Bulletin No. 71. v "09
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,
A. C. TRUE, 'Director'.
;
S s-
DIETARY STUDIES OF NEGROES
IN
EASTERN VIRGINIA
IN
1897 and 1808.
BY
H. B. FIUSSELL, D. D.,
Principal of the Hampton Formal and Agricultural Institute,
AND
ISABEL BEVIEK,
/'rofessor of Chemistry at Lake Eric College.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1 S 0 9 .
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE,OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS ON
THE FOOD AND NUTRITION OF MAN.
Notb.—For thone publication* to which a price is affixed application should be made to the Super¬
intendent of Documents, Union Building, Washington, D. C., the officer designated by law to sell
Government.publications.
Charts. Food and Dint. By W. O. Atwater. (Four charts, 26 by 40 inches.) Price
per set, unmounted, 75 cents.
Bui. 21. Methods and Results of Investigations on the Chemistry and Economy of
Food. By \V. O. Atwater. Pp. 222. Price, 15 cents.
Bui. 28. (Revised edition.) The Chemical Composition of American Food Materials.
By W. (). Atwater and A. P. Bryant. Pp. 87. Price, 5 cents.
Bui. 29. Dietary Studies at the University of Tennessee in 1895. By C. E. Wait,
with comments by W. O. Atwater and C. D. Woods. :Pp. 45. Price, 5
cents. '
Bui. 31. Dietary .Studies ;it the Universitj" of Missouri in 1895, and Data Relating to
Bread and Meat Consumption in Missouri. By H. B. Gibson, S. Calvert,
and D. W. May, with comments by W, O. Atwater and C. D. Woods.
Pp.24. Price, 5 cents.
Bui. 32. Dietary Studies at Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind., in 1895. .By W. E.
Stone, with comments by \V. O. Atwater and C. D. Woods. Pp.28. Price,
5 rents.
Bui. 35. Food and Nutrition Investigations in New Jersey-i'u 1895 and 1896. By
E. B. Voorhees, Pp. 40. Price, 5 cents. -
Bui. 37. Dietary Studies at the Maine State College in 1895. -By W. H. Jordan.
Pp. 57. Price, 5 cents.
Bui. 38. Dietary Studies with Reference to the Food of the Negro in Alabama in
1895 and 1896. Conducted with the Cooperation of the Tuskegee Normal
and Industrial Institute and the Agricultural and Mechanical College of
Alabama. Reported by W. O. Atwater and C. D. Woods. Pp. 69. Price,
5 cents.
Bui. 40. Dietary Studies in New Mexico in 1895. By A. Goes. • Pp.23. Price, 5 cents.
Bui. 43. Losses in Boiling Vegetables and the Composition and Digestibility of
Potatoes and Eggs. By H. Snyder, A. J. Frisby, and A. P. Bryant. Pp. 31.
Price, 5 cents.
Bui. 44. Report of Preliminary Investigations on the Metabolism of Nitrogen and
Carbon in the Human Organism with a Respiration Calorimeter of
Special Construction. By W. O. Atwater, C. D. tYoods, and F. G.
Benedict. Pp. 64. Price, 5 cents. -
Bui. 45. A Digest of Metabolism Experiments in which" the Balance of Income -and
Outgo was Determined. By W. O, Atwater and C. F. Langworthy.
Pp. 431. Price, 25 cents.
Bui. 46. Dietary Studies in New York City in 1895 and 1896. By W. O. Atwater and
C.D.Woods. Pp.117. Price, 10 cents.
P>ul.52. Nutrition Investigations in Pittsburg, Pa.., 1894-1896. By Isabel Bevier.
Pp. IX. Price, 5 cents.
Bui. 53. Nutrition Investigations at the University of Tennessee in 1896 and 1897.
By C. E. Wait. Pp.46. Price, 5 cents.
Bui. 54. Nutrition Investigations in New Mexico in 1897. By A. Goss. PpJ20. Price,
5 cents.
[Continued on third page of cover.]
Bulletin No. 71.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,
A. C. TRUE, Director.
DIETARY STUDIES OF NEGROES
IN
EASTERN VIRGINIA
IN
1897 and 1898.
BY
H. B. FRISSELL, D. D.,
Principal of the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute,
AND
ISABEL BEYIEE,
Professor of Chemistry at Lake Erie College.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1899.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Office of Experiment Stations,
Washington, JD. G., October 10, 1899.
Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on dietary stud¬
ies made among the negroes of eastern Virginia in 1897 and 1898.
The studies made in 1897 were conducted under the direction of H. B.
Frissell, D. D., principal of the Hampton Normal and Agricultural
Institute. They were confined to families living in the region border¬
ing the Dismal Swamp, where the style of living was very primitive
and the income usually quite limited. The investigations in 1898 were
conducted by Miss Isabel Bevier, professor of chemistry at Lake Erie
College. The region selected was in the neighborhood of Hampton,
Va. Some of the families studied had been under the influence of the
Hampton Institute and were quite well to do. Others had received no
such training, and were believed to be fairly representative of negroes
with very limited means and little or no education.
These studies constitute a part of the nutrition investigations in
charge of this Office. They were conducted under the immediate super¬
vision of Prof. W. O. Atwater, special agent in charge of nutrition
investigations, in accordance with instructions given by the Director
of this Office. In carrying on the work, Mr. W. F. Schultz rendered
valuable assistance to Dr. Frissell in the collection of the statistics on
which the studies are based.
The report is respectfully submitted, with the recommendation that
it be published as Bulletin No. 71 of this Office.
Respectfully,
A. 0. True,
Director.
Hon. James Wilson,
Secretary of Agriculture.
3
CONTENTS.
Page.
Dietary studies among the negroes in 1897 7
Introduction 7
General conditions 7
Character of the food 8
Waste 9
Details of the dietary studies 9
Explanation of tables 9
Dietary studies of negro families near Franklin, Va 10
Dietary study No. 211 10
Dietary study No. 212 11
Dietary study No. 213 12
Dietary study No. 214 14
Dietary study No. 215 15
Dietary study No. 216 16
Dietary study No. 217 17
Dietary study No. 218 19
Dietary study No. 219 20
Dietary study No. 220 22
Dietary study No. 221 ' 23
Dietary study No. 222 24
Dietary studies among the negroes in 1898 27
Introduction 27
Occupation 27
Homes and surroundings of the families studied 28
Bread 29
Composition of food materials 30
Waste 30
- Details of the dietary studies 30
Dietary studies of negro families in or near Hampton, Va 30
Dietary study No. 234 30
Dietary study No. 235 32
Dietary study No. 236 33
Dietary study No. 237 34
Dietary study No. 238 36
Dietary study No. 239 36
Dietary study No. 240 37
Discussion of results 39
Appendix ^3
5
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
Plate I. Fig. 1.—House of negro farmer's family (dietary study No. 212;.
Fig. 2.—House of negro farmer's family (dietary study No. 214).
Fig. 3.—House of negro farmer's family (dietary study No. 216).
Fig. 4.—House of negro farmer's family (dietary study No. 217) — 10
II. Fig. 1.—House of negro bookkeeper (dietary study No. 234). Fig. 2.—
Interior of house of negro bookkeeper (dietary study No. 234) 30
III. Fig. 1.—Interior of bouse of negro family (dietary study No. 237).
Fig. 2.—Interior of bouse of negro family (dietary study No. 239).. 34
DIETARY STUDIES OF NEGROES IN EASTERN
VIRGINIA.
DIETARY STUDIES AMONG THE NEGROES IN 1897.
By H. B. Frissell, D. D.
INTRODUCTION.
In the spring of 1897 a series of dietary studies among the negroes
of Franklin County, Va., was made under the auspices of Hampton
Institute, in cooperation with this Department. These studies were
carried on for the purpose of obtaining some definite information con¬
cerning the actual food consumption of the negroes in this region of
Virginia. The studies may be considered as a continuation of those
made in the neighborhood of Tuskegee,1 Ala., under the auspices of
the Normal and Agricultural Institute, at Tuskegee, and of the Alabama
Agricultural and Mechanical College, at Auburn, in cooperation with
this Department.
The families studied were scattered over a large area of country,
necessitating a daily round of some 15 miles. The outward trip was
taken along the highways and the return trip made by plantation roads.
More or less opposition was manifested by some of the white population
toward the carrying on of these investigations among the negroes. It
is often a difficult matter, and one requiring considerable tact, to
explain the purpose of such investigation. There is a suspicion of
interference, or some other prejudice is encountered. The opposition
referred to seems to be of this nature and was overcome sufficiently to
enable the investigators to conduct the work.
GENERAL CONDITIONS.
The dietary studies were carried on in the region bordering the Great
Dismal Swamp. The land in the vicinity was low and swampy, and
malaria was exceedingly prevalent. The houses were small and con¬
structed in a very crude and simple manner. They were, as a rule,
board cabins, rather than log cabins like those found in the "Black Belt"
of Alabama, where the dietary studies previously referred to were made.
Few of the families studied had lamps or candles. The cabins were not
lighted in the evening except by the open fireplace.
1 U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 38.
7
8
The negroes in tliis vicinity obtain their living almost entirely from
the soil. As a rule each family rents a small tract of land, quite gen¬
erally of the size called a " one-mule farm," paying a part (sometimes
as much as one-half) of their produce as rent. On the remainder of
the produce, together with the income from what odd jobs can be
obtained, the family must be supported. The farms are frequently
so-called "dead-tree farms"—that is, they are cleared by killing the
trees by girdling and removing the underbrush. The trees are not
felled, and the soil is tilled among the dead trees. All adults, both
men and women, work on the farm. Payment for labor is often made
in "rations," i. e., in food materials. The staple crops are sweet pota¬
toes, cotton, and peanuts. The crops obtained are usually small.
Formerly tobacco was raised in this section, but the land has become
so impoverished that tobacco is not successfully grown.
Nearly all the families studied had very little means. Notwithstand¬
ing the fact that food was in many cases none too abundant, most of
the families kept a number of dogs and cats.
CHARACTER OF THE FOOD.
As among the negroes of Alabama, "hog and hominy" literally form
the larger part of the diet. Side bacon is the principal meat, and,
with some fish and a little milk, formed the major portion of the
animal food. Large quantities of fish are obtained from the waters of
the neighboring Chesapeake Bay and form an important source of food.
Frogs, turtles, and even snakes were not infrequently eaten by some of
the families at certain seasons of the year. Unbolted corn meal, cost¬
ing about a cent a pound and containing a very large amount of bran,
furnishes a large proportion of the nutriment of the diet. The coarse
bran is removed by sifting, but the meal actually used still contains a
large proportion. The bread is made simply of meal wet up, without
salt or leavening material, and baked, as a rule, in the ashes ("ash
cake").
Drinking water is almost invariably obtained from shallow surface
wells, which are mere holes dug in the swampy land, with very rarely
any side walls other than the clay of the soil. The water is, as a rule,
stagnant and brackish, and often muddy.
The families selected for study were believed to be typical of the
region, both in their food consumption and in their methods of cooking,
etc. Cook stoves were unknown, all the cooking being done in the open
fireplace, which was an important feature of all the cabins. Side bacon
was almost invariably fried, as was, in fact, a large proportion of all the
food. Pork shoulder and ham frequently were boiled.
No analyses of food materials were made, since they were not believed
to be necessary. The composition of the more characteristic food
materials has been assumed to be the same as corresponding materials
found in use among the negroes in Alabama. Other materials were
assumed to have the same composition as similar materials found in use
elsewhere.
9
WASTE.
In order to obtain a record of the actual amount of food consumed by
these families, covered tin buckets were left with each family whose
dietary was studied, in which they were instructed to place all refuse
material and waste. Such material is usually fed to the dogs, cats,
hens, or pigs. In order to prevent this during the investigation, a cer¬
tain amount of food for these animals was furnished by those carrying
on the study, thus insuring, it is thought, a satisfactory collection of
the waste. As a rule this was very small and consisted largely of corn
meal in some form.
DETAILS OF THE DIETARY STUDIES.
The dietary studies, twelve in number, were carried on during the
months of May and June, 1897. They were of from seven to thirty
days' duration.
In conducting the investigation the usual methods1 were followed.
As previously stated, the food materials were not analyzed. In calcu¬
lating the amounts of material consumed their composition was assumed
from what were regarded as reliable data.
In calculating the amount eaten per man per day certain facts must
be borne in mind. Different members of the family will not consume
the same amounts of food. This factor depends not only upon the
individual but upon the age, sex, and activity of the different persons.
Women will, as a rule, eat less than men, and young children less than
women. It is customary to use certain factors which represent the
proportion and amount of food required by children of different ages,
and by women, as compared with a man at moderately hard labor.
These factors have been given in some detail in different publications
of this series and need not be repeated in this connection.2 They will
be found in the computations of the number of meals eaten in the
different dietary studies.
EXPLANATION OP TABLES.
