Agents' Helps in Selling "Our War for Human Rights"
This prospectus is your sample, to be used in taking orders. It has been made thin and
light in weight, so as to be more convenient in carrying than a full copy of the book. It
contains specimens of full pages, many of the chapter headings showing the subjects treated
and an assortment of pictures, all of which are exactly as they will appear in the full book.
When soliciting you should state that these are only a few specimens of the pages that will
appear in the book and that the full copy will contain nearly 500 pages and be several times as
thick as this sample.
The following will assist you greatly in describing your work:
Before calling you should always try to get the full names of the persons you intend
soliciting, thus enabling you to use their names in addressing them. As soon as you get an
audience lose no time in showing your prospectus. The cover design will attract instant atten¬
tion. "OUR WAR FOR HUMAN RIGHTS" is a first-class book, as its title indicates, and
you are authorized by the publishers to make a thorough canvass in your community and solicit
subscriptions for this authoritative, complete and interesting book on the war and kindred
subj ects.
Turn to the title page and read it, and call attention to the fact that Mr. Drinker,
the popular and reliable author, is well fitted to write a book of this character. The name of
the first white child born in Philadelphia was Drinker, of French descent, and the author's
ancestry, which dates back over a century, was always True American. The book entitled
"The- Lusitania," written by Drinker, had a large sale.
We now come to the Introduction. By reading some of the paragraphs you will see the
high character of the book, which is educational and should be read by everybody. It is reliable
and interesting, and contains things the people want to know.
Chapter I tells about "The Flash that Set the World Aflame." Chapter II shows why
America entered the war. As Secretary Lane said, "We are in the war because we could not
keep out of it." All readers of this book will understand clearly just what was meant by
this statement.
Chapter III speaks of "The Things that Made Men Mad." There was plenty of provoca¬
tion. No man with red blood in his viens could stand by and longer countenance such acts.
Note one shocking incident referred to on page 48.
On page 64 "The Slinking Submarine" is mentioned. It is said that the American inventor,
Holland, who built the first submarine, died of a broken heart over the murder, distress and
loss of life and property as the result of his invention.
On page 82 is "Thwarting the U-boat." It has always been that one invention brought
forth another. It is so with the submarine. Now we have "Chasers," "Blimps" and "Seaplanes"
to hinder the work of the U-boat. Men have always been able to produce a method to offset
the work of another. It is said our government is_ turning out an average of 100 "Chasers"
per week to make a "sea lane" across the Atlantic for the safe passage of vessels.
On page 98 "The Eyes of Battle" is the subject. Leading military irien have expressed
the opinion that the airplane will prove itself to be the winning factor in the war. $640,000,000
has been appropriated for the building of 22,000 flying machines, and aviation camps have been
established throughout the United States. _ This is a wonderfully interesting chapter.
On page 113 "War's Strange Devices" are explained. Every page in this chapter will be
read with deep interest. The new methods of warfare which have come into use are most
wonderful. All of the human ingenuity of thinkers and inventors has been brought to light.
Chapter VIII treats on "Wonderful War Weapons." What has been accomplished in the
way of weapons since the outbreak of the war is marvelous. Big, little and rapid-fire guns,
including automatic machine rifles, have produced destruction of life and property that is appalling.
These implements show the great genius of men when forced to self-protection, defense or
preparation for a world's conquest, and they are ably assisted by other inventions as also by
discoveries in chemistry, such as poisonous gas and liquid fire. This chapter is an eye-opener
to everybody.
Chapter IX relates to "The World's Army.' It is not over-estimating to say that more
than 50,000,000 fighting men have or will become engaged in the World War. There is nothing
in previous wars that will compare with the present conflict, the enormity of which is astounding
and the full import in many respects too big for the human mind to grasp. This chapter covers
the subject as correctly as it can be done.
Chapter X refers to "The World's Navy," in which there are probably, all told, about half
a million sea fighters. The men as a rule are anxious to fight, and it is said that those who
go on U-boats expect to die. All know no fear and are prepared for action when the oppor¬
tunity presents itself. It is told that on the day England declared war hundreds of. wireles?
messages of the word "Go" were sent to Navy officers within an hour and replies were received
a few hours later, each the one word "Off."
Chapter XI carries the title "The Nations at War."' This is most interesting and valuable.
It contains a number of maps drawn especially for this book, comprising Austria-Hungary, an
Empire of fourteen different nationalities, the German Empire and its States, the Balkan States
and Turkey in Asia, the latter much spoken of in Biblical history and which is now undergoing
another change—a new birth of a new civilization.
Chapter XII is on "Modern War Methods," and gives accurate accounts of ancient methods
which have been brought back into play, and of numerous new ones that are marvelous and
wonderful and of great interest to every thinking person throughout the world.
Chapter XIII about "Women in the War" shows the important work being done by them.
It is stated that women are fighting in the trenches on the Russian front and that if they
are taken prisoners they swallow poison that they always carry with them. The old saying,
"The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world," is surely being demonstrated at present as
never before.
Chapter XIV dwells on "The Terrible Price," which is appalling.
Chapter XV gives valued information on the "World Rulers in the War." This is a very
interesting chapter, and pertains to the rulers of the various nations of the earth.
Chapter XVI bears the title "War's Who's Who." This is just as valuable and interesting
as the preceding chapter, and it meets the desired need for accurate and descriptive information
on the subject treated.
Chapter XVII, "Chemistry in the War," is one of the most attractive in the book. When
the question of life or death to a nation comes up, men are put to the test and great things
are accomplished. Eminent chemists were called upon and produced various means to gain
advantages over an enemy or secure defense against attacks, regardless of the horrible and
terrifying consequences. Man's brain power was utilized in the death-dealing crusades.
Chapter XVIII, "Our Neighboring Ally," relates to the Dominion of Canada. Its accom¬
plishments since the beginning of the war and its preparations for the future make a thrilling
story. For valor and deeds performed, cool and level heads, and persistent and displaying de¬
termination, its army has never been surpassed or equalled. No wonder the world marvels at
the achievements of Canada.
Chapter XIX, on "The Heroic Anzac," depicts forces that have stirred the world. From
the beginning of their efforts on the fighting lines and all through the war these loyal troops
will stand as among the best that have ever been seen or recorded in history.
Chapter XX, "America Steps In," must be read to be fully appreciated. It treats on the
negotiations between Germany and America, the restricted U-boat zone, the things which hastened
the United States to declare war, etc. Liberty's hands were stretched out to Russia, Servia, Italy,
France, Belgium, England and little Montenegro, who were given help in the most crucial period
of their careers.
Chapter XXI, entitled "Uncle Sam Takes Hold," tells about America's demand to begin
war and the prompt action of Congress in appropriating $7,000,000,000 for the purpose. This
is the largest appropriation ever made by a government.
Chapter XXII tells of "The German Crisis," something about the happenings in Germany
during the month of July, 1917, which had their bearing on the Imperial Government and showed
the outside world that the German population was finally awakening to the true situation.
Chapter XXIII has for its subject "Uncle Sam and the Neutrals." It is a frequently
repeated truism that "the army travels on its stomach," and it is also predicted that "the war
will be won by the last loaf of bread." It has been stated that it required about three years'
time for the North to effectually blockade the South during the Civil War. The Allies
knew before the United States entered the war that American foodstuffs were being carried
into neutral countries and were then reshipped into Germany, but while the United States remained
neutral this could not be prevented. This, however, has been stopped since the American gov¬
ernment declared war on Germany, by licensing and regulating all foreign shipments. This
chapter deals very fully with this phase of the situation.
As stated in the beginning, these are only specimen pages of the full book. You have
seen enough, nevertheless, to satisfy you that it is a first-class volume in every particular.
Illustrations: The book contains about 128 pictures. There are war scenes and views
showing peoples of different nations, all of which are reproduced from actual photographs and
are pleasing and instructive.
"OUR WAR FOR HUMAN RIGHTS" is an authoritative work, and it is up-to-date and
very complete in its history of the nations of Europe. A glance at a few of the sample
pages and pictures is sufficient to cause any person to want a copy. Every page is interesting
and informative, and in addition to its great value its very low price places it within the reach
of all. No subscriber will feel that he has not gotten more than his money's worth.
THE PUBLISHERS.
KELLY MILLER, A. M., LL. D.
Desji of the College of Arts and Sciences, Howard University, Washington D. C.
OUR WAR
FOR
HUMAN RIGHTS
BEING
An Intensely Human and Brilliant Account of the World
War and Why and For What Purpose America and
the Allies Are Fighting and the Important
Part Taken by the NEGRO
INCLUDING
The Horrors and Wonders of Modern Warfare,
The New and Strange Devices that
Have Come into Use, etc.
"Fighting for the Rights of Mankind
and for the
Future Peace and Security of the World"
By
KELLY MILLER, A. M., LL. D.
The Well-Known and Popular Author of "Race Adjustment,"
"Out of the House of Bondage" and
"The Disgrace of Democracy"
Illustrated with 128 genuine pictures from recent official
photographs, also outline map drawings
made especially for this volume
Published by
AUSTIN JENKINS CO.
Manufacturing Publishers of High Grade
Subscription Books
WASHINGTON, D. C.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1919, by Austin N. Jenkins
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
THE NEGRO'S PART IN THE WAR
By Professor Kelly Miller, the Well-Known" Thinker
and Writer.
This treatise will set forth the black man's part in the
world's war with the logical sequence of facts and the bril¬
liant power of statement for which the author is famous.
The mere announcement that the author of "Race Adjust¬
ment," "Out of the House of Bondage," and "The Dis¬
grace of Democracy" is to present a history of the Negro
in the great world conflict, is sufficient to arouse expectancy
among the wide circle of readers who eagerly await any¬
thing that flows from his pen.
In this treatise, Professor Miller will trace briefly, but
with consuming interest, the relation of the Negro to the
great wars of the past. He will point out the never-failing
fount of loyalty and patriotism which characterizes the
black man's nature, and will show that the Negro has never
been a hireling, but has always been characterized by that
moral energy which actuates all true heroism.
The conduct of the Negro in the present struggle will
be set forth with a brilliant and pointed pen. The idea of
three hundred thousand American Negroes crossing three
thousand miles of sea to fight against autocracy of the Ger¬
man crown constitutes the most interesting chapter in the
history of this modern crusade against an unholy cause.
The valor and heroism of the Afro-American contingent
were second to none according to the unanimous testimony
of those who were in command of this high enterprise.
THE NEGROES PART IN THE WAR
The story of Negro officers in command of troops of
their own color will prove the wisdom of a policy entered
upon with much mistrust and misgiving. It is just here
that Professor Miller reaches the high-water mark. Here
is a story never told before, because the world has never
before witnessed Negro officers in large numbers partici¬
pating in the directive side of war waged on the high level
of modern science and system.
Professor Miller's treatise carries its own prophecy.
He logically enough forecasts the future of the race in glow¬
ing colors as the result of his loyal and patriotic conduct in
this great world epoch.
The author wisely queries: "When, hereafter, the
Negro asks for his rights as an American citizen, where
can the American be found with the heart or the hardihood
to say him, Nay?"
The work will be profusely illustrated.
Washington, D. 0., November 22,1918.
ii zn 11
^s1
|Dpi
| 0:13 §
lEo s
NOTE.—The above picture will not appear in the
complete books. This is a small sample
of our big picture, size 16 by 20 inches—
very handsome for framing. The Agent
will explain. X X X X
Kelly Miller's picture, size 11 by 14 inches, or
"Where The Color Line Fades," size 11 by 14 inches, or " Col¬
ored Man No Slacker," size 16 by 20 inches, is GIVEN FREE to
each purchaser of the book.
INTRODUCTION.
While the underlying causes of the greatest war in all his¬
tory must be traced far back into the centuries, the one great
object of the conflict which was precipitated by the assassina¬
tion of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, in Bosnia,
at the end of June, 1914, is the ultimate determination as to
whether Imperialism as exemplified in the government of Ger¬
many shall rule the world, or whether Democracy shall reign.
Whenever men or nations disregard those principles which
society has laid down for their conduct in modern civilized life,
and obligation and duty are forgotten in the desire for self-
advancement, conflict results.
Since the days of Athens and Sparta the world's greatest
wars have in the large been conflicts of ideals—democracy
being arrayed against oligarchy—men fighting for individual
rights as against militarism and military domination.
In the present war, which has painted the green fields of
France and Belgium red with blood and swept nations into the
most significant and bitter struggle in all history, the fight is
against the Imperial Government of Germany, by men and
nations who concede that humanity the world over has rights
that must be observed.
Germany has brought upon herself a threatened destruc¬
tion by ruthlessly trampling upon her neighbors and assuming
that "'might is right."
The Imperial Government, led by the House of Hohen-
zollern is suffering from an exaggerated ego and is become
paranoic. Her trouble is psychological. The men who study
the strange workings and twists of the human mind which land
some men in the institutions for the criminal insane, agree that
when any man becomes obsessed with an idea and "rides a
vi
INTRODUCTION.
hobby" to the exclusion of all else, he loses his balance and
develops an obliquity of view which makes him a dangerous
creature.
Germany as a nation is obsessed with the spirit of mili¬
tarism and almost everything else has been sacrificed to this
idol. The very first appearance of Germans in history is as a
warlike peoples. The earliest German literature is composed
of folktales about war heroes. These stories tell of high ideals
and manly virtues of the heroes.
It is true that there are many scientists, poets and musi¬
cians among the Germans, but their warlike side must never be
forgotten. The entire race is imbued with the military spirit,
the influence reaching to every phase of national life. All that
is best in the nation has been raised to its highest efficiency
through military training, but in the accomplishment of its
purposes the House of Hohenzollern, which is responsible for
the development of the national fighting arm, has neglected
much and produced millions of creatures who are but human
machines, taught to obey orders without consideration as to
the effect their acts might produce, whether right or wrong.
In their criticisms of the Prussian militarism the world
democracies define militarism as an arrogant, or exclusive, pro¬
fessional military spirit developed by training and environment
until it becomes despotic, and assumes superiority over rational
motives and deliberations.
This attitude is reflected in the conduct of the Kaiser, who,
as illustrative of the point, is quoted, at the dedication of the
monument to Prince Frederick Charles at Frankfurt-on-the-
Oder in 1891, as having said "We would rather sacrifice our
eighteen army corps and our 42,000,000 inhabitants on the field
of battle than surrender a single stone of what my father and
Prince Charles Frederick gained."
His speeches are filled with similar bombastic and extrava¬
gant expressions which have been the subject of international
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION v
CHAPTEE L
THE FLASH THAT SET THE WOULD AFLAME-
Teutons Find in a Murder the Excuse for Wae—Gebmany Inspired by Am¬
bitions tor World Control—The Struggle for Commercial Supremacy a
Factor—The Underlying Motives 17
CHAPTER II.
WHY AMEEICA ENTERED THE WAE.
The Iron Hand of Prussianism—The Arrogant Hohenzollern Attitude—
Secretary Lane Tells Why We Fight—Broken Pledges—Laws Violated
—Prussianism the Child of Barbarity—Germany's Plans for a World
Empire 25
CHAPTEE III. ..
THE THINGS THAT MADE MEN MAD.
Germany's Barbarity—The Devastation of Belgium—Human Fiends—Fire¬
brand and Torch—Rape and Pillage—The Slacking of Louvain—Wanton
Destruction—Official Proof 41
AETICLE IV.
THE SLINKING SUBMABINE.
A Voracious Sea Monster—The Euthless Destructive Policy of Germany-
Starvation of Nations the Goal—How the Submarines Operate—Some
Personal Experiences • * • ©4
CHAPTEE V.
THWAETTNG THE U-BOAT.
Nets to Entangle the Sea Sharks of War—"Chasers" or "Skimming
dish" Boats—"Blimps" and Seaplanes—Hunting the Submarine with
"Lance/' Bomb and Gun—A Sailor's Description 82
CHAPTER VI.
THE EYES OF BATTLE.
Aeroplanes and Airships—They Spy the Movements of Forces on Land or
Sba—Lead Disastrous Bomb Attacks—Valuable in "Spotting" Sub¬
marines—The Bombardment at Messines Ridge 98
ix
X
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VII.
