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ILLUSTRATED DOCUMENTARY HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE FLAG AND SEAL 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 18 61 - 6 5 . 
 
 Part I.— Extracts from the Journals of the Confederate Congress on legislation affecting 
 the flag and seal— 36 pages of text and 1 1 full-page designs. 
 
 Part II.— Correspondence inclosing designs for a flag and seal— 67 pages of text and 
 191 full-page designs. 
 
 Part III.— Editorials, communications, poetry, &c., relating to the Confederate flag and 
 seal— 97 pages of text and 29 full-page designs. 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 
 RAPHAEL 3?_ TECIAlsT, 
 
 CHIEF CLERK ADJUTANT GENERAL’S OFFICE, "WAR DEPARTMENT. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Miles, of South Carolina, the Confederate Congress, February 9, 1861, 
 appointed a committee, consisting of one member from each State, to take into consideration the 
 adoption of a flag and seal symbolizing the aims, ambition, &c., of the young aspirant for admission 
 into the family of nations ; and on the 7th of March, 1861, the numerous models and designs sub- 
 mitted to Congress and referred to the committee were placed in the custody of the Clerk of the 
 House of Representatives, who was authorized to return them to the several authors or contributors, 
 at their own expense, whenever they should apply for the same. 
 
 Few, evidently, were so returned, for, including designs submitted to Congress from time to 
 time down to 1865, 217 designs for a flag and 13 for a seal have survived the vicissitudes of the 
 war and are described and illustrated in this volume. 
 
 Some of the designs possess considerable merit, but the great majority, as Mr. Miles, the chair- 
 man of the committee, remarked in his report (submitted March 7, 1861), are divisible into two 
 great classes : 1. Those which copy the principal features of the United States flag, with slight 
 and unimportant modifications ; 2. Those which are elaborate, complicated, or fantastical. 
 
 While a few of the designs were more or less artistically drawn and colored, very many were 
 rudely indicated by pencil sketches, and the appearance of others could only be determined by 
 constructing a flag according to the written description of what the writers intended. This remark 
 applies in all cases but one to the designs for a Confederate seal, the exception being that of the seal 
 adopted by the Congress, the representation in this volume being a perfect copy of the great seal 
 engraved in England, in 1864, by the late Joseph S. Wyon, Esq., the predecessor of Messrs. J. S. 
 and A. B. Wyon, chief engravers of Her Majesty’s seals, &c. 
 
 The text of the “Documentary History of the Flag and Seal of the Confederate States” is 
 printed, with line borders and wide margins, on fine paper, quarto, while the 217 designs for a flag 
 are full-page illustrations, correctly drawn and painted by hand in water-colors, some, when 
 required, being heightened with gold. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
DOCUMENTARY HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE FLAG AND SEAL 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA, 
 
 1861 -’ 65 , 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 
 RAPHAEL P. THIAN, 
 
 CHIEF CLERK ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE. 
 
 APPENDIX PARTS I— III. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 1 8 8 0 . 
 
EXTRACTS 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 kurnals 0f tjie Confederate Congresses 
 
 ON LEGISLATION AFFECTING 
 
 THE FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 APPENDIX IP A_IR,T X. 
 
CONFEDERATE FLAG AND SEAL 
 
 PROVISIONAL CONGRESS. 
 
 FIRST SESSION. 
 
 Saturday, February 9 , 1861 . 
 
 On the call of the different States, 
 
 Mr. Memminger (S. C.) presented to the Congress, from the ladies of South 
 Carolina, a model for the Flag of the Confederate States of America ; also another 
 model from a gentleman of the city of Charleston, and accompanied the presentation 
 of the same with appropriate and explanatory remarks. 
 
 Mr. Miles (S. C.) moved that a committee, consisting of one from each State, 
 be appointed to take into consideration the adoption of a Flag and Seal for the Con- 
 federate States of America ; which was agreed to, and the following committee 
 appointed : 
 
 From Alabama Mr. Shorter. ' 
 
 From Florida Mr. Morton. 
 
 From Georgia Mr. Bartow. 
 
 From Louisiana Mr. Sparrow. 
 
 From Mississippi Mr. Hamilton. 
 
 From South Carolina Mr. Miles. 
 
 Monday, February 11 . 1861 . 
 
 The Chair laid before the Congress a communication from •, relative 
 
 to a Flag for the Confederate States of America; which was referred to the select Com- 
 mittee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Tuesday, February 12 , 1861 . 
 
 Mr. Thomas R. R. Cobb (Ga.) presented designs for Flag, Seal, and Coat of Arms 
 for the Confederate States of America, forwarded by Edwin D. Sharp, of Augusta. Ga.; 
 which were referred to the select Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Wednesday, February 13 , 1861 . 
 
 Mr. Stephens (Ga. ) presented a communication on the subject of a Flag and Seal 
 for the Confederate States of America; also models for a Flag and Seal of State; 
 which were referred to the select Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
2 CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Mr. Brooke (Miss.) offered the following resolution: 
 
 Resolved, That the Committee on the Flag and Seal of the Confederacy be 
 instructed to adopt and report a Flag as similar as possible to the Flag of the United 
 States, making only such changes as may be necessary to distinguish easily the one 
 from the other, and to adapt the former in the arrangement of its stars and stripes to 
 the number of States in this Confederacy. 
 
 After some discussion had thereon, 
 
 Mr. Brooke (Miss.) withdrew the same for the present. 
 
 Thursday, February 14 , 1861 . 
 
 Mr. Boyce (S. C.) presented to Congress two models for a Flag, and laid before 
 Congress a communication from Mrs. C. Ladd in relation to a Flag; which were 
 referred to the select Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 [Mr. Boyce said : Mr. President, I rise for the purpose of presenting to the Con- 
 gress, with the view of reference to the appropriate committee, two models for the 
 Flag of our Confederacy. One of them has been sent to me by a gentleman of 
 Columbia, S. C., the beautiful capital of my State — the seat of refinement and intelli- 
 gence — where the Southern heart beats as ardently as at any spot within our limits. 
 The other is sent to me by a lady with whom I am well acquainted — a neighbor of 
 mine, who resides in the picturesque town of Winnsborough, Fairfield District, S. C. 
 She is a lady of remarkable, intelligence, whose path through life has been illustrated 
 by all those virtues which adorn the female character. 1 will take the liberty of read- 
 ing her letter to the Congress. It is full of authentic fire. It is worthy of Rome in 
 its best days, and might well have been read in the Roman Senate on that disastrous 
 day when the victorious banner of the great Carthagenian was visible from Mount 
 Aventine ; and I may add, sir. that as long as our women are impelled by these 
 sublime sentiments, and our mountains yield the metals out of which weapons are 
 forged, the lustrous stars of our unyielding Confederacy will never pale their glorious 
 fires, though baffled oppression may threaten with its impotent sword, or. more dan- 
 gerous still, seek to beguile with the siren song of conciliation.] 
 
 Mr. Stephens (Ga. ) presented to Congress a Flag; which was referred to the Com- 
 mittee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Mr. Walker (Ala.) presented two models for a Flag : which were also referred to 
 the appropriate committee. 
 
 Mr. Toombs (Ga.) presented to Congress a model for a Flag, accompanied with a 
 communication from Joseph M. Spelman ; which were referred to the select Committee 
 on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Friday, February 15 , 1861 . 
 
 Mr. Stephens (Ga. ) presented to Congress a design for a Seal for the Confederacy, 
 together with a communication from a citizen of Richmond County, Ga.; which were 
 referred to the select Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 3 
 
 Mr. Smith (Ala.) presented to Congress, from a gentleman of Mobile, a design 
 for the Flag of the Confederacy: which was referred to the select Committee on the 
 Flag and Seal. 
 
 Saturday, February 16 , 1861 . 
 
 Designs for Flags were presented by Messrs. Bartow (Ga.), Cobb (Ga.), De Clouet 
 (La.), and Memminger (S. C.), and were severally referred to the Committee on the Flag 
 and Seal. 
 
 Wednesday, February 20 , 1861 . 
 
 On motion of Mr. Miles (S. C. ), the Committee on the Flag and Seal of the Con- 
 federacy was authorized to employ a draftsman. 
 
 Friday, February 22 , 1861 . 
 
 Mr. Hale (Ala.) laid before Congress a communication relative to a Flag for the 
 Confederate States, together with designs for a Flag from H. A. Pond; which were 
 referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Tuesday, February 26 . 1861 . 
 
 Mr. Hale (Ala.) presented to Congress a communication and design fora Flag: 
 which were referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Mr. Curry (Ala.) laid before Congress two communications relative to a Flag; 
 which were referred to the appropriate Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Mr. Hill (Ga.) presented to Congress a design for a Flag: which was also referred 
 to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Wednesday, February 27 , 1861 . 
 
 Mr. Wright (Ga. ) also presented a model for a Flag; which was referred to the 
 Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Thursday, February 28 , 1861 . 
 
 Mr. Curry (Ala.) also presented a design for a Flag; which was referred to the 
 Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Mr. Hill (Ga.) presented a design for a Flag; which was referred to the Com- 
 mittee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Monday, March 4 , 1861 . 
 
 Mr. Chilton (Ala.) also presented to Congress a communication from Misses 
 Rebecca C. Ferguson and Mollie A. D. Sinclair, pupils of the Tushogee Female 
 College, together with drawings as designs for a Flag: which were referred to the 
 Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
4 
 
 CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Mr. Hill (Ga.) laid before Congress a communication from a lady of Darien, Ga., 
 relative to a Flag; which was referred to the appropriate Committee on the Flag and 
 Seal. 
 
 Mr. Miles (S. C.), from the Committee on the Flag and Seal of the Confederacy, 
 made the following report : 
 
 The committee appointed to select a proper Flag for the Confederate States of 
 America beg leave to report — 
 
 That they have given this subject due consideration, and carefully inspected all 
 the designs and models submitted to them. The number of these has been immense, 
 but they all may be divided into two great classes — 
 
 First. Those which copy and preserve the principal features of the United States 
 Flag with slight and unimportant modifications. 
 
 Secondly. Those which are very elaborate, complicated, or fantastical. 
 
 The objection to the first class is that none of them at any considerable distance 
 could readily be distinguished from the one which they imitate. Whatever attachment 
 may be felt, from association, for the “Stars and Stripes” (an attachment which your 
 committee may be permitted to say they do not all share), it is manifest that, in 
 inaugurating a new Government, we cannot, with any propriety or without encounter- 
 ing obvious difficulties, retain the Flag of the Government from which we have with- 
 drawn. There is no propriety in retaining the ensign of a Government which, in the 
 opinion of the States composing this Confederacy, had been so oppressive and injurious 
 to their interests as to require their separation from it. It is idle to talk of keeping 
 the Flag of the United States when we have voluntarily seceded from them. It is 
 superfluous to dwell upon the practical difficulties which would flow from the fact of 
 two distinct, and probably hostile, Governments, both employing the same, or very 
 similar Flags. It would be a political and military solecism. As to the “glories of 
 the old Flag,” we must bear in mind that the battles of the Revolution, about which our 
 fondest and proudest memories cluster, were not fought beneath its folds ; and although 
 in more recent times — in the war of 1812 and in the war with Mexico — the South did 
 win her fair share of glory and shed her full measure of blood under its guidance and 
 in its defense, we think the impartial page of history will preserve and commemorate 
 the fact more imperishably than a mere piece of striped bunting. When the colonies 
 achieved their independence of the “ mother country ” (which up to the last they fondly 
 called her), they did not desire to retain the British Flag, or any thing at all similar to it ; 
 yet under that Flag they had been planted and nurtured and fostered. Under that 
 Flag they had fought in their infancy for their very existence against more than one 
 determined foe; under it they had repelled and driven back the relentless savage. 
 They had carried it farther and farther into the decreasing wilderness as the standard 
 of civilization and religion. Under it the youthful Washington won his spurs in the 
 memorable and unfortunate expedition of Braddock, and Americans helped to plant it 
 on the heights of Abraham, where the immortal Wolfe fell, covered with glory, in the 
 arms of victory. But our forefathers, when they separated themselves from *Great 
 Britain — a separation not on account of their hatred of the English Constitution or of 
 English institutions, but in consequence of the tyrannical and unconstitutional rule of 
 
CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 5 
 
 Lord North’s administration, and because their destiny beckoned them on to inde- 
 pendent expansion and achievement — cast no lingering, regretful looks behind. They 
 were proud of their race and lineage ; proud of their heritage in the glories and genius 
 and language of old England, but they were influenced by the spirit of the motto of 
 the great Hampden— “ Vestigia nulla retrorsum." They were determined to build up 
 a new power among the nations of the world. They, therefore, did not attempt “to 
 keep the old Flag.” We think it good to imitate them in this comparatively little 
 matter, as well as to emulate them in greater and more important ones. 
 
 The committee, in examining the representations of the Flags of all countries, found 
 that Liberia and the Sandwich Islands had Flags so similar to that of the United States 
 that it seemed to them an additional, if not in itself a conclusive, reason why we should 
 not “keep,” copy, or imitate it. They felt no inclination to borrow at second hand 
 what had been pilfered and appropriated by a free-negro community and a race of 
 savages. It must be admitted, however, that something was conceded by the com- 
 mittee to what seemed so strong and earnest a desire to retain at least a suggestion of 
 the old “Stars and Stripes.” So much for the mass of models and designs more or 
 less copied from or assimilated to the United States Flag. 
 
 With reference to the second class of designs — those of an elaborate and compli- 
 cated character, but many of them showing considerable artistic skill and taste — the 
 committee will merely remark that, however pretty they may be when made up by the 
 cunning skill of a fair lady’s fingers, in silk, satin, and embroidery, they are not appro- 
 priate as Flags. A Flag should be simple, readily made, and, above all, capable of 
 being made up in bunting. It should be different from the Flag of any other country, 
 place, or people. It should be significant. It should be readily distinguished at a 
 distance. The colors should be well contrasted and durable, and, lastly, and not the 
 least important point, it should be effective and handsome. 
 
 The committee humbly think that the Flag which they submit combines these 
 requisites. It is very easy to make. It is entirely different from any national Flag. 
 The three colors of which it is composed — red, white, and blue — are the true repub- 
 lican colors. In heraldry, they are emblematic of the three great virtues — valor, 
 purity, and truth. Naval men assure us that it can be distinguished and recognized at 
 a great distance. The colors contrast admirably and are lasting. In effect and in 
 appearance it must speak, for itself. 
 
 Your committee, therefore, recommend that the Flag of the Confederate States of 
 America shall consist of a red field, with a white space extending horizontally through 
 the centre, and equal in width to one-third the width of the Flag; the red spaces, 
 above and below, to be of the same width as the white; the Union blue extending 
 down through the white space and stopping at the lower red space ; in the centre of 
 the Union a circle of white stars corresponding in number with the States in the Con- 
 federacy. [See Plate I.] If adopted, long may it wave over a brave, a free, and a 
 virtuous people. May the career of the Confederacy, whose duty it will then be to 
 support and defend it, be such as to endear it to our children’s children as the Flag of 
 a loved, because a just and benign, Government, and the cherished symbol of its valor, 
 purity, and truth. 
 
 Respectfully submitted. WM. PORCHER MILES, 
 
 Chairman. 
 
6 CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Mr. Withers (S. C.) moved that the whole of the report from the Committee on 
 the Flag and Seal be entered upon the journal. 
 
 It was so ordered. 
 
 Thursday, March 7, 1861. 
 
 Mr. Miles (S. C.) offered the following resolution ; which was agreed to, viz: 
 
 Resolved, That all models and designs for a Flag of the Confederate States which 
 have been referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal be placed in the eustod}' of 
 the Clerk of Congress, who shall return them to the several authors or contributors, at 
 their own expense, whenever they shall apply for the same. 
 
 SECOND SESSION. 
 
 Friday, May 3, 1861. 
 
 Mr. Ochiltree (Tex.) presented a communication from L. B. Collins, together with 
 a design for a Seal of the Confederate States; which was referred to the Committee on 
 the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Tuesday, May 21, 1861. 
 
 Mr. Chilton (Ala.) offered a resolution in reference to a Congressional Seal ; which 
 was referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 THIRD SESSION. 
 
 Wednesday, August 28, 1861. 
 
 Mr. Miles (S. C.) offered the following resolution; which was read and agreed to, 
 
 viz: 
 
 Resolved , That the Committee on the Flag and Seal be instructed to inquire into 
 the expediency of so changing the Confederate Flag as to make it more distinctive and 
 more easily distinguished from the Flag of the United States. 
 
 EIETH SESSION. 
 
 Monday, December 9, 1861. 
 
 The Chair presented a communication relative to the Flag of the Confederacy ; 
 which was referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal, without being read. 
 
CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 7 
 
 Saturday, December 14 , 1861 . 
 
 The Chair presented a communication on the Flag and Seal of the Confederacy ; 
 which was referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal, without being read. 
 
 Tuesday, December 31 , 1861 . 
 
 Mr. McFarland (Va. ) presented a communication on the Flag and Seal of the 
 Confederacy; which was referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal, without 
 being read. 
 
 Thursday, January 2 , 1862 . 
 