The tabular statement of the results of the dietary studies which
follow is somewhat more condensed than has been given in many previ¬
ous reports of such studies. The tables furnish, however, all the origi¬
nal data from which the results were computed, and the additional
matter that has been sometimes included can be readily calculated, if
desired, from the data furnished.
In each dietary study is shown the amount and cost of the different
articles of food consumed by the family during the study. Following
the amount and cost of each food material is a number in parentheses,
which refers to the corresponding reference number in Table 21 in the
»U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 21.
2 See list of publications on covers of this bulletin.
10
Appendix, showing the percentage composition used in the calculation
of the total nutrients in each food material. The remaining columns
of the table show the cost and the nutrients and fuel value per man
per day. In order that the table may also show, in some degree, the
amount of nutrients furnished by different classes of food materials,
with the cost, these are grouped as follows: The leaner meats, as beef,
veal, and mutton; the fatter meats, as pork; poultry; fish; eggs; dairy
products; cereals and cereal products, as flour, meal, bread, etc.; pota¬
toes ; other vegetables; and fruits.
DIETARY STUDIES OP NEGRO FAMILIES NEAR FRANKLIN, VA. .
The results of the twelve dietary studies made during 1897 in negro
families residing near Franklin, Va., are summarized below.
DIETARY STTJDT No. 211.
This study began May 5, 1897, and continued 30 days. The family
consisted of the father, 52 years of age, weighing 140 pounds; the
mother, 60 years old, weighing 150 pounds; sister of the latter, 52
years of age, weighing 144 pounds; and a son, 28 years of age, weigh¬
ing 140 pounds. The father was permanently lame and incapable of
hard work. He cultivated 5 acres of land on shares, receiving two-
thirds of the crop. He obtained about $25 per year in cash for odd
jobs. The mother was a midwife, earning about $35 per year. Her
sister was very feeble and unable to work. The son did odd jobs at
farming, thus earning about $70 per year. He aTso provided a large
part of the food eaten by the family by hunting. The family used little
or no beef, mutton, or other lean meats, as they believed that these
made them ill. Muskrat, opossum, raccoon, and other game, fish, frogs,
turtle, and even snakes in certain seasons, furnished part of the diet.
Cash was paid for all food purchased, since the family could obtain no
credit. They lived in a two-room house with 1 acre of ground surround¬
ing it. There were no improvements, and the location was very
un healthful.
In addition to the food materials used, 48 cents' worth of green cof¬
fee and 4 cents' worth of salt were consumed during the study. The
number of meals taken was as follows:
Meals.
Two men jgj
Two women (153 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 122
Man visitor g
Boy visitor, 13 years old (3 meals x 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to. ~ 2
Woman visitor (7 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 6
Total number of meals taken equivalent to
Equivalent to 1 man 99 days.
U. S. Dept of Agriculture, Bui. 71, Office of Expt. Stations.
Plate I.
Fig. 2.—House of Negro Farmer's
Family (Dietary Study No. 214).
Fig. 4.—House of Negro Farmer's
Family (Dietary Study No. 217).
11
The details of the dietary study follow:
Table 1.—Dietary study of a negro family near Franklin, Va. (No. 211).
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.]
Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during
the study (30 days).
Cost and composition of food per man per day.
Cost.
Protein.
Fat.
Carbohy¬
drates.
Fuel
value.
ANIMAL FOOD.
Beef: Dried, ljlbs., 35 cts. (8)
Cents.
0.4
3.2
.8
.1
Grams.
2
15
33
2
Grams.
1
100
11
2
Grams.
Calories.
17
991
237
35
Pork: Bacon, 14J lbs., $1.21 (15); cracklings, 1 lb. 5 oz.,
13 cts. (17); ham (6 per cent refuse), A lb., 6 cts. (18);
salt sides (6.7 per cent refuse), 11 lbs.*5 oz., $1.21 (25);
shoulder (2 per cent refuse), 3 lbs. 2 oz., 32 cts. (27);
lard, 2£ lbs., 23 cts. (21)
Fish: Eel (26 per cent refuse), 6 oz., 26 cts. (35); cat¬
fish (14.3 percent refuse), 3 lbs., 15 cts. (33); smoked
herring (17.6 per cent refuse), 6 lbs. 11 oz., 8 cts. (37);
mullet (8.8 per cent refuse), 5 lbs. 13 oz., 2 cts. (39);
perch, 5 oz., 1 ct. (40); roach (16.7 per cent refuse), 2
lbs. 11 oz., 11 cts. (42); snapping turtle (17 per cent
Dairy products: Sweet milk, 3£ lbs., 11 cts. (55); sour
milk, 8 lbs., 4 cts. (55)
Total animal food
VEGETABLE FOOD.
Cereals: Corn meal (7 per cent refuse), 71J lbs., 85 cts.
(57); flour, 21 lbs. 14 oz., 74 cts. (61); bread, & lb., 1
ct.(63)
2
4.5
52
114
2
1, 280
1.6
.8
.2
.2
42
17
315
59
3
27
1,622
242
22
124
Sugars and starches: Brown sugar, 6£ lbs., 33 cts. (68);
Potatoes: Sweet (4.5 per cent refuse), 21 lbs. 7 oz., 23
2
1
Vegetables: Cabbage (6.6 per cent refuse), lbs., 11
cts. (77); mustard salad (2.6 per cent refuse), 8 lbs.
1
Total vegetable food
Total food purchased
W aste:
2.8
45
18
404
2,010
7.3
97
132
406
3,290
1
1
1
15
30
6
2
1
6
45
Total food eaten
7.3
95
131
400
3,245
DIETARY STUDY No. 212.
This study, which began May 5, 1897, and continued 30 days, was
made with a family consisting of the father, 27 years of age; the mother,
20 years of age; and one child 3 years of age. The weights of the mem¬
bers of the family were 140, 118, and 50 pounds, respectively. The
house in which they lived consisted of one room and a loft. (PI. I, fig. 1.)
For this house and 5 acres of ground $24 a year rent was paid, in
addition to one-third of the crops. The soil, a sandy clay, was poor and
unproductive. The father worked irregularly, obtaining "rations" as
wages. These amounted in value to about $100 in the course of a
year. The mother took in some washing for which she also obtained
"rations." No live stock was owned by the family and almost no farm
implements. The meats used were very fat and were prepared for the
table by frying. No beverages or accessories were purchased during
the study, with the exception of 3 cents' worth of salt.
12
The number of meals taken was as follows:
Meals.
.. . ' 87
Man
Woman (87 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to.... 69
Child (87 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 35
Visitor ^
Total number of meals taken equivalent to 192
Equivalent to 1 man 64 days.
The dietary study is summarized in the following table:
Table 2.—Dietary study of a negro family near Franklin, Va. (No. 212).
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.]
Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during
the study (30 days).
Cost and composition of food per man per day.
Cost. Protein.
Fat Carbohy- Fuel
drates. value.
ANIMAL FOOD.
Pork: Bacon, 5 lbs. 6 oz., 54 cts. (15); saltsides (0.9
per cent refuse), 17 lbs. 6 oz., $1.76 (25)
Fish: Smoked herring (8.7 per cent refuse), 6 lbs. 4£
oz., 7 cts. (37)
Total animal food .
VEGETABLE FOOD.
Cereals: Corn meal (5.4 per cent refuse), 53 lbs. 14
oz., 57 cts. (57); flour, 8 lbs. 13 oz., 35 cts. (61)
Sugar and starches: Granulated sugar, 1 lb. 2oz.,
7 cts. (69)
Potatoes: Sweet (17.8 per cent refuse), 20J lbs., 25
cts. (96)
Vegetables: Cabbage, 2§ lbs., 3 cts. (77); cabbage
salad, 3 lbs. 2 oz., 3 cts. (79); collard sprouts, 2
lbs. 3 oz., 2 cts. (81); mustard greens, 1£ lbs., 2 cts.
(85) =
Total vegetable food .
Total food purchased
Waste: Vegetable
Total
Cents.
3.6
3.7
1.4
.1
.4
Grams.
14
Total food eaten.
Grams.
114
Grams.
45 20
76 141
76 141
377
Calories.
1,116
134
1,250
1,681
33
181
1, 915
3,165
20
20
3,145
DIETARY STUDY No. 213.
This study, which was made with a family of five persons, began May
5, 1897, and continued 30 days. The family consisted of the father, 43
years of age, weighing 165 pounds; his stepson, 23 years of age, weigh¬
ing 147 pounds, and three children—a girl 17 years old, a boy 15 years
old, and a girl 13 years old—weighing 120,115, and 115 pounds, respec¬
tively. The family was in good health. They occupied two log cabins,
each with one room and a loft. The cabins were situated in 5 acres of
ground on a slight rise of land. The rent paid was $20 per year. They
had a good well, but no sanitary arrangements. Peanuts and garden
vegetables formed their principal crops, but the character of the soil
13
was such that large crops were not raised. They had a few farm imple¬
ments and some live stock, namely, a cow, a steer, and pigs and chickens.
The father earned about $50 a year, and some "rations" in addition, as
a farm hand. The stepson lived with them only part of the time. The
older daughter kept house and also worked on the farm. The younger
daughter attended school part of the year and also assisted on the
farm. The boy earned $10 per month working in a sawmill. In addi¬
tion to the regular food materials mentioned below, 20 cents' worth of
green coffee, 11 cents' worth of roasted coffee, 2 cents' worth of tea, 12
cents' worth of baking powder, and a very small amount of salt were
used during the study.
The number of meals taken was as follows:
Meals.
Two men 85
Woman (87 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 69
Boy (89 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to ; 71
Girl (86 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 52
Man visitor 2
Woman visitor (4 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 3
Child visitor, 5 years old (3 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to.. 1
Total number of meals taken equivalent to 283
Equivalent to 1 man 94 days.
The following t^able shows the results of the study:
Table 3.—Dietary study of a negro family near Franklin, Va. (No. 213).
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43].
Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during
the study (30 days).
Cost and composition of food per man per day.
Cost.
Protein.
Fat.
Carbohy¬
drates.
Fuel
value.
ANIMAL FOOD.
Pork: Salt sides (1.1 per cent refuse), 25 lbs. 6 oz.,
$2.56 (25); shoulder, 13 lbs. 9 oz., $1.36 (27); lard,
Cents.
4.9
. 1
Grams.
20
26
Grams.
141
11
Grams.
Calories.
1,392
208
Fish: Smoked herring (8.8 per cent refuse), 14J lbs.,
15 cts. (37)
5.0
46
152
1,600
VEGETABLE FOOD.
Cereals: Corn meal, 32 lbs. 3 oz., 32 cts. (57) j flour,
91$ lbs., $3.51 (61)
Sugars and starches: Granulated sugar, 8J lbs., 51
4.1
.5
.3
.1
75
15
429
41
34
1
1
2,206
169
157
9
4
Potatoes: Sweet, 25J lbs., 26 cts. (96)
2
1
1
Total vegetable food
Total food purchased
5.0
78
16
506
2, 545
10.0
124
168
506
4,145
2
1
13
70
Total
2
1
13
70
Total food eaten
10.0
122
167
493
4,075
14
DIETARY STUDY No. 214.
This study, which began May 5, 1897, and continued 30 days, was
made with a family consisting of the grandfather, 81 years of age; the
father, 39 years of age, and his brother, 28 years of age; the mother, 24
years of age; an adopted daughter, aged 11 years; and three young
children, a boy of 4, a boy of 2, and an infant 10 months old. The
weights of the different members of the family vrere 150,135, 175, 150,
51, 40, 25, and 14 pounds, respectively. The children in this family
were in poor health. The infant died during the study and the two
other children were very feeble. The family lived in a house consisting
of two rooms and a loft (PI. I, fig. 2). It was situated in 105 acres of
ground, of which the father u owned the holding." They had a few farm
implements and some live stock. Provisions were bought by the week
in the market at Franklin, and payments were made each month. The
grandfather, though feeble, worked on the farm. The father earned
about $150 a year teaching school, and in addition did such farm work
as was available. His brother carried on the farm. The older children
attended school. During the month covered by the study, 11 cents'
worth of green coffee, 1 cent's worth of tea, 7 cents' worth of baking
powder, 2 cents' worth of vinegar, and 1 cent's worth of salt were used
in addition to the food materials.
The number of meals>taken was as follows:
Meals.
Three men 266
Woman (77 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 61
Girl (86 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 52
Two boys (172 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 69'
Infant (70 meals X 0.3 meal of man), equivalent to 21
Man visitor 6
Woman visitor (17 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 14
Total number of meals taken equivalent to 489
Equivalent to 1 man 163 days.
15
The dietary study is summarized in the following table:
Table 4.—Dietary study of a negro family near Franklin, Va. (No. 214).
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43].
Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during
the study (30 days).
Cost and composition of food per man per day.
Cost.
Protein.
Fat.
Carbohy¬
drates.
Fuel
value.
ANIMAL FOOD.