WAR'S STRANGE DEVICES.
Chemistry a Demon of Destruction—Poison Gas Bombs—Gas Masks—Hand
Gbenades—Mobtabs—" Tanks "—Feudal " Battering Rams "—Steel Hel¬
mets—Stbange Bullets—Motob Plows—Real Dogs of Wab 113
CHAPTER VIII.
WONDERFUL WAR WEAPONS.
The Tebbible Rapid-fire Gun—Abmobed Automobiles and Automobile Artilleby
—Howitzebs—Mounted Fobts—Abmobed Tbains—Obsebvation Towebs—
Wibeless Apparatus—The Abmy Pantby 133
CHAPTER IX.
THE WORLD'S ARMIES.
The Efficient Gebman Obganization—The Landwehb and Landstubm—
General Forms of Military Organization—The Bbave Fbench Tboops—
The Picturesque Italian Soldiery—The Peace and War Strength—
Available Fighting Men—Fortifications 152
CHAPTER X
THE WORLD'S NAVIES.
Germany's Sea Strength—Gbeat Bbitain's Immense Wab Fleet—Immense
Fighting Cbaft—The United States' New Battle Cbuisebs—The Fastest
and Biggest Ocean Fighting Ships—The Pictubesque Mabines : the
soldiebs of the SEA 171
CHAPTER SI.
THE NATIONS AT WAR.
Unexpected Developments—How the Wab Flames Spbead—A Scobe of Coun-
tbies Involved—The Points of Contact—Pictubesque and Rugged
Bulgaria, Roumania, Servia, Greece, Italy and Historic Southeast
Europe 187
CHAPTER XII.
MODERN WAR METHODS.
Individual Initiative as Against Mass Movements—Trench Warfare a Game
of Hide and Seek—Rats and Disease—Surgery's Triumphs—Changed Tac¬
tics—Italian Mountain Fighting 209
CONTENTS.
xi
CHAPTER XIII.
WOMAN AND THE WAR.
She has Won "Heb Place in the Sun"—Rich and Poote in the Munitions
Factories—Nurse and Ambulance Driver—Khaki and Trousers—Organ¬
izes and Farmer—Heroes in the Stress of Circumstances—Doing Men's
Work fob Men—Even a " Bobbie." 226
CHAPTER XIV.
THE TERRIBLE PRICE.
A Nation of Men Destroyed—Millions in Shipping and Commerce Destroyed—
World's Maps Changed—Billions in Money—Immense Debts—Nation's
Wealth—The United States a Great Provider 244
CHAPTER XV.
THE WORLD RULERS AT WAR.
Woodbow Wilson, the Champion of Democracy—The Egotistical Kaiser—
The German Crown Prince—Britain's Monarch—Constantine Wh© Quit
Rather than Fight Germany—President Poincaire—And Other National
Heads 256
CHAPTER XVI.
THE WAR'S WHO'S WHO.
Striking Figuress in the Conflict—Joffbe, the Hero of Marne—Nivelle, the
French Commander—Sir Douglas Haig—The Kaiser's Chancellor—Ven-
izelos—"Black Jack" Pershing * 272
CHAPTER XVII.
CHEMISTRY IN THE WAR.
Substitutes .fob Cotton—Nitrates Produced from Air—Yeast a Real Sub¬
stitute for Beef—Seaweed Made to Give up Potash—A Gangrene Pre¬
ventive—Soda Made Out of Salt Water—America Chemically Indepen¬
dent
CHAPTER XVIII.
OUR NEIGHBORING ALLY.
Canada's Recruiting—Raise 33,000 Troops in Two Months—First Expedi¬
tionary Force to Cross Atlantic—Bravery at Ypres and Lens—Meeting
Difficult Problems—Quebec Aroused by Conscription 299
xii
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XIX.
THE HEROIC ANZAC.
forces that stIEBED the woeld in the Gallipoli campaigns—famous a3 sap-
pebs—The Blasting of Messines Ridge—Two Years Tunneling—30,000
Germans Blown to Atoms—1,000,000 Pounds of Explosives Used—Troops
that Were Transported 11,000 Miles 318
CHAPTER XX.
AMERICA STEPS IN.
President Wilson's Famous Message to Congbess—The Wab Resolution-
April 6, 1917, Sees the United States at Wab—Review of the Negotia¬
tions Between Gebmany and America—The U-Boat Restricted Zone An¬
nouncement of Germany—Premier Lloyd George on America in the Con¬
flict 327
CHAPTER XXI.
UNCLE SAM TAXES HOLD.
Makes World's Biggest War Loan—Seize German Ships—Intrigue Exposed—»
General Pershing and Staff in Europe—The Navy on Duty in North Sea
—First United States Troops Reach France—Germany's Attempts to
Sink Troop Ships Thwarted by Navy's Guns 355
CHAPTER XXII.
A GERMAN CRISIS.
The Downfall of Beth man n-Hollweg—The Crown Prince in the Lime Light
—Hollweg's Unique Career)—Dr. Georg Micha.ki.ts Appointed Chancellor
—The Kaiser and How He Gets His Immense Power 372
CHAPTER XXIII.
UNCLE SAM AND THE NEUTRALS.
President Wilson Puts Embargo on Food Shipments—Scandinavian Countries
Furnishing Supplies to Germany Inspires Order—The Difficult Position
of Norway, Denmark, Holland and Switzerland 38C
CHAPTER XXIV.
THE ACTIONS OF THE WAR.
From Bosnia to Flanders—Mabne the Turning Point of the Conflict—The
Conquests of Sebvia and Rumania—The Fall of Bagdad—Russia's Women
Soldiebs—America's Conscripts 391
CHAPTER I.
THE FLASH THAT SET THE WORLD AFLAME.
Teutons Find in a Mubdeb the Excuse fob Wab—Gebmany Inspibed by Am¬
bitions fob wokld contbol—the stbuggle FOB commebcial supbemacy a
Factor—The Undeblying Motives.
THE assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir
apparent to the throne of Austria, together with his wife,
in Bosnia, during the last days of June, 1914, is com¬
monly regarded as the blow which forged the chain that bound
the European powers in bloody warfare. The tragedy was the
signal for putting on the world stage the greatest war play of
all times.
When Austria, regarding the murder of the Archduke as
a National affront, precipitated the conflict which has con¬
vulsed the universe, she marked the way easy for Imperial Ger¬
many to put into effect a long-contemplated plan for territo¬
rial expansion, and to wage a warfare so insidious, so brutal
and so ruthless in its character as to amaze the civilized world.
Word-pictures were drawn, so to speak, of a mighty
nation striving to burst iron bands that were slowly strangling
her, and her perfectly natural wish to find outlets for her
rapidly growing population and commerce. Germany sought
to obtain "a place in the sun," to use one of the Kaiser's most
unfortunate expressions, and the world soon found that the
"place" included the territory embracing a few ports on the
English channel, with control of Holland and Belgium,
Poland, the Balkan countries, a big slice of Asia Minor,
Egypt, English and French colonies in Africa, not to mention
remote possibilities.
Germany's ambitions may have been laudable, but her
methods of trying to satisfy these ambitions were not such as
h r—2 17
18 THE FLASH THAT SET THE WORLD AFLAME.
to either gain for her the "solar warmth" which she sought to
win, or gain for her the friendship of the nations of the civilized
world. The drama which Germany directed moved swiftly in
this wise:
Austria claimed that Servia, as a Nation, was responsible
for the assassination of the Archduke in Bosnia. She sent an
ultimatum to Belgrade, making demands which the Servians
could not admit. Thereupon Austria declared war and moved
across the Danube with her army.
THE FOUR GROUPS.
Austria's attack threatened to disturb the balance of
power, because at the time the continent was divided into four
groups: The close alliance of the central powers—Germany,
Austria and Italy—referred to as the Triple Alliance or Drei-
bund; the Triple Entente, or understanding between Great
Britain, France and Russia; the smaller group whose neutral¬
ity and integrity had been guaranteed, or at least recognized—
Belgium, Denmark, Holland and the Grand Duchy of Luxem¬
bourg, sandwiched in between Germany, France and Belgium,
together with Switzerland. The fourth group included the
Balkan nations: Bulgaria, Servia, Montenegro, Greece, Tur¬
key and Roumania, all drawn close to Russia; Norway and
Sweden, and the Iberian nations, Spain and Portugal. The
increase in the power of one of these groups would at any time
have been sufficient to precipitate a war, but in the movement
of Austria against Servia there entered a racial element.
There was a threatened drawing of another Slavonic peoples
into the Teutonic system. Besides this, the action let loose the
flood of militarism which civilization had been holding in check.
With this situation in mind, it is easy to understand how
Germany could precipitate a world conflict by attempting to
keep open the way to the near East, and controlling the mar¬
kets as against Britain, France and Russia. Back of all this
was the question of commercial supremacy, Germany showing
THE FLASH THAT SET THE WORLD AFLAME. 21
probable, by the Austrian policy. When the war was con¬
cluded Servia had acquired more territory to the south, but she
remained a landlocked country, with Bosnia, Montenegro and
Albania stretching between her and the Adriatic sea.
This was the situation when the assassination of the Arch¬
duke Ferdinand and his wife occurred in Bosnia. The Arch¬
duke was, in effect, a joint ruler with the Emperor Franz
Joseph, who was nearly 84 years of age, and the entire world
realized that great events were likely to follow the killing of
the heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne. The mnr-.
der was committed by a young Servian fanatic, and Austria
determined to hold Servia responsible for the murder, and
therefore presented her now-famous ultimatum.
NO CAUSE FOR WAR.
Students of history hold that if there had been a proper
respect for the commendable desire of the Christian peoples in
European Turkey to throw off the Turkish yoke and become
self-governing states, there would have been no cause for war,
so far as relates to Servia and the situation which precipitated
the conflict. There would have been developed a series of
peaceful and progressive countries of the non-military type of
Denmark, Sweden and Holland.
A wiser treatment of the Balkan problem might have
averted the war, but it could not have set aside racial differ¬
ences, nor could it have ended the curse of militarism or set at
rest the distrust and fear which it promotes.
The end of European militarism might have come about,
however, through a better understanding between Germany
and France. This might have been arrived at years ago if
Germany had opened the Alsace-Lorraine question, and had
rearranged the boundary line between the two countries so that
the French-speaking communities lost in the Franco-Prussian
war be ceded back to France. The cost of maintaining the
feud over Alsace-Lorraine has been a burden to both France
CHAPTER II.
WHY AMERICA ENTERED THE WAR.
The Iron Hand of Prussianism—The Abbogant Hohenzoixekn attirtrde—
Secbetaby Lane Tells Why We Fight—Bboken Pledges—Laws Violated
—Pbussianism the Child of Babbaeity—Gebmany's Plans fob a Wobld
Empire.
NOT merely to prevent Germany from opening avenues of
commerce to the seas nor to throttle the ambitions of
the Kaiser was America drawn into the vortex of war
with France, England, Russia, Belgium, Italy and other
nations; but that the iron hand of Prussianism, as exemplified
in the conduct of the German Government, might be lifted
from the shoulders of men, and the world given that measure
of peace and security which modern civilization demands.
Germany by her ruthless submarine warfare brought deso¬
lation to many American homes. She sank without a pang of
conscience the great transatlantic steamship Lusitania, and,
while pretending friendship for the United States and plead¬
ing no intent to disregard American rights, broke her own
pledges and repeated her overt acts, ignoring international law
and the rights of all neutrals at sea.
She began her outlawry by the invasion of Belgium,
which was followed by conduct on the part of the German
forces which clearly marked them descendants of the "wolf
tribes" of feudal days, fighting with the motto before them of,
"To the victor belong the spoils."
But all of Germany's diabolical acts involving the peace
and security of America and American citizens might have
been the subject of international adjudication but for the arro¬
gance of the ruling forces of the Teutons. In a broad sense,
Prussianism is credited with responsibility for the devastating
twar and for the policy which drew America into the conflict.
The country, led by President Woodrow Wilson, who
25
28
WHY AMERICA ENTERED THE WAR.
"And so we came into this war for ourselves. It is a war
to save America, to preserve self-respect, to justify our right
to live as we have lived, not as some one else wishes us to live.
In the name of freedom we challenge with ships and men,
money and an undaunted spirit, that word 'verboten' which
Germany has written upon the sea and upon the land.
"For America is not the name of so much territory. It is
a living spirit, born in travail, grown in the rough school of
bitter experiences, a living spirit which has purpose and pride
and conscience, knows why it wishes to live and to what end,
knows how it comes to be respected of the world, and hopes to
retain that respect by living on with the light of Lincoln's love
of man as its old and new testaments.
AMERICA MUST LIVE.
"It is more precious that this America should live than
that we Americans should live. And this America as we now
see has been challenged from the first of this war by the strong
arm of a power that has no sympathy with our purpose, and
will not hesitate to destroy us if the law that we respect, the
rights that are to us sacred, or the spirit that we have, stand
across her set will to make this world bow before her policies,
backed by her organized and scientific military system. The
world of Christ—a neglected but not a rejected Christ—has
come again face to face with the world of Mahomet, who willed
to win by force.
"With this background of history and in this sense, then,
we fight Germany:
"Because of Belgium—invaded, outraged, enslaved, im¬
poverished Belgium. We cannot forget Liege, Louvain and
Cardinal Mercier. Translated into terms of American history
these names stand for Bunker Hill, Lexington and Patrick
Henry.
"Because of France—invaded, desecrated France, a mil¬
lion of whose heroic sons have died to save the land of Lafay-
40
WHY AMERICA ENTERED THE WAR.
a menace to general peace, and a League of Peace be formed
which shall have at its hand sufficient armed power to compel
order among the States.
That nations be governed by the people that compose
them, and for the benefit of those people, and not of a ruling
class.
That every nation be governed with an eye to the welfare
of the whole world as well as to its own prosperity or glory,
and patriotism properly subjected to humanity.
That the power of government be dissociated from ad¬
vancing the profits of capital, and made always to mean the
welfare of labor.
That security of life, freedom of worship and opinion, and
liberty of movement be assured to all men everywhere.
That no munitions or instruments of death be manufac¬
tured except under control of the International Council of
the World.
That the seas be free to all.
That tariffs be adjusted with a view to the general welfare
and not as measures of national rivalry.
That railways, telegraph, and telephone lines, and all
other common and necessary means of intercommunication be
eventually nationalized.
That every human being in a country be conscripted to
devote a certain part of his or her life to national service.
That both labor unions and combinations of capital be
under strict government control, so that no irresponsible group
may conspire against the commonwealth.
That every child receive training to equip him or her for
self-support and intelligent citizenship.
That woman shall enjoy every right of citizenship.
That the civil shall always have precedence over the mili¬
tary authority.
And that the right of free speech, of a free press, and of
assembly shall remain inviolate.
WASHINGTON, D. C., DRAFTED MEN GOING TO TR AINING CAMP TO PREPARE FOR WAR IN FRANCE.
Copyrighted by Underwood & Underwood.
NEGRO SOLDIERS AT CAMP UPTON.
No one knows better how to handle a gun than these sturdy, vigorous fellows.
Copyrighted by G. V. Buck—from Underwood & UnderwooU.
CLIPPING HORSES AT CAMP MEADE.
These boys have developed into wonderful fighters, and are now "Clipping Germans."
CAPTAIN O. B. DAVIS, 10th Cavalry, U. S: A.
NEGRO SHARPSHOOTERS.
Copyrighted by Underwood & Underwood.
Copyrighted by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y.
NEGRO NURSES MARCH IN GREAT RED CROSS PARADE ON FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY.
THE NEGRO AND THE WAR
[From The Philadelphia North American, June 1, 1918]
Recently at Camp Upton Major General Bell addressed a cer¬
tain regiment of soldiers, and among other things said to them :
" This is the best disciplined and best drilled and best spirited regiment
that has been under my command at this cantonment. I predicted last fall that
Colonel Moss would have the best regiment at Camp Upton, and you men
have made my prediction come true. I would lead you in battle against any
army in the world with every confidence in the outcome."