 Mr. Tyler (Va. ) presented * * *; also a communication on the Flag of 
 
 the Confederacy ; which were referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Thursday, January 16 , 1862 . 
 
 Mr. McFarland (Va. ) presented several designs for a Flag for the Confederacy; 
 which, together with a letter from the artist, were referred to the Committee on the 
 Flag and Seal, with the privilege of withdrawing the same if not used. 
 
 Wednesday, January 29 , 1862 . 
 
 Mr. Morton (Fla.) moved that the President be authorized to appoint three addi- 
 tional members to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 The motion was agreed to. 
 
 And 
 
 The Chair announced the following as the additional members of that committee, 
 viz: Messrs. Boteler (Va. ), Curry (Ala.), and Jones (Tenn.). 
 
 Thursday, January 30 , 1862 . 
 
 Mr. Johnson (Ark.) presented a communication on the subject of a Flag; which 
 was referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal, without being read. 
 
 Friday, January 31 , 1862 . 
 
 Mr. Perkins (La.) presented two designs for a Flag; which were referred to the 
 Committee on the Flag and Seal; also the following resolution, which was read and 
 agreed to, viz : 
 
 Resolved , That the Committee on the Flag and Seal of the Confederacy be instructed 
 to inquire into the propriety of so changing the Confederate Flag as to make it more 
 easy to be distinguished from that of the United States. 
 
 Mr. Harris (Miss.) presented a design for a Flag; which was referred to the Com- 
 mittee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Mr. Boteler (Va.) presented a design for a Flag; which was referred to the Com- 
 mittee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
8 CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Mr. McFarland (Va. ) presented a design for a Flag; which was referred to the 
 Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Saturday, February 1 , 1862 . 
 
 Mr. Boteler (Va. ) presented a design for a Flag; which was referred to the Com- 
 mittee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Monday, February 3 , 1862 . 
 
 Mr. Jones (Tenn.) presented a design for a Flag; which was referred to the Com- 
 mittee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Wednesday, February 5 , 1862 . 
 
 Mr. McFarland (Va. ) presented a design for a Flag; which was referred to the 
 Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Mr. Jones (Tenn.) presented two designs for a Flag; which were referred to the 
 Committee on the Flag aud Seal. 
 
 Saturday, February 8 , 1862 . 
 
 Congress being in secret session, 
 
 The Chair presented a design for a Flag ; which was referred to the Committee on 
 the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Monday, February 10 , 1862 . 
 
 Mr. McFarland (Va.), by unanimous consent, presented a design for a Flag; 
 which was referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Tuesday', February 11 , 1862 . 
 
 Mr. Chilton (Ala.) presented a design for a Flag; which was referred to the Com- 
 mittee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Mr. Morton (Fla.), from the Committee on the Flag and Seal, made a report, 
 accompanied by their design for a Flag ; which was read and laid upon the table for 
 the present. 
 
 [The Committee, &c., beg leave to report: 
 
 The present Flag is unsuitable, for many reasons ; but it is only necessary to men- 
 tion the following as a controlling consideration why it should not outlast the Provisional 
 Government for which it was intended : it closely resembles the flag of the enemy, and 
 experience has proved that it. cannot be used in battle without the liability of leading 
 our men into confusion and disaster. 
 
 Many plans and designs for Flags were presented to the committee. From these 
 the committee have selected the three which, in their judgment, best fulfill the condi- 
 tions required by the Confederacy for the emblem of. its sovereignty. They submit 
 them to Congress for the final choice. 
 
CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 9 
 
 The committee, however, are decided in their preference. They are unanimous in 
 recommending as the most suitable and appropriate among them all the Flag with four 
 stars on a blue Union with a red fly. [See Plate II.] 
 
 It cannot be mistaken for the flag of any other nation. It is as distinguishable in 
 the calm as in the breeze, and it is pleasant to the eye. No idea connected with it is 
 borrowed from the old flag, and there is nothing in it to remind the people of the 
 tyranny and oppression of which that has become the emblem. On the contrary, it 
 proclaims to the world, in the full powers of its mute eloquence, that our separation 
 from our some-time brethren of the North is complete and eternal. But there are 
 other qualities which this emblem of nationality possesses also, and which are greatly 
 to be desired. The national emblem of a people, such as are the Southern people, 
 should be suggestive. The associations which it calls forth -should be inspiring and 
 poetical. With its signs and its symbols it should please the fancy, awaken the imagi- 
 nation, and stir the heart with noble aspirations. This is accomplished by these four 
 stars and their simple arrangement. They are to this Flag what the device of the 
 painter is to the picture. They are taken from the constellation of the Southern cross. 
 To the youth of the land, to the soldiers and sailors in battle, they suggest for motto 
 the pregnant words “ ad astra." 
 
 Of all the constellations in the sky, that of the Southern cross, with its surround- 
 ings, is the most striking and beautiful. To emblazon its four principal stars on our 
 flag would indicate the desire of the popular heart that the true glory of this young 
 Republic shall be to the glory of other nations what the glory of this constellation is to 
 the glory of other stars ; that our backs are turned to the North and our faces to the 
 South ; that we aspire ; that we look up, and that our march is upwards and onward ; 
 that our wise and good men watch — expecting the star of our destiny to culminate in 
 the South and not the North. 
 
 The constellation of the Southern cross, almost more than any other, may be said 
 to be peculiarly an American constellation. Its discovery was consequent upon the 
 discovery of America. No people have adopted it as their national emblem. It is 
 unique, and in appropriating it we borrow nothing. In setting its stars on our national 
 banner it is not proposed to represent it on the meridian at the moment of culmination, 
 nor to picture it as it declines, but to take it rising, when its point and period of greatest 
 height are distant and remote, but certain and sure — thus indicating our trust that the 
 national career be ever onward, ever upward, and ever glorious ; ever attracting the 
 gaze and admiration of all who come under the folds of this Flag. 
 
 JACKSON MORTON. 
 
 J. T. HARRISON. 
 
 THOS. M. JONES. 
 
 A. R. BOTELER. 
 
 J. L. M. CURRY.] 
 
10 CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Friday, February 14, 1862. 
 
 Mr. Rhett (S. C.) moved that Congress proceed to the consideration of the report 
 of the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 The motion was agreed to. 
 
 When 
 
 Mr. Morton (Fla.) offered the following resolution, to wit: 
 
 Resolved, That it is proper that the decision of a Flag for the Permanent Govern- 
 ment be left to the Congress, under that Government, about to assemble. 
 
 And the question being upon agreeing to the same, 
 
 Mr. Morton (Fla.), at the instance of the State of Florida, demanded that the 
 yeas and nays of the whole body be recorded thereon, which are as follows, to wit : 
 
 Yeas — Messrs. Chilton, Hale, and McRae, of Alabama; Thomasson, Garland, 
 and Watkins, of Arkansas; Morton and Owens, of Florida; Toombs, Foreman, Hill, 
 A. R. Wright, and Stephens, of Georgia; Monroe, Elliott, and Ewing, of Kentucky; 
 De Clouet, Conrad, and Marshall, of Louisiana; Peyton, Harris, Conrow, Freeman, 
 and Bell, of Missouri ; Davis, Avery, Tenable, Morehead, and Davidson, of North 
 Carolina; Barnwell and Memminger, of South Carolina ; Currin, of Tennessee ; Waul, 
 of Texas ; McFarland, of Virginia — 34. 
 
 Nays — Messrs. Curry, of Alabama; Johnson, of Arkansas; Kenan, of Georgia; 
 Thomas and White, of Kentucky ; Perkins and Kenner, of Louisiana ; Brooke and 
 Bradford, of Mississippi ; Clark, of Missouri ; Ruffin, of North Carolina ; Rhett and 
 Boyce, of South Carolina ; Wigfall, Oldham, and Ochiltree, of Texas ; Seddon, Pryor, 
 Scott, Brockenbrough, Russell, and Johnson, of Virginia — 22. 
 
 Yeas — Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, 
 North Carolina, and Tennessee — 9. 
 
 Nays — Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia — 3. 
 
 Divided — South Carolina — 1 . 
 
 . So the resolution was adopted. 
 
FIRST CONGRESS. 
 
 FIRST SESSION. 
 
 Wednesday, February 19 , 1862 . 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Chilton (Ala.) offered the following resolution; which was referred to the 
 Committee on Rules, viz : 
 
 Resolved, That the Speaker appoint the following standing committees: * * *■ 
 Committee on the Flag and Seal of the Confederacy. 
 
 Monday, February 24 , 1862 . 
 
 Home of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Curry (Ala.), from the Committee on Rules, offered the following resolution ; 
 which was agreed to, viz : 
 
 Resolved , That the Speaker appoint the following committees, to act with like com- 
 mittees to be appointed on the part of the Senate, viz : * ' * * ; Committee on 
 
 the Flag and Seal of the Confederacy, to consist of three members of this House. 
 
 Tuesday, February 25 , 1862 . 
 
 * 
 
 Senate. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Orr (S. C.), 
 
 Ordered , That the President appoint the committees on the part of the Senate 
 under the resolution this day adopted providing for the appointment of the joint com- 
 mittees on * * * ; the Flag and Seal of the Confederacy. * 
 
 Mr. Semmes (La.), Mr. Preston (Va.), and Mr. Orr (S. C.), as the third committee. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 The Chair announced the following standing committees : 
 
 ■3fr t€- -X 1 ■X" ■Jfr -X- 
 
 Committee on the Flag and Seal. — Messrs. Boteler (Va.), \V. R. Smith (Ala.), and 
 Gray (Tex.). 
 
 Mr. Gardenhier (Tenn.) presented a communication from certain ladies of the 
 State of Tennessee, in relation to a Flag; which was read and referred to the Com- 
 mittee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
12 CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Tuesday, March 11, 1862. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Hanly (Ark.) introduced * * * ; also, a resolution instructing the Com- 
 
 mittee on the Judiciary to report a bill punishing counterfeiters of the Great Seal of 
 the Confederate States ; which was read and agreed to. 
 
 Mr. Hilton (Fla.) presented a design for the Confederate Flag, from Mr. Ben. A. 
 Donald, of Virginia; which was referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Wednesday, March 12, 1862. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Barksdale (Miss.) presented a communication containing a design for a Flag; 
 which was referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal, without being read. 
 
 Friday, March 14, 1862. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 Mr. Orr (S. C.) presented several devices for a Flag for the Confederate States, 
 designed by Mrs. C. C. Clay, of Alabama; which were referred to the Committee on 
 the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Saturday, March 15, 1862. 
 
 Mr. Munnerlynn (Ga.) presented a design for a Flag, from Lieutenant Colonel 
 Matthews, of the 4th Georgia regiment; which was referred to the Committee on the 
 Flag and Seal. 
 
 Mr. Swan (Tenn.) presented two designs for a Flag, from Mr. W. T. Dick, of New 
 Market, Tenn.; which were referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Wednesday, March 19, 1862. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Holt (Ga.) presented a letter and two designs for a Flag, from Mrs. Sarah 
 Thomas Chandler, of Geneva, in the State of Georgia ; which were referred to the 
 Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Friday, March 21, 1862. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 Mr. Orr (S. C.) presented several devices for a Confederate States Flag, designed 
 by J. H. H., of South Carolina; which were referred to the Committee on the Flag 
 and Seal. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Chambliss (Va.) presented a letter and design for a Flag; which were referred 
 to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 13 
 
 Mr. Baldwin (Ya. ) presented * * * ; also, a communication and design for a 
 
 Flag from J. De Haviland ; which was referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Saturday, March 22 , 1862 . 
 
 Senate. 
 
 Mr. Preston (Ya.) presented a device for the Flag and Arms of the Confederate 
 States of America, designed by John De Haviland, late an officer of Dragoons, U. S. A., 
 and ex-charge d’affaires ad interim at Madrid; which was referred to the Committee 
 on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Thursday, March 27 , 1862 . 
 
 Senate. 
 
 Mr. Orr (S. C.) presented two devices for a Confederate States Flag; which were 
 referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Chilton (Ala.) presented a design for a Flag, from N. W. Fowler, of Mont- 
 gomery, Ala.; which was referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Friday, March 28 , 1862 . 
 
 Senate. 
 
 The President laid before the Senate a device for Confederate States Flag ; which 
 was referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Monday, March 31 , 1862 . 
 
 Senate. 
 
 The President laid before the Senate several devices for a Confederate States Flag, 
 designed by Miss L. Augusta Faust, of South Carolina; which were referred to the 
 Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Currin (Tenn.) presented three designs for a Flag; which were referred to the 
 Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Saturday, April 5 , 1862 . 
 
 Senate. 
 
 The President pro tempore laid before the Senate various devices for a Flag for the 
 Confederate States, designed by M. Fannie Whitfield, of North Carolina ; which were 
 referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
14 CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Foster (Ala.) presented a design for a Flag; which was referred to the Com- 
 mittee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Thursday, Aprii. 10, 1862. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Chilton (Ala.) presented a design for a Confederate Flag; which was referred 
 to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Mr. Swan (Tenn. ) presented two designs for a Confederate Flag; which were 
 referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Saturday, Aprii. 12, 1862. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 Mr. Oldham (Tex.) presented a device for a Confederate States Flag, designed by 
 Lucien Hobson ; which was referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Tuesday, April 15, 1862. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Boyce (S. C.) presented a design for a Flag and Seal, by Samuel A. Wolfe, of 
 Virginia ; which was referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Mr. Barksdale (Miss.) presented a design for a Flag and Seal ; which was referred 
 to the same committee. 
 
 Saturday, April 19, 1862. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 Mr. Semmes (La.), from the Joint Committee on the Flag and Seal, submitted a 
 report, accompanied by a joint resolution (S. 11) adopting the Flag of the Confederate 
 States of America. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Boteler (Va.), from the Committee on the Flag and Seal, reported a joint 
 resolution adopting the Flag of the Confederate States of America; which was read a 
 first and second time. 
 
 Also, the following report, to wit: 
 
 To the Honorable the Senate and House of Representatives of the Confederate States : 
 
 The Joint Committee on the Flag and Seal submit to the judgment of Congress the 
 accompanying design of a Flag of the Confederate States of America. 
 
 The considerations which influenced the committee in selecting the proposed 
 design were — 
 
 1st. Its want of resemblance to the Flag of any other nation. 
 
 2d. The distinctness of its colors, rendering it discernible at a distance. 
 
 3d. Its simplicity and consequent facility of fabrication for an emergency. 
 
CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 15 
 
 4th. Its conformity to the propriety of heraldry. 
 
 5th. Its symbolization of the characteristics of a free and prosperous people. 
 
 Ancient heralds, in their quaint language, would describe this Flag as: On a field 
 gules, saltier argent, with a shield azure charged with a sun in his glory. The red field 
 denotes martial prowess, boldness, courage, valor; the saltier, an honorable ordinary 
 in heraldry, emblem of progress and strength, its white indicating purity, innocence, 
 and gentleness. The blue of the shield represents justice, faith, perseverance, and 
 vigilance. The sun manifests the dominion, generosity, and stability of the Confed- 
 eracy. [See Plate III.] 
 
 Nearly all the designs submitted to the committee contained a combination of 
 stars. This heraldic emblem, however, has been discarded, as a manifestation of our 
 entire and absolute severance from the United States, and a complete annihilation of 
 every sentiment indicating the faintest hope of reconstruction. 
 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 
 THOMAS J. SEMMES, 
 
 Chairman on the part of the Senate. 
 ALEXANDER R. BOTELER, 
 
 Chairman on the part of the House. 
 
 April 19, 1862. 
 
 Mr. Boyce (S. C.) moved that the House postpone the consideration of the report 
 of the committee until the first day of the next session. 
 
 The motion was lost. 
 
 And the joint resolution offered by the committee having been read, as follows : 
 
 Resolved by the Congress of the Confederate States of America , That the Flag of 
 the Confederate States shall be as follows, to wit: A red field charged with a white 
 saltier, having in the centre a sun in its glory on an azure field, the rays of the sun 
 corresponding with the number of States composing the Confederacy. 
 
 Mr. Holt (Ga.) moved to amend the same, by inserting after the word “shall” 
 the words “after the lapse of ninety days from the adoption of this resolution.” 
 
 On motion of Mr. Trippe (Ga. ), the vote by which the motion to postpone was 
 lost was reconsidered ; and the motion prevailed. 
 
 Monday, April 21, 1862. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 (Secret Session.) 
 
 Mr. Clopton (Ala.), from the Committee on Claims, reported the following resolu- 
 tion : which was read and agreed to, viz : 
 
 Resolved, That the Clerk of the House of Representatives is directed to pay, out 
 of the contingent fund, the bills of R. McDonald and George Ruskell, for specimen 
 flags furnished by order of the Provisional and Permanent Congresses.” 
 
16 CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 SECOND SESSION. 
 
 Friday, September 5, 1862. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Semmes (La.), 
 
 Ordered , That the report of the Committee on the Flag and Seal, submitted on 
 the 19th of April last, be recommitted to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Boteler (Va.) offered the following; which was read and agreed to, viz : 
 
 That the resolution and accompanying report in reference to a Confederate Flag, 
 which were submitted from the Joint Committee on the Flag and Seal at the last session 
 of Congress, be withdrawn from the files of this House and recommitted to the joint 
 committee. 
 
