> . ' . ■ - . •• ..-///(r>,,>/,\/f{ < - i-; ■ . • r' ' , ^v>'; ; : "• THE ORDNANCE MANUAL FOR THE USE OF THE OFFICERS OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES ARMY. PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF COL. J. GORGAS, CHIEF OF ORDNANCE, AND APPROVED BY THE SECRETARY OF WAR. FIRST EDITION. RICHMOND: WEST AND JOHNSTON, 145 MAIN STREET. 1863. PREFACE. This Manual is adopted, with some necessary changes, omissions, and alterations, from the Ordnance Manual of the United States ser.vice of 1861, prepared under the immediate direction of Major Laidley. The ft material of the two services is, of course, nearly identical, ^differing only in the shape of the new Columbiads and the Rifle Guns, and the addi¬ tion to our service of the Mountain Rifle of $.25 inch. It may be added that the labor of Ordnance officers now in the ser¬ vice of the Confederate States, has contributed to this new edition of the United States Manual. Ordnahce Office, Richmond, Va., 1862. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAOE Chapter I.—Ordnance 9 II.—Shot and Shells 29 III.—Artillery Carriages 38 IY.—Machines, etc., for Siege and Garrison Service 104 Y.—Implements and Equipments 121 VI.—Artillery Harness and Cavalry Equipments 136 VII.—Paints, Lackers, etc 162 VIII.—StfALL Arms, Swords, and Accoutrements 170 IX.—Gunpowder 223 X.—Ammunition and Fireworks 242 XI.—Equipment of Batteries for Field, Siege and Garrison Service 316 XII.—Mechanical Manceuvres 358 XIII.—Artillery Practice 367 XIV.—Materials 389 XV.—Miscellaneous Information 428 LIST OF PLATES. PLATE Guns 1 Field Gun-carriage 2 Caisson and Limber 3 Travelling Forge 4 Battery-wagon 5 Mountain Artillery 6 Siege Gun-carriage 7 Mortar-wagon : 8 Barbette Gun-carriage (wooden) 9 Casemate Gun-carriage " 10 Casemate Gun-carriage for 24-pdr. Howitzer (wooden) 11 Parts of Garrison and Sea-coast Carriages (iron) 12 Barbette Carriages, Front-pintle (iron) 13 Barbette Carriages, Centre-pintle " 14 Casemate Carriages (iron) 15 Field Gin 16 Casemate Gin 17 Sling-cart 18 Machines 19 Artillery Saddles 20 Artillery Harness 21 Parts of Cavalry Equipments 22 Cavalry Equipments 23 Parts of Muskets 24 " " 25 Small Arms 26 Packing Small Arms 27 Swords and Sabres 28 Apparatus for Proving Gunpowder 29 Lightning Conductors 30 Ammunition 31 Ammunition Chests 32 Knots 33 ERRATA AND REMARKS. Page 20. First paragraph—No steel guns have yet been made in the Confederate States. " 30. Third line from bottom, for "which" read "with." " 149. Note—The use of the "Jenifer" tree is discontinued. " 170. The calibre .577 has been adopted for all infantry arms of the C. S. ser¬ vice. " 171. Third line from bottom—The Manual of 1861 is simply a republication of the U. S. Manual of 1850. " 175. Twelfth line—Fill up blank with "204." " 217. The cavalry sabre belt, and all other designs involving the use of the eagle, conspicuously, are for the present omitted. " 265. For "23-pdr." read "32-pdr." " 285. Fifth line from bottom—read " scoured " for " secured." " 353. First paragraph, last line—"Heavy Artillery" of the U. S. service. ORDNANCE MANUAL. Chapter First. ORDNANCE. All ordnance for the land service is made by private contractors, under the direc¬ tion of artillery officers on ordnance duty. The kinds and calibres used are as fol¬ lows : KIND OF ORDXAXCE. ' Mountain Rifle . Field Guns Sea-coast. Columbiads ' Mountain. Field Howitzers -j Mortars . Siege and garrison. -j i I Garrison and siege. | Sea-coast j Siege | I Sea-coast j [ Coehorn 2.25-in 3-inch (rifled).. 6-pounder 12-pounder I2-pounder 4.62-inch (rifled). 12-pounder 18 " 24 " 32 " 42 " 8-inch 10 " 10 " 15 " 12-pounder. 12 " 12 " 24 " 24-pounder. 8-inch 10 " 8-inch 10 " 10 " 13 " 24-pounder. MATERIAL Bronze .. Cast-iron Bronze .. Cas Bronze .. Iron Bronze •• Cast ron Bronze. 1862 1861 1841 1841 Napoleon. 1862 1839 - 1839 1839 1841 1841 1844 1861 1844 1861 1862 1841 1862 1841 1844 1841 1841 1841 1841 1841 1841 1844 1841 1841 There are, in some of the forts, guns of an older model than the above. The 42-pounder gun, and the 8 and 10-inch sea-coast howitzers, are suppressed by order of February 9, 1861. 10 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Some of the 8 and 10-inch columbiads have been rifled; the first to a calibre of 5.8 inch; the second, 6.4 inch. Their frequent bursting has caused this class of rifle gun to be discontinued. A few of the 8-inch siege howitzers were also rifled, for experiment, with a bore of 4.62 inch. The forms of the several pieces of ordnance are shown in the Plates 1, 2, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 14. Guns and howitzers take their denominations from the weights of their solid shot in round numbers, including the 42-pounder; larger pieces, rifle guns, and mortars, from the diameter of the bore. DEFINITIONS. Cascable.—The knob on the end of the breech of a gun; it is composed of the knob and the neck; sometimes the fillet. Breech.—The mass of solid metal behind the bottom of the bore, extending to the cascable. Base of the breech.—The rear surface of the breech. Base-line.—A line traced around the gun in rear of the vent. Base-ring.—A projecting band of metal adjoining the base of the breech, and connected with the body of the gun by a concave moulding. Reinforce.—The thickest part of the body of the gun, in front of the base-ring or line: if there is more than one reinforce, that which is next to the base-ring is called the first reinforce; the other, the second reinforce. Reinforce-band.—A band at the junction of the first and second reinforces. Chase.—The conical part of the gun in front of the reinforce. Astragal and fillets.—The moulding at the front end of the chase. Chase-ring.—A band at the front end of the chase. Neck.—The smallest part of the piece, in front of the chase. Swell of the muzzle.—The largest part of the gun, in front of the neck. Muzzle-band.—A band which takes the place of the swell of the muzzle in some guns. Face of the piece.—The plane terminating the gun at the muzzle. Trunnions.—Two cylinders, near the centre of gravity of the gun, by which it is supported on its carriage. The axes of the trunnions are in a line perpendicular to the axis of the bore, and, in our guns, in the same plane with that axis. Rimbase.—The shoulder at the base of the trunnion. Bore.—All the part bored out, including the chamber, and the junction of the bore with the chamber. Chamber.—The small part of some bores ; it contains the charge of powder. Corner chamber.—A conical chamber which is joined to the cylinder of the bore by a portion of a spherical surface. True windage.—The difference between the true diameters of the bore and of the ball. Lock-piece.—A block of metal at the outer opening of the vent, to facilitate attaching a lock to the gun. NOMENCLATURE. 11 Natural line of sight.—A line drawn in a vertical plane through the axis of the piece, from the highest point of the base-ring to the highest point of the swell of the muzzle, or to the top of the sight, if there be one. Natural angle of sight.—The angle which the natural line of sight makes with the axis of the piece. Dispart.—The difference of the semidiameters of the base-ring and the swell of the muzzle, or the muzzle-band. It is, therefore, the tangent of the natural angle of sight, to a radius equal to the distance from the rear of the base-ring to the highest point of the swell of the muzzle, the sight, or the front of the muzzle-band, as the case may be. Preponderance.—The excess of weight of the part in rear of the trunnions over that in front: it is measured by the weight which the breech bears on a balance, the point of support resting at the rear of the base-ring, at the base-line, or at the bottom of the ratchet, the gun being suspended freely on the axis of the trunnions. Handles.—Flat rings cast on some bronze pieces: they are placed with their centres over the centre of gravity of the piece. Ear.—A lug of metal cast on some mortars: it is attached to a clevis by a bolt, and constitutes a handle. NOMENCLATURE. Guns of the Model of 1861. Parts.—The bore, a cylinder terminated by curved surfaces, the chamber. The breech : the cascable, the knob, the neck. The body of the gun: the reinforce, the chase, the muzzle, thc face, the trunnions, the rimbases. Mouldings.—None. Columbiads.—Add to the above the ratchet; the sight-piece. The vent is in the vertical plane of the axis, perpendicular to it, and enters the bore at the termination of the cylinder of the bore, or in front of it. Guns of the Model of 1841 and 1844. The same as for guns of model of 1861, with the following exceptions: Parts.—The bore is terminated by a plane perpendicular to the axis, united with the sides (in profile) by an arc of a circle, the radius of which is one-fourth of the diameter of the bore at the bottom. The vent is in the vertical plane passing through the axis, and makes an angle of 80° with it. It enters the bore at a dis¬ tance from the bottom equal to one-fourth the diameter of the bore. Add the second reinforce, the swell of the muzzle. Mouldings.—Add the fillet of the cascable, the base-ring, the lock-pice, the chase- ring, the muzzle-mouldings, two echinus. The rimbases are cylindrical. Field Guns.—The same as above, except as follows: Omit the second reinforce, lock-piece, chase-ring, tiuo echinus, and add vent-piece, wrought-copper, screwed in, for bronze guns. The astragal, the fillets, the lip, the fillet, the handles for the 12-pounders. 12 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Columbians.—Same as guns of the model of 1841 and 1844, except as follows: Bore, add the chamber cylindrical, terminated by a hemisphere ; the junction of the bore with chamber conical; add the ratchet, the sight-piece ; omit the lock-piece. Sea-coast Howitzers.—Same as guns of model of 1844, except as follows: Bore, add the chamber cylindrical, the junction of the bore with chamber conical. Mouldings.—Add the reinforce-band. Siege Howitzers,—Same as sea-coast howitzers, except as follows: for the first reinforce, substitute the recess; the base of breech is the frustum of a cone; omit the chase-ring, the swell of the muzzle; add the muzzle-band, the fillet. Field Howitzers.—Same as sea-coast howitzers, except as follows: Base of breech, a frustum of a cone; omit lock-piece, reinforce-band, swell of muzzle; add muzzle-band, fillet, handles, except for the 12-pounder, which has none; vent-piece, wrought-copper, screwed in. Mountain Howitzers.—Satae as field 12-pounder, except for reinforce read recess. Sea-coast Mortars.—The bore, the chamber conical, terminated by a hemis¬ phere; the junction of the bore with chamber (in profile), the arc of a circle. The body of the mortar, the breech, portion of a sphere; the trunnions, at the end of the breech; the rimbases, the muzzle, the face, the muzzle-band, the ear. Vent at right angles to the axis of the bore, in the vertical plane through it. Siege Mortars.—Same as the sea-coast, except the chamber, which is " Gomer," terminated at the bottom by a plane, the angles rounded by arcs of circles. Add muzzle-fillet; no ear. Guns of the Model of 1839. Same as those of 1841, except the muzzle-mouldings, which consist of an echinus, & fillet, and a cavetto. Grooves of the Rifled Guns. inch rifled guns 1 " 5 " 0.5 inch. " 0.4 " " 0.1 " " 0.07 " " 1 turn in 19 feet. " 1 " 14 " " 1.87 inch. " ..1.5 " 4.62 Number of grooves.. j 3'^"* Width " | Depth " | \ Twist " Width of lands j g" 4.62 3 4.62 3 .62 to designate A piece of ordnance. State the kind, the calibre (in inches if it be foreign ordnance), the material, the weight, the inspector's initials, the number, the country in which it was made, the date, the place of fabrication, the founder's name, the name inscribed on it, its condition for service, the kind of chamber, if any ; whether it has a vent-piece, a lock-piece, handles; the ornaments, and any particular marks which may serve to identify it. Principal Pintensions and Weights of Guns. Models of 1862. Diameter of bore True windage Length of bore.. ( Do. in diameters Semi-axis of ellipse, bottom of bore Diameter of the chamber Length of the chamber Length from base-line to face of muzzle Whole length of the piece Semi-diameter at base-line Do. of swell of muzzle Distance between these semi-diameters Natural angle of sight Distance from base-line to rear of trunnions Max. diameter, or diameter of cylindrical part of gun. Distance between rimbases Length of trunnions (for oak carriages) Diameter of trunnions Distance from face of muzzle to axis of trunnions.... Weight pounds.. Preponderance pounds.. Sea-Coast. Guns. Siege and Garrison. Pield.f 425-pdr, Inches. 15. 0.13 165. 11. 9. 170. 190. 23.65 12.5 169. 48. 48.1 6.5* 15. 118.7 49,099 1,200 128-pdr. Inches. 10. 0.12 108. 10.8 110. 122.5 15.9 4° 45' 28.5 31.8 31.8 9. 10. 76.5 13,320 750 64-pdr. Inches. 8. 0.12 108. 13.5 108. 120.5 12.7 3° 15' 30. 25.4 25.4 6.5 8. 74. 9,020 360 4.62-in. Rifled. Inches. 4.62 0.05 106. 22.94 104.7 118. 10.31 5.31 104.7 2° 15' 28.79 20.62 20. 5. 5.82 73. 5,362 253 3-in. Rifled. Inches. 3. 0.05 62.5 20.83 62. 72. 5.75 2° 45' 19.165 11.5 9.5 2.75 3.67 41. 967 75 0-pdr. Inches. 3.67 0.10 62.45 17.02 61.95 70.71 5.75 2° 45' 19.115 11.5 9.5 2.75 3.67 41. 910 75 Moun¬ tain 2.25-in. Rifled. Inches. 2.25 0.05 40. 17.7 40.87 44. 3. 1° 45' 16.38 6. 6.9 2.25 2.7 23.25 200 30 Iron. Field.f 12-pdr. Inches. 4.62 0.12 48.8+ 12.13 3.67 7. 56. 64.4 5.3 24.3165 10.6 9.6 3. 3.67 31.3 850 75 f These Guns made and used in the service, but not considered as permanently adopted. {Exclusive of chamber. Principal Dimensions and Weights of Guns, Model 1839-1844. Iron. Sea-coast. Diameter of tbe bore True windage Length of bore Do. in diameters Length from rear of base-ring to face of muz¬ zle Whole length of the piece Semidiameter of the base-ring Semidiameter of the swell of the muzzle Distance between these two semidiameters ... Natural angle of sight Distance from rear of base-ring to rear of trunnions Diameter of the base-ring ..... Distance between the rimbases Length of the trunnions Diameter of the trunnions Distance from axis of trunnions to face of muzzle Weight pounds 8,465 Preponderance pounds 600 42 Inches. 1. 0.16 110. 15.71 117. 129. 12.2 8.4 115. 43.2 24.4 22. 6.5 7. 70.3 32 Inches. 6.4 0.15 107.6 16.78 114. 125.7 11.7 7.7 112. 42.2 23.4 20.7 6. 6.4 68.6 7,200 695 Siege and Garrison. 24 Inches. 5.82 0.14 108. 18.56 114. 124. 10.7 7.793 111. 1°30' 43. 21.4 18. 5. 5.82 68.09 5,790 395 18 Inches. 5.3 0.13 108.5 20.47 114. 123.25 9.875 6.935 111.6 1°30' 43.50 19.75 16.8 4.75 5.3 67.85 4,913 305 12 Inches. 4.62 0.10 103.4 22.38 108. 116. 8.7 5.932 105.8 1°30' 42. 17.4 14.8 4.5 4.62 63.69 3,590 270 Brass. Field. 12 Inches. 4.62 0.10 74. 16. 78. 85. 6.5 5.17 76.3 1° 30.7 13. 12. 3.5 4.62 44.99 1,757 108 12 Napoleon. Inches. 4.62 0.10 63.6 13.76 66. 72.15 5.5 4.25 65. 1°6' 25.4 11. 11.5 3.25 4.2 38.5 1,227 123 Principal Dimensions and Weights of Columhiads and Howitzers, Model 1841. Diameter of the bore True windage Length of bore, exclusive of chamber " " " lt in diameters Diameter of the chamber Length of the chamber Length from rear of base-ring to face of muzzle. "Whole length of the piece Semidiameter of base-ring Semidiameter of swell of muzzle Distance between these semidiameters Natural angle of sight Distance from rear of base-ring to rear of trunnions Diameter of base-ring Distance between the rimbases Length of the trunnions Diameter of the trunnions Distance from axis of trunnions to face of muzzle "Weight pounds Preponderance pounds COLUMBIADS. Shell guns. Model 1844. 10-in. 8-in. Inches. 10. 0.13 99. 9.9 8. 12. 120. 126. 16. 10.75 117.5 1°21' 41.5 32. 31. 9. 10. 73.5 15,400 740 Inches, 8. 0.13 100. 12.5 6.4 11. 119. 124. 13. 8.5 117. 1°23' 41.5 26. 25. 6.5 8. 73.5 9,240 635 Howitzers. Sea-coast. 10-in. 8-in Inches. 10. 0.13 96. 9.6 7. 9.5 112. 124.25 13.25 10.125 109.5 41. 26.5 25. 7.5 8. 67. 9,500 475 Inches. 8. 0.12 85.5 10.68 6.4 7.5 98. 109. 11.10 8.25 Siege and Garrison. 37.4 22.2 20.7 6. 6.4 57.4 5,740 462 Inches. 8. 0.12 38.5 4.81 4.62 8. 52. 61.5 9.125 8.225 51.5 1° 24. 18.25 18. 5. 5.82 25.09 2,614 420 24-pr. Inches. 5.82 0.14 53.25 9,15 4.62 4.75 62. 69. 6.9 5.85 61.8 1° 24.69 13.8 12.8 3.25 4.62 35. 1,476 70 ' Field. 32-pr. 24-pr. 12-pr. Inches. 6.4 0.15 64. 10. 4.62 7. 75. 82. 6.9 5.6 74.75 1° 30.7 13.8 12. 3.5 4.62 41.99 1,920 160 Inches. 5.82 0.14 56.25 9.66 4.62 4.75 65. 71.2 6. 4.875 64.8 1° 27.5 12. 11.5 3.25 4.2 35.4 1,318 146 Inches. 4.62 0.10 46.25 10. 3.67 4.25 53. 58.6 5. 4.1 52.85 1° 23.25 10. 9.5 2.8 3.67 27.91 788 95 Moun¬ tain. a Principal Dimensions and Weights of Mortars, Model 1841. Diameter of the bore True windage .. .■» Length of the bore, exclusive of the chamber " " " " " in diameters Diameter of the f ®uPer'or (a* *be bottom of the shell in iron , •! mortars) Chamber. i r „ . ' Inferior Length of the chamber Whole length of the mortar Distance from face of muzzle to front of trunnions Distance between the rimbases Length of the trunnions Diameter of the trunnions Weight pounds Iron. Bronze. heavy. light. Coehorn 24-pr. 13-in. 10-in. 10-in. 8-in. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. 13. 10. 10. 8. 5.82 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.14 26. 25. 15. 12. 8.82 2. 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.51 9.5 7.15 7.6 6.08 3. 7.25 5.64 5. 4. 2. 13. 10. 5. 4. 4.25 53. 46. 28. 22.5 16.32 41. 37. 20. 16.5 13.57 36. 27.5 20.5 16.25 7.5 8.5 6.5 5. 4. 2.5 12. . 9. 8. 6. 2.75 11,500 5,775 1,852 930 164 MATERIALS FOR ORDNANCE. 17 MATERIALS FOR ORDNANCE. ' Bronze. Bronze for cannon (commonly called brass), consists of 90 parts of copper and 10 of tin, allowing a variation of one part of tin, more or less. It is more fusible than copper, much less so than tin, more sonorous, harder, and less Susceptible of oxidation, and much less ductil& than either of its components. When the mixture is well made, the metal is homogeneous ; the fracture is of a uniform yellow color, with an even grain. The specific gravity of bronze is about 8.700, being greater than the mean of the specific gravities of coppei; and tin. Pure copper is of a red color, inclining to yellow; it has a fine metallic lustre. The fracture of cast-copper is even grained; that of - a forged bar exhibits a short, even, close grain, of a silky appearance ; it is strong, very ductile and very mal¬ leable. The greater the purity of copper, the more malleable it is, and the finer the grain. Specific gravity, from 8.600 to 9.000., The copper There are four gun-carriages for field service, viz : One for the 6-pounder gun and 12-pounder howitzer. One for the 24-pounder howitzer. One for the 12-pounder gun, Napoleon. One for the 12-pounder gun and the 32-pounder howitzer. The parts of these carriages are all similar, differing only in their dimensions. The parts which are common to all are marked with an asterisk (*). The carriages for the 24-pounder howitzer and 12-pounder Napoleon gun, differ chiefly in the length of the cheeks and the position of the elevating-screw. Wood.—1 stock in two pieces, assembled with 2 dowels ; 2 cheeks ; 1 axle-body. Iron.—*2 trail-handles, fastened by 2 bolts No. 3 A, and 2 nuts. 1 lock-chain (page 62J; 1 lock-chain bolt A ; 1 washer; 1 nut. 1 lunette for the trail: the under side of the front part of the circumference is plated with steel. 1 trail-plate, plate-iron No. 6, fixed to the lunette by 2 rivets No. 3 B. The lunette is fastened to the stock by 6 nails No. 2 C, and the trail-plate by 6 nails No. 2 C, and both by the pointing-ring bolts. 1 large pointing-ring and plate: the plate is fastened to the trail by 2 bolts No. 3 H, and 2 nuts, octagonal. 1 small pointing-ring; 2 bolts No. 3 H, and 2 nuts, octagonal. LIMBER. 39 ® 2 wheel-guard plates, fastened to the sides of the stock by 10 nails No. 2 C. * 2prolonge-hooks, fastened on the top of the stock by 8 nails No. 2 C. 1 stop for rammer head, fastened to the under side ©f the stock by 4 nails No. 1 C. *1 ear-plate for worm, fastened to the under side of stock by 2 nails No. 2 C. ®1 ear-plate hey and chain of 5 links No. 1, and 2 rings No. 1 B, attached to the stock by 1 eye-pin No. 1. 2 chains and hasps for sponges and rammers, united to 1 eye-plate, which is fast¬ ened to the under side of stock by 2 screws No. 20, 3-in. *2 turnbuckles (brass), riveted on the studs of 2 stud-plates, which are fastened to the sides of the stock by 4 nails No. 2 C. 2 trunnion-plates, fastened to the cheeks by 6 cheek-bolts A, 4 loashers, 6 nuts ; by 2 chin-bolts, 2 berel-washers, 2 nuts ; by 2 key-bolts, 2 nuts, and by 28 nails (16 No. 2 D and 12 No. 2 C) for the 12-pounder carriage, and by 20 nails (12 No. 2 D and 8 No. 2 C) for the others. 2 cap-squares; 2 eye-pins No. 1, riveted into the cap-squares; 2 cap-square chains, each consisting of 5 links No. 2 and 2 rings No. 2 B. 2 eye-pins No. 2, screwed into the outside of the cheeks; 2 cap-square keys; 2 key-chains, each 5 links No. 1 and 2 rings No. 1 B; 2 eye-pins No. 1 for key-chains, screwed into the outside of the cheeks. *2 D-rings for handspike^, fastened near the head of the cheeks by 4 staples. 6 rondelles (cast-iron), placed between the cheeks and stock. 3 asstinhfing-bolts, for the cheeks and stock; 3 washers; 3 nuts, 1 of them octagonal. ®1 washer-hook for lock-chain, under the head of middle assembling-bolt on the right cheek. 2 washer-hooks for handspikes, held by the rear assembling-holt. 1 axle-tree No. 1. (See page 61.) 2 understraps : the front ends hold the implement-hoeks. 1 axle-strap has an eye for the sponge-bucket, 3 bolts No. 4 B, 3 nuts; 1 bevel- washer for the 6-pounder. 2 axle-bands on the end of the axle-body, fastened by 6 nails No. 1 C. *1 box for elevating-screw (brass); 2 bolts No. 3 C; 2 washers; 2 nuts. ® 1 eleeating-screw. *2 shoulder-washers No. 1, shrunk on the axle-tree; *2 linch-washers No. 1; *2 linchpins No. 1. 2 wheels: No. 1 for the 6-pounder; No. 2 for the other carriages. (See page 60.) Limber. The same limber is used for all the field carriages, including caisson, forge and battery-wagon. Wood.—1 axle-body; 2 hounds; 1 fork; 1 splinter-bar; 4 foot-board brackets, 2 foot-boards; 1 pole; 1 pole-prop. 40 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Ikon.—8 screws for foot-board brackets No. 16; 20 nails for foot-boards No. 1 C. 4 rivets No. 2 B, 4 burrs, one at each end of the bound. 4 washer-plates for stay-pins, let in and fastened on upper and under side of hounds by 8 nails No. 1 C. 1 axle-tree No. 1 (see page 61); 2 shoulder-washers No 1; 2 linch-washers No. 1 j 2 linchpins No. 1. • 1 pin tie-hook : the inside of the cylindrical part is plated with steel; 3 6o?f«No. 4 C; 2 washers; 3 nuts No. 4. 1 stay-plate for ammunition-chest, fastened on the. under side of the fork with 2 nails No. 2 C, and held by the pintle-hook bolt. 1 pintle-key, attached to the rear of the axle-body by 1 key-chain of 8 links No. 3, and 2 rings No. 2 A, and 1 eye-pin No. 3. 1 tar-bucket hook, fastened to the front of the axle-body by 2 nails No. 1 C. 2 bolts No. 3 E; 2 washers ; 2 nuts No. 3, to connect the axle-body and hounds. • 2 understraps; 4 bolts No. 3 B ; 4 nuts. 2 axle-bands, shrunk on the ends of the axle-body, and fastened by 6 nails No. 1 C. . 2 end bands for splinter-bar, having 2 trace-hooks, fastened by 4 rivets No. 2 (wire); 2 bolts No. 3 D for hounds arid splinter-bar; 4washers; 2 nuts. 1 eye-plate for pole-prop socket, let in the under side of splinter-bar. 2 middle bands for splinter-bar, having 2 trace-hooks.% 1 fork-strap. 2 bolts No. 3 D for splinter-bar and fork ; 2 nuts No. 3. \ pole-prop socket, hooked in the eye-plate; 1 rivet No. 2. 1 pole-prop ferrule; 1 rivet No. 2. 2 stay-pins for ammunition-chest; 2 keys; 2 key-chains, 5 links No. 1 and 2 rings No. 1 B; 2 eye-pins No. 1. 1 rivet No. 3 B and 1 burr, for large end of the pole; 1 pole-bolt No. 3 D; 2 washers; 1 nut. 1 pole-pad bolt. 1 pole-yolce, composed of 1 muff; 1 collar, in 2 parts; 2 branches; 2 sliding-rings ; 2 bolts No. 3 for collar; 1 washer for muff; 1 key. 2 wheel's No. 1. Leather.—1 pole-prop strap, with 1 buckle No. 10, held by 3 screws 1-inch, No. 12. 1 Ammunition-chest. Caisson. (Plate 3.) ■ Wood.— 1 middle rail; 2 side rails; 1 cross-bar, framed into the rails; 1 bolster for front foot-board; 1 front foot-board; 1 rear foot-board; 1 axle-body; 1 stock. Iron.—1 middle assembling-bar, fastened to the rails by 2 bolts No. 3 A; 2 washers; 2 nuts. 1 carriage-hook, let in on the under side of the middle rail. CAISSON. 41 1 rear assembling-bar, fastened to the side rails by 2 bolts No. 3 D; 2 washers; 2 nuts. 1 bridle for rear of middle rail, fastened to sides by 4 nails "No. 1 C. 1 spare-wheel axle, consists of 1 body; 1 washer; 2 ribs, fastened to the body by 3 rivets ; 1 chain and toggle; 2 stays; 2 nuts. 1 stay-bolt No. 3 D; 1 foot-bolt; No. 3 D; 1 nut. 4 foot-board bolts No. 3 D ; 2 washers ; 4 nuts ; 2 nails No. 1 C, fastening the front foot-board to the side rails ; 6 nails No. 1 C for the rear foot-board. 2 lock-chain bridles, fastened under the front end of the side rails by the four foot-board bolts. 2 lock-chains (see page 62). 2 lock-chain hooks, fastened to the outside of the side rails by 4 nails No. 1 C. 1 axle-tree No. 1 ; 2 shoulder-washers No. 1; 2 liuch-washers No. 1; 2 linchpins No. 1. 2 understraps ; 4 bolts No. 3 B ; 4 nuts. 2 axle-bands, fastened on the ends of the axle-body by 6 nails No. 1 C. 2 rivets and 2 burrs No. 3 B for the stock. 1 lunette i the lower side of the eye is plated with steel. The plates are fastened to the stock by 2 bolts No. 3 D; 2 nuts; 12 nails No. 2 C. 1 key-plate for spare pole, fastened to the under side of the lunette by the front lunette-bolt; 1 key for-the same, attached to the left side of the stock by 1 key-chain of 11 links No. 1 and 2 rings No. 1 A, and 1 eye-pin No. 1. 2 wheel-guard plates, fastened to the stock by 10 nails No. 2 C. 1 stock-stirrup, held by 2 bolts No. 3 D, which pass through the front foot-board ; 2 washers ; 2 nuts. 1 axle-strap, fastened to the middle rail by 3 bolts—one, No. 3 D, and two, No. 3 B; 3 nuts- 1 spare-pole ring, held by the axle-strap, in rear of the axle-tree. ^ 4 stay-pins, like those for the limber, except in length; 8 washer-plates for same, let in the top and bottom of side rails, and fastened by 16 nails No. 1 C; 4 keyq for stay-pins ; 4 chains; 4 eye-pins, the same as for the limber. 1 ring-bolt for spare handgpike, on the right side of the middle rail; 2 washers; 1 nut. 1 key-plate for spare handspike, fastened on the right side of the middle rail by 2 nails No. 1 C; 1 key; 1 key-chain; 1 eye-pin, same as those for ammunition-chest stay-pins. 1 key-plate for the shovel handle, fastened on the inside of the right side rails by 2 nails No. 1 C; 1 key ; 1 key-chain ; 1 eye-pin, the same as for spare handspike. 2 staples for tool handles, driven into the top of the axle-body. 2 wheels No. 1. * Leather.—1 pole-prop strap, with one buckle No. 10, held by 3 screws, 1-inch No. 12. 2 ammunition-chests, like the one on the limber. (See |page 46.) 42 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Travelling Forge. (Plate 4.) body and bellows house. Wood.—2 side rails; 1 front cross-bar, fastened to the side rails by 2 toooden pins ; 2 middle cross-bars, fastened to the side rails by 6 icooden pins ; lrear cross¬ bar, fastened to the side rails by 2 wooden pins ; 1 middle rail, the ends fastened to the middle cross-bar by 4 screws No. 14; 1 axle-body ; 1 stock. 4 floor-boards, fastened to the middle cross-bars by 16 screws No. 14. 4 corner studs, joined by tenons to the side rails, and fastened by 8 pins. 1 front end board, mortised into front studs, and fastened by 2 pins. 2 side studs, fastened to side rails and plates with tenons and 4 pins. 2 plates, framed on the upper ends of the studs. 1 front end stud, mortised into the front end boards. 2 end boards for roof, fastened to the plates and corner studs by 6 screws No. 12 and 4 screws No. 14. 2 roof-bows, fastened to the plates by 4 screws No. 14. 2 side linings for iron room, fastened to the studs by 12 nails, 8-penny. 1 rear end for iron room, dovetailed into the side linings. 2 groove-cleats for cover of iron room, fastened to the studs by 6 screws No. 14. 1 sliding cover for iron room, consists of 6 boards, fastened to 2 battens by 36 nails (wrought). 2 braces for the bellows-arms, framed into, and fastened to, the corner side studs by 6 screws No. 14. 1 cap for coal-box, let in and fastened to the rear end* board of roof by 5 screws No. 14.' 10 boards for sides of bellows-bouse, fit into rabbets in the corner studs, side rails and plates, to which they are fastened by 4-penny nails. 7 boards for the roof, fastened to the roof-bows and end board by 4-penny cut-nails. 1 prop for the stock, like the pole-prop for the limber. 1 bellows-pole (hickory, oak, or ash). Iron.—1 axle-tree, the same as for the 6-pounder gun-carriage. 2 axle-bands, fastened on the ends of the axle-body by 6 nails No. 1 C. 2 understraps, fastened to the side rails by 4 bolts No. 3 D, 4 washers, and 4 nuts. 2 rivets, 2 burrs for the front end of stock. 1 lunette, like that for the caisson, except the size of the rear hole, and 1 addi¬ tional bolt-hole; 1 middle bolt No. 3 D; 1 prop-bolt No. 3; 1 vice-bolt No. 3; 3 nuts; 12 nails No. 2 C. 1 pole-prop socket.; 1 ferrule. 1 stock-stirrup, fastened to the front cross-bar by 2 bolts No. 3 B ; 2 nuts. 1 bolt No. 3 B for the middle cross-bar and stock; 1 icasher; 1 nut. 1 axle-strap, fastened to the middle rail by 2 bolts No. 3 B; 2 nuts. 2 wheel-guard plates, like those for the caisson, fastened by 10 nails No. 2 C. TRAVELLING FORGE. 43 2 stud-plates for coal-box, let in the rear corner studs, and fastened, by 2 screws No. 16 and 2 rivets No. 2 B. 2 keys; 2 key-chains; 4 links No. 1 and 2 rings No. 1 B; 2 eye-pins No. 1, screwed into tbe two rear corner studs. 2 lock-chain hooks, fastened to the side rails by 4 nails No. 1 C. 1 bellows-pole hook, like the lock-chain hook, fastened on the right of the front corner stud by 2 nails No. 1 0. 1 staple for bellows-pole, driven into the rear corner stud, to carry the bellows- pole when travelling. 2 front stay-plates for bellows-arms, fastened to the braces by 6 screws No. 14. 2 rear stay-plates for bellows-arms, fastened to the braces by 4 bolts No. 1 D ; 4 thumb-nuts. 1 front for bellows-house (sheet-iron No. 24), fastened to the front studs and roof- boards with 12-oz. tacks (iron). 1 sheet-iron cover for cross-bar (sheet-iron No. 24), fastened to the cross-bar with 12-oz. iron tacks. 1 guard for stock (sheet-iron No. 24), bent over the top, and fastened on the sides of the stock by 18 iron tacks (12-oz). 1 stay and stud for bellows-pole, fastened to the front roof-board and to the front middle cross-bar by 4,screws No. 14. 1 cover for roof (sheet-copper No. 24), fastened to the edge of the roof-boards by 315 copper tacks (12-oz). 1 fireplace: consists of 1 back plate, made of 2 pieces ; 2 side plates; 1 front plate, placed parallel to the baek plate; 1 bottom plate, resting on flanges formed by the 2 side plates and the back and front plates. The upper back plate is No. 11, the others No. 8. The plates are riveted together where they lap by 59 rivets (0.3 inch). 1 air-back (cast-iron): consists of 1 box and back plate, joined air-tight by 4 bolts No. 2 E : the air-back is fastened to the back plate of the fireplace by 5 bolts No. 2 E ; 5 nuts, octagonal. 1 hook for forge-bucket, like the lock-chain hook, riveted to the back of the fire¬ place by 2 rivets No. 2. 3 plates for side rails and cross-bar, bent down on the inside of tbe rails and cross-bar, and riveted to the sides and front of the fireplace; the plates are fastened to the side rails and cross-bar by 10 bolts No. 2 D; 8 washers and 10 nuts. 2 lock-chain bridles, like that for the caisson, except size of the holes, fastened by the 4 front bolts in the side rails. 2 lock-chains. (See page 62.) 1 brace for fireplace, fastened to the back of the fireplace and the front end board of roof by 2 rivets No. 2; 2 rivets No. 2 B. 1 bellows-pole strap, fastened to the pole by 2 rivets No. 2 and 3 screws No. 14. 1 bellows-pole chain : 2 links, one of which is fastened in the hook. 2 wheels No. 1. 44 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bellows. Wood.—3 bellows-planks, each made of 2 pieces joined by a tongue of hard wood. 2 cross-heads, fastened to the middle plank by 12 screws No. 20. 2 ribs: each consists of 2 sides, 1 end, 1 cross-bar, glued and fastened by 16 clout- nails. 2 valves; 2 battens, fastened by 16 nails. 4 cleats for the bellows-arms, fastened to the middle plank by 16 screws No. 14. Iron.—6 butt-hinges (wrought-iron), let into" the upper and lower bellows-planks and cross-heads, and fastened by 36 screws No. 14. 2 arms, fastened to the middle plank by 4 rivets No. 2 B and 8 screws No. 14. 1 hook, fastened to the lower plank by 3 rivets No. 2 B and 4 screws No. 14. 1 windpipe: consists of 1 elbow (brass) screwed into the wind-hole of the bel¬ lows; 1 collar (brass) screwed to the elbow; 1 joint-pipe (brass); 1 bent pipe (sheet- 'copper No. 18), riveted and soldered to the joint-pipe. Leather.—4 hinges for the ribs. 2 hinges for the valves (bag-leather or deer-skin with the hair on). 2 valve-straps. 392 copper tacks for hinges. 1 bellows-leather for the sides, fastened to the edges of the planks with bellows- nails and to the ribs with clout-nails. 617 bellows-nails: safes to go under the heads of the nails. To pat the bellows in its place: Remove the coal-box from the back of the bel¬ lows-house ; take out the two stay-plates at the lower ends of the rabbets in the braces ; put the projecting ends of the upper bellows-arm in the rabbets, and slide them up until the ends of the lower arm come into their places; put on the stay- plates, and fasten them down with the thumb-nuts. Screw the brass elbow-pipe into its place, through the hole in the sheet-iron front of the bellows-house; put in the copper pipe, and screw up the collar which connects it with the elbow-pipe. Coal-box. Wood.—2 sides, 2 ends, and 1 bottom, rabbeted together and fastened with 60 cut- nails (6-penny). 1 top piece, fastened by 7 screws No. 14. 1 lid ; 2 clamps, framed on each end. Iron.—4 corner plates (sheet-iron No. 13), fastened by 60 screws No. 12. 2 end straps, fastened to the ends of the box by 2 rivets and 4 screws. 2 handles, fastened inside of the box by 2 washers and 2 nuts. 1 stud-plate for turnbuckle, fastened to the front of the box; 2 rivets No. 2 B. 1 turnbuckle (brass), riveted on the stud. 1 hasp and strap, fastened on the inside of the lid by 1 rivet No. 2 B and 3 screws No. 14. BATTERY-WAGON. 45 1 cover (sheet-copper No. 24) in 2 pieces, fastened on the top of the box and lid by 185 copper tacks (12-ozJ. 2 hinges, fastened on the outside of the copper covering by 4 rivets No. 2 B and 16 screws No. 14. Battery-wagon. (Plate 5.) The battery-wagon carries tools, spare parts of carriages, spare harness, and other stores required for the service^f the battery in the field and for repairs. tv Agon-body. Wood.—2 lower side rails; 5 cross-bars, fastened to the side rails with tenons and 10 wooden pins ; 3 floor-boards, fastened to the cross-bars by 36 nails No. 1 C ; 1 axle-body ; 2 upper side rails ; 2 sides ; 2 ends ; 1 stock ; 2 cleats, 1 bottom, and 1 side for till; the cleats are fastened to the ends of the body by 6 screws No. 14 ; the side is fastened to the edge of the bottom by 11 cut-nails (8-penny) ; 1 forage-rack, composed of 2 sides and 3 bars, fastened to the sides by 6 wooden pins. Ikon.—2 rivets No. 3 B ; 2 burrs, through the rear end of the lower rails. 8 side studs, fastened to the sides by 14 rivets No. 3 D. 2 chains, for the forage-rack, each consisting of 1 ring, 32 links, and 1 hook welded in an eye in the rear studs. 1 spare stock-hook, fastened to the rear stud, on the right side, by the assembling- bolt and groove-bolt. 1 button for spare stock, fastened by the middle groove-bolt. 1 spare stock-stirrup, fastened to the front stud by the two lower groove-bolts. 4 grooves for wagon-ends (sheet-iron No. 7), fastened to the sides by 12 bolts No. 1 C; 12 nuts. 2 assembling-bolts for lower side rails, pass through the end cross-bars ; 2 nuts. 3 bolts for middle side studs ; 3 washers; 3 nuts. 1 turnbuckle-bolt; 1 turnbuckle (brass), riveted on the head of the bolt; 1 washer ; 1 nut. 1 hook for cover-prop ; 1 burr : passes through top of forward middle stud. 1 eye-pin for cover-hasp; 1 burr : passes through the top of the rear middle stud. 2 stays for the upper rails, fastened by 4 screws No. 14. 2 end studs, fastened to the ends of the body by 6 rivets; 1 bolt No. 3 B ; 1 nut for the front stud, and 1 nut and 1 washer for the rear stud. 1 mortise-plate, fastened to the front of axle-body by 8 screws No. 14. 1 axle-tree like that for 6-pounder carriage; 2 shoulder-washers ; 2 linch-washers; 2 linchpins. 2 under straps ; 4 bolts No. 4 B; 4 nuts. 1 bolt for front end of right side rail; 2 washers ; 1 nut. 2 lock-chain bridles, like those of the caisson, at the front end of the side rails ; 2 bolts No. 3 D and No. 3 B ; 1 washer; 2 nuts ; 2 lock-chains. (See page 62.) ' 2 lock-chain hooks, fastened to the side rails by 4 nails No. 1 C. , 46 ORDNANCE MANUAL. 2 rivets No. B B; 2 burrs for front end of stock. 1 lunette, like that for caisson; 2 bolts No. 3 D; 2 nuts ; 12 nails No. 2 C. 2 wheel-guard plates, like those of the caisson, fastened by 10 nails No. 2 C. 1 stoclc-stimip ; 2 bolts No. 4 B ; 2 nuts. 2 bolts No. 4 B for stock and cross-bar; 2 nuts ; 2 washers. 2 washer-plates for side rails, fastened by 4 screws No. 14. 2 forage-rack bands, fastened to the rack by 2 rivets No. 2 and 22 screws No. 14. 4 washer-plates for forage-rack, sides fastened by 4 rivets No. *2 D. 2 forage-rack bolts No. 4 ; 2 washers ; 2 nuts. 2 wheels No. 1. wagon-cover. Wood.—2 side rails ; 2 end rails, dovetailed into the side rails; 2 end studs, fast¬ ened to the end rails by 4 wooden pins, and to the end boards by 4 rivets. 2 end boards, fastened to the side and end rails by 8 screws No. 12, and to the end stud by 6 screws No. 12; 1 ridge-pole ; 9 cover-boards, fastened to the end boards by 36 nails (4-penny), and to the end bows by 36 rivets No. 1 H, and to the middle bows by 36 screws No. 12. Iron.—4 corner squares, fastened on the inside of the frame by 16 screws No. 14. 2 end bows. 4 joint-bolts for cover-frame, pass through the rails and end bows; 4 nuts No. 1. 2 middle bows, fastened in mortises in the rails by 4 rivets No. 3 B. 2 plates and staples for cover-prop and hasp, fastened to the left cover-rail by 2 rivets No. 3 B and 2 screics No. 12; 1 cover-prop, fastened in the front staple; 1 hasp, fastened in the rear staple. 3 hinges, fastened to the rail by 6 rivets No. 3 B, and to the body-rail by 6 bolts No. 1 B ; 6 nuts. The roof is covered with strong linen canvass, which is fastened by 264 copper nails (12-oz.), with strips of leather under their heads. Ammunition-chest. The same ammunition-chest is adapted to the limbers of the different field gun- carriages and to their caissons. The interior divisions vary with the different kinds of ammunition. (See Chap. XI.) Wood.—2 ends, 2 sides, dovetailed apd fastened by 16 cut-nails (8-penny); 1 principal partition; 1 bottom, fastened by 18 cut-nails (8-penny) and 4 screws No. 16. 1 cover, consisting of 1 frame of 4 pieces, 1 panel, and 1 lining fastened by 60 copper tacks. \ Iron.—4 corner plates for ends and sides — 2 comer plates for ends and bot¬ toms—1 corner plate for side and bottom—sheet-iron No. 13, fastened by 96 screws No. 12. 1 assembling-bolt No. 2; 1 turnbuckle (brass), attached to the assembling-holt. 1 washer-plate for assembling-bolt, fastened by 2 screws No. 12. PRAIRIE CARRIAGE. 47 1 back-stay, fastened to the back and bottom by 6 screics No. 14. 2 front-stays, fastened to the front and bottom by 4 rivets No. 2 B and 8 screws No. 14. 2 hinges, 4 rivets No. 2 B, 20 screws No. 14; 2 hinge-plates, fastened on the back edge of the coyer by 4 screws No. 14. 1 hasp, fastened to the cover by 1 rivet No. 2 B and 5 screws No. 14; 1 hasp-plate ; 2 screws No. 14. 2 handles; 8 rivets No. 3 B. 14 copper washers (sheet-copper No. 24), to cover heads of rivets; 56 copper tacks. 1 cover (sheet-copper No. 24), fastened to the edges of the wooden cover by 216 copper tacks. 2 leather straps for the tarpaulin, 5 inches long, with 2 buckles No. 6, fastened to the edges of the cover of the limber-chest by 4 screics No. 14. 2 leather straps for the tarpaulin, 29 inches long, fastened to the hasp side of the cover of the limber-chest by 4 screws No. 14; 4 copper washers. Limber-chest for the Travelling Forge and Battery-wagon. This chest differs from the ammunition-chest in the following points, viz : It has no principal partition; and, instead of the assembling-bolt, with the washer-plate and turnbuckle, it has a hasp-staple and plate, fastened by 2 rivets. The back-stay is fastened by 1 rivet and 6 screws. The heads of the rivets are not covered with copper washers. For the interior arrangement of the chest, see Chapter XI. Prairie Carriage for the Vl-younder Mountain Howitzer and Moun¬ tain Rifle. Wood.—1 stock in 2 pieces, put together with 2 dowels. The stock is hollowed out on top at the head, leaving the sides to project and form the cheeks. 1 axle-body. Iron.—2 assembling-bolts No. 4 D; 2 washers; 2 washer-hooks for the front bolt; 2 nuts. 2 trail-handles; 2 bolts No. 2 A; 2 nuts. 1 lunette: the under part of the ring is plated with steel; 1 trail-plate (plate-iron No. 8) is riveted to the lunette by 2 rivets No. 2 B. The lunette is fastened to the stock by 6 nails No. 2 C, and the trail-plate by 6 nails No. 1 C, and both by the pointing-ring bolts. « 1 large pointing-ring and plate ; the plate is fastened to the stock by 2 bolts No. 2 H; 2 nuts, octagonal. 1 small pointing-ring; 2 bolts No. 2 H; 2 nuts, octagonal. 48 ORDNANCE MANUAL. 2 prolonge-hooks, fastened over the middle line of the stock by 8 nails No. 1 C. 1 key for handspike; 1 chain; 1 eye-pin. 2 wheel-yuardplates, fastened to the stock by 10 nails No. 1 C. 2 trunnion-plates, fastened to the stock by 2 chin-bolts and 2 key-bolts No. 4 A, 2 trunnion-plate bolts No. 4 D; 6 nuts; 6 nails No. 2 C. 2 cap-squares; 2 eye-pins, riveted to the cap-squares; 2 chains, 5 links No. 1. 2 eye-pins, screwed into the sides of the stock; 2 cap-square keys; 2 chains, % links No. 1; 2 eye-pins, screwed into the sidesj|f the stock. 2 implement-hooks, screwed into the top of* the axle-body. 2 implement-hooks, screwed into the sides of the stock near the trail. 1 axle-tree No. 3; 2 shoulder-washers; 2 linch-washers; 2 linchpins. 2 understraps, fastened by the chin and key bolts. 1 sponge-bucket hook; passes through the axle-body from the front; 1 washer; 1 nut. 2 axle-bands, put on the axle-body hot, and fastened by 6 nails No. 1 C. 1 box for elevating-screw (cast-brass); 2 bolts No. 2 C; 2 washers; 2 nuts. 1 elevating-screw. Limber. Wood.—1 axle-body ; 2 hounds ; 1 fork; 1 splinter-bar; 4 foot-board brackets; 2 foot-boards; lpole; 1 pole-prop. Iron.—4 screws No. 16; 4 screws No. 14 for brackets; 20 nails for foot-board; 4 rivets No. 2 B; 4 burrs for ends of hounds. • 1 axle-tree No. 3; 2 shoulder-washers; 2 linch-washers; 2 linchpins. 1 pintle-hook; 3 bolts No. 2 C; 3 washers; 3 nuts; 1 pintle-key; 1 chain, 9 links No. 2 and 2 rings No. 1 A; 1 eye-pin No. 1, fastened to the rear of the axle-body. 1 tar-bucket hook, fastened by 2 nails No. 1 C. 2 bolts No. 2 E to connect the axle-body and hounds; 2 washers; 2 nuts. 2 understraps; 4 bolts No. 2 B; 4 nuts. 2 axle-bands; 6 nails No. 1 C. 2 end bands for splinter-bar; 2 trace-hooks; 4 rivets No. 2 wire. 2 middle bands for splinter bar; 2 trace-hooks; 2 bolts No. 2 D; 2 nuts. 1 fork-strap: supports the tongue, and is held by the bolts of the middle bands. 2 bolts No. 2 D for splinter-bars and hounds; 4 washers; 2 nuts. 1 pole-prop socket; 1 ferrule; 1 pole-prop stud driven into the splinter-bar. 1 eye-pin, riveted; 1 burr. 4 stay-pins; 4 nails No. 1 C; 4 keys; 4 chains of 5 links No. 1 and 2 rings No. 1 A, each. 4 eye-pins No. 1; 1 stay-plate; 4 screws. 1 rivet in large end of pole; 1 pole-bolt No. 2 D ;, 2 icashers; 1 nut. 1 ferrule ; 1 buckle, fastened on the small end of the pole by 1 rivet. 1 pole-yoke, composed of 1 muff, 1 collar in two parts, 2 branches, 2 sliding-rings; 2 bolts for collar; 1 washer for muff; 1 key. GUN-CARRIAGE F(lR MOUNTAIN HOWITZER. 49 1 pole-prop strap (leather), fastened to the splinter-bar by 3 screws No. 12; 1 buekle No. 10. 2 ammunition-chests ; 2 wheels No. 3. Amm nn it ion-chests. Wood.—2 < mis ; 2 sides, dovetailed and glued to the ends. 1 bottom, rabbeted into the sides and ends, and fastened with 30 cut-nails (6-penny). 1 cover, made of 1 panel and 2 end clamps, mortised, glued, and fastened with 4 pins. 4 bolsters; 8 cleats, fastened—the first to the bottom, the second to the sides on the inside—by 48 copper nails (4-penny). Iron.—1 brace, fastened on the inside to the back by 1 screw, and to the front by the stud-plate rivet. 1 turnbuckle (brass); 1 stud; 1 stud-plate, fastened to the front by 1 rivet No. 2 B and 1 scrtw No. 9. 4 corner plates (sheet iron No. 17); 40 screws No. 9. 1 back stay ; 1 front stay; 6 screws No. 9; 3 rivets No. 2 B. 2 hinges, fastened to the under side of the cover by 8 screics No. 12, and to the back and bottom by 9 screws No. 12 and 2 rivets No. 2 B. 2 handlep fastened to the bottom and end by 1 rivet and 4 screws No. 12. 1 hasg): the strap let into the under side of the cover, and fastened with 5 screws No. 12 and 1 rivet No. 2 B. 1 canvass cover, secured to the edges of wooden cover by 12 copper tacks. 1 tarpaulin to cover the Carriage. Pratrie Ammxiniti-on-carl. This is a two-wheeled cart, with shafts, carrying four ammunition-chests and one implement-chest like those used for the mountain howitzer ammunition. The chests are held in place by stays and a bar fastened with a spring catch behind, so that they may be easily detached. The wheels are like those of the gun-carriage, and have the same track. The shafts have hooks at their front ends for the purpose of attaching another horse if necessary, though one horse is sufficient for the ordinary draught. Gun-carriage for the Mountain Howitzer and Mountain Rifle. (Plate 6.) The gun-carriage is adapted to transportation on a pack-mule; but for occasional draught, When the roads permit, it is furnished with a thill, which is used with the same saddle that carries the pack. 4 50 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Wood.—1 stock in 2 pieces, put together with 2 dowels. The stock is hollowed out on top, forming the cheek from the sides of the stock. 1 axle-tree, in 2 pieces holted and riveted together with an iron sk$an between. Iron.—3 assembling-bolts No. 4 D for the stock; 2 washer-hooks for the front bolt; 4 washers; 3 nuts. 2 trunnion-plates; 2 chin-bolts No. 4; 2 key-bolts No. 4; 2 trunnion-plate bolts No. 4D; 6 nails No. 1 C. 2 cap-squares; 2 eye-pins, riveted to the cap-squares; 2 chains, 5 links No. 1 and 2 rings No. 1 B, each; 2 keys ; 2 key-chains, 3 links No. 1, 2 rings, No. IB; 4 eye- pins No. 1, screwed into the sides of the stock. 2 handspike-hooks, screwed into the sides of the stock near the head. 2 staples for handspike-straps. 1 lunette, fastened to the stock by 6 nails No. 2 C. 1 trail-plate, fastened to the stock by 6 nails No. 1 C, and to the lunette-plate by 2 rivets No. 3 C. , 1 handspike-staple, driven into the stock through holes in the trail-plate. 2 friction-plates for shaft; 4 nails No. 1 C. \ 1 box for elevating-screw, 2 bolts No. 1 C; 2 washers; 2 nuts ; 1 elevating-screw. 1 axle-skean ; 1 bolt No. 2D; 2 washers ; 1 nut; 2 rivets No. 3 B ; 4 burrs. 2 ferrules, fastened to the end of the axle-tree by 2 rivets No. 2; 2 linchpins. 2 axle-bands, put on hot; 4 nails No. 1 C. 2 understraps, fastened by the chin, key and trunnion-plate holts. 2 wheels No. 4. shafts. n Wood.—2 shafts ; 1 cross-bar, joined to the shafts by tenon and mortise. Iron.—1 cross-bar plate, fastened to the shafts by 2 bolts No. 2 D, 4 rivets No. 2 B, 4 screws No. 14, and 2 nuts ; and to the cross-bar by 7 screws No. 14. 1 supporting-bar; 1 key; 1 chain of 8 links No". 1, 2 rings No. 1 A; 1 eye-pin No. 1, riveted to the cross-bar plate. 2 staples for the shafts; 4 burrs for same. In attaching the shafts to the gun-carriage, the supporting-bar is laid on the trail-plate, near the handspike-staple, and the knee in rear of the lunette rests on the cross-bar plate, the hiles for the key in these two pieces corresponding with each other. Ammunition-chests. Wood.—2 ends; 2 sides, dovetailed and glued to the ends; 1 bottom, let into the sides and ends, and nailed; 1 cover, made of 1 panel and 2 clamps, joined by tenons, glued and fastened with pins; 2 brackets for handles, fastened with 4 screws No. 12 and 4 screws No. 14; 16 cleats, glued and fastened by 8 screxbs No. 7; 48 nails (3-penny). Iron.—1 brace, fastened on the inside to the back by 1 screw No. 12, to the front by the stud-plate rivet. TOOL-CHESTS. 1 turnbuckle (bras='; 1 'ltd; 1 stud-plate, let into the front and fastened by 1 rivet No. 2 and 1 screw No. 9. 4 corner platen (sheet-iron No. 18) ; 40 screw* No. 7. 2 hinges, let into the under side of the cover, and pass under the bottom; 2G screws No. 9. 2 lashing-chains, 4 links each; 1 bridle, held by 4 rivets No. 2 B passing through the hinge-strap. 1 hasp, let into the under side of the cover; 4 screws No. 9. 1 covering of stout linen, painted ; 1 leather strip ; 160 copper tacks, 2 handles of 1-inch rope. Portable Forge. Iron.—1 frame, made of 3 pieces welded together. 1 firtplace (sheet-iron No. 13), composed of 1 bottom, bent into a hollow form and riveted to the frame; 1 back plate, in 2 pieces, the lower piece bent under the bot¬ tom and riveted to it; the 2 plates are joined by 2 brass hinges, which are riveted t( each plate by 4 screws. 1 border, bent round the back and riveted to it and to the frame. 2 reinforces to the back plate, riveted to the edges of both pieces. 1 air-back (sheet-iron No. 7), made into a convex shape when hot: is riveted t( the upper back plate. 1 button ; 1 stud, riveted to the outside of the upper back plate : is used to. fasten down the back plate in packing. 1 iron pipe, attached to the rear of the lower back plate by means of 1 bridle, which is fastened by 2 bolts ; 2 nuts. 1 front leg, forked; 2 eye-pieces, riveted to the sides of tue frame: the leg is joined to the feye-piCeeS by 2 bolts ; 2 nuts. 2 rear legs; 1 cross-bar, fastened to the rear legs by 2 nuts; 2 bolts, to join the rear legs to the frame. 1 bellows handle: a bent bar of iron with a wooden head is fastened to the handle- fork by 1 rivet; 1 sliding-catch ; ,1 thumb-screw on the lower end. 1 handle-fork fits in a square hole in the cross-bar. bellows. Wood.—The same parts as the bellows for the field forge. Iron.—1 nozzle (sheet-iron), inserted into the cross-head. 1 journal-rod, fastened to the middle plank. 1 top plate, fastened to the upper plank by 9 screws. 1 handle, attached to the plate by 3 staples riveted under the plate. 1 bellows-weight (lead, 1 pound weight), fastened on the inside of the lower plank, 1 bellows-leather, fastened by bellows-nails. Tool-cheats. % Two chests are used to pack the forge and smiths' tools. They are alike except in their interior divisions and the socket-plates, which are attached only to the forge- chest. For contents, see Chapter XI. 52 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Wood.—2 ends ; 2 sides, dovetailed and glued to the ends ; 1 bottom, let into the ends and sides, and fastened by 32 nails (6-penny); 1 cover, made of 1 panel and 2 end clamps, mortised, glued and fastened by 4: pins. Iron.—4 corner plates (sheet-iron No. 18); 18 screws No. 7. 2 handles, turned under the bottom of chest, and fastened by 2 rivets and 8 tcretvs. 2 hinges, fastened to the inside of the cover with 2 rivets and 6 screws, and to the bottom and back with 6 rivets and 22 screws; 2 bridles for lashing-chains, held by the hinge-rivets. 1 hasp, let into the inside of the cover; 4 screws. 1 hasp-staple and plate: the staple is riveted to the plate, which is fastened to the chest by 2 rivets. 3 sachet-plates, with holes in theip to receive the legs of the frame, fastened to the back of the forge-chest by 12 screws. 1 linen covering, like that of the ammunition-chest. SIEGE CARRIAGES. Gun-carriage. (Plate 7.) There a^e three gun-carriages for siege artillery, viz : One for the 12-pounder gun; One for the 18-pounder gun; One for the 24-pounder gun and the 8-inch howitzer. These carriages are constructed in the same manner, differing only in their dimen¬ sions. When the 8-inch howitzer is mounted on the 24-pounder carriage, & quoin is used, instead of the elevating-screw, the howitzer being too short to rest on the screw. Wood.—1 stock in 2 pieces, put together with 2 doivels ; 2 cheeks ; 1 a.rlc-body ; 1 breech-bolster. Iron.—1 assembling-bolt for the stock No. 7 A; 2 washers ; 1 nut. 1 manceuvririg-bolt No. 7," 2 collars ; 4 washers ; 2 nuts No. 5. 8 rondelles (cast-iron); 2 assembling-bolts No. 7 A; 4 washers; 2 nuts. 1 assembling eye-bolt for the lock-chain No. 9; the ring of the lock-chain is welded in the eye of the bolt, which is on the left side of the carriage ; 1 washer No. 9 ; 1 washer and 1 nut No. 7. 1 lock-chain (see page 62); 1 shoe; 1 hey for the shoe, to keep the wheel from slipping off. 2 trunnion-plates ; 2 chin-bolts No. 7; 2 bevel-washers; 2 nuts; 2hey-bolts No. 7 • 2 nuts ; 4 cheek-bolts No. 7 A; 4 washers; 4 nuts. 2 trunnion-plate bolts No. 3 E; 2 nuts; 2 travelling trunnion-bolts; 2 washers; 2 nuts. 2 cap-squares; 2 cap-square chains, 6 links No. 3 and 2 rings No. 2 A, each; 4 eye- pins No. 3—2 riveted into the cap-squares and 2 screwed into the sides of the LIMBER. 58 cheeks; 2 cap-square keys ; 2 key-chains, each 5 links No. 2 and 2 rings Nb. 2 B ; 2 eye-pins No. 2 for key-chains. 1 axle-tree No. 5; 2 shoulder-washers; 2 linch-washers; 2 linchpins. 2 understraps, held by the eye, chin and trunnion-plate bolts. 1 axle-strap, held by 2 bolts No. 5 B, connecting the stock and axle-body; 2 nuts. 2 axle-bands, put on hot, and fastened to the axle-body by 3 nails No. 1 C. 1 lock-chain hook, passes through the axle-body on the right side; 2 washers; 1 nut. 1 hook for tlft shoe, screwed into the right side of the cheek. 1 cheek-plate, to protect the cheek from the friction of the shoe in travelling. 1 box for the elevating-screw (brass); 2 bolts No. 4 C; 2 washers ; 2 nuts. 1 elevating-screw ; 4 handles, screwed into the head of screw. 1 strap-staple, driven into the middle of the stock on the under side. 2 wheel-guard plates, fastened to the stock by 12 nails No. 2 C. 1 lunette, reinforced at the pintle-hole by 1 rondelle, fastened to the upper side of the lunette-plate by 3 rivets No. 3 C ; 2 bolts No. 4 C; 2 washers ; 2 nuts. 1 trail-plate, reinforced by 1 guard-plate fastened to the trail-plate by 6 rivets No. 3 C ; 29 nails No. 3 C. ' 2 bolster-bolts No. 4 B, the heads hollowed Out; 2 washers ; 2 nuts. 2 wheels No. 5. Limber. Wood.—1 fork; 2 hounds; 1 splinter-bar ; 1 pole ; Heading-bar. Iron.—1 fork-bolt No. 4 D; 2 washers; 1 nut, 1 axle-tree No. 5 ; 2 shoulder-washers; 2 linch-washers; 2 linchpins. 1 pintle-plate, fastened -to the fork by 7 nails No. 3 C and by 2 of the axle-strap bolts. 1 sweep-bar: the ends are fastened to the hounds by 2 bolts No. 4 C; 2 washers , 2 nuts. 1 axle-strap, fastened to the fork by 6 bolts—4 No. 4 C and 2 No. 4 D. Two pass through the pintle-plate, twq through the sweep-bar, and two through the fork. 2 washers ; 6 nuts. 1 lashing-chain of 4 rings and 1 hook : the first,ring is welded into the eye of the axle-strap. 2 understraps, fastening the hounds to the axle-tree; 2 bolts No. 4 D; 2 bolts No.^ 4 C ; 2 washers ; 4 nuts. 1 pintle, fitted accurately in the mortises of the pintle-plate and fork; 1 nut. 2 end bands; 2 trace-hooks, put on the end of the splinter-bar with 4 rivets No. 2. 2 middle bands ; 2 trace-hoolcs, fastened by the bolts connecting the splinter-bar and fork. 1 bridle for the front end of the fork, fastened by the bolts connecting the fork and splinter-bar. 2 bolts No. 4 D for the splinter-bar and fork; 2 nuts. 2 bolts for the splinter-bar and hounds, No. 4D; 4 washers ; 2 nuts. 54 ORDNANCE MANUAL. 1 bridle for the middle of the fork, fastened to the fork by 4 nails No. 2 C. 1 rivet for the rear end of the pole; 1 burr. 1 eye-plate for the front end of the pole; 2 bolts No. 2 D ; 3 washers ; 2 nuts. 2 pole-chains, each 9 links No. 6, 1 Co-link, and 1 ring, welded into a hole in the >j.ye-plate. 1 ferrule for the end of the pole. 1 pole-clasp, fastened by the eye-plate bolt and 1 bolt No. 2, hexagonal head. 2 bolts for the pole and fork, No. 4D; 4 washers ; 2 nuts. 1 middle band for the leading-bar, fastened by 2 rivets No. 2; 1 M>olc; 1 double *race-hook. , s 2 end bands and trace-hooks for leading-bar, like those for the splinter-bar; 2 rivets No. 2. 2 wheels No. 5. Mortar-wagon. This wagon is designed for the transportation of siege mortars and their beds, or of guns, or large shot and shells. The limber and the wheels are the same as those of the gun-carriage. "Wood.—2 middle rails; 1 front transom, fastened between the middle rails by 2 dowels; 1 middle transom between the middle rails; 1 rear transom between the middle rails; 2 side rails; 1 rear cross-bar, let into the middle and side rails; 6 middle cross-bars-between the middle and side rails, and let into both; 2 front cross¬ bars, let into the middle and side rails; 2 bottom planks, fastened to the middle cross¬ bars by 12 nails No. 2; 1 axle-body ; -1 windlass ; 1 muzzle-bolster ; 6 stakes; 2 hand¬ spikes for working the windlass. When used for carrying halls, 1 frame, made of 4 planks dovetailed together and strengthened by iron corner plates. Iron.—1 assembling-bar, passes through the middle rails into the side rails. 2 handspike-hooks, fastened to the outside of the middle rails by 4 nails No. 2 C. 1 assembling-bolt No. 4 A; 2 washers ; 1 nut. 1 eye-plate for the lashing-chain, placed between the middle rails. 2 bolts No. 4 A, for the front ends of the middle rails; 4 washers; 2 nuts. 2 manceuvring-staples, driven into the under side of the middle rails. 2 cross-bar plates, fastened to the front and rear cross-bats by 12 bolts No. 4 C; 9 washers; 12 nuts. 1 lock-chain and shoe—1 ttey ; 1 bridle, fastened under the left side rail; 1 bolt No. 4 B ; 1 nut—like those on the gun-carriage. 1 trail-plate, fastened under the front end of the middle rails by 11 nails No. 3 C. 1 lunette ; 1 reinforce, fastened to the lunette by 4 rivets No. 3 C ; 1 bridle ; 3 bolts No. 4 C; 3 nuts. 2 wheel-guard plates, fastened to the middle rails by 12 nails No. 2 C. 1 axle-tree No. 5. 2 understraps, fastened to the side rails by 4 bolts No. 4 B ; 4 nuts. 2 axle-straps, fastened to the middle rails by 4 bolts No. 4 B ; 4 nuts. BARBETTE CARRIAGES. 55 1 Ireech-hurter, let into the middle rails and fastened by, 4 nails No. 2 C. 6 stake-sockets, bolted on the outside of the side rails by 10 bolts No. 3 D ; 10 washers ; 10 nuts. t 2 lock-chain hooks take the place of 2 stake-socket bolts on the left side; 2 washers; 2 nuts. 1 tar-bucket hook, fastened on the outside of the left side rail by 2 nails No. 1 C. 4 roller-plates, fastened on the scpiare part of the windlass by 32 nails No. 1 C. 4 roller-bands, let into the ends of.the roller, and fastened by 6 nails No. 1 C. 2 journal-boxes (brass), let into the ends of the windlass. 2 journals for the windlass, riveted at one end into. 2 journal-plates, which are fast¬ ened to the inside of the rails by 4 bolts No. 3 C; 4 nuts. 2 circular journal-plates, fastened by the bolts last mentioned and by 4 nails No. 1 C. 2 roller-hooks, driven into the windlass 5.5 inches from the middle. 2 handspike-straps, fastened to the small end of the handspike by 2 rivets No. 2. 2 shoulder-washers for the axle-tree, 1 2 linch-ioashers, ,,, „ ,, - j- like those for the gun-carriage. 2 linchpins, | 2 wheels No. 5, J GARRISON AND SEA-COAST CARRIAGES.* The garrison and sea-coast carriages are all made of wrought-iron. They are o four different kinds, viz : 1. The Barbette, front-pintle, carriage. 2. The Barbette, centre-pintle, carriage. 3. The Casemate carriage. 4. The Flank-casemate carriage. Each carriage is composed of a chassis and top carriage. The inclination of the chassis-rails is the same in all the carriages—3°. The trough-beam braces, transoms and angle-iron sub-braces vary only in length, the flank-casemate carriage excepted. The thickness of the cheek-plates is the same in all. The barbette rails differ both in length and depth from the casemate, which arc also different from the flank-casemate. BARBETTE CARRIAGE^. Barbette carriages are divided into front-pintle carriages and centre-pintle car¬ riages. The top carriage is the same for both kinds. Of the front-pintle class there are three carriages, which are similar to each other: one for the 10-inch columbiad, one for the 8-inch columbiad and 42-pounder * Some carriages have already been made of wrought-iron, but in consequence of the scarcity of labor and material, the carriages for garrison and sea-coast service will be of wood, as pre¬ scribed farther on. 56 ORDNANCE MANUAL. gun, and one for the 32 and 24-pounder guns: the latter two differ only in the lengths of the transoms and axl^-trees. Of the centre-pintle class there are two carriages : one for the 10-inch columbiad, and one for the 8-inch columbiad. Top Carriage. The parts marked with an asterisk (*) are common to all carriages. 2 cheek-plates. 2 front braces—2 middle braces—2 rear braces, fastened to the cheek-plates, each by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts. 2 front sub-braces, fastened to the cheek-plates by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts. 2 rear sub-braces, fastened to the cheek-plates by 6 bolts No. 4 E and 6 nuts. 2 shoes, each fastened to the front brace by 1 bolt No. 4 E and 1 nut, to the rear brace by 1 bolt No. 4 E and 1 nut, to the front sub-brace by 2 bolts No. 4 H and 2 nuts, and to the rear sub-brace by 3 bolts No. 4 H and 3 nuts. 2 trunnion-plates, fastened to the front braces by 2 bolts No. 4 E and 2 nuts, and to the rear brace by 2 bolts No. 4 E and 2 nuts. *2 axle-boxes (brass), held in place by *2 axle-box washers (cast-iron), fastened to the cheek-plates each by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts. *1 handspike-fulcrum, fastened to the left rear brace by 2 rints No. 5 C. *2 arc supports, fastened to the right rear brace by 2 bolts No. 1 D and 2 rivets No. 3 D. *1 lanyard-roller, brass, fastened to the right rear-brace by 1 nut, .375 in. 2 transoms, fastened to the front brace by the 4 bolts which hold the braces to the cheek-plate. 1 rear transom, composed of 2 pieces, 5-inch trough-beams, with pieces welded in the ends; each piece fastened to the cheek-plates by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts. 2 brace-transoms, fastened to the middle brace by the 4 bolts which hold the braces to the cheek-plates. 2 diagonal braces, fastened to the shoes by 4 bolts, which hold the shoes and sub-braces, and to each other by 'l bolt No. 4 E and 1 nut. 1 axle-tree; *2 linchpins; *2 truck wheels. 1 elerattug-bed, fastened to the rear transom by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts; 1 elevating-screio; *1 elevating-screw box (brass), fastened to the rear transom by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts; bevel-wheel and nut, fitting on elevating-screw; *1 brass jrinion, mounted on S"1 elevating-screw arbor; ®1 arbor-box (brass), fastened to the cheek-plate by 2 bolts No. 1 E and 2 nuts, .375 inch (hexagonal); 1 arbor- handle; *1 nut, .375 inch; 1 paid; 1 pawl-port; 1 eleratiny-arc (brass). The carriages for the 42-pounder and smaller guns have no elevating-bed, pawl, or pawl-port. The rear transom is made of a single piece of 5-inch trough-beam. The 8-inch carriage answers for the 42-pounder gun by adding 2 trunnion-plates, removing the elevating-bed, and adding a longer elevating-screw. The 32-pounder carriage answers for smaller guns, by the addition of trunnion-plates. CHASSIS—CENTRE-PINTLE. 57 Ch assis—Front-pintle. 2 mils (I-shape), 15 inches deep. 1 liurttr-bar, fastened to the rails by 4 holts No. 4 E and 4 nuts.' 2 counter-hurtirs, fastened to the rails hy 8 rivets No. 5 D, countersunk on top. 1 front transom, composed of 1 transom-plate and 2 cast-iron transom-holsters: the transom is fastened to the rails by 16 bolts No. 4 E, which pass through the bolsters and keep them in place; 16 nuts: 4 bevel-washers. 3 transoms, fastened to the fails by 12 bolts No. 4 E and 12 nuts—2 of them having hook heads. 2 diagonal bracts, fastened to the front transom by 4 bolts No. 4 H and 4 nuts, and to the rails by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts. 2 side steps, fastened to the rails hy 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts. 2 rear steps, fastened to the rear transom by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts. 2 rear trartrse trhtel-forks, fastened to the rails by 16 bolts No. 4 E, 16 nuts; 2 traverse-wheels; 2 traverse-wheel bolts 1.15 inch, 2 nuts. 4 ijnplement-hooks, fastened to the rails by 4 nuts No. 4; 1 key in the pintle. Wood.—15 planks, 6 inches wide, 1£ inches thick, placed across the chassis, on the lower flange. Note.—The ends of the front transom must have a firm support on an iron friction-bar, resting on the masonry around the pintle; and the transom must be held down, and be prevented from rising off the pintle, by a key passing through it, or by a nut screwed on the top. Chassis— Centre-pintle. 2 rails, I-shaped. 1 hurter-bar, fastened to the rails by 4 bolts No. 4 E; 4 nuts. 2 countf r-hurters, fastened to the rails by 8 rivets No. 5 D, countersunk on top. 4 transoms, fastened to the rails by 16 bolts No. 4 E—6 of them have hook heads: 16 nuts. 1 middle transom, fastened" to the rails by 16 bolts No. 4 E: 16 nuts: this transom is composed of 1 transom-plate and 2 transom-bolsters, fastened together by 10 bolts No, 4 H; 16 nuts: the transom-bolster is made of 2 pieces, fastened together hy 4 rivets No. 4 D. 4 diagonal braces, fastened to the middle transom by € bolts No. 4 II (8 nuts), and to the lower flange of the rail by 8 bolts No. 4 E ; 8 nuts. 2 transom and rail braces, fastened to the rails by 2 bolts No. 4 E, 2 nuts, and to the bolster of the middle transom by 2 bolts No. 4 E; 2 nuts. 2 front traverse-wheel forks and 2 rear traverse-wheel forks, fastened to the rails by 32 bolts T$o. 4E; 32 nuts; 2 front traverse-wheels (cast-iron); 2 rear traverse- wheels (cast-iron); 2 front traverse-wheel bolts (2-inch); 2 nuts; 2 rear traverse- wheel-bolts (1.75 inch); 2 nuts. 2 implement-hooks, fastened to rails by 2 bolts No. 4. 58 t ORDNANCE MANUAL. Wood.—lb planks, 6 inches wide, 1.5 inch thick, placed across the chassis, resting on the lower flange. The rails of the centre-pintle carriages for the platforms now laid are 9 inches in depth; for new platforms not yet laid, the depth of rails will he 15 inches. The pintle-plate of new platforms is to be raised 2£ inches, which will obviate the necessity of bolsters to the middle transoms : simple wedges will replace them. Implements.—2 manceuvring-bars; 2 pinch-bars; 2 offset-wrenches ; 1 manoeuvring handspike. 1 pointing-bar for columbiads. CASEMATE CARRIAGES. There are two carriages, one for the 8-inch and 42-pounder guns, the other for the 32 and 24-pounders. Top Carriage. 2 cheek-plates. 2 front braces; 2 middle braces; 2 rear braces, the rear ends filled up by a piece welded in each brace; each fastened to the cheek-plate by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts. 2 front sub-braces, fastened to the cheek-plate by 4 bolts No. 4 E; 4 nuts. 2 rear sub-braces, fastened to the cheek-plates by 6 bolts No. 4 E; 6 nuts. 2 shoes, each fastened to the front brace by 1 bolt No. 4 E and 1 nut; to the rear brace by 1 bolt No. 4 E and 1 nut; to the front sub-brace by 2 bolts No. 4 H and 2 nuts; and to the rear sub-brace by 2 bolts No. 4 H and 2 nuts. 2 trunnion-plates, fastened to the front brace by 2 bolts No. 4 E ; 2 nuts; and to the rear brace by 2 bolts No. 4 E ; 2 nuts. 2 axle-boxes (brass), held in place by 2 axle-box washers, each fastened to the cheek-plate by 4 bolts No. 4 E; 4 nuts. 1 handspilce-fulcrum, fastened to the left rear brace by 2 rivets No. 5 C; 2 arc- supports, fastened to the right rear brace by 2 bolts No. 1 D, 2 nuts and 2 rivets No. 3 D. 1 lanyard-roller, brass, fastened to the right rear brace by 1 nut .375 inch. 2 transoms, fastened to the front braces by the 4 bolts which hold the braces to the cheek-plates. 1 rear transom, 5-inch trough-beam, with a piece welded in each end, fastened to the cheek-plate by 4 bolts No. 4 E ; 4 nuts. 2 brace-transoms, fastened to the middle brace by the 4 bolts which hold the braces to the cheek-elates. 2 diagonal braces, fastened to the shoes by 4 bolts, which hold the shoe and sub- brace, and to each other by 1 bolt No. 4 E ; 1 nut. 1 axle-tree ; 2 linchpins ; 2 truck-wheels. 1 elevating-screw box, brass, fastened to the rear transom by 2 bolts No. 4 E, 2 nuts; 1 elevating-screw; 1 bevel-wheel and nut, fitting on elevating-screw; 1 brass pinion, mounted on 1 elevating-screw arbor; 1 arbor-box (brass), fastened to the cheek-plate by 2 bolts No. 1 E, 2 nuts; 1 arbor handle; 1 nut; 1 elevating-arc (brass). BEDS FOR SEA-COAST MORTARS. 59 Chassis. 2 rails, I-shaped, 9-inch. 1 hurter-bar, fastened to the rails by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts. 2 counter-hurters, fastened to the rails by 8 rivets No. 5 D, countersunk on top. 1 front transom, fastened to the rails by 8 bolts No. 4 E and 8 nuts. 3 transoms, fastened to the rails each by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts — 4 of them hook heads. 1 1 tongue, fastened to the front transom by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts. 2 front truverse-trheel forks (each in 2 pieces), fastened to the rails by 12 bolts No. 4 E and 12 nuts, and by 4 bolts, which hold the front transom. 2 rear traverse-whetl forks (each in 2 pieces), fastened by 16 bolts No. 4 E, 16 nuts. 2 front traverse-irbeels ; 2 front traverse-wheel bolts (1.75 inch), 2 nuts ; 2 rear trav¬ erse-wheels ; 2 rear traverse-wheel bolts (1.75 inch) and 2 nuts. 2 diagonal braces, fastened to the under side of the rail by 4 bolts No. 4 E, 4 nuts, and to the front transom by the 4 bolts which hold the tongue. The carriage assembled for the 8-inch gun answers for the 42-pounder by the addition of 2 trunnion-plates. The carriage assembled for the 32-pounder answers, in the same way, for the smaller guns. 21-pounder Howitzer-carriage for Flank-casemates. The details of this carriage have not been sufficiently arranged for insertion here. The embrasures of the new flank-casemates have been changed from the plan formerly used, by placing the pintle-hole 24 inches farther to the front. This requires the addition of an iron toqgue, with a pintle-hole, to the wooden chassis. Other flank-embrasures are made without a tongue-hole; for these, the iron tongue is placed above the upper pintle-plate, and held by the same 3 bolts, which are made stronger. \ Beds for 8-inch and 10-inch Siege Mortars. Wood.—1 bolster for the quoin, fastened to the front transom by 2 bolts and 2 nuts. Iron.—2 cheeks; 1 middle transom, 1 front transom, in one piece (cast-iron). 4 manoeuvring-bolts, wrought-iron, cast in place. ? cap-squares, fastened to the cheeks by 4 straps, held by 4 bolts and 4 keys. Beds for 10-inch and 18-inch Sea-coast Mortars. Wood.—1 front transom ; 1 rear transom. Iron.—2 cheeks (cast-iron); 1 middle transom (brass). 2 manauvring-bolts No. 10 ; 4 nuts No. 9. 6 assembling-bolts No. 10; 6 nuts. 4 transom-straps; 16 screws. 1 elevating-screw bed, fastened to the front transom by 2 bolts No. 5 A; 2 nuts. 1 elevating-screw box (brass) ; 1 elevating-screw. 60 ORDNANCE MANUAL. COEHORN MORTAR. Wood.—1 bed, in 1 or 2 pieces. Ikon.—2 assembling-bolts No, 3 A; 4 loashers; 2 nuts. 2 cap-squares, fastened to the bed by 4 bolts No. 2 B and 4 nuts. 4 handles, fastened to the sides by 4 bolts No. 3 A and 4 nuts. PRESERVATION OF CARRIAGES. Wooden carriages are preserved in well-ventilated storehouses, protected from the weather. If the timber he not perfectly dry, anS the exigencies of the service will permit, they are left unpainted: the irons are first coated with linseed oil, and painted one coat. Iron carriages require especial care to preserve them from oxidation. When the parts of a carriage are complete^ and ready to he assembled, all rust that may have formed is scraped off, and the parts are placed in a kettle containing linseed oil, which is raised to its boiling-point. When the Iron has become as warm as the oil, it is taken out and placed on the side of the vessel to drip. When dry, the carriage is assembled and painted with two coats of iron paint. The carriages are preserved in dry buildings, on the ground-floor, taken to pieces and piled away. Pieces of the same kind are put in a pile by themselves. Carriages that are mounted should have the paint renewed from time to time, as it is worn off; and if rust should accumulate, it must be removed, and a coat of oil first applied and the carriage then painted. Wheels. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. f Naves 1 1 1 1 1 T3 Spokes 14 14 12 12 14 O Fellies 7 7 6 6 7 £ Dowels 1 7 6 6 7 Wedges for spokes.. 14 14 12 12 14 12 brow-bands.. .in. 1.25X-25 1.25X-25 1X.15 .75X-13 1.5X-38 2 end bands in". 1.5 X-25 1.5X-25 1.1 X. 2 1X.2 1.75X.38 Nails for bands.... 12 No. 1 C. 12 No. 1 C. 12 No. 1 C. 12 No. 1 C. 12 No. 1 C. o Tire in. 2.75X0.5 2.75X.625 2.0X.5 2X-38 4X.75 w Tire-bolts, nuts and washers 7 No.2 H. 7 No. 2 H. 6 No. 2 H. 6 No. 1 H. 7 No. 4 H. Nave-box 1' 1 1 1 1 Wheel No. 1, for the 6-pdr. gun-carriage, caisson, forge, battery-wagon, and the limbers of all field carriages. No. 2, for the 24 and 32-pdr. howitzers, and the 12-pdr. gun-carriages only. No. 3, for the prairie carriage. No. 4, for the mountain howitzer. No. 5, for all siege carriages and their limbers. AXLE-TREES—NAVE-BOXES. Dimensions and Weights of Axle-trees. 61 No.'l. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. No. In. In. In. In. In. 45.5 45.5 34.35 18.68 42. 15.5 22. 13.85 13.85 8.55 7.55 16.1 2.07 2.07 1.275 2.15 2.3 78.84 78.84 54. 38.3 81.8 2.5 3.5 2. 4.32 3.5 2.8 3. 3. 2. 4.32 3.5 3.0 1.5 3. 2.- 3.54 3.5 2.8 3. 3. 2. 3.94 3.5 3.0 3. 3. 2. 3.5 3.5 2.9 2.005 2.005 2.64. 2.5 2.9 116. - 122. 232. f the body on the under side I the middle piece of bodx the arm to the linch-washer the round end, including'the hole Total f xriritv. / at t*16 twiddle Thaiwiir J {at the shoulder | at the shoulder Diameter f at the shoulder of the arm {at the linch-washer : 2.005 Weight .... lbs. 116. No. 1, for 6-pdr. gun-carriages, caissons, forge and battery-wagons. - No. 2, for 12-pdr. gun-carriages, 24-pdr. and 32-pdr. howitzer-carriages. No. 3, for prairie carriages. No. 4, for mountain howitzer-carriages. No. 5, for siege carriages. No. 6, for iron carriages. Nave-Boxes. 7 the whole Length of < cylindrical part ( grease-chamber !t , . f large end Iaterior- ™Sn»d Exterior, (small end Depth of grease-chamber rLength of Flange ... -j Width of, at base... ( Projection of No. 1. In. 13.75 2.0 4.59 3.05 2.05 3.85 2.85 .125 13.75 .45 .4 No. 2. I In. 8.0 3!O 2.0 1.5 2.5 2.0 .1 8.0 .45 .4 No. 3. In. 8.26 3.26 3.55 2.6 4.05 3.1 .1 1.0 .25 .25 No. 4. In. 16.5 2.0 5.6 3.55 2.55 4.4 3.4 .15 16.5 '.4 No. 5. In. 3.0 2.1 3.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 .5 .25 No. 1, for field axle-trees. No. 2, " prairie " No. 3, " mountain howitzer axle-trees. No. 4, " siege axle-trees. , fto. 5, " iron carriage axle-trees. ,Nos. 3, 4 and 5 of brass the rest iron, cast. 62 OTtDNANCE MANUAL. Linchpins. Stem . ( Length { Diameter f Length Breadth at top „ , J " at bottom ... • -i Thickness at top " at bottom.. " under chin. AV eight No. 1. No. 2. I No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. In. In. In. In. In. 3.85 i 2.35 4. *4.2 3.9 .62 .5 .5 . .-7 .5 1.75 1.4 ■ 1.37 1.8 1.75 .8 .5 .6 .9 .75 1.4 1.1 1.7 1.25 .8 .85 .8 1.0 .8 .75 .5 8.5 .4 .45 .55 .45 .5 .4 11.68 4.62 8.01 14.26 5.24 No. 1, for field axle-trees. No. 2, " prairie " No. 3, " mountain howitzer axle-trees. No. 4, " siege axle-trees. No. 5, " iron carriage axle-trees. Washers. Shoulder-washers. Linch-washers. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No.l. No. 2. No. 3. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. Diameter of the washer 5.5 4. 6. . 6. 4. '3.25 5. " " hole 3.05 2. 3.5 5. 2.05 1.6 2.55 Thickness .375 .25 .5 2. .375 .35 .5 AVeight 28.97 12.15 40.32 544. 15.00 15.54 55.22 No. 1, for field carriages, axle-trees, No. 1 and 2. No. 2, for prairie carriages, axle-tree, No. 3. No. 3, for siege carriages. No. 4, for iron carriages. Lock-chains for Field Carriages. The lock-chain is the same for all field carriages, except in the number of the links. It consists of 1 toggle, 7.7 in. long, 1 link, 1 long link, 4.9 in. long, with 1 LOCK CHAINS. 63 loose ring, 1.5 in. diam., — number of links, 1 ring, 2.56 in. diam., with 1 loose rin of same size, and — number of links to the eye-plate. The links are all No. 5. Number of links from the long link to the ring. " ". " " " ring to the eye-plate. tsc.S 13 & £a 16 13 £ §>■« 1 u C 'C 13 13 f-i Pi P« cS These chains should be made of a new kind of chain, known as the loop-link chain, which is stronger for the same weight. For Siege Carriages. The lock-chain consists of a chain of 4 links, No. 7, and 1 toggle, 7.75 in. long, with 1 loose ring, 3 in. diameter on the first link, which is attached to the ring in the lock-chain bolt by 1 ring, 3i in. diam.; of a second chain of the same si^ed links, to which the shoe is attached, composed of 14 links for the gun-carriage, and 18 links for the. mortar-tcagon, and 1 ring 3J diam., which is joined to the ring in the lock-chain bolt by 15 links, No. 5. These chains are to be made of the loop-link chain. Table of Bolts, Nuts, and Washers. BOLTS. .Diameter of bolt Diameter of head. -! C D H. , E. [¥ Q Thickness of head. j q p jj F G..... Chamfer of head, A E F Length of_ square, under the heads A B CD Usual.length of thread cut Number of threads to the inch • • NUTS. Square Thickness .. . .. Chamfer Diagonal Diameter of hole punched — Weight, rough....... lbs WASHJ5HS. Diameter Thickness Width of chamfer Depth .of chamfer ;.... No. 1. In. 0.375 .85 1. 0.7 .75 1.125 0.3 .25 .1 .375 .75 1,3 .75 .375 .1 1.06 .31 0.052 1.25 0.125 .1 .06 No. 2. In. 0.5 1.1 1.25 0.875 1. 1.5 0.375 .3 .125 . 5 .1 13 1. .5 .125 1.41 .43 0.15 1.6 .125 .1 .06 Np. 3. In." 0.625 1.4 1.5 1.06 1.25 .35 .16 .625 1.25 13 . 1.25 .625 46 1.77 .56 0.275 2. .125 .12 .06 No. 4. In. 0.75 1.7 1.875 1.25 1.5 .4 .19 .75 1.5 10 1.5 .75 .19 2.12 .69 0.5 2.45 .19 .16 .1 No. 5. In. 1. 2.3 2.5, 1.625 2. .75 .5 , .25 1. 2. 8 2. ' 1. .25 2.83 .88 1,0 3.15 .19 .16 .1 No. i In. 1.125 2.5 2.75 2.25 .8 .28 1.125 2.25 2.25 1.125 .28 3.16 1.0 1.4 3.5 .19 .17 .1 No. 7.' In. 1.25 2.75 3. 2.5 .31 1.25. 2.5 2.5 1.25 .31 3.54 1.06 2.0 4. .25 .23 .125 No.: In. 1.3.7 51 3. 3:5 2.75 1. .344 1.3751 2.75 7 2.75 1.3751 '.344| 3.87 1.25 2.5 4.375] .25 .25 .1251 RIVETS—CHAINS. 65 In the preceding table the number indicates the size of the bolt, and the letter the form of the head, as follows: A. Bolt with round (cylindrical) head, chamfered; square under the head. B. Round head, not chamfered; to be let into wood; square under the head. C. Countersunk head ; bolt square under the head. D. Convex, or rose head ; square under the head. E. Square head, chamfered; round under the head ; nut let into wood. P. Round head, chamfered; applied to wood; round under the head. Gb Round head, not chamfered ; to be let into wood; round under the head. H. Countersunk head; bolt round under the head. Rivets. Diameter of body. B Diameter of head •{ C D I H r B Thickness of head 1 C D { H f Diameter J Thickness 1 Exterior diameter of countersink. (Depth of countersink Boers. In. 0.2 .75 .125 .75 .125 .3 .1 In. 0.25 .75 .5 .2 .2 .75 .2 .45 .15 No. 3. No. 4. No.5. Id. In. In. 0.375 0.5 0.625 1.125 1.5 1.875 .7 .875 1.0 .25 .375 0.5 .25 .3 .375 1.125 1.5 1.875 .25 .375 .5 .6 .7 .87 .17 .25 .375 B. Head not chamfered; to let into wood. C. Countersunk head; to let into iron. D. Rose head; resting on iron. H. Rose head; resting on wood. Chains. No. Thick¬ ness of iron. Kind. links. Length. Width. Proof weight. Remarks. In. In. In. Lbs. 1 0.15 ) Is f 1.1 0.6 400 All chains are welded. 2 .2 .s 1.25 .75 800 3 .25 J g I 1.6 1.1 1,200 4 .25 1 S f 2. 1. 1,500 5 .375 L 1 3. 1.5 2,50U 6 .5 i 03 1 3. 1.75 5,000 7 .625 J S I 3.4 2.25 6,500 5 66 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Eye-Pins. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. In. In. In. Diameter of stem 0.3 0.375 0.5 Diameter of eye .25 .3 .375 Mings. Designation. Thickness of wire. Exterior diameter of ring. Remarks. "°-2{R In. 0.2 .2 .25 .25 In. 1.4 1. 1.5 1.25 W®Rl®d' ) These are the rings most com- Coldshut. | monly used in field and siege Welded i carriages, with the chains Coldshut. j Nos- 2 and 3" Wr ought-Nails. p-i o No. 2. CO © & No. 4. Remarks. Body; diameter or thickness.. In. .25 .5 In. .3 .6 .25 In. .375 .7 .25 In. .5 .875 .3 C. Square nail, with coun¬ tersunk head. D. Bound nail, with rose head. Heads C,D. \ , .2 Cut-Nails. 2 d. 2d. id. 6 d. Sd. lOd. 12 d. 20f pintle to front end of rails " " " " " • rear end of chassis centre of rear traverse-wheels centre of front traverse-wheels in rear of face of piece in battery (to axis of) in battery ( axle-tree J ag'nst counter-liurters. Diameter of top carriage truck wheel.. . " rear traverse wheel, mean " front " " " ' Top carriage, without truck wheels lbs. " " complete, without implements lbs. Chassis, without traverse-wheels lbs. .< " complete, without pintle lbs. One rear traverse-wheel lbs. I One front traverse-wheel lbs. LOne pintle '. lbs. Weights. front—pint1e. 32. .2 10. .05 0 3. 35. .15 79-72 30° 6° 75..4 47-7 43-2 5-23 173. 42-75 24-25 166-13 120-33 '66-38 8..06 95-16 12. 18. 1,847' 1.947 2,896 3035 139 49" 1-in. and 42-pdr. 25-8 8-05 0 2-0 33-9 77-47 30° 6° 75-6 41-3 36-80 5-23 173. 36-35 20-5 165-47 120-33 "65-28 " 8-26 95-16 12. 18. 1,760' 1,860 2,851 2,990 139 32 and 24^pdr. 20..8 6-45 0 2..0 33-9 77-47 14° 6° 75-6 36-3 31-8 5-23 173. 31-35 9-42 163-58 120-33 8-26 95-16 12. 18. 1.658 1.758 2.834 2,973 139 ---„. centre-pintle. 32-2 10..05 0 3. 35-15 79-72 30° 6° 75-4 47-7 43-2 5-23 173. 42-75 77-09 95-65 64. 64. 134-38 60-14 20-58 12. 14..6 11-63 1,847 1,947 2,435 2 630 118 77 49 25-8 8-05 0 2-0 33-9 77-47 30° 6° 75-6 41-3 36-80 5-23 173. 36-35 77-09 95-65 64. 64. 134-18 59-94 20-78 12. 14-6 11-63 1,760 1.860 2,435 2,630 118 77 49 Casemate. l-in. and 42-pdr. 25-8 8-05 0 1..5 24-9 50-65 7° 6° 65-38 41-3 36-80 5-23 164. 36-35 49- 212- 194-50 62-5 10-61 69-64 142-53 12. 15-85 7-85 1,385 1,485 2,053 2,175 99 30 92 BILLS OF TIMBER. 77 Bills of Timber for Field Carriages. names op parts. gun-carriages. For 6-pdr. gun ( Stock and < Cheeks 12-pdr. hoioitzer. (Axle-body.. For 12-pdr. gun, f Stock 24-pdr. and < Cheeks Z2-pdr. howitzer 8. (Axle-body. wheels, Nos. 1 and 2. Nave Spokes Fellies limber. Axle-body Hounds Fork . Splinter-bar Brackets Front foot-board Rear foot-board "•■•{SEES:::::::::} Pole-prop ammunition-chest. Ends , Sides , Principal partition Cover-frame --{ BnS 111111! Bottom Panel for cover Cover lining rough dimensions op each piece. Long. In. 100 40 50 108 50 50 50 56 40 72 9 46 46 132 30 22 44 22 44 42 42 Wide. In. 9.25 13.5 7. 11. 16. 7. 14. 3.5 7. 4.5 9.25" 4.25 2.3 8.75 5. '4.5 3.25 2.25 17. 17- 17. 3.75 20. 17.5 20. Thick In. 4.5 3.5 6. 5.75 4. 7. Round 2. 3.5 6. 3.25 4. 3.5 1.6 1.13 1.13 4.5 ' 3.25 2.25" 1.31 1.31 1.31 2. 1.31 2. 0.5 Each piece. Sup.ft. 28.90 13.12 14.58 47.44 22-22 17.01 17.09 1.55 4.59 18.75 5.68 10.27 7.43 3.14 1.86 14.11 1.05 3.40 6.80 3.40 3.59 8.00 10.21 5.83 Total. Sup.ft. 57. 26.24 14.58 98.62 94.88 44.44 17.01 156.33 17.09 21.70 32.13 70.92 18.75 11.36 10.27 7.43 3.14 1.86 14.11 1.05 67.97 6.80 13.60 3.40 7.18 8.00 10.21 5.83 55.02 Kind of wood. Oak. Cuttings. Oak. Oak or ash. Hickory. W alnut. Oak. Poplar. 78 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bills of Timber for Field Carriages. NAMES OP PARTS. s> a 2 78 5. 3.25 8.79 17.58 ii Stock 84 6. 4.75 16.62 16.62 ii Axle-body 50 6. 6. 12.50 12.50 ii Cross-bar 40 4. 3. 3.33 3.33 a Foc^-board bolster 14 4. 1.25 .48 .48 a Front foot-board 42 7.5 2.13 4.65 4.65 a Rear foot-board 42 5. 1.25 1.82 1.82 i< 71.39 FORGE.—Body. = Side rails 2 96 4.75 3.75 11.87 23.74 Oak. Middle rail 50 4.75 4.25 7.01 7.01 it Stock 90 6. 4.75 17.81 17.81 it Axle-body 50 7.25 6.* 15.10 15.10 it Front cross-bar 40 3.5 3.5 3.40 3.40 Rear middle cross-bar 40 3.5 , 3.5 3.40 3.40 a Front middle cross-bar 40 10. 3.5 9.72 9.72 Rear cross-bar 40 3. 3. 2.50 2.50 i" Floor-boards 4 48 8. 1.25 3.33 13.32 it Roof-bows 2 42 9. 1.25 3.28 6.56 n Corner studs 4 36 3.5 2.5 2.19 8.75 a Side studs. 2 36 3. 2.5 1.88 3.75 a Plates 2 46 3. 2.5 2.39 4.78 a Front end stud 1 22 6. 1.25 1.14 1.14 t< Front of iron room 1 40 9.5 1.25 3.30 3.30 it Rear of iron room 1 36 3. 1.25 0.94 .94 a Lining of iron room 2 44 S.5 1. 2.59 5.IS a Cleats for grooves 2 44 2. 1. 0.61 1.22 a Braces 2 48 4. 2. 2.67 5.34 a Front end of roof 1 42 10. 1.75 5.10 5.10 Walnut. Rear end of roof 1 42 12. 1.75 6.13 6.13 Cap for coal-box 1 36 2.5 1.25 0.78 .78 a Boards for sides 10 42 7. 0.75 2.04 20.40 White pine. Boards for roof 7 46 7. • 75 2.23 15.61 6( Boards for sliding-cover.... 6 36 8. • 75 2.00 12.00 U Prop for stock 1 30 2.25 2.25 1.05 1.05 Hickory. Bellows-pole 1 57 2. 2. 1.58 1.58 199.61 BILLS OF TIMBER. 70 Bills of Timber for Field Carriages. names of parts. o o 0! 'E. rol gh dimensions of each piece. contents. Kind of woo 1. <*« o £ Long. Wide. Thick. Each piece. | Total. Forge.—Belloirs. In. In. In. Sup.ft. Sup.ft. Upper and lower planks I 34 15. 2. 7.08 28.32 Poplar. Middle plank 0 44 15. 2. 9.17 18.34 " Cross-heads 0 32 3.5 3. 2.33 4.66 C< f Sides I 36 3. 1. 0.75 3.00 (( Ribs, -j Ends 2 32 3. 1. 0.67 1.34 a ( Cross-bars o 32 2.25 1. 0.50 1.00 (( 1 *7 2.75 . 75 Cuttings. Valves 9 9 9. .75 0.55 1.11 Walnut. Battens for valves 2 9 4.5 .75 0.27 .55 " Coal-box. 58.32 Sides and top piece 2 36 24. 1.38 8.28 16.06 Walnut. Ends 2 16 24. 1.38 3.68 7.36 '• Lid 1 36 14. 1.25 4.37 4.37 (( Clamps for lid 2 14 2.5 1.25 .30 .60 Bottom 1 36 15. 1.31 4.91 4.91 Oak. Battery-Wagon.—Body. 33.80 Lower side rails 9 116 6.5 4. 20.94 41.88 Oak. Upper side rails 2 108 3. 3. 6.75 13.50 Stock 1 108 6. 6. 27.00 27.00 a Axle-body 1 50 6.25 6.25 13.56 13.56 a Front cross-bar 1 40 5.5 5. 7.64 7.64 « Front middle cross-bars .... 9 40 4.25 4. 4.72 9.41 S( Rear middle cross-bar 1 38 4. 2.5 2.64 2.64 a Rear cross-bar 1 40 4. 3.5 3.88 3.88 u Floor-boards o 106 11.5 1.25 10.58 31.74 White pine. Sides of bodv 2 108 21.5 1.38 22.25 44.50 a Side of till 1 104 11 .5 1.25 10.38 10.38 11 Bottom of till 1 104 10. 1.25 9.02 9.02 a 9 10 1 25 x. Ends of body 2 40 24. 1.38 9.20 18.40 Walnut. Forage-rack sides 2 36 5.5 2. 2.75 5.50 Oak. Forage-rack bars 3 46 3.5 1. 1.03 1.03 " Cover. 240.11 Side rails 2 108 3. 3. 6.75 13.5 Oak. Ridge-pole 1 108 3. 3. 6.75 6.75 " End rails... .*. 2 42 3. 3. 2.63 5.25 a End studs 2 18 2.5 1.5 0.47 .94 a End boards 2 42 13.5 1.25 4.91 9.82 Walnut. Roof-boards 9 108 7. 0.75 5.25 47.25 White pine. 83.51 80 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bill of Timber for Mountain Howitzer-Carriage, etc. nasies op paets. dimensions of each ~ PIece (rough)-. Length Width Thick¬ ness. contents. Each piece. Total. Gun-carriage body. Stock Axle-tree .... Two wheels. Nave ..; .. Spokes Fellies One thUl. Shafts ................. Cross-bar One ammunition-chest. Sides and ends .....; Bottom Cover and partitions 1 One pack-saddle. Arcs Transoms Cross-bar Side bars. Round bars One handspike. In; 66 44 11 20 21 72 33 44 36 '66- 50 ,20 14 42 20 50 In. 5. 2.5 5.5 3. 3.5 1-1. 7. 12. 12. 6. 12. 1.5 2.5 In. Round 1.5 2.5 2.25 2.25 l.~25 1.75 1.25 0.75 1.5 2.5 28.84 4.56 4.86 .52 2.0 3.37 1.80 • 3.36 1.05. 3.67 5.21 2.90 .72 3.5 .31 2.15 57.68 9.12 66.80~ 9.72 12.48 24.0 46.20 6.75 1.80 8.55 6.72 1-.05 3.67 11.44 5.21 2.90 .72 3.5 ' .62 12,95" 2.15 . BILLS OF TIMBER. Bills of Timber for Siege-Carriages. 81 NAMES OP PART8. ROUGH DIMENSIONS OP EACH PIECE. Long. Wide. Thick. In. In. In. 130. 11.5 7. 55. 19.5 5.5 48. 9.5 8.5 14. 6.5 6.5 132. 11.5 8. 60. 20. 5.75 48. 9.5 8.5 14. 6.5 6.5 132. 11.5 8.75 60. ' 20.5 6.25 48. 9-5 8.5 16. 6.5 6.5 19. 16. Round 32. 4.25 2.5 28. 8. 4.5 60. 11. 7^.25 50. 5. 3.75 70. 4. 3.75 142. {::• 5.5 \ 4- J 70. 4. 3.75 142. 8. 5.75 28. 7. 3.75 4. ; 4. 3.12 4. 6.7 5.9 92. 7.5 5. 42. 4.5 3. 16. 4.5 3. 14. 4.5 2.5 78. 8. 2. 48. 9.5 8.5 36. 6.5 6.5 12. 6.5 6.5 20. 3.5 3.25 56. 4. 4. Each piece. Total. gun-carriages. C Stock.... ) Cheeks... J Axle-body Bolster... 18-pdr. Stock.... Cheeks... Axle-body Bolster... Stock.... i Cheeks... 24-pDB ^ Axle-body Bolster... one wheel. Nave Spokes Fellies limber. Fork Hounds Splinter-bar Pole.... J1"??. en4 ( small end Leading-bar mortar-wagon. Middle rails Front transom. Middle transom Rear transom Side rails Rear cross-bar Middle cross-bars Front cross-bars Bottom planks Axle-body Windlass Muzzle-bolster Stakes Sup. ft. 72.67 40.96 26.92 4.11 84.33 47.92 26.92 4.11 92.24 53.39 26.92 4.70 26.53 2.36 7. 33.23 6.51 7.29 22.25 7.29 45.36 • 5.10 Sup.ft. 145.34 81.92 26.92 4.11 258.29 168.66 .95.84 26.92 4.11 295.53 184.48 106.78 26.92 4.70 322.88 26.53 33.04 49.00 108.57 33.23 13.02 7.29 22.25 7.29 83.08 90.72 5.10 23.96 3.94 1.5 1.09 8.67 26.92 10.56 3.52 1.58 6.22 47.92 3.94 9.00 2.18 17.34 26.92 10.56 3.52 9.48 12.44 239.12 6 82 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bills of Iron for Field Carriages. Kind of carriage. Width. Thick¬ ness. Length. Weight. Remarks. s In. In. Feet. Lbs. 6-pdk. Gtjn- 0.15 Round. 2.81 0.18 For chains No. 1. Carriage. 0.2 Round. 8.50 .90 2.3 feet for chains No. 2. 0.25 Round. 1.1 .18 0.375 Round, 18. 6.62 0.5 Round. 7.2 4.70 0.625 Round. 4.10 4.18 0.75 Round. 10.86 15.96 0.875 Round. 0.65 1.30 1. Round. 2.58 6.73 1.5 Round. 2.17 12.78 2. Round. 1.46 15.28 Hammered. 0.25 0.25 2.21 .46 0.3 0.3 7.87 2.36 0.75 0.375 1.33 1.25 Hammered. 1.0 0.375 0.23 .29 1.0 0.5 1.5 2.52 1.0 1.0 0.58 1.94 1.25 0.5 2.16 4.53 1.25 0.625 0.84 2.20 Hammered. 1.25 0.75 0.7 2.20 1.375 0.05 3.0 .70 1.375 0.25 0.33 .38 1.5 0.25 3.75 4.72 1.5 0.375 .46 .86 1.5 0.5 1.16 2.92 Hammered. 1.5 0.625 1.66 5.22 Hammered. 1.5 0.75 3.3 12.47 Hammered. 1.5 1.5 .59 4.46 Hammered. 1.75 0.25 .93 1.36 2.0 0.125 .33 .27 2.0 0.75 .93 4.68 2.0 1. .5 3.36 Hammered. 2.0 1.25 .38 3.19 Hammered. 2.5 0.188 1.66 2.60 2.5 0.875 .33 2.42 2.5 1.25 1.5 15.75 f Hammered; or 2 drafts for cap- { squares. 2.5 1.5 1.66 20.91 ( Hammered; Or 2 drafts for trun- ( nion-plates. 2.5 1.75 .5 7.35 Hammered. 2.75 0.5 10.23 47.26 3.25 0.375 0.39 1.23 3.75 0.15 .5 .95 3.75 0.2 .44 1.11 3.75 0.25 0.38 1.19 5. 0.25 .83 3.48 BILLS OF IRON. Bills of Iron for Field Carriages.—Continued. Kind of carriage. Width. Thick¬ ness. Length. Weight. Remarks. 6-pdr. Gun- Carriage. Continued. In. 5.5 In. 0.2 Feet. 1.5 Lbs. 5.53 136.00 28.00 2 drafts for axle-tree. 1 draft for lunette. 404.93 1.0 0.375 0.21 .26 Steel for lunette. 17.00 13.00 jESss-a}-"-- 30.00 8.00 .42 Brass box of elevating-screw. Brass for turnbuckles. 8.42 24-pdr. How¬ itzer. 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.625 0.75 0.875 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.25 0.3 0.75 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.375 1.375 1.5 1.5 1.5 1*5 1.5 Round. Round. Round. Round. Round. Round. Round. Round. Round, Round. Round. 0.25 0.3 0.375 0.375 0.5 1.0 0,5 0.625 0.75 0.05 0.25 0.25 0.5 0.625 0.75 1.5 2.81 9.80 1.08 19.6 7.54 4.50 1.42 0.65 15.83 0.5 3.58 2.21 7.88 1.33 0.23 1.5 0.58 2.16 0.84 0.71 4.0 0.33 4.0 1.08 1.66 0.37 0.59 0.18 1.03 .18 7.21 4.93 4.59 2.08 1.30 41.32 2.94 37.48 .46 2.36 1.25 .29 2.52 1.94 4.53 2.20 2.23 .92 .37 5.04 2.72 5.22 1.39 4.46 For chain No. 1. 2.3 feet for chain No. 2. Hammered. Hammered. Hammered. Hammered. Hammered. Hammered. Hammered. 84 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bills of Iron for Field Carriages.—Continued. Kind of carriage. Width. Thick¬ ness. Length. Weight Remarks. In. In. Feet. Lbs. 24-pdr. Howit¬ zer-Carriage. Continued. 1.75 1.75 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.75 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.25 3.25 3.75 3.75 3.75 5.0 6.0 0.25 0.375 0.125 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.75 1. 0.5 1.25 1.5 0.188 0.375 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.25 0.2 0.93 3.5 0.33 0.92 4.0 0.38 0.5 0.33 11.23 1.84 2.33 2.57 0.30 0.5 0.57 0.38 0.83 1.5 1.36 7.70 .28 4.63 26.88 3.19 7.35 3.04 56.59 23.18 35.22 5.24 1.22 .94 1.43 1.19 3.48 6.04 200. 37. Hammered. Hammered. Hammered. Hammered. Hammered; or 2 drafts for cap- squares. Hammered; or 2 drafts for trun¬ nion-plates. Draft for axle-tree. Draft for lunette. 567.10 1.0 0.375 0.21 0.26 Steel for lunette. 17. 13. 4 small rondelles, "> . . 2 large rondelles, J cast"iron* 30. 8. .42 Brass for box of elevating-screw. Brass for 2 turnbuckles. 8.42 12-pdr. Gun- Carriage. 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.625 0.75 0.875 Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round 2.81 9.80 1.08 19.60 7.54 4.73 1.42 0.65 0.18 1.03 .18 7.21 4.93 4.82 2.08 1.30 For chains No. 1. 2.3 feet for chains No. 2. BILLS OF IRON. 85 Bills of Iron for Field Carriages.—Continued. Kind of carriage Width Thick¬ ness. Length Weight Remarks. In. In. Feet. Lbs. 12-.pdr. Gun- 1.0 Rounc 15.83 41.32 carriage. 1.5 Rounc 0.5 2.94 Continued. 2.0 Rounc 3.58 37.48 Hammered. 0.25 0.25 2.21 .46 0.3 0.3 7.88 2.36 0.75 0.375 1.33 1.25 Hammered. 1.0 0.375 .23 .29 1.0 0.5 1.5 2.52 1.0 1.0 .58 1.04 1.25 0.5 2.16 4.53 1.25 0.625 0.84 2.20 Hammered. 1.25 0.75 0.71 2.23 1.375 0.05 4.00 .92 1.375 0.25 0.33 .37 1.5 0.25 4.00 5.04 1.5 0.5 1.08 2.72 Hammered. 1.5 0.625 1.66 5.22 Hammered. 1.5 0.75 .37 1.39 Hammered. 1.5 1.5 .59 4.46 Hammered. 1.75 0.25 .93 1.36 1.75 0.375 .5 1.10 2.0 0.125 .33 .28 Hammered. 2.0 0.75 0.92 4.63 2.0 1.0 4.00 26.88 Hammered. 2.0 1.25 0.38 3.19 Hammered. 2.5 1.75 0.5 7.35 Hammered. 2.75 1.0 0.33 3.04 3.25 1.25 1.84 25.12 Hammered; or 2 drafts for cap- squares. 3.25 1.5 2.33 38.16 Hammered f or 2 drafts for trun¬ nion-plates. 3.25 0.5 7.23 39.47 3.25 0.188 2.17 4.42 3.25 0.375 0.30 1.22 3.25 0.5 5.00 27.30 3.75 0.15 0.5 .94 3.75 0.2 0.57 1.43 3.75 O.J25 0.38 1.19 5.0 0.25 0.83 3.48 6.5 0.2 1.5 6.54 200. 42. Draft for axle-tree. Draft for lunette. 574.08 1.0 0.375 .21 0.26 Steel for lunette. 86 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bills of Iron for Field Carriages.—Continued. Kind of carriage. Width. Thick¬ ness. length. SVeight|| Remarks. In. In. Feet.* Lbs. 12-pdr. Gun- Carriage. Continued. 17. 13. 4 small rondelles,) 2 large rondelles, j cast~)rou- 30. 8. .42 Brass for box of elevating-screw. Brass for 2 turnbuckles. 8.42 Where No. 1. 0.5 0.25 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.625 2.75 Round 0.25 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.125 0.5 2.93 1.63 0.58 5.83 4.67 1.00 15.00 1.91 0.34 0.97 6.12 5.88 0.68 69.30 In one piece; for tire. 85.20 15.5" Cast-iron for nave-box. Wheel No. 2. 0.5 0.25 1.0 1.25 k5 17625 2.75 Round 0.25 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.125 0.625 3.15 1.63 0.58 6.29 5.33 1.00 15.00 2.06 0.34 0.97 6.60 6.72 0.68 86.55 In one piece; for tire. 103.92 15.5 Cast-iron for nave-box. Limber. 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.5 0.625 0.75 0.875 1.0 1.25 1.625 a.25 Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round 0.25, 2.08 3.67 4.95 1.30 1.80 4.75 0.30 2.69 1.08 0.75 2.3 0.13 .38 .80 .85 1.83 6.98 .60 7.02 4.41 5.18 .48 For chains No. 1. 2.3 feet for chains No. 2. 2.33 feet for chains No. 3. BILLS OF IRON. 87 Bills of Iron for Field Carriages.—Continued. Kind of carriage. Width. Thick¬ ness. Length. Weight Remarks. In. In. Feet. Lbs. Limber. 0.3 0.3 1.19 .35 Continued. 0.5 0.25 0.17 .07 0.5 0.5 0.95 .80 1.0 0.25 0.93 .78 1.0 0.5 3.33 5.59 Hammered. 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.68 Hammered. 1.25 0.25 4.19 £40 Hammered. • 1.25 0.5 2.67 5.60 1.25 0.625 1.15 3.01 1.25 0.75 0.71 2.23 Hammered. 1.25 1.25 1.0 5.25 1.5 0.125 1.0 .63 1.5 0.5 2.17 5.46 Hammered. 1.5 0.625 2.12 6.67 Hammered. 1.5 0.75 .38 1.43 1.75 0.375 1.0 2.20 1.75 0.5 0.5 1.47 2.0 0.125 1.33 1.11 2.5 0.188 0.54 .85 2.5 0.5 3.8.4 16.12 2.75 0.5 0.54 2.49 3.0 0.625 0.5 3.15 3.5 2.5 0.84 24.69 Hammered; middle piece for axle-tree 4.25 0.25 0.75 2.67 120. 2 drafts for axle-tree. 25. Draft for pintle-hook. 272.36 • 1.0 0.375 0.21 0.26 Steel for pintle-hook. Ammunition- 0.375 Round 1.5 0.55 Chest. 0.5 Round 3.16 2.06 0.75 Round 4.13 6.07 1.0 Round 0.25 .65 1.0 0.5 0.08 .13 1.0 1.0 2.00 6.72 1.5 0.375 1.73 3.26 1.5 0.75- 4.58 17.31 1.5 1.0 0.2 1.00 1.5 1.5 1.0 7.56 1.75 0.75 0.33 1.45 15.5 0.1 4.0 20.50 67.26 88 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Sills of Iron for Field Carriages.—Continued. Kind of carriage. Width. Thick¬ ness. Length. Weight. Remarks. In. In. Feet. Lbs. Ammunition- Chest. Continued. 25.0 No. 24. 4. 9.50 Sheet-copper, for cover. 0.21 Brass for turnbuckle. Caisson. 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.875 1.0 1.25 0.25 0.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.125 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.31 2.5 3.0 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.25 5.75 6.00 Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round 0.25 0.3 0.25 0.5 1.0 0.25 0.5 0.625 0.75 0.125 0.25 0.5 0.625 0.75 1.5 0.125 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.5 0.25 1.0 0.25 1.25 0.5 0.5 8.53 4.08 0.71 15.04 0.63 1.02 4.49 2.61 2.92 6.23 1.75 1.5 2.79 0.19 3.18 3.1 0.70 2.0 3.0 0.33 .83 1.33 1.33 1.67 0.75 0.69 7.0 6.46 0.5 3.17 0.84 1.5 0.48 0.5 0.50 6.43 .11 5.53 .41 2.04 11.71 10.67 .61 1.87 1.47 2.52 9.37 .18 6.68 8.12 2.20 1.26 3.78 .83 2.61 5.02 10.05 1.40 2.52 1.33 29.40 32.55 1.47 37.27 2.82 26.77 4.63 5.04 136. For chains No. 1. Hammered. Hammered. Hammered. Hammered. Hammered. Hammered j or 2 drafts for lunette. 2 drafts for axle-tree. 369.17 Forge. 0.15 0.2 Round Round 1.5 3.75 0.09 .38 For chain No. 1. 2.3 feet for chain No. 2. * i bills of iron. Bills of Iron for Field Carriages.—Continued. Kind of carriage. Width. Thick¬ ness. Length. Weight Remarks. In. In. Feet. Lbs. Forge. 0.25 Round 0.57 .93 Con tinned. 0.375 Round 19.48 7.17 0.625 Round 0.24 .24 0.5 Round 3.51 2.29 0.75 Round 4.58 6.73 0.875 Round 0.58 1.16 1.0 Round 1.88 4.90 1.25 Round 3.48 14.23 1.5 Round 0.3 1.76 2.5 Round 0.67 10.96 0.25 0.25 1.32 .28 0.3 0.3 6.23 1.88 0.5 0.25 .17 .07 0.625 0.375 .79 1.89 0.75 0.75 1.0 .63 1.0 0.25 1.25 1.05 1.0 0.375 0.84 1.06 1.0 0.5 2.75 4.62 1.25 0.25 0.5 .52 1.25 0.375 0.88 1.38 1.25 0.5 4.31 9.05 1.25 0.625 1.56 4.08 Hammered. 1.25 0.75 0-7 2.20 1.25 1.0 1.0 4.20 Hammered. 1.25 1.25 0.5 2.62 1.5 0.25 3-17 4.00 Hammered. 1.5 0.375 1.88 3.55 1.5 0.5 5.66 14.26 1.5 0.75 2.42 ' 9.14 Hammered. 1.5 1.0 0.66 3.32 Hammered. 1.625 0.125 1.25 .85 1.75 0.75 0.33 1.45 Hammered. 2.0 0.125 1.17 .98 2.0 0.15 0.84 .84 2.0 0.25 0.67 1.12 2.0 0.5 1.5- 5.04 2.0 1.0 0.83 5.58 Hammered. 2.0 1.375 2.17 20.03 Hammered. 2.25 0.15 0.33 .37 2.5 0.5 7.5 31.50 2.625 0.25 1.0 2.20 3.0 0.625 0.5 3.15 Hammered. 3.5 1.0 3.17 37.27 Hammered j or 3 drafts for lunette. 4.0 0.25 0.84 2.82 10. * No. 12. 3.4 12.5 Sheet-iron. 90 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bills of Iron for Field Carriages.—Continued. Kind of carriage. Width. Thick¬ ness. jength. W eight Remarks. In. In. Feet. Lbs. Forge. • Continued. 13.25 27. 28. No. 11 No. 8 No. 24 2.58 7.5 5. 14.25 122.00 11.85 136. Sheet-iron. Sheet-iron. Russia sheet-iron. 2 drafts for axle-tree. 530.44 0.75 1.0 0.5 0.25 0.67 0.33 0.84 .27 Cast-steel. Spring-steel. 36.5 Cast-iron air-baek. 6. Brass for windpipe. 22.5 18.5 20. No. 24 No. 24 No. 18 7.33 3.04 0.50 15.75 5.25 1.90 Sheet-copper; in 2 sheets 44 inches long. Sheet-copper. Sheet-copper. 22.90 Battery- Wagon. 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.625 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5 0.25 0.3 0.75 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.125 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round 0.25 0.3 0.375 0.125 0.25 0.375 0.5 1.0 0.25 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.625 0.75 0.25 0.375 0.5 26.08 20.3 6.92 1.92 6.22 I.38 2.60 3.11 0.44 6.23 1.38 6.25 8.41 5.92 1.5 2.84 1.12 0.38 1.71 2.18 0.73 0.71 II.25 1.5 0.33 4.25 7.47 4.52 1.95 9.14 3.60 10.63 18.31 .09 1.88 1.29 2.62 7.06 7.46 2.52 9.54 2.11 .40 2.68 4.58 1.91 2.23 14.17 2.83 .83 24.7 feet for chains No. 4. Hammered. Hammered. Hammered. BILLS OF IRON. 91 Bills of Iron for Field Carriages.—Continued. Kind of carriage. Width. Thick¬ ness. Length. Weight Remarks. In. In. Feet. Lbs. Battery- Wagon. Continued. 1.5 1.5 1.625 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.5 3.75 4.0 5.25 5.5 0.75 1.0 0.5 0.125 0.75 0.188 0.5 1.0 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.375 2.47 0.93 16.67 0.83 0.5 1.67 5.33 3.17 8.48 0.83 0.65 1.66 9.32 4.18 45.50 .70 2.52 2.62 22.38 37.27 16.02 2.79 2.87 11.50 136.00 Hammered. Hammered; or 2 drafts for lunette. 2 drafts for axle-tree. 417.74 0.21 Cast-brass for turnbuckle. In. In. In. Lbs. Mountain Howitzer- Carriage. 0.15 .25 .3 .375 .625 .75 .875 1.75 0.75 1. 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.5 2. 2. 2. 2. 2.25 Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round 0.375 0.5 0.125 0.2 0.25 0.625 0.75 0.75 0.25 0.375 0.5 1.25 1. 25. 54. 18. 44. 11. 84. 7. 11. 1.5 16. 2.5 34. 3. 1.25 16. 11. 15. 8. 36. 5. 42. 0.13 0.73 0.36 1.35 0.94 10.30 1.16 7.34 0.12 2.24 0.11 2.38 0.26 0.27 4.20 3.47 2.10 1.68 10.08 3.50 26.46 Cap-square and key-chains No. 1. Rivets No. 2, nails No. 1, and staples. Nails No. 2. Handspike-staple, bolts No. 1, and rivets No. 3. Implement-hooks, and holt No. 3. Bolts No. 4- Eye-pins No. 1. Elevating-screw. Nuts No. 1. Handspike-strap and'linchpins. Washers No. 1. Axle-bands. Cap-square keys. Nut No. 3. Heads of key and chin-bolts. Nuts No. 4. Ferrules for axle-tree. Washer-hooks. Understraps. Handles for elevating-screw. Trunnion-plates and cap-squares. 92 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bills of Iron for Field Carriages.—Continued. Kind of carriage. Width. Thick¬ ness. Length. Weight Remarks. In. In. In. Lbs. Mountain Howitzer- Carriage. Continued. 2.5 2.5 4. 4. 4. 0.188 1. 0.2 0.375 0.5 10. 4. 12.5 38. 18. 1.31 2.80 2.80 15.96 10.08 Washers No. 4. Knee of lunette. Trail-plate. Axle-skean. Lunette. 112.13 Two wheels. 3.0 Box for elevating-screw. Band-nails No. 1. Tire-bolts No. 1. Brow-bands. Nuts No. 1. End bands- Washers No. 1. Tires. 0.25 0.375 0.75 0.75 1. 1.25 2.00 Round Round 0.125 0.375 0.2 0.125 0.375 48. 42. 96. 10. 82. 15. 240. 0.65 1.29 2.50 0.78 4.59 0.65 50.40 60.86 Thill. 0.15* , 0.25 0.375 ' 0.5 0.75 1. 2.75 Round Round Round Round Round 0.5 0.25 12. 12. 26. 7. 4. 48. 30. 10.0 0.06 0.16 0.80 0.38 0.49 6.72 5.78 Nave-boxes. Key-chain No. 1. Rivets No. 2. Staples. Bolts No. 2. Key. Supporting-bar. Cross-bar plate. 14.39 Ammunition- chest, 0.25 1. 1. 1.- 1.5 2.4 Round 0.375 0.5 0.625 0.1 ' No. 18, 43. 38. 4. 3.5 3.5 40. 0.60 4.00 0.56 0.61 0.15 1.35 Chains, and rivets No. 2. Hinges and hasp-strap. Bridles and brace. Hasp. Turnhu ek le-plate. Corner plates. 7.27 Pack-saddle. 0.25* 0.375 0.75 1.25 Round Round 0.375 0.2 12. 37. 1.25 36. 0.10 0.16 1.13 0.10 2.52 Turnbuckle. Staples and rivets. Bolts. Nuts. Arc-plates. 3.91 Wid I 0. 0. 0. 0. 0- 0. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 3. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1, 1, 1, 2 2 2 2 2, 3, 3, 3. 3. 3. 3. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 5. BILLS OP IRON. 93 Bills of Iron for Siege Gun-Carriages. 12-pounder. 18-pounder. 24-pounder. Feet- Lbs. Feet. Lbs. Feet. Lbs. 2.29 0.24 2.29 0.24 2.29 0.24 5.17 .84 5.17 .84 5.17 .84 9.03 3.32 9.03 3.32 9.03 3.32 .62 .40 .62 .40 .62 .40 13.05 13.31 13.05 13.31 13.05 13.31 7.40 10.88 7.46 10.96 7.52 11.05 3. 7.83 3. 7.83 3. 7.83 2.17 7.18 2.17 7-18 2.17 7.18 18.57 75.95 17.12 70.01 18.11 74.07 2.18 12.84 4.64 27.33 4.91 28.92 .5 5.23 .5 5.23 .5 5.23 1.58 23.32 1.58 23.32 1.58 23.32 2.04 33.37 2.04 33.37 2.04 33.37 .33 7.77 .33 7.77 .33 7.77 1.33 .28 1.33 .28 1.33 .28 3.17 .95 3.17 .95 3.17 .95 8.75 4.11 8.75 4.11 F.75 4.11 .38 .64 .38 .64 .38 .64 .21 .55 .21 .55 .21 .55 1.67 8.77 1.71 8.97 1.73 9.08 .5 .31 .5 .31 .5 .31 5.0 9.45 5.0 9.45 5.0 9.45 2.42 7.62 2.42 7.62 2.42 7.62 1.71 6.46 1.71 6.46 1.71 6.46 .58 1.70 .58 1.70 .58 1.70 .58 2.92 .58 2.92 .58 2.92 .67 4.50 .67 4.50 .67 4.50 1.67 2.62 1.67 2.62 1.67 2.62 5.33 55.95 4.42 46.41 4.42 46.41 .93 12.89 .93 12.89 .93 5.86 .93 5.86 .93 5.86 .58 1.70 .58 1,70 .58 1.70 .58 2.56 .58 2.56 .58 2.56 .96 7.04 .96 7.04 .96 7.04 .29 6.82 .29 6.82 .29 6.82 .38 9.57 .38 9.57 .38 9.57 4.33 14.54 4.33 14.54 4.33 14.54 1.23 8.26 1.23 8.26 1.23 8.26 R Q A. 53.25 61 69 RIO 0'J.h 7.00 61.76 6.26 67.04 .40 1.60 ^40 1.60 .40 1.60 3.38 33.70 6.26 .42 74.92 4.41 .42 4.41 .42 4.41 Remarks. For chains No. 2. 3 feet 6 inches for chains No. 3. Hammered. Hammered. Hammered. In one piece. In one piece. In one piece. In one piece. In one piece. In one piece. In one piece. 94 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bills of Iron for Siege Gun-Carriages.—Continued. Width. Thick¬ ness. 12-pounder. j 18-pounder. 24-pounder. Remarks. III. fn. Feet. Lbs. Feet. Lbs. Feet. Lbs. 5.75 6.5 9.0 5.75 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.375 .75 1.08 3.25 0.79 7.24 5.89 49.14 .75 1.08 3.25 0.79 7.24 5.89 49.14 .75 1.08 3.25 0.79 7.24 5.89 49.14 In one piece. Steel for shoe. 26.3 29.2 17.7 222. 16.5 21.5 36.14 20.45 252. 16.5 21.5 2 trunnion-plates. 2 cap-squares. 1 axle-tree. 1 lunette. 16. 222. Drafts 16.5 21.5 793.71 817.4 839.72 f 43.5 43.5 52.5 43.5 52.5 2 rondelles. 4 rondelles. 1 52.5 Cast-iron., t 96. 96. 96. 15.37 15.37 15.37 Box for screw. Bill of Iron for one Siege Carriage Wheel. Width. Thickness. Length. Weight. Remarks. In. In. Feet. Lbs. 0.75 Round 4.33 6.36 0.25 0.25 2.12 .44 1.5 0.375 7.66 14.48 1.5 0.75 .87 3.29 1.75 0.375 6.08 13.37 2.5 0.188 1.46 2.29 4. 0.75 15.5 156.24 Tire; in one piece. 196.47 Cast-brass 24. Nave-box. bills op Iron. 95 Bill of Iron for one Siege Carriage Limber. Width. Thickness. Length. Weight. Remarks. In. In. Feet. Lbs. 0.25 Round 2.92 0.47 0.5 Round 14.83 9.70 0.75 Round 15.58 22.90 1.0 Round 1.5 3.91 1.25 Round 2.71 11.08 0.3 0.3 1.04 .31 0.375 0.375 1.83 -.86 1.0 0.5 .17 .28 1.125 0.25 .09 . .08 1.5 0.5 0.5 1.26 1.5 0.625 2.42 7.62 1.5 0.75 3.21 12.13 1.75 0.5 1.33 3.91 2. 0.2 .83 1.11 2. 0.5 1.33 4.46 2.5 0.188 3.33 5.23 2.5 0.5 .83 3.48 Hammered. 2.5 0.625 6.08 31.92 Hammered. 2.5 ' 1.25 .21 2.20 2.5 2.5 .96 20.16 Hammered. 2.75 0.625 5.33 30.75 3.0 , 0.625 3. 18.90 3.5 0.625 .96 7.05 Hammered. 4.0 0.75 4. 40.32 5.5 1. .83 15.34 222.00 Draft for axle-tree. 36.50 Draft for pintle-plate. 513.93 96 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bill of Iron for one Mortar- Wagon. Width. Thickness. Length. Weight. , Remarks. In. In. Feet. Lbs. 0.25 Round 0.42 0.06 0.375 Round 8.79 3.23 0.5 Round .62 .40 0.625 Round 17.46 17.81 0.75 Round 17.87 26.27 1. Round 2.92 7.62 1.25 Round .83 3.39 1.5 Round 2.75 16.20 1.625 Round 1.08 7.46 0.25 0.25 8.03 1.68 0.3 0.3 8.40 2.53' 0.375 0.375 3.32 1.56 1. 0.25 .42 .35 1. 0.5 .37 .62 1.25 0.2 2.89 2.43 1.25 0.625 1.67 4.37 1.5 0.375 1.08 2.04 1.5 0.5 .58 1.46 1.5 0.625 2.42 7.62 1.5 0.75 4.21 15.91 2. 0.125 2. 1.68 2. 0.75 .58 2.92 2. 2. .50 6.72 2.5 0.188 3.12 4.90 2.5 0.375 6. 18.90 2.5 0.5 1.67 7.01 2.5 0.625 .50 . 2-62 Hammered. 2.75 0.5 5.17 23.88 3. 1.5 - .29 4.38 3.375 0.5 7.33 41.56 3.5 0.625 .92 6.56 3.75 0.75 3.21 30.33 4. 0.75 .42 4.23 5. 0.3 .92 4.63 5.5 0.3 3.58 19.83 6. 0.3 1. 6.04 6. 0.75 .75 11.34 6.5 0.25 1.08 5.89 6.5 0.3 .60 . 3.93 8. 0.5 .80 10.75 222.00 21.50 Draft for axle-tree. Draft for shoe. 584.61 5.75 0.375 0.79 5.72 Steel for shoe. 3.5 Brass for two journal-boxes. BILLS OP IRON. Bills of Iron for one 8-inch Barbette Carriage. 97 TOP CARRIAGE. No.of pieces. NAMES OF PARTS. Cheek-plates (see drawings). Front braces Middle do Rear do Sub-braces, angle-iron ( ^ront ' ° (rear . Ends for rear brace Diagonal braces Shoes shapes, or j Fulcrum for handspike Transoms Brace-transoms j Rear transoms (5-in. trough-beams).. Rear transom ends Trunnion-plates Axle, hammered shapes, or Axle-stops Linchpins Axle-boxes (brass : see drawing) Axle-box washers (cast-iron: see draw¬ ing) Arc-supports Elevating-arc (brass) " bed (cast-iron) . " screw, stem .... ("body Pawl.. < collar and handle (.Pin Pawl-port (cast-iron) Elevating-screw box Ibrass) " " arbor Arbor-box (brass) " handle Wheel and pinion (brass). Bolts for axle-box sub-brace and shoe Dimensions of each piece In. In. In. 74.0 37.5 .4 38.8 6.0 2.75 39.75 6.0 2.75 65.25 6.0 2.75 20.0 3.25 2.75 42.8 3.25 2.75 6.0 3.0 0.5 48.5 3.5 .5 3-2.0 3.5 2.25 47.0 3.25 1.0 6.0 2.5 1.5 38.0 4.5 ' .75 40.0 4.5 .75 10.0 5.5 .75 29.5 6.5 5.0 6.0 3.25 1.5 34.0 3.25 .75 38.0 3.125 Round 4.25 1.0 Round 3.5 1.25 .5 6.0 1.75 1.375 30. .2 12.0 2.625 Round 10.0 3.0 2.5 10.0 1.25 Round 4.5 .75 Round 18.0 1.5 Round 6.0 2.5 .875 24.0 ,76 Round 4.0 .75 Round •3.5 .875 Round 2.5 .75 Round 1.75 .875 Round Total length. Feet. Total weight. ■24. 1.0 1.0 .83 .83 .37 1.5 0.5 2.0 2.66 1.25 10.46 93.26 1.0 5.04 8.01 47.09 5.33 138.85 7.83 85.40 0.5 6.30 6.33 71.78 6.66 75.52 1.66 23.00 4.91 158.71 1.0 16.38 5.66 46.35 3.16 80 77 .70 1.83 .59 1.24 7 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bills of Iron for one S-inch Barbette Carriage.—Continued. TOP CARRIAGE. NO. of pieces. 2 2 4 16 26 1 4 2 2 2 2 2 75 3 2 NAMES OF PARTS. Bolts for diagonal brace and shoe ... front brace and shoe, rear brace and shoe . trunnion-plates transoms brace and cheek-plates .., diagonal brace elevating-bed elevating-screw box arbor-box arc-supports Rivets for arc-supports " fulcrum Nuts (hexagonal, ,75-in.) " (hexagonal, .375) Truck wheels (cast-iron) 12-in. dia. .. Dimensions of each piece. In. In. In. 3.0 .75 Round 2.0 .875 Round 2.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 .75 Round 1.75 .875 Round 2.25 1.5 1.5 2.75 1.5 1.5 2.25 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.25 1.5 1.5 2.75 1.5 1.5 2.5 .375 Round 3.5 .5 Round 3.5 .5 Round 1.5 .625 Round 1.5 1.5 .75 .75 .75 .375 1.0 .42 .42 .75 3.66 4.87 .16 .75 .46 .41 0.59 .58 .25 8.1 .25 Cast-iron . Cast-brass Total weight. 1.47 3.17 6.07 5.67 27.67 36.82 1.21 5.67 3.48 0.15 .38 .38 .25 30.62 .23 1941.03 BILLS OF. IRON. 99 Bills of Iron for one 8-inch Barbette Carriage. CHASSIS, CENTRE-PINTLE. 16 32 6 NAMES OF PARTS. Rails (9-incli I-beams). Hurter-bar- Counter-hurters rivets. Transoms Middle transom Bolsters (2 pieces) Diagonal braces Forks for front traverse - wheels (shapes) or Forks for rear traverse-wheels (shapes) Bolts for transoms " diagonal brace . middle transom front traverse-wheels . rear traverse-wheels .. traverse-forks hooks for handspikes. Nuts (hexagonal, .75-in.) " for fork-bolts Front traverse-wheels (cast-iron). Rear traverse-wheels (cast-iron).. Manoeuvring-bars Elevating-bar. Pair wrenches. Amount. Dimensions of each piece In. 171. 36.0 7.0 3.0 40.0 43.25 1S.0 52.0 46.0 54.0 2.75 3.25 2.5 2.0 6.5 6.5 3.0 4.0 4.0 2.0 1.5 2.75 4.6 9.0 42.9 9.0 21.0 18.0 In. 5.375 6.0 5.25 .875 or .75 5.5 18.0 15.5 14.6 4.0 5.5 5.5 1.5 .75 1.5 .75 2.75 2.5 1.5 1.25 1.75 .75 1.5 2.25 1.5 3.25 1.5 2.5 2.25 1.0 In. 9.0 1.0 1.0 Round .75 0.5 0.5 .625 1.25 1.25 1.5 Round 1.5 Round Round Round 1.5 Round 0.5 Round .75 .75 Round 1.25 Round 1.0 1.0 Round Total length. Total weight. Feet. Lbs. 28.5 1412.00 3.00 60.48 1.16 20.46 2.0 4.00 13.33 184.75 3.60 108.86 6.0 151.20 17.33 145.57 7.66 176.95 9.0 207.90 3.66 27.67 2.16 3.17 1.66 12.55 2.66 3.91 1.08 21.37 1.08 17.67 8.0 60.48 2.0 8.18 10.75 40.63 .91 5.15 7.66 45.12 1.5 20.47 3.5 20.61 .75 6.3 .17 13.23 1.5 3.91 2722.59 100 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bills of Iron for one 8-inch Barbette Carriage. CHASSIS, FRONT-PINTLE. No. of pieces. 10 -4 6 4 16 2 4 16 4 78 2 2 NAMES OE PARTS. Rails (15-inch I-beams). Hurter-bar Counter-hurters rivets Front transom " " collar " " bolsters (cast-iron).... Transoms Diagonal braces—one 58 in., the other 64 in. long Traverse-wheel forks (shapes) ... /.or Side steps Rear steps. Bolts for transoms " " hook-heads " front transoms .... " " " and diagonal brace " diagonal brace " hurter-bar "• traverse-forks " traverse-wheels ........ " steps " front transom and rails. Hooks for handspikes Nuts (hexagonal) Nuts for traverse-wheel bolts . Traverse-wheels (cast-iron).. Manceuvring-bars Elevating-bar Pair wrenches—1 single, 14 in. long; 1 double, 18 in Amount Dimensions of each piece. In. 171.0 36.0 7-0 3.0 or 3.0 36.6 7.0_ 40.0 61.0 48.0 27.0 10.5 43.0 27.0 16.0 2.75 4.75 3.0 3.5 3.25 2.75 3.0 3.0 5.5 2.5 2.5 4.0 4.0 2.0 1.5 2.75 46.0 9.0 42.0 9.0 21.0 18.0 In. 5.375 6.0 5.25 0.875 • 75 18.0 7.0 5.5 5.5 5.5 1.5 6.0 2.0 2.0 3.5 1.5 1.25 1.5 .75 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 1.5 1.25 1.25 1.75 .75 1.5 2.25 1.5 3.25 1.5 2.5 2.25 1.0 In. 9. 1.0 1.0 )R.ound Round 0.5 • 75 .75 .75 1.5 .75 .25 .75 .75 .25 1.5 Round 1.5 Round 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Round 1.5 1.25 Round 0.5 Round .75 .75 Round 1.25 Round 1.0 1.0 Round Total length. Feet. 28.5 3.0 1.16 2.0 3.05 1.58 : 10.0 . 10.16 8.0 4.5 1.75 7.16 4.5 2.66 2.3 0.8 1.5 1.75 0.54 1.37 1.0 4.0 0.92 0.83 3.33 1.33 Lbs. 1911.78 60.48 20.46 4.00 92.23 27.87 138.60 140.82 221.76 17.01 22.68 7.42 17.39 436 11.34 2.57 4.08 10.36 7.56 > 30.24 15.05 6.27 17.48 5.44 9.5 35.91 0.46 2.60 7.66 45.12 1.5 20.47 3.5 20.61 .75 6.3 1.75 13.23 1.5 3.91 2989.31 BILLS or IRON. Bill of Iron for one 10-inch, Barbette Carriage. 101 TOP CARRIAGE. No. of pieces. NAMES OF PARTS. | rear. Cheek-plates (see drawings)-.. Front braces Middle braces Rear braces Sub " (ang. irob). ^ ^ron^ Ends for rear brace Diagonal braces Shoes (shapes) or j Fulcrum for handspike Transoms Brace transoms -! Rear transoms, 5-in. trough-beams... Rear transom ends Trunnion-plates Axle, hammered (shapes) or Dimensions of each piece, In. 74.0 41.25 39.25 65.0 21.0 41.75 6.0 54.75 16.0 69.0 6.0 44.0 40.75 10.0 35.5 6.0 33.0 44.0 In. 39.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 3.25 3.25 3.0 3.5 3.75 4.25 2.5 4.5 4.5 5.5 6.0 3.25 3.25 3.125 In. .4 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 .5 .5 2.25 1.0 1.5 .75 .75 .75 2.75 .5 .75 Round Total length. Total weight. 472.00 24.25 436.50 10.46 93.26 1.0 5.04 9.12 53.62 2.66 75.41 11.5 164.22 .5 6.30 7.33 82.97 6.8 76.97 1.66 22.01 5.91 191.70 1.0 16.38 5.5 45.04 3.66 93.55 The remainder of the bill the same as for the 8-inch columbiad. CHASSIS. The same as 8-inch, except as follows : The length of the hurter-bar is 43.25 in.; of the 4 transoms, 46.00 in. 42-pounder Barbette Carriage. The same as the 8-inch, with the addition of 2 pieces, 12 in. long, 4.875 wide, .5 in. thick; omit one piece of the rear transom of top carriage. 32-pounder Barbette Carriage. The same as the 8-inch, except as follows: TOP CARRIAGE. The length of the 2 trdnsoms is 33 inches; of the rear transom, 24.5 inches (omit one piece); of the axle, 33 inches. CHASSIS. The length of the hurter-bar is 31 inches; of the front transom, 31.6 inches ; of the 3 transoms, 35 inches. 24-pounder Barbette Carriage. Add to the bill of iron for a 32-pbunder, 2 pieces, 12 inches long, 3.25 inches ividc, 1.25 inches thick. 102 ORDNANCE MANUAL Bills of Iron for one %-inch Casemate Carriage. TOP CARRIAGE. Dimensions of each piece. Total Total length. weight. NAMES OF PARTS. In. In. In. Feet. Lbs. 64.0 32.0 0.4 363.00 33.5 6.0 2.75 ) 32.5 6.0 2.75 V 20.12 362.25 54.75 6. 2.75 j 16.5 3.25 2.75 | 8.S3 78.76 36.5 3.25 2.75 6.0 3.0 0.5 1.0 5.04 42.0 3.5 0.5 7.0 41.16 32.0 3.5 2.25 5.33 130.03 38.0 3.25 1.0 6.33 69.12 6.0 2.5 1.5 .5 6.30 38.0 4.5 .75 6.33 71.65 38.0 4.5 .75 6.33 71.65 10.0 5.5 .75 0.83 11.50 30.5 6.0 5.0 2.54 82.35 6.0 3.25 1.5 1.0 16.38 34.0 3.25 .75 5.66 46.35 38.0 3.125 Round 3.16 80.77 4.25 1.0 Round 0.71 1.83 3.5 1.25 .5 0.58 1.24 6.0 1.75 .375 1.0 2.20 30.0 .... .2 13.0 2.375 Rounc 1.08 15.54 Total.. 1585.70 Cast-iron. 1 Cast-brass| beams. 2 Cheek-plates . 2 'Front braces, 2 ! Middle braces, 2 I Rear braces, 2 ; Sub-braces (angle-iron).. 2 [Ends for rear brace 2 [Diagonal braces f front... { rear 2 ; Shoes shapes, or [Fulcrum for handspike. I Transoms 1 2 2 [Brace transoms 1 '[Rear transom (5-in. trough-beam)-. 2 1" " ends 2 I Trunnion-plates 1 Axle (hammered) shapes, i 2 I " stops 2 (Linchpins..... 2 (Axle-boxes (brass: see drawing). 2 ( " washers (cast-iron) .. 2 ! Arc-supports 1 (Elevating-arc (brass) 1 ! " screw 1 j " " box (brass) The rest of the bill is the same as for the 8-ineh barbette, omitting 4 transom- bolts, 4 elevating-bed bolts, and 8 nuts. 42-pdr Casemate Carriage. The same as the 8-inch, with the addition of 2 pieces, 12 inches long, 4.875 wide, and 0.5 thick. 32-pdr. Casemate Carriage. The same as the 8-inch, except the lengths of the following pieces: TOP CARRIAGE. 2 transoms, 33 inches; 1 rear transom, 25«5 inches; 1 axle, 33.0 inches. BILLS OF IRON. Bills of Iron for one 8-inch Casemate Carriage. 108 m o © O ® NAMES OF PARTS. Dimensions of each piece. Total length. Total weight. 55 a. In. | In. In. Feet. Lbs. l 12 8 4 4 4 28 4 Rails 9-inch H beams. Hurter-bar Counter-hurters " " • rivets. Front transom .. j, Transoms Diagonal braces Front traverse-wheel forks, shapes.. or Rear traverse-wheel forks, shapes.. or Tongue shape, or Bolts for transoms " " front transom " " diagonal brace " " hurter-bar " " tongue and transom " " traverse-fork " " traverse-wheel Hooks for handspikes Nuts (hexagonal) Nuts for traverse-wheel holts Front traverse-wheels (cast-iron) .. Rear traverse-wheels (cast-iron) .. Manceuvring-hars j Pair wrenches 1 162.0 36.0 7.0 3.0 3.0 36.0 40.0 57.0 11.5 16.0 38.0 65.0 2.75 3.25 2.5 3.0 3.25 3.0 5.5 4.0 4.0 2.0 1.5 2.75 46.0 9.0 21.0 18.0 5.375 4.0 5.25 .875 .75 6.0 5.5 4.0 5.5 5.5 5.5 6.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 1.25 1.75 .75 1.5 2.25 1.5 3.25 2.25 1.0 1.0 1.0 Round Round 1.0 .75 .625 1.5 1.25 1.25 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Round Round .75 .75 .5 Round Round 1.25 1.0 Round 27.0 3.0 1.16 2.0 3.0 10.0 9.5 .1.91 2.66 6.33 5.41 2.75 2.16 .83 1.0 1.08 7.0 1.83 2.66 8.5 0.46 7.66 1.5 1.75 1.5 1338.00 13.44 20.46 4.00 20.16 138.60 79.80 52.94 61.45 145.22 118.15 20.79 16.33 6.27 7.56 8.16 52.92 29.94 10.88 32.13 2.60 45.12 20.47 13.23 3.91 Amount, 2262.53 32-pdr. Casemate Carriage. The same as the 8-inch, except the lengths of the following pieces: CHASSIS. 1 hurter-bar, 31 inches; 1 front transom, 31 inches; 3 transoms, 35 inches. 24-pdr. Casemate Carriage. The same as the 32-pdr., with the addition of 2 pieces, 12 inches long, 3.25 wide, 1.25 thick. 104 ordnance manual. Chapter Fourth. MACHINES, ETC., FOR SIEGE AND GARRISON SERVICE. Field and Siege Gin. (Plate 16.) Wood.—2 legs; 1 pry-pole; 3 braces; 6 assembling-pins; 1 windlass; 5 hand¬ spikes. Iron.—6 rivets and burrs No. 2 B, for the tenons of the braces. 1 tongue, fastened to the head of the left leg by 3 rivets. 2 head-straps, fastened oyer the head of the legs by 4 rivets No. 3, 8 screws 2-inch No. 14. 1 assembling-bolt No. 4 A, for the head of the legs; 2 washers, fastened on the outside; that on the left leg by the tongue-rivets; that on the right by 2 screws 11- inch No. 14. 2 sheaves (cast-brass); 1 sheave-bolt; 1 key ; 2 oval washers, fastened to the legs by 4 screws 11-inch No. 14. 1 key-bolt for pry-pole; 1 chain, 8 links No. 2; 2 rings No. 2 A. 1 eye-pin No. 2, screwed in the right side of the right leg. 2 journal-boxes (brass); 4 bolts No. 4 A; 2 scretcs 21 inches; 2 pawls, held by the upper journal-box bolt; 4 washers ; 4 nuts. 2 gudgeons, let in the ends of the windlass, fastened by 2 iron pins. 2 bands for windlass, fastened by 6 screws. 2 hand,spike-sockets (brass); 2 pawls ; 2 springs, held in place by 2 plates fastened to the socket by 6 screws. The socket turns freely on the gudgeons. 2 ratchet-wheels, fastened to the gudgeons by 2 keys. 2 bands for the foot of the legs; 4 nails No. 1 C. 3 bands for the pry-pole—1 on the foot, 2 on the head; 6 nails No. 1 C. 3 points, driven into the lower ends of the legs and pry-pole. 1 handle for the pry-pole; 2 washers, let in and held by 6 screws 11 inches No. 14. 1 tongue for the pry-pole, fixed in the head by 2 rivets and burrs No. 3 B. i Single Pulley and Block. 1 sheave; 2 straps; 1 cross-head; 1 hook, connected by 2 bolts No. 4 A, and 1 bolt No. 5 A; 3 nuts. SLING-CART. 105 Garrison Gin. Wood.—2 legs; 1 pry-pole; 11 cleats for pry-pole, fastened by 22 nails No. 2 C ; 1 windlass. Iron.—6 bands, one for each end of the legs and pry-pole, fastened by 18 nails No. 3 C. 2 braces, fastened to the legs by 4 bolts No. 5, and 4 keys ; 8 washers, fastened to the legs by 32 nails ; 4 key-chains, each of 4 links No. 1, and 2 rings No. IB. 4 eye-pins No. 1, screwed into the legs above the bolt-holes. 1 clevis ; 1 clevis-bolt No. 10, fastened to the head of the pry-pole by 1 iron pin ; 2 keys; 2 chains; 12 links No. 1, and 2 rings No. 1 B each; 2 eye-pins No. 1. '2 journal-boxes (brass), let into the legs and fastened by 2 bolts No. 4 A, and 2 bolts No. 4J A; 4 washers; 4 nuts; 4 screws 2J inches. 2 pawls, held by the upper journal-box bolts. 2 gudgeons, let into the ends of the windlass ; 2 iron pins. 2 bands for windlass ; 6 screws. 2 handspike-sockets. ) ~ r ' f- Same as those for the field gin. 2 ratchet-wheels, i 3 points, driven into the lower ends of the legs and pry-pole. 1 handle for the pry-pole; 2 washers, let in the pry-pole and held by 8 screws 1J- inch No. 14. Pulley-Blocks. They are made with one, two, three, or four sheaves. Ikon.—2 straps ; the ends are bent over the cross-heads.- 2 cross-heads; 2 eyes, riveted in the cross-heads : the ends of the cross-heads are cut with a serew-.thread; 4 nuts. 1 hook, welded into the eye of one of the cross-heads. The partition has two .tenons on each end, which are let into the cross-heads. The sheaves, of cast-brass. 1 sheave-bolt No. 5 A; 1 nut. . Casemate Gin. (Plate 17.) It is made like the garrison gin, differing from it only in the dimensions of some parts. The pry-pole has but 6 cleats for steps. The handspike-socket, ratchet- wheel, pawl-bolt, and pry-pole handle are the same as those of the garrison gin. Sling-Cart. (Plate 18.) Wood.—1 axle-tree; 1 bolster ; 1 pole ; 2 hounds; 1 pole-prop. Iron.—1 lower axle-skean ; 2 upper axle-skeans, let into the axle-tree and axle- sirms, and fastened by 6 rivets No. 3, and 2 bands on the ends of the axle-arms. 2 washer-plates for axle-hooks, let into the rear of the axle-tree, and fastened by 8 106 ORDNANCE MANUAL. nails No. 3 C, 2£ inches; 2 axle-hooks pass through the axle-tree from the rear; 2 nuts; 2 washers. 2 washer-plates for bolster-hooks, let into the front of the bolster and fastened by 8 nails No. 3 C, 2 inches; 2 holster-hooks* pass through the holster from the front: 2 nuts and 2 washers. 2 stirrups, let in the bolster and axle-tree, which they hold together by 2 bridles and 4 nuts No. 4. 1 bed-plate for the screw (cast-iron), let into the top of the bolster and held by 2 bolts-No. 4 C; 2 nuts. 1 hoisting-screw : the lower end is square, and has 2 hooks. 1 nut for the screw (brass), round, with 2 square feathers on opposite sides. 1 handle for the screw, fits on the nut, and has 2 round branches. 2 rivets and burrs No. 3 B, for the small end of the pole. 1 pole-strap, fastened to the end of the pole by 12 nails No. 3 C, 2 inches, and 3 bolts No, 2 A; 3 nuts. The strap forms an eye for attaching the pole to a limber. 2 bolts No. 5 B, for connecting the hounds with the bolster and axle-tree; 2 nuts. 3 bands for the hounds and pole, fastened by 18 nails No. 3 C, 2£ inches. 2 bolts No. 4 A, for the hounds and pole; 4 washers; 2 nuts. 1 pole-staple passes through the pole from the under side, and is held by 2 nuts No. 7; 2 washers ; and, at its middle, by 1 eye-bolt No. 4; 1 nut. 1 cascable-chain ; 16 links No. 5; 1 ring ; 1 hook: the ring traverses on the bar of pole-staple. 1 eye-pin for pole-prop socket, passes through the pole from the under side, and held by 1 ioasher and 1 nut No. 3; 1 pole-prop socket; 1 ferrule, fastened to the prop by 2 rivets No. 2. 1 pole-prop chain ; 16 links No. 1; 1 ring No. 1 A; 1 toggle ; 1 eye-pin No. 1, screwed into the pole. 2 shoulder-washers for axle-tree. 2 linch-ioashers, with drag-hooks. 2 linchpins. \ sling-chain ; 2 trunnion-chains. Sling-Cart Wheel. (Plate 18.) Wood.—1 nave ; 16 spokes ; 8 fellies ; 8 dowels. Iron.—4 nave-bands, fastened by 12 nails No. 3 C, 2 inches long. 1 tire, made in one hoop ; 8 tire-bolts No. 4 C; 8 washers ; 8 nuts. 2 nave-boxes (cast-iron). The sling-cart is capable of transporting a 10-inch columbiad. It is used with a field limber. * The axle and bolster-hooks serve for fastening the lashing-chains or ropes to relieve the strain on the screw when the weight is slung. HAND SLING-CART. 107 Trunnion-Chains. (Plate 18.) The trunnion-chains arc three in number, for light or heavy weights. They are made of the patent looped-link chain. A pair is required to carry a gun. One is passed under each trunnion and hooked on the head of the screw of the sling-cart, No. I. Composed of 1 chain 59 inches long, the ends joined by 1 ring. No. 2. Composed of 2 chains, each 59 inches long, the ends joined by 1 ring. No. 3. Composed of 2 chains, each 47 inches long, the ends joined by 1 ring, having 3 branches: two for the ends of the chains composing the pair, and the third for the hook of the screw. Thickness of the iron composing the link, .5 inch. Length of iron for the connecting-ring, 23 inches for No. 1, 24 inches for Nos. 2 and 3. Size of iron for connecting-ring, 1.375 inch, round. Weights.—No. 1, 27 lbs.; No. 2, 53 lbs.,- No. 3, 61 lbs. Sling-Chain. The sling-chain is composed of 69 links, 1 ring at one end, and 1 hook at the other. The links are made of .75-inch round iron, and are 5 inches long. The ring is of 1-inch iron, and 6 inches diameter (exterior). Whole length of chain, 256.25 inches. Hand Sling-Cart. This cart is convenient for the transportation of light weights to short distances. It'should not be used habitually for weights of more than 4,000 lbs.; but a 24-pdr. or 32-pdr. gun may occasionally be transported a short distance. It is made entirely of iron, except the pole, which is of oak. bod v. 1 axle-tree; 1 upper pole-strap, welded to the middle of the axle-tree. 1 understrap for the pole, fastened to the axle-tree by 1 bolt No. 2 E 3 bolts No. 3 D, for connecting the pole with the upper and lower strap; 3 nuts. 2 rivets No. 3 B, for the rear end of the pole. 1 pole-strap and eye,* fastened to the small end of the pole by 6 rivets No. 3. 1 handle, held in place in the hole by a shoulder on' one side and 1 key on the other. 2 braces, fastened to the pole by 1 bolt No. 2 A and 1 nut, and to the axle-tree by 2 nuts No. 3. 