He was speaking to an up-standing, fine-looking body of men.
Every face in front of him glowed with pride at his praise. A feel¬
ing fully justified, for every private i** hjs 367th regiment and
most of the officers are negroes. They caTl themselves uThe Buff¬
aloes," and undoubtedly when they get in action on the other
side, the Huns unfortunate enough to be pitted against them will
thereafter think of a buffalo as something to be avoided at any cost.
This 367th is the only regiment in the new national army with
a name, regimental stationery and a regimental swagger stick. It
is one of the few with a regimental song and a regimental pennant.
And a person who thinks these are matters of small consequence
exhibits a lack of knowledge concerning the nature and needs of
men who are going out to fight.
We have heard that the negro doesn't make a good soldier ;
that he is too lazy, too emotional or too unresponsive to discipline
to be counted upon as a fighting factor. The facts in the case in¬
dicate exactly the opposite. The superlative praise we have quoted
from General Bell, whose rank and long experience as a soldier
lend added weight to such words, is amply backed by the record
of history. As Lieutenant McKaine, himself a Buffalo, has said
in an article in the Outlook—
"The traditions of the negro as a soldier may be traced in the his¬
tory of the great Chaka in the Valley of the Nile thousands of years ago ;
Hannibal, the greatest of tacticians, in the war between Carthage and
Rome; L'Ouverture in the Haitian rebellion against the mighty Na¬
poleon ; Attucks as the first casualty in America's first battle against the
tyranny of George III on Boston Common ; black sailors with Perry on
Lake Erie ; Black Samscn at Brandywine ; Peter Salem at Banker Hill;
Carney at Fort Wagner ; the Twenty-fourth and Twenty fifth regiments
of infantry and the Ninth and Tenth cavalry at El Caney and San Juan
in Cuba and during the insurrection in the Philippines; and the feat of the
Tenth cavalry at Carrizal while with the punitive expedition iu Mexico."
And Colonel Moss, of the Buffaloes, a southerner by birth,
and one of the best known military authorities in the world to¬
day, has said—
" If properly trained and instructed, the colored man makes as good
a soldier as the world has ever seen. The history of the negro in all of
bur wars, including our Indian campaigns, shows this. He is by nature
of a happy disposition ; he is responsive and tractable ; he is very amen¬
able to discipline; he takes pride in his uniform ; he has faith and con¬
fidence in his leader ; he possesses physical courage—all of which are val¬
uable military assets. The secret of making an efficient soldier out of the
colored man, lies in knowing the qualities he possesses that are military
assets, which I have named, and then appealing to and developing them—
this is, utilizing them to the greatest extent possible.
" Make the colored man feel that you have faith in him, and t-hen
by sympathetic and conscientious training and instruction, help him to
fit himself in a military way to vindicate that faith—to " make good."
Be strict with him, but treat him fairly and justly. Let him know that
he will always get what is coming to him, whether it be reward or pun¬
ishment. In other words, treat and handle the colored man as you would
any other human being out of whom you would make a good soldier, out
of whom you would get the best there is in him, and you will have as
good a soldier as history has ever known—a man who will drill well, shoot
well, march well, obey well, fight well—in short, a man who will give a good
account of himself in battle, and who will conduct and behave himself
properly in camp, in garrison, and in other places. The American negro
is going to perform a part in this war which will far outshine any pre¬
vious service on his part. Already he is injecting into the new army a
spirit which, if spread among all our soldiers in like degree, could
not but greatly add to their effectiveness. Of all the men in our fighting
forces, he is the one who most effectively uses the power of song. And
this is a potent factor."
As an army officer recently remarked—
" The Metropolitan Opera Company, the Boston Opera Company, the Chicago
Opera Company, the Hampton Quartet, the Fisk Jubilee Singers—you think some of
these groups can sing. Well, you're wrong. They can't You have never heard any
singing unless you marched with the Twenty-fourth across the border after Villa in
the spring of 1916."
For the first time since the war which liberated them from slavery and gave
them citizenship, they have a chance on a large scale to show how much they
really appreciate freedom. As their people on every side are being encouraged
and helped forward and aided in freeing themselves from the conditions ot life
which make for inefficiency and immorality, so in turn these regiments now
have gone or will go to free the world from intolerable conditions which threaten
a worse slavery than that which their fathers endured. It is truly a wonderful
chance for a people to show appreciation of a great service rendered them.
Surely regiments like the Buffaloes have it in their power to do something
more than fight when they get to France. They have it in their power to
refresh and renew in war-wearied comrades of other countries that spirit with¬
out which no military organization can be effective.
We have heard more than one story of troops going into action with a song
on their lips. The most thrilling of these stories is yet to come, however. For
when our negro soldiers march forward to the music of their own voices, a new
note shall have been sounded. And its echo will earry not only to othei fight¬
ers near at hand, but to non-combatant millions far away, whose effectiveness
is to be measured largely by the degree to which they can be inspired with the
vision of democracy triumphant.
Copyrighted by Underwood & Underwood.
AFRICAN TROOPS BEING TRAINED IN FRANCE.
These husky fighters are bound to deliver the goods.
Of the New York National Guards (now the 369th), who have been decorated by
the French for routing 24 Germans and preventing the carrying out of a well-
developed plan to assail one of the most important points of resistance on the
American front. They have been awarded the War Cross by the French General
of the division under whom they are serving.
Copyrighted by Committee on Public Information.
COLORED SOLDIERS IN THE TRENCHES "OVER THERE."
(Note the tin hats.)
From The Argus.
NEWTON D. BAKER, SECRETARY OF WAR,
Personally inquiring' about the welfare of the Colored American Soldiers, who
are now "over there." *
MAKING SOLDIERS SOMEWHERE IN AMERICA. DO YOU KNOW THEM?
Copyrighted by Committee on Public Information.
. HOTEL BOOKER T. WASHINGTON "OVER THERE."
The Negro Soldiers are surely fighting for Democracy. It is coming to them,
bv leaps and bounds.
)
Copyrighted by Committee on Public Information.
COLORED SOLDIERS LEAVING AN AMERICAN PORT FOR "OVER THERE."
(See them dancing on the right.)
The Late Major Walker, of the First Colored Battalion,
District of Columbia National Guard
THE late Major James E. Walker was born in Virginia, Sep¬
tember 7, 1874. He was educated in the public schools of
Washington, D. C., and was graduated from the M Street
High School in 1893, and the Miner Normal School in 1894. For
twenty-four years he was in the public school service, and since
1899 was supervising principal. In 1896 he was made Lieutenant in
the First Separate Battalion of the National Guard of the District
of Columbia. In 1909 he was made Captain and in 1912, through
competitive examination, was commissic>ned Major. His command
was called out to guard the White House, and while on this duty
Major Walker's health became impaired. He was sent to the U. S.
Hospital at Fort Bayard, New Mexico, for treatment, where he died
April 4, 1918.
From Underwood & Underwood, N. Y.
THE FIGHTING U. S. A. MARINE BRIGADE IN BELL.EAU WOOD.
Here the Germans were not only stopped in their march toward Paris, but "knocked out." The furious and fast fighting
of the Marines proved their superiority. The Hun was badly beaten. The soldier applying- the bayonet is an American Negro.
Drawn by Georges Scott for "L'Jllustration," Paris.
© Underwood & Underwood, N. Y.
AFRICAN TROOPS IN PRANCE. THEY FOUGHT FOR THE ALLIES.
A war dance, relieving the monotony and for the benefit of British and French troops. These colored soldiers gave a good
account of themselves.
Photo from Western Newspaper Union.
SENLIS. FRANCE, WHERE THE ARMISTICE WAS SIGNED.
Amid the ruins wrought by the Huns the envoys of Germany signed the truce terms that victoriously ended the struggle for
democracy.
FAMOUS FIGHTERS—"THE BLACK WATCH."
Some of the best fighters in the British Army, resting by the roadside after having driven the Germans back in the "Fight of
the Woods," near Rheims.
From Western Newspaper Union Photo Service. © Committee on Public Information.
UNITED STATES COLORED LABOR TROOPS BOARDING A TRANSPORT.
An American Negro battalion entering a pier ready to board a transport. These husky doughboys perform their tasks with a
vim and a will.
From Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. (£) Committee on Public Information.
FIRST LOOK AT FRANCE FROM A TRANSPORT.
United States soldiers seeing France as the transport arrives in siKht of land. This vessel was formerly a Hamburg-American
(German) liner.
CEREMONIES FOR OUR DEAD HEROES.
An American cemetery at the General Headquarters of the American Expeditionary Forces in France. Here the bodies of
some of our soldier heroes were buried with all the rights and ceremonies of a military funeral.
British Official Photograph. © Underwood & Underwood, N. Y.
MAMMOTH BRITISH GUN "KILL. JOY."
Used by the British forces in Flanders. No gun of more power was used by any belligerent. It is greater than the "Busv
Berthas" of the Germans.
Photo from Underwood & Underwood, N. Y.
A RAPID FIRING GUN ON A FRENCH AEROPLANE.
This remarkable picture from a close-up photograph shows the little Nieuport "scout" plane. The electric gun is worked from
the pilot seat by a wire. It produced great havoc among German birdmen.
Photo from Underwood & Underwood.
THE GUN WITH THE PUNCH. A FRENCH 320 M.M.
Photographed While in Action—Loading.
One of the largest and most effective guns used In the war. An idea of its immense size is gained in comparison with the
men. It is moved about on a specially constructed railway.
British Official Photograph. © Underwood & Underwood, N. Y.
THE RETURN OF THE HOLY SCROLL IN JERUSALEM.
General E. H. H. Allenby, Commander-in-Chief of the British Army in the Holy Land, is seen seated at the left. The ceremony
was very impressive.
From Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. © Committee on Public Information.
THE GUN WITH THE PUNCH.
Huge American railway artillery of 16-inch calibre for the U. S. Army. This big
gun can be put into position in 15 minutes and will fire all around the horizon. The am¬
munition car for shell and powder is attached.
British Official Photograph. © Underwood & Underwood, N. Y.
A MONSTER BRITISH HOWITZER NICKNAMED "GRANNY."
One of the guns which blasted the way along the Menin Road in the big offensive. "Shells hastily delivered and with a punch,"
that's all Granny had to say. Any German trooper will vouch for its accuracy.
Egyptian Official Photo. © Western Newspaper Union Photo Service.
BRITISH TROOPS AT THE RIVER JORDAN. "ONE MORE RIVER TO CROSS."
This photograph shows British troops, white and native, halting for a midday rest on the eastern hank of the River Jordan.
The luxuriant growth is not uncommon in this country.
British Official Photograph. © Underwood & Underwood, N. Y.
A DASTARDLY CRIME WHICH AUTOCRACY CANNOT DENY.
Aerial photograph by a British pilot showing four huts of a. British hospital in France, in which were helpless men who were
blown to bits. All plainly shown in the foreground.
A BRITISH TOMMY ON WAY TO TRENCHES.
Thi<? nhotogranh shows a soldier crossing through a trench which is camouflaged. The screen prevents his being seen from the
1 ° ^ ■= enemy lines.
CHAPTER III.
THE THINGS THAT MADE MEN MAD.
Germany's Barbarity—The Devastation of Belgium—Human Fiends—Fire¬
brand and Torch—Kape and Pillage—The Sacking of Louvain—Wanton
Destruction—Official Proof.
THE conduct of Germany in ignoring international treaties
and invading Belgium first aroused the antagonism of
the United States and the rest of the civilized world, and
furnished the primary glimpse of how Imperialism made light
of human rights. What the Kaiser and his arrogant followers
did is fully set forth in the report which a special envoy, ap¬
pointed by King Albert of Belgum, laid before President Wil¬
son on September 16, 1914.
The mission consisted of Henry Carton de Wiart, Min¬
ister of Justice; Messrs. de Sadeleer, Hymans and Vander-
velde, Ministers of State, and Count Louis de Lichtervelde,
serving as secretary of the mission. On being received by
President Wilson, Mr. de Wiart, for the mission, outlined for
the world and for America, the situation in part as follows:
"His Majesty, the King of the Belgians, has charged us
with a special mission to the President of the United States.
Let me say how much we feel ourselves honored to have been
called upon to express the sentiments of our King and of our
whole nation to the illustrious statesman whom the American
people have called to the highest dignity of the commonwealth.
"Ever since her independence was first established, Bel¬
gium has been declared neutral in perpetuity. This neutrality,
guaranteed by the Powers, has recently been violated by one
of them. Had we consented to abandon our neutrality for the
benefit of one of the belligerents, we would have betrayed our
obligations toward the others. And it was the sense of our
international obligations as well as that of our dignity and
honor that has driven us to resistance.
41
48
THIS TH1JNGS THAT MADE MEJN MAD.
barns, hay, corn stacks, farm implements, six oxen, and the
contents of the farmyard. They carried off Mme. Deglimme
half-naked, to a place two miles away. She was then let go
and was fired upon as she fled, without being hit. Her hus¬
band was carried away in another direction."
Farmer Jeff Dierckx, of Neerhespen, bears witness to the
following acts of cruelty committed by German cavalry at
Orsmael Neerhespen, on August 10, 11 and 12:
SHOCKING BARBARITIES.
"An old man of the latter village had his arm sliced in
three longitudinal cuts; he was then hanged head downward
and burned alive. Young girls have been raped and little chil¬
dren outraged at Orsmael, where several inhabitants suffered
mutilations too horrible to describe. A Belgian soldier belong¬
ing to a battalion of cyclist carbineers who had been wounded
and made prisoner was hanged, while another who was tend¬
ing his comrade was bound to a telegraph pole and shot."
The sacking of Louvain, which was one of the vile acts of
the Germans during the early days of the war, is described
briefly in the report of the commission as follows:
"The Germans entered Louvain on Wednesday, August
19, after having set fire to the towns through which they
passed.
"From the moment of their having entered the city of
Louvain, the Germans requisitioned lodgings and victuals for
their troops. They entered every private bank of the city and
took over the bank funds. German soldiers broke the doors
of houses abandoned by their inhabitants, pillaged them and
indulged in orgies.
"The German authorities took hostages; the mayor of the
city, Senator Yander Kelen, the Yice Rector of the Catholic
University, the Dean of the City; magistrates and aldermen
were also detained. All arms down to fencing foils had been
54
THE THINGS THAT MADE MEN MAD.
ported men in Germany packages of food similar to those that
are being sent to prisoners of war. Thus far the German au¬
thorities have refused to permit this except in special instances,
and returning Belgians claim that even when such packages
are received they are used by the camp authorities only as an¬
other means of coercing them to sign the agreements to work.
A MORTAL BLOW TO BELGIANS.
"By the deportation of Belgians to work in Germany,"
says Mr. Whitlock's report, "they have dealt a mortal blow to
any prospect they may ever have had of being tolerated by the
population of Flanders; in tearing away from nearly every
humble home in the land a husband and a father or a son and
brother; they have lighted a fire of hatred that will never go
out; they have brought home to every heart in the land, in a
way that will impress its horror indelibly on the memory of
three generations, a realization of what German methods mean,
not as with the early atrocities in the heat of passion and the
first lust of war, but by one of those deeds that make one de¬
spair of the future of the human race, a deed coldly planned,
studiously matured, and deliberately and systematically exe¬
cuted, a deed so cruel that German soldiers are said to have
wept in its execution, and so monstrous that even German offi¬
cers are now said to be ashamed."
And if these acts were not sufficient to convince the world
that Germany "is without the pale" so far as civilized warfare
is concerned her conduct in wantonly destroying property in
Flanders while in retreat could permit of no other conclusion.
After the violation of Belgium and the destruction of the
Lusitania and the adoption of the policy of sinking neutral
ships on sight for military advantage, or "necessity," why
shouldn't the soldiers pollute wells, kill trees, carry off the
girls, smash the household furniture not worth taking away
and smear the pictures on the wall, just for revenge or in the
sheer lust of destruction?
ARTICLE TV.
THE SLINKING SUBMARINE.
A Voracious Sea Monster—The Ruthless Destructive Policy of Germany—
Starvation of Nations the Goal—How the Submarines Operate—Somb
Personal Experiences.