 Monday, September 8, 1862. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 Mr. Yancy (Ala.) presented a device for a Flag for the Confederate States ; which 
 was referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Mr. Orr (S. C.) presented two devices for a Flag for the Confederate States, 
 designed by Mr. Holmes, of South Carolina ; which were referred to the Committee on 
 the Flag and Seal. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Lyon (Ala.), by consent, presented a design for a Confederate Flag; which 
 was referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Monday, September 15, 1862. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Chrisman (Ky. ) presented a design for a Confederate Flag, from S. M. Wilson 
 of Georgia ; which was referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Mr. Gartrell (Ga.), by consent, offered a design for a Confederate Flag, from S. 
 Root, of Georgia; which was referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Monday, September 22, 1862. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Chambliss (Va. ) presented sundry designs for a Confederate Flag ; which were 
 referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Mr. Miles (S. C.) presented a design fora Confederate Seal; which was referred 
 to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 17 
 
 Wednesday, September 24, 1862. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 Mr. 'Semmes (La.), from the Committee on the Flag and Seal, reported a bill 
 (S. 102) establishing the Seal of the Confederate States; which was read a first and 
 second time and considered as in Committee of the Whole. 
 
 And, no amendment being proposed, the bill was reported to the Senate. 
 
 Ordered, That it be engrossed and read a third time. 
 
 The said bill was read the third time. 
 
 Resolved, That it pass, and that the title thereof be as aforesaid. 
 
 Ordered , That the Secretary request the concurrence of the House of Representa- 
 tives therein. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Semmes (La.), that the vote on the passage of the bill (S. 102) 
 last mentioned be reconsidered, 
 
 After debate, 
 
 Mr. Sparrow (La.) demanded the question; which was seconded. 
 
 And the question being put, it was determined in the negative. 
 
 So the Senate refused to reconsider the vote on the passage of the bill. 
 ****** 
 
 Mr. Semmes (La.) submitted the following resolution; which was considered and 
 agreed to, viz : 
 
 Resolved, That the sum of sixty dollars be paid out of the contingent fund of the 
 Senate to Julius Baumgarten, for services rendered the Joint Committee on the Flag 
 and Seal in making drawings of Seals. 
 
 Thursday, September 25, 1862. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 The Chair presented * * * ; also Senate bill establishing the Seal of the 
 
 Confederate States of America ; which was read a first and second time and referred 
 to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Wednesday, October 1, 1862. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Chambliss (Va.), by consent, presented a design for a Flag: which was 
 referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Saturday, October 11. 1862. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. McDonald : 
 
 Mr. President: The House of Representatives * * * have also passed 
 
 bill of the Senate (S. 102) establishing the Seal of the Confederate States of America, 
 with an amendment, in which they request the concurrence of the Senate. 
 
18 CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Boteler (Va.), by consent, to whom was referred a bill of the Senate estab- 
 lishing the Seal of the Confederate States of America, reported the same back, with 
 the recommendation that it pass, with an amendment. 
 
 The bill having been read, as follows, to wit : 
 
 The Congress of the Confederate States of America do enact, That the device on 
 the Seal of the Confederate States shall be: In the foreground, a Confederate soldier 
 in the position of charge bayonet ; in the middle distance, a woman with a child by her 
 side, in front of a church, both with hands uplifted in the attitude of prayer ; for a 
 background, a homestead on the plain, with mountains in the distance beneath 
 the meridian sun — the whole surrounded by a wreath composed of the stalk of the 
 sugar-cane, the rice, the cotton, and tobacco plants ; the margin inscribed with the 
 words Seal of the Confederate States of America above, and the motto Our 
 Homes and our Constitutions beneath. [See Plate IV.] 
 
 The committee moved to amend by striking out all after the enacting clause, and 
 inserting, in lieu thereof, the following, to wit: 
 
 That the device on the Seal of the Confederate States shall be an armed youth, in 
 classic costume, standing beneath a meridian sun by the side of an altar to which a 
 woman is clinging — the whole surrounded by a wreath composed of sugar-cane, rice, 
 cotton, and tobacco plants, and the margin inscribed with the words Seal of the 
 Confederate States of America above, and the motto pro aris et focis beneath. 
 [See Plate V.] 
 
 The question being on the amendment of the bill establishing the Seal of the Con- 
 federate States of America, 
 
 Mr. Welsh (Miss.) moved to lay the same on the table. 
 
 The motion was lost. 
 
 Mr. Russell (Va.) demanded the question ; which was ordered. 
 
 And the amendment was agreed to. 
 
 Mr. Jones (Tenn.) moved that the further consideration of the bill be postponed 
 until the next session. 
 
 Mr. Swan (Tenn.) moved a call of the House; which was ordered. 
 
 ****** 
 
 On motion of Mr. Holt (Ga. ), all further proceedings under the call were dispensed 
 with. 
 
 The bill was then read a third time. 
 
 Mr. Miles (S. C.) moved that the bill be laid on the table. 
 
 The motion was lost. 
 
 Mr. Russell (Va. ) demanded the question ; which was ordered. 
 
 Mr. Miles (S. C.) demanded the yeas and nays. 
 
 The yeas and nays were ordered, and are recorded as follows, to wit : 
 
 Teas — Messrs. Ashe, Ayer, Baldwin, Batson, Bell, Boteler, Chilton, Clark, Clop- 
 ton, De Jarnette, Elliott, Farrow, Foster, Freeman, Garland, Gartrell, Goode, Harris, 
 Herbert, Holt, Johnson, Kenan (N. C.), Kenner, Lyons, McDowell, Ralls, Royston, 
 Russell, Sexton, Smith (N. C.), Wilcox, Wright (Tenn.), and the Speaker — 33. 
 
CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES— FLAG AND SEAL. 19 
 
 Nays — Messrs. Barksdale, Bonham, Bridgers, Chambers, Collier, Dupre, Foote, 
 Gardenhier, Graham, Gray, Hanly, Hartridge, Heiskell, Holcombe, Jones, Kenan (Ga.), 
 Lander, McRae, McQueen, Menees, Miles, Perkins, Pugh, Smith (Ala.), Swan, and 
 Welsh — 26. 
 
 So the bill was passed. 
 
 Monday, October 13, 1862. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 The Senate proceeded to consider the amendment of the House of Representatives 
 to the bill (S. 102) establishing the Seal of the Confederate States of America. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Semmes (La.), 
 
 Resolved, That they disagree to the said amendment. 
 
 Ordered, That the Secretary inform the House of Representatives thereof. 
 
 * * * * * * 
 
 A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. McDonald: 
 
 Mr. President: The House of Representatives insist on their amendments to the 
 bill of the Senate (S. 102) establishing the Seal of the Confederate States of America; 
 ask a conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses thereon, and have appointed 
 Mr. Boteler (Ya. ), Mr. Pugh (Ala.), and Mr. Harris (Mo.), as managers of the same 
 on their part. 
 
 ****** 
 
 The Senate proceeded to consider the amendments of the House of Representa- 
 tives to the bill (S. 102) establishing the Seal of the Confederate States of America, 
 insisted on by the House. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Semmes (La.), 
 
 Resolved, That the Senate insist on their disagreement to the amendments of the 
 House of Representatives to the said bill, and agree to the conference asked by the 
 House on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses thereon. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Semmes (La.), 
 
 Ordered, That the committee of conference on the part of the Senate be appointed 
 by the President pro tempore. 
 
 And Messrs. Semmes (La.), Orr (S. C.), and Preston (Va. ) were appointed. 
 
 Ordered, That the Secretary inform the House of Representatives thereof. 
 ****** 
 
 Mr. Semmes (La.), from the committee of conference on the disagreeing votes of 
 the two Houses on the bill (S. 102) establishing the Seal of the Confederate States of 
 America, reported that they had met the committee on the part of the House of Rep- 
 resentatives, and that they were unable to agree. 
 
20 CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Semmes (La.), 
 
 Resolved , That the Senate adhere to their disagreement to the amendments of the 
 House of Representatives to the said bill. 
 
 Ordered , That the Secretary inform the House of Representatives thereof. 
 
 ****** 
 
 A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. McDonald : 
 
 Mr. President : * * * The committee on the part of the House of Representa- 
 
 tives have reported that, on conferring with the committee on the part of the Senate on 
 the disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the bill (S. 102) establishing a Seal for the 
 Confederate States of America, they are unable to agree with said committee. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 A message was received from the Senate, by their Secretary, Mr. Nash, which is 
 as follows, to wit : 
 
 Mr. Speaker : The Senate have disagreed to the amendments proposed by the 
 House to the bills — - 
 
 ****** 
 
 S. 102. An act establishing the Seal of the Confederate States of America. 
 
 The Chair laid before the House a bill of the Senate entitled “An act fixing the 
 Seal of the Confederate States of America,” with the amendment of the House, dis- 
 agreed to by the Senate. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Boteler (Va.), the House insisted on its amendment, and ten- 
 dered a committee of conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses. 
 
 The Chair announced as managers on the part of the House at said conference 
 Messrs. Boteler (Va.), Pugh (Ala.), and Harris (Mo.). 
 
 Messages were received from the Senate by their Secretary, Mr. Nash ; which are 
 as follows, to wit : 
 
 ****** 
 
 The Senate insist upon their disagreement to the amendment proposed by the 
 House to the bill (S. 102) entitled “An act establishing the Seal of Confederate States 
 of America,” and agree to the committee of conference proposed by the House, and 
 have appointed Messrs. Semmes (La.), Orr (S. C.), and Preston (Va.), as managers on 
 their part at said conference. 
 
 Mr. Boteler (Va.), from the committee of conference on the disagreeing votes of 
 the two Houses on a bill of the Senate entitled “An act to establish a Seal for the Con- 
 federate States of America,” reported that the committee on the part of the House had 
 met and conferred with the committee on the part of the Senate, and were unable to 
 agree. 
 
 A message was received from the Senate by their Secretary, Mr. Nash, which is as 
 follows, to wit : 
 
 Mr. Speaker: The Senate adhere to their disagreement to the amendment of this 
 House to the bill (S. 102) entitled “An act establishing the Seal of the Confederate 
 States of America.” 
 
CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 21 
 
 THIRD SESSION. 
 
 Wednesday, January 14, 1863. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 Mr. Hill (Ga.) presented a design for a Confederate States Flag; which was 
 referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Thursday', January 15, 1863. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Baldwin (Va. ) presented a design for a Flag and Seal; which was referred to 
 the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Friday, January 16, 1863. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 Mr. Clay (Ala.) presented two designs for a Flag for the Confederate States; 
 which were referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Monday, January 19, 1863. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Semmes (La.), 
 
 Ordered , That the President pro tempore appoint a member to fill the vacancy in 
 the Committee on the Flag and Seal, occasioned by the death of the Hon. William 
 Ballard Preston. 
 
 And Mr. Wigfall (Tex.) was appointed. 
 
 Wednesday, January 21, 1863. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Clopton (Ala.) presented a design for a Seal ; which was referred to the Com- 
 mittee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Thursday, January 22, 1863. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Dargan (Ala.) presented a design for a Flag; which was referred to the Com- 
 mittee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
22 CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Monday. January 26, 1863. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Perkins (La.), by unanimous consent, presented a design for a Flag; which 
 was referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Tuesday, January 27, 1863. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. McDowell (N. C.) presented a design for a Flag; which was referred to the 
 Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Wednesday, January 28, 1863. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Sexton (Tex.) presented a design for a Flag; which was referred to the Com- 
 mittee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Mr. Wright ( — ) presented several designs for a Flag ; which were referred to the 
 Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Thursday, January 29, 1863. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. De Jarnette (Fa.) presented, by consent, a design for a Flag; which was 
 referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Monday, February 2, 1863. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 Mr. Yancy (Ala.) presented a design for a Confederate States Flag; which was 
 referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Thursday, February 5, 1863. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Lyons (Va.) presented a design for a Confederate Seal ; which was referred to 
 the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Mr. Collier (Va. ) presented a design for a Confederate Seal ; which was referred 
 to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Mr. Lyons (Va. ) presented a design for a Confederate Seal ; which was referred to 
 the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 23 
 
 Thursday, February 12, 1863. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 Mr. Clay (Ala.) submitted the following resolution; which was considered and 
 agreed to, viz : 
 
 Resolved , That the Committee on the Flag and Seal be instructed to inquire into 
 the propriety of adopting a “cavalier” as the Seal of the Confederate States of 
 America, and of taking as a model the equestrian statue of Washington, in Capitol 
 Square, of this city, as it appears from an eastern view. 
 
 Tuesday, February 24, 1863. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Chilton (Ala.) presented a design for a Confederate Flag and Seal; which was 
 referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Saturday, March 14, 1863. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Chambliss (Va.) presented a design for a Flag; which was referred to the Com- 
 mittee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Saturday, April 4, 1863. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Collier (Va.) presented a device for a Seal ; which was referred to the Com- 
 mittee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Friday, April 17, 1863. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. McDonald : 
 
 Mr. President : The House of Representatives have passed * * * and 
 
 joint resolution, of the following titles, in which they request the concurrence of the 
 Senate : 
 
 ****** 
 
 H. R, 13. Joint resolution to establish a Seal for the Confederate States. 
 ****** 
 
 The joint resolution (H. R. 13) to establish a Seal for the Confederate States was 
 read a first and second time and considered as in Committee of the Whole. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Semmes (La.), 
 
 Ordered , That it lie on the table. 
 
24 CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Boteler (Va.), from the Committee on the Flag and Seal, reported a joint 
 resolution to establish a Confederate Seal ; which was read a first and second time. 
 
 The question being on postponing and placing the same upon the calendar, it was 
 decided in the negative. 
 
 The joint resolution having been read, as follows, to wit : 
 
 The Congress of the Confederate States of America do enact, That the Seal of 
 the Confederate States shall consist of a device representing an equestrian portrait of 
 Washington (after the statue which surmounts his monument in Capitol Square, at 
 Richmond), surrounded with a wreath composed of the principal agricultural products 
 of the South (cotton, tobacco, sugar-cane, corn, wheat, and rice), and having around 
 its margin the words “Seal op the Confederate States of America, 22d Feb., 
 1862,” with the following motto: “ Deo duce vincemus.” [See Plate VI.] 
 
 Mr. Jones (Tenn.) moved to amend the same by striking out the words “Deo 
 duce vincemus” and inserting in lieu thereof the words “Liberty and Inde- 
 pendence.” 
 
 Mr. Gray (Tex.) moved to amend the amendment by striking out the whole of the 
 same, and inserting in lieu thereof the words “ Fide Fortis.” 
 
 On motion of Mr. McRae (Ala.), 
 
 The main question was ordered, and the amendment to the amendment was lost. 
 
 The question being on agreeing to the amendment, 
 
 Mr. Jones (Tenn.) demanded the yeas and nays. 
 
 The yeas and nays were ordered, and are recorded as follows, to wit : 
 
 Yeas — Messrs. Arrington, Baldwin, Barksdale, Batson, Bell, Bridgers, Chambers, 
 Chambliss, Clopton, Conrad, Crockett, Davidson, Farrow, Foote, Foster, Freeman, 
 Gaither, Garland, Hanly, Harris, Hilton, Jones, Kenan (N. C.), Machen, McLean, 
 McRae, Menees, Moore, Royston, Singleton, Smith (N. C. ), Strickland, Trippe, 
 Wilcox, Wright (Ga. ), Wright (Tenn.), and Wright (Tex.) — 37. 
 
 Nays — Messrs. Atkins, Boteler, Boyce, Chilton, Clapp, Clark, Conrow, Currin, 
 Curry, Dargan, Davis, De Jarnette, Ewing, Garnett, Goode, Graham, Gray, Hartridge, 
 Heiskell, Hodge, Johnson, Kenan (Ga.), Kenner, Lewis, Lyon, Marshall, Martin, 
 McQueen, Munnerlyun, Miller, Perkins, Preston, Pugh, Ralls, Read, Sexton, Simp- 
 son, Smith (Ala.), Swan, Vest, Villere, Welsh, and the Speaker — 13. 
 
 So the amendment was lost. 
 
 The joint resolution was engrossed, read a third time, and passed. 
 
 Monday, April 20, 1863. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 Mr. Mitchell (Ark.) presented a design for a Flag for the Confederate States; 
 which was referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 25 
 
 Wednesday, April 22, 1863. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 Mr. Semmes (La.), from the Committee on the Flag and Seal, reported a hill 
 (S. 132) to establish the Flag of the Confederate States ; which was read a first and 
 second time and considered as in Committee of the Whole, and, no amendment being 
 made, it was reported to the Senate. 
 
 Ordered , That it be engrossed and read a third time. 
 
 The said bill was read a third time. 
 
 Resolved , That it pass, and that the title thereof be as aforesaid. 
 
 Ordered , That the Secretary request the concurrence of the House of Representa- 
 tives therein. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 A message was received from the Senate, by the hands of Mr. Nash, the Secre- 
 tary of that body, which is as follows, to wit : 
 
 Mr. Speaker : * * * The Senate have passed bills of the following titles, 
 
 viz 
 
 ****** 
 
 S. 132. An act to establish the Flag of the Confederate States. 
 
 In which I am directed to ask the concurrence of this House. 
 