1 hook, fastened to an eye in the axle-tree by 1 bolt No. 4 A; 1 nut. 2 shoulder-u-ashers ; 2 linch-washers; 2 linchpins. * The eye is used for connecting the sling-cart occasionally with a limber, or for attaching a horse to it, whilst the pole is held up by hand. 108 ORDNANCE MANUAL. wheel. 1 nave (cast-iron); 10 spokes, with a round tenon for the nave, and a flat bearing for the tire. 1 tire, shrunk on the ends of the spokes and fastened by 40 rivets No. 3. Casemate Truck. The casemate truck is designed for transporting guns in casemate galleries or through posterns. Wood.—2 rails ; 3 transoms, framed to the rails by tenons and mortises. I handle. Iron.—1 rear transom-plate and ring for drag-ropes, let into the under side of the transom and rails, and fastened by 4 nails No. 2 C, 3i-in. 1 front transom-plate and ring for drag-ropes, fastened by 6 nails No. 2 C, 3£-in. 6 bolts for the rails and transoms, No. 4 B; 6 nuts. 2 rear,fork-plates, fastened to the under side of the rails by 4 nails No. 2 C, 3£-in. 2 forks; 2 bolts for rear wheels; barbette chassis traverse-wheel forks. 1 fork-socket for front wheel; is round, and let in the front transom. 1 fork; 1 bolt for front wheel, the same as for the rear wheels, the upper part of the stem made conical. 1 fork-plate for front wheel: it has an eye to connect it to the tongue. 1 tongue ; 1 tongue-bolt No. 4 A; 1 nut. 3 truck ivheels : the traverse-wheels of the barbette chassis. Sand-Cart. It is used for the transportation of light stores to short distances. Wood.—1 bolster for axle-tree; 2 lower side rails ; 3 cross-bars, framed into the side rails: the front bar is round, and serves for a handle; 2 upper side rails ; 2 end rails, halved into the side rails and fastened by 4 screws; 6 side studs; 6 end studs, framed into the rails and eross-bars, and fastened by wooden pins; 5 boards for bottom, sides and ends. Iron.—18 screws, No. 14, 1^-inch, to fasten the bottom boards to bolster and cross-bars; 48 screws to fasten the side and ends to the studs. 1 axle-tree, fastened to the bolster by 2 bolts No. 2 B ; 2 nuts. 2 props, fastened to the side rails by 4 bolts No. 1 D; 4 nuts. 2 shoulder-washers, let into the ends of the naves. 2 linch-washers; 2 linchpins. wheel. wood.—1 nave; 12 spokes ; 6 fellies. Iron.—2 nave-bands, fastened by 6 nails. 1 tire, held by 6 tire-bolts No. 1 C; 6 washers ; 6 nuts. 1 nave-box, wrought-iron, welded. HYDRAULIC JACK. 109 Store Truck. This truck is used for moving boxes in storehouses and in embarking and dis¬ embarking stores. Wood.—2 rails, rounded at the ends for handles. 4 cross-bars, framed into the rails and fastened by wooden pins. 2 bolsters, nailed to the under side of the rails. Iron.—1 shoe, fastened to the upper side of the rails by 4 bolts No. 1 C; 4 washers ; 4 nuts. 1 axle-tree, fastened to the rails by 2 bolts No. 1 C; 2 nuts. 2 guard-plates, let into the rails under the shoe and held by the axle-tree bolts. 2 truck wheels (cast-iron). 2 shoulder-washers. • 2 linch-ieashers. 2 screws with square heads for the ends of the axle-tree, to hold the wheels on. 2 props, fastened to the rails by 4 bolts No. IB; 4 nuts. Lifting-Jack. The lifting-jack is a geared screw with a projecting foot at its lower end, for lift¬ ing heavy weights. Wood.—1 bed; 1 handle. Iron.—2 rivet-bolts No. 2 A, to strengthen the bed; 4 washers; 2 nuts. 2 eye-plates for the braces, let into the ends of the bed, and fastened by 4 screws, 2-inch, and 1 screw, 1-inch, No. 16. 1 stand (cast-iron); 4 steadying-points, screwed into the bottom of the stand. 2 braces, fastened to the stand, at the upper end, by 2 bolts No. 2. 1 screw, same size and pitch as the elevating-screw for casemate, carriage; 1 foot; 1 plate, fastened to the foot by 3 screws, 1 J-inch, No. 14. 1 nut; 1 pinion for the hoisting-screw (brass), like those for the casemate elevat¬ ing-screw. 1 shaft for pinion : is kept in place by 1 screw-pin, let in the stand. 1 crank, held to the shaft by 1 nut No. 4; 1 wooden handle, fastened by 1 washer ; 1 nut No. 2. 1 cap-plate, let into the head of the stand one-eighth of an inch, and fastened by 4 bolt-screws No. 1. Hydraulic Jack. The hydraulic jack is used for the same purposes as the lifting-jack, and may replace it to great advantage, being much more powerful, more portable, and more convenient in use. B.eing a patented invention, it is procured ready-made. The most convenient size is that of 7 tons capacity, of which the following are the Dimensions: Height, 25.5 inches; lift, 10, inches; largest diameter, 9 inches length of foot, 4 inches; length of lever, 26.5 inches. Weight of jack, without lever .112.5 pounds. " lever 4.75 " 110 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Lever Jack. The lever jack is an adjustable fulcrum, with a long lever. Wood.—1 stand; consists of 2 uprights framed into 1 bed, and fastened by 2 wooden pins ; 1 transom; 1 long letter, 15 feet long. Iron.—1 transom-bolt No. 4 A connects the transom and uprights; 2 washers ; 1 nut. 1 fulcrum-pin, inserted in holes in the uprights at any required height. 1 chain, 15 links No. 4 and 3 rings No. 2 A; 1 eye-pin No. 1 fastens the fulcrum- pin to the stand. 2 lever-plates (cast-brass), fastened to the large end of the lever by 6 screws No. 16, 2^-inch, to prevent the lever from slipping on the fulcrum-pin. Platform for Siege Mortars. Wood.—6 sleepers; 18 deck-planks held together by 72 dowels. There are 4 dowels in one edge of each plank, fitting into 4 holes in the edge of the next plank. The dowels are held fast by fox-wedges. Iron.—12 eye-bolts fit into holes in the front and rear planks, passing through the sleepers, to prevent the planks from slipping on the sleepers. Platform for Siege Guns. Wood.—12 sleepers; 36 deck-planks, held together by 174 dowels; 1 hurter; 6 stakes. Iron.—12 eye-bolts fit into holes in the front and rear planks, passing through the sleepers, to prevent the planks from slipping on the sleepers. Hand-Barrow. Wood.—2 side rails : the ends are rounded and form the handles. Rope netting joins the side rails, passing through holes in the side rails. Pintle-cross, for Temporary Batteries. Wood.—2 cross-pieces, halved into each other in their middle at right angles to each other; 1 pintle-bolster, fastened to the cross by 4 octagonal pins, 1 inch thick. Iron.—1 bolster-plate (cast-iron), fastened to the bolster by 4 bolts ; 4 washers ; 4 nuts ; 1 pintle. , A circular platform of planks is required for the wheels of the chassis to trav¬ erse on. Pent-Houses for Barbette Carriages. The pent-house is a covering of thin boards, framed together, to protect the wooden barbette carriages from the weather. It is made in several separate pieces, which can be readily put together or taken apart. PENT-HOUSES. Ill The pent-houses for the colurilbiad harhette carriages are similar to each other, differing only in their dimensions. Those for the other harhette carriages are of a different pattern, hut similar to each other. Pent-Houses for the Columbiad Carriages. Woon.—1 body, composed of 2 silts, 2 sides, 1 roof, 1 rear and 1 front end. 1 front chassis-cover and 1 rear chassis-cover, each in one piece. Ikon.—S eye-pins ; 8 eye-ja'n irashtrs ; 8 keys; 8 chains ; 8 wire staples; 4 long hooks; 14 hooks (short); 36 steijiles; 4 handles for ends. Pent-Houses for the other Barbette Carriages. Wood.—1 body, composed as for the columhiad harhette. 1 chassis-cover ; 1 tongue-cover. Iron.—4 long hooks ; 2 short hooks ; 12 staphs ; 8 eye-pins ; 8 eye-pin washers ; 8 chains ; 8 keys ; 8 wire staples ; 4 handles for ends. to put on the tent-house. On the cnltimbiad-carriaye.—Place the gun over the pintle; depress the muzzle ahout five degrees, so that the chase shall fit in the circular cut made in the front end and roof. Lay the sills across the chassis in front and in rear of the top car¬ riage ; place the tenons of the sides in the mortises of the sills ; put on the roof and hook it to the sides; place the ends and key them; put on the chassis-covers and hook them. On the other barbette carriages.—Run the gun "in battery;" remove the wheels; place them upon the chassis in rear of the axle and resting against the top carriage; chock them with their linchpin and washer, and proceed to put on the body as on the columbiad-carriage. 112 ORDNANCE MANUAL. PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF MACHINES, ETC., FOR SIEGE OR GARRISON SERVICE. Sling-Carts and Trucks. >5 ^ W g R 3 rr, ^ OS E-l Length from rear of wheel to front end of pole in. Length of axle-tree in. Height of wheels in. Distance between the wheels on the ground, in. , ( one wheel lbs. body lbs. screw lbs. | handles lbs. Weight of -j cart complete, without sling- chains lbs. trunnion-chain and rings .. lbs. sling-chain lbs. 242.4 92. 96. 62.75 714 . 700 98 77 2,302 J 61 1 53 84 160.75 *74.75 *141.5 *66.5 75.50 45.5 f42.5 24,. 15 72.0 36.5 15.0 12.0 60.4 36.35 29.6 19.75 440 34. 18.5 240 . 113 42. 1,115 181 600 80 27 * Whole length of body and handles. f Width of body. Gins. Length of legs. flleg 1 pry-pole .... 1 windlass, oak braces Weight o^ gin, complete.. 1 single block 1 double block , 1 triple block.. 1 fall . in. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. Field and Siege. 175.5 256.5 172.5 148. 280. 272. 213 71. 293. 292. 208 187. 310. 310. 264 33. 104. 104. 82 615 1267. 1250. 979 35 Ash Pine 72 90 32 *110 f83 : 120 feet, 5-inch hemp rope. f 90 feet. DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF PLATFORMS. Lifting-Jack and Lever Jack. 113 LEVER JACK. LIFTING-JACK. Stand. Lever. Length. 20. 24. 180. Breadth a 12. 14. 5.5 Height <( 29.2 30. Weight 160. 100. 150. DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF PLATFORMS. For Guns and Howitzers. NAMES OF PIECES. Hurter Sleepers Deck-planks Planks Plank Pieces of plank Stakes (securing) Stakes (implements) ... Eye-bolts (iron) Platform, complete In. 108 108 108 In. 5.0 5.0 5.0 In. 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 2.0 0.75 2.0 1.0 Round Lbs. 51 608 1854 70 10 8.5 2601.5 In. 96 108 128 84 30 48 32 In. 8. 5.5 13. 13. 13. 1.25 2.0 5.5 2.25 2.25 2.25 1.25 1.0 For Mortars. KAMES OF PIECES. Deck-planks Rails Stakes (securing) .... Stakes (pointing).... Eye-bolts Platform, complete. In. 96 108 In. 5.0 5.0 3.5 1.0 0.75 In. 3.5 '3.5 2.0 1.0 Round Lbs. 230 927 In. 60 84 48 48 In. 11.5 10.0 3.5 1.0 In. .85 % . •10.0 3.0 1.0 8 Wooden platform for columbiad-carriages weighs 3,904 lbs. 114 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Traverse-Circles. For barbette carriage, ) centre-pintle..... j For barbette carriage, I front-pintle j For casemate carriage NO. OP PIECES IN IKE SIZE OF PIECE. OUTER OR INNER OR REAR. FRONT. •WEIGHTS OP Lbs. 152 T> S.2 o oo P5 Lbs. Lbs. 547 23. 722. 145 16.5 161.5 123 15. 195. Dimensions and Weights of Blocks, Rollers, etc., for Manoeuvres. NAMES. No. Length. Width. Thick¬ ness. Weight Total Weight In. In. In. Lbs. Lbs. Long roller ..... 2 • 42. 6. Round 25.0 50.0 Short roller .... 3 12. 7. Round 12.0 36.0 Half roller 2 46. 6. 6. 31.0 62.0 Block 16 26. 8. 8. 26.0 416.0 Half block 6 20. 8. 4. 13.0 78.0 Quarter block... 2 20. 8. 2. 6.5 13.0 Gun-chocks 6 3.6 2.75 2.5 0.375 2.25 Wheel-chocks ... 6 7. 6. 3. 2.25 13.5 Roller-chocks ... 6 7. 5, 2. 1.0 6.0 Skid 2 72. 8. 8. 97. 194. ;-Shifting-plank .. 1 67. 12. 2.25 48. 48. Trace-rope 1 360. 2.25 Roufid 7.5 7.5 Trunnion-loops.. 2 18. 1.5 j Round Remarks. f A groove .25 in. I deep in the ( middle. Top rounded 3 in. Wedge shaped, f Section a triangle. ^ Top rounded I i in- f Ends bevelled on | opposite sides. End spliced. BILLS OF TIMBER. 115 Bills of Timber for Gins and Sling-Cart. names of parts. 1 No. of pieces. : 1 rough dimensions of each piece. contents. ( Kind of wood. Long. Wide. Thick. Each piece. Total. field and siege gin. In. In. In. Sup.ft. Sup.ft. Legs 2 3 80 6.5 5.5 44.69 89.38 1 Spruce or Pry-pole 1 180 5.5 5.5 37.8J 37.81 J ash. Windlass 1 68 9. 9. 38.25 38.25 Oak. ( Upper 1 48 4.75 2.75 4.35 4.35 ) Braces ■< Middle 1 72 4.75 2.75 6.53 6.53 v Oak plank. ( Lower 1 102 4.75 2.75 9.25 9.25 garrison gin. 185.57 Legs and fLarge end 1 pry-pole j Small end. J 3 264 | 9. 6.5 9. 1 6.5 J 113.21 339.63 Spruce. Two bevel-blocks 1 40 10. 9. 25. 25.00 Windlass 1 104 11. 11. 87.39 87.39 Oak. Cleats 11 12 4.25 3. 1.06 11.66 Oak plank. casemate gin. 463.68 T f Large end 1 LeSsj Small end I"" _ . f Large end ) Pfy-poie | Sm *n end j 2 1 180 | 180 | 9.0 6.5 9. 6.5 9.0] 6.5 j 9. 1 6.5 j 100.33 77-03 200.66 77.03 j- Spruce. Windlass 1 101 11. 11. 84.88 84.88 Oak. Cleats 6 12 4.25 3. 1.06 6.36 Oak plank.- sling-cart. 368.93 Axle-tree 1 102 11. 9. 70.13 70.13 Oak. Bolster 1 66 9. 9. 37.13 37.13 Do. Hounds 2 80 9. 5. 25. 50. Do. Tongue { Jj^l end } " 1 198 | 7.5 5. i] 48.13 48.13 Do. m J Spokes wheels (Fellies 2 21 19. Round 41.34 82.68 Do. 32 48 5.25 2.75 4.81 153.92 Do. 16 39 9. 5.5 13.4 214.4 Oak plank". 656.39 Bills of Lumber for Platform for Siege Guns and Mortar. For one siege gun or howitzer, yellow pine or oak : 49 pieces, 114 in. long, 6 in. wide, 4 in. thick, 19 ft. each 931 ft. For one siege mortar, yellow pine or oak : 6 pieces, 102 in. long, 6 in. wide, 4 in. thick, 17 ft. each 102 ft. 18 " 114 " G " 4 " 19 ft. " 342 ft. Total. 444 ft. 116 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bill of Iron for Field and Siege Gin. PARTS. Width. Thick¬ ness. Length. Weight. Remarks. In. In. In. Lbs. Chain, No. 2 0.2 Round 42. 0.36 Rivets and nails .375 Round 129. 3.95 Bolts, No. 3, and keys for gudgeons .625 Round 71. 6.03 Key-bolt .75 Round 10. 1.22 Bolts, No. 5, eye-pin, and handle 1. Round 27. 5.87 Sheave-bolt 1.25 Round 16. 5.45 Bolts for pulley-block .... 1.5 Round 8. 3.92 Cross-head for pulley-block. 2.5 Round 3.5 4.77 Nuts, No. 3 1.25 .625 10. 2.18 Bands 1.5 .25 212. 22.26 Nuts-, No. 4 1.5 .75 5. 1.57 Hook for pulley-block.... 1.75 1.75 12. 10.29 Hammered. Washers, No. 3 2. 0.125 18. 1.26 Bevel washer 2. .625 3. 1.05 Gudgeons and points 2. 2. 14. 15.68 Oval washers 2.5 0.125 13. 1.14 Head-straps 2.5 .31 32. 7. Straps for pulley-block... 2.5 .5 30. 10.50 Pry-pole tongue 3.5 1. 12. 11.76 Hammered. Journal-boxes 3.5 1.75 24. 41.16 r ' Tongue-plate 5.5 0.5 16. 12.32 Hammered. Journals 3.0 Round 18. 35.34 Bands for windlass 4.0 0.375 64. 26.88 Pry-pole handle 1.125 Round 22. 6.07 Pawls 1.25 1.25 24. 10.50 Ratchets 8.0 1 1.25 16. 44.80 Or 2 round shapes, ham¬ mered. Three sheaves for pulleys. .... .... .... 24. Brass. BILL OP IRON. 117 Bill of Iron for one Garrison or Casemate Gin. PARTS. Width. Thick¬ ness. Length. Weight. Remarks. In. In. Peet. Lbs. Key-chains, No. 1 0.15 Round 7.5 0.52 This bill includes the ma¬ Rings 0.2 Round 2.5 0.27 terials for one double Rivet-bolts, No. 1 0.5 Round 1.66 1.08 and one triple pulley- Pin for clevis-bolt 0.75 Round 0.41 t0.60 block. Eye-pins 0.875 Round 0.83 1.66 Bolts, No. 5 1. Round 3.33 8.69 Bolts, No. 3, for pawls.... 1.25 Round 0.70 2.86 Braces and clevis 1.5 Round 22.5 132.52 Clevis-bolt. 1.75 Round 2.25 18.02 Bolt-heads,No. 5, and points for legs 2. Round 4. 41.88 Nails, No. 3. 0.375 0.375 9.41 4.42 Nuts, No. 1 1. 0.5 0.16 0.26 Keys for braces 1.25 0.125 1.16 0.60 Nuts, No. 3 1.25 0.625 2.54 6.65 Eyes for pulley-blocks and pawls - 1.25 1.25 4. 21.0 Keys for clevis-bolt 1.5 0.125 1.16 0.73 Nuts, No. 4 1.5 0.75 0.75 2.83 Hooks for blocks 1.75 1.75 1.83 18.83 Hammered. Washers, No. 3 2. 0.125 0.33 0.27 Collars for points 2. 1. 2. 13.44 Journals 3. Round 1.5 35.34 Washers for handle 3. 0.188 0.5 0.94 Washers, No. 5 3.25 0.188 2.16 4.40 Bands for windlass 4. 0.375 5.33 26.86 Lower bands for legs 4. 0.25 5.08 17.06 Cross-heads for blocks..., 4. 1.25 2.33 39.14 Hammered. Upper bands for legs 6. 0.25 4.12 20.76 Partitions for blocks 8. 0.25 2.75 18.48 Straps for blocks 8. 0.37 5. 50.40 Pry-pole handle. 1.125 Round 1.8 5.96 Two ratchets. 8.0 1.25 1.33 44.80 Or 2 round shapes, ham¬ mered. 541.37 13. 1 „ 60. 73. j Cast-brass. 118 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bill of Iron for one Sling-Cart. Width. Thick- I ness. Length Weight. Remarks. Pole-prop chain, No. 1 Rings, No. 1 Rivets, No. 2 — Chain, No. 5, and rivets, No. 3 ... Pole-rivets. Bolts, No. 4 Eye-pin, No. 1 Bolts, Nos. 2 and 5, and rings .... Pole-staple ........ Bolt-heads, No. 4, and eye-pin* .. Screw-handle Bolt-heads, No. 5 Nails, No. 3 Toggle for pole-prop chain Axle-washers, upper skeans, nuts, No. 2, and chain-hook Burrs for pole-rivets .Nuts5, No. 3 Boater-hooks Axlerbands. Nuts, No. 4 Hook for sling-chain Axle-hooks Pole-prop ferrule Linchpins Washers, No. 3 Bands for hounds and pole Brow-bands for naves Lower skean and stirrups (in part) Bridles... Stirrups and pole-straps Nuts, No. 5 Upper skeans Nuts, No.7 Washers, No. 4 End bands for naves Lower axle-skean—body Hoisting-screw (in one piece) .... Washers, No. 5 Pole^prop socket Socket of screw-handle Washers, No. 7 Washers for axle and bolster-hooks Two wheel-tires Lower axle-skean—middle part. Bed-plate for screw Nave-boxes for two wheels . Nut for hoisting-screw In. 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.75 0.875 25 5 . 1.75 2.- 0.375 0.5 1. 1.125 1.25 1.25 1..3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.75 1.75 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2.25 2.25 2.5 2.5 3. 3. 3.25 3.5 3.5 4. 4.5 4.5 In. Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round 0.375 0.25 Reet. 3.75 0.31 0.50 9.06 0.50 4.42 0.14 9.91 4.5 1. 5.33 0.50 12.04 0.16 0.5 0.25 0.625 1.25 0.2 0.75 1. 1.5 0.375 0.625 0.125 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.625 0.75 1. 0.5 1.25 0.188 0.375 0.5 3. 0.188 0.625 2.25 0.25 0.375 0.875 0.5 11.25 0.18 0.10 2.33 2.50 3.25 1.33 2.50 0.66 0.83 0.33 10. 16.33 10. 1.58 4.83 0.66 0.66 0.37 4.58 13.82 3.41 3.83 0.54 1.25 1. 0.66 2.33 50. 1. Lbs. 0.26 0.03 0.08 3.33 0.32 6.50 0.28 25.86 18.41 5.86 42.69 5.23 5.66 0.06 18.90 0.17 0.26 12.23 2.17 12.28 6.70 18.90 1.45 3.04 0.27 16.80 41.00 33.60 6.63 24.34 4.43 2.49 3.49 7.19 43.52 17.18 115.81 1.10 9.18 25.88 2.21 13.18 661.00 10.08 fPole-prop. Hammered. 1230.04 Hammered. Hammered. In 4 pieces. Cast-iron. Cast-iron. jCast-brass. BILL OF LUMBER. 119 Bill of Lumber for one %2-pdr. Gun or 8-in. Sea-coast Howitzer Pent-House. ROUGH DIMENSIONS OF .i E ACH PIECE- NAMES OF PARTS. c c Long. 1 Wide. 1 Thick. Each 1 Total. K 1 1 1 MAIN HOUSE. In. In. In. Sup. ft. Sup. ft. w 74 6. .75 3.08 98 56 Roof 32 25 6. .75 1.04 33.28 Front door 12 68 6. .75 2.83 33.96 Rear door 10 49 6. .75 2.04 20.40 Side and roof strips 9 87 •3. 1.5 2.72 24.46 Door strips 4 62 3. 1.25 1.61 6.46 Rafters 3 39 7. 1.5 2.84 8.53 Roof front piece 1 42 18. 1.25 6.56 6.56 Roof back piece 1 39 6. 1. 1.67 1.67 Fascias 2 86 7. 1. 4.18 8.36 Axle-pocket sides 4 26 6. 1. 1.08 4.33 " " fronts 2 24 10. 1. L66 3.33 " " caps 2 11 8. 1. .61 1.22 Sills 2 62 3. 4. 5.17 10.34 Front posts — 2 78 3. 3. 4.87 9.75 Back and middle posts 4 60 3. 3. 3.75 15. 286.21 BEAK HOUSE. Sides 10 57 6. .75 2.37 23.70 Roof 22 34 6. .75 1.41 31.02 Back 5 66 6. .75 2.75 13.75 Roof strips 4 56 4. 1.25 1.94 7.77 Back strips and braces .... 2 120 3. 1.25 3.12 6.24 Front rafter ". 1 61 9. 1.25 4.76 4.76 Rear rafter 1 62 16. 1.25 8.61 8.61 95.85 TONGUE-COVER. Sides 8 50 6. .75 2.08 16.64 ] Side strips 1 120 3. 1.25 3.12 3.12 Roof 2 51 9. 1. 3.19 6.37 Rafters 2 14 9.5 1.25 1.15 2.31 1 Back 1 19 17. 1.25 2.80 2.80 31.24 Kind of wood. .White pine or cypress. Yellow pine,chest¬ nut, or oak. White pine or cypress. White pine or cypress. 120 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bill of Lumber for one 8-in. Columbiad Barbette Pent-House. names op parts. No. of pieces. roulih dimensions of each piece. contents. Long Wide' Thick. Each piece. Total. main house. In. In. In. Sup. ft. Sup.ft. Sides 32 75 6 .75 3.12 99.84 Roof 32 31 6 .75 1.29 41.28 Doors 24 49 6 .75 2.04 48.96 Side strips 6 86 3 1.5 2.69 16.13 Roof strips 4 86 4 1.25 2.99 11.94 Door strips 4 62 3 1.25 1.61 5.45 Rafters 3 52 9 1.25 4.06 12.18 Fronts 2 54 12 1. 4.5 9. , Fascias 2 86 7 1. 4.18 8.36 Sills 2 66 3 4. * 5.5 11. Erictfposts 4 62 3 3. 3.875 15.5 posts 2 80 3 3. 5.05 10.10 289.74 59.7 77.3 66.0 53.35 65.2 75.05 33.41 journal-notches J 1° 1.042 1.349 1.152 0.931 1.138 1.311 0.583 2° 2.084 2.698 2.803 1.862 2.275 2.619 1.166 3° 3.124 4.046 3.454 2.792 3.412 3.928 1.753 4° 4.164 5.392 4.604 3.722 4.548 5.235 2.331 5° 5.203 6.737 5.752 4.650 5.683 6.541 2.912 Priming-tvire: iron wire 0.175 inch diameter, formed with a ring 2 inches diame¬ ter at the head, and pointed; length of stem, for siege and" garrison guns, 14 inches; length for fi'eld guns, 8 inches. Weight, 0.08 lb. for garrison guns. Powder-measures: they are made of sheet-copper, from No. 16 to No. 20. The bottom is made with a flanch ,l~inch deep, turned downward, and it is brazed of soldered to the sides. IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS. 127 Interior Dimensions. Contents. Diameter and height. Weight. Contents. Diameter, and height. Weight. Lbs. oz. In. Lbs. Lbs. oz. In. Lbs. 0 I 1.337 2 0 4.240. 0 2 1.685 2 8 4.571 0 ,4 2.122 0.3 3 0 4.857 1.6 0 8 2.673 0.5 4 0 5.346 1 0 3.368 0.75' 4 8 5.560 1 4 3.628 6 0 6.120 1 8 3.855 8 0 6.736 Prolongs: 3.5-inch hemp rope of 4 strands; on one end, a toggle and 3 round links in a thimble; on the other end, a ring-link and thimble ; whole length of rope 18 feet; the toggle of round iron 0.75 inch diameter, 7.5 inches long, with an eye in the centre ; toggle-rings of 0.5-inch round iron; the ring that enters the thimhle is 3 inches, the other two 3.1 inches exterior diameter; thimbles 1.1 inch interior diameter; prolonge-rings of 0.6-inch round iron, 4.5 exterior diameter; the link 3 inches exterior diameter; the iron for link is 0.5 inch diameter. Weight, 12.5 lbs. Plummet, for mortars ; line and bob. Weight, 1 lb. Pointing-wire, for mortars (iron wire No. 7) 20 inches long. Weight, .08 lb. Quoin, for siege mortars (oak): length, 19.5 inches; height, 7.85 inches; handle, 6 inches long. Weight, 7 lbs. Scraper, for siege mortars (iron); handle, 0.5 inch by 0.3 inch square, 27 inches long; one end formed like a spoon; the other, a scraper. Weight, 2.3 lbs. Spatula, for mortars (ash or hickory): handle 16.5 inches long; blade 6 inches; square end 3 inches long. Weight, 0.75 lb. Shell-hooks (iron): 2 branches 0.5 inch diameter, in shape of an S, joined by a rivet; upper end of the branches connected by 2 small rings, 1.25 inch diameter, and 1 large ring 3.4 inches diameter; straight points,.to insert into the ears of the shell, 0.5 inch diameter, 0.7.5 inch long; whole length of branches, 12.48 inches. Weight, 2 lbs. Screw jack, for field service: the stand (cast-iron); the hoisting-screw; the nut; 2 handles: the cap-plate, fastened on the top of the stand by 4 screws; height of the stand, 19 inches; length of screw, 15 inches; handles 7.25 inches each-. Weight, 25 lbs. Shovel: blade sheet-iron, pointed with steel; length, 12 inches; width, 10.5 inches; handle (ash) 1.5 inch thick at bottom, and 1.25 inch at top; length, 45 inches; ring 1.5 inch diameter, secured by a strap to the handle at 9 inches from the upper end. Weight, 4.75 lbs. Sponge-bucket, for field gun-carriages; it is made of sheet-iron No. 13; the top 128 ORDNANCE MANUAL. and bottom are turned oyer the sides and fastened each by 4 rivets; diameter, 7.8 inches; height, 9 inches. The float is of wood, fastened by 2 rivets to a cross-bar; it is put in before the top is fastened on; the handle of the float is fastened to it with 2 rivets, and it is con¬ nected with the bail of the bucket by a chain; the hail is fastened to the bucket by 2 ears, each held by 3 rivets ; a toggle, which is fastened to the bail by 2 links and a swivel, serves to attach the bucket to the eye of the axle-strap on the gun-carriage. Weight, 10 lbs. Tar-luchet; the bucket is made of sheet-iron No. 13, like the sponge-bucket; the cover is fastened to the top by a rivet on which it turns, and it is kept closed by shutting over a stud riveted into the top; the ears are fastened to the bucket each by 3 rivets; a ring, for suspending the bucket on its hook, is connected with the ears by 2 chains; diameter of bucket, 7.2 inches; height, 8 inches. Weight, 7 lbs. Tarpaulins are made of cotton duck, not painted; they are of three sizes; large, 15 feet by 12 feet; small, 6 feet by 10 feet, and 5 feet square. Weight, 35.75 lbs., and 12.25 lbs., and 5.25 lbs., respectively. Tompions, for 8-inch siege howitzers and mortars, and 10-inch mortar. Thumhstall (buck-skin); cushion, stuffed with hair, 2.5 inches long, 1 inch thick ; the strajj 3 inches long; the string 12 inches. Weight, .003 lb. Tow-hook (iron): handle 0.4 inch diameter, 13 inches long; hook 1 inch; the other end forms a hammer 0.6 inch diameter, 2 inches long. Weight, 0.6 lb. Used for unpacking ammunition-chests. Tube-pouch: the sides 4.25 inches high, 7.25 inches long; 2 ends 0.9 inch wide at bottom, 2 inches at top; the inner cover; the flap, 8 inches deep, with its strap, and brass button attached to the bottom of the pouch; 2 loops for the belt to pass through; the belt 1.37 inch wide and 42 inches long, with a buckle No. 6 and loop at one end; the priming-wire and gunner's gimlet are carried with the tube-pouch in the loops, attached by a twine, or in small loops on the inside of the flap. Weight, 0.95 lb. Vent-cover, for field-pieces without locks (leather); 6 inches long, 4 inches wide, with a copper pin riveted to it, 0.175 inch diameter, and 2 inches long; 2 straps 1 inch wide, with buckles; the length of the strap varies with the size of the piece; in per¬ manent batteries sheet-lead may be used for vent-covers. Weight, 0.6 lb. Vent-punch: the body (steel wire) 0.175 inch diameter, 4.3 inches long: head 0.175 inch thick, 1 inch octagonal, with a hole 0.2 inch diameter in the middle. Weight, 0.08 lb. Watering bucket, for field service, made of sole-leather; the bottom is of two thicknesses, fastened to each other with 25 copper rivets, and to the sides with 61 rivets; the side seams fastened with 28 rivets, all 0.5 inch long; a rim of sheet-copper No. 24, is fastened on the upper edge with 14 copper rivets; 2 ears for the bail, fastened each with 4 rivets 0.62 inch long ; the bail is of round iron 0.5 inch thick; interior diameter of the bucket at top 12 inches, at bottom 10 inches; height, 9 inches. Weight, 8 lbs. HANDSPIKES. 129 Water-bucket, for tho travelling forge; the staves and the bottom are of oak; there are 16 staves, and the bottom is made of not more than 2 pieces; 3 hoops, made of hoop-iron No. 16; each hoop is joined together with 2 rivets No. 1, and fastened to the bucket with 2 rivets : 2 ears let into the sides, and fastened each by 1 rivet; the bail has a link connected with it by a swivel; diameter at top 11 inches, bottoip, 10.25 inches; height, 11 inches Weight, 10 lbs. Water-bucket, for garrison service ; it is made in a similar manner with the pre¬ ceding, except that the bail has no link and swivel attached to it; diameter at top 10.25 inches, bottom 13.5 inches; height, 11 inches. Weight, 10 lbs. Wiper, for the chambers of mortars; tow cloth, 1 yard square. Handspikes. Handspikes should be made of the best hickory, or, where it cannot be had, of the toughest young oak ; it should be free from knots. Trail handspike.—Irons: 1 stop, passing through-the lower end, clinched and filed down smooth—it projects 0.3 inch; 1 strap, carrying 1 ring No. 2 A, fastened near the small end by 1 rivet. Shod handspike.—Irons: 1 shoe, fastened to the lower end by 3 rivets. It is par¬ ticularly useful in the service of mortars. Manoeuvring handspike is used for garrison and sea-coast carriages. For me¬ chanical manoeuvres it is 84 inches long, and weighs 12 lbs. Gin handspike is used in the service of gins. The large end is round, and fits into the socket of the windlass. For Mountain howitzer.—Irons: 1 stop, like that for field carriages; 1 strap, fast¬ ened at the small end by 2 rivets, forms a loop on the end; 1 loop of rope, 15 inches long, passing through 2 holes in the middle of the handspike, is useful in placing the gun on the pack-saddle. 9 130 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Handspikes. DIMENSIONS. For Field Carr'ge For Prairie Carr'ge Mount How¬ itzer. Shod. Gin. f whole Length of -j square part (conical part Distance of farthest side of stop from the large end* Distance of middle of strap from the small end f upper end ! lower end 1 largest (lower end of round Size of lower end of square part .... Size of upper end of square part Weight lbs. 7.25 2.25 5.0 Diameter In. 53. 9.5 9.0 9.0 1.5 2.2 3.0 In. 36. 1.3 1.8 In. 15.58 1.65 1.65 2.0 In. 66. 19. 35. 1.8 3.0 2.36 3.0 In. 62. 9.75 38.25 1.75 2.5 3X 2.5 3X2.5 8.25 12.0 11.25 In. 60. 12. 1.6 2.78 3.25 Bars. DIMENSIONS. Length of j ""^ole • • • • ■• ° [ square part t-.. . r f small end , Diameter of {large end Width at large end...... Thickness at large end .. Length of heel For Iron Carriages. Manoeu¬ vring. Weight lbs, In. 58.5 12. 1. 1. 1.25 30.75 Elevating. Pinch. 1.5 19. In. In. 53. 54. 12. 6. 1. 1.5 1.25 2.0 3.5 27.5 Wooden Casemate Carriages. Truck. In. 42. 1.1 1.1 18.5 Roller. In. 34. 0.85 1. 7. 132 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Dimensions and Weiyhts of Implements. KIND OF IMPLEMENT. COLUMBIADS. 10-in. 8-in. U & © s © a o O P3 o P 1'inished Implements. Staves., and staff 1 length in. ana statt... ( weight lbg length in. Rammer and staff..! weight lbs. 118. 12. 128. Ladle and staff.. Worm and staff. length in. 1 weight lbs. j length in. (weight lbs. Diameter .' in. (rammer in. sponge in. ladle in. worm in. 1.75 125.66 115.33 Rammer, j^ngth heads. ^Diameter... Sponge-heads Sponges, woollen, weight.. Sponge-covers f body in. " 1 neck in. f length in. "(diameter in. lbs. f length in. " ( weight lbs Duck, 30 inches wide, required for 100 covers yds. C Whole length in. .... . 1 ("above shoulder .in. e ' ] Diameter -c below shoulder in. ( t^neck in. f Whole length in. j Length of band, developed in. ' 1 Width of scoop, developed in. (Width of band (included in whole length) in. Height of front sight in. ' Radius of base-ring .in. Height for 0° in. " 1° in. Breech-sight for guns of model of 1811 and 1844. 128. 11. 1.75 125.06 125.33 118. 10.25 128. 1.75 125.86 115.33 7. 6.13 3. 8. 10-in. 16. 1.75 0.91 2.73 4.55 8-m. 3. 13. 1.78 0.86 2.6 4.33 Casemate. 42-pr. 3.8 12.2 1.85 0.96 2.88 4.81 32-pr. 3.5 11.7 1.15 0.94 4.72 DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OE IMPLEMENTS. 133 Dimensions and Weights of Implements.—Continued. GUNS. HOWITZERS. FIEI.D GUNS AND HOWITZERS. e p o a, in ed ■d e P c sp. 0^ eo Q> a p o CP J5 "2 c r—1 ■a a 0 p. eji d TO P O rH d TO _C 00 d U> TO 00 fl o M ■a in C § 3 © otD f-i U *3 ns a a l-H 01 d £ la P p rs TJ P P <6 in rH ■S g p'$ o o sa 128. 10.25 128. 9.75 128. 13.75 128. 7.5 1.75 125.66 125.33 111.66 123. 7. 6.13 3. 8. 6.0 0.7 12. 0.2S 35. 7. 6.7 6.6 3. 16.5 20.75 14. 2.5 128. 10. 12S. 8.4 128. 13.15 128. 7.5 1.75 125.86 125.33 113.01 123. 6.4 5.6 3. 8. 5.4 0.65 12. 128. 9.65 128. 8.15 128. 12.4 128. 7.5 1.75 126.07 125.33 113.47 123. 5.8 5.1 3. 8. 4.8 0.5 12. 128. 8.7 128. 8. 128. 10. 128. 7.5 1.75 126.23 125.33 115.43 123. 5.3 4.64 3. 8 4.3 0.4 11. 128. 7.8 128. 7.35 128. 7.8 128. 7.5 1.75 126.17 125.5 117.36 123. 5.5 4. 2.5 7.5 3.6 0.35 11. 128. 10.25 128. 9.75 128. 8.5 128. 7.0 7 5.6 3, 80. 5. 1 49.0 [ 95. 83.5 J 5.8J 77. 4.5 j 87. 4.25 1.5 f 91.67 178.17t 72. 3.6 1.5 73.17 1.75 125.66 125.33 1.75 105.86 105.33 1.5 j- f>1.67 1.5 75.67 1.65 40.0 S2.5 69 + 5.5* 4.* 2.5* 7.5* 3.6* 0.35 11. 67.5 7. 6.13 3. 8. 6. 6.4 5.6 3. 8. 5.4 5.5 4. 2.5 7.5 3.6 5.5 4. 2.5 7.5 3.6 4-t 3.24f 2.5f 7.5f 2.7 f 0.25 9. 0.14 20. 4.0 3.24 2.5 5. 2.5 32. 6.4 6.1 6. 3. 15.35 18.85 12.8 2.5 32. 5.8 5.5 5.4 3. 14.1 16.95 11.6 2.5 24-pr. 2.9 10.7 0 1.94 5.82 9.71 5.3 5. 4.9 3. 13.1 15.4 10.6 2.5 18-pr. 2.94 9.88 0 1.95 5.85 9.76 4.6 4.3 4.2 2.5 11.2 13.2 9.2 2.0 10-in. S.C.H. 3.125 13.25 0 1.91 5.74 9.58 24-pr. 46 10.7 2.7 .93 2.8 4.68 Barbette. 8-in. S.C.H. 2.85 11.1 0 1.61 5.03 8.4 8-in.S. 0.9 9.125 0 0.886 2.64 4.44 24-pdr. how'r. 1.05 6.9 0 1.07 3.21 5.35 12-pr. 1.33 6.5 0 6-pdr. 1.025 5.15 0 12-pr. how. 0.9 5.0 0 42-pr. 3.8 12.2 0 2.0 6.02 10.06 32-pr. 3.5 11.7 0 1.96 5.87 9.8 4.046 6.737 3.124 5.203 2.792 4.65 *The same for 13-in. and 10-in. mortars, heavy. J The same for 10-in. and 8-in. mortars, light. For the 12-pdr. gun, model 1857. 134 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Worms. DIMENSIONS. Siege and Garrison. Field. Length of socket and neck Length of one branch from neck to point (developed) Depth of socket Exterior diameter of socket at top Diameter of neck.... < - Thickness of the iron of the socket Diameter of branches at the neck (tapering to a point) Length of socket and worm, complete Diameter of worm, complete (exterior circle) f Length Size of iron for worms .. •! Width ( Thickness Weight of worm lbs In. In. 5.5 5.5 16. 13. 4.5 4.5 1.75 1.5 0.8 0.7 0.125 0.125 0.6 0.5 9.5 9. 4. 3. 7. 6. 3. 3. 0.5 0.5 1.75 1.5 Sponges for Mortars. . c3 e s e -g CO A "3 o *d >> c3 u c3 g p. Sw cs Length of finished sponge and rammer inches Weight " " " " lbs. Length of staff, including tenon inches Diameter of staff .inches 44. 3.2 39.67 1.5 34. 2. 30.17 1.5 18. 0.8 18. 1.5 Preservation and Arrangement in Store. Implements collected together according to kind and calibre, in a dry place arranged on shelves or racks, in bundles or bunches, or in boxes, according to their nature, with marks and labels showing the kind and number of the articles. Sponges, rummers, ladles and worms, complete, placed on pins in a vertical frame, or suspended vertically or horizontally, by racks or hooks, from the joists, sup¬ ported so as not to bend. When in separate parts, the heads piled on shelves or on the floor, and the stares tied up in bundles, according to kind and calibre. The woollen sponges should be preserved from moths by means of camphor, pep¬ per, etc., or b,y being sealed up in strong paper bags. HanTcspikes in square piles, heads and points alternating. timber for Implements. 135 Leather equipment*, hung on pins or hooks, in dry and cool rooms. All wood painted, except tool-handles ; iron either painted or oiled. See Chapter VII. Bills of Timber for 100 Implement-Heads. RAMMEli HEADS. • SPONGE-HEADS. DADLE-HEADS. KIND. -at* 00 a ,9 o © A 1 9 9 ■r* A 9 B 'S s SjD 9 9 9 9 K h3 o 02 ►J 1 ^ OQ • In. Feet. Sup. ft. In. Feet. Sup. ft. In. Feet. Sup. ft. 43-pounder.... 6.625 66 241.40 6.5 72 253.5 7.25 66 289.99 32-pounder.. -. 6.125 60 187.58 6. 72 216.0 6.5 60 211.25 24-pounder.... 5.75 53 146.02 5.25 72 165.37 6. 53 159.0 18-pounder.... 5.125 50 109.44 4.75 72 135.37 5.5 50 126.04 12-pounder.... 4.5 50 84.37 4.125 68' 96.42 4.75 50 94.01 6-pounder.... 3.75 40 46.87 3.25 68 59.85 Plank for 100 Implement-Staves. KIND. Number of planks. DIMENSIONS. CONTENTS. Width. Thick¬ ness. Length. Each plank. Total. Siege and garrison 17 17 17 In. 14. 12.5 12.5 In. 2. 1.75 1.75 In. 132 102 84 Sup. ft. 25.66 15.49 12.76 Sup. ft. 436.22 263.33 216.92 186 ordnance manual. Chapter Sixth-. ARTILLERY HARNESS AND CAVALRY EQUIPMENTS* ARTILLERY HARNESS. (Plate 21.) The construction of the field carriages requires a harness different, in some respects, from that of common wagons. The limber having no sweep-bar, the pole is supported directly by the wheel-horses, by means of a chain which connects the hames with the pole-yoke of the limber; and, in order to diminish the weight at the end of the pole, the leading-bars are dispensed with, the traces of the leaders being attached to those of the wheel-horses. The same harness is perfectly adapted also to the siege carriages ; but, as these ate arranged for draught in the ordinary manner, common wagon harness may be used with them if necessary. Leather. Leather is generally divided into two kinds : 1st, that which is tanned and under¬ goes no further preparation ; and, 2d, that which is tanned and is afterward curried- The former includes all made from the heavier skins of the larger animals, as buf¬ faloes, oxen, and cows, into thick, strong sole-leather, and the latter that made from the thinner skins of horses, cows, calves, sheep, etc., into harness, bridle, upper, bag, or pouch leather, which differ from each other only in thickness, the first being the thickest. There are other kinds besides these, designated from the mode of prepa¬ ration, as tawed leather, such as white kid or sheep-skin, prepared with alum and salt; buckskin and buff leather, so called from the fact that the buffalo and deer¬ skins were first most commonly dressed in this way ; patent leather, that which has been varnished. It is sometimes distinguished by its color, as black, fair, or russet leather. Leather which has been a long time in tanning is to be preferred to that which has been produced more rapidly. The quality is judged of by its appear¬ ance ; a cross-section should be glistening and marbled, without any white streaks in the middle. It should be firm, compact, and pliant. The actual strength of leather depends more on its quality than on its thickness. That made from bulls' hides should be rejected: it is thick and supple, but, like * This style of harness will be conformed to as soon as proper saddle-trees can be obtained. HEAD-GEAR. 137 that made from the legs and flanks of other skins, it is spongy, without strength or endurance, and, if only slightly rumpled, the hair side presents a shrivelled appear¬ ance, which it retains. The different parts of harness, except straps and the like, are cut out by means of patterns. The seams are made with strong waxed thread, in double stitch, with about eight stitches to the inch : those along an edge are from 0.1f> to 0.2 inch from the edge. The ends of the thread should be securely fastened before they are cut off. The awl used should be small for the thread. Buckles, Loops, etc. The buckles of the bridle and stirrup leather, and the loops for the cloak and valise-straps on the driver's and valise-saddles, are cast-brass, with rollers; and the hook and loop on the pommel of the valise-saddle is brass-plated. They are designated by numbers. (See table, page 157j. All other buckles, loops, and staples are of wrought-iron, japanned (black). The iron buckles are all made with rollers; the tongues are the same size as the sides of the buckles. Straps, or other pieces which have buckles or iron loops attached to them, are doubled on a length generally equal to twice their width, to receive the buckle or loop, which is fastened by two seams. The double end is shaved down. Standing-loops are placed close to the buckles. Their ends are shaved down, brought together, and fastened between the two parts of the strap, if it is doubled, by the same seam. These loops are usually of the same leather as the strap. The tongue-holes for buckles are made with a punch corresponding to the size of the tongue. Their distance apart is generally equal to the width of the strap, and the first hole is at double that distance from the end of the strap. This end is shaved down and reduced in width, to facilitate its entrance into the buckle. Note.—A layer is a piece of leather sewed upon another piece, to strengthen it. A chape is a piece used to fasten a buckle or loop to a strap or other piece of leather. A billet is a strap which enters a buckle. A safe is a piece of leather placed under a buckle, etc., to prevent it from chafing. Composition.—A complete set of artillery harness is composed as follows : Head-gear. Driver's saddles, the same for all the near horses. Valise-saddles and valise, common for all the off horses. Draught harness, differing according as it is intended for the wheel or lead-horses. One whip is allowed to each driver, and one leg-guard to each driver of wheel-horses. Head-Gear. The head-gear is made of strong, black bridle leather, not less than 0.1 inch thick. The buckles of the bridle are brass-plated or cast-brass ; of the halter, iron. Bridle op the near horse.—It is composed of the headstall, bit and pair of reins. 133 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Headstall.—One crown-piece : the ends split form 2'billets for the buckles of the cheek-straps and 2 billets for the buckles of the throat-lash. 1 brow-bancl: the ends, doubled and sewed, form loops for the crown-piece to pass through; 2 ornaments (brass), circles 1.8 inch in diameter, raised in the centre, on a circle of leather 2.25 inches in diameter, fastened on the loop of the brow-band by passing the end of the brow-band, before being sewed, through an iron wire loop soldered to the ornament, the iron loop passing between the two billets of the crown-piece. 1 throat-laffli, with 1 bnekle No. 10 B, and 1 standing-loop at each end. 2 cheek- straps : each has 1 buckle No. 8 B and 1 billet sewed to the lower end, flesh side to flesh side, with 2 standing-loops, to attach it to the bit; at the upper end 1 buckle No. 8 B, with one standing and one sliding-loop to fasten it to the crown-piece. Bit (iron forged and brass-plated).—2 cheek-pieces, curved in shape of S, and pierced at top with an eye, to receive the cheek-billet and a hole for the curb-chain: at its lower end an eye for the reins, and near the mouth-piece a stud, through which is inserted a ring No. 2 for the reins; 1 mouth-piece: its ends pass through the cheek-pieces, and are riveted and rounded ; 1 cross-bar, riveted to the cheek- pieces; 1 curb-chain (iron, tinned), of 13 links, diminishing in size from the middle toward the end; it is attached to the right cheek-piece by an CO-coldshut, and to the left cheek-piece by a hook. Bits are made of three sizes, in the width between the cheek-pieces—viz., 45 inches, 5 inches, and 5J inches; about three-fifths being of the medium size. Reins.—2 reins : each rein has a buckle No. 8 B and a billet sewed to one end, flesh side to flesh side, with 2 standing-loops, for attaching it to the bit; the reins afe united by a buckle No. 8 B, with 1 standing and 1 sliding-loop on the short rein, to receive the billet of the other ; the near rein is shorter by 12 inches than the off one. Bridle for the off horse.—The same as the bridle for the near horse, with the addition of 1 coupling-strap, which has 1 billet and 1 buckle No. 8 B sewed on each end, with 1 standing-loop at one eud and 2 standing-loops at the other ; it is attached to the off ring of the bit, and passes through the near ring. Halter.—1 crown-piece, having a billet at each end for the buckles of the cheek- straps; 2 cheek-straps—each has 1 buckle No. 6; 1 standing and 1 sliding-loop at one end, the other end is sewed to 1 iron loop No. 3 ; 1 bxow-band, the ends doubled and sewed, form loops for the crown-piece and throat-lash to pass through ; 1 nose¬ band, the ends sewed to the sanle loops as the cheek-straps; 2 chin-straps: each is made of one piece doubled and sewed together with two seams the whole length: it hdlds in the fold at one end the square iron loop of the cheek-strap, and at the other, the rear, 1 square iron loop No. 3; 1 throat-strap, made of one piece doubled and sewed together with two seams the whole length, forming at the upper end a loop to receive the throat-lash, and holds in the fold at the other end the square iron loop of the chin-straps ; 1 throat-lash ; 1 buckle No. 8 ; 1 standing and 1 sliding- loop at the end, on the near side: it passes through the loops in the brow-band and throat-strap. driver's saddle. 189 1 hitching-strap, 6J feet long; 1 buckle No. 6; 1 standing-loop; 1 billet, sewed to the buckle end by the same seam which holds the buckle. Driver's Saddle. It is composed of 1 saddle-tree; I seat; different parts of leather, etc., of the body of the saddle; 2 saddle-skirts; 2 stirrups; 1 girth. Saddle-tree— Wood (beech or ash).— The saddle-tree consists of 1 pommel, made of two pieces, notched or halved together at the top of the hollow of the pommel, and glued; 1 canth, formed of two pieces in the same manner; 2 side bars, with notches to receive the pommel and cantle, to which they are nailed with 8 nails, each, 4-penny. Before the irons are put on the tree, it is entirely covered with raw hide, applied green, sewed on with thongs of the same, and through the side bars near their junction with the pommel and cantle, in front and rear of each. Grooves are made in the under side of the side bars to receive the thongs, that they may not project and chafe the horse's back. Ikon.—2 stirrup-bars, the front end riveted to the pommel and the rear end to the side bar; 2 iron staples No. 1, driven through, one from the front of the pom¬ mel, and the other from the rear of the cantle, and clenched. Seat.—1 girth-webbing, the middle of its length nailed double on the pommel over the hollow: the two ends separated and stretched strongly, and nailed on the front of the cantle. 1 canra# (strong hemp), to cover the webbing, stretched across the girth-webbing, the ends nailed on the side bars and on the edge of the pommel and cantle; 1 cotton drilling, drawn over the canvas and nailed in the same way; cotton batting, stuffed between the linen and the cotton drilling; 1 leather lining, pasted underneath the webbing and canvas. Parts in leather, etc., of the body of the saddle.—The front of pommel and rear of cantle are covered with leather, glued to the wood and nailed close to the side bars. The ends of the side bars are covered with harness leather, which is fastened by nails close to the pommel and cantle, and by two finishing nails on each end of side bar, driven through from the upper side; 1 seat of goat-skin morocco, lined with sheep-skin, stuffed with cotton, quilted, and bound round the edges with light morocco, fastened to the side bars by three finishing nails on each side; 1 pommel-cover (bridle leather), sewed to the front of the seat, tacked to the lower part of the pommel, glued on the upper part, and sewed to the leather on the front of pommel by a seam along the top edge of pommel; 1 cantle-cover, sewed to the rear end of the seat, the lower part tacked to the side bars, the upper part glued to the cantle and sewed to the leather, on the rear part of the cantle, by a seam around the edge of the cantle; 1 pommel moulding (brass), covering the seam, fastened by 2 iron and 2 brass nails; 1 cantle ornament (brass), shape of a shield, fastened by 3 brass nails; 1 pommel ornament (brass), shape of a shield, fastened by .3 brass nails; 2 loops No. 7 B, for cloak-straps, driven through the side bars in 140 ORDNANCE MANUAL. rear of the cantle, and riveted; 2 billets for traee-loop pass through the skirts, and are nailed to the upper side of the side bars; 1 collar-strap billet, sewed to the loop on the front of the pommel. Skirts.—2 skirts (thick harness leather), fastened to the under side of the side bars with glue; the upper end is turned over the side bars, and sewed at front and rear to the covering of ends of side bars. Stirrups.—2 stirrups (cast-brass); 2 stirrup-straps pass over the stirrup-bars; 1 buckle No. 4, with 3 standing-loops, sewed to the thin end of the strap, which is doubled and stitched on a length of 8 inches, where it passes through the eye of the stirrup. Girths.—1 girth (light bridle leather), made in two parts of unequal lengths: each part is made of double thickness by folding the leather in the direction of its length, bringing the two edges together in the middle, and fastening them with a seam the whole length. The long part has a buckle No. 4, and chape, with 3 standing-loops; it passes through the skirt from underneath, and is nailed to the upper side of the side bars, on the off side. The short part has a billet sewed to it; it is nailed, in the same manner as the leng part, on the near side. Valise-Saddle. The valise-saddle, placed on the off horse, is used to carry the driver's valise, but in case of emergency can be used to ride upon. It is composed of 1 saddle¬ tree; 1 seat; different parts of leather, etc., of the body of the saddle; 2 saddle- skirts; 1 girth. Saddle-tree.—Wood.—The same as that of the driver's saddle, except in the dimensions. Iron.—1 hook for the reins (brass-plated), with loop for billet of the collar-strap attached, is driven through the pommel from the front, and clenched ; 1 iron staple J>To. 1, for the crupper-strap, driven in the cantle from the rear, and clenched. 4 brass loops No. 7 B, for valise-straps, driven one in each end of the side bars, and riveted. Seat.—1 leather seat, stretched and nailed to the pommel, cantle, and side bars; 1 cotton drilling, drawn over the leather seat and nailed in the same way ; cotton batting, stuffed between the cotton drilling and leather seat. Parts in Leather, etc., of the body of the saddle.—The same as for the driver's saddle, with the addition of 2 valise-straps, each has 1 buckle No. 8, 1 standing and 1 sliding-loop ; 1 crupper-strap, made of two thicknesses, stitched, embracing in the fold at one end the iron loop on the cantle, and at the other end an iron loop No. 5, with roller for the back strap of the crupper. The same crupper answers for either saddle. Skirts.—The same, except in dimensions, as those for the driver's saddle. , Girths.—1 girth (leather), has 1 buckle No. 6, and 3 standing-loops, fastened to a layer; the girth is sewed to the near skirt of the saddle ; 1 billet sewed to the off skirt. DRAUGHT HARNESS. 141 Valise. The valise is cylindrical, IS inches long, with a flat bottom. Valise (thick bridle leather).—1 body; 1 body lining (cotton ticking), pasted to the body; 2 ends, made of 2 thicknesses of leather, sewed together with one seam near the outer edge; 2 end linings (cotton ticking), pasted to the ends; 1 inner flap, with 6 slits for wire staples sewed to the body, covering the mouth of valise; 1 strap, 1 chape and buckle No. 9, sewed to the opposite ends of body; the strap passes through the iron staples and holds down the inner flap; 6 iron wire staples No. 3 pass through the body, are bent and held in place by a strip of leather sewed over their ends; 3 chapes and buckles No. 9, and 3 standing-loops, sewed to the body for the billets on the cover; 2 handles (leather, rounded), sewed into the ends between the two thicknesses; 2 loops, 1 inch wide, sewed to the bottom of the body, for the valise-straps to pass through ; 1 cover ; 1 cover lining, larger than the cover, sewed to it around its outer edge, forming a pocket: it has an opening in the middle, which is closed with strings: 1 binding, thin leather, sewed around the edge of cover; 3 billets, sewed to the cover to fasten it down. Draught Harness. The Collar.—Collars are made of two sizes —17 inches and 20 inches; the measure taken on the inside of the breast. 1 rim (bridle leather), sewed to the belly, stuffed with uncut straw. 1 belly (upper- leather), made in two pieces, which lap and are sewed together at bottom, stuffed with straw cut into pieces not more than £ of an inch long; 2 chapes and buckles No. 8, 2 billets, sewed to the open ends of the collar and used only to vary the size of the collar; ] pad (black sheep-skin), stuffed with deer's hair, to protect the horse's neck from being chafed by the collar-straps; 3 loops, sewed to the pad; two pass over the ends of the collar, and the collar-strap passes through the other. The Hames, iron (painted black).—Two branches, curved; 2 double-joint loops for trace-tugs, attached to the branches by means of a bolt passing through a stud forged on the branch: they turn freely on the bolt, and also admit free motion in the opposite direction; 2 links, for holding up the breast-strap, welded into the eyes of the joint-loop bolts; 2 rings No. 3, for trussing-straps, welded into the rect¬ angular eyes at the upper ends of the branches; 1 clasp, made fast to the off branch, connects the branches at their lower ends; 1 chain and toggle (3 links No. 4), welded into the eye of the clasp, connects the pole-yoke to the hames; 2 loop- rings, 1.75 inches diameter, sewed in the trace-tugs, for the trace-chains to pass through. Leather.—Two safes, sewed round the branches under the joint-loops, to protect the collar from being chafed by the tracc-tugs; 2 trace-tugs, 0.63 inch thick, made of four thicknesses of leather stitched together with three seams, embracing in the fold the joint-loop at one end and the loop-ring at the other. 142 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Two trussing-straps, each with 1 buclcle No. 8, 1 standing and 1 sliding-loOp. They pass through the rings in the rectangular eyes of the branches to truss up the harness. 1 hames-strap, with 1 buckle No. 6 and 2 standing-loops, connects the two branches at the top; 1 collar-strap, having 1 buckle No. 6 and 1 standing-loop, passes round the hames-strap and is buckled to the billet on the pommel of the saddle, to keep the collar in place. Traces. Traces are composed of a leather trace with a chain and toggle attached to each end. They differ only in the length of the leather trace. Leather trace, 0.63 inch ftick, made of three thicknesses of leather sewed together their whole length, with two seams; 2 iron loops riveted to the ends of the leather trace with 3 rivets, each 0.25 inch diameter. Front trace-chain made of iron .3 inch diameter, 5 links and 1 toggle, attached to the leather trace by the iron loop. Rear trace-chain.— Thirteen links, four rings (oval), and one toggle, of the same sized iron and attached in the same manner as the front trace-chain. Belly-band.—Two trace-loops, made by doubling the leather and sewing the branches together near one end; 1 buckle No. 6 and 1 standing-loop embraced in the stitched end of the trace-loop; 1 iron loop No. 5, embraced and playing loose on the bottom of the trace-loop; 1 belly-strap with 1 buckle No. 6 and 1 standing-loop, sewed to the iron loop of trace-loop on the off side; 1 belly-strap billet sewed to the iron loop of trace-loop on the near side and buckling to the belly-strap; 1 loin- strap, each end passes into the buckle of the trace-loop to hold up the traces. The loin-strap for the wheel-horse has 1 layer sewed under its middle, forming a loop through which passes the hack-strap of the crupper: it is shorter than the loin-strap for the lead-horse; 2 trace-loops with 1 buckle No. 6 and 1 standing-loop, formed as above described. Crupper.—1 dock, formed of a single piece 3.5 inches wide and 14 inches long, doubled lengthwise and made round, not stuffed: it has 1 buckle No. 9 and 1 stand¬ ing-loop sewed to each end; 1' body, the rear end is split into 2 billets for the buckles of the dock, the other end is sewed to the end of the back-strap; 1 layer 10 inches long, 1 buckle No. 6, and 4 standing-loops sewed on the front end of the body, leaving an opening in rear of the back-strap for the hip-strap to pass through; 1 short layer, inserted under the long layer and in rear of the opening for the hip-strap; 1 back- strap, sewed in between the body and the long layer, passes through the loop of loin- strap of wheel-harness, through the iron loop on the saddle, and returns to the buckle on the body of the crupper; 1 sliding-loop holds the two parts of the back- strap together near the saddle. Breeching. 1 breech-strap (thick harness leather); 1 layer, thick leather, sewed to the breech- strap its whole length with 2 seams; 1 buckle No. 3*and 3 standing-loops at each end NOSE-BAG. 143 sewed in the fold of the breech-strap and layer; 2 iron loops No. 5 and chapes sewed to upper side of breech-strap; 4 tugs for hip-straps, made of two thicknesses of leather, sewed together with 2 seams : each has 1 buckle No. 6 and 3 standing-loops, and embraces in the fold at the other end the buckle or loops of the breech-strap; 4 safes sewed on the inside of the tugs; 1 hip-strap, split at each end into two billets, which buckle into the tugs of the breech-strap; 1 breast-strap, 0.63 inch thick in the middle, .5 inch at the ends, made of three thicknesses, sewed together with 3 seams: it passes through the iron links on the hames and the trace loops attached to the saddle, and buckles to the breech-strap ; 1 pole-strap, 0.5 inch thick, made of three thicknesses of leather sewed together with two scams ; 1 buckle No. 3, and 3 stand¬ ing-loops, sewed in the folds at one end. Pole-Pad. It is placed on the end of the pole to prevent the lead-horses from being injured by the pole. Iron.—1 ring, 2.3 inches diameter, 1 inch wide, 0.2 inch thick, with 2 holes for bolt; 1 b
e, 1 buckle No. 2 A, 1 standing-loop, and 1 safe on the off end, and 1 chape, 1 buckle No. 4 A, 1 D-ring No. 1 A, 1 standing-loop, and 1 safe on the near end; 1 standing-loop, on the middle. 6 coat-straps, 6 buckles No. 11 A, 6 stojis: they pass through the mortises in the pommel and cantle and the foot-staples. Carbine-thimble.—1 strap; 1 buckle No. 10 A, sewed to the socket: the thimble is buckled to the P-ring on the off side of the saddle. Surcingle, 3.25 inches (blue woollen webbing).—1 chape, 1 buckle No. 4 A, and 1 standing-loop on one end, and 1 billet on the other; 1 billet-lining, sewed over the end of webbing to the billet; 2 standing-loops near the buckle end. SADDLE-BLANKET. 151 Crupper.—1 doclc, made of a single piece and stuffed with hair, the ends sewed to the body of the crupper; 1 body, split at one end, has sewed to it 1 chope and 1 ring No. 3 A; 2 lock straps: each has 1 buckle No. 10 A and 2 sliding-! oops: they pass through the rings of the side bars and the ring on the body of the crupper. Saddle-Bags. The saddle-bags are composed of 2 jnmches and 1 scat, the ends bf the seat sewed to the pouches. Each pouch has 1 back, sewed to the gusset and upper part of inner front with a trelt; 1 gusset, sewed to the back and to 1 outer and 1 inner front with a welt; 1 fap, sewed to the top of the back and to the seat by 2 seams; 1 flap-billet, sewed to the point of the flap; 1 chape and 1 buckle No. 11 A, sewed to the outer front; 1 billet and 1 buckle No. 11 A, sewed to the chape. The seat is sewed to the pouch by the same seams which join the flap to the back of the pouch. It has 2 holes for the foot-staples, and 1 hole for the saddle-bag stud; 2 key-straps, sewed to the seat near its ends ; 4 lacing-thongs for the pouches. Saddle-Blanket. To be of pure wool, close woven, of stout yarns of a dark gray color, with a red border 3 inches wide, 3 inches from the edge. The letters C. S., 6 inches high, of orange color, in the centre of the blanket. Dimensions, 75 inches long, 67 inches wide. "Weight, 3.1S75 lbs.; allowance in weight, 0.1875 lb. Spurs (brass).—2 spurs; 2 rowels; 2 rivets; 2 spur-straps, 19 inches long; 2 roller-buckles No. 11 B; 2 standing-loops. Length of heel for No. 1, 3* inches; for No. 2, 3£ inches, j ingide measure_ Width of heel " 1, 3£ " " 2, 3 "J Length of shank to centre of rowel, 1 inch. Diameter of rowel, 0.85 inch. Weight of pair of spurs and straps, .57 lb. Horse-brush.—1 body (maple); Russia bristles; 1 cover, glued and fastened to the body by 8 screws No. 3; 1 hand-strap (fair leather), fastened to the sides of the body by 6 screws No. 5; 2 leather washers under the heads of screws. Dimensions.—Body, 9.25 inches long, 4 inches wide, .5 inch thick ; cover, 0.1 inch thick; bristles project .9 inch; hand-strap, 2 inches wide. Weight, .57 lb. Currycomb (iron, japanned black).—1 body (sheet-iron, 0.4), the top and bottom edges turned at right angles, forming 2 rows of teeth; 3 double rows of teeth riveted to the body by 6 rivets ; 1 cross-bar, riveted across the top by 2 rivets; 1 handle- shank, riveted to the body by 3 rivets; 1 handle (wood), turned and painted, passes over the shank, and is held by the riveted end of the shank; 1 ferrule, sheet- iron. Dimensions.—Length, 4 inches; width, 4.75 inches; thickness, .75 inch; length of handle, 4 inches. Weight, .75 lb. 152 ORDNANCE MANUAt. Picket-pin (iron, painted black).—The parts are* t\e body, the neck, the head, the swell, the point, 1 lariat-ring around the neck, 8-shaped, the larger opening for the lariat. 'Dimensions.—Length, 14 inches; diameter at swell, 4 inches from point, .75 inch ;.at neck, .5 inch ; at head, 1 inch. Lariat-ring, .2-inch wire, welded. Interior diameter, 1 inch. Weight of pin, 1.25 pounds. Lariat.—Best hemp l^-inch rope, 30 feet long, of 4 strands, an eye spliced in one end, the other end whipped with small twine. Weight, 2.38 lbs. Link.—1 strap, embracing in the fold at one end 1 spring-ho {s°hort Billets for reins Coupling-straps. Billets for do. { Driver's Saddle. Skirts Billet for collar-strap Stirrup-leathers Trace-loop billets Girth-billet Girth, | fh0rt P"4' ^ ' ( long part . Valise- Saddle. Valise. f Skirts « I Girth | Girth-billet Trace-loop billet Billet for collar-strap Crupper-strap Valise-straps 'Body Ends Inner flap & Strap for flap Cover Buckle-straps Billets for buckle-straps In. 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1. 1.75 .75 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 14. 1.25 1.5 1.25 1.5 2.8 2.8 10. 2. 2. 1.25 1.25 1.25 1. 18. 6.25 4. .t 10. In. 30. 12.5 21. 18.5 12. 13.5 44. 26. 23. 23. 12.5 10. 66. 46. 11. :} 26 10. 24. 14. 65. 18. 22. ) 20. | 38. 21. 30. 20. 18. 14. 10.5 48. 25. 7.25 16. 18. 20.3 4. 7.5 In. 30. 8. 15. 14. 5.25 6.25 42. 26. 19.5 16. 8.5 10. 64. 44. 11. 84. 10. 24. 12. 56. 18. 38. 38. 18. 12. 4.5 18. 2. 7-5 In. 1.25 1. .75 1. 1. 1.5 1.5 1.25 1. .88 HARNESS. 159 Dimensions of Leather Parts of Artillery Harness.—Continued. Cut. Fin¬ ished. f Body Leg-Guard. -! Foot-strap. [ Leg-straps. Collar and Hames. ' Collar-billets ... Trace-lugs Trussing-straps Harness-strap.. Collar-strap Traces and Straps. f Wheel-traces... Leading-traces. Trace-loops.... Belly-band.... Loin-straps , f wheel. . j leading. " layer.., [loops ... Crupper.. . Breeching. (" Dock } Body j Layer for body. [Back-strap 'Breech-strap Layer for breech-strap.., Tugs Safes. Hip-strap Breast-strap In. 17. .88 • 75 1. 1.75 1. 1.25 1.25 1.75 1.75 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 3.5 1.75 1.25 1.25 2.5 1.75 1.25 2.25 2.5 1.75 In. 20.5 14. 26. 11. 17. 34. 21. 15. 50. 96. 21. 31. 16. 48. 60. 6. 23. 14. 20. 10. 31. 48. 50. 13. 6. 48. In. 14. 24. 11. 7. 32. 18. 50. 25. 13. 48. 60. 6. 10. 14. 20. 10. 31. 42. 42. 6. 6. 48. Leather, etc., required for 1 set of Wheel and 1 set of Leading Harness, for 2 Horses each. Harness leather 7 sides. Bridle " 4 " Collar " 2 " Goat (morocco) skins 1 Sheep-skins, russet 2 " black 1 Hemp webbing 3 yds. Cotton ticking 3 " " drilling 2 " Tow linen 1 yd. Cotton batting 2 lbs. Deers' hair i " Rye straw 24 " Tacks, assorted 4 M. Finishing nails i gross. Shoe thread 2 lbs. One side of collar leather makes 14 whips. Dimensions of Leather Parts of Cavalry Equipments. dimensions. buckles. rings or loops. parts. | Length. Nun,.be!: 1 Size, required. Number j _. required. j e" W eight. § ft "Width. ! i , j Cut. j Finished. <35 O Crown-piece Brow-band Bridle Bit-billets Curb-chain safe Curb-chain loops _ Reins Watering-bridle Reins Cheek-pieces Cheek-piece loops Crown-piece Do. chape Nose-band Chin-strap Throat-sti'ap Tln'oat-band II itching-strap „ Ilitchiug-strap billet ( Strap ■\ Billet f Skirts Stay-loops for saddle-bags Stirrup-hoods Stirrup-straps Stirrup-leathers Do. loops Saddle Stirrup-strap loops Girth-straps. Girth-billets I Halter.. Link. t off side . Coat-straps Coat-strap stops Inches. Inches. Inches. 1 1.425 52. 50.5 1 .75 19.75 16.25 2 .75 10.50 0.50 1 .85 5.5 5.5 2 .625 5.0 0.75 2 .75 64. 60. 2 .875 61. 58. 2 1.25 13.5 8.5 2 1. 1.25 1.125 1 1.125 27. 24.5 1 1.125 8. 2.75 1 1.25 18.5 13.5 1 1.25 19.25 14.25 1 1.25 14.625 6.125 1 1. 23. 18. 1 1.25 84. 81. 1 1.25 12. 9. 1 .75 16.0 11.0 1 .75 10.0 8.0 2 15. 16. 16. 2 .625 3. 2.875 2 14. 8.5 8.5 2 1.375 5.6 53. 2 13.5 9. 9. 4 2. 2.87 1.5 2 1.25 5.25 1.375 1 1.25 44. 39. 1 1.25 46.5 41.5 1 1.375 60. 57. 1 2. 20. 17.5 6 .625 35. 33. 1 .625 1. 1 1. No. 10 A No. 11 A No. 7 A No. 5 A (2 loops, t 2 rings. 11 ring. {1 halter-bolt 1 spring-hook. 2 D-rings. No. 2 A No. 1 A No. 1 A No. 1 A 2.21 Including the tree ironed, 13.98 Dimensions of Leather Parts of Cavalry Equipments.—Continued. m dimensions. bu< kles. rings or loops. h-1 paet3. Number parts i one se 1 Length. Number 1 a. required. | Slze- Size. Weight. VYidth. , | Cut. j Finished. roquiied. c— [ Dock Body Crupper < Chape Back Straps. ^Strap-loops . AYebbing .... Girth . SURCINGIrE • Saddle-bags . Girth-billet loop AYebbing Loops Chape Chape-loops Billet Billet lining Seat Key straps ,. "backs gusset outer front ... inner front ... flap flap-billets Stay-strap chape Stay-strap billet Lacing thongs, Pouch- Inches. Inches. Inches. 2.5 .75 3. 1.75 1.125 .75 *75 4.5 2. 2. 1.25 1. 3. 3.375 1. 3.5 .75 6.875 .8 9.25 3.5 9.25 9.25 7.7 .625 1.375 .625 .25 .25 8.25 12. 16. 14.75 5.25 30.75 2.5 17. 6.75 7. 3.50 3.50 5.50 7. 4.50 55. 3.5 6.5 33'. 4. 18.75 5. 9.4 23.50 7.5 9.4 7.4 5.5 5.5 11. 16. 12. Diam'r 2^ 12! 3.25 28.75 1. 16,25 4.75 5. 2.5 1.5 5.50 7. 4.50 54. 3.5 4. 1.75 30. 4. 18. 5. 9.2 23. 7.3 9.2 7. 4. 3. 10. No. 10 A No. 2 A No.4 A No. 4 A No. 11 A No. 11 A 1 ring. 1 D-ring. No. 3 A Lbs. } ■ No. 1 A .71 162 ordnance manual. Chapter Seventh. PAINTS, LACKERS, ETC. COMPOSITION AND PREPARATION. The proportions are given for 100 parts by weight of prepared colors, etc., when not otherwise designated. a gallon of linseed oil weighs. .7.5 " spirits of turpentine 7.25 " Japan varnish 7. " sperm oil 7.12 " neat's-foot oil 7.63 Boiled Oil. Raw linseed oil 103. Copperas 3.15 Litharge 6.3 Put the copperas and litharge in a cloth bag and suspend it in the middle of the kettle. Boil the oil 4i hours, with a slow, even fire, so that it may not be burned; then let it stand and deposit the sediment. Dryings. Mixture of copperas and litharge taken from the boiled oil 60 Spirits of turpentine 56 Boiled oil 2 The mixture taken from the boiled oil to be ground, and mixed with the turpen¬ tine and oil. Putty. (For filling cracks in wood.) Spanish whiting, pulverized 81.6 Boiled oil 20.4 Made into a stiff paste. If not intended for immediate use, raw oil should be used, as the putty made with boiled oil hardens quickly. OLIVE PASTE. 163 Another kind of putty for the same purpose is made by mixing fine sifted oak saw¬ dust with linseed oil which has been boiled until it assumes a glutinous consistency. White Paint. For inside work, For outside work. White leiad, ground in oil 80 80 Boiled oil 14.5. 9 Haw oil. 9 Spirits of turpentine 8 4 Grind the white lead in the oil, and add the spirits of turpentine. New wood work requires about 1 lb. to the square yard for three coats. Lead Color. White lead, ground in oil .....^ 75. Lampblack - ,. 1. Boiled linseed oil. 23. Litharge 0.5 Japan varnish 0.5 Spirits of turpentine 2.5 The lampblack and the litharge are ground separately upon the stone, in oil, then stirred into the white lead and the oil; the turpentine and varnish are added as the paint is required for use, or when it is packed in kegs for transportation. Black Paint. Lampblack 28 Litharge , 1 Japan varnish........ 1 Linseed oil, boiled..... 73 Spirits of turpentine 1 Grind the lampblack in oil; mix it with the oil, then grind the litharge in oil and add it, stirring it well with the mixture. The varnish and turpentine are added last. The paint is used for the iron work of carriages. Olive Paste. Yellow ochre, pulverized. .,... . .. .68, Lampblack 1.1 Boiled oil 37. Spirits of turpentine 0.4 Make a thick paste with the ochre and oil, in a paint pot, and with the lampblack and oil in another; grind them together in small portions, and keep the mixture in a tin vessel. 164 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Liquid Olive Color. Olive paste „ / .. 29.5 Boiled oil 5 5 Spirits of turpentine » Dryings Japan varnisli Stirred together in a paint pot. Liquid Olive Color. Yellow ochre (French) * Boiled oil (raw, 45) ....... 40. Litharge ® Lampblack. 2 Spirits of turpentine .. 5 Japan varnish .-2 Brown Paint for Iron Carriages. Iron paint. Spirits of turpentine. Brainard's Paint. Dissolve 10 lbs. of shellac in 10 gals, of boiling water, adding 30 oz. of sal aeratus. Mix this solution with an equal quantity of paint prepared in the usual manner. This paint is economical and durable. Paint for Window-Glass. Add .25 oz. of best chrome green to 1 lb. sugar of fend, ground fine, in sufficient Knseed oil to moisten it; mix to the consistency of common paint, and apply it with a soft brush. No drying material is required. The glass should be well cleaned before the paint is applied. The above quantity is sufficient for about 200 feet of glass. "Whiting and Prussian blue may be used for the same purpose. Gray or Stone Color for Buildings. 1st coat. 2d coat. White lead, in oil .78, 100. Boiled oil 9.5 20. Raw oil 9.5 20. Spirits of turpentine 3. Turkey umber 0.5 Lampblack ......0.25 0.25 Yellow ochre [ t „ 3 Mixed like the lead color. LACKER FOR IRON ORDNANCE. 165 A square yard of new brick work requires, for two coats, 1.1 lb.; for three coats, 1.5 lb. Cream Color for Buildings. 1st coat. 2d coat. White lead, in oil 66.66 70. French yellow 3.33 3.33 Japan varnish 1.33.., 1.33 Raw oil 28 24.5 Spirits of turpentine 2.25 2.25 A square yard of new brickwork requires, for first coat, 0.75; for second coat, 0.3 lb. Yellow-Wash for Buildings. Dissolve 1 lb. of pulverized copperas in 8 gals, of water ; let it stand twenty-four hours, stirring it two or three times from the bottom; use this for slaking the lime, and thinning it to the consistency of ordinary whitewash; add hydraulic cement equal in quantity to the lime used, and of clean sand £ gal. to 15 gals, of wash. Stir it frequently, to prevent the sand from settling. The walls should be first well cleaned of dust and thoroughly wet from the rose of a watering pot, and the wash applied immediately after, beginning at the top, laying on the coat horizontally and finishing it vertically. Before leaving the work, at any time, finish the course to a joint in the wall, to prevent making a mark in the color where the two courses join. This wash has been known to last for fifteen years without requiring renewal. For a gray or stone color, add lampblack previously deadened with whiskey. Lacker for Iron Ordnance. 1.—Black lead, pulverized 12 Red lead 12 Litharge 5 Lampblack 5 Xinseed oil 66 Boil it gently about twenty minutes, during which time it must be constantly stirred. 2.—Umber, ground 3.75 Gum shellac, pulverized 3.75 Ivory-black 3.75 Litharge • 3.75 Linseed oil 78. Spirits of turpentine 7.25 The oil'must be first boiled half an hour. The mixture is then boiled 24 hours, poured off from the sediment, and put in jugs, corked. 166 ORDNANCE MANUAL. 3.-^-Coal tar (of good quality) 2 gals. Spirits turpentine 1 pint. The turpentine to be added in small quantities during the application of the lacker. In applying lacker, the surface of the iron must he first cleaned with a scraper and a wire brush, if necessary, and the lacker applied hot, in two thin coats, with a paint brush. It is best done in summer, when the metal is heated by the sun's rays, with gloves made of sheep-skin, the wool turned outward, cut .4 inch long, the thumb alone being free. Old lacker should be removed with a scraper, or by scouring, and not by heating the guns or balls, by which the metal is injured. About 5 gallons of lacker are required for 100 field guns and 1,000 shot; about 1 quart for a sea-coast gun. Lacker for Iron Ordnance (used in the British service). Anti-corrosion 40 lbs. Grant's black, ground in oil 4 u Red lead, as a dryer 3 " Linseed oil 4 gals. Spirits of turpentine 1 pint. This mixture, when well stirred and incorporated, will be fit for use; but as by long keeping in this state it becomes hard, no more should be mixed than may be required for immediate use. Anti-corrosion.—Slag from iron foundries, pounded 12 Chalk » 12 Soot, common 1 Lacker for Small Arms, or for Water-proof Taper. Beeswax 13 lbs. Spirits turpentine 13 galls. Boiled linseed oil 1 gall. All the ingredients should be pure and of the best quality. Heat them together in a copper or earthen vessel, over a gentle fire, in a water-bath, until they are well mixed. Lacker for bright Iron Work. Linseed oil, boiled SO.5 Litharge 5.5 White lead, ground in oil 11.25 Rosin, pulverized 2.75 Add the litharge to the oil: let it simmer over a slow fire 3 hours ; strain it, and VARNISH FOR HOLSTERS, SCABBARDS, ETC. 167 add the rosin and white lead,* keep it gently warmed, and stir it until the rosin is dissolved. Apply it with a paint brush. Planton's Composition for Wood or Iron. Rosin, pulverized 48 Shellac, " 2 Charcoal or cannel coal, pulverized 16 Spirits turpentine 1 The shellac may be replaced by double the quantity of beeswax. The rosin and shellac are melted in an iron vessel over the fire; the charcoal is then added and stirred briskly until the whole is well intermixed, after which the turpentine is added and stirred until it is well incorporated with the other ingredients. Black Stain for Wood. Copperas . 1 lb. Nutgalls 1 " Sal ammoniac 0.25 lb. Vinegar 1 gall. Stir it occasionally, and it will be ready for use in a few hours. Clean and make smooth the surface, filling the cracks with 'black putty, which should be allowed to harden. Apply the stain two or three times, and leave it a day or two to dry; then rub it with boiled oil until it is polished. The stain will be of a bluish color till the oil is applied. This forms a cheap and durable preservative for wood. Varnish for Holsters, Scabbards, etc. (or Patent Leather). {For first and second coats.) Prussian blue, in lumps 4. Sugar of lead 0.7 Aqua fortis 0.7 Linseed oil, boiled 70. Spirits turpentine 24.6 The ingredients, except the turpentine, are boiled together in an iron kettle eight hours, when the mixture will assume a brilliant black color. When the varnish is nearly cool, stir in the turpentine. The kettle in which the varnish is made should be of a capacity to hold double the quantity of varnish to be boiled. (For the third or finishing coat—Copal Varnish.) Gum copal (in clean lumps) 26.5 Boiled linseed oil 42.5 Spirits turpentine 31. This varnish is made in a copper vessel, smallest at top, in the form of a still. 168 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Put the copal in the vessel, set it on a charcoal fire for one hour, in which time it will melt, and all the watery particles will evaporate. Add the oil while the copal is warm, but not boiling hot. When nearly cool, add the turpentine, which will give it a proper consistency for use. For 5 lbs. copal and the proper proportions of oil and turpentine, the vessel should hold 6 gallons. Japan Varnish. Litharge 4 Boiled oil 87 Spirits turpentine 2 Bed lead 6 Umber 1 Gum shellac 8 Sugar of lead 2 White vitriol 1 Japan varnish is generally purchased from the paint sellers. It is made by boil¬ ing over a slow charcoal fire, for five hours, all the ingredients, except the turpen¬ tine and a small portion of the oil; the latter is added as required, to check the ebullition and allay the froth which rises to the surface. It must be continually •stirred with a wooden spatula, and great care is necessary to prevent it from taking fire. The turpentine is added after the varnish is nearly cool, and it is stirred well in. The varnish must be put in demijohns, or close cans, and kept tightly corked. Dye for Blacking Belts. Extract of logwood 2 lbs. Broken nutgalls 0.5 lb. Pyrolignate of iron 0.5 pint. Soft water 1 gall. The logwood and nutgalls are boiled in the water till the logwood is dissolved. When cold, add the pyrolignate of iron. Stir it well and let it settle. When clear, decant it free from sediment and keep it well corked. The pyrolignate of iron is made by dissolving iron filings in pyroligneous acid— as much as the acid will take up. The addition of the logwood is not essential. A solution of copperas may replace the pyrolignate of iron, but it is not so good. Kit. Composition.—9 rosin, 6 pitch, 6 beeswax, 1 tallow. To be melted together and poured into water; then worked with the hands until it becomes soft and pliable. QUANTITY OF PAINT FOR A CARRIAGE. 169 Pitch Cement. Lbs. Oz. Beeswax .0 3 Pitch 2 Rosin 1 Turpentine 1 Brick dust 0 9 The materials for the cement are melted successively over a slow fire, and the brick dust is stirred in last. Grease for Carriage Wheels. Hogs' lard, softened (if fresh) by working it. If this cannot be procured, tallow or other grease may be used; if hard, it should be melted with fish oil. About 1 lb. of grease is required for four wheels. Booth's Patent Grease for Railway Axles. Water 1 gall. Clean tallow ' 3 lbs. Palm oil 6 " Common soda i lb. Or, Tallow 8 lbs. Palm oil 10 " To be heated to about 210°, and to be well stirred until it cools down to 70°. Quantity of Paint required for a Carriage. KIND OP CARRIAGE. Lead color. Olive. Black. Field gun-carriage and limber, with implements Caisson, with limber and implements, etc Forge, with limber Battery-wagon, with limber Casemate carriage and chassis, wooden Barbette carriage and chassis, wooden Lbs. Lbs. 10 15 10 18 14 11 Lbs. 0.75 0.8 1. 0.9 0.75 1. A priming of lead color and two coats of olive color are applied to new wood work, and 1 coat of lead color and 1 of black, to the iron work. 170 ordnance manual. Chapter Eighth. SMALL ARMS, SWORDS, SABRES & ACCOUTREMENTS. SMALL ARMS. The small arms adopted for service are : The rifle musket, model 1S55. The rifle musket, model 1842. The rifle, model 1855. The Rifle, model 1842, reamed out to .58 inch. No model has yet been adopted for a carbine for the cavalry service; several different patterns are now in the hands of the troops. A repeating ■pistol is issued to the cavalry. Rifle Musket, model 1855. (Plates 24, 25, 26.) NOMENCLATURE.* Barrel.—Muzzle; bayonet-stud and front sight, breech, flats, bevels and oval, cone-seat, vent, vent-screw, cone-screw thread, vent-screw thread, rear-sight mor¬ tise, rear-side screw-hole, bore, grooves, lands. The exterior shape of this barrel tapers with a gentle re-entering curve from the breech to the muzzle. That portion of the flat in rear of the cone-seat is parallel to the axis of the bore. Breech-screw.—Plug with threads (16 to the inch), tenon, shoulders, tang, tang- screw hole, bevel. Bear sight (steel).—Base ; fence, offsets, ears, screw-hole, joint, groove for barrel, steady-pin; 1st leaf: body, ears, screw-holes, sight-notch, graduation-mark; 2d leaf: body, tenon, screw-hole, sight-notches, graduation-marks; joint-screw: stem head, slit, and thread. Base-screw.—Stem, head, holes, thread. Tang-screw.—Shoulder. Gone (steel).—Screw-thread, shoulder, square, nipple, vent. Bayonet.—Blade (steel); point, face flute, back flutes, edges of back and blade, bevels, elbow, neck; socket (iron): muzzle end, bridge end, bridge, mortise, shoulder for clasp, stop-pin ; clasp (iron): body, studs, bridge, groove, stop, clasp-screw. * The Maynard primer havjng been abandoned, all that relates to the magazine is intended to be omitted. RIFLE MUSKET. 171 Loch.—Loch-plate ; front and rear ends, sides, eone-seat notch, holster, main¬ spring notch, chamfer, bevel, 5 holes for the pivots of the main spring and bridle, arbor of the tumbler, 7 screw-holes, mortise for sear-spring stud; hammer: body, crook, head, comb, checking, countersink, cutter, slit, tumbler-hole; tumbler (steel) : body, friction-shoulder, arbor, square, pivot, swivel-arm, swivel-slot and pin-holes, half-cock notch, cock notch, screw-hole; bridle: body, eye, pivot, 3 holes for tum¬ bler-pivot, sear-screw, and bridle-screw; bridle-screw; tear (steel): body, eye, nose, tang, screw-hole; sear-screw; sear-spring (steel): blade (upper and lower branch and elbow), eye, stud-screw hole; sear-spring screw; mainspring (steel): blade, upper and lower brapch and felbow, hook, pivot, tang; %wivel (steel): body, axis, 2 holes for tumbler-pin and finger-pivot; tumbler and swivel-pin. 2 side screws. In all the screws the parts are: the stem, the head, the slit, and the thread. The bottom of the slit of the larger screws is concave; the base-screw of the rear sight has 2 holes in the head, instead of a slot, in order that it may not be removed by the ordinary screw-driver. Mountings.— Upper and lower bands: body, creases, letter U to designate the upper from the lower edge; middle band: body, creases, letter U, stud, hole for swivel-rivet; middle band swivel: wire, eyes, rivet; band-springs (steel): stem, wire, shoulder; side-screw washers: counter-sink, hole for screw; guard; guard- plate : body, bolsters, trigger-stud, 2 holes for guard-how, 2 for wood-screws, and 1 for trigger-screw; guard-bow: body, pillars, stems with their screw-threads, swivel- stud, piece and hole, 2 ?iuts for stems, swivel, and rivet; trigger: blade, tang or finger-piece, hole for screw; trigger-screw : 2 wood-screws for guard-plate ; butt-plate : body, toe, heel, hollow, corners, tang and screw holes; 2 wood-screws for butt-plate; box-plate: the lid and the strap joined by a hinge and rivet; screws: 3 box-plate and 1 for spring; 3 springs; 1 for box-plate; cafch: 1 for box-plate; rivets: 2 for catch. Ramrod (steel).—Stem, swell, head, cup, screw; stop (iron): for rod. Stoch (black walnut).—Butt: comb, handle, head, facings, first a!nd second rein¬ force, chase, shoulders for bands and tip; grooves for barrel and ramrod; beds for tang and tenon, lock, washers, guard-plate, nuts for guard-how and trigger-stud, butt-plate, and band-springs and tip; mortises for the trigger, and stop; rod-holes for the rod, the side screws, tang-screws, guard-screws, butt-plate Screws, hand¬ springs, and tip-rivet. Tip (malleable iron).—Recess for stock, groove for rod, rivet-hole, and shoulder. The patch-box was added July 9, 1859. The muskets made at this time have not the self-priming lock nor the patch-boX. Rifle Musket, model 1842. (Plate 26.) (For nomenclature see Ordnance Manual, 1861.) This arm differs from the original model in the following particulars:—The bore is grooved; it has a rear sight similar to that for the new musket. 172 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Rifle, model 1855. (Plate 26.) Barrel.—Muzzle: bayonet-stud, front sight (brass), breech, flats, bevels and oval, cone-seat, vent, vent-screw, cone-screw thread, vent-screw thread, rear sight mortise, rear sight screw-hole, bore, grooves, bands. The exterior of the barrel has a uni¬ form taper from the breech to the muzzle. That portion of the flat in rear of the cone-seat is parallel to the axis of the bore. Breech-screw.—Plug with threads (16 to the inch), tenon, shoulders, tang, tang- screw hole, bevel. Bear sight.—Similar to that of the rifle musket, 1855. Tang-screw.—Shoulder. Cone.—Same as for rifle musket. Swoed bayonet.— Blade .(steel), shoulder, back, edge, bevel, point, curvature, groove—tang, rivet-hole, rivet. Hilt (brass).—Gripe: ridges, back, beak, slot for stud, slot for guide, hole for finger-piec«,( hole for spring-screw, hole for rivet (tang), mortise for tang. Finger- piece: head, notch. Finger-piece spring: blade, screw-hole, boss. Finger-piece spring-screw. Guard-rivet, guard: long and short branch, knobs, muzzle-socket. Loch.—The same as the rifle musket, 1855. (Maynard primer omitted.) Mountings.—Similar to those of a rifle musket, 1855. Ramrod.—Similar to that of the rifle musket, 1855. Stock and tip.—Similar to that of the rifle musket, 1S55, except the 2d reinforce of stock. Rifle, model of 1842. (For nomenclature see Ordnance Manual, 1861.) To Make the Barrel. The barrel is made from a short, flat bar of iron, which is first formed into a hol¬ low cylinder, and then welded and drawn out to the required size, length and taper, by passing it through a series of rolls for that purpose. Materials.1—Best refined iron, free from slag and other impurities, of uniform texture, without hard spots: in plates 11 inches long, 5J inches wide, .5625 inch thick; the edges are so bevelled that they shall form a close joint when the plate is formed into a cylinder. English iron, Marshall brand, is generally used. Btst bituminous coal for the reverberating furnace (Cumberland, Broad top.) Best anthracite coal for the forge (Hazleton, lump). Pure sand for the bottom of the furnace. Utensils.—1 pair of rolls for bending the plates into cylinders. They have 5 grooves, of different sizes; 3 of them have tongues, 2 are open. 1 pair of rolls for welding and shaping the barrel. They have 9 grooves, of dif¬ ferent sizes, 2 of them parallel and 7 taper: it has an iron frame to hold the end of the mandrel. The rolls make 36 revolutions per minute. RIFLE. 173 2 sets of steel mandrels, of 8 each set, with an egg-shaped bulb on each end, vary¬ ing in size from .71 inch to .46 inch in diameter. 1 small mandrel, 3 feet long, 1 mandrel, 0 inches long. 1 straightening table, iron. 1 straightening machine, with 2 dies the length and the shape of the barrel, worked by an eccentric which opens the dies i inch, and makes GO revolutions per minute. 2 trip-hammers, with dies. To form the cylinder.—The plates are put into the furnace and raised to a white heat, and then passed through the rolls, each groove in succession. The first groove forms the plate into a trough shape ; the second and third grooves contract it gra¬ dually : the fourth turns the two edges inward, and the fifth completes the cylinder. The operation is performed at one heat. A day's work.—3 men can form 450 cylinders in 10 hours. To tceld and shajie the barrel.—The fireman places two cylinders in the furnace, and brings them to a welding heat; the foreman thrusts the largest mandrel through one of them while yet in the furnace, and, taking it to the rolls, puts the mandrel through the frame, introduces the end into the first groove, and the cylinder is drawn over the bulb of the mandrel, which is held by the collar. The first assistant, standing on the opposite side of the rolls, catches the barrel as it passes through, with a pair of tongs, and hands it to the second assistant, who stands on the same side as the foreman, and receives it with a small, short mandrel, which he thrusts into the barrel, and straightens it by striking it two or three times on the flat table. He then replaces it in the furnace, and it is raised to a welding heat a second time. The foreman takes out the other cylinder, and proceeds with it in the manner just described. When the barrel is brought to a welding heat the second time, the foreman takes it with the nest smaller mandrel and passes it through the second groove, by which the barrel is reduced in diameter and length¬ ened : it is straightened as before, and returned to the furnace. The third and remaining grooves taper so as to give the barrel the shape of a frustum of a cone, each succeeding groove reducing the size of the barrel and mak¬ ing it longer. The rolls are of such size that a single revolution takes the barrel through; as they continue to revolve without stopping, it requires care and dex¬ terity on the part of the foreman to insert the barrel in the groove at the proper time, bringing the end against the shoulder in the large part of the groove. The barrel is so much chilled by passing over the mandrel, that it is necessary it should be straightened and reheated before passing it through the next groove : a high red heat is required. After the barrel has been passed through the first eight grooves with their corres¬ ponding mandrels, it is taken with tongs and passed twice through the last groove, for the purpose of making it round and smooth. To straighten the barrel.—The foreman inserts the muzzle end of the barrel in the dies and turns it around gradually, when the dies are open, j'ushing it farther into the dies until its whole length is embraced by them. The barrel then receives the pressure of the dies from ten to fifteen times, when it will be found to be straight. 174 ORDNANCE MANUAL. To attach the cone-seat.—The cone-seat is swaged to the proper shape under the trip-hammer, and then welded to the barrel: the dies of the trip-hammer and the short mandrel in the end of the barrel preserving the form of the barrel and the cone-seat. A day's work.—4 men can form and weld from 75 to 80 barrels in 10 hours. The barrel is next bored, turned, straightened and proved. The stock is turned, the loek and guard-bow are let in, and the grooves for the rammer and barrel are cut by machinery, and made ready for the other mountings. Principal Dimensions, Weight-s, etc., of Small Arms. rifle muskets. 1855. 1842. 1855. 1842. f Diameter of bore I Variation allowed, more Barrel -j Diameter at muzzle Diameter at breech between flats.. ( Length without breech-screw Bayonet—Length of blade ramrod-*-Length Stock, with butt-plate and tip—Length , ( Length without bayonet complete ^ With bay°net fixed complete.. butt.plece f Number I Twist, uniform, 1 turn in Grooves ..t Width [ Depth at muzzle Depth at breech Barrel, without breech-screw., Lock, with side-screws Bayonet Butt plate ( Without bayonet., •< With bayonet " (With butt-piece... Arm, complete.. ' In. 0.58 0.0025 0.78 1.14 40. 18. 39.60 52.85 55.85 73.85 3. 6 ft. 0.30 .005 .015 Lbs, 4.28 .81 .72 .375 9.18 9.90 In. 0.69 0.015 0.85 1.25 42. 18. 41.70 57.80 75.80 3. 6 ft. 0.36 .005 .015 4.19 95 0.64 9.51 10.15 In. 0.58 0.0025 0.90 1.14 33. 21.7 33.00 49.3 71.8 3. 6 ft. 0.30 .005 .013 Lbs. 4.8 ■SI 2.15 9.93 12.08 INSPECTION OF SMALL ARMS. All the materials used in the manufacture of arms must be of the best quality, and they should be tested by the inspectors, according to the methods indicated in Chapter NIY. The wood for gun-stocks should be seasoned at least three years, and kept in a dry place two years before being worked; it must be free from knots and sap, and no wood which is brash, or light, or worm-eaten, or in any degree decayed, or which is cut across the grain at the handle of the stock, or which is kiln-dried, should be used or received. INSPECTION OF BARRELS. 175 The following rules for inspection apply to all small arms, whether made at the national armories, or by contract at private establishments. The attention of the inspecting officers should be directed as much as possible to the operations of the workmen in the course of the fabrication of arms. Each component part is first inspected by itself, and afterward the arm in a finished state. The materials and the forms and dimensions of all the parts must conform strictly to those of the established patterns; the workmanship and finish must be equal to those of the model arms, and the several parts must be browned, blued, case-hard¬ ened, o? polished as in the standard model. The forms and dimensions" of the parts are verified by means of the standard gauges. (See p. .) Inspection of Barrels. The first inspection of the barrel is made in the forged or cone-seated stage; the second in the 3d bored stage ; the third in the ground stage ; the fourth in the proved stage; the fifth in the filed stage; the sixth in the 6th bored stage; the seventh in the rifled stage; and the eighth in the breeched stage. In these inspections, the inspector will verify the barrel with proper gauges for each stage; he will see that the thread for the breech-screw in the barrel is well cut, and the bayonet-stud firmly brazed on ; that the exterior and interior dimensions of the barrel are correct; that there are no interior hammer-marks, ring-bores, cinder- holes, flaws, cracks, or other defects which will not disappear in the finishing; and that the thread of the breech-screw is accurately cut. The barrels rejected for defects that cannot be remedied will be stamped on the upper side, in a line with the vent, with the mark of condemnation, which will, be in all cases the letter G. If the defect is of such a nature as not to prevent the use of the barrel for a shorter arm when cut off, the mark will be made on the defective part. Proof.—The barrels which pass this inspection will then be proved by being fired twice, with the following charges : KIND OF BARREL. 1st charge. 2d charge. SIZE OF BALL. SIZE OF WAD. Thickness of paper. Powder. Balls. •a cd ■a o Balls. ■a ed % 5 Diameter. i Square. Grs. No. No. Grs. No. No. Grs. In. In. In. Rifle musket, model 1855 280 1 2 250 1 2 500 0.57 32. .01 Rifle, model 1855 280 1 2 250 1 2 5573^2 278^ 0.57 32. .01 176 ORDNANCE MANUAL. One wad is placed on the powder and the other on the hall, and the charge is well rammed with a copper rod. The wad occupies, when rammed, about J inch in the length of the barrel. The barrels are closed for proof with proving-plugs having vents in them. Musket powder will he used for proving the barrels of muskets ; the powder must he of the best quality, giving not less than the standard initial velocity; it must he proved immediately before being used, unless it shall have been proved within one year, and the inspector has no reason to suppose that it has become deterior¬ ated. The measures for the proof-charges should be of a conical form, with the mouth as small as may be convenient, in order that there may be less variation in the quantity of powder. Before commencing the proof of barrels, the inspector will satisfy himself as to the quality and proof of the powder, the size of the balls and of the wads. The inspector will observe the greatest caution in having the barrels properly loaded; for which purpose, after they are placed on the proving-bed, he will pass a ramrod into each barrel, to verify the accuracy of the charge. After the discharge he will again pass the ramrod into each barrel, and those which have missed fire will be pricked and primed and discharged, before proceed¬ ing to the second proof-charge. After the second proof-charge, the inspector will examine the barrels which have burst, and note the cause of defect, whether in the materials or workmanship. He will then examine those which have not burst, and he will mark, as con¬ demned, any which are evidently defective; the others will receive the proof-stamp, viz: V for viewed, P for proved, with the eagle's head under them, placed on the left square of the barrel, opposite the cone-seat. The barrels will be immediately washed clean, in hot water, and dried, after which they will be again carefully examined. They will now be inspected in the interior and on the exterior; the inspector will reject such as are too large in the bore, and such as have holes, cross-cracks, scales, seams, or ring-bores; he will examine the brazing of the bayonet-stud, and see that the barrel is not notched too deep, or indented inside. The barrels, having been reduced to their ultimate dimensions, straightened, and completely finished, are again strictly inspected, to verify the straightness of the bore, the exterior and interior diameters, their weight (which should not vary more than 1 ounce from the standard weight), the taps for the breech-screw and cone, the size, position, and direction of the vent. The straightness of the barrel may be ascertained by holding it up to the light and reflecting a straight-edge on the different parts of the bore, by which means an experienced" eye readily detects any inaccuracy in the bore. The small or utandard plug should pass freely through the whole length of the barrel, including the threads for the breech-screw, and the bore should not admit the large or limit plug. LOCKS. 177 The grooves should he carefully examined to see that they'are formed according to the pattern, and that they are even and uniform throughout. The breech-screws will be examined to see that they are of the proper dimensions, are sound in every part, and have good threads; they are case-hardened. The screw must be tried in the barrel, to see that it occupies all the threads in the tap of the barrel, and that it is not loose after entering three threads. The rent should enter the bore of the barrel clear of the end of the breech-screw. Marls.—Barrels condemned for defects detected after proof or at any time in the course of inspection, are marked with the letter C, struck in deeply,- those finally received are stamped, in addition to the proof-mark, with the year of fabrication on the top of the barrel, in the direction of the axis of the barrel, ending at .25 inch from the breech. Cones. Verify the dimensions, exterior and interior, and the thread of the screw. See that the upper part of the cone is properly hardened and free from cracks or flaws. Locks. Examine allthe limbs, to see that they are sound, well filed, and of the proper form. Hammers.—Verify the dimensions and form carefully with the proper gauges; see that they are properly case-hardened, especially in the head, knife edge, and cup for the cone. Tumblers must be verified separately, with great care, and their hardness tested. Springs.—The strength of the lock-springs, as indicated by the weights they require to bend them up to the cock-notch without causing them to belly or bend beyond a straight line, is as follows: Main-spring of rifle musket, 1S55 ..70 to 75 pounds. Sear-spring of each, about 20 " Spring-proof, No. 1.—Shows when the main-springs are evenly tempered, and will weigh from 70 to 75 pounds without bending beyond a straight line, setting, or breaking, by bringing them to the standard mark. Spring-proof, No. 2.—The main-springs are all required to stand in the position of full cock, in a spring-proof which holds 35 at one time, in the same position as they are held in the lock, for twelve hours, to test their strength and soundness. Screws.—Examine the forms of the stems and heads of all screws and the cutting of the threads, and gauge them ; see that they are properly hardened. Lock-plates.—Verify with the proper gauges the form and dimensions, the accuracy of the position of the holes, and the threads of those which are tapped; see that the plate is sound and free from cracks and flaws, especially about the tumbler-hole, and that it is well hardened. Finished locks.—The locks having been put together, see— 1. That they are clean in the inside. 12 178 ORDNANCE MANUAL. 2. That the sear works freely when the sear-screw is driven as far as it will go, and that the nose is sufficiently strong and falls properly into the notches of the tumbler. 3. That the bridle has no cracks or flaws about the holes for the tumbler-pivot and screws. 4. That the springs are well bent and of good proportions, that the fixed branches fit close to the lock-plate, and that the moveable branches swing clear of it, without having too much play. 5. That the slits of the screw-heads are not defective. 6. That the arbor and pivot of the tumbler fit accurately in their holes. 7. That the hook of the tumbler does not fall below the edge of the lock-plate when the cock is down. 8. That the notches of the tumbler are sound and smooth, and that the tumbler fits and turns well. 9. That the main-spring swivel is sound, by snapping the hammer several times on the bare cone. 10. That the hammer fits well on the square of the tumbler, and that it does not rest on the lock-plate when screwed up tight, and that it has the proper set in rela¬ tion to the cone. 11. That all the parts work well together. 'Marks.—The place and year of fabrication are stamped on the face of the lock- plate—the year in rear of the hammer, and the name of the place in front. Finished arm.—The initials of the finish inspector and of the master armorer are stamped on the rear end of th'e face of the stock, opposite the lock, with italic letters. Mountings. The forms and dimensions are verified with the appropriate gauges and patterns. The trigger should be well fitted to the guard-plate, with as little lateral play as is consistent with its free movement. The form, size, and threads of the screws should be carefully examined. The letters C. S. are marked on the tang of the butt-plate. RamrodS. The temper of the rod is tested by springing it in four directions, with the point resting on the floor. The musket ramrod should bend 6 inches from a right line joining the ends; the rod should spring back perfectly straight, without setting. Its soundness and freedom from flaws and cross-cracks are ascertained by the sound it gives when suspended by one end and gently struck with a piece of metal, and by passing it over the edge of a block of wood or the closed jaws of a vice, pressing down the ends at the same time and turning the .rod, so as to present every side successively to inspection. Rifle and pistol rods are subjected to the last tests only. The diameter of the rod and the tap of the screw for the wiper are verified with the proper gauges. The length is also verified. STOCKS. 179 Bayonets. The form and dimensions of the bayonet are verified with the proper gauges; the temper is tried by springing the bayonet attached to the barrel, the point resting on the floor. In case of doubt, the temper of the bayonet is definitely proved in the following manner: Two iron staples are fixed in a piece of oak plank on a workbench, 16£ inches apart; one of them serves as a bridge, and has notches to receive the blade—the other serves as a staple for holding the point of the bayonet close to the plank: the bayonet is fixed on a barrel, to the butt of which is fastened a brass ball weighing 6 pounds; so that, by inserting the point of the blade in the staples, the face and back resting alternately on the bridge, the blade sustains a weight of 9 pounds, which springs it about f of an inch. In this situation the blade is also examined to detect flaws and cross-cracks. It should not remain bent after this triaL The inspector then seizes the blade near the point and strikes the elbow smartly on the workbench, to ascertain that the welding is sound. If the proof shows no defects, he verifies the dimensions and bore of the socket and the accuracy of the channels. He examines the dimensions of the clasp, to see that it fits well to the shoulder; that it turns evenly, without binding in any part; that the stop is well placed and firmly set; that the clasp-screw and its thread in the stud of the clasp are well cut; that the elbow has the proper form and dimensions. Maries.—Bayonets are marked on the face of the blade, near the neck, with the letters C. S.; those rejected for defects that cannot be remedied are marked with the stamp of condemnation. Stocks. The examination of the stock will be directed— 1. To the quality of the wood: that it has good, straight grain, is well seasoned, and free from sap and worm-holes. The degree of seasoning is indicated by the smell of the wood at a fresh-cut place; by the appearance of the lock and barrel, etc., when removed from the stock; they will be rusted by unseasoned wood; by rolling a thin shaving between the fingers : it will crumble if the wood be well seasoned, otherwise it will be tough and will bend. The medium weight of a well-seasoned musket-stock is 2 pounds; a stock made of good walnut will not weigh less than 1 pound 13 ounces. 2. To the workmanship: that it is free from splits, especially about the barrel- groove and heading; that it has not been split and glued up; that the grooves and beds are of the proper forms and dimensions; that the roundings for the bands are smooth and accurate; that the handle and comb arc of the proper size and form; that the stock has the proper fall or crook, and is of the right length; that the holes are well drilled, and that those for the wood-screws have good threads. In examining the bed of the lock, see— 1. That all the edges are sharp and smooth. 180 ORDNANCE MANUAL. 2. That the beds of the sear-screw and sear-spring screw are not bored down to the trigger or to the breech-screw. 3. That the beds of the main-spring and main-spring screw do not penetrate to the barrel. 4. That the hole for the tang of the sear is as small as possible, so that the sear shall not he wood-bound. 5. That the wires fit well in their holes. MarJca.—That the stocks inspected are marked on the left side with the stamp of approval (the initials of the inspector's name) or of condemnation, as the case may be. Appendages. Ball-screws and wipers are examined by screwing them on a piece of ramrod furnished with a handle, to verify the accuracy of the screw-thread; the temper of the branches is tested by pressing the points on a piece of hard wood, in which proof they should spring back to their proper form. Screw-drivers, by inserting the blades in a vice, or in a slit made for the purpose, and twisting them with the hand. Test the strength and size of the cone-wrench by putting it on a square socket and wrenching it by hand. Other implements are examined by applying the appropriate patterns, etc., and their soundness may be further tested by striking them a smart blow with a ham¬ mer. Finished Arms. Finished arms offered for inspection must be taken entirely to pieces, and each part must be examined as above directed ; if the parts have been previously in¬ spected, see that they have suffered no subsequent injury. This being done, the arms will be put together and examined in their complete state. Some of the arms in every lot should be put together by the inspector himself. The inspector will examine the finished arms on every side, to see that the parts are well fitted together: he will verify the principal dimensions and forms by means of the appropriate gauges and patterns. Barrel.—The diameter of the bore must be verified with the standard and limit gauges. The barrel should enter the groove of the stock to the depth of half its diameter, and should bear well in the whole length of the groove, particularly at the breech. The vent should be accurate in its dimensions, position, and direction, and a wire should be passed into the vent through the cone and cone-seat, to see •that they are free. The cone should he examined, to see that it is sound. The shoulders of the breech-screw should fit close to the end of the barrel, and it must be free from cracks or flaws about the tang-screw hole; the tang-screw should be perpendicular to the tang. The bore of the barrel should be clean and bright. Ramrod.—The fitting of the groove is ascertained by drawing and returning the rod smartly several times, to see that it holds well and does not stick too tight; FINISHED ARMS. 131 the pistol-carbine ramrod should hold more firmly than that of the musket; the ramrod must bear on the rod-stop, and in that position its head should not project beyond the end of the barrel ; it should fill the groove well; the open part of the groove should be in the centre of the stock, the covered part in the middle of the thickness of the stock, between the outside and the bottom of the barrel-groove, and the rod should not interfere with the front side screw. Bayonet.—The socket of the bayonet should be a little below the muzzle of the barrel at the upper end. Work the clasp, to see that the ramrod does not interfere with it, that it bears well on the shoulders, that the clasp-serew holds well, that tk6 stock is firmly fixed, and that the clasp moves evenly, without hinding ; the blade of the bayonet should set outward a little toward the point. To try the strength and temper of the bayonet when fixed, spring it smartly in four directions, toward the back and face and each edge, resting the point on the floor, and grasping the butt of the stock with the right hand and the middle of the barrel with the left. Examine the fitting of the bayonet to the barrel, and see that the inside of the socket is clean and free from rust, and that the bayonet-stud is well brazed and of the right dimensions. Loch.—Examine carefully the action of the lock ; snap the hammer on the cone, to see that it fits well. Let the hammer down several times, to judge of the working of the lock. See, also— 1. That the interior parts are not wood-bound. 2. That the hammer stands off (0.02 inch) from the lock. 3. That it does not go off at half-cock when the trigger is pulled hard. 4. That it goes neither too hard nor too easily when cocked. 5. That it does not stop at half-cock. 6. That the trigger is steady at cock and half-cock, and free when the hammer is down. 7. That the fall of the hammer is not stopped by the heel of the tumbler before it touches the cone. 8. That the hammer has sufficient sweep ; that it falls evenly, without a jerk, and that the knife edge passes freely over the plate. Examine the soundness of the hammer at the tumbler-hole. In examining a finished lock by itself, observe the rules laid down above; see that the lock-plate fits accurately in its bed, and that the wood around it is full and sound. Mountings.—The front part of the trigger at half-cock should be nearly perpen¬ dicular to the surface of the guard-plate; the slit for the trigger should be of the exact width, so tliat the trigger shall have no lateral motion. It is important that the guard-plate should bear firmly on the wood in every part; as, otherwise, by driving the tang-screw too hard, the trigger might be brought too close to the sear and the action of the lock be thus interfered with. The butt-plate should be well fitted in the centre of the stock. The bands should fit smoothly at the shoulders and closely to the stock and 182 ORDNANCE MANUAL. barrel, but not so tight as to require a great effort to remove them. The band- springs should not be too deeply set; they should spring back freely when pressed down; the holes for the wires should not interfere with the barrel or ramrod grooves. All the mountings should fit smoothly to the stock. The stock should have the proper fall or crook, which is ascertained by applying the pattern and by trying the piece in the position of aiming. By sighting along the barrel, it will be seen whether it is well stocked, whether the bands, the front and rear sights and the bayonet are well set. See, also, Inspection of arms in service. General Directions. The inspector is not restricted to the particular examinations above fnentioned; he will make any other examinations which he may deem necessary to ascertain the quality of any part of the arms and their conformity to the standard models ; if he discover or suspect any attempts on the part of the workmen to cover or conceal serious defects, he will subject the arms to the most severe scrutiny, in order to detect such defects. In the inspection of contract arms, the inspector will judge of the quality of materials and workmanship by the rules which govern in like cases at the national armories; that is, he will reject such arms or parts of arms as would be condemned at the national armories, and he will receive such as would be approved at the national armories—without exacting, in any case, more rigid conditions than are enforced at those establishments. The ordnance officer charged with the inspection of arms, or the master armoror at a national armory, will cause at least one in twenty of each lot of arms passed by a sub-inspector to be taken to pieces in his presence, and he will examine them strictly, agreeably to the foregoing directions, before affixing his stamp of approval on the finished arms, all of which must be examined by him. Marks.—As a general rule, every part condemned on inspection will be indelibly marked with the letter C, and every principal part approved will be marked with the initials of the inspector's name. Care must be taken that the marks of approval are not stamped so deep as to be injurious. Finished arms approved in inspection will be marked on the left face of the stock With the initials of the name of the principal inspector, and the year of inspection. Report of Inspection of Barrels. After the inspection of each lot of barrels, the inspector will make a statement, showing— 1. The number of barrels offered for proof. 2. The number rejected before proof. 3. The number burst in proof. BROWNED ARMS. 183 4. The number rejected after proof, for flaws, cross-cracks, or other defects. 5. The number received after the proof and inspections. 6. The number rejected on inspection of the finished arm. These statements furnish the materials for the reports of inspection required by the Ordnance Regulations. Browned Arms. The barrels of rifles are browned at the armories before being received for the service ; the loci's, ramrods, bund-springs, triggers and screws are not browned. The parts of these arms should be thoroughly inspected before browning, and the finished arm after being browned. INSTRUCTIONS FOR BROWNING ARMS. Materials for Browning Mixture. li oz. spirits of wine. 1£ oz. tincture of steel. i oz. corrosive sublimate, li oz. sweet spirits of nitre. 1 oz. blue vitriol. | oz. nitric acid. To be mixed and dissolved in 1 quart of soft water; the mixture to be kept in glass bottles, and not in earthen jugs. Previous to commencing the operation of browning, it is necessary that the barrel or other part should be made quite bright with emery or a fine, smooth file (but not burnished), after which it must be carefully cleaned from all greasiness; a small quantity of pounded lime rubbed well over every part of the barrel is the best for this purpose. Plugs of wood are then to be put into the muzzle of the barrel and into the vent, and the mixture applied to every part with a clean sponge or rag. The barrel is thqn to be exposed to the air for twenty-four hours; after which time it is to be well rubbed over with a steel scratch-card or scratch-brush, until the rust is entirely removed; the mixture may then be applied again, as before, and in a few hours the barrel will be sufficiently corroded for the operation of scratch-brush¬ ing to be repeated. The same process of scratching off the. rust and applying the mixture is to be repeated twice or three times a day for four or five days, by which time the barrel will be of a very dark brown color. When the barrel is sufficiently brown and the rust has been carefully removed from every part, about a quart of boiling water should be poured over every part of the barrel, in order that the action of the acid mixture upon the barrel may be destroyed and the rust thereby prevented from rising again. The barrel, when cold, should afterward be rubbed over with linseed oil or sperm oil. It is particularly directed that the steel scratch-card or scratch-brush be used in the place of a hard hair-brush, otherwise the browning will hot be durable nor have a good appearance. 184 ORDNANCE MANUAL. The browning mixture is applied to other parts of arms in the same manner as to the barrels. About 6 quarts of browning mixture are required for 1,000 barrels. Varnish for Browned Iron. Shellac 1 oz. Dragons' blood 0.1875 oz. Alcohol 1 quart. To remove old browning: Plug the vent and the muzzle of the barrels; immerse the browned parts for one hour in boiling lime-water or lye, to remove the varnish or grease; wipe them, and put them in vinegar, in a wooden trough, for half an hour or an hour, when the browning may be rubbed off with a rag. PACKING- SMALL ARMS. Box for 20 Rifle Muskets. (Plate 27.) The box is made of well seasoned yellow pine, or cypress boards 1 inch thick; the sides and bottems lap over the ends. 4 corner pieces (yellow pine), 2.25 inches wide, 1.25 inch thick; the width of the corner piece is placed against the end of the Box; a rabbet is cut in each piece to receive the ends of a board 4.5 inches wide and .125 inch thick, which forms the inner lining of the implement-pocket. 2 end linings, between the corner pieces, 8.75 inches deep, leaving vacant spaces above them, between the corner pieces, 4.5 inches deep, for the implements. They are fastened to the ends, each with two nails. Interior dimensions of the box.—Length between the end linings, 59.25 inches; width, 16 inches; depth, 13.25 inches. The ends are fastened with nine 8-penny nails in two rows, in each corner piece. Each side is fastened with five 12-penny nails in each end, three 10-penny nails, and one 2-inch screw No. 14 (above the nails), in each corner piece. The bottom is fastened to .each end and lining with twelve 10-penny nails, and to each side with ten 10-penny nails and two 2-inch screws. The top is fastened with two 2-inch screws to each end and four to each side. Two holes are bored in each end, 6 inches apart and 8 inches from the bottom, to receive rope beclcets, .5 inch thick and 18 inches long, which are inserted and fastened by a knot countersunk in: the end, before the linings are nailed on. 4 bayonet clamps, each 1 inch thick: twot>f them are 1 inch deep; the others, 1.5 inch. They have each ten notches on the under side to receive the blades of the bayonets, and they are fastened to the bottom of the box each with 2 screws, except when the box is lined with tin. The small clamps are placed 6 inches apart, in the cle^r; the large ones, 12.5 inches apart for the model of 1855, and 5 inches apart for the model of 1842. 4 muzzle clamps, 1 inch thick and 2.25 inches wide, 16 inches long; each clamp has 5 holes-for the muzzles of the barrels and 5 for the heads of the ramrods. PACKING-BOX FOR RIFLES. 185 4 butt clamps, each 1.85 inch thick and 2.20 inches wide: each clamp has 5 sloping notches, 1 inch deep, 1.55 inch wide at the top, and 1.8 inch at the bottom for the model of 1S42, and J.45 inch wide and 1.7 inch at the bottom for the model of 1850, to receive the butts of the muskets. On the back of the upper corner a rabbet, .25 inch deep and .45 inch wide, is cut to receive a corresponding projection or tongue on the middle clamp: this serves to hold the pieces together, and thereby save the necessity of grooves on the sides of the box. 2 middle clamps, each 1.85 inch thick, 1.10 inch wide in front; a projecting square lip, .25 inch deep by .45 inch wide, on the lower rear corner, to fit into the rabbet of the butt clamp. 2 top clamps, each 1.85 inch thick and 3 inches wide: the cover of the box presses on them and keeps the muskets tight in place. A lip is made on these clamps to fit into the butt clamps, as described in the butt clamps. Note.—The rifle musket (model 1S55) is 1.85 inch shorter than that of 1842. For this reason an extra end piece, 1 inch thick, with cleats nailed upon each end, 2 inches wide, .85 inch thick, is placed in one end of the box previous to putting in the muskets. This forms a pocket for the tompions. To Pack a box of Muskets. Unfix the bayonets and let down the hammers. The small bayonet clamps being fastened down, place the points of the bayonets in their notches, the bayonets lying on the edge of the blade; then put in the large clamps.and screw them down. Place the lower tier of ten muskets; the muzzles and ramrods in the holes in the lower end clamps, the butts resting on the opposite clamp; put two lower butt clamps in over the butts of the lower tier of muskets, and over them the two middle clamps. Place the upper muzzle clamps in; insert the upper tier of mus¬ kets like the lower; put in the upper butt clamps and the top clamps. Put the implements in the pockets provided for them, and screw on the cover. Packing-Box for twenty Rifles. (Plate 27.) Rifles are packed in the same manner as muskets, the box being made like the musket box, except in its dimensions, and changing the bayonet clamps, and adding 2 end cleats and 2 steel, springs; 1 rabbet in each side. Interior dimensions of rife box.—Length between the end linings, 50.2 inches; width, 16.5 inches ; depth, 13.5 inches. When small arms are to be sent on a long sea voyage, the packing-boxes are pro¬ vided with tin linings securely soldered, so as to exclude all dampness. The clamps for the bayonets are held down by tin loops soldered to the sides of the tin lining, and bent over the clamps and screwed to them after the bayonets are in place. 186 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Two strips of wood, 1.8 inch wide and 1 inch thick, are placed on each side of the box, their ends resting in notches cut in the ends of the top clamps. A tin cover is then placed upon these pieces, and the edges of the lining are bent over it and soldered. To open the box, a soldering-iron and thin knife are required to open the sol¬ dered joint, and the cover is removed. In the field, or under other circumstances, when the proper arm chests are not on hand, it may sometimes be necessary to pack arms in this manner. The interior dimensions of a box for 20 muskets may be the same as for the regu¬ lar packing-box. The straw should be long, perfectly dry, and free from dust; rye straw is the best; Ilay should not be used: about 25 pounds of straw are required to a box. To prepare the musket for packing.—Oil it; let down the hammer, pass the bay¬ onet up to'the socket into the guard-bow, on the right side, in front of the trigger. Make a rope of about 40 straws, slightly twisted, and 40 inches long; wrap it about the musket, commencing on top of the hammer, going round the bayonet below, again over the hammer and round the piece in front of the guard, then over the socket of the bayonet near the neck, and wrapping the rest around the handle of the stock. Lay a bed of straw 2 inches thick in the bottom of the box ; in the middle and at 6 inches from the ends, place three cushions of straw G inches thick and 12 inches wide. Put in a tier of 10 muskets crossing each other, the butts resting alternately against the ends of the box, the guards uppermost, and the hammers bearing on the cushions. Put small trusses of straw under the upper and middle bands, by raising the muskets at one end and then pressing them down between the others. Pack, between the butts, wads of straw 8 inches long, made of a hand¬ ful of straws folded in three ; cover the guards and guard-bows with the ends of the straw that form these wads, which will be still about 12 inches longj Put in another tier of 10 muskets in the same manner, making the cushions four inches thick. Pack the implements in straw in the vacant spaces. Fill the box with straw, so that the cover shall require strong pressure to keep it down. Put two hoops around the box, at IS inches from the ends. Other arms, swords, etc., are packed in a similar manner. 20 " ■20 " 20 20 rifles 20 muskets and Weights of boxes of Arms packed. and appendages, model 1855, 286 lbs. " " " for sea voyage, 301 lbs. " " 1842, 285 lbs. " " " for sea voyage, 300 lbs. " " 1855, 321 lbs. Packing Arms with Straw. PRESERVATION OF ARMS. 187 Arms should not be wrapped in paper, unless it be oiled, as it attracts moisture more readily than straw does. PRESERVATION OF ARMS IN STORE. Arrangement and Manner of Storing Arms. Arms are kept at the arsenals either in the boxes in which they are received from the armories, or in racks. Those of each kind are kept separate, and they are arranged according to the model, the place and year of fabrication, and the time when they were last cleaned. New arms are kept distinct from those which have been repaired. Each parcel should have a label, indicating the kind, number, model, date of their receipt in store and of their being last cleaned. The manner of keeping arms at the arsenals is determined by the chief of the Ordnance bureau, according to the peculiar circumstances of each case, and racks are constructed for them only in pursuance of special authority from the Ordnance office; without such authority, they are kept in boxes. The form and arrangement of the racks vary with those of the room in which they are placed, so as to use the space to the best advantage and give light and air to every part of the room. The usual arrangement of racks for muskets is to establish two rows of double racks, two tiers high, perpendicular to the length of the room, leaving alleys around the room next to the walls, and in the centre, if necessary. The bayonets are passed through the middle band swivel, tbe socket covering the top of the ramrod. Other racks of a similar kind may be made for rifles, carbines, etc. Pistols are suspended by the guard-bows, on hooks driven into the faces of the musket racks, or into the joists, or into strips attached to the walls of the building. When there are neither racks nor boxes prepared, the arms are stored in dry rooms, arranged in rows apart from the walls, standing on their muzzles and sup¬ ported by frames to prevent them from pressing too much on each other. The bayonet should be unfixed and passed through the swivel. They should be covered ' with tarpaulins or cloths, if necessary, to protect them from dust. Arms of peculiar kinds, and arms to be repaired, are kept separate from others; as also arms unserviceable or condemned to be broken up. Limbs and spare parts intended for repairs of arms should be kept in store by themselves, in a dry place, classed according to the kind of arms and to the model and year of fabrication, and labelled accordingly. Musket and rifle barrels and other long barrels, standing on their muzzles; the piles covered from the dust with tarpaulins supported so as not to touch the barrels. Pistol barrels, bayonets, and other small parts, in drawers or boxes, properly labelled. Stocks, in square piles, in the attic or upper story of the building. 188 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Care of Arms in Store. Arms when received at an arsenal should he unpacked and carefully examined, to detect any damage suffered in transportation ; they should be cleaned and oiled, if they require it. Those arms which are not to he placed in racks should be returned to the- boxes, laid in loosely h,ut safely, and the cover slightly fastened down, so that they can be readily examined. All arms in store should be frequently examined, to see that they do not become rusty. Those which are found to be rusted should be immediately cleaned and again oiled. Browned arms, if affected with specks of rust, should be rubbed hard with linseed oil; and if the appearance of the browning indicate that the acid is not neutralized, care should be taken to examine the arms again within a short time, as it may be found necessary to remove and renew the browning; hut this operation should not be performed without special authority from the chief of the Ordnance bureau, on the report of a duly authorized inspector. Arms which are to he repaired should he oiled and taken care of in the same manner as serviceable arms. Irreparable arms, the parts of which can be used for repairs, should be oiled. Similar remarks apply to spare parts for repair of arms. Sperm oil should be used for greasing arms. Empty boxes, from which the arms in . racks are taken, shouldj he kept, with all the parts belonging to them, in the attics or other dry situations. The storehouse for arms should be aired in clear, dry weather. Issuing Arms. The Ordnance regulations prescribe the manner of issuing arms to the troops under the various circumstances of service, and to the states, for arming the militia. All arms issued from an arsenal should be carefully examined before delivery, cleaned, and put in good order; if intended for transportation, they should be oiled, if necessary, after cleaning, and carefully packed. PRESERVATION OF ARMS IN SERVICE. The officers, non-commissioned officers, and soldiers should he instructed and practised in the nomenclature of the arms, the manner of dismounting and mounting them, and the precautions and care required for their preservation. Each soldier should have a screw-driver and a wiper, and each squad of ten a band-spring and tumbler punch, and a spring-vice. No other implements should be used in taking arms apart or in setting them up. In the inspection of arms, officers should attend to the qualities essential to ser¬ vice, rather than to a bright polish on the exterior of the arms. The arms should be inspected in the quarters at least once a month, with the barrel and lock separated from the stock. TAKING ARMS TO PIECES. 189 Taking Arms to Pieces. To take apart the rifle musket, model 1855— 1. Unfix the bayonet. 2. Put the tompion in the muzzle of the barrel. 3. Draw the ramrod. 4. Turn the tang-screw. 