ALMOST the entire story of the world war is written
around the development of the submarine. One can
scarcely think of the terrible conflict without bringing
to mind the wonderful "underseas" boat which has made in¬
famous Germany famous. The truth is that, in so far as Amer¬
ica is concerned, the conflict was precipitated by the ruthless
submarine warfare which Germany waged as part of her plan
to starve out England, France, Belgium—and all nations
which opposed her.
The slinking submarine proved an efficient instrument,
whose activities clearly indicated the diabolical intent and pur¬
pose of Germany to make the whole world suffer, if necessary,
to the end that she might gain her point and perpetuate the
Hohenzollern dynasty. It was not so much that her subma¬
rines wrought havoc—for death and disaster stalk always with
war—but the methods by which Germany waged their warfare
and disregarded all the rules which had been laid down for the
guidance of civilized countries at war proved conclusively that
even the innocent could expect no quarter from her.
The story of the sinking of the brave ocean steamship
Lusitania on May 7,1915, contains in its brief recital a typical
illustration of Germany's lack of humanitarian instincts. The
vessel, torpedoed off the coast of Ireland, went to the bottom
of the ocean, carrying to death more than 1150 persons, many
of them prominent Americans. With an audaciousness which
has no counterpart in the history of civilized warfare, German
64
THE SLINKING SUBMARINE.
67
"No warning that an unlawful and an inhuman act will be
committed can possibly be accepted as an excuse or palliation
for that act, or as an abatement of the responsibility for its
commission. * * *
"The Imperial German Government will not expect the
Government of the United States to omit any word or any act
necessary to the performance of its sacred duty or the inalien¬
able rights of the United States and its citizens, and of safe¬
guarding their free exercise and enjoyment."
WHOLESALE DESTRUCTION OF VESSELS.
Apparently Germany modified her submarine policy for a
period of upward of a year, or until in February, 1917, when
to the astonished world she threw aside all pretense and de¬
clared her intention of destroying any vessel which attempted
to cross or sailed into a zone which she established along the
English coast and around English and French ports. Amer¬
ica's further protests availed not; her citizens, many of them,
went to the bottom of the seas, and some of them suffered
almost unbelievable cruelties or neglect, when the captain of a
German sea raider with some humanitarian instincts permitted
these innocent passengers or seamen to be rescued from the
torpedoed vessels on which they were.
Even the Red Cross vessels and Belgian relief ships carry-
ing supplies and food to the maimed or sick at war and the
starving children of Belgium did not escape the torpedo from
the submarine. English hospital ships were attacked, and men
unable to protect themselves were subjected to danger because
the Germans feared that something might be carried on the
boat which would prove valuable to the Allied forces in making
war.
Dozens—even hundreds of vessels of all sorts—were sunk
from week to week. Food and supplies for the Allied forces
were destroyed, until both England and France were threat¬
ened with starvation.
68
THE SLINKING SUBMARINE.
All this was the work of the submarine.
One smiled twenty-five years ago when he read that highly
imaginative story of Jules Verne, "Twenty Thousand Leagues
Under the Sea," and wondered if it would ever be possible for
man to create such a marvelous underseas craft as that which
the famous French writer described. Today the imaginative
detail of the submarine which the novelist described has been
crystallized, and the world has learned that dreams sometimes
come true.
Marvelous things have been developed by the war which
is involving the peace and security of the world, but no single
device has had such an effect upon the warfare and upon the
methods of waging it as the diabolical submarine, which, like
an assassin in the night, sneaks upon the great ships along the
water highways of the world and sends them with their human
freight to the bottom of the ocean.
TORPEDO'S DEADLY WORK.
A giant cigar-shaped missile, whose nose is pointed with
guncotton and filled with high explosives—and which the
world knows as the torpedo—launches forth from the subma¬
rine, and speeding under the drive of a propeller at the stern
steers its way into the side of the battleship or great steamship.
The torpedo plunges into the bowels of the vessel. There is a
tremendous explosion, and the watertight compartments of the
vessel are torn open; the boat fills, and the pride of the seas is
no more.
Had the vessel's master and her crew any warning? No;,
unless the vigilant officer on the bridge should note a thin pole
with a hooked end projecting above the surface of the ocean
some miles away, and turning his glasses upon it discover that
it is the "eye" of a submarine—the periscope—which is pro¬
truding above the surface. Then he may turn his larger vessel
and ram the submarine, or change the course of his craft so that
the torpedo launched by the submarine will miss Its mark, or
CHAPTER V.
THWARTING THE U-BOAT.
Nets to Entangle the Sea Sharks of War — " Chasers " or " Skimming-
dish " Boats—" Blimps " and Seaplanes—Hunting the Submarine with
" Lance," Bomb and Gun—A Sailor's Description.
THE advantage which Germany gained by the development
of what has been termed the supersubmarine placed the
other nations where it became absolutely' necessary for
them to concentrate their energies in an effort to counteract
the devastation which the U-boats brought upon the seas.
England tried first to protect the English channel and many
of its ports with mines, floating bombs and submarine nets, and
while the latter served as barriers which prevented the sub¬
marines penetrating into some of the important waters and
harbors, they could act merely in a protective sense.
The submarine net is a specially devised net with heavy
iron or wire meshes, similar to a fishing net. These nets—
miles in length—were born of the nets originally devised to
sweep harbors clear of mines. They are carried between two
boats described as trawlers, which are a form of sea-going tug
with powerful engines, that can draw a heavy load. A heavy
cable runs from trawler to trawler, and from this the chain net
is suspended in the water. It is heavily weighted at the bot¬
tom so as to hold it in a perpendicular position. The trawlers
steaming along, side by side, sweep up with the net anything
which may be placed in the water for the purpose of blowing
up or injuring vessels.
The submarine nets in some places have been anchored to
form a regular barrier against the passage of submarine boats,
and in this way were effective, but their use could in no way re¬
strict the underseas boats in their work upon the open seas.
The most effective plan of overcoming the dire conse¬
quences of the U-boat warfare was found, therefore, to lie in
82
THWARTING THE U-BOAT.
95
ever devised. It has a cruising speed of 35 miles an hour,
but at a pinch can travel ten miles an hour faster. At the
"cruising" rate, it carries enough gasoline to keep going for
sixteen hours; at 45 miles, its load of "petrol" will suffice for
ten hours.
Even the best war balloons of a few years ago were at the
mercy of the winds. It is not so with the blimp. Barring
storms, it is able to navigate the air as it wishes. It can rise
safely to an altitude of a mile and a half. To furnish fuel for
its engine of 100 horsepower it carries, in two tanks, 100 gal¬
lons of gasoline.
DESCRIPTION OF THE " BLIMP."
In effect, the blimp is a combination of balloon and aero¬
plane. Like the latter, it is provided with "skids" (resembling
sled runners and made of ash wood), or sometimes with bicycle
wheels, for safe landing on terra firma. When designed for
sea scouting, floats—cylinders of waterproof fabric stuffed
with vegetable fibre—are attached to the skids, or to the wheels,
so that the airship, in calm weather, may be able to rest, like a
sea bird, on the waves, if desired.
The blimp's balloon envelope must contain two smaller
balloons, together holding 19,250 feet of hydrogen gas. The
idea, of course, is that if anything happens to the major bal¬
loon—puncturing by gunfire or by other mishap—the "bal-
loonets" inside of it will keep the machine afloat.
The wingless aeroplane is suspended from the balloon by
cables of galvanized wire. There is a special arrangement by
which the "pilot"—the man who steers and operates the air¬
ship—can at any time measure the pressure of hydrogen in
the balloon, thus knowing what he has to count on in the way
of carrying power.
The front part of the blimp's car is occupied by the engine
and radiator, behind which is a bulkhead of sheet steel. In
the rear of this bulkhead sits the pilot, and behind him the
CHAPTER VI.
THE EYES OF BATTLE.
Aeroplanes and Aibshipb—They Spy the Movements of Forces on Land ob
Sea—Lead Disastrous Bomb Attacks—Valuable in " Spotting " Sub¬
marines—The Bombardment at Messines Ridge.
JUST as the submarine has revolutionized warfare on the
seas and presented new problems for the naval experts to
solve, so the aircraft of the last decade has had its effect
upon the operation of land forces. Probably the aeroplane
and the dirigible balloon have had a greater influence on the
conduct of battles and military campaigns as a whole than any
other device utilized in connection with the war.
It is significant, too, that just fis America produced the
first submarine, and then failed as a nation to develop it to its
highest state of efficiency for military use, so American in¬
ventors were pioneers in the construction and successful opera¬
tion of aeroplanes, or airplanes, which were first developed to
their greatest efficiency and utility by the French and Ger¬
mans.
Some of the most striking events of the war centre around
the use of the airplanes or dirigibles, and aside from the pic-
turesqueness and thrilling atmosphere that seem to surround
their use, the operator of thle aircraft has proved himself one
of the most valuable servants in modern warfare. He has re¬
duced the proudest cavalry to second place in the matter of
reconnoissance, and has rendered services which have hereto¬
fore been impossible.
The air-man sails out over the lines of battle, so far above
the earth when necessary as to be out of range of the most
powerful guns, and with glasses looks down upon the whole
country. His machine, whether it be a dirigible balloon or
airplane, is equipped with a wireless telegraph instrument with
98
CHAPTER VII.
WAR'S STRANGE DEVICES.
Chemistry a Demon of Destruction—Poison Gas Bombs—Gas Masks—Hand
Grenades—Mortars—"Tanks"—Feudal "Battering Hams"—Steel Hel¬
mets—Strange Bullets—Motor Plows—Beal Dogs of War.
THINGS new and passing strange—thousands of them—
have been brought into being by the great world war.
Human minds have developed things undreamed of by
science or fiction—things that a few years ago would have
been considered too strange and fantastic for even the profes¬
sional romancer to weave into the tissues of his stories.
Every known science has been called upon to produce its
quota of new things which might be used for the destruction
or the protection of men at war. The wonders of chemistry
have always lent descriptive inspiration to the pen of writers,
but mankind to get a vivid conception of the horrors of chem¬
istry has had to wait for the great world war.
The conflict which has involved the entire world might
almost be termed a warfare of chemists. Without their dia¬
bolical products, ranging all the way from high explosives to
poison gases, it would have few of the characteristics of ultra-
frightfulness that render it unique in the history of inter¬
national struggles.
But of all the instruments of destruction used in this war,
there is none more horrifying than the so-called "incendiary
bomb," which sets instant fire to whatever it touches and which
spreads flame in a manner so terrific that three or four such
gravity-projectiles dropped from an aeroplane burned up the
whole of a peaceful Dutch village in a few minutes.
Now, what is the fearsome stuff with which such bombs
are loaded? A new chemical compound? Not at all. What
they contain is simply the mixture of two of the most harmless
h b—8 113
WAR'S STRANGE DEVICES.
115
The present war lias been conspicuously marked by rever¬
sions to ancient methods of fighting. In this line the incendiary
bomb offers an excellent illustration. It is in effect merely an
adaptation of an idea utilized by the Saracens—we should call
them Turks nowadays—in their warfare with the Crusaders
of the Middle Ages.
DREAD INSTRUMENT OF 'WAR.
The instrument of war most dreaded by the .Crusaders, as
they found it in the hands of the Turks, was the incendiary
bomb—a projectile that flew through the air "like a fiery
dragon" as they described it, and set fire to whatever it touched.
Sometimes it was provided with iron barbs, by which it clung
to buildings.
This was one of the ways in which the Saracens employed
the celebrated "Greek fire"—an inflammable compound that is
understood to have been a mixture of petroleum, saltpeter and
pitch. The chief horror of it, from the Crusaders' point of
view, was that it was unquenchable. Mere water had no effect
upon it. Hence they were sure that it must be of diabolical
origin.
But the up-to-date incendiary bomb is a great improve¬
ment on its original of the Middle Ages. The modern con¬
trivance is thoroughly scientific, and it does its destructive busi¬
ness with certainty and dispatch.
No less effective are the gas bombs which were introduced
by the German soldiers at Rheims, and which when exploding
near the trenches occupied by the French and English threw
off vapors and poisonous gases which killed or overwhelmed
thousands of brave men. These devices used in violation of all
rules of civilized warfare sent hundreds to the hospitals. Sev¬
enty-five victims were taken at one time from the trenches to
the hospital at Zuydcoote, north of Dunkirk, where it was
found that some of those who had inhaled the fumes turned
a violet tinge.
WAR'S STRANGE DEVICES.
119
engine room. From two or four gasoline engines are used—*
these driving the rear axle and its integral sprockets over which
the caterpillars run. The latter run an idler pulley or sprock¬
ets at the extreme front ends and are supported by means of
rollers attached to the upper portion of the frame on each side
when passing over the top. This movement of the caterpillar
belts is exactly analogous to that of the ordinary variety of
garden insect with the same name which similarly lays down
his own track by humping his back continuously and regard¬
less of the land surface.
The tanks are steered by a pair of small ordinary wheels
at the rear. These are supported in a pivot on a frame extend¬
ed from the rear. They are merely for steering, and support
none of the weight of the tank except when bridging wide
trenches or dips in the surface. Steering can be accomplished
by making one caterpillar go faster than the other by manipu¬
lating clutches on the driving mechanism.
TANK'S " CATERPILLAR " FEATURE.
The "caterpillar" feature of the tank had its origin in the
caterpillar belts or shoes which were first used on the great
field guns and mortars—those tremendous weapons which
shoot bombs and shells weighing tons and containing 500 or
more pounds of gun-cotton or explosive which on contact is
discharged, rending everything for yards around.
These guns, as well as the smaller field guns, have had
attached to them great shields of steel behind which the gun¬
ners stand, so that they are protected against the old-fashioned
sharpshooters whose duty it was to pick off the gunners.
The caterpillar or wheel belts on the big guns consist of
flat blocks, or shoes, wider than the tires of the wheels. They
are hinged and fastened together so as to form a great chain,
and when placed on the wheels present broad surfaces to the
ground and keep the gun carriages from sinking into the soft
earth. With a set of tljese shoes a heavy gun can be drawn
WAR'S STRANGE DEVICES.
127
opposite end were handles, used by the operators in their
nefarious work. The ram was used to batter in the doors of
houses which had been locked or barricaded against the Ger¬
man soldiers. In their most destructive moods, it is charged
that they used these devices to destroy the standing walls of
houses and cottages after they had been gutted by fire. The
Germans would not permit even so much as a wall to stancj
which might be used by the poor peasant in rehabilitating him¬
self and building a new home.
NEW METHOD OF WARFARE.
The new method of warfare, with men working in trenches
and dug-outs and millions of shells breaking over head, while
missiles rain all about, necessitated the development of some
device to protect the heads of the fighters. Therefore the steel
helmet.
It has been shown that, due to trench warfare, about
seventy-five per cent of the wounded on the western front had
been hit with shrapnel or pieces of shell traveling at a low
velocity and therefore had torn wounds and in many cases
smashed bones. About three per cent of the wounds were in
the head and about fifteen per cent in the face or neck. This
led to the adoption by the French of a steel helmet called
after its inventor, Adrian. The helmets were first used in
May, 1915. That their use is justified is shown by statistics.
Among fifty-five cases of head wounds, forty-two happened
to soldiers without helmets.
Twenty-three of these had fractured skulls, while the
remaining nineteen had bad scalp wounds. Of the thirteen who
wore helmets, not one had a skull fracture. Five had slight
wounds only, while none of those who had worn a helmet died.
Quite a number of those who had not did.
In the Academy of Medicine Dr. Roussey brought up
the point that due to the helmet the number of cases of
sudden death from wounds in the head had been so decreased
CHAPTER Ylix
WONDERFUL WAR WEAPONS.
The Terrible Rapid-fire Gun—Armored Automobiles and Automobile
Artillery—Howitzers—Mounted Forts—Armored Trains—Observa¬
tion Towers—Wireless Apparatus—The Army Pantry.
IT is a long step from the old, smooth bore, flintlock rifle of
the Revolutionary days to the modern magazine gun, with
its long-pointed cartridges; and it is almost as great a step
from the crude iron cannons and smooth bore mortars of the
Civil War, with their canister and grape shot, down to the
huge, 42 centimeter guns which have boomed their way through
France and Belgium.