 Thursday, April 23, 1863. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 The Chair laid before the House the bill (S. 132) to establish the Flag of the Con- 
 federate States ; which was read a first and second time and referred to the Committee 
 on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Saturday, April 25, 1863. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 The Senate proceeded, as in Committee of the Whole, to the consideration of the 
 joint resolution (H. R. 13) establishing a Seal for the Confederate States. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Semmes (La.), 
 
 Ordered , That the further consideration thereof be postponed to, and made the 
 special order for, Monday next at 12 o’clock. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Trippe ( Ga. ) presented a design for a Confederate Flag ; which was referred 
 to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Mr. Barksdale (Miss.) presented a design for a Confederate Flag; which was 
 referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
26 CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Monday, April 27, 1863. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 The Senate resumed, as in Committee of the Whole, the consideration of the joint 
 resolution (H. R. 13) to establish a Seal for the Confederate States. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Semmes (La.), to amend the resolution by striking out the 
 words “ Seal of,” line 9, it was determined in the affirmative. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Davis ( — ), to amend the resolution by striking out the word 
 “vincemus,” line 11, it was determined in the affirmative. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Semmes (La.), to amend the resolution by striking out the word 
 “duce,” line 11, and inserting the words “vindice majores ^emulamur,” it was 
 determined in the negative. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Semmes (La.), to amend the resolution by striking out the 
 word “duce,” line 11, and inserting “vindice,” it was determined in the affirmative. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Johnson (Ga.), to amend the resolution by striking out the 
 word “South,” line 7, and inserting “Confederacy,” it was determined in the 
 affirmative. 
 
 No further amendment being made, 
 
 The resolution was reported to the Senate, and the amendments were concurred in. 
 
 Ordered , That the amendments be engrossed and the resolution read a third time. 
 
 The said resolution was read the third time as amended. 
 
 Resolved , That it pass with amendments. 
 
 Ordered , That the Secretary request the concurrence of the House of Representa- 
 tives in the amendments. 
 
 Tuesday, April 28, 1863. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 A message was received from the Senate, by Mr. Nash, their Secretary, which is 
 as follows, to wit : 
 
 Mr. Speaker * * * The Senate have passed, with amendments, a 
 
 joint resolution of this House of the following title, viz: H. R. 13. Joint resolution 
 to establish a Seal for the Confederate States, 
 
 In which amendments I am directed to ask the concurrence of this House. 
 ■*■*■*** * 
 
 The Speaker laid before the House a joint resolution of the House to establish a 
 Seal for the Confederate States, which had been amended by the Senate, as follows, to 
 wit : 
 
 (1) Strike out the word “South,” and insert the word “ Confederacy.” 
 
 (2) Strike out the words “Seal of,” in line 9. 
 
 (3) Strike out, in line 11, the words “duce vincemus,” and insert “vindice.” 
 
 The question being on suspending the rules requiring the joint resolution, as 
 
 amended by the Senate, to be referred to a committee, 
 
 Mr. Jones (Tenn.) demanded the yeas and nays; -which were not ordered. 
 
 The rules were suspended, 
 
 And the first and second amendments of the Senate were then agreed to. 
 
CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 27 
 
 Mr. Boyce (S. C.) moved to amend the third amendment of the Senate by strik- 
 ing out the words “Deo viNDicE,”and inserting “ Glory to God in the highest ; on 
 
 EARTH. PEACE AND GOOD-WILL TOWARDS MEN.” 
 
 Mr. Boteler (Va. ) moved to amend the amendment of Mr. Boyce by striking out 
 the words “Deo vindice,” and inserting “Deo favente, animo fervente;” which 
 was agreed to. 
 
 Mr. Jones (Tenn. ) moved to amend the amendment of Mr. Boyce by substituting 
 the words “Liberty and Independence.” 
 
 Mr. Chilton (Ala.) demanded the previous question; which was not ordered. 
 
 Mr. Heiskell (Tenn.) called the question ; which was ordered. 
 
 Mr. Jones (Tenn.) demanded the yeas and nays ; which were not ordered. 
 
 Mr. Atkins (Tenn.) moved to adjourn. 
 
 The motion was disagreed to. 
 
 The amendment of Mr. Jones was then disagreed to. 
 
 Mr. Garnett (Va.) moved to amend the amendment of Mr. Boyce by substituting 
 the words “Deo vindice fide fortes.” 
 
 Mr. Heiskell (Tenn.) called the question ; which was ordered. 
 
 Mr. Freeman (Mo.) moved to adjourn; which was disagreed to. 
 
 Mr. Singleton (Miss.) moved a call of the House; which was ordered. 
 
 The roll was called, and the following gentlemen answered to their names, to wit : 
 
 Messrs. Ashe, Atkins, Baldwin, Batson, Bell, Boteler, Boyce, Bridgers, E. M. 
 Bruce, Chambers, Chilton, Clapp, Clopton, Collier, Conrad, Conrow, Currin, Curry, 
 Farrow, Freeman, Garland, Garnett, Graham, Gray, Harris, Heiskell, Herbert, Hilton, 
 Holcombe, Holt, Jones, Kenan (N. C.), Kenner, Lewis, Machen, Marshall, Martin, 
 McRae, McQueen, Menees, Miles, Miller, Moore, Munnerlynn, Pugh, Sexton, Simpson, 
 Singleton, Smith (N. C.), Swan, Trippe, Villere, Welsh, Wilcox, Wright (Tenn.), 
 Wright (Tex.), and the Speaker. 
 
 Mr. Curry (Ala.) moved that all further proceedings under the call of the House 
 be dispensed with ; which was agreed to. 
 
 Mr. Harris (Mo.) moved that the House adjourn ; which was not agreed to. 
 
 The question recurring on the amendment of Mr. Garnett, it was decided in the 
 affirmative. 
 
 Mr. Heiskell (Tenn.) moved to lay the amendment of Mr. Garnett on the table; 
 which was agreed to. 
 
 The question recurring on agreeing to the Senate amendment, 
 
 Mr. Boteler (Va.) called the question; which was ordered, and the amendment of 
 the Senate was concurred in. 
 
 Thursday, April 30, 1863. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. McDonald : 
 
 Mr. President : The House of Representatives * * * have concurred in the 
 amendments of the Senate to the joint resolution (H. R. 13) to establish a Seal for the 
 Confederate States. 
 
 ****** 
 
28 CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. McDonald: 
 
 Mr. President : * * * The Speaker of the House of Representatives having 
 
 signed sundry enrolled bills, I am directed to bring them to the Senate for the signa- 
 ture of their President. 
 
 Mr. Caperton (Va. ), from the committee, reported that they had examined and 
 found truly enrolled bills and a joint resolution of the following titles, viz : 
 
 ****** 
 
 H. R. 13. Joint resolution to establish a Seal for the Confederate States. 
 
 The President having signed the enrolled bills and enrolled joint resolution last 
 reported to have been examined, they were delivered to the Secretary of the Senate, 
 and by him forthwith presented to the President of the Confederate States for his 
 approval. 
 
 Friday, May 1, 18(13. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. McDonald : 
 
 Mr. President : The House of Representatives have passed Senate bills of the 
 following titles : 
 
 S. 132. An act to establish the Flag of the Confederate States. 
 
 * * ■ * * * * 
 
 The first named with an amendment, in which they request the concurrence of the 
 Senate. 
 
 * * * * * * 
 
 The Senate proceeded to consider the amendment of the House of Representatives 
 to the bill (S. 132) to establish the Flag of the Confederate States. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Phelan (Miss.), that the bill lie on the table, 
 
 Mr. Johnson (Ark.) demanded the question ; which was seconded. 
 
 And the question being then put, it was determined in the negative. 
 
 On the question to concur in the amendment proposed by the House of Repre- 
 sentatives to the said bill, 
 
 Mr. Johnson (Ark.) demanded the question ; which was seconded. 
 
 And the question being put, it was determined in the affirmative — yeas, 10 ; nays, 6. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Brown (Miss.), the yeas and nays being desired by one-fifth of 
 the Senators present, 
 
 Those who voted in the affirmative are — 
 
 Messrs. Burnett, Caperton, Clark, Henry, Hunter, Johnson (Ark.), Maxwell, 
 Oldham, Semmes, Wigfall — 10. 
 
 Those who voted in the negative are— 
 
 Messrs. Brown, Clay, Davis. Johnson (Ga.), Peyton, Phelan — 6. 
 
 So it was 
 
 Resolved , That the Senate concur in the amendment of the House of Representa- 
 tives to the said bill. 
 
 Ordered, That the Secretary inform the House of Representatives thereof. 
 
 ****** 
 
CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 29 
 
 A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. McDonald : 
 
 Mr. President * * * The Speaker of the House of Representatives 
 
 having signed sundry enrolled bills, I am directed to bring them to the Senate for the 
 signature of their President. 
 
 ****** 
 
 Mr. Maxwell (Fla.), from the committee, reported that they had examined and 
 found truly enrolled bills of the following titles: 
 
 S. 132. An act to establish the Flag of the Confederate States. 
 
 ****** 
 
 The President having signed the enrolled bills last reported to have been examined, 
 they were delivered to the Secretary of the Senate, and by him forthwith presented to 
 the President of the Confederate States for his approval. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Boteler (Va.) moved to suspend the rules to enable him to make a report from 
 the Committee on the Flag and Seal, and, on his motion, demanded the yeas and nays ; 
 which were ordered, and are recorded as follows, viz : 
 
 Yeas — Messrs. Arrington, Ashe, Batson, Bell, Boteler, E. M. Bruce, Chambliss, 
 Chilton, Clapp, Clopton, Collier, Conrad, Crockett, Currin, Elliott, Ewing, Garland, 
 Garnett, Graham, Hartridge, Hanly, Heiskell, Hilton, Herbert, Hodge, Holcombe, 
 Jones, Lewis, Lyon, Lyons, Machen, Marshall, Martin, Miles, Moore, Perkins, Read, 
 Russell, Sexton, Swan, Trippe, Villere, Wright (Ga.), Wright (Tenn.), Wright (Tex.), 
 and the Speaker — -46. 
 
 Nays — Messrs. Atkins, H. W. Bruce, Chambers, Conrow, Freeman, Holt, Kenner, 
 McRae, and Welsh — 8. 
 
 So the rules were suspended. 
 
 Mr. Boteler (Va.), from the Committee on the Flag and Seal, to which had been 
 referred a bill of the Senate (S. 132) entitled “An act to establish a Flag for the Con- 
 federate States,” reported the same back with the recommendation that it do pass. 
 
 Mr. Swan (Tenn.) moved to lay the bill on the table. 
 
 Mr. Miles (S. C.) demanded the yeas and nays; which were ordered, and are 
 recorded as follows, viz : 
 
 Yeas — Messrs. Arrington, H. W. Bruce, Chambers, Chilton, Clopton, Conrow, 
 Collier, Crockett, Elliott, Ewing, Freeman, Garland, Graham, Hanly, Herbert, Hodge, 
 Holt, Lewis, Marshall, McLean, Miller, Moore, Perkins, Russell, Swan, Trippe, Welsh, 
 Wright (Ga. ), and Wright (Tex.) — 29. 
 
 Nays — Messrs. Ashe, Atkins, Batson, Bell, Boteler, E. M. Bruce, Chambliss, 
 Clapp, Conrad, Currin, Curry, Garnett, Gray, Hartridge, Hilton, Holcombe, Jones, 
 Kenner, Lyon, Lyons, Machen, Martin, Menees, Read, Sexton, Villere, Wright 
 (Tenn.), and the Speaker — 27. 
 
 So the bill was laid on the table. 
 
 ****** 
 
 Mr. Herbert (Tex.) moved to reconsider the vote by which the bill last reported 
 from the Committee on the Flag and Seal was laid on the table. 
 
 ****** 
 
30 CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 A message was received from the President, by Mr. Harrison, his private secretary, 
 which is as follows, viz : 
 
 Mr. Speaker: On the 30th ultimo, the President approved and signed the following 
 joint resolution * * : 
 
 Joint resolution (H. R. 13) entitled “Joint resolution for the establishment of a Seal 
 for the Confederate States.” 
 
 ****** 
 
 Mr. Hartridge (Ga.) moved to reconsider the vote by which the House laid on the 
 table the report of the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 The motion to reconsider prevailed. 
 
 The question being on the motion to lay the bill on the table, was decided in the 
 negative. 
 
 The bill having been read as follows, viz : 
 
 The Congress of the Confederate States of America do enact , That the Flag of 
 the Confederate States shall be as follows : A white field, with the battle-flag for a 
 union, which shall be square and occupy two-thirds of the width of the Flag, and a 
 blue bar, one-third of the Flag in its width, dividing the field lengthwise. [See Plate 
 VII.] 
 
 Mr. Hartridge (Ga.) moved to amend the bill as follows, viz : Strike out the words 
 “ and a blue bar” and what follows. [See Plate VIII.] 
 
 Mr. Conrad (La.) moved to amend the amendment of Mr. Hartridge as follows, 
 viz: Strike out all after the word “Flag,” in second place, and insert “and a red 
 border around the entire field, except that portion occupied by the union, which border 
 shall be on each side one-tenth of the width of the entire Flag.” [See Plate IX.] 
 
 Mr. Garnett (Va. ) called the question ; and on his call 
 
 Mr. Miles (S. C.) demanded the yeas and nays ; which were ordered, and recorded 
 as follows, viz : 
 
 Yeas — Messrs. Arrington, Ashe, Batson, Bell. E. M. Bruce, H. W. Bruce, Chilton, 
 Chambers, Chambliss, Clopton, Collier, Conrad, Conrow, Crockett, Ewing, Freeman, 
 Gaither, Garland, Graham, Hanly, Hilton, Jones, Machen, Martin, McLean, Mun- 
 nerlynn, Read, Russell, Simpson, Smith (N. C.), Trippe, Wright (Ga.), and Wright 
 (Tex. )— 33. 
 
 Nays — Messrs. Atkins, Barksdale, Boteler, Clapp, Currin, Curry, Farrow, Garnett, 
 Gray, Harris, Hartridge, Heiskell, Herbert, Holcombe, Holt, Kenner, Lewis, Lyons, 
 Marshall, McRae, Menees, Miles, Perkins, Sexton, Smith (Ala.), Swan, Villere, and 
 Welsh— 28. 
 
 So the amendment of Mr. Conrad was adopted. 
 
 Mr. Chambers (Miss.) moved to amend the bill by striking out the words “two- 
 thirds” and inserting the words “three-fifths.” 
 
 Mr. Atkins (Tenn.) moved to lay the bill and amendments on the table, and on 
 his motion demanded the yeas and nays ; which were not ordered. 
 
 Mr. Garnett (Va.) called the question; which was ordered, and the amendment of 
 Mr. Chambers was adopted. 
 
CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 31 
 
 Mr. Swan (Tenn.) moved to amend the bill by striking out all after the enacting 
 clause and inserting “That the Flag of the Confederate States shall be as follows : A red 
 field, with a Saint Andrew’s cross of blue, edged with white and emblazoned with 
 stars.” [See Plate X.] 
 
 And on his motion demanded the yeas and nays ; which were ordered, and 
 recorded as follows, viz : 
 
 Yeas — Messrs. Barksdale, Clapp, Clopton, Curry, Heiskell, Marshall, McRae, 
 Menees, Perkins, Swan, Trippe, Yillere, Welsh, and Wright (Tex.) — 14. 
 
 Nays — Messrs. Arrington, Ashe, Atkins, Batson, Boteler, H. W. Bruce, E. M. 
 Bruce, Chambliss, Chilton, Collier, Conrow, Crockett, Currin, De Jarnette, Ewing, 
 Farrow, Freeman, Gaither, Garland, Garnett, Graham, Gray, Hanly, Harris, Hart- 
 ridge, Holt, Herbert, Hilton, Hodge, Holcombe, Jones, Kenner, Lewis, Lyon, Lyons, 
 Machen, Martin, Miles, Miller, Munnerlynn, Pugh, Read, Russell, Sexton, Simpson, 
 Smith (Ala.), Smith (X. C.), Vest, Wilcox, Wright, (Ga.), and Wright, (Tenn.) — 51. 
 
 So the amendment of Mr. Swan was not agreed to. 
 
 Mr. Barksdale (Miss.) moved to amend the bill as follows, viz : 
 
 Provided , That the cross of the union shall not be emblazoned with stars. 
 
 Mr. Trippe (Ga.) moved to postpone and to lay the whole subject on the table until 
 the second Monday in December next ; and on his motion 
 
 Mr. Jones (Tenn.) called the question: which was ordered, and the motion to 
 postpone was lost. 
 
 Mr. Garnett (Va.) called the previous question, and the main question was ordered ; 
 which, being on the amendment of Mr. Barksdale, was decided in the negative, and 
 the amendment was lost. 
 