5. Take off the lock : to do this, first put the hammer at half-cock, then unscrew 'partially the side screws, and, with a slight tap on the head of each screw with a wooden instrument, loosen the lock from its bed ip the stock; then turn out the side screws, and remove the lock with the left hand. 6. Remove the side screws, taking care not to disturb the washers. 7. Take off the upper band. 8. Take off the. middle band. 9. Take off the lower band. 10. Take out the barrel. In doing this, turn the musket horizontally, with the barrel downward, holding the barrel loosely with the left hand below the rear sight, the right hand grasping the stock by the handle; and if it does not leave the stock, tap the tompion in the muzzle gently against the ground or floor, which will loosen the breech end from the stook- This is preferable to lifting the barrel out by the muzzle, because if the tang of the breech-screw should bind in the wood, the head of the stock would be liable to be split by raising the muzzle first. The fot-egoing parts of the rifle musket are all that should usually be taken off or dismounted. The soldier should never dismount the band-springs, guard, side screw, washers, butt-plate, rear sight, cone, and cone-seat screw, except when an officer considers it necessary. The breech-screw should be taken out only by an armorer, and never in ordinary cleaning. The lock should not be taken apart, nor the bayonet-clasp taken off, except when absolutely necessary in the opinion of an officer. If proper and regular care be taken of the arm, this will be very seldom necessary. The parts which are specially assigned to be dismounted by an experienced armorer will be stated in their regular order following No. 10, viz : 11. Unscrew the cone, keeping the wrench well down on the square of the cone, to prevent the corners from being injured. 12. Take out the cone-seat screw. 13. Take out the upper, middle, and lower band-springs, using a wire punch of proper size. 14. Take out the side screws.® * The guard, butt-plate, and side-screw heads have concave slits, for which the screw-driver is adapted: this lessens the danger of the stock being marred by accident or carelessness in letting the screw-driver slip out while in the act of turning the screw. Great care should be observed to prevent injury in this particular. 190 ORDNANCE MANUAL. 15. Take out the guard, using care to prevent injuring the wood at each end of the guard-plate. 16. Take.out the side-screw washers with a drift-punch. 17. Take out the butt-plate screws with the largest blade of the screw-driver, and remove the butt-plate. 18. Remove the rear sight by turning out the leaf-spring screw, which will release the sight from the barrel. 19; Turn out the breech-screw by means of a "breech-screw wrench" suited to the tenon of the breech-screw. No other wrench should ever be used for this pur¬ pose, and the barrel should be held in clamps fitting neatly the breech. ORDER IN WHICH THE LOCK IS TAKEN APART. 1. Cock the piece, and put the spring-vice on the main spring; give the thumb¬ screw a turn sufficient to liberate the spring from the swivel and main-spring notch. Remove the spring. 2. The sear-spring screw. Before turning this screw entirely out, strike the elbow of the spring with the screw-driver, so as to disengage the pivot from its mortise; then remove the screw and spring. 3. The sear-screw and sear. 4. The bridle-screw and bridle. 5. The tumbler-scretv. 6. The tumbler. This is driven out with a punch inserted in the screw-hole, which at the same time liberates the hammer. 7. Detach the main-spring swivel from the tumbler with a drift-punch. Assembling Arms. The lock and the musket are put together in the inverse order of taking them apart. THE LOCK. 1. The main-spring swivel. 2. The tumbler and hammer. 3. The tumbler- screw. 4. Bridle and screw. 5. Sear and screw. 6. Sear-spring and screw. 7. Main spring. Before replacing the screws, oil them slightly with good sperm oil, putting a drop on the point of the screw; also, on the arbor and pivot of the tumbler; between the movable branches of the springs and the lock-plate; on the hook and notches of the tumbler. After the lock is put together, avoid turning the screws in so hard as to make the limbs bind: to insure this, try the motion of each limb before and after its spring is mounted, and see that it moves without friction. THE MUSKET. 1. The barrel. Drop the barrel into its place in the stock, and squeeze it down with the hand; give the butt of the stock a gentle tap against the floor, to settle the breech end of the barrel against the head of the stock. CLEANING AND CARE OP ARMS. 191 2. Put on the lower band with the letter U upward, being careful not to mar the stock or barrel in sliding it into its place; apply the thumb to the band-spring, to see that it plays freely. 3. Put on the middle band ; and, 4. The upper band, in the same manner. 5. The lock. Half-cock the hammer; take the lock in the right hand, with the main spring and sear toward you, holding the stock with the left hand by the swell, with the butt between the knees. Enter the lock fairly into the lock-bed, taking care to keep the arm Of the sear clear of the trigger; press the plate welt down into the wood, and then turn the musket over, holding the lock and stock together with the left hand. 6. With the right hand, turn in the side screws, after having touched their screw- threads with oil. Observe that the point of the rear screw is flat, and should not project beyond the plate, to interfere with the hammer. The front screw has a round point. 7. Turn in the tang-screw, after having oiled the screw-thread. Be careful to see that each of these screws are turned firmly home) but not forced. Observe that the lock plays freely, without friction, and that no limb is bound by the wood. 8. Return the ramrod. 9. Refix the bayonet, after having oiled the clasp and socket to prevent chafing. 10. Replace the tompion. Oil the stock well with sperm or linseed oil; let it stand a few hours, and then rub it with a woollen rag until the wood is perfectly dry. Repeat this from time to time, and it will produce a polish which moisture will not affect. Linseed oil is the best for this purpose, and it should be used while the arm is dismounted. Cleaning and Care of Arms. TO CLEAN THE BARREL. 1. Stop the hole in the cone with a peg of soft wood; pour a gill of water (warm, if it can be had) into the muzzle; let it stand a short time, to soften the deposit of the powder; put a plug of soft wood into the muzzle, and shake the water up and down the barrel well; pour this out and repeat the washing until the water comes out clear; take out the peg from the cone, and stand the barrel, muzzle downward, to drain for a few moments. 2. Screw the wiper on to the end of the ramrod, and put a piece of dry cloth or tow round it, sufficient to prevent it from chafing the grooves of the barrel; wipe the barrel quite dry, changing or drying the cloth two or three times. 3. Put no oil into the vent, as it will clog the passage, and cause the first cap to miss fire; but, with a slightly oiled rag on the wiper, rub the bore of the barrel and the face of the breech-screw and immediately insert the tompion into the muzzle. 4. To clean the exterior of the barrel, lay it flat on a bench or board, to avoid bending it. •The practice of supporting the barrel at each end and rubbing it with 192 ORDNANCE MANUAL. a strap or buff-stick, or with the ramrod or auy other instrument, to burnish it, is pernicious, and should be strictly forbidden. 5. After firing, the barrel should always be washed as soon as practicable; when the water comes off clear, wipe the barrel dry, and pass into it a rag moistened with oil. As rust and dirt are produced by exploding caps or primers, although no charge be fired, the parts of the barrel and cone exposed should be carefully wiped and oiled after such practice. Fine flour of emery cloth is the best article to clean the exterior of the barrel. TO CLEAN THE LOCK. "Wipe every part with a moist rag, and then a dry one; if any part of the interior shows rust, put a drop of oil on the point or end of a piece of soft wood dipped into flour of emery; rub out the rust clean and wipe the surface dry; then rub every part with a slightly oiled rag. When a lock has, from any cause, become gummed with oil and dirt, it may be cleaned by being boiled in soap-suds or in pearlash or soda water, to loosen the thick oil; but heat should never be applied to any part of it in any other way. TO CLEAN THE MOUNTINGS. For the mountings, and all of the iron and steel parts, use fine flour of emery moistened with oil, or flour of emery cloth. For brass, use rotten-stone moistened with vinegar or water, and keep free from oil or grease. Use a hard brush, or a piece of soft pine,-cedar, or crocus cloth. Remove dirt from the screw-holes by screwing a piece of soft wood into them. Wipe clean with a linen rag, and leave the parts slightly oiled. In cleaning the arms, great care should be observed to preserve the qualities essen¬ tial to service, rather than to obtain a bright polish. Burnishing the barrel (or other parts) should be strictly avoided, as it tends to crook the barrel, and also to destroy the uniformity of the exterior finish of the arm. It is not essential for the musket to be dismounted every time that it is cleaned ; for, after firing it in fine weather, or when there has been no chance for the wet to get between the barrel and the stock, it can be perfectly cleaned in the following manner— Put a piece of rag or soft leather on (he top of the cone, and let the hammer down upon it; pour a gill of water into the muzzle, carefully, so that it does not run down the outside; put a plug of wood into the muzzle, and shake the gun up and down* changing the water repeatedly until it comes out clear. When clear, withdraw the leather, and stand the musket on the muzzle for* a few moments ; then wipe out the barrel (as given in the second rule for cleaning), and glso wipe the CLEANING AND CARE OF ARMS. 193 exterior of the look and the outside of the barrel around the cone and cone-seat, first with a damp rag, and then With a dry one, and lastly with a rag that has been slightly oiled. In this way, all the dirt due to the firing may be removed without taking out a screw. If, however, the hammer be observed to work stiff, or to grate upon the tumbler, the lock must immediately be taken off and the parts cleaned and touched with oil. To change the cone, when it is broken or worn out.—After removing the old cone, enter the new one carefully with the fingers, before using the wrench, in order to avoid bruising the thread in the barrel. It is very important to use no other implements than those before mentioned. By using nails to drive out the wires, their holes are enlarged. The main spring should never he heated for the purpose of either raising or lowering its temper; this destroys the elasticity of the spring, and the lock no longer gives fire. The notches of the tumbler, the main spring, swivel, and in general, all the joints of the lock should be frequently oiled, after first wiping off the hard grease and the dust. Broicned arms are cleaned by rubbing them hard with an oiled rag until the oil is well incorporated with the browning, or by rubbing them with beeswax on a rag or cork. Rifled arms should not have the ramrod sprung in the bore with unnecessary force. It batters the head of the rod, and wears injuriously the grooves. The soldier should let the rod slide down gently, supported by the thumb and finger; and the inspecting officer can satisfy himself of the condition of the bottom of the bore by gently tapping with the rod. The face of the breech can be polished, after washing, by means of a cork fixed on the wiper or ball-screw; the polished surface can be seen if the muzzle is turned to the light. Besides all the precautions in dismounting, remounting and cleaning, which have been pointed out in the foregoing pages, habitual care in handling the arms is necessary to keep them in good and serviceable condition. In ordering arms on parade, let the butt be brought gently to the ground, espe¬ cially when the exercises take place on pavements or hard roads. This will save the mechanism of the lock from shocks, which are very injurious to it, and which tend to lohsen and mar the screws and split the wood-work. In stacking arms, care should be taken not to injure the bayonets by forcibly straining the edges against each other. The stack can be as well secured without such force being used. No cutting, marking, or scraping in any way the wood or iron should he allowed; and no part of the gun should be touched with a file. Take every possible care to prevent water from getting in between the lock, or barrel and stock. If any should get there, dismount the gun as soon as possible, clean and oil the parts as directed, and see that they are perfectly dry before reassembling them- 13 194 ORDNANCE MANUAL. INSPECTION OF ARMS IN SERVICE, OR WHICH HAVE BEEN IN SERVICE. Implements.—Standard and limit-gauges for the bore, limit-guages for the exterior of the barrel, and a screw-plate with taps for the holes of the lock-plate. The following are the principal points to be attended to in the inspection of arms— The arms being taken to pieces and cleaned. Barrel.—Defects for xohich the barrel must be condemned as unfit for service. The large guage entering the whole length of the barrel. The small or standard gauge not entering, unless the diminution of the bore be caused by the barrel being in¬ dented or bent—defects which may be remedied. A diminution of the exterior diameter at the breech or at the muzzle, so as to enter the small receiving guages: this diminution is 0.1 inch at the breech; 0.03 inch at the muzzle for arms with bayonets, and 0.045 inch for arms without bayonets. A diminution of more than 0.25 in the length of a pistol barrel, or 0.5 inch in the length of other barrels. Splits, cross-cracks, and other serious defects, caused either by bad workmanship or by use. Examine the barrel carefully, to see if it have any of the above defects, and, if so, mark them with a file, when not very apparent. See if the bayonet-stud be broken or too much worn, if the cone-seat be perfect, and its thread in good order and the vent unobstructed. If the breech-screw be not tight after entering 5 or 6 threads, or if it can be screwed down by hand without the use of a wrench, if the threads be not sharp and sound, if the plug do not fill up the whole box of the female screw, if the tang be broken or cracked at the screw-hole, or if, when the breech-screw is in, the tang be not even with the upper surface of the barrel, a new brcech-screw is required. Cone.—Examine the chamfered end of the cone, to see that it be not broken or bruised; examine also the thread and the vent. Bayonet.—A bayonet is considered unserviceable if the blade be 1 inch too short. See if it be sound and perfect in all its parts, and if it fit the barrel; also, if the clasp be in good order and turn freely. Lock.—See if the fixed branches of the springs fit close to the lock-plate, if the movable branches be clear of it, and if any of the parts be wood-bound. Have the springs and the bridle of the tumbler renewed when their pivots are broken. There should be an equal space between the lock-plate and the sear, the tumbler and the hammer. If the sear rub on the plate, have it adjusted. The friction of the tumbler may be caused by the bridle being badly pierced, in which case renew the bridle. If the hammer rub on one side only, have it adjusted; if it rub everywhere, the arbor of the tumbler does not project sufficiently, and the tumbler should be renewed. If the notches of the tumbler be broken, or the edges too blunt, have them dressed; if the hook of the tumbler project beyond the edge of the lock-plate when the hammer is REPAIRS OF ARMS AT ARSENALS. 195 let down, the tumbler should be renewed. The arbor and the pivot of the tumbler should fit well in their holes. Examine the sear closely, and have it renewed when the nose is too thin or is worn on the side next the lock-plate, although it may be perfect on the exterior. If the hammer be not steady, the tumbler should be renewed. Try the action of the hammer, to see that it explodes the cap with certainty. Renew the lock-plate when the holes are too much worn to be dressed over. Renew every limb that is broken or cracked, the screws which are too much worn, or of which the stems are bent or the slits too much enlarged. Mountings.—See if the parts be complete and sound. If the tang-screw do not "fit tight in the screw-hole of the guard-plate, renew whichever part is defective. Ramrod.—See if it be sound and have a good thread and be of the proper length; otherwise, replace it. Stock.—Examine carefully the bed of the lock, and the holes for the band-springs. Press the thumb against the facings, to see if they be split at the holes for the side screws, and renew the stock if it be split there or at any other part to an injurious extent. The arms complete. Are inspected according to the rules before laid'down for the inspection of finished arms; due allowance being made for the necessary wear in service. REPAIRS OF ARMS AT ARSENALS. When arms which have been in the hands of the troops are turned into store at an arsenal, they should be inspected by a master armorer, under the supervision of an officer, and classed as follows— 1. Serviceable arms. 2. Arms requiring repairs. 3. Irreparable arms. Arms requiring repairs are classified according to their kinds and models and to the extent of the repairs required. Each arm should be marked with a number, and the requisite repairs should be noted on the register of inspection, to guide the workmen and to govern the issue of spare parts required for repairs. Repairs prohibited.—The following repairs being always imperfect, the parts requiring them should be replaced: Cutting off a barrel; brazing a patch on a barrel; brazing a tang on the breech-screw ,* brazing a bolster on a lock-plate; reaming out the hole for the arbor of the tumbler; brazing a piece for a tumbler- hole or a shoulder on the hammer; hammering in the edge of the hole to make it fit tight on the square of the tumbler; putting a pivot to a tumbler; twisting the square of the tumbler to increase the sweep of the hammer; straightening the arbor ; brazing a ramrod; splicing a stock. The spare parts furnished from the armories are in general fled, finished, hard¬ ened and tempered, including the breech-screw. 196 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Fitting new parts.— To adjust a new loch, the flat of the barrel should not be filed, but the bolsters of the lock-plate should be ground. The barrel should not be touched with a file when it has been injured by rust. In replacing the bayonet-stud, avoid cutting too deep into the barrel and producing a projection inside; try the small gauge in the barrel after the operation. In jilting a new bayonet, dress out the groove of the socket and ream out the socket if necessary. Braze sights and bayonet-studs; only, and no other pieces; the solder is composed of two parts of brass and one of zinc, without any tin. Irreparable Arms. Arms are considered irreparable when both the barrel and stock are unfit for service; or when the arms require very extensive repairs and the parts can be made useful for repairs of other arms. Ttey can be broken up only by special authority; and they should, therefore, be oiled and preserved, in order to be submitted to an inspector, as prescribed in the Ordnance regulations. When arms are broken up, the parts are classed either as serviceable, reparable, or unserviceable ; those of the last class should be turned into store as scrap iron or steelj etc. STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF MUSKET BARRELS. To test the strength of musket barrels, model 1855, they have been fired with an increasing number of cartridges, until the force of the explosion of the first two cartridges was unable to drive out the other charges, and the gas escaped through the vent, leaving the barrel uninjured. The strength of the barrel, therefore, furnishes every requisite security against the accidents of service and the want of care on the part of the soldier. Experience has shown that a musket barrel may be fired 25,000 times without becoming unserviceable. Barrels which are condemned in service are almost always the result of accident, very rarely from enlargement of the bore or from the diminution of the exterior dimensions. The following trials of the strength and durability of the French musket barrel are taken from the Aide-Memoire. They refer to the smooth bore musket: It is to be observed that the charge of the French musket was formerly 162 grains Troy, priming included (or 146 grains, exclusive of priming), and is, therefore, consid¬ erably greater than our present service charge. In experiments made in 1806, barrels reduced 0.13 inch at the breech bore a double and triple charge with one ball, or 2 cartridges placed one over the other. Other trials were made in 1829, at the manufactory of Mutzig, on arms sent there for repairs, which had been a gneater or less time in the hands of the troops. They furnished the following results— STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF MUSKET BARRELS. 197 1st. When a musket barrel is charged with a single cartridge, placed in any part of it, or with 2 or even with 3 cartridges, inserted regularly, without any interval between them, there is no danger of bursting ; with 4 cartridges inserted regularly over each other, or with 2 or even 3 cartridges placed over each other with slugged balls (or balls driven in, as in a rifle), there is danger only in case of some defect of fabrication, or some deterioration in the barrel; with more than 4 cartridges inserted regularly one over another, or with 2, 3 and 4 cartridges with intervals between them, it is not safe to fire. 2d. No danger of bursting is occasioned by leaving a ball-screw in the barrel. There may be danger from a plug of wood driven tight into the muzzle, when the barrel has been loaded with 2 cartridges; or from a cork rammed into the barrel to a certain distance from the charge, w-ith another cartridge over it. Snow, clay and sand, which may be accidentally introduced into the barrel, are not dangerous, if they lie close to the charge; but they are so when there is a space between them and the charge; in this case sand is the most dangerous, then clay and snow. Balls or pieces of iron inserted over the charge were not attended with danger when placed close to the charge, even when their weight amounted to lb.; but there is danger from a piece of iron, 0.5 "inch square, weighing £ lb., if placed 20 inches or more from the breech. 3d. A barrel with a defect which might have escaped the inspector at the armory, bore the explosion of 3 cartridges, regularly inserted. After mutilation, which may have caused a reduction of metal in some parts, it may still be used with¬ out danger. Finally, the diminutions of exterior diameter which may be produced in ordinary service are never sufficient to be dangerous. In these trials, barrels originally 0.272 inch thick at the breech did not burst when loaded with 2 cartridges, until the thickness was reduced to 0.169 inch, and with 1 cartridge to 0.091 inch. 198 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Spare Parts required for the repair of 1,000 Rifle Muskets, during one year in the field. Tip for stocks Tip-rivets Ramrod-stops Stocks Buit-plates Butt-plate screws . Guard-plates Guard-bows Guard-bow swivels rivets nuts .. Triggers Trigger-screws.... Guard-screws Sight-bases Sight-leaves Sight-leaf springs Sight-joint pins .. Sight-slides " springs " rivets.. Leaf sight base .. First leaf Second leaf Joint-screw Base-screw Front sights Breech-screws Cones Yent-screws Barrels Tang-screws Upper bands 10 20 10 50 5 25 10 10 75 100 50 25 25 75 100 100 100 150 150 100 150 300 50 50 50 50 100 25 20 75 125 2 50 50 Middle bands Lower bands Upper band springs . Middle band springs , Lower band springs Middle band swivels Lock-plates Main-spring swivels Hammers .... Tumblers Tumbler-screws ... Bridles Bridle-screws Sears .y.. Sear-screws Sear-springs " screws . Main springs Side screw washers. Side screws Ramrods Bayonets Bayonet-clasps rivets APPENDAGES. Wipers Screw-drivers Ball-screws Spring-vices Tompions Band-spring and tumbler-punch . SPARE PARTS OF RIFLES. 199 Spare Parts for 1,000 Rifles {Model 1855) one year in the field. Barrels Vent-screws Rear-sights Breech-serews Tang " Cones Locks' Lock-plates Hammers Tdinblers " screws Bridles " screws Sjears " scretvs Sear-springs *' screws Main springs " swivels " " rivets Side screws Upper bands with swivels " band swivels and rivets.. • " band springs . Lower bands " band springs Side screw washers Guard-plates Nos. 2 .SO 20 10 30 50 2 5 25 20 100 20 50 20 50 50 50 50 40 40 100 10 50 30 10 20 30 10 Guard-bows '' nuts " " swivels and rivets Triggers " screws Guard-plate screws Butt-plates " screws ' Box-plates with catches " screws " springs " " screws Ramrods '* stops Stocks Screw-drivers "Wipers Ball-screws Spring-vices Tumbler and wire punches Bullet-moulds Swages for balls Sword bayonets Tompions Sword-bayonet lock-pins " " springs.. " " spring scr.ews *200 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Number and kind of Armorers' Tools required for any number of workmen, from 1 to 12, at an Armory or Arsenal for Repairs, etc. NUMBER OF WORKMEN. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■2 8 9 10 11 12 TOOLS. Awls, stockers' 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 Axes, hand 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Augers, armorers' 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Anvils 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bending tools 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Balances 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bayonet-proofs 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bevels 1 1 1 I 1 1 2 2 2 2 9 2 Bick-irons 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 Bits, assorted 20 20 20 24 24 24 28 28 28 30 30 30 " auger 6 13 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 12 12 " stockers' IS IS IS IS 18 20 20 20 24 24 24 Braces, iron 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Braces and bits 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Brands, C. S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Brushes, dust 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 " tool 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 Buff, sticks 3 3 3 6 6 12 12 24 24 24 24 24 Burrs 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Burnishers 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 9 2 2 Cutter, boxes 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 2 2 2 2 " dies 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 " jumpers 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Cutters, smiths' i 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 " graduated, maohinists' .. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I Callipers 1 I 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 Chargers 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Chisels, turning metal 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 " " wood 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 " cold 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 " stockers' 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 " smiths' 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 2 Clamps, iron 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Combs, screw 6 (1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Comb, grinders' 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Countersinks 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 14 14 16 Chucks, scroll 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cutting-off tools 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Crucibles 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 Cone-boxes 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cans, tin 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 armorers' tools. 201 Number and kind of Armorers' Tools, etc.—Continued. NUMBER OP WORKMEN. 1 2 3 4 ! 5 j 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 TOOLS. Dies, screw-cutting 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 " milling 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 " trimming 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 " shaving 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 " tilt-hammer 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 .12 12 12 12 12 Drilling-collars 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Drill-presses, portable 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Drill-stocks 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 • 1 1 1 1 Drills, pivot 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 " assorted 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 Dividers 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Dogs, turning. 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Files, assorted 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144i Formers, forgers' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Flatters, forgers' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Floats, stockers' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fullers and sets 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Furnaces, portable 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Gauges, screw-cutting 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6 6 " graduating 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 " sliding 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 • 1 1 " assorted 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 " wire 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 Glue-pots 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Gouges, stockers' 12 12 12 12 12 12 24 24 24 24 24 24 Grindstones, small 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 " large 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Gravers 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Hammers, set 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 " copper 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 " hand 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Heading tools 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Hods, iron 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Jumper boxes 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 " dies 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 Jigs, drilling 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 " filing 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 " tapping 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 u milling 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 " shaving 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Knives, drawing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 " stocking 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 Ladles, iron 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Levellers, iron 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 202 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Number and kind of Armorers' Tools, etc.—Continued. number of workmen. 1 2 3 4 5 | 6 1 7 8 9 XO XX X2 tools. Measures, tape 1 1 1 1 1 1 X X X X X X " tin 1 1 1 1 1 1 X X X X X X Mills 2 44 244 244 244 244 244 244 244 244 244 244 244 Mandrels, forgers', 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ■o 3 3 3 3 " assorted..--.. 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 " boring - 1 1 1 1 X X X 1 X X " band 6 6 fi 6 6 6 6 t> 6 6 Moulds, grind-wheel • 1 1 1 1 X X X X X X " bullet 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Oil cans X 1 1 1 X X I X X X Oilers 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 Oil cups 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 Oil-stones 1 J 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 Pans, copper vitriol-ing 1 1 1 1 X X X X X X 1 1 1 r X X X X X X " annealing 1 1 1 l X X X X 1 X " sheet-iron 1 1 1 I X X X X X X Pincers 1 1 1 I 2 2 2 2 2 2 Pliers 1 1 1 I 2 2 2 2 2 2 Planes, stockers' 7 7 7 7 X4 X4 X4 X4 X4 X4 Powder, canister 1 1 1 1 X X X 1 X X Plugs, calibre 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 " proving 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 o 2 2 Punches, assorted 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 " handled 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 " spring 1 1 1 1 X I X X X 1 Pails, wood 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 " iron washing 1 1 1 1 X 1 X I 1 X Pots, water... 1 1 I 1 X X I X X X Rods, wiping 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 " rifling 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 Riflers 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 Reamers 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 Rules, carpenters' 1 1 1 1 X X X X 1 Rests, filers' 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 Racks, movable 1 1 1 1 X X X X Stands, straightening barrels.... 1 1 1 1 X X X X Scales, graduated 1 1 1 J X X X X " standard 1 1 1 1 X X X X Scales and weights 1 1 1 I X I X X Saws, hand 1 1 1 1 X X X X " metal circular 1 1 1 X X X X X '' hack 1 2 3 3 4 4 6 6 " stockers' 1 1 1 X X X X X " whip 1 X X X X X X X armorers' tools, 203 Number and kind of Armorers' Tools, etc.—Concluded. - ■ .. ,, i NUMBER OP WORKMEN. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 i 11 12 TOOLS. Shovels, smiths' 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 " steel 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 Screw-drivers 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16 16 Screw-plates 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Screw-stocks 1 ] 1 . 1 1 1 ' 2 2 2 2 2 Scribers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Sets, assorted 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Saw-sets 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , •Shears, hand 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 " bench 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sledges 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 Sows, cast-iron 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Soldering-copper 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Spoke-shaves 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Spring-proofs 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Squares, 2-feet 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I " assorted 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 *■' trying 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Stakes, iron I 2 3 4 • 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 " lead 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Stamps, letters 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 " figures ,... 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 " eagles 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Straight-edges 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 Swages 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 Swage-boxes 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 " dies 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 " jumpers 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 " bullet .." 2 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Trimmers 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Taps, metal 37 37 37 37- 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 Tongs, grinders' 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 30 30 1 30 1 30 1 30 30 1 30 1 30 1 30 1 30 1 30 1 Trowels, masons' 1 1 1 Tunnels, tin 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,1 1 1 1 1 1 Trucks, hand 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tool-cases 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Target, iron 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Vices, barrel 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 " bench 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 " hand 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 6 6 " foot 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Wheels, polishing ■6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Wrenches, patent 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 " assorted 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 204 ORDNANCE MANUAL. List of Verifying Gauges for the Bifle Musket, model of 1855. Each set of gauges is distinguished-by the term, "Rifle Musket, C. S.," and the number to correspond with those contained in the following list, with descrip¬ tions : for barrels. No. 1. Calibre Gauge : Measures the size of the bore, .58 inch diameter. No. 2. Groove Gauge, No. 1: Measures the depth of the groove at the muzzle, .585 inch. No. 3. Groove Gauge, No. 2 : Measures the depth of the groove at the breech, .595 inch- No. 4. Dimension Gauge, No. 1 : Shows the distance between flats, vertical diameter, position of top, left- hand bevel and oval, size of tenon at shoulder, ends of the two flats, and one bevel. No. 5. Dimension Gauge, No. 2: Shows the exterior diameter of the barrel at the butt, at 1.5 inch, 2.5 inches, 5.5 inches, 9.875 inches, 21.5 inches, 3.325 inches, from rear end of barrel, and at top and bottom of bayonet-socket, and the length of the bayonet-socket. No. 5J. Calliper Gauge : Corresponding with No. 5. No. 5J. Barrel Holder: Holds barrel and marks the above points for measurement. No. 6. Deceiving Gauge: Shows dimensions of barrel at butt, position and form of cone-seat, direc¬ tion and position of tap for cone-screw, position of vent-screw, shape of tang, and position of tang-screw hole. No. 6£. Dear-sight Ifortise Gauge : Shows the position, depth, width, and bevel of mortise, and the position, size, and depth of rear-sight screw-hole. No. 7. Gauge for Counterbore of Barrel: Shows length and .diameter of the counterbore. No. 7J. Tap Gauge for Barrel Thread : Shows length, depth, and width of thread. No. 8. Bayonet Stud and Barrel iluzzle: Shows the height of stud, distance of stud from muzzle, and diameter of barrel at 3.03 inches from the muzzle. No. 9. Front-sight Gauge: Shows height, length, and form of sight. VERIFYING GAUGES. 205 No. 10. Barrel, Sight, and Bod Gauge: Shows position and mortise, screw-hole for rear sight, length of barrel, position of front sight, length of ramrod. No. 11. Die Gauge for Breech Screw : Shows size and commencement of thread, length of body, diameter of the body. No. H i- Limit Gauge for Breech Screw : Shows maximum size of thread, limit of entrance of pin, diameter and length of stem. FOR LOCKS. No. 12. Beccieing Gauge for Loclc-plate : Shows the form of the lock plate, and thickness. No. 13. Loch-plate Gauge: Shows thickness of plate and bevel, thickness of plate, notch for main spring, thickness of bolster and plate, height of bolster body, and height at notch. No. 14. Tumbler Gauge: Has a receiving cavity to show the form of tumbler, diameter of arbor and square, thickness of body, length of arbor and square, taper of square, size of pivot, position of swivel-pin hole and swivel-slot. No. 14J. Tumbler Gauge, No. 2 : Tests the thread in the tumbler. No. 15. Bridle Gauge: Shows the form of the bridle, position of the pivot and stud, thickness of body, and thickness at eye. No. 16. Sear Gauge : Receiving cavity shows form of sear, height and form of tang, freeing of sear, thickness of tang, width of nose, and width at eye. No. 17. Hammer Gauge : Shows form of hammer and position of hole for square of tumbler, with a draft for size of tumbler-hole, and form of knife edge. No. 18. Dimension Gauge : Shows the thickness of body at tumbler-hole and bevel, thickness of body, profile of comb, width of comb and shape of back, curve of front of comb at start of body, thickness and curve of head, curve of top of comb, depth and size of countersink, crook of body. No. 19. Loch Screw-hole Gauge : Shows position of all holes on the inside of the lock-plate. No. 20. Main-spring Gauge: Shows the curve of long branch, freeing of spring, shape of spring at hook, position of pivot and relative position and thickness of the two branches, length of short branch, shape of tang,- widtfy of hook, width 206 ORDNANCE MANUAL. of long branch opposite extremity of short branch, width of body, curve of bend, form of slot for swivel. JNo. 21. Main-spring Gauge, No. 2 : Shows the thickness of long branch close to the hook, opposite the end of short branch, close to stud, thickness of short branch close to tang, opposite to stud, and at centre of tang, and height above top of tang- slope. No. 22. Sear-spring Gauge: Shows spread of spring, length of arm, size of stud and freeing of small branch, position of stud and pin-holes, thickness of metal at eye, width at small end, width of metal at body, width of body adjoining eye. No. 23. Tap Gauge for Lock-screws, Trigger, Vent, and Bayonet-clasp Screws: Shows the length, diameter, and thread of each. LEAF-SIGHT, MODEL OF 1S59. Gauge for Base, No. 1 : Shows the profile of side of base, thickness of fence and distance between fences, length of base inside, width and form of curve at rear end, length of curve and position of screw-hole and steady-pin on under side, thick¬ ness of head, body, and diameter of the screw, length of screw. Gauge for Base, No. 2 : Shows the position of the screw and steady-pin holes and slot for the tenon, as in the barrel. Gauge for First Leaf: Shows the length, width, and thickness, thickness of ears, distance between ears, and position as assembled. Gauge for Second Leaf: Shows the form of the side of the 100-yard range, form of the side of 300- yard range, width of leaf, thickness, width of joint, and position as assembled: showing the form and position of notches, and the angle of inside and outside of leaf. Gauge for Joint Screw: Shows the length, diameter and thickness of head, diameter of body, and size of thread. MOUNTINGS, ETC. No. 30. Butt-plate Gauge, No. 1: Keceives the plate and shows its form, position of screw-holes, position and size of notch for patch-box. No. 31. Butt-plate Gauge, No. 2: Shows thickness of heel, thickness of toe, thickness at corners, thickness of body, lateral curve across body, lateral curve across tang, longitudinal curvature of bottom of plate. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. VERIFYING GUAGES. 207 No. 32. Butt-jjlate and Guard-screw Gauge: Shows form of head and reinforce, diameter and length of stem, the shape of thread. No. 33. Band Gauge: Shows width and thickness of body, width and thickness of swivel-stud for middle band and guard-bow stud, round of stud, thickness of swivel and stud, size of swivel-wire. No. 34. Band-mandrel Gauge, No. 1: Shows interior of upper band. No. 35. Band-mandrel Gauge, No. 2: Shows interior form of middle band. Band-mandrel Gauge, No. 3 : Shows interior form of lower band. Guard-plate Gauge: Receives the plate and shows its form, position of stud for trigger a*nd slot, position of screw-holes, position of guard-bow holes and tang-screw hole. Guard-plate and Bow Gauge: Shows diameter of trigger-stud, thickness of plate at bolsters, thickness of body, shape of exterior, profile across bolsters, position and size of trigger- slot, width and shape of upper and lower sides of bow, taken at the middle, width of swivel-joint, diameter of collar, diameter of stem, thick¬ ness at middle of bow, diameter between collar and swivel-stud, diameter of nut, thickness of nut, relative position of swivel-stud, eollar, stem, and screw, screw-thread. No. 39. Trigger Gauge: Receiving-slot, showing thickness and shape of blade, curve of finger-piece, position and size of pivot-hole, curve of under side of finger-piece, and thickness of metal at finger end. No. 40. Band-spring Gauge: Receiving-slot, showing size, form, and set of spring and position of wire and shoulder, three gauges for lengths of wire, thickness at shoulder, thickness of stem, width of stem, and diameter of wire. No. 41. Washer Gauge: Shows countersink for screw-head, size of the hole for screw, diameter of washer, thickness of washer, and depth of countersink. No. 42. Side and Tang-screw Gauge: Shows diameter of head of side screw, diameter of stem, diameter of thread, length of both side screws, countersink for the shoulder of tang-screw, diameter of head, of stem, of thread, and length of screw. No. 43. Bod-stop Gauge: An iron pattern, complete. No. 36. No. 37. No. 38. 208 ORDNANCE MANUAL. BAYONET. No. 44. Receiving Gauge : Shows length, width and set of blade. No. 45. Socket Gouge, No. 1: Shows exterior diameter of socket below bead, and diameter of bead. No. 46. Socket Gauge, No. 2 : Shows exterior diameter of socket at top and bottom. No. 47. Mandrel Gauge: Shows form of socket at lower end, size of cut for stud, length of socket, size of grooves, position of clasp. No. 48. Blade Gauge: Shows curve of front flute, the thickness of metal at commencement of front flute, at 7£ inches and 14i inches from widest ppint of blade. No. 49. Dimension Gauge : (To be applied before the clasp is put on.) Shows position and size of socket at clasp-stud, position and size of clasp- stud, relative position of bridge-bead and clasp-stud, distance from top of slot to top of socket. No. 50. Neck Gauge : (To be applied before the clasp is put on.) Shows lower curve of neck, upper curve of neck, diameter of neck, and relative position of neck, bead and bridge. No. 50J. Neck Gauge, No. 2 : Shows curves of junction of neck and socket. No. 51. Blade Gauge: Shows profile of back of blade at the commencement of back flutes, at termination of bevel, at middle of blade, and 1 inch from point of blade, and the width of blade at the above-mentioned points, RAMROD. No. 52. Rod Gauge : Shows- profile of head, neck and swell for 6J inches, diameter of head, diameter at 2.5 inches, diameter at 5 inches, diameter of body at 7 inches, 18.5 inches, 30 inches from large end, diameter at start of thread, and form of cup; the thread same as in model of 1840; length, 39.625 inches. Ntf. 52.). Rod Holder : Marks points at 2.5 inches, 5, 7? IS.5' and 30 inches from large end, at start of thread, and gives true length of rod. STOCK. No. 53. Profile Gauge : Shows the curve or shape, length, position of bands, tip and shape of butt. VERIFYING GAUGES. 209 No. 54. Bayonet-clasp Mandrel Gauge : Shows exterior and interior size of clasp when the screw is in its place. No. 55. Clasp-dimension Gauge : Shows thickness of body, thickness at hridge, width of stud, width of body at notch, position of screw-hole, round of stud, receiving tool for form and size of finished clasp, with position of bridge and notch. No. 56. Tip Gauge: Shows circular cut for barrel, cross-section of base of tip, with cut for rod- groove, profile of under side and barrel at end. No. 56}. Tip Gauge, No. 2 : Shows inside of tip. No. 57. Cone Gauge : Shows size and thickness of collar, thread for screw, size of body, size of bottom of cone, size of tip, profile, size of top, throat and lower part of vent-hole, upper surface, square and diameter of collar. No. 58. Screw-driver Gauge : Long branch : shows form of edge, form of end, width across centre below rivet, size of wrench, thickness of head, of body, of wrench, of end of blade. Short branch: shows thickness of body, width of body, width of end, thickness of end, size of rivet-hole. No. 59. Wiper: Shows the diameter of branches, thickness of head, form of head, size of thread. No. 60. Ball Screw : Shows length and form of screw, diameter of collar, diameter of body, size of thread for rod. No. 65. Barrel Gauge: Shows the number of threads and length of body for breech-screw, to be applied in the barrel. No. 66. Tip-screw Gauge : Shows the length, size of head, body, thickness of head and thread. No. 67. Stock Gauge : Shows thickness across end of centre of butt and bed of lock-plate, at the bands and tip, at flats near tang, and at end of box-mortise. No. 68. Receiving Gauge: Shows the form, size and length of the stock, the shoulders for the bntt end of the barrel, the bands and the tip. Gauges for Rifle, Model of 1855. Nos. 1 to 4, 6, 7, 11 to 27, 30 to 33, 35, 37 to 43, and 57 are the same as for the rifle musket. 14 210 ORDNANCE MANUAL. No. 5. Barrel Gauge : , Shows the diameter of the barrel at the muzzle and other points indicated by No. 65. No. 8. Bayonet-stud Gauge : Shows length of stud, distance from muzzle to lower end of stud, thick¬ ness and form of stud. No. 9. Front-sight Gauge: Shows height and form of front sight. No. 10. Sight Gauge, No. 2: Shows the position of the front sight and of the mortise and screw-hole for the rear sight. No. 34. Band-mandrel Gauge, No. 1: Sho^s interior or upper band. No. 36. Band-mandrel Gauge, No. 3: Shows interior of lower band. No. 52. Ramrod Gauge : Shows profile of head, neck and swell, and diameter of head, neck, swell and body. No. 53. Profile-stock Gauge: t Shows length and curve of stock, and position of bands and tip. No. 56. Tip Gauge: Shows length of tip and exterior form at upper and lower end. No. 61. Box-spring Gauge: Shows length, width and thickness of spring, and position of rivet and screw-holes. No. 62. Box-cover Gauge: Shows profile of cover and position of screw-holes and rivet-hole for spring. No. 63. Box-cover Gauge, No. 2 : Shows curve of top and thickness of cover. No. 64. Ramrod Holder: Shows gauging-points for ramrod. No. 65. Barrel Holder: Shows gauging-points of barrel. SWORD BAYONET. No. 66. Shows profile of back of blade and back of hilt. No. 67. Shows width and thickness of blade. No. 68. Shows width and thickness of hilt. No. 69. Shows profile of back and front of hilt and guard. No. 70. Shows position and depth of slot in hilt. No. 71. Finger-piece Gauge: Shows the diameter and length of body, diameter, length and form of head, and thickness ahd length of finger-piece spring. No. 72. Tompion Gauge: Shows length of head and body, diameter of head, neck, collar and body. SWORDS AND SABRES. 211 SWORDS AND SABRES. NOMENCLATURE. Cavalry Sabre. (Plate 28i) Blade.—Shoulder, back, edge, bevel, point, curvature, large groove, small groove; tang, riveting. Hilt.—Pommel (brass), notch for the guard, back, rivet-cap, bole for the tang of the blade; gripe, wooden body (birch or maple), leather covering (calf-skin, blackened), wires (brass), notch for the guard, ridges, shoulder, bole for the tang of the blade. GrtrABD.—Front branch, hook; back branch; middle branch; plate, mortise for the tang, flange, bead, lip. Scabbard (sheet-steel).—Body, back, front, sides, holes for the rivets; mouth¬ piece, rim, springs, rivet-holes; 2 rivets; 2 bands, knob, eye for the ring; 2 rings; tip, front branch, back branch. Light Cavalry Sabre. The nomenclature the same as the cavalry sabre. This sabre differs from that above in being shorter and lighter. Light Artillery Sabre. (Plate 28.) The nomenclature is the same as the cavalry sabre, with the following ex¬ ceptions— Blade.—Has but one groove. Hilt.—Guard, one branch terminating in a scroll; the plate has 2 counter¬ sinks—one for the gripe, the other for the scabbard. Scabbard.—Spring, fastened to the back by 1 rivet. Foot Artillery Sword. (Plate 28.) Blade.—Straight, two-edged, narrower near the hilt than in the middle; body (or blade proper), shoulder, shoulder-rounding, ridges, point, bevels, edges, tang, its rounding and riveting, three holes for the gripe-rivets. Hilt (brass, in one piece).—Cross, knob and panel of the cross, mortise for the tang, gripe, fillet, necks, swell, knob with an eagle on each side, bolster and hole for the tang-rivet, grooves and ridges, three holes and bolsters for the gripe-rivets; 3 rivets (iron). Scabbard (harness leather, jacked, blackened and varnished).—•Body, edges, inner and outer sides; mountings (brass); ferrule, stud, bead, cap; safes (buff- leather) ; 4 nails for the ferrule and safes; tip, bead, knob; 4 nails for the tip. 212 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Non-commissioned Officer's Sword. (Plate 28.) Blade (straight, cut and thrust).—Buck, edge, groove, bevel, point. Hilt.—Pommel (brass), notch for the hook of the guard, rivet-cap, shoulder for the ferrule, hole for the tang; 2 ferrules; gripe, wooden body, hole for the tang; covering (sheet-brass), grooves and ridges. Guard (in one piece).—Branch, hook and its shoulder; plate, flange, bead; It nob. Scabbard (leather).—Ferrule and hook (brass); tip (brass), body, front branch, back branch. This sword is for the non-commissioned officers of foot troops. Musician's Sword. The same as the non-commissioned officer's sword, without the guard-pfufe, and with a blade six inches shorter. Sabre for Staff and Field Officers. (Plate 28.) Blade.—Shoulder, back rounded, edge, bevel, point, tapering nearly equal from edge and back, curvature slight; large groove, small groove; tang, riveting; etched vine on back; letters " C. S.," guns, drums, colors, and rays on left side; eagle, guns, colors, and rays on right side. Hilt.—Pommel (brass, gilded), notch for guard, scrolled back, rivet-cap, hole for the tang of the blade ; gripe, wooden body (birch or maple), seal-skin covering (blackened) wire, (fine brass, richly gilded), notch for guard, ridges, shoulder, hole for the tang of the blade. Guard.—Front branch, hook; bach branch ; middle branch ; letters " C. S.," and open scroll-work between branches; plate (brass, gilded), bead, flange, scroll, lip, mortised for tang of blade and for strap of sword-knot. Scabbard (sheet-steel, browned). — Interior lining well-seasoned basswood; body, back, front, sides, holes for screws; mouth-piece (brass, gilded), rim; 2 bands (brass, gilded), knob, eye for the ring, screws, and screw-holes; 2 ring* (gilded); tip (gilded), screw, screw-hole, front and back branch. Sword for Officers of the Staff and Staff Corps. (Plate 28.) Blade.—Straight, two edges, with an arris in the middle between the edges; etched scrolls, colors, and shield on the left side; eagle, guns, colors, and scrolls on the right side ; tang, riveting. Hilt (brass, chased and gilded).—Pommel, an inverted frustum of a cone, with an eagle chased on one side. Guard.—Principal branch, chased, mortise for the sword-knot, shoulder for the lower ferrule ; fixed shell, bearing an eagle and flags, chased; movable shell, plain; button for the spring; cross-bar. Gripe (black horn) wrapped spirally with gold cord;- 2: ferrules, chased. Weight of sword, 1.2 lb. PROOF AND INSPECTION OF SWORDS AND SABRES. 213 Scabbard (steel or leather).—The steel scabbard has 2 brass bands and rings, gilded and chased ; tip ; mouth-piece (brass). The leather scabbard has brass fer¬ rule and hook-tip. Weight of steel scabbard, 0.69 lb. Sword for Foot Officers. (Plate 28.) The nomenclature is the same as for the staff officer's sword, except as follows: Blade.—Etched, guns, colors, and rays on the left side; shield, colors, and rays on the right side. Guard.—It has no middle branch nor letters. Scabbard (sole-leather, jacked, fluted, blackened, and varnished).—Body, back, front, sides, holes for screws; mouth-piece and top band united (brass, gilded), rim, band, knob, eye for ring, screw, and screw-bole; band (brass, gilded), knob, eye for ring, screw, and screw-hole ; 2 rings (gilded); tip (brass, gilded), fluted, screw and screw-hole, front and back branches. Sabre for Cavalry Officers. The same as the cavalry sabre, or light cavalry sabre, with gilt mountings. Principal Dimensions and Weights of Swords and Sabres. bi = ,S 3 M J- CO ■3 one side of heavy upper shoe j leather dressed on flesh side. 40 Gun-slings—out of one butt hide of bag leather. 11 Infantry cartridge-boxes, except pockets and inner covers, out of one side of heavy bridle leather. 27 Bayonet-scabbards. ") 22 Sword-bayonet scabbards I Either of these can be cut out of 22 Non-commissioned officers sword-scabbards. V Qne gide of H hfc brid,e leather_ 25 Musicians sword-scabbards. ° 22 Foot artillery sword-scabbards. ) 50 Pockets for infantry cartridge-boxes. 50 Inner covers for do. 40 Tops for cap-pouches. 40 Inner covers for cap-pouches. Either of these can be cut from one side of light upper-leather. Thread. 100 Infantry cartridge-boxes 1.25 100 Gun-slings 13 100 Cap-poucbes 5 100 Bayonet-scabbards 3 100 Sword-bayonet scabbards 2 100 Non-commissioned officers' sword-scabbards .3 100 Musicians' or foot artillery do. .2 100 Carbine-slings 08 100 Non-commissioned officers' waist-belts 08 100 Cavalry sabre-belts 4 100 Light artillery sword-belts 3 100 Foot artillery sword-belts 8 100 Sword-bayonet waist-belts 7 100 Non-commissioned officers' sword-belts 33 100 Waist-belts 08 100 Bayonet-scabbard frogs 3 lb. 1 No. 3. White shoe thread, waxed with rosin wax. lb.] | No. 3. Black shoe J. thread, waxed with j rosin wax. J lb.") No. 3. Black shoe thread, waxed with beeswax. PETALS. 221 Metals\ For 100 sets of car airy wire-belt mountings. 100 Sabre hooks. 4.5 lbs. brass wire No. 7. 4.65 " " " 7. 100 Loops 200 Rings 6. .8 " " 6. sheet-brass " 11. " " 14. 100 Large hooks 200 Small hooks 7. 5. . ".48 22.5 700 Rivets 400 Studs . brass wire " 15. cast-brass. 100 Belt-plates and loops (See below.) For 100 infantry cartridge-boxes. For tins, 125 sheets single tin, 1 lb, soft solder. For buttons, 4.9 lbs. cast-brass. For burrs, .33 lb. sheet-brass, 400 copper rivets. 4.5 lbs. sheet-brass No. 31, for plates. 8. " " ' " No. 14, for hooks. .22 " brass wire No. 14, for rivets. 16. " soft solder. For 100 infantry cartridge-box plates. 4.2 lbs. sheet-brass No. 31, for plates. .8 " iron wire No. 15, for loops. 14. " soft solder. 3.5 lbs. sheet-brass No. 25, for tips. 5. " cast-brass for knobs. .14 " copper wire No. 15, for rivets. 200 copper rivets and burrs (i No. 8) to attach the frog. .2 lb. spelter. .3 " soft solder. For 100 sets hooks and rivets for gun-slings. 2.8 lbs. sheet-brass No. 14. .18 " brass wire No. 15. For 100 cavalry belt-plates. 25. lbs. cast-brass. .2 " German silver No. 33. .5 " soft solder. For 100 infantry waist-belt plates. For 100 ferrules for bayonet-scabbards. 222 ORDNANCE MANUAL. For 100 sets of mountings of waist-belt Jor sword-bayonet. 100 pairs clasps, cast-brass, 21.25 lbs. 200 loops for clasps, sheet-brass No. 14, 3.75 lbs. 200 sliders, cast-brass, 14.8 lbs. Spelter, .4 lb. For 100 buttons and cone-piclcs for cap-pouches. 3.2 lbs. cast-brass, for buttons. .65 " sbeet-brass No. 19, for burrs. .2 " steel wire No. 18, for cone-picks. For 100 sets mountings for sword-bayonet scabbard. 29 lbs. sheet-brass No. 24, for ferrules and tips. 1.75 lbs. cast-brass, for loops for ferrules. 6.25 " " for knobs for tips. 1.4 " copper wire No. 12, for 800 rivets. .4 " spelter. .3 " soft solder. WEIGHT OF ACCOUTREMENTS. 100 Infantry cartridge-boxes and plates for ,69-in. ball • -176 lbs. 100 Infantry cartridge-boxes and plates for .58-in. ball 167 " 100 Infantry cartridge-box belts and plates 63 " 100 Cap-pouches and cone-picks 13 " 100 Bayonet-scabbards and frogs 31 " 100 Waist-belts and plates, 1.9 inch wide 50 " 100 Gun-slings 15 " 100 Nou-commissioned officers'waist-belts and plates 49 " 100 Non-commissioned officers' sword-belts and plates (shoulder) 60 " 100 Rifle cartridge-boxes and plates for .54-in. ball 118 " 100 Rifle waist-belts and plates, for bayonet-scabbard 59 " 100 Rifle sword-bayonet scabbards 49 " 100 Rifle pouches 43 •' 100 Rifle flasks 81 '' 100 Rifle flask and pouch-belts 27 " 100 Cavalry sabre-belts and plates 120 " 100 Carbine-slings and swivels 110 " 100 Light artillery sabre-belts and plates 95 " 100 Foot artillery sword-belts and plates 81 " SALTPETRE. 223 Chapter Ninth. GUNPOWDER. Gunpowder for the military service is distinguished as muxJeet, cannon, and mam¬ moth powder. They are all made in the same manner, of the sajne proportions of materials, and differ only in the size of the grain, MATERIALS. The materials required are saltpetre, charcoal, and sulphur. They should be ,of the greatest possible purity, both for the quality of the powder and the prevention of disastrous accidents in the manufacture. Saltpetre. Saltpetre (nitre, nitrate of potassa) is a transparent, white/ crystalized salt, inodorouj, anhydrous, of a cooling, pungent, and slightly bitter taste. It generally crystallizes in six-sided prisms terminated by six-sided pyramids, or in needles deeply striated, and sometimes contains mother-water in fissures in the longer axis of large crystals. It is composed of 53.45 nitric acid and 46.55 potassa. Speci£e gravity, 2.099 to 2.1. Unalterable in common air, it becomes deliquescent in an atmosphere nearly saturated with moisture. It melts at about 662° into a limpid, oily-looking liquid, and may be cast into moulds, forming a white, compact mass. It begins to decompose at about 116°, giving up its oxygen: at a white heat the decomposition is incomplete,' peroxide of potassium remaining. If thrown upon burning coals, it melts and deflagrates violently. It is insoluble in absolute alcohol and oils; soluble in water—more in warm than in cold: in dissolving it causes a fall in temperature; it raises the boiling point of water, and increases its density by about 0.0077 for each part of saltpetre contained in 100 parts of water. 100 parts of water at 32° dissolve 13.32 saltpetre, and the solution boils at about 213.8°. 68 31.75 " 215.6°. " 104 ' 63.80 219.2°. a 140 ' 110.70 « " 222.8°. u 176 ' 170.80 " « (C u 228.2°. " 212 • ' 246.60 " " e. cc 235.4°. " 240.8 t 335.00 " (£ 240.8°. A saturated hot solution will consequently lose, in cooling, the greatest part of the salt dissolved. 224 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Saltpetre occurs naturally in great quantities, as an efflorescence on the surface of the earth, in many of the warm countries, particularly in India, where there is sufficient to supply the wants of the whole world. It also occurs as a saline crust in caverns in some parts of the globe; and in the vicinity of Monclova, Mexico, it is found in great purity in veins or mines. It exists in certain plants, and is formed spontaneously h'y the decomposition of animal and vegetable substances when mixed with substances containing potash and kept at an even temperature in moist situations. On this principle artificial nitre beds are made, from which large quantities of nitre are obtained, in France, Germany, Sweden, Hungary, etc. Saltpetre obtained from any of these sources may be separated from the greater part of the foreign salts and earthy matter by lixiviation with wood ashes and evaporation. The nitrous earth of India yields about one-fifth of its weight of nitre; that of the nitre caves, from one to ten pounds of nitre to the bushel. The best artificial nitre beds afford annually about a quarter of a pound of nitre to a bushel of earth. Saltpetre, for the manufacture of gunpowder, is chiefly obtained from India, whence it is imported in a crystal- ized state, called crude saltpetre containing generally from 15 to 18 per cent, of foreign salts, earths, and water. TEST OP CRUDE SALTPETRE. Crude saltpetre was formerly tested by washing it with water saturated with saltpetre, which dissolved the other soluble foreign salts without dissolving any of the saltpetre itself; the loss in weight by washing was takeq as the weight of the impurities contained. This process was found to occasion serious error, from the fact that when water saturated with saltpetre has dissolved a portion of sea salt, it acquires the property of dissolving an additional amount of saltpetre; besides, this mode of testing fails when there is present—us there is almost always — the chloride of potassium. The process of testing now used in this country, as well as in England and India, is that of analysis. The chlorides that the crude salt¬ petre contains are precipitated in the form of the chloride of silver by addiDg the nitrate of silver to the solution of a given weight of the sample to be tested. The sulphates are precipitated in the form of the sulphate of baryta, by adding the nitrate of baryta to the solution of a given weight of the sample; the amount of these impurities can now be calculated. REFINING SALTPETRE. The purity of saltpetre used in making gunpowder is of the greatest importance, not only on account of the quality of the powder, but more particularly as dimin¬ ishing the chances of explosion in the powder mills. Wash the crude saltpetre in a large shallow pan with about 40 per cent, of cold water, stirring it well with rakes. At the end of 12 hours, withdraw the water, which takes away with it a portion of the chlorides. To free the saltpetre from earthy matters and the chloride of sodium, dissolve it by means of heat, in the TEST OF SALTPETRE- 225 least p ssible amoui t of water, in a large copper kettle. When it is entirely dis¬ solved, clarify the liquid by pouring in the solution of glue in the proportion of l-10th per cent, of glae dissolved in five times its weight of water. The glue is added at two different times ; and the liquid should be well stirred, and the scum removed as it forms on the surface. When the scum has nearly ceased forming, cheek the boiling by adding cold water saturated with saltpetre, to precipitate the chloride of sodium, which is removed as it falls to the bottom. When the scum has ceased forming and the chloride of sodium is no longer precipitated, the liquid becomes limpid, and it is permitted to remain several hours, keeping up sufficient heat to prevent it from crystalizing in the kettle. Remove the liquid gently, while at a temperature of about 230°, to the crystaliz¬ ing pgins, and stir it continually with wooden scrapers to prevent the formation of large crystals. The scrapers in large establishments are moved by machinery. Draw the saltpetre, as it forms, to the sides of the pans, and when the liquid falls to a temperature of about 70° draw it off into other vessels; it will then have given up nearly all its saltpetre. Take the saltpetre from the crystalizing pans to the washing troughs, and wash it twice from, the rose of a watering pot with 50 per cent, of cold water saturated with pure saltpetre, the water- being permitted to remain on the salt each time about two hours, and then drawn off: sprinkle it with 50 per cent, of pure water, which merely drains through and is carried off. The saltpetre, after remaining in the washing troughs three or four days, is taken to the drying reservoirs, where it is dried, and stirred from time to time with wooden shovels. It is then passed through a brass sieve, to separate any small lumps or foreign particles, and is ready for packing. It is now like fine sand, apd' as white as snow. A 100-lbs. powder cask will hold about 132 lbs. of saltpetre. The scum, mother^ water, washings, etc., are collected, and the saltpetre extracted from them. TEST OF REFIXED SALTPETRE. In order to be used in the manufacture of gunpowder, saltpetre should not eon- tain more than l-3l)00th of chlorides. To test this, dissolve 200 grains of saltpetre in the least possible quantity (say 1,000 grains) of tepid distilled water; pour on it 20 grains of a solution of nitrate of silver containing 10 grains of the nitrate to 1,033 grains of water, that being the quantity required to decompose 200-3000ths of a grain of muriate of soda; filter the liquid, and divide it into two portions :^o one portion add a few drops of the solution of nitrate of silver; if it remain clear, the saltpetre does not contain more than 1-3000th of muriate of soda; to the other portion .add a small quantity of solution of muriate of soda; if it become clouded, the saltpetre contains less than l-3000th. By using the test-liquor in very small quantities, the exact proportion of muriate of soda may be ascertained. The salt¬ petre used in our best powder does not contain more than 1 -lSOOOth of chlorides; and that used in the best sporting powder is refined a second time, and contains not more than l-60000th part. 15 226 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Charcoal. (For general remarks on charcoal, see ^Chapter X.) Of the three component materials of gunpowder, the charcoal has the greatest effect upon its, quality, owing to the great difference in it, due to the kind of wood from which it is made, and to the mode of its preparation. Light, friable and porous charcoal, which burns rapidly and leaves the least ashes, is the best adapted for making gunpowder. Charcoal from willow and black alder—chiefly the former— obtained by distillation in cast-iron cylinders, is used for powder for the military service. The wood is cut in the spring, when the sap is running freely. Branches are selected of three to four year's growth, not more than three-quarters of an inch in diameter, stripped of its bark as soon as cut, and piled in dry and airy places. The larger branches are split lengthwise. All dead wood is rejected. The dried wood is put in upright cast-iron cylinders, which are then closely luted. The heat is applied to the outside of the cylinder, and care is taken to prevent them from getting too hot. The gaseous and liquid products escape by an opening near one end. The progress of distillation is judged of by the color of the flame and smoke, and sometimes by test sticks which are introduced through tubes prepared for the purpose. "When the distillation is complete, the charcoal is removed into sheet-iron tubs. About 35 per cent, of brown coal is produced, by this process, to 100 parts of dried wood. Charcoal should be made only as it is required for immediate use, as it absorbs moisture readily from the air. When freshly prepared, it absorbs and condenses gases: it heats and, if in a heap of 30 lbs. or more, takes fire spontaneously. The specific gravity of freshly-burned charcoal is about .380; when triturated in a moist state for a long time under heavy rollers, its specific gravity is increased to 1.100 and 1.400. Sulphur. Sulphur is found in abundance, in the native state, in the neighborhood of vol¬ canoes, mixed merely with earthy matters. It may also be obtained from the s&phurets of iron and copper, and from other sources, but is not so pure in this case as the volcanic sulphur. The "specific gravity of native sulphur is 2.072; that of sulphur which has been fused, 1.99—which is still further diminished by tritura¬ tion. Sulphur melts at 234° into a transparent and nearly colorless liquid which is lighter than the solid sulphur. As the temperature is increased, the sulphur becomes more yellow and less fluid; at 482° it is of a dark brown color, and so thick as to flow with difficulty. From 500° to its boiling point, 788°, it becomes more fluid. Sulphur takes fire at a temperature of 560°, and burns with a dull blue flame and suffocating fumes. It is soluble in oil of turpentine, and insoluble in water and alcohol. MANUFACTURE OF. GUNPOWDER. 227 The supply of sulphur for this country is brought principally from Sicily, in the crude state. It contains about 8 per cent, of earthy matter. It is refined by distilling it in cast-iron retorts, and collecting the vapors in a large chamber, where they are condensed. The temperature of this chamber is kept at about 248°, and the liquid sulphur is drawn off, through iron pipes in the side of the chamber, into wooden moulds. If the temperature of the chamber be kept as low as 180°, the vapors are con¬ densed in a light dust, called flowers of sulphur: in this state the sulphur always contains sulphurous and sulphuric acids. Pure sulphur should be of a beautiful citron yellow color, slightly transparent, should show no acid reaction on test paper, and should burn without any residuum, Sulphur may be refined, but not so thoroughly, by being melted, skimmed and decanted. Manufacture of Gunpowder. The buildings in which the different operations are carried on are separated from each other, and protected by trees or traverses as far as practicable. There is great diversity in the manipulations of manufacture, not only in different countries, but even in different powder mills of the same country — each having some particular mode of its own, which is preferred to the rest. The principal operations consist in pulverizing the materials very finely, thoroughly incorporating them, pressing them into a cake, reducing the cake into grains, glazing the grains, drying and dusting the powder. Pulverizing.—The saltpetre is usually pulverized sufficiently when it comes from the refinery. The charcoal is placed in large cast-iron barrels with twice its weight of bronze balls. The barrel has several ledges on the interior, and is made to revolve from 20 to 25 times in a minute. It is pulverized in 2 or 3 hours. The sulphur is placed in barrels made of thick leather stretched over a wooden frame, with twice its weight of bronze balls from .3 to .5 inch in diameter, and the barrel made to revolve about 20 times per minute. The sulphur is pulverized in four to eight hours. Proportions of materials.—All powder for the military service must be composed of the following proportions by weight, viz : 76 parts of saltpetre, 14 of charcoal, and 10 of sulphur; or, 75 parts " 15 " 10 " Incorporating.—The ingredients having been weighed out in the proportions above given, the charcoal and sulphur are put together in a rolling barrel similar to that in which the sulphur is pulverized, and rolled for one hour. The saltpetre is then added, and rolled for three hours longer. In some mills this operation is omitted. It is now taken to the cylinder, or rolling mill. This consists of two cast-iron cylinders rolling round a horizontal axis in a circular trough of about 9 feet diameter, with a cast-iron bottom. The cylinders are 6 feet in diameter, -18 inches thick on the face, and weigh about 8 tons each. They arc followed by a wooden scraper, which keeps the composition in the centre of the trough. 228 ORDNANCE MANUAL. A charge of 75 lbs. in some mills, and 150 lbs. in others, is then spread in the trough of the rolling mill, and moistened with 2 to 3 per cent, of water, according to the hygrometric state of the atmosphere. It is rolled slowly at first, and afterward from 8 to 10 revolutions of the roller per minute, for 1 hour for 50 lbs. and 3 hours for 150 lbs. of composition. A little water is added, as the process advances, if the composition gets very dry—which is judged of by its color. When the materials are thoroughly incorporated, the cake is of a uniform, lively, brownish red color. In this state it is called mill cake. The quality of the power depends much on the thorough incorporation of the materials, and burns more rapidly as this operation is more thoroughly performed. The mill cake is next taken to the press house, to be pressed into a hard cake. Pressing.—The mill cake is sprinkled with about 3 per cent, of water, and arranged in a series of layers about 2 inches thick, separated by brass plates. A powerful pressure is brought to bear on the layers, which are subject to the maxi¬ mum pressure for about 10 to 15 minutes, when it is removed. Each layer is thm formed into a hard cake about an inch thick. Granulating.—The cake is broken into pieces by means of bronze toothed roller- revolving in opposite directions, their axes being parallel and the distance between them regulated as required. Fluted rollers are sometimes used. The pieces are passed through a succession of rollers, each series being closer together, by which the pieces are broken into others still smaller, which pass over a sieve to another roller, the small grains passing through the sieve into a receiver below, until the whole is reduced to the required size. The various sized grains are separated by the s'eves between the different rollers. Glazing.—Several hundred pounds of the grained powder, containing from 3 to 4 per cent, of water, are placed in the glazipg barrel, which is made to revolve from 9 to 10 times per minute, and in some mills from 25 to 30 times per minute. Usually from 10 to 12 hours are required to give the required glazing. In this operation the sharp angles are broken off, thereby diminishing the dust produced in transportation, and the surface of the grain receives a bright polish. Drying.—The powder is spread out on sheets stretched upon frames in a room raised to a temperature of 140° to 100° by steam pipes or by a furnace. The temper¬ ature should be raised gradually, and should not exceed 160°, ventilation being kept up. Dusting.—The powder is finally sifted through fine sieves, to remove all dust and fine grains. The dust obtained in this and previous operations may be worked over to make other powders. Packing. Government powder is packed in barrels of 100 lbs. each. Powder barrels are made of Well-seasoned white oak, and hooped with hickory or cedar hoops, which should he deprived of their bark : the cedar is not so liable as hickory or white oak DIMENSIONS OE POWDER BARRELS. 220 to be attacked by worms, and it should, therefore, be used in preference ; or the hoops may be prepared by immersion in a solution of corrosive sublimate. The hoops. should cover two-thirds of the barrel. Instead of a bung on the side, a screw-hole 1.5 inch in diameter is made in the head of the barrel, for mortar and musket" powder: it is closed by a wood screw with an octagonal hea& which must not project beyond the ends of the staves; under the head of the screw is a washer of thin leather steeped in a solution of beeswax in spirits of turpentine. This screw-plug renders it unnecessary to take out the head of the barrel, and the hoops may, therefore, be secured with copper nails; for transportation, a piehe of tlolh should be glued over the head of the plug. Some barrels have been made with 6 copper hoops, and others with 4 copper and 8 or 10 cedar hoops ; the copper hoops are 1 inch wide and J of an inch thick, fastened with 2 rivets, and nailed each with 3 copper nails 0.625 inch long. Average weight of a hoop, 2J lbs. Powder barrels made of strong sheet-iron, corrugated, the heads put in by folding them over with the metal forming the body, have been made, and are now on trial, with prospects of their answering a good purpose. It has been found that lining powder barrels with india-rubber cloth has an injurious effect on the powder, in consequence of the affinity o^ the caoutchouc for sulphur. The heads of powder barrels are painted black, in order to show the marks more plainly in dark magazines. Dimensions of Powder Barrels. Whole length 20.5 inches. Length, interior, in the clear 18 " Interior diameter at the head 14 " Interior diameter at the bilge 10 " Thickness of the staves and heads 0.5 inch. Weight of the barrel with cedar hoops 25 lbs. The barrels have generally 12 hoops, 14 to 16 staves, and 2 or 3 pieces in each head. The above dimensions are calculated so that^ with 100 lbs. of powder there shall be a vacant space irt the barrel, allowing the powder to shake, in order to prevent its caking. The barrel would contain about 120 lbs. of pow"der settled by shaking. Round powder, for immediate use, may be made in an expeditious manner, as follows : Pix a powder barrel on a shaft passing through its two heads, the barrel having ledges on the inside; to prevent leakage, cover it with close canvas glued on, and put the hoops over the canvas. Put into the barrel 10 lbs. of sulphur in lumps, and 15 lbs. of charcoal, with 60 lbs. of zinc balls, or of small shot (down to No. 4, 0.014 inch in diameter nearly). Turn it by hand, or otherwise, 30 revolutions in a minute. To 10 lbs. of this mixture thus pulverized add 30 lbs. of saltpetre, and work it two hours with the balls; water the 40 lbs. of composition with 2 quarts of water, mixing it equally with the hands; granulate with the graining ORDNANCE MANUAL. sieve. The grains thus made, not being pressed, are too soft. To make them harder, put them into a barrel having 5 or 6 ledges, projecting about 0.4 inch, inside; give it at first 8 revolutions in a minute, increasing gradually to 20. The compression will be proportionate to the charge in the barrel, which should not, however, be more than half full. Continue this operation until the density is such that a cubic foot of the powder shall weigh 855 ounces—the mean density of round powder; strike on the staves of the barrel from time to time, to prevent the adhe¬ sion of the powder. Sift the g'rains and dry the powder as usual: that which is too fine or too coarse is returned to the pulverizing barrel. This powder is round, and the grain is sufficiently hard on the surface; but the interior is soft, which makes it unfit for keeping, and may cause it to burn slowly. This defect may be remedied by making the grains at first very small, and by roll¬ ing them on a sheet or in a barrel, watering them from time to time, and adding the pulverized composition in small portions; in this way, the grains will be formed by successive layers; they are then separated according to size, glazed, and dried. It appears from experiments that the simple incorporation of the materials makes a powder which gives nearly as high ranges with field-pieces as grained powder; the incorporated dust from the rolling barrel may therefore be used in case of neces¬ sity. Gunpowder burns at the temperature of 575° to 600° Fahrenheit. Inspection and Proof of Powder. Before powder for the military service is received from the manufacturer, it is inspected and proved. For this purpose, at least 50 barrels are thoroughly mixed together. One barrel of this is proved by firing three rounds from a musket, with service charge, if it be musket powder; if cannon or mammoth powder, from an 8-inch columbiad, with 10 lbs. and a solid shot of 65 lbs. weight and 7.88 inches in diameter; if it be mortar powder, from an 8-inch mortar, with 1.25 lb. and a shell 7.88 inches in diameter, weighing 47.5 lbs. The general character of the grain, and its freedom from dust, are noted. General qualities.—Gunpowder should be of an even sized grain, angular and irregular in form, without sharp corners, and very hard. When new, it should leave no trace of dust when poured on the back of the hand, and when flashed in quantities of 10 grains on a copper plate, it should leave no bead or foulness. It should give the required initial velocity to the ball, and not more than the maxi¬ mum pressure on the gun, and should absorb but little moisture from the air. Size of grain.—The size of the grain is tested by standard sieves made of sheet- brass pierced with round holes. Two sieves are used for each kind of powder. Nos. 1 and 2 for musket, 2 and 3 for mortar, 4 and 5 for cannon, and 6 and 7 for mam¬ moth powder. Diameter of holes for musket powder : No. 1, 0.03 in.; No. 2, 0.06 in. " " cannon " No. 4, 0.25 in.; No. 5, 0.35 in. " " mammoth " No. 6, 0.6 in.; No. 7, 0.9 in. INSPECTION AND PROOF OF POWDER. 231 Musket powder.—None should pass through sieve No. 1; all through No. 2. Cannon powder.—None should pass through sieve No. 4 ; all through No. 5. Gravimetric density.—Is the weight of a given measured quantity. It is usually expressed by the weight of a cubic foot in ounces. This cannot be relied upon for the true density when accuracy is desired, as the shape of the grain may make the denser powder seem the lighter. Specific Gravity.—The specific gravity of gunpowder must be not less than 1.75. It is important that it should be determined with accuracy. Alcohol and water saturated with saltpetre have been used for this purpose; but they do not furnish accurate results. Mercury, Only, is to be' relied upon. Mercury Densimeter.—This apparatus was invented by Colonel Mallet, of the French army, and M. Bianchi, and consists of an open vessel containing mercury, a frame supporting a glass globe communicating by a tube with the mercury in the open vessel, and joined at top to a graduated glass tube, which communicates by a flexible tube with an ordinary air pump. Stop-cocks are inserted in the tubes above and below the glass globe, and a diaphragm of ehamois-skin is placed over the orifice at the bottom of the globe, and one of wire cloth over the upper orifice. The operation consists as follows : Fill the globe with mercury to any mark of the graduated tube, by means of the air-pump; close the stop-cocks; detach the globe, full of mercury, and weigh it; empty and clean the globe; introduce into it a given weight of gunpowder; attach the globe to the tubes; exhaust the air till the mercury fills the globe and rises to the same height as before; shut the stop¬ cocks ; take off the globe and weigh it as before. If we represent by a the weight of the powder in the globe, by P the weight of the globe full of mercury, by Pf the weight of the globe containing the powder and mercury, and by D the specific gravity of the mercury, the specific gravity of the gunpowder will be expressed by a D the formula d = P—P'+a. A mean of two or three results will give the true specific gravity. The density of some samples of powder has bf en brought up to 1.831. Initial velocity.—The initial velocity is determined by means of the Ballistic Pendulum, or by Captain Benton's Electro-Ballistic Pendulum. For the method of using this machine, see page 237. Musket powder should give an initial velocity of not less than feet. Cannon powder should give an initial velocity of not less than feet. Strain upon the gun.—This is determined by Captain Rodman's Pressure Piston. For the method of using this instrument, see page 238. Cannon powder should not give a greater pressure than pounds on the square inch. Hygrometbic qualities.—If the powder be made of pure materials and have the required density, its hygrometric quality follows as a matter of course. It may be determined by exposing the powder to air saturated with moisture. For this purpose, samples of about 1,500 grains weight may be placed in a shallow tin pan, 9 282 ORDNANCE MANUAL. inches hy 6 inches, set in a tub the bottom of whieh is covered with water. The pan of powder should be placed about one inch above the surface of the water, and the tub covered over. In this manner any sample of powder may be compared with another of known good quality. Good powder, made of pure materials, will not absorb more than 2J per cent, of moisture in 21 hours. Inspection report.—The report of inspection should show the place and date of fabrication and of proof, the kind of powder and its general qualities, as the num¬ ber of grains in 100 grs., whether hard or soft, round ot angular, of uniform or irregular size, whether free from dust or not; the initial velocities obtained in each fire; the amount of moisture absorbed; and, finally, the height of the barometer and hygrometer at the time of proof. Marks on the barrels.—Each barrel is marked on both heads (in white oil- colors, the head painted black) with the number of the barrel, the name of the -manufacturer, year of fabrication, and the lynd of powder — cannon, mortar or musket—the mean initial velocity and the pressure per square inch on the pressure piston. Each time the powder is proved, the initial velocity is marked below the former proofs, and the date of the trial opposite it. Analysis of Gunpowder. Whatever may he the mode of proof adopted, it is essential, in judging of the qualities of gunpowder, to know the mode of fabrication and the proportions and degree of purity of the materials. The latter point may be ascertained by analysis. In the first place, determine the quantity of water that the powder contains, by subjecting it to a temperature of 212°, in a' stove or in a tube with a current of warm air passing over it, until it ne longer loses in weight. The difference in weight, before and after drying, gives the amount of moisture contained in the powder. To determine the quantity of Saltpetre.—In a vessel of tinned copper, like a com¬ mon coffee-pot. dissolve 1,000 grains of powder, well dried before weighing, in 2,000 grains of distilled water, and heat it until it boils; let it stand a moment, and then decant it on a piece of filtering paper, doubled exactly in the middle; repeat this operation four times; at the fourth time, instead of decanting, pour the whole con¬ tents of the vessel on the filter; drain the filter, and wash it several times with 2,000 grains of water heated in the vessel, using in all these operations 10,000 grains of water. After passing through the filters, this water contains in solution all the saltpetre, the quantity of which is ascertained by evaporating to dryness. Dry the double filter with the mixture of coal and sulphur, and take the weight of this composition by using the exterior filter to ascertain the weight of that on which the composition remains; this weight serves to verify that of the saltpetre and to estimate the loss in the process. To determine the quantity of Charcoal directly.—To separate the sulphur from the charcoal, subject the powder, either directly or after the saltpetre has been dissolved PRESERVATION, STORAGE, AND TRANSPORTATION. 233 out, to the action of a boiling solution of the sulphide of potassium or sodium, which dissolves the sulphur and leaves the charcoal, the weight of which may be easily determined. It is important that the sulphides of potassium and sodium used in dissolving the sulphur should contain no free potassa or soda; for each of these alkalies would dissolve a part of the carbon—particularly of the brown coal. Tne sulphide of carbon also dissolves the sulphur contained in powder, and may be used to determine the weight of charcoal which it contains. The charcoal, separated from the saltpetre and sulphur, is dried with care and weighed, and should then be submitted to analysis in an apparatus used for burning organic matters. The composition of the charcoal may be judged of by comparing it with the results obtained in the analysis of charcoal of known quality used in the manufacture of powder. To determine the ■quantity of Sulphvr directly.—Mix and beat in a mortar 10 grains of dry powder, 10 of subcarbonate of potash, 10 of saltpetre, and 40 of chloride of sodium; put this mixture in a vessel (capsule) of platinum or glass, on live coals, and, when the combination of the materials is completed and the mass is white, dis¬ solve it in distilled water, and saturate the solution with nitric acid; decompose the sulphate which has been formed, by adding a solution of chloride of barium, in which the exact proportions of the water and the chloride are known. According to the atomic proportions, the quantity of sulphur will be to that of the chloride of barium used as 20.12 to 152-44. Restoring Unserviceable Powder. When powder has been damaged by being stored in damp places, it loses its strength, and requires to be worked over. If the quantity of moisture absorbed do not exceed 7 per cent., it is sufficient to dry it to restore it for service. This is done by exposing it to the sun. When powder has absorbed more than 7 per cent, of water, it is sent to the powder mills to be worked over. When it has been damaged with salt water, or become mixed with foreign matters which cannot be separated by sifting, the saltpetre is dissolved out from the other materials and collected by evaporation. Preservation, Storage, and Transportation. In the powder magazines the barrels are generally placed on the sides, three tiers high, or four tiers, if necessary. Small skids should be placed on the floor and between the several tiers of barrels, in order to steady them, and chocks should be placed at intervals on the lower skid, to prevent the rolling of the barrels. The powder should be separated according to its kind, the place and date of fabrication, and the proof range. Fixed ammunition, especially for cannon, should not be put in thi same magazine with powder in barrels, if it can be-avoided. Fireworks should never be stored in powder magazines. 234 ORDNANCE MANUAL. In a room 13 or 14 feet wide, the barrels may be arranged in a double row in the centre, two alleys 2£ feet wide, and 2 single rows 6 to 12 inches from the walls; in this way, the marks of each barrel may be seen, and any barrel can be easily reached. In a room 12 feet wide, an equal number of barrels may be placed in two double rows, with a central alley of 3 feet, and 2 side alleys, next the walls, of about 10 inches each. There should be an unincumbered space of 6 or 8 feet at the door or doors of the magazine. Should it be necessary to pile the barrels more than 4 tiers high, the upper tiers should be supported by a frame resting on the floor; or the barrels may be placed on their heads, with boards between the tiers. Besides being recorded in the magazine book, each parcel of powder should be inscribed on a ticket attached to the pile, showing the entries and the issues. For the preservation of the powder and of the floors and lining of the magazine, it is of the greatest importance to preserve unobstructed the circulation of air, under the flooring as well as above. The magazine should be opened and aired in clear, dry weather, when the temperature of the air outside is lower than that inside the maga¬ zine. It should not be opened in damp weather if it can be avoided. The ventilators must be kept free; no shrubbery or trees should be allowed to grow so near as to protect the building from the sun. The magazine yard should be paved and well drained. The moisture of a magazine may be absorbed by chloride of lime sus¬ pended in an open box under the arch, and renewed from time to time; quicklime is dangerous, and should not be used. The sentinel or guard at a magazine, when it is open, should have no fire-arms, and every one who enters the magazine should take off his shoes, or put socks over them; no sword, or cane, or anything which might occasion sparks, should be carried in. The windows should have inside shutters of c( ipper-wire cloth. Fire should never be kindled near the magazine for the repair of the roof or lightning-rod. Barrels of powder should not be rolled for transportation : they should be carried in hand-barrows, or slings made of rope or leathe r. In moving powder in the maga¬ zine, a cloth or carpet should be spread; all implements used there should be of wood or copper, and the barrels should never be repaired in the magazine. When it is necessary to roll the powder for its better preservation and to prevent its caking, this should be done, with a small quantity at a time, on boards, in the magazine yard. In the spring an inspection of the barrels shvered with thick canvas. In transportation by railroad, each barrel sho uld be carefully boxed, and packed so as to avoid all friction. The barrels should have a thick tarpaulin under them. The cars should have, springs similar to those off passenger cars. FRENCH GUNPOWDER. 235 English Gunpowder. English gunpowder—'particularly their sporting powder—has long been noted for its excellence, which is due to the care taken in selecting the best materials, and the skjjl in combining them. The woods used for making charcoal for gunpowder are the black dogwood, th* alder, and the Dutch white willow. The coal is made by distillation in iron cylinders. The ingredients are separately reduced to an impalpable powder and passed through silk cloths or bolting machines, then mixed in a tub in charges of 42 lbs. each, moistened with 2 or 3 pints of water, and incorporated in the cylinder mill for 3£ hours. The iron cylinders of the cylinder mill are 6 feet in diameter, weigh about 3 tons each, and make about 8 revolutions in a minute in a circular iron trough 7 feet in diameter. The incorporated material is subjected to a pressure of 75 tons to the square foot by means of a hydrostatic press, forfning it into pressed cake, which is broken by toothed rollers and formed into grains as above described. It is glazed by rolling in a canvas cylinder, or large cask, making 40 revolutions per minute, for 1£ hours. It is dried in a temperature of 140° to 150°, raised by means of steam. French Gunpowder. The charcoal used by the French in making gunpowder is obtained by the com¬ bustion of black alder in the open air in iron pots. At the powder mills at Saint Chamas, the charcoal is made by distillation, effected by passing a current of steam raised to a temperature of 540° to 600° into the iron cylinder containing the wood. Charcoal of an excellent quality is said to be obtained in this way. The materials are pulverized separately in leathern barrels by means of bronze balls, and passed through a sieve to separate any foreign matters which may have accidentally fallen in and might cause explosions in trituration. Two and three-fourths pounds of sulphur and the same of charcoal are weighed into a tub, moistened with 1£ quart of water, and mixed by hand for 5 minutes. It is then transferred to the composition tray, 16J lbs. of saltpetre are added, and the tray taken to the pounding mill. The contents are emptied into a mortar and well mixed with the hand for several minutes, without further addition of water. A pounding mill contains usually from 16 to 24 mortars and pestles, arranged in two parallel rows. The mortars are hollowed out of a piece of oak, with bottoms made of a harder wood. The pestle is made of beech, and has on its lower end a bronze shoe with its angles well rounded. It weighs about 88 lbs., and falls through a height of 16 inches. Each pestle gives in the beginning of the pounding from 30 to 40 blows per minute, and after 10 minutes the number of blows is increased to 55 or 60 per minute. The pounding is continued in this way for 12 hours, including the stop¬ pages for shifting the charges from one mortar to the next—which is done every hour. These changes are made to mix the materials more thoroughly, and to break 236 ORDNANCE MANUAL. the cakes which form at the bottom of the mortars. From the 6th to the 8th change, about i pint of water is added, or as much as may he necessary to give to the composition from 7 to 8 per cent, of moisture. During the last 2 hours no changes are made, so as not to interrupt the formation of cake. The composition is taken out of the mortar and dried from 1 to 3 days, till it contains only about 6 per cent, of moisture. It is then taken to the house for granulation. This opera¬ tion is performed in a barrel made by stretching two pieces of wire cloth over a wooden frame. The pieces of wife cloth are placed one over the other—the outer one fastened on by cords so as to be removed at pleasure, and replaced by another of different sized meshes, the meshes being of the size of the grain required, of musket or cannon powder. The distance between the wires of the inner cloth is .28 inch. Balls of hard wood 2 inches in diameter, and 50 or 60 in number, are placed, with the composition to be grained, in the barrel, which is made to revolve about 30 times in ^ minute. The caked composition is broken by the balls, and, passing through the wire cloths, falls into a tub beneath. The contents of the tub are sifted in sieves which permit the small grains and dust to pass through. The powder is moderately glazed by rolling it, while still containing from 5 to 6 per cent, of moisture, in a barrel from 10 to 30 minutes—depending upon the kind of powder and the amount of moisture it contains. It is so conducted that the powder, when dry, should have a gravimetric density of between 820 and 860 ounces. The powder is then passed through a standard sieve of parchment, and is dried either in the open air, spread out on sheets, on tables, or in a drying room, spread on sheets stretched over the top of boxes, into the lower part of which heated air is forced and escapes by passing through the powder. After drying, the powder is again sifted, to remove all dust. Proportions of Ingredients. Saltpetre. Charcoal. Sulphur. By the atomic theory 74.64- 13.51 11.85 In the Confederate States: For the military service I76 1 75 14 15 10 10 For sporting f 78 1 77 12 13 10 10 In England; : For the military service 75 15 10 For sporting f 78 1 75 14 17 8 8 In France: For the military service 75 12.5 12.5 For sporting 12 10 For blasting IS 20 In Prussia : For the military service 13.5 11.5 In Spain: For the military service 12.7 10.8 ELECTRO-BALLISTIC PENDULUM. 237 Captain Benton's Electro-Ballistic Pendulum. (Plate 29.) Description.—This instrument consists of a vertical arc of brass graduated into degrees and fifths, supported by a tripod with a thumb-screw at each foot. Levels are attached to the arc, that it may be kept in a vertical position. Two pendulums, with their axis in the same line passing through the centre, and perpendicular to the plane of the arc, swing freely in front of and near to the arc. To the lower extremity of each is attached a piece of soft iron. The bob of the outer pendulum is adjustable. An electro magnet is attached to each end of the horizontal limb of the arc, and holds the pendulums horizontal, or at 90° from the 0° or lowest point of the arc, when the soft iron of the pendulum is brought in contact with the mag¬ net. The inner pendulum has at its lower extremity a movable point projecting toward the arc, the head of which is struck by a blunt steel point on the outer pendulum when the two pass each other, leaving a mark on the-paper which is clamped to the arc for that purpose. Wire conductors lead from the magnet to the clamp-screws secured to th"e upright limb, where they are readily joined to the wires leading to the batteries and targets. The adjustments.—1st. Level the instrument by means of the thumb-screws. 2d. See that the magnets are in such a position that each pendulum, when brought up against them, is exactly 90° from the lowest point of the arc. The magnets are held by clamp-screws to admit of this adjustment. 3d. Move the bob of the outer pendulum till the times of vibration of the two are the same. This is done by connecting the wire of the magnet to the poles of the battery, including the disjunctor in the circuit. Bring the two batteries to the same strength. Break the currents by means of the disjunctor, and see if the two pendulums meet exactly at the zero mark. The two batteries are known to be of equal strength when the pendulums meet at the zero point, irrespective of the par¬ ticular battery that works them. The disjunctor is an instrument used to test the working of the batteries, and tell when they are operating with equal activity. There are several forms of this instrument, the essential point being to break the currents exactly at the same time. It is so arranged that by setting the trigger the currents are formed, and by pressing it they are broken. It should give the same point of meeting of the pen¬ dulums in six or eight trials made in quick succession. To use the pendulum.—Establish the wires as shown in Plate 29. Insert a piece of drawing paper under the arc, and clamp it. Set the trigger of the disjunctor; raise the pendulums against their magnets; press the trigger; if the point of meet¬ ing is very near the 0°, set the trigger again; give the caution, " Ready;" raise the pendulum, and "fire." Read off the angle, which must be corrected, if the pendu¬ lum on the trial did not meet at the 0°, by adding the angle between the 0° and mark, if it be on the right, and by subtracting it if it be on the left. The angle thus corrected must be doubled for the time of passage of the projectile between the two targets. 238 ORDNANCE MANUAL. To determine the initial velocity.—Let I be the length of the equivalent simple pendulum, and t the time <5f passing over any one degree beginning at an angle x IK I from 0: then t = — 360 j/ 2 g I cos. x. By substituting for x different values, we get the times of passing over the differ¬ ent degrees, supposing the velocity to be uniform for the time of passing. In this way a table is formed which should give the times for the different degrees and tenths of degrees, and the sums of the times to each degree. The value of I is determined by supporting the inner pendulum on the knife edges, and noting the time required to make 500 or 1,000 vibrations. The length of the equivalent simple pendulum is obtained from the relation l = tnl', t' being the time of a single vibration as just determined, and V being the length of the simple second pendulum at the place of experiment. The machine is placed on a solid foundation, about 100 yards from the cannon. Grove's or Bunsen's batteries are best; Smee's has been used with good results. The power of the battery must be regulated according to the length and size of the wire. Copper wire No. 16 is about the size required. If the wire be small and long, the battery must be stronger. The first target is placed about 20 feet from the muzzle of the gun, and the second from 70 to 120, according to the velocity of the projectile. The size of the target is no greater than is necessary to insure its being struck every shot, and the distance between its wires is regulated in the same manner. For small arms a much finer wire is used to form the target. Captain Hodman's Pressure Piston. (Plate 29.)* This instrument is used to determine the pressure of the gas on the sides of the bore of a gun. It consists of a housing of wrought-iron, with a cylindrical shank at one end, chased with the threads of a screw, by which it is attached to the gun. This shank has a cylindrical hole through its axis, .37 inch in diameter, into which the piston fits closely. The head of the piston is terminated by a cutter, which is forced by the explosion of the charge into a piece of wrought-copper, leaving a cut or indentation of greater or less length, according to the greater or less pressure on the sides of the bore. The cutter is made broad and thin, so as to make a long cut compared with its breadth and depth, that pressures which vary but slightly may be distinguished mure readily. A strong screw, at the opposite end of the housing to the shank, holds the disk of copper on the cutter. A gas-check, made of thin copper, is set up, by a die and punch, in the shape of a hollow, shallow cup. It is placed against the lower end of the piston, the open end toward the charge of powder. * Captains Benton and Rodman are both officers of the U. S. Ordnance Department. LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS. 239 A hole, A inch in diameter, is drilled into the bore of the gun at the seat of the charge; the outer part is counter-bored and tapped so as to receive the housing. To use the pressure piston.—Clean and oil the piston and the hole in the housing into which it works ; insert the piston in the housing ; put in the gas-check, press¬ ing it down on the piston; place a thin copper washer in the hole in the gun, and screw the housing down firmly on it; place a disk of copper on the cutter; inter¬ pose between this and the head of the screw a second disk, and press it down hard on the cutter. ' After each discharge, unscrew the housing, take out the gas-check, clean the hole in the gun, the piston and the hole in which it works; renew the gas-check as often as required; see that the copper disk is pressed hard on the cutter. The actual pressure in pounds is determined by placing the cutter in the dynamo¬ meter, and applying a pressure until a cut is made of the same length in a similar piece of copper. LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS. (Condensed from a "Circular Memorandum" issued by General Burgoyne, In¬ spector-General of Fortifications, British army, from the researches of Sir Wm. Snow Harris, F. R. S., 1858.) It appears to be established— That metal in a building, whether disposed in the form of a conductor or other¬ wise, never attracts lightning. That, provided the surfaces of metals are not interrupted by bodies possessing a less conducting power, a building entirely ojf metal will be the safest of all, and that such buildings require no further lightning conductors than connections with the earth, over the masonry foundations on which they are often laid. That, with regard to a building of brick or stone, the object must be to establish a sufficient number of lines of electrical conductors, extending from its most ele¬ vated and prominent points to the ground, and further bring the building into a condition similar to that of a metal building, by means of other conductors gen¬ erally attached to more prominent lines of the building itself, such as the ridges, angles and eaves. There is no advantage, but the contrary, in endeavoring to insulate the con¬ ductors from the building. The best material for conductors is copper, either in tubes 1£ to 2 inches diameter, and .125 inch thick, or in plates 3.5 inches wide and .125 inch to .2 inch thick. All metal surfaces, whether lead, copper, or iron, on ridges, roofs, gutters, or coverings to doors or windows, to be connected by plates of copper with the con¬ ducting system. Lead, on account of its low conducting power, cannot be alto¬ gether depended upon. One or more solid copper rods, to project freely into the air, about 5 feet above 240 ORDNANCE MANUAL. the highest points of the building to which the main conductors are applied. The summit of the rod to he pointed : but gold, gilt, or platinum tops are unnecessary. The termination of the conductors below to he led into damp or porous soil, when the building happens to stand upon it; but, when the soil is dry, two or three trenches to be cut, radiating from the foot of the conductor, to a depth of IS inches or 2 feet, and 30 feet in length, and either the conductor carried along the bottom of the trenches, or old iron chain laid in them, carefully connected with the foot of the conductor. The trenches to be then filled up to one foot in depth with coal ashes, or other carbonaceous substance, and afterward with earth or gravel. If it be possible, in regulating the surface drainage, to lead a flow of water, during the rain which generally accompanies thunder-storms, over the sites of the trenches, it will be an additional precaution. Tanks are useless, except where the water flows freely into them from the sur¬ rounding soil; and even then they are superfluous as appendages to the conductors. The conductors for a brick or stone magazine with slate roof should consist of a sheet-copper strip 4 inches wide and .125 inch thick, covering the ridge and securely fixed to it by wrought-copper nails. At each end of the ridge a solid copper rod, .5 inch in diameter, is fixed to the conductor on the ridge, and projects about 5 feet above the highest point of the building ; its upper end is pointed. Copper strips, 3 inches wide, or copper tubes, 1 inch in diameter, pass down the angles of the hip, and are firmly secured to the copper eaves gutter. The descending water pipes, made also of copper, and fastened to the face of the building by copper holdfasts, are connected at their lower end to the underground conductor by a piece of copper, 3 inches wide, wrapped around the lower end of the water pipes and riveted to the underground conductor. The underground conductor runs out from the building 4 feet, and then branches into two parts, each 8 feet long, 2 inches wide, and .120 inch thick. These conduc¬ tors are about 2.5 feet from the surface of the ground at the lower end, and are covered with coal ashes and earth. The copper slieathings on the doors and windows are connected with the lower end of the water pipes by flat copper strips, 2 inches wide, fixed to the water table by copper nails driven into wood plugs about 10 feet apart. When tubular conductors cannot be had of sufficient length in one piece, they are connected by a union joint, and strengthened by a small pipe or ferrule, about 4 inches long, inside the tube, and riveted to each end. Buildings which have the eaves gutters and down-pipes made of tin or zinc should have a main conductor communicating directly with the ground : it should also be connected with the eaves gutter, and the down-pipe should connect by a metallic communication with the ground, running out some distance from the building. In case of buildings situate on a dry or rocky soil, especial pains must be taken to lay down old chains or other conductors in various directions, to a distance of 10 LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS. 241 to 15 yards, and from 1 foot to 1.5 foot1 below the surface of the ground; a&d, if possible, lead a flow of rain over the surface of the ground about or near the con¬ ductor. Let the conductor terminate in a large surface of moist earth whenever it can be effected. If copper be not used for conductors, zinc is the next best material of which they can be made. If iron be used, it should be in the shape of galvanized wrought- iron pipe, not less than 2 inches in diameter, firmly screwed together in joints of -extra thickness. Copper tube, of a thickness of from .125 to .2 inch, is always to be preferred: it has more than five times the capacity for conducting electricity that iron has, and more thap three times that of zinc. 16 242 ordnance manual, Chapter Tenth. AMMUNITION AND MILITARY FIREWORKS. BUILDINGS. In a large establishment for the preparation of ammunition and fireworks, four separate buildings are required. No. 1 should have a porch, and contain at leagt four rooms, viz : Cartridge room, for making paper and flannel cartridges of all kinds. Filling room, for filling cartridges for cannon and small arms. Packing room, for putting up ammunition for transportation or storage. Storeroom, for materials and tools. No. 2. Furnace or smith shop should have three rooms—two entirely cut off from the third by a partition wall: Driving room, for driving rockets, fuzes, etc. Mixing room, for mixing compositions. Furnace room, for casting fuzes or bullets, and making compositions requiring the use of fire. The floors are laid with brick or flagging. No. 3. Carpenter's shop. No. 4. Magazine, for powder, fixed ammunition, ete. All these buildings should be at a distance from inhabited buildings, apart from each other, and protected by trees or traverses of earth placed between them. ' The size of the rooms must be regulated by the number of artificers to be accom¬ modated. In small establishments the number of rooms may be reduced, as the same room may be used, at different times, for different purposes. jFixtures and Furniture. 1. Cartridge rooms.—A table for making cartridges for small arms, 12 feet long and 2£ feet wide, for twelve men or boys to work at, and the length in that propor¬ tion for any greater number; tables for cutting paper and flannel, and for rolling cases on ; choker for rocket cases ; press for rocket and portfire cases ; benches for cartridge tables; stools. Closets should be partitioned off from these rooms, and furnished with cases, drawers, racks and shelves for materials and tools., 2. Filling room.—A shelf, 2 feet wide, for weighing on ; other shelves, with closets under them; tables with raised borders, for filling, folding, etc.; budge- FURNACES. 243 barrels, or powder barrels with copper hoops and covers; stools for seats; foot- Siools ; a step-ladder; stands and gutters for emptying powder barrels. 3. Packing roam.—Tables, benches, and stools ; platform balance. 4. Storeroom.—Shelf for weighing on; shelves, drawers, and closets; tables, scales, stools, seats, step-ladder. 5. Driving room.—Blocks set in the ground or pavement; benches and stools. In fmvorable weather, a porch attached to the building, or a tent, may be used for a driving room. 6. Mixing room.—Tables with raised edges; sieves, etc. 7. Furnace room.—Furnaces; workbenches; platform balance, or large scales; a tinner's bench and tools, with a vice, an anvil, and a chest for tools; a smith's forge, shovel and poker; stools, etc. 8. Carpenter''8 shop.—Turning-lathe and tools; carpenters' benches and tools. 9. Magazine.—Shelves and frames for boxes and barrels. Furnaces. Two kinds of furnaces are used in a laboratory; in the first, the flame circulates around both the bottom and sides of the kettle; in the second, it comes in contact only with the bottom: the latter are used for compositions of which gunpowder forms a part. Fiirnaces are built of bricks. The kettle is of east-iron, about 2 feet in diameter at the top, having a rounded bottom and a flange about 4 inches wide around the top, or else strong handles, to set it by. The bottom is 0.75 inch thick and the sides 0.5 inch. By setting it in an iron plate pierced with holes, encircling the bottom,, a furnace of the first kind may be converted into one of the second kind by stopping the holes. Furnace for reducing the oxide of lead, or dross.—This furnace is built in the open air, on a stone or brick foundation. It is composed of a cylinder of sheet-iron, 16 inches by 30 inches, lined with refractory clay from 2 to 3 inches thick. The interior has the form of an inverted frustum of a cone, terminating below in a basin, the bottom of which is inclined toward a tap-hole. The fire'is made in the furnace, and the. draught supplied by a bellows, the nozzle of which enters at the top of the reservoir. The dross, and the charcoal intended for its reduction, are thrown on the fire from the top of the furnace. The metal, as it is reduced, flows into the basin, and escapes through the tap-hole into an iron vessel, and is cast into bars or pigs as desired. In the field, furnaces may be built with sods or sunk in the earth, if bricks cannot be readily procured. Furnace built with sods.—Let the kettle rest on a trivet, the feet of which may stand on any piece of flat iron, such as the bottom of a shot canister or stand for grape, the bottom of the kettle about 1 foot from the ground; build round it with sods. The door of the furnace is 10 inches square;- the flue of the chimney, oppo¬ site to the door, 6 inches square, and commencing about 6 inches from the ground; 2U ORDNANCK MANUAL. 'the first part of the flue inclined at an angle of ahout lf)°—the resi vertical, and placed, if circumstances permit, against a wall; the top of the door and of the flue may be supported by small bars of iron. Furnace sunk in the earth.—The edge of the kettle should be about 1 inch above the ground, and the bottom 12 to 15 inches above the hearth of the furnace; the earth is dug down vertically 1 foot from the kettle for the front of the furnace, and the door is cut out ten inches square. The earth is removed and sloped out, so as to give access to the door; the flue is bored out on the opposite side with a crowbar: it commences 6 inches above the hearth and comes out of the ground 18 inches from the furnace, whence it is carried horizontally about 13 feet. In furnaces of the second kind mentioned above, the trivet may be omitted, and the kettle may rest on the sod or earth for about 1 inch all round, and the earth rammed in against the sides of the kettle. Precautions against Accidents. Avoid, as much as possible, the use of iron ?n the construction of the buildings, fixtures, tables, benches, boxes, etc., of the laboratory ; sink the heads of iron nails if used, and fill over them with putty, or paste several thicknesses of paper over them. Before the men go to work, cover the floor with carpets or tarpaulins, which are taken up carefully after the men leave, and carried at least 50 yards from the building, and there shaken thoroughly and swept. During the work, have the carpets frequently swept. Place the stores in cloth bags in the windows exposed to the sun. Prevent persons from entering with sabres, swords, or canes, etc., or with matches about their persons. Direct all who work where there is powder to wear moccasins or socks, and to take them off when they leave. Direct the men not to drag their feet in walking. Make the doors and windows to open and close easily, without friction; keep them open whenever the weather permits. Never keep in the laboratory more powder than is necessary, and have the ammu¬ nition and other work taken to the magazine as fast as it is finished. Let powder barrels be carried in hand-barrows made with leather, or with slings of rope or canvas, and the ammunition in boxes. Let everything that is to be moved be lifted, and not dragged or rolled on the floor. Never drive rockets, portfires, etc., or strap shot or shells, in a room where there is any powder or composition, except that used at the time. Loading and unloading shells, driving rockets, pulverizing materials, the prepa¬ ration of compositions requiring the use of fire and in which the components of gunpowder enter, ought to be done in all cases, when possible, in the open air or under a tent, far from the laboratory and magazine. Never enter the laboratory at night, unless it is indispensable, and then use a close lantern, with a wax or oil light carefully trimmed. Allow no smoking of tobacco near the laboratory. MATERIALS. 245 In melting lead, be sure that it contains no moisture; put the pigs in carefully, and do not use more than will fill the pot two-thirds full. Use the same precautions in melting fatty substances. Applications for Burns. Exclude the air by applying to the burn frc»h lard; or bathe the part burned, and cover it with linen soaked in a mixture of 8 parts of sweet oil and 1 of harts¬ horn, well beaten together. MATERIALS. Saltpetre. For use in the laboratory, saltpetre should be freed from all foreign substances and be reduced to a fine powder, or else to very minute crystals. It is best pulver¬ ized in the rolling barrels at the powder mills; but it may be pulverized by hand in the laboratory, as follows: Put inti^a rollinij barrel fill lbs. of dry refined saltpetre and 100 lbs. of bronze bulls; turn the barrel for two hours and a half, at 30 revolu¬ tions a minute, striking it, at the same time, with a mallet, to prevent the saltpetre from adhering to the sides. Separate the balls by means of a brass-wire screen, and the foreign substances with a hair sieve. Saltpetre may also be pulverized by pounding it in a brass mortar, or by solution, as follows: Put 11 lbs. of refined nitre, with 5 pints of clear water, in a broad and shallow copper pan, over a slow fire, and, as the nitre dissolves, skim off the impu¬ rities; stir the solution with a wooden spatula until the water is all evaporated, when the nitre will be very white and fine. Should it boil too much, the pan must be lifted from the fire and set upon wet sand or earth, and the saltpetre should ha stirred until it dries, to prevent it from adhering to the pan. Charcoal Is the residuum of the incomplete combustion or of the distillation of wood. Its composition and properties vary with the kind of wood from which it is made, and with the mode of carbonization used. It is as much more dense and compact as the wood from which it is made is harder and of a closer texture; its density is nearly proportional to that of the wood, and its combustibility seems to be as much greater as its density is less. The best charcoal for fireworks is that which is most inflammable and which leaves the least ashes, such as coals from black alder, willow, poplar, hazel tree, hemp stalks, etc. Hard woods, generally, give coals containing more ashes than light, soft ones; old trees more than young; dead trees more than living; in the same tree, the bark more than the sap wood—next the trunk, the roots, and, least of all, the branches. In some cases, where long trains of fire are desired, charcoal from hard woods, 24G ORDNANCE MANUAL. such as oak, maple, or beech, is used. Charcoal for fireworks is best made in closed vessels. The different processes of carbonization are only more or less rapid distil¬ lations of the vegetable substance carried to a greater or less extent. The volatile matters which are disengaged, and the fixed substances which remain, vary at each moment, but in such a manner that the character of the former indicates that of the latter. In a slow distillation by a progressive heat not exceeding 570°, bluish vapors are first disengaged, then carbonic and acetic acids, empyreumatic oil, and soot in dark clouds burning with a red flame. Carbonic oxide replaces, by degrees, the carbonic acid, the smoke becomes clearer, and the flame takes a violet tint. Afterward, carburetted hydrogen is disengaged; the smoke becomes translucent; the flame passes from a violet to a yellow, then to a more and more shining white. Finally, the smoke disappears, and the flame grows shorter and goes out. If the operation be stopped when the flame of the gas becomes violet, about 40 per cent, of charcoal will be obtained. If the operation be continued till the flame becomes yellow, there will be had not more than 30 per cent, of coal. Finally, not more than 15 per cent, will remain after the flame goes out. In all of these cases, with slow distillation the carbonization is uniform from the surface to the interior of each piece of wood, and requires a longer time in proportion as the temperature is lower. In a rapid distillation with a very strong hdat, the gaseous products are disen¬ gaged simultaneously ; the distillation on the surface of a piece of wood is finished before it is hardly begun on the interior. To obtain uniform results by this method, the distillation must be protracted till from 15 to 20 per cent, of coal only is obtained. By the rapid distillation a part of the incombustible matter is carried off, and the coal remaining contains less ashes. The carbonization in boilers, pots, pits, or heaps, is nothing more than a rapid distillation. Charcoal obtained by stopping the carbonization when the violet flame appears has a brown chocolate shade; its fracture is bright and even; it is flexible, in thin pieces; reduced to a powder, it has a greasy feeling and,a velvety appearance; it burns with a yellowish blue flame, bright and without smoke; it gives out a heavy sound when broken, and dissolves almost entirely in potassa. Heated in a close vessel, it yields tar, pyroligneous acid, and 40 per cent, of gas. It is composed of carbon 0.735, hydrogen 0.288, and ashes 0.007. Charcoal obtained from a protracted distillation, when only 15 per cent, is had, from dry wood, has a bluish black color, is hard and coarse; it breaks easily, gives out a clear sound, burns without flame, and is with difficulty reduced to a powder; it is then dry to the touch, and does not easily form a cake by pressure: it'is insoluble in caustic potassa. It is composed of carbon .906, hydrogen, .076, and ashes .018. All charcoals are embraced within the two preceding kinds, and approach more or less one or the other. Coal which has not reached the brown chocolate shade burns with smoke ; it is called smoky coal: it is not yet charcoal. Charcoal takes materials. 