the air, their manner of living, or both toge- ther; it is neceffary I fhould alfo add, for your future hope and comfort, that in every climate, and in every air, men have frequently enjoyed long life, by the means of proper exercife, and ufing that diet which conduced moft to health and ftrength. I fhall. divide my narrative into feveral parts, according to the feveral ranks of men, beginning with kings and leaders; happy to number amongft them our own auguft and pious emperor, whofe life is the glory. and hanpinete of his people: thefe illuftrious examples you may yourfelf hope to imitate, and by practifing their temperance, inherit their longevity. Numa Pompilius, the moft profperous and happy of Roman kings, and who made the worthip of the gods his peculiar care, is faid,to have lived to fourfcore and upwards; and Servius Tullius, another king of the Romans, to the fame age; and Tarquin, their Jatt fovereign, after his banifhment to Cume, enjoyed life in perfe& health for more Sr ST RST A A TT I : * The inhabitants of mount Athes. SE eee en = =< ee aT, ee ee ON LONGEVITY, BRSAUCIAN. 479 more than ninety years. I could mention. many other kings, _as well as the Roman, together with feveral perfons of in- -ferior rank, both at Rome and. in other parts of Italy, who lived toa great age. We muft call in hiftory to refute ‘the opinion of thofe who find fault with our air as un- 2 wholefome, and which flatters us. with the pleafing hope that our prayers, will be crowned. with fuccefs, and that the lord of the earth and feas,* who is already far advanc- ed, will long rule over this land, and. attain to a great and happy old age. Arganthonius, king of the. Tarteflians, lived a hundred and fifty years, as we learn from Herod- otus the hiftorian, and the poet. Anacreon; though by fome the account is deemed fabulous. Demochares and Timeus tell us, that Agathocles, king of Sicily, died at ninety-five ; we are informed likewife by Demetrius and others, that Hiero lived to ninety-two, after a reign of feventy years. Anteas, king of Scythia, died at ninety, fighting againft Philip, on the banks of the Ifther. And Bardylis, fovereign of the Illyrians, is faid to have fought on horfeback at the fame age; and eres, king of the Odryfians, as ‘Theo- | pompus + tells us, died at ninety-two. Antigonus Cocles, king of Macedonia, and fon of Philip, fell in the battle with Seleucus and Lyfimachus, covered with wounds, when he was eighty-one years old, as we are informed by Hiero- nymus, who accompanied him in that expedition, and who tells us alfo, that Lyfimachus, king of the Macedonians, fell in the war againft Seleucus, when he was juft four- fcore. Antigonus, fon of Demetrius, and nephew of the one-eyed * A pretty high ftrained compliment; but we muft remember it was paid tovan emperor. + The celebrated hiftorian, 480 ON LONGEVITY, BY LUCIAN. one-eyed Antigonus, ruled over Macedon four-and-forty years, and lived to eighty, according to Medius and other writers; and Antipater, the fon of Tolaus, a man of great power and authority, who was governor to many of the kings of Macedon, died upwards of eighty. Ptolemy of Lagus, the moft profperous prince of his time, pofleffed the kingdom of Egypt to the eighty-fourth year of his age, and, two years before he died, refigned it to his fon Ptolemy Philadelphus, the only child who furvived him. Philo- taurus, the eunuch, the firft who acquired the kingdom of Pergamus, held it for a long time, and died at fourfcore ; and Attalus, furnamed Philadelphus, another king of the fame place, who was vifited by Scipio the Roman general, lived to the age of eighty-two. Mithridates, king of Pon- tus, furnamed the Builder, died, after his flight from Anti- gonus, at eighty-four, as Hieronymus and other writers in- form us. The fame hiftorian fays that Ariarathes, king of the Cappadocians, lived eighty-two years, and might pro- bably have furvived many more, if he had not been taken prifoner in the battle againft Perdiccas, and condemned to the crofs. The Elder Cyrus, king of Perfia, according to the monumental infcriptions, (and this is confirmed by Oneficritus, who wrote the life of Alexander), when he was a hundred years old, meeting with one of his friends, whom he had been long in fearch of, and hearing from him ~ that many perfons had been put to death by his fon Cam- byfes, who reported that it was done by order of his father, partly on account of his fon’s cruelty, and partly becaufe he had been himfelf accufed of conniving with him, died of grief. Artaxerxes, furnamed Mnemon, on account of ' his extraordinary memory, whom the Younger Cyrus wa- ged war with, died at eighty-fix, Dinon fays ninety-four, Another king of Perfia of the fame name, who, as Ifidorus ON LONGEVITY, BY LUCIAN. 