The patriotic citizen who is unfitted for military service
no longer sits at home and aids the armed forces of his country
by melting pewter spoons into bullets, or cutting patches of
cloth to serve as wads to pack down into the muzzle of guns.
The powder horn and the bullet mould are devices of the past.
The whole world working in the old-fashioned way could not
have in the course of the "war-of-nations" made sufficient bul¬
lets to supply the forces for a single week.
Those who must sacrifice in the stress of war now turn
their silverware and precious metals into nuggets that may be
sold to produce revenue, so that the armed forces may pur¬
chase the machine-made cartridges and weapons required to
fight the enemy.
Modern warfare has developed the climax in armament
and the world has learned more within the last few years about
the devilish instruments of destruction which human ingenuity
has devised than was known in all the ages before. Since Ger¬
many and Austria were the first into action—actually precipi¬
tated the great conflict—and as by their years of preparation
they were ready for the emergency, it best serves the purposes
of those who seek enlightenment on the subject of armaments
138
150
WONDERFUL WAR WEAPONS.
The French army also has automobile wireless stations.
The automobile outfit is complete in every particular and is not
augmented. It carries its own crew and has a traveling radius
of several hundred miles. The car containing the station is
completely enclosed and the walls are deadened so that the
noise made by the apparatus may not betray the presence of the
station to the enemy scouts.
The practical application of portable wireless outfits to
military usage is probably less than four years old, but the
portables can transmit messages over a radius of 200 to 250
miles. Expressed in technical terms, the portable stations have
a capacity of about 200 mile wave-lengths.
The one weakness of the wireless is that the enemy can
purloin secrets, though adroitness in manipulation can over¬
come some of this difficulty.
A WORD ABOUT "HEAVY ARTILLERY."
It would not do to mention armaments and weapons with¬
out a word about the "heavy artillery" of the commissary de¬
partment, for this branch of the army service is represented by
formidable field kitchens, which are again carried on trucks or
motor cars. The officers' field kitchen follows the advance of
the officers to the field of action. Some of these kitchens, par¬
ticularly those of the Kaiser and the Crown Prince in the Ger¬
man army, are described as almost luxurious. They contain
complete equipment—range, bake-oven, pantry, ice-box, china
closet and every device needed for preparing a complete meal.
Supplies are hurried after the troops in motor trucks from
stations where the supplies are delivered by rail and soups and
sturdy meals are prepared which were lacking in the cam¬
paigns through which the soldiers of the Civil War passed.
The pioneer mobile military field kitchen which has been the
subject of widespread comment was developed by the German
army.
(It consists of a four-wheeled vehicle drawn by two horses,
CHAPTER IX
THE WORLD'S ARMIES.
The Efficient German Organization—The Landwehb and Landsturm—
General Forms of Military Organization—The Brave French Troops—
The Picturesque Italian Soldiery—The Peace and War Strength—
Available Fighting Men—Fortifications.
NO one scoffs at the military organization which Germany-
has developed through the years—yes, almost centuries
—of moulding and training, for Germany has proved
herself efficient, even if egotistical and domineering. She built
up what at the beginning of the war was recognized as the
most powerful, most efficient and well balanced military or¬
ganization the world has ever known. And it was not an army
in the sense that America has been taught to think of armies.
It was a trained nation for war—a nation armed—rather than
a small, compact fighting machine.
The strength of the German army on October 1, 1913,
has been given in fairly authentic reports as 790,788 men and
157,916 horses. Of the men 30,253 were officers and 2,483
sanitary officers. There were 104,377 non-commissioned offi¬
cers and 641,811 common soldiers. The general divisions were
515,216 infantry and 85,593 cavalry, 126,042 artillery, and the
rest in the general service, including the commissary and quar¬
termasters' departments, as these are known in America. The
estimated army on a war footing is more than four times this
number and approximates about 4,000,000, while the entire
available force was given at probably 8,000,000.
The infantry is designated as the main body of the army.
The infantrymen carry the "98" gun, already referred to,
which is an improved Mauser, and the non-commissioned offi¬
cers and ambulance drivers carry revolvers. There are several
classes of infantrymen, a distinction being made between the
152
Photo Americin Press Ass'n.
GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING.
The silent, strong man in Ms fighting clothes.
©International Film Service.
MARINE CORPS INSIGNIA.
The above photograph shows the insignia worn on the arm and
cap by all marine men. "Always Faithful" is the translation
(meaning) of the Latin inscription shown on the ribbon.
THE ARREST OF THE ASSASSIN.
Scene immediately after the murder of the Archduke and Archduchess of Austria in the streets of
Sarajevo, Bosnia. The arrest of Gavrio Princip, the murderer.
©Underwood & Underwood.
NATIONAL GUARDSMAN WEARING COMPLETE EQUIPMENT, READY FOR WAR.
A soldier's equipment consists of a great number of articles, skillfully packed so that they make a
small bundle, considering the number of articles. The kit includes a blanket, rifle, bayonet, kit
bag, cartridge belt, canteen, pan, plate, knife, fork, spoon, tent spikes, rubber blanket aud other
miscellaneous articles. The photo shows three views—side, front and hack, with equipment
attached.
Puoio Press Illustrating Service.
MAP OF EUROPE.
Showing the battleground of the contending forces. The black lines indicate the positions of the armies when map was made.
Photo. American Press Association.
CANADIAN OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPH.
The taking of Vimy Ridge, on the western front. Canadian brigade machine gunners digging
into shell holes.
vsa/xxj-Li^j-iAjaui ncaa -tt-SSUUiauon.
CANADIAN OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPH.
Stretcher cases on the western front waiting to be loaded on a light railway.
©American Press Ass'n
MARSHAL J. JOFFRE AND PARTY IN WASHINGTON, D. C.
This photograph was taken at the State, War and Navy Build¬
ing, just after they had called on Secretary of War Baker. JoHre
stands on the lower step in ths centre of the picture.
©American Perss Association
SIR DOUGLAS HAIG.
This is a late photograph of the commander of the British armies
in France.
Photo International Film Service.
CAPTURE OF BAPAUME BY BRITISH.
Scene on the day British troops entered Bapaume, a French city evacuated hy the Germans in
their retreat to the Hindenburg line. Cheerful British soldiers are seen in a street.
Photo Underwood & Underwood.
FRENCH PASSING THROUGH RECAPTURED NOYON.
They are on the heels of the Germans. The photograph shows how the town was wrecked by the
Germans before they evacuated-
©Underwood & Underwood.
HORSE AND MAN ALIKE PROTECTED FROM GAS ATTACK.
French army horses wearing gas masks, which look at first
slsrht like oat bags. They are used when the animals have to cross
©International Film Service.
ONE OF THE METHODS OF TRANSPORTING WOUNDED.
This man is being taken over mountainous regions, and the'
method of transportation has been devised in order to minimize
the shock.
'WW
Kkagi
[PORTUGUESE
-ENGLISH
BELGIJ
BENCH
[MOROCCANS
ANAIHAN HWWAN*
[FRANCE.
ITALIANS
j CANADIANS
jruReoa
.IV* A
EGYPTIANS
ALBANIANS
jWRST INDIANS
VAtf»A«A»«>
S BELGIAN N
COLONIALS
jSRNK0AHi6E
WICiSRIANS
armknians
H^NQAfttANS
NAjT^A^g fgOUTH AFRICANS j MONTENEGRINS
SOLDIERS OF THE DIFFERENT NAT
This picture shows the portraits and headdress of 45 di
ES ENGAGED IN THE WORLD WAR.
resentative fighters now engaged in the European war.
© Underwood & Underwood.
" V—I—C—T—O—R—Y."
Sailors spelling the word " VICTORY" with flags.
©N. G. Moser.
From Underwood & Underwood.
Sighting through the 40 power telescope on the U. S. S. Pennsylvania. Objects at great distances
axe clearly distinguished through this telescope.
mtmikimtm 'msemsmmmtse
msKcmiti
OF i
3HOULMR
Photo. Americaa Press Association.
MANUAL OF ARMS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Khnwi-nsr the different positions in the drill.
RIGHT
RIFLE
8 .SALUTE
A nMS
A RMS
PORT
parade
msr
ARMS
CHARGE
BAYONET
PRESEHT
ARMS m
LETT
AWM3
© American Press Association.
GROUP OF RUSSIAN SAILORS.
They are the first to come to New York since the United States entered the war.
©American Press Association.
SERBIAN CORPS ORGANIZED IN THE UNITED STATES.
Hundreds of Serbians organized an army and went to France and joined the offensive. The
photo, shows the men leaving San Francisco, where they were mobilized. The United States
paid for the transportation ot the men.
©American Press Association.
BRITISH SAILORS IN NEW YORK.
They are from the H. M. S. Roxburgh, and took part in welcoming the arrival of Gen. Joffre
in New York City
Photo. American Press Association,
THE GREAT AMERICAN HABIT.
French Jackies, for the first time in the United States, learn all the delights of the great American
drink, the Ice Cream Soda.
Photo International Film Service.
"TANK" ARTILLERY PROTECTION.
U. S. soldiers learning this new method of warfare.
Photo Press Illustrating Co.
THE BARBED WIRE WAR.
Germans laying barbed wire entanglement at the RusslaD front.
© TJuderwood & Underwood, N. Y.
CARRYING OLD GLORY THROUGH LONDON.
United States soldiers, carrying the Stars and Stripes and Regimental Standard,
passed cheering crowds at the head of a National army command that marched
through London on May llth, 1918.
Photo Underwood & Underwood.
THE FIGHTING KING OP BELGIUM.
Albert I, who since the outbreak of the war has been known as the " Fighting King,"
is a nephew of the late King Leopold, whom he succeeded in 1909. The photograph
shows his wife and three children.
CHAPTER X.
THE WORLD'S NAVIES.
Germany's Sea Strength—Great Britain's* Immense War Fleet—Immense
Fighting Craft—The United States' New Battle Cruisers—The Fastest
and Biggest Ocean Fighting Ships—The Picturesque Marines: the
Soldiers of the Sea.
JUST as Germany at the outset of the war had the most
efficient and, broadly speaking, the greatest army in the
world, so England had the greatest navy in the world.
As a matter of fact, Great Britain's domination of the seas was
very largely responsible for the development of the super-
submarine by Germany, and the putting into effect of the sub¬
marine warfare which proved so disastrous to the Allies. This
for the reason that Germany, having sought for means to offset
Great Britain's power and control of the seas, turned to the
underseas craft.
Up to the accession of Emperor William II—the Kaiser
*—Germany's navy was little more than a joke. In 1848 the
National Parliament voted six million thalers for the creation
of a fleet, and some boats were constructed. But the attempts
to weld Germany, then little more than a federation, into a
nation having failed, the fleet was put up at auction, and actu¬
ally sold in 1852. Prussia, a separate state, had started a fleet
of her own and purchased the German boats.
This fleet, just before the Ajnerican Civil War, consisted
of four cruisers, carrying 28 cannon, and one cruiser having 17
cannon, besides which there were 21 "cannon boats," carrying
two and three cannons each. The Prussian fleet merged into
the North German Confederation in 1867, and in turn became
part of the fleet of the new German Empire in 1871.
In the war with France the German fleet played no part.
There were one or two clashes between French and German
small boats, but that was all. Even the successful outcome of
171
CHAPTER XI.
THE NATIONS AT WAR.
Unexpected Developments—How the Was Flames Spread—A Score of Coun¬
tries Involved—The Points of Contact—Picturesque and Eugged Bul¬
garia, Roumania, Servia, Greece, Italy and Historic Southeast Europe.
THE real history of the greatest war of all times is the
history of the entire world, touching every phase of
existence in a manner that has never been approxi¬
mated by any other conflict. The motives and ramifications
are so great that it is almost impossible for the human mind to
grasp the significance of many things of importance which, at
a glance, seem to be but incidents.
The world looked on expectantly when the war started,
because there was a general knowledge of the conditions exist¬
ing in Europe and the undercurrent was felt by students of
international affairs. But that Russia would revolt and the
Czar abdicate, as he did in March, 1917, and the iron-ruled
country would set up a government of its own—would join
the circle of democracies—was not even hinted at. Neither
was it intimated that Constantine I, King of Greece, would
abdicate in favor of his son, Prince Alexander, as he did in the
following June, under pressure, because of his sympathy for
Germany.
Neither was there a suspicion that the fire started by the
flash of a pistol and the bursting of a bomb in Bosnia would
spread until sixteen countries were arrayed against Ger¬
many and Austria, supported by the Bulgarians and the
Turks. And to these must be added the entrance into the con¬
flict of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, possessions of Great
Britain, and smaller possessions of other countries. The flames
swept over the face of the earth in this fashion:
Starting with the movement of Austria against Servia,
after the assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand, there lined
187
OUTLINE MAP OF GERMANY AND THE STATES FO RMING THE EMPIRE.
This drawing shows the location of the twenty-five States which were included within the boundaries of the
German Empire at the beginning- of the war.
OUTLINE MAP OF THE AUSTRIA-HUNGARY EMPIRE.
Drawn and engraved especially to show the Provinces comprising the Empire, and their locations as they were
at the beginning of the war. This is a country of many nationalities and languages.
— —iwh—w ammmmmmmmmmmmmmmam
OUTLINE MAP OF TURKEY IN ASIA.
A country where civilization was first born and which, is now undergoing a new birth of a new civilization.
The location of the Garden of Eden was between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The drawing
shows the country which is mentioned largely in Bible history.
OUTLINE MAP OF THE BALKAN STATES.
This drawing shows the boundary lines as they were at the beginning
of the war. Tt also shows the location of the principal city of each country.
This part of the world has always been of great importance since the earliest
history of man and nations—a continuous struggle between nations to con¬
trol this gateway into southwestern Asia.
203
CHAPTER XII.
MODERN WAR METHODS.
Individual Initiative as Against Mass Movements—Trench Wabfare a Game
of Hide and Seek—Rats and Disease—Surgery's Triumphs—Changed Tac¬
tics—Italian Mountain Fighting.
WARFARE such as carried on in the Great World War
is so different from that of any other of the great wars
which the world has seen, that it might be described as
a method of fighting distinctively unique. Undoubtedly, more
ancient methods, and even ancient weapons, have been em¬
ployed than were used in any of the wars which have changed,
from time to time, the boundary lines of nations. The fighting
of mass against mass has been practically obliterated, and mod¬
ern evolutions where the plan is man to man have developed
a mode of fighting where terrible execution has resulted.
Undoubtedly this means of fighting has developed the per¬
sonal initiative of the soldiers, and the modern fighting ma¬
chine of the nations is of a high standard, which, together with
death-dealing weapons, has resulted in terrible havoc.
Massed movements, such as carried on in the War of the Re¬
bellion, have been practically done away with, and although
there have been long and costly sieges, they have been carried
on by tedious trench fighting, airships, hand grenades, and
massive shells fired from guns of great caliber, and with a
range which is really marvellous.
Shells are fired, shrapnel in some cases, explosive shells in
others, which are timed to the second, so that when fired from
guns many miles from the objective point, they explode at a
measured distance from the earth. They are exploded within
a gauged distance of the target, and the execution is done over
a measured area. On the shells are indicators. Within the
shrapnel shells are hundreds of small shot. As the shell ex-
HR 14 , 209
CHAPTER XIII
WOMAH AND THE WAR.
She has Won " Heb Place in the Sun "—Rich and Pooe in the Munitions
Factories—Nurse and Ambulance Dbiyee—Khaki and Teousees—Organ¬
izes and Parmer—Heroes in the Steess of Circumstances—Doing Men's
Work foe Men—Even a "Bobbie."
IF IT were ever really necessary for woman to "win a place
in the sun" she has done so by her activities with relation
to the war. We have regarded woman with a high degree
of sentimentality, and to her pleas for recognition in world
affairs have shrugged our shoulders and intimated that she was
fit to bear children, nurse the sick, do household chores and
cook, cook, cook; but physically, mentally and by training she
was unfit to perform the greater world duties.