 Mr. Gray (Tex.) moved to amend the original bill as follows, viz: Strike out all 
 after the words “as follows” in the third line, and insert “the field to be white; the 
 length double the width of the Flag, with the union (now used in the battle-flag) to be a 
 square of two-thirds the width of the Flag, having the ground red, thereon a saltier 
 of blue bordered with white, and emblazoned with mullets or five-pointed stars, cor- 
 responding in number to that of the Confederate States.” 
 
 Upon which 
 
 Mr. Jones (Tenn.) demanded the yeas and nays; which were not ordered, and the 
 amendment was agreed to. 
 
 The bill was then read a third time and passed. 
 
 * * * * * * 
 
 Mr. Elliott (Ky. ), from the Committee on Enrolled Bills, reported as correctly 
 enrolled. a bill of the following title, viz: 
 
 S. 132. An act to establish a Flag for the Confederate States ; 
 
 Which was signed by the Speaker. 
 
 ****** 
 
 A message was received from the Senate by Mr. Nash, the Secretary of that body, 
 which is as follows, viz : 
 
 Mr. Speaker: * * * The President has to-day approved and signed bills of 
 the following titles, viz : 
 
 S. 132. An act to establish the Flag of the Confederate States. 
 ****** 
 
CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES— FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Mr. Miles (S. C.) introduced tlie following resolution; which was agreed to, viz: 
 
 Resolved, That the Doorkeeper of the House be authorized to have made a Con- 
 federate Flag after the model of the Flag adopted by Congress this day, and that the 
 same be raised over the Capitol at 12 m. on the first day of the next session of Con- 
 gress — the expenses of making said Flag to be paid out of the contingent fund of the 
 House. 
 
 E O XT R T II SESSION. 
 
 Monday, February 15, 1864. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 Mr. Henry (Tenn. ), by leave, introduced a bill (S. 230) to amend an act to estab- 
 lish the Flag of the Confederate States; which was read a first and second time and 
 ordered to be placed on the Calendar. 
 
SECOND CONGRESS. 
 
 FIRST SESSION. 
 
 Saturday, May 7, 1864. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 The Chair announced the appointment of the standing committees of the House 
 as follows: 
 
 ****** 
 
 Flag and Seal. — Messrs. Chilton (Ala.), Rives (Va. ), Chambers (Miss.). 
 
 Monday, May 23, 1864. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Russell (Va.) presented the account of Henry Exall, architect, for making 
 plans and drawings for Flags and Seals ; which was referred to the Committee on Claims. 
 
 [Kichhond, May 1, 1864. 
 
 The Confederate States of America, 
 
 To Henry Exall, Architect. Dr. 
 
 To making sundry plans and drawings for Flags and Seals, by order of the chairman of the 
 Committee on the Flag and Seal, Confederate States Congress $300 00] 
 
 Tuesday, June 14, 1864. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Smith (N. C.), from the Committee on Claims, to which had been referred 
 the claim of Henry Exall, for making sundry plans and drawings for Flags and Seals, 
 reported back the same with the recommendation that the committee be discharged 
 from its further consideration, and that it be referred to the Committee of Accounts ; 
 which was agreed to. 
 
 SECOND SESSION. 
 
 Tuesday, December 13, 1864. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 Mr. Semmes (La.), by leave, introduced a bill (S. 137) to establish the Flag of the 
 Confederate States : which was read a first and second time and referred to the Com- 
 mittee on Naval Affairs, viz: 
 
 The Congress of the Confederate States of America do enact , That the Flag of 
 the Confederate States shall be as follows : The width two-thirds of its length, -with 
 the union (now used as the battle-flag) to be in width three-fifths of the width of the 
 
CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 34 
 
 Flag, and so proportioned as to leave the length of the field on the side of the union 
 twice the width of the field below it; to have the ground red, and a broad, blue 
 saltier thereon, bordered with white and emblazoned with mullets or five-pointed 
 stars, corresponding in number to that of the Confederate States; the field to be white, 
 except the outer half from the union to be a red bar extending the width of the Flag. 
 
 [See Plate XI.] 
 
 Friday, December 16, 1864. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 Mr. Brown (Miss.), from the Committee on Naval Affairs, to which was referred 
 the bill (S. 137) to establish the Flag of the Confederate States, reported it without 
 amendment. 
 
 The Senate proceeded, as in Committee of the Whole, to the consideration of the 
 said bill. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Brown, 
 
 Ordered , That it be referred to the Committee on Military Affairs. 
 
 Saturday, December 24, 1864. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Wickham (Va.) offered the following resolution ; which was adopted, viz: 
 
 Resolved, That the Committee on Claims inquire into the justice of the claim of 
 Henry Exall, for compensation for certain designs and drawings furnished the Com- 
 mittee on the Flag and Seal during the first Congress, and report by bill or otherwise. 
 
 Wednesday, January 11, 1865. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Staples (Va. ) presented a design for a Confederate Flag; which was referred 
 to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Mr. Chilton (Ala.) presented a design for a Confederate Flag; which was referred 
 to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Friday, January 20, 1865. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Staples (Va.) presented a design for a Confederate Flag; which was referred 
 to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Mr. Miles (S. C.) presented two communications enclosing designs for a Confed- 
 erate Flag; which were referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Mr. Funsten (Va.) presented a design for a Confederate Flag; which was referred 
 to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 35 
 
 Friday, January 27, 1865. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Dickinson (Ala.) presented a design for a Confederate Flag; which was 
 referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Friday, February 3, 1865. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 Mr. Sparrow (La.), from the Committee on Military Affairs, to which was referred 
 the bill (S. 137) to establish the Flag of the Confederate States, reported it without 
 amendment. 
 
 Saturday, February 4, 1865. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 The Senate proceeded, as in Committee of the Whole, to the consideration of the 
 bill (S. 137) to establish the Flag of the Confederate States, and, no amendment being 
 proposed, it was reported to the Senate. 
 
 Ordered, That it be engrossed and read a third time. 
 
 The said bill was read the third time. 
 
 Resolved , That it pass, and that the title thereof be as aforesaid. 
 
 Ordered, That the Secretary request the concurrence of the House of Representa- 
 tives therein. 
 
 Monday, February 6, 1865. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Miles (S. C.) presented sundry designs for a Confederate Flag; which were 
 referred to the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Tuesday, February 7, 1865. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 The Chair laid before the House Senate bill (S. 137) to establish the Flag of the 
 Confederate States ; which was read a first and second time and referred to the Com- 
 mittee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 Wednesday, February 15, 1865. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Chambers (Miss.) moved that temporary appointments be made of additional 
 members of the Committee on the Flag and Seal ; which motion prevailed. 
 
 And 
 
 The Speaker appointed Mr. Funsten (Va.). 
 
36 CONFEDERATE CONGRESSES — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Tuesday, February 21, 1865. 
 
 Rouse of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Funsten (Va.) moved that the calendar be postponed, to enable him to move 
 a suspension of the rules, in order to report from the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 The motion was lost. 
 
 Monday, February 27, 1865. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Funsten (Va.), the rules were suspended, to enable him to report 
 from the Committee on the Flag and Seal. 
 
 And 
 
 Mr. Funsten, from the Committee on the Flag and Seal, to which had been referred 
 a bill (S. 137) to establish the Flag of the Confederate States, reported the same back 
 and recommended its passage. 
 
 The bill was read the third time and passed. 
 
 A motion to reconsider the vote by which the bill was passed did not prevail. 
 
 Thursday, March 2, 1865. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Mr. Cruikshank (Ala.), from the Committee on Enrolled Bills, reported as cor- 
 rectly engrossed an act (S. 137) to establish the Flag of the Confederate States. 
 
 The Speaker signed the same. 
 
 Tuesday, March 7, 1865. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 A message from the President of the Confederate States, by Mr. B. N. Harrison, 
 his secretary: 
 
 Mr. President: The President of the Confederate States, on the 4th instant, 
 approved and signed the following acts : 
 
 ****** 
 
 S. 137. An act to establish the Flag of the Confederate States. 
 
 Wednesday, March 8, 1865. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 The following message was received from the Senate, by Mr. Nash, their Secretary : 
 
 Mr. Speaker : The President of the Confederate States has notified the Senate 
 that he did, on the 4th instant, approve and sign the following acts and joint resolution : 
 * * * * , * * 
 
 S. 137. An act to establish the Flag of the Confederate States. 
 
CORRESPONDENCE 
 
 ENCLOSING 
 
 DESIGNS FOR A FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 APPENDIX D?-A_:R,T IX. 
 

 
INDEX. 
 
 Designs submitted for Confederate Flag. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Name and Plate. 
 
 Page. 
 
 1S61. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Feb. 1 
 
 Hamilton Cooper 
 
 
 
 1 * 
 
 1 
 
 Augustin L. Tarceau 
 
 
 (Plates II, III)... 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 R. C. Gilchrist 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 “ Pocahontas ” 
 
 
 (Plate V)... 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 John G. Gaines 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 “Disunion” 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 Jos. M. Shellman 
 
 
 (Plate X)... 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 Edwin Y. Sharp 
 
 
 (Plates XI, XII)... 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 W. J. Laval 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 lire. 0. Ladd 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 “ Richmond County” 
 
 
 (Plate XIV)... 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 W. J. Laval 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 J. B. S 
 
 
 11 
 
 Z 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 Thomas H. Hobbs 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 R. S. Purse 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 ' 11 
 
 F. W. McMaster 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 W. H. Hutchins 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 H. J. E 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 Henry T. Campbell 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 M. P. O’Connor 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 A. Bonand 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 John H. Holmes 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 A. Freeman 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 Jacob B. Platt 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 T. Butler King 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 J. D. B. De Bow 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 “ Citadel Cadet ” 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 G. W. Alexander 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 T. J. Forsyth 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 Stewart 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 Walter Cecil Haskey 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 “Southron ” 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 “A Citizen and Friend ”... 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 “A Fellow-citizen” 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 “A Citizen and Nullifier since 1830” 
 
 (Plate XXXVII)... 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 Charles C. Jones, jr 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 Eugene Wythe Baylor 
 
 
 (Plate XXXVIII)... 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 William W. White 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 F. Holzac 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 John Laurens 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 15 
 
 “A Georgian ” 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 16 
 
 h 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 16 
 
 It. C. Ketchum 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 16 
 
 “A Citizen and Nullifier since 1830” 
 
 (Plate XLVIII)... 
 
 27 
 
ii • INDEX. 
 
 Designs submitted for Confederate Flag — Continued. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Name and 
 
 Plate. 
 
 Page. 
 
 1861. 
 
 
 
 
 Feb. 16 
 
 Mrs. Mary E. Collins Brown 
 
 (Plate XLIX)... 
 
 27 
 
 16 
 
 w 
 
 (Plate L)... 
 
 28 
 
 17 
 
 Robert M. Stiles 
 
 (Plates LI, LII)... 
 
 28 
 
 17 
 
 “ Some of the Ladies of Columbia” 
 
 (Plate XXXV)... 
 
 29 
 
 17 
 
 “Carolinian” 
 
 (Plates XI, XXV)... 
 
 29 
 
 17 
 
 Unknown 
 
 .(Plates LIII to LV)... 
 
 30 
 
 18 
 
 “A Citizen and Nullifier since 1830” 
 
 
 34 
 
 18 
 
 A 
 
 (Plate LVII)... 
 
 34 
 
 18 
 
 II. Aug. Pond 
 
 (Plates LVIIJ, LIX)... 
 
 34 
 
 IS 
 
 E. Barnwell Heyward 
 
 (Plate LX)... 
 
 36 
 
 18 
 
 John C. C. Noland 
 
 
 37 
 
 18 
 
 C. E. Brame 
 
 (Plates LXI, LXII)... 
 
 37 
 
 18 
 
 Unknown 
 
 (Plate LXIII)... 
 
 38 
 
 19 
 
 E. 0. Grigsby and James L. Averill 
 
 (Plates LXIV, LXV)... 
 
 38 
 
 19 
 
 •T. M. F. Gaston 
 
 
 38 
 
 20 
 
 Mrs. Aurelia A. Longmire 
 
 (Plate LXVII)... 
 
 39 
 
 20 
 
 •T. M. Jennings 
 
 (Plate LXVIII)... 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 Mrs. E. G. Carpenter 
 
 (Plate LXIX)... 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 R. B. Waddell 
 
 (Plate LXX)... 
 
 41 
 
 20 
 
 R. B Waddell 
 
 
 41 
 
 20 
 
 “ .T D P ” 
 
 43 
 
 21 
 
 W. T. Riddle 
 
 (Plates XXXI to LXXIII)... 
 
 43 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 21 
 
 C. Kirkwood Otey 
 
 (Plate LXXIV)... 
 
 43 
 
 22 
 
 Ann G. Wightt 
 
 
 44 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 23 
 
 Lewis May 
 
 (Plates LXXVI, LXXVII)... 
 
 46 
 
 23 
 
 Ed. Emerick Sell 
 
 (Plate LXXYIII)... 
 
 46 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 24 
 
 
 48 
 
 25 
 
 “Jasper” 
 
 (Plate LXXIX)... 
 
 48 
 
 2G 
 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown 
 
 (Plate LXXX)... 
 
 49 
 
 26 
 
 Sylvester C. Lewis 
 
 (Plate LXXXI)... 
 
 49 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 William M. Brantly 
 
 
 50 
 
 March 2 
 
 I. L. Honour 
 
 (Plates LXXXIII, LXXXIV)... 
 
 50 
 
 March 12 
 
 Martin 1^. Snell 
 
 
 50 
 
 April — 
 
 E. C. Hancock 
 
 
 51 
 
 Aug. 28 
 
 T. Morton Lyle 
 
 (Plates LXXXVI, LXXXVII)... 
 
 52 
 
 Dec. 9 
 
 Joseph Myers 
 
 
 52 
 
 1862. 
 
 
 
 
 March 31 
 
 H. D. Starr 
 
 
 54 
 
 1864. 
 
 
 
 
 March 12 
 
 Robert Newman 
 
 
 54 
 
 Dec. 21 
 
 E. P. Alexander 
 
 : (Plates XCI to XCIII)... 
 
 55 
 
 27 
 
 John R. Bledsoe 
 
 (Plate XCIV)... 
 
 55 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Designs submitted for Confederate Flag (without date) — Continued. 
 
 Name and Plate. 
 
 Proposed by a gentleman of Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Tlieophilus A. Jones 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 P. J. Anderson 
 
 Samuel White 
 
 J. Legare 
 
 P. McGuigin and Braisted 
 
 W. P. Hilliard 
 
 “West” 
 
 •T. K. Hamilton 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 J. Alma Pelot 
 
 Unknown 
 
 John Sansom 
 
 Unknown 
 
 “ A Southerner ” 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 “A Southerner” 
 
 Unknown 
 
 “ By a S. C. Alabamian ” 
 
 Unknown 
 
 “ T.” 
 
 “ Alabama ” 
 
 T. 0. Chestney 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 “A Lady of South Carolina” 
 
 Page. 
 
 (Plate XCV)... 
 
 (Plate XCVI)... 
 
 (Plate XCVII)... 
 
 (Plates XCVIII to CV)... 
 
 (Plates CVI to CXYII)... 
 
 (Plate CXVIIIj... 
 
 (Plates CXIX to CXXIV)... 
 
 (Plates CXXV, CXXVI)... 
 
 ...(Plates CXXYII, CXXVIII)... 
 .(Plates CXXI-X to CXXXIX)... 
 
 (Plate CXL)... 
 
 (Plates CXLI to CXLIII)... 
 
 (Plates CXLIY to CLVI)... 
 
 (Plates CLVII to CLXVI)... 
 
 (Plate CLXYII)... 
 
 ...(Plates CLXYIII to CLXX)... 
 
 (Plate CLXXI)... 
 
 ..(Plates CLXXII, CLXXIII)... 
 
 (Plate CLXXIY')... 
 
 — (Plates CLXXV, CLXXVI).. 
 
 56 
 
 57 
 57 
 
 57 
 
 58 
 
 59 
 
 59 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 61 
 61 
 61 
 61 
 61 
 61 
 62 
 
 (Plate CLXXYII)... 
 
 (Plate CLXXYIII)... 
 
 (Plate CLXXIX)... 
 
 (Plate CLXXX)... 
 
 (Plate CLXXXI)... 
 
 (Plate CLXXXII)... 
 
 (Plate CLXXXIII)... 
 
 ...(Plate CLXXXI V)... 
 
 (Plate CLXXXV).., 
 
 (Plate CLXXXYI)... 
 
 (CLXXXVII)... 
 
 .(Plates CLXXXYII1, CLXXXIX)... 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 63 
 
 63 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 66 
 66 
 66 
 

 * 
 
CONFEDEKATE FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
 Design of Hamilton Cooper, submitted February 1, 1861. 
 [See Plate I.] 
 
 Hon. R. B. Rhett. 
 
 Adams’ Run, February 1, 1861. 
 
 Dear Sir : Having acquired, some years ago, a jn'etty thorough knowledge of that 
 branch of the fine arts known as heraldrjq I have felt it my duty to contribute my mite 
 to what in all nations is regarded with love and devotion, viz., its Flag and Arms. If 
 my Flag and Arms are worthy of it, will you and my friend Mr. Miles advocate them, 
 and cause the Flag to be hung in some conspicuous part of the Hall? 
 