Pork: Bacon (0.7 per cent refuse), 42 lbs. 2 oz.,
$3.84 (15); ham (0.7 per cent refuse), 4J lbs., 56cts.
(18); salt sides, 21i lbs., $2.13 (25); shoulders (1.6
per cent refuse), 3 lbs. 11 oz., 44 cts. (27)
Cents.
4.3
.4
Grams.
21
65
Grams.
130
27
Grams.
Calories.
1,296
519
1,815
Fish: Salt herring (10 per cent refuse), 61 lbs.,
67 cts. (37); roach (6.8 per cent refuse), 13 oz.,
3 cts. (42); snapping turtle (22.3 per cent refuse),
4.7
86
157
VEGETABLE POOD.
Cereals: Corn meal (3.2 per cent refuse), 218 lbs.
9 oz., $2.25 (57); flour, 55 lbs. 1 oz., $1.91 (61)
Sugars and starches: Granulated sugar, 4 lbs. 14
oz., 29 cts. (69); brown sugar, 2 lbs., 10 cts. (68) ..
2.6
.3
73
32
559
19
1
3
2
2, 889
78
4
16
8
Vegetables: Cabbage (5.1 per cent refuse), 10 lbs.
7 oz., 11 cts. (77); mustard salad (25.9 per cent ref-
. 1
1
Total vegetable food
Total food purchased
3.0
74
32 | 584
2, 995
7.7
160
189 j 584
4,810
1
9
40
1
9
40
Total food eaten
7.7
159
189
575
4,770
DIETARY STUDY No. 215.
This study covered 30 days, beginning May 6, 1897. The family
consisted of the mother, 34 years of age; four daughters, 18, 14,12, and
3 years of age, respectively; two sons, 10 and 5 years of age; and a
farm laborer, 41 years of age. The weights of the members of the
family were 135, 135, 120, 98, 30, 65, 50, and 145 pounds, respectively.
The family lived in two cabins, with one room and a loft in each, on 25
acres of ground. They paid one-half their crops for rent. The farm
laborer carried on the farm and received one-third of the remainder of
the crops in payment. The mother, three daughters, and one son
worked on the farm. The water supply was better than ordinarily
found. The family owned a few farm implements and some live stock,
including 1 steer, 1 mule, 1 cow and calf, and 2 pigs, besides some poul¬
try. The house was made of rough boards put on perpendicularly, with¬
out weather strips; the chimney was built of dirt and sticks. The
whole building was on piles, and the fowls and dogs occupied the space
beneath it. A small log shed adjacent served as a barn. The family
were clothed in rags. The oldest daughter was sick during most of the
study. With the exception of 3 cents for salt, no money was spent for
condiments during the time of the study.
16
The number of meals taken was as follows:
Man
Two women (178 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to
Girl, 14 years (27 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to
Girl, 12 years (88 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to
Boy, 10 years (88 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to
Boy, 5 years (90 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to.
Child, 3 years (90 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to
Man visitor
Woman visitor (6 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to
Child visitor, 7 years (6 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to
Total number of meals taken equivalent to
Equivalent to 1 man 148 days.
The details of the dietary study follow:
Table 5.—Dietary study of a negro family near Franklin, Va. (No. 215).
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.]
Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during
the study (30 days).
Cost and composition of food per man per day.
Cost.
Protein.
Fat.
Carbohy¬
drates.
Fuel
value.
ANIMAL FOOD.
Pork: Bacon (0.3 per cent refuse), 10 lbs. 10J oz.,
$1.07 (15); jowl, 2£ lbs., 25 cts. (20); salt sides, 16
Cents.
2.0
.1
Grams.
8
21
Grams.
63
9
Grams.
Calories.
620
170
Fish: Smoked herring (3.3 per cent refuse), 18 lbs.
2.1
29
72
790
VEGETABLE FOOD.
Cereals: Corn meal (12.6 per cent refuse), 57 lbs.
3 oz., 66 cts. (57); corn bread, 1J lbs., 1 ct. (62);
flour, 29 lbs. 13 oz., $1.06 (61)
Sugars and starches: N. O. molasses, 6£ lbs., Cots.
(67); granulated sugar, 2 lbs. 1 oz., 12 cts. (69)
1.2
.1
28
10
197
20
1,016
82
Legumes: Green peas (25.4 per cent refuse), 3 lbs.
1
2
2
5
13
29
Vegetables: Cabbage (2.5 per cent refuse), 7 lbs.
5 oz., 7 cts. (77); cabbage salad, 7 lbs. 9 oz., 8 cts.
(79); kale, 3 lbs. 14 oz., 4 cts. (83); mustard salad,
.2
Total vegetable food
Total food purchased
Waste:
1.5
31
10
224
1,140
3.6
60
82
224
1,930
2
20
30
1
6
1
2
80
6
50
Total food oaten
3.6
59
218
1,880
DIETARY STUDY No. 216.
This study, which began May 6, 1897, and continued 30 days, was
made with a family consisting of a man 71 years old, his wife 36
years old, and their two nieces, one of 22 and the other of 16 years.
The weights of the family were 140,130, 120, and 95 pounds, respec¬
tively. The man was rather feeble but did some work. The woman
also was not in good health. The log cabin, containing one room and
Meals.
.. 88
.. 142
.. 19
.. 53
.. 53
.. 36
.. 36
.. 8
.. 5
.. 3
.. 443
17
a loft (PI. I, fig. 3), in which they lived, was situated in a tract of 34
acres owned by the family. They also owned a small log barn and a
few farm implements. Their live stock consisted of 1 ox and 4 pigs,
besides a few chickens. The soil in the vicinity was a stiff clay and
very wet. At the time of the study the family had 6 acres of corn
planted which threatened to be a failure, and 4 acres of peanuts which
promised a half crop. In addition they had one-half acre planted to
garden truck. The well was not kept clean, and caught all the surface
drainage. There were no sanitary arrangements. The total income
of the family was small. No condiments or beverages were used,
with the exception of 3 cents' worth of salt.
The number of meals taken was as follows: "
Meals.
Man 88
Two women (186 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 133
Girl, 16 years (90 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 63
Man visitor 1
Total number of meals taken equivalent to 285
Equivalent to 1 man 95 days.
The following table shows the results of the dietary study:
Table 6.—Dietary study of a negro family near Franklin, Va. (No. 216).
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.]
Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during
the study (30 days).
Cost anil composition of food per man per day.
Cost.
Protein.
Fat.
Carbohy¬
drates'.
Fuel
value.
ANIMAL FOOD.
Pork: Ham (10.4 percent refuse), 1 lb. 13 oz., 26cts.
(18); salt sides (7.6 per cent refuse), 24£ lbs., $2.62
(25); shoulder (9 2 per cent refuse), 7| lbs., 86 cts.
(27); sausage meat, Jib., 3 cts. (29); lard, 8 lbs.
11 oz 87 cts. (21) ..
Gents.
4.9
.2
Grams.
17
1
Grams.
140
Grams.
Calories.
1,371
4
Fish: !•resh perch (26.2 per cent refuse), 15 oz., 24
5.1
.9
.1
.2
18
34
140
20
1,375
1,568
24
29
4
vegetable food.
Cereals: Corn meal, 85 lbs. 11 oz., 86 cts. (57)
Sugars and starches: Granulated sugar, 1J lbs., 8
303
6
4
1
Vegetables: Cabbage salad (17.3 per cent refuse), 11
Ids. 0 oz., 14 cts. (79); mustard salad (11.9 per cent
3
Total vegetable food
1.2
37
20
314
1,625
6.2
55
160
314
3, 000
DIETARY STUDY No. 217.
This study, conducted with a family of two persons, began May 6,
1897, and continued 30 days. The family consisted of a man, 51 years
of age, and his wife 45 years of age, who weighed 145 and 140 pounds,
respectively. The family was in better circumstances than the majority
of those studied. They occupied a four-room house built of boards
(PI. I, fig. 4), and there were several outbuildings, including a log
TST^ 71 9,
18
barn. Tlie live stock consisted of 1 horse, 1 steer, 1 cow and calf, 10
pigs, and a considerable number of chickens. The pigs were raised on
shares, the man owning half of them. The farm consisted of 30 acres
of land, and one-third of the crop was paid as rent. The soil was
medium clay, low-lying and wet. Eight acres were planted to corn, 3
acres to peanuts, 5 acres to cotton, and 1 acre to garden truck. Water
was obtained from a fairly deep well on a neighboring knoll, and was
better than the average. The man was considered a fairly good farmer.
The income of the family was about $165 per year. In addition to the
food materials enumerated below, 3 cents' worth of roasted coffee, 4
cents' worth of baking powder, and 3 cents' worth of salt were used.
The number of meals taken was as follows:
Meals.
Man 90
Woman (73 meals X 0. 8 meal of man), equivalent to 58
Woman visitor (10 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 8
Child visitor, 10 years 1
Total number of meals taken equivalent to 157
Equivalent to 1 man 52 days.
The details of the dietary study follow:
Table 7.—Dietary study of a negro family near Franklin, Va. (No. 217).
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.]
Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during
the study (30 days).
ANIMAL FOOD.
Pork: Jowl, 1 lb. 6oz., 10 cts. (20); salt sides (4.9
per cent refuse), 8 lbs. 3 oz., 82 cts. (25); shoulder
(10.3 per cent refuse), 15£ lbs., $1.70 (27); sausage
meat. 1 lb. 1J oz., 22 cts. (29); lard, 5 lbs. 9 oz., 56
cts. (21)
Poultry: Chicken (11.7 per cent refuse), 1 lb. 7 oz..
26 cts. (30)
Pish: Smoked herring (8.4 per centrefuse), lOf lbs.,
12 cts. (37)
Eggs, 5J lbs., 30 cts. (50)
Dairy products: Milk, 99| lbs., $3.49 (55)
Cost and composition of food per man per day.
Total animal food
VEGETABLE FOOD.
Cereals: Corn meal (7.4 per cent refuse), 35 lbs. 6
oz., 38 cts. (57); flour, 29 lbs. 11 oz., $1.19 (01)
Sugars and starches: Granulated sugar, 5 lbs. 10i
oz., 34 cts. (69)
Potatoes: Sweet (1.2 per cent refuse), 39 lbs. 13 oz.,
40 cts. (96)
Legumes: String beans, 1J lbs., 3 cts. (75)
Vegetables: Cabbage, 6$ lbs., 7 cts. (78); mustard
salad, 5 lbs. 0 oz., 5 cts. (86); onions, 3 lbs. 15 OS.,
12 cts. (88); sweet pickles, 14 oz., 2 cts. (93)
Pruits: Canned blackberries, 2 lbs. 5 oz., 15 cts.(102).
Total vegetable food..
Total food purchased.
Waste:
Animal
Vegetable .
Cost. Protein.
Cents.
6.6
.2
.6
6.7
Total
14.6
3.0
Grams.
30
Pat.
Grams.
154
Total food eaten 19.
211
Carboliy- Puel
drates. value.
229
413
49
617
Calories.
1,554
283
71
620
2,555
2,125
201
433
4
80
5,350
19
DIETARY STUDY No. 218.
This study covered 30 days, beginning May 10, 1897. The family
consisted of the father, 65 years of age; the mother, 48 years of age; four
sons, aged respectively 15, 12, 8, and 5 years; two daughters, aged
respectively 14 and 10 years, and a grandson a year and a half old.
The weights of the family were 150, 145, 100, 75, 45, 35, 102, 55, and
25 pounds, respectively. The house in which they lived was a rough
board cabin with two rooms and a loft, built on piles. There was also
a log barn and dirt smokehouse. There were no sanitary conveniences.
Four acres of land went with the house and $30 a year rent was paid
for house and land; in addition, 11 acres were worked on shares, one-
third of the crop being paid. The soil was wet clay. Three acres
were planted to corn, 3 to peanuts, 1 to sweet potatoes, and the
remainder to cotton and garden truck. The live stock consisted of 1
blind mule, 2 pigs, and several chickens. The only farm implement
was an old plow. The two oldest boys and tbe older girl assisted on
the farm. The mother was in poor health. The income of the family
was about $150 per year. Their condition seemed above the average.
In addition to the food materials, 44 cents' worth of green coffee, 1 cent's
worth of pepper, 4 cents' worth of baking powder, and 3 cents' worth of
salt were used.
.The number of meals taken was as follows:
Meals.
Man l 89
Woman (84 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 67
Boy, 15 years (75 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 60
Boy, 12 years (72 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 43
Boy, 8 years (90 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 45
Boy, 5 years (88 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 35
Girl, 14 years (85 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 59
Girl, 10 years (87 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 52
Child, li years (88 meals X 0.3 meal of man), equivalent to 26
Total number of meals equivalent to 476
Equivalent to 1 man 159 days.
Following are the results of the dietary study:
20
Table 8.—Dietary study of a negro family near Franklin, Va. {No. 218).
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.]
Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during
the study (30 days).
Cost and composition of food per man.per day.
Cost.