481 _ the hiftorian reports, reigned in his time, was cut off by treafon at the age of ninety-three, his brother Gofithres confpiring againft him. Sinarthocles, king of the Par- ~thians, on his return from Scythia, took poffeflion of his ‘Kingdom at fourfcore, and reigned feven years: and Ti- granes, king of Armenia, who went to war with Lucul- ‘lus, was eighty-five when he died. Hyfpafines, who ruled over the Characians and other people bordering on the Red fea, lived to the fame age; and ‘Tireus, the third king from him, was carried off by a difeafe at ninety-two. Artabazus, ‘the feventh fovereign from Terzeus, was brought into the “kingdom by the Parthians at eighty-fix, when he began his ‘reign. ~ Mnafires, likewife, another king of that nation, lived to ninety-fix. Mafinifla, king of Numidia, arrived at his ninetieth year. That Afander, whom Auguttus made governor of the Bofphorus, fought both on foot and horfeback at the age of ninety, and was inferior to none ; three years after he ftarved himfelf to death, being piqued at the citizens for deferting him, and going over to Scri- bonius. Ifidorus, the Caracenian, tells us, that Goeftus, who was his contemporary, and king of the Omanians, in Arabia Felix, lived to a hundred and fifteen: thefe are all the princes whom hiftory has celebrated for their lon- gevity. But as many philofophers, and men of letters, who take more care of themfelves, have alfo lived to a great age, I fhall endeavour, as far as any records will fupply us with information, to enumerate them. And firft, for the philo- fophers : Democritus of Abdera, was turned of a hundred and four, when he voluntarily abftained from ali food, and died. . Xenophilus, the mufician, and remarkable for his perfeét knowledge of the Pythagorean fyftem, lived at Athens, to the age of a hundred and five, and upwards, as Ver. WI. Hh we 481 ON LONGEVITY, BY LUCIAN. we are told by Ariftoxenus. Solon, Thales, and Pittacus, three of the feven wife men, were each of them at leaft a hundred years old. Zeno, the prince of ftoic philofophers, at the age of ninety-eight, as he was coming into the {chool, ftumbled, we are told, and immediately cried out, “ Doft thou call me?” * he then returned home, refufed all manner of fuftenance, and died. Cleanthes, his dif- ciple and fucceffor, had an impoftume in his lip when he was ninety-nine, and refolved to die in the fame manner; but receiving letters from his friends, requefting him to do fomething for them, he took a little fuftenance, performed what they required, then ftarved himfelf, and died. Keno- phanes, the fon of Dexinus, a difciple of Archelous, the naturalift, lived to the age of ninety-one. Xenocrates, a {cholar of Plato’s, to eighty-four. Carneades, principal of the New Academy, to eighty-five; Chryfippus, fourfcore ; and Diogenes, the Seleucian, a ftoic philofopher, eighty- eight.. Pofidonius, the philofopher and hiftorian, a native of Apamea in Syria, but afterwards made a citizen of Rhodes, died at eighty-four; and Critolaus, the peripatetic, at eighty- two and upwards. The divine Plato lived to eighty-one. Athenodorus, of Tharfus, who was tutor to Auguftus, and prevailed on him to exempt that city from all taxes, for which the Tharfians paid him annual worfhip as one of their heroes, died, in his native country, at eighty-two; and Nedf- tor, the ftoic, of the fame place, preceptor to Tiberius, at ninety-two. Xenophon, alfo, the fon of Gryllus, lived to upwards of ninety. Thefe were the famous philofophers, who were remarkable for their longevity. Amongft * Speaking to the earth. ‘ ON LONGEVITY, BY LUCIAN, 483 “Amongft the hiftorians, the moft extraordinary in this refpect was Etefibius, who is faid to have dropped down dead as he was walking, at the age of a hundred and twenty- four, according to Apollodorus. Hieronymus, a famous warrior, 2 afer ‘Teceiving innumerable wounds, and a life of labour, lived to upwards of a hundred and four, as Aga- tharchides informs us, in his‘ninth book of the Hiftory of Afia, where he expreffes