 The liberty I take in addressing you has been accorded me by Barnwell, which is 
 the only excuse I have for thus intruding myself upon your notice. 
 
 Yours, very respectfully, 
 
 AUGUSTIN L. TARCF.AU. 
 
 Heraldic Blazon. 
 
 Gules, on a cross or, as many Voiles of the field as there are States in the Confed- 
 eracy — all within a bordure of the second. In a canton on the upper dexter corner, 
 the National Flag of that State in which the Federal Flag is used. 
 
 Translation. 
 
 On a crimson ground, a yellow cross containing as many crimson stars as there 
 . are States in the Confederacy ; in the upper right corner, a State National Flag — all 
 surrounded by a yellow border. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 The cross in a Flag expresses the holiness of the cause, and this one bears on its 
 form our own beautiful constellation, the “Southern Cross,” formed by the arrange- 
 ment of stars representing the Southern States. The incorporating a State’s own 
 National Flag in the Federal Flag used within its boundaries signifies that she asserts 
 her “ national sovereignty” within the Confederacy, and that her rights are coequal and 
 maintained — each State to incorporate only her own Flag. When the State Flag is the 
 same ground as the Federal Flag, the State Flag should be fimbriated, namely, sur- 
 rounded by a narrow border of a color or metal which shall have the effect of distinctly 
 separating it from the ground (or field) of the Federal Flag. 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 If the arrangement of the Flag herewith sent is approved, but the colors objected 
 to, and it be desirable to substitute blue and white for crimson and yellow, the arrange- 
 ment would be this wise : On a blue ground, a white cross charged with fifteen crimson 
 (color of Mars) stars, all surrounded by a while border; State National Flag as before 
 mentioned. But azure (blue) is less honorable than gules (crimson), and argent (white, 
 i. e. silver) less honorable than or (gold). In composing a Flag or Coat of Arms it 
 must be borne in mind that it is false heraldry to charge metal upon metal, gold upon 
 silver, or color upon color. “Or” is gold or yellow ; “argent,” silver or white ; 
 “gules,” crimson; “azure,” blue; “sable,” black; “vert,” green; “tawny,” 
 orange; “purpure,” purple. The first two are metals , the last six colors. The Fed- 
 eral Flag, when used in the naval or mercantile service, should have a canton in the 
 upper dexter corner, fimbriated white, charged with the “ Arms.” 
 
 [See Plates II, III.] 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 4, 1861. 
 
 Hon. C. G. Memminger, 
 
 Montgomery , Ala. 
 
 Dear Sir : I herewith send a design for the Flag of our Southern Confederation. 
 I presume this subject will come before the convention, and am ambitious of being the 
 author of the new Flag, which will float over every sea and protect the citizens of the 
 proudest nation on the earth. May I not bespeak your influence? The description 
 will be found on the back of the design. I have shown it to many persons of taste in 
 this city, and it has been universally admired and commended. 
 
 Respectfully, yours, 
 
 R. C. GILCHRIST. 
 
 Description. 
 
 A new constellation has just taken its place among the galaxy of nations, and now 
 the “ Southern Cross” is the cynosure of all eyes. This Flag embodies this idea. At 
 the same time it seeks to preserve the essential features of the beautiful Flag of the 
 American Republic, to which we have as great a right as any other people on the earth. 
 
 The centre of the Flag is occupied by an azure “cross” bespangled with stars 
 equal in number to the States composing the Southern Confederation — a star to be 
 added as each State comes in. 
 
 Horizontally are alternate red and white stripes, equal in number to the States 
 represented in this convention — the original seceding States. 
 
 There is no Flag in the world like it, and yet we have the “stars and stripes” 
 still. The combination of its colors, although by no means gaudy, will make it con- 
 spicuous at the greatest distance on sea or land. As such it is respectfully presented 
 to the consideration of the Southern Convention. 
 
 [See Plate IV.] 
 
Norfolk, Va., February 5, 1861. 
 
 President Southern Contention, 
 
 Montgomery , Ala. 
 
 Sir: In the farewell address of Senator Slidell, delivered before the Senate of the 
 United States yesterday, on presenting to that body the Louisiana ordinance of seces- 
 sion, he remarked, in speaking of the formation of a Southern Confederacy, that the 
 South did not intend to give up that Flag which has so long been the honored ensign 
 of the United States. It was to me a most gratifying declaration that it is the Flag of 
 the South as well as the North. 
 
 Those stars and stripes, which have been so honorably borne to every accessible 
 sea, and have so proudly fluttered to every breeze of the habitable globe, will ever be 
 cherished and admired by true American hearts. May they ever be the Flag of all 
 American Republics formed out of the once Confederated States — the United States 
 of America — without marring the beauty of that proud Flag as it is, or that chaste 
 blending of the “red, white, and blue” which makes it the grandest in the world. 
 
 If your convention, looking to the formation of a Southern Republic and the 
 adoption of the stars and stripes for its Flag, has not already devised one, I would 
 respectfully and modestly suggest the substitution of a renowned constellation, the 
 “Southern Cross” (both emblematic and suggestive), for the union of stars now in the 
 blue field of the present Flag of the United States, and that a star for each State (red, 
 white, or golden, as may seem most fitting and appropriate) be placed on one of the 
 central stripes, so the stars and stripes may yet be the Flag of your new, as they were 
 of the old, Republic. 
 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 
 [See Plate V.] 
 
 POCAHONTAS.’ 
 
 New Orleans, La., February 7, 1861. 
 
 President Southern Convention, 
 
 Montgomery , Ala. 
 
 My Dear Sir : As the adoption of a Flag for the Southern Confederacy of States 
 will be among the early labors of the convention now in session at Montgomery, the 
 annexed is respectfully suggested. By it we can hold on to the associations that are 
 connected with the “stars and stripes,” and yet not conflict with the Flag of the North- 
 ern States. I have shown it to several friends, who universally approve it. 
 
 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 JOHN G. GAINES. 
 
 [See Plate VI.] 
 
 Richmond, Va., February 7, 1861. 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 Dear Sir: I beg most respectfully to enclose to you two designs for a National 
 Ensign for our new Confederacy. One represents the old Flag, with a black stripe 
 diagonally across its face, with stars of the seceding States on its surface (meaning 
 
4 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 that we are divided on the slavery question), the union, a blue ground, with either the 
 letter W or a medallion head of Washington, surrounded by stars ; the other a tri- 
 color of red, white, and black, the colors of our population — union, blue ground dotted 
 with stars. 
 
 I suggest the Coat of Arms be a figure representing the Goddess of Justice, with 
 the left foot slightly raised, resting on a broken fascine, representing the shattered 
 Union: in her left hand a scroll, and in her right a drawn sword raised in defense of 
 the Constitution ; on her head a helmet encircled with stars. The background a repre- 
 sentation of an approaching storm with lightning, and an indistinct eagle flying at its 
 approach. 
 
 I also suggest that we either adopt the title of the Republic of Washington, or 
 Aleghania, or the United States of Aleghania. The last would probably unite the 
 western part of Virginia and the border slave States. Should you adopt either of my 
 suggestions, I should be happy to make myself known to you. I now sign myself 
 
 “DISUNION.” 
 
 Motto : In hoc signo vinces. 
 
 [See Plates VII, VIII, IX.] 
 
 Augusta, Ga., February 9, 1861. 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 Dear Sir: I send you a rude specimen of a Flag which I propose for adoption by 
 the Southern Congress as the National Banner of the Southern Confederacy. It is, as 
 you perceive, in form similar to the United States Flag, which is emblematic of our 
 former Union ; but the transposition of the colors, of our repudiation of that Union. 
 The tricolor is the emblem of Liberty ; the 'clustering stars, of Union ; and their arrange- 
 ment in the form of a cresent, of Progress. Hence, our motto may be: Liberty, 
 Union, Progress. The artist has painted the faint outline of the new moon, which he 
 intended merely to exhibit the more clearly the arrangement of the stars in that form, 
 and is not intended to form any feature in the Flag. I am a plain, unpretending man, 
 who has now, for the first time, ventured to obtrude his views on any public body, and 
 if they are not acceptable, I am content. 
 
 Yours, respectfully, 
 
 JOS. M. SHELLMAN. 
 
 .If you do not think it worthy of notice, please suppress it. 
 [See Plate X.] 
 
 J. M. S. 
 
 Augusta, Ga., February 9, 1861. 
 
 W. H. Pritchard, 
 
 Montgomery, Ala. 
 
 Dear Sir : Herewith you will find devices for Seal and Flag for the Southern Con- 
 federacy, and description accompanying them. My desire is to have the same brought 
 before the committee appointed for the purpose of getting up Seal and Flag, and 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 5 
 
 earnestly request that you place them in the hands of some one who will give them due 
 consideration. If Mr. Gardner is still in Montgomery he will appreciate my object, 
 and I know of no one with whom I would rather trust them. 
 
 Any favor performed in regard to the designs will be highly appreciated by me. 
 
 Your friend, 
 
 EDWIN Y. SHARP. • 
 
 P. S. — Design has got so dirty from handling that I am ashamed to send it. It has 
 just returned to me. 
 
 Description of devices. 
 
 Seal. — An escutcheon composed of the following parts: A chief, occupying the 
 whole length and one-third of its breadth, which represents Congress, bearing upon its 
 blue area a number of stars (argent or white) equal to the States forming the Confed- 
 eracy. Upon each side of the chief are three upright pales equal in width to each 
 other, placed alternately, yellow (gold) and red, the red in the middle — six original 
 States — the whole border done with oak and laurel. Just emanating from a dark cloud, 
 which represents our late national troubles, relieved by the bosom of a cerulean sky, is 
 a young moon, shining by no borrowed light, save that of our own six suns , denoting 
 the infancy and purity of the new Republic. Over all, suspended in air, for Inde- 
 pendence. floats a red scroll bearing the motto. 
 
 Flag. — To be twice as long as deep. The middle third to be blue, extending the 
 whole length, and, placed upon it according to taste, a . number of white stars equal to 
 the States in the Confederacy ; the upper and lower thirds to be divided into (each) 
 three equal parts, each part having two yellow and one red stripe, the stripes hori- 
 zontal. Colors used: White, purity ; blue, perseverance ; red, valor; yellow, wealth, 
 prosperity. 
 
 [See Plates XI, XII.] 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 9, 1861. 
 
 Hon. Howell Cobb, 
 
 President Southern Convention. 
 
 Dear Sir: I have the honor herewith to enclose to you several unpretending- 
 designs for the Flag of the Southern Confederacy, which you are most respectfully 
 requested to submit for the consideration of the convention now assembled at Mont- 
 gomery. The fair hands of a patriotic daughter of South Carolina have assisted in the 
 preparation of the designs, and it is hoped therefore that some one out of the number 
 submitted may commend itself to the approval and preference of the distinguished 
 body over which you preside. 
 
 I have further to request that you would cause the package to be returned to me at 
 the close of your deliberations, either by express or through any of the delegates from 
 this State. 
 
 I have the honor to be, with great respect, your obedient servant, 
 
 W. J. LAVAL. 
 
 [Designs missing.] 
 
6 CORRESPONDENCE— DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Hon. W. W. Boyce. 
 
 Southern Confederacy, 
 Winnsborough , S. C., February 10, 1861. 
 
 Sir : Enclosed I send to you a Flag for the new Republic, designed by Mr. Ladd, 
 which is simple, as all national Flags should be. It is tricolored, with a red union, 
 seven stars, and the crescent moon. It was all the design of Mr. Ladd, with exception 
 of the stars in a circle or wreath and placing the crescent moon among them, which I 
 thought would be a fit emblem of our young Republic, and by placing the stars in a 
 wreath, others could be added forming a large wreath as the other States came in. 
 
 I am vain enough, if you please to term it so (but I term it patriotism), to feel that 
 1 would wish no greater honor than to see the slightest thing I had a hand in adopted 
 by the Southern Confederacy. 
 
 We have three boys to give to our country. Words could not express the glow of 
 pride that throbbed our bosoms when we saw them ready to respond to their country’s 
 call. My boys are part of a mother’s jewels — freely given when needed. My next 
 greatest glory would be to see the design adopted and flung to the breeze. May it yet be 
 unfurled, floating proudly and free over the bright sunny South and on the dark roll- 
 ing sea. 
 
 Our great Washington fought for the principles we are now contending for, and 
 thought he had secured them. May our young Republic honor his memory with the 
 name of Washington Republic, dating from the 22d of February. The day would then 
 be kept to celebrate two great events. 
 
 Just as I finished the word “ events ” I heard the news that Mr. Davis had been 
 elected President. Glorious news! We are free. We have institutions of our own, 
 a country that we can call our own, rulers, from among our people. There is not a 
 Southern woman — wife, mother, or maid — but what feels prouder to-day of her country, 
 knowing, as we do, that we have fathers, husbands, sons, and brothers, who are willing 
 to sacrifice all to duty and honor. 
 
 In peace or war you have with you the prayers and sympathies of every woman 
 who glories in saying, I am a woman of the South. 
 
 Yours, &c., 
 
 Mrs. C. LADD. 
 
 P. S. — We shall need your services to deliver the Flag to the Boyce Guards in the 
 course of ten days. 
 
 G. W. L. 
 
 [See Plate XIII.] 
 
 Augusta, Ga., February 10, 1861. 
 
 Hon. A. H. Stephens, 
 
 Montgomery, Ala. 
 
 Dear Sir: Enclosed herewith please find a design proposed for the Flag of “ The 
 Confederate States of North America.” 
 
 I have used “cheeky” in the shield, as it is “considered one of the most noble 
 and ancient figures used in armory.” As a chess-board, it represents the battle-field 
 upon which we expect to contend for our independence. 
 
 i 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 7 
 
 Of the colors proposed it is unnecessary to say any thing as to their emblematic 
 significance. The green, however, is unusual, and it may be well to state that it is 
 intended to represent a large element in our population derived from the “Emerald 
 Isle.” 
 
 I also send you three plates of Flags now “afloat,” by which you will see that the 
 design is original. 
 
 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 “RICHMOND COUNTY.” 
 
 [See Plate XIV.] 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 11, 1861. 
 
 Hon. W. P. Miles, 
 
 Montgomery , Ala. 
 
 Dear Sir: At the suggestion of some of my friends, a package containing several 
 designs for the Flag for our new Confederacy was forwarded by me, on the 9th instant, 
 to the Hon. Howell Cobb, president of the convention. Several additional designs 
 were also sent by me to-day through Adams’ express, under cover directed to yourself, 
 but ■want of time rendered it impossible for me to extend to you the courtesy of a letter. 
 Be pleased to accept this as an apology. 
 
 You will be kind enough to present my humble contribution to the committee, and 
 oblige your fellow-citizen and obedient servant, 
 
 W. J. LAVAL. 
 
 You will oblige by bringing the designs with you when you return to Charleston, 
 or sending them by any convenient opportunity, after the adoption of a Flag. 
 
 [Designs missing.] 
 
 Augusta, Ga., February 11, 1861. 
 
 Hon. A. H. Stephens. 
 
 Sir : I herein enclose you a design for a Southern States Flag. 
 
 Yours, respectfully, 
 
 J. B. S. 
 
 [Design missing.] 
 
 [From the Charleston Mercury, February 11, 18C1.] 
 
 The seceded States having now adopted a provisional form of government, the 
 Southern Confederacy will, of course, soon be in need of a suitable Flag. 
 
 I w r ould respectfully suggest, therefore, that we have one not only plain and of 
 striking contrast in color, but approximating to, yet differing essentially from, the Flag 
 of the United States. This Flag we cannot but regard as one under which our common 
 country has risen to unexampled prosperity, and under which also some of the most 
 noble achievements of the present age have been accomplished, lifting our national 
 reputation into a truly high and commanding position, and to which proud elevation 
 none certainly have contributed more than our own native brethren of the sunny South. 
 
8 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 As no colors are more easily distinguishable than deep blue, white, and deep red, 
 I would recommend therefore that we adopt a Flag with the colors combined as follows 
 (say): about one-third of the Flag, next the flag-staff, to consist of two equal squares 
 of deep blue and red, the blue in the upper corner to form the union, containing a 
 white star for each seceded State. The rest of the Flag to be composed of blue, white, 
 and red stripes, say thirteen, in honor of the old original States ; they would all then 
 be of equal length, and the upper and lower stripes both blue. Should the fifteen 
 slave-holding States secede, the stars will then suffice, and may be so arranged as to 
 form one large star in the centre of the union ; but if all the slave States do not secede, 
 a circular arrangement of the stars might then be preferable. Having had something 
 to do with Flags in my time, and knowing from experience what colors can be most 
 readily distinguished, especially on the ocean, where none can be so plainly seen and 
 at so great a distance as the present tricolor of France, has induced me to offer the 
 above suggestions, in the hope that in giving due attention to the subject they may be 
 found acceptable. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Since the above communication was sent to the Mercury office, it was considered 
 an improvement to divide the red square diagonally, connecting the white division with 
 the lower part of the blue and with the end of the stripes, thus rendering the Flag 
 more conspicuous, as may be seen in the design herewith enclosed. 
 
 [See Plate XV.] 
 
 Chattanooga, Tenn., February 11, 1861. 
 