Protein.
Fat.
Carbohy¬
drates.
Fuel
value.
ANIMAL FOOD.
Pork: Native bacon (1.6 per cent refuse), 23 lbs. 15
oz., $2.39 (25); Chicago bacon, 6 lbs. 14 oz., 69 cts.
(15); shoulder (2 per cent refuse), 14 lbs. 11 oz.,
Cents.
2.8
.2
Grams.
14
17
Grams.
76
7
Grams.
Calories.
765
135
Fish: Smoked herring (10 per cent refuse), 15 lbs. 10
3.0
31
83
900
VEGETABLE FOOD.
Cereals: Corn meal (5.1percentrefuse),1581bs.3oz.,
$1.58 (57); flour, 10 lbs. 5 oz., 41 cts. (61)
Sugars and starches: Sugar, 6J lbs., 39 cts. (69)
Vegetables: Cabbage (8.3 per cent refuse), 2\ lbs.,
3 cts. (77); cabbage salad, 11 lbs., 1 ct. (79); mus-
1.3
.2
42
22
355
18
1
1,832
74
4
Total vegetable food
i
1.5
42 | 22
374
1,910
4.5
73 j 105
374
2,810
3 j 2
31
160
3 | 2
31
160
Total food eaten
4.5
70 | 103
343
2,650
DIETARY STUDY No. 219.
This study began May 6, 1897, and continued 30 days. The family
consisted of a man 38 years of age, his wife 40 years of age, and a great
aunt said to be 102 years of age. The weights of the individuals weref
176,136, and 120 pounds, respectively. They lived in a very old clap-
boarded house with brick chimney, containing two rooms and a loft,
and situated in a tract of 15 acres of land, which was owned by the
family. In addition to the house the premises contained a small barn
and smokehouse, chicken house, and work shed, all of logs. The water
supply was from an unusually deep well. The live stock consisted of
1 horse, 1 steer, 2 cows, 1 calf, 6 pigs, and a considerable number of
chickens. The family also owned quite a number of farm implements.
The soil was a dark clay loam. Not far from 1£ acres were planted to
cotton and garden truck, the.remainder of the land being about equally
divided between corn and peanuts.
During the time of the study the family used 11 cents' worth of green
coffee, 8 cents' worth of roasted coffee, 1 cent's worth of tea, 2 cents' worth
of pepper, 5 cents' worth of lemon extract, 1 cent's worth of vinegar, 8
cents' worth of baking powder, 6 cents' worth of yeast, and 4 cents' worth
of salt.
21
The number of meals taken was as follows:
Meals.
Man 90
Two women (174 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 140
Man visitor 1
Woman visitor (13 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 10
Child visitor, 3 years (6 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 2
Child visitor, 1 year (3 meals X 0.3 meal of man), equivalent to 1
Total number of meala^aken, equivalent to 244
Equivalent to 1 man 81 days.
The following table gives the details of the dietary study:
Table 9.—Dietary study of a negro family near Franklin, Va. (No. 219).
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.1
Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during
the study (30 days).
Cost and composition of food per man per day.
Co,«. Proteh, Fat. C»rb„hr- Fjjrt
ANIMAL FOOD.
Beef: Flank, 5J lbs., 17 cts. (2); kidney fat, 9 lbs. 5
oz., 28 cts. (3); liver, 4£ lbs., 3 cts. (4); shoulder
bone (50 per cent refuse), 2 lbs. 1 oz., 12 cts. (7);
scraps (3.6per cent refuse), 6lbs. 14 oz., 22 cts. (6).
Pork: "Chittlings," 1 lb. 2 oz., 1 ct. (16); ham (1.5
per cent refuse), 3 lbs. 15 oz., 40 cts. (18); haslet,
2 lbs., 0 cts. (22); liver, 1J lbs., 3 cts. (22); salt
sides (2.3 per cent refuse), 9 lbs. 2 oz., 93 cts. (25);
cured shoulder (9.5 per cent refuse), 13 lbs. 10 oz.,
$1.50 (27); lard, 3 lbs. 9 oz., 36 cts. (21)
Fish : Smoked herring (9.5 per cent refuse), 8 lbs. J
oz., 8 cts. (37)
Eggs (14.8 per cent refuse), 5 lbs. 2 oz., 30 cts. (50)...
Dairy products: Butter, \ lb., 6 cts. (52); milk, 116J
lbs., $4.09 (55)
Total animal food
VEGETABLE FOOD.
Cereals: Corn meal (8.3 per cent refuse), 67 lbs. 13
oz., 68 cts. (57); corn bread, 2 lbs. 9 oz., 3 cts.
(62); sponge cake, \ lb., 2 cts. (65); flour, 26 lbs.
7 oz., $1.06(61)
Sugars and starches: Sugar, 7J lbs., 44 cts. (69);
New Orleans molasses, 3 lbs. 11 oz., 3 cts. (67)
Potatoes: Sweet (22.9 percent refuse), 33 lbs. 11 oz.,
44 cts. (96)
Vegetables: Cabbage(8.4per cent refuse), 71bs. 6oz.,
8 cts. (77); cabbage salad (23.5 per cent refuse), 2
lbs. 7 oz., 4 cts. (79); onions (18.2 per cent refuse),
4J lbs., 18 cts. (87); artichoke pickles, J lb., 4 cts.
(92); cucumber pickles, 2 lbs. 6 oz., 23 cts. (93);
canned tomatoes, 2 lbs. 2 oz., 11 cts. (98); collards
(25.4 per cent refuse), 1 lb. 5 oz., 2 cts. (80)
Fruits: Apples, 10 oz.,1 ct. (100); cherries (3.4 per
cent refuse), 1 lb. 11 oz., 4 cts. (103); preserved cit¬
ron, 5 lbs. 15 oz., 30 cts. (104); huckleberries, 2 lbs.
2 oz., 11 cts. (105); canned peaches, 2 lbs. 5 oz., 11
cts. (108); dried pears, 8 lbs. 7 oz., 51 cts. (Ill);
canned pears, 1 lb. 3 oz., 5 cts. (110); strawberries
(9.1 per cent refuse), 1 lb. 14 oz., 8 cts. (112)
Total vegetable food..
Total food purchased.
Waste:
Animal
Vegetable.
Cents.
1.0
2.2
.6
.5
1.5
16.4
Total
Total food eaten.
Grams.
22
Grams.
58
Grams.
33
395
55
52
61
150
25
216
Calories.
629
991
135
44
476
2, 275
2,036
226
237
46
285
2, 830
5,105
5
465
470
4,635
22
DIET ART STUDY No. 220.
This study, which began May 7, 1897? and continued 30 days, was
made with a family consisting of a man 30 years old, and his wife, 29
years old, weighing respectively 130 and 92 pounds. They lived in a
two-roomed log cabin, situated in a tract of 20 acres of land, which was
worked on half shares. The place was surrounded by heavy timber.
The water supply was from a very poor shallow well containing noth¬
ing but surface water. There were no sanitary arrangements. The
live stock included 1 cow, 7 pigs, and considerable poultry. Farm
implements of good quality and in sufficient quantity were furnished
by the owner of the land. The soil was a heavy clay and fairly pro¬
ductive, being recently cleared land. About equal areas were planted
to corn and peanuts, and 1 acre was planted to garden truck. The
condition of this family was considerably above the average in the
region. During this study 9 cents' worth of green coffee, 5 cents'
worth of baking powder, 1 cent's worth of salt, and 12 cents' worth of
yeast were used in addition to the food materials.
The number of meals taken was as follows:
Meals.
Man 87
Woman (84 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 67
Man visitor 1
Child visitor, about 14 years of age (4 meals X 0.8 meal of man),
equivalent to 3
Total number of meals taken equivalent to 158
Equivalent to 1 man 53 days.
The details of the dietary study are shown in the following table:
Table 10.—Dietary study of a negro family near Franklin, Ya. {No. 220).
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.]
Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during
the study (30 days).
ANIMAL FOOD.
Pork: Salt sides (0.8 per cent refuse). 19 lbs., $1.90
(25); cured shoulder (1.9 per cent refuse), 9 lbs. 15
oz., $1.02 (27); lard, C lbs. 6 oz., 64 cts. (21)
3,3 oz., 1 ct. (51)
Total animal food .
VEGETABLE FOOD.
Cereals: Corn meal (8.5 per cent refuse), 50 lbs. 7 oz.,
55 cts. (57); flour, 40 lbs. 11 oz., $1.64 (61)
Sugars and starches: Sugar, 3 lbs. 13 oz., 23 cts. (69).
Potatoes: Sweet. 1 lb. 2 oz., 1 ct. (97)
Vegetables: Cabbage (13.6 percent refuse), 3 1bs.5
oz.,4 cts. (77); mustard salad (6.3 percent refuse),
1 lb 35 oz., 2 cts. (86); onions (36.4 per cent refuse),
1J lbs.; 5 cts. (87); turnip salad (5.3 per cent re¬
fuse), 1 lb. 1 oz., 1 ct. (99)
Fruits: Strawberries, 5 oz., 2 cts. (112)
Total vegetable food
Total food purchased
Waate: Vegetable
Total
Total food eaten
Cost and composition of food per man per day.
Cost.
Cents.
6.7
(«.)
C. 7
4.1
.4
(a)
4.8
11.5
.2
.2
11. 3
Protein.
Grams.
27
122
5
117
Grams.
199
28
2
225
Carbohy¬
drates.
Grams.
604
33
2
644
36
Fuel
value.
Calories.
1,960
1,960
3,118
135
3,290
"5,250
185
185
5,065
a Quantity too small to affect results per man per day.
23
DIETARY STUDY No. 221.
This study, which began May 7, 1897, covered 30 days. The family
consisted of the mother, 46 years of age; three daughters, aged 21,19,
and 17 years, respectively; a grandson of 6, and a granddaughter of 3
years of age. Their weights were 140,136,125,134, 70, and 50 pounds,
respectively. The family owned 3 acres of land and a log cabin con¬
taining two rooms and two lofts. With the exception of a little log
kitchen there were no outbuildings. The'land was surrounded by
forests. The well was brackish and the supply of water very insufficient.
The live stock included 2 cows, 2 steers, 1 pig, and considerable poul¬
try. The soil was a heavy wet clay and was planted mostly to sweet
potatoes. A little corn and a few peanuts were raised, and there was
a small kitchen garden. All the women worked in the fields. During
the study 3 cents' worth of baking.powder and 2 cents' worth of salt
were used in addition to the food materials enumerated in Table 11.
The total number of meals taken was as follows:
' Meals.
Three women (261 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 209
Girl, 17 years (87 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 61
Boy, 6 years (88 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 44
Girl, 3 years (89 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 35
Boy visitor, 16 years 3
Total number of meals taken equivalent to 352
Equivalent to 1 man 117 days.
The table below summarizes the results of the dietary study:
Table 11.—Dietary study of a negro family near Franklin, Va. (No. 221).
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.]
Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during
the study (30 days).
Cost and composition of food per man per day.
Cost.
Protein.
Fat.
Carbohy¬
drates.
Fuel
value.
Cents.
3.1
Grams.
8
Grams.
114
24
Grams.
Calories.
1,093
453
56
1
' 4
3.6
65
138
1,550
2.3
.2
48
15
312
19
1,615
78
1
6
25
1
]
2
12
2.7
49
15
339
1,730
6.3
114
153
339
3,280
ANIMAL FOOD.
Pork: Salt sides (1.4 per cent refuse),22 lbs. 13 oz.,
$2.28 (25); cured shoulder, 2 lbs., 20 cts. (26); lard,
124 lbs., $1.25 (21) -
Fish: Smoked herring (8.7 per cent refuse), 38 lbs.
15 oz., 39 cts. (37); perch, £ lb., 1 ct. (40); roach, 1
lb. 14 oz., 7 cts. (43)
Eggs, 1J lbs., 6 cts. (51)
Total animal food .
VEGETABLE FOOD.
Cereals: Corn meal (5.3 per cent refuse), 58 lbs. 11
oz., 62 cts. (57); flour, 52 lbs. 1 oz., $2.08 (61)
Sugars and starches: Sugar, 5 lbs., 30 cts. (69)
Potatoes: Sweet (3.1 per cent refuse), 5 lbs. 14 oz., 6
cts. (96) —
Vegetables: Cabbage (31. 7 per cent*refuse), 2 lbs.9
oz., 3 cts. (77); mustard salad, 3 lbs. 11 oz., 4 cts.
(86)
Total vegetable food
Total food purchased and eaten a.
a There was no waste.
24
DIETARY STUDY No. 222.