But the world war has proved that all the tasks which men
claimed women were unfitted to perform can as well be done by
what we have been pleased to term the "weaker sex."
The war has proved a truism that old saying, "The hand
that rocks the cradle rules the world," and also that the burden
of war falls upon women. It is they who give up their sons to
their country and send their husbands and boys to the front to
serve as fodder for the cannon.
In England the work of women in the war secured for
them a degree of recognition in Parliament which all of their
agitation and militant tactics failed to produce.
National extremity was woman's opportunity; frank in¬
vitation to new lines of work was followed by hearty apprecia¬
tion on the part of the men; and a proposition to extend suf¬
frage to 6,000,000 English women was based avowedly upon
the general gratitude felt for their loyal and effective service in
the war. And it is war service, for modern warfare has greatly
enlarged the content of that term. In the modern conception
226
CHAPTER XIV
THE TERRIBLE PRICE.
A Nation op Men Destroyed—Millions in Shipping and Commebck Destroyed—
World's Maps Changed—Billions in Money—Immense Debts—Nation's
Wealth—The United States a Gbeai Provider.
THE human tongue seems almost devoid of power to con¬
vey to the human mind what the war has actually cost
the wrorld in lives, money, property, ideals and all that
is dear to humanity. In all the world there is not a human
being who has not contributed something to the awful cost
and the loss due to the destruction of property, the stopping
of industry, the waste of energy and the curtailment of human
endeavor in the interest of civilization, and the effects which
the struggle has had upon the world cannot even be approxi¬
mated in dollars and cents.
We have been taught to regard war as a terrible thing
and to realize that thousands must be slain, but in no war in
the history of the world has there been as many troops engaged
as have been killed in the European war on the battlefields of
Belgium and France.
At the beginning of the year 1917 it was estimated that
the total casualties of the war were 22,500,000. In a report
based on figures compiled in Washington it was stated: The
human estimated waste and financial outlay are staggering.
The combined casualties of the war, partly estimated because
all belligerents do not publish lists, are 22,500,000. The figures
included killed, permanently injured, prisoners and wounded
returned to the front. Of this number the Central Powers
were estimated to have suffered permanent losses in excess of
4,000,000, and the entente perhaps twice that number, Russia
being by far the heaviest loser.
The financial outlay, based in part on official reports and
244
CHAPTER, XV
THE WORLD RULERS AT WAR.
Woodbow Wilson, the Champion or Democracy—The Egotistical Kaiser
The German Cbown Peince—Britain's Monarch—Constantine Who Quit
Eathee than Fight Germany—President Poincaibe—And Other National
Heads.
NO matter what the human frailties may be there are al¬
ways men who rise in the stress of circumstances to unex¬
pected heights. They thrive upon difficulties and in the
emergencies become protectors and saviors of men. In the
world's greatest melting-pot—the burned and blood-stained
battle-fields of Europe—there were tried and tested millions
of men of all nationalities and characteristics, and though the
experience was one of bitterness, there was found in it the
satisfaction that in their own way millions of men proved
themselves great.
Out of the hordes that rode over mountains, sailed the
seas or picked their way through trenches and across the
scarred surface of the earth there looms the figures of some
whose names will go down in history for all time. Their names
will be written indelibly upon the pages of life and they will be
known for ages after the evidences of the great strife have
been obliterated and the peace for which the world struggled
has been made a permanent thing.
Among those whose names will be forever linked with the
terrible war as a leader of men—whose figure stands out
against the mass of humanity—is Woodrow Wilson, Presi¬
dent of the United States of America. Though he neither
faced bullets nor tramped the historic byways of Europe in
the terrible struggle, he was to all intents and purposes the
commander-in-chief of all the world forces seeking to break
the autocratic domination of the Hohenzollerns of Germany
256
CHAPTER XVII.
CHEMISTRY IN THE WAR.
Substitutes fob Cotton—Nitrates Produced from Air—Yeast a Real Sub¬
stitute for Beef—Seaweed Made to Give up Potash—A Gangrene Pre¬
ventive—Soda Made Out of Salt Water—America Chemically Indepen¬
dent.
IT IS when men are put to the test that they develop initia¬
tive and are inspired to great things. In the stress of
circumstances there were created through and in the great
war many unusual devices and much that will endure for the
benefit of mankind in the future. Jit is probable that the
advancements made in many lines would not have been attained
in years but for the necessity which demanded the exertion
of men's ingenuity, and in no field was this advancement
greater than in that of chemistry.
Any struggle between men is, in the last analysis, a battle
of wits, but it remained for those planning and scheming to
defeat their fellow men or protect themselves in the world
conflict to make for the first time in history the fullest use of
the chemist's knowledge. Largely the successes of the war
have been due to the studies and activities of the chemists,
working in their laboratories far from the actual field of strife.
Not only has their knowledge been turned to the creation
of tremendously destructive explosives, the like of which have
never before been known in warfare, but the same brains which
have been utilized to assist man in his death-dealing crusades
have been called upon to thwart the efforts of the warring
humans and save the lives of those compelled to face the wither¬
ing fire of cannon, the flaming grenade and the asphyxiating
gas bomb.
In the food crisis which confronted the nations, chemists
drew from the very air and the waters of the river and sea,
H R 19 289
CHAPTER XVIII.
OUR NEIGHBORING ALLY.
Canada's Recruiting—Raise 33,000 Troops in Two Months—First Expedi¬
tionary Force to Cross Atlantic—Bravery at Ypres and Lens—Meeting
Difficult Problems—Quebec Aroused by Conscription.
THE world has marvelled at the achievement of Canada
at Valcartier camp near Quebec and the dispatch across
the Atlantic Ocean of a fully equipped expeditionary
force of 33,000 men within two months of the outbreak of war
between Great Britain and Germany. But the magnitude of
that feat cannot be appreciated properly until one considers
that on August 4,1914, Canada had a permanent force of only
about 3500 men.
These soldiers, who for the most part were instructors and
men on guard duty, provided a nucleus for a training organiza¬
tion. In addition to its "standing army," the Dominion had
an active militia numbering approximately 60,000 men. Their
training consisted of what has been aptly called "after-supper
soldiering." Members of city regiments drilled for one night
each week, participated in an annual church parade and spent
two weeks every year in summer camp.
The training of the rural regiments consisted almost
entirely of the two weeks in summer camp. Yet from these
militia units were drawn a large proportion of the men in the
first Canadian oversea contingent, while the militia regiments,
to a large extent, formed the basis of Canada's recruiting
organization after the outbreak of hostilities.
Enlistments during the first two years in the expeditionary
force numbered approximately 415,000, while probably 150,000
applicants were rejected as physically unfit.
Immediately upon the declaration of war Major General
Sir Sam Hughes, Minister, of Militia, telegraphed the officers
commanding the militia regiments to commence recruiting for
299
CHAPTER XX
AMERICA STEPS IN.
Pee side nt Wilson's Famous Message to Congress—The War Resolution—
April 6, 1917 Sees the United States at War—Review of the Negotia¬
tions Between Germany and America—The U-Boat Restricted Zone An¬
nouncement of Germany—Premier Lloyd George on America in the Con¬
flict.
THE hoisting of the American flag to the top of the staff
as the emblem of world-wide Liberty followed the action
of Congress in authorizing President Wilson to declare a
state of war existed between Germany and the United States.
What the conditions were which developed during the months
in which Germany to all intents and purposes "laughed up her
sleeve" at the United States, ignored our protests against her
wanton disregard of human rights on land and sea, can no bet¬
ter be told than in the words qf President Wilson himself in
his message stating the position which the Government took.
His message to Congress will go down in history, not only
as an instrument of world-wide importance, but as a classic in
literature. Its effect on the Nations was greater than that of
any other message issued by any one country, probably in the
history of the world, and while there were critics who regarded
some of President Wilson's utterances as too idealistic, time
proved that his vision was greater than that of those who criti¬
cised him, and within a short time the eyes of the entire world
were turned toward Washington, which became the active
centre from which the campaign for world-wide democracy was
waged.
The hands of Liberty stretched out to Russia, Serbia,
Italy, France, Belgium, England, little Montenegro, and they
were given help in the most critical periods of their careers.
The President's message was presented to Congress on April
3, 1917, as follows:
"I have called the Congress into extraordinary session be-
327
CHAPTER XXI.
UNCLE SAM TAKES HOLD.
Makes World's Biggest War Loan—Seize Gebman Ships—.Intrigue Exposed—
General Peeshing and Staff in Etjbope—The Navy on Duty in North Sea
—First United States Troops Reach France—Germany's Attempts to
Sink Troop Ships Thwarted by Navy's Guns.
SCARCELY had the ink had time to dry on the Nation's
command to begin war than Congress voted an appropria¬
tion of $7,000,000,000 for war purposes. This, the largest
single appropriation ever made by a government in the world,
was passed without a dissenting vote. Still later, a deficiency
bill of $2,827,000,000 for war expenses was passed. Other
legislative measures provided for the increase of the army and
navy ^nd for "selective conscription," although the latter was
passed in the face of considerable opposition on the part of
many who believed that in a democracy armies should be raised
by volunteer recruiting. Many felt that compulsory service
was not in accordance with the ideals of liberty.
The Conscription Act provided for the registration of
every male citizen or resident in the United States between the
ages of 21 and 31 years, and was enacted on May 19, 1917.
Registration of these military available was made on June 5,
when 10,000,000 names were entered on the rolls as subject to
draft by the Government. The principle of "selective con¬
scription" is that the authorities shall have the right to exempt
from military duty among those registered such persons whose
employment in civil life is necessary to the maintenance of the,
industries and business of the country, as well as those who,
though physically fit, have others dependent upon them for
support.
One of the first acts of the Government after the declara¬
tion of war was the seizure of the German merchant vessels
interned in United States ports. These vessels had a ton-
355
CHAPTER XXII.
A GERMAN CRISIS.
The Downfall of Bethmann-Hollweg—The Crown Prince in the Lime Light
—Hollweg's Unique Career—Dr. Georg Michaet.ts Appointed Chancellor
—The Kaiser and How He Gets His Immense Power.
THE active participation of the United States in the war,
as distinctly marked by the sending of troops to France,
aside from giving needed inspiration to the Allied forces,
may be said to have had a decided effect in Germany. While
the German subjects are loyal, there has developed in the
country, as in every other country, a large element of Social¬
ists and progressives.
Something of a climax was reached in the affairs of the
Hohenzollern dynasty just when the United States troops
were preparing to take their places on the battle line in France
and when the first of the conscripted forces of the country
were being summoned to the colors.
With a suddenness that startled the entire world, Dr,
von Bethmann-Hollweg, the German Imperial Chancellor,
resigned on July 14, thus ending his career as the spokesman
of the Kaiser, which he had maintained for a surprisingly long
period. At the same time Dr. Alfred Zimmermann, Foreign
Minister, who was responsible for the correspondence which
revealed the fact that Germany was trying to induce Mexico
and Japan to form an alliance against the United States, also
quit his post.
The resignation of the Chancellor came quite unexpect¬
edly, for von Hollweg, in the prolonged party discussion and
heated debates of the main committee of the Reichstag which
had been in progress, seemed to have triumphed over his
opponents.
His opponents had been clamoring for his head, but he
372
CHAPTER XXIV.
THE ACTIONS OF THE WAR.
From Bosnia to Flanders—Mabne the Turning Point of the Confuct—The
Conquests of Servia and Rumania—The Fall of Bagdad—Russia's
Women Soldiers—America's Conscripts.
THE end of August, 1917, found twenty-one nations in a
state of war and five in what might be termed a condition
of modified neutrality, with nearly 40,000,000 sum¬
moned to arms and 5,000,000 killed in bitter warfare.
This was the fiery reflection of the shots which caused the
death of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, of Austria, in the
quiet little town of Serajevo, the capital of Bosnia, in June,
1914. And so, with their backs to the wall, Austria-Hungary,
Germany, Turkey and Bulgaria faced Servia, Russia, France,
Belgium, Great Britain, Montenegro, Japan, Italy, Portugal,
Rumania, the United States, Cuba, Brazil, Greece, Siam,
China and little Liberia, while Guatemala, Panama, Haiti,
Uruguay and Bolivia stood by in a position of neutrality, but
for the most part indicating a willingness to help the Allies.
And in those elapsed three years after the Bosnia tragedy
an Emperor of Austria had died; a Czar had stepped from his
throne, and a King had been compelled to toss aside his crown.
Prime Ministers and Ministers of War in all of the principal
countries, who held the confidence of their peoples when the
war started, were no more.
Cabinets had been dissolved and new ones set up, states¬
men brushed aside and commanders of the war forces com¬
pelled to step out that others might carry on the battles.
Though it was Austria's ultimatum to Servia which pre¬
cipitated the world-wide struggle, it was Germany that took
the first step and crossed the French frontier with its armed
forces. After Servia refused to accede to all of the demands
391
French Official Photograph. From Underwood & Underwood, N. Y.
Showing the actual drafting by the Allied Plenipotentiaries of the armistice terms which ended the great world war. Left
side of table from left to right: second man, General di Robilant; Italian Foreign Minister Sonnino; Italian Premier Orlando;
Colonel Edward H. House; General Tasker H. Bliss; next man unknown ; Greek Premier Venizelos, and Serbian Minister Ves-
nitch. Right side of table from left to right: Admiral Wemyss (with back turned) ; General Sir Henry Wilson; Field Marshal
Sir Douglas Haig; General Sackville West; Andrew Bonar Law; British Premier Lloyd George; French Premier Georges
Clemenceau, and French Foreign Minister, Stephen Pichon.
BRITISH TANKS ADVANCING ACROSS THE HINDENBURG LINE.
This battery of tanks shows the new superstructure on their fronts, which is used to carpet the slippery mud which the cater¬
pillar wheels do not grip.
© Underwood & Underwood, N. Y.
GENERAL PETAlN. GENERAL MANGIN. GENERAL D'ESPEREY.
Three French Generals who fought their way to fame. In many a battle they saved the day, and through their heroic
deeds France was saved from the Hun.
ENGLISH BOMBING PLANE ON THE AISNE FRONT.
Preparing the departure for a bombing expedition. The bombs and their holders can be seen in the forps-rnimri
AN ATTACK EY AMERICANS.
Company H and Company K of the 336th Infantry, 82nd Hvision, are advancing- on enemy positions in France and driving
them out while the 307th Engineers of the 82nd Division are clearing the way by blowing up wire entanglements.
French Official Photo. From Underwood & © Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. © Clinedinst, Washington, D. C.
Underwood, N. Y. From Underwood & Underwood, N. Y.
GENERAL BULLARD. GENERAL LIGGETT. GENERAL DICKMAN.
American Army Commanders who out-generaled the Germans. They were well supported by the fearless and determined
fighters, the U. S. A. troops.
A RELIGIOUS MEETING ON THE FIELD.
American, British, French, Belgian and Portuguese troops are represented in this gathering of defenders of Liberty listening
to a sermon on the western front.
British Official Photo.
© Underwood & Underwood, N. Y.
THE HOLT LAND AND THE WAR.
Christmas Day at Bethlehem. Latin procession to the Church of Nativity.
FIGHTING IN PALESTINE EAST OP THE JORDAN.
Infantry were in the act of occupying an important hill when they were met
with a strong' counter-attack. The timely arrival of machine .guns and supports
rpstored the situation. ___
© E. F. Corcoran, Phila.
SIGNING OP THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE BY MID-EUROPEAN NATIONS.
Professor H.'A. Miller, Director; Thos. Naroshevitshius (Lithuanians); Christos Vassilkaki (Unredeemed Greeks); Christo
Dako (Albanians) ; Charles Tomazolli (Italian Irredentists) ; Nicholas Ceglinsky (Ukranian) ; Dr. Hinko Hinkovich (Jugoslavs) ;
T. M. Helinski (Poles) ; Dr. T. G. Masaryk (Prime Minister of Cezhoslovakia) ; G. Pasdermadjian (Armenians) ; Capt. Vasile Soica
(Roumanians) ; Gregory Zsatkovich (Uhro-Rusins) ; Ittamar Ban-Avi (Zionists).