247 fire at about 460°. Black charcoal, highly calcined, takes fire quickly, but is easily extinguished; red charcoal is longer in taking fire, but it keeps fire and burns up rapidly. This combustibility is as much greater as the charcoal is lighter. Charcoal at a red heat decomposes water to combine with its oxygen. Its absolute density is at least 1.5; the apparent density is very variable. Charcoal does not become a conductor of heat and electricity unless it has been highly calcined at a white heat. It absorbs moisture rapidly from the atmosphere—particularly when in a state of fine powder. When freshly prepared and pulverized, it absorbs and condenses gases; it grows warm ; and, if in a mass of more than about 30 lbs., it takes fire spontaneously. Black charcoal, highly calcined, may be set on fire, when in pieces, by a strong blow, or by friction. To make a comparison between charcoals as to their action in compositions, make an intimate mixture of 5 part§ of saltpetre and I of the charcoal to be tried, both well pulverized; drive a fuze with the composition, or press it in a metal tube of about one-quarter of an inch bore; take its weight and height, and determine the time of burning by a watch or pendulum. The rapidity of combustion, or the length of composition which burns in a second, measures the combustibility of the charcoal. Note also the weight of the residuum. The rapidity of combustion is independent of the diameter of the tube and of the materials of which it is made: it varies very little with the greater or less com¬ pression of the composition, but varies much with the degree of trituration of the materials: it is, therefore, important, in comparing different coals, to mix the com¬ positions precisely in the same way. Sulphur.—When melted sulphur is to be used, care must be taken that it does not become thick—rwhich takes place at about 320°. It is pulverized by being rolled four hours in a rolling barrel with twice its weight of balls, or by being pounded in a mortar and sifted. Boll brimstone is used for melting, and flowers of sulphur may be used instead of roll sulphur pulverized, but is not so good. Gi/npowdeh.—For compositions, gunpowder is mealed, either by rolling it for two hours with once and a half its weight of balls, or by beating it an equal length of time in a leather bag, or by grinding it with a muller on a mealing table. Mealed powder, and pulverized saltpetre, charcoal and sulphur, are generally obtained from the powder mills. Sulphuret op antimony is a gray solid, with a fibrous texture, very fusible, very volatile, and easily reduced to a powder. Density, 4.62. It is found in the natural state, and can likewise be prepared by melting in a crucible equal parts, by weight, of antimony and sulphur pulverized and mixed. It is purchased in the state of a powder. Its purity is tested by treating a small sample^(150 grs.) with concentrated warm hydrochloric acid. The residuum which is not dissolved ought not to exceed the sulphuret used, by 12 per cent. Chlorate op potassa is a white salt, crystalized in white scales, anhydrous, not altered by exposure to the air. Soluble in water: more in warm than in cold; 248 ORDNANCE MANUAL. insoluble in alcohol. Density, 1.989. Fusible at about 662° ; it is decomposed at about 720° into oxygen and chloride of potassium. This salt is one of the most energetic of oxidizing bodies, because it part3 with its oxygen readily, of which it contains a great quantity (.3915 of its weight). Thrown on burning coals, it melts quickly. It explodes by simple contact with sulphuric acid: mixed with a combustible body, the mixture may be exploded by friction or by a blow. It should be purchased crystalized, and should not contain more than one-thousandth of its weight of chloride of sodium or potassium. Its purity is tested by means of the nitrate of silver dissolved in distilled water—73£ grs. in one-quarter of a pint. Dissolve 77 grs. of the chlorate in 300 grs. of warm Water, and let the solution get cold; the chlorate will be precipitated in crystals. Add to the liquid about two drops of the solution the nitrate of silver. After filtering, the liquid ought not to give a precipitate by the addition of more nitrate of silver. Fulminate of mercury is a white salt, crystalized in fine, silky needles. Soluble in water; more so in warm than in cold water. The elements of this salt are held together so feebly that the least shock or friction causes its decomposition with an explosion. (For manner of making, see page 285.) Fulminating powdf.rs are compositions that detonate with great force by friction or by a blow. They are generally made of fulminate of mercury or a' mixture of chlorate of potassa and sulphuret of antimony. The preparation and manipulation of these powders are very dangerous, and ought to be made, with the greatest precautions, far from the laboratory and magazines. The powder of chlorate of potassa and sulphuret of antimony cannot be manipulated without danger if it have not at least 20 per cent, of water with it. In this state a blow or friction explodes only the part struck or rubbed; the rest is dispersed without being Set on fire. The fulminate of mercury, wi(h 30 per cent, of water, explodes partially when ground on marble with a wooden muller; but the explosion is not communicated to the rest. It should always be manipulated moistened with this amount of water. Lead is a bluish white metal, bright, but tarnishes quickly in the air. Specific gravity, when pure, 11.48 ; melts at 600°, and volatilizes at a red heat. The purity of lead is judged of by its specific gravity. To determine this, after having weighed the pig, suspend it with a wire in a vessel of water, so that it shall be completely immersed, without touching the sides, and weigh it again. The weight in the air, divided by the difference between the weight in air and water, will give the specific gravity—which ought to be 1L35 for lead of commerce. Lead melted in contact with air is soon covered by a coat of gray oxii^e, which^ rapidly increases in thickness. The formation of this oxide, or dross, is prevented by covering the lead with powdered charcoal or rosin. To reduce the oxide of lead.—Put in a kettle about 50 lbs. of lead, with l-10th of MATERIALS. 249 it 8 weight of powdered charcoal or grease; cover the kettle, and raise to a red heat; stir the mass, and add gradually more coal, as it assumos a yellow color, using in all & of the weight of oxide; dip out the lead with an iron ladle, and pour it into iron moulds or pans. After having obtained in this way two-thirds of the.weight of oxide, in lead, throw the dross into a tub of water, and wash it, to separate the ashes and coal; dry the remaining oxide and grains of lead, and put them in a ladle with l-20th of their weight of rosin; raise it to a red heat, set fire to the rosin, shake the ladle, and pour off the lead. A further addition of rosin will produce more lead; l-14th of the weight of dross is generally used. Tallow may be used in place of rosin. When the quantity of dross is considerable, it may he reduced, in a similar man¬ ner, in a small cupola furnace. Acetate op lead (Sugar of Lead) is a white, efflorescent salt, of a sweetish taste, soluble in three or four times its weight of cold water. Specific gravity, 2.345. It may be made by heating a mixture of litharge and vinegar. The solu¬ tion being concentrated and set aside to cool, the salt crystalizes in white, brilliant needles. Plumbers' soldek is an alloy of lead and tin, in the proportion of 2 parts of the former to 1 of the latter. Antimony (Regulu* of Antimony) is a grayish white metal, very brilliant, with a highly lamellated structure. Specific gravity, 6.7; melting point, 809°. It is easily reduced-to powder, and by its combustion with sulphur produces a strong light and heat, with a blue or white flame. Antimony is never found pure in the shops; that which is sold under the name of reguliw of antimony always contains a little sulphurct of antimony, arsenic, and sometimes sulphuret of iron. Copper is a red, brilliant metal, possessing great tenacity, ductility and mallea¬ bility. Specific gravity, 8.9; fusible at about 1980°. Copper, being but slightly acted on by saltpetre, is employed for powder measures, utensils for refining saltpetre, etc. Copjyir vessels should not be exposed to a great heat, or used for heating compositions containing sulphur, as the copper would be rapidly oxidized. In fireworks, copper filings are used to give reddish sparks and a greenish blue flame. Bronze is used in the laboratory for utensils and implements which receive blows, or act by percussion, and replaces steel and iron wherever there is danger of an explosion from a blow or from friction. Brass is an alloy of about 2 parts of copper and 1 of zinc. Brass wire is used for ligatures, for screens and sieves. Acetate op copper ( Verdigris) is a green salt, used sometimes to make slow- match, which burns with a strong eoal and with a slightly green flame. zinc is a bluish white metal; usually brittle, and its fracture shows a crystalline structure. Specific gravity, 6.9; melts at 680°, is volatilized at a red heat and takes fire in the air, burning with a white flame. At 400° it is easily reduced to a pow- 250 ORDNANCE MANUAL., der in a mortar. Granulated zinc is used to produce a bluish flame. An alloy of zinc and antimony pulverized gives beautiful blue drops. The oxide of zinc { flowers of zinc) produces the appearance called gold rain. It ought to be pur¬ chased in scales, not in a powder, as in this latter case it may be mixed with foreign substances. Iron.—Filings and thin chips give very brilliant sparks and stars, the effects of which depend on the size of the particles used; the filings must be made when wanted, or be very carefully* preserved from rust. Sheet-iron.—Select the softest and most pliable. When it is substituted for tin, in strapping projectiles, it should be first annealed, by heating it to a dull red heat, and letting it cool gradually under warm ashes, not exposed to the air. Cast-iron.—Pulverized, it gives very large white sparks, in fireworks (Chinese fire). Select the white cast-iron, or take the pieces of utensils with thin sides. To pulverize it more easily, heat it to a red heat and throw it into cold water. Steel.—In fireworks, filings and small pieces give the most brilliant sparks. Paper.—Jfnsket-cartridge paper should be homogeneous and without any trace of stalks, well sized, even, pliable, with a good body without being too thick, free from folds or rents. The sheet, when moistened, ought to present a uniform hue, without spots or marblings. Taken out of the water and suspended a moment by the extremities of the short sides, it ought not to tear from its own weight. The sheet crumpled in the hand or pinched with the nails ought not to tear in the folds, and when torn the rent should be fibrous. A strip of paper 4 inches wide ought not to break under a weight of 40 pounds, in the direction of its least strength. In testing the strength of paper, the two ends are held by two vices of hard wood. Each vice is composed of 2 rectangular jaws, which can be brought against each other and held firmly by means of screws, or by tenons on one jaw passing through the other and keyed firmly to it. A strip of paper 4 inches wi$e is cut and inserted in the vices, so that the length between them shall be exactly 12 inches. The jaws are closed tightly, and one vice is suspended from a fixe/i point by means of a cord or hook, and to the other is made fast the pan of a balance. It is loaded gradually, with care, until the paper gives way. The strips should not be taken from the edges of the sheets only, but from all parts, and from the length and breadth successively, for in these two directions the strength is very different. Five sheets are generally taken from each ream, in which only one sheet can have one-tenth less strength than that allowed. If this condition be not fulfilled, the ream is rejected. Paper may be made by hand or by machine. The other papers are tested in the same way, and should possess the same gen¬ eral characteristics. MATERIALS. 251 Size ami Weight of Paper. No. Wt. of bundle. Proof wt. 1. For musket cartridges 13 X16£ in 40 lbs. 2. " " " wrappers ...IS X20 " 3(5 lbs 101 " 3. Blank cartridges 15 X20 " 30 •' f>7J " 4. Portfires and rockets 10 X2S " 05 " ISO " 5. Fixed ammunition 201X24 " 00 " 225 " 6. Cannon cartridges 10 X23 " 70 " 315 " 7. Fireworks 13 X164 " 20 " 85 " The several kinds to be packed in bundles: Nos. 1, 2, 3, in bundles of 1,000 sheets each, the others in bundles of 500 sheets; all without folding. The dimen¬ sions given above are such as the sheets are required to have when trimmed for use. Tow should be entirely of hemp or flax, clean, dry, sound, free from stalks and foreign substances. Merino or serge, for cartridge-bags, should be made entirely of wool; it should be strong, closely woven, twilled, and not frayed; the width should be even in the same piece ; that f yard wide is convenient and the most common. The colors are to be preferred in the fallowing order: green, gray, yellow, blue, red, white; re¬ ject black, which is almost always burnt and weak. Canvas.—Take the strongest and closest woven; used for sacks for fire-balls. Twine should be strong, smooth, and well twisted—0.03 inch thick for bundling cartridges, etc., and for sewing fire-balls; from 0.06 inch to 0.08 inch for fixing ammunition, etc. Thread.—For infantry cartridges, of unbleached flax, two strands, strong and even. Rope should be even and well twisted; that most commonly used in the labora¬ tory is white hemp rope from 1 inch to 1.5 inch in girth. Thread and rope ought to be pliant, without being soft, made of hemp of good quality, water rotted, and entirely freed from stalks; of a silvery color, pearl gray, green, or yellow, not too deep, too black, nor stained with brown. Its size should be uniform throughout its whole length. Gum Arabic should be transparent, yellowish white, brittle, insipid, inodorous, soluble in water and vinegar, insoluble in alcohol. It is used in solution to give body and tenacity to compositions, or to make them burn more slowly. It should be prepared as required, for when in solution it undergoes a decomposition. Glue should be hard, dry, transparent, of a brownish red color, and free from smell. Whiskey or alcohol is used in moistening compositions into which saltpetre enters, as it does not dissolve saltpetre. It should be strong. To prevent its being drunk, mix a little asSafoetida with it. When whiskey can¬ not be had, vinegar may be used. 252 ORDNANCE MANUAL. To prepare Pastes and Glue. Flour Paste.—Sift the flour, and mix it with times its weight of water ; heat it gently, stir it, and let it boil for three-quarters of an hour; when it becomes ropy, pour it into bowls, and pass it through a sieve before it is quite cold. The flour yields 7 times its weight of paste. Time required to make it, one hour and a half. It is best made of rye flour. Starch Paste.—Mix wheat starch witl? twice its weight of water; pour it grad¬ ually into 6£ times its weight of boiling water, and let it boil for ten minutes, stirring it all the time; then proceed as before. Starch yields 8 times its weight of paste. Time required, 1 hour. Paste for Pasteboard.—Mix the flour or starch with 12 times its weight of water; this yields 9 times the weight of flour, and 11 times the weight of starch. Paste mixed with Glue.—The addition of 1-16th of glue makes the paste fit for past¬ ing sheets of parchment together, or for pasting paper on wood. Dissolve the glue separately, and pour it into the cold water with which the flour or starch is mixed. Cheese Paste is made of fresh white cheese and quicklime. Pound the cheese in a mortar with boiling water: let it stand, and decant it: repeat this operation three or four times. Pound together 3 parts of this cheese thus prepared and 1 part of quicklime, moistening it with pure water till the paste ropes like honey. Prepare only a little at a time. It is used in pasting parchment and parchment paper. These different kinds of paste should be used cold. A supply for not more than "2 or 3 days should be made at one time; but it may be preserved longer by adding alum in the proportion of 1 -1 Oth of the weight of flour. The depredations of rats may be prevented by dissolving a like proportion of colocynth in the water frith which the paste is made. Glue is dissolved in its own weight of boiling water A glue pot with a water bath should be used, to avoid burning the glue. Remove the pot from the fire as soon as the glue is entirely dissolved. Trituration of Materials. Materials intended for the preparation of fireworks are reduced to a powder by rolling them in a leathern barrel with bronze balls; or, if the barrel be not on hand, leather sacks, or mortars and pestles, may be used, attaching the pestle to an clastic rod. During the trituration with the barrel, strike the bars of the barrel from time to time with a small mallet, to detach the materials which may adhere to the sides. The materials taken from the barrel are first passed through a brass screen, to separate the balls, and then through a sieve. For certain purposes, as for signal rockets, the charcoal should not be an impalpable powder. The trituration is then made in a leather sack. The sack is filled and closed up: one man holds it by the mouth, lays it on an even block, and turns it frequently, whilst another strikes it with a billet of wood. BALL CARTRIDGES. 253| After five minutes, the charcoal is taken out and passed over a silk screen, to get rid of the dust: what remains is then separated into three numbers— No. 1. That which passes through the screen No. 1; No. 2. That which passes through the screen No. 2; No. 3. That which passes through the screen No. 3. AMMUNITION FOR SMALL ARMS. There are two kinds of cartridges used in service—the ball cartridge, made with a single elongated ball, and the buckshot cartridge, made with fifteen buckshot. Ball Cartridges.* Making balls.—Lead balls are made by compression, by means of machines for that purpose. Balls thus made are more uniform in size and weight, smoother, more solid, and give more accurate results, than cast balls. The lead is first cast into round cylindrical bars, .58 and .63 inch in diameter for the calibres .58 and .69 inch respectively, and 21 inches long, and then rolled to .46 and .06 inch in diameter for the same calibres respectively,- length, 25 inches. These bars are fed to the machine, which cuts off a part sufficient for one ball and transfers it to a die, in which the ball is formed, with cavity and rings, the surplus metal being forced out in a thin belt around the ball in the direction of its axis. The balls are trimmed by hand, with a knife, and are then passed through a cylinder gauge of the proper size. A day's work.—One man can make with the machine 30,000 balls in ten hours, the bars of lead being prepared for him. One man can cast 1,500 bars in 10 hours, and can trim and roll 2,000 bars in ten hours. A boy can trim and gauge 5,000 in 10 hours. Bullet moulds are provided to cast balls, where the pressed balls cannot be had. The mould is so constructed as to trim the balls by a single operation before they are taken from the mould. Buckshot are compressed by machines in a similar manner to balls. They are also readily obtained from private shot works. To grease the balls.-^Place them on their bases on a tin frame capable of holding about 50 balls, and immerse it in a melted mixture of 1 part of tallow and 8 of beeswax, kept warm, until the cylindrical part of the ball is covered. Remove the frame, and let it stand until the grease hardens. Three frames are required for each boy. to cut the paper. w orkman.—1 cutt?r. Materials.—Paper and pencil. Implements.—1 cutting-board, 30 inches square; 1 iron ruler, 33 inches long; 1 lever, 1 cord, I large knife, 1 sandstone, 1 trapezoid of hard wood or iron. * A method of attaching the paper cartridge directly to the ball has recently been invented by P. J. Gardner, and is used in the Confederate Laboratory at Richmond. 254 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Cut the paper first into strips of a width equal to the length of a trapezoid, and then into trapezoids, using the pattern as a guide. The paper and ruler are kept from moving by means of a lever, one end of which is fixed and the other is moved by the foot by means of a cord and treadle. The knife is held jn both hands. * • Prom 6 to 8 reams may he cut at a time in this way. A cutting machine, like that used by bookbinders, facilitates the operation when many hands are employed. "When only a knife and ruler are used, about 12 sheets are cut at a time. to make the cartridge. "Workmen.—1 master, 10 boys. Implements for each boy.—2 boxes to hold cylinders, 20 inches long. 8 inches wide, and 4 inches high, in the clear, made of 4-inch boards, without a cover; they are placed on their sides, their backs inclined against the partition in the middle of the cartridge table, the front resting on cleats nailed to the table ; 1 former, cylindrical, of hard wood, of the same diameter as the ball, 6 to 7 inches long, one end pointed, almost as much as the ball, and marked with a shallow groove 4.0 inches from the end; 1 sabot or frame, tacked to the table, to hold balls, placed at the left hand of the boy; 1 spool of thread, turning on a vertical spindle fixed in the table near the balls ; 1 choking-string, made of 4 or 5 cartridge threads twisted together, about 9 inches long, with a wooden toggle at the end—fastened to the edge of the tabic, at the right hand of the boy ; 1 knife blade, 11 inch long, hooked, driven into the front of the table below and near the choke-string. To f®rm the cylinder.—Lay the trapezoids on the tabic with the side perpen¬ dicular to the bases toward the workman, the broad end to the left. Take the former in the right hand .and lay it on a trapezoid, the groove in the former against the right e.dge of the paper, bringing the pointed end 4 inch frotn the broad end of the paper;-envelop the former with the paper; then, with the fingers of the left hand laid flat upon the paper, turn the former and roll all the paper upon it; hold it with the left hand, and, with the choking-string in the right, take one turn around the cylinder at about 4 inch from the end; hold the former firmly in the loft hand, and draw gently upon the choking-string, pressing at the same time wi.h the left forefinger upon the projecting end of the cylinder, thus folding it neatly down upon the end of the ball. Having choked the cylinder close, carry it to the right side, and, with the thread in the right hand, take two half-hitches firmly around the part that has been choked; cut the thread on the knife blade, and press the choke in a cavity in the table; place the former, with a cylinder on il, on a second trapezoid; put a ball over the end of the former; roll the paper on I tic toriner and the ball; hold the cylinder in the loft hand and choke and tic it as just d» scribed for the inner cylinder; withdraw the former, pressing the cylinder with the left hand, and place it in the box. A day's war! —A boy can make 800 cylinders in 10 hours. BALL CARTRIDGES. 255 to fill the cylinder. Implements.—1 charger, made of a cylinder of wood or brass pierced with two holes through its length, holding the exact charge of powder; a funnel attached to one end of the cylinder, and a discharge pipe to the other. The holes in the cylinder are made to communicate and shut off, alternately, from the funnel holding the powder, and the discharge pipe at the lower end, by a reciprocating motion given to the cylinder by the hands. Fill the funnel with powder; insert the discharge pipe in a cartridge, holding the charger in both hands, and turn the cylinder; the charge of powder is deposited in the cartridge : insert the pipe in the next, and turn the cylinder in the opposite direction ; and continue in the same way for all the rest. Cartridges may be filled with a copper charger made to hold the exact charge, pouring the powder by means of a small funnel which is inserted in the cartridge. To pinch the cartridge.—Take the cartridge in the right hand, strike it lightly on the table to settle the powder; flatten the empty part of the cylinder, and bend it, flush with the top of the powder, at right angles to the cartridge, the oblique side of the trapezoid on top, the cartridge standing vertical on the table; fold the flattened part in the direction of its length with two folds from the exterior, meeting in the middle; bend this folded end back on itself, and strike it on the table to set the folds. to bundle cartridges. Utensils.—1 lo.r without ends or top : width equal to 5 times the diameter of the ball, height equal to twice that diameter, and length that of the cartridge. It is tacked to the table, the sides parallel to and near the edge of the table. * Put a wrapper in the box, the long side perpendicular to the edge of the table, the middle of the paper in the middle of the box; place, parallel to the sides of the box, two tiers of cartridges of 5 each, the balls aPernating; bring the short ends of the paper together, and fold them twice close down on the cartridges; insert a package of caps in the end of the bundle next to the ends of the lower tier ; fold the wrapper on the ends, and tie the bundle, first in the direction of the length, then its breadth, with the twine fastened in a single bow-knot. The wrappers are of different colors, to distinguish the cartridges for the different arms. Cases for Percussion-caps.—These are rolled on a former, .54 inch in dia¬ meter, choked at one end and tied. Twelve caps are put in, and the case is closed by twisting the open end of the case. Packing cartridges.—Cartridges are packed in boxes containing 1,000 each. Five tiers of bundles are laid flat in a single row along one side of the box ; the rest are placed on edge, the caps alternately up and down. Blank cartridgek are packed in boxes containing 2,000 each; the bundles are placed on end, the caps alternately up and down. Packing-boxen.—The boxes are made of white pine boards, dovetailed and nailed together, and are furnished with wooden brackets or handles nailed to the ends 256 ORDNANCE MANUAL. with wrought nails, clenched on the inside; the lids fastened with six 1.75-inch screws. They are painted different colors, to indicate the kind of cartridges. The hoxes should he lined with strong paper, and the bundles of cartridges must be packed closely, so as not to shake in transportation. Each box should be marked, on each end, with the number and kind of cartridges, and on the inside of the cover with the place and date of fabrication. Blank Cartridges. Materials.—±io. 2 paper ; paste; powder. Cut the paper into trapezoids as for ball cartridges; roll the trapezoid on the former, one turn; fold down this much of tho paper on the head of the former with the loft hand; roll the rest of the paper; fold down the rest of the paper; touch the fold with a little paste on the finger; press the end of the former on a ball imbedded in the table for the purpose; remove the cylinder from the former; place it in a box to dry. Fill the cylinders as described for ball cartridges. A day's work.—One boy can make 2,000 cylinders in 10 hours. Backing Musket Balls. Balls are packed in boxes with tow or saw-dust, to prevent their bruising. The boxes are made of 1-inch boards, and contain 1,000 balls. They are marked on both ends with the number and kind of balls, and on the inside of the cover with the place and date of fabrication. The cover is fastened with six 2-inch screws, and the boxes must be hooped with iron for transportation. They are not painted. Cartridges for Small Arms. KIND OF CARTRIDGE. Kind of Arm. Calibre in. t, j Diameter .7 in, Ban. ^y,Teig}lt grs, Charge of powder grs, ("Height ......in. Trapezoid.-< Long base in (Short- base in. Number of trapezoids in 1 sheet (Length in, Width in, Number in a sheet Color Thread for 1,000 oz, Weight of 10 cartridges oz. ( Length in, Bundles of 10. -< Width in, (Depth .in. Size of packing- ("Length in. boxes for 1,000-< Width in. cartridges. (Depth .in. Weight of box packed lbs, Color of box (Length in. Packing-boxes J Width in. forT,000 balls.1 DeptliJ ..in ("Weight -lbs, EXPANDING BALL. BLANK. Musket uf 1842. .685 730 70 4.33 4.5 2.7 12 10. 8. 4. Ordinary color. 0.5 19.5 2.5 3.4 1.45 14.0 12.0 7.0 135 Lead. 9.75 9.75 5.25 107. Mnskot and Rifle, 1855. .58 .5775 500 60 4.12 4.0 2.5 16 9. 6.5 6 Ordinary color. • 0.5 13.5 2.6 2.9 1.15 14.75 10.75 6.38 98 Olive. 8.25 8.25 5.0 73. Musket and Rifle, 1855. 60 3.75 4.16 2.5 24 Ordinary. *15.5 11.0 6.25 Olive. ROUND BALL. ELONGATED BALL. Musket, 1842. .69 .65 412 110 4.33 5.25 3.0 12 9. 6.5 6 Green. 0.5 13.2 2.6 3.1 1.35 15.5 11.75 6.75 107 Blue. 7.25 7.25 5.0 110 5.5 5.0 3.0 9. Red. 0.5 3.1 3.1 1.35 15. 10.75 6.38 Red. Revolver. Army. .44 .46 216 30 2.75 3.25 1.6 30 8. 6.5 6 Ordinary. 0.5 6. 2.3 2.0 .85 f 13.1 4.6 3.5 28.5 Olive. Revolver, Navy. flO.5 3.8 3.25 16.5 Blue. Sharpe's C'ai bine. .38 .54 .39 .56 145 475 17 50 2.4 3 2.5 3.25 1.6 2.25 40 24 7.5 10. 6.8 4.9 12 4 Blue. Ordinary. 0.5 0.5 5. 13.5 2.20 2.6 1.9 2.5 .85 1.1 14 * For 2,000 cartridges. t Contains 600 cartridges: box made of .75-in. boards. J If the balls be packed in tow, add U in. to the depth of the box. Burnside't Cartridges.—Box 14.4x11.2x6.2. Weight, 87.5 lbs. to Cn 258 OBDNANOE MANUAL. AMMUNITION FOR FIELD AND MOUNTAIN SERVICE * The ammunition for field and mountain service consists of— Shot for the 6 and 12-pdr. guns. Shells for the 12-pdr. guns, and 12,24, and 32-pdr. howitzer and mountain howitzer. Spherical-case shot for the 6 and 12-pdr. guns, and 12, 24, and 32-pdr. howitzer and mountain howitzer. Canisters for the 6 and 12-pdr. guns, and 12, 24, and 32-pdr. howitzer and moun¬ tain howitzer. The projectile is attached by straps of tin to a wooden sabot, to which is also fastened the cartridge-bag containing the charge, for the guns, the 12-pdr. howitzer, and the mountain howitzer, making together a round of fixed ammunition. The cartridge for the 24 and 32-pdr. howitzers is not attached to the sabot, but to a eartridge-block, and i3 separate from the projectile. Cartridge-bags. The cartridge-bag is a cylindrical bag with a circular bottom, made of merino or serge. The material should be composed entirely of wool, free from any mixture of thread or totton, and of sufficiently close texture to prevent the powder' from sifting through: that which is twilled is preferred. Flannel is used when the other materials cannot be conveniently obtained. to cut the cloth. Implements.—2 tables; patterns, of hard, well-seasoned wood, or of sheet-iron or tin, for the rectangles and bottoms; shears; chalk or colored' crayons. A marker and assistant spread out the cloth on the table in two thicknesses, and make it fast at each end of the table on three or four hooks driven in the ends of the table, or by means of weights, drawing it sufficiently to take out the folds, and no more. They mark out the rectangles and bottoms with the patterns and ruler, so dispos¬ ing and combining them as to cut the cloth to the best advantage. The length of the rectangle (development of the cylinder) should be taken in the direction of the length of the stuff, as it does not stretch in that direction. The selvage, if there be any, ought to be at the mouth of the bag. The cutter takes a piece thus marked to another table and cuts out the rectangles and bottoms with a pair of shears. The bottoms may be cut out with a hollow punch of the proper size. Sewing.—Marks for the seam are traced on the rectangles and bottoms, by means of patterns of the proper size. The seam should be at least a half inch from the edge. The bag is sewed with woollen yarn, with a backstitch, 12 to the inch. The edges are turned down on the same side of the seam and basted, to prevent the powder from sifting through; the edges of the bottom are basted down upon the sides. Bags may be sewed advantageously by the sewing machine. Bags for fixed * The ammunition for rifle guns is not yet fully decided on, and is, therefore, omitted. SABOTS AND CARTRIDGE-BLOCKS. 259 ammunition are sewed to within 3 inches of the mouth for 12-pdrs.; to within 2.75 inches for 6-pdrs.; all others, up to the mouth. A bag is given as a model to sew by. Cartridge-bags, when filled, should pass through the small shot-guage of their calibre; those used for patterns should be thus verified. The empty bags should be measured by laying the bag, flattened out, between two marks on a table, show¬ ing the width of the pattern-bag; a variation of 0.1 inch, greater or less, is allowed. Reject those sewed with too large stitches. Bags for practice or for blank cartridges may be formed by sewing together two rectangular pieces with semicircular ends; the cloth is marked, for cutting and sewing, with stamps made of 1-inch boards of the dimensions of the cutting stamp, with a strip of tin or copper fastened to the edge of the board, and projecting about } inch perpendicular to the side; another strip parallel to the first is inserted in a groove i inch from it: the edges of these strips are made rough, to retain chalk or paint used in marking. A handle is placed in the middle of the face opposite to the marking strips. Width of cutting stamp for 12-pdr., 7.6 inches; for 6-pdr., 6 inches. Length, including semicircular ends, for 12-pdr., 10.5 inches; for 6-pdr., 8.5 inches. Packing. — Cartridge-bags are preserved from moths by being packed with jpounded camphor and black pepper, or dipped in water with arsenic dissolved in it, or a solution of sulphate of copper, 1 lb. of sulphate to 25 lbs. of water. Or they may be sealed up, in bundles of 50, in cases made of cartridge paper, carefully closed with strips of thin paper pasted over the seams. Each bundle is marked with the number and kind of bags. They may be preserved from moisture by being enveloped in water-proof paper. Sabots and Cartridge-blocks. Sabots and Cartridge-blocks are made of poplar, basswood, or other light, close grained wood: it must be well seasoned, and should be clear of knots and splits. The assistant saws the scantling to the proper length for a sabot, roughs it out, and marks its centre. The turner puts it in the lathe, and turns, first the exterior and grooves, and then the cavity for the projectile. The holes for the handles are bored with a bit, and countersunk on the inside to receive the knot on the end of the cord. Distance between them for shells is 1.5 inch; for canisters, 2.3 inches. Length of cord for handles, for shells, 12 inches; for canisters, 20 inches. Diameter of cord, .15 inch. The cartridge-blocks and sabots for shot and spherical-case shot for guns have one groove. Sabots for gun canisters and for the 12-pdr. howitzer or mountain howitzer shells, spherical-case shot and canisters have two grooves. All the grooves are .3 inch wide and .15 inch deep. They are .8 inch apart, from centre to centre, for guns, and .5 inch for howitzers. The corners and bottoms of the grooves are slightly rounded. 260 ORDNANCE MANUAL. The dimensions of finished sahots and blocks are verified with appropriate gauges. For dimensions, see page 2C6. A day's work.—One man can make 350 sahots for 6 or 12-pdr. gun, or 300 " " field howitzers, or 600 cartridge-blocks, small charge, or 700 cartridge-blocks, large charge. Straps. Straps are made of sheet-tin. For shot there are two straps crossing at right angles, one passing through a slit in the middle of the other. For shells there are four straps fastened to a ring of sheet-tin, pierced with 4 slits, through which the ends of the straps are passed and folded down on the under side. The sheet of tin is first cut to a length equal to that of the straps, and if the straps are for shot, a line is drawn, dividing it into two equal parts, to mark the place for the slit. The straps are cut with circular shears. If such be not at hand, the width of the strap is marked on the sheet, is cut with tinners' shears, and straightened on a bench with a mallet. The slits are made with a cold-chisel on a block of lead, and a strap not slit is passed through, and set flat by a blow of the hammer. Rings. Rings are cut from sheet-tin by means of two punches: the first having the diameter of the exterior and the other that of the interior of the ring. The slits are made with a cold-chisel, and the required concavity to fit the ball is given by ham¬ mering on a block of lead having a concave surface. The ends of the straps are passed through the slits, folded down, and set flat. Dimensions' of rings: exterior diameter, 3.25; interior diameter, 1.75. Strapping Shot and Shells. Implements.—1 bench ; 2 pans, containing nails 0.55 inch long, with strong, flat heads 0.2 inch diameter ; boxes and barrels, for straps and sabots ; 4 hammers, for strapping; 1 common hammer; 4 punches ; shot-gauges, of each calibre ; 1 gauge for each calibre, 0.04 inch greater than the largest shot-gauge, through which the shot should pass after it is strapped; tow or rags, for wiping balls; 1 wheelbarrow; 1 tarpaulin, if the shop have not a plank floor. A helper knocks off the scales from the balls with a hammer, cleans and dries the Interior of the shells, if requisite, wipes the balls, and "gauges them both before and after they are strapped. The workman, sitting astride the bench, places the shot or shell in the cavity of the sabot, the roughest part of the shot down, the fuze-hole of the shell on top, in the axis of the sabot. The ball should rest on the bottom of the cavity (it can be told from the sound, by striking on the bottom of the sabot with a hammer); if it do SPHERICAL-CASE SHOT. 201 not, the sabot is rejected. The workman places the junction of the straps in the axis of the sabot, or the ring concentric with the fuze-hole of the shell; beginning with the strap which is not'slit, he forces the end of it into the groove of the sabot with the back of the hammer, punches it, and nails it; he then draws the other end tight, punches it, and nails it, in the same manner. He disposes the other strap perpendicular to the first, nails it to the sabot as he did the first, cuts off the super¬ fluous length, and with the hammer and side of the cold-chisel sets the straps in close to the ball at the top of the sabot. The sabots for 32 and 24-pouuder field howitzers having no groove, each strap is fastened by 1 nail on the side and 2 under the bottom of the sabot. A day's work.—Two men can strap, in 10 hours, 130 shot, or 75 shells, cutting the tin from the sheet. The boxer mode.—Bore a hole, .2 inch in diameter, .15 inch deep, in the shot; enlarge the hole at bottom. Take a copper rivet .2 inch diameter, hollow out the end, leaving the length of the rivet .25 inch greater than the least thickness of the sabot ; bore a hole in the centre of the sabot for the rivet, with a countersink for the head; place the shot in the sabot, the hole down; insert the rivet in the sabot, making it enter the hole in the shot; strike the head of the rivet a blow with a hammer to upset the end of the rivet and fasten the sabot. Another mode.—If tin or sheet-iron cannot be procured, straps may be made of strong canvas, 1 inch wide, sewed at the point of crossing. The part of the ball which is to be inserted in the sabot is dipped in glue; the straps are also glued to the ball; the ends are doubled into the groove and secured by 2 nails in each end. Another method is to wrap round the ball a band of canvas 1 inch wide, one half of which is glued to the ball, the other to the sabot; or the shot may be kept in place by merely tying the cartridge-bag over the top of it. Charging Shells. MATERIALS.—Rifle or musket powder ; plugs; fuzes; chalk. Implements.—1 funnel; powder measure, to hold the required charges ; 1 wooden, straight-edge; large hou-l; fuze-wrench. The shells, having been properly cleaned, dried, tapped to receive the plug and the fuze, and attached to the sabots, are placed in two rows. The workman fills the measure with powder, strikes it level with the straight-edge, and pours it in the shell: the assistant holds the funnel, and marks the shell with chalk when filled, to prevent mistakes. The assistant screws in the plug. The workman puts a little white lead on the threads of the fuze, punches 4 or 5 small holes in the tin disk, and screws the fuze firmly into the shell, the assistant holding *the shell to prevent it from turning. Spherical-case .Shot. The shot having been cleaned and inspected, the upper part of the fuze-hole is tapped to receive the fuze; the small hole is tapped to receive the plug. 262 ORDNANCE MANUAL. to fill the shell. Materials.—Spherical, leaden balls, calibre .69 inch; sulphur ; linseed oil. Utensils.—1 kettle; 1 ladle; 1 iron funnel, the neck chased with the threads of a screw, to fit the small part of the fuze-hole. Filling the shell.—Cover the lead balls with linseed oil, and fill the shell with them, pushing the upper balls aside with the fingers or a stick, to get in as many as possible. Warm the shell gently, and screw the neck of the funnel into the fuze- hole ; pour in the melted sulphur, filling the shell. To make the chamber for the charge.—Chuck the shot in a lathe; screw the funnel into the fuze-hole, to protect the threads from being injured by the auger, and with a common screw auger bore a hole in the axis of the shell to the bottom. Diameter of the auger, .75 inch. Lacker the shot and strap it; paint the ring around the fuze-hole red. To charge the shot.—Fill the chamber with musket powder, ramming it slightly with a wooden drift and light mallet; screw in the iron plug, leaving its top flush with the bottom of the large portion of the fuze-hole, and lay over it a thin leather washer with a hole in the centre; fill the hole in the plug and washer with rifle powder; punch 4 or .5 small holes in the tin disk in the bottom of the fuze; put a little white lead on the threads of the fuze, and screw the fuze firmly into the shell. Fix the spherical-case shot the same as round shot. Canisters. (Plate 31.) A canister for field service consists of a tin cylinder attached to a sabot and filled with cast-iron shot. For the dimensions of Canister Shot, see Chapter II. Canisters for the mountain howitzer are filled with lead balls. Materials.—Sheets of tin, 0.02 inch to .025 inch thick (double tin); soft solder; rosin; culots of rolled iron, .25 inch thick; covers of sheet-iron, 0.07 inch thick for the.guns and 12-pdr. howitzers, and .1 inch thick for the 24 and 32-pdr. howitzers; sabots; tacks. Utensils.—Patterns; tracing point; shears; cylinder of hard wood; mallet; gauges; furnace; soldering iron; hammer; punch. To make the cylinder.—The workman marks out the rectangle on the sheet with the pattern ; cuts it, and traces the line for the lap ; he draws a line parallel to the long side of the rectangle, .4 to .5 inch from it, for the length of the slits. It is then bent round the former, the edge brought to the line of the lap, clamped and soldered. If lumps of solder be left, they are filed down. The cylinder is made round, and gauged on the exterior with the large shot-gauge of the calibre, and the interior with a cylinder of a diameter 0.02 inch less than that given in the table, which should enter the canister: if it be not of the right size, it is unsoldered and soldered over again. The slits are made, and the sabot inserted and nailed with 6 to 8 nails. Before filling the canister, dip the tin cylinder into a lacker of beeswax dissolved in spirits of turpentine, to prevent it from rusting. Coat the balls and the plates with paint or coal tar. FIXING AMMUNITION. 263 Filling canisters.—The workman, sitting astride the bench, places the canister upright in front of him, inserts the iron bottom and places it flat on the sabot, puts in a tier of balls, fills the interstices with dry, sifted saw-dust, packs it with a pointed stick so that the balls will hold by themselves, and throws out the loose saw-dust; he places another tier of balls, each ball lying in the interval between two balls of the lower tier, and proceeds in the same manner until the canister is filled; covers the upper tier with saw-dust; puts on the cover, places on it one of the iron bottoms furnished with a handle, and strikes it with a small mallet in order to compress the saw-dust; then removes this bottom, and turns down the slit pieces of the canister over the cover, with a hammer. In the canisters for the 6 and 12-pdr. guns the centre ball of the last tier is omitted. "When the canister is finished, verify its diameter with the large shot-gauge of the same calibre. Cylinders and Caps. For the greater security of field ammunition, the cartridges are covered with paper cylinders and caps. The cap is drawn off at the moment of loading the piece, and in using solid shot it may be placed over the shot, to diminish the windage. A cylinder and a cap are formed together by folding the paper over a former, which allows a lap of about 0.75 inch for pasting. The requisite length for the cylinder is cut off from the smaller end; the rest forms the cap, which is choked, at the end from which the cylinder is cut, on a cylindrical former which has a groove around it marking the length from the rounded end for cutting the cap. The former should be bored through the axis with a .5 inch hole to facilitate drawing off the cap. The caps for shells are stained black ; for spherical-case shot, red ; for shot, not colored. Fixing Ammunition. Implements. — Barrels for powder; 1 funnel; 1 set of powder measures; 1 straight-edge, to strike the measures with; barrels; tubs, formed of barrels sawed in two, or boxes for the cartridge-bags; 2 tarpaulins; 2 benches; 12 choking sticks, 6 with holes in them and 6 slit; 6 knives; 6 hand-barrows, with four legs and a box, and tarpaulins to cover them; calibre-gauges, for the cartridge-bags and for fixed ammunition (they may be made of wool); 6 stools; 1 wheelbarrow ; 1 mallet; 1 copper chisel; 1 copper drift, or a wrench, to open powder barrels. Fixing shot, or spherical-case, for field gcns.—The bags should be filled in the small magazine or filling room. The assistant holds the pipe of the funnel in the mouth of the bag with both hands, the bag pressed close against the pipe. The gauger heaps up the measure with powder, strikes it level with the straight¬ edge, and pours it into the funnel. When about 2f> bags are filled, the gauger takes a filled bag with one hand, squeezing the bag upon the powder; he gives it a blow with the other hand on the top and bottom of the bag, twisting the mouth of the bag down upon the powder at the same time ; he then tries it with the small gauge, through which it should pass with not more than 0.25 inch play; should it not do this, the bag is emptied and rejected. These bags, filled and gauged, are 264 ORDNANCE MANUAL. placed upright in a tub or box, and carried by tbe gangers into the finishing room, where the men are placed in pairs, sitting astride on a bench, facing each other. One of them opens a bag and levels the powder, the other inserts the sabot of a strapped shot square upon the powder and draws up the end of the bag over the shot; the first man passes about four feet of twine through the pierced stick, and makes two turns and a double hitch with the end at the top of the sabot; he makes a knot in the end of the twine, inserts it into the slit in the other choking stick, and tightens the double hitch by rolling the twine on the sticks and bearing upon the sabot; he then takes out the end of the twine from the slit, ties it in a hard knot, which he tightens with the assistance of the choking stick, and cuts the twine off near the knot. The second man turns down the mouth of the bag over the sabot, and the first makes a similar tie in the groove ; he makes another tie below the sabot, the twine being lodged between it and the powder, to prevent the latter from sifting in between the bag and the sabot; he then runs the paper cylinder over the cartridge and sabot, leaving about two inches of the end of the cartridge uncovered, and he makes a tie, similar to the others, in the groove of the sabot. He now holds the shot in the left hand and examines it, striking the sabot with the right hand, if necessary, to bring it straight; if the shot be properly fixed, the sabot and the bag will have the same axis ,* the seams should be between two straps, and the knots should be neither on the seams nor on the straps. The assistants pass the cartridges through the large gauge, which is 0.04 inch larger than the large gauge for the shot. If the size be correct, they put on the paper cap, lay the cartridges on their sides in the box of the hand-barrow, and carry them to the magazine. Those which will not pass through the gauge are handed back to the fixers, who cut the strings and put them up anew. Canisters for Fi<-til Guns are fixed in the same manner as shot, except that the first tie is made in the upper groove of the sabot; the cylinder is tied in the lower groove. The caps must be cut somewhat shorter than those for short cartridges. For the 12-j)dr. Field Howitzer.—The shells, spherical-case, and canisters are fixed in the same manner as the gun canisters. For the Mountain Howitzer.—The sabots having but one groove, the first tie is omitted, and the cartridge is covered with a cap only. For the 32-pdr. and 24-pdr. Howitzers.—The cartridge is not attached to the pro¬ jectile. The cartridge-block is inserted with the grooved end next to the powder, and a tie made in the groove ; the mouth of the bag is then turned down, and another tie is made between the cartridge-block and the powder ; the superfluous part of the bag is cut off, and the cartridge is covered with its cylinder and cap, as in other casus. When the shot is attached to the sabot by a single hand of canvas, or when it is placed in the sabot without any strap, the cartridge-bag is drawn over it and tied on top; for this purpose, the bag should have an additional length of from 21 to 3 inches. When sabots cannot be obtained, place upon the powder a layer of tow about 0.2 PACKING AMMUNITION-BOXES. 2G5 iuch thick, forming a bed for the shot; tie the bag over the shot and around the tow; the bag requires to be 1 inch longer than for strapped shot. Packing Field Ammunition. Packing-Boxes for field ammunition are made of well seasoned stuff (generally white pine), 1.25 inch thick, dovetailed, with the tenon on the ends. The top of the box is fastened with six 2-inch screws ; the box has two handles of lf-inch rope, attached tp brackets at the ends. The boxes are painted on the outside different colors, to indicate the contents of the box. Those containing shot are painted olive; shells, black; spherical-case shot, red; and canisters, a light drab. The kind of ammunition is marked on each end, in large white letters. The place and date of fabrication are marked on the inside of the cover. Jfanner of Packing Ammunition-Boxes. For guns.—Shut, Spherical-case, and Canisters, fixed.—Laid in two tiers across the box, the shot or canisters alternating with the cartridges at each side. The shot or canisters of the upper tier rest on those of the lower, and not on the cartridges. For 23-pdr. and 24-pdr. howitzers.—Shells and Spherical-case Shot.—Placed upright, the balls down, resting on strips of wood about .25 inch thick, placed lengthwise of the box and nailed to the bottom, so as to prevent the fuzes from bear¬ ing on the bottom of the box. The balls are held down by small strips of wood tacked with sprigs to the sides of the box, over the sabots. The cartridges are laid on the top of the sabots. Canisters are packed in the same manner, omitting the strips of wood in the bot¬ tom of the box. For 12-pdr. field and mountain howitzers.—Shells and Spherical-case Shot, fixed.—Placed upright, the balls down, resting on strips of wood, as for the other howitzers. Canisters are packed in the same manner, resting on the bottom of the box. For rifled guns.— Case Shot, fixed.—Placed upright, the balls down, resting on strips of wood, as for the howitzers. The iron part of the balls rests against strips of wood 4 inches wide and .25 inch thick, nailed to the side and ends of the box at the bottom, and similar strips placed between the rows of the balls, to prevent the soft metal cups from bearing against the box or against each other and being bruised. Canisters, fixed, are packed in the same manner as the case shot, omitting the strips of wood on the bottom of the box. In all the boxes, the small stores are placed in the vacant spaces on top of the ammunition. A layer of tow is placed in the bottom of each box, and the whole contents are well packed in tow, filling the box so as to be pressed down by the cover. About 3 lbs. of tow are required for a box. Ammunition for Field Charge of powder spherical-case.. Sabot /Weight lbs. (Height in. Cartridge-bag 1 RectanSle- j wppth « (Bottom. diameter " Loading shells and f WeiSht °J P°wdert oz. K ' of sulpliur /Number of balls i whole conical part cylindrical part greatest | Diameter ^a'b0,tt0?1 1 ] of cylinder ( bottom of cone Cavity for J depth ball ( radius Dist. fr. mid. lower groove of sab. to bot. ( Height Cartridge-block. < Diameter (From middle groove to bot... Straps /LenStb BTRAPS"1 Width Rings ... I Diameter.. \ ?xter.ior ( (interior Weight of sabot, straps rings, nails oz. Weight of shot or shell, ready for fixing etc lbs (length, including lap., in Cylinder height " (interior diameter •' Diameter of top and bottom plate .. " Canisters. ■! Thickness of sheet-iron cover Number of - f shot in each tier . ( whole of shot Whole height, including shot in. Weight, finished. " " lbs. Diameter of gauges for fixed ammunition in. Paper for a cylinder ( Length, developed " and cap ( Height " Height of cylinder, large charge " " " small " " f Length, handle excluded... " Formers for cylin-J Width at large end '• ders and caps ... ] " small end " , /Thickness " Cylindrical former / Length " for choking caps.. ( Diameter " Distance from end of former to groove '• (Whole height cap includ'd " Fixed ammunition-; Height of charge u (Weight of whole lbs, mensions...|(lepth weight \em^y- lbs- a I packed Contents of f number of rounds ... each box... (friction-primers , Color Packing-box/:.. 12-pounder. Shot. Shell. ISpher.l Canis- case. ter. I 2.0 I 2.5 4. | 5. 14.2 10.0 5.25 |7. | 1. 10.5 82 12.75 .45 6.5 12.75 4.85 4.15 1.5 2.26 0.4 6. .45 3.25 1.75 6.5 9.52 I 12.17 2.25 .5 4.52 4.15 4.47 9.5 14.8 14.40 6.65 4.45 4.40 .07 7 27 8. 14.8 4.57 14.4 12.5 5. 4. 15. 6.71 6.6 0.15 10. 4.3 6. 5. 10.4 10.4 10.4 12.4 5. 5. 5. 4. 15.4 12.17 14.7 16.91 17.5 17.5 17.5 18.4 10.5 10.5 10.5 12.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 23. 23. 23. 24. 148. 8 121. 8 142. 8 161. '8 12 12 12 12 olive black red drab * One inch allowed for the seam in length of rectangle and diameter of bottom; half an inch 21 ounces- the 24-pounder. 16 ounces; and the 12-pounder, 8 ounces. + One port-fire | Six small and one large cartridges. and Mountain Service. allowed for the seam in height. t Powder required to fill tlie.32-pounder shell is and half a yard of slow-match in each box. j)Four small and one large cartridges. 268 ORDNANCE MANUAL. AMMUNITION FOR SIEGE AND GARRISON SERVICE. Ammunition for siege and garrison service consists of cartridges, of sizes vary¬ ing according to circumstances, and the following projectiles, viz : Shot for 10 and 8-inch columbiads (model 1S61), 42, 32, 24, 18 and 12-pdr. guns. Shells for 10 and 8-inch columbiads, 42, 32, 24, IS and 12-pdr. guns, 13, 10 and 8-inch mortars, 8-inch siege and 8 and 10-inch sea-coast howitzers. Spherical-case shot and canister for 10 and 8-inch columbiads, 42, 32, 24, 18 and 12-pdr. guns, 8 and 10-inch sea-coast and 8-inch siege howitzers. The shells and spherical-case shot (except for the 8-inch siege howitzer) and the 8-inch siege and sea-coast howitzer canisters are attached to the sabots; the other projectiles are not strapped. Cartridges. The charge of powder for siege and garrison guns is enclosed in a cartridge-bag made of merino, serge, cotton, or paper, or of paper with woollen bottoms. Bags made of woollen materials are preferable, as they are not so liable to leave fire in the guns, and are more durable ; but they are much more costly. Merino or cotton bags are cut in two pieces in the form of a rectangle with semi¬ circular ends, and sewed together to form the bag, as described in making bags for field service. See page 258 for the manner-of making and preserving them. Paper bags.—The paper is cut into rectangles to form the cylindrical part of the bag —the length of the rectangle being the development of the cylinder, allowing .5 inch on each side for the lap—and into circles for the bottoms. The sides of the rectangle are lapped and sewed with woollen yarn; one end of the bag is slit with longitudinal cuts, 1 inch long, 0.75 inch apart, and these strips are pasted on the paper bottom over a cylindrical forirfer; or a circular piece of merino is sewed in the end of the paper bag, forming the bottom. To close a paper bag after being filled, the open end is folded down about .75 inch wide, and this fold is rolled on itself down to the powder, and the part which projects beyond the cylinder is turned in on the top of it. Two turns are taken with strong twine around the cartridge in the direction of its length, 90° apart, and then tied. For mortars, cartridge-bags may be made in the same manner as for gnu.-.. (heir dimensions corresponding to those of'the chamber of the mortar. But, as the charge is generally poured loose into the chamber, the bag being used only for car¬ rying it to the mortar, a gun cartridge-bag of any convenient size may be used for mortar service. For Jiring hot shot, cartridgc-bags are made double, by putting one bag within another: care must be taken that the bags are free from holes. For ricochet firing, or other occasions when very small charges are required, a cartridge-bag for a piece of an inferior calibre may be used. Or else, after the charge is poured into the bag, place on it another bag filled with hay, pressing it with the CANISTERS. 269 hands to reduce the diameter; after having shaken this bag down and rolled and flattened the empty part of the two bags, tie them with woollen yarn, like a bundle of musket cartridges, placing the knot on top. For proving ordnance, cartridge-bags are made of cotton cloth. They should be of the full diameter of the bore or chamber. Sabots. Sabots are required for the 8-inch canisters, for siege and sea-coast howitzers, and all shells and spherical-case shot, except for 8-inch siege howitzers. For canisters and the smaller guns the sabots are turned in a lathe; for the larger calibres they are sawed from thick pine or poplar planks, and the cavity cut in a lathe, or the cavity is first cut by a tool of th& proper curvature attached to the shaft of the Daniel's planer, and the sabot afterward sawed out with a circular saw. i A day's work.—One man can make 350 sabots for a 42 or 32-pdr. gun, or 10-ineh columbiad, in 10 hours; or 400 sabots for a 24 or 18-pdr. gun or 8-inch eolumbiad. Cartridge-Blocks. Cartridge-blocks are required for the columbiads, model 1844, and the sea-coast howitzers, when firing with reduced charges. They are made as prescribed for field service (see page 259)—their length being such as always to make the cartridge fill the chamber. The length of the block for any charge is easily deduced from the length occupied by 1 lb. of powder, as given in the table. (See page 274.) Strapping Shells. The straps are cut and made as prescribed for shot for field service, changing their dimensions. Two rings or loops of tin, 0.38 inch diameter, are attached securely to the slit strap of the howitzer and columbiad shells, for the purposej/f attaching a handle made of cord 0.15 to 0.25 inch thick. A slit is made in the strap, through which the ends of the tin loop are passed and soldered on the under side of the strap. For the handle, pass a piece of marline through both loops and tie the two ends together, leaving such length that the hand can embrace both branches. The shells are placed in the sabot, and the straps put on in such a manner that the fuze-hole may fall in one of the angles, between two straps, and that the axis of the fuze-hole may stand at an angle of a)>out 45° with that of the sabot. The eyes of the shell should not be covered by the straps. The straps are fastened at each end with 2 nails in the side and 2 in the bottom of the sabot. In loading the piece, care must be taken to place the fuze-hole in the upper part of the bore. Canisters. They are made and filled like canisters for field service, except their dimensions, and, instead of being attached to a sabot, the lower end of the cylinder is slit with 270 ORDNANCE MANUAL. longitudinal cuts .5 inch long and from .25 to .38 inch apart, according to the calibre; the strips thus formed are turned down over a cast-iron bottom plate 0.5 inch thick. The cover for these canisters is of sheet-iron, .1 inch thick; it has a handle 3.75 inches long by 1.75 inch Wide, made of iron wire No. 9, fastened to the cover by a strap of sheet-iron, 2 inches long, 1.75 inch wide, secured by 2 rivets 0.15 inch thick. Canisters for 8-inch siege and sea-coast, howitzers are attached to sabots, the former with a hemispherical bottom to fit the bottom of the bore. Grape. A stand of grape consists of 9 shot, put together by means of 2 cast-iron plates, 2 rings and 1 holt and nut. (See Plate 31.) The square of the nut is 2 diameters of the bolt; its thickness, 1 diameter. The head of the bolt is countersunk flush with the bottom of the lower plate, which has a 8lot to prevent the bolt from turning when the nut is screwed on. Each plate has on the inside 3 beds for the shot, of a depth equal to half the thickness of the plate: they are made in the form of a spherical segment, the curvature of which is the same as that of the shot; their centres are on equidistant radii, midway between the edge of the bolt-hole and that of the plate. In the upper plate are 2 holes 0.25 inch diameter, placed opposite to each other at 0.5 inch from the edge of the plate, to receive a rope handle. For the S-inch sea-coast howitzer the stand of grape must be attached to a conical sabot. The sabot is 4.25 inches long, 7.85 inches diameter at the large end, and 6.4 inches at the small end. The sabot may be fastened to the lower plate with screws, or the bolt may be made long enough to pass through it, or else the sabot may be inserted into the piece separately from the stand of grape. Filling Shells. Workmen.—1 man to fill; 1 helper. Materials.—Powder; cylinders of rock-fire ; loadtd fuzes; fuze-plugs ; tow. Implements.—1 pair of shell-hoolcs; 1 handspike ; 2 hand-hammers; 2 scrapers (pieces of sword blade); 2 tow hooks; '2 pairs of pincers; rags; 1 chisel and 1 mallet, to clean the shells and break up any hard substance that may be found in the inte¬ rior; 2 searchers, for sounding cavities; shell-gauges ; 1 grate, to dry the shells on; 1 fuze-saw / 1 gimlet; a ring of rope, or a hollow block ; 1 funnel; powder measures ; 1 tul, or vessel for powder; 2 baskets, for the composition and fuzes ; 1 rasp; 1 fuze- setter ; 1 mallet; 1 fuze-reamer. The shells are cleaned inside and out, gauged and examined that they have no defects that would cause their rejection; that the fuze-hole is not defaced; if there be water in the cavity, the shell is dried by a gentle heat and cooled slowly. To pill shells for guns or howitzeus.—The helper places the shell on the block or ring of rope, the fuze-hole uppermost, inserts the^uze-plug and drives it in WADS. 271 till the top is flush with the surface of the shell: the principal reams out the hole to its proper size, the helper holding the shell to prevent it from turning. The helper inserts the pipe of the funnel in the fuze-plug, and the principal pours in the powder and closes the hole with a wad of dry tow rammed in securely, leaving a portion of it projecting out. When cylinders of rock-fire or other combustibles are used, they are inserted before the fuze-plug is driven. To fill moittait shells.—Shells are generally filled and the fuzes driven in the battery magazines, as they are required. The helper places the shell on a ring of rope and inserts the pipe of the funnel in the fuze-hole; the principal pours in the bursting charge, introduces the cylinders of rock-fire, and pushes them aside with a small stick, that they may not be in the way of the fuze when driven in. He then inserts the fuze, which should enter to within half an inch of the top, and with a mallet and fuze-setter drives it so that the end of the fuze shall project not more than 0.2 inch. To cut the fuze.—The fuze is cut to the proper length, according to the range, before it is driven into the shell, by resting it in a groove made in a block to receive it and hold it steady, the saw running in a cut made for it ; or the fuze may be bored through to the composition with a gimlet, at the proper length. To fire 6 or 12-pdr. Shells from Mortars of large calibre. This kind of fire is intended only for short distances, as in the defence of a breach, and supersedes the use of the stone-mortar. Take a strong tub or half barrel, provided with two strong rope handles, and add a second bottom on the outside, bringing it flush with the ends of the staves to which it is nailed. To this bottom nail another, made of a single piece of wide 2-inch plank, of sufficient length to support the ends of the staves. A block of light, dry wood, of the diameter and length of the bore, is attached to the bottom of the barrel or tub by nails, and the lower end of the block which goes next to the charge is covered with sheet-iron. The fuzes of the shells are cut, driven, uncapped, and the shells placed in the barrel, the fuzes turned down. When the bottom tier is finished, a second one is laid; and so on to the last, which is covered over with hay which is rammed in to keep the projectiles in place. The charge of powder is put in the mortar, the proper elevation and direction are given, and the barrel or tub, loaded, is raised by the handles, the block wiped clean and introduced into the bore and set home. • Wads. Wads are used in firing hot shot, and to prevent the ball from rolling out in firing at a depression. Materials.—Junk or hay, marline. 272 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Implements.—1 wad-mould, with two holes for each calibre, made of cast-iron cylinders set in oak, or of two strong pieces of oak strapped with iron and joined by a hinge ; 1 drift for ditto ; 1 maid. To make wads.—The hay or junk, after having been picked, is compressed by being beaten in the smaller mould until it assumes the requisite dimensions ; it is then taken out, by raising the upper part of the mould, and wrapped closely with rope-yarn passed over it in the direction of the axis of the cylinder and fastened by a few turns round the middle of the wad; after which it is placed in the large mould and again beaten with the maul and drift; the diameter of the wad when finished is verified with a wooden gauge corresponding to the large gauge of the shot. In firing hot shot, a dry wad is put next to the powder, and then a wad which has been soaked in water for a quarter of an hour and has been permitted to drip for several minutes, is placed between the dry wad and the ball; or the wet wad may be replaced by one of clay. It should be made one calibre in length, of clay free from sand or gravel, slightly moistened and kneaded. Ring-wads or grommets are to be preferred where the object of a wad is merely to retain the ball in its place. They consist of a ring of rope-yarn, about 0.7 inch thick, with two pieces of strong twine tied across it at right angles with each other. The size of the ring is the full diameter of the bore, in order that it may fit tight. These wads may be attached with twine to the straps, or to the balls; or they "may be inserted, like other wads, after the ball. These wads may be made of straw formed into rings of the proper size, and wrapped with twine and tied to the ball. Sabots of Shavings. In positions where the pieces of sabots might prove dangerous to our own troops, as in firing over their heads when making an attack, sabots made of thick shavings of soft wood or pasteboard are used. For this purpose select black walnut, pine, or fir, not too dry, and as free as possible from knots. Pieces of the proper length and width are dressed out, and by means of a coarse plane shavings are cut .06 inch in thickness. Each shaving is rolled in a circle on a cylinder of iron in which a longitudinal groove is cut. One end is thinned down, moistened, and inserted in the groove, and the shaving is rolled on the cylinder, the smooth side turned outward: one man turns the cylinder by a crank making three revolutions, the other holds the shaving so as to roll it evenly on itself, pulling it tight. The different turns are then tacked together, the tacks being riveted on the inside against the iron cylinder: the end is thinned down with a rasp, and the sabot taken from the cylinder is immersed in a warm bath of thin glue. Pasteboard may be used instead of shavings of wood. The sabot is attached to the shell by means of four pieces of tape 1 inch wide. Each piece is folded around the sabot, and the ends sewed together: the seam is turned on the inside of the sabot and is made fast FUZE-PLUGS. 273 to it by tacks, tbe four pieces of tape being attached to the sabot at the extremities of two diameters perpendicular to each other. The sabot is laid down on the table and the shell placed in it, the fuze-hole down; the ends of the tape are then drawn together and tied on top of the shell with a piece of strong twine. Fuze^Plugs. Fuze-plugs are made of brass, or of close grained wood, well seasoned. They are turned to a size a little larger than the fuze-hole, but of the same taper, 2.5 inches long; a hole is bored through its axis and reamed out to receive the paper fuze, and the large end is counterbored to receive the water-cap. The plug is reamed out after it is driven, and the recess for the water-cap is tapped with 12 threads to the inch. If wooden plugs be used, a short hollow cylinder of brass, .5 inch long, .15 inch thi«k, is inserted in the recess before the plug is driven, and afterward tapped to receive the water-cap. The water-cap is a brass plug, .5 inch long, .6 inch in diameter, chased with 12 threads to the inch: one end has a shallow recess cut in it, .1 inch deep, larger at bottom than at top: a hole, .1 inch in diameter, is bored through the middle of the cap, and a hole is bored from either end into this transverse hole, but meeting it at points .25 inch or more apart: these and the recess at the end are filled with mealed powder paste. Dimensions.—Diameter of hole at bottom of recess, .53 in.; at small end, .4 in. 18 274 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Ammunition for Siege, Garrison, columbians. 10-in. 1844. 8-m. 1844. 10-in. 1861. charge op powder, ordinary service.. | ^ Length of 1 lb. in cartridge ....in Diameter of cartridge in f Rectangle with circular f length in Cartridge- j ends \ width in bags (merino) 1 Diameter of cylindrical former in 1_Material (1.25 yd. wide) for 100 bags..yds ! whole in ® " j of cylinder in f greatest in Sabot Diameter..! at bottom in [of cylinder in cavity ibr bail \ _ Diameter of cylinder to roll on in Straps, 2 for each..j tvid^h1.......!!.!......^!.!.."! ..!..!....."!^ ( Length, including cap in Cylinder...-! Height in j Interior diameter in Diameter of plates ( tiers of shot Number of! shot in a tier I whole shot Canisters. 14. 8.82 .63 7.5 20. 12.7 7.5 36 2. 7.84 .98 6.0 16. 10.35 6.0 23 2. 8.41 7.75 1. 4.93 9.3 29. 1. Finished canister ..-j be'Sbt ..in weight lbs Charge of powder for firing ("to fill shell lbs Powder J to burst she11 'lbs J to blow out fuze-plug* lbs (_ ordinary charge lbs Rock-fire, No. of cylinders in 'Plates... { diameter in 1 thickness ...in Rings ... diameter in & (diameter of iron... in Stand of grape.. Height of, from outside of plates in Weight of plates lbs " bolt, nut and rings lbs " stand complete , lbs (Diameter and height in Wads..! Weight lbs Junk, for 100 .lbs ' Diameter, large hole in " small hole in Thickness of upper block in Moulds por wads..-) " lower block in Width of block in CltaMc.l drift. 3.25 1.38 .62 3. 9.7 16.5 165. 9.75 9.4 10. 5. 17. 8.5 24. 6.79 6.15 1. 3.93 7.3 23.5 .75 15. 6.30 .42 9. 19. 16.7 9. 47 2. 2. - 9.75 1. 4.93 9.3 29. 1. 1.75 1. .5 1.8 6. 7.85 .6 6.55 .6 14.7 .6 9.85 13.6 4.75 75.5 7.8 8.5 850. 7.8 1.5 8. 4. 15. 7.3 24. 3.25 1.38 .62 3. 9.75 16.5 165.0 9.75 9.4 10. 5. 17. 8.5 24. * When a wooden fuze-plug is used. AMMUNITION. 275 and Sea-coast Service. GUNS. 42-pdr. 32-pdr. 24-pdr. 18-pdr. 12-pdr. 9. 8. 7. 5. 4. 8.82 9.28 10.15 8.75 8.0 .98 1.16 1.45 1.75 2.0 6. 5.5 5. 4.6 4.2 16.5 18. 16.5 15.25 14. 10.35 9.55 8.75 8.15 7.6 6. 5.5 5. 4.6 4.2 24 25 19 17 14 2. 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 2. 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 6.58 6.0 5.43 4.92 4.35 1. 0.75 0.75 0.75 1. 3.42 3.12 2.84 2.58 2.26 6.4 6.8 5.2 4.7 4. 21. 19. 17.5 16. 14. .65 .6 .55 ' .5 .45 21.5 20. 18.3 16.7 14.4 9.6 9. 8.25 7.7 6.75 6.78 6.19 5.63 5.12 4.47 6.73 6.14 5.58 5.07 4.42 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7 7 27 27 27 27 27 8.7 8.1 7.35 6.8 6. 48. 37. 29. 23. 15. 1.5 1.31 1.0 .69 .5 .75 .69 .5 .44 .31 .38 .12 .12 .09 .06 1.25 6. 1. .75 .62 .44 6.83 6.24 5.68 5.17 4.52 .6 .5 .5 .4 .4 5.73 5.16 4.75 4.26 3.8 .5 .5 .38 .38 ' .32 9.25 8.7 7.88 7.18 6.12 .5 .a .38 .38 .32 8.75 8.2 7.5 6.8 5.8 10.2 8. 6.75 4.56 3.44 2.8 2.5 1.81 1.12 .69 51.25 39.75 30.61 22.15 14.84 6.8 6.2 5.65 5.12 4.48 5.62 4.38 3. 2.38 1.5 562. 438. 300. 238. 150. 6.8 6.2 6.65 5.12 4.48 6.5 5.9 5.3 4.8 4.1 7. 6.4 5.8 5.3 4.6 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 13. 12. , 11.5 11. 10. 6.2 5.6 ' 5. 4.5 3.8 24. 24. 24. 24. 24. Sea-coast. 10-in. 4. 6. 2. 4.2 14. 7.6 4.2 14 .75 7.85 f hemis- \ pliere. 7.8 7.3 '25.1 8.6 7.8 7.75 4 12 48 12.03 53.5 2.56f 1. .25 1.75 FOR 6-POUNDER. 3.5 .82 82. 3 55 3.2 3.7 4. 9. 2.9 24. 12. 9.96 0.83 6.5 18. 11.15 6,5 31 2. 7.75 6.75 1. 4.93 29. 1. 5-t 2. .31 3. 9.75 9.4 10. 5. 17. 8 5 24. f Mortar shells; 13-inch shell holds 11 lbs. powder; service charge, 7 lbs,; to burst shell, 6 lbs. X For canisters. ' 276 ORDNANCE MANUAL. MATCHES, FUZES, AND PRIMERS. Slow-Match. Slow-match is prepared rope, which is used to keep and carry fire : it burns slowly, with a firm, hard coal, and is not easily extinguished. Materials.—Hemp or flax rope of 3 strands, slightly twisted, about 25 yards long, and of a uniform diameter of .6 inch; acetate of lead (sugar of lead); water. Utensils.—1 kettle; 1 tub; 2 wooden spatulas; levers; twisting-winch ; mats, or hair cloth. Method with acetate of lead.—Boil the rope for 10 minutes in water holding in solution l-20th of its weight of acetate of lead; remove it with spatulas into the tub, or let it remain in the cold solution until it is thoroughly saturated. First twist it over the kettle, and then, by attaching one end to the hook of a twisting- winch, twist it hard, keeping it stretched by means of a stick passed through a loop at the other end, at the same time rubbing it smartly, always in the same direction, from the hook, with coarse mats, hair cloth, or cuttings of buff-leather, until the diameter of the match is reduced 0.1 inch and it has a uniform twist and hardness. Stretch it on poles or on a fence to dry, and put it up in neat coils, well secured. Match thus prepared burns 4 inches in an hour. Method by leaching.—If sugar of lead cannot be procured, the rope may be simply leached. For this purpose, it is put into a leach tub and steeped in pure water for 12 hours ; this water is then drawn off and replaced by lye prepared in a boiler, with a quantity of ashes equal to half the weight of the rope, to which 5 per cent, of quicklime is added. This lye, with the ashes, is put, after being warmed, into the hopper of the tub, and when it has run through and remained some time in the tub it is drawn off, heated again, and poured back on the ashes. This operation is repeated several times in the course of 24 hours, which is the time required for the rope to be well leached. After being taken out and twisted with sticks, it is steeped for 5 minutes in hot water, being stirred at the same time, and the operation is finished as before. Match prepared in this manner burns 5 inches in an hour. Cotton rope, well twisted, forms a good match without any preparation. A slow-match may be made of strong paper by immersing it in a warm solution of nitre, of about 1 pound to 2 gallons of water. When dry, roll each sheet sepa¬ rately, pressing it firmly, and pasting the last turn. A half sheet thus prepared will kee)> fire for three hours. Slow-match weighs from 3 to 5 ounces to the yard. Packing.—Slow-match is packed in tight casks or boxes. A cask 40 inches high, 24 inches diameter (weighing 60 pounds), contains 150 pounds of match. The casks and boxes should be marked with the kind and quantity of match, place and date of fabrication. Dimensions of a box to hold 200 pounds hemp or 220 pounds cotton match—44 QUICK-MATCH. 277 inches long, 28 inches wide, 18 inches deep; weight, 87 pounds. It is made of boards 1 inch thick, ends 1£ inch, and has corner-pieces of hard wood, 2.25 inches square. Quick-Match. Quick-match is cotton yarn, of several strands, saturated and covered over with an inflammable composition ; it is used for communicating fire from point to point in fireworks, etc. Materials.—Mealed powder; cotton yarn, wound in loose balls of convenient size (say 1 pound, which will measure about 1,000 yards), such as is used for candlewick; when doubled and slightly twisted in the fingers, it should be about .07 inch in diameter. Gummed brandy or whiskey, in the proportion of 1 ounce of gum to ^ gallon of spirit^ the gum is first dissolved in the smallest quantity of hot water or vinegar, and afterward mixed with the whiskey. Strips of paper; thread. 1,000 yards of quick-match require 1 pound of cotton yarn, 8 pounds of mealed powder, li gallon of spirits, and 2£ ounces of gum arabic. Weight, when dried, 9 pounds. Utensils.— Wooden or copper bowls ; 1 quart measure ; funnel or frame ; reel. Preparation.—Steep the balls of yarn in the gummed whiskey until they are thoroughly saturated. Make a paste of mealed powder, by mixing 1 quart of gummed whiskey to 2 pounds of powder, and put a layer of it about i inch deep in the bowl; on this spread a coil of the cotton by unrolling the ball and distributing it equally on the surface of the paste until the#e are 5 or 6 yarns over one another; put another layer of the paste; and proceed in this manner until the bowl is full, taking care not to entangle the strands : the last layer of paste should be a little deeper than the others. After the cotton has been 3 or 4 hours in the bowl, wind it on a reel, or stretch it on nails 40 or 50 feet apart, making it pass through a funnel, or the hand, filled with the paste, and taking care that the several turns of yarn do not touch each other. Before it is dry, dredge it with mealed powder; let it dry slow¬ ly, then cut it off from the reel or nails and put it in bundles. During the winter, quick-match should be made in a warm room. Match thus prepared should be hard and stiff, and the composition should hold firmly on. 1 yard burns, in the open air, 13 seconds. By using vinegar, a match is made which burns less rapidly, in the proportion of 4 to 5; and with pure water, in the ratio of 4 to 6. Alcohol makes a quicker match; but it cannot be gummed, and the composition does not stick. A slow kind of match is made by adding sulphur to the mealed powder; with one-sixth of sulphur, 1 yard of match burns 22 seconds ; with one-fifth, 33 seconds ; with one-third, 53 seconds ; with one-half, 162 seconds. Quick-match enclosed in tubes burns more rapidly than in the open air, and more so in proportion as the tubes are smaller. To communicate fire very rapidly, it is enclosed in paper tubes called leaders. 278 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Port-Fires. The port-fire consists of a cylindrical paper case filled with a composition that burns slowly. It is used for firing rockets, etc., and, in cases of necessity, for discharging cannon. to make the cases. Materials.—No. 4 paper ; paste. Required for 100 cases—50 sheets, 13 pounds of paper. Utensils.—Formers, steel, turned smooth, 22 inches long, 0.5 inch diameter; a hole 0.2 inch diameter is made through one end, to withdraw it from the case; hand rolling board ; rulers ; knives. To make the case.—Cut the paper into rectangles 18 inches long, and from 10 to 14 inches wide, according to the thickness of the paper, to make the exterior diameter of the finished case 0.65 inch. Roll the rectangle on the former, pasting it after the first turn; press the case firmly by rolling it on a table with a hand rolling hoard; withdraw the former, and place the cases in a box to dry. to drive port-fires. Materials.— Cases; composition for 100 eases (13 pounds nitre, 4.5 pounds sulphur, and 2.5 pounds mealed powder); scrap paper. Utensils.—Port-fire moulds, made of brass, in two parts, which are held together by a socket at bottom and by 4 strong bands. The moulds are 18 inches long, 1 inch exterior diameter at top, If inch at bottom, witji a bore of 0.65 inch diameter. 3 drifts, steel, .4 inch diameter, 22, 15, and 10 inches long, with brass tips, .5 inch long, upon the lower end: 4 spiral grooves, making one-half of a turn in 22 inches, are cut upon the surface of the drifts; the handles of the drifts are 6 inches long, and .75 inch diameter, with a head 1.25 inch diameter. Mallets, turned, of hard wood, weighing 1 pound; funnels; ladles. Driving.—Put the case in the mould, and drive on the rings ; insert a piece of paper, and push it to the bottom of the ease with the long drift; insert a small funnel in the top of the case; pass the long drift through the funnel to the bottom of the mould; fill the funnel with composition, and strike the drift about three blows every second, raising the drift about half an inch, with the fingers of the left hand, between the blows. In this way the composition finds its way around the sides and through the grooves of the drift to the bottom, and is uniformly and compactly driven. The shorter drifts are used as the case is filled. Port-fires should not be primed with mealed powder; after they are driven, the top of the case should be turned in and beaten down : thus both ends of the composition are secured. Port-fires made as above described burn 10 minutes each, or If inch per minute. A day's work.—A man can drive 120 port-fires in ten hours. Packing.—Port-fires are packed in boxes containing 100 or 200 port-fires. The FUZES FOR MORTAR SHELLS. 279 contents of the box should be marked in white letters on each end, and the place and date of fabrication on the inside of the cover. Fuzes for Mortar Shells. The hard, close grained woods are best adapted for making fuzes: beech or ash is generally used. It should be dry, sound, free from sap, knots, worm-holes, or shakes. To turn the fuze.—The helper saws the plank into lengths equal to that of the fuze, and then into prisms, taking off the edges, and centring it on each end. The turner puts the fuze thus roughed out in the lathe, turns its exterior, and graduates it, by means of a steel gauge, into inches and tenths of an inch, commencing at the bottom of the cup. When a number have been turned, the turner puts each fuze into a chuck, bores it, and makes the cup, with a tool for that purpose. The fuzes should be carefully inspected, and verified with gauges, and those rejected which have splits, knots, or worm-holes, or which have not the proper dimensions. A day's work.—One turner can turn 500 fuzes, or turn and bore 250, in ten hours. to drive fuzes. Materials.—empty fuzes; fuze composition, dry; mealed powder, dry; paste; paper. Utensils.—Driving-blocks with "holes of the size of the fuze; benches; mallets— for the 13-inch, 10-inch, and 8-inch fuzes weighing 1 lb., for smaller fuzes, weighing i to j lb.; steel drifts shod with copper, the shortest with a mark 0.2 inch from the end; copper ladles to contain sufficient composition to make a height, when driven, equal to 1 diameter of the bore; copper pans; brushes. Preparation of the composition.—The composition for 8 and 10-inch light mortar fuzes is 2 parts of nitre, 1 of sulphur, and 3 of mealed powder; for 10 and 13-inch heavy mortars, 2 of nitre, 1 of sulphur, and 2£ of mealed powder. The composition must be thoroughly ground and mixed with a muller, or in a leathern barrel with brass balls. The time of burning will vary according to the quality of the materials used (especially of the mealed powder) and the degree of their admixture. Trials should be made with each composition by driving several fuzes and getting their time of burning. There should not )je any great variation in the times of burning of the different fuzes, of the same composition. Fuze composition should be prepared only a short time before being used, and should be preserved in close vessels in a dry place. Driving.—The workman is seated, his driving-block in front of him, and a bench to hold a pan of composition at his right hand. He takes a fuze, cleans it of all foreign matter, inserting the drift to the bottom of the bore: he then drops the fuze into the driving-hole, takes a ladleful of composition, passing the drift along the edge* of the ladle to strike off the surplus; pours the composition into the fuze, 280 ORDNANCE MANUAL. strikes it two gentle blows with the mallet, inserts the drift, pressing it down on the composition, giving the fuze two slight blows to settle the composition. The work¬ man strikes the drift 21 blows in volleys of 3, raising the mallet about 1 foot each blow, and moving the drift after each volley. He puts in another ladleful and con¬ tinues as for the first. Care should be taken to put in equal charges of composition each time, and to give to each ladleful the same number of blows, and with the same force. Fuzes may be driven by pressure in a screw press. Priming.—Fuzes are all driven to the same height by means of a mark on the short drift, or the composition is bored out with a gouge to the same depth. They are primed with mealed powder for about 0.2 inch driven wiith the same force as a ladleful of composition. The cup is filled with a paste of mealed powder and spirits of wine or strong whiskey, and laid aside to dry: it is then covered with a small piece of paper, over which is pasted a cap of strong water-proof paper, marked with the number of seconds the fuze burns to the inch. Fuzes for Heavy Guns. The fuze consists of & paper case charged with fuze composition; it is inserted, at the time of loading the gun, into a brass or wooden plug previously driven into the fuze-hole of the shell. to make the cases. Materials.—Log paper, or thin drawing paper; isinglass. Utensils.—pattern of wood, in the form of a rectangle joined to a trapezoid ; iron former 0.35 inch diameter; knife, glue pot, brushes. Making the case.—The paper is cut to the proper size by means of the pattern. The whole length of the strip must be determined by trial, for each kind of paper, to give the case the proper diameter. The strip is rolled hard on the former, beginning with the large end, and is glued after the first turn. When the case is dry, it is smoothed with a fine file or sand-paper. Preparation of the composition.—There are three different compositions used, one inch burning 10 seconds, 14 seconds and 20 seconds, respectively. The following are about the proportions required to make these compositions; but as their time of burning is subject to considerable variation, according to the quality of the ingredients and the manipulation in mixing them, the exact proportions must be determined by experiment: No. 1.—26 nitre, 9 sulphur, 14 mealed powder. No. 2.-26 " 9 " 12 " No. 3.-26 " 9 " 10 " The composition is carefully mixed, as described on page 279, and several fuzes are first driven and their times of burning determined, and the proportions varied, if necessary, to produce the required result. FUZES FOR FIELD GUNS AND MOUNTAIN HOWITZERS. 281 to drive the fuze. Materials.—Empty cases; fuze composition. 2 lbs. of composition are required for 100 fuzes. Utensils.—Brass moulds in two parts, which are held together by a wedge or cam: the moulds have holes for 4 or 5 fuzes; steel drifts, 0.35 inch diameter; knife ; mallet, weighing i lb. Driving.—The mould is put together and secured; the empty cases are inserted and driven gently in; their upper ends projecting above the mould are slit with a knife into 4 parts. The composition is put in and driven as described on page 279, giving 15 blows to each ladleful, which will make 0.25 inch in length of the fuze. Cutting.—The fuze is inserted in an iron gauge, the bore of which is of the same size and taper as the fuze, and its width is the true length of the fuze, 2 inches. The projecting ends of tfee fuze are first sawed off with a fine saw and then trimmed with a knife. 1 The fuze is stained the proper color according to the composition used—fuzes of No. 1 composition being yellow; No. 2, green; and No. 3, blue—and the number of seconds that each inch will burn is marked on each fuze. Packing.—Fuzes are put up in bundles of 10 each ; fuzes of the same color being put in the same bundle, which is labelled with the kind of fuze and its rate of burning. Fuzes for Field Guns and Mountain Howitzers. The fuze for shells and spherical-case shot for field and mountain service is that known as the "Bormann fuze." It consists of a circular disk of soft metal con¬ taining an annular space charged with mealed powder. The outer circumference of the disk is chased with the threads of a screw to secure it in the shell. The annular space for the composition is concentric with the outer circumference, and connects at one end by a hole with a small magazine in the centre of the disk, filled with rifle powder and closed on the under surface by a thin disk of tin. The fuze is charged from the under side, by pressure, and a ring of the same metal is pressed firmly on the composition. The composition is thus securely protected from accidents, and the fuze is screwed into the shell in the laboratory ; the metal covering the composition on top, being left thin, is easily cut with a knife or cutter, at the moment of loading, and the composition exposed at the required point to the action of the flame. The graduations into seconds and quarter seconds are marked on the upper surface of the disk. The time of burning of the whole length of fuze is 5 seconds. to cast the fuze. Materials.— Tin and lead in equal parts; rosin; tallow. Utensils.—Moulds for the fuze, moulds for the ring, hacksaw, nippers, mallet, kettle, ladle. Casting.—Melt the lead and tin together: heat the moulds so as not to chill the 282 ORDNANCE ^MANUAL. metal in casting. Fill the mould with the melted metal, and tap it gently with the mallet to make the metal fill the small parts. Cut off the gate with the saw, and the ends of the ring with the nippers. It has been found convenient in opening and closing the moulds to attach the two parts of the mould for the fuze and also for the ring to the jaws of a bench-vice, so that both moulds are opened and closed by the same movement of the screw. The fuze-mould is kept hot by meaps of iron disks which are heated and hung on the arbor which supports the moulds. A mould of more approved pattern has been devised, by which the casting is expedited. to charge the fuze. Materials.—Mealed powder ; musket powder ; rifle powder ; disks of tim Utensils.—A strong screw press, annular charger the size of the ring, annular drift, flat drift, round drift. Take the mould in which the fuze was cast; place the fuze in the parts of the mould containing the screw and the upper or graduated side, and secure the mould by a ring driven on it. Draw up the piston, and fill the charger by pressing it into the mealed powder contained in a shallow pan. Place the charger over the groove, and force down the piston, transferring the powder into the fuze. Insert the button in the magazine and the pin in the priming-hole, to preserve their shapes: place the ring on the powder, and with the annular drift force it down by means of a strong screw press, bringing the ring flush with the surface of the fuze; rivet the ring in its place with another drift. Withdraw the button and pin; charge the priming-hole with rifle powder and fill the magazine with musket power; cover the magazine with a disk of tin, and rivet it in place by means of first a flat drift and then a round one, which turn down a part of the metal of the fuze over the disk. Remove the fuze from th^ mould, place it in a screw-chuck made to fit it, and turn off in a lathe the lower surface smooth and to the proper thickness. The powder of the fuze is now perfectly sealed up from the air. The fuze may be- varnished. FRICTION ^PRIMERS. 283 Fuzes. DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS. WOODEN FUZES. PAPER FUZES. -p. j fat top. B ' 1 Diameter . j at both V. (of bore First cone . f ± *" Y!" f Depth Cup .. < -n- . f at top Diameter . i f (at bottom - Length of composition Drifts . -j Length, exclusive ( of handle. Weight elusive f ? I 1st. 2d . {Of composition for 100 fuzes Of 100 fuzes complete Paper for the case 3 lensth of rectangle ... j Width of rectangle (_ Width of small end 13-in. 10-in. 8-in. 10.8 9.4 6.3 1.85 1.7 1.25 II 1.25 1.0 0.9 it .4 .3 .3 II 2.8 2.25 1.25 II 1.65 1.55 1.15 It .6 0.5 0.4 . « 1.25 1.0 0.75 II 0.9 0.8 0.6 II 1.2 0.9 0.9 . " 9.0 8.0 5.0 II .36 .27 .27 II 9. 8. 8. « 4.5 4. 4. lbs. 8. 4. 2.5 " 54. 33. 16. a Bormann Fuze. Diameter of fuze, including threads 1.65 in. Thickness 45 in. Number of threads to the inch 12 Diameter of plug, including threads 1.07 in. Thickness for field guns 3 in. Number of threads to the inch 12 Packing-boxes for Port-Fires. Length. Width. Depth. Weight. For 100 port-fires 18 9.1 5.1 38 " 200 " 18 9.1 10.1 70 Friction Primers for Cannon. The friction primer for cannon is a small brass tube filled with gunpowder, which is ignited by drawing a rough wire briskly through friction composition, contained in a smaller tube inserted into the first, near the top, and soldered at right angles to it. A lanyard, with a hook attached, is used to ignite the primer. 284 ORDNANCE MANUAL. The friction primer is composed.of 1 large tube; 1 short tube; 1 wire rubber; fric¬ tion composition ; musket powder ;. wax. ( The long tube is made from a circular disk of No. 19 sheet-brass, 0.62 inch in diameter, by means of a series of 5 punches and dies, gradually diminishing in size to the last, which is of the required size of the tube. The brass must he an¬ nealed before each punching. The tube is cut to the prescribed length, measuring from the closed end, by means of a circular saw, aSid the holes for the short tube and wire rubber are drilled, and the burrs removed. Length of the long tube, 1.75 inch; exterior diameter, .19 inch; interior diameter, .175 inch; diameter of holes, .15 inch and .06 inch. The short tube is formed from the long one by using two additional punches and dies, reducing the size each time. It is cut to the proper length by circular saws placed at the required distance apart, and the burr removed by rolling in a barrel. Length of the short tube, 0.44 inch; exterior diameter, 0.15 inch; interior diame¬ ter, .133 inch. , \ One end of the short tube is dipped into a solution of chloride of zinc, inserted in the hole drilled in the long tube, heated to redness in'the flame of a spirit lamp, and soldered with soft solder; it is then washed and dried. The wire rubber is made of No. 16 brass wire, annealed, cut to the proper length, and pressed flat at one end by a machine for that purpose. The flat end is trimmed by a punch and die with dentated edges, and the tip is annealed in the flame of a spirit lamp. Length of wire, 3.4 inches; length of flattened end, 0.65 inch. The friction composition is made of 2 parts of the sulphuret of antimony and 1 part of the chlorate of potassa, moistened with gummed water — 50 grains of gum arabic in 2 ounces of water to 1 pound of composition. The materials are first pulverized separately, mixed together dry, moistened with the gum water, and ground in an iron mill, such as is used for grinding paint. Charging and varnishing.—The small tube is charged by pressing the open end in the friction composition spread on a flat piece of iron and brought to the consistency of soft putty, the long tube being closed its whole length with a wooden or metal plug. A conical hole is made in the composition, while yet moist, with a conical drift, and the surplus composition removed ; the wire rubber is passed through the short tube and through the small hole in the long tube, the round end first, leaving the annealed tip projecting out of the open end, which is then closed by pressing the top and bottom together firmly with pincers, and bending the tip against the bottom. The end of the wire rubber is doubled on itself and twisted, leaving a loop >0.2 inch diameter, and then bent alongside the long tube for packing. The head of the long tube, including the, short tube and the joint, is dipped into shellac varnish colored with lampblack. When dry, the long tube is filled with musket powder and closed with beeswax, mixed with J its weight of pitch. PERCUSSION-CAPS FOR SMALL ARMS. 285 Both ends are touched-with varnish and the tuhe thoroughly dried. Packing—The tuhes are first put up in b^filles of 10 each, wrapped in water¬ proof paper; 10 bundles are packed in a tin box, painted or japanned: 100 tin boxes are packed in a box made of 1-inch white pine boards, dovetailed. The contents of the tin box, place and year of fabrication, are stamped on the lid, and the number of the box marked on the front side. The contents of the wooden box, are marked on each end. Dimensions of the tin box: Length, 4.5 in.; width,?2.35 in.; depth, 2.35 in. " (interior) wooden box: " 20.5 " " 12.0 " " 9.5 . " ■ Weight of tin box containing 100 primers, .8347 lb. Weight of wooden box " ....10,000 " 105. " materials required for 10,000 friction primers. 66 lbs. sheet-brass No. 19. ) ., , oc, ,, . , . V About 36$ lbs. are returned in scraps. 20 " brass wire No. 16. J 1.25 lbs. solder. 2.33 " chlorate of potassa. 2.66 " sulphuret of antimony. .65 " beeswax and pitch. 11.0 " musket powder. 1.25 quart varnish (0.75 lb. shellac, 1 qt. alcohol, 0.25 oz. lampblack). 44 sheets of common tin are required for 100 tin boxes. Percussion-Caps for Small Arms. The cap for small arms is made of copper. It is very slightly conical, with a rim or flanch at the open end; it has four slits, extending about half the height of the cap. The cap is charged with fulminate of mercury, mixed with half its weight of nitre: the object of the nitre being to render the fulminate less explosive and to give body to the flame. To protect the percussion powder from moisture, and also to secure it from falling out, it is covered over, in each cap, with a drop of pure shellac varnish. The copper for making the caps is obtained in sheets 48 inches long and 14 inches wide, weighing 3 lbs.: a variation of 4 ounces, more or less, is allowed. The cop¬ per should be pure, free from seams, holes, or blisters, well annealed, and as evenly rolled as possible, with straight and smooth edges. The copper is cleaned by immersion in a pickle made of 1 part (by measure) of sulphuric acid and 40 parts of water; it is secured with fine sand and a hand- brush, and washed clean in running waters-after which it is well dried in clean saw-dust and rubbed over with a cloth slightly oiled: it is then ready for the ma¬ chine. To prepare the fulminate of mercury.—Dissolve, in a glass retort capable of 286 ORDNANCE MANUAL. holding about a half gallon, 10 oz. of pure mercury in 5 lbs. of nitric acid of the specific gravity of 1.40. The solution is made by placing the retort in a water or sand-bath of about 120° or exposed to the sun's rays on a warm day. The vapors which come over are very deleterious, and should not be inhaled. When the solution is complete, pour the liquor into a wide-mouthed glass vessel capable of holding 8 to 10 gallons, into which 5.675 lbs. of alcohol (about 6J pints) of the specific gravity of 0.85 have been previously poured. Care must be taken to pour the nitrate of mercury on the alcohol, as the reverse mode of mixing is dan¬ gerous. Great heat is evolved during the effervescence which ensues from the mixture, and the glass vessels used should be well annealed and of a form to bear a high heat without breaking. Carboys of thin flint glass, without mouth-rings or any abrupt change in thickness, are best. The operation should be performed at a safe distance from the fire, as the vapors of ether disengaged are highly inflamma¬ ble. When reddish fumes begin to appear, they must be reduced by adding alcohol in small quantities. The proportion of alcohol used in the whole operation varies according to the strength of the acid and alcohol, and also with the state of the weather. The proper quantity is that which is just sufficient to keep down the reddish fumes, and is determined by trial with the materials used. When the effervescence has ceased, the fulminate of mercury is found at the bottom of the vessel as a brownish precipitate. A small quantity of water is poured in, and the contents transferred to the washing tub, where it is repeatedly washed in soft water, until the water no longer reddens litmus paper. The fulminate is in the form Of very small crystals, of a light gray color and brilliant surface. If the operation be well performed, no metallic mercury will be reproduced. The weight of the fulminate, when dried, is about 14 per cent, greater than that of the mercury used. If the proper proportions be not used (or if the materials be not of good quality), the product will be, instead of fulminate, an impalpable, yellow powder, which is incombustible. When this is observed, the result may generally be corrected by varying the proportion of alcohol in the mixture. The fulminate of mercury is kept under water, in stone jars, which should be pre¬ served from frost. A day's work.—In a warm, clear day, 1 master and 2 assistants can make, and partially wash, 100 lbs. of fulminate in 10 hours. To prepare the percussion powder.—Take about 2 lbs. of the wet fulminate in an earthen dish; drain the water from it, and spread it on sheets of blotting paper until it is sufficiently dry to assume the granular form and retains only 20 per cent, of moisture. In this state add to it 60 per cent, of its weight of refined pulverized nitre, and thoroughly mix the ingredients, on a wooden table, with the hand and a wooden spatula, and pass it several times through an iron sieve No. 3; spread it on sheets of paper in quantities of i lb. each, and dry it in the sun or in a room warmed by flues. When quite dry, pass the i lb. parcels through a fine hair PERCUSSION-CAPS FOR SMALL ARMS. .287 sieve, by rubbing it with the hand, and put each parcel in a separate box, made of paper, varnished on the inside and outside with shellap varnish and having a loose¬ ly-fitting cover. The boxes should be kept in a small magazine standing apart from other buildings, upon shelves covered with cloth, to prevent friction in moving, and be issued one at a time to the person having charge of the cap machine. Making and filling the caps.—Both of these operations are performed by the same machine. The sheet of copper is adjusted on the table of tho machine. The hopper is filled with the percussion powder, and the machine put in motion. The star or blank is cut by a punch and transferred to a die, where it is formed into a cap by a second punch. The cap is caught in the notches of the revolving horizontal plate, and carried, first under' the hopper containing the percussion pow¬ der, where it receives its charge of i grain, and then under a punch, which presses the charge firmly into the cap, and lastly to the drop-hole, where it falls into the receiving drawer. The hopper is supplied from time to time from the £ lb. box, while the machine is at rest, using a small coppe'r scoop for the purpose, and the box returned to its special closet, at least one yard from the machine and above its level, before the machine is put in motion. As a cap is occasionally exploded under the punch in charging, all dust of per¬ cussion powder should be frequently removed, and only a small quantity of percus¬ sion powder kept in the hopper. The receiving drawer should be emptied after each sheet of copper is completed : 2,314 caps are made from each sheet 48 inches long and 14 wide. A day's worlc.—The average work of ten l^ours, including all necessary stoppa¬ ges, is 31,000 caps for each machine. To prepare the varnish.—Dissqlve 1 lb. of the best gum shellac in 1 qt. of rectified alcohol containing 95 per cent, of pure spirit. The solution is made most readily at a temperature of about 120°. It must be stirred frequently until all the gum is dissolved. It is made and fit for use in 4 hours. The varnish is best made and kept in glass vessels. 1 qt. of alcohol and 1 lb. of shellac make 1.46 qt. of varnish. A small quantity of alcohol is occasionally added to thin the varnish when it is used. Eighteen quarts of varnish are required for 1,000,000 caps. Two quarts of alco¬ hol are required for thinning the varnish. To varnish the caps.—The caps are put into holes in counting-plates made of sheet-brass, 15 inches by 12 inches, .05 inch thick, held in a frame of brass rods .35 inch square. This is quickly done by taking a parcel of caps on the plate and shaking it sideways: the caps settle themselves in the holes. When the plate is filled, the defective caps and those which have lost their charge are easily detected by the eye, and are replaced by perfect ones. The plate is placed in its bed in the varnish¬ ing machine, which is worked by hand, and each row of caps is brought in turn under a row of wires, which are alternately dipped into a pan of varnish and then into the ' caps, leaving in each a drop of varnish. 288 ORDNANCE MANUAL. The quantity of varnish placed in each cap can be regulated by the size of the •wires, or by the depth to which they enter the varnish. The caps remain in the plate 30 to 40 minutes, when the varnist is sufficiently set to allow of their being turned into a tray for drying. These trays are of wood, 18 inches long, 12 inches wide, and 1 inch deep, and contain 2,500 caps. The caps remain in the trays for 3 days in a room .heated to about 100°. They are then put into bags, and kept at the same temperature for 10 days longer, before they are packed in boxes. A day's work.—One boy can count and varnish 7,000 caps per hour. Packing.—The caps are put into bags of strong cotton duck, 10,000 in a bag, and ten bags are packed in a wooden box. The box is lined with thick paper, the bags are packed in tow, and the cover is fastened with six 2-inch wood screws. Bags and packing-boxes.—The bags are 6 inches in diameter and 13.5 inches deep. They are made with circular bottoms, like cartridge-bags for field service. They are marked with the number of the bag, the contents, the place and date of fabrication. . , The paching^boxes are made of 1-inch white pine, dovetailed; they have brackets for rope handles on the ends, are painted olive color, and marked on the ends with the number and kind of contents, and on the inside of the cover with the place and date of fabrication. Interior Dimensions.—Length, 28.75 inches; width, 12 inches; depth, 8.5 inches. Weights.—Of 1,000,000 caps, 944 lbs. Of bag with 10,000 caps, 9.625 lbs. Of packing-box, 25 lbs. Of box packed with 100,000 caps, 127 ll>s. materials required for 1,000,000 caps. For the Gaps.—1,300 lbs. sheet-copper, of which about one-third is returned in scraps. For the Powder.—42 lbs. mercury. 336 lbs. nitric acid. 382 lbs. alcohol. 24 lbs. nitre. For the Varnish.—10 lbs. gum shellac. | 12 qts. alcohol. ' For Bags.—31 yards of cotton duck, .75 yard., wide. For Boxes.—150 feet white pine boards. Note.—Experience has shown that it is not safe to try to wash the percussion powder from partly filled caps. A lot of unvarnished caps, imperfectly filled, being soaked in water for several days, became coated with a substance much more explo¬ sive than the original fulminate. The percussion powder must be burned out, and the cap polished by rolling in a dust barrel. PITCHED FASCINES. 289 INCENDIARY COMPOSITIONS, LIGHTS AND SIGNALS. Bock-Fire. Rock-fire is a composition which burns slowly, is difficult to extinguish, and is used to set fire to buildings, ships, etc. That which is put into shells is cast in cylindrical cases of paper having a priming in their axes. Materials.—Rosin, 3 parts; sulphur, 4; nitre, 10; regulus of antimony, 1; mutton tallow, I; turpentine, 1. Utensils.— A furnace of second kind (page 243), or large kettle in the open air; spatulas; ladle with long handle; balance and weights; sieves. Preparation op the composition.—Pulverize the sulphur, nitre and antimony separately; mix them with the hands, and pass them through sieve No. 2; melt the tallow first, then the rosin, stirring the mixture with spatulas; add the turpentine, and next the other materials, in small quantities at a time, stirring the whole con¬ stantly with large spatulas. Let one portion of the composition be melted before more is added, and work with great precaution to prevent it from taking fire. When the composition becomes of a brown color, and white vapors are disengaged, the fire is permitted, to,go down; and when the composition is sufficiently fluid, the cases are filled with the ladle not more than three-fourths full. Paper cases and priming-tubes.—The eases are made of rocket paper, in the manner described for port-fire cases. The priming-tubes are made of cartridge paper, pasted after the first turn, and rolled hard. Filling the cases.—The cases are arranged in a frame, the lower end of each inserted in a socket, in the centre of which is a spindle to support the priming tube. The upper ends of the cases are held in place by short cylindrical sp,outs attached to the lower side of a reservoir which rests on the top of the frame. The composition is poured into the reservoir, and the frame is gently shaken to settle the composition, in the cases until they are filled. When the composition has become solid, the cylinders are taken out of the frame and trimmed; the priming-tubes are charged with composition No. 1 for mortar fuzes, driven the same as mortar fuzes; the ends of the cylinders are last dipped in mealed powder. When rock-fire cannot be had to put into shells, the paper cases may be filled with port-fire composition, driven as usual; or pieces of port-fire may be inserted in the shells. Pitched Fascines. Pitched fascines are fagots of dry twigs covered over with an incendiary compo¬ sition, and used to set fire to buildings or to light up a work. 19 290 ORDNANCE MANUAL. to make pitched fascines. Material.—Dry branches, about 0.5 inch diameter, or other light, combustible wood; iron wire, about 0 5 inch diameter. Utensils.—4 pickets, 40 inches long and 1£ inch diameter; cylindrical sticks, 20 inches long, 1£ inch diameter; 2 trace-ropes; 1 rope for a capstan; 2 levers; 1 small eord; 1 flat punch; 1 saw or bill-hook; 1 block. To make the fascine.—Form 2 crotchets, 1 foot apart, with the 40-inch pickets," ■ cut the branches 20 inches long, and tie them in the middle of their length, and about ' 2 inches from their ends, with annealed wire, and place in the axis a cylindrical stick, intended to preserve a vacant space: draw the branches tightly together, that they imay hold the composition better, and cut off the ends square. to pitch the fascines. Materials.—Pitch; tar; mutton tallow; linseed oil, in a bowl; saw-dust, in a barrel; rock-fire for priming. Utensils.—2 pots in a furnace of the first kind; 2 spatulas; 1 ladle with a long handle; 1 small iron fork, with a long wooden handle: 2 tubs; planks. The fascines receive two coats of composition. First coat.—Melt 20 parts of pitch and 1 of tallow in the pots, filling them not more than half full. Having first well oiled the cylindrical stick, plunge the fascine into the liquid with the fork, first one end, then the other, each time pouring on the upper end two ladlefuls of the composition. Let the composition harden, holding the fascine over the pot, turning it slowly, and then immerse it in the tub of water. The assistant, with his hands covered with oil, fashions the fascine, rolling it on i the bottom of the tub, and places it on the planks. Second coat is put on 24 hours after the first ; it is composed of equal parts of pitch and rosin, melted and mixed together in the pot. The cylindrical stick is taken out, and the fascine immersed in the composition, as with the first coat: it is permitted to drip, and is then laid in saw-dust and powdered all over with it. A fascine requires about 1.1 lb. of each composition. Fascines should be primed only a short time before being used. For this purpose dip each end, for a distance of a half inch, into a kettle holding melted rock-fire. When used for incendiary purposes, fascines are placed in piles, and pieces of quick-match "and port-fire scattered over them to make the whole mass take fire at once. Torches. Torches are made of a number of strands of twine slightly twisted, or old rope, covered with a composition to give light. Materials.—Hemp twine, slightly twisted, about 0.08 inch diameter ; cartridge thread; mutton tallow; yellow wax; rosin; glue; quicklime. Utensils,—1 pot; 2 spatulas ; 1 ladle; glue pot and bath; knife; 1 mould. FIRE-BALLS. 291 Preparation.—Melt in the pot 1 part of tallow, 2 of yellow wax, and 8 of rosin, stirring it with spatulas. The twine is formed in hanks of about 40 threads, 3 feet long, cut at one end, and tied with twine, forming a handle, at the other. The hanks are immersed for ten minutes in the composition, and then drawn through a mould of the proper size. They are suspended by the handle in a shady place to harden; 24 hours after, they are painted over with a warm solution of a half pound of quicklime and $ of an ounce of glue to a quart of water. With old rope.—Boil the rope, well beaten and untwisted, in a solution of equal parts of nitre and water; when dry, cut it in pieces 4 feet long; tie 3 or 4 of these pieces around a piece of pine wood, 2 inches in diameter and 4 feet long; cover the whole with a mixture of equal parts of sulphur and mealed powder, moistened with brandy; filf the intervals between the cords with a paste of 3 parts of sulphur and 1 of quicklime. When it is .dry, cover the whole torch with the following compo¬ sition : Pitch, 3 parts; Venice turpentine, 3 parts; turpentine, $ part. Tarred Links. Tarred links are made of old rope, covered over with a composition to give light. Materials.—Old slow-match or rope ; cartridge thread; ends of rope. One link requires i lb. of tow and 1 to li lb. of composition. Utensils.—Mallet; knife. To make the links.—The old rope is well beaten with mallets; the short ends are tied together with cartridge thread. The links are formed by coiling the soft rope around the hand, in coils of 3 inches interior and 6 inches exterior diameter, loosely tied with thread. To tar the links.—The links are covered with composition as described for fascines. Tarred links burn one hour in calm weather, half an hour in a high wind, and are not extinguished in the rain. Two of them are put in a rampart grate on a bed of shavings. The grates are placed about 250 feet apart. Fire-Balls. Fire-balls are projectiles of an oval shape, formed of sacks of canvas filjed with combustible composition. They are used to light up the enemy's work, and are loaded with shells to prevent them from being approached. Materials.—Strong, close canvas (sail-cloth) ; rope; cartridge thread/ red chalk; slow-match; loaded shells; pitch. A composition of 8 parts of saltpetre as it comes from the refinery, 2 of pulverized sulphur, and 1 of antimony, passed through sieve No. 2. These materials are mixed in the hands, passed through sieve No. 4, moistened with l-30th their weight of water, and passed again through the same sieve. 292 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Utensils.—The necessary utensils for grinding and preparing the composition. Wooden pattern, red chalk, 1 pair shears, collar needles, mallet, small gauge of the calibre of the fire-balls, scoop, tarred links, 1 wooden mould, 2 wooden drifts, 21) inches long, one of them li inch and the other 2J to 4 inches in diameter; 2 wooden pins, 4£ inches long, the small end the size of a paper fuze. To make the sack.—Mark out the pieces by means of the pattern, and cut them with the shears; baste two or three thicknesses together, according to the strength of the canvas; sew three or more together, enough to make the sack; leave one end open, forming a mouth for charging; turn the bag to bring the seams on the inside. The mouth may be made fast to an iron hoop, large enough to admit the shell, with which the fire-ball is loaded. To prepare the shell.—Charge the shell with powder and put in a slow fuze. Dip the tarred link into the melted rosin, pitch and tallow, and fasten it with twine to the shell around the fuze-hole. To charge the sack.—Place the sack in the mould and secure the mouth to it. Put the shell with the tarred link in the bottom of the sack, the fuze-hole down¬ ward, and fasten the shell down with twine passed through the sides of the sack, or with a piece of canvas secured to the sides; put in the composition with a scoop and ram it, first with the small drift, and, when it is half the height of the projec¬ tile, with the large drift, driving it with the mallet. Continue in this way till the sack is filled to the top. Close the mouth of the sack, sewing the pieces together. The iron bottom.—The ball is furnished with an iron bottom, to prevent it from being broken by the force of the charge in the mortar. To make the bottom, the iron,'".2 inch thick, is cut in a circular form, heated and partly shaped with a set hammer, in a concave wooden former; it is again heated, and finished in an iron former. It is then put into a lathe, where the outer edge is trimmed and chamfered to the thickness of £ inch. The iron bottom is attached to the ball with the cement (page 169); the bottom is filled about one-third full with the cement, and the loaded end of the fire-ball is inserted in it and left to cool. The ball is next covered and strengthened with a net-work made of spun-yarn or cord, from 0.25 to 0.5 inch thick, according to the size of the ball. This net-work is commenced at the bottom of the sack, and terminates at the top in a strong loop, which forms a handle for carrying the ball. Fire-balls are dipped in a composition of equal1 parts of pitch and rosin, made warm. The" ball, when finished, should pass through the large shell-gauge. To prime the balls.—Make 4 holes, about 3 inches below the top, by driving in the greased wooden pins 2 inches deep. When the ball is to be primed, take out these pins and fill the holes with fuzes, and with two strands of quick-match, held fast by the composition; leave room in the priming-hole for coiling the quick-match and cover it with a piece of canvas fastened with 4 nails. The balls are not primed until they are to be fired. SIGNAL ROCKETS. 293 Light-Balls. Light-balls are made in the same manner as fire-balls, except that there is no shell in them, as they are used for lighting up our own works. Blue-Lights. Materials.—For 100 lights—Saltpetre, 9 lbs. 10 oz.; sulphur, 2 lbs. 6J oz.; red orpiment, 11 oz. The materials should be pure, well pulverized, and thoroughly incorporated, rubbing them in the hands and passing them several times through a fine hair sieve. Hemispherical cups of well-seasoned wood (beech, linden, etc.) with a handle 10 inches long, 1} inch diameter; quick-match, paper, paste. Utensils.—The necessary utensils for pulverizing and mixing the composition. Preparation.—Fill the cup with composition and press it firmly in ; prime the cup with quick-match, and cover the whole with cartridge paper pasted to the bottom of the cup. The brilliancy of the light depends on the purity and thorough incorporation of the materials. Signal Bockets. Rockets for signals are composed of a paper case charged with composition, a pot filled with ornaments, and a light stick to give direction. Rockets are denominated by the interior diameter of the case. The most common sizes are the .75-inch, 1-inch and 1.5-inch. to make the case. Matep.IALS.—Ho. 4 paper ; paste ; strong twine. Implements.—Awl; ruler; knife; sandstone; rolling bench; press and crank; choking machine; gauge for the case; paste Irtish. To cut the paper.—Lay off the paper into rectangles, their width equal to the length of the case, pricking with the awl the four corners on several sheets at once; cut them with the knife. A sheet of No. 4 paper makes two rectangles for a .75-inch or for an inch rocket, by cutting it parallel to the short or the long side, respectively. To roll the case.—Roll the rectangle smoothly on the former, pasting the paper after the first turn; put the case and former in one of the grooves of the press, and, by means of the crank slipped on the square end of the former, turn it; the top of the press bearing on it slightly at first. Paste the second rectangle, introduce one end under the last rectangle, and roll it as at first. Gauge the case, to see that it is the size of the mould. If there be no rocket press at hand, a long hand rolling board may be used instead. To choke the case.—"Wrap a piece of strong paper around the end of the case 294 ORDNANCE MANUAL. to be choked, to prevent the cord from chafing it; take a turn around it with the choking-cord, and press on the treadle, turning the case at the same time, and draw¬ ing out the small part of the former as the paper contracts; make the choke fast by- wrapping it several times with strong twine, drawing it firmly, and tie it in a hard knot; place the cases away to dry in the shade. to drive the rocket. Materials.—Empty cases; composition; clay or plaster of Paris, The composition is composed of 26 parts of nitre, 5J of sulphur, and 19 bf charcoal, which are mixed by rubbing them in the hand, and passing them three times through the sieve No. 2; the charcoal is added, and mixed with the hands. If antimony or steel filings be used, they should be added after the charcoal. When beginning with a new composition or new materials, it is necessary to try the composition by firing two or three rockets made of it, and regulate the height of the solid. If the roekets do not ascend sufficiently high, increase the quantity of nitre, and diminish it if the rockets burst or blow out the head. When rockets are well made, they ascend rapidly to a great height, and throw out their ornaments at the highest point of the curve, after all the composition has burned out. Utensils.—1 mould and spindle; 1 block of wood, settled in the ground; 3 hollow drifts, bored to admit the spindle; 1 solid drift; mallets; knives; sandstones; 1 charg¬ ing ladle of such size that its contents, when driven in the case, shall be a diameter in height. To put the case in the mould.—In the first place, cut off the choked end of the case square, and to such a length that when the case is settled down on the spindle the choke should fit closely over the nipple, and the end of the case rest on the base of the spindle. Place the case on the spindle, the choked end down; settle it with two or three blows of the mallet; set the mould over the case and key it down. Driving the rocket.—Take a ladleful of composition, strike off the surplus and pour it into the case. Use first the longest hollow drift, and give each ladleful 25 or 30 blows with the mallet, keeping the drift down on the composition. As the case fills, use the shorter drifts until the composition reaches the top of the spindle; then drive 1 diameter in height with the solid drift, cover this with a patch of stiff paper cut to fit the case, and over this patch drive a wad J diameter high, of clay, or of plaster of Paris slightly moistened with water. Rockets are sometimes driven solid throughout, and afterward bored and reamed out with a reamer of the form of the spindle. The moulds for driving are not indispensable. Rockets are often driven without them. For this purpose, screw the spindle vertically into the top of a block of wood firmly imbedded in the ground. To the opposite sides of this block attach two upright strips of plank, and fasten to them a cross-piece which has near its centre a hole to fit the rocket-case and keep it steady on the spindle in driving. SIGNAL ROCKETS. 295 To guatd against accidents, drive rockets in an empty room; particularly, let no powder be in the room, or composition, except that used at the time, and let no filled rocket-cases be lying about. In fair weather use a tent for a driving room. To prime the rocket.—Insert in the bore of the rocket one end of a piece of quick-match, 2 feet long, a small piece of paper attached, and push it in securely; coil the rest of the match in the bore and bottom of the case. To secure it from dampness, paste over the end of the case a circular cap of strong paper. Materials.—No. 4 paper, paste. Utensils.—Knife, former, rolling board, bowl for paste, blushes. Making the pot.—Cut the rectangle and roll it on the former as described for port-fire cases. To attach the pot.—Paste the pot on the inside the distance of one-half of a diameter, and also the outside of the case, at the end containing the clay, for the same length; slip the pot on the pasted end, leaving the length of the pot above the top of the case one and a half diameter. To secure the pot in place and give a neat finish, cover the rocket-case and pot, when dry, with thin paper pasted on. Materials.—No. 4 paper, paste, thin paper. Utensils.—Compasses, knife, scissors, conical former, bowl for paste, brushes. Making cones.—Mark out the No. 4 paper by describing with the com circles with a radius equal to the length of the cone required. Cut them put with the scissors, and cut each circle into semicircles. Paste each semicircle and roll it1 separately on the former; press it firmly, and put it away to dry. Cut the cones to such length that their bases shall be of the same diameter as the pot. Make in the same way a similar cone of thin paper one inch longer, and paste it on the first; cut the part of the cone formed of one thickness of paper into longitudinal slips i inch wide. To load the pot and fix the cone.—Put in the bursting charge of 150 to 300 grains of powder in the bottom of the pot, and fill it with the decorations, placing the serpents and streamers on end, the primed^ends down. Fill the cone with tow, and paste the strips of the cone; place the cone on the pot, and press the strips on the side of the pot; paste a narrow band of paper around the rocket close to the base of the cone. The axes of the rocket-case, of the pot, and of the cone, should be in the same line. To attach the stick.—Tie the stick to the rocket, with strong twine or annealed iron wire from .04 to .08 inch in diameter, at two places: first at the choke of the ease and the second notch in the stick, crossing the ends of the twine under the stick to prevent its moving to the right or left; the second, in the notch at the end of the stick and near the pot; tie the twine in a hard knot, and cut the ends close. to make the pots, to make the cones. 296 ORDNANCE MANUAL. I£ wire be used, twist the ends together with pliers, and flatten the ends into the notch. After the stick is attached, the centre of gravity of the rocket should he from .8 inch to 2 inches from the end of the case, according to the kind of decorations used. For this purpose, if necessary, feduce the size of the stick at the end. Materials.