This study began May 7, 1897, and continued 30 days. The family
consisted of a man 26 years old; his wife, 23 years old; and a farm
laborer, 16 years old. Their weights were 120, 102, and 110 pounds,
respectively. The family lived in a rough-board cabin, containing one
room and a loft. It was situated in a tract of 25 acres of land. One-
third of the crops was paid as rent. Besides the log cabin there was a
small log barn, a log kitchen 6 by 8 feet, and a log smokehouse of the
same size. The water supply was as usual from an ordinary shallow
surface well. The husband carried on the farm work. The wife earned
something by washing and ironing. The live stock consisted of 1 cow,
1 steer, 1 horse, 2 calves, and 5 pigs, besides chickens and turkeys.
They also owned a number of farm implements. The soil was a light
sandy clay. About 7 acres were pfanted to corn, 7 acres to peanuts, an
equal amount to cotton, 2 acres to sweet potatoes, and the remainder,
about 2 acres, to garden truck. Xhe husband earned, above expenses,
about $100 a year and the woman $30. The farm hand, a boy, was
hired for $6 per month and board. The condition of this family was
rather above the average in the vicinity. In addition to the food
materials enumerated below, 3 cents' worth of salt, 1 cent's worth of
soda, and 7 cent's worth of yeast were used during the study.
The number of meals taken was as follows:
Meals.
Man 88
Woman (87 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 69
Boy (86 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to - 69
Man visitor 2
Woman visitor (9 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 7
Children visitors, about 11 years (3 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equiva¬
lent to 2
Total number of meals taken equivalent to 237
Equivalent to 1 man 79 days.
25
In the table below the results of the dietary study are shown.
Table 12.—Dietary study af a negro family near Franklin, Fa. (No. 222).
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.]
Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during
the study (30 days).
ANIMAL FOOD.
Pork: Salt sides (0.8 per cent refuse), 14 lbs. 10 oz.,
$1.46 (25); shoulder (0.9 per cent refuse), 6 lbs. 7
oz., 65 cts. (26); lard, 7 lbs. 9 oz., 76 cts. (21)
Fish: Smoked herring (16.4 per cent refuse) 14 lbs.,
17 cts. (3.7); salted fish (8.3 per cent refuse), 2 lbs.
6oz., 3 cts. (44); roach, 2| lbs., 11 cts. (43)
Eggs, 2 lbs. 7 oz., 13 cts. (50)
Dairy products: Milk, 115 lbs. 5 oz., $4.04 (55)
Total animal food
VEGETABLE FOOD.
Cereals: Corn meal (5.7per cent refuse), 34lbs. 14
oz., 37 cts. (57); liominy, 10 lbs. 10 oz., 13 cts. (58);
flour, 34 lbs. 15 oz., $1.36 (61)
Sugars and starches: Granulated sugar, 8lbs. 5 oz.,
50 cts. (69)
Potatoes: Sweet (16.5 per cent refuse), 17 lbs. 3 oz.,
33 cts. (96)
Vegetables: Cabbage (36.6 per cent refuse), 15 oz.,
3 cts. (77); mustard salad, 1 lb. 3 oz., 1 ct. (86);
green onions (50 per cent refuse), 5 oz., 2 cts. (89);
canned tomatoes, 2 lbs. 3 oz., 11 cts. (93)
Fruits: Canned peaches, 6 lbs. 10 oz., 33 cts. (108)...
Total vegetable food
Total food purchased
Waste: Vegetable
Total
Total food eaten..
Cost and composition of food per man per day.
Cost.
Protein.
Fat.
Carbohy¬
drates.
Fuel
value.
Gents.
3.6
.4
.2
5.1
Grams.
11
34
2
22
Grams.
113
16
2
27
Grams.
Calorie*.
1,095
288
26
476
33
9.3
69
158
33
1, 885
2.4
.6
.4
.2
.4
50
13
339
48
27
2
4
1,716
197
128
12
17
2
1
1
4.0 | 53
14
420
2,070
13.3 | 122
172
453
3,955
1 5
l
3
43
225
5
3
43
225
13.3 117
169
-410
3,730
DIETARY STUDIES AMONG THE NEGROES IN 1898.
By Isabel Bevhsk.
INTRODUCTION.
In the investigation of the food consumption of the negro in Alabama
it was deemed best to continue the studies a second year in order to
confirm the results of the first year. In like manner further investiga¬
tion of the food consumption of the negro in Virginia seemed desirable,
and the studies reported below were instituted in the spring of 1898.
In order to obtain more definite information concerning the effect of
education and other improving factors upon the character and amount
of the food consumed by the negro, studies were made in families
in widely different circumstances. Some of the families were in com¬
fortable circumstances, others had very limited incomes. Some had
been brought to a great degree under the influence of the Hampton
Institute, others had not had the benefit of such training.
These studies were made in Elizabeth City County, Va., which is one
of the eight original counties of the State. It contains about 30,000
acres of land, one-tenth of which is owned by the colored people, who
constitute two-thirds of the total population, which numbers some
16,000. Hampton Roads forms the southern boundary of the county,
while the Chesapeake Bay washes the eastern coast, and the James
River is but a mile beyond its western limit. Fortress Monroe and the
Soldiers' Home are situated within its borders. The former, with its
two large hotels, gives employment to many of the colored people of the
vicinity.
OCCUPATION.
Agriculture is perhaps the most important occupation of the negroes
of Elizabeth City County, although other occupations are followed.
Many own from 1 to 3 acres of land and two or three negroes own 40
or more acres, while in one case, which, so far as could be learned
was very exceptional, 100 acres are in the possession of one colored
man. Owing to the mildness of the climate, the land, properly man¬
aged, can be made to yield two crops each season. Truck farming is a
very prevalent occupation of the farming region. Early vegetables are
raised in large quantities for the Northern market, and potatoes, peas,
and sweet corn, as well as small fruits and berries, are shipped to
Washington and other cities.
28
The various fishing industries furnish employment to many during
three-fourths of the year, while Newport News, with its shipyards and
varied industries, requires many laborers.
The town of Hampton attracts to it many of the negro boys and
young men from the country who prefer a trade to work on the farm.
Negroes are found as painters, carpenters, shoemakers, blacksmiths,
wheelwrights, masons, and plasterers, and are represented in other
trades. The negro professional men include physicians, lawyers, clergy¬
men, and teachers, and one of the largest building and loan associations
of the State is managed by colored people. Life insurance and real
estate agencies are also conducted by the negroes of Hampton.
HOMES AND SURROUNDINGS OF THE FAMILIES STUDIED.
The character of the houses occupied by the negroes varies greatly
according to their financial condition. Many of the houses in Hampton
are substantial and commodious homes, built according to modern
ideas.
Seven dietary studies were conducted. Three of these were made in
the immediate vicinity of Hampton, the chief city of the county. Two
of these families showed in a marked degree the beneficent influence of
the neighboring Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, where
they had received education and industrial training. They lived in
substantial and commodious homes built by the u school carpenters."
The housekeeping was carefully attended to and considerable attention
given to the selection of the food. In the third family there was much
untidiness and ignorance, and a continual struggle to provide the corn
meal which formed a large part of the daily diet, yet the first dime
earned on Saturday was put aside to pay for the next week's schooling.
Three dietary studies were made at Butlers Farm, the only distinc¬
tive negro settlement of the county, and two at Phoebus. Butlers
Farm owes its name to the fact that General Butler gave the land to
the negroes at the close of the war. It is a primitive settlement of
about 20 families. The land is owned by the negroes in lots varying
from 1 to 3 acres in size. The houses are frame structures, without lath
or plaster, and contain from two to four rooms. The interiors are quite
generally covered with newspapers or fashion plates. The furniture
ordinarily consists of one or two chairs, a bench, a table and cupboard,
and sometimes a stove. About half the families own a cow, most of
them a few chickens and a pig. In a little garden patch they raise a
few vegetables, the most common of which are corn, sweet potatoes,
and cabbage.
The water supply of the people in the farming districts, like that of
the people near Franklin, is obtained from shallow surface wells about
6 feet in depth, usually without walls other than the clay of the soil,
although sometimes walled in by two barrels from which the ends have
been removed. The well was generally inclosed by a board fence to
keep out the children and the pigs.
29
Many of the homes have near the house a box-like structure set
some 2 feet from the ground on piles, which is termed the " dairy."
Milk, if they have it, and all other food materials are kept in this dairy.
The cooking and housekeeping are usually of the most primitive
order. Except-in such homes as show the influence of the Hampton
Institute, the houses are untidy.
Partly because of the difficulty of keeping food and partly because
of the lack of funds, food was not purchased in large quantities. Suffi¬
cient food material was ordinarily purchased the latter part of the week
to last for the coming week. Considerable quantities of fish were used,
but the chief animal food was " white meat," i. e., salted side bacon.
Fresh meat was used in only one of the homes. The larger portion of
the side bacon used in this region is obtained from Chicago. Three of
the families visited used ice. This is almost a necessity if any variety
of food is used.
During the winter each family kills the pigs which they have raised
during the summer. Very little milk or butter is used, even by fami¬
lies owning a cow. The children are allowed only sour milk or butter¬
milk to drink, as the milk is all used for making butter to be exchanged
for groceries. Even in the most well-to-do negro families a pound and
a quarter of butter would serve for a family of six for a week.
Housekeeping as practiced in these homes does not require much
time, and the women work on the farm with the men. Many of the
women take in at least a little washing, and so earn small amounts of
money each week.
BREAD.
In only one of the seven different families visited was wheat bread
regularly baked. Two of the women explained that they could not
bake bread on account of the lack of an oven. Two others said they
did not like bread, "it was so tasteless." Instead, they used "hoe-
cake," made of corn meal and water, or biscuit made from wheat flour.
In two of the dietaries reported beyond, baker's bread was purchased
at a cost of a little over 6 cents a pound. In order to show the relative
economy of baking the bread in the household as compared with pur¬
chasing bread in this way, one of the more intelligent women was
asked if she would not like to make a bi'ead experiment. It was
explained that she was to weigh all the ingredients which she put into
the bread, and weigh the bread after baking, and then calculate how
much the bread, as finally baked, cost her a pound. She was interested
to make the test. Nine pounds and two ounces of bread was baked, at
a total cost of 32 cents, exclusive of labor and fuel. This same amount
of bread purchased of the baker would have cost 60 cents. Just how
much should be allowed for the cost of the fuel it is difficult to say, but
it was very evident to the woman that there was a very decided saving
by baking her own bread.
30
COMPOSITION OF FOOD MATERIALS.
No analyses of the food materials used were made. The kinds of
food materials commonly used by the negroes are few in number, and
they are shown to be of comparatively uniform composition by a very
large number of analyses of similar food products made in connection
with nutrition investigations in the United States. In calculating the
results of the dietary studies the composition was assumed from what
were considered reliable data,1 as in the studies reported by Dr. Frissell
in the preceding pages. Table 21, on pages 43-45 of the Appendix,
shows the figures for the percentage composition of the various food
materials found in use among the families studied.
WASTE.
Ko attempt was made to determine the amount of waste in the dif¬
ferent families. The values in the following tables show the amount of
nutrients in the food purchased. However, it is not probable that there
was any large amount of waste.
DETAILS OF THE DIETARY STUDIES.
In tables 13 to 19, beyond, are given the details of the food consumed
by the seven different families whose dietaries were studied. The
explanations which were given on page 9, in connection with the tables
showing the results of dietary studies made the year previous among
the negroes near Franklin, Ya., apply to these tables also.
DIETARY STUDIES OF NEGRO FAMILIES IN OR NEAR HAMPTON,
VA.
The results of the seven dietary studies made during 1898 in negro
families residing in or near Hampton, Va., are summarized below.
DIETARY STUDY No. 234.
This study began May 31, 1898, and continued 8 days. The family
consisted of the father, 32 years of age; the mother, the same age;
two daughters, of 7 and 3 years, respectively, and a son, 6 years of age.
The weights of the family were 145, 135, 52, 30, and 50 pounds, respec¬
tively. In addition to the regular family, one visitor, a woman 35 years
of age, was present during the entire time. The father was a book¬
keeper, and had an income of $1,200 per year. They owned their
house, which contained seven well furnished rooms (PI. II, figs. 1 and 2).
Both the father and mother were graduates of Hampton Institute.
The latter did much among her people to improve their domestic con¬
dition. In addition to his regular business, the father was connected
with a building and loan association and some other enterprises. Food
1 See especially U. S. Dept. of Agrv Office of Experiment Stations Buls. 28, revised,
and 38.
u. S. Dept. of Agricultuie, Bui. 71, Office of Expt. Stations.
Plate II.
Fig. 1.—House of Negro Bookkeeper (Dietary Study No. 234).
Fig 2.—Interior of House of Negro Bookkeeper (Dietary Study No". 234).
31
was bought in considerable variety, and, in fact, the dietary resembles
that of an ordinary well-to-do white family. In addition to the food
materials enumerated below, 15 cents' worth of tea, 8 cents' worth of
coffee, 2 cents' worth of salt, 2 cents' worth of pepper, 2 cents' worth of
yeast, 7 cents' worth of baking powder, and 36 cents' worth of ice were
used during the study. The family also had on hand a variety of
condiments, such as are in ordinary use in cooking.