Signed Independence Hall, Phila., Oct. 26, 1918.
GENERAL ALLENBT. GENERAL TOWNSHEND.
One of the notable events in the history of the war was the The British officer who was taken prisoner at Kut-el-
surrender of Jerusalem to the British Army under the com- Amara, and who afterwards became the peace negotiator for
mand of General Allenby. Great Britain when Turkey signed the Armistice.
Canadian. Official Photograph.
From Underwood & Underwood, N. Y.
OFFICE OF A FIELD CASHIER.
This spot was formerly one of the pillbox strongholds of ths famous switch in the Hindenburg line. It was afterwards
run by the Canadians.
■ «, . ;^ :
British Official Photograph. © Underwood & Underwood, N. Y.
U. S. A. TROOPS ADVANCING TO FRONT LINES.
They were on their way to take their places in the trenches beside their British comrades.
GENERAL HAIG CONGRATULATES VICTORIOUS CANADIAN TROOPS.
Marshal Sir Douglas Haig is here seen congratulating the victorious Canadians on the Western Front, on their sDlendid work
in smashing through the German lines.
Photo by American Press Association. Photo from Underwood & Underwood, N. Y.
THE HANDLEY PAGE SUPER AE.ilAL BOMBING DREADNAUGHT.
Designed by Mr. Handley Page, a British manufacturer. It was claimed that this giant plane could cross the ocean under
its own power.
AUSTRALIAN INFANTRY MARCHING UNDER INSPECTION.
The Anzacs, famous for their brave and daring accomplishments, and among the best of fighters, made their own record,
which will stand in history for all time.
i'lum uiiuerwooa 01 unaerwood. JN. x. — —
U. S. A. TROOPS, 7TH INFANTRY, MOVING TO THE FRONT.
The Motor Transport Service is deserving of great praise for their rapidity and invaluable service in the movements of large
bodies of trocps, front to fight and back to sleep and rest.
400
THE ACTIONS O*1 THE WAR.
and for the first time in history United States troops launched
shells against the forces of Germany.
The initial shot was fired by artillerists at the break of day
on October 24, and America was formally made an active agent
in the horrors of warfare on "Nlo Man's Land." Ten days
later the brave Americans, occupying a position in the trenches
for instruction, early on the morning of Saturday, November 3,
received their baptism of fire, and in the cause of Democracy 3
soldiers were killed, 5 wounded and 12 captured by the Boche
forces.
Cut off from the main line of the Allied forces, the Ameri¬
cans were stormed under the protection of a heavy barrage fire
by a German raiding party and engaged in a desperate hand-
to-hand encounter. The 20 Americans, with several French
instructors, according to official report, were pitted against
210 picked Germans. A rain of shells from Boche guns was
laid back of the American section so that there was no retreat.
The lieutenant in command made a heroic attempt to reach
the main fighting line, but was caught in the barrage fire and
rendered unconscious from shell-shock.
Previously American scouts had captured a German pris¬
oner—a mail runner; Lieutenant de Vere H. Harden, of the
Signal Corps had been wounded by a bursting German shell,
and a German gunner was reported killed by an American
sharpshooter, as opening incidents of the skirmish.
And so at the beginning of November, 1917, with the whole
United States giving support to the Government in subscribing
upwards of five billions of dollars to the second Liberty Loan,
and all forces working to conserve food, furnish men, ships,
ammunition, clothing and supplies to her own troops and to her
Allies, the world found America true to traditions, battling for
the right and giving her best that liberty might endure and the
burden of Prussianism be lifted from humanity.
CHAPTER XXV.
AMERICAN FORCES BECOME FACTOR.
United States Soldiers Inspired Allied Troops—Russian Government Col¬
lapses—Italian Army Fails—Allied War Council Formed—Foch Com¬
mands Allied Armies—Pershing Offers American Troops—Under Fire—
U-Boat Bases Raided by British.
THE influence exerted by the actual presence of the
American troops on the western front was soon appar¬
ent. The spirits of the English, French and Canadian
troops were raised and the presence of the Americans was
heralded to the world as an evidence of complete unity on the
part of the Allies that meant ultimate death to Kaiserism.
The advent of Uncle Sam's fighting men on the firing
line had, however, one serious effect, viewed from the Allied
standpoint. Germany realized that every day she delayed in
making attack meant the strengthening of the Allied forces
by the arrival of additional United States troops, and it was
seen by the English and French leaders that the Kaiser would
make an early drive to annihilate, if possible, the stubbornly
resisting, though somewhat tired and weakened, lines opposing
his brutal soldiery. Not for months, therefore, was it per¬
mitted the world to know anything about the numerical
strength of the American troops sent into France.
Simultaneously with the action of American troops in
entering the resisting line of Allied troops on the western
front the Austro-German troops had swept into the Italian
plains, capturing 100,000 prisoners and upward of 1,000 guns,
taking several towns and compelling the retreat of the Second
and Third Italian armies. The Italian forces were opposed
by four times their number, but it was also said that the unity
of the Italian forces was broken by the spreading of German
propaganda.
26 HR 401
AMERICAN FORCES BECOME FACTOR. 405
help from Russia sank. Germany entered into a peace compact
with XJkrainia, and the hand of the Kaiser was seen in the
Russian situation when officers of the German Army were
reported in Petrograd in conference with the representatives
of the various Russian factions. Russia suggested a separate
armistice, or a separate peace, against which both the U. S. and
France protested.
The failure of the Russian Government to assume any
degree of stability made it possible for the Germans to with¬
draw many troops and transfer them to the Italian and West¬
ern Fronts.
One result of the Allied War Council deliberations was to
show the necessity of rapid action on the part of the United
States and get troops into France so that they might take over
a definite sector. While it was estimated that several hundred
thousand Americans were in France, the necessity for a larger
force was made apparent by the statement that 90 reserves are
required for every 400 fighters on the line.
DROPPED THEIR TOOLS FOR RIFLES.
The first bitter attack in which American,troops figured
was when a company of United States engineers, caught be¬
tween crossfires, dropped their tools for rifles and joined the
English troops in helping to repulse the Germans near
Cambrai.
A notable event in the progress of the war was the declara¬
tion of war upon Austria by the U. S. on Dec. 8, 1917, Con¬
gress adopting a resolution of war with but one dissenting vote.
Events which brought the seriousness of the war home
to America began at this point to occur rapidly. First the Tor¬
pedo Boat Destroyer Jacob Jones was sunk in the war zone
when nearly 80 men were reported lost. This was followed
shortly by a report to the War Department that 17 Americans
caught in the crossfire by the Germans at Cambrai were missing
or killed. The report of the sinking of the Alcedo, a patrol
406 AMERICAN FORCES BECOME FACTOR.
boat, with the loss of several officers, was also received, as was
that of the sinking of the U. S. Destroyer "Chauncey" rammed
in a collision, when two officers and eighteen men were lost.
One of the high spots of the war and one of the notable
events in the history of the world, was the surrender of the City
of Jerusalem to the British on Saturday, December 8, 1917.
Gen. Allenby entered the famed city and established his troops
on the ancient Jerico Road.
The capture of Jerusalem by the British forces marked the
end, with two brief interludes, of more than 1200 years' posses¬
sion of the seat of the Christian religion by the Mohammedans.
For 673 years the Holy City had been in disputed ownership of
the Turks, the last Christian ruler of Jerusalem being the Ger¬
man Emperor, Frederick, whose short-lived domination lasted
from 1229 to 1244.
THE FALL OF JERUSALEM.
Apart from its connection with the campaign being waged
against Turkey by the British in Mesopotamia, the fall of
Jerusalem marked the definite collapse of the long-protracted
efforts of the Turks to capture the Suez Canal and invade
Egypt. Almost the first move made by Turkey after her
entrance into the war was a campaign against Egypt across the
great desert of the Sinai Peninsula. In November, 1914, a
Turkish army, variously estimated at from 75,000 to 250,000
men, marched on the Suez Canal and succeeded in reaching
within striking distance of the great artificial waterway at sev¬
eral points. For several months bitter fighting took place, the
canal being defended by an Anglo-Egyptian army aided by
Australians and New Zealanders and French and British
forces.
For the greater part of 1915 conflicting reports of the sit¬
uation were received from the belligerents, but in December
of that year definite information showed that the Turks had
been driven back as far as El Arish, about eighty-five miles east
408 AMERICAN FORCES BECOME FACTOR.
French channel ports before America could be of any great
assistance to the Allied forces. As a result Great Britain deter¬
mined to call 500,000 more men to hold the Huns, and Premier
Lloyd George issued a stirring appeal to Labor affected by
the Man-Power Bill, which provided for the increase taken
largely from the labor forces.
The German intent to launch an offensive was indicated
by the withdrawal of German lines north of Italy when im¬
portant defensive positions were abandoned, and dummy sol¬
diers were left in trench to conceal movement to the rear.
Warnings of a great submarine offensive on American boat-
lines to France, to be joined with a big drive on land, were re¬
ceived by Secretary of War Baker, and on February 2<, the
American troops occupying a sector of the Lorraine front in
France faced the first big bombardment in what was prelim¬
inary to the most bitter drive Germany had attempted in four
years of warfare.
SINKING OF THE TUSCANIA.
True to their promise the German submarines started
their portion of the offensive and sunk the U. S. troopship
"Tuscania" a few days later off the coast of Ireland. The
liner carried 2,179 U. S. troops of various divisions besides a
crew of 200. T.he total number of persons lost was 113. The
troops included engineers, members of the aero-squadron, and
regulars.
The Tuscania was the first troopship to be sunk en route
to France, though the Antilles was sunk in October, 1917.
This boat, however, it must be noted, was returning from
France. At this time 70 lives were lost. The comparatively
small loss of life on the "Tuscania" was accepted as evidence
of the efficient training and bravery of American troops under
all conditions.
The Tuscania was torpedoed when entering what until
that time were considered comparatively safe waters. The
412
AMERICAN FORCES BECOME FACTOR.
captured documents showing what they planned to do in the
early hours of their offensive.
By March 24 the attacks of the Germans had been re¬
doubled, and it was estimated that more than 1,000,000 Huns
had been thrown into the struggle against the British forces
on which the attack was concentrated.
The most notable feature of the attack from the spectacu¬
lar viewpoint was the bombardment of Paris by monster Ger¬
man cannon, located in the forest of St. Gobain, west of Laon,
and approximately 76 miles away from Paris.
BIG GUN ONE HUNDRED FEET LONG.
Though no official description of the big gun was ever
given, it was stated by military authorities that it was approxi¬
mately 100 feet in length, and that several were in use, and
more being built by the Germans. At first the statement that
a gun could shoot such a distance was doubted, but when 75
persons were killed in Paris and one of the shells hit a church
doubt no longer existed. It also developed that the gun was
originally an American invention, and that similar weapons
were being built by the United States.
The use of the big gun was in the nature of a "side-issue"
to bring terror to the French, and in line with the policy of
Rightfulness instituted by the German militarists. Its use
was continued daily. Meantime the German hordes swept on
marching in close formation into the very mouths of the rapid-
fire guns and against the strongly fixed British lines.
For ten days the hostilities continued, without cessation,
with fighting along a whole front such as had never been known
before.
The Germans continued to hurl great forces of infantry
into the conflict, depending largely on weight of numbers to
overcome the increasing opposition offered by the heroically
resisting British.
The battle on the historic ground about Longueval was
CHAPTER XXVI
AMERICANS TURN WAR'S TIDE
Brilliant American Fighting Stops Hun Advance—French and British Inspired
—Famous Marines Lead in Picturesque Attack—Halt Germans at
Chateau-Thierry—Used Open Style Fighting—Thousands or Germans
Slain—United States Troops in Siberia—New Conscription Bill Passed—
Allied Successes on All Fronts,
ALL history contains no greater story of bravery and
heroism than that which echoed around the world con¬
cerning the exploits of the American soldiers in France
as the war entered its fifth year.
Casting aside all precedent, ignoring the practices which
had been developed by the English, French and German com¬
mands during four years of stubborn fighting, a little force of
Americans—barely a handful, led by the picturesque Marines
—brought the Huns to a standstill in their drive upon Paris
and turned the tide of war.
Once again history repeated itself, for the Germans were
turned back at the beautiful river Marne, where the brave
Americans and heroic French smashed their lines. The spec¬
tacular event in which the Americans participated was a mere
incident of the great conflict raging across France, but the
story must ever be one of the outstanding features of the war
because of the effect it produced upon the whole situation.
In the struggle against the Huns the Belgian army had
been reduced to its lowest ebb; the manpower of France and
England had been sapped by constant call for reserves, and
the Allied forces, while resisting and fighting heroically, were
without reserves to draw upon to effect a decisive blow when
the opportunity presented.
The German hordes had swept forward with hammer¬
like: blows toward Paris in what was a continuation of the giant
offensive started in March. The second movement was
H R--27 417
418
AMERICANS TURN WAR'S TIDE
launched under the personal command of the German Crown
Prince on May 27, and was directed against four divisions of
the British troops and the Sixth French Army. Concentra¬
tion was on a front stretching from Soissons to Rheims, a dis¬
tance of about 30 miles.
The Huns were driving on the entire front, but the Crown
Prince with crack troops was to have the honor for which he
had long been striving—that of crossing the famous Marne
and taking Paris. His troops had reached the river between
Dormans and Chateau-Thierry at the very spot where the
Third German Army had swept across the stream on August
25, 1914. Paris was less than 50 miles away.
Here and there at other points the Germans had been held
by the French and English, but as part of the strategy of the
French command the enemy had been permitted to advance at
this point through lines which would cost him a terrible toll of
lives. The French meantime were concentrating on the
enemy's flank with the hope of breaking through and pocketing
part of the Crown Prince's advancing forces.
Whatever the intent, the Germans were resisting the ef¬
forts to stop them. The question was, where would the ad¬
vance end? The answer was furnished by America.
The enemy had attempted to broaden his Marne salient
and had stretched as far south as Chateau-Thierry. It is sup¬
posed his purpose was to compel General Foch to meet shock
with shock by throwing in his reserve forces, since the German
advance had then almost reached shelling distance of Paris.
But the German command had not taken the Americans
into their calculations, for here the Prussians met Uncle Sam's
fighting men and their French supports and were smashed and
thrown back.
Fighting in their own way, in the open, against superior
forces, the Marines and troops of the National American Army
fought their way to victory, routing the enemy and wresting
CHAPTER XXVII
VICTORY—PEACE
The German Empire Collapses—Inch's Strategy Wins—American Inspiration
a Big Factor—Bulgaria, Turkey and Austria Quit War—Monarohs
Fall—Kaiser Abdicates and Flees Germany—Armistice Signed—November
11, Peace.
Then came the fall of autocracy
Victory! Peace!
With a crash that echoed around the world the
autocratic governmental structure builded by the Kaiser
and his forebears gave way and came tumbling to the earth
in ruins on Monday, November 11,1918.
The most momentous event in ages had come to pass
and victory was perched upon the banner of democracy.
Out of the sacrifice of millions of lives, the desolation
of homes and countries, the expenditure of untold energy
and incomprehensible billions of dollars in money, there
came everlasting, glorious peace.
The great German Empire lay a wreck, given into the
hands of the people for remaking, and the arrogant Em¬
peror William Hohenzollern had fled into Holland.
The end came swiftly and with dramatic action.
Beaten back by the Allied forces, which gathered strength
and inspiration from the irresistible American troops, the
German army weakened all along the line from Holland
to the Swiss border. The press of power exerted against
the German strongholds on every side was felt within the
domains and produced internal strife and dissension which
undermined and weakened the military organization.
Taking full advantage of this situation, the Allied forces
on every side quickened and intensified their blows.
The brilliant strategy of Marshal Foch, generalissimo
of the Allied armies, brought defeat to the Germans in less
than four months. After bringing to an end the German
advance of March 21 to July 18 with the second battle of
the Marne, he compelled a hurried retirement to the Hin-
425
426
VICTORY—PEACE
denburg line with the evacuation of practically all the terri¬
tory conquered by the Huns.