his admiration of a man who was able to perform all the offices of it, and had the ufe of his fenfes, and was in perfeét health, to the very Taft moment. Hellanicus, ‘the Lefbian, lived to” sent: five 5 and Phere. _ cydes Syrus to exaétly the fame age. Timeus, the Tau- romenian to ninety-fix. Ariftobulus, of Caffandra, is faid to have lived till ninety, having begun to write his hiftory when he was eighty-four, as he tells us himfelf in the pre- face to it. Polybius, fon of Lycontas, the Megalopolitan, as he was coming out of the country, fell from his horfe, and ‘cotitraéted a diforder which carried him off juft on the day that ‘completed his eighty-fecond year; and Hypficrates, the Amycenian, a writer, and a man of the deepeft erudi- tion, lived to the age of ninety-two. Amongft the orators, Gorgias, by fome called the fophift, died, by a voluntary abftinence from all food, at a hundred and eight: when he was afked what could be the caufe of his living fo long, and retaining his health and fenfes to fuch an extraordinary old age, he ufed to fay, it was owing to his ftaying at home, and not indulging at other men’s tables. Ifocrates wrote his famous panegyric at ninety-fix ; and in his ninety-ninth year, when he was told that Philip had beaten the Athenians at Chaeroneea, he repeated, ina 7 H mournful 484 ON LONGEVITY, BY LUCIAN, mournful tone, this verfe of Euripides, applying it to him- febtss iin | 7 _* © When Cadmus erft his much lov’d Sidon left,’ and then adding, that Greece henceforth would be reduc-. ed to flavery, he expired. Apollodorus, of Pergamus, the rhetorician and preceptor to Auguttus Cefar, together with Athenodorus, the philofopher, of Tarfus, lived to the fame age of cighty-two ; ; and Potamon, an orator of fome note, to ninety. Amongft the poets, Sophocles, the famous tragic writer, died at ninety-five, being choked with a grape-ftone: to- wards the clofe of his life, his fon Iophon accufed him publicly of being out of his fenfes, when he produced be- fore the judges his CEdipus Coloneus ;+ a fufficient proof of the foundnefs of his mind, infomuch that the court beftow-. ed the higheft encomiums on him, and condemned the fon as a madman, in fuppofing his father to be fo. _ Cratinus, the. comic poet, lived to upwards of ninety, having juft be- fore gained the prize by his Pytine. Philemon alfo, ano- ther comic writer, laid himfelf down quietly on his bed, at,, the age of ninety-feven, and perceiving an afs devouring the figs which had been brought for his own dinner, he called his fervant, and ordered him to bring the afs fome wine, then burft into a loud laugh, which choked him, and he died. Epicharmus, likewife, another comic writer, is faid to have. lived to the fame age. Anacreon, the writer of fongs, was eighty-five when he died; and Stefichorus, the ode-maker, of the fame age. Simonides, the Czan, was above ninety. Amongft * From the Phryxus of Euripides. ‘The line is ftill extant in the frag- ments, as publifhed by Barnes; it is quoted alfo by Ariftophanes, t See Cicero de Senectute, The ftory is likewife told by Val. Maximus: ON LONGEVITY, BY LUCIAN. 485 _Amongft the grammarians, Eratofthenes, the Cyrenzean, fon of Aglaus, who is mentioned by fome, not only as a grammarian, but a poet, a geometrician, and a philofopher, alfo lived to eighty-two. Lycurgus, the legiflator of aa basen _ is faid to have been eighty-five. -Thefe are all'the princes and learned men whom I have _ been able to colle&. I promifed to give you an account of fome Romans and Italians: likewife, who were remarkably long-lived; but thefe, by divine permiffion,* I propofe, moft venerable Quintillus, to mention in another treatife on this fubject. *Gr. O:wy Berousywy, Diis volentibus, or, as the carriers fay, God willing, Printed by Mundell, Doig, and Stevenfon, Edinburgh. . a - ‘a r Ry ; ws *~ uel f é j , - 4 tear, OF we VaR. % & ‘ € . aly rp epiye) epteigter a Br orbs ap The following mifprints having unfortunately crept into the Treatife om Alygiene, the reader.is requefted to corréct' them. — . Page 300 line 9, for asines read acinis,: oe ——~ 319 line 27, for Hippocrates read Herodotus, Westn > 327-line 21, for voluntary read fajutarys) 9 bts ere) ana) —— 360 line 5, for mere read more. . =, PAS Rae j —~—— 366 line 14; for adverte read adverfe. > ores ‘ ——~ Ato line 20, for. influence read.inferences. mmm 433, 0te, for naturale read natural,