The number of meals taken was as follows:
Meals.
Man 23
Woman (22 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 18
Girl, 7 years (24 meals x 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 12
Boy, 6 years (24 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 12
Girl, 3 years (24 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 10
Women visitors (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24
Total number of meals taken equivalent to 99
Equivalent to 1 man 33 days.
The details of the dietary study are given in the following table:
Table 13.—Dietary study of a negro family in Hampton, Va. (No. 234).
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.]
Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during
the study (8 days).
ANIMAL FOOD.
Beef: Second cut, round, 2£ lbs., 30 cts. (5); smoked,
li lbs., 30 cts. (8); round, 1 lb., 15 cts. (10); chuck,
l| lbs., 20 cts. (9). Veal: Hind shank, 3| lbs., 56
cts. (14)
Pork: Salt dried side, 1J lbs., 16 cts. (25); ham, 1 lb.
2 oz., 13 cts. (18); lard, 4 lbs. 2 oz., 40 cts. (21)
Fish: Blue, 2 lbs. 2 oz., 8 cts. (32); croakers, 5J lbs.,
10 cts. (33); trout, 4£ lbs., 10 cts. (46)
Eggs, 3 lbs., 24 cts. (50)
Dairy products: Milk, 24J lbs., 72 cts. (55); butter,
\\ lbs., 30 cts. (52); cheese, 2 oz., 2 cts. (53)
Total animal food
VEGETABLE FOOD.
Cereals: Corn meal, 5 lbs. 6 oz., 9 cts. (57); bread. 5|
lbs., 26 cts. (63); crackers, 2 lbs. 2 oz., 28 cts. (64);
flour, 10 lbs. 15 oz., 45 cts. (61); rice, | lb.,J cts. (60).
Sugars, starches,and oils: Salad oil, 1 oz., 3 cts. (73);
loaf sugar, \ lb., 2 cts. (69); granulated sugar, 8
ibs. 2 oz., 48 cts. (69); vanilla sirup, 3 lbs. 15 oz., 18
cts. (70)
Potatoes: Irish, 12 lbs. 3 oz., 32 cts. (94)
Legumes: Beans, 2 oz., 2 cts. (74)
Vegetables: Beets, 1Jlbs., 5cts. (76); cabbage, 3lbs.
11 oz., 5 cts. (77); onions, 15 oz., 5 cts. (87); canned
tomatoes 4 lbs. 6 oz., 16 cts. (98) ••■• •••
Fruits: Evaporated apples, J lb., 5 cts. (101);
canned blackberries, 4 lbs. 6oz., 14 cts. (102); lem-
ons, J lb., lOcts. (106); oranges, 2J lbs., 15 cts. (107);
strawberries, 5 lbs. 2 oz., 22 cts. (112)
Total vegetable food
Total food
Cost and composition of food per man per day.
Cost.
Protein.
Fat.
Carbohy¬
drates.
Fuel
value.
Cents.
4.6
2.1
g
Grams.
21
4
Grams.
8
Grams.
Calories.
161
78
17
742
28
5
273
7
67
3.2
26
14
17
307
11.4
84
122
17
1,550
3.5
40
10
235
1,220
2.1
1.0
1
4
1
161
36
673
164
1
1
8
1.0
2.0
2
9
45
1
2
47
215
9.6
49
13
489
2, 325
21.0
133
135
506
3,875
32
DIETARY STUDY No. 235.
This study, which began June 1, 1898, and continued 8 days, was
made with a family consisting of the father, 30 yoars old ; the mother, 26
years old; two girls, one 3 and the other 1£ years of age; and three
boarders, a man 28 years old and two women 24 and 18 years of age.
The weights of the family, excepting the child 3 years old, whose weight
was not recorded, were 156, 158, 23, 154, 124, and 148 pounds, respec¬
tively. The father was a plumber. He also sang in a quartette which
made extended trips, giving concerts. His regular trade brought in $9
per week, and while on trips with the quartette he was paid $1.50 per
day and expenses. The man who boarded with the family was a car¬
penter and earned about $12 per week. He paid $12 per month for
room and board. The woman who boarded with the family was a tail-
oress, earning $3 per week, and paid $7 per month for room and board.
The woman 18 years of age was a sister of the mother, and paid no
board. She worked in a printing office, and earned $8 per month.
The children did not appear to be very strong, and did not seem well
nourished. Milk was used only on Sunday morning, and then the
children were given none. The father, boarders, and the young woman
took their dinner from home, and the rest of the family ate a cold lunch
in the middle of the day, so that the chief .meal was served at night,
l^o attempt was made to collect the waste, as there was practically none.
The fragments left from other meals were eaten for lunch. Thus the
food purchased in this dietary is practically equivalent to the food
eaten. In addition to the food materials mentioned below, 15 cents'
worth of coffee, 8 cents' worth of tea, 5 cents' worth of ginger, 6 cents'
worth of baking powder, and 1 cent's worth of salt were used.
The number of meals taken was as follows:
Meals.
Two men 31
Three women (72 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 57
Child, 3 years (24 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 10
Child, 1| years (24 meals X 0.3 meal of man), equivalent to 7
Girl visitor, 15 years 1
Total number of meals taken equivalent to 106
Equivalent to 1 man 35 days.
33
The following table shows the details of the dietary study:
J. able 14. Dietary study of a neyro family near Hampton, Va. (Xo 235).
[lor explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.]
Kinds and total amounts of food consumed durint
the study (8 days). c
ANIMAL FOOD.
Beef: Chipped, 1 lb., 25 cts. (8); liver, 3§ lbs., 28 cts.
(4); bologna, 1 lb., 10 cts. (12); drippings and cot-
tolene, 3£ lbs., 10 cts. (13)
Pork: Breakfast bacon, If lbs., 18 cts. 05); side, 4
lbs., 40 cts. (25); sausage, 2 lbs., 20 cts. (28)
Poultry: Chicken, 2 lbs. 10 oz., 40 cts. (30)
Fish: Croakers, 5£ lbs., 10 cts. (34); flounder, 2 lbs.
3oz., 5 cts. (36)
Eg|?8> Ihs., 32 cts. (51)
Dairy products: Milk, 1 lb., 4 cts. (55); condensed
milk, 14oz., 10cts. (56); butter, 1 lb. 5 oz., 39cts. (52).
Total animal food
VEGETABLE FOOD.
Cereals: Bread, 10 lbs. 2 oz., 50 cts <63); corn meal,
6 lbs., 8 cts. (57); flour, 6 lbs. 14 oz., 20 cts. (61);
macaroni, 1 oz., 1 ct. (66); rice, lb., 6 cts. (60)
Sugars and starches: Cornstarch, 2 oz., 1 ct. (72);
sugar, 5 lbs. 14 oz., 36 cts. (69); chocolate, 7 oz.. 24
cts. (71) 1...
Potatoes: Irish, 4 lbs. 6 oz., 13 cts. (05)
Legumes: Navy beans, 3 lbs. 10 oz., 20 cts. (74); gar¬
den peas, 5 lbs. 7 oz., 20 cts. (91)
Vegetables: Garden cabbage, 4 lbs. 6oz.,4 cts. (78);
canned corn, 1 lb. 7 oz., 10 cts. (82); garden lettuce,
1 lb. 10 oz., 10 cts. (84); onions, \ lb. (88;: tomnt jes,
4J lbs., 16 cts. (98)
Fruits: Dried apples, 9 oz., 3 cts. (101); strawber¬
ries, 2J lbs., 10 cts. (112)
Total vegetable food.
Total food
Cost and composition of food per man per day.
Cost. Protein.
Cents.
2.1
2.2
1.2
1.7
.4
1.1
.4
7.2
Grams.
15
Fat.
Carbohy-; Fuel
drates. value.
drams. ' Grams. Calories.
47 498
64 : 636
5 63
l
15 196
4 ■ ; 57
17 7 ; 205
152 I 7 1 1,655
1,023
352
37
1, 705
3, 360
DIETARY STUDY No. 236.
This study was of 7 days' duration, beginning on June 3, 1898.
The members of the family were as follows: Tlie father, 40 years of
age, weighing 140 pounds; the mother, 35 years of age, weighing 150
poundsj four sons, aged, respectively, 16, 14, 10, and 4 years, and three
daughters, aged, respectively, 9, G, and 1 year of age. The weights of
the three oldest sons were 103, 75, and 60 pounds, and of the two oldest
daughters 41 and 37 pounds, respectively. The weights of the youngest
son and youngest daughter were not obtained. The father worked in
a large hotel, and earned $15 per month and his board. The mother
was ignorant aud in poor health. The tract of land on which this
family lived belonged to the mother. The father had built the house
and made several additions to it until it numbered five rooms. The
family owned one cow and some chickens. The boys worked at the
fisheries and took their pay in fish, a part of which they afterwards
sold. They earned about 15 cents per day, besides sufficient fish for the
family. The family used little or no milk, but exchanged it for meat,
7623—No. 71 3
34
eggs, pepper, etc. The bread eaten was chiefly "hoecakes'' made of
flour and baked on a griddle. The members of the family were in good
health, with the exception of the mother and the oldest son. This
family was regarded as a type of the very poor negroes in this region.
In addition to the food materials mentioned below, 4 cents' worth of
tea, 12 cents' worth of coffee, 1 cent's worth of salt, and 3 cents' worth
of baking powder were used during the time of the study.
The number of meals taken was as follows:
Man 3
Woman (21 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 17
Two boys, 16 and 14 years (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent
to 34
Boy, 10 years (21 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 13
Two girls, 9 and 6 years (18 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to. 9
Boy, 4 years (21 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 8
Child, 1 year (21 meals x 0.3 meal of man), equivalent to 6
Woman visitor 2
Total number of meals taken equivalent to 92
Equivalent to 1 man 31 days.
The details of the study are shown in the following table:
Tajsle 15.—Dietary study of a negro family near Hampton, Va. (No. 236).
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.]
Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during
tbe study (7 days).
Cost and composition of food per man per day.
Cost. ! Protein.
Pat.
Carbohy- {
drates. I
Fuel
value.
ANIMAL FOOD.
Beef: Round. 2 lbs., 28 cts. (11)..
Pork : Salt side, lbs., 10 cts. (25); lard, 1J lbs., 13
cts. (21)
Fish: Croakers, 8 lbs., 16 cts. (34); sturgeon beads,
18 lbs. 14 oz., 48 cts. (45); trout, 3 lbs., 6 cts. (47) ;
turtle, 10 lbs., 50 cts. (48)
Eggs, 2lbs. 6 oz., 21 cts. (50)
Dairy products: Milk, 37 lbs. 2 oz., $1.11 (55); but¬
ter, £ lb., 7 cts. (52)
Total animal food
VEGETABLE FOOD.
Cereals: Corn bread, 4J lbs,, 4 cts. (62); corn meal,
19 lbs., 25 cts. (57); flour, 7 lbs., 24 cts. (01)
Sugars and starches: Sugar, 2 lbs. 5 oz., 14 cts. (69).
Total vegetable food
Total food
Cen ts.
Grams.
Grams.
Gram 3.
Calories.
0.9
7
1
38
. 7
1
40
377
3.9
66
24
494
.7
5
4
58
3.8
18
24
27
408
10.0
97
93
27
1,375
1.7
43
17
310
1,606
. 5
34
139
2.2
43
17
344
1,745
12.2
140
110
371
3,120
DIETARY STUDY No. 237.
This study, like the others, was of 7 days' duration, beginning on
June 13, 1898. The family studied consisted of the mother, 42 years of
age; five sons, aged, respectively, 19, 16, 10, 7, and 4 years; and one
daughter, 13 years of age. The weights of the members of the family
could not be obtained. The family lived in a house of two rooms, with¬
out lath or plaster (PI. Ill, fig. l). The rent, $ 1.25 per month, was paid
U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bui. 71, Office of Expt. Stations.
Plate III.
Fig. 2.—Interior of House of Negro Family (Dietary Study No. 239).
35
by the oldest sod, who was a farmer, and received $10 per month and
"rations." These consisted of 12 x>ounds of side bacon, 12£ pounds ot
flour, 1 bushel of corn meal, 4 pounds of sugar, and ^ pound of tea.
The son brought these "rations" home each month, and together with
some additional food they formed the food supply of the whole family.
The son carried his noon lunch from home and was allowed, by the
farmer for whom he worked, all the milk he wished to drink. The
amount consumed could not be determined and is not included in the
study. It would tend to slightly increase the amount of nutrients per
man per day. The mother earned $1.25 per week by washing. The
second son received $8 a month and board when he worked. The live
stock consisted of one pig and numerous chickens. The family seemed
in good health.
In addition to the food materials enumerated in the following table,
8 cents' worth of tea and 2 cents' worth of salt were used during the
week covered by the dietary study.
The number of meals taken was as follows:
Meals.