 Hon. R. W. Walker, 
 
 Montgomery , Ala. 
 
 Enclosed I send you a design for the banner for the new Confederacy. If you 
 think it has any merit, and the Congress chooses to adopt a new banner, you may lay 
 this before them. Its merits are — 
 
 1. The stars represent States, and being arranged in a circle, the close union of 
 those States. This arrangement (in a circle) will allow of indefinite increase of num- 
 ber, as other States come in, without destroying the original design. 
 
 2. We will still have a ‘‘Star Spangled Banner,” which is dear to the people from 
 old association, and we can afford to let the Yankees keep the stripes. We are entitled 
 to a “Star Spangled Banner,” because the best poetry in honor of it was composed by 
 a Southern man, and the incident which occasioned its composition occurred on Southern 
 soil and reflected honor on Southern soldiers. 
 
 3. The Flag to be of solid blue and the stars white. 
 
 4. The motto attributes the splendors of the stars to the honor and unbroken faith 
 of the States. 
 
 Very respectfully, your friend and obedient servant, 
 
 THOMAS H. HOBBS. 
 
 [See Plate XVI.] 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 9 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 11, 18G1. 
 
 *■**,#.* 
 
 Dear Sir: Solicitous that our National Ensign should not be a copy of others, 
 but one suitable to the best Government formed by men for man, I take the liberty of 
 suggesting the following: On a crimson field, a deep yellow sun, with a ray for each 
 State. Ensign to be one-third longer than its width. 
 
 Very respectfully, yours, &c., 
 
 R. S. PURSE. 
 
 [See Plate XVII.] 
 
 Hon. W. W. Boyce, 
 
 Montgomery , Ala. 
 
 Columbia, S. C., February 11 . 1861. 
 
 Dear Colonel: I send you by express a design of a Flag for the Southern Con- 
 federacy, gotten up in great haste this morning by Mr. R. B. Waddell, which strikes 
 me as being much more appropriate than the Southern Cross, proposed by a Charles- 
 tonian. The Flag made after Mr. Waddell's design will be very beautiful. It is the 
 French tricolor, red, white, and blue ; but in the French Flag the colors are parallel. I 
 think it a very simple and tasteful Flag. 
 
 The Cross is a badge of Papal power, and will be repulsive to the taste of a large 
 majority of the Southern people. 
 
 Please show the design to Mr. Memminger. In great haste for the express, 
 
 I remain, yours truly, 
 
 [See Plate LXX.] 
 
 F. W. McM ASTER. 
 
 U. S. Mail Steamship Galveston, 
 
 New Orleans, Republic of Louisiana, February 11 . 1861. 
 
 Hon. Howell Cobb, 
 
 President Southern Convention. 
 
 Dear Sir: I have taken the liberty to recommend to your attention, and, through 
 you, to the convention, the manifest propriety of adopting the “ Star Spangled Banner” 
 as the Flag of the Southern Confederacy, changing only the color of the red stripes to 
 blue. 
 
 That Flag is as dear to every true Southern heart as is a babe to its mother’s 
 affections. The change above mentioned, with one star to represent each State belong- 
 ing to u Our Union,” will render it sufficiently distinct from the old one to prevent 
 confusion. 
 
 I remain, dear sir, with sentiments of esteem, truly, your obedient servant, 
 
 W. H. HUTCHINS. 
 
 [Design missing, but, from the above description, it must be identical with that 
 proposed by a gentleman of Louisville, Ivy. See Plate XCV.] 
 
10 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 11, 1861. 
 
 Mr. Memminger. 
 
 Dear Sir: You will please do me the favor of submitting the within Flag to the 
 committee on the same, and to state that the star in the centre is to be composed of 
 small stars, one for each State in the Confederate States of America. 
 
 By so doing you will much oblige your humble servant, 
 
 H. J. E. 
 
 P. S. — You will please destroy this, and, if the above should be adopted, well and 
 good ; if not, let it drop. 
 
 [See Plate XVIII.] 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 12, 1861. 
 
 Hon. Wm. P. Miles. 
 
 Dear Sir : Perceiving that you are on the committee to report a Flag for the 
 Southern Confederacy, I beg leave to suggest to you a design which I think would be 
 appropriate. The design is as follows: To reverse the colors of the old United States 
 Flag, “ blue and white stripes, with red union and white stars in the union.” I think it 
 would be almost, if not equally, as handsome as the Stars and Stripes of the late United 
 States. 
 
 I will be obliged if, among the other specimens that will be brought before your 
 committee, you would remember to submit to them the present design. 
 
 Most respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 M. P. O'CONNOR. 
 
 [See Plate XIX.] 
 
 Hon. F. S. Bartow. 
 
 Savannah, Ga., February 12, 1861. 
 
 Dear Sir: I take the liberty of sending you two models for the Flag of the 
 Southern Confederation, not that I think myself better posted than the honorable 
 gentlemen composing your committee, but the desire to preserve the old Flag, if not in 
 design, at least in color, has prompted me to submit to you the enclosed models. The 
 main object in the composition of a Flag being, in my humble opinion, simplicity, 
 solidity, and facility of making the same, the enclosed models have, in my opinion, 
 that merit. The stars have six points, representing the six States who have first formed 
 the present Confederacy. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 A. BONAND. 
 
 [See Plates XX, XXI.] 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 12, 1861. 
 
 Hon. W. P. Miles, 
 
 Montgomery , Ala. 
 
 My Dear Sir : I enclose three designs for a National Flag, which you will be kind 
 enough to hand to the committee to whom that matter has been referred. 
 
 No. 1 is something like the United States Flag. ' The difference of arrangement is 
 such that they never can be mistaken one for the other. 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 11 
 
 In No. 2 you will find the “crescent,” not taken from the South Carolina Flag, 
 but, as emblematic of “increase” in heraldry, belonging to the “ second son,” he 
 being “further increase ,” with promise for the future. 
 
 No. 3 is a simple design, and / think the best. 
 
 I send these supposing they may aid the committee in their work, and not suppos- 
 ing they will select any one, but compile a Flag from many designs. Having had con- 
 siderable experience in this line, I take the liberty of offering you a few suggestions, 
 so that, if you are a member of the committee, it may be useful to you. Flags, when 
 made up of bunting (the only fabric that will suit), look very differently from the designs 
 on paper, and the more simple in design the better; in fact, an elaborate one is of no 
 use, practically, since its minute details cannot be seen. Except in a calm, they are 
 never in one position, and are only seen entire when the wind blows a steady , strong 
 breeze. One color for groundwork is too monotonous; three , to'o many; two of proper 
 contrast is the best. Red, blue, and a limited space of white, are the most imposing, 
 and can be seen at a greater distance than others. For emblems, the star seems to be 
 the most applicable to our kind of government. In the designs I send I have avoided 
 the “cross.” There are so many European Ensigns that have the cross that it makes 
 one too many; this, however, is a matter of taste. I have used eight stars, because 
 that is the number of the Cotton States; but I suppose this will be controlled by cir- 
 cumstances. In connection with this matter of States, I would remark that if there is 
 any addition of these, there must be of stars also, and such a design as may be 
 selected must allow of this addition without impairing its beauty and appearance. 
 I should be pleased to render you any assistance in my power, should it be required, 
 and (if time allows) will have made any design in bunting you may wish. 
 
 Hoping you are well, and congratulating you on the success of your labors .as a 
 member of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, I remain, with kind 
 regards, in which Mrs. Holmes joins me, 
 
 Yours, truly, 
 
 JOHN H. HOLMES. 
 
 [See Plates XXII, XXIII, XXIV.] 
 
 Macon, Ga., February 12, 1861. 
 
 Mr. F. S. Bartow. 
 
 Sir : Enclosed I send you a model of a Flag for the Southern Confederacy. The 
 old Flag has thirteen stripes, representing the thirteen original colonies ; this has only 
 seven, representing the seven seceding States — seven stars on a blue field. The motto 
 or emblem, I do not know which, should be under the seven stars. 
 
 Yours, &c., 
 
 A. A. FREEMAN. 
 
 [Design missing, but, from the above description, it must be identical with one of 
 those represented in Plate LXXXIII or XCVII.] 
 
12 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Augusta, Ga., February 12, 1801. 
 
 Hon. A. H. Stephens, 
 
 Tice President. 
 
 Dear Sir : Enclosed you will please find a description of my Flag, from my friend, 
 Dr. H. T. Campbell, whom I have succeeded in interesting in my enterprise. The model 
 itself will be delivered into your hands by the messenger of Adams’ Express Company. 
 I would prefer, when my model goes before the committee, that Dr. Campbell’s letter be 
 read to them, as he has appeared to enter more fully into my ideas than any one else; 
 and, also, if my Flag is accepted and a description published, I wish the letter used for 
 that purpose. I am fully certain Dr. Campbell will not object. I am sorry to give you 
 so much trouble, but if your own State should furnish the National Emblem it will 
 only be adding to her title to be called “Empire State.” 
 
 Very respectfully, yours, 
 
 JACOB B. PLATT. 
 
 P. S. — I must ask to have it remembered that the blue field, with my device of 
 arrangement of stars , &c., may be changed to any part of my szY-striped bunting, and 
 yet the chief idea will still be mine, and, by all laws governing inventions and discov- 
 ery, I will be entitled to the merit and honor of the award. My Flag has been described 
 in print. I hope, my dear sir, that I will be protected from any surreptitious adoption 
 of my really original idea to the injury of my just claims. 
 
 Very respectfully, yours, 
 
 J. B. PLATT. 
 
 [See Plate XXV.] 
 
 Augusta. Ga., February 11, 1861. 
 
 J. B. Platt, Esq. 
 
 Dear Sir : I have carefully examined and considered the Flag shown me yesterday 
 by you. It affords me pleasure to comply with the request that I furnish you with my 
 opinion of the sketch as the model from which the National Flag of the Confederate 
 States of North America may be made. I must remark, however, you would have been 
 more fortunate had you selected some one better versed in the science pertaining to the 
 subject than myself. The model is made of silk, but contemplates the use of bunting 
 as the material of the Flag itself. The Flag consists of six stripes of scarlet and white 
 placed alternately ; in the upper staff corner there is a blue field, on which is displayed 
 the arrangement of stars, which constitutes not the only, but certainly the most signifi- 
 cant, part of your device. These are the following : First, a very large six-pointed star 
 placed in the centre of the field ; and, secondly, at the intervals between the points of 
 this large star, are six smaller stars, each composed of six points. -You have told me 
 that the position of the smaller stars in relation to the larger (whether opposite the 
 points or at the intervals), as also the place on the entire Flag that the blue field with 
 white stars should occupy, is a matter of indifference, so far as the main idea and signifi- 
 cance of your device is concerned, and that you are-also indifferent as to whether the 
 series should begin or end with a white or a scarlet stripe. 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 13 
 
 I am much gratified to state that, at the first glance, your model struck me with its 
 marked appropriateness and clear meaning, and the more carefully I have considered 
 it, the more strongly have I been impressed with its plain and comprehensive signifi- 
 cance. It possesses the rare and valuable quality of a most suggestive and fertile com- 
 plexity, -without either confusion, obscurity, or involvement of elements. Both in out- 
 line and in detail, whether viewed from a distance or more nearly, in its parts or as a 
 whole, I am pleased to find that it possesses advantages over all other conceptions I 
 have as yet heard of as models for the proposed National Emblem. 
 
 It is said that the superlative degree has been expressed by eastern nations in a 
 repetition of the principal idea qualifying the object. Your device, though abounding 
 in a multiplication of symbols, thus repeating and giving prominence to its funda- 
 mental idea, is yet not the less ready and easy of interpretation, thus: the six stripes 
 on the bunting, the six points of the large central star, and also the six points of each 
 of the six lesser stars, are designed to be permanent, commemorating, with a repeated 
 and multiplied significance, by three distinct methods, the six original States, whose 
 delegates in the first Congress of the Confederacy solemnly committed them to the 
 founding of a great Southern Nation. This repetition of the important idea of the 
 number of the original States coincides with the same point observed in the National 
 Flag of the United States, of which we recently constituted a part. Your Flag, in this 
 particular, presents the advantage over the United States Flag, as this commemoration 
 is not only triple, but unchanging, whereas, in the old Flag it is at present indicated by 
 only the thirteen stripes, the number of stars having been greatly increased and the 
 points of the stars having never had any reference to the subject. 
 
 The idea presented in the large central six-pointed star is very happy and appropriate, 
 impressing the beholder, at a glance, with the image of a consolidated Republic of six 
 component parts. The smaller stars, clustering around the great national orb after the 
 manner of satellites, are, like all the other features of your device, of a multiplied 
 significance. Firstly, they are the bright elements of a consolidated whole, so homo- 
 geneous and consistent that they together compose, when fused into one, a magnificent 
 counterpart of each of its integral constituents ; and, secondly, the difference in magni- 
 tude between the great star and those surrounding it unavoidably suggests the appro- 
 priate figure from the Physical Universe, viz., that of satellites revolving around and 
 drawn towards the larger congenial mass as its centre of attraction. 
 
 An advantage which I further think well worthy of consideration is that any num- 
 ber of the smaller six-pointed stars may symmetrically cluster around the central one 
 till all the Southern States are added to the Confederacy. At present each star, repre- 
 senting an integral State, is placed between the points of the central or ‘* Confederate 
 star,” and all these places are already occupied ; but, in like manner, suitable positions, 
 on the points or elsewhere, may be selected till every Southern star adds its brilliancy 
 to our national firmament. 
 
 I have thus, my dear sir, given you my impression of your truly ingenious device. 
 To the apprehension of others cultivated in this particular art, in which I have no pre- 
 tension, I have little doubt the close study of your Flag will prove even more fruitful 
 and suggestive than it has to me. 
 
 I could add to what is expressed above other views which I forbear to dwell on. 
 They are indicative rather of my own personal preference, and might fail to have the 
 
14 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 same weight with our national committee, to whose wisdom and judgment is confided 
 the award, as they have with me ; yet, perhaps not. I refer to the impoi-tant feature 
 that your Flag, though sufficiently peculiar to give national individuality to the emblem, 
 still possesses the attribute of retaining all the hallowed associations which, both at 
 home and abroad, have for years in every American breast clustered around “the stars 
 and stripes ” of a nation once the most glorious the world ever beheld ; and of that 
 nation we ourselves and all the world cannot fail to remember that the Southern States 
 were but lately its proudest element , blest in its privileges, blest in its wide-spread fra- 
 ternal love, and equal in the possession of all its common glories, ,past, present, and 
 prospective. 
 
 I am, dear sir, very faithfully, yours, 
 
 HENRY T. CAMPBELL. 
 
 Retreat, St. Simon’s Island, February 13, 1861. 
 
 Hon. Robert Toombs, 
 
 Montgomery, Ala. 
 
 My Dear Sir : My son, Henry Lord King, visits Montgomery for the purpose of 
 obtaining a captain’s commission in the Army of the Confederate States. If you can 
 aid him in the attainment of his wishes, you will confer a lasting obligation on me. 
 
 I enclose herewith a drawing of a Flag which I think very appropriate for our new 
 Government. The number of stars surrounding the phenis will,' of course, be reduced 
 to seven until other States join the present number. If you think it worthy of notice, 
 please hand it to the committee. 
 
 The motto of Surgo Lucidias would be very proper. Yet I incline to think the 
 old motto E pluribus unum is quite as applicable to us as to the old Union. 
 
 In much haste, very sincerely, yours, 
 
 T. BUTLER KING. 
 
 [See Plates XXVI, XXVII, XXVIII, XXIX, XXX.] 
 
 New Orleans, La., February 13, 1861. 
 
 Dear Miles: I have been thinking about the Flag, and no doubt you will have a 
 thousand propositions. I don’t like the cross. It is significant of Catholic rule, and, 
 besides, had too much to do with the machinery of the dark ages. 
 
 The old stars must, I think, be abandoned. They belong to night, and besides, the 
 North will keep them, &c. It is morning with us. 
 
 The stripes are distinctive and ought to be preserved ; but let there be seven 
 stripes, one for each of the original States, as the thirteen were for the original States 
 of the old Confederacy. Suppose these stripes be vertical instead of horizontal. 
 
 The ground of the Flag, by all means, blue. In place of the stars put a globe, 
 and indicate upon it the middle and tropical latitudes. Instead of indicating the 
 number of States by stars as they come in hereafter, do it by points, thus , beginning 
 with seven. These are rough suggestions on the spur of the moment. God bless you. 
 
 Your friend, 
 
 J. D. B. De BOW. 
 
 [See Plate XXXI. ] 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 15 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 13, 1861. 
 
 Hon. William Porcher Miles, 
 
 Montgomery , Ala. 
 
 Dear Sir: You will doubtless recognize some of the following mottoes, which I 
 take the liberty of suggesting to the Committee on the Flag, Seal, &c. On an occasion 
 like the present, the advice of Cicero is appropriate : U E variis sumendum est optimum .” 
 
 Mottoes. 
 
 Administrare non imperare. 
 
 Australis reget Australem. 
 
 Astra castra , Numen lumen , numinern. 
 
 Auxilium ab alto. 
 
 Jure fortis. 
 