— See table, page 311. Utensils.—The necessary utensils for weighing and grinding the materials; a cylindrical mould with a pin in the axis, and a piston for pushing out the stars. To prepare the composition.—Reduce the materials to the finest powder; mix them with the hands; pass them three times through the sieve, mixing them each time with the hand. Moisten the composition with whiskey in which gum has been dissolved,* so that the composition shall retain its form when pressed in the hand. To MOULn the stars.—Fill the mould by pressing i,t in the composition spread out in a wooden bowl ,* push out the star with the piston, letting it fall lightly on a sheet of paper dusted over with mealed powder. Colored stars are made in the same manner as white ones, using the compositions indicated in the table, page 311. Serpents are very small rocket-cases charged with composition. Materials.—No. i paper, thread, paste, clay. Utensils.—Knife; former, 0.4 inch in diameter; howl for paste, brushes, wooden mould, nipple, drift, mallet, charger, hand rolling board. To make the ca^e.—The case is made by rolling a rectangle of paper, No. 4, with a hand rolling board, and choking it at one end. The cases are driven | their length, giving each ladleful of composition 3 blows with the mallet. The case is ohoked over the composition, and the remainder of it is nearly filled with mealed powder, upon which a small paper Wad is placed; a clay head is then driven on it, and the end of the case turned down, to secure it; the other end is with priming paste, or a small strand of quick-match. Streamers are small paper cases from .2 to .4 inch diameter and from 2 to 4 DECORATIONS FOR ROCKETS, Stars. Serpents. Streamers. * The use of the gum is to give consistency to the stars, so that the explosion of the pot may not break them to pieces and thereby destroy the effect. DECORATIONS FOR ROCKETS. 297 inches long, made of four turns of No. 7 paper. One end is closed, and the case is charged and primed like that of a lance. A number of streamers produce the effect known as rain of fire. Gold Bain. Gold rain is made of small stars, all of the same size. The stars are cubes, the length of whose sides is .5 inch. Marrons. Marrons are small cubic boxes, made of pasteboard, filled with powder, and wrapped with strong twine. They are used to give a loud report, or the effect of cannonading. v Materials.—Pasteboard, cartridge paper, strong Heine or marline, paste, quick- match, poirder. TJtensils.—Knife, ruler, pencil, punch. To make the marrons.—Cut the pasteboard into rectangles whose sides shall bo 3 and 5 times, respectively, the length of the side of the marron required. Divide the rectangle into 15 equal squares ; cut out the squares forming the four corners of the rectangle, and divide the three remaining squares on the long side from each other by a cut the length of their side and perpendicular to the long side of the rectangle. Form a small cubic box with the pasteboard thus cut out; paste the squares together which cover each other, and paste a band of paper around the box, leaving the cover open. When dry, fill the box with powder, paste down the cover, and envelop it with two or three layers of strong twine. Cover the marron with glue or kit, and prime it with q^uick-match inserted in a hole punched into the powder at the middle of one of the faces. 29S ORDNANCE MANUAL. Dimensions and Weights of Rockets and their Ornaments. Interior diam'r of Rockets. Drifts Driving Conical cavity. Height of rectangle for cases inches Length of the finished case* Interior diameter of the choke Exterior diameter of the case f Height Spindle .. -1 Diameter at base ( " top ■vr (Diameter * Nipple... J height Diameter of cylinder and part of nipple f diameter Length of cylindrical j ^ Part I 3<1 1.4th " f Diameter f 1st drift | at bottom -j 2d " or base.. ( 3d " Common diameter at top... f 1st drift Length of -j 2d " I . I Ud " f Weight pounds Mallet. { Length of handle inches ( Diameterf " Charger . ^ Length of cylinder " (.Whole length <* Height of the solid "• Composition for 100 rockets pounds Clay in head ounces [*■<*»*«• {lS;t,v.v.v.v::::;:iot'bc> I Former, diameter -j f stars ounces I Weight of pot. -j serpents " I (gold rain " [ Bursting charge " f,, . . (height inche I Conical former. | dia^eter at baso .... „ (Length of finished cone " f Length " . •! Thickness of large end " ( " small end " Pot Cone , Stick .76-in. 1-in. 1.5-in. 10. 11. 13.0 9.25 10.60 12.50 .25 .42 .65 1.35 1.60 2.0 6.25 6-75 8.0 .25 .42 .65 .13 .21 .33 .75 1.0 1.48 .65 • 7 1.0 • 75 1.0 1.48 .72 .97 1.47 9.65 10. 12.75 7.25 9. 10. 4.5 5.25 7.60 2.5 3.0 4.0 .27 .44 .67 .24 .36 .64 .21 .33 .60 .14 .23 .33 6.75 7.5 8.50 4.25 5.0 6.0 3. 3. 4. 1.25 1.5 2.0 8. 8. 8. 2.25 2.75 3.5 2.5 2.20 2.85 7. 7.75 8.30 1.5 2.0 3.0 30. 50. 125. .75 1. 1.25 12.5 7.25 15.0 3.10 3.25 5. 1.35 1.60 2.25 1. 1.5 2. 1. 1.5 3. 1. 1.75 2.5 .5 1. 1.25 3.25 3.75 4. 1.5 2.0 2.30 1.75 4. 4.35 80. .6 84. .66 96k .8 .35 .4 .5 ♦Without the pot. fits contents, when driven, should be half a diameter in height. WAR ROCKETS. 299 .75-in. Rocket. 1-in. Rocket. 1.5-in. Rocket. Number. Weight. Number. Weight. Number. Weight. Grains. Grains. Grains. Stars 10 490 15 700 20 890 Gold rain ... 10 490 15 700 20 870 Streamers 8 685 12 1,025 18 1,575 Serpents 3 525 4 850 8 1,350 WAR ROCKETS. The war rocket used in the military service is made after Hale's patent. It consists, 1st. Of a sheet-iron case lined with paper and charged with rocket com¬ position. 2d. Of a east-iron cylindro-conoidal head, with a small cavity commu¬ nicating with the bore of the rocket, and pierced with three holes, oblique to the surface, for the escape of gas. 3d. Of a wrought-iron plug welded into the rear end of the case, and having a hole in its axis for the escape of gas. The rocket is driven forward by the escape of gas through the hole in the rear end, and a motion of rotation around its axis is given to it by the escape of gas through the holes in the head, whereby its direction is preserved without the use of a directing stick. The composition is pressed solid in the case by means of a powerful press, and the bore of the rocket is drilled and reamed out to the proper size. The sizes of rockets are indicated by the interior diameter of the cases. The two sizes used are the two-inch and three-inch. To make the 3-inch case.—Select the best lap-welded sheet-iron tubing. Cut it into lengths of 14.4 inches, and weld into one end a ring made of bar-iron 0.625 inch by .25 inch, leaving a hole in the centre of .75 inch diameter. Swage the ring into a conical shape, the small end 1.6 inch diameter; cut off the ends of the case square, and ream ou.t the hole to .95 inch diameter. Ream out the hole in the base of the head to .875 inch, turn and fit the head into the case, and bore three holes, equidistant frc^n each other, .45 inch diameter, through the lap of the case and head into the cavity of the latter, the holes in a plane perpendicular to the axis, but the holes not passing through the axis. Bore nine holes .18 inch in diameter through the case into the head, for riveting on the head. to drive the rocket. Composition.—Nitre, 10 parts; sulphur, 2; charcoal, 3. Place the case in the mould, put in the case about 3£ oz. of composition, and press it with a pressure of about 20 tons; continue in the same way until the composition is about 1.2 inch 300 ORDNANCE MANUAL. from the top ; put in a layer of potters' clay .25 inch thick when pressed; a space of .95 inch is left vacant for a pasteboard washer and the cast-iron head. To bore the rocket.—Remove the rocket to the boring-room ; drill a hole .75 inch diameter through its entire length; ream out the hole to .95 inch at the tail and .70 inch at the head; bore the hole in the clay .875 inch diameter. To fasten on the head.—Put a washer of pasteboard on the clay, insert the head and rivet it on, cork up the holes, and cover the rocket with a coat of paint. Dimensions.—Whole length of the rocket 16.9 inches. Length of the finished case . 14.2 " Exterior diameter of case 3.25 " Interior diameter of case 3.00 " Weight of rocket, complete 14.00 pounds. Rockets are carefully packed in tow, in boxes containing 8 rockets each. The contents of boxes to be marked on each end. Dimensions of Packing-boxes.—Length, interio'r 17. inches. Width, interior 12.5 " Depth 6.5 " Weight of box, empty 20. pounds. Weight of box, packed 136j5 " These rockets are fired from open tubes formed of rods of iron bent spirally and^ mounted on a portable stand. Petard. The petard is a box of wood filled with powder, used to blow down doors, gates, barriers, etc. The box should be made of dry wood, and have paper pasted over the joints to prevent the powder from sifting out. A fuze, by which the petard is fired, is screwed into the box, reaching to the powder. The box should contain at least 20 lbs. of powder. The effects of petards are nearly proportioned to .the square of the charges of powder they contain, and their effects are considerably increased if loaded with sand-bags. A 10 or 8 inch shell filled with powder, and provided with a long fuze, ittiiy be used for a petard. STORAGE AND PRESERVATION OE AMMUNITION AND FIREWORKS. Storehouses and magazines should be kept in the neatest possible order, the stores arranged as much as possible by classes, kinds and calibres, and labelled. They should be ventilated from time to time, in the middle of the day, in fine weather—particularly those which contain ammunition and fireworks which are injured by moisture. Provide cloth blinds for all windows exposed to the sun, Leaden Balls are generally kept in cellars, on account of their weight; the boxes PRESERVATION OF AMMUNITION AND FIREWORKS. 301 should be kept as dry as possible, and so piled as to admit the circulation of air about them. Cartridges for small arms are kept in magazines, the barrels or boxes being piled 3 or 4 tiers high at most. Fixed Ammunition for Cannon.—If not in boxes, it should be placed in piles formed of two parallel rows of cartridges, with the sabots together—in 4 tiers for 12-pdr., and 5 for 6-pdr.; chock the lower tier with strips of wood fastened with small nails ; put a layer of tow 2 inches thick between the shot ,J let the piles rest on planks, if there be no floor, and cover them with tarpaulins; have the place swept, and the cartridge-bags brushed off. Leave a passage of 18 inches between the double rows, and keep them 2 feet from the walls. Fixed ammunition should not be put'into powder magazines, if it can be avoided; it should be kept in a dry place, above the ground floor if practicable; the store¬ rooms should be always aired in fine weather; the piles should be taken down and made up again every six months at most, the bags examined and repaired, and the damaged cartridges broken up. A ticket on each pile should show the number and kind of cartridges, the additions to the pile, and the issues. Canisters.—Piled up like fixed ammunition, in 4 tiers for 24's and 18's; and 5» for 12's and 6's. Empty canisters in 10 or 12 tiers; the bottoms and covers separ¬ ately. Cartridge-bags filled.—Like fixed ammunition ; or packed in boxes or barrels. Cartridge-lags empty. — In bundles of 50, sealed up in paper cases, carefully closed with strips of thin paper pasted over the seams. Paper Cartridge-bags. — In bundles, packed in boxes or on shelves, in a dry place, with pounded camphor and black pepper, or tobacco: the flannel bottom dipped in a solution of the sulphate of copper. Loaded Shells should never be put into magazines, except from absolute neces¬ sity ; powder is not well preserved in them. They should be piled on the ground floor of a secure building — on planks, if the floor be not boarded; in 6 tiers at most; the fuzes of the lower tier in the vacant spaces between the shells ; those of the other tiers turned downward, like the fuze-holes of empty shells; the pile should be covered with a tarpaulin. Use the same precautions against moisture and accidents as in a powder maga¬ zine. Canister Shot.—Keep them, the different kinds together, in bins or boxes. Slow-match:—In a dry place, such ^s a garret, in boxes or barrels, or piled on the floor. r Quick-match.—If not in boxes, it may be hung up in bundles, on ropes or pins, and covered with paper. Friction Primers.—In tin boxes. Portfires.—Bundles of 10 are placed in boxes or in barrels, on end, in safe and dry situations. Fuzes.—Packed in boxes—fuzes of the same kind, as much as.possible, in the same box—in very dry and well ventilated stores. 302 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Cylinders of Roeh-fire.—In boxes or barrels, like fuzes. Fire-balls.—In cool but dry and airy places, suspended by tbe handle, the bottom resting on a board or floor, that they may not become deformed. Each ball should be labelled, stating its calibre, weight, and year of fabrication. Signal Rockets.—Packed in boxes, the sticks tied together. Each box should con¬ tain rockets of but one calibre, and should be marked with the size and the kind of decoration. If the sticks be attached, they are tied in bundles of 5, according to the kind of decoration. War Rockets.—Preserved in dry places, with the same precautions as loaded shells. Tarred Links.—Strung on a rope and hung up. For transportation they are packed in barrels, with straw between the tiers. Fascines and Torches.—Packed like the preceding. BREAKING UP UNSERVICEABLE STpRES. Cartridges for small arms.—1 box; 1 rectangular screen, of brass wire, which fits in the box; 1 board, with 4 copper hooks, placed across the middle of the screen; boxes for balls and caps; barrels for powder; 1 paper press; 1 sieve; stools. Put the bundles of cartridges on the screen, as they are required, and open them there near the wire gauze; put the pieces of twine on the hooks, the papers on the board, and the bundles of caps in the boxes; the powder, passing through the screen, falls in the box, and the balls, remaining on the screen, are washed, if necessary, and boxed. The unserviceable papers are thrown into water, or burned; the others are put under the press for 12 hours, and then placed in barrels or boxes. The bundles of caps are put in boxes without being broken up, unless the caps are damaged; the caps are then put in bags by themselves. The powder is dried and sifted, to separate the dust and the caked powder, which are laid by to be reworked, or to be melted for the saltpetre. Fixed ammunition for cannon.—1 tarpaulin; 1 box; 2 barrels; 1 knife; 2 brushes ; 1 punch ; 1 hammer ; 1 scraper (piece of sword blade) ; tow; a tub half full of water, to clean the balls; stools. One man holds the cartridge over the box, whilst another cuts the twine near the knot, takes off the strapped shot, brushes it, and stands it on the tarpaulin, on its sabot; the first man pours the good powder into a barrel, the caked powder into another, turns the bag wrong side out, and cleans it. The strapped shot are taken to the door of the laboratory, where the shot which still require cleaning are sep¬ arated from their sabots and immersed in the tub of water; after standing some time, they are washed and cleaned. The others remain strapped. The serviceable, reparable, and unserviceable cartridge-bags are separated from each other; the last are immersed in water, and used for rags. The pieces of twine are tied up in bundles. The shells are put aside to be unloaded and cleaned in like manner. The breaking up of fixed ammunition requires many precautions, and should never be done in the magazine, but as much as possible in the open air. Never have but little powder and a few cartridges in the shop at one time. ORNAMENTAL FIREWORKS. 303 Canisters.—Turn up the slit ends of the canisters, by means of a small chisel; take oif the cover, and pull out the balls and saw-dust into a box by means of a hook; take out the bottom plate, and straighten the cylinder with a mallet on an anvil. Port-fires.—Split the paper; take out the composition, and pulverize it by rolling for two hours. It may be made to burn more or less quickly by adding mealed powder or sulphur. Unloading Shells. This is necessary in order to save room in the storehouses, and to prevent acci¬ dents and the deterioration of the powder. It should be performed with great care, and at a distance from the magazines, storehouses, or dwelling-houses, employing no more men than are absolutely necessary. ' Separate the workmen from each other; place them near a ditch or deep hole, into which they may throw a shell, should it take fire, and thus shelter the men from the fragments. Remove the powder frequently as it is taken from the projectiles. Workmen.—1 artificer; 1 helper. Implements.—1 fuze-wrench ; awls; a coil of rope, or a block, to place the shell on; 1 brace, with bits of the size of the bore of the fuzes; 1 copper chisel; 1 wooden drift; 1 mallet; 1 copper hook, and rags, to get out the powder and clean the interior of the shell; 1 knife; a tub and a basket for the powder and fuzes; a tarpaulin; a bucket of water. For large shells, in addition to the above: 1 fuze-extractor, for mortar shells; a pair of shell-hooks and a handspike; 2 trestles and a frame, to rest the shells on after extracting the fuze, for the purpose of emptying the shells over the tub. The helper places the shell on the coil of rope, and holds it firmly in both hands/: the artificer unscrews the fuze with the fuze-wrench. If the shell have a paper fuze, the artificer thrusts the sharp point of the awl between the fuze and the plug3, and pries the fuze out; a second awl may be used opposite the first; or cut out the composition .3 or A inch with a knife, and screw into the paper case a screw fitting it closely; draw out the fuze by means of the screw. If it be a mortar shell, bore out the composition with a brace and bit, keeping the composition constantly wet with water; drive in the bore of the fuze a plug of hard wood ; screw in the fuze-extractor and draw the fuze. ORNAMENTAL FIREWORKS. Lances. Lances are small paper eases, .2 to A inch diameter, filled with one or more com¬ positions, each burning with a flame of a particular color. They are used to mark the outlines of figures, and are attached to light frames of wood, or sticks of bamboo. To make the oases.—Cut the paper into rectangles, of a length equal to the 304 ORDNANCE MANUAL. required length of the case, and of such width as to make the case three thick¬ nesses of No. 7 paper. The length of the case is generally ahout ten times its exterior diameter, depending on the composition with which it is to he filled, and the time it is required to hurn. Paste the rectangle, and roll it on an iron former with the hand. "When the cases are dry, cut them to their proper length. To drive the lance.—Place the cases in holes bored in a block of hard wood, the holes .02 inch larger than the case, and their depth .25 inch less than the length of the case. Drive in the bottom of each case a ladleful of clay. Insert in the top of the case a small funnel; pass the drift through the funnel into the case: fill the funnel with composition; raise the drift 1 inch above the top of the case; press it to the bottom, and give it three light blows with a rocket-drift; continue in the same way, raising the drift above the top of the case between each volley, until the case is filled to .25 inch of the top. Prime the lance with mealed powder moistened with gummed water, and dip the end while moist in rifle powder. When the case is to he filled with two different compositions, drive the case with the first composition till it is about .2 inch above the required height; remove the surplus to the exact height with a gauge, and proceed with the second composition as with the first. To fasten the lances to the phame.—Bore holes .02 inch larger than the lances, and .5 inch deep, from 2 to 4 inches apart, according to the size of lance. The holes should be bored so that the lance shall he horizontal when the frame is in position. Dip the end of the lance in glue, and press it firmly in the hole, arranging the lances parallel to each other. Or they may be fastened to the frame by means of sharp nails or tacks driven into the frame and projecting about .4 inch. The end of the lance is pierced with an awl, dipped in glue and thrust on the point of the nail, arranging them perpendicular to the frame. Sun-Cases. Sun-cases are strong cases made like those for rockets, and filled with a compo¬ sition which burns more slowly than rocket composition. They are attached to wooden frames, to give long rays of sparkling light. The choke is sometimes made by driving clay in the end of the case, and boring a hole through it for the escape of the flame; or the clay is driven on a short nipple, forming the choke. Sun-cases are generally made from .75 inch to 1.5 inch interior diameter; their exterior diameter about double that of the interior. The length of the case may vary according to the time they are required to burn. The diameter of the choke is ahout i the interior diameter. To make the cases.—The cases are made like rocket-cases. To drive the case.—Set the case on the nipple and place it in a wooden mould; ROCKETS. 305 pour in a ladleful of composition, and give it ten Wows with the mallet; continue in fhe same way till the case is filled to the required height: put in a charge of rifle powder, and over it drive a ladleful of clay. When the cases are filled, prime them by inserting in the choke a strand of quick-match, doubled in the middle and secured by driving a little composition on it with a lance-drift. Paste on each end of the case a strip of paper 5 inches wide, projecting 3 inches Over the end of the case and forming an envelope to enclose the leaders. Sun-cases are fastened to the frames in the plane of the frame, by means of iron wire, or with strong twine. Lights. Lights are made by pressing lance or similar composition in shallow vessels, or in cases of large diameter. The burning surface being large, the light attains a great intensity. Shallow earthen, wooden, or metal vases, or paper cases, are used. The vase or case is filled with dry composition, slighty pressed in; or composition moistened with gummed water may be used and pressed in the case more compactly. It is primed by powdering the surface first with a mixture of equal parts of the compo¬ sition and mealed powder, and then with powder alone. Cover the top over with paper, pasted on the sides of the case. Through the centre of the cover pass sev¬ eral strands of qtick-match, spreading them over the surface and uniting them on the exterior in a single strand. When the light is made with dry composition, the case must be placed in a ver¬ tical position. It may be placed horizontally if moistened composition be used and firmly packed. Toreh-liyhts for funeral ceremonies are made by impregnating large strands of cotton with a thin alcoholic pap, the whole arranged in vases like an oil lamp, the pap replacing the oil. Petards. Petards are small paper cases filled with powder. One end is entirely closed, and the other has only a small hole left for a piece of quick-match, to communicate fire to the powder. Petards are placed at the bottom of lances ; they are also used to imitate the fire of musketry. Rockets. Rockets are made and driven as described for signal rockets (see page 293), except that different compositions are used, giving a more brilliant train of fire. Rockets may be made of all sizes : their general dimensions may be deduced from those given. Generally, in proportion as the size of the rocket is increased, the thickness of the case must be increased, and the bore of the rocket diminished, or the quickness of the composition, or both of them. 20 306 ORDNANCE MANUAL. The stick should be from eight to nine times the length of the case, and of such thickness as to throw the centre of gravity about 1.25 inch from the end of the case. Tourbillon. The tourbillon is a paper case filled with composition, with the holes for the escape of the gas so disposed as to cause the case to rise vertically in the air at the same time that it revolves horizontally around its middle point. It has light wings attached to it, to direct its motion. Shells. Shells are made of light wood or paper, and filled with ornaments of different kinds. They are thrown nearly vertically from a mortar, and, when at their highest point, explode and throw out their ornaments, set on fire by the bursting charge. To make the shell.—Turn in a lathe, from well seasoned poplar or pine, two hemispheres of the size and thickness required, leaving a rabbet to unite the two. Cover the shell thus formed with lens-shaped pieces of No. 2 paper, pasted on smoothly, two or three thicknesses; or form the shell on a ball the size of the cavity of. the shell, by pasting on it strips of paper of lens shape until it is .2 inch thick. Cut the shell into two equal parts and take out the core; place the two halves together, and continue to paste on pieces of paper, permitting them to dry perfectly, until the shell is of the required thickness. This mode requires much time, as the shells dry slowly, and each successive layer must be thoroughly dry before other pieces are pasted on. To charge the shell.—Introduce the stars, serpents, etc., through the fuze- hole, and then the bursting charge ; cover the fuze where it comes in contact with the shell with glue, and drive it in place. To insure the fuze taking fire, tie around the shell two pieces of quick-matoh, crossing over the fuze. Cover the fuze with several strips of paper pasted to tho shell at their ends. These are removed before the shell is fired. Stars. The stars for shells are made as described page 296. Those made of composition which burn with difficulty must have a hole in their axes, like those used for Roman candles. - Wheel-Cases. - Wheel-cases are made and driven like sun-cases. They are used to give a rotary motion tb pieces mounted on an axis, and to produce at the same time a brilliant fire. They are attached to the end of the spoke of the wheel which they are to turn by means of iron wire, or strong twine, and they are inclined to the spoke from 20° to 30° to give a larger circle of fire. PREPARATION OF COLORED FIRES. 307 jRoman Candles. The Roman candle is a long and strong tube charged with stars, which are thrown out successively by a charge of powder placed under each star. The ends of gun barrels, 20 inches long, are used for cases. When paper cases are used, make them about .65 to .7 interior diameter and 1 inch ekterior diameter; roll them like port-fire cases. Three drifts, of different fbngths, are used; they are made of hickory or other hard wood, with brass tips on the lower ends. Tp charge the case.—Put in the case a ladleful of clay, and drive it with ten blows of the mallet ; then a ladleful of composition, which is driven in the same way; next a charger of powder and a star, which is gently pressed down; then another ladleful of composition, a second charger of powder, and ano'ther star— driving the composition and pressing down the star gently; continue until the ten stars are in, and add a half ladleful of composition. Prime the candle with a strand of quick-match 6 inches long, held in place against the side of the case by a little composition driven in on its ends.* Cover the end of the candle with a strip of paper pasted on. Roman candles are inserted in holes bored in frames, or tied with wire or iwine in the direction in which they are to throw their stars. The stars used for Roman candles have a hole through their axes, communicating the fire to the charge below, which throws it out. Leaders. Leaders are long paper tubes of small diameter, enclosing a strand of quick- match. They are used to communicate fire rapidly from one point to another. The velocity of combustion is from 1 to 2 yards per second, depending upon the size of the tube, being more rapid as the tube is smaller. Leaders are made by rolling a strip of thin paper, 2.5 inches wide, as obliquely as possible, on a ramrod; or cut the paper into trapezoids, 4 inches wide at one base and 2£ at the other; paste the edges of the strips .25 inch, and roll them on a ramrod so that one end shall be enlarged, funnel-shape. When dry, pass a strand of quick-match through, and let it project about an inch at each end. To unite them into a long line, insert the end of one into another a distance of .75 inch, and tie them with a thread. If the line be long, first stretch a piece of twine, and attach the leader to it every few feet. Preparation of Colored Fires. The materials for colored fires should be as pure as can be obtained: those which crystallize should be procured in the crystalline state. They should be generally first dried, ground fine, weighed out and mixed. The composition is then moist¬ ened and pressed into shape. Some of the materials, such as the flowers of sulphur and lampblack, ought to be first well washed in warm water. Antimony, glass and copper filings ought, as well as other materials, to be passed through sieve No. 1. 308 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Drying.—All materials should he perfectly dry. Those which contain water of crystallization, as the nitrate of harvta, nitrate of strontia, and sulphate of copper should have it driven off. For this purpose, place the salt in a broad, shallow vessel in a water-hath or on a moderate fire and stir it till it he perfectly dry, taking it off the fire some minutes before. As the sulphate of copper is easily decomposed in this operation, and as the sul¬ phuric acid set free might occasion a spontaneous explosion when the sulphate of copper w^s brought in contact with the chlorates, two parts of liquid ammonia are poured by degrees on the sulphate of copper powdered and yet hot. (The am¬ monia neutralizes the acid, and, instead of injuring the color, it heightens it. The same process should he adopted with other decomposable metallic salts.) A thick liquid of an indigo blue color is obtained: place it on the fire, and warm it gently until it becomes a thick paste: then, leaving only a few coals under it, stir it with a spatula and crush it into a powder. ' Grinding.—The materials are ground in a mortar with a pestle, or on a sieve with copper halls 0.4 inch in diameter, of equal weight with the composition to he ground. All the utensils should be kept perfectly clean. To pulverize antimony, melt it and pour it into a cast-iron mortar previously warmed: when the metal is on the point of congealing, stir it briskly with the pestle: it is thus reduced to fine grains, which are then pulverized with a pestle. "Zinc and other similar metals are treated in the same way. To obtain shellac in the state of a fine powder, it is first broken into pieces and melted with its weight of saltpetre. The mass is then ground as usual, and the powder thus obtained is washed in pure water till all the saltpetre is removed. The resins and other substances insoluble in water and difficult to pulverize in their pure state are treated in the same manner. » All materials when pulverized should be passed through hair sieve No. 1. They ought, if possible, to be sifted when warm, and placed away immediately in well stopped bottles to preserve them from moisture. The chlorates should be pulverized in a marble mortar with a hard wood pestle. The mortar, pestle and sieve should be used only for a single chlorate, and the whole operation he performed in a place apart, to avoid accidents. The chlorate can be ground and manipulated by itself without danger; but when it is mixed with sulphur, charcoal, etc., it explodes very readily. Weighing.—Each material should be weighed accurately by itself, according to the proportions laid down in the table. Mixing.—The materials after being weighed out are poured on a sheet of paste¬ board and mixed as well as possible with the hand: they are then passed three times through sieve No. 2, keeping the sieve stationary, and stirring the materials with the hand. If a chlorate enter into the composition, begin by mixing all the materials, on a pasteboard, except the sulphur, charcoal, lampblack, sugar, tallow and shellac. When they are well mixed, add the combustible materials separately, mix them .thoroughly, and then add the chlorate. SIEVES. 309 Pass the composition three times through sieve No. 2, using a feather for the purpose. All these manipulations with compositions into which a chlorate enters should he performed in a place aside, and with a small quantity at a time. Compositions thus prepared should be preserved in well stopped bottles, carefully labelled. Those containing chlorates should be placed away from the rest and apart from each other. Dampening.—Compositions are dampened by pouring the pure or gummed liquid on them, a little at a time, and mixing it well with the hand or a wooden knife. Compositions should not be dampened until just before they are to be moulded. Moulding.—All compositions may be firmly compressed, provided care be taken to avoid friction and blows with those containing chlorates. However great the care taken in the choice of materials, their proportions and manipulations, it is difficult always to get uniform results. It is necessary, there¬ fore, to try the mixtures and modify the proportions as may be required. In every composition there are certain substances which are used to furnish oxygen for the consumption of the rest: the nitrates and chlorates are such. There are other substances, as sulphur, charcoal and vegetable matters, which are burned; and others which are only used to give color to the flame, as antimony, lead, cop¬ per, strontia, etc. The same substance may furnish oxygen and color the flame at the same time. Certain materials are used only to heighten the color—as the protochloride of mer¬ cury and the hydrochlorate of ammonia: the action of the latter is weaker than that of the former. When a composition burns too slowly, there is an excess of coloring matter or of that which is to be burned, or some other substance (as water, for example)—very rarely of that which furnishes oxygen. When the composition burns too fast, it is necessary to add coloring matter, or such substances as sugar, rosin or tallow, which operate by separating the substances supplying the oxygen from those which are burned, and at the same time keeping up the combustion. Generally, the quicker the combustion the more will the flame approach to white¬ ness, whatever may be the coloring principle, and the slower the combustion the more certainty there will be of obtaining the desired color. Sieves. Sieves are made of brass wire, hair or silk, and may be square or round in shape. N i P" meshes in 1 inch, or 2,500 in a square inch, " * { a single hair in one direction, 2 in the other. No 2 I ^ meshes in 1 inch, or 625 in a square inch, 2 -{ "1 hairs side by side in each direction. No 3 I mes^es *n ^ inch, or 156 in 1 square inch, 3 ' ' { hairs side by side in eaeh direction. No. 4. 180 meshes in a square inch, brass wire. The silk sieve is made like No. 1, and often replaces it. Brass sieves ought to be used only for dry materials. Hair sieves for mixing compositions. aio ORDNANCE MANUAL. Dimensions and .Weights of Paper or Poplar Shells. Thick- ness of t a o Is 13 o « OQ " « In, In. In. 5,8 .5 .62 8. .5 .62 10. .75 .1 15. 1.25 1.5 Weight of lbs.oz. .10 5 1.10 3.25 14.14 lbs.oz 2.10 11.14 35. Weight of Charge. Oz. .5 .5 1. ORNAMENTS. Weight of a B3 '3 "3 o t - "5 | Rain of | Fire. 0 a* o xn J Stars. a CO Gr. Gr. 40 210 60 170 32 40 210 140 600 40 40 210 270 950 230 40 210 900 3400 760 14 60 130 460 Dimensions for Sun and Wheel-Cases. WHEEL-OASES. Interior diameter in. n ( Exterior diameter in. Ca3e"" {Length in. Ttk- j. f at bottom.. .in. Spindle . -j lame er { at top in. ( Length .in. 0.75 1.2 11. .28 .18 .35 1.0 1.6 10.60 .55 .38 .75 1.5 2.0 12.5 .65 .40 .80 0.75 1.0 1.5 1.20 1.6 2.0 8.75 8.75 S.75 .28 .55 .65 .18 .38 .40 .35 .75 .80 Bate of Burning of Compositions. DIMENSIONS. WHEEL-FIRES, STANDING FIRES. Com¬ mon. White, 'Chinese. Sun. Star. Roman Candles. 19. .75 5. 45. Length of case in. Interior diameter "".in. Weight of composition oz. Time of burning, per in sec. 8.75 .75 3.5 17. 8.75 .75 3.5 17. 8.75 • 75 4. 21. 11. .75 5. 22. 8. .75 4. 20. COMPOSITIONS FOR FIREWORKS. 311 Rate of Burning of Compositions—Continued. LANCES. POT-FIRES. © 3 so" Red. White. Blue. | Yellow. Green. Red. V s 1 Blue. o «=! £ r ■ 1 I Green. ] Lilac, j II w Length of case 4. 4. 5. 4. 4. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. Interior diameter .32 .32 .32 .32 .32 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. .75 Weight of composition 141 140 150 150 100 547 500 546 545 560 550 250 Time of burning 90 90 90 90 90 90 65 45 65 65 45 60 Compositions for Fireworks. Stars The parts are, by weight: White.—16 nitre; 8 sulphur; 4 mealed powder. Yellow.—1 charcoal; 1 sulphur; 6 nitrate of soda. Red.—5 chlor. of potassa; 20 nit. of strontia; 4 gum dammar. - Blue.—8 chlor. of potassa; 4 sulph. of copper; 4 gum dammar. I Green.—96 chlorate of potassa; 192 nitrate of baryta; 64 sulphur; 8 I lampblack. [ Fire-pointed.—7'sulphur; 10 mealed powder. ( White.—26 nitre; 9 sulphur; 5 mealed powder. I Yellow.—16 nit. of soda; 4 sulph.; 4 mealed powder; 2 lampblack. Lances. -[ Red.—30 nit. of strontia; 16 nitre; 10 sulph.; 7J mealed powder. | Blue.—8 nitre; 2 sulphur; 4 sulphate of copper. ( Green.—96 nitre; 64 sulph.; 8 lampblack ; 192 nitrate of baryta, f White.—16 nitre; 8 sulphur; 4 mealed powder. Yellow.—2 nitre; 4 sulphur; 20 nitrate of soda; 1 lampblack. T j Red.—5 nitre; 6 sulphur; 20 nitrate of strontia; 1 lampblack. ight . —8 nitre; 2 sulphur; 4 sulphate of copper. Green.—24 nitre; 16 sulph.; 48 nitrate of baryta; 1 lampblack. Bengal.—2 antimony; 4 sulph.; 4 mealed powder; 16 nit. of soda. Common.—6 nitre; 1 sulphur; 16 mealed powder; 6 charcoal. Brilliant.—1 nitre; 1 sulphur; 16 mealed powder; 7 steel filings. Chinese.— 1 nitre ; 1 sulph.; 16 mealed powder; 7 cast-iron filings. [ White.—6 nitre; 7 sulphur; 16 mealed powder. Sun-fires—Chinese.—1 nitre; 1 sulphur; 16 mealed powder; 7 cast-iron filings. Streamers.—2 nitre; 1 sulphur; 16 mealed powder; 4 charcoal. Serpents.—2 charcoal; 16 mealed powder. Roman Candles.—6 nitre; 2 sulphur; 16 mealed powder; 6 charcoal. Gold Rain.—16 nitre; 10 sulphur; 4 mealed powder; 3 lampblack; 1 flowers of zinc; 1 gum arabie. The nitrate of soda may be replaced by the bicarbonate of soda or the oxalate of soda. The sulphate of copper is ammoniated. wheel- fires. 312 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Tools and Implements. The following list of laboratory tools and implements shows the kinds and pro¬ portions which may be required for a large laboratory and for a park of artillery: Awls, brad Adze, copper, weighing 5 lbs Bench, for drawing the loads 'of shells Bench-stake Bick-iron Bill-hooks f for driving fuzes of different calibres Blocks -I ^0r drivinS siSnal rockets and port-fires 1 for punches ( for cutting on Bottles, with ground glass stoppers Boxes, for 12 workmen making cartridges—3 to each Bowls I wooden> various sizes ( earthen, glazed, large Braces and bits Brushes, of various kinds Buckets Callipers, various sizes f for fuzes Chargers, j for port-fires copper.... 1 for signal rockets [for cartridges for small arms (revolving) ( brass, for unloading shells Chisels < cold (joiners' r, ( common Compasses .. 1 1 ( spring Coopers' drivers, copper and wood Crowbar Cutting boards Cylinders for gauging balls ' Dippers Dredging boxes f of iron, poAted with copper or brass, for driving | port-fires. | for driving fuzes for 13-inch and 10-inch shells; long I and short Drifts -{ for driving fuzes for 8-inch shells and howitzers; long and short for driving signal rockets, sets for 1-inch " " " .75-inch for driving serpents, iron TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS. Tools and Implements—Continued. 313 Labora¬ tory. Drills, assorted ' half-round Files \ sa!V rat-tail large of iron or wood for port-fire cases for rocket-cases—sets for each calibre for serpents for leaders for small arm cartridges, of each calibre, 1 to each Formers .. -{ workman for cylinders and caps, for each calibre for pot for rockets, " " for cutting pots on, " " for cones for rockets, " " for wads, " " Fork, iron, for dipping pitched fascines Funnels, of copper and tin, various kinds Fuze-cutters Fuze-setters Fuze-extractors f steel, for shot and shells, for each calibre, t I double, for grape and canister, " " | " for cartridge formers, " " Gauges ... -j of sheet-iron, for sabots, " " I " for canister bottoms, " " | " for canisters, " " [of copper or wood, for cannon cartridges Gimlets . Gimlets, for priming rockets Glue pot and brush Gunners' callipers Gunners' pincers Hammers. ( iron' hand' for straPPinS shot> etc ' ' ( copper 1 Hand-barrows, with rope bottoms, for powder barrels Hatchet Hooks for unpacking ammunition-boxes Implements for making paper fuzes—sets f iron, for melting lead TT iron, for rock-fire, etc— Kettles ... ■( . ' c ' iron, tor pitch [copper, for paste f for cutting paper, large and small [ block Knives 3J4 . ORDNANCE MANUAL. Tools and Implements—Continued. f iron, for lead, pitch, etc. I 1 a es.... | COpperj for saltpetre, etc. Lanterps Letter punches (stencils)—set f for driving fuzes and port-fires Mallets ... -J for driving rockets ( carpenters' M f for powder, from 8 pounds to 4 ounces, easures.. | gajjon^ quart, pint, half pint, and gill. Mortar and pestle, bronze Mortar, marble, with pestle of hard wood f for balls and buckshot—sets for incendiary-balls, different calibres. Moulds ... i bragS) for portfires : [for rockets, of each calibre Mullers, wooden Needles, of various kinds Nirmers I for cuttinS wire nippers • • } fbr trimming balls Palms, for sewing canvas Paste brushes f for cartridge papers, for small arms Patterns i ^n' kind and calibre, for paper cartridges . '' | " " " for flannel cartridges. [ " " " for canisters Pans, copper, various sizes Pitchers, stone Planes Pliers, flat, for twisting wire Plugs, pointed, for loading spherical-case Press, for paper and pasteboard Profiles, of sheet-iron, for sabots—for each calibre Punches f for piercing shot straps Punches .. -j centre [ for fuze-caps, for 13, 10, and 8-inch—2 each Rasps, for wood Reels, or frames, for quick-match Rocket-stand Rolling-boards, for port-fire cases, etc D . f carpenters' u 0 { iron, for cutting by Sandstones, for sharpening knives Saws Scale, of 1 foot (diagonal), divided into inches and lOOths TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS. Tools and Implements—Continued. 815 Scales, copper, large, small and medium Scissors and shears, of different sizes Scoops, copper, for taking up materials Screw-drivers Scribers Shell-hooks i Shell-plug screws 0. f hair, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, with frames. Sleves {bolting-cloth.... ' Screens, for demolition of cartridges for small arms.. Shovels. — Skimmer, copper, for saltpetre Soldering furnaces andirons Socks, pairs f steel, for saltpetre, etc Spatulas .... -( for rock-fire.' ( for packing ammunition-boxes Spoke-shave Spools, for twine Squares ,... ( roden ' ^ ( it iron Stamps for flannel cartridges- TaYpaulins Thimbles -for each calibre. Tinners' creaser Tinners' shears Trestles, pairs Trivets, iron ( for the demolition of cartridges for small arms Tubs I common ( 'for making slow-match, etc. (casks sawed in two). Twisting machine, for slow-match, etc : Watering pots..' Weights—sets for each balance or pair of scales Whetstones Wrenches ... j screw Yard-stick .... fuze. 316 ordnance manual. Chapter Eleventh. EQUIPMENT OF BATTERIES FOE FIELD, SIEGE, AND GARRISON SERVICE. EQUIPMENT OF FIELD BATTERIES. Interior Arrangement of Ammunition-Chests for Field Guns and Howitzers. (Plate 18.) The principal divisions of a chest are designated as the right half and the left half, to a person facing the front of the chest. The smaller divisions in each half, perpendicular to the sides, are designated as first, second, third, etc., from the principal partition, each way,- the divisions parallel to the sides are designated as the front, middle, and rear divisions. The kind of ammunition contained in the small divisions is marked on the inside of the cover, over each division. Ammunition-Chest for the Q-pounder Gun. Eight partitions (poplar), four in each half, perpendicular to the sides of the chest. The partitions are supported by two strips of wood at each end, forming a groove in which the partition slides; each strip is fastened to the side of the chest with four copper nails, 3-penny, 1.13-inch. In the first four divisions of the right half are two bolsters, to each division, for spherical-case shot—one fastened to the principal partition by 3 screws No. 14, the others fastened to the movable partitions each by 3 screws. One tray for holding equipments, rests on the partitions in the left half of the chept. The tray has two sides, two ends, and one bottom (poplar or white pine). The sides and ends are dovetailed together and fastened by 12 nails; the bottom is fastened to the ends and sides by 14 brass screws No. 12. Three finger-holes are bored in the inside of the ends, to lift the tray by; and a hole is bored through the middle of the bottom, to let the air enter when the tray is lifted out. ammunition-chests. 317 Ammunition-Chest for the 12-pounder Gun. Six partitions, three in each half, perpendicular to the sides of the chest, supported as in the 6-pounder chest. Four bolsters, for spherical-case shot—one of them fastened to the principal parti¬ tion with 3 screws No. 14, two fastened to the first partition in the right half with 3 screws No. 14, and one to the left side of the second partition, right half, with 3 screws No. 14. 1 The second and third partitions in the right half are made higher than the others, to suit the height of the canisters fixed. One tray, for equipments, in the left half—made like that for the 6-pdr. chest. For the gun of model 1857, there are 8 bolsters for shells and spherical-case shot, fastened as above. Ammunition-Chest for the 12-pounder Howitzer. Six partitions, three in each half, supported like those of the 6-pdr. chests. Twenty-one bolsters for the lower tier of shells and spherical-case shot. They are cupped out to receive the balls, and have holes bored through the bottom for the fuzes to lie in. They are placed in the bottom of the chest, three in each division, except the first division in the right half; they are fastened to the bottom each by 4 sprigs. Twenty-eight props, for the upper tier of shells and spherical-case. Four of the props are placed in each division, except the first one in the right half. Two of them are fastened to each end of the chest, two to the left side of the principal partition, and two to the right side of the first partition in the right half, each by 6 copper nails, 3-penny. ■ The rest of the props are fastened in pairs to the movable partitions each by 6 copper nails, 3-penny. Six props for canisters (oak), in the first division of the right half; three fastened to the principal partition, three to the movable partition, each with 3 screws No. 14. Ammunition-Chest for the 21-pound er Howitzer. Eight linings, two in each of the front and rear divisions, fastened to the ends of the chest and to the principal partition each by 6 copper nails, 3-penny. Four long partitions, two in each half, parallel to the sides of the chest; they are supported by the end linings and by two upright strips, fastened to the ends and principal partition each by 4 copper nails, 3-penny. Two short partitions for canisters, in the rear division of the right half; each of them is supported by 4 strips, fastened to the back of the chest and to the long partition each by 3 copper nails, 3-penny. Seven short partitions, for shells and spherical-case shot; two in each of the front divisions, two in the rear division of the left half, and one in the middle division of 318 ORDNANCE MANUAL. the left half. These partitions slide into grooves made each by two upright strips, which are fastened to the sides and to the long partitions each, by 4 copper nails, 3-penny; each partition is formed of two pieces, which slip into the grooves, one over the other. Thirty-three holsters for shells and spherical-case. Seven of them are fastened, at the bottom of the chest, to the end linings of the two front divisions and the left rear division, and to the principal partition in the right middle division, each by 2 screws No. 14. Twenty-four of the bolsters are fastened in pairs on each side of the short partitions of the two front divisions and the left rear divisions; twelve to the lower half and twelve to the upper half of the partitions; each pair fastened by 3 screws No. 14, which pass through the bolsters and the partition. Two bolsters are fastened to the left side of the middle partition in the right half, one to the lower and one to the upper part of the partition, each by 2 screws No. 14. Ammunition-Chest for the 32-pounder Howitzer. Six long partitions, three in each half—one parallel to the ends'and two parallel to the sides of the chest; each partition is supported by 4 strips fastened to the sides and ends of the chest, or to the other partitions, each by 5 copper nails, 3-penny. Four short partitions, one in the front and rear division of each half, made in two pieces, and fastened in the same manner as those of the 24-pounder howitzer chest. Twenty-one holsters for shells and spherical-case. Seven of them are fastened, at the bottom of the chest, to the ends and cross partitions each by 2 screws No. 14. Twelve bolsters are fastened in pairs, as in the 24-pounder howitzer chest, to the short partitions in the left half, and in the rear division of the right half. Two bolsters are fastened, in like manner, on the right side of the short partition in the right front division. Ammunition-Chest for the Mountain Howitzer. Eight long cleats, for supporting the ammunition: they are glued to the sides, opposite to each other, and fastened by 32 copper nails, 3-penny. . Eight short cleats, fastened to the sides by 8 screws No. 14, and 16 copper nails, 3-penny. Ammunition-Chest for the Prairie (Carriage. The Same as'for the mountain howitzer. AMMUNITION CARRIED IN EACH CHEST. 319 Ammunition carried in each Chest. kind. No. Weight. place. fo^r 6-pounder-gun. Shot, fixed Spherical-ease, fixed Canisters, fixed Spare cartridges, 1J lb Friction primers Slow-match yard. Port-fires Total number of rounds 25 20 5 2 75 2 2 50 Lbs. 190. 140. 42. 2.6 .97 .38 1 .57) 376.52 In the left half. In the 1st four divisions of right half. In 5th division, right half. On the spherical-ease. In a tin box, in the tray. On the ammunition in right half. for 12-poundergun. Shot, fixed Spherical-case, fixed Canisters, fixed Spare cartridges, 2£ lbs Friction primers Slow-match yard. Port-fires Total number of rounds 20 8 4 2 48 1.5 2 32 308. 117.6 67.64 5.12 .62 .281 -57; 499.83 In left half, and in 4th division of right half. In 1st and 2d divisions, right half. In 3d division, right half. On the spherical-case. In a tin box, in the tray. On the ammunition in right half. for 12-pdr. gun (1857). Shot, fixed Spherical-case Shells Canisters Spare cartridges, 2.5 lbs Friction primers Slow-match. yard. Port-fires Total number of rounds 12 12 4 4 2 48 1.5 3 32 15 20 4 58 2 2 39 184.8 176.4 48.68 67.64 5.12 .62 .28 1 .57} 484.11 In 1st, 2d, and 3d divisions, left half. In 1st, 2d, and 3d divisions, right half. In 4th division, right half. In 4th division, left half. On the shells. In a tin box, in the tray. On the ammunition in right half. for 12-pdr. howitzer. Shells, fixed Spherical-case, fixed Canisters, fixed Friction primers . - Slow-match yards. Port-fires Total number of rounds 157.5 273. 47.4 .75 .38 1 -57 } 479.6 In 2d, 3d and 4th divisions, right half. In left half. In 1st division, right half. In a tin box on the canisters. On the canisters. 320 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Ammunition carried in each Chest—Continued. kind. No. Weight. place. for 24-pdr. howitzer. Shells, strapped Spherical-case, strapped Canisters j Small charge ... Cartridges, -j [Large charge... Friction primers Slow-match yard. Port-fires Total number of rounds 12 8 3 23 2 34 1 2 23 Lbs. 225.60 214.92 63.75 53.82 5.40 .44 .19 1 •57 J 564.69 In left half. In front and middle divisions of right half. In rear divisions of right half. 12 in middle division, left half; 9 in middle division, right half; 2 on the canisters. On canisters. In a tin box on the canisters. On the canisters. for 32-pdr. howitzer. Shells, strapped Spherical-case, strapped Canister Cartridges, J ?ma11 <*arge ... ° ( Large charge ... Friction primers Slow-match yard. Port-fires Total number of rounds 8 6 1 15 1 22 .5 1 15 196.80 216.00 28.50 46.50 1 3.88 J .28 .09 1 .28 J 492.33 Front and rear divisions of left half. Rear divisions and right front divi¬ sion of right half. Left front division, right half. 1st division in each half. In a tin box in the middle division. In the middle division. for mountain howitzer. Shells, fixed Spherical-case, fixed Canisters, fixed Friction primers Slow-match yard. Port-fires Total number of rounds 1 6 1 12 i 1 8' 9.9 75.6 11.8 .15 .09 .28 97.82 In left end. In middle. In right end. In water-proof paper. For prairie howitzer.—The same as for the mountain howitzer. IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS. 321 Implements and Equipments for Field Carriages. No. Weight. FOR A GUN OR HOWITZER- CARRIAGE. Sponges and rammers Sponge covers Worm and staff. . Handspikes Sponge bucket Prolonge Vent cover Tar bucket Water bucket (leather) Gunners' haversacks Tube-pouch Vent-punch Gunners' pincers Tow-hook Hausse. Thumb-stalls Priming-wire Lanyard for friction primers Gunners' gimlet Fuze-cutter Tarpaulin, large FOR A CAISSON. Felling axe Shovel, long handle Pickaxe Spare handspike Spare pole Spare wheel Tow-huoks Tar bucket Watering bucket (leather) Tarpaulin, large Lbs. 2 2 0.24 i 3.6 2 14.5 1 10. 1 12.5 1 0.2 1 7. 2 16. 2 3.72 2 1.80 1 0.08 1 0.85 1 0.60 1 0.65 2 0.01 1 0.08 2 0.20 1 0.08 1 0.2 1 37.75 On the gun-carriage. On the gun. 1 On the limber. In the implement trays, or in other vacant spaces in the ammunition- chest. In the tube-pouch. | In the tube-pouch. Strapped on the ammunition-chest. 4.75 6.5 7.25 25.30 180. 1.2 7. 16. 37.75 In the plaees provided for them on j the caisson body. One in the limber-chest, and one in a caisson-chest. J On the limber. Strapped on the limber-chest. 21. 322 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Implements and Equipments for Prairie Carriages. No. Weight. Sponges and rammers Sponge covers Handspike ' Yent cover Haversack Tube-pouch Priming-wire Thumb-stalls . Gunners' gimlet Lanyard for friction primers. Fuze-cutter Gunners' pincers Tarpaulin, 6X10 feet Water bucket Prolonge Tar bucket Lbs. 2 3. 2 2.3 1 5. 1 .18 1 1.86 2 1.80 1 0.08 2 .01 1 0.08 2 0.1 1 0.2 1 0.85 1 12.25 1 8. 1 1 7. On the carriage. On the gun. | In ammunition-chests. 1 - In the tube-pouch. In tool-chest A. On the ammunition-chest. On the limber. On the gun-carriage. On the limber. Implements and Equipments for the Mountain Howitzer-Carriage. KIND. No. Weight. PLACE. Lbs. Handspike Sponge and rammer 1 1 5.0 3.0 J On the carriage. Sponge cover 1 .11 On the sponge. Vent cover 1 0.18 On the gun. Haversack 1 1.86 1 On the pack with the ammunition- Tube-pouch 1.80 J chests. Priming-wire 1 0.08 ) Gunners' gimlet 1 0.08 > In the tube-pouch. Lanyard for friction primers. 0.2 J Fuze-cutter 1 0.2 In ammunition-chest. Gunners' Dincers 1 0.85 In tool-chest A. Tarpaulin,*5 X 5 feet 1 5.25 On the pack with the ammunition- chest. FORGE FOR A FIELD BATTERY. 823 EQUIPMENT OF TRAVELLING FORGES AND BATTERY-WAGONS. One forge and one battery-wagon accompany each field battery. They are fur¬ nished with the tools and materials required for shoeing horses and for ordinary repairs and preservation of carriages and harness. Other forges and battery-wagons, equipped for the general service of the army, accompany the field park which contains the general supplies of ordnance stores. The forge for the field battery is designated by the letter A. The forge for the field parlc " " " B. The battery-wagon for the field battery " " " C. The battery-wagon for the field park " " " D. EQUIPMENT OF A FORGE FOR A FIELD BATTERY. Limber-Chest. The chest is marked Forge A. The stores and tools are carried in 6 boxes and 1 oil can. Interior arrangement. — 2 copper clamps for iron square, fastened On the inside of the cover by 11 scretcs. Boxes for tools and stores (white pine, .75 inch thick). The sides and ends are dovetailed together and fastened by 8-penny nails: the covers are made with clamps on the ends, and are loose: they have f-inch holes bored in each end to lift them by. Two handles of leather, doubled, are nailed on the inside of the ends of the boxes, so as not to interfere with the covers. The boxes are marked, respectively, A Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Exterior Dimensions of the Boxes. DIMENSIONS. A Nos. 1, 3, 6. A No. 2. A No. 4. A No. 5. Shoeing Box Length in. 17.8 17.8 23.5 39.8 16.5 Width in. 13.25 13.25 8. 9.8 8. Depth in. 7.5 7.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Weight lbs. 8.25 9.75 8. 14.5 4.7 Nos. 2 and 4 have each a partition; No. 2 at 4.5 inches from one end, and No. 4 at 5.25 inches. One oil can, made of tin, to hold one quart: it has a neck for a cork near one corner. It is marked A, Sperm oil. Dimensions of can.—Length, 5 inches; width, 5 inches ; height, 4 inches ; diame¬ ter of neck, 1 inch; height of neck, 0.5 inch; weight of can, 0.9 lb. 324 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Contents of the Limber-Chest of Forge A. Smiths'Tools and Stores. No. Weight Smiths'Tools and Stores. , No. jWeight Box A 1, containing Horseshoes Nos. 2 and 3.... Box A 2, containing: Horseshoe nails Nos. 2 and 3 Washers and nuts No. 2 .... Washers and nuts No. 3 .... Washers and nuts No. 4 .... Nails No. 1 C Nails No. 2 C Tire bolts Keys for ammunition-chests Linch-washers Linchpins Chains Nos. 1 and 2 ft. Coldshut N-links, No. 3.. Coldshut N-links, No. 5.. 90 Total contained in Box A 2. Box A 3, containing:..... Horseshoes Nos. 2 and 3 ... Box A 4, containing... Hand cold-chisels Hardie 'Piles, assorted, with handles Buttress Hand punches, round and square Screw-wrench Hand screw-driver Hand vice Smiths' callipers pair Taps 1 Nos. 1, 2, f ... Dies, pairs j 3 and 4. | ... Wood screws, ) 1-in.No. ii\sroSs... Quart can of sperm oil. Total contained in Box A 8.25 100 Lbs. 8.25 Box A 5, containing : 100. Fire-shovel Poker 9.75 Split broom 50. Hand hammer .... 5.25 Riveting hammer 3.20 Nailing hammer 2.15 Sledge hammer 1.00 Chisels for hot iron... 1.00 Chisels for cold iron 5.00 Smiths'tongs 1.80 Fore-punch 7.30 Creaser 8.37 Fuller 1.54 Nail-claw 2.50 Round punch .' 2.00 Tap-wrench Die-stock 91.11 Nave-bands, developed Tire-bands, developed Total contained in Box A 5. Lbs. 8.00 2.00 0.75 10.00 1.50 2.00 2.42 0.32 1.00 0.40 30.05 28.52 Shoeing box, containing:. Shoeing hammer Pincers .pair Rasps (12 inches) Shoeing knife.... Toe-knife Pritchel Nail-punch Clinching iron ... Oil-stone Leather aprons Total contained in shoeing- box 12.75 Iron square, in clamps on the inside of cover. Padlock, on chest. Tow, used in packing.. Tar bucket, on its hook..... Total 1480.38 Boxes Nos. 1, 2 and 3 are placed in the bottom of the chest: No. 1 against the left hand; No. 2 in the middle. No. 4 is placed on top of Nos. 1 and 2, against the left end and the back of the chest; the division for the oil can on the left hand. BATTERY WAGON FOR A, FIELD BATTERY. 325 No. 5 is placed on top of Nos. 1, 2 and 3, against the front of the chest. The shoeing box is placed on No. 3, against the right end and the back of the chest. The tools and stores in all the boxes, and in the forges and battery-wagons, are securely packed with tow. Contents of Forge Body A. tools and stores. Square iron, £ in. and § inch Flat iron, 1J in. X § in., 1 in. X i in., and H in. X i in. Round iron, f in.' Cast-steel, § in. square English blister-steel Box A 6, containing Horseshoes Water bucket, wood Anvil Vice Watering bucket, leather. Bituminous coal Coal shovel. Padlock Tow.. Total, exclusive of vice 100 1 1 1 Lbs. 100.00 50.00 50.00 5.00 5.00 8.25 108.25 10.00 100.00 29.00 8.00 250.00 4.75 0.50 2.00 693.50 In the iron room. The bars not more than 3 feet long; the square iron in 2 bundles. I In the iron room. On its hook. On the fireplace. Fixed on the stock of the carriage. On the vice. J In the coal-box. On coal-box. To put the box in the iron room or take it out, loosen the thumb-nuts and raise the rear of the bellows an inch. EQUIPMENT OF A BATTERY-WAGON FOR A FIELD BATTERY. The battery-wagon for a field battery is designated by the letter C. Limber- Chest. The chest is marked on the front side Battery-wagon C. The tools and stores are carried in 4 boxes and 1 oil can. Interior arrangement.—4 brackets, fastened to the inside of the cover by 10 screws. Boxes for tools and stores (white pine, 0.75 inch thick). The sides and ends are dovetailed together and fastened by 8-penny nails; the covers are loose, like those of the limber-chest of Forge A, as are also the handles. The boxes are marked, respectively, C Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4. 326 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Exterior Dimensions of the Boxes. dimensions. C No. 1. C No. 2. C No. 3. C No. 4. Remarks. Length 17.8 26.5 39.8 39.8 The covers of Nos. 1 and 2 Width \ 13.25 17.8 9.8 8.0 are .75 inch thick, and Depth 7.5 7.5 6.25 6.25 those of 3 and 4 are .5 Weight 8.25 17.5 12.5 11.0 inch thick. No. 3 has a partition, at 5.25 inches from one end, for the oil can. No. 4 has two partitions perpendicular to the sides, making three divisions, respectively, 15.8 inches, 10 inches, and 11 inches long. The oil can is like that for the limber-chest of Forge A, and is marked C, Sperm oil. Contents of Limber-Chest for Battery-Wagon C. tools and stores. No. Weight tools and stores. No. Weight carriage makers' tools, Hand-saws, 1 „ Tenon-saw on lnside of (14-in.) J cover" Box C 1, containing: Jack plane Smoothing plane Brace, with 24 bits Spoke-shave Gauge Plane-irons Saw-set Rule (2 feet) Gimlets Compasses pair Chalk-line Brad-awls Scriber Saw-files (44-in.) Wood-files (10-in.) Wood-rasp (10-in.) Trying-square (8-in.) Hand screw-driver Box C 2, containing: Oil-stone Lbs. 4.00 1.50 8.25 4.15 1.80 4.35 0.30 0.30 1.05 0.25 0.14 0.95 0.18 0.10 0.17 0.15 0.87 1.12 0.40 0.60 0.32 17.20 17.5 1.50 carriage makers tools. Box C 2—Continued. Broadaxe Hand-axe Claw-hatchet Claw-hammer Pincers (small) pair Table-vice Framing chisels (1-in. and 2-in.) Firmer-chisels (f-in. and 14- in) Framing gouges (1-in. and 14-in.) Augers and handles (4-in., J-in. and J-in Screw-wrench Box C 3, containing: Adze^ aXe ^ handles j Frame-saw Quart can of sperm oil saddlers'tools and stores, Mallet Clamp Lbs. 1.V5 5.00 23.25 WAGON BODY C. 327 Contents of Limber-Chest for Battery-Wagon C—Continued. TOOLS AND STORES. Box C 4, containing Hammer Shoe-knife Half-round knife Shears pair Sandstone Rule (2 feet) Needles Awls and handles Punches Pincers pair Pliers pair Claw-tool Creaser Thimbles Strap-awl Beeswax lbs. No. Weight Lbs. 11.00 1 0.65 1 0.09 1 0.28 1 0.47 1 1.54 1 0.14 100 0.08 12 0.75 2 0.22 1 0.75 1 0.22 1 0.12 1 0.15 4 0.06 1 0.01 2 2.00 TOOLS AND STORES. Black wax lbs. Bristles Shoe thread lbs. Patent thread lbs. Buckles (assorted, .75-in. to 1.5-in). doz. Tacks M. Gunners' callipers Shoe-knives Scissors pairs Padlock, on the chest.. Tar bucket, on its hook Tow, for packing Total Boxes Nos. 1 and 2 occupy the bottom of the chest; No. 1 against the left end. Nos. 3 and 4 are placed on top of Nos. 1 and 2 : No. 3 against the rear of the chest. Wagon Body C. The large stores are piled loosely in the body and in the till; the small stores and tools are packed in five boxes. Interior arrangement.—A till, 9 inches wide and 9.5 inches deep, as described page 45. An axe rack extends along the whole length of the body, on the left side, 11 inches from the bottom; it is 2 inches deep and 1.5 inch wide, and is fastened to the side by the middle rivets of the side studs, and by 5 wood-screws. The rack has notches, to hold 3 axes, 3 hatchets, and 3 bill-hooks. Exterior Dimensions of the Boxes. DIMENSIONS. C Nos. 5 & 6. C No. 7. C No. 8. Candle Box. Length in. 23. 23.5 13. 11. Width in. 18.5 20.25 13. 6.5 Depth in. 11.25 14. 5. 5.5 Weight lbs. 17.5 28. 6. 2.85 328 ORDNANOEi MANUAL. Nos. 1 and 6 have no cover; No. 7 has a loose cover; No. 8 is divided into 4 equal parts ; No. 8 and candle box are of white pine, 0.625 inch thick, with cover hinges and locks; Nos. 5 and 6 are of hard wood, 0.75 inch thick. The boxes are marked, respectively, C Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8, and candle box C. Dimensions of Cans and Kegs. dimensions. Neat's-foot Oil. Turpentine & Linseed Oil Olive Paint. Black Paint. 2 Kegs. Capacity 2 gal. 1 gal. 25 lbs. 5 lbs. 50 lbs. Diameter 8. 6. 9.75 7. 9.75 Diameter of the bilge. .. .in. .... 10.5 Height 11.5 10. 10.25 8.5 12.5 Weight . .lbs. 2.2 1.37 3. 1.5 5. The first two cans have rounded tops and necks for corks; the other two have flat tops, and the opening covered by a piece of tin soldered on. There are seven cans—two marked C, Neat's-foot Oil ; one marked C, Linseed Oil; one marked C, Turpentine; two marked C, Olive Paint; one marked C, Black Paint. Contents of Wagon Body C. tools and stores. Box C 5, containing in 5 cans: Linseed oil gal Spirits turpentine gal. Olive paint lbs. Black paint lbs. tools and stores. Total in Box C 5 Box C 7, containing in 2 cans and 2 kegs Neat's-foot oil gals. Grease lbs. Box C 8, containing: Nails (4, 6, 8, and 10 pen¬ ny) lbs. Felling axes, in axe rack.... Lbs. 17.5 9.17 8.77 56. 6.5 80.44 28. 32.80 60. 92.80 6. 20. 12. Claw-hatchet, Hand-bills, in axe rack .lbs. Box C 6, containing Paint brushes Sperm or wax candles.. Rammer-heads Sponge-heads Sponges Priming-wires Gunners' gimlets Lanyards for friction primers Cannon spikes Dark-lanterns. Common lanterns. Total in Box C 6.... CONTENTS OF WAGON BODY C. Contents of Wagon Body C—Continued. 329 TOOLS AND STORES. Weight. Remarks. Caisson-stock Splinter-bar Rammers and sponges. Spokes Fellies Grindstone 14 in.X4 in.... Arbor and crank fordo.. Screw jacks Wheel-traces Leading-traces » Collars Girths Whips Bridles Halters Halter-chains. Hame-straps Spare nose-bags Sash-cord pieces Slow-match yards Elevating-screw Pole-yoke Harness leather side Bridle leather sides Prolonge Scythes . Scythe-stones Pickaxes and handles Corn-sacks Tarpaulins, 5 feet square... Reaping hooks Scythe snaths Spare stock for battery- wagon Padlock Watering bucket Forage Boxes Tow Total 1 3 40 24 1 1 3 10 10 6 16 16 6 6 12 25 12 6 2 1 1 1 2 1 4 4 6 2 24 2 4 Lbs. 35. 15. 13.5 72. 160. 50. 6.5 75. 47.5 57.5 27.5 11. 8. 18. 21. 15.5 4.5 13.5 10. 0.25 15.75 12.25 25. 22. 12.5 9. 6. 30. 13. 20. 18. 3.85 12. 90. 0.5 24.5 1292.57 Under the till, against the side and rear of the wagon. On the caisson-stock, against rear end. On the bottom; piled lengthwise against the front end. On the spokes, crosswise. ) On the fellies, against the left side of j the wagon. On the fellies, against the front and the till. In a pile occupying 30 inches at the rear end of the wagon, between the left side and the caisson-stock, and up to the top of the till,- the collars' piled on each other, from the bottom. j On the harness. On box No. 7, to the left of No. 8. On the pile of harness. | Under the till, in front of the pile of J harness, against the caisson-stock. On box No. 7, in front of No. 8. In the till, against the front end. In the curve of the scythes. In the till; the bits against rear end. Between the spade handles. On the scythes. On the corn-sacks, against front end. Fastened to the ridge-pole with a wooden clamp and a leather strap. Fastened to the ridge-pole with two leather straps and buckles. In the spare stock-stirrup. Tied to the forage rack. In the forage rack. Exclusive of forage. 380 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Box C No. 5 is placed on the bottom of the wagon, next to the pile of harness which occupies the rear part of the body. Box No, 6 is on top of No. 5; No. 1 on the bottom of the wagon, in front of No. 5; No. 8 on top of No. 7. The candle box in No. 6. EQUIPMENT OF A FORGE FOR THE FIELD PARK. Limber-Chest. The Chest is marked Forge B. The stores and tools are packed in 5 boxes and 1 oil can. Interior arrangement.—3 copper clamps for iron square, fastened on the inside of the cover by 11 screws. Boxes for tools and stores.—Made like those for Forge A. Exterior Dimensions. DIMENSIONS. Box B Nos. 1, 5, 6. Box B No. 2. Box B No. 3. Box B No. 4. Shoeing Box B. Length .. .in. 17.8 26.5 23.5 39.8 16.5 Width... .in. 13.25 17.8, 8. 9.8 8., Depth ... .in. 7.5 7.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Weight. .lbs. 8.25 17.5 8. 14.5 4.7 No. 3 has a partition for oil can, 5.'25 inches from one end. The boxes are marked, respectively, B Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4. The oil can is like that for Forge A. Contents of Limber-Chest of Forge B. TOOLS AND STORES. No. Weight TOOLS AND STORES. No. Weight Box B 1, containing: Nuts and washers No. 5 Nuts and washers No. 4 Nuts and washers No. 3 Nuts and washers No. 2 Nails, Nos. 1 and 2, C... .lbs Tire-bolts Rivets for amm'n-chests.. .lb Washers Nos. 3 and 4 Keys for ammunition-chests. Pole-prop socket and ferrule Linch-washers Shoulder-washers Lbs. 8.25 5.00 3.22 3.20 7.88 2.00 5.00 1.00 2.50 1.80 1.30 7.00 7.00 Box B 1—continued. Linchpins Chain No. 2 feet Pintle-hook Cap-square Tire bands (clips) developed. Total in Box B 1 Box B 2, containing: Heading tools, for bolts Heading tool, for nails Tire-punches, w. handles.... Lbs. 8.00 0.75 20.00 5.00 2.75 83.40 17.5 12.00 4.00 3.00 CONTENTS OP LIMBER-qHEST, FORGE B. Contents of Limber-Chest of Forge B—Continued. 331 TOOLS AND STORES. No. Weight TOOLS AND STORES. Weight Box B 2—continued. Round punch, w. handles ... Square punch, " ... Square hand-punch Round hand-punch Centre-punch Key-punch Set-hammer, hat Set-hammer, half-round Chisels for hot iron Chisels for cold iron Hand cold-chisels Smiths' tongs Nail-claw Tire-circle Bevel-vice Hardie Puller Hand-axe Total in box B 2 Box B 3, containing Screws, 1-in., No. 14...gross Small hand-vice Hand screw-driver Gimlets, assorted Small punches Spring compasses pair Files, assorted, w. handles Iron wire-guage Scribing-awl Callipers pair Bevel Trying-square Scriber Buttress Quart can of sperm oil... Total in box B 3 Lbs. Lbs. Box B 4, containing 14.5 2.10 Nave-bands, developed 4 11.75 2.10 Hand hammer 1 3.50 1.00 Riveting hammer 1 1.05 1.00 Nailing hammer 1 1.80 0.50 Sledge 1 10.50 1.00 Pore-punch 1 1.00 2.85 Creaser 1 1.00 3.00 Serew-wrench - 1 2.42 4.50 Smiths' shovel 1 3.05 3.00 Smiths' poker 1 1.90 2.00 Split broom . 1 1.25 15.00 Tap-wrench, with 4 holes ... 1 3.75 5.00 Die-stock 1 6.25 1.35 Tracing point 1 0.15 1.75 Augers, j-in. and 1-in 2.50 0.75 Framing chisel 1 1.50 2.40 Felling axe 1 6.00 5.00 Total in box B 4 59.37 73.30 Shoeing box, containing:. 4.7 8. Shoeing hammer 1 0.82 2.10 Shoeing pincers 1 2.00 1.00 Shoeing rasps 2.15 0.32 Pritchel 1 0.85 2.85 Nail-punch 1 0.80 2.75 Toe-knife 1 0.30 0.95 Clinching iron 1 1.00 0.75 Shoeing knife 1 0.33 0.15 Leather aprons 2 3.00 10.00 Oil-stone 1 1.50 0.25 0.15 Total in shoeing box ... 12.75 0.40 0.35 Iron square, on inside cover. 1 2.00 0.60 Padlock, on chest 1 0.5 0.15 Tar-bucket, on its hook 1 7.00 1.50 14.00 2.70 332.24 26.97 le bottom of the limber-chest; No. 1 aga mst the left end. No. 3 is placed "on top of Nos. 1 and 2, against the left end and the back of the chest. 332 ORDNANCE MANUAL. No. 4 on top of Nos. 1 and 2, against the front of the chest. The shoeing box, on No. against the right end and the back of the chest. Contents of Forge Body B. tools and stores. No. Weight. Place. Square iron (■£ to 1 in.) Flat iron (liXt, lXi, HX2-10, HXi in.) Round iron (S-io.) Lbs. 100. 50. 50. 10. 5. 16.5 200. 20. 10. 8. 100. 250. 4.75 0.50 3. 827.75 In the iron room. Bars not more than three feet long. Square iron in two bundles. In the iron room. On its hook. On the vice. On the fireplace. On the stock of the forge. | In the coal-box. On coal-box. Exclusive of vice. English blistered steel Boxes B 5 and B 6, containing :. Horseshoes Nos. 2 and 3 Horseshoe nails Nos. 2 and 3 Water bucket Watering bucket (leather) 1 1 1 1 1 I Bituminous coal Coal shovel Padlock To put the boxes 5> and 6 in place, loosen the thumb-nuts and raise the rear of the bellows one inch. EQUIPMENT OF A BATTERY-WAGON FOR THE FIELD PARK. Limber- Chest. The chest is'marked Battery-wagon D. The stores are packed with tow in the bottom of the chest, and in 2 boxes and 1 oil can. Interior arrangement.—2 cleats of oak for the boxes, .175 inch wide and 0.75 inch thick, are fastened to the ends of the chest by 8 screws, No. 14, 1.5 inch; the upper edges of the cleats 7.5 inches from the bottom of the chest. 5 wooden clamps for saws, fastened to the inside of the chest cover by 12 sereins. 2 brass clamps for webs of frame-saw, fastened to the inside of the cover by 12 nails. LIMBER-CEEEST EOR BATTEftY WAGON D. Exterior Dimensions of Boxes. D No. 1. D No. 2. Length in. Width in. Depth in. Weight lhs. 39.8 8.0 6.25 11.0 39.8 6.25 13.0 No. 1 has 2 partitions, 5.25 inches from one end and 7.5 inches from the other. No. 2 has 2 partitions, 14 inches from one end and 11.8 inches from the other. Made like the boxes for Forge A. The boxes are marked, respectively, D Nos. 1 and 2. One oil can, like that for the limber-chest of Forge A, marked D, Sperm oil. Contents of Limber-Chest for Battery-Wagon D. TOOLS AND STORES. carriage makers' tools. (Packed in the bottom of the chest with tow.) No. Weight Bench-planes Wood-clamps Oil-stones Broadaxe Hand-axe . Felling axe Hand-hammer Claw-hatchet Adze . Table-vice Holdfast Framing chisels. Firmer-chisels Gouges Frame-saw ' Screw-wrenches Augers and handles Claw-hammers Saddlers' mallet.... Saddlers' clam Box D 1, containing . Brace and 24 bits ....... Pincers, small .pair Callipers pair Lbs. 4 16.00 2 12. 2 3. 1 6. 1 5.35 1 6. 1 1.50 1 2. 1 3.30 1 3.80 1 10.5 4 6. 4 2. 4 5. 1 4.50 2 4.84 6 4.70 2 3.00 1 1.75 1 5.00 106.24 11. 4.35 1. 0.40 TOOLS AND STORES. Box D 1.—Continued. Spoke-shaves ' Gauges Plane-irons Saw-set Trying square Bevel Rule (2-feet) Gimlets Compasses pair Chalk-line Brad-awls Scriber Taper-files (4i-in.) Wood files Wood rasps Compass-saw Harness buckles ......gross Tacks M. Quart can sperm oil Total in Box D 1. saddlers' tools k stores. Box 2, containing:..., Hammer Shoe-knives Half-round knife........ Shears pair Sandstones , 334 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Contents of Limber-Chest for Battery-Wagon D—Continued. tools and stores. No. Weight tools and stores. No. Weight Box D 2.— Continued. Rule (2-feet) Needles, assorted Collar needles Awls Awl handles Punches, assorted Pincers pairs Pliers pairs Claw-tools Creasers Strap-awls Gauge-knife Compasses pair Thimbles Bristles Lbs. 1 0.14 600 0.50 5 0.05 36 2.25 6 0.60 6 0.66 3 2.25 6 1.32 3 0.36 3 0.45 3 0.03 1 0.80 1 0.18 6 0.09 1. Box D 2.— Continued. Beeswax Black wax Patent thread Total in Box D 2 Hand-saws, 1 in wooden f Tenon-saws,} clamp { Webs or blades for frame¬ saw, in brass clamps Padlock,' on chest Tar bucket, on its hook Tow Total Lbs. 3. 5. 5. 30.24 4. 3. 0.75 0.50 7. 5.25 208.50 Boxes Nos. 1 and 2 rest on the cleats; No. 1 against the back of the chest. Wagon Body D. The large stores are packed loosely in the body and in the till; the small stores and tools are packed in 9 boxes, 8 tin cans, and 2 kegs. Interior arrangement.—A till and axe rack as in Battery-wagon C. 2 wooden buttons for rammer-staves, fastened to the ridge-pole by 2 screws. 1 wooden clamp for reaping-hook, fastened to the ridge-pole. 2 wooden clamps for saws. 1 iron staple and leather strap for reaping hooks, passing through the ridge-pole. Exterior Dimensions of the Boxes. dimensions. D Nos. 3 and 5. D No. 4. D No. 6. D No. 7. D No. 8. D No. 9. D No. 10. Shoeing Box. - Length .. 23.5 27.5 19.5 31.5 12.5 13. 14.5 16.5 Width ... 20.25 23.5 19.5 19.5 8.5 13. 6. 8. Depth ... 14. 14. 10.5 8. 7.5 5. 5.5 6.5 Weight . ,.,.lbs. 28. 34. 21. 26. 4. 6. 3.5 4.7 Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 are of hard wood, .075 inch thick, with hinged covers anfl hooks. " Nos. 8, 9, and 10 are of white pine, .625 inch thick, with hinges and hooks. No. 9 is divided into 4 parts. CONTENTS OF WAGON BODY D. 335 The boxes are marked, respectively, D Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. The shoeing box is marked D. Eight tin cans: two, of tiie capacity of two gallons, for neat's-foot oil and lin¬ seed oil; three, of one gallon, for the same oils and for turpentine; two, for twenty-five pounds each of olive paint ; and one, for five pounds of black paint. They are made like those of the same capacity for Battery-wagon C. Two kegs, for grease ; like those in Battery-wagon C. Contents of Wagon Body D. TOOLS AND STORES. No. Weight. Gun-carriage stock (ironed). Caisson-stocks (not ironedj Splinter-bars. Tire-bolts, nuts and washers . Axle-trees, 6-pounders Half-tires. Bar-iron. Steel ... Pole-yokes. Wheel-traces Leading-traces Trace-chains, staples and rivets . Collars Girths Whips Hame-straps Bridles Halters Halter-chains Lbs. 165.00 70.00 30.00 11.75 234.00 140.00 200.00 50.00 37.00 47.5 57.5 26.00 27.50 11.00 8.00 4.50 18.00 21.00 15.50 On the bottom of the wagon, against the right side, rest¬ ing on two blocks, to clear the rammer-stop; the lu¬ nette to the rear. Against the left side and rear of the wagon; one on the other, the lunette ends in front. On the bottom, lying on each other against the caisson- stocks and the rear of the wagon. On the bottom against the front and right side. On the bottom, against the gun-carriage stock and the front end. Between the axle-trees and the splinter-birs. f In 5 bundles, not more than I 3 feet long ; on the half- tires, against the front of the wagon. On the bar-iron, toward the front. Piled on the bottom of the wagon, against the gun- carriage stock and the till, and on the caisson- ( stocks and splinter-bars; occupying about 31 in. in length of the rear part of the wagon. 836 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Contents of Wagon Body D—Continued. TOOLS AND STORES. Harness leather .. .sides Bridle leather " Bope, 2|-in. Nose-hags 12 Slow-match yards Screw jacks Elevating-screws Drag-ropes. Grindstone and arbor ... Felling axes Hand-bills «... Tarpaulins, 5 feet square Marline Sheep-skins. Pick-axes, without handles Handles for do. Sash-cord pieces Drill-bpw Barrel wiper and scraper Shoe thread Dark-lanterns Common lanterns. Bammer-heads. Sponges ...... Paint brushes . Bammer-staves, 12-pounder. Beaping hooks Weight. Lbs. 75.00 22.00 30.00 13.50 0.60 75.00 31.50 33.00 56.50 18.00 6.00 18. 18. 10. 12. 30. 14.50 5. 40. 0.45 2.5 10. 3. 4.6 4.40 3. 3. 13.5 5.75 Trimmed and rolled up tight; on the axle-trees and tires, in front of the pile of harness. Between the front ends of the caisson-stocks and the bar-iron. On the pile of harness. On the slow-match. Coiled on the screw jacks. On the drag-ropes. In the axe rack. On the gun-carriage stock. Between the till and boxes Nos. 3, 4 and 5. On box No. 3. On boxes Nos. 4 and 5. ■In the till, on each other; the bits against the back of the wagon. In the till, between the spade handles. In the till, lying on the bottom. In the till, in front of box No. 10. In the left side of the till, between the shoe thread and the front end. In the till, between the lanterns and the side of the wagon. On box No. 10, and by the side of it. In the wagon cover; three on each side of the ridge-pole, secured by two wooden buttons. Fastened to the ridge-pole by a wooden clamp and feather strap. CONTENTS OF WAGON BODY D. Contents of Wagon Body D—Continued. 337 TOOLS AND STORES. Cross Pit saw -cut saw 1 wjtjj0Ut handles f iw J { ■ Handles for do Spare stock for battery-wagon. Padlock Watering bucket Tow No. Weight. Lbs. 9. 1.5 3. 90. 0.5 8. 26.50 rIn the wagon cover laidfm each other, and fastened by two wooden clamps; the teeth of the cross- cut saw against the right cover-rail; the han¬ dle end of the pit saw I against the rear board [ of the cover. On the spade handles. On its hook. Contents of Wagon Body D—Continued. TOOLS AND STORES. No. Weight TOOLS AND STORES. Box D 3, containing 3 cans and 2 kegs Neat's-foot oil gals Grease Spirits turpentine gals Box D 4, containing: LABORATORY TOOLS. Copper adze, with handle... Wooden bowls Bench-brushes.-.. Callipers pair Dredging box Rocket mould,) „ , . , ( a . „ „ 'I for 1-mch Set of formers, >■ , . < Set of drifts,// rockets- 1 Forms for cylinders and caps, each calibre set Copper funnels Shot and shell gauges... .set Gimlets Copper hammer Paste kettle 22 Lbs. 28. 25.00 60.00 8.77 34. 3.00 6.00 0.90 0.40 1.00 5.00 21.60 1.75 7.50 4.00 15.00 0.25 1.80 9.00 Box D 4.—Continued. Lead ladle Stencil cutters, for letters and figures set Box for do Mallets Powder measures, 4 oz., 8 oz., 1 lb., and 2 lbs Brass mortar and pestle.... Moulds for musket and rifle balls and buckshot set Wooden mullers Needles [Paste brushes Copper pans, 10 or 12 in.... Rule (2-feet), not folded .... Sandstones Spring balance, 30 lbs Scissors Copper scoop, large " small Hair sieve Hand screw-drivers, large... Spatula 338 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Contents of Wagon Body D—Continued. tools and stores. Box D 4.—Continued. Thimbles Gunners' callipers Priming wires Gunners' gimlets Gunners' pincers Tinners' furnace Total in box D 4..... Box D 7, containing:.. Haversacks Tube-pouches Thumbstalls Linen canvas yards Box D 8, containing: Sperm or wax candles . Box D 9, containing: Kails, 6d. to lOd Shoeing box, containing Shoeing tools set Box D 5, with 5 cans.... Linseed oil gal: Olive paint Black paint Box D 6, containing:.... armorers' tools. Wire awls Band-set Drill-brace Hand-brace Centre-bits Hand-brushes Bench-brush Callipers pair Centre-punch Cold-chisels Stockers' chisels Stockers' gouges Compasses pair Lbs. 6 0.09 1 0.50 6 0.50 6 0.50 3 2.55 1 9.00 176.S3 26.0 12 22.32 8 7.60 8 0.04 15 7.50 Weight 4. 10. 20. 4.7 12.75 25. 20.5 50. 5. 21. 3 0.25 1 0.50 1 2.60 1 2.50 6 0.40 2 0.60 1 0.50 1 0.30 1 0.50 6 6.75 6 2.00 6 1.60 1 0.18 tools and stores. Box D 6.—Continued. Spring-clamps Wood-clamps Drill-stock Drills, assorted Die-stock Dies set Files, assorted File handles Glue pot Spring hooks Bench-hammers Drawing-knife Kippers pairs Pliers pairs Reamers, assorted Spring-compasses pair Rider Bench-stake Hack-saw frame Hack-saw blades Armorers' punches Screw-drivers, brace Rule, 2-feet Armorers' tongs Screw-taps set Breeching vice Hand-vices Bevel-vices Breeching wrench Tap wrench Straight-edge Bayonet mandrel Soldering irons Screw-wrench Oil-cans, small Tinners' shears pair Brass scale, 1 foot Box D 10, containing :.... Quick-match Total weight. FORGE-CHEST. 339 Boxes D 3 and 4 are placed on the caisson-stocks and the rolls of leather. No. 3 against the front of the pile of harness. Box D 5 is placed on the pole-yokes and rope, between No. 4 and the front of the wagon. Box D 6 is placed on top of No. 5, against the front of the wagon. Box D 7 is placed on top of No. 4, and Against No. 6. Box D 8 on top of No. 3; box D 9 on No. 3 and on the till; the shoeing box on No. 3; box D 10 in the left side of the till, in front of the spade handles. The boxes are put in after the grindstone and tarpaulins. FORGE FOR THE MOUNTAIN HOWITZER. Two chests, designated the> forge-chest and the smiths' tool-chest, contain the forge and the necessary tools for shoeing horses and making repairs. The chests are carried on the sides of the pack-saddles, fastened by means of the lashing-chain. The coal-sack, containing the charcoal, is fastened to the arc by the handles. Forge-Chest. The different articles are packed in this chest in racks, or held fast by pleats. The legs of the frame are first folded up close to the frame, and the back of the fire¬ place is turned down on the hearth and fastened by its catch. The handle is detached from the bellows, which is closed and fastened by the connecting rod. Interior arrangement.—Wood.—1 corner piece, fastened to the left end, at the back, by 4 copper tacJcs ; 1 cleat for bellows, fastened to the bottom by 2 screws No. 14, lj-inch; it has a hole in its top surface to receive the journal; 1 support for nozzle of bellows, framed and fastened to the bottom of the-chest by 2 screws No. 14, li-ineh; 1 cleat for bellows handle, fastened to the front side, toward the right, by 2 screws No. 14, IJ-inch; 1 clamp for bellows has a hole for upper journal of bellows, goes over and across the bellows, and is held by the staple-plates; 1 clamp for frame. Iron.—1 strap-staple, drivpn through the nozzle-support for the right side and clenched; 1 bracket for wrench, fastened to the right end by 2 screios No. 9, .625- inch ; 2 staple-plates, fastened opposite each other, one on the front side and the other on the back, by 4 screws No. 9, .625-inch; 1 staple-plate, fastened to the back by 2 screws No. 9, .625-inch; 2 clamp-plates, fastened to the clamps by 4 screws No. 9, .625-inch. Leather.—1 nozzle-strap 16 inches long; 1 buckle No. 6; 2 straps 40 inches long; 2 buckles No. 8. 340 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Contents of Forge-Chest. TOOLS AND STORES. No. Weight, j WHERE PLACED. Lbs. Fireplace and frame, folded up 1 31.5 On its side, the bottom against the hack of the chest. Bellows, closed 1 18.25 The right journal in the hole in the cleat on the bottom, the left in that in the clamp; the nozzle fastened to its support by the strap. Bellows handle 1 1.875 On its cleat. Wrench for nuts Nos. 1 and 4... 1 1.0 In its bracket. 1 hand-hammer with handle .... 1 2.375 Placed upright near the wrench. 1 riveting " " " 1 1.5625 ti a a a ii 1 fore-punch and creaser on same handle 1 1.844 it ii it a II Bags of horseshoe nails 2 10.0 Packed with tow in the space to the right of the bellows. Weight of forge-chest with cleats and clamps. 45. lbs. " " tools and stores 68.4 " " " forge-chest, packed 113.40 " Smiths' Tool-Chest. The stores are secured by cleats or brackets. Interior arrangement.—Wood.—1 anvil-rest, with a mortise for the head of the anvil, fastened to the bottom of the chest by 2 screws No. 14, 1.75-inch; 1 triamjular cleat, fastened in the left front corner by 2 screws No. 14, 1.25-inch; 1 vice-cleat, fastened to the front side by 2 screws No. 14, 1.75-inch; 2 racks for poker and shovel, 1 button on upper cleat, fastened to the back by 4 screws No. 14,1.5-inch ; 2 racks for rasp, fastened to the back by 4 screws No. 14, 1.25-inch; 2 cleats for toe-knife, fastened to the back by 4 screws No. 9, .625-inch; 1 cleat for tongs, fastened to the left end by 2 screws No. 14, 1.25-inch; 2 cleats for files^ and 1 button on right cleat, fastened on the inside of cover by 4 screws No. 14, 1-inch; 1 movable cleat, hollowed out to fit the anvil-block and bucket; 1 stud. Iron.—'1 strap-staple, fastened to the bottom by 2 rivets, .25-inch; 3 brackets, fastened to the front side by 6 screws No. 8, .5-inch; 2 hooks driven into the upper cleat for poker. Leather.—1 strap 28 inches long; 1 buckle No. 5. CARRIAGE MAKERS' TOOLS AND STORES. Contents of Smiths' Tool-Chest. 341 TOOLS AND STORES. No. Weight. Lbs. Anvil and block 1 33-5 Water bucket (iron) 1 4.6875 Pair shoeing pincers 1 1.875 Vice 1 2.656 Nailing hammer 1 1.5 Shoeing " 1 .875 Splitting chisel 1 .8125 Tongs pair 1 1.6875 Pritchel 1 .718 Hardie 1 .406 Clenching iron 1 .9375 Shoeing knife 1 .406 Poker 1 .5 Shovel 1 .6875 Rake 1 .531 N ail-punch 1 .064 Buttress 1 1.469 Toe-knife 1 .50 Rasp 1 1.5 Square file 1 .719 Plat file 1 1.031 Half-round file 1 .8125 Bags horseshoe nails 2 10. WHERE PLACED. The head in the mortise of the rest, the block secured by the strap and buckle. On the movable cleat resting on the anvil-block. In its cleat on the front with the vice. In its cleat. In brackets on front. In triangular cleat in the corner. it « it In rack on the left end. In rack on the left. In rack on the left end. J In two wooden racks on the back of j the chest. On two hooks in the poker rack, held by a button. In its cleats on the back of the chest. 1 In two racks on the back of the chest, ) near the left end. ) In two cleats on the inside cf cover, J held by a button. One on the bottom at the left end, the other in the bucket. Weight of the chest with cleats and racks.. 44. lbs. " " tools and stores 72.875 " " " chest packed 116.875 " Carriage Makers' Tools and Stores. The tools and stores for the use of carriage makers, in repairing the carriages and equipments, are packed in two chests, which are like those for the ammunition, but without the interior divisions. The hasp and hasp-staples are like those of the forge-chest. The two chests are designated by the letters A and B. 342 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Contents of Carriage Makers' Tool-Chests. Chest A. Claw-hatchet ..... Nailing hatchet Firmer-chisels, £ and fin... Trying square Bevel Augers, i and § in., and one handle Riveting hammer Hand-saw Jack plane Screw-driver Rule (2-feet) Gimlets - Hand-saw files No. Weight Chest A. No. Weight Lbs. Lbs. 1 2.125 Wood-files, 12-inch 2 1.125 1 1.75 Sickles 2 2.125 2 .594 Gunners' gimlet 1 0.083 1 .422 Priming-wire 1 0.08 1 .375 Gunners' pincers 1 1.25 Fuze-cutter 1 2 1.375 Papers of sprigs, 1-inch and 1 1.5 H-inch 2 1.0 1 2.0 Papers of tacks, 8 oz. and 1 4.25 12 oz 2 1.25 1 .375 Wood-screws, f inch, No. 9.. 60 0.31 1 .156 Lbs. sash-cord 2 2.0 3 .1875 Lb. twine .5 2 .125 Weight of chest 21. lbs. " tools and stores, 24.96 " " chest packed... 46.96 " Chest B. No. Weight Chest B. Hand-axe Claw-hatchet Nailing hatchet Firmer-chisels Firmer-gouge Pair compasses Trying square, 6 inches Scriber Riveting hammer Mallet Gimlets Screw-driver Wood-rasp Oil-stone Lbs. 3.25 2.125 1.75 0.594 0.25 0.25 0.422 0.125 1.5 2.25 0.1875 0.375 0.5 1.812 Brad-awls Sickles . Gunners' Gimlet Priming-wire Papers tacks, 8 and 12 oz... Lb. twine Leather thongs Wood-screws, li and 1 inch, No. 14 Wood-screws, 1£ and 2 inch, No. 16 Nuts No. 1; 2, No. 2; 6, No. 4 Washers No. 1 Weight of chest 21. lbs. " tools 22.083 " " chest packed... 45. " The sickles are fastened to the front and back of the chests (inside) by small cleats at the necks and points. The other articles are securely packed in tow, the edges of the Cutting tools being carefully wrapped up to prevent injury. GUN-CARRIAGES AND CAISSONS. 343 WEIGHTS OF GUN-CARRIAGES AND CAISSONS EQUIPPED FOR FIELD SERVICE. DESIGNATION, 6-pdr. 12-pdr. FOR HOWITZERS. 12-pdr. 24-pdr. 32-pdr, GUN-CARKIAGE. Gun Gun-carriage, without wheels Two wheels Limber body, without wheels Two wheels Ammunition-chest, with interior divisions. Ammunition, packed Large tarpaulin Other implements and equipments Total weight Number of rounds of ammunition on each limber CAISSON. Body, without wheels Two wheels Two ammunition-chests Ammunition, packed in do Limber body, without wheels Two wheels Ammunition-chest Ammunition, packed in do Large tarpaulin Other implements and spare parts Total weight Number of rounds of ammunition on each caisson and its limber Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 884 1,757 788 1,318 1,890 540 783 540 736 783 360 392 360 392 392 335 335 335 335 335 360 360 360 360 360 185 182 206 198 192 395 497 465 541 470 36 36 36 36 36 83 86 83 86 86 3,178 4,428 3,173 4,002 4,544 50 32 39 23 15 Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 432 432 432 432 432 360 360 360 360 360 370 364 412 396 384 790 994 930 1,082 940 335 335 335 335 335 360 360 360 360 360 185 182 206 198 192 395 497 465 541 470 36 36 36 36 36 246 246 246 246 2'46 3,509 3,806 3,782 3,986 3,755 150 96 117 69 45 844 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Weights of Forges and Battery-wagons equipped for Field Serviee. designation. For the Battery. For the Park. FORGE. Body complete, without wheels Two wheels Anvil and water buckets Stores in iron room Stores in coal-box Limber body, without wheels Two wheels Limber-chest, empty Stores and tools on the limber Total weight. BATTERY-WAGON. Body complete, without wheels Two wheels Stores in wagon body Limbet body, without wheels Two wheels Limber-chest, empty Stores and tools on the limber Total weight (exclusive of forage) 3,574 4,915 Lbs. 997 360 118 320 255 335 360 158 480 3,383 Lbs. 910 360 1,289 335 360 158 162 Lbs. 997 360 118 455 255 335 360 158 332 3,370 Lbs. 910 360 2,583 335 360 158 200 Bill of Boards for Interior of Ammunition-Chests. designation. dimensions (rough). Length. Width. Thick- ness. ( Partitions § « j (bottom * § 1 Tray. \ sides ^ ( (ends pj _ | Partitions j £ § -{ ( bottom ® Tray. -I sides I (ends pi ^ f Partitions g J Bolsters for lower tier ^ o 1 Props for upper tier r~l w (Bolsters for canisters g J Partitions 4 ° 1 os * ( Linings £ o >■ Partitions 1 05 to I I CO J In. In. In. Feet. 1 168 11. 0.625 8.02 1 22 20. 0.75 2.29 1 22 10. 0.75 1.15 1 20 11. 1. 1.53 1 84 12. 0.75 5.25 1 42 14. 0.75 3.06 1 22 20. 0.75 2.20 1 22 7.5 0.85 0.86 1 20 9. 1. 1.25 1 120 15.5 0.75 9.69 1 54 10. 2. 7.50 1 90 12. 1. 7.5 1 8 iO. 1.5 1.87 1 96 15.5 0.75 7.75 1 13 10.5 1. 0.94 1 96 8.25 1. 5.5 1 54 15.5 1. 5.81 1 108 16. 1. 12. 1 60 8.5 1. 3.54 Poplar. 1 Poplar, >• or white J pine. Poplar. ) Poplar, >■ or white J pine. Poplar. Oak. Poplar. Poplar. FIELD TRAIN. 345 FIELD TRAIN. Ordnance. The proportion of artillery to other troops varies generally between- the limits of 1 and 3 pieces to 1,000 men, according to the force of the army, the character of the troops of which it is composed, the force and character of the enemy, the nature of the country which is to be the theatre of war, and the character and objects of the war. Similar considerations must regulate the selection of the kinds of ordnance and the proportions of the different kinds in the train. The following principles may be observed in ordinary cases: 2- t 1 000 ;s guns, of which f | T ^rs! 2 pieces to 1,000 men.J 1 - - ^ , , c i. v fi " 24-pdrs. or 32-pdrs. i howitzers, of which j1 „ 12_£drs. * Distributed as follows: For the Infantry.—1 piece to 1,000 men; 6-pdr. guns and 12-pdr. howitzers, in batteries of foot artillery. For the Cavalry.—2 pieces to 1,000 men j 6-pdr. guns and 12-pdr. howitzers, in batteries of horse artillery. For the special and general parks of reserve—- f £ in 12-pdr. batteries 1 - „ . „ 1 piece to 1,000 men. -| i " 6-pdr. " ) 0 0 r 1 er^' 6-pdr. batteries of horse artillery. Ammunition for Cannon. 200 rounds to each piece, both of the reserves and of the active batteries. The ammunition which cannot be carried in the caissons attached to the pieces will be kept in boxes with the reserves. Additional supplies of ordnance and ordnance stores are placed in convenient depots, according to circumstances. Ammunition for Small Arms. 100 rounds to each*man; of which, for the musket, 40 rounds are in the cartridge- box, 60 in the parks of reserve. In the same proportion for other small arms. Percussion-caps in the proportion of 12 caps to 10 cartridges. 346 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Composition of a Battery on the War Establishment. KIND OP BATTERY. Guns 112-pounders, mounted. { 6-pounders, " Howitpfrs 124-pounders, " . -Howitzers . j 12.poun(iers, " . Total number of pieces Travelling £orge Battery-wagon ... Whole number of carriages with a battery. For 4 guns. f Shot ■< Spherical-case. ( Canisters Ammunition. .. -j f Shells........ For 2 howitzers.. ■( Spherical-case. ( Canisters Total number of rounds with a battery. Draught horsfs. . i 6 to each earriaSe ( Spare horses, one-twelfth . Total N ote. For two 32-pdr. howitzer-carriages and 4 f | Jherical-case .'.''..'.''.184 caissons, the number of rounds of ammunition is j c^Aisters 14 Total 210 Harness, corresponding to the number of horses to the carriages. THE FIELD PARK. 347 Battery of Mountain Howitzers. Howitzers .» 6 Gun-carriages 7 Ammunition-chests 36 (48 rounds for each howitzer.) Forge and tools, in 2 chests 1 Set of carriage makers'tools, in 2 chests 1 Pack-saddles and harness 33 Horses or mules 33 Such additional supplies of the above kinds as may be thought necessary will be carried with the park of reserve, together with the necessary ammunition for infantry, in packs. A mountain howitzer ammunition-chest will carry about 700 musket ball- cartridges. Bocket Battery. No regular organization of a rocket battery has been arranged. The nature and number of rockets, and of carriages or conductors, will be deter¬ mined by the character of the service for which they may be required. The Field Park. The spare carriages, reserved supplies of ammunition, tools and materials for extensive repairs, and for making up ammunition, for the service of an army in the field, form the Field Park, to which should be attached also the batteries of reserve. The quantities of these supplies must depend in a great measure on the particular circumstances of the campaign. The ammunition required for artillery and small arms (according to the propor¬ tions above stated), in addition to what can be carried by the batteries and the troops, will be carried with the park, in caissons or in store-wagons. The following carriages and stores, in due proportion, according to circumstances, will also form parts of the field park, viz : Spare gun-carriages, 1 to each field battery. Travellinq Forqes, B. 1 „ - , J r ®ne or more °i each. Battery-wagons, D. ) Spare spokes, 50 to each battery. Spare feHies, 20 to each battery, i, store—dragons Spare harness Unboxes. J Horseshoes and nails.. J Gunpowder. Saltpetre. Sulphur. Charcoal. Laboratory paper. Percussion-caps for small arms. Friction primers for cannon. Stuff for cartridge-bags. Woollen yarn. Cotton yarn. Glue. 348 ORDNANCE MANUAL. SIEGE TRAIN. The number and kind of cannon for a siege train must be determined by the circumstances of each case; but the following general principles may be observed in assigning the proportion of different kinds and calibres, and the relative quantity of other supplies, for a train of 100 pieces of ordnance. Cannon. Guns { 24-pdr about one-half of the whole number 50 118-pdr. or 12-pdr '' one-tenth " ...... 10 Howitzers, 8-in. siege " one-fourth " 25 Mortars { 10-in> sie«e " one"eiShth " 12 I 8-in. siege " 3 Coehorn mortars, in addition to the 100 pieces 6 Wall pieces Gun-Carriages. For 24-pdr. guns and 8-in. howitzers, one-fifth spare 90 For 18-pdr. and 12-pdr. guns one-fifth spare 12 For 10-in. mortars one-sixth spare 21 For 8-in. mortars 4 Other Carriages. Mortar-wagons.—1 for each 10-in. mortar and bed, and for three 8-in. mortars and beds 13 Wagons, for transporting implements, intrenching and miners' tools, labora¬ tory tools and utensils, and other stores—each loaded with about 2,700 lbs., say 140 Carts (carrying balls, etc. on the march) 50 Park Battery-wagons, fully equipped 28 Park Forges, fully equipped 8 Sling-carts, large 5 Sling-carts, hand 4 Draught Horses. For each gun and howitzer, with its carriage 8 Spare gun-carriage 6 Mortar-wagon 8 Battery-wagon 6 Forge 6 Cart 2 Sling-cart, large. 2 Spare horses l-10th. Total, about 1,900 horses. PROJECTILES AND AMMUNITION. 349 Projectiles and Ammunition. ( Round shot . f 800 t0 eaoh 24"Pdr 40>000 For Guns < 1,000 to each 18 and 12-pdr 10,000 J Grape and canisters strapped, 20 rounds to each piece . 1,200 ^ Spherical-case strapped, 20 rounds to each piece 1,200 r Shells, 800 to each 8-inch howitzer 20,000 For Howitzers. < Canisters strapped, 5 to each 125 v Spherical-case strapped, 20 to each 500 r 600 shells to each 10-inch 7,200 For Mortars... \ 800 " " 8-inch 2,400 200 '' u Coehorn 1,200 Gunpoicder, in barrels lbs. 500,000 Computing for each 24-pounder round shot, one-third the weight of shot.' " " 18 and 12-pdr. " one-fourth " " " " grape, canister, and spherical-case, one-sixth the weight of shot. " " round of howitzer ammunition. 5 lbs.) . « 10-inch mortar 7 « f inol^in« ChargG °f " " " 8-inch mortar 3 "J " " " Coehorn * • 4 " Cartridije-bags, 1 for each round. Cartridge paper, bundles 200 Wade—hay wads, made in the field. Slow-match lbs. 500 Port-fires 200 Fuzes, J more than the number of shells 35,000 Wooden bottoms and tubs, for firing small shells 1,200 Friction primers, for guns and howitzers, 14 to each round. Cartridges for wall pieces, 500 rounds to each. Cartridges, powder, percussion-caps and lead, for small arms, according to the force of the army. Most of the ammunition is transported by hired wagons. 350 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Implements and Equipments. FOR EACH GUN. 2 Sponges—1 spare. 2 Rammers—1 " 1 Worm to 4 pieces. lLadle " 8 Handspikes—2 spare. 1 Pass-box. 2 Tube-pouches. 1 Gunners' perpendicular to 16 pieces. 1 Vent-punch to 3 pieces. 2 Thumbstalls. 2 Priming-wires—t spare. 1 Gunners' gimlet. 1 Breech sight. 1 Vent cover. 1 Water bucket. 1 Broom. 1 Tompion. 2 Chocks. 2 Lanyards for friction primers. 1 Piece of chalk. 1 Wrench to 6 pieces. 1 Short roller. 1 Trace-rope. FOR EACH HOWITZER AND MORTAR. IMPLEMENTS. Sponges and rammers Handspikes (2 shod, for mortar) Haversacks Tube-pouches Thumbstall Priming wires Vent-punch—to 3 pieces Gunners' gimlet Gunners' perpendicular—to 6 pieces. Quadrants Fuze-setters Fuze-mallets Chocks, for wheels Maul Loading tongs Tompions Vent cover Water bucket Broom Breech sight Lanyards for friction primers. Plummets Pointing-stages Pointing-cord Quoins Shell-hooks Scrapers Spatulas Gunners' sleeves (pair) Grommet wad Wipers of tow linen Chalk Hammer-wrench—to 6 pieces HOWITZER. 2—1 7—2 spare 1 2 1 2—1 spare 1 1 1 1 2—1 spare 2—1 spare 1 2 2—1 spare 6—2 spare 1 2 2—1 spare 1 1 1 1 2—1 spare 2—1 spare 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2—1 spare 1 1 1 MACHINES AND ROPES. 351 Scales and weights, or a spring balance, funnel, set of powder measures of 3 sizes, and fuze-extractor to each battery magazine. The number of implements must be proportioned to the whole number of gun- carriages, including the spare carriages. One tar bucket to each travelling carriage. Platforms For guns and howitzers For mortars Embrasure Shutters. For half the number of guns and howitzers. Spare Parts of Carriages Proportion to the number of parts in the carriages : Pintles for siege carriages Nuts and washers, assorted Linchpins Axle-trees Wheels Axle-washers ( ^boulder ( Linch Cap-squares Poles, one-half ironed Elevating-screws Leading-bars, one-half ironed Spare parts of field carriages, as for field batteries. Timber and other Materials for Repairs. Proportion to the number of parts that enter into the construction of the car¬ riages : Axle bodies for siege carriages, l-50th; Breech-bolsters, l-20th; Cheeks, l-30th ; Fellies, l-50th; Spokes, l-30th; Fork-saddles, l-30th; Poles, l-20th; Hounds, l-20th; Splinter-bars, l-20th; Leading-bars, l-10th; Square timber of various scantling—Plank—Wooden parts of mortar-wagons; of each, l-20th. Bar-iron, assorted, 80 lbs. to a piece, 8,000 lbs.; Steel, 5 lbs. to a piece, 500 lbs. ; Sheet-iron, 50 sheets; Iron wire, 400 lbs.; Tin, 225 sheets; Nails, assorted, 300 lbs.; Screws, assorted, 5 gross. Machines and Ropes. 7 Gins, with tackle, complete; 10 Lever Jacks; 14 Screw Jacks; 5 Lifting Jacks; 20 Wheelbarrows, l-5th for shells; 7 Hand-barrows; Balances, for weighing ; l-t0th spare. .l-8th " .l-30th. .l-10th. ■l-5th. l-20th. 1-15th. ,l-20th. 1-10th. l-15th. ,l-4th. .l-8th. l-8tb. 352 ORDNANCE MANUAL. l6 Spare gin-falls; 75 Double prolonges; 75 Single prolonges; Drag-ropes, 200; 2f-inch rope, 500 fathoms; Men's harness, 50; Small ropes, 200 lbs.; Twine, of various sizes, 50 lbs. Tools. Sets of carriage makers' and blacksmiths' tools—Pioneers' tools, for the artillery alone, 40 to a piece, say 4,000; of which 1,600 spades, 270 shovels, 2,000 mattocks, 130 picks—Spare tool handles, one-half. Axes, 5 to a piece, 500; Bill-hooks, 2 to a piece, 200; Saws, various kinds, 100; 10-foot rods, 2-foot rules, masons' levels, 50 of each; Mauls, 200; Scythes, 8; Miners' tools; Baskets. Laboratory Tools and Materials. 2 Sets of Laboratory tools. (See page Nitre, pulverized 1,500 lbs. Sulphur, pulverized 100 '• Charcoal, pulverized 100 " Sulphur, roll 100 " Pitch 150 " Rosin 150 " Beeswax 50 " Camphor 20 " Spirits turpentine 10 gals. Sperm oil 30 " Linseed oil 2 " Tow—Tarred links—Rock-fire, etc. 312.) Twine 50 lhs. Tarred rope-yarn 200 " Copper wire 10 " Brass wire 10 " Cotton yarn 25 " Glue 10 " Wrapping paper 10 reams. Tar 2 barrels. Mealed powder 300 lbs. Quick-match 150 " Torches 100 " Coal-tar 1 barrel. Implements for Firing Hot Shot. 4 Sets. (See Chapter XIII.) Instruments and Books. 2 Theodolites, or other instruments for measuring angles; 2 Levels and staves; 2 Compasses; 4 Surveying chains; Diagonal scales; Cases of mathematical instru¬ ments ; Spy-glasses; Thermometer ; Barometer. Books.—Ordnance Manual; Artillery for the land service; Tables of firing ; Logarithmic tables ; Drawing paper. Miscellaneous Supplies. Smiths' coal, 20 tons; Grease, 2,000 lbs., in 50-lb. kegs ; Sand-bags, 500 to each piece of ordnance; Chevaux-de-frise; Scaling ladders; Rampart grates, 50; Tar¬ paulins, various sizes, 100; 2 Grindstones; Lanterns, 100; Sperm candles, 150 lbs.; Lamplighters' torches; Canvas; Friction matches, in small tin cases. ARMAMENT OE FORTIFICATIONS. 353 ARMAMENT OF FORTIFICATIONS. The kind and number of pieces of ordnance required for the armament of each pf the fortifications are prescribed by the War Department, according to the char¬ acter and extent of each work. The carriages, ammunition, implements, equipments, and other supplies, for a fort placed on the war establishment, may be proportioned to the number of pieces on the following general principles, the application of which must, however, be reg¬ ulated by the importance of the position and by the peculiar circumstances of each CARRIAGES. For a front of attack For other land fronts and for sea-coast bat¬ teries. Gun-car¬ riages. f Casemate ... | Barbette .... -{ Siege | Field [ Morfar-beds . Trench-carts for advanced works Sling-carts Tumbrils or hand-carts ... Caissons Forges, travelling (besides permanent forges) AMMUNITION. For each 10-in. columbiad .. For each gun and sea-coast howitzer and 8-inch co¬ lumbiad For each 24-pdr. howitzer... For each siege howitzer For each 10-in. mortar For each mortar For each 8-in. mortar and Coehorn - l-6th . l-3d.. l-3d .. l-3d .. l-4th . 1 to 20 pieces. 1 to 25 pieces. 1 to 20 pieces. 1 to each field- piece. 1 to 30 pieces of all kinds. 400 rounds. 800 rounds. 100 " . 600 " . 400 " 600 roundi. .l-10th , . l-20th. .1-10th, .l-10th , 1 to 25 pieces. 1 to 20 pieces. 250 rounds.. 100 " .. 200 " .. 200 " More than the number of pieces) 1-20 1-2 1-20 Grape and canister. Rampart grenades, 300 to a front of attack. For each piece of artillery of a field battery for sorties, 200 rounds. Gunpowder.—The quantity of cannon powder may be calculated on the following principles: For each charge of a gun—J of the weight of the shot. " " 10-inch columbiad, 15 lbs. " " 8-inch " 10 « 23 354 ORDNANCE MANUAL. "J Including the charge of the shell. For each charge of a 24-pdr. howitzer. 2 lbs. " 8-inch siege howitzer, 4 " " 10-inch sea-coast " 12 " " 8-inch " " 8 " " 10-inch mortar, light, 7 " 10 inch " heavy, 15 " 8-inch " 3 " 13-inch " 30 " Coehorn " £ To spare: for mining, fireworks, and wastq, 1-10 of the whole, including a pro¬ portion of mealed powder and its components, pulverized. Fuzes J more than the number of shells. Slow-match, 4 lbs. to a piece. Cannon cartridge paper, 1 sheet to a round. Sabots. Wooden bottoms for mortars firing grenades. Port-jires, 1 to 200 rounds. Friction primers, 1£ the number of rounds. Small Arms. Muskets ....1-3 1 Pistols 1- Artillery and infantry swords 1-25 Cavalry sabres ....1-5 j More than the number of troops of the }- several kinds supposed to be. fully armed and equipped. "Wall-pieces—50 to a front of attack, or a front exposed to escalade. Ammunition.—Musket cartridges, for each man 400 Musketoon, pistol, and rifle cartridges..... 100 Cartridges for each wall-piece .' 400 Spare powder for small arms, l-25th of the whole quantity required for the car¬ tridges. Cartridge paper in proportion. Percussion caps, in addition to those paoked with the cartridges, £ the number of rounds. Implements and Equipments. FOR EACH GUN. 2 Rammers—1 spare. 2 Sponges—1 " ilss: 1 Gunners' perpendicular to 6 pieces. 1 Pass-box. 1 Budge-barrel. 2 Tube-pouches. 2 ThumbStalls—1 spare. 2 Priming-wires—1 spare. 1 Gunners' gimlet. 1 Vent-punch, to 3 pieces. 1 Breech sight. 1 Vent cover. 2 Lanyards for friction primers. 1 Water bucket. 1 Tompion, 1 Chalk-line and chalk. 1 Broom. 1 Wrench to 6 pieces. IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS. 355 for each howitzer. The same as for a gun, omitting pass-box, and adding: 1 Haversack. 1 Fuze-setter. 1 Fuze-mallet. 1 Fuze-extractor, to 6 pieces. 1 Quadrant. for each columbiad. The same as for a howitzer, adding, for those of model 1844, 1 Woolen sponge, of the diameter of the bore, to 3 guns. for each mortar. 1 Sponge and rammer. 6 Handspikes—4 shod. 1 Haversack. 1 Tube-pouch. 2 Priming-wires. 1 Yent-punch, to 3 pieces. 1 Gunners' gimlet. 1 Quadrant. 1 Plummet. 2 Pointing-stakes. 2 Quoins. 1 Tompion. 2 Lanyards for friction primers. 1 Pair shell-hooks. 1 Scraper. 1 Spatula. 1 pair gunners' sleeves. 1 Wiper. 1 Fuze-setter. 1 Mallet. 1 Fuze-saw. 1 Fuze-extractor, to 6 mortars. 1 Basket. 1 Broom. 1 Tarpaulin. for each 24-pdr. howitzer for flank defence. 2 Hammers and sponges—1 spare. 2 Sponge-covers—1 spare. 1 Roller-bar. 2 Manceuvring-handspikes. 1 Gunners' haversack. 1 Budge-barrel. 2 Tube-pouches. 2 Thumbstalls—1 spare. 2 Priming-wires—1 spare. 1 Gunners' gimlet. 1 Breech-sight. 2 Lanyards for friction primers. 1 Water bucket. 1 Fuze-cutter. 1 Vent-punch. 1 Vent cover. 1 Tompion and strap. 1 Broom. For each casemate carriage (wooden, including the spare carriages), 2 truck- bars ; 2 chocks; 1 broom. For each barbette carriage (wooden), 2 manoeuvring handspikes; 1 tarpaulin, or other cover; 1 platform and 1 maul; if the platform be not permanent. For each iron carriage, 2 njanoeuvring-bars; 2 pinch-bars; 1 manceuvring- handspike; 2 wrenches; 1 elevating-bar for columbiads. For each siege carriage, 4 handspikes; 1 maul; 1 platform. For each colijmbiad barbette carriage (wooden), 4 truck-bars; 2 manoeu- vring-bars; 1 elevating-bar. 356 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Spare Parts for Repair of Carriages. Proportion of the number of spare parts to that of similar parts which belong to the carriages— Forks for traversing wheels of barbette carriages l-20th. Pintles for siege carriage limbers l-30th. Pintles for casemate carriages l-20th. Linchpins 1 -5 th. /-for siege carriages l-20th. Axle-trees ■< for barbette carriages l-40th. vfor casemate carriages l-40th. Rollers for casemate carriages l-40th. Bolster-plates, for pintles not permanently fixed i-40th. f for siege carriages 1-15th. for barbette upper carriages (including rollers) ]-20th. Wheels-{ for casemate " l-40th. for barbette chassis l-40th. .for casemate chassis l-40th. f shoulder l-20th. 1-lOth. Poles, for siege carriage limbers, one-half ironed 1 -4th. Elevating-screws 1-bth. Tongues (iron) for casemate carriages l-10th. Nuts, assorted l-10th. I! Axle-washers, <. I linch. Timber and other Materials for Repairs. Cheeks, stocks, naves, spokes, fellies, for siege carriages, of each. l-20th; cheeks of mortar-beds, l-12th. Handspikes, 4 to a piece; tool handles, £; sets of timber for barbette carriages, l-20th; ditto, casemate, l-40th; inon, assorted, 50 lbs. to each piece; nails and screws, assorted, 100 to each piece; steel, 1 lb. to each piece; sheet- iron, 6 square feet to each piece; tin, 5 sheets to each piece; spare parts for small arms, see Chapter VIII. Machines, Ropes, etc. Gins, casemate and rampart, as may be required, according to the extent of the fort; screw jacks, capstans, lever jacks, wheel-barrows, 1 to each piece; hand- barrow, for shells, 1 to each mortar; sling hand-barrow, or frame hand-barrow with legs, 1 to 6 guns and howitzers ; platform balance, or scales and weights; gin-falls, l-5th spare; double prolonges, 2 to each gin : drag-ropes, 2£-inch rope, small rope, 5 lbs. to a piece; handspikes, 7 feet long; skids, blocks, rollers. MISCELLANEOUS SUPPLIES. 357 Tools. Sets of carriage makers', smiths' and armorers' tools; intrenching and miners' tools, saws, levels, paviors'rammers ; 10-foot rods; 2-foot rules; the number of each kind to be regulated by the particular circumstances of each case. Tools and Materials for Fireworks. (See Chapter X.) Laboratory tools and materials, according to the extent and resources of the fort. See the proportion of those for a siege train. For each night of a siege, or for each night on which the guns will probably he served, have 6 tarred links to each piece mounted on the ramparts of a front of attack, or of a sea-coast battery, and 5 fire-balls for a front of attack. Signal rockets, torches, rock-fire, etc., according to circumstances. Instruments, Books and Stationery. According to the character and extent of the fort.—See Siege Train. Miscellaneous Supplies. Timber, plank, and boards; wood for sabots, fascines, gabions, etc. Pickets; coal, 5 tons to a forge; grease, grindstones, rampart grates, 2 to each piece on the ramparts; sand-bags, for the batteries on the front of attack; lantern, 1 to each piece; candles, oil, fire-engine and buckets. FielcCpieces forming a part of the armament of a fortification should be provided with their caissons, ammunition, etc., as for service in the field. 358 ordnance manual. Chapter Twelfth. MECHANICAL MANCEUYEES. The introduction here of a few of the most common mechanical manoeuvres with heavy guns, for mounting and dismounting, etc., it is believed, will prove convenient. For full directions for the manoeuvres of heavy ordnance, see "Heavy Artillery." Knots, and the Manner of Tying them. (Plate 33.) Loop.—Bend the rope so as to bring the branches near to each other, without crossing them. Half-hitch.—Bend the rope, crossing one branch over the other. Simple knot.—Form a half-hitch; turn one end around the other, passing it through the half-hitch; close it by drawing the two ends. Simple draw-knot, or Bow-knot.—Form a half-hitch; make a loop with one end; turn this loop around the other part, so as to pass it in the half-hitch; close it. Gralley knot.—Form a simple draw-knot; pass a lever in the loop, and close it. Square knot.—l&t Method: Cross the ends of the rope, say, the right end ovejp the left; turn the left end around the right branch from above downward, and from within outward; bend the left end, forming a loop with it; turn the right end around the left, and pass it in the loop from below upward; close it. 2d Method: Make a loop with one end; pass the other end through the loop, and take a turn around the two branches that form the loop, beginning with the long one; pass it again through the loop, and close it. That the knot may not slip, the two ends of the rope should separate, one to the right, the other to the left, but both in front or both behind. Draw square knot.—Make an ordinary square knot, but with the end passed in the loop to complete the knot; form a second loop, and pass it through the first; close it. Weavers' knot.—Form a loop with one end; pass the other end through the loop, and take a turn around the two branches forming the loop—first around the long one—and pass it between the loop and that part already passed through the loop; close it. KNOTS, AND THE MANNER OF TYING THEM. 359 German knot.—Form a half-hitch; turn the free end around the standing part; cross the free end on itself, and pass it through the half-hitch. Artificers' knot, or two half-hitches.—1st Method: Make two half-hitches near to each other, but in contrary directions; that is, if the free end of one half- hitch cross above that part of the rope which is between the half-hitches, the free part of the other half-hitch must cross under; place these two half-hitches one on the other, so that the ends shall be on the inside; put the half-hitches over the end of the object to which the rope is to be fastened, and close it. 2d Method: To fasten a rope to a picket, keeping it stretched, take a turn around the picket with the free end, and bring it back under the standing part; take a second turn above the tirst with the same end, passing the free end between the last turn and the fixed part; close it by drawing on the free end. 3d Method: Form a half-hitch, with the free end beneath; place it over the head of the picket; form a second half-hitch, the free end beneath; place it over the picket, above the first; close it. Magnus hitch.—Take a turn around the picket with the free end, and bring it back above the standing part; take a second turn with the same end, and bring it back under the standing part; make with this end a half-hitch, the free end being underneath; place this half-hitch over the picket; close it by drawing on the free end. This knot differs from the artificers' knot, by having three turns around the picket, instead of two. Moof.ing knot, with half-hitches.—T.o fasten a rope to a picket by half- hitches, take two turns around the picket, and bring the free end back along the standing part; take a turn with the free end around the standing part, and pass it- through the half-hitch thus formed; make a second half-hitch by crossing the free end again over the standing part, and passing the free end through the half-hitch; tie the end to the standing part with lashing-cord, if necessary. Rolling hitch.—To tie a rope to another which is stretched, cross the end of the free rope on the stretched one, and take a turn around it from above downward, and bring back this end in the acute angle formed by the two ropes; take a second turn in the same manner ; make a half-hitch with the free end around the stretched rope, and then a second half-hitch above the turns already formed; tie the end to the rope with lashing-cord. Anchor knot.—To fasten a rope to a ring, pass the rope through the ring twice; make a half-hitch around the standing part and the part forming the second turn; make a seeond half-hitch below the first; tie the short end to the standing part, if necessary. Capstan knot.—To fasten the gin-fall, for instance, to the handles of a gun, make a half-hitch by crossing the free end on the part coming from the head of the gin; pass the free end through the handles and through the half-hitch from beneath upward; pass the end around the standing part, turning it between the standing 360 ORDNANCE MANUAL. part and the part leading to the handle; pass it in the loop from above downward; draw it close. Crown.—Take the rope and form a coil of the size required, and with the free end wrap the several strands forming the coil, and fasten the two ends by a square knot. Short splice.—Unlay about one foot of the ends of the two ropes, A and B> that are to be spliced; bring the ends together, so that the strands of one rope shall be between those of the other. Holding the rope A in the left hand, for instance, cross each strand of this rope over the strand of the other that is to its left, and pass each strand of the rope A, by means of a marline-spike, under the strand B to the left of that which it crossed; draw hard on each strand thus served; do the same thing with the strands of the rope B. To give greater strength to the splice, pass again each strand over that to its left and under the one to the left of this last: cutoff the projecting ends. This splice will not pass through the throat of the pulley. Long splice.—Unlay about 20 inches of each rope; bring them together as in the short splice; unlay one of the strands of A, and replace it by the corresponding strand of B; cross the end of this last strand over the replaced strand, and pass them, each on its own side, under the adjoining strands; replace, in same way, each strand of one rope by one of the other, and secure them two and two, as has just been explained, at different places in the splice; cut off the projecting ends. The long splice will pass through the throat of the pulley. To Slew a Gun. Chock the gun on the side to which it is to be turned; pass a trunnion-loop over one of the trunnions, run a handspike through it, and turn the gun in its place. To Move a Gun by Rolling it. Place a skid under the middle of the reinforce, and another under the middle of the chase, and roll the gun. over. By inclining the skids and cutting the muzzle, it may be moved in different directions. In rolling heavy guns, it is most convenient to use two collars of wood or cast- iron, of equal diameters (one on the breech, the other on the muzzle), large enough to allow the trunnions to turn without striking the ground. To Transport a Field Fiece by means of a Limber. Detach the prolonge; place the limber over the piece, so that the pintle-hook shall be over the handles for over the rear of the trunnions), with the breech toward the pole: run a handspike into the bore and raise the chase; lash the piece to the pintle-hook with the prolonge, by passing the ring of the prolonge twice MANOEUVRES WITH GINS. 361 through the handles (or around the piece in rear of the trunnions) and over the pintle-hook. With the loose end of the prolonge, lash the cascable to the fork of the limber. The gun may be placed on blocks at the proper height, and then lashed to the limber as before. To Shift a Gun from the Trunnion-holes to its Travelling-bed. Limber up ; remove the cap-squares and chock the wheels front and rear ; place the short roller under the reinforce; attach the trace-rope at its middle to the cas^ cable by two half-hitches; cross two handspikes under the one in the bore; lift and push at the muzzle and haul on the rope until the trunnions are over their travel¬ ling position ; raise the chase, bring forward the roller to the head of the stock, and lower the chase upon it; raise the chase again ; remove the roller, and lower the chase upon the stock; take off the rope; replace the cap-squares; insert the elevat¬ ing-screw from below, and lash it. With the Lifting-Jack.—Place the jack under the swell of the muzzle; raise the chase; place a half block on the head of the stock; take a second lift, and place two rollers on the stock, one just in rear of the trunnion, the other under the rein¬ force ; chock the latter toward the muzzle, and remove the half blocks; haul on the rope attached to the cascable, and bring the breech over the bolster; chock the rear roller; place the jack under the muzzle, and remove the rollers. To Shift a Gun from its Travelling-bed to the Trunnion-holes. Chock the wheels front and rear; remove the cap-squares; raise the chase and insert the short roller under the trunnions ; attach the rope by its middle to the cascable; bear down the muzzle, and, as the piece rolls forward, guide the trun¬ nions into their holes by means of the rope ; remove the short roller. A howitzer is shifted to and from its travelling-bed by the same means, except that the handspike in the bore is chocked above and below for raising the chase, the lower chock being placed about 18 inches in the bore. The vertical diameter of the short roller should be just forward of the rimbases. MANOEUVRES WITH GINS. Implements.—2 gin-handspikes ; 1 gin-fall for siege gin, 4-inch rope, 90 feet long; 1 gin-fall for casemate or garrison gin, 5-inch rope, 129 feet long; 1 trace-rope, 2.25 inches round, 30 feet long; 2 lashing-ropes, 12 feet long; 1 hammer. To Tut the Field or Siege Gin together. Lay the legs on the ground, outer sides down, in position to receive the sheaves, braces, windlass, and pry-pole. Put these in place, and key the braces. 362 ORDNANCE MANUAL. To Reeve the Fall. Raise the pry-pole; run one end of the fall through the left sheave from below; pass it through the pully which is hooked to the middle "brace, and thence through the right sheave, securing it to the pully or to the middle brace. To Raise the Field Gin. One man places his foot on the lower brace, holds the feet of the gin in place, and steadies the pry-pole. Six men seize the legs and raise the giu. To Move the Field Gin when Raised. Place four men at the ends of two handspikes run under the windlass, and two men at the handles of the pry-pole, and move the gin. The gin is lowered in a manner similar to that prescribed for raising it. To Put a Casemate or Garrison Gin together. The legs or pry-pole are laid on the ground or across the gun-carriage, inner sides down and upper ends together, to receive the clevis and bolt. The windlass, braces, and clevis and bolt are then put in their proper places and secured. The gin is then raised by moving up the legs and pry-pole toward each other. To Reeve the Fall of a Casemate or Garrison Gin. Fasten one end of the trace-rope to the upper block, pass the other end through the clevis, and thence round the windlass. Heave upon the windlass, raise the block, and hook it in the clevis. Reeve the fall as described for the field giu. To Lower the Casemate or Garrison Gin. Draw out gradually the legs and pry-pole until the men can get near enough to the head to support it. Lower it upon the piece or upon the ground. To Move the Casemate or Garrison Gin. Lash the pry-pole to the upper brace to keep the gin from spreading. Four men lay hold of each leg and move them; then move the pry-pole. To Mount a Piece by means of a Gin. Place the gin with its pulleys directly over the trunnions, and the foot of the pry- pole about thirteen feet from the lower brace. Remove the cap-squares, run a hand¬ spike into the bore, fasten the sling to it and over the cascable, and hook the pulley TO MOUNT A GUN ON A CASEMATE CARRIAGE. 363 to it, just in rear of the trunnions. Steady the gun with the handspike in the hore, pass the running end of the fall from the outside under the windlass, and take three turns with it from the right to the left around the left of the windlass, and hold fast to the end of the rope. Work the windlass and raise the gun to the required height. Bring up the carriage until the trunnion-holes are directly under the trunnions. Slack off the fall slowly, and let the trunnions descend into their holes. Put on the cap-squares. Remark.