Woman (21 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 17
Man 21
Boy, 16 years (9 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 8
Two children, 13 and 10 years (42 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equiva¬
lent to 25
Boy, 7 years (21 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 11
'oy, 4 years (21 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 8
Total number of meals taken equivalent to 90
Equivalent to 1 man 30 days.
The details of the study are shown in the table which follows.
Table 16.—Dietary study of a negro family in Hampton, Va. (No. 237).
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.]
Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during
the study (7 days).
.ANIMAL FOOD.
Pork: Salt side, 8£ lbs., 71 cts. (25); lard, £ lb., 3 cts.
(21)
Fish: Dressed croakers, 3 lbs., 10 cts. (34)
Eggs, 3i lbs., 26 cts. (50) W'' V,. V1
Dairy products: Buttermilk, 13 lbs., 40 cts. (54);
sour milk, 27J lbs., 40 cts. '55); butter, J lb., 6 cts.
(52)
Total animal food
VEGETABLE FOOD.
Cereals: Corn meal, 24 lbs., 36 cts. (57); flour, 12 ll'^;
2 oz.,43 cts. (61); hominy, 2£ lbs., 5 cts. (58), oat
Cost and composition of food per man per day.
flakes, J lb., 3 cts. (50)- . - , /07\.
Sugars and starches: Molasses, 3* lbs., 12 cts. (fa7),
sugar, 4 lbs. 10 oz., 27 cts. (69) -. - -
fepntahles: Cabbage, 4 lbs. •,
Vegetables: Cabbage,
Total vegetable food .
Total food
cts. (77).
Cost.
Protein.
Fat.
Carbohy¬
drates.
Fuel
value.
Cents.
2.5
.3
Grams.
10
Grams.
37
8
Grams.
Calories.
944
95
5
22
5
67
2.9
21
30
409
6.5
42
131
30
1,515
2.9
01
21
434
2, 225
1. 3
! ]
106
4
439
21
.4
j 1
4.6
63
21
544
2, 685
11.1
j 105
152
j 574
4,200
36
DIETARY STUDY No. 238.
This study was began June 13, 1898, and continued for 7 days. The
members of the family were as follows: The father, 36 years old; the
mother, 35 years old; and two daughters of 12 and 10 years of age.
The weights of the father and mother were 140 and 125 pounds, respec¬
tively. The weights of the children were not recorded. The family
paid no rent for their house, which was owned by a sister. The father
earned $1.25 per week when he worked the whole time, but of the 6
working days covered by the study he was idle 3. He rode to his
work, which was 7 miles distant, on a bicycle. The mother earned $1
per week by washing. She also picked up potatoes during certain sea¬
sons of the year, receiving 10 cents a barrel. She seemed anxious to
work. The wants of the family were small, but as the father was very
irregular at his work they were very poor. A pig and a few chickens
were owned by the family. The provisions were bought by the week,'
usually on Saturday, and paid for in cash. The children ate the same
kinds of food as the rest of the family. In addition to the food mate¬
rials enumerated below. 10 cents7 worth of tea, 1 cent's worth of salt,
and 4 cents' worth of baking powder were used during the week.
The number of meals taken was as follows:
Meals.
Man 21
Woman (16 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 13
Two girls, 12 and 10 years (42 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to. 25
Total number of meals taken equivalent to 59
Equivalent to 1 man 20 days.
Following are the details of the dietary study:
Table 17.—Dietary study of a negro family in Hampton, Va. (No. 238).
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.]
Kinds ani] total amounts of food consumed during
the study (7 days).
Cost and composition of food per man per day.
animal food.
Pork: Salt dried, 4 lbs. 14 07,., 39 cts. (23); smoked
■side (with rib), IU lbs., 35 cts. (24); lard 2i lbs., 11
cts. (21)
Total animal food
vegetable food.
Cereals: Bread, (i ok., 1 ct. (63); corn meal, 15 lbs.
^ 23 cts. (57); Hour, «J lbs., 20 cts. (01)
Sugars and starches: Cornstarch, J lb., 2 cts. (72)
molasses. 2' lbs., 17 cts. (67); sugar, 2lbs., 12cts. (69)
Total vegetable food
Total food
Cost.
Protein.
Fat.
Carbohy¬
drates.
Fuel
value.
Cents.
4.4
Grams.
15
Grams.
Grams.
Calories.
1,090
4.4
15
175
1,690
2.5
58
19
398
2,045
1.6
1
86
4. 1
59
19
484
2,400
8.5
74
191
484
4,090
DIETARY STUDY No. 239.
This study, which was of 7 days' duration, began with dinner June
13, 1898. The family consisted of the mother, 58 years of age; two
daughters of 30 and 17 years, respectively; a son 21 years of age; three
granddaughters, 12, 8, and 6 years of age, respectively; and a grandson,
37
an infant, of 7 months. The daughter, 30 years of age, weighed 120
pounds, and the son, 21 years of age, 140 pounds. Tlie weights of the
other members of the family could not be obtained. The mother owned
3 acres of land and the house of 4 rooms in which they live (PI. Ill, fig.
2). This was built with the aid of a loan of $100 from a building and
loan association. The mother earned 50 cents a day by doing bouse
work, and paid 40 cents a week to the loan association. Her oldest
daughter was shiftless and did not care to work. The son farmed the
3 acres of land which they owned, and in addition a tract of 5 acres,
which wras rented. The live stock consisted of a cow, a pig, and some
chickens. Most of the eggs obtained were sold. Part of the milk was
made into butter, a portion of which was sold. In addition to the food
materials enumerated below, 10 cents' worth of tea, 2 cents' worth of
salt, and 1 cent's worth of baking powder were used in the study.
The number of meals taken was as follows:
Meals.
Two men ... 21
Two women (34 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 27
Girl, 17 years (20 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 14
Girl, 12 years (21 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 13
Two girls, 8 and 6 years (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to. 21
Infant (21 meals X 0,3 meal of man), equivalent to 6
Man visitor 1
Total number of meals taken equivalent to 103
Equivalent to 1 man 34 days.
The details of the study are given in the following table:
Tablk 18.—Dietary study of a negro family in Hampton, Fa. (No. 239).
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.]
Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during
the study (7 days).
ANIMAL FOOD.
Pork: Salt sides, lbs., 33 cts. (25); lard, 2 lbs., 12
cts. (21) -
Fish: Salt herring, 4 lbs. 6 oz., 12 cts. (;>S)
Eggs, 5 lbs. 1 oz., 38 cts. (50) """"'
Dairy products: Milk, 20 lbs. 6 oz., 71 cts. (*>5);
butter, 7 oz., 8 cts. (52)
Total animal food
VEGETABLE FOOD.
Cereals: Corn meal, 18J lbs., 24 cts. (57) ; flour 11J
lbs., 40 cts. (61); rice, 5J lbs., 42 cts. (60)
Sugars and starches: Sugar, 3 lbs. 2 oz.. 18 cts. (69)...
Vegetables: Cabbage, 3 lbs., 5 cts. (78)
Cost and composition of food per mail per day.
Fat.
Cost.
Protein.
Carbohy-
i drates.
Fuel
value.
Total vegetable food
Total food
Cents.
1.3
.4
1.1
2.3
Gravis.
6
12
9
9
Grams, j Grains.
79
5 I
8 !
16 , 14
Calories.
759
96
112
243
5.1
36
48
108 14
1,210
3. 1
.
15 349
42
1,766
172
12
.2
1 | 1 2
3.8 49
15 393
1, 950
8.9
85
123 407
3. 160
DIETARY STUDY No. 240.
This study began with dinner on June 21,1898, and continued 3 days.
The family consisted of the father, 42 years old; the mother, 44 years
old; a son, 23 years old; a ward, 12 years of age; and two visitors, i. e.,
38
a niece of the father, 23 years of age, and her daughter, 2 years of age.
The weights of the family were 165, 176, 186, 75, 140, and 35 pounds,
respectively. This family is regarded as a fair representative of the
better class of negro farmers. They owned 3| acres of land and rented
4 acres in addition, paying $2 per acre. They also owned their house
of 0 rooms. The father was a carpenter, but also worked on the farm.
The son was a teamster and earned $3 a day. The mother worked out
a part of one day each week and received 50 cents. The live stock
consisted of 2 horses, 1 pig, and 80 chickens. With the exception of
the father the health of the family was good. The duration of this
study was too short to give the most satisfactory idea of the food con¬
sumption of this family. It had been intended to make the study of a
week's duration, but circumstances prevented. It does, however, give
some idea of the food habits of this family. In addition to the mate¬
rials enumerated in the following table, 5 cents' worth of tea, 5 cents'
worth of coffee, 1 cent's worth of mustard, and 3 cents' worth of pep¬
per were used during the 3 days the study continued.
The number of meals taken was as follows:
Meals.
Two men 18
Two women (17 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 13
Girl, 12 years (9 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 5
Child, 2 years (9 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 4
Total number of meals taken equivalent to . 40
Equivalent to 1 man 13 days.
The following table gives the details of the dietary study:
Table 19.—Dietary .study of a negro family near Hampton, Va. (Aro. 240).
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.]
Kinds :md total amounts of food consumed dnrin<;
the study (3 days).
ANIMAI. FOOD.
Cost and composition of food per man per day.
Beef: Corned, 1 lb., 15 cts. (1)
Pork: Salt dried, 1} lbs., 11 cts. (24); ham!2 "lbs!
1 lb., 8 cts. (21) !
Poultry: Dressed chicken. 1 lb. 6 oz., 20 cts. (31)
Fish: Sun, 2£lbs., 12 cts. (47); trout, 4 lbs., 18 cts. (47)
Eggs, 2 lbs. 2 oz., 17 cts. (50)
Dairy products: Milk, 2 lbs. 14 oz., 9 cts. (55) • butter
10 oz., 14 cts. (52)
Total animal food
VEGETABLE FOOD.
Ceieals : Oat flake-, 10 oz.. 4 cts. (59); corn meal 101-
lbs., 15 cts. (57); flour, lbs., 17 cts. ((51) ! _*
Sugars and starches : Sugar, 2 lbs. 6 oz., 14 cts (6<i)~
V egetables: Cabbage, 4| lbs., 7 cts. (78)....
Fruits : Blackberries. 1J lbs., 5 cts. (102): canned
Peaces,!!,, 5 oz., 7 cts. (108); dried peaches. 1 lb.,
(109) ,
Total vegetable food.
Total food
Cost.
Protein.
Fat.
Carbohy¬
drates.
Fuel
value.
Cents.
1.2
Grams.
10
Grams.
Grams.
Calories.
88
4. 2
20
115
1,152
85
1.5
7
6
2.3
23
2
113
1.3
10
8
115
1.8
3
23
5
247
12.3
73
159
5
1,800
2.8
1. 1
. 5
54
2
21
385
83
8
1,994
340
41
1.7
3
2
61
280
6.1
18.4
59
132
23
182
537
542~
2,655
1,455
39
DISCTJSSIOX OF RESULTS.
With the exception of the investigation made with the negroes near
Tuskegee, Ala., there has been little detailed study of the food con¬
sumption of the colored population of the United States. In food
investigations carried on by Miss Shapleigh1 among the very poor in
Philadelphia, the food habits ot a few negro families were studied. In
investigations carried on near Tuskegee, some of the families studied had
been under the influence of Tuskegee Institute, and their food habits
and methods of living had been considerably altered, resembling more
nearly those of the ordinary American family. Other families whose
diets were studied might be considered as fairly representative of negro
families in regions remote from such influence. In such cases the food
consisted largely of bacon, flour, corn meal, and molasses. The dietary
studies in Virginia reported above were made under conditions quite
similar to those existing in Alabama. Some of the families studied had
been under the beneficent influence of Hampton Normal Institute, and,
as in the case of families under similar conditions near Tuskegee, their
living habits were found to differ largely from those of the families
studied in regions more remote, or those who had not been under the
influence of the Institute.
In order the better to compare the results of these investigations with
the general results of dietary studies made in Alabama, and with aver¬
ages of investigations among white families of different incomes and
social conditions in the United States, reference may be made to the
following table:
Table 20.—Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day in dietary studies in
Virginia and elsewhere.
.2 ft
A
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
234
235
23G
237
238
239
240
DIETARIES OF NEGROES IN VIRGINIA.
Dietary of a negro family near franklin, Ya.
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
. . . .do ;
Dietary of a negro family in Hampton, Va . -
Dietary of a negro family near Hampton, Va.
Dietary of a negro family in Hampton, Ya ..
do'
Dietary of a negro family near Hampton, Va.
Av
era "■e of 19 negro families inYirginia
Cost. | Protein.
en ts.
7
G
10
8
4
G
20
5
16
11
6
13
21
15
12
11
<)
9
18
70
322
159
59
55
16'.)
70
1-10
117
114
117
133
104
140
103
74
85
132
G rams.
95
Grams.
131
141
167
189
80
100
229
10.3
210
225
153
ISO
135
103
110
152
104
123
182
Carbohy¬
drates.
Grams.