Finally, in what may be termed the last phase of the
war, he absolutely demoralized the German forces. The
thrust in this phase was started by the Anglo-Belgian
forces in Flanders and the Franco-American armies in
Lorraine on September 26.
The British also made a gigantic and brilliant drive
between Cambrai and St. Quentin. The whole colossal
defense system of the Germans was shattered and in less
than three months more than 100,000 German prisoners and
5000 guns were taken and 8000 square miles of French and
Belgian territory liberated.
Not only was there great victory on the west, but in
Syria the British army broke the power of Turkey and
liberated Syria, Mesopotamia and Arabia. In Macedonia,
too, an army made up of soldiers of many nations under a
French command compelled the surrender of Bulgaria and
her withdrawal, and swept the last vestige of German con¬
trol from the Balkans.
On the Austrian front likewise the Italian army,
strengthened and heartened by the presence of Ameri¬
can and Allied forces, swept the Austrians before them in
one of the most picturesque offensives of the war, capturing
more than 300,000 prisoners and great quantities of guns
and supplies.
This in brief is the way the German command was
driven to a point of seeking peace to prevent the invasion
of their territory.
The brilliant assaults of the various units and com¬
mands of the Allies at points along the entire 200 miles of
western front will go down in history a wonderful military
achievement.
One of the wonderful attacks was that of the American
First Army under General Pershing, when St. Mihiel
salient was annihilated. This salient for four years resisted
all efforts to penetrate it and stood a guardian to great iron
fields running through the Bassin de Briey to the Belgian-
Luxemburg frontier. It formed a strong outpost to the
fortified city of Metz, with its twenty-eight forts, and made
impossible the invasion of German Lorraine from the west.
VICTORY—PEACE
427
The offensive of General Pershing was one of the most
carefully planned of the war. More than 1000 tanks were
operated to open the way for the infantry and cavalry. A
greater force of airplanes than were ever concentrated in
a single attack menaced the Germans overhead and in a
week the Americans encompassed a territory of 200 square
miles and threatened the mining center and the forts of
Metz, capturing 20,000 prisoners and hundreds of guns and
great quantities of ammunition. Moreover, the Verdun-
Nancy railway was released.
Support was brought to the Germans and they stub¬
bornly resisted, but many points were gained and held by
the Americans.
Another corps of the First Ajnerican Army, in com¬
mand of General Hunter Liggett, also made a brilliant
attack between the Meuse and Aisne rivers east of Rheims
on a front twenty miles long, where the crack Prussian
Guards were routed. Here in one of the most bitterly con¬
tested battles of the closing days the Americans made an
important advance, capturing half a dozen villages.
As at Chateau-Thierry, the Americans in the face of
withering fire and against all the instruments of modern
warfare handled by the best soldiers in Germany, fought
their way through with a bravery that won for them the
praises of the highest commands in the French and British
armies, as well as from General Pershing.
At the very close of the struggle the Americans arose
to the heights of sublime heroism in crossing the river
Meuse, capturing the town of Dun and later the town of
Sedan, famous as one of the scenes of bitter fighting in the
Franco-Prussian War.
The Americans forced their way across a 160-foot
river, a stretch of mud flats and a 60-foot canal in the face
of terrible fire. Men who could swim breasted the stream
carrying ropes, which were stretched from bank to bank
and along which those who could not swim made their way
over the river. Some crossed in collapsible boats, others
on rafts and finally on pontoon and foot bridges, which were
constructed under the enemy fire.
This difficult feat accomplished, the men waded
through mud to the canal, fighting as they went, and again
428
VICTORY—PEACE
plunged into the water, swimming the canal, at the far side
of which they were compelled to use grappling hooks and
scaling irons to mount the perpendicular banks of the
canal, along which were the resisting Germans. And
finally, when the German Empire fell, famed Sedan was in
the hands of the Americans. With the last forward moye-
ment they took possession of Stenay when hostilities ceased.
The part the American soldiers played in winning the
;war, merely as a matter of increased man power, is indi¬
cated by the fact that when the end came there were
2,900,000 men in the forces abroad.
The failure of the German submarine warfare and the
ability of the British, French and American naval forces
to protect troop ships and permit the landing of as high as
200,000 soldiers in France in a single month, had much to
do with discouraging the Gierman command.
Tiie withdrawal of Bulgaria on September 27 and her
unconditional surrender to the Allies was a distinct blow
to Germany. The abdication of King Ferdinand in favor
of Crown Prince Boris was shortly followed by the surren¬
der and withdrawal of Turkey, which further weakened
Germany's position, and peace offers were made by both
Austria and by Germany.
Austria sought a separate peace, but Germany, seeing
the handwriting on the wall, asked for an armistice through
Prince Maximilian of Baden, who had succeeded Count
Von Hertling as Chancellor. But while agreeing to accept
as a basis of peace the points established by President
Wilson as necessary to an agreement, Germany's military
forces continued their ruthless and barbaric warfare.
President Wilson submitted a set of questions to the
German Government to ascertain the sincerity and pur¬
pose of the request and finally brought the matter to an
issue by declaring that nothing short of a complete sur¬
render would suffice and that further negotiations must be
taken up with the Allied command.
Meantime King Boris of Bulgaria' abdicated and the
Government was taken over by the people. This was fol¬
lowed by the surrender of Austria on November 8 and the
abdication of the Emperor Charles.
VICTORY—PEACE
429
Austria in her surrender agreed to the immediate sus¬
pension of hostilities, the demobilization of the army of
Austro-Hungary and the withdrawal of all forces from the
North Sea to Switzerland, the evacuation of all territories
invaded, the evacuation of all German troops from Austro-
Hungarian territory and the Italian and Balkan fronts, as
well as the surrender of fifteen submarines and all German
submarines in Austro-Hungarian territorial waters, to¬
gether with thirty-four warships, and also the repatriation
of all prisoners of war.
With her forces demoralized and Bulgaria, Turkey
and Austria out of the war and her power broken in Russia,
Germany was driven to the necessity of accepting terms
submitted by the Allies as the basis of peace as outlined by
President Wilson, and at midnight, November 10, Paris
time, the German High Command signed an armistice and
hostilities ceased on the following morning, November 11,
1918, at 11 o'clock, Paris time.
The terms of the armistice accepted by Germany were
as follows:
I. Military Clauses on Western Front:
One—Cessation of operations by land and in the air six hours after the signa¬
ture of the armistice.
Two—Immediate evacuation of invaded countries: Belgium, France, Alsace-
Lorraine, Luxemburg1, so ordered as to be completed within fourteen days from the
signature of the armistice. German troops which have not left the above-mentioned
territories within the period fixed will become prisoners of war. Occupation by the
Allied and United States forces jointly will keep pace with evacuation in these areas.
All movements of evacuation and occupation will be regulated in accordance with
a note annexed to the stated terms.
Three—Repatriation beginning at once and to be completed within fourteen
days of all inhabitants of the countries above mentioned, including hostages and
persons under trial or convicted.
Four—Surrender in good condition by the German armies of the following
equipment: Five thousand guns (two thousand five hundred heavy, two thousand five
hundred field) thirty thousand machine guns. Three thousand minenwerfers. Two
thousand airplanes (fighters, bombers—firstly D. Seventy-three's and night bombing
machines). The above to be delivered in situ to the Allies and the United States
troops in accordance with the detailed conditions laid down in the annexed note.
Five—Evacuation by the German armies of the countries on the left bank of
the Rhine. These countries on the left bank of the Rhine shall be administered by
the local authorities under the control of the Allied and United Sttates armies of occu¬
pation The occupation of these territories will be determined by Allied and United
States garrisons holding the principal crossings of the Rhine, Mayence, Coblenz, Cologne,
tog-ether with bridgeheads at these points in thirty kilometre radius on the right bank
and by garrisons similarly holding the strategic points of thel regions.
it neutral zone shall be reserved on the right of the Rhine between the
stream and a line drawn parallel to it forty kilometres (twenty-six miles) to the
east from the frontier of Holland to the parallel of Gernsheim and as far as prac¬
ticable a distance of thirty kilometres (twenty miles) from the east of stream from
this parallel upon Swiss frontier. Evacuation by the enemy of the Rhine lands
shall be so ordered as to be completed within a further period of eleven days, In all
nineteen days after the signature of the aririistice. All movements of evacuation
and occupation will be regulated according to the note annexed.
VICTORY—PEACE
431
Nineteen—The following financial conditions are required: Reparation for
damage done. While such armistice lasts no public securities shall be removed by
the enemy which can serve as a pledge to the Allies for the recovery or repatriation
for war losses. Immediate restitution of the cash deposit, in the National Bank
of Belgium, and in general immediate return of all documents, specie, stocks, shares,
paper money, together with plant for the issue thereof, touching public or private
interests in the invaded countries. Restitution of the Russian and Rumanian gold
yielded to Germany or taken by that power. This gold to be delivered in trust to
the Allies until the signature of peace.
V. Naval Conditions :
Twenty—Immediate cessation of all hostilities at sea and definite information
to be given as to the location and movements of all German ships. Notification to
be given to neutrals that freedom of navigation in all territorial waters is given to
the naval and mercantile marines of the Allied and associated powers, all questions
of neutrality being waived.
Twenty-one—All naval and mercantile marine prisoners of war of the Allied
and associated powers in German hands to be returned without reciprocity.
Twenty-two—Surrender to the Allies and the United States of America of
one hundred and sixty German submarines (including all submarine cruisers and
mine laying submarines) with their complete armament and equipment in ports which
will be specified by the Allies and the United States of America. All other submarines
to be paid off and completely disarmed and placed under the supervision of the
Allied Powers and the United States of America.
Twenty-three—The following German surface warships which shall be desig¬
nated by the Allies and the United States of America shall forthwith be disarmed
and thereafter interned in neutral ports to be designated by the Allies and the United
States of America and placed under the surveillance of the Allies and the United
States of America, only caretakers being left on board, namely:
Six battle cruisers, ten battleships, eight light cruisers, including two mine
layers, fifty destroyers of the most modern type. All other surface warships (includ¬
ing river craft) are to be concentrated in naval bases to be designated by the Allies
and the United States of America, and are to be paid off and completely disarmed
and placed under the supervision of the Allies and the United States of America.
All vessels of the auxiliary fleet (trawlers, motor vessels, etc.), are to be disarmed.
Twenty-four—The Allies and the United States of America shall have the
right to sweep all mine fields and obstructions laid by Germany outside German
territorial waters, and the positions of these are to be indicated.
Twenty-five—Freedom of access to and from the Baltic to be given to the
naval and mercantile marine of the Allied and associated powers. To secure this the
Allies and the United States of America shall be empowered to occupy all German
forts, fortifications, batteries and defense works of all kinds in all the entrances from
the Cattegat into the Baltic, and to sweep up all mines and obstructions within and
without German territorial waters without any question of neutrality being raised,
and the positions of all such mines and obstructions are to be indicated.
Twenty-six—The existing blockade conditions set up by the Allies and asso¬
ciated powers are to remain unchanged, and all German merchant ships found at
sea are to remain liable to capture.
Twenty-seven—All naval aircraft are to be concentrated and immobilized
in German bases to be specified by the Allies and the United States of America.
Twenty-eight—In evacuating the Belgian coasts and ports, Germany shall
abandon all merchant ships, tugs, lighters, cranes and all other harbor materials,
all materials for inland navigation, all aircraft and all materials and stores, all
arms and armaments, and all stores and apparatus of all kinds.
Twenty-nine—All Black Sea ports are to be evacuated by Germany, all
Russian war vessels of all descriptions seized by Germany in the Black Sea are to
be handed over to the Allies and the United States of America; all neutral merchant
vessels seized are to be released; all warlike and other materials of all kinds seized
in those parts are to be returned and German materials as specified in clause
twenty-eight are to be abandoned.
Thirty—AH merchant vessels in German hands belonging to the Allied and
associated powers are to be restored in ports to be specified by the Allies and the
United States of America without reciprocity.
Thirty-one—No destruction of ships or ©f materials to be permitted before
evacuation, surrender or restoration.
Thirty-two—The German Government will notify neutral Governments of the
world, and particularly the Governments of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Holland,
that all restrictions placed on the trading of their vessels with the Allied and asso-
432*
VICTORY—PEACE
dated countries, whether by the German Government or by private German interests,
and whether in return for specific concessions such as the export of shipbuilding mate¬
rials or not, are immediately cancelled.
Thirty-three—No transfers of German merchant shipping of any description
to any neutral flag are to take place after signature of the armistice.
VI. Duration of Armistice:
Thirty-four—The duration of the armistice is to be thirty days, with option
to extend. During this period, on failure of execution of any of the above clauses,
the armistice may be denounced by one of the contracting parties on forty-eight
hours' previous notice.
VII. Time Limit for Reply :
Thirty-five—This armistice to be accepted or refused by Germany within
seventy-two hours of notification.
A few hours before the signing of the armistice
Emperor William Hohenzollern abdicated and fled into
Holland, to be followed later by his son, the Crown Prince.
Thus came peace after fifty-two continuous months of
fighting, in which it is estimated that nearly 10,000,000
were killed and that there were about 27,000,000 casualties,
while $200,000,000,000^. were expended by the combined
nations.
America's casualties were 236,117, divided as follows:
Killed and died of wounds, 36,154; died of disease, 14,811;
died from unassigned causes, 2204; wounded, 179,625;
missing, 1160, and prisoners, 2163.
England by contrast had 658,665 killed, 2,032,122
wounded and 359,145 missing and prisoners during the four
years, while Italy had about 1,600,000 casualties; France,
3,500,000; Belgium, 400,000; Rumania, 200,000, and Rus¬
sia, 6,000,000. All told, twenty-eight nations, with a total
population of approximately 1,600,000,000, or nearly
eleven-twelfths of the human race, were involved in the
world struggle at the close.
* Sixty-four pages are here added to the folios to include full-page illus¬
trations not before numbered, making a total of 496 pages.
OUR WAR FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
An Authoritative, Practical and Informative Book. A Bril¬
liant and Intensively Human Volume, which tells why and for
what purpose America and the Allies are fighting. It visualizes
the situation and furnishes a vivid picture of the underlying
conditions which developed the convulsion which has shaken the
whole world.
The Book also includes the following subjects:
The Horrors and Wonders of Modern Warfare.
The Barbarity and Merciless Methods employed to satisfy the ambitions
of the Kaiser and his Imperial Government.
The Ruthless Submarine Warfare.
The Story of the Hardships and Horrors which the Belgians and French
were compelled to suffer.
The Terrible Loss of Human Life and the Desolation of Countries.
The Weird and Wonderful Methods of Warfare.
The New and Strange Devices that have come into being.
The Great "Tanks," the "Blimps," the Submarine, the Gas and Poison
Bombs and the Marvels of Science. Things about which you may never have
heard.
Marvelous Guns that shoot miles, Feudal and Medieval Weapons that
have again come into play.
The Nations involved and what they are.
American Forces Become Factor.
Americans Turn War's Tide.
American Negro Takes An Important Part.
Maps especially drawn to show the locations of the small Nations within
the Emjpires.
A Book of Great Historical Value which should be in every
household. It contains information upon all subjects which have
their bearing upon the world conflict, as well as an authentic
account, o£ the war. As we are fighting for the rights of man¬
kind and for the future peace of the world, the people want to
be correctly and fully informed.
The Author, Kelly Miller, is well known as a popular and
reliable writer. Professor Miller is a well-known writer and
lecturer, as well as a leading educator. His booklet, "The
Disgrace of Democracy," has had a sale of 100,000 copies. All
Negroes are awaiting this valuable War History, the only War
History of the kind.
A Big Book, reliable and intensely interesting, containing
600 pages, including over 100 photographic pictures, every
illustration from a most recent photograph—and the camera
shows the truth.
Bound in Vellum de Luxe cloth. Cover design in 3 colors, $2.25
Bound in Half Leather. A rich Library Edition 3.00
A history of the part taken by the Negro is now being prepared by the Author, and
will be given fully in the complete book that will be delivered.
'
ji-j > -, j>i' i. ■ . ii-.A; -3 Si-1:- ■ ' I
■U 4
—