—The piece may he slung with a short piece of rope passed around each trunnion, and the ends fastened together on the top of the piece; or the trunnion- rings may he put on. Hook the pulley to this sling, or to the trunnion-rings, bear down with one or two men on the handspikes in the bore to balance the piece, and raise it to the proper height. Place a handspike in the trunnion-holes, and a block on the stock to receive the breech. Lower the gun, the trunnions directly over the trunnion-holes, until it rests upon the handspike. Remove the sling from the trun¬ nions, and run the carriage, with the gun on it, back Until the heads of the cheeks are in rear of a perpendicular let fall from the head of the gin. Pass the sling around the chase, hook the pulley to it, and work the gin to relieve the weight on the handspike. Remove it, and lower the trunnions into their places. Bear down the muzzle, and remove the block from under the breech. To Dismount a Piece by means of a Gin. Place the gin as for mounting the gun, remove the cap-squares, put on the sling, raise the gun out of the trunnion-holes, run out the carriage, and slack off gradually to lower the gun to the ground. To Shift the Fail. Overhaul the loose end of the fall, and make a double hitch with it around the leg of the gin below the lower cross-bar, passing the end inside of the windlass and braces to a man mounted on the windlass, who makes with it a rolling hitch on the standing part of the fall near the upper brace. Slack off until the weight bears on the end of the fall, and slip the rope to the other end of the windlass; or the stand¬ ing part of the fall may be lashed to the leg above the windlass with a small rope. To Mount a Gun on a Casemate Carriage. Traverse the carriage to one side; place the gun on blocks, or on the truck, near the middle of the casemate, the muzzle toward the embrasure, and the gin over the gun and carriage; the latter on the side of the pry-pole. Sling the gun, and work the gin until the gun is raised sufficiently high to traverse the chassis under it; place the carriage so that the trunnion-holes come exactly under the trunnions ; lower the gun into its place; remove the sling, and take away the gin. To prevent the pavement from being injured by the points, a truck-wheel, or a piece of 3-ineh plank, with a hole to receive the point, is placed under each foot. To dismount a piece, proceed in the inverse manner. 364 ORDNANCE MANUAL. To Lower a Barbette Carriage from its Chassis, the Piece being Mounted. Place the piece in battery, the limber accurately in the prolongation of it? axis, about six yards to the rear. Chock the rollers ; place wheel-chocks upon the rails, near the manoeuvring-staples, to serve as fulcrums; embar under the staples. Insert a handspike in the bore to bear down with. Raise the trail and put blocks on the tongue under and perpendicular to the transom and axle-tie. Raise the rear of the chassis; remove the traverse-wheels, and lower the chassis upon the traverse-circle. Form scaffolds one block and a half high on each side of the carriage, under and perpendicular to the chassis, about four inches in rear of the mid/lle transom, and place the planks on them, their inner edges against the rails of the chassis, and their front ends about eight inches in front of the scaffolds, beveled sides up. Back the limber upon the planks ; raise the pole to engage the pintle in the lunette, and then bear down the pole; remove the blocks from under the trail, and key the pintle. Unchock the wheels, and run the piece carefully down the planks to the terreplein. To Mount the Barbette Carriage upon its Chassis. Lower the rear of the chassis upon the traverse-circle, and place the piece, lim¬ bered, accurately in the prolongation of the tongue, about six yards to the rear. Place the planks in position. Embar with two handspikes through the wheels near the tire under the front manoeuvring-bolts ; embar with two handspikes, in a similar way, over the rear manoeuvring-bolts, and with two more under the wheels; guide the pole; heave upon the handspikes and at the limber-wheels, and back the carriage up the planks into battery; chock the wheels; raise the trail and place a block under and perpendicular to the transom and axle-tie ; raise the pole to disengage the pintle from the lunette; remove the limber and planks; raise the rear of the chassis; replace the traverse-wheels and prop, and remove the block from under the transom and axle-tie. To Grease the Rollers of a Barbette Carriage, the piece being Mounted. Run the piece from battery; place a half block lengthwise on the chassis-rail in front, and another in rear of the roller to be greased, with a wheel-chock upon each to serve as a fulcrum. Embar on them and under the front and rear manoeu¬ vring-bolts ; raise the roller from the rail; move it about six inches; grease the spindle, and return the roller to its place. Unbar, and put on the wheel. To Grease the Forks of the Traverse- Wheels. Raise the rear of the chassis; remove the nuts of the fork-bolts with a wrench; take out the bolts and grease them. Remark.—The iron gun-carriages have holes for oiling the truck-wheel, traverse- wheels and axle-boxes. TO SLING A PIECE ON TWO LIMBERS. 365 To Sling a Gun, Howitzer, or Mortar on the Cart. Back the cart over the piece, the pole toward the breech, and the axle-tree directly over the trunnions; chock the wheels. Fasten the middle of the prolonge to the end of the pole, and carry one end of it to the rear of the cart; raise the pole by hand and by means of the prolonge until it is nearly vertical, and steady it. Lay the middle of the sling-chain over the piece; carry each end around the trun¬ nions, from the rear to the front, and hook them to the axle-hooks, being careful to take up all the slack. Haul upon the prolonge until the end of the pole can be reached by hand; seize and bear it to the ground; hook the cascable-chain around the cascable in such a manner that the piece will swing level when the pole is horizontal. Raise the pole until it rests on the pole-prop. By putting blocks under the piece, and repeating the operation, the piece may he raised higher. To Lower the Piece. Bear the end of the pole to the ground; unhook the cascable-chain, and allow the pole to rise gently until it is nearly vertical. If the piece do not rest upon the ground, it must be blocked up and unslung. The operation is repeated and the piece is lowered to the ground. Ease the pole down carefully. To Sling a Mortar Mounted on its Bed. Back the sling-cart over the mortar, the pole toward the breech, and the axle- tree directly over the trunnions; raisq the pole vertically; pass the sling-chain around the front manoeuvring-bolts ; hook it over the axle-hooks, and haul down the pole. Block up the front of the bed; take off the sling-chain, and pass it under the bed just in front of the cap-square bolts; bear the pole down to the ground; remove the blocks ; pass another sling-chain around the rear manoeuvring-bolts and over the pole, and hook it in such a manner that the bed will be level when the pole rests on the pole-prop. Sea-coast mortars and their beds must be slung separately. The sling-chain is passed through the clevis of the mortar and over the axle-tree, and hooked around the pole at its junction with the axle, the pole having been raised vertically. To Sling a Piece on Two Limbers so that it may be transported with horses. Place blocks under the chase and reinforce; remove the pole of one of the lim¬ bers, and run it over the piece until the pintle is over the knob of the cascable; raise the muzzle and slip the front block under the trunnions ; bear down the muz¬ zle, and fasten the pintle to the cascable with the chain or lashing-rope; bear down the fork to the piece and lash it around the reinforce. Back the other limber over the neck of the piece; raise the pole, and attach the neck to the limber by taking 866 ORDNANCE MANUAL. two turns with the prolonge around the pintle, and two turns over the fork in front of the axle-tree. Raise the piece by bearing on the pole. To Mount a Gun on an Iron Carriage. A simple and expeditious method of mounting a gun upon an iron easpmate carriage consists in raising the gun upon two scaffolds, and assembling the chassis and top carriage in position under the gun. To do this, place the gun with its muzzle toward the embrasure and its axis per¬ pendicular to the middle of the face of the wall; raise the muzzle and the breech alternately by means of the lifting-jack, supporting the gun on two scaffolds of blocks, placed in front and in rear of the trunnions; assemble the chassis in position; place one cheek of the top carriage on the chassis-rail, with the trunnion- hole directly under the trunnion, and bolt the transoms to it; place the other cheek in position, and bolt it to the transoms. Lower the trunnions into their holes, and remove the blocks. The blocks for the scaffolds should be about three inches shorter than the distance between the rimbases of the gun, and not less than fifteen inches wide. They should be two inches, four inches, and eight inches thick. Neither the muzzle nor the breech should be raised more than four inches by a single lift. As soon as the gun has been raised high enough to allow it, the chassis should be put in place and assembled. Care must be taken to build the scaffolds so as not to let them interfere with the transoms in assembling the carriage. To Dismount the Gun. Raise the breech and build a scaffold under it, as in mounting the gun; raise the muzzle with a jack, and build a scaffold under the chase; take the cheeks apart and remove them; lower the gun until its under surface is nearly down to the chassis; take the chassis apart, remove it, and lower the gun upon two blocks. To Mount or Dismount a 15-inch Guh. Place the chassis on the platform, and roll the gun on skids upon it, placing the axis of the gun in the vertical plane of the axis of the chassis. Place a gin over the muzzle and another over the cast-able, and, by means of them and the lifting-jack, raise the muzzle and the breech, alternately, supporting them upon scaffolds. When the gun has been raised to the proper height, place the cheeks of the top carriage upon the chassis-rails, and proceed as in mounting a smaller gun. To dismount a gun, proceed in the inverse manner. RANGES. 367 Chapter Thirteenth. ARTILLERY PRACTICE. The plan of this work does not include the details relative to the service of artillery; but, in the absence of more full and accurate tables of firing, it is thought useful to give here the mean results of such trials of the ranges of our ordnance as have been made from time to time by the Ordnance Department, together with some other practical information derived from authentic sources. Ranges. The range of a shot or shell is the first graze of the ball on horizontal ground, the piece being mounted on its appropriate carriage. The range of a spherical-case shot is the distance at which the shot bursts near the ground, in the time given; thus showing the elevation and the length of fuze required for certain distances. kind of ordnance. Powder. ^ Ball. Eleva¬ tion. Range. Remarks. 6-pdr. field gun. Lbs. 1.25 Shot. tt it tt tt tt c / 0 1 2 3 4 5 Yards. 318 674 867 1138 1256 1523 Time 2 seconds. " 2f " 3 " " 3i " " 3f " « 4 << " 5 " 1.25 Sph.-case. Shot. tt it tt tt it 1 0 1 45 2 0 2 45 3 0 3 15 4 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 12-pdk. field gun, 2.5 Shot. 0 347 Model 1841. 1 662 a 1 30 785 368 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Ranges—Continued. Remarks. KIND OF ORDNANCE. Lbs. o / Yards. 12-pdr. field gun, 2.5 Shot. 2 909 Model 1841. (( 3 1269 Continued. 4 1455 U 5 1663 2.5 Sph.-case. 1 600 Time, If seconds. 1 45 700 « 2i " « 2 800 " 2| " (( 2 15 900 " 3 " f< 2 30 1000 " 3f " u 3 1100 « 4 » C( 3 30 1200 " 12-pdr. field gun, 2.5 Shot. 0 325 Napoleon. a 1 620 (t 2 875 (( 3 1200 a 4 1320 (( 5 1680 2.5 Sph.-case. 0 30 300 Time, 1 second. Shot. 1 0 575 " If seconds. u 1 30 633 « 2£ t( 2 0 730 " 3 " a 3 0 960 << 4 a a 3 30 1080 " 4f " {< 3 45 1135 " 5 " 2.0 Shell. 0 300 " Of " U 0 30 425 " If " (( 1 616 " If " 1 30 700 " 2f " <{ 2 0 787 tc a a 2 30 925 " 3i (( 3 0 1080 K 4 i« a 3 45 1300 " 5 " 12-pdr. field 1. Shell. 0 195 howitzer. (i 1 539 U 2 640 u 3 847 u 4 975 (( 5 1072 0.75 Sph.-case. 2 15 485 Time, 2 seconds. RANGES. 369 Ha nges—Con tin ued. kind of ordnancf.. | Powder. 1 Ball. Eleva¬ tion. Range. Remarks. 12-pdr. field howitzer. Continued. Lbs. 0.75 Sph.-case. o r 3 15 3 45 0 1 2 2 30 3 4 5 Yards. 715 1050 Time, 3 seconds. " 4. <( 12-pdr. mountain howitzer. 0.5 Shell. a t (i u a 170 300 392 500 637 785 1005 Time, 2 seconds. " 3 " Time, 2 seconds. " 2f " " 3 " 0.5 Sph.-case. << (i t( 0 2 30 3 4 4 30 150 450 500 700 800 24-pdr. field howitzer. 2. Shell. ({ U 0 1 2 3 4 5 295 516 793 976 1272 1322 Time, 2 seconds. " 2i " " 3i " « 34 " 4 " " 4£ tt a 2.5 Sph.-case. <( « a (< 1 30 2 2 30 2 45 3 15 3 45 3 50 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 32-pdr. field howitzer. 2.5 Shell. (( a (( (( 0 1 2 3 4 5 290 531 779 1029 1203 1504 Time, 2 seconds.. « 24 " " 3 " " 31 " 3| " " 4i " 4| " 3.25 Sph.-case. a a a n (C (t 1 30 2 2 15 2 45 3 3 35 3 45 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 24 370 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Ranges—Continued. • kind of ordnance. Powder. Ball. Eleva¬ tion. Range. Remarks. 18-pdr. siege and garrison gun. Oil barbette carriage. Lbs. 4.5 Sbot. a It <1 it o / 1 2 3 4 5 Yards. 641 950 1256 1450 1592 24-pdr. siege and garrison gun. On siege carriage. 6. Shot. a u a ft 0 1 1 30 2 3 4 5 412 842 ' 953 1147 1417 1666 1901 32-pdr. sea-coast gun. On barbette carriage. 6. 8. Shot. n a it a (( is 1 45 1 1 30 1 35 2 3 4 5 900 713 800 900 1100 1433 1684 1922 42-pdr. sea-coast gun. On barbette carriage. 10.5 Sbot. ft a if 1 2 3 4 5 775 1010 1300 1600 1955 8-inch siege how¬ itzer. On siege carriage. 4. Shell, 45 lbs. ft if a a 0 1 2 3 4 5 12 30 251 435 618 720 992 1241 2280 8-inch sba-coast howitzer. On barbette carriage. 4. 6. Shell, 45 lbs, if it a ti 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 405 652 875 1110 1300 572 828 RANGES. 371 Manges—Continued. kind of ordnance. Powder. Ball. Eleva¬ tion. Range. Remarks. Lbs. o / Yards. 8-inch sea-coast 6. Shell, 3 947 howitzer. 45 lbs. 4 1168 On barbette carriage. 5 1463 Continued. 8. a 1 646 n 2 909 a 3 1190 ft 4 1532 <6 5 1800 10-inch sea-coast 12. Shell, 1 580 howitzer. 90 lbs. 2 89L Time 3 seconds. On barbette carriage. if 3 1185 a 4 " ft 3 30 1300 if 4 1426 ii 5£ " ft 5 1650 a 6 " 8-inch columbiad.* 10. Shell, 1 681 Time ,1.88 seconds. 50 lbs. 2 1108 " 3.58 " if 3 1400 a 4.30 " " 4 1649 it 5.41 " if 5 1733 a 6.25 " if 6 1994 a 7.56 " 7 2061 a 7.96 " if 8 2250 a 9.12 " ti 9 2454 a 10.16 if 10 2664 a 10.91 " if 11 2718 a 11.3 " if 12 2908 a 13. " if 13 3060 a 14.08 " ft 14 3123 ii 14.25 " ft 15 3138 a 16. " it ■ 20 3330 ii 18.40 " a 25 3474 a 20. " a 30 3873 n 25. " Shot. 5 1697 it 6.20 " a 15 3224 it 14.19 " 10-inch columbia!).* 15. Shell, 3 1068 Time, 3.20 seconds. 100 lbs. 5 1525 a 5.64 " << 8 2238 a 8.10 " a 10 2720 ft 10.98 ." a 12 2847 tt 11.73 " a 20 3842 a 18.92 " * Axis of gun 6 feet above the horizontal plane. ORDNANCE MANUAL. Ranges—Continued. KIND OF ORDNANCE. Powder. Rail. Eleva¬ tion. Range. Remarks. Lbs. Shell, o / Yards. 10-IN. COLUMBIAD. 15. 100 lbs. 30 4836 Time. 27.50 seconds. Continued. Shot, 15 32S1 " 14.32 125 lbs. 30 5163 27.08 " 18. tt 0 394 Axis of gun 16 feet it 1 752 above the watev. it 2 1002 it 3 1230 if 4 1570 if 5 1814 it 6 2037 Shot ceased to ricochet if 8 2519 on water. it 10 2777 a 15 3525 a 20 4020 it 25 4304 it 30 4761 a 35 5433 20. a 39 15 5654 12. Shell, 1 800 100 lbs. 2 1012 3 1184 it 4 1443 it 5 1604 is. it 0 448 tt 1 747 2 1100 it 3 1239 tt 4 1611 if 5 1865 it 6 2209 i i 8 2489 it 10 2848 it 15 3200 tt 20 3885 it 25 4150 30 4651 ti 35 4828 Time of flight, 35 sec. 15-1N. COmJMBIAD. 40. Shell, 302 lbs. ti it i i it ti 315 lbs. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 273 484 812 1136 1310 1518 1760 1948 2194 RANGES. 373 Manges—Continued. kind of ordnance. Powder. Ball. Eleva¬ tion. Kange. Remarks. 15-in. columbiad. Continued. Lbs. 40. 45. 50. Shell, 315 lbs. tt « it if it It o 9 10 12 15 20 25 28 30 25 25 Yards. 2236 2425 2831 3078 3838 4528 4821 5018 4595 4680 Time, 8.87 seconds. " 10.00 " " 12.07 " " 13.72 " " 17.82 " " 22.03 " " 24.18 " " 26.71 " " 23.20 " " 23.29 " 13-inch sea-coast mortar. 20. Shell, 200 lbs. 45 4325 10-inch sea-coast mortar. 10. Shell, 98 lbs. 45 4250 Time, 36 seconds. 10-inch siege mortar. 1. 1.5 2. 2.5 3. 3.5 4. Shell, 90 lbs. (( << U (( 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 300 700 1000 1300 1600 1800 2100 Time, 6.5 seconds. " 12 " tt u tt a 16 tt " 18 " tt 19 tt tt 21 « 8-inch siege mortar. Lbs. oz. 0 10 13 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 6 Shell, 46 lbs. << (( 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 500 600 750 900 1000 1100 1200 Time, 10 seconds. tt n « " 12i " tt 13 tt " 13J " " 14 " " 144 " 24-pounder coe- horn mortar. Oz. 0.5 1. 1.5 1.75 2. 2.75 4. 6. 8. Shell, 17 lbs. a it it it a a o 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 Yards. 25 68 104 143 165 260 422 900 1200 Height of Breech-sight for Different Angles of Elevation. CO —J BRONZE GUNS AND HOWITZERS. IRON GUNS AND HOWITZERS. Model of 1841. Models of 1839 1841, and 1844. Height of Hausse, in inches. Height of Hausse, in inches. GCTNS. SIEGE AND GARRISON. SEA-COAST. o 0) GUNS. HOWITZERS. GUNS. HOWITZERS. hO p 12-pdr. 12-pdr. 1857. 6-pdr. 32-pdr. 24-pdr. 12-pr. Moun'n 12-pdr. 24-pdr. 18-pdr. 8-ih. 24-pdr. 42-pdr. 32-pdr. 10-in. 8-in. 10-in. 8-in. 0.0 0.30 1.0 1.30 2.0 2.30 3.0 3.30 4.0 4.30 5.0 5.30 6.0 6.30 7.0 7.30 8.0 8.30 9.0 —1.331 —.666 0.001 0.668 1.334 2.001 2.668 3.336 4.005 4.675 5.345 6.017 6.689 7.363 8.038 8.715 9.393 10.073 10.754 —2.500 —1.933 —1.365 —.798 —.230 .338 .907 1.476 2.045 2.616 3.187 3.759 4.332 4.906 5.481 6.057 6.635 7.214 7.795 —1.025 —.512 0.000 0.512 1.025 1.538 2.051 2.565 3-077 3.594 4.110 4 627 5.144 5.663 6.182 6.703 7.224 7.747 8.272 —1.300 —.652 .004 .657 1.310 1.963 2.617 3.272 3.927 4.583 5.239 5.897 6.556 7.216 7.878 8.541 9.205 9.871 10.539 —1.125 —.565 .006 .572 1.138 1.704 2.271 2.838 3.406 3.974 4.544 5.114 5.686 6.258 6.831 7.406 7 982 8.559 9.138 —.922 —.461 .022 .484 .946 1.407 1.870 2.332 2.795 3.259 3.724 4.189 4.655 5.121 5.589 6.058 6.527 6.998 7.471 —.349 —.063 .224 .511 .799 1.087 1.375 1.663 1.951 2.240 2.529 2.819 3.109 3.399 3.691 3 983 4.275 4.568 4.862 —2.907 —1.938 —.969 0.000 .969 1.939 2.910 3.882 4.885 5.829 6.804 7.781 8.760 9.740 10.722 11.706 12.693 13.682 14.674 —2.938 —1.966 —.992 —.018 .957 1.933 2.909 3.886 4.864 5.843 6.824 7.806 8.790 9.775 10.763 11.752 12.744 13.739 14.736 —.900 —.451 .001 .449 .898 1.348 1.799 2.25(1 2.701 3.153 3.606 4.059 4.513 4.968 5.423 5.880 6.338 6.797 7.257 —1.050 —.511 .029 .568 1.108 1.648 2.189 2.730 3.271 3.814 4.357 4.901 5.445 5.991 6.538 7.086 7.635 8.186 8.738 —3.800 —2.796 —1.793 —.789 .216 1.221 2.227 3.234 4.242 5.251 6.261 7.273 8.287 9.303 10.320 11.340 12.362 13.387 14.414 —3.500 —2.523 —1.545 —.567 .411 1.390 2.370 3.350 4.332 5.315 6.299 7.284 8.272 9.261 10.252 11.245 12.240 13.238 14.239 —3.125 —2.169 —1.214 —.258 .699 1.656 2 614 3.572 4.532 5.493 6.455 7.419 8.384 9.351 10.320 11.291 12.264 13 240 14.218 —2.850 —2.012 —1.174 —.336 .502 1.341 2.181 3.022 3.863 4.705 5.549 6.394 7.240 8.088 8.937 9.789 10.642 11.497 12.355 —5.250 —4.225 —3.199 —2.173 —1.147 —.120 .908 1.937 2.966 3.997 5.030 6.064 7.100 8.137 9.177 10.219 11.261 12.310 13.360 —4.500 —3;479 —2.458 —1.436 —.414 .608 1.632 2.656 3.681 4.708 5.736 6.766 7.797 8.830 9.866 10.903 11.943 12.985 14.031 To Estimate Distances, approximately. Height of breech-sight for the different angles under which an object 6J feet high is seen, at the distance of kind of gun. 200 Yards. 300 Yards. 400 Yards. Guns. . Howitzer Field | Siege | Garrison.. j Mountain, Field J 6-pdr. 12-pdr. 18-pdr • 24-pdr. 32-pdr • 42-pdr. 12-pdr. 12-pdr • 24-pdr. 32-pdr. 24-pdr. 8-inch In. .636 .827 1.209 1.202 1.213 1.246 .356 .572 .702 .809 .671 .558 In. In. .424 .551 .806 . 80L .809 .831 .238 .382 .468 .540 .446 .372 .318 .413 .604 .601 .607 .624 .165 .286 .351 .405 .335 .279 500 Yards. 600 Yards. In. .254 .331 .484 .481 .485 .493 .143 .229 .280 .324 .268 .223 In. .212 .276 .403 .401 .404 .415 .120 .191 .234 .270 .223 .186 700 Yards. 800 Yards. 900 Yards. 1000 Yards. 1100 Yards. In. .182 .236 .345 .344 .346 .356 .102 .164 .201 .231 .191 .159 In. .159 .207 .302 .300 .303 .312 .089 .143 .176 .202 .166 .139 In. .141 .184 .269 .267 .269 • 277 .079 .127 .156 .180 .149 .124 In. .127 .165 .242 .240 .242 .249 .070 .115 .140 .162 .134 .112 In. .116 .150 .219 .218 .220 .226 .065 .104 .127 .147 .122 .102 To use the foregoing table, aim over the line of metal, first at the top of an object 6* feet high—for instance, the cap of a foot soldier; then aim at his feet, by using a breech-sight, without moving the gun. The distance found in the preceding table corresponding to this height of breech-sight will he the distance of the object from the gun. CO -1 Or 376 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Recoil of the Iron Carriages. The recoil of the top carriage on its chassis is easily regulated by the condition of the rails: if there be not sufficient recoil, clean the rails and add a little oil: if the recoil be excessive, sprinkle a little sand on the rails. The carriage works better when the rails are clean. Initial Velocities of Cannon Balls. (From experiments made with the Ballistic Pendulum, at "Washington Arsenal.) KIND OF GUN. PROJECTILE. - Charge of powder. Initial velocity. Kind. Weight. 6-pdr. field gun Shot Lbs. 6.15 j Lbs. 1.25 1.5 2. Feet. 1439 1563 1741 1 Spherical-case Canister 5.5 6.8 . 1. 1. 1357 1230 12-pdr. field gun Shot 12.3 | 2.5 3. 4. 1486 1597 1826 Spherical-case Canister 11. 13.5 2. 2. 1392 1262 \ 12-pdr. field howitzer... Shell 8.9 1. 1.25 1054 1178 Spherical-case Canister 11. 9.64 : 1. 1. 953 1015 1378 1674 1906 12-pdr. siege and garri- . Shot 12.3 2. 3. 4. Shell 8.9 | 2. 3. 1611 1929 12-pdr. gun, 25 calibres Shot 12.3 • 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 1411 1734 1933 2098 2239 2300 2324 long INITIAL VELOCITIES OF CANNON BALLS. 377 Initial Velocities of Cannon Bath—Continued. KIND OF ARM. PROJECTILE. |i Charge of | Initial powder. jvelocity. Ir Kind. Weight. 24-pdr. siege and garri¬ son gun 1 jShot f 24.25j 3. 4. 6. . 8. 1240 1440 1680 1S70 Shell 17. { 3. 4. 1470 1670 Canister 29. | 3". 4. 1135 1303 Grape .j 30.6 j 3. 4. 1108 , 1272 ' 32-pdr. sea-coast gun ... •{ 1 Shot T a?. 3 j 4. 5.33 8. 10.67 1250 1430 1640 1780 Shell 23.4 | 4. 5.33 1450 1657 Canister 37. | 4. 5.33 1172 1342 Grape. 39.75 | 4. 5.33 1133 1297 Initial Velocities of Balls fired from Small Arms. KIND OF ARM. Charge. Weight of ball. . Initial velocity. Grains. Grains. Feet. 60 510 963 Elongated ball. it it ft Round ball. Rifle, 1855 Altered musket Pistol Carbine (IT. S.) Musket, 1841 60 70 40 110 510 740 468 412 914 879 603 1500 378 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Boss of Velocity by the Windage of the Ball. Initial velocity of ball. Charge of powder. Loss of velocity by a windage of 1-40 diame¬ ter. KIND OF GUN. | With wind- Without age of 1-40 windage. diameter. Lbs. Feet. Feet. Feet. Per ct. 4. 1444 1271 173 12 24-pdr. siege | 4. 6. 1600 1890 1433 1723 167 167 10 9 ( 2. 1617 1444 173 11 12-pdr., 25 calibres -i 3. 1915 1742 173 9 1 4. 2124 1951 173 8 r 2. 1528 1370 158 10 12-pdr. field, 16 calibres.. 1 3. 1793 1635 158 9 1 4. 1992 1834 158 8 1.5 1734 1560 174 10 The loss of velocity by a given windage is directly as the windage, and inversely as the diameter of the bore, very nearly. PENETRATION OP SHOT. 370 Penetration of Shot in Masonry. (From French Experiments made at Metz, 1S34.) Rubble-work of good quality; scarp wall built by Vauban. DISTANCE IN YARDS. 36... 24... 16. 12.. l-3d il-2d l-3d l-4th l-6th l-8th [ l-2d l-3d i l-4th I I l-6th I 1-Sth I l-3d ! l-4th l-6th I 1-Sth 8... l-3d 27. 55. 109. In. In. In. 26.78 26.39 25.60 23.60 25.20 24.22 24.22 23.S3 22.84 22.65 22.25 21.46 20.08 19.69 18.90 17.33 16.93 16.15 22.45 21.86 20.87 21.07 20.68 19.69 19.50 19.10 18.22 17.13 16.74 16.15 14.96 14.57 13.78 18.90 18.51 17.53 17.72 17.33 16.54 15.56 15.16 14.38 13.78 13.39 12.60 15.95 15.56 14.77 219. 328. 438. 656. 875. 1094. In. In. In. In. In. In. 23.83 22.25 20.87 17.92 14.96 12.21 22.45 20.87 19.30 16.25 13.39 10.83 21.07 19.50 18.12 15.16 12.21 9.85 19.89 18.22 16.74 13.78 11.23 9.06 17.33 15.75 14.38 11.81 9.65 7.88 14.67 13.20 11.81 9.65 7.88 6.50 19.10 17.53 15.95 12.80 10.05 7.68 17.92 16.35 14.77 11.81 9.26 7.29 16.74 15.16 13.78 10.83 8.47 6.69 14.57 13.00 11.62 9.06 7.29 5.91 12 21 10.83 9.45 7.48 6.11 5.12 15.95 14.57 13.00 10.05' 7.68 6.11 14.96 13.39 11.81 8.86 6.89 5.51 13.00 11.42 10.05 7.48 6.11 4.93 11.03 9.65 8.27 6.50 7.68 4.33 13.19 11.62 10.24 7.48 5.51 4.14 Penetration in Oak Wood, Beech or Ash. (From French Experiments made at Metz, 1834.) DISTANCE IN YARDS. : CALIBRE. CHARGE. 27. 55. 109. 219. 328. 438. 656. 875, 1094. Guns. l-3d In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. 36... 65.4 64.2 62.2 58.3 54.3 50.8 44.1 37.4 31.5 (l-2d 63.0 61.4 591 54.7 50.8 47.3 40.2 33.5 27.6 24... 1 l-3d 59.1 57.9 55.9 51.6 47.6 44.1 87.4 30.7 24.8 4 !-4th 55.5 54.3 52.3 48.4 44.9 41.3 35.0 28.4 22.8 l-6th 49.2 48.4 46.5 42.9 39.4 36.2 29.5 24.0 19.3 1 l-8th 42.5 41.6 40.2 36.6 32.7 30.3 24.4 19.7 15.8 f l-2d 54.7 53.2 50.8 46.5 42.5 39.0 31.9 25.6 19.7 16... l-3d 51.2 50.0 48.0 43.7 40.2 36.6 29.9 23.6 18.5 4 l-4th 47.7 46.5 44.5 40.9 37.4 33.9 27.6 21.7 16.9 l-6th 42.1 41.4 39.8 36.2 32.7 29.5 23.2 17.7 14.2 1 l-8th 37.0 36.2 34.3 30.7 27.6 24.4 19.3 15.0 11.8 rl-3d 46.1 44.9 42.9 38.6 35.0 31.9 25.6 19 7 14.6 12... l-4th 43.3 42.1 40.2 36.6 33.1 29.9 23.6 18.1 13.4 1 l-6th 37.8 37.0 35.4 31.9 28.4 25.2 19.3 15 0 U* 9 8 1 18th 33.9 33.1 81.1 27.6 24.4 21.7 16 5 13.0 8... Howitzers. l-3d 39.4 38.2 36.2 32.3 28.7 25.6 19.3 13.8 10.6 Lbs. (4.4 28.4 27.6 26.0 22.4 19.3 16.5 13.0 10.6 9.1 8-in. Siege. 23.2 22.4 20.9 18.1 15.8 13.8 11.0 9.5 8.3 1 2.2 16.1 15.4 14.2 12.6 11.4 10.2 8.7 79 7 5 (1.1 39.1 8.7 8.3 8.3 7.5 7.1 6.7 6.3 59 6-in. (3.3 33.1 31.9 30.3 26.8 23.6 20 5 15.0 11.8 9.8 ■4 2.2 27.6 26.8 25.2 21.7 18.5 15.8 11.4 9.1 7.9 (1.65 22.8 22.1 20.5 17.3 14.6 12.6 9.8 8.3 7.1 24-pdr. I?'? 27.6 26.8 25.2 21.7 18.1 15.0 10.2 7.9 6.3 tl.l 18.9 18.1 16.5 13.4 11.0 9.5 7.5 6.3 5.1 12-pdr. Mountain. 0.6 15.0 14.2 12.6 10.2 8.3 7.1 5.9 4.7 3.9 Grains. Musket Balls 154 3.35 3.15 2.56 1.77 1.06 0.71 0.32 380 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Penetration of Shot in Compact Earth {half sand, half clay). (From French Experiments made at Metz, 1834.) CALICHE. w © DISTANCE IN YARDS. < H u 27. 55. 109. 219. 328. 438. 65G. 815. 1094. Guns. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. CO 1-3(1 109.1 106.3 102.4 97.3 93.4 89.4 82.3 75.6 69.7 f 1 1-2(1 108.2 107.2 99.3 91.0 84.3 79.6 72.5 66.2 60.6 l-3d 100.4 97.7 92.6 85.9 81.1 77.2 70.1 63.8 58.3 24.. i l-4th 92.6 90.2 86.6 81.5 77.6 74.0 67.3 61.8 57.1 ] 1-6 th 83.5 82.3 79.9 75.6 72.2 68.9 62.6 57.1 52.4 t 3 -8th 76.4 74.8 72.4 68.9 65.8 63.0 57.5 52.0 47.3 f I l-2d 94.5 91.0 85.9 77.6 72.2 67.7 61.4 55.9 50.4 l-3d 86.6 83.5 79.6 73.6 69.3 65.8 59.9 54.4 49.2 ■ IP--1 [ l-4th 80.7 78.3 75.2 69.7 66.5 63.4 57.9 52.4 47.3 l-6th 72.9 70.9 68.1 65.0 61.S 59.1 53.6 48.8 44.5 1 l-8th 63.0 65.4 *63.8 60.6 57.9 55.1 50.4 45.7 41.3 f l-3d 65.0 63.4 59.9 54.7 50.8 48.2 42.9 38.6 35.0 1 1 0 J l-4th 60.6 59.1 55.9 52.0 48.8 46.1 41.3 37.4 33.9 lJZ» • < 1 l-6th 54.7- 53.6 50.8 48.2 45.3 42.9 38.6 35.0 32.3 I l-8th 50.0 48.8 47.3 44.5 41.7 39.8 36.2 33.1 30.7 8 l-3d 56.3 54.7 52.0 46.9 43.3 40.2 35.4 31.9 28.7 Howitzer a. Lbs. ( 4.4 48.4* 47.3* 45.3* 41.7 38.6 35.4 30.3 26.0 23.2 Q !v, ! 3.3 42.9* 41.7 40.2 37.0 33.9 31.1 27.2 24.0 21.7 o-in. foicge. ■< 2.2 34.7 33.9 32.3 29.5 27.6 25.6 22.8 20.9 19.3 i f 1.1 22.8 22.4 21.7 20.9 20.1 19.3 17.7 16.5 15.8 3.3 52.8* 51.2* 48.8 45.0 41.0 37.4 30.7 25.2 22.1 6-in. ■( 2.2 45.3 44.1 42.5 38.6 35-0 31.9 -26.4 22.4 19.7 1 1.65 39.8 38.6 37.0 33.5 30.7 28.0 23.6 20.5 18.1 Oi J 2.2 44.5* 42.9* 41.0* 36.6 32.7 29.1 23.2 18.9 16.1 .pur. -j 1.1 33.5 32.3 30.7 27.6 24.8 22.4 18.1 15.4 13.4 12-pdr. Mountain. 0.6 27.2 26.4 24.8 21.7 19.3 17.3 14.6 12.2 10.2 G r'ns Mushet Ball« .... 154. 9.85 9.45 8.66 5.91 4,33 3.15 1.58 * With these Charges, and at these distances, the shells were often broken. PENETRATION OF SHELLS. 381 Penetration of Shells. (From French Experiments made at Metz, 1834.) IN COMPACT EARTH. IN OAK WOOD. IN MASONRY. S-in. 10-in. 12-in. 8-in. 10-in. 12-in. 8-in. 10-in. 12-in. In. Tn. In. In In. In. In. Tn. In. 7.88 17.72 19.69 3 94 7.88 8.66 1.97 3.54 3.94 9 85 25.60 27.57 4.73 11.81 13.78 2.36 4.73 5 12 11.81 19 69 21.66 5.91 9.85 10.63 3.15 3.94 4 33 15.75 27.57 29.54 7.88 13.78 15.75 3.94 "5.51 5.91 19.69 29 54 31.5a 8.60 13 00 14 57 4.33 5.91 6.30 21.66 31.50 33.47 9 85 13.78 15.75 4.73 6.30 6 69 23.63 33.47 35.44 9 85 13 78 15.75 4.73 6.69 7.09 ELEVATION. Yards. ( 650 t1312 f 056 1 wist j 050 (1312 Falling with maximum vel¬ ocity By multiplying the penetrations in the table for masonry by 1.25, 1.75, or 0.46, the penetration in masonry of medium qualit)", or of brick, or in hard, calcareous stone (solid), respectively, will be obtained. Multiply the penetration in oak by 1-3 for the penetration in elm, by 1.8 for white pine, and by 2 for poplar. Multiply the penetration in compact earth by 0.63 for the penetration in sand mixed with gravel. By 0.87, for earth mixed with sand and gravel, twice the weight of water. " 1.09, for compact mould and fresh earth mixed with sand, or half clay. " 1.44, for wet potters' clay. " 1.50, for light earth, settled. " 1.90, for light earth, fresh. In general, ^and, sandy earth mixed with gravel or small stones, chalk, and tufa, resist shot better than the productive earths, or clay, or earth that retains water. According to the experiments, the holes made in masonry, such as that referred to in the table, by shot striking it perpendicularly at a short distance, are formed of an exterior funnel-shaped opening, the mean diameter of which is about 5 times that of the shot, and of an interior part nearly cylindrical. The exterior cone appears to be produced by the reaction of the masonry, some fragments of which are projected backward to the distance of 45 or 50 yards. The train of fragments in front of the hole extends about 20 feet. Around the exterior opening the masonry is loosened to a distance about one-half greater than the diameter of the opening— say 45 inches by the 24-pdr. shot, 35.5 inches by the 16-pdr., 31.5 inches by the 12-pdr. This loosening indicates the proper distance between the first shots from a breaching battery. Nearly all the shot are broken, even at the charge of one- fourth, and the fracture is generally in meridional planes, the pole of which is the point which strikes first. ,On the shot which are not broken, and on the fragments of those which ate broken, small cracks or furrows, sometimes 0.02 inch deep, are observed, radiating from the same point. The effect of shells fired horizontally against masonry is vefy small; they are 382 ORDNANCE MANUAL. broken at the moment of striking, or if fired with very low charges so as not to break, they produce a very slight impression. In oak, the fibres are displaced laterally by the passage of the shot, and after¬ ward close up again, so as to leave an opening scarcely sufficient for measuring the depth of penetration. This effect explains the cause of vessels not being always sunk by shot striking below the water-line; but the timber is split longitudinally even by the smallest shot, to a length of 6.5 feet; the splinters are driven to the distance of 42 to 50 feet, and the largest timbers are soon destroyed. In white pine, nearly all the fibres struck by the shot are broken, but the effect does not extend much beyond the opening mad^: this material is, therefore, prefer¬ able to oak for structures which are not intended to be proof against cannon-shot. Penetration in Fascines, Wool, etc. At the distance of 24 yards, a musket round ball penetrates 20 inches into a gabion stuffed with sap fagots; the ball from a wall-piece, 23.63 inches. The re¬ sistance of fascines decreases very rapidly by the twigs being broken or separated by the balls. A rolling gabion, stuffed with fascines, is proof against the ball of a wall-piece at 15 yards; at the distance of 200 yards, and even more, it is pierced through by cannon balls of the smallest calibre. The penetration of balls in wool is more than double that in compact earth, even when the wool is contained in close, well quilted mattresses pressed between hur¬ dles. At 40 yards, a musket ball (round) penetrates more than 40 inches into woollen mattresses thus placed together; Penetration in Masonry. (Experiments at West Point in 1853, and at Fort Monroe Arsenal in 1839.) CALIBRE. CHARGE. DISTANCE. PENETRATION. Granite Potomac Freestone. Brick. Concrete. Boiler¬ plate .5 in. thick 10-inch Columbiad .. 8-inch " 18. 12. 10.5 1.5 8. 6. Yds. 114 200 In. 7.75 In. In. 44. In. 24 In. .5 4.0 18. " canister.. *32-pdr. gun shot.... *8-inch sea-coast how- 880 880 3.5 1. 12. 4.5 15.25 8.5 * Made at Fort Monroe Arsenal. PENETRATION IN MASONRY. 383 The solid shot broke against the granite, hut not against the freestone or brick. The general effect is less in brick than in granite. The shells broke into small fragments against each of the three materials. The circumstances attending the penetration of the shot and shells corresponded with those stated below in the experiments at Metz. The wall used as a target at Fort Monroe Arsenal was built of dressed stone and of the best bricks, laid in hydraulic cement; but being an isolated wall (10 feet square of each material, and 5 feet thick, with 3 counterforts), and being battered before the masonry was per¬ fectly set, the effect of the projectiles in shattering the masonry around the point struck was greater than indicated by the experiments referred to. PENETRATION OF SHOTS AND SHELLS IN OAK.—[Computed by Major A. Mobdecai, 1852.] ■ ' 1 ■<+ = KIND OF GUN AND PROJECTILE. 6-pdr. Field Gun.' 12-pdr. Field Gun. Shot . Spher.-case.. f Velocity.. ft (Penetration, .in Velocity ft PenetratioH..in Velocity ft Penetration..in ' Velocity ft Penetration, .in Velocity.......ft Penetration..in Velocity ft Penetration..in r Velocity.......ft Velocity ft Velocity ft 12-pdr. f Shell { Penetr^Uioii.'.i^i „ Fle'd j (Velocity ft Howitzer., Spher.-case.. -< Velocity ft Mountain (. Velocity tt 24-pdr. ("01,^1= /Velocity ft Field -< ^ | Penetration, .in Howitzer.. (Spher.-case Velocitj' ft 32-pdr. /Velocity. .ft Field X ■- 1 Penetration..in Howitzer.. \ Spher.-case Velocity ft DISTANCE FROM THE MUZZLE IN YARDS. 100. Lbs. 744 2. 1741 1534 1362 1094 896 2. 33.5 29. 25 25 18.75 14 10.5 1.5 1563 1386 1228 1003 827 690 1.5 29.75 25.75 22. 16.5 12 25 9.25 1.25 1439 1283 1149 937 776 650 1.25 27. 23.25 20. 15. 11.25 8.25 4. 1826 1053 1503 1260 1070 919 4. 44.75 40. 36. 28.75 23. 18.5 3. 1597 1454 1331 1126 964 828 3. 38.5 34.5 30.75 24.75 19.76 15.5 25 1486 1358 1247 1060 911 78a 25 35.5 31.75 28.25 22.75 18. 145 3. 1600 1453 1320 1117 952 819 25 1485 1349 1238 1049 897 774 2. 1375 1258 1154 981 844 730 1.25 1178 1054 947 775 643 539 1.25 18.75 16. 13.75 10. 7.5 5.5 1.25 11)00 925 858 742 647 567 1.0 900 835 777 675 591 519 05 640 598 561 494 437 388 800. 624' 7.75 581 6.75 549 6.25 796 14.75 724 12.5 688 11.5 710 673 637 455 4. 500 458 345 1400 529 5.75 " 495 5.25 468 4.75 694 11.75 635 10. 604 9 25 620 589 558 387 3. 441 406 609 9.5 559 8. 533 7.5 544 518 492 536 7.5 494 6.5 472 6 479 457 435 0. 100. 200. 400. 600 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 25 3 25 3.25 1170 24. 1000 1150 25.5 1000 1076 21.25 948 1067 23: 949 992 19. 891 992 20.5 902 851 15. 798 800. 1000 1200. 1400. 1600. 1800. 2000. 2200. 2400. 2600. 735 12. 717 864 756 16.75 13.5 816 742 640 9.5 647 6,66 11. 676 560 7.5 586 604 9.25 622 493 6. 532 525 7.25 566 468 5.5 520 419 4.5 478 12-pdr Siege and Garrison Gun. 24-pdr. Gun. Shot. 32-pdr Gun. 42-pdr. Gun. 8 inch S.C. Howitzer, !:} 8-inch Columb'd. 10-inch Columb'd. Shot. Shell. Shot. Shell Shot. Shell. Shell. Velocity ft Penetration, .in Velocity ft Penetration..in Velocity ft Penetration..in Velocity ft Penetration..in ("Velocity ft J Penetration..in j Velocity ft [Penetration..in f Velocity ft \ Penetration..in f Velocity ft j Penet.ration..in 1 Velocity ft [ Penetrntion..in f Velocity ft | Penetration..in f Velocity ft j Penetration..in ( Velocity ft \ Penetration..in ( Velocity ft 1 Penetration..in Shot. Shell. Shot Shell f Velocity ft 1 Penetration..in J Velocity ft ( Penetration..in J" Velocity ft ( Penetration..in ( Velocity ft { Penetration..in 4. 1906 1722 15G2 1305 1106 948 819 714 626 551 487 4. 3. 46.75 42. 37.5 30. 24. 19 25 15.75 12.25 10. 8. 6.25 1674 1522 1390 1172 1000 862 749 656 576 509 452 3. 40.75 36.5 32.5 26 21. 16 75 13.25 10.75 9. 7, 5.5 3. 1900 1651 1449 1142 921 755 627 526 445 3 33.5 28.75 24.75 18. 13.25 9 75 7. 8.25 3.75 2 1610 1415 1254 1002 817 676 565 476 404 2. 28. 24. 20.5 15. 11. 8. 6. 4.25 3,25 8. 1870 1730 1607 1396 1224 1021 961 859 772 695 627 570 517 473 8. 57 5 53. 48 75 41. 34.75 29.25 24.75 20.75 17.5 14.75 12.5 10.5 8.75 7.5 6. 1680 1561 1455 1273 1122 995 888 797 717 648 588 534 486 444 6. 51.25 47. 43.25 36.5 30.75 26. 22. 18.5 15.54 13. 11. 9.25 8. 6.75 4. 1670 1513 1376 1154 979 840 726 633 554 488 431 382 4. 37.25 33.75 29.75 23.5 18.5 14.75 11.3 9.25 7.25 5.75 4.75 3.75 10.66 1750 1637 15.34 1357 1208 1082 973 880 798 727 663 607 557 512 472 10 66 59. 54 75 50 75 43.5 37.5 32. 27.5 23.5 20.25 17.5 15. 13. 11. 9.5 8.25 8. 1650 1546 1452 1288 1150 1032 931 813 766 698 638 585 537 494 455 8. 55.25 51.25 47. 40.75 35 30. 26. 22.25 19. 16.25 14. 12. 10.5 9. 7.75 5.33 1650 1510 1385 1181 1017 884 774 681 603 536 478 427 5.33 40. 36. 32.5 26.5 21.5 17.25 14 11,5 9.25 7.5 6. 5. 10.5 1600 1514 1435 1295 1174 1068 976 894 822 758 700 647 600 557 518 10 5 58.5 54.75 51.25 45. 39 5 34.5 30 5 26.75 23.5 20.5 18. 15,75 13.75 12 25 10.75 7. 1600 1488 13S9 1216 1073 953 851 764 688 622 565 512 467 426 7. 44.25 40.75 37.5 31.5 26.5 22.25 18.75 15.75 13,25 11.25 9.5 8. 6.75 5.75 6. 1150 1091 1036 938 853 777 711 651 599 551 508 470 6. 35.25 32.75 30.20 26.25 22.5 19.5 17. 14.5 12.5 11. 9.5 8.25 0. 100. 400, 800. 1200, 1600. 2000, 2400. 2S00, 3200. 3600. 4000. 4400. 4800. t"i t» M O 10. 1375 1314 1154 981 852 737 642 562 495 438 388 345 10. 56. 53. 44.5 35.25 28.5 22.5 18. 14.25 11.25 9. 7.25 5.75 > 10. 1570 1474 1236 997 818 681 573 485 413 355 10, 50.75 47, 37.5 27.75 20,5 15.25 11.25 8,5 6.25 4.75 18. 1315 1270 11-50 1014 900 800 715 643 580 525 477 433 395 361 18. 66.5 63,5 55.5 46.5 38.75 32.25 27. 22.5 19. 15.75 13.25 11. 9.5 8. 18. 1475 1409 1233 1045 896 774 674 590 519 459 4.07 363 323 289 18. 60. 56.75 47.75 38. 30.25 24. 19. 15.25 12. 9.75 7.75 6.25 5. 4. CO QO 386 ORDNANCE MANUAL. It has heen ascertained by experiment that a musket round ball, having a velo¬ city of 362 feet, at the moment of impact, will just pass through a white pine hoard 1 inch thick; and that, with the same velocity, the ball has sufficient force to shatter the leg hone of an ox covered with one thickness of stout harness leather. A musket ball moving with this velocity would, therefore, inflict a wound which would disable a man or beast; or a spherical-case shot having this velocity at the moment of bursting, would be ^effective against troops in its immediate vicinity. A musket ball with an initial velocity of 583 feet will pass through one-inch white pine board at 100 yards : hence a spherical-case shot, moving with that velo¬ city at the moment of bursting, would be effective at 100 yards distant from the place of bursting. The remaining velocity at 100 yards, as computed, is 394 feet- Effects of Shot on Cast-Iron. Shot projected with even a small velocity will break pieces of cast-iron of very large dimensions. A 24-pounder ball fired with a charge of l-12th, and moving with a velocity of 883 feet in a second, split a block of cast-iron 12 inches wide by 40 inches thick, to the depth of 40 inches, in two shots. The fragments of the block and of the broken shot are projected with sufficient velocity to produce the .most destructive effects. Cast-iron, therefore, is not a proper material for gun-carriages, or for revetements of fortifications. Penetration off Small Arms in White Pine seasoned. KIND QV ASM. WEIGHT OF CHARGE. Rifle musket Altered musket. Harper's Ferry rifle Pistol carbine.. Sharpe's carbine ... Burnside's " Grs. 500 730 500 450 463 350 Diame¬ ter of Ball. Grs. 60 70 40 60 55 In. .5775 .685 .5775 .5775 .55 .55 PENETRATION. 30 yds. 200 yds. In. 7.27 6.15 In. 11. 10.5 9.33 5.75 600 yds. 1000 In. 6.33 6.33 5.66 3.0* In. 3.25 3.5 3.0 *At 500 yards. Firing Hot, Shot. Furnaces for heating shot are erected at the forts on the sea-coast. These fur¬ naces hold 60 or more shot. The shot being placed, and the furnace cold, it FIRING HOT SHOT. 887 require? 1 hour and 15 minutes to heat them to a red heat. After the furnace is once heated, a 24-pdr. shot is brought to a red heat in 25 minutes; the 32 and 42 require a few minutes longer. Two or three men are required to attend a furnace. Gkater.—In siege batteries, or in other situations where there are no furnaces, a grate is used for heating shot. This grate consists of 4 bars, 1.75 inch square, 3 feet long, placed diagonally, 4 inches apart, resting on 3 iron stands with legs 1 foot high. To use the grate.—Make an excavation 1 foot deep and width of grate, with no slope at the sides or in rear, open in front. Place the grate in it, on stones or bricks, rising about 4.5 inches above the bottom ; make a roof over it with hoops of flat iron, covered with sods and with 18 inches of earth, leaving in the back part a chimney 6 inches square. Put the shot on the grate, leaving about one-fourth of the length free in front; on this part, and under the front of the grate, put the wood, cut into pieces about 14 inches long and 2 inches or 2.5 inches thick. Make use of a thiek sod, as a register, to regulate the draught of the chimney, so that no flame shall i?sue from the front of the furnace. This little furnace, which will con¬ tain about fifteen 24-pdr. balls, heats them to a red heat in 1 hour, and will supply 3 guns: it requires the attendance of one man. Implements.—2 pokers, for stirring the fire, made of f-inch round iron, OJ feet long, the end bent at a right angle ; 2 iron forks, for taking out the shot. These forks are immersed alternately in water to cool them. 1 rasp, to rub the scales from the balls when they have been overheated; 1 pair tongs with circular jaws, for taking up shot; 1 iron rake, to remove the cinders, etc., from the ash-pit; 1 trough or tub, 1 bucket, 1 barrel; 1 rammer, with the head covered by a circular plate of sheet-iron, of rather larger diameter than the ball, to remove the clay which may stick to the sides of the bore when clay wads are used; 1 ladle (to each piece) for carrying the balls, formed of an iron ring the interior of which is bevelled to fit the ball, with 2 arms inserted into wooden handles; for small cali¬ bres it is made with 1 handle. Wads may be made of good clay, free from sand or gravel, moistened just enough to work well; the wads are cylindrical, 1 calibre long. But it is preferable to use hay wads that have been steeped in water for 15 minutes and allowed to drip. Cartridges for hot shot are made of cannon cartridge paper or parchment well pasted, to prevent the powder from sifting out; they should be carefully examined before use, to see that there are no holes in them. It is best to use two cartridge- bags, one within the other. Manner of loading.—Elevate the muzzle sufficiently to allow the ball to roll in; ram the cartridge home carefully, and a dry hay wad over it; then a wet hay or clay wad; prick and prime; insert the ball, and put a wet hay or clay wad over it; this second clay wad may be only 4 calibre long. It is a good precaution, also, to pass a wet sponge into the gun just before putting in the shot. When wet hay wads are used, steam is seen to issue from the vent as soon as the ball gets home; this is the effect of the heat of the ball upon the water contained in the wad; no 388 ORDNANCE MANUAL. danger can result from it, as the ball may be allowed to cool in the gun without the charge taking fire ; but it is better to fire without much delay, as this steam would injure the powder. The penetrations of cold and hot shot into wood are equal under the same cir¬ cumstances. A red-hot shot retains sufficient heat to set fire to wood after having struck the water several times. The fire is communicated more rapidly and cer¬ tainly to the wood when the ball does not penetrate more than 10 or 12 inches, because at a greater depth the communication with the external air is not suffi¬ ciently free. It is proper, therefore, to fire with small charges, i to i weight of the shot, according to the distance, in order that the shot may remain in the wood and not penetrate too deep. Expansion of Shot heated to a White Meat. CALIBRE. 8-in. 42. 32. 24. 18. 12. Expansion 0.149 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 Heated shot do not return to their original dimensions on cooling, but retain a permanent enlargement, as will appear from the following table, giving the mean of 16 trials by Lieutenant (now Captain) Rodman, of the Ordnance Department: 8-inch shot. first heating. second heating. Diameter. Expansion. Diameter. Expansion. In. In. Per cent. In. In. Per cent. 7.840 0 000 White heat 7.9S9 0.149 .019 8,017 0.177 0.022 Cherry red 7.963 .123 .016 After cooling 7.895 .054 .007 7.939 .099 .012 timber. 389 Chapter Fourteenth. MATERIALS. TIMBER. The selection, inspection and seasoning of timber for ordnance purposes require especial attention. The quality of the wood, and the defects to which it is subject, depend much on the soil, the exposure, and particularly the climate in which it grows. In the United States, the climate of the states in the North and Middle is moat favorable to the growth of the timber used for ordnance purposes. Kinds of Timber used. The kinds of wood, and the uses to which they are principally applied in ordnance construction, are as follows, viz : White oak (quercus alba).—The bark is a grayish white, the leaf long, narrow and deeply indented ; the wood is of a straw color, with a reddish tinge, tough and flexible. It is the principal timber used in the construction of all kinds of artillery carriages. White beech, Red beech (fagus sylvestris, fagus ferruginea) are the most suit¬ able for saddle-trees, fuzes and mallets; also for plane stocks and various other tools. White ash (fraxinus Americana) is straight grained, tough and elastic; it is used for sponge and rammer staves, shafts for light carriages, and, in case of neces¬ sity, for handspikes, tool handles and sabots. There is but little difference in quality throughout the whole thickness; the outside is rather tougher. It lasts a long time when protected, but rots quickly when exposed to the weather. Elm (ulmus Americana) is well suited for fellies and for small naves. Hickory (juglans tomentosa) is very tough and flexible ; the niost suitable wood for handspikes and tool handles, and for wooden axle-trees. Black walnut (juglans nigra) is hard and fine grained; it is used for ammuni¬ tion-chests, and may be used for naves of field carriages. It is used exclusively for the stocks of small arms. White poplar, or Tulip-tree (liriodendron tulipifera), is a soft, light, fine 390 ORDNANCE MANUAL. grained wood, which grows to a great size; it is Used for sahots, cartridge-blocks, etc., and for the lining of ammunition-chests. White pine (joinua atrobua) is soft, light, fine grained, and easily wfought. It is used for arm-chesta and packing-boxes generally, and for building purposes. Cypress (cupreaaua diaticha) is a soft, light, straight grained wo Oil which grows to a very large size. It may he used for many of the purposes for which oak is used, but is much inferior to it in strength and hardness,' though it resists better than oak the action of a moist, hot climate. Basswood, or American lime (tilia Americana), is very light and soft, not easily split, and is excellent for sabots and cartridge-blocks. Black gum (nysaa aylvatica) is a fine grained wood, of" medium hardness and density, very difficult to split, and well suited for sponge and rammer heads, and for naves of carriages. It is also used for howls fol- laboratory purposes. Dogwood (cornua jlorida) is hard and fine grained, suitable for mallets, drifts, etc. Selection of Standing Trees. Wood grown in a moist soil is less firm and decays sooner than that grown in a dry, sandy soil, but the trees are generally larger. The best timber is generally found on a dark soil mixed with stones and gravel. Poplar, cypress, willow, and some others which grow best in a wet soil, are excep¬ tions to this rule. The hardest and most dense woods, and those'least subject to decay, grow at the South; but they are more liable to split and warp in seasoning. Trees grown on plains, or in the centre of forests are less 'dense than those from the edge of the forest, from the sides of hills, or from open ground; but they are generally more free from limbs and of finer growth. The aspect most favorable to the production of sound, straight timber, free from defects, is that which is shel¬ tered from the prevalent winds. The vicinity of salt water is favorable to the strength and hardness of white oak. Trees should be selected in the latter part of July or first part of August: for at this season the leaves of the sound, healthy tree are fresh and green, while those of the unsound are beginning to turn yellow. A soundj_healthy tree will he known by its top branches being vigorous and well covered with leaves, the bark even and of uniform color. A rounded top, a sparse covering of leaves, some of the leaves turning yellow before the rest, a rougher bark than common, covered with parasitic plants, streaks or spots, indicate a tree on the deoline. The decay of branches at the top, of large branches, and the separation of the bark from the wood, are infal¬ lible signs that the wood is impaired. Felling Timber. The most suitable season for felling timber is that in which vegetation is ai rest—which is the case in midwinter and in midsummer.' Recent experiments indi- INSPECTION OP TIMBER. 391 cate the latter season, say the month of July, as the proper season ; but the usual practice has been to fell trees for timber betweei^ the first of December and the middle of March. The tree should be allowed to attain its full maturity before being felled. Oak matures at seventy-five to one hundred years and upward, according to circum¬ stances. The age and rate of growth of a tree are indicated by the number and size of the rings of annual increase in a cross-section. The tree should be cut as near the ground as possible, the lower part being the best timber. Leaning trees should always be cut so as to fall at right angles to the direction of greatest inclination; and all trees, especially oak, should be cut entirely through the heart while standing, and the woodman should allow sufficient kerf to enable him to cut the tree completely off, by rapid strokes of the axe, after the tree has started to fall. These precautions will prevent splintering at the butt. Getting out Timber. As soon as the tree is felled, it should be immediately stripped of its bark and raised from the ground. A short time only should elapse before the sap-wood is taken off and the timber reduced nearly to the dimensions required for use. This is done, generally, by the saw ; but those pieces requiring great strength and toughness, such as spokes, poles, handspikes, and splinter-bars, should be split. These pieces should always be taken from the butt cut of young, straight grained trees of such size as to furnish but one piece between jthe sap and centre heart, the width in the direction of the radius. Naves should be taken from the butts of trees of suitable size to leave them, after the removal of the sap-wood, 1^ inch greater in diameter than the finished size. They should be cut off square about two inches longer than the finished length, and bored through their axes with an auger i inch less than the small end of the nave- box which they are to receive. This facilitates their seasoning and diminishes cracking. Pieces for fellies should always be got out so that the planes of their broad faces shall run nearly toward the centre of the tree. Slab pieces are not fit for this purpose. Inspection of Timber. Examine the timber all over carefully, whenever it can be done, after several days of fine weather, in order to see better certain defects which moisture renders less apparent. The quality of the wood is in some degree indicated by the color, which should be nearly uniform in the heart-wood, a little deeper toward the centre, and free from sudden transitions. White spots here and there indicate decay, and should cause the rejection of the piece. All pieces containing sap-wood should be rejected, except hickory and ash; in this kind of wood the sap-wood is generally the toughest and best. The sap-wood is known by its white color; it is next to the bark, and very 392 ORDNANCE MANUAL. soon rots, and should never be used. Sometimes there are rings of light colored wood found surrounded by good, har4 wood; this may be called the second sap, and should cause the rejection of the piece in which it occurs. .Reject pieces containing the centre heart, except in timber which, from its size, cannot be procured free from it. Even in these it is better to use built beams of smaller pieces free from centre heart, op account of the great difficulty in seasoning such large pieces, and their extreme liability to being attacked by dry rot during.the process. In pieces which have been got out by splitting, the occurrence of short bends indicates that they have been taken from the upper part of the tree; and the running- out of the grain, so as to show the ends of the fibres along the side of the stick, is an unfailing indication of brashness. Reject the piece in which either occurs. Pieces for handspikes should be free from knots near the fulcrum end. After inspection, each stick is marked on each end, with white lead, with the initials of the contractor, the year when received—a letter designating the purpose for which the timber is intended, and the number of pieces contained in each stick. On small sticks, as spokes, it is sufficient to mark J,he contractor's name and date on one end, the shape of the piece showing for what it is intended. Defects of Timber—especially of Oak. Wind-shakes are cracks separating the concentric layers of wood from each other; a circular crack : it is a serious defect. SjMts, checks, and cracks, extending toward the centre, if deep and strongly marked, render the timber unfit for use, unless the purpose for which it is intended will admit of its being split through them. These defects are found in young trees as well as old, and are no signs of the alteration of the quality of the timber. They always increase in extent in seasoning. Brash-wood is generally consequent on the decline of the tree from age. The wood is porous, of a reddish color, and breaks short, without splinters, and, in marked cases, the chips crumble to pieces. This wood is entirely unfit for artillery carriages. Belted timber (that which has been killed before being felled, or which has died from other causes) should be rejected. Knotty timber: that containing a great many knots, though sound, usually of stunted growth. It is difficult to work, and weak when cross-strained; reject. Twisted wood, the grain of which winds spirally, is unfit for long pieces ; ituj^ajf be used in short ones, as naves or short transoms, etc. Dry-rot.—This is indicated by yellow stains. Elm and beech are soon affected,, if left with the bark on. Large or decayed knots should cause the piece to be rejected. Seasoning and Preserving Timber. Timber freshly cut contains about 37 to 48 per cent, of liquids. By exposure to the air in seasoning one year, it loses from 17 to 25 per cent., and seasoned wood still retains from 10 to 15 per cent. SEASONING AND PRESERVING TIMBER. 393 Timber of large dimensions is improved and rendered less liable to warp and crack in seasoning by immersion in water for some weeks, according to tbe size. For the purpose of seasoning, timber should be '(oiled under shelter and be kept dry; it should have a free circulation of air about it, without being exposed to strong currents. Place the bottom pieces on skids, which should be sound, raised not less than 2 feet from the ground ; leave a space of an inch between the pieces of the same horizontal layers; place slats or piling-strips between different layers, one near each end of the pile, and others at short distances to keep the timber straight. These strips should be one over the other, and in large piles should not he less than 1 inch thick. Spokes are piled in square piles, the length of one piece, omitting the slats. Light timber may be piled in attics, heavy timber on the ground floor. Each pile should contain but one kind of timber, and be marked with the date of inspection and the number and kind of pieces it contains. Pieces of the same kind and of different dates of receipt, if piled one on the other, should have that which was received first piled on top. The piles should be at least 2£ feet apart: this secures free access at all times to the different kinds of pieces in store. Timber should be repiled at intervals varying with the time it has been in store, and all pieces showing evidences of decay should be thrown out, to prevent their affecting those which are still sound. Timber storehouses are best provided with blinds, which keep out the rain and snow, but which can be turned to admit the air freely in fine weather. They should be kept entirely free from pieces of decayed wood. This gradual mode of seasoning is considered the most favorable to the strength and durability of timber, but various methods have been proposed for hastening the process. For this purpose, steaming timber has been applied with success; and the results of experiments with Mr. Kyan's process of saturating timber with a solution of corrosive sublimate have been highly satisfactory; this is said to harden and season the wood, at the same time that it secures it from the dry-rot and from the attacks of worms. The process of Mr. Earle, which consists in saturating the wood with a hot solution of the sulphates of copper and iron, mixed together, has been tried by the Ordnance Department, and found to impair the strength without increasing the durability of the timber. Kiln drying is serviceable only for boards and pieces of small dimensions, and is apt to cause cracks and to impair the strength of wood, unless performed very slowly. Charring or painting is highly injurious to any but seasoned timber, as it effectually prevents the drying of the inner part of the wood, in which, consequently, fermentation and decay soon take place. t Timber piled in badly ventilated sheds is apt to be attacked with dry-rot. The first outward indications are yellow spots on the ends of the pieces and a yellowish dust in the checks and cracks, particularly where the pieces rest on the piling- strips; when cut, the timber is of a dull, reddish brown color, dotted over with small white specks, and it is brittle and very weak. Timber requires from 2 to 8 years to season thoroughly, according to its size. It 394 ORDNANCE MANUAL. should he worked as soon as it is thoroughly dry, for it begins to deteriorate after that time. Very old timber, as the workmen say, loses its life. Oak timber loses about one-fifth of its weight in seasoning, and about one-third of its weight in becoming perfectly dry. Measuring Timber. Sawed or hewn timber is measured by the cubic foot, or more commonly by board measure, the unit of which is a superficial foot of a board 1 inch thick. Small pieces, especially those which are got out by splitting (such as spokes), and shapes, or pieces roughed out to a particular pattern (such as stocks for small arms), are often purchased by the piece. Usual rule for measuring round timber: Multiply the length by the square of one-fourth the mean girth, for the solid contents; L G2 or, —~; L being the length of the log, and C half the sum of the circumferences 16 of the two ends. But when round timber is procured for use in the Ordnance Department, it should be measured according to the square of good timber which can' be obtained from the log; To find the number of feet, board measure, in any piece of timber of a given width, multiply the tabular area, for that width, by the length in feet and the thickness in inches. Table, showing the Superficial Feet in one Lineal Foot of Boards of various widths. Width. Area. Width. Area. Width. Area. In. Sup. ft. In. Sup. ft. In. Sup. ft. 0.25 0.0208 ' 4.25 0.3542 8.25 0.6875 0.5 0.0417 4.5 0.375 8.5 0.7083 0.75 0.0625 4.75 0.3958 8.75 0.7292 1. 0.0833 5. 0.4167 9. 0.75 1.25 0.1042 5.25 0.4375 9.25 0.7708 1.5 0.125 5.5 0.4583 9.5 0.7917 1.75 0.1458 5.75 0.4792 9.75 0.8125 2. 0.1667 6. 0.5 10. 0.8333 2.25 0.1875 6.25 0.5208 10.25 0.8542 2.5 0.2083 | 6.5 0.5417 10.5 0.875 2.75 0.2292 • 6.75 0.5625 10.75 0.8958 3. 0.25 7. 0.5833 11. 0.9167 3.25 0.2708 7.25 0.6042 11.25 0.9375 3.5 0.2917 7.5 0.625 11.5 0.9583 3.75 0.3125 7.75 0.6458 11.75 0.9792 4. 0.3333 8. 0.6667 12. 1.0000 IRON. 395 IRON. Iron is obtained from its ores, in which it generally exists in the state of an oxide, combined with earthy or stony matters, and frequently with carbon, sulphur, arsenic, magnesia, manganese, etc. Iron ores are classed and named according to their different combinations, as magnetic, specular, micaceous, clay iron-stone, red hematite, broirn hematite; the last" named is the ore from which the Salisbury and the Juniata irons are extracted; the first, that from which the Swedish iron is obtained; and the clay iron-stone that from which the iron of England is' made. The foreign substances which iron is found to contain modify in a1 marked man¬ ner its essential properties. Carbon adds to its hardness, but destroys some of its characteristic qualities, and produces cast-iron or steel according to the proportion of carbon it contains. Sulphur renders it fusible, difficult to weld, and brittle when heated, hot short. Phosphorus renders-it cold short, but may be present in the proportion of 2-1000tlis to 3-1000ths without affecting injuriously its tenacity. Antimony, arsenic and copper have the same effect as sulphur—the last in a greater degree. Cast-iron. The process of making cast-iron depends much on the kind of fuel used: char¬ coal, coke, bituminous and anthracite coals, are all used. When anthracite coal is employed, the ore is placed at once in the blast-furnace; when charcoal is used, the ore is first roasted, by distributing it in alternate layers with waste coal, wood or, sometimes, with charcoal, and the pile thus formed is ignited and burned in the open air. Eor the more refractory ores a kiln similar to that used for burning lime is required. The ore is rendered, by this operation, more porous and easily broken into small pieces, by which it is more readily acted upon in the smelting furnace. The small pieces would be disadvantageous in an anthracite furnace. Smelting is the process by which the iron is separated from the refractory sub¬ stances with which it is combined in the ore. It consists in raising the ore to a high heat in contact with carbon and a suitable flux in the blast or smelting fur¬ nace. The flux unites with the earthy matter of the ore, forming a glassy sub¬ stance called slag or cinder, and the carbon unites with the oxygen of the ore, setting the iron free, which in turn unites with a portion of the carbon and forms a fusible compound, carburet of iron, or cast-iroit. The melted iron and slag descend to the bottom of the furnace, the slag forming a covering to the pool of iron and protecting it from the action of the blast. As they accumulate, the slag runs off over the dam, and is a good indication, to an experienced eye, of the quality of metal the furnace is making. The furnace is generally tapped once every twelve hours, and the metal is run out into channels formed in the sand, and is known as pigs. Limestone is the flux used for most ore's; clay is sometimes required to mix with ores containing much limestone. A larger yield from the same furnace, and a great economy in fuel, are effected 30,6 ORDNANCE MANUAL. by the use of a hot blast. The greater heat thus produced causes the iron to Bom- bine jvith a larger percentage of foreign substances, and the strength of the east- iron is thus injured. Cast-iron for cannon and for all purposes requiring great strength should be smelted with the cold blast. Pig iron, according to the proportion of carbon which it contains, is divided into foundry iron and forge iron, the latter being adapted only to conversion into mal¬ leable iron; while the former, containing the largest proportion of carbon, can be used either for casting or for making bar-iron. There are many varieties of cast-iron, differing from each other by almost insen¬ sible shades; the two principal divisions are gray and white, so called from the color of the fracture when recent. Their properties are very different. Gray iron is softer and less brittle than white iron; it is in a slight degree mal¬ leable and flexible, and is not sonorous; it can be easily drilled and turned in the lathe, and does not resist the file. It has a brilliant fracture, of a gray, or, some¬ times, a bluish gray color; -the color is lighter as the grain becomes closer, and its hardness increases at the same time. , It melts at a lower heat than white iron, becomes more fluid, and preserves its fluidity longer; it runs smoothly; the color of the fluid metal is red, and deeper in proportion as the heat is lower; it does not stick to the ladle; it fills the moulds well, contracts less and contains fewer cavities than white iron; the edgeS of a casting are sharp, and the surface smooth, convex, and covered with earburet of iron. A medium sized grain, bright gray color, lively aspect, fracture sharp to the touch, and a close compact texture, indicate a good quality of iron. A grain either very large or very small, a dull, earthy aspect, loose texture, dissimilar crystals mixed together, indi¬ cate an inferior quality. Gray iron is used for ordnance purposes where the pieces are to be bored or fitted. Its tenacity and specific gravity are diminished by annealing. Its mean specific gravity is 7.200. White iron is very brittle and sonorous; it resists the file and the chisel, and is susceptible of high polish; the surface of a casting is concave; the fracture presents a silvery appearance, generally fine grained and compact, sometimes radiating, or lamellar. When melted it is white, and throws off a great number of sparks, and its qualities are the reverse of those of gray iron; it is, therefore, unsuitable for ordnance pur¬ poses. Its tenacity is increased and its specific gravity diminished by annealing. Its mean specific gravity is 7.500. Mottled iron is a mixture of white and gray; it has a spotted appearance; it flows well and with few sparks; the casting has a plane surface, with edges slightly rounded. It is suitable for making shot and shells. A fine mottled iron is the only kind suitable for making castings which require great strength, such as cannon. The kind of mottle will depend much on the siz* of the casting. MALLEABLE IRON. 397 Besides these general divisions, the manufacturers distinguish more particularly the different varieties of pig metal by numbers, according to their relative hardness. No. 1 is the softest iron, possessing in the highest degree the qualities described as belonging to gray iron: it has not much strength, but on account of its fluidity when melted and of its mixing advantageously with old or scrap iron, and with the harder kinds of cast-iron, it is of great use to the founder, and commands the highest price. No. 2 is harder, closer grained, and stronger than No. 1; it has a gray color and considerable lustre. It is the kind of iron most suitable, in general, for making shot and shells. No. 3 is still harder than No. 2. Its color is gray, but inclining to white; it has considerable strength, but it is principally used by the founder for mixing with other kinds of iron. No. 4 is bright iron; No. f), mottled; No. 6, white—which is unfit for general use by itself. The qualities of these various kinds of iron seem to depend on the proportion of carbon, and on the state in which it is found in the metal. In the darker kinds of iron, where the proportion is sometimes 7 per cent, of carbon, it exists partly in the state of graphite or plumbago, which makes the iron soft. In white iron, the carbon is thoroughly combined with the metal, as in steel. Cast-iron frequently retains a portion of foreign ingredients from the ore, such-as earths, or oxides of other metals, and sometimes sulphur and phosphorus, which are all injurious to its quality. Sulphur hardens the iron, and, unless in a very small proportion, destroys its tenacity. These foreign substances, and also a portion of the carbon, are separated by melt¬ ing the iron in contact with air, and soft iron is thus rendered harder and stronger. The effect of remelting varies with the nature of the iron and the kind of ore from which it has been extracted; that from the hard ores, such as the magnetic oxides, undergoes less alteration than that from the hematites; the latter being sometimes changed from No. 1 to white by a single remelting in the air furnace. The color and texture of cast-iron depend greatly on the size of the casting and the rapidity of cooling; a small casting, which cools quickly, is almost always white, and the surface of large castings partakes more of the qualities of white metal than the interior. All cast-iron expands forcibly at the moment of becoming solid, and again con¬ tracts in cooling; gray iron, as before remarked, expands more and contracts less than other iron. The contraction is about l-100th for grey and strongly mottled iron, so that the dimensions of a pattern for casting should be about l-100th larger than the size re¬ quired for the casting. Malleable Iron. Malleable iron is made from the pig, in the bloomery fire or in the puddling fur¬ nace—generally in the latter. 398 ORDNANCE MANUAL. The process consists in melting the cast-iron and keeping it-exposed to a great he a t, »c o n s tan tly~s ti rr ill g the mass, bringing every part of it evenly under the action o'f the flame, until it loses its remaining carbon—when it becomes malleable iron. The EloomerY resembles a large forge fire, where charcoal and a strong blast afe used, and the refined metal of the pig-iron, after being broken into pieces of the proper size, is placed before the blast, directly in contact with the charcoal ; as-the metal fuses, it falls into a cavity left for that purpose below the blast, where the bloomer works it into the shape of a ball, which he places again before the blast, surrounded.with fresh charcoal; this operation is generally again repeated, when the ball is ready for the shingler. The pudpling furnace is a re,vfrberatory furnace, with a cast-iron bottom lined generally with a pure and refractory iron ore, where the flame of bituminous coal is made to act directly on the metal. The operation of puddling is a most important one, as the quality of the iron depends so much upon the skill with which it is conducted. The metal is first melted, and the puddler then begins to stir it, exposing each portion in turn tO the action of the flame, and continues this as long as he is' able to work it. When it has lost its fluidity, he forms it into puddlers' balls, weighing from 80 to 100 lbs., which are-next passed to the shingler. Shingling is performed in a strong squeezer or Under the trip-hammer. Its object is to press out as perfectly as possible the liquid cinder Which "the ball still contains: it also forms the ball into shape for the puddle-rolls. A heavy ham¬ mer, weighing from 6 to 7 tons, effects this object most thoroughly, hut not so cheaply as the squeezer. The ball receives from 15 to 20 blows of the hammer, being turned from time to time as required: it is now called a bloom, and is ready to bo rolled or hammered. Or the ball is passed once through*the squeezer, and is still hot enough to be passed through the puddle-rolls. - ■ Puddle-rolls.—By passing through different grooves in these rolls, the bloom is reduced to a rough bar from three to four feet in length; its name conveying an idea of its condition, which is rough and imperfect. Piling.—To prepare rough bars for this operation, they afe cut, either hot or cold, by means of a strong pair of shears, into such lengths as are best adapted to • the size of the finished bar required; the sheared bars are piled, one over the other, to the number of from two to six or more pieces, according to the size required— when the pile is ready for balling. -Balling.—This operation is performed in the balling furnace^ which is similar to th^.^puddling furnace, except that its bottom or hearth is made up, from time to time, with sand ; it is used to give a welding heat to the piles to prepare them for rolling. Finishing-rolls. — The balls are passed successively between the rollers of various forms and sizes according to the shape of the finished bar required. The bars are straightened on a cast-irqn bed, With heavy wooden beetles. The quality of the iron depends on the kind of pig used, the skill of the puddler, and the absence of deleterious substances in the furnace. MALLEABLE IRON. 899 The strongest cast-irons- do not produce the strongest malleable iron. For many purposes, such as sheets for tinning, best boiler-plate, and bars for converting into steel, charcoal Iron is used exclusively; and, generally, this kind of iron is to he relied upon for strength and toughness with greater confidence than any other—though iron of superior quality is made from pigs made with other fuel and with the hot blast; iron for gun barrels has been lately made from anthracite hot-blast pigs. Iron is improved in quality by judicious working, reheating it, and hammering or rolling: other things being equal, that is the best iron that has been wrought the most. Piles are sometimes made of good iron on top and bottom and poorer iron in the middle: this is easily detected in the fracture. Rejeot it, where strength and toughness are required. Bar-iron.—The iron used in ordnance constructions is generally furnished in bars of different sizes, or in shapes. It should be of the best quality of iron, highly refined. The quality of iron is generally judged of by its grain as shown in a fresh frac¬ ture. The sample should be 1 inch square, or, if a flat bar, i inch thick. Cut a notch on one side with a cold-chisel, and bend the bar down over the edge of an anvil, or give it a heavy blow, when lying flat on the ground, with a sledge-hammer; if the fracture exhibit long, silky fibres, of a leaden gray color, cohering together and twisting or pulling apart before breaking, it denotes a tough, soft iron, which is easy to work and hard to break, suitable for sheet-iron, wire, etc., but it may weld badly. A medium, even grain, mixed with fibres as above, but without bright specks or dark spots, is also a favorable indication. In general, a short, blackish fibre indicates Iron badly refined and mixed with carhop, plumbago, or oxide; if worked very hot, it may be improved, but there will be a , reat waste. A very fine, close grain denotes a hard, steely iron, which is apt to be cold-short, hard to work with the hammer or file. A coarse grain, with a brilliant, crystallvzed fracture, or yellow or brown spots, denotes a brittle iron, inclined to be cold-short, but work¬ ing easily when heated, and making a good weld. But this test is not always suffi¬ cient, as the same iron will present different appearances according to the manner in which it has been forged and the degree of heat to which it has been subjected. Numerous cracks on the edges of the bar generally indicate a hot-short iron, whjch cracks or breaks when punched or worked at a red heat, and will not weld; it is strong when cold, and may be useful in that state, but, if worked, care should be taken not to subject it to strains at a red heat. Blisters, flaws, and cinder-holes are caused by imperfect welding at too low a heat, or by the iron not being properly worked, and do not always indicate an inferior quality. The surest test of the quality of iron is to submit it to the following proofs: Test when cold.—Bend the iron, if in small bars, several times back and forth in different directions, at sharp angles, with heavy blows of a hammer, and twist it in 400 ORDNANCE MANUAL. a vice. Large pieces are reduced in size at one end, and submitted to the same tests. Round bars have a screw-thread cut on them, and are then bent according to the use for which they are intended. Pieces which are to have holes in them are tested by punching holes in them cold. Test when hot.—Draw out the iron, bend and twist it; split it, and turn back the two parts, to see if the split extends up; punch a long hole in the direction of the fibre, and another at right angles to it; punch holes of different forms—some near the edge; weld the iron to iron and to steel; make chains from small rods; observe if cracks or flaws weld easily; finally, forge some of the most difficult pieces for which the iron is intended. Note on forging.—Good iron is often injured by being unskilfully worked. Care should be taken that the iron while heating is not exposed to the air, which would assist in forming scales of oxide on its surface : it is to prevent this that the workman from time to time throws sand or clay on his iron to protect it. When iron is at a white heat, immediate contact with coal tends to carbonize it and make it steely. Iron heated for any purpose, and especially for welding, should be heated as rapidly as possible, in order to expose it the least possible time to the action of the air and coal; for this purpose, the strongest fuel, with an abundant, steady blast, is necessary. Defects in iron caused by unskilful working may be remedied in part: if, for example, iron has been burned, give it a smart heat, protected as much as possible from the air; if the iron has been injured by cold-hammering, & moderate annealing heat will restore it; if the iron has become hard and steely, give it one or more smart heats, to extract the carbon. Inspection of Iron for Garrison and Sea-coast Carriages. The cheek-plates should be made of iron of good quality, uniform in thickness, a plane surface, and cut near to the required size. Verify the size by a wooden frame made of the required shape, and the thickness by an iron gauge. Try the quality of the iron by punching holes near the edge at the place for the trunnion-holes. The rails should be straight on the top, bottom and edge of the flange; try them by laying a straight-edge on them. The web should be a plane surface, without corrugations—at right angles to the flanges, which should be smooth and free from breaks or cracks. Examine that the welds are all good, that there are no seams, and that the iron has not been burned. Verify the cross-section of the rail by a profile cut from sheet-iron or mahogany; measure the length with a rod of the correct length. See that the trough-beams and angle-iron are straight, and their edges sound, without cracks. Verify their length. Examine the bar-iron by the tests given above for bar-iron, and where the pieces are cut to lengths, verify them. Weigh several pieces of each kind of the exact length, sufficient to get a fair mean weight, from which the weight of the whole can be calculated. STEEL. 401 Puddled Steel. If, in the operation qf puddling, the process be stopped at a particular time determined by indications given by the metal to an experienced eye, an iron is obtained of greater hardness and strength than ordinary iron, to which the name of semi-steel, or puddled steel, has been applied. The principal difficulty in its manu¬ facture is that of obtaining uniformity in the product, homogeneity and solidity throughout the entire mass. It is much improved by reheating and hammering under a heavy hammer. A tenacity of 118,000 lbs. to the square inch has been obtained from semi-steel made in this country in this way. Field pieces have been 'made of this material, and it is believed that it will answer well for this purpose. Steel. Steel is a compound of iron and carbon, in which the proportion of the latter is- from 5 to 1 per cent., and even less, in some kinds. Steel maybe distinguished from, iron by its fine grain; its susceptibility of hardening by immersing it, when hot, in,, cold water; and with certainty by the action of diluted nitric acid, which leaves a black spot on steel, and on iron a spot which is lighter colored in proportion as tlia iron contains less carbon. There are many varieties of steel, the principal o£ which are— Natural steelywhich is obtained by reducing the rich and pure kinds of iron, ore With charcoal, and refining the cast-iron, so as to deprive it of a sufficient portion of carbon to bring it to a malleable state. It is made principally in Germany, and is used for making files and other tools. The India steel, called wootz, is said to be a natural steal, containing a -small portion of other metals. Blistered steel, or steel of cementation, is prepared by the?,direct'combination of iron and carbon. For this purpose, the iron in bars is-put in layers alternating with powdered charcoal, in a close furnace, and exposed fori 7 or, 8 days to a heat of fibout 70° Wedgewood, and then suffered to cool for.as many days more. The bars on being taken out are covered with blisters, have acquired a brittle quality, and exhibit in the fracture a uniform crystalline appearance^ The degree of carboni¬ zation is varied according to the purposes for which the steel is.-intended, and the best qualities of iron (Russian and Swedish) are used for the finest kinds of;steel. Tilted steel is made from blistered steel moderately heated and subjected to the action of a tilt-hammer, by which means its tenacity and density are increased and it is thus adapted to use. Shear steel is made from blistered or natural steel refined by piling thin bars into fagots, which are brought to a welding heat in a reverberatory furnace, and ham¬ mered or rolled again into bars ; this operation is repeated several times to produce the finest kinds of shear steel,, which are distinguished by the names of half shear,. 26 402 ORDNANCE MANUAL. ningls shear and double shear, or steel of 1 mark, of 2 marks, of .1 marks, etc., according to the number of times it has been piled. Cast-steel is made by breaking blistered steel into small pieces and melting it in close crucibles, from which it is poured into iron moulds ; the ingot is then reduced to a bar by hammering or rolling, as described under the head of malleable iron, these operations being performed with great care. Cast-steel is the finest kind of steel and best adapted for most purposes: it is known by a very fine, even and close grain, and a silvery, homogeneous fracture; it is very brittle, and acquires extreme hardness, but is difficult to weld without the use of a flux. The other kinds of steel have a similar .appearance to cast-steel, but the grain is coarser and less homogeneous ; they are softer and less brittle, and weld more readily. A fibrous or lamellar appearance in the fracture indicates an imperfect steel. A material of great toughness and elasticity, as well as hardness, is made by forging together s^eel and iron, forming the celebrated damask steel, which is used for sword blades, springs, etc.; the damasked appearance is produced by the action of a diluted acid, which gives a black tint to the steel parts, whilst the iron remains white. Various fancy steels, or alloys of steel with silver, platinum, rhodium and alumin¬ ium have been made with a view to imitating the Damascus steel, wootz, etc., and improving the fabrication of some of the finer kinds of surgical and other instru¬ ments. Properties of steel.—The best steel possesses the following characteristics : heated to redness and plunged into cold water, it becomes hard enough to scratch glass and to resist the best files ; the hardness is uniform throughout the piece: after being tempered it is not easily broken ; it welds readily; it does not crack or split^ it bears a very high heat, and preserves the capability of hardening after repeated working; the grain is fine, even and homogeneous, and it receives a bril¬ liant polish. Its specific gravity is 7.816, being greater than that of iron. Test.—Break a few bars, taken at random ; make tools of them and try them in the severest manner. Hardening and tempering steel.—On these operations the quality of manufac¬ tured steel in a great measure depends. Hardening is effected by heating the steel to a cherry red, or until the scales of oxide are loosened on the surface, and plunging it into a liquid, or placing it in contact with some cooling substance; the degree of hardness depends on the heat and the rapidity of cooling. Steel is thus rendered so hard as to resist the hardest files, and it becomes at the same time extremely brittle. The degree of heat and the temperature and nature of the cooling medium must be chosen with reference to the quality of the steel and the purpose for which it is intended. Cold water gives a greater hardness than oils or other fatty substances, sand, wet iron scales or cinders, but an inferior degree of hardness to that given by acids. Oil, tallow, etc., prevent the cracks which are caused by too rapid cooling. The lower the heat at which the steel becomes hard, the better. Tempering.—Steel in its hardest state being too brittle for most purposes, the WELDING COMPOSITION. 403 requisite strength and elasticity are obtained by tempering—or letting damn th* tem¬ per, as the workmen term it—which is performed by heating the hardened steel to a certain degree and cooling it quickly. The requisite heat is usually ascertained by the color which the surface of the steel assumes from the film of oxide thus formed. The degrees of heat to which these several colors correspond are as follows : At 430° Fahr., a very faint yellow.. "I Suitable for hard instruments; as hammer At 450° " a pale straw color.. j faces, drills for hard substances, etc. ^ For instruments requiring hard edges with- At 470° " a full yellow , , . „ , , < out elasticity; as shears, scissors, tools for At 490° " a brown color J . . . J , . ' ' ( turning iron and steel. At 510° " brown, with purple f For tools for cutting wood and soft metals : spots V ° ix rono ,, i I such as plane irons, chisels, knives, etc. At 538° " purple ) r j For tools requiring strong edges without At 550° " dark blue J extreme hardness : as cold-chisels, axles, At 560° " full blue | table cutlery, etc., which will break before ^ bending. At 600° grayish blue, verging ^ For spring-temper, which will bend before on black | breaking; saws, sword blades, etc. If the steel be heated higher than this, the effect of the hardening process is destroyed. Case-hardening.—This operation consists in converting the surface of wrought iron into steel, by cementation, for the purpose of adapting it to receive a polish or to bear friction, etc.; this is effected by heating the iron to a cherry red, in a close vessel, in contact with carbonaceous materials, and then plunging it into cold water. Bones, leather, hoofs and horns of animals are generally used for this pur¬ pose, after having been burnt or roasted so that they can be pulverized. Soot is also frequently used. Welding Composition for Iron or Steel. Borax 10 parts. Sal ammoniac 1 part. Pound them together, and melt them in a crucible into a clear liquid; pour it out on an iron plate, and, when cold, pulverize it for use. Composition No. 2. Borax •' 5. lbs. Sal ammoniac 1*0 " Prussiate of potash 0 " Rosin " Alcohol 5 Pint W ater. .5 Iron filings lb. 404 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Put all the materials in an iron pan together, and melt them over a gentle fire, so that the composition shall boil for a few minutes, stirring it until it shall become finally dry and charred; then pulverize, and use it in the same manner as borax, applying it to the parts to be welded when at a red heat. Sheet-Iron. Sheet-iron is made by rolling. It should be soft and tough, its surface very smooth, without holes or thick scales; it is generally of a bluish color, sometimes clouded; the sheet should be of regular thickness, elastic, and crackling when bent in the hands. When bent at a right angle, there should be no appearance of fracture on the exterior. Russia sheet-iron has a planished, glossy, and smooth surface of gray oxide of iron; it should be free from rust or flaws, and be very soft and tough. Punch holes in it near the edge, and see that there are no flaws or cracks after this opera¬ tion. The severest test of sheet-iron consists in hammering a part of the sheet into a concave form. Sheet-steel is manufactured in the same way, and should have the same quali¬ ties as sheet-iron, with greater elasticity and hardness in a thinner sheet. For the weight of sheet-iron, see Tables on pages 405 and 426. Sheet- Tin. Sheet-tin is made by coating sheet-iron with tin. The iron is first scoured, or thoroughly cleaned, by means of an acid, and then immersed in melted tin. There are two kinds — called single tin and double tin, differing in thickness and in the quantity of tin with which the iron is coated. The surface of the sheets should be bright and smooth, free from specks, beads and blisters. THICKNESS AND WEIGHT OP SHEET METALS. 405 Dimensions of Sheet- Tin. Kind. Size. Mean Thickness. Weight. Remarks. In. Wire Guage. In. Lbs. Single tin 10X14 31 b.0125 0.5 1 There are usually 225 Doible X 10X14 27 0.018 0.75 J sheets in a box. Roofing 20X14 27 0.018 1.5 112 sheets in a box. A square of roof (100 square feet) requires about 71 sheets of roofing tin. Thickness and Weight of Sheet Metals. Thickness by the Guage. WEIGHT PER SQUARE FOOT IN POUNDS. Thickness in Inches. Sheet arid Boiler Iron. Sheet Cast- Steel. Sheet-Copper. No. 0.. 0.340 13.7 14.0 15.6 " 1 0.300 12.1 12.4 13.8 " 2 0.284 11.4 11.7 13.0 " 3 0.259 10.4 10.6 11.9 " 4 0.238 9.60 9.80 11.0 5 0.220 8.85 9.02 10.1 " 6 0.203 8.17 8.33 9.32 " 7 0.180 7.24 7.38 8.25 " 8 0.165 6.65 6.78 7.59 " 9. 0.148 5.96 6.08 6.80 " 10 0.134 5.40 5.51 6.16 " 11 0.120 4.83 4.93 5.51 " 12 0.109 4.40 4.50 5.02 " 13 0.095 3.83 3.91 4.37 " 14 0.0B3 3.34 3.41 3.81 " 15 0.072 2.90 2.96 3.31 " 16 0.065 2.62 2.67 3.00 " 17 0.058 2.34 2.39 2.67 " 18 0.049 1.97 2.01 2.25 " 19 0.042 1.69 1.72 1.93 " 20 0.035 1.41 1.42 1.61 " 21 0.032 1.29 1.31 1.47 " 22 0.028 1.13 1.15 1.29 " 23 0.025 1.00 1.02 1.14 " 24 0.022 0.885 0.903 1.01 " 25 0.020 0.805 0.820 0.918 " 26 0.018 0.724 0.738 0.826 " 27 0.016- 0.644 0.657 0.735 " 28 0.014 0.563 0.574 0.642 " 29 0.013 0.523 0.533 0.597 " 30 0.012 0.48S 0.493 0.551 " 31 0.010 0.402 0.410 0.480 " 32 0.009 0.362 0.370 0.420 " 33 0.008 0.322 0.328 0.370 " 34 0.007 0.282 0.288 0.323 " 35 0.005 0.230 0.235 0.262 " 36 0.004 0.170 0.173 0.194 406 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Files and Rasps. LIST OP PILES AND HASPS REQUIRED FOR USE AT AN ARSENAL OF CONSTRUCTION. No. Kind. Length. Width. Thick¬ ness. Weight. Remarks. In. 1 In. In. Lbs oz. 1 Flat, rough (ruffs) 14. 1.35 0.35 1 4 Flat, tapering. 2 Do. do. 12. 1.17 0.3 0 15 3 Do. bastards 12. • 1.17 0.3 0 14 4 Do. do 8. 0.7 0.2 0 5 5 Half-round bastards ....... 12. 1.14 0.32 0 11 6 Do. do 9. 0.85 0.25 0 5* 7 Do. do 6. 0.56 0.2 0 11 84 8 12. 0.5 o 9 9. 6. 0.23 o 2 10 0.23 o a 11 4.5 0.16 o A 12 Square do 12. 0.5 0.5 0 4 9 13 Do. do 8. 0.32 0.32 0 3 14 Do. do 6. 0.24 0.24 0 2 15 Do.' do 4. 0.2 0.2 0 f 16 Flat, single cut (floats) 12. 1.12 0.22 0 10* 1 edge rounded. 17 Flat, hand, smooth 12. 1.16 0.31 1 2 Safe edge. 18 Do. do 9. 0.96 0.27 0 10 Do. 19 Do. do 8. 0.83 0.2 0 6 Do. 20 Do. do 4. 0.44 0.1 0 * Do. 21 Half-round, hand smooth... 12. 1.15 0.33 0 12 22 Do. do. 9. 0.84 0.27 0 51 23 Do. do. •. 6. 0.6 0.18 0 1* 24 Taper, handsaw 4.5 A 0.4 0 li 25 Flat, shoeing rasp 14. 1.5 0.35 1 8 26 Half-round, smooth 12. 1.14 0.32 0 11 Without tang. English files are generally used at the arsenals and armories. Files should be made of the best east-steel. The teeth are generally cut at an angle of 60° with the centre line ; at a smaller angle the teeth are apt to choke, and at a greater angle they do not cut. In choosing files, they should be examined to see that they are straight, that they are free from cracks and flaws, and that they are cut regularly. The teeth should not be turned or broken by filing on iron or tempered steel. One out of each dozen may be tried on a piece of tempered steel, such as the tang of a file screwed in a vice; the file should "take" in its whole length, both on the fiat and edge, and should not cut in drawing back; it should not make furrows, or show a tendency to deviate from the direction given to it by the hand. The quality of the steel may be determined by breaking some of the files and working the steel in the forge. CUT NAILS. 4t)7 Wood Screws. Wood screws are classed by the length in inches, and by the number which indicates the size of the wire, or body of the screw. The following table of dimensions, derived from measurements of the screws made by the New England Screw Company, at Providence, Rhode Island, will be found convenient for reference. No. Diameter of Body. HE Diameter. u>. Thickness. Number of threads to 1 inch. Remarks. In. In. In. 3 0.10 0.20 0.06 24 The length of thread cut is two- 4 .11 .22 .065 24 thirds the length of the screiy. 5 .13 .26 .075 20 6 .15 .30 .08 20 r .16 .32 .085 18 8 .17 .34 .09 14 9 .19 .38 .095 13* 10 .20 .40 .10 13 11 .21 .42 .11 12 12 .22 .44 .12 11 13 .23 .46 .13 11 14 .24 .48 .14 10 15 .25 .50 .15 10 16 .26 .52 .16 9* 17 .27 .54 .17 9 18 .28 .56 .18 8* 20 .30 .60 .20 8 21 .32 .64 .21 8 22 .35 .70 .22 7* 24 .38 .76 .24 7 26 .40 • 80 .26 7 Cut Nails. Nos. 2 d. 3d. 4 d. 6 d. 3d. lOd. \2d. 20 d. Length * inches. 1. 1.25 1.5 2. 2.5 3. 3.5 4. Number in 1 lb 550 450 340 150 100 60 40 25 Spikes are large nails, wrought or cut: the size is designated by the length in inches. 408 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bellows nails and clout nails are short wrought nails, with large heads, slightly convex: they are used chiefly for nailing leather, canvas, etc., on wood. Bellows nails 1.13 inch long, 0.1 inch thick, with heads .75 inch to I inch in diameter, should weigh about 120 to 1 lb. Tacks are classed by the length in inches, or by the weight of 1,000, in ounces. Sprigs, brads, finishing nails, are classed by the length in inches. Alloys. Bronze.-—-Gun metal: 90 copper and 10 tin. Bell metal.—78 copper and 22 tin. Fine brass.—2 copper and 1 zinc. Brass for parts of small arms and of gun-carriages.—80 copper, 17 zinc, and 3 tin. Sheet-brass.—3 copper and 1 zinc. Silver solder.—4 silver and 1 copper; or 2 silver and 1 brass wire. Hard solder.—1 zinc and 2 brass. Plumbers' solder.—1 tin and 1 lead. Tinners' solder.—1 tin and 2 lead. Pewterers' solder.—2 tin and 1 lead. Fusible alloy.—2 tin; 3 lead; 5 bismuth: melts at 197°. Type metal.—11 lead, 2 antimony, and \ tin. German silver.—10J copper; 31£ nickel; 25J zinc; 21 iron. " " for casting.—60 copper; 20 zinc; 20 nickel; 3 lead. Pewter.—1 tin and 1 lead. An alloy that expands in cooling.—9 lead, 2 antimony, and 1 bismuth; useful for filling small cavities in cast-iron. Babbit's metal, for journal-boxes.—9 tin and 1 copper. Pickle for cleaning iron.—To a mixture of equal parts of nitric and muriatic acids add twelve times their joint volume of water. Liquor for tinning or soldering.—Dissolve 3 ounces of zinc in a pint of muriatic acid, letting it stand in a warm place about 8 hours; strain the solution through a cotton or linen cloth; add a teaspoonful of pulverized sal-ammoniac to a pint of the solution, and let it boil for ten minutes; when cool it is fit for use. To tin iron.—Immerse the iron in the cleaning pickle; if the surface be rough, let it remain in the pickle about 4 hours, or until all the scales can be rubbed off. Then dip the iron into the solution of zinc, and immediately afterward into the melted tin, which must be kept a little above the melting point. Let it remain in the melted tin until the latter has ceased to be agitated, when the iron will have become warm enough for the tin to adhere; on taking it out, wipe or shake off the surplus tin. To tin copper.—It is only necessary to dip the copper into the solution of zinc and then into the bath of tin; or to clean the copper with diluted sulphuric acid before immersing it in the tin. ROPES. 409 STORAGE AND PRESERVATION OF METALS. Metals are stored on the ground floors of dry and well aired buildings, which should be kept open in fine weather only. Bar-iron and steel, and pieces rough forged (shapes), divided according to kind and size, on racks, or standing upright in frames; unserviceable iron and scraps, in piles marked with the weight. Sheet-iron and tin, oiled, and placed on edge, in frames. Wire, oiled, in coils, hung on hooks; arranged according to kind and size. Heavy chains, coiled up in piles.— Small chains, in bundles of 10 or 20, in boxes or on shelves. Finished work, according to kind, in piles or in boxes. Pig metal, in square piles ; the flat sides lying together. The iron and steel parts of implements, etc., covered with a black varnish,, made of white varnish and lampblack, for intrenching and other heavy tools; of white varnish and ivory black, for polished tools. (See Chapter VII.) Artificers' tools and files, according to kind, in a dry place, with suitable divisions; they should be sprinkled with powdered charcoal, or fine quicklime, to protect them from rust. flails, according to kind and size, in bins or kegs. Anvils and other heavy pieces, on skids on the floor. Every division, bin, pile, and box should be marked with a label showing the character of the article contained in it, its kind, its distinctive number or size, the quantity, weight, etc. ROPES. The size of a rope is designated by the circumference or girth measured with a thread: thus, a 3-inch rope measures 3 inches round. The length is usually expressed in fathoms. Strength.—The utmost strength of good hemp rope is 6,400 lbs. to the square inch; the weight which it will bear before breaking is expressed in tons by one-fifth of the square of the girth in inches; in practice, a rope should not be subjected to more than half this strain. It stretches from 1-Vth to l-5th, and its diameter is diminished from l-7th to l-4th, before breaking. A difference in the quality of the hemp may produce a difference of l-4th in the strength of ropes of the same size. < White rope is stronger than tarred rope, and the difference is increased by age and service: therefore, such ropes only as are to be immersed in water should be tarred. Oil or grease diminishes the strength of rope without adding to its durability. The strength of manilla rope is less than that of hemp, rope. Quality.—The quality of hemp is in some measure indicated by its color: the the best is of a pearl gray; the next, greenish; then, the yellow; a brown color indi¬ cates that it has been rotted too long and has begiln to decay. Brown spots show that it has moulded and the spots are decayed. The odor should be strong, but free from a musty, tainted smell. It should be well cofnbed, pliant, and free from stalks. The yarns should be fine spun and slightly twisted; they are from £ to £ of an inch 410 ORDNANCE MANUAL. in girth. A rope is defective when the yarns are of unequal sizes or unequally twisted; when it is fuzzy before being used; and when it contains pieces of stalk, indicating that the hemp was not well combed. Twisting or laying.—The number of yarns in a strand of cordage varies from lti to 25, and several strands are combined, or laid, to form a large rope. A rope is said to be twisted 4 or £ when it is 4 or 4 shorter than the strand. For artillery service ropes should be twisted 4. The degree of twisting may be determined by constructing a right-angled triangle, the base of which is the circumference of the rope, and the height the length of one revolution of the strand, measured parallel to the axis; the difference between this height and the hypothenuse is the quantity by which the rope is twisted. Preservation in store.—Ropes should be placed in the upper stories of a build¬ ing, coiled up and labelled; large ropes on skids, so as to allow the circulation of air; small ropes hung up to the joists, on pins or hooks. Ropes should not be coiled until they are perfectly dry : they should be uncoiled every year, and stretched out for several days at the beginning of the dry season. Ropes which have been too long in store lose their strength. COAL. Charcoal. Charcoal is made from either hard or soft wood; that from the former, such as oak, maple, beech, chestnut, is the most serviceable, giving the greatest quantity of heat for an equal weight of coal. For ordinary purposes it is burned in heaps or stacks. Wood from 18 to 20 years old is to be preferred. It maybe charred immediately after being felled; if left for a year exposed to the weather before being burned, it produces an inferior coal. Select sound wood; cut it into pieces from 4 to 5 feet long, and split those which are more than 4 inches in diameter. It is well to make stacks, as far as practicable, of wood of the same kind, or of such as differ from each pther but little in their general nature. If it be necessary to use soft and hard woods in the same stack, place the former on the outside. Making charcoal.—Choose a dry spot on which to place the stack, sheltered from the wind: level the ground. Plant a stake in the middle of the space, and cover the bottom of the pile with wood placed in a direction converging toward the centre, the intervals being filled up with small sticks; place the rest of the wood around the stake, the pieces nearly upright and close together, in several tiers, cover¬ ing the whole with a layer of wood placed as close together as possible; leave one or more horizontal openings near the ground, from the exterior to the centre. Cover the stack, commencing at the top, with leaves and a coat of wet sod about 4 inches thick, leaving open a space 6 inches high, all round the bottom, for the escape of the air and steam. Draw out the stake, and set fire to the pile, either by means of the hole left by the PIT COAL. 411 stake, or through the horizontal gallery, which may have been previously filled with combustible materials. Push the fire actively until the flame comes out at the top of the stack, in order to ignite the whole of the bottom part, and to expel the steam, which would otherwise occasion explosions. Then close the hole at the top, and cover the lower part of the pile, leaving small openings at intervals; the smoke should now escape equally from all parts of the stack, except toward the top, which is kept closed in order to prevent a draught. When the stack has sweated sufficiently, increase the thickness of the coating of earth; moderate the fire, and direct it, by means of openings on the sides, in such a manner that the combustion may be equal in every part and that the fire may be always drawn toward the bottom. Leave the holes open as long as the smoke is black and thick, and close them when it becomes light and of a bluish color. The charring is completed when the flame escapes through the openings at the bottom; then stop the holes and cover the pile well with earth, which should be renewed after, 24 hours.; extinguish the fire entirely, and let the pile stand 12 or 24 hours more. Open it on one side only; select the coal, and separate what is imperfectly burnt. Wood furnishes in this way, on an average, about 16 or 17 per cent, of charcoal. Large stacks are the most advantageous: as much as 50 or 60 cords of wood may be put into one. Properties.—Charcoal of good quality burns slowly in the air, without flame; it is clean, hard, compact, brittle, sonorous, and of a fine black color; its fracture is shining, irridescent, and of a conchoidal form. When not perfectly charred, it is tough, of a grayish color, and burns with a white flame and smoke. When too much burnt, it is of a dull black, soft and unelastic. By exposure to the air, charcoal absorbs from 10 to 20 per cent, of moisture, and its qualities are thereby impaired: it should, therefore, be kept under cover. Pit Coal. Bituminous coal.—There are two principal varieties. Open-burning coal kindles quickly and burns well, but produces much flame and smoke, and is soon consumed; it lies open in the fire, and does not cake. Of this kind is the English cannel coal. Close-burning coal melts and swells in the fire and runs together, forming what blacksmiths call a holloio fire, or a dome over the nozzle of the bellows, under which the iron is heated equally and covered from the air. This kind of coal forms a very hot fire and leaves little residuum : it is, therefore, the most suitable for smiths' use. The Newcastle coal and the Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania bituminous coals are of this kind. Anthracite coal is now extensively used for the forge, in fireplaces specially contrived for the purpose. It ignites with difficulty, and does not cake or melt in the smallest degree, but produces a very hot, open fire. Coal is not injured, but, on the contrary, rather improved, by exposure to air and moisture. 412 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Mean Weight of Coals. FOR STOWAGE. KIND. Specific gravity. Weight of Cubic feet 1 cubic foot. to 1 ton. Lbs. Bituminous 1.355 51.4 43.58 Anthracite (egg size) 1.500 55.8 40.14 Coke. Coke is produced by charring bituminous coal, in order to expel the bitumen and sulphur; this is usually done in close furnaces or ovens. Good coke has a dull frac¬ ture, is very porous and cellular; it gives very little ashes when burned; it is injured, like wood charcoal, by absorbing water. Coal furnishes 60 to 70 per cent, of coke hy weight, the volume being increased 5 to 20 per cent. Coal tah is a bituminous product obtained by the distillation of coal in making gas, etc. TAR, PITCH, TURPENTINE. The following are the principal varieties of products from resinous trees, Such as the pine: Turpentine.—This is extracted from the tree in warm weather, by cutting a deep notch, or box, near the base, and scoring the tree by scraping off the bark above the box ; the first year's running produces the virgin or ichite turpentine, and the second year's is nearly as good; after that the turpentine becomes each year darker and stiffer,'the tree yielding less of what is called dippings, and more scrapings; the latter kind of turpentine is hard and yellow. A tree will bear tapping fourteen to sixteen years, on two sides alternately—the scoring being extended upward from twelve to fifteen inches each year. Spirits of turpentine is the essential oil obtained by distillation from the uative turpentine. Rosin, or Colophony, is the residuum of the distillation of turpentine. Its quality depends on that of the turpentine, and on the care used in distillation: the finest quality is of a light straw color. Tar is obtained from the heart of the pine tree by smouldering, or a smothered combustion, effected in stacks, nearly in the manner described for making charcoal. The tar runs off into trenches dug for the purpose. Tar is semi-fluid, transparent in thin portions, and of a reddish color; it has a strong, peculiar odor. It is ren¬ dered more fluid by heat; and it burns with a bright flame, leaving a light and dry CHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS OF ELEMENTARY BODIES. 413 coal. It is refined by heating it in an iron vessel, and pouring it off, after it has been kept for some time in a liquid state; by this means water and pyroligneous acid are driven off, and the earthy particles are separated by settling. It is used for coating cordage, and for wood which is not to be immersed in water. Pitch is made by boiling tar down to the requisite consistency, either by itself or combined with a portion of rosin; it becomes solid on cooling, but is soon softened by the heat of the hand, in which state it is very adhesive; when of good quality, it is clear and hard. It is used for coating wood which is to be immersed in water, and is applied hot, with a mop. Venice turpentine is obtained from the larch ; but what is commonly called by that name is a compound of melted rosin and spirits of turpentine. Chemical Equivalents of some of the Elementary Bodies. Symbol. Equivalent. Name. Symbol. Equivalent. 0. 8. Calcium Ca. 20. s. 16. Magnesium Mg. 12. Br. 80. Strontium Sr. 43.75 CI, 35.5 Aluminium Al. 13.75 Fl. 19. Chromium Cr. 26.75 I. 127. Cobalt Co. 30.5 Sb. 122. Copper Cu. 31.75 As. 75. Iron Fe. 28. Bi. 214. Lead Pb. 103.5 N. 14. Nickel Ni. 29.5 P. 31. Manganese Mn. 27.5 Bo. 11. Tin Sn. 59. C. 6. Zinc Zn. 37.75 Si. 21. Gold Au. 98.5 H. 1. Mercury Hg. 100. Na. 23. Platinum PI. 99. K. 39. Silver Ag. 108. Ba. 68.5 Palladium Pd. 53.3 Strength of Materials. (These tables are made up, with the exception of those materials marked *, from the results itained by experiments made, by direction of the Ordnance Department, by Captain T. J. obtained Rodman.) Birch Bass ... Box Balm of Gilead. Beech Chestnut. Cypress .... Cherry Cedar, red. Dogwood... Elm Fir, yellow,. " red " white., Gum, black Hickory Ohio North Carolina- Locality. Ohio Pennsylvania Canada New York Vermont Virginia Oregon England Maine Canada Africa Oregon Canada New Hampshire- England Massachusetts .... New York Alabama Pennsylvania Oregon Virginia Massachusetts .... Oregon . Alabama- red.. Holly Hemlock Hackmatack . Lignum-vitas . Locust I. Mahogany .... Maple Oak, white Eastern Virginia. Massachusetts New York Massachusetts Alabama Virginia Oregon Maine South America Pennsylvania St. Domingo Canada Maine Oregon New England Western New York- Ohio Monongahela River- Ohio New York Maryland Massachusetts pasture Crush¬ Tensile Trans- Time of Season¬ ing. Specific gravity. ing force per square strength per square resist¬ ance, iid2' inch. inch. Years. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 15 .61720 8,783 24033 2.118 3 .55039 4,475 14,266 1,466 9 .55606 5,571 15.000 7 .51420 4,783 11,786 2 .73674 5.858 10.803 2,664 1 .61023 6 663 23.167 1.528 1 .67698 5,789 14,700 1.438 8.683 17,000 168 4 .69618 . 7,969 15,333 2,196 12 .50253 5,271 12.600 1,913 9 .48229 4,609 14,r53 5 .89975 10,513 23,600 1 .46670 5.811 12,033 2,240 9 .67245 5.780 14 S00 8 .73499 6,908 18,033 2,293 7,733 11,500 129 5 .54493 5,621 13,066 1,025 5 .46870 6,111 11.891 2 .55307 8,492 17,707 1.011 2 .57871 6,149 12,390 1,315 4 .37591 5,971 10.300 286 1 .86253 7,416 23,253 1,720 43 .72395 6.286 15,107 2,056 1 .77464 6,641 15,700 1 .63074 9,217 7,488 13,633 1,824 2 .55893 16,833 1.290 2 46164 7,083 12,867 1,138 699 2 .46800 1 6,644 14,533 1 .61519 6,703 15,860 1,481 13 .84227 9,887 25.900 2.727 3 .82624 6,125 18.000 1 .95639 5,492 35,500 7 .87491 10,942 27,133 2,900 7 .72945 7,725 12,866 2,756 7 .99161 8,925 38,700 2,886 1 .90384 11.213 40,067 2,803 1 .91088 9,733 36,666 3,392 1 .64102 5,246 18.567 564 1 .45318 6,817 16,533 1,292 1 .58976 1,310 4 1.25760 9,854 16,000 2.680 1 .82612 9,113 27,517 2.413 4 .76209 7,390 7,716 12,350 1,666 9 .68056 22,933 4 .73529 8,621 21.720 1,929 1 .49128 4,443 6,668 10,400 973 18 .74982 19,600 1,830 12 .75565 6,620 19,166 1,876 13 .69549 6,258 19,066 1,459 13 .74915 6,592 20,333 2,036 5 .84642 9,108 19,466 2,890 11 .63212 4.691 12,300 1.778 19 .72948 6,992 17.666 2,426 43 .88206 5,800 16,766 2,443 7 .83364 7,292 19,200 1,950 7 .80126 6,962 16,200 2,266 Strength of Materials—Continued. Material. Locality. Time of Seasou- ing. Specific gravity. Crush- [ Tensile ing force; strength per | pei- square | square inch. inch. Trans¬ verse resist¬ ance, s—LW 4bd2 Oak, white * a a " yellow " liv^ Canada Connecticut North Carolina. Alabama Virginia Oregon .Tames River, Va England New Hampshire Alabama Years. 9 11 18 8 2 1 1 13 13 3 3 4 5 13 6 "i 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 4 7 1 2 9 .66656 .76118 .81948 .77402 .73067 .77058 .80996 .78237 .932 .71132 1.02171 1.1037 1.0801 .41926 .46064 .35953 .67212 .63002 .52843 .62795 Lbs. 6.000 5,199 7,089 6.550 5.744 6 902 6 072 6 667 10.058 6.279 6,531 7.279 8,947 5 017 5,775 5.617 8.350 7.836 8,201 7,867 Lbs. 16,046 13,333 21,000 21,100 18.307 19,033 18,467 25,222 15,000 25,000 16.383 15.800 11.400 11,433 11,933 11,960 18 000 12.600 17,946 19.200 Lbs. 1,652 1,793 1.572 L823 1,410 1,915 1,630 1,333 1,133 1,152 1,182 1.466 1.946 1,709 1,528 887 943 1,210 979 1,297 753 1,028 994 3,093 2,053 1,365 Pine, pitch " white '■ yellow. " sugar North Carolina. Alleghany River, Pa... New York Maine Florida North Carolina. Alabama. Virginia Nevada Co., Cal it 5.742 6.075 6,579 6.083 6.862 5,09-2 10 819 7,471 7,500 5,782 5,989 7,227 10,300 Poplar Redwood Spruce Teak Walnut, black Ohio New York Virginia California Maine Oregon East Indies Western States Virginia .49802 .47720 .43233 .38659 .44416 .43685 .96057 .52932 .64917 .59187 .52370 14,933 9,066 8.200 10,833 13.666 10.867 30,800 16,633 16,300 17,580 16.133 8,130 18.000 49,000 42,000 15,000 20.000 32,000 34.000 57,000 66.000 72 000 24.138 33,000 60.000 128,000 124,000 105,000 20.000 40,000 56,000 4.800 7,500 1,800 ■* » .. Canada ♦Brass, cast 8.396 ♦Brass Wire *Bronze 8.700 7.000 7.180 7.280 • 7.320 7.855 ♦Cast-iron common pig * '* good com'on * " " for guns * " " in bars ♦Bar-iron 6.000 7,500 11,500 6,500 105,000 130,000 40,000 * " Swedish ♦Copper, cast 8.712 8.878 * " bolts * " wire ♦Cast-steel 7.846 140.000 23,000 ♦Sheai'-steel ♦Puddled steel ♦Gold, cast 19.258 10.476 22.069 7.291 6.861 11.352 \ ♦Silver, cast 3.500 to 13.000 15.300 Granite Rockfort, Mass 1 2.645 578 275 416 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Strength of Material. SHEARING. Angle formed by shear blades, 3 degrees. Sheet Metals. Iron. Copper. Brass. | Steel, Puddled. Thickness. Pressure. Thickness. Pressure. Thickness. Pressure. | Thickness. Pressure. In. Lbs. In. Lbs. In. Lbs. In. Lbs. 1.0* 144,000 .297 11,196 .05 540 .24 14,020f .615 53,440 .238 6,007 .042 423 .24 14,9304: .510 39,150 .204 4,820 .035 333 .404 25,970 .150 3,676 .025 220 .283 15,715 .09 2,200 .024 200 .183 10,390 .064 1,006 .104 4,200 .05 552 .057 2,180 .02 113 * The cutters were parallel; the bar 3 inches wide. f "With oil. J Without oil. Bolts. Iron. Copper. Brass. Diameter. Pressure. Diameter. Pressure. Diameter. Pressure. Diameter. Pressure. In. 1.142 1,040 .945 .812 Lbs. 35,410 30,707 24,057 19,688 In. .697 .585 .447 .320 Lbs. 13,979 10,593 5,543 3,093 In. .943 .906 .775 .635 Lbs. 18,460 13,872 11,310 8,218 In. 1.110 .905 .779 .648 Lbs. 29,790 22,386 17,976 11,648 PUNCHING. Diame- Pressures, Thick- Pressures. Circ. hole 1 in. diam. IkoN. punch. Brass, .05 inch thick. Copper, .15 inch thick. Iron, .105 inch thick. sheet. Copper. Brass. Thick¬ ness. Pressure, Circ'r hole 1 in. diam. In. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. In. Lbs. Lbs. In. Lbs. 1.5 1.375 1.25 1.0 .9 8 .7 .6 .5 .4 .3 .2 8,475 7,723 6,980 5,450 5,092 4,332 3,772 3,267 2,635 2,183 1,673 1,110 15,996 14,570 13,275 11,073 9,788 8,580 7,827 6,706 5,507 . 4,585 3,485 2,240 23,273 21,445 19,682 16,535 14,778 12,602 11,468 9,772 7,916 6,660 4,970 3,333 .3 .205 .150 .100 .050 .045 .041 .034 .032 .028 .022 21,248 15,542 11,088 7,461 3,646 3,362 2,538 2,212 1,544 5,448 4,997 3,730 3,540 2,964 2,448 .615 .565 .510 .445 .404 .358 .283 .245 .183 .145 .104 .057 82,871 76,962 69,984 62,591 57,623 51,382 40,486 35,712 27,978 22 213 lo'.">33 9,452 THICKNESS FOR CAST-IRON WATER PIPES. 417 Iron-Wire Rope and Hempen Cable. (Wire rope by J. E. Roebling.) Trade Number. Circumference of Wire Rope. Breaking weight in tons of two thousand pounds. Circumference of Hemp Rope of equal strength. Inches. Tons. Inches, 1 6.62 74. 15.5 2 6.20 65. 14.5 3 5.44 54. 13. 4 4.90 43.6 12. 5 4.50 35. 10.75 6 3.91 27.2 9.5 7 3.36 20.2 8. 8 2.98 16. 7. 9 2.56 11.4 6. 10 2.45 8.64 5. 11 4.45 36. 10.75 12 4.00 30. 10. 13 3.63 25. 9.5 14 3.26 20. , 8.25 15 2.98 16. 7.25 16 2.68 12.3 6.25 17 2.40 8.8 5.5 18 2.12 7.6 5. 19 1.9 5.8 4.75 20 1.63 4.09 4. 21 1.53 2.83 3.3 22 1.31 2.13 2.80 23 1.23 1.65 2.46 24 1.11 1.38 2.2 25 0.94 1.03 2.04 26 0.88 0.81 1.75 27 0.78 0.56 1.50 Thickness for Cast-Iron Water-Pipes. Let P = the pressure in pounds per square inch on the inner surface of pipe;: D — the interior diameter; T=the thickness of pipe, in inches ; a — the thickness necessary to insure good casting: The, T = « + 27 418 ORDNANCE MANUAL. The values of a are as follow : For pipes less than 12 inches in diameter, a = 0.37o inch. " from 12 to 30 " " a = 0.5 " " " 30 to 48 " « ■ a = 0.625 " " " 48 to 70 " " a = 0.75 " " " 70 to 100 " " a = 0.875 " Thickness to give to Water and Steam-Pipes. Iron Cast-iron Wrought-copper . Lead Zinc Wood e = 0.00086 nd -|- 0.0030 e = 0.00238 n d,0.33465 € = 0.00148 nd-j- 0.15748 e = 0.00242 nd -f 0.19685 e = 0.00620 n d -j- 0.15748 € = 0.03230 nd-- 1.06301 d, interior diameter in inches; e, thickness of the pipe ; jt, number of atmospheres correspond¬ ing to the interior pressure per square inch. Strength of Columns. When the length of the column is from 30 to 90 times its diameter, and it yields .wholly by bending, Mr. Hodgkinson deduces the following formulae : W = 4he breaking weight, in tons of 2,000 pounds; , L = the length of the column, in feet; D = the diameter of the exterior, in inches; d — " " interior, " Nature of column. Both ends being rounded, the length of the column exceed¬ ing 15 times its diameter. Both ends being flat, the length of the column exceeding 30 times its diameter. Solid cylindrical column ) of cast-iron J Hollow cylindrical col-1 umn of cast-iron .... j Solid cylindrical column 1 of wrought-iron J Solid square pillar of) Dantzic oak (dry).... j Solid square pillar of) red cedar (dry)--.... j 2)3-76 ^=16.6^- 2)3-76 <73-76 W=14.6—pJL- 2)3-76 W= 47.9 ~jrjr 2)3-55 W= 49.4 -jpr 2)3-55 <£5-55 W= 49.6 X1.7 2)3-55 W = 149.7 ~L£2~ m W= 12.2 B» When the columns are shorter than those given in the tables, the strength may be determined by the following : STRENGTH OF COLUMNS. 419 Let b = the breaking weight, as computed by the formula above; c = the crush¬ ing weight of the material : Then, TF= b -f*- Jc The strength of similar columns is nearly as the area of the cross section. Transverse Strength. S = the weight, in pounds, required to break a beam 1 inch square and 1 inch long, fixed at one end and loaded at the other; b = the breadth ; d — the depth ; I = the length, in inches, of any other beam of the same material; and W = the weight which will cause it to break, neglecting the weight of the beam itself. 1. If the beam be supported at one end and loaded at the other: bd2 ~T~' 2. If the beam be stipported at one end and the load distributed over its whole length : W=2S±f. 3. If the beam be supported at both ends and loaded in the middle: 4. If the beam be supported at both ends and loaded uniformly over its whole lenqth : bd2 W= 8 S—-—. 5. If the beam be supported at both ends and loaded at the distance m from one end: w=s-l*» m(l — m) 6. If the beam be fixed at both ends and loaded uniformly over its whole length: W— 12 Id In practice, about one half of these values should be used in computing the strain to which a beam should be subjected. Deflection of Rectangular Beams. Let b = the breadth, d = the depth, and e = the deflection, in inches. W = the weight, in pounds; L = the length of span, in feet. G= a coefficient, different for different materials. 1. For a beam fixed at one end and loaded at the other : x_ c WL3 bd* ' 420 ORDNANCE MANUAL. 2. Beam fixed at one end and uniformly loaded : a r w Li e = |6 . b rfs 3. Beam supported at both ends and loaded in the centre : e=-\0Zl>. lS b d? 4. Beam supported at both ends and uniformly loaded : .=.xA,™ For wrought iron, the value of C = .0002 to .0003 " cast iron, C = .00037 to .000 " white pine or beech, " G = .0048. " ash, " C = .004. 9-inch beam, I-sbape (Cooper & Hewitt), 18 feet between bearings, weight per running foot 34 pounds, with a weight of 16,864 pounds at centre, deflected, after 14 hours, 1.285 inch. 9-inch beam, I-shape (Phoenix Iron Co.), 21 feet between bearings, weight per running foot 32.84 pounds, with a weight of 4,865 pounds at centre, deflected 0.505 inch; with a weight of 10,916 pounds, deflected 1.184 inch. Resistance to Torsion. S = the weight, in pounds, required to break, by twisting, a solid cylinder 1 inch diameter, the weight acting at the distance of 1 inch from the axis of the cylinder; d — the diameter, in inches, of any other cylinder of the same material; r = the distance from its axis to the point where the breaking-weight, W, is applied: then, w=sJH. r B*—d* For hollow cylinders : W= S I) r Theoretical formula of Lieut, (now Captain) Rodman, verified by Major Wade's experiments. D = the exterior, and d — the interior, diameter of the cylinder in inches. Values of S. Begins to set. Begins to set. Wrought iron.. j | Bronze j g00 SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF FLUIDS. 421 Relative torsional strength of cast-iron shafts of different forms, having equal areas of cross sections. (From Major Wade's experiments on shafts whose cross-sections were 1, 2, and 3 square inches.) Solid cylinder. Solid square. Hollow cylinders, whose interior and exterior diameters are in the proportion of 4 to 10. 5 to 10. 6 to 10. 7 to 10. 8 to 10. 1.0000 0.8750 1.2656 1.4433 1.7000 2.0864 2.7377 Specific Gravities of Fluids. Liquids. Specific gravity. Acid, nitric " sulphuric " acetic " hydrochloric Alcohol, absolute Ether, sulphuric Oil, linseed " olive " essential, of turpentine " whale " proof spirit Turpentine, liquid Vinegar Water, distilled " sea " Dead Sea Wine Elastic Fluids. Specific gravity. 1.217 Air, atmospheric 1.000 1.841 Ammoniacal gas .597 1.062 Nitrogen .972 1.200 Carbonic acid 1.524 .792 Carburetted hydrogen .555 .715 Chlorine 2.470 .940 Chloro-carbonic 3.389 .915 Hydrogen .070 .870 Oxygen 1.104 .923 Phosphuretted hydrogen ....... .870 .925 Sulphuretted hydrogen 1.777 .991 Sulphurous acid 2.120 1.080 Vapor of alcohol 1.613 1.000 " spirits of turpentine .... 5.013 1.026 " sulphuric ether 2.586 1.240 " water .623 .992 Steam at 212° .488 The weight of dry atmospheric air at the temperature of 32°, the barometer being at 30 inches, is l-770th of that of distilled water. The weight of a cubic foot of distilled water at the maximum density being nearly 1,000 ounces avoirdupois, the specific gravity of a solid or liquid body expresses the weight of a cubic foot, in ounces ; therefore the weight of such a body in ounces will be found by multiplying its contents in cubic feet by its specific gravity. According to Mr. Hassler's comparisons, the weight of a cubic foot of water at its maximum density, the barometer being at 30 inches, is 998.068 ounces. According to the British imperial standards, the weight of a cubic foot of water at 62°, the barometer being at 30 inches, is 997.136 ounces; this would give for the cubic foot of water, at tbe maximum density, 998.224 ounces. 422 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Hydrometer. The hydrometer consists of a copper bulb, in one piece, without seam; a solid stem of brass, screwed into the bottom of the bulb, with a weight at its lower extremity; a brass wire handle, attached to the upper surface of the bulb; 1 ver¬ tical index-stem, steel, .071 inch diameter, inserted into the middle point of the handle; a weight-pan, with a conical socket on its under side, rests on the upper end of the stem; 4 silver wires, two attached to the handle and two to the stem, their points turned toward each other. The whole electro-gilded. Weights of dif¬ ferent sizes, from l-10th of a grain to 5,000 grains. Dimensions.—Bulb, 8 inches high, 7.5 inches diameter; .03 inch thick. Distance from the bottom of the bulb to the weighing-pan, 21 inches. Weights.—Of bulb, about 15,850 grains; of lower stem and ball, 20,320 grains; pan, 660 grains; whole hydrometer, 36,830 grains. The maximum buoyancy of the hydrometer is 14,600 grains, and may he reduced one-half by placing the adjusting-weights over the ball at the bottom of the stem. This is found convenient in weighing small samples, to avoid placing numerous weights on the pan. One inch of the index-stem displaces one grain of water. The points of the silver wires are placed .1 and .3 inch apart, respectively, and are sloped to .1 incb from the point. For more full details of its construction, see Reports of Experiments on Metals for Cannon, hy Ordnance Officers. The instrument is at its zero when one of the points of the set of wires nearest each other is above, and the other below the surface of the water: when either touches the water, the load is l-10th of a grain too light or heavy. If either of the two points which are more distant from the zero touch the surface of the water, the load is too'heavy or too light by 3-10ths of a grain ; if the heel of either of these parts touch the surface, the error is 4-lOtfis of a grain* The water for the hydrometer is contained in a glass jar 25 inches deep and not less than 12 inches in diameter. The height of the water in the jar should he such that when the bottom of the hydrometer descends to the bottom of the jar the weight-pan shall be one-quarter of an inch above the surface of the water. A thermometer divided into degrees and quarters of a degree is suspended in the water while weighing samples, and the temperature is noted at each weighing. To Use the Hydrometer.—Load the pan with the grain-weights until £he in¬ strument rests at its zero : note the weight required. Place the sample on the pan; add weights until the hydrometer sinks to its zero; the difference between thi3 and the first weight is the weight of the sample in the air. Place the sample on the bulb of the instrument; immerse both until the hydrometer again rests at zero; note the weight on the pan. Subtract this weight from the weight of the sample in the air, and the difference will be equal to the weight of water displaced by the sample. WEIGHT AND STRENGTH OF IRON CHAINS. 423 Divide this last weight by the number in the table, page 478, corresponding to "the temperature of the water at the time of weighing, and the quotient will give the corrected displacement for the temperature of 60°. The weight of the sample in the air divided by the corrected displacement, gives the density of the sample. Rain or river water may be used instead of distilled water, if its relative density first be determined accurately and the proper correction be made. The density Of the same water at different degrees of temperature may be deter¬ mined in like manner. The weight of water which the hydrometer displaces at any other temperature than 60°, divided by its displacement in the same water at 60°, gives the proportionate weights of water displaced by the same instrument at other temperatures. The table on page 478 does not give the absolute density of water at different temperatures, but only the proportionate weights displaced by the same glass bulb. The varying bulk of the latter in different temperatures is not taken into account, as it Compensates very nearly for the varying bulk of the metals weighed in cor¬ responding temperatures. Beaume's Areometer. Beaume. Specific gravity.* Beaume. Specific gravity.* Beaume. Specific gravity.