400
372
493
575
218
314
017
343
516
608
339
410
500
340
371
574
484
407
542
Fuel
value.
Calories.
3,245
3,145
4,075
4,770
1, 880
3,000
5,350
2,050
4, 635
5, 005
3, 280
3,730
3, 875
3, 360
3,120
4, 200
4,090
3,100
4,455
109
159
3, 745
Partial Report of Dutton Fellow, College Settlements Association, 1892-93.
40
Tai
;LK 20.—Coat., nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day in dietary studies in
Virginia and elsewhere-— Continued.
s
132
104
137
103
DIETARIES OF NEGROES IN ALABAMA.
Cost.
Dietary with minimum protein
Dietary with maximum protein
DietarV with minimum energy
Dietary Vith maximum energy
Average of 20 negro families in Alabama.
AVERAGES OF OTHER DIETARIES.
I
Averageof 4 Mexican families in New Mexico
Average of 14 mechanics' families
Average of 10 farmers' families -
Average of 14 professional men's families ...J
Tentative standard for man at moderate work >
Cents.
4
11
5
12
8
Protein.
drams.
20
99
31
93
62
94
103
97
104
Pat.
Carbohy- Fuel
d rates. 1 value.
!•
Grams.
83
252
27
283
132
Grams. : Calories.
225 1 1,800
666 ! 5,480
304 | 1,625
649 I 5,670
436 1 3,270
71
150
130
125
610
402
467
423
3,550
3,465
3,515
3,325
3,500
The cost of the food consumed per man per day in the 19 studies here
reported varied from 4 to 21 cents. The corresponding range in cost
among the negro families studied in Alabama wan from 3 to 20 cents,
averaging 8 cents. The protein among the families in Virginia ranged
from 55 to 169 grams, averaging 109 grams per man per day, while the
protein in the Alabama dietaries ranged from 26 to 99 grams, averaging
62 grams per man per day. The energy in the daily food ranged from
1,880 to 5,3 >0 calories among the families in Virginia, while the studies
made in Alabama showed a range of fuel value from 1,62-5 to 5,670
calories.
It is noteworthy that the average amount of protein in the dietaries
of negro families in Virginia was as large or larger than the average
amount found in the daily diet of wliite persons in moderately com¬
fortable circumstances, such as families of mechanics and families
of professional men, and was very nearly as large as that called for
in the tentative American standard, namely, 125 grams per man per
day. The reason for the larger amount of protein in negro families in
Virginia as compared with those in Alabama is doubtless due to the
close proximity of salt water, which made fish an important article of
diet. Among the families studied near Franklin, suit herring were
used to a large extent. In the families studied near Hampton large
amounts of various fresh fish were used. In fact, of the 19 families
studied there were but two who did not consume at least one meal of
fish during the time of the dietary. The relative importance of fish in
the diet of these people may be illustrated by the fact that in one
instance nearly 50 per cent of the total protein of the food was fur¬
nished by fish. As shown by the average results for the 19 families,
over one-fifth of the total protein of the food came from this source.
In the investigations, both in Alabama and Virginia, the average
fuel ^ alue of the food consumed per man per day is as large or larger
than that found in the dietary studies among white families already
mentioned. Thus, the average fuel value found in 19 studies in Vir-
41
gima was 3,745 calories; tliat found in 20 studies in Alabama, 3,270;
™ge °f 10 wtlite families in New England and New York, 3,515;
while the tentative standard for a man at moderate work calls for
about 3,500 calories per day.
From the above considerations it would seem that judging solely by
the amount of nutrients the negro families in Virginia were on the
average more abundantly fed than those studied in Alabama. The
fuel value of the food was, if anything, more than sufficient for their
daily needs, although the majority of the people studied were at active
exercise in the fields. The quantity of protein was as large as is found
in the average diet of the ordinary white person. Of course, nothing
can be definitely said regarding the digestibility of the diet. It seems
quite certain that coarse food materials, like corn meal, are less digesti¬
ble than the finer flours. Neither can anything be sard concerning the
effect of the preparation of the food and its attractiveness upon its
digestibility.
One point of considerable interest in connection with these studies
is the small cost per man per day. For 11 cents the families in Vir¬
ginia obtained food materials furnishing more protein and more energy
than was obtained for 28 cents by the families of professional men in
comfortable circumstances, and for 19 cents by families of well-paid
mechanics. However, the food would certainly seem less appetizing
and would not suit families used to more elaborate living.
The average food consumption found in four native Mexican families,
resident in New Mexico, resembles quite nearly as regards protein and
energy the food consumed by the negroes in Virginia. The character
of the food materials wasy however, widely different. The negroes lived
largely on bacon, fish, and corn meal, the Mexicans on flour and frijoles,
or other legumes, with a very little- meat.
It is interesting to note that in the negro families who had come
more or less under the influence of Tuskegee and Hampton Normal
institutes the diet was more or less modified. This is well illustrated
by a comparison of dietaries No. 234 and No. 235, the details of which
are given on pages 31 and 33, with the results obtained in some of the
other studies. The diet of these families resembles quite closely that
of the ordinary white family under similar conditions, both as regards
variety of food materials and as regards the amounts of nutrients.
Attention must be called to the fact that in dietary studies Nos. 234
to 240, inclusive, no account was taken of the waste, so that the calcu¬
lated nutrients per man per day include the waste as well as the food
eaten. It is, however, improbable that there could have been any
appreciable waste unless it be in the families of those persons whose
diet was most varied.
The range in the quantity of nutrients per man per day in the dif¬
ferent studies is much larger than is ordinarily found among families
in very much the same conditions as were the families studied. A pos¬
sible reason for this large variation was suggested by the observed
42
fact tliat when there was plenty of food on hand large quantities were
consumed by the different families, after which, during a period of less
plentiful food, much smaller amounts would be consumed, without
apparent discomfort or ill results.
The families studied in Virginia were believed to be representative
of the negro population of the region, and to illustrate the methods of
living of negro families of different conditions as regards income and
education. It must be remembered, however, that the studies are few
in number and more are needed before sweeping general deductions
can be drawn.
APPENDIX.
As was explained on pages 8 and 30, the foods consumed in the
dietary studies reported in this bulletin were riot analyzed. The
majority of them were staple articles of diet whose composition lias
been found to vary but little. It was believed that the composition
of such foods could be accurately estimated from standard tables show¬
ing1 their average composition. The amount of other foods eaten was
small, and it was thought that the composition of such articles could be
estimated with sufficient accuracy from available data. The following-
table shows the values which were used in calculating the composition
of the different food materials. These figures are taken from Bulletin
28, revised, of this Office, or from an earlier, unpublished revision of
Bulletin 28. The numbers in parentheses following the weights and
cost of the different food materials in the tables recording the statistics
of the individual dietaries (Nos. 1 to 20) refer to the corresponding
numbers in the column headed "Reference number" in the table below,
and indicate the average values used in calculating the amount of pro¬
tein, fat, and carbohydrates in each material used.
Table 21.—Percentage composition of food materials used in calculating the amount of
nutrients consumed in the different dietary studhs.
Ref.
No.
Kind of food material.
Per cent.
10.2
19.5
4. 7
15.2
7.2
animal food.
Beef:
Corned
Flank
Kidney fat
Liver ----
Potroast (second cut round). -
Scraps ■ -
Shoulder bono
Smoked
Steak, cliuck
Steak, round
Do
Sausage, bologna
Drippings and cottolene
Veal, tiind shank
Pork:
Bacon
Chittlingsa
Crackling a
Ham, smoked
Do :
Jowl (as salt side)
Lard
Liver or haslet.
Pork, salt dried - - - -: -
Pork side smoked ltli rib 1
Pork, sale sides, or native bacon.
Shoulder, cured
Shoulder, smoked
Refuse. Water.
Protein.
Fat.
62.7
12.6
7.8
Sausage meat.
Per cent.
Per cent.
52.5
28.2
54. 0
17.0
14.9
4.7
71.3
20. 5
56.2
16.4
59.6
17.9
67.9
19.6
53. 7
26.4
57.9
16.6
60.7
19. 0
73.5
23.2
60.0
18.7
27.8
7.7
17.8
10.6
17. 7
8.4
43.3
19. 5
40.7
15.8
35.9
14.1
13.9
7.5
15.9
7.1
16. 4
9.3
15.1
8.2
36.8
13.0
45.0
15.9
39. 8
13.0
46.2
17.4
Carbo- |
hydrates.!
Ash.
Per cent.
15.8
19. 0
80.2
4.7
6.9
20.6
11.6
6.9
10.0
12.8 1
2.5 |
17.6 |
100.0 j
1.7 ;
68.0
72.2 '
33. 8 1
39.1
33.2
66. 1
100. 0
4. 5
66.8
62.5
71.7
26.6
32. 5
44.2
32.5
Per cent.
<• ct.
4.2
.7
.3
1.6
.9
2.0
.9
8.9
.8
1.0
1.2
3.7
4.4
3.4
3.3
4.7
4.1
4.7
1.4
2.7
4.1
5.0
5.5
6.7
2.2
3.4
43
44
Table 21. Percentage composition of food materials used in calculating the amount of
nutrients consumed in the different dietary studies—Continued.
Kind of food material
ANIMAL FOOD
Poultry :
Chicken
Chicken, dressed
Fish:
Blue
Cat a
Croakers, dressed a
Eel
Flounder
Herring, smoked
Herring, salt
Mullet
Perch
Do
Roach a
Do
Salted (islia!
Sturgeons' heads a
Trout
Trout as suntisli
Turtle
Turtle, snapping
Eggs
Do
Butter
Cheese
Milk, butter
Milk, fresh
Milk, condensed sweetened
VEGETABLE FOOD.
Cereals:
Corn meal
H uiniu.v
Oat tlakes
Rice
Wheat flour
Bread, corn
Bread, wheat
Crackers
Cake
Macaroni
Sugars, starches, and oils
Molasses, O
Sugar, brown
Sugar, gran ulated
Sirup, vanilla
Chocolate
Cornstarch
Salad oil
Vegetables:
Beans, navy
Beans, string
Beets
Cabbage
Do
Cabbage salad
Collards.,
Collards sprouts
Corn, canned
Kale a
Lettuce, fresh
Mustard greens
Mustard salad a
Onions
Do
Onions, green
Peas
Teas, garden
Pickles, artichokes a
Pickles, cucumber...
Potatoes, Irish
Do
Potatoes, sweet
Do
Tomatoes, canned ...
Turnip salad
"5:9
12.'9
47.8
30! 3
2.2
G. 0
93. 8
100. 0
12.8
22.5
1.8
59. 3
3.6
87.7
2.3
.3
8.9
.8
86. 9
1.6
. 1
10.3
1.1
01.4
1.6
. 3
5.7
1.0
77. 7
1.4
.2
4.8
.9
87.3
4. 1
.6
6.2
1.8
87. 1
4. 5
.6
6.3
1.5
33. 7
1.8
.4
1.7
.6
75. 8
2.8
1.2
19. 3
.9
87. a
4.1
.6
6. 2
1.8
8H.5
1.0
.2
2.5
.8
SO. 7
4.2
.6
6.3
2.2
86. 7
4.2
.6
G. 3
2.2
87. 1
1.7
.4
10.2
.6
76. 4
1. 5
.4
9. 2
.5
87. 1
1.0
. 1
11.2
.6
74. 1
G. 0
.4
17.9
1.0
40. 8
3.6
.2
9.8
.6
92. 5
.8
5.0
1.7
91.7
.6
. 3
3.4
4.0
74.6
2.6
.1
21.7
1.0
G2.6
1.7
.1
14. 8
.8
69.0
1.8
.7
27.4
1.1
55. 2
1.4
.6
21.9
.9
94. 0
1.2
.2
4.0
.6
86. 7
4.2
.6
6.3
2.2
a Composition assumed.
40
Tablk 21.—Percentage composition of food materials used in calculating the amount of
nutrients consumed in the different dietary studies—Continued.
Kind of food material.
Refuse.
"Water. Protein.
| Cnrbo- '
hydrates.
VEGETABLE FOOD—continued.
Fruits:
Apples
Apples, dried
Blackberries, home canned..
Cherries
Citron, preserved
Huckleberries
Lemons
Oranges
Peaches, canned
Peaches, dried a
Pears, canned
Pears, dried a
Strawberries
Per cent.
25.0
30.0
27.0
Per cent.
02. 9
28.1
40.0
80.4
19. 0
82.4
62.5
64.5
88.1
29.4
81.1
28.1
90.4
Per cent. I Per cent. Pei
1.6
.8
1.2
.5
.7
.7
.6
.7
4.7
.3
1.6
1.0
.4
2.2
2.1
.8
1.5
3.0
.6
.1
1.0
.3
2.2
.7
cent.
11.2
66.1
56.4
17.2
78.1
13.5
5.8
7.5
10.8
62.5
18. 0
66. 1
7.3
a Composition assumed.
Q