* 46 .796 28 .876 18 .942 40 .815 26 .889 17 .951 36 .833 24 .901 16 .958 33 .848 21 .923 15 .964 3! .863 19 .933 14 .•970 * At the temperature of 60°. Weight and Strength of Iron Chaihs. Diameter of iron for the links. Weight of 1 foot of chain. Breaking- weight. Proof- weight. Diameter of iron for the links. Weight of 1 foot of chain. Breaking- weight. Proof- weight. In. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. In. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 0.1875 0.325 2,240 948 0.625 4.217 * 26,880 10,304 0.25 0.65 4,256 1,680 0.6875 4.833 32,704 12,544 0.3125 0.967 6,720 2,464 0.75 5.75 , 38,752 15,232 0.375 1.383 9,634 3,584 0.8125 6.667 45,696 17,696 0.4375 1.767 13,216 5,152 0.875 7.5 51,744 20,384 0.5 2.633 17,248 6,720 0.9375 9.333 58,464 23,520 0.5625 3.333 21,728 8,512 1. 10.817 65,632 26,880 424 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Weight of One Foot in length of Flat and Square Bar-Iron* Width. Thickness. Weight. Width. Thickness. Weight. Width. Thickness. Weight. In. In. Lbs. In. In. Lbs. In. In. Lbs. 0.25 0.25 0.21 1.375 0.625 • 2.88 2. 0.375 2.52 0.3 0.3 0.30 tt 0.75 3.46 tt 0.5 3.36 0.375 0.375 0.47 tt 0.875 4.04 ft 0.625 4.20 0.5 0.125 0.21 tt 1. 4.62 ft 0.75 5.04 ft 0.1875 0.31 tt 1.125 5.19 tt 0.875 5.88 « 0.25 0.42 tt 1.25 5.77 a 1. 6.72 (£ 0.375 0.63 tt 1.375 6.35 tt 1.125 7.56 it 0.5 0.84 1.5 0.125 0.63 tt 1.25 8.40 0.625 0.625 1.34 tt 0.1875 0.94 it 1.375 9.24 0.75 0.125 0.31 tt 0.25 1.26 tt 1.5 10.08 " 0.1875 0.47 tt 0.375 1.89 a 1.75 11.76 « 0.25 0.63 tt 0.5 2.52 it 2. 13.44 it 0.375 0.94 tt 0.625 3.15 2.25 0.125 0.94 a 0.5 1.26 tt 0.75 3.78 tt 0.1875 1.41 a 0.625 1.57 tt 0.875 4.41 tt 0.25 1.89 a 0.75 1.89 1. 5.04 tt 0.375 2.83 0.875 0.875 2.57 tt 1.125 5.67 tt 0.5 3.78 1. 0.125 0.42 tt 1.25 6.30 tt 0.625 4.72 « 0.1875 0.63 tt 1.5 7.56 it 0.75 5.66 ft 0.25 0.84 1.625 0.125 0.68 it 0.875 6.61 tt 0.375 , 1.26 tt 0.25 1.36 tt 1. 7.56 u 0.5 1.68 tt 0.5 2.73 tt 1.125 8.50 a 0.625 2.10 a 0.75 4.20 tt 1.25 9.45 a 0.75 2.52 tt 1. 5.46 a 1.375 10.39 a 0.875 2.94 tt 1.625 8.87 tt 1.5 11.34 tt 1. 3.36 1.75 0.125 0.73 tt 1.75 13.22 1.125 1.125 4.25 (< 0.1875 1.10 ft 2. 15.12 1.25 0.125 0.52 a 0.25 1.47 tt 2.25 17.01 a 0.1875 0.78 a 0.375 2.20 2.5 0.125 1.05 a 0.25 1-05 a 0.5 2.94 tt 0.1875 1.57 a 0.375 1-57 a 0.625 3.67 tt 0.25 2.10 tt 0.5 2.10 a 0.75 4.41 tt 0.375 3.15 tt 0.625 2-62 it 0.875 5.14 tt 0.5 4.20 a 0.75 3.15 tt 1. 5.87 tt 0.625 5.25 a 0.875 3.67 tt 1.125 6.60 tt 0.75 6.30 tt 1. 4.20 tt 1.25 7.35 it 0.875 7.35 tt 1.125 4.72 tt 1.375 8.07 tt 1. 8.40 tt 1.25 5.25 tt 1.5 8.80 tt 1.125 9.55 1.375 0.125 0.57 tt 1.75 10.29 n 1.25 10.50 tt 0.1875 0.86 1.875 1.875 11.81 it 1.5 12.60 « 0.25 1.15 2. 0.125 0.84 tt 1.75 14.70 tt 0.375 1.73 a 0.1875 1.26 tt 2. 16.80 tt 0.5 2.31 tt 0.25 1.68 tt 2^5 21.00 *Tlie nbove tables are computed for a specific gravity of 7.741, weight of 1 cubio inch = .28 lb.; they are about 1 per cent, too low for ordinary American iron; this is accounted for by the fact that our iron is rolled generally to full dimensions. WEIGHTS OP BAR IRON. 425 Weight of One Foot of Flat and Square Bar-Iron—Continued. Width. Thickness. Weight Width. Thickness. Weight. Width. Thickness. Weight. In. In. Lbs. In. In. Lbs. In. In. Lbs. 2.75 0.125 1.15 3.25 2.5 27.39 4. 1.5 20.18 0.1875 1.73 ik '3. 32.76 if 2. 26.88 tt 0.25 2.31 it 3.25 35.50 it 2.5 33.65 u 0.375 3.46 3.5 0.125 1.47 ii 3. 40.32 it 0.5 4.62 <4 0.1875 2.20 it 3.5 47.04 a 0.625 5.77 ii 0.25 2.94 ti 4. 53.76 t< 0.75 6.93 it 0.375 4.41 4.25 0.125 1.78 a 0.875 8.08 it 0.5 5.88 " 0.25 3.57 tt 1. 9.24 44 0.625 7.35 tt 0.375 5.35 u 1.125 10.39 44 0.75 8.?2 tt 0.5 7.14 tt 1.25 11.55 it 0.875 10.29 tt 1. 14.28 tt 1.5 13.86 tt 1. 11.76 tt 4.25 60.69 a 2. 18.48 tt 1.25 14.70 4.5 0.125 1.89 tt 2.5 23.10 tt 1.5 17.64 tt 0.25 3.78 n 2.75 25.41 if 2. 23.52 " 0.375 5.66 3. 0.125 1.26 ii 2.5 29.40 tt 0.5 7.56 it 0.1875 1.89 ii 3. 35.28 tt 1. 15.12 it 0.25 2.52 tt 3.5 41.16 " 4.5 68.04 it 0.375 3.78 3-75 0.125 1.57 4.75 0.125 2.00 it 0.5 5.04 it 0.1875 2.36 " 0.25 4.00 t( 0.625 6.30 it 0.25 3.15 tt 0.375 6.00 if 0.75 7.56 if 0.375 4.72 a 0.5 7.98 it 0.875 8.82 it 0.5 6.30 tt 1. 15.96 it 1. 10.08 tt 0.625 7.87 it 4.75 75.81 tt 1.125 11.34 0.75 9.45 5. 0.125 2.10 it 1.25 12.60 tt 0.875 11.02 tt 0.25 4.20 tt 1.5 15.12 ft 1. 12.60 a 0.375 6.30 tt 2. 20.16 • ( 1.25 15.75 tt 0.5 8.40 it 2.5 25.20 ft 1.5 18.90 a 1. 16.80 ft 3. 30.24 f 4 2. 25.20 tc 5. 84.00 3.25 0.125 1.36 if 2.5 31.50 5.25 0.25 4.41 it 0.1875 2.04 ft 3. 37.80 tt 1. 17.64 tt 0.25 2.73 ft 3.75 47.25 5.5 0.25 4.62 tt 0.375 4.09 4. 0.125 1.68 " 1. 18.48 tt 0.5 5.46 tt 0.1875 2.52 5.75 0.25 4.83 tt 0.625 6.82 tt 0.25 3.36 « 1. 19.32 tt 0.75 8.19 tt 0.375 5.04 6. 0.25 5.04 tt 0.875 9.55 tt 0.5 6.72 62.13 75.47 89.13 103.1 24.55 37.28 50.32 63.66 77.32 91.28 105.54 25-16 38.2 51.54 65.? 79.16 93.42 108. 25.77 39.11 52,77 66.73 , 80.99 95.57 110.44 26.38 40.04 54, . 68.26 82.84 97.71 113. 27. 40.96 55.22 69.8 , 84.67 99.86 115.35 27.62 41.88 56.46 71.33 • 86.52 102.01 417.81 28.22 42.8 57.67 72.86 88.35 104.15 J20.2«L 28.84 , , 43.71 58.9 74.39 ' 90.19 106-3 122.71 29.45 44.64 60.13 75.93 92.04 108.45 125.18 30.06 45.55 61.35 77.46 93.6 110.6 127.6 Diameter of Bore. In. 1 li 14 II 2 24 24 2| 3 34 34 35 4 44 44 4| 5 si 64 si 6 6| 64 61 7 74 74 71 3 84 84 84 9 94 94 94 10 104 104 104 11 Hi 114 HI 12 428 ordnance manual. Chapter Fifteenth. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION". WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Measures of Length. The yard is the unit, and is the same as the British yard. Inches. Feet. Yards. Rods or Poles. Furlongs. Mile. 12 1 36 3 1 198 164 54 1 7,920 660 220 40 1 63,360 5,280 1,760 320 8 1 For Surveying Land.—7.92 Inches = 1 link, j t . 100 Links = 4 poles, or 22 yards, or 66 feet, J un^crtC a111. For Map-MaJcing.—Chains are often made of 50 links; each 1 foot in length. For Measuring Hopes and Soundings.—1 Fathom = 6 feet. 1 Cable length = 120 fathoms. For Measuring Cloth.—1 Nail = 2J inches = 1-16th of a yard. 1 Quarter = 4 nails. 1 Yard = 4 quarters. 1 Ell English = 5 quarters. For Measuring Horses.— 1 Hand ==4 inches. Geographical Measure.—1 Degree of a great circle of the earth = 69.77 miles. 1 Geographical or nautical mile = l-60th of a degree of the earth = 2,025 yards. 1 Nautical league = 3 Miles. Nautical Measure.—I Mile or Knot = 1.1507 mile. The inch was formerly divided into three parts, called barley-corns, and also into twelve parts, called lines, neither of which denominations is now in common use. Scales and measuring-rules are generally divided into inches, quarters, eighths and sixteenths ; or into inches and decimal parts: the latter of these divisions is used in the Ordnance Department. Copies of the standard yard have been distributed to various parts of the coun¬ try, for the purpose of establishing uniformity. MEASURES OP CAPACITY. 429 Measures of Surface. Square Measure.—.144 Square inches = 1 square foot. 9 Square feet = 1 square yard. Land Measure.—30J Square yards = 1 square perch or pole. 40 Perches = 1 rood. 160 Perches = 4 roods = 1 acre = 10 square chains (G-unter's) = 4,840 square yards = 70 yards square, nearly. 640 Acres = 1 square mile. Architect's and Builder's Measure.—1 Square = 100 square feet. Board Measure. The unit of board measure is a superficial foot of a board 1 inch thick. To find the number of feet, board measure, in any piece of timber, multiply the number of superficial feet by the thickness in inches. Planks of less thickness than one inch are estimated at one inch. Measures of Solidity. Cubic or Solid Measure.—1 Cubic foot = 1,728 cubic inches. 1 Cubic yard = 46,656 " " =27 cubic feet. Measuring Stone.—1 Perch is usually 24| cubic feet. This varies in different parts of the United States. Measuring Wood.—1 Cord is a prism 4 feet square and 8 feet Ipng = 128 cubic feet. Measures of Capacity. Liquid Measure. The standard gallon of the United States is the old wine gallon, which measures 231 cubic inches, and contains (as determined by Mr. Hassler) 58373 Troy grains, or 8.3388822 avoirdupois pounds, of distilled water at the maximum density (39°.83 Fahr.) ; the barometer being at 30 inches. Gills. Pints. Quarts. Gallons. 4 1 8 2 1 32 8 4 1 A cubic foot contains 7.48 gallons. A box 6 X 6 X 6.42 inches contains 1 gallon. A box 4 X 4 X 3.61 inches contains 1 quart. Dry Measure. The standard bushel of the United States is the Winchester bushel, which meas¬ ures 2150.4 cubic inches, and contains 543391.89 Troy grains, or 77.627413 lbs. avoirdupois, of distilled water, under the circumstances above stated. 430 ORDNANCE MANUAD. Pint?. Quarts. Gallons. Pecks. Bushels. 2 1 8 4 1 16 8 2 1 64 32 8 4 1 A cubic yard contains 21.69 bushels. A cylinder 14 in. diam. X 14 in. deep j containg 1 busW- Or a box 16 X 16.8 X 8 inches ) A box 12 X 11-2 X 8 inches contains i bushel. A box 8 X 8.4 X 8 inches contains 1 peck. N. B —It will be observed that the pint, quart, and gallon of dry measure are not the same as for liquid measure. Measures of Weight. Avoirdupois Weight. The standard avoirdupois pound of the United States, as determined by Mr. Hassler, is the weright of 27.7015 cubic inches of distilled water weighed in air at the temperature of the maximum density (39°.83); the barometer being at 30 inches. Drains. Ounces. Pounds. Quarters. Cwt. Ton. 16 1 256 16 1 7,168 448 28 1 28,672 1,792 112 4 1 573,440 35,840 2,240 80 20 1 Troy Weight. Grains. Dwt. Ounces. Pound. 24 1 480 20 1 5,760 240 12 1 The pound, ounce, and grain are the same in Apothecaries' and Troy weight; in the former, the ounce is divided into 8 drachms, the drachm into 3 scruples, and the scruple into 20 grains. 7,000 Troy grains = 1 lb. avoirdupois. 175 Troy pounds = 144 lbs. avoirdupois. 175 Troy ounces = 192 oz. avoirdupois. 437J Troy grains = 1 oz. avoirdupois. FOREIGN MEASURE^A'ND WEIGHTS. 431 Measures of Value. gold. Double Eagle. Eagle. Half- Eagle. Three Dollars. Quarter- Eagle. Dollar. Weight grains Deviation allowed Diameter .inches Thickness " 516 0.5 1.320 .076 258 0.5 1.05 .059 129 0.5 .85 .045 77.4 0.75 .80 .033 64.5 0.25 .70 .033 25-. 8 0.23 .60 .019 silver. Dollar. Half. Dollar. Quarter- Dollar. Dime. Half- Dime. Three- Cent. Copper Cent. Weight grains Deviation allowed " Dialheter inches Thickness " 412.5 1.5 1.5 .084 192. 1.5 1.2 .060 96. 0.5 .95 .050 38.4 0.5 .7 .032 19.2 0.5 .6 .024 11.52 0.5 .55 .018 72. 4.0 .75 .065 The standard of gold and silver is 900 parts of pure metal and 100 of alloy in 1,000 parts of coin. The alloy of gold coin is 25 silver and 75 copper; the alloy of silver is copper. The cent is S8 parts copper and 12 parts nickel in 100 parts. Dimensions of Drawing Paper. Cap 1 ft. 1 in. X 1 foot 4 inches. Demy 1 " 74 " X 1 " 34 " Medium 1 " 10 " X 1 " 6 " Royal 2 "0 " X 1 " 7 " Super royal 2 " 3 "XI " 7 " Imperial 2" 5 "XI "9£ " Elephant 2" 3f " X 1 " 10£ " Columbier 2 " 9j "XI "11 " Atlas ..2 "9 * X 2 "2 " Theorem ......2 " 10 " X 2 " 4 " Double elephant 3 " 4 " X 2 " 2 " Antiquarian 4 " 4 " X 2 " 7 " A ream of paper is 20 quires of 24 sheets each. FOREIGN MEASURES AND WEIGHTS. Measures of Length. Great Britain.—The same as those of the United States. (See page 428.) The Imperial standard yard of Great Britain, adopted in 1825, is referred, to1 a natural standard, which is the distance between the axis of suspension and the centre of oscillation of a pendulum which shall vibrate seconds in vacuo, in Lon- 432 ORDNANCE MANUAL. don, at the level of the aea: that distance, measured on a brass rod, at the temper¬ ature of 62° Fahr., is declared to be 39.1393 imperial inches. France.—New System,: The metre is the unit, and is the ten-millionth part of a quadrant of a meridian of the earth, measured at the temperature of 32°. The multiples and divisions of it are decimal, viz: 1 Metre = 10 decimetres = 100 centimetres = lf000 millimetres. 1 Metre = -j\j decametre = j-q-q hectametre = To'ol) kilometre = yoooff myriametre. 1 Metre = 1.093633 yard = 3.280899 feet = 39.37079 inches. 1 Metre = 0.51317 toise. 1 Kilometre = 0.621383 mile. For table for reducing metres to inches, see page 476. Old System: 1 Point = 0.0074 Eng. inch. 1 Line = 12 points = 0.08884 1 Inch = 12 lines = 1.06577 I Foot = 12 inches = 12.7892 1 Ell = 43 in. 10 lines = 46.716 " = 1.298 yd. 1 Toise = 6 feet = 76.735 " = 2.132 " 1 Perch (Paris) = 18 feet. 1 Perch (royal) = 22 " 1 League (common), 25 to a degree = 4,861 yds. = 2.76 miles. 1 League (post) = 2,000 toises = 4,264 yds. = 2.42 miles. 1 Fathom (hrasse) = 63.946 inches, or 5J feet Eng., nearly. 1 Cable length = 120 fathoms French = 106§ fathoms English. 1 Pace (pas) = § metre = 26.5 inches nearly. f 1 Foot (fuss) = 12 zoll = 1.0371 ft. = 12.4452 inches. Austria. 1 Inch (zoll) = 12 linie = 144 punkt — 1.0371 inch. 1 Mile (meile) = 4.7141 miles. '1 Rhineland ft. (Rhein-fuss) = 12 zoll = 1.0297 ft. = 12.3564 in. 1 Inch (zoll) == 12 linie = 144 scrupel = 1.0297 inch. 1 Mile (post-meile) = 2,000 ruthe = 24,000 Rhein-fuss = 4.68045 miles. Tiie foot is the same as the English foot. 1 Foot = 12 inches — 120 lines = 1,200 points. 1 Archine — 28 inches = 2.3333 feet = 1 foot. 1 Sagene = 3 archines = 7 feet. 1 Verst = 500 sagenes = 1,500 archines = 3,500 ft. = .6629 miles. 1 Foot = 0.91319 foot = 10.95828 inches. 1 Vara = 3 feet = 0.91319 yard == 2.73957 feet. 1 League = 24,000 feet = 4.1508 miles. 1 Common league, or 19,800 feet == 3.4245 miles. Prussia. Russia. Spain. FOREIGN MEASURES. 433 f 1 Ft. (Turin) = 12 oncia = 144 punto = 1.12374 ft. = 13.485 in. Sardinia. -{ 1 Foot (Liprando) = 1.68561 ft. (1 Mile = 1,300 tesa = 1.5744 mile. 11 Foot =5= 0.97144 foot — 11.6573 inches. 11 Mile = 6.6235 miles, f 1 Pic = 0.73173 yard =* 2.19519 feet. 11 Berri = 1.0368 mile. f 1 Chik mathematical — 13.125 inches = 1.093 foot. I 1 Chik commercial = 14.7625 inches = 1.2302 foot, j 1 Li = 608.608 yards = .3458 mile. (1 To= 69.1797 miles, f 1 Foot = 0.92741 foot — 11.129 inches. II Vara = 0.92741 yard = 2.78223 feet, f 1 Foot = .91578 foot = 10.989 inches. ( 1 Vara = 0.91578 yard = 2.74735 feet = 32.9682 inches. [1 League (common) = 2.594 miles. Measures of Surface. Great Britain.—The same as those used in the United States. f 1 Square inch = 1.13587 square inch. France.—Old System. -{ 1 Arpent (Paris) = 4.089 square yds. = .8449 acre. ( 1 Arpent (ordinary) = 1.0457 acre. New System I ^ are = square metres = 119.603 square yards. 11 hectare = 10 decares = 100 ares = 2.4711 acres.. Austria.—1 Joch or Jochart = 1.4223 acre. Prussia.—1 Morgen = 0.6309 acre. Spain.—1 Fanigada = 1.5871 acre. Measures of Solidity. Great Britain.—The same as those used in the United States. n r\u c< . _ .f 1 cubic inch = 1.2106 cubic inch. France.— Old System.'l > 11 cubic foot = 2091.85 inches = 1.210^ f&ofc. f 1 cubic decimetre == 61.0271 cubic inches. New System. -{ 1 stere — 1 cubic metre = 35.3166 cubic ft. 1.308 cubic yard. Measures of Capacity. Gre at. Britain.— The British imperial gallon measures 277.274 cubic inches, containing 10 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water weighed in air at the tempera¬ ture of 62°, the barometer being at 30 inches. The same measure is used for liquids as for dry goods which are not measured by heaped measure; for the lat¬ ter, the bushel is to be heaped in the form of a cone not less than 6 inches high, the 28 Sweden. Turkey. China. Havana. Mexico. 434 ORDNANCE MANUAL. base being 19£ inches. The old distinctions of wine measure, ale nud beer meas¬ ure, and dry measure, are discontinued. 1 Gallon = 1,2006 gallon = 277.274 cubic inches. For grain. I * Bushel — 1.0318 bushel = 1.2836 cubic ft. 11 Load = 5 quarters — 40 bushels = 51.347 cubic feet. For coal 11 ®aok = 3 bushels — 3.0944 bushels. 11 Chaldron = 12 sacks = 36 bushels = 58.68 cubic feet. For timber.—1 Load = 40 cubic feet. f 1 Litre = 1.057 quart = 61.0271 cubic inches. I 1 Hectolitre = 10 decalitres = 100 litres — 26.418 gallons. France, j ^ Kilolitre = 10 hectolitres = 28.3782 bushels. (1 Pinte (old) = .98383 quart. Spain' I ^ ^ne arroba ~ 4.26304 gallons. II Fanega = 1.59914 bushel. Mexico.—1 Fanega = 1.60307 bushel. Havana.—1 Fanega = 3.11023 bushels. Measures of Weight. Great Britain.—The same as those used in the United States. The imperial avoirdupois pound is the weight of 27.7274 cubic inches of distilled ■water weighed in air at the temperature of 62° Fahr.; barometer, 30 inches. Horseman'» weight.—1 Stone = 14 lbs. France.—Old System.: 1 Livre = 16 onces — 1.0780 lb. avoirdupois. 1 Once = 8 gros = 1.0780 oz. avoirdupois. 1 Gros —72 grains = 58.9548 grains Troy. 1 Grain = 0.8188 " New System : The basis of the system of weights is the weight, in vacuo, of a • litre, or a cubic decimetre, of distilled water, at the temperature of 39°.2 Fahr.; 7(H50 Part ^is weight is a gramme, the multiples of which are: 1 deca- gramme-== 10 grammes; 1 hectogramme = 100 grammes; 1 kilogramme = 1,000 grammes. Ttua divisions are: 1 decigramme = gramme; 1 centigramme = T<5U gramme; 1 milligramme = yxHJU gramme. 1 Quintal = 100 kilogrammes. 1 Millier = 1,000 kilogrammes = 1 ton sea-weight (French). 1 Kilogramme = 2.204737 pounds avoirdupois. 1 Gramme = 15.433159 grains Troy = 0.03528 oz. avoirdupois. For table for converting kilogrammes into pounds, see page 477. f 1 Pound = 16 unze = 32 loth = 128 quent = 512 pfeqnig = Austria. ^ 1.234677 pound. 1 Karch 4 centner = 20 stein = 493.87084 lbs. foreign measures. 435 f 1 Pound = 2 mark = 16 unze — 32 loth = 128 quentchen = Prussia. 1.0311&lb. [ 1 Centner = 110 pfund — 113.44 lbs. 1 Pound = 12 lana = 32 loth = 96 solotniks = 9,216 doli = .901691 lb. Russia. •( 1 Pood == 40 pounds. 1 Berkowitz — 360.6764 lbs. „ 1 Pound is the weight of 25 cubic inches of water, f 1 Pound = 16 onza = 128 ochava — 256 adarme = 768 toinine Spain. -j = 9,216 grano == 1.016097 lb. [ 1 Ton = 20 quintal = 80 arroba = 2,000 lbs. = 2,032.2 lbs. j" 1 Pound = 12 oncia = 96 ottavo = 6125 grano = .896286 lb. Sardinia, -j 1 Pound of Turin = .813332 lb. [ 1 Rubbio = 25 pounds = 20.3333 lbs. Sweden I ^ P01111"! ^ untz = 128 qwintin = 8,848 as = .937284 lb. 11 Skeppund (for iron) = 299.93088 lbs. Turkey.—1 Oka = 2.828571 lbs. f 1 Pound = 16 leung = 364 chu = 3,840 lui = 38,400 shu = 1.3333 China. •{ lb. 1 Shik = 4 kwan .= 60 yin = 120 kan = 160 lbs. Japan.—1 Peeul = 100 catty = 1,600 tael = 16,000 mas = 160,000 condorine = 130 lbs. Equivalents of Ounces in Decimal Fractions of a Pound. Ounces. Pounds. Pounds. Ounces 1 = .0625 .L = 1.6 2 = .125 .2 = 3.2 3 = .1875 .3 = 4.8 4 = .25 .4 = 6.4 5 = .3125 .5 = 8.0 6 = .375 .6 = 9.6 7 = .4375 .7 =* 11.2 8 = .5 .8 = 12.8 9 = .5625 .9 = 14.4 10 = .625 1.0 = 16.0 11 — .6875 12 = .75 13 = •8125 14 == .875 15 = .9375 16 —= 1.0 436 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Measures of Value. foreign money.—its mint value. Great Brit¬ ain France ... Austria. ... \ Gold Silver, Prussia . Russia . Sardinia Spain . Sweden . Rome .. Mexico. Turkey . Japan .. Hindostan Gold 1 Guinea = 21 shillings 1 Sovereign or Pound = 20 shillings 11 Crown = 5 shillings. { 1 Shilling = 12 pence. [ Copper .1 Penny I Silver.. 5 Francs [ Copper. 1 Sou f 1 Imperial souverain = J 13 florins 20 kreutzers * 1 1 Imperial ducat = 4 { florins 36 kreutzers.. f 1 Rix-dollar = 2 florins I 1 Crown = 2 florins 12 I kreutzers Silver. \ 1 Zwanziger=20kreut I zers I 1 Silver Groschen = 3 [ kreutzers ' Gold. .1 Double Frederick = 11 thalers 10 silver groschen .... 1 Silver. .1 Thaler = 30 silver gro- [ schen f Gold. .1 Imperial = 10 roubles. ( Silver.\ Rouble f Gold. .80 Lires | Silver.5 Lires ( r> u f 1 Doubloon or Ounce.'. 1 Gold . 110Q Realg (/SVZi'er.l Piastre | Gold. .1 Ducat ( Silver.l Specie rix-daler f Gold..2£ Scudi I Silver.l Scudo | Gold.. 1 Doubloon \ Silver.l Piastre of 8 reals j Gold.. 100 Piastres { Silver.20 Piastres = 800 paras. Silver. 1 Itzebu f Gold. .1 Mohur { Silver.l Rupee Dollars. 5.059 4.848 1.08 0.222 0.018 19.225 3.845 0.968 0.00968 6.77 2.28 1.013 1.1138 0.168 0.025 8.00 0.717 7.952 0.784 15.488 0.968 15.731 4.963 1.005 2.267 1.101 2.60 1.047 15.534 1.049 4.374 0.865 0.37 7.08 0.46 Subdivisions. h h i °f guinea. 50 francs, 40 francs. 10 francs, 5 francs. 1 franc = 20 sous. Half, quarter souverains. Half, or florin. Or 20 kreutzers. Single, half. h h 1-12, 1-24, 1-30. Half imperial. Half rouble. 40, 20 lires. 2, 1, i, i lire. Pistareen (1-5 of piastre), i, i ducat. i, i, h 1-16. Pieces of 10 and 5 piastres. Comparative Table of French and United States Measures. Grains in a gramme Pounds avoirdupois in a kilogramme Ton in a millier or touneau Inch in a millimetre Feet in a metre Yard in a metre Mile in a kilometre Square inch in a square millimetre. Square inch in a square centimetre. Square feet in a square metre Square yard in a square metre Acre in an are Cubic inch in a cubic centimetre... Cubic feet in a cubic metre Cubic yard in a cubic metre Quart in a litre Bushel in a litre Foot-pounds in a kilogrammetre ... Pounds-to-the-foot in a kilogram.- j to-the-metre j Pounds-to-the-sq.-inch in a kilo- | gram.-to-the-square-millimetre j Pounds-to-the-square-footin akil- ) ogram.-to-the-square-metre ... } Pounds-to-the-cubic-foot in a kil- 1 ogram.-to-the cubic-metre J Units of heat in a calorie Fahrenheit degree in a centigrade J No. 15.433159 2.204737 0.9842575 0.03937079 3.280899 1.093633 0.621382 0.00155006 0.155006 10.7643 1.196033 0.0247114 0.061027 35.3166 1.308021 1.05672 0.0283794 7.23352 0.671957 1422.28 0.2048098 0.062425 3.96853 1.8 Logarithm. 1.1884549 0.3433567 1.9931087 2.5951741 0.5159929 0.0388716 1.7933590 3.1903482 1.1903482 1.0319858 0.0777432 2.3928977 2.7855223 1.5479787 0.1166148 0.0239599 2.4530034 0.8593496 1.8273411 3.1529858 1.3113482 2.7953553 0.5986292 0.2552725 Logarithm. 2.8125451 1.6566433 0.0068913 1.4048259 1.4810071 1.9611284 0.2066410 2.8096518 0.8096518 2.9680142 1.9222568 1.6071023 1.2144777 2.4520213 1.8833852 1.9760401 1.5469966 1.1406504 0.1726589 4.8470142 0.6886518 1.2046447 1.4013708 1.7447275 No. 0.064945 0.453569 1.015994 25.39954 0.30479449 0.914384 1.609315 645.137 6.45137 0.0928997 0.8360973 40.46713 16.38618 0.0283153 0.7645135 0.9463248 35.2368 0.138245 1.48819 0.000703095 4.88261 16.019 0.251983 0.55555 Gramme in a grain. Kilogramme in a pound avoirdupois. Millier or tonneau in a ton. Millimetres in an inch. Metre in a foot. Metre in a yard. Kilometre in a mile. Square millimetres in a square inch. Square centimetres in a square inch. Square metre in a square foot. Square metre in a square yard. Ares in an acre. Cubic centimetres in a cubic inch. Cubic metre in a cubic foot. Cubic metre in a cubic yard. Litre in a quart. Litres in a bushel. Kilogrammetre in a foot-pound, f Kilogram.-to-the-metre in a I pound-to-the-foot. f Kilogram.-to-the-sq're - millimetre | in a pound-to-the-square-inch. f Kilogram.-to-the-square-metre in j a pound-to-the-square-foot. | Kilogram.-to-the-cubic-metre in a | ponnd-to-the-cubie-foot. Calorie in a unit of heat. | Centrigade degree in a Fahrenheit 438 ORDNANCE MANUAL. PHYSICAL DATA. Working Power of Men and Horses. Men.—A foot soldier travels in 1 minute, in common time, 90 steps = 70 yards, in quick time, 110 " = 86 " in double-quick, 140 " = 109 " He occupies in the ranks a front of 20 in., and a depth of 13 in., without the knap¬ sack; the interval between the ranks is 13 in. 5 men can stand in a space of 1 square yard. Average weight of men, 150 lbs. each. A man travels, without a load, on levdl ground, during 8£ hours a day, at the rate of 3.7 miles an hour, or 31£ miles a day. He can carry 111 lbs. 11 miles in a day. A ported going short distances and returning unloaded, carries 135 lbs. 7 miles a day. He can carry in a wheelbarrow 150 lbs. 10 miles a day. The maximum power of a strong man, exerted for 2J minutes, may be stated at 18,000 lbs. raised 1 foot in a minute.—Mr. Field's experiments, 1838. A man of ordinary strength exerts a force of 30 lbs. for 10 hours a day, with a velocity of 2i feet in a second = 4,500 lbs. raised 1 foot in a minute = one-fifth the work of a horse. Daily allowance of water for a man, 1 gallon, for all purposes. Horses.—A horse travels the distance of 400 yards, at a walk, in 4£ minutes; at a trot, in 2 minutes; at a gallop, in 1 minute. He occupies in the ranks a front of 40 in., a depth of 10 feet; in a stall, from 3£ to 4$ feet front; at picket, 3 feet by 9. Average weight of horses, 1,000 lbs. each. A horse carrying a soldier and his equipments (say 225 lbs.) travels 25 miles in a day (8 hours). A pack-horse can carry 250 to 300 lbs. 20 miles a day. A draught-horse can draw 1,600 lbs. 23 miles a day — weight of carriage in¬ cluded. Artillery horses should not be made to draw more than 700 lbs. each, the weight of the carriage included. The ordinary work of a horse for 8 hours a day may be stated at 22,500 lbs., raised 1 foot in a minute. In a horse-mill, the horse moves at the rate of 3 feet in a second. The diameter of the path should not be less than 25 or 30 feet. Daily allowance of water for a horse, 4 gallons. Ventilation.—A man exhales about f of a cubic foot of carbonic acid in an hour, or 15 cubic feet in a day. He produces from the lungs and skin about 600 grains of vapor in an hour. 'VELOCITY OF SOUND. 439 Air is 110 longer fit for combustion or respiration when it contains 4 per cent, of its volume of carbonic acid. A ventilation of 8 to 9 cubic yards per hour for each person is in all cases suf¬ ficient. For barracks, a capacity of 13 to 20 cubic yards per man is sufficient ; the air being renewed in part by the cracks about the windows and by the opening of the doors. In dormitories the volume of carbonic acid does not exceed three or four thou¬ sandths of the whole space, and the air is not more than § saturated with moisture. Table showing the Weight and Bulk of 1,000 Bations. 1.000 Rations. Net weight in pounds. Gross weight in pounds. Bulk in barrels. Pork 750. 1218.75 3.75 Bacon 750. 903.1861 4.9019 Flour 1125. 1234.0561 5.7397 Pilot bread 750. 921.6867 9.031 U 1000. 1228.9156 12.048 Beans.. 155. 177.3187 0.7142 Bice 100. 114.5 0.4629 Coffee 100. 118.1683 0.5813 Sugar 150. 169.5312 0.625 Vinegar .. 92.5 107.5 0.333 Candles 15. 17.5 0.0925 Soap 40- 46.8965 0.1877 Salt 33.75 38.6328 0.1562 Forage.—Hay pressed in bundles, 11 lbs. to the cubic foot. Average weight of bundles, 300 lbs. Oats : 32 lbs to the bushel, or 25.71 lbs. to the cubic foot. Wheat: 60 lbs. to the bushel, or 48.21 lbs. to the cubic foot. Corn : 56 lbs. to the bushel, or 45.02 lbs. to the cubic foot. Fresh grass weighs about 84 lbs. to the cubic yard. 3 beeves or 15 sheep consume the forage of 2 horses. Weight of the Atmosphere. Pressure of the atmosphere on one square inch, the barometer being at 30 in., is 14.736 lbs.; at 29.922 in., the pressure is 14.7 lbs. Velocity of Sound. At the temperature of 33° the mean velocity of sound is 1092.5 feet in a second. It is increased or diminished half a foot for each degree of temperature above or below 33°. 440 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Velocity and Force of the Wind. Velocity. Pressure on Common designations of the force of the winds. In 1 hour. In 1 second. 1 square foot. Miles. Feet. Lbs. 1 1.47 0.005 Hardly perceptible. 2 3 2.93 4.40 .020 1 .044] Just perceptible. 4 5 5.87 7.33 .079 ) -123] Gentle, pleasant wind. 10 15 14.67 22.00 .492 1 1.107] Pleasant, brisk breeze. 20 25 29.34 36.67 1.968 ) 3.075] Very brisk. 30 35 44.01 51.34 4.4291 6.027] High wind. 40 45 58.68 66.01 7.873 ) 9.963 ] Very high. 50 73.35 12.300 A storm or tempest. 60 • 88.02 17.715 A great storm. 80 117.36 31.490 A hurricane. 100 146.70 49.200 A hurricane that tears up trees, carries build¬ ings before it, etc. Malleability of 'Metals. 1. Gold. 2. Silver. 3. Copper. 4. Tin. 5. Platinum. 6. Lead. 7. Zinc. 8. Iron. Ductility of Metals. 5. Nickel. 6. Copper. 7. Zinc. 8. Tin. 1. Gold. 2. Silver. 3. Platinum. 4. Iron. Electricity. RELATIVE CONDUCTING POWER OP METALS. Copper 10,000 Gold 9,360 Silver 7,360 Zinc 2,850 Platinum 1,880 Iron .1,5S0 Tin 1,550 Lead 830 Mercury 345 Potassium 133 The conducting power of rods of the same metal, of equal diameter, is inversely as their lengths. The conducting power is increased by lowering the temperature, and diminished, and finally destroyed, by raising the temperature. The metals are infinitely better conductors than any other substances. Charcoal which has been exposed to a strong heat is one of the best conductors, but greatly inferior in this respect to iron and platinum. BOILING POINTS OP LIQUIDS. 441 Heat. thermometers. Fixed Points. Fahrenheit. Reaumur. Centigrade. Freezing point of water 3°° 0° 0° Boiling point " " 212° 80° 100° For converting degrees of one scale into those of another we have— C°X9 -f- 32" = 4 jP° = + 32° = --°^+ 32°. The zero of Wedgewood's pyrometer corresponds with 1077° Fahr., and 1° Wedgewood is equal to 130° Fahr. H nee F° = Ti'° X 130° -}- 1077°. Note.—The indications of Wedgewood's pyrometer are no longer relied on for high temperatures. Melting Poi 3280° is the highest heat attained witl at this temperature. Platinum, palladium, rhodium, lime, si quantities, by means of strong lenses, or Iron rai hot, in daylight, 1077° Fahr.; Wrought-iron 3,280° Cast-iron 2,786 Gold 2,016 Silver » 1,873 Copper 2,204 Brass 1,869 Flint glass 2,377 Antimony..... 955.5 Zinc 775.5 Saltpetre 600 Lead 644 Bismuth 500 ts of Solids. an air-furnace. Platinum does not melt x, fine porcelain, can be melted, in small Y the hydro-oxygen blow-pipe. i the dark, 752°. Tin 445° Lead 2, tin 1 (common solder) 475 Lead 1, tin 1 393 Lead 1, tin 2 (soft solder) 360 Lead 1, tin 1, bismuth 1 272 Lead 2, tin 3, bismuth 5 212 Lead 1, tin 1, bismuth 2 .20Q Sulphur 228 Gutta-percha softens 145 Beeswax 150 Tallow 127 Boiling Points of Liquids. Hydrochloric ether 52° Sulphuric ether 96 Sulphuret of carbon 118 Ammonia 140 Alcohol of 0.825 175 Water, and essential oils .212 Water, saturated with salt.. 224 Nitric acid 248 ( The Barometer at 30 in.) Spirits of turpentine 314° Naphtha 320 Phosphorus 554 Sulphur 570 Sulphuric acid, sp. gr. 1.843 620 Linseed oil 600 Whale oil. 630 Mercury 662 442 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Liquids boil at a much lower temperature in vacuo, or under diminished pressure of the atmosphere. At the altitude of about 17,500 feet above the sea, where the barometer stands at 15.35 in., water boils at 180°. Expansion by Seat. Linear Expansion of Solids, from 32° to 212°. Roman Cement 0.00144 Marble, Sicilian 0.00141 " Carrara 0.00119 Sandstone 0.00117 Slate 0.00104 Granite 0.00080 Glass, flint 0.00082 Brick, stock 0.00055 " fire 0.00049 Marble, black Galway 0.00045 Oak, dry 0.00006 Zinc 0.0029416 Lead 0.0028483 Tin, refined 0.0021729 Silver, fine 0,0019097 Brass 0.0018750 Copper 0.0017122 Gold 0.0015000 Steel, tempered 0.0012395 Iron, soft, hammered ........0.0012583 " cast 0.0011111 Steel, not tempered 0.0010788 Platinum 0.0008842 Antimony 0.0010833 The expansion in surface is expressed by numbers double of the above, and the expansion in volume by triple numbers. Expansion of Fluids in bulk, from 32° to 212°. Mercury 0.01808 "Water, distilled 0.04330 "Water, saturated with salt 0.05000 Alcohol 0.11000 Sulphuric acid 0.05882 Oil (olive and linseed) 0.08333 Spirits turpentine 0.07143 Gases, and air 0.37500 The rate of expansion of solids and liquids increases with the temperature; that of the gases is uniform for all temperatures. Density of Water. (From a report of Prof. R. S. McCulloch to Prof. A. D. Bachel. Temp. Density, Temp. Density, Temp. Density. 20° .99901 50° .99975 80° .99666 25 .99944 55 .99947 85 .99581 30 .99984 60 .99910 90 .99487 35 .99999 65 .99863 95 .99383 40 1.00000 70 .9 '807 100 .99270 45 .99993 75 .9 '741 Max. density at 39°.6. Conduction of Seat. T T' q = —. When q, the rate of conduction, is expressed in thermal units per hour, per square foot of area, and x = the thickness of the layer in inches, T and LATENT HEAT. 443 T' being the temperatures at the two faces, the value of <7, which is equal to 1 divided by the coefficient of conductivity, is as follows: Gold, Platinum, Silver 0.0036 Copper 0.0040 Iron 0.0096 Zinc 0.0099 Lead 0.0198 Marble 0.1578 Brick 0.3306 Specific Seat between 32° and 80°. The number of units of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lb. of each of the following substances one degree is as follows : Antimony 5077 Bismuth 3084 Charcoal 2415 Copper 0951 Glass 1980 Gold 0298 Ice 504 Iron, wrought 1138 Lead .0293 Mercury 0333 Platinum 0314 Silver 0557 Sulphur 20259 Spirits turpentine. .4672 Tin 0514 Zinc 0927 Water 1.000 Air 0.238 Carbonic acid 0.217 Hydrogen 3.405 Nitrogen 0.244 Oxygen 0.218 Steam 0.475 The unit of heat is the quantity of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 lb. of water at its maximum density 1°. Specific heats of substances are in the inverse ratio of their ktomic weight. The specific heat of a substance is called its capacity for heat. The capacity for heat increases with the temperature, and diminishes as the density of the body increases. Air reduced rapidly to one-fifth of its volume evolves heat enough to set fire to tinder. Latent Seat. In thermal units for one pound: the vapors under a pressure of one atmosphere of 14.7 lbs. per square inch. Of Fusion. | Of Evaporation. Ice 142.65 Spermaceti •' 148. Beeswax 175. Phosphorus 9.06 Sulphur 16.86 Xin 500.0 Water 966.1 Alcohol 364.3 Ether - 162.8 Bisulphuret of carbon 156.0 444 ORDNANCE jftANUAL. Total Heat of Combustion of different Combustibles / Or, the heat produced by burning one pound of each subetance. Weight of Lbs. of Substances. carbon to produce the water evaporated Units of heat. same heat. at 212°. Hydrogen gas Carbon imperfectly burned, so as to make C 0 . Carbon completely burned, so as to make C O2. f from. I to ... Various liquids, hydro-carbons Charcoal from wood " from peat Coke, good " middling " bad Coal, anthracite " dry bituminous ......... caking. " cannel Dry long flaming Lignite .. Peat, dry. " containing 25 per cent, of moisture. Wood, dry " containing 20 per cent, of moisture. 1.0 1.33 1.46 0.93 0.80 0.94 0.88 0.82 1.05 1.06 1.025 1.02 0.95 1.075 1.01 1.04 0.91 0.81 0.66 0.50 64.2 4.55 15.0 20. 22. 14. 12. 14. 13.2 12.3 15.75 15.9 15.4 15.3 14.25 16. 15.15 15.6 13.65 12.15 10.0 7.25 7.5 5.8 62.032 4.400 14.500 19.000 21.000 13.500 11.600 13.620 12.760 11.890 15.225 15.370 14.860 14.790 13.775 15.837 14.645 15.080 13.195 11.745 9.660 7.000 7.245 5.600 The heating power of different kinds Of wood (taking equal weights of wood equally dry) does not vary more than in the proportion t>f 13 to 14, for the extremes. Nearly six times as much heat is required to evaporate a given quantity of water as is required to raise its temperature to the boiling point; multiplying the above numbers by 6, we have, therefore, the quantity of water which each kind of fuel •will raise from 32° to 212°. In even the best apparatus, ndt more than half the heat produced by the combuS. tion of fuel is economized. Dry wood makes a hotter fire than equal weights or volumes of green wood. Freezing Points of Liquids. Olive oil 36° Fahr. Water .32 " Milk 30 " Vinegar 28 " Spirits of turpentine 16 " Strong wines 20° Sulphuric acid. 1 Brandy — 7 Mercury —39 Nitric acid —55 Fahr. MEASUREMENT OP HEIGHTS BY THE BAROMETER. 445 Strength of Ice. Ice 2 inches thick will bear infantry. " 4 " " '■ cavalry or light guns. " 6 " " " heavy field guns. " 8 " " " 24-pdr. guns on sledges : weight not more than 1,000 lbs. to a square foot. Frigorific Mixtures. Materials. Parts. The thermometer falls. Hydrochlorate of ammonia. Nitrate of potassa Water Hydrochlorate of ammonia. Water . Nitrate of ammonia- Water Sulphate of soda Dilute nitric acid ......... Sulphate of soda Hydrochloric acid Snow Common salt Snow Caustic potash, crystallized Snow Sulphuric acid, dilute Snow Chloride of calcium Sulphuric acid, dilute Snow 5 5 16 5 16 1 1 3 2 8 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 10 j From 50° to 10°. | From 50° to 4°. J From 50° to 4°. J From 50° to 3°. J From 50° to 0°. | From 32° to 0°. | From 30° to—15°. | From 20° to —60°. [ From—4° to—67°. | From —67° to —1 90c Measurement of Heights by Means of the Barometer. 1 + .00102 (<+V— 64°) , h 1. X— 60345.61 ft. X 1 _ 0.002695 cos. 2 L. X og* /t'[i + 0.0001 (T— 1")] X is the required difference of height, in feet, T, the temperature of the air, in degrees of Fahrenheit, t, the temperature of mercury >- at the lower station. XT, the height of mercury J T', the temperature of the air ) the temperature of mercury >• at the upper station. XT, the height of mercury ) X, the latitude of the place. 2. Neglecting the corrections for the latitude of the place and for the difference between the temperature of the air and that of the mercury in the barometers at the 446 ORDNANCE MANUAL. two stations, the difference of height, in feet, may be expressed approximately by H X 67.0505 (T + T' -+• 836) X log. 3. Approximate Rule,—For a mean temperature of 55° the difference of height in H—H' feet is, X — 55,000 X • • Add 1-440th of this result for each degree which the mean temperature of the air at the two stations exceeds 55°, and deduct as much for each degree below 55°. Altitudes may be determined without the aid of a barometer by observing accu¬ rately the boiling point qf water at the different stations, h, the altitude, is equal to 517 if —j— T2-, or, for altitudes under 10,000 ft., A = 540 T; T being the difference in degrees between the boiling points of water at the two stations. The altitude of Washington City is 50 to 90 feet; that of St. Louis, 450 feet; of Santa Fe, 6,846 feet; of San Antonio, 600 feet. The average quantity of water which falls in rain and snow at Washington City 18 41.2 inches; at San Francisco, 23.59 inches; at Santa Fe, 19.83 inches. Latitude of the Washington Observatory, 38° 53' 39".25. The mean temperature of Washington City is 36°.05 in winter, 76°.33 in summer; 56°.14 for the year: of San Francisco, 50°.86 in winter, 57°.53 in the summer, and 54°.88 for the year. Decimation of the 2Iagnetic Needle for 1860. Washington City 2° 36' West. New York 7 01 " Albany .-..8 3 " Charleston 1 7 East. Savannah 3° 5' East. Mobile 6 8" San Diego 12 6 " San Francisco 15 8 " The annual increase at Washington is 3 minutes. Dip of the needle at Washington, 1861, 71° 24'. Sun-Dials. The most common dial is that in which the plane of the dial is horizontal, and the style, placed in the meridian, is inclined to the plane of the dial at an angle equal to the latitude of the place. Hour-lines are drawn from the centre, or point where the style intersects the plane, to the circumference: their positions are calculated from the formula tan, x = tan. h sin. L, in which x = the hour-angle on the horizontal plane h = 15", 30°, 45°, etc., the hour-angle on the equatorial plane, and L — the latitude of the place. To determine these lines geometrically, draw in the meridian plane from some point a, on the style, a line perpendicular to the style, and note the point b where it intersects the plane of the dial. Draw through this point a line, in the plane of the dial, perpendicular to the meridian plane. This will be the equatorial line. FORMULAE IN MECHANICS. 447 Measure off from b, on the prolongation of the meridian, the distance b c equal to a b, and with c as a centre, describe a semicircle, and divide it into 12 equal parts, 6 on each side of the meridian: through these points of division draw radii, and prolong \hem till they meet the equatorial line. Join these points of intersec¬ tion with the foot of the style, and these lines will mark the hours before and after 12 o'clock, m. To determine the meridian line tcithout the use of astronomical instruments.—Take a point in the plane of the dial through which it is intended the meridian plane shall pass. With this point as a centre describe several concentric circles. Fix a straight pin in the centre, perpendicular to the plane of the dial, of such a length that the extremity of the shadow cast by it shall fall within the circles at 12, m. Mark the points where the extremity of the shadow passes over these circles in the forenoon, and again the same in the afternoon. The line drawn from the middle of these arcs contained between the points of passage, to the centre of the circles, will be the meridian. Or the meridian may be determined by two plumb-lines made to cover each other, and also the north star at the time of its passage across the meridian. The time given by the dial is true solar time: to reduce it to mean, or clock time, the equation of time must be added or subtracted. Equation of Time. January j February j ; { i { 1 - 3' 46 16 - 10 1 1 - 13 53 16 - 14 23 1 - 12 35 16 - 8 49 1 - 3 57 16 - 0 13 1 -33 16 - 3 53 1 - 2 30 16 + 0 18 July August... September October •.. November. December. 1 + 3' 27" 16 -f- 5 42 1 + 61 16 + 3 59 1 — 0 9 16 — 5 13 1 — 10 18 16 — 14 22 1 — 16 17 16 —15 2 1 — 10 44 16 — 3 59 FORMULAE IN MECHANICS. Forces acting on machines are compared to weights, and are expressed in pounds. The velocity of a body, the space which it passes over in a second of time when it is moving with a uniform motion, or the space that it would pass over in a second of time when it has a varied paotion, if its motion should become uniform at the time it is considered, is expressed in feet. Uniform Motion.—Is expressed by S= V T. S being the space passed over, V the velocity, and T the duration of the motion. 448 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Uniformly Accelerated Motion starting from a State of Rest. S= 4 Fj T2 : F2== 2 Fj S : Fj, the velocity after the first second. Uniformly Retarded Motion.—S= V T—i V\ T2. V — V — Vl T : V' the velocity at the moment the retarding force begins to act: Fthe velocity remaining at the end of the time T. Motion of Falling Bodies.—The force of gravity is uniform and constant for the same place on the surface of the earth. Let g he the velocity acquired by a body falling freely in vacuo at the end of the first second; v the velocity at the timet/ t the time in seconds; h the space passed over in the timet/ then h=k gt2 : v = g t = \/ 2 g h. The velocity g, which is the measure of the force of gravity, varies with the lati¬ tude of the place, and with its altitude above the level of the sea. The force of gravity at the latitude of 45° =32.1803 feet; at any other latitude L; g = 32.1808 feet — 0.0821 cos. 2 L. If g' represents the force of gravity at the height h above the sea, and r the radius of the earth, the force of gravity at the level of the sea will be g = g' ^1 + 1 — 0.002588 cos. 2 L » rT5 • 4r In the latitude of London, at the level of the sea, g = 32.1908 feet. " Washington, " " g— 32.155 feet. Quantity of Work.—It is the product of the intensity of a force by the dis¬ tance passed over by its point of application in the direction of the force. The unit of work done corresponds to the elevation of 1 pound through a height of 1 foot, and is called a foot-pound (ft.-lb.) A Horse-Power.—This force is estimated at 550 lb3. raised 1 foot in a second, or 33,000 lbs. raised 1 foot in 1 minute. The Mass of a Body is expressed by the weight divided by the force of gravity, thus: J/= —. 9 Moving Force, and Force of Inertia.—We have F = M | for the force# capable of communicating or taking away from the body of a mass M an element of velocity v in an element of time t. Quantity of Motion.—The product of the mass of a body by the velocity which it has at the time considered; that is, M F. Impact of Elastic and Unelastic Bodies.—A body of a mass M moving with a velocity F impinges against another M' moving with a velocity V in the same line and in the same direction. A diminution of velocity v is developed in the element of time t, at the point of contact in the first body, and an increase of vel¬ ocity v' in the second body, so that we have M v = M' v': the sum of the quantity of motion is the same before and after impact. formulae in mechanics. 449 For unelastic bodies, if tliey remain together after impaet, moving with a com- iM V 4- M' V men velocity C, we have U = —i/Tfji/*" ' ^ ^ey mee^ S°in£ in opposite direc- M V— M' V tions, I = —rr —. ' M + M' For elastic bodies, the velocity of the body 3f after impact is 2 U — V; that of 3f is 2 U—P. 2 U= " ^ ^ -If were in a state of rest, its velocity 2 M V after impact would be 2 U= , r^., double that which would have been com- r M + JkT municated to an unelastic body under the same circumstances. Living Force op a Bodv is the product of its mass by the square of its velocity at the time considered. Principle op Living Forces.— T=§(3fY2— 3P F'2). T is the work of a force which accelerates or retards the motion of a body which is moving in its own direction. 31 F2 Centrifugal Force.—F= . r is the radius described by the centre of r gravity of the mass. Simple Pendulum.—The time of vibration of a simple pendulum T— it I being the length of the pendulum. The relation between the times T and T' of vibration of simple pendulums of lengths I and I' in different places for which the force of gravity is g and g' is T IYTJ -j,' — X ^ ^ k0 °f a pendulum vibrating seconds, and I' the length of any other simple pendulum vibrating in the time t at the same place, then V = I t2. The length of the seconds-pendulum is in a constant ratio to the force of gravi¬ ty: L = 9.S696044. Length of a Pendulum vibrating Seconds at the Level of the Sea, in various Latitudes. the Equator 39.027144 inches. Washington, Lat. 38° 53' 23" 39.10583 " New York, Lat. 40° 42' 43" 39.11256 " London, Lat. 51° 31' 39.13908 " Lat. 45° 39.12696 " £at. L 39.12696 in. — 0.099816 cos. 2 L. The time of oscillation of a compound pendulum is T= if A / 1 . /being JM d g the moment of inertia of the oscillating body in reference to the axis of oscillation;; d the distance of the centre of gravity of the pendulum from the axis. 29 450 ORDNANCE MANUAL Feet. Feet. Feet. Inches. Inche 33.75 5. 1. 8. 4. 0.6 0.62 0.632 0.634 0.6 0.6 0.612 0.617 0.613 0.6 fi T being known, we have /= —Mdg. K The moment of inertia, in reference to an axis passing through the centre gravity and parallel to the axis of suspension, is f = I— Md2. ft Revolving Pendulum.—The time of revolution is T = 2^\g; h is the pro, tion of the stem on a vertical plane. 9 77388 For Washington, h = inches ; T being the number of revolutions second. The Discharge of Water under a Constant Head.— The theoretical charge of water through an orifice in a thin plate is Q = S\/ 2 g H; Q, the qi tity of water; S, the area of the orifice; and H, the depth of the orifice below surface of the water. To get the actual discharge, multiply the theoretical discharge by one of the lowing coefficients, according to the height of the surface above the middle of orifice: H = Coefficient for orifice 1 inch in diam. tt u t( 4 a a If the contraction of the vein he not complete, if one or more of the sides of orifice be in the prolongation of the sides of the vessel, multiply the preceding i ficients by .1035 when there is no contraction on one side; by 1.072 when the none on tico sides; by 1.125 when the contraction is only on one side. Through Pipes having no Sudden Changes of Direction.— V='. , D2V H y j01—.082 feet; Q— ^ ; D, diameter of the pipe; 1 =—' the slope running foot; H, the difference of level between the two reservoirs; L, the v length of the pipe. To find the size of pipe for a given volume of water, we have Q = 21.0451/ — 0.0196 Z>2; or D = 0.2956, with sufficient accuracy for a mean velocit exceeding 1£ feet. * ^ Hydraulic Rams. — The following proportions have been found to ansn practice: h, the height above the reservoir to which the water is to be thrown. H, the height of the reservoir above the outlet of the waste-valve. L, the length of the supply-pipe from the reservoir to the waste-valve. D, its interior diameter. Q, the whole supply of water in cubic feet per second. q, the quantity raised to the height h. L = H = 0.14 h; D = ^ ~ = J nearly. MECHANICAL POWERS. 451 MECHANICAL POWERS. Conditions of Equilibrium of Simple Machines. Lever.—The effective arm of a lever is the perpendicular distance from the ful¬ crum to the line of direction of the power or weight. The power is to the weight inversely as the effective arm's of the lever: P D = w d. The pressure on the fulcrum is the resultant of the power and weight. Fixed Pulley.—The power is equal to the weight. The pressure Q on the axis is to the power or weight as the chord e of the arc enveloped by the rope is to the radius r of the pulley: r> Qr P — w • e Movable Pulley.—The power is to the weight as the radius of the""pulley is to the chord of the arc enveloped by the rope. The tension on the fixed end of the rope is equal to the power: w r />=§ = --• In a system of n movable pulleys, the power is to the weight as the product of the radii of the pulleys is to the product of the chords of the arcs enveloped by the rope: r r' r" •. n = to : • c e' c" . . n to If the ropes be parallel, c = 2 r and P = Block and Tackle.—The power is equal to the weight divided by the number of ropes attached to the lower block, or by twice the number of rising pulleys. Wheel and Axle.—The power is to the weight as the radius /•, of the axle, is to the radius R, of the wheel. to r1 P== If System of Wheels and Pinions.—The power is to the weight as the product of the radii (or number of teeth) r, r', r", etc., of the pinions is to the product of the radii (or number of teeth) R, R', R", etc., of the wheels. P = RR'R" Inclined Plane.—If the direction of the power be horizontal, the power is to the weight as the height of the plane h is to its base 6. p_w h i b P I wl The pressure on the plane, Q ~ —; I being the length of the plane. 452 ORDNANCE MANUAL. If the direction of the power he parallel to the plane, the power is to the weight as the height of the plane "to its length. P b w b The pressure on the plane, Q = = —-— h I Screw.—The power, applied perpendicular to the axis, is to the weight as the jiitch of the screw s, or the distance between two threads, is to the circumference described by the point to which the power is applied. Thus, if the power bo applied by means of a lever I, p 8 2 <« I Webge.—The power is to the resistance, acting perpendicularly on each side of the wedge, as,the thickness of the back of the wedge is to the length of the side. Balance.—The common balance is a simple lever, the arms of which are equal. If the balance be not accurate, the true weight of a body may be found by taking the square root of the product of the weights which counterpoise it successively in each scale. A better and more convenient method of eliminating the error of a balance is to place the body in one scale and counterpoise it by any weights in the opposite scale; then remove the body and replace it by known weights until the equilibrium be again restored. The sum of the latter weights will be that of the body required. Friction. In the foregoing conditions of equilibrium of machines, no account is taken of the resistance caused by friction, and by the stiffness of ropes, chains, etc. Numerous experiments on friction have been made in France by M. Morin, from which the following general results are obtained : 1. The friction of any two bodies in motion is proportional to the pressure, whether the surfaces be dry or covered with an unguent. The ratio between the pressure and the friction is called the coefficient of friction. 2. The amount of friction is independent of the surface of contact and of the velocity of the motion. It depends only on the pressure, the nature of the surfaces in contact, and the kind of unguent interposed. 3. In general, friction is less between bodies of different kinds than between those of the same kind. 4. When two surfaces have been long in contact at rest, an adhesion takes place between them, the force of which is proportional to the extent of the surface of contact, and independent of the pressure. 5. When a continuous stratum of an unguent is constantly interposed between MECHANICAL POWERS. 453 the surfaces of contact, the amount of friction depends on the nature of the unguent, and not on that of the surfaces. 6. With the unguents hog's lard and olive oil, the coefficient of friction is nearly the same for surfaces of wood moving on metals, wood on wood, metal on wood, and metal on metal. The coefficient for the unguent tallow is the same, except in the case of metal on metal, for which it appears to be less suited than the others, giving a coefficient of about 0.10. 7. The friction of axles is generally a little less than that of plane surfaces under similar circumstances. The amount of friction is here also proportional to the pressure, and independent of the velocity of the motion. Friction of Plane Surfaces, in Motion, upon Each Other. Surfaces in Contact. • Angle ot Repose. Coefficient of Friction Wood on wood, dry 14° to 264 .25 to .5 " " soaped 114° to 2° o o -*•3 Metals on oak, dry 264° to 31° .5 to .6 " " wet 134° to 144° .24 to .26 " " soaped 11}° .2 Metals on elm, dry ' 114° to 14° .2 to .25 Hemp on oak, dry 28° .53 " " wet 184° .33 Leather on oak, dry 15° to 194° .27 to .38 Leather on metals, dry 294° .55 " " wet 20° .36 " " greasy 13° .23 " " oily 84° .15 Metals on metals, dry 84° to 114° .15 to .2 " " wet 164° .3 Smooth surfaces occasionally greased O o *- o .07 to .08 " " continually " 3° .05 " " best results 1|° to 2° .03 to .036 454 ORDNANCE MANUAL. The Quantity of Work that may be done by Men and Horses. (From the French Aide-Memoire, 1856.) Kind of Work. % lis is o Raising Weights vertically 1 man going up a gentle slope or a ladder, with¬ out a load, raising the weight of his own body 1 man raising weights with a cord and pulley the cord coming down unloaded 1 man raising weights with the hands 1 man raising weights or carrying them on his back up a gentle slope or up a ladder, return¬ ing unloaded 1 man wheeling a load up a slope of l-12th in a wheolbarrow, and returning with the empty 1 man throwing earth to a mean height of 5 feet with a shovel.. Action on Machines. 1 man on the spokes of a wheel or drum: 1. On a level with the axis 2. Toward the bottom or at 21° 1 man walking and pushing or pulling horizon- 1 man working at a crank 1 man pulling and pushing alternately in vertical direction 1 horse harnessed to an ordinary carriage, going at a walk 1 horse harnessed to a pumping engine, going at a walk.... 1 horse harnessed to a pumping engine, going 1 ox harnessed to a pumping engine, going at 1 mule harnessed to a pumping engine, going Carrying Loads horizontally. 1 man, on a level road, without a load, carrying the weight of his own body 1 man with a hand-cart, returning without 1 man with a wheelbarrow, returning without' 1 man carrying a load on his back 1 man carrying a load on his back, returning without a load 1 man with a hand-barrow, returning without a load 1 horse in a cart, at a walk.... 1 horse in a wagon, at a trot.. 1 horse in a cart, returning without a load, at 1 horse under the saddle, at a walk 1 horse under the saddle, at a trot 150. 135. 27. 27. 18. 12. 155. 100. 67. 145. 67. 145. 220. 135. 90. 110. 1550. 770. 1550. 205. 180. fl Feet. .5 .66 .56 .13 .07 1.31 .5 23 1.97 2 46 3.61 2.95 2.95 6.56 1.97 2.95 4.92 1.64 1.64 2.46 1,64 1.08 3.6 7.2 2.0 3.6 7.2 Ft.-Lbs. 75. 26.4 25.2 19.5 9.45 7,86 67.5 62.1 53.19 44.28 43.22 457.25 295.0 197.65 713.4 360.8 221.4 221.4 237.8 118.8 5580. 5544. 3100. 954. 1296. fl Hours. 8 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 10 8 4.5 8 8 10 10 10 7 10 10 4.5 10 10 7 Ft.-Lbs, 2.160,000 570.240 544,320 421,200 340,200 282,960 1,944.000 1,788,480 1.531.870 1,275,260 1,244,750 16,461,000 8,496,000 7,120,220 8,226,720 5,692,320 25,682,400 12,988,800 7.970,400 5,579,280 5.136,480 4.267,800 200,880,000 89,812,800 111,600,000 34 344,000 02,059,200 WORK DONE BY MEN AND HORSES. 455 The Quantity of Work done by Men and Horses—Continued. Kind op Work. 1 man raising his own weight up a stair or ladder 1 man raising weights with cord and pulley, curd returning unloaded 1 man lifting weights with his hands 1 man carrying weights up a ladder, returning unloaded 1 man throwing earth with a shovel to a height of 5.25 feet 1 man wheeling earth in a harrow up a slope of l-12th, returning unloaded 1 man working at the spokes of a drum, on a level with the axis 1 man working at the spokes of a drum, toward the bottom or at 24° 1 man pushing or pulling horizontally (capstan or oar) 1 man turning a crank 1 man working- a pump 1 man walking on a level road, unloaded .... 1 man wheeling load in hand-cart, returning unloaded 1 man wheeling a load in wheelbarrow, return ing unloaded 1 man carrying a load on his back 1 man carrying a load on his back, returning unloaded 1 horse cantering and trotting, drawing a light railway carriage 1 horse drawing cart or boat, walking 1 horse drawing gin or mill, walking 1 horse drawing gin or mill, trotting 1 horse drawing cart always loaded, walking.. 1 horse drawing cart always loaded, trottin; 1 horse drawing cart, going loaded, returning unloaded 1 horse carrying burdeh. walking 1 horse carrying burden, trotting. 1 ox drawing a cart always loaded 1 mule drawing a cart always loaded 1 ass drawing a cart aiways loaded 11 . U o ® e © £ ® ® |E 8 o O CS ^ r* 'S Lbs. 143. 40. 44. 132. 26.5 26.5 18. 13.2 143. 224. 132. 90. 140. 30.5 120. 100. 66. 1,500. 750. 1,500. 270. 180. 1,500. 750. 375. Feet. 0.5 0.75 0.55 0.13 1.3 0.075 0.5 2.3 2.0 2.5 2.5 5. 1.666 1.666 2.5 1.666 14.666 3.6 3.0 6.5 3-6 7.2 2.0 36 7.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 p. "2 ■al o o £• Ft.-Lbs. 72.5 30. 24.2 18.5 7.8 9.9 53. 45. 33. 715. 373. 220. 225. 233. 447.5 432, 300, 429. 5,400. 5,400. 3,000. 972. 1296. 3 600. 1.800. 900. ® !»> ,a s.S-3 PM d a S ® * Hours. 10 4.5 10 4,5 10 10 7 10 10 10 d M 51 2,088,000 648.000 522,720 399,600 280,800 356,400 J.900 800 1,755,360 1,526.400 1,296,000 1,188,000 25,740,000 13,428,000 7,920,000 5,670,000 5,032,800 6,444,000 12,441,600 8 640.000 6.950,000 194,400,000 87,480,000 108.000,000 34 992,000 32 659,200 129,600,000 64,800,000 32,400,000 A horse-power in steam-engines is estimated at 550 foot-pounds per second, or 33,000 foot-pounds per minute, or 1,980,000 foot-pounds per hour. The average power of a draught-horse as given above is 432 foot-pounds per second = 0.785 of the conventional horse-power. The French horse-power is equal to 542J foot-pounds per second, being about l-70th less than our horse-power. 456 ORDNANCE MANUAL. The number of horse-powers in a single-stroke engine is expressed by .0000238 d2 n p I ; d being the diameter of the piston in inches, n the number of strokes in a minute, I the length of stroke in feet, and p the pressure of steam on a square inch (diminished usually by l-5th for friction and inertia). In a double-stroke engine the power is double the above. Elastic Force of Steam at different Temperatures. (From Experiments of Committee of Franklin Institute.) The unit is the atmospheric pressure, or 1 atmosphere = 30 inches of mercury. Temp. Press. Temp. Press. Temp. Press. Temp. Press. Temp. Press. 212 1 275 3 3044 5 326 7 345 9 235 14 284 34 310 54 331 *74 349 94 250 2 2914 4 3154 6 336 8 3524 10 264 24 2984 44 321 64 1 3404 84 Pressure of Gunpowder per square inch. (From Captain Rodman's Experiments.) The pressure on a 42-pounder gun, at the bottom of the bore, when fired with 10 pounds of powder and a solid shot weighing 43 pounds, is 44,535 lbs. 8 lbs. of powder of a grain .1 inch diameter, with the same gun and shot, gave a pressure of 51,800 lbs. 8 lbs. of powder of a grain .4 inch diameter, with the same gun and shot, gaye a pressure of 31,900 lbs. 12.67 lbs. of powder of a grain .6 inch diameter, and a solid shot, weighing 186.3 lbs., fired from an 11-inch gun, gave a pressure of 21,370 lbs. The same weight, of .3 inch diameter, gave a pressure of 35,330 lbs. The same weight, of .3 inch diameter, of different powder, gave a pressure of 65,920 lbs. Half the weight of powder, of the ordinary charge, with double the weight of shot, gave the same pressure as the ordinary charge. 1 lb. of powder, burned in a space equal to twice that occupied by the powder, gave a pressure of 42,500 lbs. 2 lbs., burned in the space occupied by it, gave a, pressure of 133,590 lbs. 1 lb., burned in the space occupied by it, .1 inch grain, gave a pressure of 185,000 lbs. The actual pressures are probably greater than those above given. MENSURATION. 457 MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE AND DATA. Mensuration. Lines. Circle.—Ratio of circumference to diameter, it = 3.1415926530 =1^3 nearly. Circumference of a circle = 2 it r. a it r Length of an arc = i r being the ratlins of the circle and a the number of 8 c' — c degrees in the arc; or nearly ; c being the chord of the arc, and c' the chord of half the arc, which is == "J i e2 -f- versine2. Length of 1 degree = 0.0174533 ; radius being 1. Length of 1 minute = 0.0002909. Length of 1 second = 0.0000048. Ellipse.—Circumference = i (a2 -f- h2), nearly; a and b being the axes. ./4 a2 5\ Parabola. — Length of an arc, commencing at the vertex, =yf |_i/ I, nearly; a being the abscissa, and b the ordinate. Surfaces. Triangle.—Half the base X the height; or half the product of two sides X the sin. C __ sine of the included angle, (\ a b ^ ); or, s (s — a) (s — b) (a — c); or, 1 i 1/ £ (b -J- d)2— 8 ^einS the sum °f the three angles. Any surface of revolution.—2 ft r I; or the length of the generating element multiplied by the circumference described by its centre of gravity. Table of Regular Polygons. No. of sides. Area. Radius of circum¬ scribing circle. Side of inscribed polygon. 3 Triangle 0.4330127 0.5773503 1.732051 4 Square 1.0000000 0.7071068 1.414214 5 Pentagon 1.7204774 0.8506508 1.175570 6 Hexagon 2.5980762 1.0000000 1.006000 7 Heptagon 3.6339124 1.1523824 0.867767 8 Octagon 4.8284271 1.3065628 0.765367 9 Nonagon 6.1818242 1.4619022 0.684040 10 Decagon 7-6942088 1.6180340 0.618034 11 Undecagon 9.3656399 1.7747324 0.563465 12 Dodecagon 11.1961524 1.9318517 0.517638 The column of areas in the foregoing tablo gives the number by which the square of the side is to be multiplied to find thh area of the polygon. MENSURATION. The next column gives the multiplier for the side of a polygon, to find the ra of the circumscribing circle. The last column gives the multiplier for the radius of a circle, to find the sic the inscribed polygon. Solids. Prism or cylinder.—Area of base multiplied by the height. Pyramid or cone.—Area of base multiplied by one-third of the height. Frustum of a pyramid or cone.—£ h (B -f- b -f- "j/ B b); It being the height; 1 b the areas of the two ends. Or, for a conic frustum, £ h X .7854 X D and d being the diameters of the two ends. Frustum of a right triangular prism.—base X 4 {H -|- H' -J- H"). Frustum of any right prism.—The base multiplied by its distance from the c< of gravity of the section. Cylindrical segment, contained between the base and an oblique plane pas through a diameter of the base; two-thirds of the height multiplied by the ar the great triangular section; or £ r h2-, r being the radius of the base, and , height. 4 K r3 Sphere. ; or .52:16 d3 ; r being the radius, and d the diameter. ft h Spherical segment.—£ ft h2 (3 r — h) = —— (3 b2 -f- h2); b being the radius c base, h the height of the segment, and r the radius of the sphere. ft h Spherical zone. (3 B2 3 b2 —(— 7t2); B, b being the radii of the bases. 6 - Spherical sector.—£ r X the surface of the segment'or zone; or § K r2 h. 'TT ($• fa Ellipsoid. ; a being the revolving diameter, and 5 the axis of revoli 6 Paraboloid.—Half the area of the base multiplied by the height. Circular spindle.—K (£ v3 — 2 s j/V2 — i c2); s being the area of the revo segment, and c its chord. Any solid of resolution.—2 tf r s; or the area of the generating surface, r plied by the circumference described by its centre of gravity. Any irregular solid bounded by a curved surface.—Use the rule for findin area of an irregular plane figure, substituting sections for ordinates. Cash-gauging.—1. By the preceding rule : ft The contents of a cask == — I (d2 -j- I)2 -f- 4 M 2); I being the length, d, D the and bung diameters, and M a diameter midway between them—all measured clear, inside; _=0.1309. 24 460 ORDNANCE MANUAL. The same formula may be thus stated: J I (A 4- B + C); I being the length, A and B the areas of the head and bung sections, and C that of the section midway between them. if 2. Contents of a cask, nearly ^ (2 D2 -j- d2); or I X the area of a circle . 2 DA-d whose diameter is 1 3 Centres of Gravity. LINES. Circular arc.—At a distance from the centre =s= r being the radius, c the chord, and I the length of the arc. AREAS. Triangle.—On a line drawn from any angle to the middle of the opposite side, at two-thirds of the distance from the angle to the side. Trapezoid.—On a line, a, joining the middle points of the two parallel sides; B, b ; distance from B -. a f B + 2 b\ 3 V B + b )' 4 v Semicircle.—Distance from the centre = . 3 if c3 Circular segment.—Distance from the centre = > c being the chord of the segment, and A its area. 2 r c Circular sector.—Distance from the centre == ■; c being the chord, and I 3 1 & the length of the arc. Parabolic segment.—Distance from the vertex = three-fifths of the abscissa. Surface of a right cylinder, cone, or frustum of a cone.—The centre of gravity is at the same distance from the base as that of the parallelogram, triangle, or trape¬ zoid, which is a right section of the same. Surface of a spherical zone or segment.—At the middle of the height. SO LITIS. Prism or cylinder.—At the middle of the line joining the centres of gravity of the two ends. Pyramid or cone.—The distance from the base is one-fourth of the line joining the vertex with the centre of gravity of the base. Frustum of a cone.—Distance from the centre of the smaller end = J h X (fl + r)* + 2.R* . . ^ 3 I?2+ 2 B r+r" ... .. . . .. „ . ... v—I : or 1 7/ X > " being the height, B. and r the radii (B + r)2 — Br R2+Br + r2 & 3 r* + 2 7? r + B2 of the greater and less ends. Distance from the large end = J h- B2 + Br-\-r2 • PLANE TRIGONOMETRY. 461 Z (r—i h)2 ifh*(r — ih)* Spherical segment.—Distance from the centre = = 5 j r 3 A o being the radius of the sphere, h the height of the segment, and S its solid con¬ tents. Distance from the vertex = h —— —. 12 r — 4 h Spherical sector.—Distance from the centre = £ (r — J h), ? r 4- 3 h Distance from the vertex = _——. 8 Hemisphere.—Distance from the centre = § r. Semi-ellipsoid.—Distance from the centre = f of semi-axis of revolution. Paraboloid.—Distance from the vertex = § h. An;/ system of bodies.—Distance of the common centre of gravity from a given , B D 4- B' D' -f- B" JD" 4- etc. _ ... plane = — : B, B , B" being the masses or solid 1 B + B' + B" -f etc. contents of the bodies, and D, D', D" the distances of their respective centres of gravity from the given plane. Arithmetical Progression. a, the first term; d, the common difference; n, the number of terms; I, the fith term; s, the sum of n terms. I = a d (11— 1) ; s = ~ (a -f- I). Geometrical Progression. r, the common ratio: the rest as above. I r — a (rn— 1) r — 1 Logarithms. x, the common logarithm of the number a; e, the base of the hyperbolic loga¬ rithms =2.7182818; x', the hyperbolic logarithm of a. a = 10* = ex'; x = x' log. e; log. e. = 0.4342945. PLANE TRIGONOMETRY. The radius is taken equal to unity. To restore it, replace such expressions aS , . ' . tang, a sin. a, R — sin. a tang, a, sin. a, 1 — sin. a, etc., by = , , , etc. R R R Formula, (a and b are the angles.) sin. a 1 . /— ' 1 , DAU. U, sin. a == v 1 — cos.2 a ; tang a = • sec, a 462 ORDNANCE MANUAL. • cos. a cot. a = • cosec. a ■ cos. a ; sin. (a _[- 6) = sin. a cos. b -j_ sin. b cos. a; cos. (a -J- b) = cos. a cos. b 4" sin. a sin. b; tang, a -J- tang, b tang- (a -J- b) tang. % a — 1 -p tang, a tang, b 1 — cos. a sin. a 1 + cos. a i 1 — cos. a , 1.1 sin. ia=-*/ _ ■■ cos. ■£• « =-a/ — -f- cos. a Solution of Triangles. A, B, C, are the 3 angles: a, b, e, are the 3 sides opposite them respectively. Right-Angled Triangles—{A being the right angle). Formula?. Given. 1. a, B, 2. B, c, 3. a, b, 4. b, e. = a sin. B: c = a cos. B: 0 = 90° — B. = —- : 6 == c tang. B: C = 90° — B. cos. B . B == — : c = i/(« -j- b) (a — b) : c = 90° — B. tang. B = — : a — cos. B : G= 90° — B. Oblique-Angled Triangles. (S, the area of the triangle; p— " ^ e). Given. 1. A B, a 2. a, b, A, 3. b, c, A, 4. a, b, c. a sin. B t sin. A sin. A b sin. A Formulae, i sin. C : S = i b c sin. A = a2 sin. B sin. C. 2 sin. A sin. B = : 0= 180° — (A + B) : c = " S1P" °. sin. A i(B+ C) = i (180° —A)\ tang.£(R—C) = *L—2 Cot. ji. b -f- c B==i(B+0) + i(B—0). C=i(5+ O)— i (B— C). c asm-° j(P— b) (p — c) _ b c sin. 4 A =^1 _^jp (p — a) sin. A : or tang. J A j(p — b)(p — e) X p (p a) cos. 4 A b c S=V p(p — a) {p — b){p — c) BALLISTICS. 463 | at the end of the time t. BALLISTICS. Motion of a Body projected, vertically upward, in Vacuo. Let t represent any time of ascent, in seconds. h, the height v, the velocity g, the velocity acquired by a falling body in 1 second. Y, the initial velocity of projection. H, the whole height of ascent. T, the whole time of ascent. Then, h = Y t — i g t2. v — V — g t. r2 V H=—. T= 2 g g Motion of a Projectile in Vacuo. The trajectory of a body projected obliquely, in vacuo, is a parabola, the axis oi which is vertical. Let Y represent the initial velocity = V2 g H. oint. — ; F = 4 sin. ( r"~~ 3 A a , ' ; B = density of the ball; water = 1,000. 4 R D J A = .008 f.74 + V V .16404 + 2 RJ e = 2.7182818; g =? 32.155 feet; log. g = 1.5072485; log. e = 0.434291.'5: log.? = 1.6377892. All the dimensions are expressed in feet: 12-pdr. 24-pdr. 32-pdr. Weight of shell, loaded lbs. 11.82 24. 32. In. Ft. Ft. Ft. 2 B 4.52 = 0.37f>7 0.4742 0.521 B 6752.6 6877.7 6914.4 log. B 3.8294754 3.8374471 6.8397573 A 0.00816 0.01)785 0.00772 0.00015473 0.000116 0.00010336 log- c 4.1895633 4.0648008 4.0143649 Velocities of Spherical-case Shot at x Distance from the Gun. tliSTANCE, x yards. 12-pcmnder field-gun.. 12-pdr. mountain howitzer.. Impounder howitzer Charge 24 pounder howitzer., Lbs. 2. 2* 3. .5 1.0 1.25 V. Feet. 1375 1485 1600 640 900 1000 log. e& 100. 600. 700. 800, 1000. 1200. 1300. 1400. 1500. 1600. Remaining Velocities. 32 pounder howitzer Charge. v Lbs. 2.5 Feet. 1000 Feet. 1258 1349 1453 598 835 925 log. ea Charge. V. Lbs. 3.25 Feet. 1000 Feet. 909 969 1030 464 631 694 Feet. 844 897 f 52 437 591 647 Feet. 948 Feet. 949 Feet. 717 Feet. 742 Feet. 784 832 8S2 411 553 605 Feet. 730 774 819 388 519 507 Feet. 682 722 762 365 486 532 Feet. 637 673 710 345 458 50Q Feet. 647 Feet 596 430 469 Feet. 586 Feet. 676 Feet. 622 Feet. 558 589 620 406 441 Feet. 524 652 580 Feet. 492 518 544 Feet. 532 Feet. 484 Feet. Feet. 520 Feet. 462 486 511 O 468 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Final Velocity of Descent in the Air. The velocity of a projectile diminishes from the commencement of its flight to a point a little beyond the summit of the trajectory; it then increases to a certain limit, dependent on the diameter and density of the hall. The final velocity is given by the equation f ^ R D •V + 7J--8X-- Shot. Shells. 'rt . a 42. 24. 18. 12. fi 13- incli. 1 10- inch. 8- inch. 24- pdr. 3 Final velocity of descent in feet... 485 455 425 410 360 1 585 505 445 375 213 Penetration of Spherical Projectiles. The penetration of a cannon-ball in a solid mass of oak timber, such as the sides of a vessel, according to the French experiments at Gavre, is expressed, in inches, by the following formula: 2.306 D 2 R (.0929 v'2\ 1+ -&-)• 1200 \ " 105 The same notation being used as at page 466. The penetration in other substances is obtained by multiplying those given by the above formula by the following coefficients: 1.64 for compact earth, half sand and half clay. 1.03 for sand mixed with gravel. 3.21 for fresh earth. 1.3 for elm. 1.8 for beech and wliitfe pine. 2. for poplar. 0.19 for limestone rock. 0.41 for masonry of good quality. General Formula for Computing the Initial Velocity of a Ball. a/- P- M A G2 — R2 m ~(~ 4 P In which V is the initial velocity of the ball. G, the radius of the bore. R, the radius of the ball. m, the weight of the ball, with the sabot, etc., used in loading, f*, the weight of the charge of powder. INITIAL VELOCITY OF A BALL. 469 If, the weight of powder (loose) which would fill the bore of the gun. Log. the common logarithms. y and A, coefficients, depending on the nature of ordnance, and the quality of the powder used; to be determined experimentally by means of some known velocity, and given difference of windage. A may probably, without sensible error, be regarded as constant for the same quality of powder, though used in different kinds of ordnance; but the value of y should be computed from the known velocity in a case approaching nearest to that to which the formula is to be applied. In ordinary cases of windage (TV) we may consider Ci —2{C— R) W 6*2 C ~-~c' According to the experiments made with the Ballistic Pendulum at Washington Arsenal, the mean values of the coefficients y and A, for Dupont's powder, in guns of various calibres (from 6-pounder to 32-pounder), are: 7= 3,500 feet; A = 3,200 feet. The above formulae, for the resistance of the air and for the initial velocity, are obtained from the " Traite de Balistique, par le General Didion, 1860 a work which may be consulted for a full discussion of the theory of the motion of projec¬ tiles, and the deviations produced by their eccentricity and other causes. Small Anns of Foreign Countries. o Kind of Arm. Weight of Arm with¬ out bay¬ onet. Arm with bayo¬ net. Calibre, Length. Grooves. Depth at Muzzle. Breech. Weight. J Sardinia Belgium ..... Saxony Switzerland . Norway Sweden Musket, 1851 Enfield musket, 1853 Artillery carbine ... Musket a. tige Carabine a tige " des eent-gardes: Double-barrel musket Rifle Cavalry carbine Needle-gun® Rifle a tige Wall piece. Rifle-musket Rifle (Jager) " with, tige Rifle Rifle Rifle a tige Rifle Rifle® Rifle 8.7 6.5 9.34 9. 7. 10.23 9.56 5.83 10.75 10.0 9.53 9.5 9. 9. 9.25 11.07 13.7 Lbs. 10.5 9.2 8.25 10. 10.7 11.04 11.5 10.33 10.25 10.5 10.^ 11.04 12.03 9.51 In. .702 .577 .577 • 70 .70 .36 .689 .70 .677 .62 .577 .708 .55 .55 .55 .661 .669 .577 .414 .65 .748 In. 39. 39- 24. 42.64 34.2 31.5 31.23 30. 13. 36. 27.6 41. 37.5 28. 28. 27.7 34.48 40.4 32. 36.5 31.5 In. 0.25 .262 .262 .27 .27 .31 .1 .23 .11 .27 .21 .21 .21 .079 .098 .2 .08 .157 In. 0.01 .004 .004 .004 .012 In. 0.02 .014 .014 .02 .02 .02 .031 .03 .025 .017 .02 .02 .02 .019 .02 .025 .015 .02 .031 .03 .025 .017 .025 .025 .025 .019 .02 .025 .015 .019 .019 In. 78. 78. 78. 78.75 78.75 31.5 31.9 23.2 29. 36.8 75. 75. 51.5 64.5 36. 58. 41. In. ). 69 .568 .568 .677 .677 .657 .629 .629 .63 .56 .68 .545 .545 .545 .645 .629 .57 .41 Grs. 680. 525. 525. 720. 720. 180. 416. 366. 366. 440. 366. 483. 450. 450. 450. 517. 406. 418. 240. .74 601. * Breech-loading. ORDNANCE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES, In Austria and Prussia, howitzers and mortars take their denominations from the weight of a stone hall of the calibre of the bore; in Russia, from the true weight of the shell; in other countries, the same as with us. The column of exterior length shows the length from the rear of the base-ring to the face of the piece, and the length of hare includes the chamber, when not otherwise mentioned. Designation. ENGLAND. Guns: * 10-inch.... * 10-inch.... OS-pdr * tiS-pdr * 68-pdr 8-inch.... 16 8-inch.... * 8-inch.... 8-inch.... 56-pdr 56-pdr 42-pdr 42-pdr 42-pdr. ... 32-pdr * 32-pdr 32-pdr 32-pdr * 32-pdr * 32-pdr * 32-pdr * 32-pdr * 32-pdr * 32-pdr 32-pdr * 32-pdr 32-pdr 24-pdr 24-pdr 24-pdr 18-pdr 18-pdr 18-pdr 12-pdr 9-pdr 6-pdr 6-pdr..l.. 3-pdr Howitzers: 10-inch.... 8-inch.... 32-pdr 24-pdr .... 5% inch . 12-pdr 4 2-5 inch, Mortars: *13-inch.... 13-inch.... * 10 inch..,. 10-inch.... 8-inch.... Armstrong GuNf..., Diameter of Bore. In. 10. 10. 8.12 8.12 8.12 8.05 8.05 8 05 8.05 7.05 7.05 0.84 0.84 0.97 0.32 0.32 6.35 6.35 6.375 6.35 6.35 6.41 0.35 6.35 6.3 6.3 6.3 5.823 5 823 5.75 5.29 5.17 5.17 4.623 4.2 3.008 3.608 2.913 10. 8. 6.3 5.72 5.02 4.58 4.52 13. 13. 10. 10. • 8. 4.0 3. In. .16 .16 .125 .125 .125 .125 .175 .175 .175 .175 .173 .173 .198 .173 .173 !l73 .173 .123 .123 .123 .211 .211 .138 .193 .071 .071 0.1 0.1 01 0.1 0.09 .10 .14 .125 .125 .025 .122 .006 .16 .16 .10 .10 .14 none, none. Brass. Exterior Length. Iron. Exterior . Length. ™elSht" In. 60. 03. 56.5 40.75 45.25 22.5 27. 21.5 2,000 1.500 672 728 280 1.428 728 In. 112 112 130 120 114 108 100 90 80.5 132 120 120 120 114 115 114 114 96 108 102 96 96 90 90 78 72 64 114 108 78 108 108 72 108 66 72 78 60 48 53. 11,300 36.75 4 000 45.5 5.824 31.5 1.848 25.25 924 2.600: 896 * Navy guns. fThe largest Armstrong gun is an 80-pdr.; weight, 7,280 lbs. % 50 grooves; they make one turn in 10 feet. \ 34 grooves. 472 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Foreign Ordnance—Continued. w © Diameter of Ball. Brass. Iron. u* Designation. p5 w High Low Length. Length. s gauge. gauge Exte¬ rior. Bore. © Exte¬ rior. Bore. £ FRANCE. Guns : (30-pdr... Siege and! 24-pdr... garrison. 1 16-pdr... (.12-pdr... (12-pdr Field-; 12-pdr (l2.pdr., light Howitzers : Sea-coast...22 centimetres Siege 22 Garrison ...22 " ...16 " Mountain..12 " . Mortars : ?2 centimetres 32 " 27 " 22 " Mountain 15 " Eprouvette...l9 " Naval guns : 50-pdr. 36-pdr. Long 30-pdr. 30-pdr. 30-pdr. 30-pdr. 12-pdr. 12-pdr. 27 centimetres 22 Howitzers : Boat Carronades : 30-pdr 24-pdr 18-pdr 12-pdr Mortars : 32 centimetres. Rifled field gcn| BELGIUM. Guns: 48-pdr. 36-pdr 24-pdr. 18-pdr. 12-pdr. 6.458 6.011 5.264 4.775 4.775 4.763 4.763 8.791 8.782 8.819 6.518 4.745 12.799 12.788 10.790 8.782 5.958 7.460 7.637 6.885 6.485 6.485 6.45731 6.441 4.775 4.742 10 803 8.791 8.791 4.745 4.745 6.419 5.93' 5.419 4.75.'! 12.788 3.31 7.480 6.S82 5.973 5.410 4.721 In. In. 6.307 6.263 5.878 5.804 5.130 5.056 4 686 4.620 4.686 4.620 4.685 4.637 4.685 4.637 8.703 8.640 8.703 8.64(1 8.703 8.640 6.439 6.392 4.686 4.639 12.661 12.590 12.658 12.587 10.712 10.641 8.703 8.-640 5.879 5.832 7.473 6.685 0.307 6.307 6 284 6.304 4.641 4.641 10.709 8.70L 8.701 4.685 4.685 6.307 5.826 5.308 4.642 7.323 6.724 5.854 5.291 4.642 7.410 6.641 6.263 6.263 6.263 6.263 4.597 4.597 10.638 8.677 8.677 4.638 4.639 6.263 5.782 5.264 4.597 7.238 6.638 5.755 5.221 4.578 127.33 122.34 115.48 83.15 75.20 72.49 52.00 90.29 33.87 35.27 * 30.29 21.72 16.70 121.531 6.067 117.261 4.432 110.87 I 3.482 78.86 1.959 71.56 1,366 68.741 1,190 74.29 31.90 27.45 22.83 17.46 14.10 54.3 1.951 221 2,92i 2,296 60' 117.80 112.31 In. In. Lbs. 110.91 104.01 6 684 114.17 108.27 6 229 110.24 105.12 4.773 98.08 92.21 8 000 102.36 96.45 6,093 48.98 37.95 9,615 9.28 344 128. 121.81 10,191 115.13 107.32 7.734 110.91 104.01 6.684 102.00 96.81 5 476 92.97 88.58 4.718 79.77 85.04 4100 95.94 90.35 3.230 87.23 83.15 2 585 102.92 97.64 11.404 109.61 104.41 7.967 97.21 92.12 6,000 53.33 45.85 2.227 45.71 38.36 1,663 41.71 34.65 1,272 35.33 29.37 840 48.98 37.95 9 615 139.84 131.10 11.685 115.12 107.28 7.827 113.5C 106.57 6 217 108.15 101.65 5.049 103.86 l 98.2: 3.637 * Cast with a bed-plate. f6 grooves, .118 inch depth; projectile, 8 pounds. Rifled 36 and 30 pounders are used in the armament of ships. They have 2 grooves, making 1 turn in 30 feet. A rifle gun has been arranged for siege purposes also. FOREIGN ORDNANCE. 473 Foreign Orelnance—Continued. Designation. Diameter of Ball. High gauge. Low gauge. Brass. Length. Iron. Length. BELGIUM—Continued. Guns—continued: Field 12-pdr... 6-pdr... Field 6-pdr... Howitzers: 27 centimetres 22 Gun howitzers : 22 " 20 " 15 15 •' Mortars: 29 " 20 13 Stone mortar Grenade mortar Eprouvette Guns: SPAIN. 24-pdr. lfi-pdr. ( 12-pdr. Long ■> 8-pdr. | 4-pdr. f 12-pdr. Short 8-pdr. I 4-i idr. Mountain 4-pdr. Howitzers : 9-inch. 7-ineh. Mortars : lwncli 14-inch. 12-inch. 7-inch. Eprouvette ...7-inehl PKUSSIA. 24-pdr., long. 24-pdr., short. 12^pdr. 6pdr. Field |,2"P£' Guns: Howitzers : Mortars : 112-pdr. 7-pdr. 10-pdr. 25-pdr. Hand. 7-pdr. In. 4.721 3.760 3.7G0 10.787 8.780 8.780 7.930 5.972 5.972 11.473 7.930 5.165 15.355 18,355 7.520 5.849 5.849 4.675 3.707 3.707 4.675 5.838 6.69 8.897 3.092 4.618 5 793 In. 4.642 3.681 3.681 10.709 8.701 8.701 7.849 5.894 5.894 11.394 7.849 5.100 .105 .255 843 .2O4 362 .843 237 362 26' 650 666 977 977 948 646 638 In. 4.578 3.626 3.626 10.638 8.638 8:638 7.795 5.846 5.846 11.315 7.795 5.067 70.83 97.76 60.16 25.43 20.08 60.35 26.10 18.19 9.1 4.573 5.752 4.460 5.639 119.03 71.87 105.55 123.63 111.44 Jll. 99.06 86.78 79.91 69.74 55.33 28.11 41.07 27.57 29.19 27.87 23.10 13.31 12.17 113.27 67.13 102.46 60.96 76.56 35.01 38.40 53.66 5.21 7.63 13.02 Lbs. 1.962 1.962 1,047 1 11'! 1 3''3 551 ' 532 415 ' 654 ' 640 1 431 2131 1 403 690 178 1796 744 2,288 2,806 1,908 203 193 5496 2.649 2,876 106.57 96.97 108.27 32.17 40.75 1,200 5,416 39 166 119.03 72.80 107.10 59.72 In. 100.20 91.10 101.Q7 25.87 30.47 11.97 Lbs, 1,940 11,024 8.047 7,165 1.377 3,330 435 5 571 2,737.8 2,939 3,426 * Cylindrical chamber®. J Attached to a stock. f Conical chambers, g Cast with a bed-plate. 474 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Foreign Ordnance—Continued. Designation. Diametee of Ball. High Low gauge. Length. Exte- Iron. Length. Exte¬ rior. PRXJ SSIA—Continued. Mortars—continued: Stone.. Bomb-oannon : 10-pdr. 25-pdr. 50-pdr. 50-pdr. RUSSIA. Guns: Siege and garrison and sea- coast .... f 6-pdr. 112-pdr. 3-pdr. 6-pdr. 12-pdr. 18-pdr. 24-pdr. 30-pdr. 36-pdr. Howitzers (Likorna): 56-pdr. { 3-pdr. 20-pdr. Siege and garrison 40-pdr. Mortars : 6-pdr. 80-pdr. 200-pdr. Bomb-cannon : 20-pdr. 40-pdr. 96-pdr. 120-pdr, SWEDEN. Mortars : 3-pdr. Eield J 6"P(ir- ilem 112-pdr. 18-pdr. 54-pdr. {£?£: Field*... 7-inch. Light 9-inch. Heavy 9-inch. 11-inch. In. 6.690 8.906 11.184 15.454 11.120 3.762 4.739 2 996 3 762 4.739 5.426 5.972 6.443 6.837 7.5 3.242 4>43 4.843 6.102 7.6 4.084 9.650 iq.150 6.000 7 700 9.000 10-750 3.015 3.786 4.791 5.551 6.11 6.560 6.560 4.791 '*6.112 8.905 11.254 11.254 12.855 In. 6.633 8.834 11.102 11.102 3.646 4.610 2.920 3.646 4.610 5.300 5.860 6.320 6.750 3.140 4.700 4.700 5.990 *.575 3.920 9.570 13.050 5.990 7.575 8.900 10.680 2.922 smY 4.674 •5.446 5.994; 6.455 6.455 4.674 5.994 8.765 11.114 11.1)14 12.715 In. 6.520 8.710 10.978 3.609 4.560 2.880 3.609 4.560 5.210 5.784 6.240 6.650 3.100 4.650 4.650' 5.915 7.476 3.890 9.490 12,950 5.915 7.476 8.820 10^80 2. 3.652' 4.628 5.388 5.924 6.385 6.385 4.628 5.924 8.695 11.021 11.021 12.598 20.61 26.29 36.69 * I 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 140 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Table for Reducing Metres to Inches. Metres. Inches. Metres. Inches. Metres. 0.051 2.007910 0.101 3.976450 0.151 52 2.047281 102 4.015821 152 53 2.086652 103 4.055191 153 54 2.126023 104 4.094562 154 55 2.165393 105 4.133933 155 56 2.204764 106 4.173304 156 57 2.244135 107 4.212675 157 58 2.283506 108 4.252045 158 59 2.322877 109 4.291416 159 0.060 2.362247 0.110 4.330787 0.160 61 2.401618 111 4.370158 161 62 2.440989 112 4.409528 162 63 2.480358 113 4.448899 163 64 2.519731 114 4.488270 164 65 2.559101 115 4.527641 165 66 2.598472 116 4.567011 166 67 2.637843 117 4.606382 167 68 2.677214 118 4.645753 168 69 2.716585 119 4.685124 169 00.70 2.755955 0.120 4.724495 0.170 71 2.795326 121 4.763866 171 72 2.834697 122 4.803236 172# 73 2.87406S 123 4.842607 173 74 2.913438 124 4.881978 174 75 2.952809 125 4.921349 175 76 2.992180 126 4.960720 176 77 3.031551 127 5.000090 177 78 3.070922 128 5.039461 178 79 3.110292 129 5.078832 179 0.080 3.149663 0.130 5.118203 0.180 81 3.189034 131 5.157573 181 82 3.228405 132 5.196944 182 83 3.267776 133 5.236315 183 84 3.307146 134 5.275686 184 85 3.346517 135 5.315057 185 86 3.385888 136 5.3544 27 186 87 3.425259 137 5.393798 187 88 3.464630 138 5.433109 188 89 3.504000 139 5.472540 189 0.090 3.543371 0.140 5.511911 0,190 91 3.582742 141 5.551281 191 92 *3.622113 142 5.590652 192 93 3.661483 143 5.630023 19.? 94 3.700854 144 5.669394 194 95 3.740225 145 5.708765 195 96 3.779596 146 5.748135 196 97 3.818967 ■ 147 5.787506 197 98 3.858337 148 5.826877 198 99 3.897708 149 5.866248 199 0.100 3.937079 0.150 5.905618 0.200 TABLE FOR REDUCING GRAMMES TO GRAINS. 477 Table for Reducing Kilogrammes to Pounds. Kilog. Pounds. Kilog. Pounds. Kilog. Pounds. Kilog. Pounds. 1 .2204737 31 6.8346847 61 13.4488957 91 20.0631067 2 .4409474 32 7.0551584 62 13.6693694 92 20.2835804 3 .6614211 33 7.2756321 63 13.8898431 93 20.5040541 4 .8818948 34 7.4961058 64 14.1103168 94 20.7245278 5 1.1023685 35 7.7165795 65 14.3307905 95 20.9450015 6 1.3228422 36 7.9370532 66 14.5512642 96 21.1654752 7 1.5433159 37 8.1575269 67 14.7717379 97 21.3859489 8 1.7637896 38 8.3780006 68 • 14.9922116 98 21.6064226 9 1.9842633 39 8.5984743 69 15.2126853 99 21.8268963 10 2.2047370 40 8.8189480 70 15.4331590 100 22.0473700 11 2.4252107 41 9.0394217 71 15.6536327 101 22.2678437 12 2.6456844 42 9.2598954 72 15.8741064 102 22.4883174 13 2.8661581 43 9.4803691 73. 16.0945801 103 22.7087911 14 3.0866318 44 9.7008428 74 16.3150538 104 22.9292648 15 3.3071055 45 9.9213165 75 16.5355275 105 23.1497385 16 3.5275792 46 10.1417902 76 16.7560012 106 23.3702122 17 3.7480529 47 10.3622639 77 16.9764749 107 23.5906859 18 3.9685266 48 10.5827376 78 17.1969486 108 23.8111596 19 4.1890003 49 10.8032113 79 17.4174223 109 24.0316333 20 4.4094740 50 11.0236850 80 17.6378960 110 24.2521070 21 4.6299477 51 11.2441587 81 17.8583697 111 24.4725807 22 4.8504214 52 11.4646324 82 18.0788434 112 24.6930544 23 5.0708951 53 11.6851061 83 18.2993171 113 24.9135281 24 5.2913688 54 11.9055798 84 18.5197908 114 25.1340018 25 5.5118425 55 12.1260535 85 18.7402645 115 '25.3544755 26 5.7323162 56 12.3465272 86 18.9607382 ' 116 25.5749492 27 5.9527899 57 12.5670009 87 19.1812119 117 25.7954229 28 6.1732636 58 ■ 12.7874746 88 19.4016856 118 26.0158966 29 6.3937373 59 13.0079483 89 19.6221593 119 26.2363703 30 6.6142110 60 13.2284220 90 19.8426330 120 26.4568440 Table fo r Reducing Grammes to Grains. Gram. Grains. Gram. Grains. Gram. Grains, Gram. Grains. 1 15.433159 14 216.064226 27 416.695293 40 617.326360 2 30.866318 15 231'.497385 28 432.128452 41 632.759519 3 46.299477 16 246.930544 29 447.561611 42 648.192678 4 61.732636 17 262.363703 30 462.994770 43 663-. 625837 5 77.165795 IS 277.796862 31 478.427929 44 679.05S996 6 92.598954 19 293.230021 32 493.861088 45 694.492155 7 108.032113 • 20 ,308.663180 33 509.294247 46 709.925314 8 123.465272 21 324.096339 34 524.727406 47 725.358472 9 138.898431 22 339.529498 35 540.160565 48 740.791-632 10 154.331590 23 354.962657 36 555.593724 49 756.224791 11 169.764749 24 370.395816 37 571.026883 50 771.657350 12 185.197908 25 385.828975 38 586.460042 51 787.091109 13 200.631067 26 401.262134 39 601.893201 52 802.524268 478 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Weight of Distilled Water, displaced by the same Glass Bulb, at different Temperatures. Tempera¬ ture. Weight of water. Logarithms of weight. Tempera¬ ture. Weight of water. Logarithms of weight. 60.00 1.000000 0.0000000 72.00 0.998942 1.9995401 60.25 0.999981 1.9999919 72.25 0.998912 1.9995274 60.50 0.999963 1.9999839 72.50 0.998884 1.9995150 ' 60.75 0.999945 1.9999760 72.75 0.998855 1.9995027 61.00 0.999927 1.9999681 73.00 0.998825 1.9994892 61.25 0.999909 1.9999603 73.25 0.998795 1.9994765 61.50 0.999890 •1.9999522 •73.50 0.998766 1.9994635 61.75 0.999871 1.9999440 73.75 0.998736 1.9994506 62.00 0.999853 1.9999361 74.00 0.998705 1.9994373 62.25 0.999834 1.9999280 74.25 0.998675 1.9994241 62.50 0.999814 1.9999193 74.50 0.998645 1.9994113 62.75 0.999795 1.9999108 74.75 0.998615 1.9993979 63.00 0.999774 1.9999020 75.00 0.998584 1.9993845 63.25 0.999753 1.9998929 75.25 0.998553 1.9993710 63.50 0.999733 1.9998840 75.50 0.998521 1.9993574 63.75 0.999712 1.9998749 75.75 0.998492 1.9993446 61.00 0.099692 1.9998660 76.00 0.998461 1.9993313 64.25 0.999672 1.9998574 76.25 0.998430 1.9993175 64.50 0.999651 1.99984S3 76.50 0.998399 1.9993039 64.75 0.999629 1.9998388 76.75 0.998367 1.9992904 65.00 0.999608 1.9998294 77.00 0.998337 1.9992771 65.25 0.999585 1.9998198 77.25 0.998309 1.9992649 65.50 0.999563 1.9998104 77.50 0.998278 1.9992515 65.75 0.999542 1.9998011 77.75 0.998248 1.9992382 66.00 0.999521 1.9997918 78.00 0.998216 1.9992244 66.25 0.999499 1.9997822 78.25 0.998184 1.9992104 66.50 0.999479 1.9997737 78.50 0.998152 1.9991965 66.75 0.999454 1.9997630 78 75 0.998120 1.9991826 67.00 0.999432 1.9997533 79.00 0.998080 1.9991686 67.25 0.999409 1.9997435 79.25 0.998055 1.9991545 67.50 0.999387 1.9997338 79.50 0 998022 1.9991400 67.75 0.999365 1.9997243 79.75 0.997989 1.9991258 68.00 0.999343 1.9997146 80.00 0.997956 1.0991113 68.25 0.999320 1.9997047 80.25 0.997923 1.9990970 68.50 0.999297 1.9996945 4 80.50 0.997889 » 1.9990822 68.75 0.999273 1.9996843 ' S(V75 0.997855 1.9990673 69.00 0.999249 1.9996740 81.00 0.997821 1.9990526 69.25 0.999226 1.9996636 81 25 0.997788 1.9990383 69 50 0.999202 1.9996532 81.56 0.997754 1.9990233 69.75 0.999178 1.9996477 81.75 0.997718 1.9990079 70.00 0.999153 1.9996320 82.00 0.997681 1.9989918 70.25 0.999127 1.9996208 82.25 0.997644 1.9989756 70.50 0.999102 1.9996098 82 50 0.997607 1.9989596 70.75 0.999076 1.9995985 82.75 0.997571 1.9989438 71 00 0.999056 1.9995873 83 00 0.997536 1.9989286 71.25 0.999024 1.9995779 83.25 0.997500 1.9989138 71.50 ■ 0.998997 1.9995642 83.50 0.997468 1.9988989 71.75 ,0.998969 1.9995522 83.75 0.997433 1.9988837 POWERS. ROOTS.—CIRCLES. 479 Po wers.—Roots.—Circles. No. Square. Cube. Square Hoot. Cube Root. Area. Circum. 1 1 1 1.000 1.000 0.7854 3.1416 2 4 8 1.414 1.260 3.1416 6.2832 3 9 16 27 1.732 1.442 7.0686 9.4248 4 64 2.000 1.587 12.5664 12.5664 5 25 125 2.236 1.710 19.6350 15.7080 6 36 216 2.449 1.817 28.2743 18.8496 7 49 343 2.646 1.913 38.4846 21.9911 8 64 512 2.828 2.000 50.2655 25.1327 9 81 729 3.000 2.080 63.6173 28.2743 10 100 1000 3.162 2.154 78.5398 31.4159 11 121 133 L 3.317 2.224 95.0332 34.5575 12 144 1728 3.464 2.289 113.0973 37.6991 13 169 2197 3.606 2.351 132.7323 40.8407 14 196 2744 3.742 2.410 153.9380 43.9823 15 225 3375 3.873 2.466 176.7146 47.1239 16 256 4096 4.000 2.520 201.0619 50.2655 17 289 4913 4.123 2.571 226.9801 53.4071 18 324 5832 4.243. 2.621 254.4690 56.5487 19 361 6859 4.359 2.668 283.5287 59.6903 20 400 8000 4.472 2.714 314.1593 62.8319 21 441 9261 4.583 2.759 346.3606 65.9734 22 484 10648 4.690 2.802 380.1327 69.1150 23 529 12167 4.796 2.844 415.4756 72.2566 24 576 13824 4.899 2.884 452.3893 75.3982 25 625 15625 5.000 2.924 490.8739 78.5398 26 676 17576 5.099 2.962 530.9292 81.6814- 27 729 19683 5.196 3.000 572.5552 84.8230 28 784 21952 5.292 3.037 615.7522 87.9646 29 841 24389 5.385 3.072 660.5199 91.1062 30 900 27000 5.477 3.107 706.8583 94.2478 31 961 29791 5.568 3.141 754.7676 97.3894- 32 1024 32768 5.657 3.175 804.2477 100.5310 33 1089 35937 5.745 3.208 855.2986 103.6726 34 1156 39304 5.831 3.240 907.9203 106.8142 35 1225 42875 5.916 3.271 962.1128 109.9557 36 1296 46656 6.000 3.302 1017.8760 113.0973 37 1369 50653 6.083 3.332 1075.2101 116.2389 38 1444 54872 6.164 3.362 1134.1149 119.3805 39 1521 59319 6.245 3.391 1194.5906 122.5221 40 1600 64000 6.325 3.420 1256.6370 125.6637 41 1681 68921 6.403 3.448 1320.2543 128.8053 42 1764 74088 6.481 3.476 1385.4424 131.9469 43 1849 79507 6.557 3.503 1452.2012 135.0885 44 1936 85184 6.633 3.530 1520.5308 138.2301 45 2025 91125 6.708 3 • 5 57 1590.4313 141.3717 46 2116 97336 6.782 3.583 1661.9025 144.5133 47 2209 103823 6.856 3.609 1731.9445 147.6549 48 2304 110592 6.928 3.634 1809.5474 150.7964 49 2401 117649 7.000 3.659 1885-7410 153.9380 50 2500 125000 7.071 3.684 1963.1954 157.0796 480 ORDNANCE MANUAL. No. | Square. Cube. Square Root. 51 2601 132651 7.141 52 2704 140608 7.211 53 2809 148877 7.280 54 2916 157464 7.348 55 3025 166375 7.416 56 3136 175616 7.483 57 3249 185193 7.550 58 3364 195112 7.616 59 3481 205379 7.681 60 3600 216000 7.746 61 3721 226981 7.810 62 3844 238328 7.874 63 3969 250047 7.937 64 4096 262144 8.000 65 4225 274625 8.062 66 4356 287496 8.124 67 4489 300763 8.185 68 4624 314432 8.246 69 4761 328509 8.307 70 4900 343000 8.367 71 5041 357911 8.426 72 5184 373248 8.485 73 5329 389017 8.544 74 5476 405224 8.602 75 5625 421875 8.660 76 5776 438976 8.718 77 5929 456533 8.775 78 6084 474552 8.832 79 6241 493039 8.888 80 6400 512000 8.944 81 6561 531441 9.000 82 6724 551368 9.055 83 6889 571787 9.110. 84 7056 592704 9.165 85 7225 614125 9.220 86 7396 636056 9.274 87 7569 658503 9.327 88 7744 681472 9.381 89 7921 704969 9.434 90 8100 729000 9.487 91 8281 753571 9.539 92 8464 778688 9.592 93 8649 804357 9.644 94 8836 830584 9.695 95 9025 857375 9.747 96 9216 884736 9.798 97 9409 912673 9.849 98 9604 941192 9.899 99 9801 970299 9.950 100 10000 1000000 10.000 ube Root. Area. Circum. 3.708 2042.8206 160.2212 3.733 2123.7166 163.3628 3.756 2206.1834 166.5044 3.780 2290.2210 169.6460 3.803 2375.8294 172.7876 3.826 2463.0086 175.9292 3.849 2551.7586 179.0708 3.871 2642.0794 182.2124 3.893 2733.9710 185.3540 3.915 2827.4334 188.4956 3.936 2922.4666 191.6372 3.958 3019.0705 194.7787 3.979 3117.2453 197.9203 4.000 3216.9909 201.0619 4.021 3318.3072 204.2035 4.041 3421.1944 207.3451 4.062 3525.6524 210.4867 4.082 3631.6811 213.6283 4.102 3739.2807 216.7699 4.121 3848.4510 219.9115 4.141 3959.192] 223.0531 4.160 4071.5041 226.1947 4.179 4185.3868 229.3863 4.198 4300.8403 232.4779 4.217 4417.S647 235.6194 4.236 4536.4598 238.7610 4.254 4656.6257 241.9(126 4.273 4778.3624 245.0442 4.291 4901.6699 248.1358 4,309 5026.5482 251.3271 4.327 5152.9974 254.4690 4.344 5281.0173 257.6106 4.362 5410.6079 260.7522 4.380 5541.7694 203.8938 4.397 5674.5017 267.0354 4.414 5808.8048 270.1770 4.431 5944.6787 273.3186 4.448 6082.1234 276.4602 4.465 6221.1389 279.6017 4.481 6861.7251 ■ 282.7433 4.498 6503.8822 285.8849 4.514 6647.6101 289.0265 4.53], 6792.9087 292.1681 4.547 6939.7782 295.3097 4.563 '7088.2184 298.4513 4.579 7238.2295 301.5929 4.595 7889.8113 304.7345 4.610 •7542.9640 307.8761 4.626 7697.6874 311.0177 4.642 7853.9816 314.1598 POWERS.—ROOTS. CIRCLES. 481 No, Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circum. 101 10201 1030301 10.050 4.657 8011.847 317.301 102 10404 1061201 10.100 4.672 8171.282 320.442 103 10609 1092727 10.149 4.688 8332.289 323.584 104 10816 1124864 10.198 4.703 8494.867 326.726 105 11-025 1157625 10.247 4.718 8659.015 329.867 106 11236 1191016 10.296 4.733 8824.734 333.009 107 11449 1225043 10.344 4.747 8992.024 386.150 108 11664 1259712 10.392 4.762 ,9160.884 339.292 109 11881 1295029 10.440 4.777 9331.316 342.434 110 12100 1331000- 10.488 4.791 9503.318 345.575 111 12321 1367631 10.536 4.806 9676.891 348.717 112 12544 1404928 10.583 4.820 9852.035 351.858 113 12769 1442897 10.630 4.835 10028.749 355.000 114 12996 1481544 10.677 4.849 10207.035 358.142 115 13225 1520875 10.724 4.863 10386.891 361.283 116 13456 1560896 10.771 4.877 10568.318 364.425 117 13689 1601613 10.817 4.891 10751.315 367.566 118 13924 1643032 10.863 4.905 10935.884 370.708 119 14161 1685159 10.909 4.919 11122.023 373.849 120 14400 1728000 10.954 4.932 11309.734 376.991 121 14641 1771561 11.000 4.946 11499.015 380.133 122 14884 1815848 11.045 4.960 11689.866 383.274 123 15129 1860867 11.091 4.973 11882.289 386.416 124 15376 1906624 11.136 4.987 12076.282 389T.557 125 15625 1953125 11.180 5.000 12271.846 392.699 126 15876 2000376 11.225 5.013 12468.981 395.841 127 16129 2048383 11.269 5.027 12667.687 398.982 128 16384 2097152 11.314 5.040 12867.963 402.123 129 16641 2146689 11.358 5.053 13069.811 405.265 130 16900 2197000 11.402 5.066 13273.229 408.407 131 17161 2248091 11.446 5.079 13478.218 411.549 132 17424 2299968 11.489 5.092 13684.778 414.690 133 17689 2352637 11.533 • 5.104 13892.908 417.832 134 17956 2406104 11.576 5.117 14102.609 420.973 135 18225 2460375 11.619 5.130 14313.882 424.115 136 18496 2515456 11.662 5.143 14526.724 427.257 137 18769 2571353 11.705 5.155 14741.138 430.398 138 19044 2628072 11.747 5.168 14956.123 433.540 139 19321 2685619 11.790 5.180 15174.678 436.681 140 19600 2744000 11.832 5.192 15393.804 439.823 141 19881 2803221 11.874 5.205 15614.501 442.965 142 20164 2863288 11.916 5.217 15836.769 446.106 143 20449 2924207 11.958 5.229 16060.607 449.248 144 20736 2985984 12.000 5.241 16286.016 452.389 145 21025 3048625 12.042 5.254 16512.996 455.531 146 21316 3112136 12.083 5.266 16741.547 458.673 147 21609 3176523 12.124 5.278 16971.669 461.814 148 21904 3241792 12.166 5.290 17203.361 464.956 149 22201 3307949 12.207 5.301 17436.625 468.097 150 22500 3375000 12.247 5.313 17671.459 471.239 31 482 ORDNANCE MANUAL. No. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circum. 151 22801 3442951 12.288 5.325 17907.864 474.380 152 23104 3511808 12.329 5.337 18145.839 477.522 153 23409 3581577 12:369 5.348 18385.386 480.664 154 23716 3652264 12.410 5.360 18626.503 483.805 155 24025 3723875 12.450 5.372 18869.191 486.947 156 24336 3796416 12.490 5.383 19113.450 490.088 157 24649 3869893 12.530 5.395 19359.279 493.230 158 24964 3944312 12.570 5.406 19606.680 496.372 159 25281 401y679 12.610 5.418 19855.651 499.513 160 25600 4096000 12.650 5.429 20106.193 502.655 161 25921 4173281 12.689 5.440 20358.306 505.796 162 26244 4251528 12.728 5.451 20611.989 508.938 163 26569 4330747 12.767 5.463 20867.244 512.080 164 26896 4410944 12.806 5.474 21124.069 515.221 165 27225 • 4492125 12.845 5.485 21382.465 518.363 166 27556 4574296 12.884 5.496 21642.432 521.504 167 27889 4657463 12.923 5.507 21903.969 524.646 168 ■ 28224 4741632 12.961 5.518 22167.078 527.788 Ib9 28561 4826809 13.000 5.529 22431.757 530.929 170 28900 4913000 13.038 5.540 22698.007 534.071 171 29241 5000211 13.077 5.550 22965.824 537.212 172 29584 5088448 13.115 5.561 23235.219 540.354 173 29929 5177717 13.153 5.572 23506.182 543.496 174 30276 5268024 13.191 5.583 23778.715 546.637 175 30625 5359375 13.229 5.593 24052.819 549.779 176 30976 5451776 13.266 5.604 24328.493 552.920 177 31329 5545233 13.304 5.615 24605.739 556.062 178 31684 5639752 13.342 5.625 24884.555 559.203 179 32041 5735339 13.379 5.636 25164.943 562.345 180 32400 5832000 13.416 5.646 25446.900 565.48? 181 32761 5929741 13.454 5.657 25730.429 568.628 182 33124 6028568 13.491 5.667 26015.529 571.770 183 33489 6128487 13.528 13.565 5.677 26302.199 574.911 184 33856 6229504 5.688 26590.440 578.053 185 34225 6331625 13.601 5.698 26880.252 581.195 186 34596 6434856 13.638 5.708 27171.635 584.336 187 34969 6539203 13.675 5.718 27464.588 587.478 188 35344 6644672 13.711 5.729 27759.113 590.619 189 35721 6751269 13.748 5.339 28055.208 593.761 190 36100 6859000 13.784 5.749 28352.874 596.903 191 36481 6967871 13.820 5.759 28652.110 600.044 192 36864 7077SS8 13.856 5.769 28952.918 603.186 193 37249 7189057 13.892 5.779 29255.296 606.327 194 37636 7301384 13.928 5.789 29559.245 609.469 195 38025 7414875 13.964 5.799 29864.765 612.611 196 38416 7529536 14.000 5-809 30171.856 615.752 197 38809 7645373 14.036 5.819 30480.517 618.894 198 39204 7762392 14.071 5.828 30790.749 622.035 199 39601 7880599 14.107 5,838 31102.553 625.177 200 40000 8000000 14.142 5.848 31415.927 628.319 POWERS.—ROOTS.—CIRCLES. 483 No. | Square. 1 Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circum. 201 40401 S120601 14.177 5.858 31730.871 631.460 202 40804 8242408 14.213 5.867 32047.386 634.602 203 41209 8365427 14.248 5.877 32365.473 637.743 204 41616 8489664 14.283 5.887 32685.129 640.885 205 42025 8615125 14.318 5.896 33006.358 644.026 206 42436 8741816 14.353 5.906 33329.156 647.168 207 42849 8869743 14.387 5.915 33653.526 650.310 208 43264 8998912 14.422 5.925 33979.468 653.452 209 43681 9123329 14.457 5.934 34306.977 656.593 210 44100 9261000 14.491 5.944 34636.059 659.734 211 44521 9393931 14.526 5.953 34966.712 662.876 212 44944 9528128 14.560 5.963 35298.936 666.018 213 45369 9663597 14.595 5.972 35632.729 669.159 214 45796 9800344 14.629 5.981 35968.096 672.300 215 46225 9938375 14.663 5.991 36305.030 675.442 216 46656 10077696 14.697 6.000 36643.536 678.584 217 47059 10218313 14.731 6.009 36983.614 681.726 218 47524 10360232 14.765 6.018 37325.264 684.868 219 47961 10503459 14.799 6.028 37668.480 688.008 220 48400 10648000 14.832 6.037 3S013.271 691.150 221 48841 10793861 14.866 6.046 38359.632 694.292 222 492S4 10941048 14.900 6.055 38707.564 697.434 223 49729 110S9567 14.933 6.064 39057.069 700.575 224 50176 11239424 14.967 6.073 39408.140 703.716 225 50625 11390625 15.000 6.082 39760.782 706.858 226 51076 11543176 15.033 6.091 40114.996 710.000 227 51529 11697083 15.067 6.100 40470.782 713.141 228 51984 11852352 15.100 6.109 40828.140 716.2S4 229 62441 12008989 15.133 6.118 41187.065 719.424 230 52900 12167000 15.166 6.127 41547.563 722.566 231 53361 12326391 15.199 6.136 41909.631 725.707 232 53824 12I8716S 15.232 6.1.45 42273.272 728.850 233 54289 12649337 15.264 6.153 42638.481 731.991 234 54756 12812904 15.297 6.162 43005.260 735.132 235 55225 12977875 15.330 6.171 43373.614 738.274 236 55696 13144256 15.362 6.180 43743.536 741.416 237 56169 13312053 15.395 6.188 44115.029 744.557 238 56644 13481272 15.427 6.197 44488.092 747.698 239 57121 13651919 15.460 6.206 44862.728 750.841 240 57600 13824000 15.492 6.214 45238.934 753.982 241 58081 13997521 15.524 6.223 45616.710 757.124 242 58564 14172488 15.556 6.232 45996.060 760.266 243 59049 14348907 15.588 6.240 46376.976 763.407 244 59536 14526784 15.620 6.249 46759.465 766.548 245 60025 14706125 15.652 6.257 47143.525 769.690 246 60516 14886936 15.684 6.266 47529.155 772.832 247 61009 15069223 15.716 6.274 47916.356 775.973 248 61504 - 15252992 15.748 6.283 48305.129 779.115 249 62001 15438249 15.780 6.291 48695.471 7S2.257 250 62500 15625000 15.811 6.300 49087.385 785.398 484 ORDNANCE MANUAL. No. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circum. 251 63001 15813251 15.S43 6.308 49480.870 788.540 252 63504 16003008 15.875 6.316 49875.925 791.681 253 64009 16194277 15.906 6.325 50272.550 794.823 254 64516 16387064 15.937 6.333 50670.748 797.964 255 65025 165S1375 15.969 6.341 51070.516 801.106 256 65536 16777216 16.000 6.350 51471.854 804.248 257 66049 16974593 16.031 6.355 51874.763 807.389 25S 66564 17173512 16.062 6.366 52279.243 810.531 259 67081 17373979 16.093 6.374 52685.294 813.672 260 67600 17576000 16.125 6.383 53092.916 816.814 261 68121 17779581 16.155 6.391 53502.109 819.956 262 68664 17984728 16.186 6.399 53912.872 823.097 263 69169 18191447 16.217 6.407 54325.205 826.239 264 69696 18399744 16.248 6.415 54739.110 829.380 265 70225 18609625 16.279 6.423 55154.586 832.522 266 70756 18821096 16.310 6.431 55571.632 835.664 267 71289 19034163 16.340 6.439 55990.250 838.805 26S 71824 192J8832 16.371 6.447 56410.438 841.947 269 72361 19165109 16.401 6.455 56832.196 845.088 270 72900 196S3000 16.432 6.463 57255.526 848.230 271 73441 19902511 16.462 6.471 57680.426 851.372 272 759S4 20123648 16.492 6.479 58106.898 854.513 273 74529 20346417 16.523 6.487 58534.940 857.655 274 75076 20570S24 16.553 6.495 58964.552 860.796 275 75625 20796875 16.583 6.503 59395.736 863.938 276 76176 21024576 16.613 6.511 59>24.490 867.080 277 76729 21253933 16.643 6.519 60260.815 870.221 278 77284 21484952 16.673 6.527 60698.711 873.363 279 77841 2L717639 16.703 6.534 61136.178 876.484 280 78400 21952000 16.733 6.542 61575.216 879.646 281 78961 22188041 16.763 6.550 62015.824 882.788 282 79524 22425768 16.793 6.558 62458.003 885.929 283 80089 22665187 16.823 6.565 62901.753 889.071 284 80656 22906304 16.852 6-573 63347.074 892.212 285 81225 23149125 16.882 6.581 63793.966 895.354 286 81796 23393656 16.912 6.589 64242.428 898.495 287 82369 23639903 16.941 6.596 64692.461 901.637 288 82944 23887872 16.971 6.604 65144.065 904.779 289 83521 24137569 17.000 6.611 65597.240 907.920 290 84100 24389000 17.029 6.619 66051.986 911.062 291 84681 24642171 17.059 6.627 66508.302 914.203 292 85264 24S970SS 17.088 6.634 . 66966.189 917.345 293 85849 25153757 17.117 6.642 67425.647 920.466 294 86436 25412184 17.146 6.649 67886.675 923.628 295 87025 25672375 17.176 6.657 68349.275 926.770 296 87616 25931336 17.205 6.664 68813.445 929.911 297 8S209 26198073 17.234 6.672 69279.186 933.053 298 88804 26463592 17.263 6.679 69746.498 936.195 299 89401 26730899 17.292 6.687 70215.381 939.336 300 90000 27000000 17.321 6.694 70685.835 942.478 POWERS.—ROOTS.—CIRCLES. 485 No. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circum. 301 90601 27270901 17.349 6.702 71157.859 945.619 302 91204 27543608 17.378 6.709 71631.454 948.761 303 91809 27818127 17.407 6.717 72106.620 951.903 304 92416 28094464 17.436 6.724 72583.356 955.044 305 93025 2^372625 17.464 6.731 73061.664 958.186 300 93636 28652616 17.493 6.739 73541.542 961.327 307 94249 2S934443 17.521 6.746 74022.991 964.469 308 94864 29218112 17.550 6.753 74 506.008 967.610 309 95481 29503629 17578 6 761 74990.602 970.752 310 96100 29791000 17.607 6.768 75476.764 973.S94 311 96721 30080231 17.635 6.775 75964.496 977.035 312 97344 30371328 17.664 6.782 76453.798 980.177 313 97969 30664297 17.602 6.790 76944.673 983.318 314 98596 30959144 17.720 6.797 77437.117 986.460 315 99225 31255S75 17.748 6.804 77931.133 989.602 316 99856 31554496 17.776 6.811 78426.719 992.743 317 100489 31855013 17.S04 6.818 76923.876 995.885 318 101124 32157432 17.833 6.826 79422.604 999.026 319 101761 32461759 17.861 6.833 79922.902 1002.168 320 102400 32768000 17.8S9 6.840 80424.772 1005.310 321 103041 33076161 17.916 6.847 80928.212 1008.451 322 103684 33386248 17.944 6.654 81433.223 1011.593 323 104329 33698267 17-972 6.861 81939.805 1014.734 324 104976 34012224 18.000 6.868 82447.958 1017.876 325 105625 34328125 18.028 6.875 82957.681 1021.018 326 106276 34645976 18.055 6.882 83468.975 1024.159 327 106929 34965783 18.0S3 6.889 83981.840 1027.303 328 107584 35287552 18.111 6.896 84496.276 1030.442 329 108241 35611289 18.138 6.903 55012.282 1033.584 330 108900 35937000 18.166 6.910 85529.860 1036.726 331 109561 36264691 18.193 6.917 86049.008 1039.867 332 110224 36594368 18.221 6.924 86569.727 1043.009 333 110889 36026037 18.248 6.931 87092.016 1046.150 334 111556 37259704 18.276 6.938 87615.877 1049.292 335 112225 37595375 18 303 6.945 88141.309 1052.434 336 112896 37933056 18.330 6.952 88668.311 1055.575 337 113569 38272753 18.358 6.959 89196.884 1058.717 338 114244 38614472 18.385 6.966 89727.028 1061.858 339 114921 38958219 18.412 6.973 90258.742 1065.000 340 115600 39304000 18.439 6.980 90792.028 1068.142 341 116281 39651821 18.466 6.9S6 91326.884 1071.283 342 116964 400016S8 18.493 6.993 91863.311 1074.425 343 117649 40353607 18.520 7.000 92401.308 1077.566 344 118336 40707584 18.547 7.007 92040.877 1080.708 345 119025 41063625 18.574 7.014 93482.016 1083.849 346 119716 41421736 18.601 7.020 94024.726 1086.991 347 120409 41781923 18.628 7.027 94569.007 1090.132 348 121104 42144192 18.655 7 034 95114.859 1093.274 349 121801 42508549 18.682 7.041 95662.282 1096.418 350 122500 42875000 18.708 7.047 96211.275 1099.557 486 ORDNANCE MANUAL. No. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circum. 351 123201 43243551 18.735 7.054 96761.84 1102.699 352 123904 43614208 18.762 7.061 97313.97 1105.840 353 124609 43986977 18.788 7.067 97867.16 1108.982 354 125316 44361S64 18.815 7.074 98422.96 1112.124 355 126025 44738875 18.841 7.081 98979.80 1115.205 356 126736 45118016 18.86!) 7.087 99538.22 1118.407 357 127449 45499293 18.894 7.094 100098.21 1121.543 358 128164 45882712 J 8.921 7.101 100659.37 1124.690 359 128881 46268279 18.947 7.107 101222.90 1127.832 360 129600 46656000 18.974 7.114 101787.60 1130.973 361 130321 470458S1 19.000 7.120 102353.87 1134.115 362 131044 47437928 19.026 7.127 102921.72 1137.256 363 131769 47832147 19.053 7.133 103491.13 1140.398 364 132496 48228544 19.079 7.140 104062.11 1143.540 365 133225 48627125 19.105 7.147 104634.67 1146.681 366 133956 49027896 19.131 7.153 105208.79 1149.823 367 134689 49430863 19.157 7.160 1057S4.49 1152.964 368 135424 49836032 19.183 7.166 106361.76 1156.106 369 136161 50243409 19.209 7.173 106940.60 1159.248 370 136900 50653000 19.235 7.179 107521.01 1162.389 371 137641 51064811 19.261 7,186 108102.99 1165.531 372 1383S4 51478S4S 19.287 7.192 108686.54 1168.672 373 139129 51895117 19.313 7.198 109271.66 1171.814 374 139876 52313624 19.339 7.205 109858.35 1174.956 375 140625 52734375 19.365 7.211 110446.62 1178.097 376 141376 53157376 19.391 7.218 111036.45 1181.238 377 142129 53582633 19.416 7.224 111627.86 1184.3S0 378 142884 54010152 19,442 7.230 112220.83 1187.522 379 143641 54439939 19.468 7.237 112815.38 1190.063 380 144400 54872000 19,494 7.243 113411.49 1193.805 381 145161 55306341 19.519 7.250 114009.28 1196.947 382 145924 55742968 19,545 7.256 11460S.44 1200.088 383 146689 56181887 19,570 7.262 115209.27 1203.230 384 147456 56623104 19,596 7.268 115811.67 1206.372 385 148225 57066625 19,621 7.275 116415.64 1209.513 386 148996 57512456 19.647 7.281 117021.13 1212.604 387 149769 57960603 19.672 7.287 117628.30 1215.796 388 150544 58411072 19.693 7.294 118236.98 1218.938 389 151321 58863869 19.723 7.300 118847.24 1222.079 390 152100 59319000 19.748 7.306 119459.06 1225.221 391 152881 59776471 19.774 7.312 120072.46 1228.363 392 153664 60236288 19.799 7.319 120687.42 1231 .504 393 154449 60698457 19.824 7.325 121303.96 1234.646 394 153236 61162984 19.849 7.331 121922.07 1237.788 395 156025 61629875 19.875 7.337 122541.75 1240.929 396 156816 62099136 19.900 7,343 123163.00 1244.071 397 157609 62570773 19.925 7.350 123785.82 1247.212 398 158404 63044792 19.950 7.356 124410.21 1250.354 399 159201 63521199 19.975 7,362 125036.17 1253.495 ■ 400 160000 64000000 20,000 7,363 125663.70 1256.637 POWERS.—ROOTS.—CIRCLES* 487 No. Square. ' Cube. Square Root. Cube Root, Area. Circum. 401 160801 64481201 20.025 7.374 126292.81 1259.778 402 161604 64964808 20.050 7.380 126923.48 1262.920 403 162409 65450827 20.075 7.386 127555.73 1266.062 404 163216 65939264 20.100 7.393 128189.54 1269.204 405 164025 66430125 20.125 7.399 128824.93 1272.345 406 164836 66923416 20.149 7.405 129461.89 1275.486 401 J 65649 67419143 20.174 7.411 130100.42 1278.628 408 166464 67911312 20.199 7.417 130740.52 1281.770 409 167281 68417929 20.224 7.423 131382.19 1284.911 410 168100 68921000 20.248 7.429 132025.43 1288.053 411 168921 69426531 20.273 7.435 132670.24 1291.194 412 169744 69934528 20.298 7.441 133316.62 1294.336 413 170569 70444997 20.322 7.447 133964.58 1297.478 414 171396 70951944 20.347 7.453 134614.10 1300.620 415 172225 71473375 20.372 7.459 135265.20 1303.761 416 173056 71991296 20.396 7.465 135917.87 1306.902 417 173889 72511713 20.421 7.471 136572.10 1310.043 418 174724 73034632 20.445 7.477 137227.91 1313.186 419 175561 73560059 20.469 7.483 137885.29 1316.327 420 176400 74088000 20.494 7.489 138544.24 1319.469 421 177241 74618461 20.518 7.495 139204.76 1322.610 422 178084 75151448 20.543 7.501 139866.85 1325.752 423 17S929 75686967 20.567 7.507 140530.51 1328.895 424 179776 76225024 20.591 7.513 141195.74 1332.036 425 180625 76765625 20.616 7.518 141862.54 1335.177 426 181476 77308776 20.640 7.524 142530.91 1338.318 427 182329 77854483 20.664 7.530 143200.86 1341.459 428 183184 78402752 20.688 7.536 143872.38 1344.600 429 184041 7S9535S9 20.712 7.542 144,545.46 1347.744 430 184900 79507000 20.736 7.548 145220.12 1350.885 431 185761 80062991 20.761 7.554 145896.35 1354.027 432 186624 80621568 20.785 7.560 146574.14 1357.168 433 187489 81182737 20.809 7.565 147253.51 1360.310 434 188356 81746504 20.833 7.571 147934.46 1363.452 435 189225 82312875 20.857 7.577 148616.97 1366.593 436 190096 82881856 20.881 7.583 149301.06 1369.736 437 190969 83453453 20.905 7.589 149986.71 1372.877 438 191844 84027672 20.928 7.594 150673.92 1376.019 439 192721 84604519 20.952 7.600 151362.72 1379.160 440 193600 85184000 20.976 7.606 152053.08 1382.301 441 194481 85766121 21.000 7.612 152745.02 1385.442 442 195364 86350888 21.024 7.617 153438.53 1388.584 443 196249 86938307 21.048 7.623 154135.18 1391.726 444 197136 87528384 21.071 7.629 154830.26 1394.868 445 198025 88121125 21.095 7.635 155528.47 1398.009 446 198916 88716536 21.119 7.640 156228.28 1401.150 447 199809 89314623 21.142 7.646 156929.63 1404.291 448 200704 89915392 21.166 7.652 157632.56 1407.432 449 201601 90518849 21.190 7.657 158337.06 1410.574 450 202500 91125000 21.213 7.663 159043.13 1413.717 488 'ordnance manual. No. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circum. 451 203401 91733851 21.237 7.669 159750.78 1416.858 452 204304 92345408 21.260 7.674 160459.9S 1420.000 453 205209 92959677 21.284 7.680 161170.78 1423.140 454 206116 93576664 21.307 7.686 161883.13 1426.282 455 207025 94196375 21.331 7.691 162597.05 1429.425 456 207936 94818816 21.354 7.697 163312.56 1432.568 457 208849 95443993 21.378 7.703 164029.63 1435.710 458 209764 96071912 21.401 7.708 164748.26 1438.848 459 210681 96702579 21.424 7.714 165468.47 1441.992 460 211600 97336000 21.448 7.719 166190.25 1445.133 461 212521 97972181 21.471 7.725 166913.61 1448.274 462 213444 98611128 21.494 7.731 167638.52 1451.416 463 214369 99252847 2.1.517 7.736 168365.02 1454.558 464 215296 99897344 21.541 7.742 169093.09 1457.700 465 216225 100544625 21.564 7.747 169822.72 1460.841 466 217156 101194696 21.587 7.753 170553.92 1463.982 467 218089 101847563 21.610 7.758 171286.70 1467.123 468 219024 102503232 21.633 7.764 172021.04 1470.264 469 219961 103161709 21.656 7.769 172756.96 1473.406 470 220900 103823000 21.679 7.775 173494.45 1476.549 471 221841 104487111 21.703 7-780 174233.51 1479.690 472 222784 105154048 21.726 7.786 174974.14 1482.832 473 223729 105823817 21.749 7.791 175716.34 1485.973 474 224676 106496424 21.772 7.797 176460.11 1489.114 475 225625 107171875 21.794 7-802 177205.46 1492.257 476 226576 107850176 21.817 7.808 177952.37 1495.398 477 227529 108531333 21.840 7-813 178700.86 1498.539 478 228484 109215352 21.863 7.819 179450.91 1501.682 479 229441 109902239 21.886 7.824 180202.54 1504.823 480 230400 110592000 21.909 7.830 180955.74 1507.964 481 231361 111284641 21.932 7.835 181710.51 1511.106 482 232324 111980168 21.954 7.841 182466.84 1514.248 483 233289 112678587 21.977 7.846 183224.75 1517.388 484 234256 113379904 22.000 7-851 183984.24 1520.532 485 235225 114084125 22.023 7.857 184745.28 1523.672 486 236196 114791256 22.045 7.862 185507.90 1526.814 487 237169 115501303 22.068 7.868 186272.09 1529.955 488 23S144 116214272 22.091 7-873 187037.86 1533.096 489 239121 J16930169 22.113 7.878 187805.20 1536.240 490 240100 117649000 22.136 7-884 18S574.10 1539.380 491 241081 118370771 22.159 7.889 189344.58 1542.522 492 242064 . 119095488 22.181 7.894 190116.62 1545.664 493 243049 119823157 22.204 7.900 190890 24 1548.802 494 244036 120553784 22.226 7.905 191665.42 1551.946 495 245025 121287375 22.249 7.910 192442.18 1555.088 496 246016 122023936 22.271 7.916 193220.51 1558.230 497 247009 122763473 22.293 7.921 193998.62 1561.372 498 248004 123505992 22.316 7.926 194781.88 1564.514- 499 249001 124251499 22.338 7.932 195564.92 1567.655 500 250000 125000000 22.361 7.937 196349.54 1570.796 POWERS, .—ROOTS.- .—CIRCLES. 489 No.. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circum. 501 251001 125751501 22.3S3 7.942 197135.72 1573.938 ' 502 252004 126506008 22.405 7.948 197923.48 1577.080 503 253009 127263527 22.42s 7.953 193712.81 1580.221 504 254016 128024064 22.450 7.958 199503.70 1583.362 505 255025 128787625 22.472 7.963 200296.17 1586.504 506 256036 129554216 22.494 7.969 201090.20 1589.646 507 257049 130323843 22.517 7.974 201885.81 1592.787 50S 258064 131096512 22.539 7.979 202682.99 1595.928 509 2590S1 131372229 22.561 7.984 203480.96 1599.070 510 260100 132651000 22.583 7.990 204282.06 1602.212 511 261121 133432831 22.605 7.995 205083.95 1605.354 512 262144 134217728 22.627 8.000 205887.42 1608.496 513 263169 135005697 22.650 8.005 206692.46 1611.637 514 264196 135796744 22.672 8.010 207499.05 1614.778 515 265225 136590875 22.694 8.016 208307.23 1617.920 516 266256 137388096 22.716 8.021 209116.97 1621.062 517 267289 138188413 22.738 8.026 209928.29 1624.203 518 268324 138991S32 22.760 8.031 210741.18 1627.344 519 269361 139798359 22.782 8.036 211555.64 1630.488 520 270400 140608000 22.804 8.041 212371.66 1633.628 521 271441 141420761 22.825 8.047 213189.26 1636.770 522 272484 142236648 22.847 8.052 214008.44 1639.912 523 273529 143055667 22.869 8.057 214829.18 1643.053 524 274576 143877824 22.891 8.062 215651.49 1646.194 525 275625 144703125 22.913 8.067 216475.37 1649.336 526 276676 145315576 22.935 8.072 217300.82 1652.478 527 277729 146383183 22.956 8.077 218127.S5 1655.619 528 278784 147197952 22.978 8.082 218956.44 1658.760 529 279841 148035889 23.000 8.088 219786.61 1661.902 530 280900 148877000 23.022 8.093 220618.34 1665.044 531 281961 149721291 23.043 8.098 221451.65 1668.186 532 283024 150568768 23.065 8.103 222286.53 1671.328 533 284089 151419437 23.087 8.108 223122.9S 1674.469 534 285156 152273304 23.108 8.113 223961.00 1677.610 535 286225 153130375 23.130 8.118 224800.59 1680.752 536 287296 153990656 23.152 8.123 225641.75 1683.894 537 288369 154854153 23.173 8.128 226484.48 1687.035 538 289444 155720872 23.195 8.133 227328.78 1690.176 539 290521 156590819 23.216 8.138 228174.66 1693.318 540 291660 157464000 23.238 8.143 229022.10 1696.460 541 292681 15S34042J 23.259 8.148 229870.33 1699.602 542 293764 159220088 23.281 8.153 230721.70 1702.744 543 294849 160103007 23.302 8.158 231573.86 1705.884 544 295936 160989184 23.324 8.163 2324 27.59 1709.026 545 297025 161878625 23.345 8.168 233282.89 1712.168 546 298116 162771336 23.367 8.173 234139.76 1715.310 547 299209 163667323 23.3SS 8.178 234998.20 1718.451 543 300304 164566592 23.409 8.183 235858.21 1721.592 549 301401 165469149 23.431 8.188 236719.79 1724.733 550 302500 166375000 23.452 8.193 237582.94 1727.876 32 490 ORDNANCE MANUAL. No. Square. Cube. j Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circum. 551 303601 167284151 23.473 8.198 238447.67 1731.018 552 304704 168196608 23.495 8.203 239297.96 1734.160 553 305809 169112377 23.516 8.208 240165.83 1737.301 554 306916 170031464 23.537 8.213 241043.26 1740.442 555 308025 170953875 23.558 8.218 241922.27 1743.584 556 309136 171879616 23.580 8.223 242794.84 1746.726 557 310249 172808693 23.601 8.228 243668.99 1749.867 558 311364 173741112 23.622 8.233 244544.71 1752.968 559 312481 174676879 23.643 8.238 245442.00 1756.110 560 313600 175616000 23.664 8.243 246300.86 1759.292 561 314721 176558481 23.685 8.248 247181.29 1762.434 562 315844 177504328 23.707 8.253 248063.30 1765.576 563 316969 178453547 23.728 8.258 248946.87 1768.717 564 318096 179406144 23.749 8.262 249832.01 1771.858 565 319225 180362125 23.770 8.267 250718.73 1775.000 566 320356 181321496 23.791 8.272 251607.01 1778.142 567 321489 182284263 23.812 8.277 252496.87 1781.283 568 322624 183250432 23.833 8.282 253388.30 1784.424 569 323761 184220009 23.854 8.286 254281.30 1787.566 570 324900 185193000 23.875 8.291 255175.86 1790.708 571 326041 186169411 23.896 8.296 256072.00 1793.849 572 327184 187149248 23.917 8.301 256969.71 1796.990- 573 328329 188132517 23.937 8.306 257868.99 1800.132 574 329476 189119224 23.958 8.311 258769.84 1803.274 575 330625 190109375 23.979 8.316 259672.27 1806.416 576 331776 191102976 24.000 8.320 260576.26 1809.558 577 332929 192100033 24.021 8.325 261481.83 1812.699 678 334084 193100552 24.042 8-330 262388.96 1815.840 679 335241 194104539 24.062 8.335 263297.66 1818.981 680 336400 195112000 ■ 24.083 8-340 264207.94 1822.124 581 337561 196122941 24.104 8.344 265119.79 1825.265 582 338724 197137368 24.125 8-349 266033.21 1828.406 583 339889 198155287 24.145 8-354 266948.20 1831.548 584 341056 199176704 24.166 8.359 267864.76 1834.690 » 585 342225 200201625 24.187 8-363 268782.89 1837.832 586 343396 201230056 24.207 8.368 269702.59 1840.933 587 344569 202262003 24.228 8.373 270623.87 1844.074 588 345744 203297472 24.249 8.378 271546.70 1847.256 589 346921 204336469 24.269 8.382 272470.33 1850.398 590 348100 205379000 24.290 8.387 273397.10 1853.540 591 349281 206425071 24.310 8.392 274324.65 1856.682 592 350464 207474688 24.331 8.397 275253.78 1859.823 593 351649 208527857 24.352 8-401 276184.48 1862.964 594 352836 209584584 24.372 8.406 277116.74 1866.106 595 354025 210644875 24.393 8.411 278050.58 1869.248 596 355216 211708736 24.413 8.416 278985.99 1872.390 597 356409 212776173 24.434 8.420 279922.98 1875.531 698 357604 213847192 24.454 8.425 280861.52 1878.672 599 358801 214921799 24.474 8.430 281801.64 1881.814 600 360000 216000000 24.495 8.434 282743.34 1884.956 No. <501 602 603 604 605 606 607 603 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 POWERS.—ROOTS.—CIRCLES. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. 217081801 24.515 S.439 283686.61 218167208 24.536 8.444 284631.44 219256227 24.556 8.448 285577.84 220348864 24.576 8.453 286525.82 221445125 24.597 8.458 287475.36 222545016 24.617 8.462 288426.48 223648543 24.637 8.467 289379.17 224755712 24.658 8.472 290333.42 225S66529 24.678 8.476 291289.26 226981000 24.698 8.481 292246.66 228099131 24.718 8.486 293205.63 229220928 24.739 8.490 294166.17 230346397 24.759 8.495 295129.86 231475544 24.779 8.499 296091.96 232608375 24.799 8.504 297057.22 233744896 24.819 8.509 298024.05 234885113 24.839 8.513 298992.45 236029032 24.860 8.518 299962.40 237176659 24.880 8.522 300933.94 23832S000 24.900 8.527 301907.05 239483061 24.920 8.532 302881.73 240641848 24.940 8.536 303857.98 241804367 24.960 8.541 304837.16 242970624 24.980 8.545 305815.19 244140625 25.000 8.550 306796.16 245314376 25.020 8.554 307778.69 246491883 25.040 8.559 308762.79 247673152 25.060 8.564 309748.47 248858189 25.080 8.568 310735.72 250047000 25.100 8.573 311724.53 251239591 25.120 8.577 312714.92 252435968 25.140 8.582 313706.87 253636137 25.160 8.586 314700.41 254840104 25.180 8.591 315695.50 256047875 25.200 8.595 316692.17 257259456 25.220 8.600 317690.42 258474853 25.239 8.604 318690.24 259694072 25.259 8.609 319691.61 260917119 25.278 8.613 320694.56 262144000 25.298 8.618 321699.09 263374721 25.318 8.622 322705.19 264609288 25.338 8.627 323712.85 265847707 25.357 8.631 324720.52 267089984 25.377 8.636 325732.89 268336125 25.397 8.640 326745.27 269586136 25.417 8.645 327759.22 270840023 25.436 8.649 328774.74 272097792 25.456 8.653 329791.82 273359449 25.475 8.658 330810.48 274625000 25.495 8.662 331830.72 492 ORDNANCE MANUAL. -L No. . Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circum. 651 423801 275894451 25.515 8.667 332852.53 2045.177 652 425104 277167808 25.534 8.671 333875.90 2048.318 653 426409 278445077 25.554 8.676 334900.85 2051.460 654 427716 279726264 25.573 8.680 335927.38 2054.602 655 429025 281011315 25.593 8.685 336955.45 2057.743 656 430336 282300416 25.612 8.689 337985.10 2060.885 657 431649 283593393 25.632 8.693 339016.32 2064.026 658 432964 284890312 25.652 8.698 340049.13 2067.167 659 434281 286191179 25.671 8.702 341083.50 2070.309 660 435600 287496000 25.690 8.707 342119.44 2073.451 661 436921 288804781 25.710 8.711 343156.95 2076.592 662 438244 290117528 25.720 8.715 344196.03 2079.734 663 439569 . 291434247 25.749 8.720 345236.69 2082.876 664 440896 292754944 25.768 8.724 346278.91 2086.017 665 442225 294079625 25.788 8.729 347322.70 2089.159 666 443556 295408296 25.807 8.733 348368.08 2092.300 '667 444889 296740963 25.826 8.737 349415.02 2095.442 668 446224 298077632 25.846 8.742 350463.51 2098.583 669 447561 299418309 25.865 8.746 351513.62 2101.725 670 448900 300763000 25.884 8.750 352565.24 2104.867 671 450241 302111711 25.904 8.755 353618.46 2108.008 672 451584 303464448 25-923 8.759 354673.26 2111.150 673 452929 304821217 25.942 8.763 355729.62 2114.291 674 454276 306182024 25.962 8.768 356787.54 21] 7.433 .675 455625 307546875 25.981 8.772 357847.04 2120.575 676 450976 308915776 26.000 8.776 358908.11 2123.716 677 458329 310288733 26.019 8.781 359970.76 2126.858 678 459684 311665752 26.038 8.785 361034.96 2130.000 679 461041 313046839 26.058 8.789 362100.75 2133.141 680 462400 314432000 26.077 8.794 363168.11 2136.283 681 463761 315821241 26.096 8.798 364237.04 2139.425 682 465124 317214568 26.115 8.802 365307.54 2142.566 683 466489 318611987 26.134 8.807 366384.56 2145.708 684 467856 320013504 26.153 8.811 367453.18 2148.849 685 469225 321419125 26.173 8.815 368528.45 2151.991 686 470596 322828856 26.192 8.819 369605.23 2155.133 687 471969 324242703 26.211 8.824 370683.59 2158.274 688 473344 325660672 26.230 8.828 371763.50 2161.416 689 474721 3270S2769 ' 26.249 8.832 372845.00 2164.557 690 476100 328509000 26.268 8.837 373928.07 2167.699 691 477481 329939371 26.287 8.841 375012.71 2170.840 692 478864 331373888 26.306 8.845 376098.91 2173.982 693 480249 332812557 26.325 8.849 377186.68 2177.124 694 481636 334255384 26.344 8.854 378276.03 2180.265 695 483025 335702375 26.363 8.858 379366.95 2183.407 696 484416 337153536 26.382 8.862 380459.44 2186.548 697 485809 338608873 26.401 8.866 381553.50 2189.690 698 487204 340068392 26.420 8.871 382649.13 2192.832 699 488601 341532099 26.439 8.875 3 S3 746.33 2195.973 700 490000 343000000 26.458 8.879 384845.10 2199.115 POWERS.—ROOTS.—CIRCLES. 493 No. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circum. 701 491401 344472101 26.476 8.883 385945.45 2202.256 702 492804 345948008 26.495 8.887 387047.34 2205.398 703 494209 347428927 26.514 8.892 388150.83 2208.539 704 495616 348913664 26.532 8.896 389255.89 2211.681 705 497025 350402625 26.552 8.900 390362.52 2214.823 706 498436 351895816 26.571 8.904 391470.72 2217.964 707 499849 353393243 26.589 8.909 392580.49 2221.106 708 501264 354894912 26.608 8.913 393691.82 2224.248 709 502681 356400829 26.627 8.917 394804.73 2227.389 710 504100 357911000 26.646 8.921 395919.21 2230.531 711 505521 359425431 26.665 8.925 397035.26 2233.672 712 506944 360944128 26.683 8.929 398152.88 2236.814 713 508369 362467097 26.702 8.934 399272.07 2239.956 714 509796 363994344 26.721 8.938 400392.83 2243.097 715 511225 365525875 26.739 8.942 401515.18 2246.239 716 512656 367061696 26.758 8.946 402639.09 2249.380 717 514089 368601813 26.777 8.950 403764.55 2252.522 718 515524 370146232 26.796 8.955 404891.60 2255.664 719 516961 371694959 26.814 8.959 406020.22 2258.805 720 518400 373248000 26.833 8.963 407150.41 2261.947 721 519841 374805361 26.851 8.967 408282.17 2265.088 722 521284 376367048 26.870 8.971 409415.50 2268.230 723 522729 377933067 26.889 8.975 410550.39 2271.371 724 524176 379503424 26.907 8.979 411686.86 2274.513 725 525625 381078125 26.926 8.984 412824.91 2277.655 726 527076 382657176 26.944 8.988 413964.54 2280.796 727 528529 384240583 26.963 8.992 415105.72 2283.938 728 529984 385828352 26.981 8.996 416248.46 2287.079 729 531441 387420489 27.000 9.000 417392.78 2290.221 730 532900 389017000 27.019 9.004 418538.68 2293.363 731 534361 390617891 27.037 9.008 419684.58 2296.504 732 535824 392223168 27.055 9.012 420835.18 2299.646 733 537289 393832837 27.074 9.016 421985.79 2302.787 734 538756 395446904 27.092 9.021 423137.97 2305.829 735 540225 397065375 27.111 9.025 424291.72 2309.071 736 541696 398688256 27.129 9.029 425447.04 2312.212 737 543169 400315553 27.148 9.033 426603.93 2315.353 738 544644 401947272 27.166 9.037 427762.40 2318.495 739 546121 , 403583419 27.185 9.041 428922.43 2321.637 740 547600 405224000 27.203 9.045 430084.03 2324.779 741 549081 406869021 27.221 * 9.049 431247.20 2327.920 742 550564 408518488 27.240 9.053 432411.95 2331.062 743 552049 410172407 27.258 9.057 433576.70 2334.203 744 553536 411830784 27.276 9.061 434746.16 2337.345 745 555025 413493625 27.295 9.065 435915.62 2340.487 746 556516 415160936 27.313 9.069 437086.65 2343.628 747 ► 558009 416832723 27.331 9.073 438259.24 2346.769 748 559504 418508992 27.350 9.078 439433.41 2349.910 749 561001 420189749 27.368 9.082 440609.05 2353.052 750 562500 421875000 27.386 9.086 441786.47 2356.194 494 ORDNANCE MANUAL. No. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circum. 751 564001 423564751 27.404 9.090 442965.37 2359.335 752 565504 425259008 27.423 9.094 444145.81 2362.477 753 567009 426957777 27.441 9.098 445327.83 2365.619 754 568516 428661064 27.459 9.102 446511.42 2368.760 755 570025 430368875 27.477 9.106 447696.59 2371.902 756 571536 432081216 27.495 9.110 448883.33 2375.044 757 573049 433798093 27.514 9.114 450071.63 2378.185 758 574564 435519512 27.532 9.118 451261.51 2381.327 759 576081 437245479 27.550 9.122 452453.05 2384.469 760 577600 438976000 27.568 9.126 453645.98 2387.610 761 579121 440711081 27.586 9.130 454840.57 2390.752 762 580644 442450728 27-604 9.134 456036.73 2393.893 763 582169 444194947 27.622 9.138 457234.46 2397.035 764 583696 445943744 27-641 9.142 458433.76 2400.176 765 585225 447697125 27-659 9.146 459634.64 2403.318 766 586756 449455096 27-677 9.150 460837-08 2406.459 767 588289 451217663 27-695 9.154 462041.09 2409.601 768 589824 452984832 27-713 9.158 463246.69 2412.742 769 v 591361 454756609 27-731 9.162 464453.84 2415.884 770 592900 456533000 27-749 9.166 465662.57 2419.026 771 594441 458314011 27.767 9-170 466872.87 2422.167 772 595984 460099648 27-785 9-174 468084.74 2425.309 773 597529 461889917 27.803 9-17S 469296.61 2428.451 774 599076 463684824 27.821 9-182 470513.19 2431.593 775 600625 465484375 27-839 9-185 471729.77 2434.734 776 602176 467288576 27.857 9-189 472947-92 2437.876 777 603729 469097433 27-875 9-193 474167-65 2441.017 778 6052S4 470910952 27.893 9-197 475388-94 2444.159 779 606841 472729139 27.911 9-201 476611-SO 2447.300 780 608400 474552000 27-928 9-205 477836-24 2450.442 781 609961 476379541 27-946 9-209 479062-25 2453.583 782 611524 478211768 27-964 9-213 480289.83 2456.725 783 613089 480048687 27-982 9-217 481518.98 2459.867 784 614656 481890304 28-000 9-221 482749.70 2463.009 785 616225 483736025 28-018 9-225 483981.98 2466.150 786 617796 485587656 28-036 9-229 485215.85 2469.292 787 619369 487443403 28.054 9-233 486451.27 2472.433 78S 620944 489303872 2S-071 9-238 4S76S8.27 2475.575 789 622521 491169069 28.089 9-240 488926.85 2478.716 790 624100 493039000 28-107 9-244 490166.99 2481.858 791 625681 494913671 28-125 9-248 491408.71 2485.000 ■ 792 627204 496793088 28-142 9-252 492651.98 2488.131 793 628849 498677257 28-160 9-256 493896.85 2491.272 794 630436 500566184 28-178 9-260 495143.28 2494.414( 795 632025 502459875 28.196 9-264 496391.27 2497.566 796 633616 504358336 28-213 9-268 497640.S5 2500.708 797 635209 506261573 28.231 9-272 498891-98 2503.849 798 636804 508169592 28.249 9-275 500144.69 2506.991 799 638401 510082399 28.207 9.279 501398.97 2509.132 800 640000 51200.0000 28.284 9,283 502654.82 2513.274 POWERS.—ROOTS.—CIRCLES. 495 No. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circum. 801 641601 513922401 28.302 9.287 503912.25 2516.416 802 643204 515849608 28.320 9.291 505171.24 2519.557 803 644809 517781627 28.337 9.295 506431.80 2522.698 804 646416 519718464 28.355 9.299 507693.94 2525.840 805 648025 521660125 28.373 9.302 508957.64 2528.982 806 649636 523606616 28.390 9.306 510222.92 2532.123 807 651249 525557943 28.408 9.310 511489.76 2535.265 808 652864 527514112 28.425 9.314 512758.18 2538.406 809 654481 529475129 28.443 9.318 514028.18 2541.548 810 656100 531441000 28.460 9.322 515299.74 2544.690 811 657721 533411731 28.478 9.326 516572.87 2547.831 812 659344 535387328 28.496 9.329 517847.57 2550.973 813 660969 537366797 28.513 9.333 . 519123.83 2554.115 814: 662596 539353144 28.531 9.337 520401.69 2557.256 815 664225 541343375 28.548 9.341 521681.10 2560.398 816 665856 543338496 28.566 9.345 522962.08 2563.540 817 667489 545338513 28.583 9.348 524244.64 2566.681 818 669124 547343432 28.601 9.352 525528.77 2569.823 819 670761 549353259 28.618 9.356 526814.46 2572.964 820 672400 551368000 28.636 9.360 528101.73 2576.106 821 674041 553387661 28-653 9.364 529390.57 2579.247 822 675684 555412248 28.671 9.368 530680.97 2582.388 823 677329 557441767 28.688 9.371 531972.95 2585.530 824 678976 559476224 28.705 9.375 533266.50 2588.672 825 680625 561515625 28.723 9.379 534561.62 2591.814 826 682276 563559976 28.740 9.383 535858.32 2594.955 827 683929 565609283 28.758 9.386 537156.58 2598.097 828 685584 567663552 28.775 9.390 538456.42 2601.239 829 687241 569722789 28.792 9.394 539757.81 2604.380 830 688900 571787000 28.810 9.398 541060.79 2607.522 831 690561 573856191 28.827 9.402 542347.34 2610.663 832 692224 575930368 28.844 9.405 543671.49 2613.805 833 693889 57800953T 28.862 9.409 544979.15 2616.946 834 695556 580093704 28.879 9.413 546288.40 2620.088 835 697225 582182875 28-896 9.417 547599,23 2623.230 836 698896 584277056 28.914 9.420 548911.63 2626.371 837 700569 586376253 28.931 9.424 550225.60 2629.513 838 702244 588480472 28.948 9.428 551541.14 2632.654 839 703921 590589719 28.965 9.432 552858.26 2635.796 840 705600 592704000 28.983 9.435 554176.94 2638.938 841 707281 594823321 29.000 9.439 555497.19 2642.079 842 708964 596947688 29.017 9.443 556819.02 2645.221 843 710649 599077107 29.034 9.447 558142.42 2648.363 844 712336 601211584 29.052 9.450 559467.39 2651.504 845 714025 603351125 29.069 9.454 560793.92 2654.646 846 715716 605495736 29.086 9.458 562122.03 2657.787 847 717409 607645423 29.103 9.462 563451.71 2660.929 848 719104 609800192 29.120 9.465 564782.98 2664.071 849 720801 611960049 29.138 9.469 566115-78 2667.212 850 722500 614125000 29.155 9.473 567450.17 2670.354 496 ORDNANCE MANUAL. No. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circum. 851 724201 616295051 29.172 9.476 568786.13 2673.495 852 725904 618470208 29.189 9.480 570123.66 2676.637 853 727609 620650477 29.206 9.484 571462.77 2679.778 854 729316 622835864 29.223 9.488 572803.45 2682.920 855 731025 625026375 29.240 9.491 574145.69 2686.062 856 732736 627222016 29.257 9.495 575489.54 2689.203 857 734449 629422793 29.275 9.499 576834.89 2692.345 858 736164 631628712 29.292 9.502 578181.85 2695.486 859 73788L 633839779 29.309 9.506 579530.38 2698.628 860 739600 636056000 29.326 9.510 580880.48 2701.770 861 741321 638277381 29.343 9.513 582232.15 2704.911 862 743044 640503928. 29.360 9.517 . 583585.39 2708.053 863 744769 642735647 29.377 9.521 584940.20 2711.194 864 746496 644972544 29.394 9.524 586296.58 2714.336 865 748225 647214625 S9.411 9.528 587654.54 2717.478 866 749956 649461896 29.428 9.532 589014.06 2720.619 867 751689 651714363 29.445 9.535 590375.16 2723.760 868 753424 653972032 29.462 9.539 591737.82 2726.902 869 755161 656234909 29.479 9.543 593102.06 2730.044 870 756900 658503000 29.496 9.546 594467.87 2733.186 871 758641 660776311 29.513 9.550 595835.25 2736.327 872 760384 663054848 29.530 9.554 597204.22 2739.469 873 762129 665338617 29.547 9.557 598574.72 2742.610 874 763876 667627624 29.563 D.561 599946.81 2745.752 875 765625 669921875 29.580 9.565 601320.47 2748.894 876 767376 672221376 29.597 9.568 602695.70 2752.035 877 769129 674526133 29.614 9.572 604072.51 2755.177 878 770884 676836152 29.631 9.576 605450.88 2758.318 879 772641 679151439 29.648 9.579 606830.82 2761.460 880 774400 681472000 29.665 9.583 608212.34 2764.602 881 776161 683797841 29.682 9.586 609595.43 2767.743 882 777924 686128968 29.698 9.590 610980.08 2770.885 883 779689 688465387 29.715 9.594 612366.31 ' 2774.026 884 781456 690807104 29.732 9.597 613754.12 2777.168 885 783225 693154125 29.749 9.601 615143.48 2780.309 886 784996 695506456 29.766 9.605 616534.42 2783.451 887 786769 697864103 29.783 9.608 617926.93 2786.592 888 788544 700227072 29.799 9.612 619321.02 2789.734 889 790321 702595369 29.816 9.615 620716.66 2792.876 890 792100 704969000 29.833 9.619 622113.89 2796.017 891 793881 707347971 29.850 9.623 623512.67 2799.159 892 795664 709732288 29.866 9.626 624913.10 2802.300 893 797449 712121957 29.883 9.630 626314.98 2805.442 894 799236 714516984 29.900 9,633 627718.48 2808.584 895 801025 716917375 29.917 9.637 629123.56 2811.725 896 802S16 719323136 29.933 9.641 630530.24 2814.867 897 804609 721734273 29.950 9.644 631938.43 2818.009 898 806404 724150792 29.967 9.648 633348.22 2821.150 899 808201 726572699 29.983 9.651 634759.58 2824.292 900 810000 729000000 30.000 9.655 636172.51 2827.433 POWERS.—"ROOTS.—CIRCLES. 497 No. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circum, 901 811801 731432701 30.017 9.658 637587.01 2830.575 902 813604 733570S0S 30.033 9.662 639003.08 2833.716 903 815409 736314327 30.050 9.666 610420.73 - 2836.858 904 817216 738763264 30.067 9.669 611339.91 2840.000 905 819025 741217625 30.083 9.073 643260.73 2843.141 .906 S20S36 743677416 30.100 9.676 644683.09 2846.283 •907 822649 746142643 30.116. 9.6S0 646107.01 2349.424 90S 324464 743613312 30.133 9,683 647532.51 2852.566 909 826281 7510S9429 30.150 9.687 648959 .-58 2355.707 910 828100 753571000 30.166 9.691 650388.22 2858.849 911 829921 75605803L 30.183 9.694 651818.43 2861.990 912 • 831744 753550528 30.199 9 < 69b- 653250,20 2865.132 913 833569 761043497 30.216 9.701 654683.56 2868.273 914 835396 763551944 30.232 9,705 .656118.48 2371,415 915 837225 766060S75 30.249 * 9.708 657554.98 2874.557 916 839056 768575296 30.265 9.712 658993.04 2877.693 917 ■ 840SS9 771095213 30.282 9.715 660432.68 2880.840 918 842724 773620632 30.299 9.719 661873.88 ■ 2883-982 919 844561 776151559 30.315 9-722 663316.66 2387 423 920 846400 77S6S8000 30.332 9.726 661761,01 2890,265 921 848241 781229961 30.348 9.729 666206.92 2893.407 922 850084 7a377744b 30.364 9.733 667654.42 2896,548 923, 851929 786330467 30.381 9.736 669103.47 2899.690 !>24 1 853776 758SS9024 30.397 9.740 670554,07 2902.832 925 855625 791453125 30.41-4 9.743 672006,30 2905-973 926 857478 794022776 30.430 9-747 673460.07 2909.115 927 859329 796597983 30.447 9.750 674915,42 2912.256 '923 861184 799178752 30.463 9.754 676372.35 2915.398 929 863041 801765039 30.480 9,758 677830.82 2918.539 930 864900 804357000 ■ 30.<196 9.761 679290,87 2921.681 931 866761 806954491 30.512 9.764 680752.49 2924.822 932 868624 809557568 30.529 9.768 682215,70 2927.964 933 870489 - 812106237 30.545 9.771 683680.46 2931.106 93-1 872356 814780504 30.561 9.775 665146.80 2934.247 935 874225 817400375 30,578 9.778 686614.71 2937.389 936 876096 820025856 30,594 9-783 688084.18 2940.531 937 877969 822656953 30.610 9-785 689555.24 2943-672 938 879344 825293672 30.627 9-789 691027.86 2946.814 939 881721 827936019 30,643 > 9-792 692502.06 2949-955 940 883600 830584000 30.659 9-796 693977.82 2953.097 941 885431 833237621 30.676 9-799 695455.15 2956.238 942 887364 635896688 30.692 . 9.803 696934.05 2959,380 943 889249 838561807 30.708 9.806 698414.59 2962,521 944 891136 ,841232384 30,725 9-810 699896.58 2965-663 945 893025 343903625 30.741 9-813 701380.19 2968-805 946 894916 346590536 30,^57 9-817 702865.38 2971.946 947 896309 849278123 30.773 9-820 704351.35 2975.088 948 898704 851971392 30.790 9.824 ■ 705840.47 2978.230 949 900601 854670349 30.806 9.827 707330.37 2981,371 950 902500 657375000 30.822 9.830 708821,84 2984,513 S3 498 ORDNANCE MANUAL. No. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root, Area. Circum. 951 904401 860085351 30.638 9.834 710314.88 2987.655 952 906304 862801408 30.854 9.837 71,1809.47 2990.796 953 908209 865523177 30.871 9.841 713305.68 2993.938 954 910116 868250664 30.887 9.844 714803.44 2997.079 955 912025 870983875 30.903 9.848 716302,76 300Q.221 956 913936 873722816 30.919 9,851 717803.65 3003.362 957 915849 876467493 30.935 9,855 719306.12 3006.504 958 917764 879217912 30.952 9.858 720810.16 3009.645 959 919681 881974079 30.968 9.861 722315.77 3012.787 960 921600 884736000 30.984 9.865 723822.95 3015.929 961 923521 887503681 31.000 9.868 725331.70 3019.070 962 925444 890277128 31.016 9.872 726842.02 3022.212 963 927369 893056347 31.032 9.875 728353.91 3025.553 964 929296 895841344 31.048 9.879 729867.36 3028.495 965 931225 898632125 31.064 9.882 731382.40 3031.637 966 933156 901428696 31.081 9.885 732899.01 3034.778 967 935089 904231063 31.097 9.889 734417.18 3037.920 968 937024 907039232 31.113 9.892 - 735936.96 3041.061 969 938961 909853209 31.129 9.896 737458.25 3044.203 970 940900 912673000 31.145 9.899 738981.13 3047.345 971 942541 915498611 31.161 9.902 740505.59 3050.486 972 944784 918330048 31.177 9.906 742031.62 3053.628 973 946729 921167317 31.193 9.909 743559.22 3056.769 974 948676 924010424 31.209 9.913 745088.39 3059.911 975 950625 926859375 31.225 9.916 746619.13 3063.053 976 952576 929714176 31.241 9.919 748151.44 3066.194 977 954529 932574833 31.257 9.923 749685.32 3069.336 978 956484 935441352 31.273 9.926 751220.78 3072.478 979 958441 93S313739 31.289 9.930 752757.80 3075.619 980 960400 941192000 31.305 9.933 754296.40 3078.761 981 962361 944076141 31.321 9.936 755836.56 3081.902 982 964324 946966168 31.337 9.940 757378.30 3085,044 983 966289 949862087 31.353 9.943 75S921.60 3088.185 984 968256 952763904 31.369 9.946 760466.48 3091.327 985 970225 955671625 31.385 9.950 762012.93 3094.469 986 972196 958585256 31.401 9.953 763560.95 3097.610 987 974169 961504803 31.417 9.956 765109.54 3100.752 988 976144 964430272 31.432 9.960 766661.70 3103.893 989 978121 967361669 31.448 9.963 768214.44 3107.035 990 980100 970299000 31.464 9.967 769768.74 3110.177 991 9S2081 973242271 31.480 9.970 771324.61 3113.318 992 984064 976191488 31.496 9-973 772882.06 3116.460 993 986049 979146657 31.512 9.977 774141.07 3119.601 994 988036 982107784 31.528 9.980 776001.66 3122.743 995 990025 985074875 31.544 9.983 777563.82 3125.8s5 996 992016 988047936 31.560 9.987 779127.55 3129.026 997 994009 991026973 31.575 9.990 780692.85 3132.16S 998 996004 994011992 31.591 9.993 782289.72 3135.310 999 998001 997002999 31.607 9.997 783828.14 3138.451 1000 1000000 1000000000 31.623 10.000 785398.16 3141.593 LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS From 1 to 10,000. No. t Log. No. Log. No. Log. No. Log. 1 0.000000 26 1.414973 51 1,707570 76 1.880814 2 0.301030 27 1.431364 52 1.716003 77 1.886491 3 0.477121 28 1.447158 53 1,724276 78 1.892095 4 0.602060 29 1*462398 54 1.732394 79 1.897627 5 0.698970 30 1.477121 55 . 1.740363 80 1.903090 6 0.77S151 31 1.491362 56 1.748188 81 1.908485 7 0.845098 32 1.505150 57 1.755875 82 1.913814 8 0.903090 33 1.518514 58 1.763428 83 1.919078 9 0.954243 34 1.531479 59 1.770852 84 1.924279 10 1.000000 35 1.544068 60 1.778151 85 1.929419 11 1.041393 36 1.556303 61 1.785330 86 1.934498 12 1.079181 37 1.568202 62 1.792392 87 1.939519 13 1.113943 38 1.579784 63 1.799341 88 1.944483 14 - 1.14612S 39 1.591065 64 1.806180 89 1.949390 15 1.176091 40 1.602060 65 1.812913 90 1.954243 16 1.204120 41 1.612784 66 1,819544 91 1.959041 17 1.230449 42 1.623249 67 1.826075 92 1.963788 18 1.255273 43 1.633468 68 1.832509 93 1.968483 19 1.278754 44 1.643453 69 1.838849 94 1.973128 20 1.301030 45 1.653213 70 , 1.845098 95 1.977724 21 1.322219 46 1.662758 71 1.851258 96 1.982271 22 1.342423 47 1.672098 72 1.857332 97 1.986772 23 1.361728 48 1.681241 73 1.863323 98 1.991226 24 1.380211 49 1P69Q196 74 1.869232 99 1.995635 25 1.397940 1 50 1.698970 75 1.875061 100 2.000000 500 ORDNANCE MANUAL. \ No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Diff, 100 000000 0434 0868 1301 1734 2166 2598 3029 3461 3891 432 J 4321 4751 5181 5609 6038 6466 6894 7321 7748 8174 428 2 8600 9026 9451 9870 0300 0724 1147 1570 1993 2415 424 3 012837 3259 3680 4100 4521 4940 5360 5779 6197 1 6616 420 4 7033 7451 7868 82S4 ■8700 9116 9532 9944 0361 0775 416 5 021189 1603 2016 2428 . 2841 3252 3664 4075 4486 4896 412 0 5300 5715 6125 6533 6942 7350 7757 8164 8571 8978 408 7 9384 9789 0195 0600 1004 140S 1812 2216 2619 3021 404 8 033424 3826 4227 4628 5029 5430 5830 6230 6629 7028 400 y 7426 7825 8223 8620 9017 9414 9811 0207 0602 0998 397 110 041393 1787 2182 2576 2969 3362 3755 4148 4540 4932 393 1 5323 5714 6105 6495 6885' 7275 7664 8053 8442 8830 390 2 9218 9606 9993 0380 0766 1153 1538- 1924 2309 2694 386 3 053078 3463 3846 4230 4613 4996 5378 5760 6142 6524 383 4 6905 7286 7666 8046 8426 8805. 9185 9563 9942 0320 379 5 060698 1075 1452 1829 2206 2582 2958 3333 3709 4083 376 6 4458 4832 5206 5580 5953 6326 6699 7071 7443 ' 7815 373 7 8186 8557 S928 9298 9668 0038 0407 0776 1145 1514 370 8 071882 2250 2617 2985 3352 3718 4085 4451 4816 5162 366 9 5547 5912 6276 6640 t 7004 7368 7731 8094 8457 8819 363 120 079181 9543 9904 0266 0626 0987 1347 1707 2067 2426 360 1 082785 3144 3503 3861 4219 4576 4934 5291 5647 6004 357 2 6360 6716 7071 7426 7781 8136 849p 8845 9198 9552 355 3 9905 0258 0611 0963 1315 1667 2018 2370 2721 3071 352 4 093422 3772 4122 4471 4820 5169 5518 5866 6215 6562 349 5 6910 7257 7604 7951 8298 8644 S990 9335 9681 0026 346 6 100371 0715 1059 1403 1747 2091 2434 2777 3119 3462 343 7 3804 4146 4487 4828 5169 5510 5851 6191 6531 6871 341 8 7210 7549 7888 S227 8565 8903 9241 9579 9916 0253 338 9 110590 0926 1263 1599 1934 2270 2605 2940 3275 3609 335 130 113943 4277 4611 4944 5278 5611 5943 6276 6608 6940 333 1 7271 7603 7934 8265 8595 8926 9256 • 95fe6 9915 0245 330 2 J 20574 0903 1231 1560 1888 2216 2544 2871 3198 3525 328 3 3852 4178 4504 4830 5156 5481 5806 6131 6456 6781 325 4 7105 7429 7753 8076 8399 8722 9045 9368 9690 0012 323 5 130334 0655 0977 1298 1619 1939 2260 2580 2900 3219 321 6 3539 3858 4177 4496 4814 5133 5451 5769 6086 6403 318 7 6721 7037 7354 7671. 79S7 8303 8618 8934 9249 9564 316 8 9879 0194 0508 0822 1136 1450 1763 2076 2389 2702 314 9 143015 3327 3639 3951 4263 4574 4885 5196 5507 5slS 311 140 146128 6438 6748 7058 7367 7676 7985 8294 8603 8911 309 1 9219 9527 9835 0142 0449 0756 1063 1370 1676 1982 307 2 152288 2594 2900 3205 3510 3815 4120 4424 4728 5032 305 3 5336 5640 5943 6246 6549 6852 7154 7457 7759 8061 303 4 8362 8664 8965 9266 9567 9868 0168 0469 0769 1068 301 5 161368 1667 1967 2266 2564 2863 3161 3460 3758 4055 299 6 4353 4650 4947 5244 5541 5838 6134 6430 6726 7022 297 7 7317 7613 7908 6203 8497 8792 9086 9380 9674 9968 295 8 170262 0555 0848 1141 ' 1434 1726 2019 2311 2603 2895 293 9 3186 3478 3769 4060 4351 4641 4932 5222 5512 5802 291 No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dift LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. 501 N„| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Diff. 150 176091 6381 6670 6959 7248 7536 7825 8113 8401 8689 2S9 1 8977 9264 9552 9839 0126 0413 0699 0986 1272 .1558 287 '2 181814 2129 2415 2700 2985 3270 3555 3839 4123 4407 285 3 4691 4975 5259 5542 5825 6108 6391 6674 6956 7239 283 4 7521 7803 S0S4 8366 5647 S92S 9209 9490 9771 0051 281 5 190322 0612 0892 1J 71 1451 1730 2010 2289 2567 2846 279 6 3125 3403 3681 3959 4237 4514 4792 5069 5346 5623 278 7 5900 6176 6453 6729 7005 7281 7556 7832 8107 8382 276 8 8657 8932 9206 9481 9755 0029 0303 0577 0850 1124 274 9 201397 1670 1943 2216 2488 2761 3033 3305 3577 3848 272 160 1 204120 4391 4663 4934 5204 5475 5746 6016' 6286 0556 271 6526 7096 7365 7634 7904 8173 844! 8710 8979 9247 269 2 9515 97S3 0051 0319 0586 0853 1121 1388 1654 1921 267 3 212158 2454 2720 2986 3252 3518 3783 4049 4314 4579 266 4 4544 5109 5373 5638 5902 6166 6430 6694 6957 7221 264 5 7454 7747 8010 8273 8536 5798 9060 9323 9585 9840 262 6 22010S 0370 0631 0892 1153 1414 1875 1936 2196 2456 261 7 2716 2976 3236 3496 3755 4015 4274 4533 4792 5051 259 8 1 5309 5568 5826 6084 6342 6600 6858 7115 7372 7630 258 9 78S7 8144 8400 8657 8913 9170 9426 9682 993S 0193 256 170 230449 0704 0960 1215 1470 1724 1979 2234 24 SS 2742 255 1 2996 3250 3504 3757 4011 4264 4517 4770 5023 5276 253 2 5525 5751 6033 6285 6537 6789 7041 7292 7544 7795 252 3 8046 8297 5548 8799 9049 9299 9550 9800 0050 0300 250 4 240549 0799 1048 1297 1546 1795 2044 2293 2541 2790 249 5 3035 3286 3534 3782 4030 4277 4525 4772 5019 5266 248 6 5513 5759 6006 6252 6499 6745 ♦3991 7237 7482 7728 ' 246 7 7973 8219 ' 8464 8709 8954 9198 9443 9687 9932 0176 245 8 200420 0664 0908 1151 1395 1638 1881 2125 2368 2610 243 9 2853 3096 3333 3580 3822 4064 4306 454S 4790 5031 242 180 255273 5514 5755 5996 6237 6477 6718 6958 "7198 7439 241 1 7679 7918 8158 8398 6637 8877 9116 9355 9594 9833 239 2 260071 0310 0548 0787 1025 1263-' 1501 1739 1976 2214 238 3 2451 2688 2925 3162 3399 3630 3873 4109 4346 4582 237 4 4818 5054 5290 5525 5761 5996 6232 6467 6702 6937 235 5 7172 7406 7641 7875 8110 8344 8578 8812 , 9046 9279 234 6 95l 3 9746 9980 0213 0446 0679 0912 1144 1377 1609 ' 233 7 271842 2074 2306 "2538 2770 3001 3233 3464 8696 3927 232 8 4158 43S9 4620 4850 5081 5311 5542 5772 6002 6232 230 9 6462 6692 6921 7151 7380 7609 7838 8007 8296 8525 229 190 278754 8982 9211 9439 9661 9895 0123 0351 0578 0806 228- 1 281033 1261 1458 1715 1942 . 2169 2396 26^2 2849 3075 227 2 3301 3527 3753 3979 4205 4431 4656 48»2 5107 5332 226 3 5557 5782 6007 6232 6456 6681 6905 7130 7354 7578 225 4 7802 - 8026 8249 8473 8696 8920 9143 9366 9589 9812- 223 5 290035 0257 0480 ' 0702 0925 ' 1147 1369 1591 1813 2034 222 6 2256 2478 2699 2920 3141 3363 35;<4 3804 4025 4240 221 7 4466 4687 4907 5127 5347 5567 5787 6007 6226 6446 220 8 6665 6684 7104 7323 7542 7761 7979 8198 8416 S635 ' 2i9 9 6853 9071 9289 9507 9725 9943 0161 0378 0595 0813 218 No. 0 1 9 3 4 5 6 r 7 8 9 DiflT. 502 ORDNANCE MANUAL. \ No. 0 1 9 3 4 5 | 6 1 7 | 8 9 Diff. 200 301030 1247 1464 1681 1893 2114 2331 2547 2764 2980 217 1 3196 3412 3623 3314 4059 4275 4491 4706 4921 5136 216 2 0351 5566 5781 5996 6211 6425 6639 6854 7068 7282 215 3 7496 7710 7924 8137 8351 8564 8778 8991 9204 9417 213 4 9630 9843 0056 0268 04S1 0693 0906 1118 1330 1542 212 5 311754 1966 2177 23S9 2600 2812 3023 3234 3445 3656 211 6 3867 4078 4289 4499 4710 4920 5130 5340 5551 5760 210 7 5970 6180 6390 6599 6809 7018 7227 7436 7646 7854 209 8 8063 8272 8481 8689 8898 9106 9314 9522 9730 9938 208 9 350146 0354 0562 0769 0977 1184 1391 1598 1805 2012 207 210 322219 2426 2633 2839 3046 3252 3458 3665 3871 4077 206 1 4282 4488 4694 4899 5105 5310 5516 5721 5926 6131 205 2 6336 6541 6745 6950 7155 7359 7563 7767 7972 8176 204 3 8380 8583 8787 8991 9194 9393 9601 9805 0008 0211 203 4 330414 0617 0819 1022 1225 1427 1630 1832 2034 2236 202 5 2438 2640 2842 3044 3246 3447 3649 3850 4051 4253 202 6 4454 4655 4856 5057 5257 5458 5658 5859 6059 6260 201 7 6460 6660 6860 7060 7260 7459 7659 7858 8058 8257 200 8 8456 8656 8855 9054 9253 9451 9650 9849 0047 0246 199 9 340444 0642 0841 1039 1237 1435 1632 1830 2028 2225 198 220 342423 2620 2817 3014 3212 3409 3606 3S02 3999 4196 197 1 4392 4589 4785 4981 5178 5374 5570 5766 5962 6157 196 2 6353 6549 6744 6939 7135 7330 7525 7720 7915 8110 195 3 8305 8500 8694 8889 9083 9278 9472 9666 9S60 0054 194 4 350248 0442 0636 0829 1023 1216 1410 1603 1796 1989 193 5 2183 2375 2568 2761 2954 3147 3339 3532 3724 3916 193 6 4108 4301 4493 4685 4876 5063 5260 5452 5643 5834 192 7 6026 6217 6408 6599 6790 6981 7172 7363 7554 7744 191 8 7935 8125 8316 8506 8696 8886 9076 9266 9456 9616 190 9 9835 0025 0215 0404 0593 0783 0972 1161 1350 1539 189 230 361728 1917 2105 2294 2482 2671 2859 3048 3236 3424 188 1 3612 3800 3988 4176 4363 4551 4739 4926 5113 5301 188 2 5488 5675 5862 6049 6236 6423 6610 6796 6983 7169 187 3 7356 7542 7729 7915 8101 8287 8473 8659 8845 9030 186 4 9216 9401 9587 9772 9953 0143 0328 0513 0698 0883 185 5 371068 1253 1437 1622 1806 1991 2175 2360 2544 2728 184 6 2912 3096 3280 3464 3647 3831 4015 4198 4382 4565 184 7 4748 4932 5115 5298 5481 5664 5846 6029 6212 6394 183 8 6577 6759 6942 7124 7306 7488 7670 7852 8034 8216 182 9 839S 8580 8761 8943 9124 9306 9487 9668 9849 0030 181 240 380211 0392 0573 0754 0934 1115 1296 1476 1656 1837 181 1 2017 2197 2377 2557 2737 2917 3097 3277 3456 3636 180 2 3815 3995 4174 4353 4533 4712 4a91 5070 5249 5428 179 3 5606 5785 5964 6142 6321 6499 6677 6856 7034 7212 178 4 7390 756S 7746 7923 8101 8279 8456 8634 8811 8989 178 5 9166 9343 9520 9698 9875 0051 0228 0405 0582 0759 177 6 390935 1112 1288 1464 1641 1817 1993 2169 2345 2521 176 7 2697 2873 3048 3224 3400 3575 3751 3926 4101 4277 176 8 4452 4627 4802 4977 5152 5326 5501 5676 5850 6025 175 9 6199 6374 6548 6722 6396 7071 7245 7419 7592 7766 174 No; 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Diff. LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. 503 No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ' 8 9 i Diff. 1 250 397940 8114 8287 8461 8634 8S08 8981 9154 9328 9501 173 1 9674 9847 0020 0192 0365 0538 0711 08b3 1056 1228 173 2 401401 1573 1745 1917 2089 2261 2433 2605 2777 2949 172 3 3121 3292 3464 3635 3807 3978 4149 4320 4492 4663 171 4 4834 5005 5176 5346 5517 56&S ' 5858 6029 6199 6370 171 5 6540 6710 6881 7051 7221 7391 7561 7731 7901 8070 170 6 8240 8410 8579 8749 8918 9087 9257 9426 9595 9764 169 7 9933 0102 0271 0440 0609 0777 0946 1114 1283 1451 169 8 411620 1788 1956 2124 2293 2461 2629 2796 2964 3132 168 9 3300 3467 3635 3803 3970 4137 4305 4472 4639 4806 167 260 414973 5140 5307 5474 5641 5808 5974 6141 6308 6474 167 1 6641 6807 6973 7139 7306 7472 7638 7804 7970 8135 166 2 8301 8467 8633 8798 8964 91^9 9295 9460 9625 9791 165 3 9956 0121 0286 0451 0616 0781 0945 1110 1275 1439 165 4 421604 1768 1933 2097 2261 2426 2590 2754 2918 3082 16.4 5 3246 3410 3574 3737 3901 4065 4228 4392 4555 4718 164 6 4882 5045 5208 5371 5534 5697 5s60 6023 6186 6349 163 7 6511 6674 6S36 6999 7161 7324 7486 7648 7811 7973 162 8 8135 8297 8459 8621 8783 8944 9106 9268 9429 9591 162 9 9752 9914 0075 0236 03&8 0559 0720 0881 1042 1203 161 270 431364 1525 1685 1846 2007 2167 2328 24S8 2649 2809 161 1 2969 3130 3290 3450 3610 3770 3930 4090 4249 4409 160 2 4569 4729 4SS8 5048 5207 5367 5526 5685 5844 6004 159 3 6163 6322 6481 6640 6799 6957 7116 7275 7433 7592 159 4 7751 7909 8067 8226 8384 8542 8701 8859 9017 9175 158 5 9333 9491 9648 9806 9964 0122 0279 0437 0594 0752 158 6 440909 1066 1224 1381 1538 1695 1852 2009 216H 2323 157 7 2480 2637 2793 2950 3106 3263 3419 3576 3732 3889 157 8 4045 4201 4357 4513 4669 4825 4981 5137 5293 5449 156 9 5604 5760 5915 6071 6226 6382 6537 6692 6848 7003 155 280 447158 7313 7468 7623 7778 7933 8088 8242 8397 8552 155 1 8706 &S61 9015 9170 9324 9478 9633 9787 994 L 0095 154 2 450249 0403 0657 0711 0865 1018 1172 1326 1479 1633 154 3 1786 1940 2093 2247 2400 2553 2706 2859 3012 3165 153 4 3318 3471 3624 3777 3930 4082 4235 4387 4540 4692 153 & 4845 4997 5150 ' <5302 5454 5606 5758 5910 6062 6214 152 6 6366 6518 6670 6821 6973 7125 7276 74 28 7579 7731 152 7 7882 8033 8184 8336 8487 8638 8789 - 8940 9091 9242 151 8 9392- 9543 9694 9845 9995 0146 0296 0447 0597 0748 151 9 460898 1048 1198 1348 1499 1649 1799 1948 2098 2248 150 290 462398 2548 2697 2847 2997 3146 3296 < 3415 3594 3744 150 1 3893 4042 4191 4340 4490 4639 4788 4936 5085 5234 149 2 5383 5532 5680 5829 , 5977 6126 6274 6423 6571 6719 149 3 6868 7016 7164 7312 7460 7608 7756 7904 8052 8200 148 4 8347 8495 8643 8790 8938 9085 9233 9380 9527 9675 148 & 9822 9969 0116 0263 041Q 0557 0704 0851 0998 1145 147 6 471292 1438 1585 1732 1878 2025 2171 2318 2464 2610 146 7 2756 2903 3049 3195 3341 3487 3633 3779 3925 4071 146 8 4216 4362 4508 4653 4799 4944 5090 5235 5381 5526 146 9 5671 5816 5962 6107 6252 6397 6542 6687 6832 6976 145 No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Diff. 504 ORDNANCE MANUAL. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 300 477121 7266 7411 7555 7700 7844 ^989 8133 8278 8422 1 ' 8566 8711 "8855 8999 9143 9287 9431 -9575 9719 9863 2 480007 0151 0294 04 35 0582 0725 0869 1012 1156 1299 3 1443 1586 1729 1S72 2016 2159 2302 2445 2588 2731 4 2874 '3016 3159 3302 3445 3587 3730 3872 4015 4157 5 4300 4442 4585 4727 4869 5011 5153 5295 5437 5579 6 5721 5863 6005 6147 6289 6430 6572 6714 6855 6997 7 7138 7280 7421 7563 7704 7845 7986 8127 8269 8410 8 8551 8692 8833 8974 9114 9255 9396 9537 9677 9818 9 9958 0099 0239 0380 0520 0661 0801 0941 1081 1222 310 491.362 1502 1642 1782 1922 2062 2201 2341 2481 2621 1 2760 2900 3040 3179 3319 3458 3597 3737 3876 4015 2 4155 4294 4433 4572 4711 4850 4939 5128 5267 5406 3 5544 5683 5822 5960 6099 6238 6376 6515 6653 6791 4 6930 7068 7206 7344 7483 7621 7759 7897 8035 8173 5 8311 8448 8586 8724 S862 8999 9137 9275 9412 9550 6 9t 87 9824 9962 0099 0236 0374 0511 0648 0785 0922 7 501059 1196 1333 1470 1607 1744 1880 2017 2154 2291 8 2427 2564 2700 2837 2973 3109 3246 3382 35 is 3655 9 3791 3927 4063 4199 4335 4471 4607 4743 4878 5014 320 505150 5286 5121 5557 5693 5828 5964 6099 6234 6370 1 6505 6640 6776 6911 7046 7181 7316 7451 75>6 7721 2 7856 7991 8126 8260 8395 8530 8664 8799 8934 9068 3 9203 9337 9471 9006 9740 9874 0009 0143 0277 0411 4 510545 0679 0813 0947 1081 1215 1349 1482 1616 1750 5 1883 2017 2151 2284 2418 2551 2684 2818 2951 3084 0 3218 3351 3484 3617 3750 3883 4016 4149 4282 4415 7 4543 4681 4813 4946 5079 5211 5344 5476 5609 5741 8 5874 6006 6139 6271 6403 6535 6668 6300 6932 7064 9 7196 7328 7460 7592 7724 7855 7987 8119 8251 8382 330 518514 8646 S777 8909 9040 9171 9303 3431 9566 0697 1 9828 9959 0090 0221 0353 0484 0615 0745 0876 1007 2 521138 1269 1400 1530 1661 1792 1922 2053 2183 2314 3 2444 2575 2705 2835 2966 3096 3226 3356 3486 3616 4 3746 3876 4006 4136 4266 4396 4526 4656 4785 4915 5 5045 5174 5304 5434 5563 5693 5822 5951 60S! 6210 6 6339 6469 6598 6727 6856 6985 7114 7243 7372 7501 7 7630 7759 7888 8016 8145 8274 8402 8531 8660 8783 .8 8917 9045 9174 9302 9430 9559 9687 9815 9943 0072 9 530200 0328 0456 0584 0712 0840 0968 1096 1223 1351 340 531479 1607 1734 1862 1990 2117 2245 2372 2500 2627 1 2754 28S2 3009 3136 3261 3391 3518 3645 3772 3399 2 4026 4153 4280 4407 4034 4661 4787 49 L4 5041 5167 3 5294 5421 5547 5674 5800 5927 6053 6180 6306 6432 4 6558 6685 6811 6937 7063 7189 7315 7441 7567 7693 5 7819 7915 8071 8197 8322 8448 8574 8699 8925 8951 6 9076 9202 9327 9452 9578 9703 9829 9954 0079 0204 7 540329 0455 0580 0705 0830 0955 1080 1205 1330 1454 8 ,1579 1704 1829 1953 2078 2203 2327 2452 2576 2701 9 2825 2950 3074 3199 3323 3447 3571 3696 3820 3944 No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dm. H5 144 144 143 143 142 142 141 141 140 140 139 139 139 138 138 137 137' 136 136 136 135 135 134 134 133 133 133 132 132 131 131 131 130 130 129 129 129 128 .128 128 127 127 126 126 126 125 125 125 124 Diff. LOGARITHMS OE NUMBERS. 505 No. 0 i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 j Diflf $50 544068 4192 4316 4440 4564 4688 ' 4812 4936 5060 5183 124 1 6307 5431 5555 5678 680a 5925, •6049 • 6172 6296 6419 • >24 2 6543 6666 6789 6913 7036 7159 72S-2, 7405 7529 7652 123 3 7775 7898 8021 8144 8267 8389 8512 8635 8758 8881 123 4 9003 9126 9249 9371 9494 9616 9739 9861 9984 0106 123 5 550228 0351 0473 0595 0717 0840 0962 1084 1206 1328 122 6 t450 1572 1694 1516 1938 2060 "2181 2303 2425 2547 122 7 2668 2790 2911 3033 3155 3276 3398 3519 3640 3762 121 8 3SS3 4004 4126 4247 4368 4489 4610 4731 4852 4973 121 9 5094 5215 5336 5457 5578 5699 5820 5940 6061 6182 121 360 556303 6423 6544 6664 6785 6905 7026 7146 7267 7387 120 1 7507 7627 7748 7868 7958 8108 '8228 8349 8469 8589 120 a 8709 8829 8948 9068 ■0188 9308 9428 9548 9667 9787 120 3 9907 0026 0146 0265 0385 0504 0624 0743 0863 0982 119 4 561101 1221 1340 1459 1578 1698 1817 1936 2055 2174 119 5 2293 2412 2531 2650 2769 2887 3006 3125 3244 3362 119 6 3481 3600 3718 3837 3955 4074 4192 4311 4429 4548 119 7 4666 4784 4903 5021 5139 5257 5376 5494 5612 5730 118 8 5848 5966 60S4 6202 6320 6437 6555 6673 6791 6909 118 9 7026 7144 7262 7379 7497 7614 7732 7849 7967 8084 118 370 568202 S319 8436 8554 8671 S788 8905 9023 9140 9257' 117 1 9374 9491 9608 9725 9842 9959 0076 0193 0309 0426 117 ■2 570543 0660 0776 0893 1010 1126 1243 1359 1476 1592 117 3 1709 1825 1942 2058 2174 2291 2407 2523 2639 2755 116 4 2872 2958 31 Of 3220 3336 3452 3568 3684 3800 3915 116 5 4031 4147 4263 4879 4494 4610 4726 4841 4957 5072 116 6 6188 5303 5419 5534 6650 5765 5880 5996 6111 6226 115 7 6341 6457 6572 6657 6802 . 6917 7032 7147 7262 7377 115 8 7492 7607 7722 7836 7951 8066 8181 8295 8410 8525 115 9 8639 8754 8568 8983 ' 9097 9212 9326 9441 9555 9669 114 380 579784 9898 0012 0126 0241 0355 0469 0583 0697 0811 114 1 580925 1039 1153 1267 1381 1495 1608 1722 1836 1950 114 2 2063 2177 1 2291 2404 "2518 2631 ■ • 2745 8855 2972 3085 114 3 3199 3312 3426 . 3539 3652 j 3765 3879 3992 4105 4218 113 4 4331 4444 4557 4670 4783 4896 5009 ■ 5122 5235 5348 113 ' 5 5461 5574 5686 5799 5912 6024 6137 6250 6362 6475 113 6 6587 6700 6812 6925 7037 7149 7262 7374 7486 7599 112 7 7711 < 7823 7935 8047 6160 8272 8384 8496 8608 8720 112 8 8832 8944 9056 . 9167 • 9279 9391 9503 9615 9726 9838 112 9 995(1 0061 0173 0284 , 0396 0507 0619 0730 0842 0953 112 390 591065 1176 1287 1399 1510 1621 1732 1843 1955 2066 111 1 2177 . 2288 2399 2510 2621 2732 2843 2954 3064 3175 HI 3286 T 3397 3508 ' 3618 3729 3840 3950 4061 4171 4282 111 3 4393 4503 4614 ■ 4724 4834 4945 5055 5165 5276 5386 110 4 5496 5606 5717 5827 5937 6047 6157 6267 6377 6487 110 5 6597 6707 6817 <6927 7037 7146 7256 7366 7476 7586 110 6 7695 7805 7914 8024 8134 8243 8353 8462 8572 8681 110 ■7 8791 8900 9009 91J9 9228 9337 94415 9556 J9665 9774 109 8 9883 9992 0101 . 0210 , Q319 0428 0537 0646 0755 0864 109 9 600973 1082 1191 1299 1408 1517 1625 1734 1843 1951 109 No. ?: | I 1 2 1 3 4 3 3 -i 7 i 8 . 9 me. 34* I M_ 10 f 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 e 9 L0 ( 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 < 8 9 JO < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 f 8 9 30 I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I 8 9 10 I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 _9 o. | ORDNANCE MANUAL. 2 3 4 | 5' | 6 7 8 9 | Diff. 2277 2386 2494 2603 2711 2819 2928 3036 108 3361 3469 3577 3686 3794 3902 4010 4118 108 4442 4550 4658 4766 4874 4982 5089 5197 108 5521 562S 5736 5844 5951 6059 6166 6274 108 6596 6704 • 6811 6919 7026 7133 7241 7348 107 7669 7777 7884 7991 8098 8205 8312 8419 107 8740 8847 8954 9061 9167 9274 9381 9488 107 9808 9914 0021 0128 0234 0341 0447 0554 107 0873 0979 1086 1192 1298 1405 1511 1617 106 1936 2042 2148 2254 2360 2466 2572 2678 106 2996 3102 3207 3313 3419 3525 3630' 3736 106 4053 4159 4264 4370 4475 4581 4686 4792 106 5108 5213 5319 5424 5529 5634 5740 5845 105 6160 6265 6370 6476 6581 6686 6790 6895 105 7210 7315 7420 7525 7629 7734 7839 7943 105 8257 8362 8466 8571 8676 8780 8884 8989 105 9302 9406 9511 9615 9719 9824 9928 0032 104 0344 0448 0552 0656 0760 0864 0968 1072 104 1384 1488 1592 1695 1799 1903 2007 2110 104 2421 2525 2628 2732 2835 2939 3042 3146 104 3456 3559 3663 3766 3869 3973 4076 4179 103 4488 4591 4695 4798 4901 5004 5107 5210 103 5518 5621 5724 5S27 5929 6032 6135 6238 103 6546 6648 6751 6S53 6956 7058 7161 7263 103 7571 7673 7775 7878 7980 8082 8185 8287 102 8593 8695 8797 8000 9002 9104 9206 9308 102 9613 9715 9817 9919 0021 0123 0224 0326 102 0631 0733 0835 0936 1038 1139 1241 1342 102 1647 1748 1849 1951 2052 2153 2255 2356 101 2660 2761 2862 2963 3064 3165 3266 3367 101 3670 3771 3872 3973 4074 4175 4276 4376 101 4679 4779 4880 4981 5081 5182 5283 5383 101 5685 5785 5886 5986 6087 6187 6287 6388 100 6688 6789 6889 6989 7089 7189 7290 7390 100 7690 7790 7890 7990 8090 8190 8290 8389 100 8689 8789 8888 8988 9088 9188 9287 9387 100 9686 9785 9885 9984 0084 0183 0283 0382 99 0680 0779 0879 0978 ' 1077 1177 1276 1375 99 1672 1771 1871 1970 2069 2168 2267 2366 99 2662 2761 2860 2959 3058 3156 3255 ' 3354 99 3650 3749 3847 3946 4044 4143 4242 4340 98 4636 4734 4832 4931 5029 5127 ' 5226 5324 98 5619 5717 5815 5913 6011 6110 6208 6306 98 6600 6698 .6796 6894 6992 7089 7187 7285 98 7579 7676 7774 7872 7969 8067 8165 8262 98 8655 8653 8750 8848 8945 0043 9140 9237 97 9530 9627 9724 9821 9919 0016 0113 0210 97 0502 , 0599 0696 0793 0890 0987 1084 1181 97 1472 1569 1666 1762 1859 1956 2053 2150 97 2440 2536 2633 2730 2826 2923 3019 3116 97 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Diff. LOGARITHMS OP NUMBERS. 507 No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Piff. 450 653213 3309 3405 3502 3598 3695 3791 3888 3984 4080 96 1 4177 4273 4369 4465 4562 4658 4754 4850 4946 5042 96 2 5138 5235 5331 5427 5523 5619 5715 5810 5906 6002 96 3 6098 6194 6290 6386 6482 6577 6673 6769 6864 6960 96 4 7056 7152 7247 7343 7438 7534 7629 7725 7820 7916 96 5 8011 8107 8202 8298 8393 8488 8584 8679 8774 8870 95 6 8965 9060 9155 9250 9346 9441 9536 9631 9726 9821 95 7 9916 0011 0106 0201 0296 0391 0486 0581 0676 0771 95 8 660865 0960 1055 1150 1245 1339 •1434 1529 1623 1718 95 9 1813 1907 2002 2096 2191 2286 2380 2475 2569 2663 95 460 662758 2852 2947 3041 3135 3230 3324 3418 3512 3607 94 1 3701 3795 3889 3983 4078 4172 4266 4360 4454 4548 94 2 4642 4736 4830 4924 5018 5112 5206 5299 5393 5487 94 3 5581 5675 5769 5862 5956 6050 6143 6237 6331 6424 94 4 6518 6612 6705 6799 6892 6986 7079 7173 7266 7360 94 5 7453 7546 7640 7733 7826 7920 8013 8106 8199 8293 93 6 8386 8479 857£ 8665 8759 8852 8945 9038 9131 9224 93 7 9317 9410 9503 19596 9689 9782 9875 9967 0060 0153 93 8 670246 0339 0431 0524 0617 0710 0802 0895 0988 1080 93 9 1173 1265 1358 1451 1543 1636 1728 1821 1913 2005 93 J 470 672098 2190 2283 2375 2467 2560 2652 ■ 2744 2836 2929 92 1 3021 3113 3205 3297 3390 3482 3574 3666 3758 3850 . 92 2 3942 4034 4126 4218 4310 4402 4494 4586 4677 4769 92 3 4861 4953 5045 5137 5228 5320 5412 5503 5595 5687 92 4 5778 5870 5962 6053 6145 6236 6328 6419 6511 6602 92 5 6694 6785 • 6876 6968 7059 7151 7242 7333 7424 7516 91 6 7607 7698 ' 7789 7881 7972 8063 8154 8245 8336 8427 91 7 8518 8609 8700 8791 8882 8973 9064 9155 9246 9337 91 8 9428 9519 9610 9700 9791 9882 9973 0063 0154 0245 91 9 680336 0426 0517 0607 0698 0789 0879 • 0970 1060 1151 91 480 681241 1332 1422 1513 1603 1693 1784 1874 1964 2055 90 1 2145 2235 2326 2416 2506 2596 2686 2777 2867 2957 90 2 3047 3137 3227 3317 3407 3497 3587 3677 3767 3857 90 3 3947 4037 4127 4217 4307 4396 4486 4576 4666 4756 90 4 4845 4935 5025 5114 5204 5294 5383 5473 5563 5652 90 5 5742 5831 5921 6010 6100 6189 6279 6368 6458 6547 89 6 6636 6726 6815 6904 6994 7083 7172 7261 7351 7440 89 7 7529 7618 7707 7796 7886 7975 8064 8153 8242 S331 89 8 8420 8509 8598 8687 8776 8865 8953 9042 9131 9220 89 9 9309 9398 9486 9575 9664 9753 '9841 9930 0019 0107 89 490 690196 0285 0373 0462 0550 0639 0728 0816 0905 0993 89 1 1081 1170 1258 1347 1435 1524 1612 1700 1789 1877 88 2 1965 ■ 2053 2142 2230 2318 2406 2494 2583 2671 2759 88 3 2847 2935 3023 3111 3199 3287 3375 3463 3551 3639 88 4 3727 3815 3903 3991 4078 4166 4254 4342 4430 4517 88 5 4605 4693 4781 4868 4956 5044 5131 5219 5307 5394 88 6 5482 5569 5657 5744 5832 5919 6007 6094 6182 6269 87 7 6356 6444 6531 6618 6706 6793' 6880 6968 7055 7142 87 8 7229 7317 7404 7491 7578 7665 7752 7839 7926 8014 87 9 8101 8188 8275 8362 8449 8535 8622 8709 8796 8883 87 No. o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | Diff. r. | 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 _9 o. ORDNANCE MANUAL. 2 1 1 4 | 5 | 6 1 7 1 8 9 Diff. 9144 9231 9317 9404 9491 9578 9664 9751 87 0011 0098 ■ 0184 0271 0358 0444 0531 0617 87 0877 . 0963 1050 1136 1222 1309 1395 1482 86 1741 1827 ~ 1913 1999 2086 2172 2258 2344 86 2603 2689 2775 2861 2947 3033 3119 3205 86 3463 3549 3635 3721 3807 3893 3979 4065 86 4322 4408 4494 4579 4665 4751 4837 4922 86 6179 5265 5350 5436 5522 5607 5693 5778 86 6035 6120 6206 6291 6376 6462 6547 6632 86 6888 6974 7059 7144 7229 7315 7400 7485 85 7740 7826 7911 7996 8081 8166 8251 8336 £5 8591 8676 8761 8846 8931 9015 9100 9185 85 9440 9524 9609 9694 9779 9863 9948 0033 85 0287 0371 0456 0540 0625 0710 0794 0879 85 1132 1217 1301 1385 1470 1554 1639 1723 84 1976 2060 2144 2229 2313 2397 2481 2566 84 2818 2902 2986 3070 3154 3238 3323 3407 84 3659 3742 3826 3910 3994 4078 4162 4246 84 4497 4581 4665 4749 4833 4916 5000 5084 84 5335 5418 5502 5586 5669 5753 5836 5920 84 6170 6254 6337 6421 6504 6588 6671 6754 83 7004 7088 7171 7254 7338 7421 7504 7587 83 7837 7920 8003 8086 8169 8253 8336 8419 83 8668 8751 8834 8917 9000 9083 9165 9248 83 9497 9580 9663 9745 9828 9911 9994 0077 83 0325 0407 0490 0573 0655 0738 0821 0003 83 1151 1233 1316 1398 1481 1563 1646 1728 82 1975 2058 2140 2222 2305 2387 2469 2552 82 2798 2881 2963 3045 3127 3209 3291 3374 82 3620 3702 3784 3866 3948 4030 4112 4194 82 4440 4522 4604 4685 4767 4849 4931 5013 82 5258 5340 5422 5503 5585 5667 5748 5830 82 6075 6156 6238 6320 6401 6483 6564 6646 82 6890 6972 7053 7134 7216 7297 7379 7460 81 7704 7785 7866 7948 8029 8110 8191 8273 81 8516 8597 8678 8759 8841 8922 9003 9084 81 9327 9408 9489 9570 9651 9732 9813 9893 81 0136 0217 0298 0378 0459 0540 0621 0702 81 0944 1024 1105 1L86 1266 1347 1428 1508 81 1750 1830 1911 1991 2072 2152 2233 2313 81 2555 2635 2715 2796 2876 2956 3037 3117 80 3358 3438 3518 3598 3679 3759 3839 3919 80 4160 4240 4320 4400 4480 4560 4640 4720 80 4960 5040 5120 5200 5279 5359 5439 5519 80 5759 5838 5918 5998 6078 6157 6237 6317 80 6556 6635 6715 6795 6874 6954 7034 7113 80 7352 743 L 7511 7590 7670 7749 7829 7908 79 8146 8225 8305 8384 8463 . 8543 8622 8701 79 8939 9018 9097 9177 9256 9335 9414 9493 79 9731 9810 9889 9968 0047 0126 0205 0284 79 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 Piff. LOGARITHMS OP NUMBERS. 509 No.1 ■o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | 9 | Diff. 550 740363 0442 0521 0600 0678 0757 0836 0915 0994 1073 79 1 1152 1230 1309 1388 1467 1546 1624 1703 1782 1860 79 2 1939 2018 2096 2175 2254 2332 ■ 2411 2489 2568 2647 79 3 2725 2804 2882 2961 3039 3118 3196 3275 3353 3431 78 4 3510 3588 3667 3745 3823 3902 3980 4058 4136 4215 78 5 4293 4371 4449 4528 4606 4684 4762 4840 4919 4997 78 6 5075 5153 5231 5309 5387 5465 5543 5621 5699 5777 78 7 5855 5933 6011 6089 6167 6245 6323 6401 6479 6556 78 8 6634 6712 6790 6868 6945 7023 7101 7179 7256 7334 78 9 7412 7489 7567 7645 7722 7800 7878 7955 8033 8110 78 560 748188 8266 8343 8421 8498 8576 8653 8731 8808 8885 77 1 8963 9040 9118 9195 9272 9350 9427 9504 9582 9659 77 2 9736 9814 9891 9968 0045 0123 0200 0277 0354 0431 77 3 750508 0586 0663 0740 0817 0894 0971 1048 1125 1202 77 4 4279 1356 1433 1510 1587 1664 1741 1818 1895 1972 77 5 2048 5125 2202 2279 2356 2433 2509 2586 2663 2740 77 6 2816 2893 2970 3047 3123 3200 3277 3353 3430 3506 77 7 3583 3660 3736 3813 3889 3966 4042 4119 4195 4272 77 8 4348 4425 4501 4578 4654 4730 4807 4883 4960 5036 76 9 5112 5189 5265 5341 5417 5494 5570 5646 5722 5799 76 570 755875 5951 6027 6103 6180 6256 6332 6408 6484 6560 76 1 6636 •6712 6788 6864 6940 7016 7092 7168 7244 7320 76 2 7396 7472 7548 7624 7700 7775 7851 7927 8003 8079 76 3 8155 8230 8306 8382 8458 8533 8609 8685 8761 8836 76 4 8912 8988 9063 9139 9214 9290 9366 9441 9517 9592 76 5 9668 9743 9819 9894 9970 0045 0121 0196 0272 0347 75 6 760422 0498 0573 0649 0724 0799 0875 0950 1025 1101 75 7 1176 1251 1326 1402 1477 1552 1627 1702 1778 1853 75 8 1928 2003 2078 2153 2228 2303 2378 2453 2529 2604 75 9 2679 2754 2829 2904 2978 3053 3128 3203 3278 3353 75 580 763428 3503 3578 3653 3727 3802 3877 3952 4027 4101 75 1 4176 4251 4326 4400 4475 4550 4624 4699 4774 4848 75 2 4923 4998 5072 5147 5221 5296 5370 ■5445 5520 5594 75 3 5669 5743 5818 5892 5966 6041 6115 6190 6264 6338 74 4 6413 6487 6562 6636 6710 6785 6859 6933 7007 7082 74 5 7156 7230 7304 7379 7453 7527 7601 7675 7749 7823 74 6 7898 7972 8046 8120 8194 8268 8342 8416 8490 8564 74 7 8638 8712 8786 • 8860 8934 9008 9082 9156 9230 9303 74 8 9377 9451 9525 9599 9673 9746 9820 9894 9968 0042 74 9 770115 0189 0263 0336 0410 0484 4 0557 0631 0705 0778 74 590 770852 0926 0999 1073 1146 1220 1293 i 1367 1440 1514 74 1 1587 1661 ' 1734 1808 1881 1955 2028 2102 2175 2248 73 2 2322 2395 2468 2542 2615 ' 2688 2762 2835 2908 2981 73 3 3055 3128 3201 3274 3348 3421 3494 3567 3640 3713 73 4 3786 3860 3933 4006 4079 4152 ■ 4225 4298 4371 4444 73 5 4517 5246 4590 4663 4736 4809 4882 4955 5028 5100 5173 73 6 5319 5392 5465 5538 5610 5683 5756 5829 5902 73 7 5974 6047 6120 6193 6265 6338 6411 6483 6556 6629 73 8 6701 6774 6846 ' 6919 6992 7064 7137 7209 7282 7354 73 9 7427 7499 7572 7644 7717 7789 7862 7934 8006 8079 72 No. 0 1 2 3 # 4 5 6 7 8 9 Diff. 510 ORDNANCE MANUAL. No. 0 1 2 3 4 | 5 | 6 7 | 8 9 Dift 600 778151 8224 8296 3368 8441 8513 8585 8658 8730 8802 72 I 8874 8947 9017 9091 9163 9236 9308 9380 9452 9524 72 2 9596 9669 9741 9813 9885 9957 0029 0101 0173 0245 72 3 780317 0389 0461 4)533 0605 0677 0749 0821 0893 0965 72 4 1037 1109 1181 1253 1324 1396 1468 1540 1612 1684 72 5 1755 1827 1899 1971 2042 2114 2186 2258 2329 2401 72 6 2473 2544 2616 2688 2759 2831 2902 2974 3046 3117 72 7 3189 3260 3332 3403 3475 3546 3618 3689 3761 3832 71 8 3904 3975 4046 4118 4189 4261 4332 4403 4475 4546 71 9 4617 4689 4760 4831 4902 4974 5045 5116 5187 5259 71 6X0 785330 5401 5472 5543 5615 5886 5757 5828 5899 5970 71 1 6041 6112 6183 6254 6325 6396 6467 6538 6609 6680 71 2 6751 6822 6893 6964 7035 7106 7177 7248 7319 7390 71 3 7460 7531 7602 7673 7744 7815 7885 7956 8027 8098 71 4 8168 8239 8310 8381 8451 8522 8593 8663 8734 8804 71 5 8875 8946 9016 9087 9157 9228 9299 9369 9440 9510 71 6 9581 9651 9722 9792 9863 9933 0004 0074 0144 0215 70 7 790285 0356 0426 0496 0567 0637 0707 0778 0848 0918 70 8 0.988 1059 1129 1199 1?69 1340 1410 1480 1550 1620 70 9 1691 1761 1831 1901 1971 2041 2111 2181 2252 2322 70 620 792392 2462 2532 2602 2672 2742 2812 2882 2952 3022 70 1 3092 3162 3231 3301 3371 3441 3511 3581 3651 3721 70 2 3790 3860 3930 4000 4070 4139 4209 4279 4349 4418 70 3 4488 4558 4627 4697 4767 4836 4906 4976 5045 5115 70 4 5185 5254 5324 5393 - 5463 5532 5602 5672 5741 5811 70 5 5880 5949 6019 6088 6158 6227 6297 6366 6436 6505 69 6 6574 6644 6713 6782 6852 6921 6990 7060 7129 7198 69 7 7268 7337 7406 7475 7545 7614 7683 7752 7821 7890 69 8 7960 8029 8098 8167 8236 8305 8374 8443 8513 8582 69 9 8651 8720 8789 8858 8927 8996 9065 9134 9203 9272 69 630 799341 9409 9478 9547 - 9616 9085 9754 9823 9892 9961 69 I 800029 0098 0167 0236 0305 0373 0442 0511 0580 0648 69 2 0717 0786 0854 0923 0992 1061 1129 1198 1266 1335 69 3 1404 1472 1541 1609 1678 1747 1815 1884 1952 2021 69 4 2089 2158 2226 2295 2363 2432 2500 2568 2637 2705 68 5 2774 2842 2910 2979 3047 3116 3184 3252 3321 3389 68 6 3457 3525 3594' 3662 3730 3798 3867 3935 4003 4071 68 7 4139 4208 4276 4344 4412 4480 4548 4616 4685 4753 68 8 4821 4889 4956 5025 5093 5161 5229 5297 5365 5433 68 9 5501 5569 5637 5705 5773 5841 5908 5976 6044 6112 68 640 806180 6248 6316 6384 6451 6519 6587 6655 6723 6790 68 1 6858 6926 6994 7061 7129 7197 7264 7332 7400 7467 68 2 7535 7603 7670 7738 7806 7873 7941 8008 8076 8143 68 3 8211 8279 8346 8414 8481 8549 8616 8684 8751 8818 67 4 8886 8953 9021 9088 9156 9223 9290 9358 9425 9492 67 5 9560 9627 9694 9762 9829 9896 9964 0031 0098 0165 67 6 810233 0300 0367 0434 0501 0569 0636 0703 0770 0837 67 7 0904 0971 1039 1106 1173 1240 1307 1374 . 1441 1508 67 8 1575 1642 1709 1776 1843 1910 1977 2044 2111 2178 67 9 2245 §31? 2379 2445 2512 2579 2646 2713 2780 2847 67 No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Diff, LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. 511 No. | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 j 4 | 3 6 7 8 9 Diff. 650 812913 2980 3047 3114 3181 3247 3314 3381 3448 3514 2739 2797 2855 2913 2972 3030 3083 3146 3204 3262 58 7 3321 3379 3437 3495 3553 3611 3669 3727 3785 3844 58 8 3902 3960 4018 4076 4134 4192 4250' 4308. 4366 4424 58 9 4482 4540. 4598 4656 4714 4772 4830i 4888 4945 5003 58 No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 & * • 1 m T LOGARITHMS OP NUMBERS. 513 No. 0 1 2 3 | 4 5 6 7 8 9 Diff. 750 875061 5119 5177 5235 5293 5351 5409 5466 5524 5582 58 1 5640 5698 5756 5813 5871 5929 5987 6045 6102 6160 58 2 6218 6276 6333 6391 6449 6507 6564 6622 6680 6737 58 3 6795 6853 6910 6968 7026 7083 7141 7199 7256 7314 58 4 7371 7429 7487 7544 7602 7659 7717 7774 7832 7889 58 5 7947 8004 8062 8119 8177 8234 8292 8349 8407 8464 57 6 8522 8579 8637 8694 8752 &809 8866 8924 8981 9039 57 7 9096 9153 9211 9268 9325 9383 9440 9497 9555 9612 57 8 9669 9726 9784 9841 9898 9956 00J3 0070 0127 0185 57 9 880242 0299 0356 0413 0471 0528 0585 0642 0699 0756 57 760 880814 0871 0928 0985 1042 1099 1156 1213 1271 1328 57 1 1385 1442 1499 1556 1613 1670 1727 1784 1841 1898 57 2 1955 2012 2069 212& 2183 2240 2297 2354 2411 2468 57 3 2525 2581 2638 2695 2752 2809 2866 2923 2980 3037 57 4 3093 3150 3207 3264- 3321 3377 3434 3491 3548 3605 57 5 3661 3718 3775 3832 3888 3945 4002 4059 4115 4172 57 6 4229 4285 4342 4399 4455 4512 4569 4625 4682 4739 57 7 4795 4852 4909 4965 5022 5078 5135 5192 5248 5305 57 8 5361 5418 5474 5531 5587 5644 5700 5757 5813 5870 57 9 5926 5983 6039 6096 6152 6209 6265 6321 6378 6434 56 770 886491 6547 6604 6660 6716 6773 6829 6885 6942 6998 56 1 7054 7111 7167 7223 7280 7336 7392 7449 7505 7561 56 2 7617 7674 7730 7786 7842 7898 7955 8011 8067 8123 56 3 8179 8236 8292 8345 8404 8460 8516 8573 8629 8685 56 4 8741 8797 5853 8909 8965 9021 9077 9134 9190 9246 56 5 9302 9358 9414 9470 9526 9582 9638 9694 9750 9806 56 6 9862 9918 9974 0030 0086 0141 0197 0253 0309 0365 56 7 890421 0477 0533 0589 0645 0700 0756 0812 0868 0924 56 8 0980 1035 1091 1147 1203 1259 1314 1370 1426 1482 56 9 1537 1593 1649 1705 1760 1816 1872 1928 1983 2039 56 780 892095 2150 2206 2262 2317 2373 2429 2484 2540 2595 56 1 2651 2707 2762 2818 2873 2929 2985 3040 3096 3151 56 2 3207 3262 3318 3373 3429 3484 3540 3595 3651 3706 56 3 3762 3817 3873 3928 3984 4039 4094 4150 4205 4261 55 4 4316 4371 4427 4482 4538 4593 4648 4704 4759 4814 55 5 4870 4925 4980 5036 5091 5146 5201 5257 5312 5367 55 6 5423 5478 5533 5588 5644 5699 5754 5809 5864 5920 55 7 5975 6030 6085 6140 6195 6251 6306 6361 6416 6471 55 8 6526 6581 6636 6692 6747 6802 6857 6912 6967 7022 55 9 7077 7132 7187 7242 7297 7352 7407 7462 7517 7572 55 790 897627 7682 7737 7792 7847 7902 7957 8012 8067 8122 55 1 8176 8231 8286 834 L 8396 8451 8506 8561 8615 8670 55 2 8725 8780 8535 8890 8944 8999 9054 9109 9164 9218 55 3 9273 9328 9383 9437 9492 9547 9602 9656 9711 9766 55 4 9821 9875 9930 9985 0039 0094 0149 0203 0258 0312 55 5 900367 0422 0476 0531 0586 0640 0695 0749 0804 0859 55 6 0913 0968 1022 1077 1131 1186 1240 1295 1349 1404 55 7 1458 1513 1567 1622 1676 1731 1785 1840 1894 1948 54 8 2003 2057 2112 2166 2221 2275 2329 2384 2438 2492 54 9 2547 2601 2655 2710 2764 2818 2873 2927 2981 3036 54 No. 0 1 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 ' 9 Diff. 35 tl )0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LO 1 2 3 4 ft 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 ft 6 7 8 9 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 >. Diff. 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 52 52 52 52- 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 Diff. ORDNANCE MANUAL. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3199 3253 3307 3361 3416 3470 3524 3578 3741 3795 3849 3904 3958 4012 4066 4120 4283 4337 4391 4145 4499 4553 4607 4661 4824 487S 4932 4986 5040 5094 5148 5202 5364 5418 5472 5526 5580 5634 5688 5742 5904 5958 6012 6066 6119 6173 6227 6281 6443 6497 6551 6604 6658 6712 6766 6820 6981 7035 7089 7143 7196 7250 7304 7358 7519 7573 7626 7680 7734 7787 7841 7895 8056 8110 8163 8217 8270 8324 8378 8431 8592 8646 8699 8753 8807 8860 8914 8967 9128 9181 9235 9289 9342 9396 9449 9503 9663 9716 9770 9823 9877 9930 9984 0037 0197 0251 0304 0358 0411 0464 0518 0571 0731 0784 0838 0891 0944 0998 1051 1104 1264 1317 1371 1424 1477 1530 1584 1637 1797 1850 1903 1956 2009 2063 2116 2169 2328 2381 2435 2488 2541 2594 2647 2700 2859 2913 2966 3019 3072 3125 3178 3231 3390 3443 3496 3549 3602 3655 3708 3761 3920 3973 4026 4079 4132 4184 4237 4290 4449 4502 4555 4608 4660 4713 4766 4819 4977 5030 5083 5136 5189 5241 5294 5347 550$ 5558 5611 5664 5716 5769 5822 5875 6033 6085 6138 6191 6243 6296 6349 6401 6559 6612 6664 6717 6770 6822 6875 6927 7085 7138 7190 7243 7295 7348 7400 7453 7611 7663 7716 7768 7820 7873 7925 7978 8135 8188 8240 8293 8345 8397 8450 8502 8659 8712 8764 8816 8869 8921 8973 9026 9183 9235 9287 9340 9392 9444 9496 9549 9706 9758 9810 9862 9914 9967 0019 0071 0228 0280 0332 0384 0436 0489 0541 0593 0749 0801 0853 0906 0958 1010 1062 1114 1270 1322 1374 1426 1478 1530 1582 1634 1790 1842 1894 1946 1998 2050 2102 2154 2310 2362 2414 2466 2518 2570 2622 2674 2829 2881 2933 2985 3037 3089 3140 3192 3348 3399 3451 3503 3555 3607 3658 3710 3865 3917 3969 4021 4072 4124 4176 4228 4383 4434 4486 4538 4589 4641 4693 4744 4899 4951 5003 5054 5106 5157 5209 5261 5415 5467 5518 5570 5621 5673 5725 5776 5931 5982 6034 6085 6137 6188 6240 6291 6445 6497 6548 6600 6651 6702 6754 6805 6959 7011 7062 7114 7165 7216 7268 7319 7473 7524 7576 ■7627 7678 7730 7781 7532 7986 8037 8088 8140 8191 8242 8293 8345 8498 8549 8601 8652 8703 8754 8805 8857 9010 9061 9112 9163 9215 9266 9317 9368 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. 515 No. 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Diff. 850 929419 9470 9521 9572 9623 9674 9725 9776 9827 9879 51 1 yy3o 9981 0032 0083 0134 0185 0236 0287 0338 0389 51 2 930440 0491 0542 0592 0643 0694 0745 0796 0847 0898 51 3 0949 1000 1051 1102 1153 1204 1254 1305 1356 1407 51 4 1458 1509 1560 1610 1661 1712 1763 1814 1865 1915 51 5 1966 2017 2068 2118 2169 2220 2271 2322 2372 2423 51 6 2474 2524 2575 2626 2677 2727 2778 2829 2879 2930 51 7 2981 3031 3082 3133 3183 3234 3285 3335 3386 3437 51 8 3487 3538 3589 3639 3690 3740 3791 3841 3692 3943 51 y 3993 4044 4094 4145 4195 4246 4296 4347 4397 4448 51 860 934498 4549 4599 4650 4700 4751 4801 4852 4902 4953 50 1 5003 5054 5104 5154 5205 5255 5306 5356 5406 5457 50 2 5507 5558 5608 5658 5709 5759 5809 5860 5910 5960 50 3 6011 6061 6111 6162 6212 6262 6313 6363 6413 6463 50 4 6514 6564 6614 6665 6715 6765 6815 6865 6916 6966 50 5 7016 7066 7117 7167 7217 7267 7317 7367 7418 7468 50 6 7518 7568 7618 7668 7718 7769 7819 7869 7919 7969 50 7 8019 8069 8119 8169 8219 8269 8320 8370 8420 8470 50 8 8520 8570 8620 8670 8720 8770 8820 8370 8920 8970 50 9 9020 9070 9120 9170 9220 9270 9320 9369 9419 9469 50/ 870 939519 9569 9619 9669 9719 9769 9819 9869 9918 9968 50 ] 940018 0068 0118 0168 0218 0267 0317 0367 0417 0467 50 2 0516 0566 0616 0666 0716 0765 0815 0865 0915 0964 50 3 1014 1064 1114 1163 1213 1263 1313 1362 1412 1462 50 4 1511 1561 1611 1660 1710 1760 1809 185y 1909 1958 50 5 2008 2058 2107 2157 2207 2256 2306 2355 2405 2455 50' 6 2504 2554 2603 2653 2702 2752 2801 2851 2901 2950 50' 7 3000 3049 3099 3148 3198 3247 3297 3346 3396 3445 W 8 3495 3544 3593 3643 3692 3742 3791 3841 3890 3939 49 9 3989 4038 4088 4137 4186 4236 42&5 4335 4384 4433 49/ 880 944483 4532 4581 4631 4680 4729 4779 4828 4877 4927 49 I 4976 5025 5074 5124 5173 5222 5272 5321 5370 5419 49 2 5469 5518 5567 5616 5665 5715 5764 5813 5862 5912 49 3 5961 6010 6059 6108 6157 6207 6256 6305 6354 6403 49 4 6452 6501 6551 6600 6649 6698 6747 6796 6845 6894 49 & 6943 6992 7041 7090 7140 7189 7238 7287 7336 7385 49 6 7434 7483 7532 7581 7630 7679 7728 7777 7826 7875 49 7 7924 7973 8022 8070 8119 8168 8217 8266 8315 8364 49 8 8413 8462 8511 8560 8609 8657 8706 8755 8804 8853 49 9 8902 8951 8999 9048 ■ 9097 9146 9195 9244 9292 9341 49 890 949390 9439 9488 9536 9585 9634 9683 9731 9780 9829 49 I 9878 9926 9975 0024 0073 0121 0170 0219 0267 0316 49 2 950365 0414 0462 0511 0560 0608 0657 0706 0754 0803 ' 49 3 0851 0900 0949 0997 1046 1095 1143 1192 1240 1289 49 4 1338 1386 1435 1483 1532 1580 1629 1.677 1726 1775 49 5 1823 1>72 1920 1969 2017 2066 2114 2163 2211 2260 48 6 2308 2356 2405 2453 2502 2550 2599 2647 2696 2744 48 7 2792 2841 2889 2938 298'6 3034 3083 3131 3180 3228 48 8 3276 3325 3373 3421 3470 3518 3566 3615' 3663 3711 48 9 3760 3808 3856 3905 3953 4001 4049 4098 4146 4194 48 No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Diff. 3. | )0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 ■ 5 6 7 8 y >o l 2 3 4 5 fi 7 8 9 JO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 o. ORDNANCE MANUAL. 0 1 2 3 4 | 6 1 6 | 7 | 8 9 Diff. 954243 4291 4339 4387 4435 4484 4532 4580 4628 4677 48 4725 4773 4821 4869 4918 4966 5014 5062 5110 5158 48 5207 5255 5303 5351 5399 5447 5495 5543 5592 5640 48 5t'88 5736 5784 5832 5880 5928 5976 6024 6072 6120 48 6168 6216 6265 6313 6361 6409 6457 6505 6553 6601 48 6649 6697 6745 6793 6840 6888 6936 6984 7032 7080 48 7128 7176 7224 7272 7320 7368 7416 7464 7512 7559 48 7607 7655 7703 7751 7799 7847 7894 7942 7990 8038 48 8086 8134 8181 8229 8277 8325 8373 8421 8468 8516 48 8564 8612 8659 8707 8755 8803 8850 8898 8946 8994 48 959041 9089 9137 9185 9232 9280 9328 9375 9423 9471 48 9518 9566 9614 9661 9709 9757 9804 9852 9900 9947 48 99o5 0042 0090 0138 0185 0233 0280 0328 0376 0423 48 960471 0518 0566 0613 0661 0709 0756 0804 0851 0899 48 0946 0994 1041 1089 L136 1184 1231 1279 1326 1374 48 1421 1469 1516 1563 1611 1658 1706 1753 1801 1848 47 1895 1943 1990 2038 2085 2132 2180 2227 2275 2322 47 2369 2417 2464 253 1 2559 2606 2653 2701 2748 2795 47 2843 2890 2937 2985 3032 3079 3126 3174 3221 3268 47 3316 3363 3410 3457 3504 3552 3599 3646 3693 3741 47 963788 3835 3882 3929 3977 4024 4071 4118 4165 4212 47 4260 4307 4354 4401 4448 4495 4542 4590 4637 4684 47 4731 4778 4825 4872 4919 4966 5013 5061 5108 5155 47 5202 5249 5296 5343 5390 5437 5484 5531 5578 5625 47 5672 5719 5766 5813 5860 5907 5954 6001 6048 6095 47 6142 6189 6236 6283 6329 6376 6423 6470 6517 6564 47 6611 6658 6705 6752 6799 6845 6592 6939 6986 7033 47 7080 7127 7173 7220 7267 7314 7361 7408 7454 7501 47 7548 7595 7642- 7688 7735 7782 7829 7875 7922 7969 47 8016 8062 8109 8156 8203 8249 8296 8343 8390 8436 47 968483 8530 8576 8623 8670 8716 8763 8810 8856 8903 47 8950 8996 9043 9090 9136 9183 9229 9276 9323 9369 47 9416 9463 9509 9556 9602 9649 9695 9742 9789 9835 47 9882 9928 9975 0021 0068 0114 0161 0207 0254 0300 47 970347 0393 0440 0486 0533 0579 0626 0672 0719 0705 46 0812 0858 0904 0951 0997 1044 1090 1137 1183 1229 46 1276 1322 1369 1415 1461 1508 1554 1601 1647 1693 46 1740 1786 1832 1879 1925 1971 2018 2064 2110 2157 46 2203 2249 2295 2342 2388 2434 2481 2527 2573 2619 46 2666 2712 2758 2804 2851 2897 2943 2989 3035 3082 46 973128 3174 3220 3266 3313 3359 3405 3451 3497 3543 46 3590 3636 3682 3728 3774 3820 3866 3913 3959 4005 46 4051 4097 4143 4189 4235 4251 4327 4374 4420 4466 46 4512 4558 4604 4650 4696 4742 4788 4834 4880 4926 46 4972 5018 5064 5110 5156 5202 5248 5294 5340 5386 46 5432 5478 5524 5570 5616 5662 5707 5753 5799 5845 46 5891 5937 5983 6029 6075 6121 6167 6212 6258 6304 46 6350 6396 6442 6488 6533 6579 6625 6671 6717 6763 46 6808 6854 6900 6946 6992 7037 7083 7129 7175 7220 46 7266 7312 7358 7403 7449 7495 7541 7586 7632 7678 46 0 i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Diff. LOGARITHMS OP NUMBERS. 517 No. 0 1 2 , 3 4 950 977724 7769 7815 7861 7906 1 8181 8226 8272 8317 8363 2 8637 8683 8728 8774 8819 3 9093 9138 9184 9230 9275 4 9548 9594 9639 9685 9730 5 980003 0049 0094 0)40 0185 6 0458 0503 0549 0594 064Q 7 .0912 0957 1003 1048 1093 8 1366 1411 1456 1501 1547 9 1819 1864 1909 1954 2000 960 982271 2316 2362 2407 2452 1 2723 2769 2814 2859 2904 2 3175 3220 3265 3310 3356 3 3626 3671 3716 3762 3807 4 4077 4122 4167 4212 4257 5 4527 4572 4617 4662 4707 6 4977 5022 5067 5112 5157 7 5426 5471 5516 5561 560b 8 5875 5920 5965 6010 6055 9 6324 6369 6413 6458 6503 970 986772 6S17 6861 6906 6951 1 7219 7264 7309 7353 7398 2 7666 7711 7756 7800 7845 3 8113 8157 8202 8247 8291 4 8559 8604 8648 8693 8737 5 9005 9049 9094 9138 9183 6 9450 9494 9539 9583 9628 7 9895 9939 9983 0028 0072 8 990339 0383 0428 0472 0516 9 0783 0827 0871 0916 0960 980 991226 1270 1315 1359 1403 1 1669 1713 ' 1758 1802 1846 2 2111 2156 2200 2244 2288 3 2554 2598 2642 2686 2730 4 2995 3039 3083 3127 3172 5 3436 3480 3524 3568 3613 6 3877 3921 3965 4009 * 4053 7 4317 4361 4405 4449 4493 8 4757 4801 4845 4889 4933 9 5196 5240 5284 532tj ,5372 990 995635 5679 5723 57/37 5811 ,1 6074 6117 6161, 6205 6249 2 6512 6555 6599 6643 6687 3 6949 6993 7037 7080 7124 4 7386 7430 7474 7517 7561 5 7823 7867 7910 7954 7998 6 6259 830,^ 8347 8390 8434 7 8695 8739 8782 8826 8869 8 91.31 9174 9218 9261 9305 9 9565 9609 9652 9696 9739 No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 J 8 ' 9 | Diff, 7952 7998 8043 8089 8135 46 8409 8454 8500 8546 8591 46 5865 8911 8956 9002 9H47 46 9321 9366 9412 9457 9503 46 9776 9821 9867 9912 9958 46 0261 0276 0322 0367 0412 45 0685 0730 0776 0821 0867 ,45 1139 1184 1229 1275 1320 '45 1592 1637 1683 1728 1773 45 2045 2090 2135 2181 2226 45 2497 2543 2588 2633 2678 45 2949 2994 3040 3085 3130 45 3401 3446 3491 3.'>36 3581 45 3852 381 7 3942 3987 4032 45 4302 4347 4392 4437 4482 45 4752 4797 4842 48S7 4932 45 5202 5247 5292 5337 5382 45 5651 5696 5741 5786 5830 45 6100 6144 6189 6234 6279 45 6548 6593 6637 6682 6727 45 6996 7040 7085 7130 71.75 45 7443 7488 7532 7577 7622 45 7890 7934 7979 8024 8068 45 8336 8381 8425 8470 8514 45 8782 8826 8871 8916 8960 45 9227 9272 9316 9361 9405 45 9672 9717 9761 9806 9850 44 0117 0161 •0206 0250 0294 44 0561 0605 0650 0694 0738 44 1004 1049 1093 1137 1182 44 1448 1492 1536 1580 1625 44 1S90 1935 1979 2023 2067 44 2333 2377 2421 •2465 2509 44 2774 2819 2803 2907 2951 44 3216 3260 ' 3304 3348 3392 44 3657 3701 3745 37S9 3833 4097 4141 4185 4229 4273 44 4537 4581 4625 4669 4713 44 4977' 5021 5065 5108 5152 44 5416 5460 5504 5547 5591 44 5854 5898 5942 5986 6030 44 6293 6337 6380 6424 6468 44 6731 6774 6818 6862 6906 44 7168 7212 7255 7299 7343 44 7605 7648 7692 7736 7779 44 8041 8085 8129 8172 8216 44 8477 8521 8564 8608 8652 44 8913 8956 9000 9043 9087 44 9348 9392 9435 9479 9522 44 9783 9826 9870 9913 9957 43 5 6 7 8 | 9 | Diff. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Table of Natural Sines and Tangents. Sine. Tangent. Deg. Min. Sine. 0020089 0029089 12 30 2164396 0043033 0043634 45 2206974 0087265 0087269 13 00 2249511 0130896 0130907 15 2292004 0174524 0174551 30 2334454 0218149 0218201 14 45 2376859 0261769 0261859 00 2419219 03053S5 0305528 15 2161533 0348995 0349208 30 2503800 0392598 0392901 15 45 2546019 0436194 0436609 00 2588190 0479781 0480334 15 2630312 0523360 0524078 30 2672384 0566928 0567841 16 45 2714404 0610485 0611626 00 2756374 0654031 0655435 15 2798290 0697565 0699268 30 2840153 0741085 0743128 17 45 2881963 0784591 0787017 00 2923717 0828082 0830936 15 2965416 0871557 0874887 30 3007058 0915016 0918871 45 3048643 0958458 0962890 18 00 3090170 1001881 1006947 15 3131638 10452S5 1051042 30 3173047 1088669 1095178 45 3214395 1132032 1139356 19 00 3255682 1175374 1183578 15 3296906 1218693 1227846 30 3338069 1261990 1272161 45 3379167 1305262 1316525 20 00 3420201 1348509 1360940 15 3461171 1391731 1405408 30 3502074 1434926 1 149931 45 3542910 1478094 1494510 21 00 3583679 1521934 1539147 15 3624380 1564345 1583844 30 3665012 1607426 1628603 45 3705574 1650476 1673426 22 00 3746066 1693495 1718314 15 3786186 1736482 1763270 30 3826834 1779435 1808295 45 3^67110 1822355 1853390 23 00 3907311 1865240 1N9S559 15 3947439 1908090 1943803 30 3987491 1950903 1989I24 45 4027467 1993679 2034523 24 00 4067366 20364i8 2080003 15 4107189 2079117 2125566 30 4146932 2121777 2171213 45 4186597 Deg. 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 33 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 NATURAL SINES AND TANGENTS. Table of Natural Sines and Tangents—Continued. Sine. Tangent. Deg. Min. Sine. 4226183 4663077 50 00 7660444 4305111 4769755 30 7716246 4383711 4877326 51 00 7771460 4461978 4985816 30 7826082 4539905 5095254 52 00 7880108 4617486 5205671 30 7933533 4694716 5317094 53 00 7986355 4771588 5429557 30 8038569 4848096 5543091 54 00 8090170 4924236 5657728 30 8141155 5000000 5773503 55 00 8191520 50753&4 5890450 30 . 8241262 5150381 6008606 56 00 8290376 5224986 6128008 30 8338858 5299193 6218694 57 00 8386706 5372996 6370703 30 8433914 5446390 6494076 58 00 8480481 5519370 6618856 30 8526402 5591929 6745085 59 00 8571673 5664062 6872810 30 8616292 5735764 7002075 60 00 8660254 5807030 7132931 61 00 8746197 5877653 7265425 62 00 8829476 5946228 7399611 63 00 8910065 6018150 7535541 64 00 8987940 6087614 7673270 65 00 9063078 6156615 7812856 66 00 9135455 6225146 7954359 67 00 9205049 6293204 8097640 68 00 9271839 6360782 8243364 69 00 9335804 6427676 8390996 70 00 9396926 6494180 8540807 71 00 9455186 6360590 8692867 72 00 9510565 6626200 8847253 73 00 956.3048 6691306 9004040 74 00 9612617 6755902 9163312 75 00 9659258 6819984 9325151 76 00 9702957 6883546 9489646 77 00 9743701 6946584 9656888 78 00 9781476 7009093 9826973 79 00 9816272 7071068 10000000 80 00 9848078 7132504 10176074 81 00 9876883 7193398 10355303 82 00 9902681 7253744 10537801 83 00 9925462 7313537 10723687 84 00 9945219 7372773 10913085 85 00 9961947 7431448 11106125 86 00 9975641 7489557 11302944 87 00 9986295 7547096 11503684 88 00 9993908 7604060 11708496 89 00 9998477 520 ORDNANCE MANUAL, Logarithms Sine. bi a P 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' 60' 0 7.46372 7.26475 7.94084 8.06577 8.16268 8.24185 1 8.24185 8.30879 8.36677 8.41791 8.46366 8.50504 8.54281 2 8.54281 8.57756 8.60973 8.63968 8.66768 8.69399 8.71880 3 8.71880 8.74225 8.76451 8.78567 8.80585 8.82513 8.84358 4 8.84358 8.86128 8.87828 8.89464 8.91040 8.92560 8.94029 5 8.94029 8.95449 8.96824 8.98157 8.99449 9.00704 9.01923 6 9.01923 9.03108 9.04262 9.05385 9.06480 9.07548 9.08589 7 9.08589 9.09606 9.10599 9.11569 9.12518 9.13447 9.14355 8 9.14355 9.15249 9.16116 9.16970 9.17807 9.18628 9.19433 9 10 9.19433 9.20223 9.20999 9.21760 9.22509 9.23244 9.23967 9.23967 9.24677 9.25376 9.26063 9.26739 9.27404 9.28059 11 9.28059 9.28704 9.29339 9.29965 9.30581 9.31189 9.31787 12 9.31787 9.32378 9.32959 9.33533 9.34099 9.34657 9.35208 13 9.35208 9.35752 9.36288 9.36818 9.37341 9.37857 9.38367 14 9.38367 9.38871 9.39368 9.39860 9.40345 9.40825 9.41299 15 9.41299 9.41768 9.42231 9.42689 9.43142 9.43590 9.44033 16 9.44033 9.44472 9.44905 9.45334 9.45758 9.46178 9-46593 17 9.46593 9.47004 9.47411 9.47814 9.482112 9.48607 9-48998 18 9.48998 9.49385 9.49768 9.50147 9.50523 9.50895 9,51264 19 9.51264 9.51629 9.51991 9.52349 9.52704 9.53056 9.53405 20 9.53405 9.53750 9.54093 9.54432 9.54768 9.55102 9-55432 21 9.55432 9.55760 9.56085 9.56407 9.56726 9.57043 9.57357 22 9.57357 9.57668 9.57977 9.58284 9.58587 9.58889 9-59187 23 9.59187 9.59484 9.59778 9.60070 9.60359 9.60646 9.60931 24 9.60931 9.61214 9.61494 9.61772 9.62048 9.62322 9-62594 25 9.62594 9.62864 9.63132 9.63398 9,63662 9.63924 9.64184 26 9.64184 9.64442 9.64698 9.64952 9.65205 9.65455 9-65704 27 9.65704 9.65951 9.66197 9.66440 9.66682 9.66922 9.67160 28 9.67160 9,67397 9.67632 9.67866 9.6809S 9.68328 9.68557 29 9.68557 9.68784 9.69009 9.69233 9.69456 9.69677 9.69897 30 9.69897 9.70115 " 9.70331 9.70546 9.70760 9.70773 9.71183 31 9.71183 9.71393 9.71601 9.71808 9.72014 9.72218 9.72421 32 9.72421 9.72622 9.72822 9.73021 a. 73219 9.73415 9.73610 33 9.73610 9.73804 9.73997 9.74188 9.74379 ' ' 9.74568 •9.74756 34 9.74756 9.74942 9.75128 9.75312 9.75496 9.75678 9.75859 35 9.75859 9.76039 9.76217 9-76395 9.76572 9.76747 9.76921 36 9.76921 9.77095 9.77267 9-77438 9.77609 9.77778 9.77946 37 9.77946 9.78113 9.78279 9-78444 9.78608 9.78772 9-78934 38 9.78934 9.79095 9.79255 9-79415 9.79573 9.79730 9.79887 39 9.79887 9.80042 9.80197 9.80351 9.80503 9.80655 9.80806 40 9.80806 ^ 9.80956 9.81106 9.81254 9.81401 9.81548 9.81694 41 9.81694 9.8183a 9.81983 9.82126 9.82268 9.82410 9.82551 42 9.82551 9.82691 9.82830 9.82968 9.83105 9.83242 9.83378 43 9.83378 9.83513 9.83647 9.83781 9.83914 9.84045 9.84177 44 9.84177 9.84307 9.84437 9.84566 9.84694 9.84821 9.84948 Leg. 60' 50' 40' 30' 20' 10' 0' 5P 9 p 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 771 70 7} 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66* 65 64 63 62 61 6ft 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 bb 0 Logarithm Cosine. LOGARITHMS OF SINES. 521 Logarithms Sine. ti o P 0' 1(K 20' 3 V 40' 50' 60' bb P 45 9.84948 9.85074 9.85199 9.85324 9.85448 9.85571 9.85693 44 46 9.85693 9.85815 9.85936 9.86056 9.86175 9.86294 9.86412 43 47 9.86412 •9.86530 9.86647 9.86763 9.86878 9.86993 9.87107 42 48 9.87107 9.87220 9.87333 9.87445 9.87557 9.87667 9.87778 41 49 9.87778 9.87887 9.87996 9.88104 9.88212 9.88319 9.88425 40 50 9.88425 9.88531 9.88636 9.88740 9.88844 9.88947 9.89050 39 51 9.89050 9.89152 9.89253 9.89354 9.89454 9.89554 9.89653 38 52 9.89653 9.89751 9.89849 9.89946 9.90043 9.90139 9.90234 37 53 9.90234 9.90329 9.90424 9.90517 9.90611 9.90703 9.90795 36 54 9.90795 9.90887 9.90978 9.91068- 9.91158 9.91247 9.91336 35 55 9.91336 9.91424 9.91512 9.94599 9.91685 9.91771 9.91857 34 56 9.91857 9.9.1942 9.92026 9.92110 9.92194 9.92276 9.92359 33 57 9.92359 9.92440 9.92522 9.92602 9.92683 9.92762 9.92842 32 58 9.92842 9.92920 9.92998 9.93076 9.93153 9.93230 9.93306 31 59 9.95306 9.93382 9.93457 9.93532 9.93606 9.93679 9.93753 30 60 9.93753 9.93825 9.93898 9.93969 9.94040 9.94111 9.94181 29 61 9.94181 9.94251 9.94321 9.94389 9.94458 9.94526 9.94593 28 62 9.94593 9.94660 9.94726 9.94792 9.94858 9.94923 9.94988 27 63 9.94988 9.95052 9.95115 9.95179 9.95241 9.95304 9.95366 26 64 9.95366 9.95427 9.95488 9.95548 9.95608 9.95668 9.95727 25 65 9.95727 9.95786 9.95844 9.95902 9.95959 9.96016 9.96073 24 66 9.96073 9.96129 9.96184 9.96239 9.96294 9.96348 9.96402 23 67 9.96402 9.96456 9.96509 9.96561 9.96613 9.96665 9.96716 22 68 9.96716 9.96767 9.96817 9.96867 9.96917 9.96966 9.97015 21 69 9.97015 9.97063 9.97111 9.97158 9.97205 9.97252 9.97298 20 70 9.97298 9.97344 9.97389 9.97434 9.97479 9.97523 9.97567 19 71 9.97567 9.97610 9.97653 9.97695 9.97737 9.97779 9.97820 18 72 9.97820 9.97861 9.97901 9.97942 9.97981 9.98020 9.98059 17 73 9.98059 9.98098 9.98136 9.98173 9.98210 9.98247 9.98284 16 74 9.98284 9.98320 9.98355 9.98391 9.98425 9.98460 9.98494 15 7-5 9-98494 9.98528 9.98561 9.-98594 9.98626 9.98658 9.98690 14 76 9.98690 9.98721 9.98752 9.98783 9.98813 9.98843 9.98872 13 77 9.98872 9.98901 9.98930 9-98958 9.98986 9.99013 9.99040 12 78- 9.99040 9.99067 9.99093 9-99119 9.99144 9.99169 9.99194 11 79 9.99194 9.99219 9.99243 9-99266 9.99289 9.99312 9.99335 10 bO 9.99335 9.99357 9.99378 9.99400 9.99421 9.99441 9.99462 9 81 9.99462 9.99481 9.9'950l 9.99520 9.99539 0.-99557 9.99575 8 82 9.99575 9.99592 9.99610 9.99626 9.99643 9.99659 9.99675 7 83 9.99675 9.99690 9.99705 9.99719 9.99734 9.99748 9.99761 6 84 9.99761 9.99774 9.99787 9.99799 9.99811 9.99823 9.99834 5 85 9.99834 9.99845 , 9.99855 9.99865 9.99875 9.99885 9.99894 4 86 9.99894 9.99902 9.99911 9.99918 9.99926 9.99933 9.99940 3 87 9.99940 9.99946 9.99952 9.99958 9.99964 9.99968 9.99973 2 88 9.99973 9.99977 9.99981 9.99985 9.99988 9.99991 9.99993 1 89 9.99993 9.99995 9.99997 9.99998 9.99999 9.99999 0 bb P ev 50' 40' 30' 20' 10' 0' bb p Logarithm Cosine. 522 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Logarithms Tangent. * 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' 60' 1 Bog. || 0 7.46372 7.76476 7.94085 8.06580 8.16272 8.24192 89 1 8.24192 8.30888 8.36689 8.41806 8.46384 8.50526 8.54308 8 2 8.54308 8.57787 8.61009 8.64009 8.66816 8.69452 8.71939 8 3 8.71939 8.74292 8.76524 8.78648 8.80674 8.82610 8.84464 86 4 8.84464 8.86243 8.87952 8.89598 8.91184 8.92715 8.94195 85 5 8.94195 8.95626 8.97013 8.98357 8.99662 9.00929 9.02162 84 6 9.02162 9.03360 9.04528 9.05665 9.06775 9.07857 9.08914 83 7 9.08914 9.09946 9.10955 9.11942 9.12908 9.13854 9.14780 82 8 9.14780 9.15687 9.16577 9.17449 9.18305 9.19146 9.19971 81 9 9.19971 9.20781 9.21578 9.22360 9.23130 9.23887 9.24631 80 10 9.24631 9.25364 9.26086 9.26796 9.27496 9.28185 9.28863 79 11 9.28865 9.29534 9.30195 9.30846 9.31488 9.32122 9.32747 78 12 9.32747 9.33364 9.33973 9.34575 9.35169 9.35756 9.36336 77 13 9.36336 9.36909 9.37475 9.38035 .9.38588 9.39136 9.39677 76 14 9.39677 9.40212 9.40741 9.41265 9.41784 9.42297 9.42805 75 15 9.42805 9.43308 9.43805 9.44298 9.44787 9.45270 9.45749 74 16 9.45749 9.46224 9.46694 9.47160 9.47622 9.48080 9.48533 73 17 9.48533 9.48983 9.49429 9.49872 9.50310 9.50746 9.51177 72 18 9.51177 9.51605 9.52030 9.52452 9.52870 9.53285 9.53697 71 19 9.53697 9.54106 9.54511 9.54914 9.55314 9.55712 9.56106 70 20 9.56106 9.56498 9.56887 9.57273 9.57657 9.58038 9.58417 69 21 9.58417 9.58794 9.59168 9.59539 9.59909 9.60276 9.60641 68 22. 9.60641 9.61003 9.61364 9.61722 9.62078 9.62433 9.62785 67 23 9.62785 9.63135 9.63483 9.63830 9.64174 9.64517 9.64858 66 24 9.64858 9.65197 9.65534 9.65870 9.66204 9.66536 9.66867 65 25 9.66867 9.67196 9.67523 9.67849 9.68174 9.68496 9.68818 64 26 9.68818 9.69138 9.69456 9.69773 9.70089 9.70403 9.70716 63 27 9.70716 9.71028 9.71338 9.71647 9.71955 9.72262 9.72567 62 28 9.72567 9.72871 9.73174 9.73476 9.73777 9.74076 9.74375 61 29 9.74374 9.74672 9.74968 9.75264 9.75558 9.75851 9.76143 60 30 ■ 9.76143 9.76435 9.76725 9.77014 9.77303 9.77590 9.77877 59 31 9.77877 9.78164 9.78447 9.78731 9.79015 9.79293 9.79578 58 32 9.79578 9.79859 9.80139 9.80418 9.80697 9.80974 9.81251 57 33 9.81251 ■ 9.81527 9.81803 9.82078 9.82352 9.82625 9.82S98 56 34 9.82898 9.83170 9.83442 9.83713 9.83983 9.84253 9.84522 55 35 9.84522 9.84791 9.85059 9.85326 9.85593 9.85860 9.86126 54 86 9.80126 9.86391 9.86656 9.86920 9.87184 9.87448 9.87711 53 37 9.87711 9.87974 9.88236 9.88498 9.88759 9.89020 9.89261 52 38 9.89281 9.89541 9.89801 9.90060 9.90319 ' 9.90578 9.90836 51 39 9.90836 9.91095 9.91352 9.91610 9.91867 9.92121 9.92381 50 40 9.92381 j 9.92637 9.92894 9.93149 9.93405 9.93661 9.93916 49 41 9.93916 9.94171 9.94497 9.94680 9.94935 9.95189 9.95443 48 42 9.95443 9.95697 9.95926 9.96205 9.96458 9.96712 9.96965 47 43 9.90965 9.97218 9.97471 9.97725 9.97978 9.98230 9.98484 46 44 9.98484 9.9S736 9.98989 9.99242 9.99494 9.99747 0.00000 45 1 60' 50' 40' 30' 20' 10' 0' 1 Logarithm Cotangent. LOGARITHMS OF TANGENTS. Logarithms Tangent. ! 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' 60' 45 0.00000 0.00252 0.00505 0.00758 0.01010 0.01263 0.01516 46 0.01516 0.01769 0.02022 0.02275 0.02528 0.02781 0.03034 47 0.03034 0.03287 0.03541 0.03794 0.04048 0.04302 0.04556 48 0.04556 0.04810 0.05064 0.05319 0.05573 0.05828 0.06083' 49 0.06083 0.06339 0.06594 0.06850 0.07106 0.07362 0.07618 50 0.07618 0.07875 0.08132 0.08389 . 0.08647 0.08904 0.09163 51 0.09163 0.09421 0.0968%, 0.09939 0.10199 0.10458 0.10716 52 0.10719 0.10979 0.11240 0.11502 0.11763 0.12025 0.12288 53 0.12288 0.12551 0.12815 0.13079 0.13343 0.13608 0.13873 54 0.13873 0.14139 0.14406 0.14673 0.14940 0.15208 0.15477 55 0.15477 0.15746 0.16016 0.16286 0.16557 0.16829 0.17101 56 0.17101 0.17374 0.17647 0.17921 0.18196 0.18472 0.18748 57 0.18748 0.19025 0.19302 0.19581 0.19860 0.20140 0.20421 58 0.20421 0.20702 0.20984 0.21268 0.21552 0.21836 0.22122 59 0.22122 0.22409 0.22696 0.22985 0.23274 0.23564 0.23856 60 0.23856 0.24148 0.24441 0.24735 0.25031 0.25327 0.25624 61 0.25624 0.25923 0.26222 0.26523 0.26825 0.27128 0.27432 62 0.27432 0.27737 0.28044 0.28352 0.28661 0.28971 0.29283 63 0.29283 0.29596 0.29910 0.30226 0.30543 0.30861 0.31181 64 0.31181 0.31503 0.31826 0.32150 0.32476 0.32803 0.33132 65 0.33132 0.33463 0.33795 0.34129 0.34465 0.34802" 0.35141 66 0.35141 0.35482 0.35825 0.36169 0.36516 0.36864 0.37214 67 0.37214 0.37567 0.37921 0.38277 0.38635 0.38996 0.39359 68 0.39359 0.39723 0.40090 0.40460 0.40831 0.41205' 0.41582 69 0.41582 0.41961 0.42342 0.42726 0.43112 0.43501 0.43893 70 0.43893 0.44287 0.44685 0.45085 0.45488 0.45893 0.46302 71 0.46302 0.46714 0.47129 0.47548 0.47969 0.48394 0.48822 72 0.48822 0.49254 0.49689 0.50127 0.50570 0.51016 0.51466 73 0.51466 0.51919 0.52377 0.52839 0.53305 0.53775 0.54250 74 0.54250 0.54729 0.55213 0.55701 0.56194 0.56692 0.57194 75 0.57194 0.57702 0.58215 0.58734 0.59258 0.59787 0.60322 76 0.60322 0.60864 0.61411 0.61964 0.62524 0.63090 0.63663 77 0.63663 0.64243 0.64S30 0.65424 0.66026 0.66635 0.67252 78 0.67252 0.67877 0.68511 0.69153 0.69804 0.70465 0.71134 79 0.71134 0.71814 0.72503 0.73203 0.73913 0.74635 0.75368 v80 0.75368 0.76112 0.76869 0.77639 0.78422 0.79218 0.80028 81 0.80028 0.80853 0.81694! 0.82550 0.83422 0.84312 0.85219 82 0.85219" 0.86145 0.87091 0.88057 0.89044 0.90053 0.91085 83 0.91085 0.92142 0.93224 0.94334 0.95471 0.96639 0.97838 84 0.97838 0.99070 . 1.00337 1.01642 1.029S6 1.04373 1.05804 85 1.05804 1.07284 1.08815 1.10401 1.12047 1.13756 1.15535 86 1.15535 1.173S9 1.19325 1.21351 1.23475 1.25707 1.28060 87 1.2S000 1.30547 1.33184 1.35990 1.38990 1.42212 1.45691 88 1.45691 1.49473 1.53615 1.58193 1.63310 1.69111 1.75807 89 1.75807 1.83727 1.93419 2.05914 2.23523 2.53627 I 60' 50' 40' 30' 20' 10' 0' 523 1 u 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 I Logarithm Cotangent. ADDENDA. RIFLE GUNS. Very little has been said in this Manual relative to the Rifle guns, or their ammu¬ nition, which have been in use during the existing war. Of all the calibres thus far tried, the 2£-in. Mountain Rifle, the 3-in. field piece, and the 4.62 siege piece only, hare been incorporated into the service calibres. It is more than probable, however, that even these last wi[l be superseded by the 10-pdr., 20-pdr., and 30-pdr. Rifled guns of Mr. Parrott, which, with their peculiar ammunition, have given very good results in the field. A number of them have, accordingly, been directed to be fabricated. The Whitworth breech-loading Rifle cannon, of which half a dozen are in service, is steel, with a wrought-iron band at the breech. The breech screws off and works in a collar turning on a hinge. The calibre of the inscribed circle is 2.71 inches. The sides of the hexagon have one turn in 4i feet. The projectile is a hexagonal prismoid in form. Table of Dimensions of the Parrott and Whitworth Guns. Principal Dimensions op 30-pdr. 20-pdr. lO-pdr. Whit¬ worth. Diameter of bore 4.2 3.67 2.9 2.71 True windage 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 Length of bore 119.5 77. 69.875 101.4 Length of bore in diameters 28.45 20.98 24.095 37.41 " from rear of base ring to face of muzzle. 127. 83. 72.875 94. Whole length of the piece 132. 90. 78.375 112. Semi-diameter of base ring 7.225 5.75 4.75 4.6 " of swell of muzzle 4.6 3.6 3.125 Distance between these semi-diameters 126.5 82.2 71.875 Distance from rear of base ring to rear of trunn¬ ions 45.85 30.69 24.265 37.8 Diameter of base ring 14.45 11.5 9.575 9.2 Distance between rimbases 16.8 12. 4).5 9.2 Length of trunnions. 4.75 3.5 2.75 3.6 Diameter of trunnions 5.3 4.62 3.67 3.8 Distance from axis of trunnions to face of muz¬ zle 78.5 50. 46.775 56.3 Number of grooves 5 5 3 6 Depth of 0.1 0.1 0.1 0,135 Twist, one turn in 24 et. 24 feet. 24 feet. 41 feet. Weight 4.190 lbs. Band, width and thickness 19 X 2 16 X 1-5 13X1.18 Outside diameter 18.45 14.5 11.375 ADDENDA. 525 Elevation, Manges, and Times of Flight of 10-pdr. Parrott Gun. Elevation. Time. Range. Remarks. Deg. Min. Seconds. Yards, With long muzzle-sight giving line 0 00 1 4 1 300 450 of sight parallel to axis, aim direct up to 300 yards. 2 2 900 3 3 1,300 4 4J 1,600 4 30 5 1,760 5 6 1,950 5 30 6 64 7 2,200 2,300 7 84 2,600 10 104 3,000 12 124 3,600 15 16 4,100 20 19f 5,000 25 234 5,600 30 274 5,900 35 314 6,200 The range of 3-inch Rifle gun, with 7, or 11, or 13 grooves, does not vary mate¬ rially from this up to 2,300 yards—6° elevation giving 2,250 yards. The Armstrong Gun is a breech-loading Rifle cannon, made of wrought-iron tubes welded together; each tube is from two to three feet long, and is formed by twist¬ ing a square bar of iron around a mandrel, and welding the edges together, as a good fowling piece is made. In the rear of the trunnions it is enveloped with two additional thicknesses of tubes. The outer consists of a spiral coil, but the inner is formed of an iron slab bent into a circular shape and welded. This intermediate layer has chiefly to sustain, the pressure on the bottom of the bore. Breech.—The breech is closed with a vent piece, which is slipped with the hand into a slot cut into the breech of the piece, and held in its place by a breech screw, which supports it from behind. This screw is made in the form of a tube, so that its hollow forms a part of the bore prolonged, when the vent piece is withdrawn, and through this hollow tube the charge is passed into the chamber. Bore.—Tbte bo-re of the field gun is three inches in diameter, and is rifled with thirty-four narrow grooves. Twist, one turn in 9 feet. Projectile.—It consists of a very thin cast-iron shell, enclosing forty-two seg¬ ment-shaped pieces of cast-iron, built up so as to form a cylindrical cavity in the centre. The exterior of the shell is thinly coated with lead. The lead is also 526 ORDNANCE MANUAL. allowed to percolate among the segments so as to fill up the interstices, the central cavity being kept open by the insertion of a steel core. In this state the projectile is so compact that it may be fired through six feet of hard timber without injury, while its resistance to a bursting charge is so small that less than one ounce of powder is required to burst it. Ranges of the Armstrong Gun, A-inch bore. [Determined at West Point, N. Y., 1860.) Powder. Projectile. • Elevation. Range. Time. Lbs. Lbs. o r Yards. Seconds. 31 29 (solid) 5° 0' 2,099 7.5 7° 0' 2,894 9.1 • 10° 0' 3,700 11.6 12° 0' 4,196 14.2 15° 0' 4,776 17.1 20° 0' 6,070 21.4 25° 0' 6,580 25. 30° 0' 7,555 31. 35° 0' 9,000 Twist of Rifle Gannon.—Great diversity exists as to inclination of grooves. Taking H—nD to express the relation between the diameter of the piece and the length of one turn, Major Terssen,* of the Belgian Artillery, finds for the value of n : * Whitworth 12-pdr , 18.47 Armstrong 32-pdr 18.93 French 30 and 18-pdr 36.77 The pieces in our service would give for the value of n : 3-inch Rifie gun 60. 32-pdr. Gun rifled 67.5 Parrott 30-pdr 68.57 20-pdr 78.63 J. GORGAS, Colonel, Chief of Ordnance. Ordnance Office, Richmond, Va., October 21, 1862. * Canons Raycs.—Relations entre les pas des helices et les calibres des bouches & feu, par E. Tersson, Major de l'Artillerie Beige, Paris, 1860. INDEX. A. ACCIDENTS: Precautions against, in laboratory, 244. ACCOUTREMENTS, Infantry: Nomenclature, 215. — Dimensions, 219. — Rifle, 217.—Cavalry, 217.—Artillery, 218.—Weights, 222. ACETATE OF LEAD : A white salt of a sweetish taste; Spec. grav. 2.345, 249. AIR, ATMOSPHERIC: Density, ^4(J 535 th.at of waller, 421, 465. ALLOYS : Of various metals, composition, 408. — Of coins, 43V ALTITUDE: Above the level of the sea, of Washington, St. Louis, Santa Fe, and San Antonio, 446. AMMUNITION: For Small Arms, 253. — Dimensions and weights, 257. For Field and Mountain Guns, 258.—Fixing, 263. — Packing, 265. — Dimensions apd weights, 266. For Siege and Garrison Guns, 268.—Dimensions and weights, 274.— Preservation and storage, 300.—Breaking up unserviceable, 302.—Quantity in each ammunition-chest, 319, 320.—Quantity for field-train, 345; for siege-train, 349; for armament of forts, 353. AMMUNITION-CHESTS: For Field-Carriages : Nomenclature, 46. — Bill of timber, 77.— Bill of iron, 87.— Dimensions and weight, 70.— Interior arrangement, 316, 317. — Contents, 319, 320.—Weights, packed, 343. — Boards for interior, 344. For Mountain Howitzers: Nomenclature, 50.—Dimensions and weight, 68.—Bill of timber, 80.—Bill of iron, 91.—Interior arrangement, 318.—Contents, 320.—Contain 700 musket cartridges, 347.—Number for a battery, 347. ANGLE OF SIGHT, NATURAL: Definition, 11.—Of guns, 14, 15. ANIMAL POWER : The working-power of men and horses, 438, 454. ANTHRACITE COAL : Quality; Weight per cubic foot, 412. ANTIMONY: Spec. grav.; Melting point; Impurities, 249. ANVIL-BLOCK, for Portable Forge : Dimensions and weight, 123. APPENDAGES FOR MUSKETS : Inspection, 180. AREAS : Of plane and curved surfaces, 457, 458.—Tables of areas of circles, 479. ARITHMETICAL PROGRESSION : Formula for, 461. ARMAMENT OF FORTIFICATIONS: Guns, carriages, and ammunition re¬ quired for, 353. ARMORER'S TOOLS: Number for arsenals, 200.—For field-park, 347. ARMS, SIDE : Nomenclature, 211.—Dimensions and weights, 213.—Spare parts for repairs, 215. 528 ORDNANCE MANUAL. ARMS, SMALL: Nomenclature, 170. — Dimensions and weights, 174.—Inspec¬ tion of new arms, 174.—Browning, 183. — Packing, 184.—Preservation in store, 187.—Issuing, 188. — Preservation in service, 188. — Inspection of arms in service, 194.—Repairs, 195.—Irreparable, 196.—Of foreign countries, 470. ARTILLERY: Proportion of, for a field train, 346.—For a siege train, 348.— For armament of forts, 353.—For mountain service, 347. ARTILLERY PRACTICE: Ranges, 367. — Initial velocities, 376. — Loss of ve¬ locity by windage, 378.—Penetration in masonry, 379.—In oak, 379.—In fascines and wool, 382.—With hot shot, 386. ARTILLERY SWORD, Foot: Nomenclature 211.—Dimensions and weight, 213. ASH, WHITE: Properties; Uses, 389.—Strength; Spec, grav., 414. ATMOSPHERE: Weight of, per square inch, 439. AXE, FELLING: Dimensions and weight, 123. AXLE-TREES: Dimensions and weights of different kinds, 61. B. BABBITT'S METAL: Composed of tin 9 parts, copper 1 part, 408. BALANCE, Common: For weighing, 452. BALLISTICS : Equation of the trajectory in vacuo, 463.—In air, 465. BALLS : Lead: Diameters and weights, 31.—Manner of making, 253.—Penetra¬ tion, 386. Cast-iron: Diameter and weight, 29, 32.—Specific gravity, 32. — Com¬ putation of weight, 32.—Inspection, 33.—Piling, 34.—Tables of piles, 36.—Penetra¬ tion, 379. BARBETTE CARRIAGES: Nomenclature, 55.—Dimensions and weights of: Wooden, 71, 72, 75; Iron, 76. — Bills of iron, 97, 101. — Implements and equip¬ ments, 355.—Mechanical manoeuvres, 364. BAR-IRON : Manufacture, 397.—Properties, 399.—Tests, 399.—Strength, 415.— Shearing, 416.—Punching, 416. BAROMETER : Measurements of heights by means of, 445. BARRELS OF MUSKETS: How made, 172. — Dimensions and weights, 174.— Inspection and proof, 175.—Browning, 183.—Strength and durability, 196. BARRELS, POWDER: Fabrication, 228.—Dimensions, 229. BARS: Manoeuvring,elevating, pinch, truck, roller: Dimensions; Weights, 130. BASKET, for mortar service: Dimensions and weight, 123. BASS-WOOD : Properties, 390.—Strength, Spec, grav., 414. BATTERY, of Field-Artillery: Composition, 346.—Ammunition, 346. — Moun¬ tain howitzers, 347. Galvanic, the best, 238. BATTERY-WAGON: Nomenclature, 45.—Dimensions and weights, 70.—Bill of timber, 79.—Bill of iron, 90.—Equipment for field battery, 325.— Equipment for field-park, 332.—Weights packed, 344. BAYONET: Musket: Nomenclature, 170. — Length and weight, 174. — Inspec¬ tion, 179. Sword: Nomenclature, 172.—Length and weight, 174. BAYONET-SCABBARD: Nomenclature; Length, 216. INDEX. 529 BEAMS: Transverse strength; Deflection. 419. BEAUME'S AREOMETER: Scale in equivalent spec, grav., 423. BEECH : White : Red : Used for saddle-trees, fuzes, etc., 389.—Strength, 414. BELL-METAL: Composed of copper 28 parts, tin 22 parts, 408. BELLOWS : for field forge ; Nomenclature, 44.—To put it in place, 44. BELTS: Cartridge-box, 216.—Waist, 216.—Sword shoulder, 216.—Sabre, 217. BILLET, Leather: Definition, 137. BILL-HOOK: Dimensions and weight, 123. BILLS : Of timber for artillery carriages, 77.—Of iron, 82. BITUMINOUS COAL : Kinds, 411.—Qualities of; Weight, 412. BLACK STAIN, for wood: Composition; Application, 167. BLOCKS AND ROLLERS, for mechanical manoeuvres: Dimensions and freights, 114. BLUE LIGHTS : Preparation, 293.—Composition for, 293, 311. BOARDS : Measurement of, 429.—Table of superficial feet of, 394. BOILING POINTS, of liquids, 441. BOLTS: Classification and dimensions, 64, 65. BOOKS : Eor siege equipment, 352. BOOTH'S PATENT GREASE for axles: Composition, 169. BORMANN EUZE: Fabrication, 281.—Dimensions, 283. BOXES: For packing muskets, 184.—Rifles, 185.—Small arm cartridges, 255.— Musket balls, 256.—Field ammunition, 265.—Percussion caps, 288, BRASS : Composition of, 408.—Strength and specific gravity, 415. BREECH-SIGHT : For heavy guns, 123.—Graduations, 132. BRIDLE: For Artillery, 137.—For Mountain Artillery, 144.—For Cavalry, 148. —Weight, 156, 160. BRONZE: Composition, 17.—Properties, 17.—Analysis, 17.—Use in laboratory, 249.—Strength; Spec, grav., 415. BROOM, for mortar batteries : Hickory or bireh, weight 3.75 lbs., 123. BROWNING ARMS: Instructions for, 183. BROWNING MIXTURE, for gun-barrels: Composition, 183. BUCKLES, 137.—Classification, 157. BUCKSHOT CARTRIDGES, contain 15 buckshot, 253.—Dimensions, 257. BUDGE-BARREL: Fabrication; Dimensions; Weight, 123. BURNS : Application for, 245. C. CAISSON : Nomenclature, 40.—Dimensions and weights, 70. — Bills of timber, 78.—Bill of iron, 88.—Equipment for field, 321.—Weight, equipped, 343.—Number of rounds of ammunition, 343.—Number with a field battery, 346. CANISTERS: For Field Service: Fabrication, 262.—Dimensions and weights, 266. For Siege and Garrison Service, 269. — Dimensions and weights, 274.— Preservation and storage, 301. 36 530 ORDNANCE MANUAL. CANISTER-SHOT:-Dimensions and weights, 31.—Storage, 301. CANNON : For siege train, 348. CAPS, Paper : For field ammunition, 263. CAPS, Percussion, for small arms: Fabrication, 285. — Packing, 288.—Weight, 288.—Materials for, 288. CAP-POUCH: Nomenclature; Dimensions, 216. CARBINE : No model adopted; Several kinds in service, 170. CARBINE SLING: Nomenclature; Dimensions, 217. CARBINE THIMBLE, 150. CARRIAGES: Nomenclature: Field, 38.—Prairie, 47.—For mountain howitzer, 49.—Siege, 52.—Mortar wagons, 54.—Barbette, 55.—Casemate, 58.—Flank defence, 59. Dimensions and Weights : Field, 67, 70.—Siege, 69, 70.—Wooden barbette, 71, 72. — Columbiad barbette, 75. — Preservation, 60. Bills of Timber: Field, 77.— Mountain howitzer, 80.—Siege, 81. Bills of Iron : Field, 82.—Mountain howitzer, 91.—Siege, 94.—Barbette, 97.—Casemate, 102. Number for a field battery, 346.— For a siege train, 348.—For armament of fortifications, 353. CART, Prairie Ammunition : Nomenclature, 49.—Track, 49. Sling: Nomencla¬ ture, 105. — Dimensions and weights, 112.—Bills of timber, 115. — Mechanical manoeuvres, 365. CARTRIDGE-BAGS: For Field Guns, 258, 266. For Siege and Garrison Guns, 268.—Dimensions, 274.—Preservation and storage, 301. CARTRIDGE-BLOCKS : For Field Guns : Fabrication, 259 ; Dimensions, 266. For Siege and Garrison Guns, 269.—Dimensions, 274. CARTRIDGE-BOX : Infantry, 215, 219.—Rifle, 216, 219.—Cavalry, 217, 219. CARTRIDGES: For Small Arms: Making, 253. — Dimensions and weights, 257. — Blank, 256. — Preservation and storage, 301. For Field Guns: Dimensions and weights, 266.—For ricochet firing, 268.—Preservation and storage, 301.—For proving ordnance, 269. For Siege and Garrison Guns, 268.—Dimensions and weights, 274.—Preservation, 301. CASEHARDENING: Mode of, 403. CASEMATE CARRIAGES: Nomenclature, 58.—Dimensions and weights: Of wooden, 73, 74. — Iron, 76. — Bills of iron, 102. — Equipment, 354. — Mechanical manoeuvres, 363. CASEMATE GIN.—Nomenclature, 115.—Dimensions and weights, 112.—Bill of timber, 115.—Bill of iron, 117.—Mechanical manoeuvres with, 362. CASEMATE TRUCK: Nomenclature, 108.—Dimensions and weight, 112. CASK GAUGING: Rules for, 459. CAST IRON : For guns, 19.—Spec. grav.; Tenacity, 19.—Strength of, 415. CAVALRY SABRE : Nomenclature, 211.—Dimensions and weights, 213. CENTRES OF GRAVITY: Of lines; Areas; Solids: To determine, 460. CHAINS : Classification and dimensions, 65.—Weight; Strength, 423. CHAPE, Leather: Definition, 137. CHARCOAL : Preparation, 226, 245, 41.0.—Properties, 226, 246, 411. INDEX. 531 CHARGES: For proving ordnance, 25.— For proving small arms, 175.— For small arms, 257.—For field service, 266.—For siege and garrison service, 274.—For field shells and spherical-case shot, 266.—For large shells, 274. CHASSIS; Barbette: Nomenclature, 57. — Dimensions aryd weights, 71, 72, 75, 76. Casemate: Nomenclature, 59.—Dimensions and weights, 73, 74, 76. CHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS of elementary bodies, 413. CHLORATE OF POTASSA: Density; Purity; How purchased, 247. CHOCKS : For casemate carriage, 123.—Gun ; "Wheel; Roller, 114. CIRCLES : Tables of areas and circumferences, 479. CLEANING: Arms, 191.—Swords, 215. COAL : Charcoal, 410—Bituminous, 411.—Anthracite, 411.—Weights, 412. COAL-BOX : For field forge, 44. COAL-SACK : For portable forge, 123. COAL TAR : How obtained, 412.—A lacker for guns, 165. COEHORN MORTAR : Dimensions and weight, 16.—Bed, 60. COINS: United States : Dimensions, weights, and alloy, 431. Foreign: 436. COKE: How made; Qualities, 412. > COLORED FIRES: Preparation, 307.—Composition for, 311. COLUMBIADS : Nomenclature, 11, 12.—Dimensions and weights, 13, 15. COLUMNS : Strength of, 418. COMBUSTIBLES: Heating powers of, 444. CONDUCTORS : Lightning, 239.—Of electricity, best, 440. CONE-PICK: Steel wire No. 18; carried in cap-pouch, 216. COPPER: For manufacture of bronze guns, 17. — For laboratory use, 249.— Tinning, 408.—Strength of, 415. CUBES : Tables of, 479. CURRYCOMB: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight, 151. CYLINDERS : Torsional strength of, 420, 421.—Area, 458.—Solidity, 459, CYPRESS: Properties; Uses, 390.—Strength; Spec, grav., 414. D. DECORATIONS, for rockets : Stars, serpents, streamers, etc., 296. DENSIMETER, Mercury : Description and use, 231. DIALS, Sun : Construction of, 446. DISJUNCTOR: Use of, in the Electro-Ballistic Pendulum, 237. DISMOUNTING small arms, 189. DISPART: Definition, 11.—Of guns, 14, 15. DOGWOOD: Properties; Uses, 390.—Strength; Spec, grav., 414. DRAG-ROPE : Dimensions and weight, 123. DRAWING PAPER: Dimensions of, 431. DYE for blacking belts : Composition; Preparation, 168. 532 ORDNANCE MANUAL. E. EFFECTS of shot on cast iron, 386. ELECTRICITY: Relative conducting powers of metals, 440. ELECTRO-BALLISTIC PENDULUM : Description, 237.—Use, 237. ELM : Used for fellies-and small naves, 389.—Strength ; Spec, grav., 414, EMBRASURE SHUTTERS : Number of, for siege train, 351. EQUATION OF TIME, 447. EQUIPMENT : Of field carriages, 316.—Of prairie carriages, 318.—Of mountain howitzer, 318.—Of forge for field battery, 323.—Of battery-wagon for field battery, 325.—Of forge for park, 330.—Of battery-wagon for park, 332.—Of forge for moun¬ tain howitzer, 340.—Of field train, 345.—Of siege train, 348.—Of fortress carriages, 353.—Of mortar batteries, 355. EXPANSION: Of shot, when heated red-hot for firing, 388.—Of various bodies by heat, 442. EYE-PINS : Dimensions of, 66. F. FALLING BODIES : Motion of, 448. FASCINES, Pitched: Preparation, 289.—Preservation, 302. FELLING AXE : Dimensions and weight, 123. FIELD CARRIAGES : Nomenclature, 38.—Dimensions and weights, 67.—Bills of timber, 77.—Bills of iron, 82.—Equipment, 321.—Weights, 343.—For field train, 346, 347. FIELD GIN : Nomenclature, 104.—Dimensions and weights, 112.—Bills of tim¬ ber, 115.—Bill of iron, 116.—Mechanical manoeuvres, 361. FIELD PARK : Composition of, 347. FIELD TRAIN : How regulated; Composition of, 345. FILES: Kind; Dimensions; How to select,<406. FIRE-BALLS : Fabrication, 291.—Preservation in store, 302. FIREWORKS: Ornamental, 303.—Compositions for, 311. FIXED AMMUNITION : Manner of making, 263.—Weights and Dimensions, 266. FLANK DEFENCE CARRIAGE : Nomenclature, 59.—Dimensions and weights, 73, 74. FOOT-POUND: Definition, 448. FORAGE : Weights of different kinds, 439. FORGE : Field: Nomenclature, 42.—Dimensions and weights, 70.—Bill of tim¬ ber, 78.— Bill of iron, 88.— For field battery, 323.—For field park, 330.—Weights, equipped, 344. Portable: Nomenclature, 51.—Weight, 68. FORGE BUCKET : For portable forge, 124. FORMULAS : In mechanics, 447.—In mensuration, 457.—In trigonometry, 461. FRACTIONS of a pound: Equivalents in ounces, 435. FREEZING POINTS of liquids, 444. INDEX. 533 FRICTION : Laws of, 452.—Of plane surfaces upon each other, 453. FRICTION-PRIMERS: Fabrication,283.—Packing, 285.—Preservation in store, SOI. FRIGORIFIC MIXTURES : How made, 445. FULMINATE OF MERCURY: Preparation of, 285.—Preservation, 286. FULMINATING POWDER : Composition of; Manipulation, 248. FUNNEL : Dimensions and weight, 124. FURNACES : For laboratory, 243.—For heating shot, 386. FUZE IMPLEMENTS: Cutter; Extractor; Setter; Saw; Mallet; Dimensions and weights, 124. FUZE-PLUGS : For heavy guns, 273. FUZES: For Mortar Shells: Fabrication, 279. — Dimensions and weights, 283. For Hoary Guns: Fabrication, 280.—Packing, 281.—Dimensions and weights, 283. For Field Guns: Fabrication, 281. — Dimensions and weights, 283. — Preservation in store, 301. G. GARRISON GIN: Nomenclature, 105.—Dimensions and weights, 112.—Bills of timber, 115.—Bill of iron, 117.—Mechanical manoeuvres, 362. GAUGES: For shot and shells, 30.—For rifle musket, 204.—For rifle, 209.—For gunpowder, 230. GAUGING CASKS : Rules for, 459. GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION: Law of, 461. GIN FALLS: Dimensions and weight, 112. GIN HANDSPIKES: Nomenclature, 129.—Dimensions and weight, 130. GINS: Nomenclature, 104.—Dimensions and weight, 112.—Bills of timber, 115. —Bill of iron, 117.—Mechanical manoeuvres, 361. GLUE: Qualities of, 251.—To dissolve, 252. GOLD RAIN : How made, 297.---Composition, 311. GOMER CHAMBER: Definition, 10. GRAPE: Stands of, 270.—Dimensions and weights, 274. GRAPE-SHOT : Dimensions and weights, 31. GRATES for heating shot, 387. GRAVITY: Specific, of fluids, 421.—Force of, 448.—Centres of, of lines, areas, solids, 460. GREASE : For carriage wheels, 169.—Booth's patent, 169. GRENADES : Hand; Rampart, 31.—Firing from mortars, 271. GROMMETS : or ring-wads : How made and attached, 272. GUM ARABIC : Qualities and preparation of, 251. GUM, BLACK: Properties and uses, 390.—Strength; Spec, grav., 414. GUN CARRIAGES: Field: Nomenclature, 38.—Dimensions and weights, 67.— Bills of timber, 77.—Bills of iron, 82.—Equipment, 321.—Weights, equipped, 343. Siege: Nomenclature, 52.—Dimensions and weights, 69.—Bills of timber, 81.—Bills 534 ORDNANCE MANUAL. of iron. 93.—Equipment, 350. Barbette, wooden : Dimensions and weights, 71, 75. —Equipment, 354. Iron: Nomenclature, 55.— Dimensions and weights, 76.— Bill of iron, ,97.—Equipment, 351. Casemate, wooden: Dimensions and weights, 73.— Equipment^ 351. Iron: Nomenclature, 57.—Dimensions and weights, 81.—Bill of iron, 102.—Equipment, 355, Mountain Howitzer: Nomenclature, 49.—Dimensions and weight, 68.—Bill of timber, 80.—Bill of iron, 91.—Equipment, 322. Prairie: Nomenclature, 49.—Preservation of, 60.—Dimensions and weights, 67.—Equipment, 322. GUN METAL: Bronze, 17.—Cast iron, 19. — Wrought iron and steel, 20.— Strength ,• Spec, grav., 415. GUNNER'S IMPLEMENTS: Gimlet, Callipers; Haversack; Perpendicular; Pincers; Quadrant, 124.—Sleeve, 125.—Dimensions and weights, 124. GUNPOWDER : Kinds, 223 Materials, 223.—Manufacture, 227.—Proportions, 227. — Granulating, 228.— Glazing, 228.— Drying, 228. — Packing, 228. — Round, 229.—Inspection and proof, 230. — Qualities, 230.— Size of grain, 230. — Density, 231. — Analysis, 232. — Restoring unserviceable, 233. — Preservation, storage, and transportation, 233.—Foreign, 235.—Pressure of, in guns, 456. GUNS: Dimensions and weights, 14, 15, 16.—Proof, 24.—Preservation of, 28.— Ranges, 367, 373. GUN SLING: Dimensions, 216. H. HALE'S ROCKETS: Fabrication, 299.—Dimensions, 300.—Ranges, 375. HALTER: For artillery, 138.—For mountain artillery, 144.—For-cavalry, 149. HAND-BARROW : Nomenclature, 110. HANDBILL (see Bill-Hook) : Dimensions and weights, 123. HANDCART: Nomenclature, 108.—Dimensions and weights, 112. HAND SLING-CART: Nomenclature, 107.—Dimensions and weights, 112. HANDSPIKES : Nomenclature, 129.—Dimensions and weights, 130. HARNESS: For Field and Siege Carriages: Nomenclature, 136.—Required for • each horse, 156.—Weight, 156.—Dimensions of parts, 158. — Inspection of, 152.— Materials for making, 159.—Storage, 153.—Spare parts for repairs, 329, 335.—For a battery, 346. For Mountain Service: Nomenclature, 144.—Weight, 68. HAUSSE, Pendulum, for field service: Description of, 125.—Graduations foi^ 126. HAVERSACK, Gunner's: Dimensions and weights, 124. HAY : Dimensions and weights of bundles, 439. HEAT, 441. — Expansion of various substances by, 442. — Conduction of, 442.— Specific; Latent, 443.—Of combustion of different substances, 444. HEIGHTS : Measurement of, by barometer, 445. — Of Washington, St. Louis, Santa Fe, San Antonio, 446. HICKORY: Properties; Uses, 389.—Strength; Spec, grav., 414. HORSE-BRUSH : Nomenclature, 151.—Dimensions and weight, 151. INDEX. 535 HORSE-POWER : 550 lbs. raised 1 foot in 1 minute, 448, 455. HORSES: Number required for a field battery, 346.—Number required for a siege train, 348.—Work of, 438.—Work done by, 454. HORSESHOEING: General directions for, 154. HORSESHOES: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weights, 153. Horseshoe Nails : Nomenclature; Weights, 154. HOTBLAST : Use of increases the yield of iron, 396. HOT SHOT : Firing, 388.—Expansion of, 388. HOWITZERS: Kinds and calibres, 9. — Nomenclature, 12. — Principal dimen¬ sions and weights, 15.—Inspection, 22.—Proof, 25.—Preservation, 28. HYDRAULIC JACK : A substitute for the lifting-jack : Dimensions, weight, 109. HYDRAULIC RAMS : Proportions of, 450. • HYDROMETER : Construction; Dimensions; Use, 422. I. ICE : Strength of different thicknesses of, 445. IMPLEMENTS : For Field, Mountain, Siege, and Garrison Service: Nomencla¬ ture, 121.—Dimensions and weights, 132.—Preservation in store, 134.—Bill of tim¬ ber, 135. Kind and Number: For field carriages, 321. — For prairie carriages, 322.—For mountain howitzers, 322.—For siege carriages, 350.— For fortress car¬ riages, 354, 355.—For firing hot shot, 387. INCLINED PLANE : Power of, 451. INFANTRY ACCOUTREMENTS: Nomenclature, 215.—Dimensions and weights, 219, 222.—Materials for making, 220. INITIAL VELOCITIES: Of cannon balls, 376.—Of lead balls, 377.—Formula for computing, 468. INJURIES of ordnance, caused by service, 26. INSPECTION : Of ordnance, 22. — Of shot and shells, 33. — Of harness, 152.— Of small arms, 174.—Of barrels, 175.—Of small arms which have been in service, 194.—Of swords, 213.—Of gun-carriage iron, 396. INSTRUMENTS : For inspecting ordnance, 20.—For inspecting shot and shells, 33.—For siege train, 352.—For armament of forts, 357. IRON, BAR : Manufacture; Properties and test, 399.—Forging, 400.—Strength 415.—Tables of weight, 424-426. IRON, CAST : For guns, 19.—Specific gravity; Tenacity, 19.—Varieties, 395.— Properties, 395.—Strength; Spec, grav., 415. IRON PIPES : Weight of different sizes, 427. IRON WIRE : Strength of different sizes, 417. IRON, WROUGHT: For guns, 20.—Strength; Spec, grav., 415. IRREPARABLE ARMS, 196. ISSUE OF ARMS, 188. J. JACK : Lifting : Nomenclature, 109.—Dimensions and weight, 113. Hydraulic: Dimensions and weight, 109. Screw: For field service:, Dimensions and weight 127. Lever : Nomenclature, 110.—Dimensions and weight, 113. 536 ORDNANCE MANUAL. K. KIT : Composition ; Preparation, 168. KNOTS: How to tie them, 358. " ' L. LABORATORY: Build|n'gs for, 242 — Fixtures and furniture, 242.—Materials, 245.—Tools and implements, 352. LACKER : For iron ordnance, 165.—For small arms, 1'66.—For bright work, 166. LADLES : Fabrication, 122.—Dimensions and weights, 132.—Number required, 350, 354. LANCES: Fabrication, 303.—Composition for, 311.—Rate of burning, 311. ~ LANYARD for friction-primers: Dimensions and weight, 125. LARIAT: Dimensions and weight, 152. LASHING-ROPE for mountain howitzer: Dimensions and weight, 146. LAYER, Leather: Definition, 137. LEAD : Properties, 248.—Purity, how known; To reduce oxide, 248.—Strength; Spec, grav., 415. LEAD BALLS : Diameters and weights, 31.—To compute weight of, 32.—Fabri¬ cation, 253.—Preservation, 300. LEADERS for fireworks : How made, 307. LEATHER: Kinds of, 136.—Quality for harness and cavalry equipments, 152.— Required for one set of harness, 159. — For accoutrements, 218. — Quantity for accoutrements, 220. LEG-GUARD: Nomenclature, 143.—Weight, 156. LEVER : Power of, 451. LEVER-JACK: Nomenclature, 110.—Dimensions and weight, 113. LIFTING-JACK: Nomenclature, 109.—Dimensions and weight, 113. LIGHT ARTILLERY SABRE : Nomenclature, 211.—Dimensions, weight, 213. LIGHT-BALLS: Fabrication, 293. LIGHTNING RODS : Best materials for, 239.—To put up, 240. LIGHTS: Fabrication, 305.—Compositions for, 311. LIMBER : Nomenclature : Field, 39.—Prairie, 48,—Siege, 53. Dimensions q,nd Weights: Field and prairie, 67.—Siege, 70. Bills of Timber: For field, 78.—For siege, 81. Bills of Iron : For field, 86.—For siege, 95. LIMBER-CHEST: For travelling forge and battery-wagon, 47.—Weights, 70. LINCHPINS: Dimensions and Weights, 62. LINE OF SIGHT, Natural: Definition, 11.—Of guns, 14, 15. LINES : Mensuration of, 457. LINIMENT, for burns, 245. LINK: Dimensions and weight, 152. LOCK-CHAINS, for field and siege carriages : Dimensions, 63. LOCK, MUSKET: Nomenclature, 171.—Inspection, 177.—To take apart, 190.— To clean, 192. LOGARITHMS, 461.—Of numbers, 499.—Of circular parts, 520. LOOPS, Iron, 137.—Classification, 157. INDEX. 537 M. MApHINES for siege and garrison service: Nomenclature, 104.— Dimensions and weights, 112, 113.—Number for siege train, 351.—Number for garrison, 356. MAGAZINES for gunpowder : Arrangement; How- entered; Aired; Guarded, 233. MAGNETIC NEEDLE: Declination, at different places; Dip, 446. MANOEUVRING HANDSPIKE : Nomenclature, 129.—Dimensions, weights, 130. MARKS : On ordnance; 25.—On musket barrels, 177.—On musket locks, 178.— On muskets, 178.—On powder barrels, 232. MARRONS : Fabrication and use, 297. MATCH: Slow: Uses; Preparation, 276. Quick: Uses; Preparation, 277. MATERIALS: Required for making accoutrements, 220. — For laboratory use, 245. — For 10,000 friction-primers, 285. — For 1,000,000 caps, 288. — For construc¬ tions, 389. For repairing siege carriages, 351. — For repairing fortress carriages, 356.—Strength of; Specific gravity of, 414-416. MATHEMATICAL formulae and data, 457. MAUL for driving pickets : Dimensions and weight, 125. MEASUREMENT of timber, 394. MEASURES : United States: Length, 428. — Surface, 429.— Solidity, 429.—Ca¬ pacity, 429.— Weight, 430. — Value, 431. Foreign: Length, 431. — Surface; So¬ lidity ; Capacity, 433.—Weight, 434.—Value, 436. MECHANICAL MANOEUVRES, 358.—With gins, 361. MECHANICAL POWERS, 451. MELTING POINTS of solids, 441. MEN : Working power of, 438, 454. MEN'S HARNESS: Dimensions and weight, 125. MENSURATION of timber and boards, 394, 429. MERINO, for cartridge-bags, 251. METALS: For constructions, storage, and preservation, 409. — Strength, 415.— Relative malleability; Ductility; Capacity of conducting electricity, 440.—Expan¬ sion by heat, 442. METRES: Length of, 432, 437.—Table for reduction to inches, 476. MONEY: United States, 431.—Foreign, 436. MORTAR-BEDS : Nomenclature, 59. MORTARS: Kind and calibres, 9.—Nomenclature, 12.—Dimensions and weights, 16, 21. — Proof, 25. — Preservation, 28. — Beds, 59.—Platforms, 110, 113.—Imple¬ ments and equipments, 350.—Mechanical manoeuvres, 365. MORTAR-WAGON : Nomenclature, 54. — Dimensions and weights, 70. — Bill of timber, 81.—Bill of iron, 96. MOULDS, for wads : Dimensions, 274. MOUNTAIN HOWITZER; Dimensions and weight, 15. Carriage: Dimensions and weight, 68.—Packing, 146.—Composition of a battery, 347. MOUNTINGS: For Musket: Nomenclature, 171. — Inspection, 178. — Cleaning, 192. For Rifle : Nomenclature, 172. 538 ORDNANCE MANUAL. MUSICIANS' SWORDS: Nomenclature, 212.—Dimensions and weights, 213. MUSKET: Rifle: Nomenclature, 171. — Dimensions and weight, 174. .Model of 1842: Nomenclature, 17-2-. — Dimensions and weight, 174.—Inspection, 174.— Packing, 184. • MUSKET CARTRIDGES : Fab cation, 254.—Bundling, 255.—Packing, 255. N. NAILS: Wrought and Cut: Dimensions, 66. Horseshoe: Weight, 154. NAYE-BOXES : Dimensions, 61. NEEDLE, MAGNETIC : Declination and dip, 446. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER'S SWORD: Nomenclature, 212. —Dimen¬ sions and weight, 213. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER'S SWORD-BELT: Dimensions, 216. NOSE-BAG: Nomenclature; Dimensions, 143. NUTS : Dimensions and weights, 64. 0. OAK, WHITE: Properties; Uses, 389.—Strength; Spec, gray., 414. OATS : Weight of a bushel; Of a cubic foot, 439. ORDNANCE: Kinds and calibres, 9.—Definitions of parts, 10.—Nomenclature, 11. — Designation, 12 — Principal dimensions and weights, 13, 14,15,16.—Inspec¬ tion, 22.—Proof, 24.—Mar^s, 25.—Injuries in service, 26.—Spiking and unspiking, 27.—Preservation, 28.—Proportion for a field train, 346.—For a siege train, 348.— Of England, 471.— Of France; Belgium, 472.— Spain; Prussia, 473. — Russia; Sweden, 474.—Saxony; Austria, 475.—Of the Navy of the United States, 475. P. PACKING : Small arms, 184.—With straw, 186.—Swords, 214.—Small arm car¬ tridges, 255.—Musket-balls, 256.—Cartridge-bags, 259.—Field ammunition, 265.— Ammunition-boxes, 265.—Percussion-caps, 288. PACKING-BOXES: For muskets, 184. — For rifles, 185. — For small arm car¬ tridges, 255.—For musket-balls, 256.—For field ammunition, 265.—For port-fires, 283.—For percussion-caps, 288.—For war-rockets, 300. PACKS, for mountain service: Weights, 68. ' PACK-SADDLE: Nomenclature, 144.—Weight, 68.—Bill of timber, 80; Bill of iron, 92. PAINT: Preparation and composition, 162. — Brainard's, 164. — Quantity and kind required for a carriage, 169. PAPER, Laboratory: Kinds; Proof; Dimensions and weights, 250. PAPER SHELLS: Fabrication, 306.—Dimensions and weights, 310. PARK, FIELD: Composition of, 346. PASS-BOX : Dimensions and weight, 125. PASTE : To prepare the different kinds of, 252. INDEX. 539 PENDULUM, Ballistic: Used to determine initial velocities, 231. PENDULUM, Captain Benton's: Description, 237,—To use, 237. PENDULUM-IIAUSSE : Description of, 125.—Graduations, 126. PENDULUMS: Length of; Time of vibration of, 449. Revolving: Time of revolution, 450. PENE'i RATION : Of Shot: In masonry, 379.—In oak, 379, 384. — In earth 380.—In granite and briok, 382.—In fascines and wool, 382. Of Shells, 381. Of Small Arms, 386. Of Spherical Projectiles, 468. PENT-HOUSE: Nomenclature, 110.—To put on, 111.—Bill of lumber, 119.— Bill of iron, 120. PERCUSSION-CAPS: Fabrication, 285.—Packing, 288.—Number required for .cartridges, 255. PETARD: Use^ Fabrication; Effects; Substitute for a, 300.—For ornamental fireworks, 305. PEWTER: Composed of tin 4 parts, lead 1 part, 408. PICK-AXE : Dimensions and weight, 125. PIG IRON: Process of manufacture, 396.—Strength, 415. PILING BALLS, 34.—To find the number in a pile, 35.—Tables of piles, 36. PINE: White, pitch, yellow: Properties, 390.—Strength; Specific gravity, 415. PINTLE : Weight of: Barbette, 72, 75.—Casemate, 74. 'PINTLE-CROSS: For temporary batteries, 110. PIPES: Thickness of, 417, 418.—Weight of iron, 427. PISTOL: A repeating, issued to the cavalry and light artillery, 170. PITCH : How made; For what used, 413. PITCH CEMENT: Composition, 169. ITCHED FASCINES : Preparation of, 289.—How used, 290. PLANTON'S COMPOSITION for preserving wood or iron, 167. PLATES: Cartridge-box, 216.—Waist-belt, 216.—Sabre-belt, 217. PLATFORM, for siege guns and mortars, 110.—Dimensions and weights, 113. PLATFORMS: For Siege Guns: Nomenclature, 110.—Dimensions and weights, 113.—Bills of timber, 115. For Siege Mortars: Nomehelature, 110.—Dimensions and weights, 113.—Bills of timber, 115. PLUMMET, for mortars: Line and Bob, weight 1 lb., 127. POINTING-WIRE, for mortars: Iron wire No. 7, 20 inches long, 127. POLE-PAD: Nomenclature; Use; Preservation, 143. POPLAR, White: Properties; Uses, 389.—Strength; Spec, gravity, 415. PORTABLE-FORGE, for mountain howitzers: Nomenclature, 51.—Weight, 68. PORT-FIRES: Fabrication, 278.—Packing, 278.—Preservation in store, 301. POWDER. (See Gunpowder, 223.) POWDER-BARRELS: Fabrication, 228.—Dimensions, 229. POWDER-MEASURES: Description; Dimensions; Weights, 126. POWERS OF NUMBERS: Tables of, 479. 540 ORDNANCE MANUAL. PRAIRIE CARRIAGE: Nomenclature, 47. — Dimensions and weights, 67.— Equipment, 322. PREPONDERANCE: Definition, 11.—Of guns, 13, 14.—Of howitzers, 15. PRESERVATION: Carriages, 60. — Implements, 134. — Harness, 153.—Small arms, 187.—Small arms in service, 188.—Ammunition and fireworks, 300.—Metals, 409.—Finished work, 409. PRESSURE?PISTON, Captain Rodman's: Description and use, 238. PRIMERS, FRICTION: Fabrication, 283. — Packing, 285. — Number required for field ammunition, 319.—For siege, 349.—For forts, 354. PRIMING-WIRE, for field and garrison guns: Dimensions and weights, 127. PROGRESSION: Arithmetical and geometrical, 461. PROJECTILE: Motion of: In vacuo, 463.—In the air, 465. — Penetration, 468. PROLONGE: Description; Dimensions; Weight, 127. PROOF: Of ordnance, 24.—Of shot and shells, 33.—Of musket barrels, 175.—Of springs, 177.—Of swords and sabres, 213.—Of gunpowder, 230.—Of chains, 423. PULLEY: Power of, 451. PULLEY-BLOCKS, for gins: Nomenclature, 104, 105. PUNCHING METALS: Force required for, 416. PYROMETER, Wedgewood's: Scale, 441. Q. QUANTITY OF WORK: Definition, 448.—Done hymen and horses, 454, 455. QUICK-MATCH: Preparation, 277.—Preservation in store, 301. QUOIN, for siege mortars: Dimensions; Weight, 127. R. RACKS, for small arms, 187. RAIN : Quantity that falls annually, 446.—Of fire, 297.—Gold, 297. RAMMElt-HEADS: Fabrication, 121.—Dimensions and weights, 132. RAMMERS: Fabrication, 121.—Dimensions and weights, 132. RAMRODS: Nomenclature, 171.—Inspection, 187. RANGES: Of field guns, 367, 368, 369.—Of mountain howitzers, 369.—Of siege guns, 370.—Of heavy guns, 371. RASPS: Kinds and sizes, 406. RATIONS: Weight and bulk of, 439. RECOIL of iron carriages: How regulated, 376. RED-HEAT of iron: Temperature of, 441. REPAIRS: Of small arms, 195.—Of swords, 215.—Of accoutrements, 220. REPORT OF INSPECTION: Of musket barrels, 182.—Of powder, 232. RESISTANCE of the air to motion of projectiles, 465. RIFLE: Nomenclature, 172.—Dimensions and weights, 174. RIFLE-GUNS: 524. RIFLE-MUSKET: (see Musket:) Nomenclature, 170.—Dimensions, weight, 174. INDEX. 541 RINGS: For Chains: Dimensions, 66. For Strapping Shot and Shell: Dimen¬ sions, 260. RIVETS: Classifications and dimensions, 65.—Copper, 221. ROCKETS, SIGNAL: Fabrication, 293.—Decorations for, 296. — Dimensions and weights, 298. ROCKFIRE: Preparation, 289.—Preservation in store, 302. ROMAN CANDLES : Fabrication, 307. ROPES: Size, how designated, 409.—Quality, 251, 409.—Strength, 409.—Preser¬ vation, 410. ROSIN: How obtained; Its quality, 412. S. SABOTS: For Field Guns: Fabrication, 259.—Dimensions, 266. For Siege and Garrison Guns: Fabrication, 269.—Dimensions, 274. Of Shavings, 272. SABRES: Nomenclature, 211.—Dimensions and weights, 213. SADDLE-BAGS: Nomenclature, 151.—Weight, 161. SADDLE-BLANKET: Quality; Dimensions and weight, 151. SADDLES: Artillery: Drivers', 139.—Valise, 140. — Weight, 156. Cavalry, 149.—Weight, 160. SAFE, LEATHER: Definition, 137. SALTPETRE: Properties, 223.—Where found, 224.—Test of crude, 224.—Refin¬ ing, 224.—Test of refined, 225.—Pulverizing, 225, 245.—Purity for gunpowder, 225. SCRAPER, for siege mortars: Dimensions and weights, 127. SCREW: Mechanical power of, 452.—Table of'wood-screws, 407. SCREW-JACK, for field service: Dimensions and weight, 127. SERPENTS, for rockets: Fabrication, 296.—Weight, 299. SHAFTS, for mountain howitzer carriage, 50. SHEARING METALS: Force required for, 416. SHEET IRON: Qualities, 404.—Thickness and weights, 405. SHEET STEEL: Qualities, 404.—Thickness and weights, 405. SHEET TIN: Manufacture, 404.—Dimensions, 405. SHELLS: Dimensions and weights, 32.—To compute the weight of, 32.—To find the quantity of powder to fill, 32.—General directions for fabricating, 32.—Inspec¬ tion, 33. — Piling, 34.—Charging, 261, 266. — Strapping, 269. — Filling, 270.— Un¬ loading, 303.—Ranges, 368-373.—Penetrations, 379. SEELL-IIOOKS : Dimensions and weight, 127. SHOD HANDSPIKES: Nomenclature, 129.—Dimensions and weights, 130. SHOT: Dimensions and weights, 29.—To compute weight of, 32. — Inspection, 33.—Piling and preservation, 34.—Strapping, 269. — Ranges, 367.—Penetrations, 379, 3S4.—Expansion when heated, 388. SHOVEL: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight, 127. SIEGE ARTILLERY: Guns: Kind, 9.—Dimensions and weights, 13, 14, 15.— Proportion in a siege train, 348. Carriages: Nomenclature, 52.—Dimensions and 542 ORDNANCE MANUAL. weights, 69.—Bills of timber, 81.—Bills of iron, 93.—Equipment, 350.—Mechanical manoeuvres, 361. SIEGE CARRIAGES: Nomenclature, 52. — Dimensions and weights, 69, 70.— Equipment, 355. SIEGE TRAIN, Composition of, 348. SIEVES : For laboratory, 309.—For gunpowder, 230. SIGNAL ROCKETS : How denominated, 293.—Fabrication, 293.—Dimensions and weights, 298.—Decorations for, 296.—Preservation in store, 302. SINES: Tables of natural, 518.—Tables of logarithms of, 499. SLING-CARTS: Nomenclature, 105.—Dimensions and weights, 112. Hand: Nomenclature, 107. — Dimensions and weights, 112. — Bill of timber, 115. — Bill of iron, 118. SLING-CHAINS: Description: Length, 107.—Weight, 112. SLOW-MATCH: Preparation and packing, 276.—Preservation in store, 301. SMALL ARMS: Nomenclature, 170.—Dimensions and weights, 174. — Inspec¬ tion, 174. — Packing, 184. — Care in store, 188. —Repairs, 195. — For armament of forts, 354.—Of foreign countries, 470. SMELTING IRON: Process of; Fuel and flux used in, 395. SOLDER: Silver; Hard; Plumber's; Tinner's; Pewterer's; Composition, 408. SOLDERING, Liquor for : Composition, 408. ' SOLIDS : Expansion by heat, 442.—Mensuration, 459.—Centre of gravity, 460. SOUND : Velocity, about 1,100 feet in a second, 439. SPARE PARTS : For repairs of small arms, 198.—Swords, 215.—Accoutrements, 219.—Field carriages and equipments, 347.—Siege carriages, 351.—Fortress car¬ riages, 356. SPATULA, for mortars: Dimensions and weight, 127. SPECIFIC GRAVITIES: Of fluids, 421. SPHERICAL-CASE SHOT : Dimensions and weights, 30.—For rifled guns, 30. —Inspection, 34.—Filling and charging ; Charge for firing; Weights, fixed, 261-266. —Packing, 265. — Proportion in ammunition-chest, 319.—For a battery, 346.—For a siege train, 349.—Ranges and time of flight, 367.—Initial velocity, 376.—Veloci¬ ties of, at x distance from the gun, 466, 467. SPIKING GUNS: Manner of, 27.—To fire spiked guns, 27. SPLICING ROPES: Manner of, 360. SPONGE-BUCKET: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight, 127. SPONGE-COVERS: Fabrication, 122.—Dimensions and weights, 132. , SPONGE-HEADS: Fabrication, 121.—Dimensions and weights, 132. SPONGES: Fabrication, 121.—Dimensions and weights, 132.—For mortars, 134. SPURS: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight, 151. SQUARES AND ROOTS of numbers, 479. STARS, for rockets : Fabrication, 296.—Compositions, 311. STAVES, for implements; Fabrication, 122.—Dimensions, 135. STEAM: Elastic force of, 456.—Steam horse,-power, 455. INDEX. 543 STEEL: Guns, 20.—Manufacture, 401.—Kinds and properties, 402.—Hardening and tempering, 402.—Strength, 416. STEEL, CAST: Manufacture,' Properties; Test of, 402. — Strength; Specific gravity, 416. STEEL, PUDDLED; Manufacture; Properties; Strength, 401. STEEL, SHEAR: Kinds; Manufacture, 401. STOCKS, MUSKET: Nomenclature, 171.—Inspection, 179. STORE-TRUCK: Nomenclature, 109.—Dimensions and weights, 112. STRAPPING shot and shells: Different modes for: Field, 260.—Siege and Gar¬ rison, 269. STRAPS, for strapping shot and shells: For field guns, 260, 266.—For siege and garrison guns, 269. STREAMERS, for rockets : Fabrication, 296.—Composition, 311. STRENGTH: Of iron for guns, 19.—Of musket barrels, 196.—Of materials, 414-416.—Of chains, 423.—Of hemp and iron-wire ropes, 417.—Of ice, 445. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS: Tensile; Transverse; Resistance to compres¬ sion, 414, 415.—Resistance to punching and shearing, 416. SULPHUR: Where found, 227.—Properties, 227.—Refining, 227.—Pulverizing, 227, 247. SUN-CASES: Fabrication, 304.—Composition for, 311.—Dimensions; Rate of burning, 310. • SURFACES : Mensuration of, 457.—Friction of different plane, 453. SWORDS: Non-commissioned officers'; Musicians', 212.—Foot-officers', 213. T. TABLES : Ordnance, 13-16.—Shot and shells, 29-31.—Lead balls, 31-.—Cast iron balls, 32.—Piles of balls, 36.—Bolts, nuts, and washers, 64. Dimensions and weights : Of artillery carriages, 67-76.—Of machines, 112, 113.—Of gins, 112.—Of platforms, 113. — Traverse circles, 114. — Blocks and rollers, 114. — Buckles, loops, and rings, 157.—Rockets, 298. — Leather parts of harness, 158. — Cavalry equipments, 160 Small arms, 174. — Cartridge-boxes, 219. — Cartridges for small arms, 257.— Field ammunition, 266.— Siege and garrison ammunition, 274. — Fuzes, 283.—Heights of breech-sights, 374. — For estimating distances, 375. — Initial velocities of cannon- balls, 376.—Initial velocities of balls fired from small arms, 377.—Loss of velocity by windage, 378.—Penetration of shot in masonry, 379.—Penetration of shot in oak, 379, 384. — In compact earth, 380. — Penetration of shells, 381.— Penetration in granite find brick, 382.—Penetration of small arms, 386.—Measuring timber, 394 Dimensions of sheet tin; Thickness and weight of sheet metals, 405.—Kinds of files and rasps, 406.—Wood-screws; Cut nails, 407.— Chemical equivalents of bodies, 413.—Strength of woods, 414.—Of metals, 415.—Punching and shearing metals, 416. — Strength of hemp and wire rope, 417. — Specific gravity of fluids, 421.—Weight of iron, 424-426.—Of iron pipes, 427.—Weights and measures, United States, 428-430.—Coins, 431.—Foreign measures and weights, 431-435. — Foreign 544 ORDNANCE MANUAL. coins, 436. — Equivalents of ounces in decimal fractions of a pound, 435.— Com¬ parison of French and United States measures, 437. — Regular polygons, 458.— Velocities of spherical-ease shot, 467. — Foreign small arms, 470. — Foreign ord¬ nance, 471.—Navy ordnance, 475.— For converting metres into inches, 476.—Kilo¬ grammes into pounds, and grammes into grains, 477.—Density of water at different temperatures, 478.—Natural sines and tangents, 518.—Powers and roots of num¬ bers, 479. — Logarithms of numbers, 499.—Logarithms of sines, 520. — Of tan¬ gents, 522. TANGENTS : Table of natural tangents, 518. TAR: How obtained; Uses, 412. TAR-BUCKET: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight, 128. TARPAULINS, of three sizes: Dimensions and weights, 128. TARRED LINKS: Preparation of, 291. — Burn, how long, 291.—Preservation in store, 302, TENACITY of woods and metals, 414, 415. TEST: Of bronze; Copper; Tin, 17. — Gun iron, 19. — Saltpetre, crude, 224.— Refined, 225.—Lead, 248.—Bar iron, 399.—Steel, 402.—Files, 406. THERMOMETERS: Comparison of different scales, 441. THREAD, Cartridge, 251.—Quantity for, 257. THUMBSTALLS : Dimensions and weights, 128.—Number required, 321. TIMBER: Kinds, 389.— Selection, 390. — Felling, 390. — Getting out, 391.—In¬ spection, 391.—; Defects, 392. — Seasoning and preservation, 392. — Kyanizing, 393. —Steaming, 393.—Piling, 393. — Kiln-drying, 393.— Charring, 393. — Measuring, 394.—Specific gravity and strength of, 414. Bills of: For field carriages, 77.—For siege, 81.—For mountain howitzer, 80.—For repair of carriages, 351, 356. TIN : For manufacture of bronze guns, 17.—Analysis, 17. Sheet: 404.—Dimen¬ sions, 405. TINNING IRON AND COPPER: Manner of, 408. TOOL-CHESTS : For portable forge, 51.—Contents, 341, 342. TOOLS: Armorer's for an arsenal, 200.—Laboratory, 312.—For field forge, 324. —For field battery-wagon, 326.—For park forge, 330.—For park battery-wagon, 333.—For siege train, 352.—For armament of forts, 357.—For forge for mountain service, 340-342. TOP-CARRIAGE: Barbette: Nomenclature, 56.—Dimensions and weights, 71, 72, 75, 76. Casemate: Nomenclature, 58.—Dimensions and weights, 73, 74, 76. TORCHES : Preparation of, 290. TORSION : Resistance of cylinders of different metals to, 420. TOURBILLON : (Piece of ornamental fireworks :) How made, 306. TOURTEAUX. (See Tarred Links, 291.) TOW-HOOK, for unpacking ammunition-chests; Dimensions and weight, 128. TRAIL HANDSPIKE : Nomenclature, 129.—Dimensions and weights, 130. TRAJECTORY of a Ball: In vacuo, 463.—In the air, 465. TRAVERSE-CIRCLES : Dimensions and weights, 114. INDEX. 545 TRAVELLING FORGE: Nomenclature, 42. — Dimensions and weights, 70.— Bill of timber, 78.—Bill of iron, 88.—For field battery, 323.—For field park, 330.— Weights equipped, 344. TRIGONOMETRY: Formula;, 461, 462. TRUCKS : Casemate: Store : Nomenclature, 108, 109.—Dimensions, weights, 112. TRUNNION-CHAINS: Number; Use; Dimensions; Weights, 107. TUBE-POUCH: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight, 128.—Number required to a piece, 321. TURPENTINE: How obtained, 412.— Spirits of, 412. —Weight, 162. —Propor¬ tions in paint, 163, 164. U. UNLOADING SHELLS: Implements; Precautions in; Manner of, 303. UNSERVICEABLE STORES, breaking up, 302. UNSPIKING CANNON, 27. V. VALISE : Nomenclature, 141.—Weight, 166. VALISE SADDLE: Use; Nomenclature, 140.—Weight, 156. VALUE of foreign coins, 436. VARIATIONS allowed in ordnance, 24. VARNISH : For holsters, 167. — Copal, 167. — Japan, 168 — For browned arms, 184.—For percussion-caps, 287. VELOCITIES, Initial: To determine, 238.— Of iron balls, 376. — Of lead balls, 377.—Loss by windage, 378.—General formulae for computing, 468. VELOCITY : of Balls: Loss of, by resistance of the air, 466.—Of descent in air, 468.—Of sound, 439.—Of the wind, 440. VENT: Position, 11.—Replacing, 26. VENT-COVER, for field-pieces; Dimensions and weight, 128. VENTILATION: How much required, 439. VENT-PIECE, for rifled and bronze guns, 11, 12. VENT-PUNCH: Dimensions and weight, 128. W. WADS:- Fabrication; Weight, 271—Dimensions and weights; Moulds for, 274. WALNUT, BLACK: Uses; Properties, 389.—Strength; Spec, grav., 415. WAR-ROCKETS : Fabrication, 299.—Packing, 300.—How fired, 300.—Preserva¬ tion in store, 302. WASHERS: Linch : Shoulder: Dimensions and weights, 62. For Bolts, 64. WATER: Weight of a cubic foot of, 421, 430. — Allowance .for man and horse, 438.—Density at different temperatures, 442.—Displaced by the same glass bulb, at different temperatures® 478. WATER-BUCKET: Dimensions; Weight, 129. WATERING BRIDLE, for cavalry: Nomenclature, 149. 37 546 ORDNANCE MANUAL. WATERING- BUCKET, for field service; Dimensions and weight, 128. WEDGE : Power of, 452. WEIGHTS: Of guns of 1862, 13.—Guns of 1844, 14.—Howitzers, 15.—Mortars, 16.—Proof-charges for guns, 25,—Shot and Shells, 29.—Spherical-case shot, 30.— Grape-shot, 31.—Lead halls, 31.—Cast iron balls, 32.—Axle-trees, 61.—Linchpins, 62.—Washers, 62—Nuts, 64. — Field gun-carriages, 67. — Mountain howitzer car¬ riage, 68.—Siege carriage, 69, 70.—Mortar-beds, 70.—Barbette carriages, wooden, 71, 72.—Casemate carriages, wooden, 73, 74.—Columhiad barbette carriages, 75.— Wrought iron carriages, 76.—Sling-carts and trucks, 112.—Gins, 112.—Jacks, 113. —Platforms, 113.—Traverse-circles, 114.—Blocks and rollers, 114. — Handspikes, 130.—Bars, 130.—Implements, 132.—Worms, 134.—Sponges for mortars, 134.— Horseshoes, 158.—Horseshoe nails, 153.—Harness, 156.—Cavalry equipments, 160. —Small arms, 174.—Proof-charges for muskets, 175.—Box of small arms, 186.— Swords and sabres, 213. — Cartridge-boxes, 222. — Laboratory paper, 251. — Car¬ tridges for small arms, 257.—Field ammunition, 266.—Siege and sea-coast ammu¬ nition, 274.—Fuzes, 283.—Gun-carriages and caissons, equipped for service, 343.— Forges and battery-wagons, equipped for service, 344.—Sheet metals, 405.—Coals, 412.—To break hemp and wire rope, 417.—Bar iron, 424.— Cast iron pipes, 427.— United States weights, 428.—Foreign, 431.—Raised by men and horses, 454, 455. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES: United States, 428-431.—Foreign, 431-436— Comparison of French and United States, 437. WELDING COMPOSITION: For iron or steel, 403. WHEAT: Weight of a bushel; Of a cubic foot, 439. WHEEL AND AXLE: Mechanical power of, 451. WHEEL-CASES: For fireworks, 306.—Dimensions, 310. WHEELS: Classification, 60. Sling-cart: Nomenclature, 106.—Weight, 112. WHEELS AND PINIONS: Power of, 451. WHIPS: 143.—Weight; Number required, 156. WIND: Velocity and force of, 440. WINDAGE OF BALLS: Definition, 10.—Amount, 13-15.—Loss of velocity by, 378. WIPER, for mortars: Tow cloth, 1 yard square, 129. WIRE-GAUGE: Thickness of wire and sheet metals by, 405. WIRE ROPE, Iron: Strength of, in lbs. and equivalent hemp rope, 417. WOODS: (See Timber, 389:) Strength and spec. grav. of, 414, 415. WOOD-SCREWS: Classification and dimensions, 407. WORMS: Fabrication, 122.—Dimensions and weights, 134. Y. YELLOW-WASH, for buildings: Composition and application, 165. Z. 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