 J'ai bonne cause. ' 
 
 Je maintiendrai le droit. 
 
 Je veux le droit. 
 
 Malo mori quam fcederi. 
 
 Revirescimus. 
 
 Rinasce piu glorioso . — It rises again more glorious. (Allusion to the phenix 
 originally, but not altogether inappropriate to our purpose. ) 
 
 Spero meliora. 
 
 Sub cruce Candida. (Egmont, E.) 
 
 Sublimiora petamus. (Starhouse, Bl.) 
 
 Vestigia nulla retrorsum. 
 
 Si Deus nobiscum, quis contra nos. 
 
 Per orbem. 
 
 Pro aris et focis. 
 
 Dieu defend le droit. 
 
 Auspicium melioris oevi. 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 13, 1861. 
 
 Hon. William Porcher Miles, 
 
 Montgomery, Ala. 
 
 Sir : I have the honor to present to you a design for the Flag which is destined to 
 wave over the glorious Confederate States of America. Being one of the committee 
 from my own State, I feel that you will take an interest in it none the less from the 
 fact that the design comes from a planter of St. Andrew’s Parish, S. C. Therefore I 
 enclose it, hoping it will not be too late for a comparison with those that have already 
 been presented. 
 
 As you will perceive, the field of the Flag is blue. The large star in the centre 
 represents the Confederacy ; the rays or stripes radiating from the central star, the six 
 States which now form it never to be increased in number on the admission of new 
 States. Each State is also represented by a small star, aud, as our number is grad- 
 ually increased, for each addition will a new star be placed on our banner whose 
 brightness shall lend increased lustre to that central one to whose glorious light they 
 
16 CORRESPONDENCE— DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 all conduce. I fear that this may reach you too late, but should it become our National 
 Flag, though the design is not my own, yet the honor of having drawn it and been in 
 any way conducive to its adoption will be one proudly claimed by a 
 
 “CITADEL CADET.” 
 
 [See Plate XXXII.] 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 13, 1861. 
 
 Hon. W. P. Miles. 
 
 Dear Sir: At my father’s request, I enclose you a design of his for the Flag of 
 our Southern Confederacy. The communication accompanying it was originally sent 
 to the Mercury , but, owing probably to the press on the columns of that journal, has 
 not been published. 
 
 Hoping that you will pardon the liberty I have taken of intruding on your time, I 
 remain, with great respect, 
 
 Yours, 
 
 G. W. ALEXANDER. 
 
 [Design and letter missing.] 
 
 Mobile, Ala., February 13, 1861. 
 
 General C. J. McRae. 
 
 My Dear Sir : You are on the committee to adopt Flag, &c. Pray do not give 
 up the Stars and Stripes to the North. It is ours as fully as it is theirs. It is hallowed 
 by associations and memories, and is dear to every military and naval officer, every 
 soldier and tar, and every citizen who has seen it float in a foreign land. Keep the 
 stripes, keep the azure field and a star for each sovereignty in the constellation, and 
 then distinguish it by a red cross (the Southern Cross) cutting the stripes at right angles. 
 This is a very important matter. The songs of a nation and its Flag have a prodigious 
 moral influence. 
 
 Yours, in great haste, 
 
 T. J.- FORSYTH. 
 
 [See Plate XXXIII. ] 
 
 Design submitted by Stewart, February 14, 1861. 
 
 The advantage is that whether displayed or not, it can be distinguished with cer- 
 tainty from afar. 
 
 [See Plate XXXIV.] 
 
 197 Ninth Avenue. New York, 
 
 February 14, 1861. 
 
 Walter Brooke, Esq., M. C. 
 
 Sir: I take the liberty of sending you two plans of Flags similar to the United 
 States, but can be readily distinguished from it at any distance. If accepted, I shall 
 feel honored. 
 
 I remain, sir, your obedient servant, 
 
 WALTER CECIL HASKEY, 
 
 Late of Her Majesty's Third Light Dragoons. 
 
 [Designs missing.] 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 17 
 
 W. Porcheu Miles, Esq. 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 14, 1861. 
 
 Dear Sir: A resident of Charleston, heartily endorsing your opinion that in 
 selecting a Flag for our Southern Confederacy the “stars and stripes” should be 
 avoided as being, at least to us, the emblem of insult, tyranny, and oppression, begs 
 leave to offer, as suitable for the Flag of our young Republic, this design. It claims to 
 be the emblem of perfect equality, strength, and unity. The stars surrounding the 
 centre indicate that the States will keep a watchful eye upon their creature, as well as 
 sustain and support it in every emergency. 
 
 Your position on the committee to report on a suitable Flag, your constant loyalty 
 to the South and aversion to the emblem of a corrupt Government, induces this com- 
 munication, and the hope that this design will coincide with your views and receive 
 your favorable notice. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 “SOUTHRON.” 
 
 <♦ 
 
 [From the Charleston Courier, February 15, 1861.] 
 
 The Southern Flag. — We have before us many sketches of devices and designs 
 that have been sent by ladies and gentlemen of this city for the Flag of the “ Confed- 
 erate States of America.” It is gratifying to note the interest taken in this question 
 by our citizens, and so far as we have observed specimens, nothing has yet been pro- 
 posed that would not be acceptable to good taste. The “ Southern Cross ” is a favorite 
 with many citizens whose opinions have reached us, and has been presented in a variety 
 of forms by a gentleman of this city, who proposed it, we believe, soon after, if not 
 before, the secession of South Carolina. 
 
 On Thursday evening we were permitted to examine a model Flag, which exhibits 
 novelty and expressiveness. It is the work of some ladies, whose hearts and hands are 
 ever ready for the South, and it is sufficiently described in the following note: 
 
 Messieurs Editors : In forming a Flag for our Southern Confederacy, it seems 
 expedient and proper to have a device which will express the political equality, strength, 
 and intimate connection of those States, as well as the utter exclusion of all others not 
 holding like principles as ourselves. Beasts and birds of prey should be carefully 
 avoided. The paw of the British Lion was once stretched to crush us ; and what has 
 the American Eagle done but rend us with its talons and tear us with its beak? And 
 so soon as we intimate that the dark pall of its wings shall no longer overshadow us, it 
 hurls its thunderbolts in wrath over our heads. 
 
 The Cross has been suggested as a suitable emblem ; but this is the sign of good- 
 will from God to man, too sacred to wave as the sign of political contest, and there 
 could be no propriety in battling under that sacred symbol for earthly fame or power. 
 
 I propose, as a suitable device for our Southern Banner, a field of crimson ; in the 
 center, a circle or ring of white (significant of the perfect equality of the States and 
 their unity of action) — this ring to be surrounded by white stars, one for each State. 
 
18 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 This device is altogether unlike any National Flag in use, will be distinguishable at a 
 great distance, and is of the most durable colors. 
 
 Each State seceding in the future will claim position for its star in this galaxy. 
 
 “SOUTHRON.” 
 
 This Flag will be expressed for Montgomery this day. 
 
 [See Plate XXXV.] 
 
 Columbia, S. C., February 14, 18(51. 
 Committee on the Flag, Southern Congress. 
 
 Gentlemen : Please permit me, a friend of the Southern Confederacy, to propose 
 for your consideration the following Flag, say : a blue and white striped Flag, with 
 seven or more red stars on a white field, with a blue dove with an olive branch in her 
 mouth, wings extended, perched upon a rock on the white field. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 A CITIZEN AND FRIEND. 
 
 [See Plate XXXVI.] 
 
 Hon. R. W. Barnwell. 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 14, 1861. 
 
 Dear Sir : As the idea of embodying a (Southern) Cross in the Flag of the Con- 
 federacy has not met with much approval here, I would ask the favor of you to stay 
 any proceedings of decision thereon until I can forward a specimen copy of a Flag, 
 which, I think, will meet the approval of all. 
 
 I will have it forwarded by to-morrow’s mail — 1:30 p. m. 
 
 Respectfully, &e., 
 
 “A FELLOW-CITIZEN.” 
 
 P. S. — -I shall send a few remarks with the specimen. 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 15, 1861. 
 
 Hon. R. W. Barnwell. 
 
 Dear Sir : I enclose herewith a specimen copy or design of a Flag for our South- 
 ern Confederacy, which I trust will be submitted with the following remarks : 
 
 I consider that the occupation of only one-half the field of the Flag by the stripes 
 will be entirely sufficient to distinguish it from the Federal Flag, at the same time pre- 
 serving the character of the American colors — the number of stripes always to be 
 confined to the original six, representing the States which formed the Confederacy. 
 This would obviate any future increase in the size of the Flag. Perhaps we should 
 feel bound to preserve the stripes in any form of Flag, from the fact that they were so 
 insultingly repudiated by the Abolitionists on more than one occasion ; but the South 
 has inaugurated the dawn of too high a destiny for her motives now to be affected by 
 the dastardly impulses of assassins and thieves. Nor should we allow our feelings to 
 connect with the stars and stripes the idea of oppression, as the same conviction should 
 cause us to be true to ourselves and not to be too much influenced by outside impres- 
 sions — sufficient that they were not originated with that idea, nor that idea with then- 
 adoption. 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 19 
 
 The circular cluster of six stars would represent the number of States now in, and 
 could be increased as other States fell into line. A circular cluster of stars would be 
 emblematic of the “Southern Crown,” so far preferable to the Cross, which has been 
 objected to by many as of too sectarian an aspect; and the circle will also represent the 
 perpetuity of our conformation, institution, and intention. 
 
 I trust, sir, that these considerations may cause the enclosed design to promote the 
 continuous harmony of your honorable body, as well as of the people of this Confed- 
 eracy, if adopted. 
 
 A want of time has prevented me from procuring a better prepared copy, and I 
 hope that its roughness will be excused. 
 
 With respect, I remain, your obedient servant, 
 
 A CITIZEN, AND NULLIFIER SINCE 1830. 
 
 P. S. — My name is at your service. Should you not think the specimen Flag 
 worthy of being submitted, I should be very glad if a better copy of it should be made, 
 by an artist, if possible, and I will pay the expense. 
 
 Design for a Confederacy Flag. 
 
 The six stripes to represent the six States which formed the Confederacy. The 
 centre star is the Constitution, around which they will cluster as they come in. 
 
 [See Plate XXXVII.] 
 
 Savannah, Ga., February 15, 1861. 
 
 Hon. F. S. Bartow, 
 
 Montgomery, Ala. 
 
 Dear Sir: Enclosed I send for your consideration a design for our National 
 Flag, presented by my father, which has suggested itself to some of us here as being 
 the most appropriate as yet seen. We are all well, and unite in kind remembrances. 
 Nothing new in the city. When will your present labors probably be brought to a 
 close? 
 
 Respectfully and sincerely, yours, 
 
 CHARLES C. JONES, Jr. 
 
 [Design missing.] 
 
 “Delta” Editorial Room, 
 
 New Orleans, February 15, 1861. 
 
 Hon. W. Biiooke, 
 
 Montgomery, Ala. 
 
 Sir : At the suggestion of your friend, Judge Walker, my confrere, I enclose you 
 a design which I have prepared as the National Flag of the Confederate States of 
 America, and beg of you to submit it to the Committee on a National Flag. 
 
 EUGENE WYTHE BAYLOR. 
 
 [See Plate XXXVIII.] 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 15, 1861. 
 
 Hon. Wm. Porcher Miles. 
 
 Dear Sir: I send to you this day (under cover to you), through Mr. Memmiifger, 
 a Flag which was handed me yesterday by some ladies of Charleston as a design for 
 
20 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 our Southern National Flag. The originality and correct idea conveyed by the design 
 I think must insure for the parties who designed it a fair place in the picture, and I 
 think that in point of utility it cannot be surpassed, as it must be seen at a great 
 distance at sea : and the fact that it ignores all former appearances and signs makes it 
 a distinct and novel Flag, fit to be inaugurated with the birth of a new Republic. 
 Here I must leave the balance to your kindness, feeling that that spirit of correct 
 feeling which has always guided you and carried you through all of your political and 
 private life will be now exercised ; and, wishing you a pleasant time at our present seat 
 of Government, I remain, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 WM. W. WHITE. 
 
 [See Plate XXXIX.] 
 
 New Orleans, La., February 15, 1861. 
 
 Description. 
 
 Thirteen stripes, red and white; union blue, with a white cross and seven stars. 
 
 Designation.- — The thirteen stripes have a trifold representation: 1st, they repre- 
 sent the original States ; 2d, red and white are the colors of virtue and valor ; and 3d, 
 the six stripes into which the union is inserted represent the six States represented at 
 the opening of the Southern Congress at Montgomery. The union, blue, represents 
 fidelity; the cross, consisting of five square blocks in the centre, represents the Southern 
 Cross, and by its formation cannot be confounded with any religious design — it has as 
 much the form of that constellation as the latter has the semblance of any other imagi- 
 nary cross ; it also is the emblem of a compact firmly cemented together in the midst 
 of fidelity and good faith, arched by the emblems of the seven seceding States. 
 
 F. HOLZAC. 
 
 [See Plate XL.] 
 
 Germantown, Shelby County, Tenn., 
 
 February 15, 1801. 
 
 His Excellency General Jefferson Davis, 
 
 President of the Southern Confederacy. 
 
 Dear Sir : I see by the papers the Southern Congress have appointed a committee 
 to select a Flag for the Southern Confederacy. 
 
 How would this arrangement of the stars suit? 
 
 The design, as you will see, includes all the Southern States, but as they have not 
 all joined the Confederacy, the places canjie left vacant for them or others — new States. 
 In the centre you find a space for Liberty, to be surmounted by a scroll — In uno 
 quindecim juncta. The lines joining the stars represent the equality of the States and 
 thei* unity of interests, while the band around the.m represents the Southern Confed- 
 eracy surrounding and protecting the whole. 
 
CORRESPONDENCE— DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 21 
 
 Pray excuse my trespass on your valuable time, and if you condemn the design, 
 put it in the fire. Through an unwillingness to thrust myself before the eyes of the 
 great, I respectfully request you to overlook my not signing the above. 
 
 [See Plate XLI.] 
 
 Charleston, S. C., 
 
 February 15, 1861. 
 
 Hon. W. Porcher Miles. 
 
 Dear Sir : Allow me to suggest a few considerations towards a National Flag, 
 which I will ask you to receive as between ourselves, accepting or rejecting them as 
 they may meet your views. There are three important points in the construction of a 
 National Flag : 
 
 1st. Some device which can be recognized at the greatest possible distance. 
 
 2d. Some device emblematical of our history. ■» 
 
 3d. Durability of colors. 
 
 As to the first, broad stripes, such as the French, can be seen at the greatest 
 distance. 
 
 As to the second, the Flags of England will give the best illustration, being a 
 united kingdom, whilst all sections unite in acknowledgment of the St. George’s cross 
 as the national union of the Kingdom of Great Britain ; thus still the sections which 
 rally under the National Banner of the union preserve their sectionality — Ireland has 
 her harp, Scotland her thistle, England the lion. India and Australia even preserve 
 some historic, sectional device, and the Royal Ensign of Great Britain is quartered 
 with these sectional insignia. 
 
 As to the third consideration (colors), blue, white, and red are the most durable, 
 and their contrast the most showy. 
 
 Learning from our papers of your interest in this matter, I have thought our old 
 acquaintance would warrant this approach. I shall be glad to hear from you at any 
 time and on any subject. 
 
 Hoping your restoration to health, for your own sake as well as your country’s, I 
 remain, 
 
 Yours, very truly, 
 
 JOHN LAURENS. 
 
 P. S. — I suggest No. 1 for a National and No. 2 for a National and Sectional Flag. 
 The device is a broad, red cross upon a blue field, and can be easily seen at a distance. 
 The blue field is emblematic (as the purest color) of the truth of our cause, bearing its 
 red cross in token of our faith unto death. The National Flag, made sectional, as in 
 No. 2, by the State emblem in the upper and inner square, is intended for localities 
 within the Confederacy, such as State capitols, forts, custom-houses, &c., and is an 
 acknowledgment by the Confederacy of the confided power of a sovereign State. 
 
 [See Plates XLII, XLIIL] 
 
 J. L.- 
 
22 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 State of Alabama, 
 
 February 15, 18G1. 
 
 Chairman Committee on National Flag, 
 
 Montgomery , Ala. 
 
 k 
 
 Sir: I am requested by a lady of Georgia to convey to you the within design for 
 a National Flag, with the respectful desire that it may claim the consideration of the 
 honorable body of w'hich you are chairman. Should it not be accepted, it is not 
 doubted that it will be received and considered, with pleasure, as a mark at least of 
 loyalty and love to our beloved South, and an evidence that she holds a dear place in 
 the hearts and minds of her children. Your correspondent much regrets, for himself 
 and the lady whom he represents, that his want of artistic skill prevents him from 
 embodying to the eye of your committee the design offered. Nevertheless, confiding - 
 in your good taste, judgment, and candor, he proceeds to lay the design before you, as 
 best he may, by verbal description and diagram. The diagram and description will be 
 found enclosed. The following is the 
 <r 
 
 Symbolic significance. 
 
 Obverse side: The seven colors of the spectrum suggest (in general) the rainbow — 
 hence, typical of Hope and Promise. The seven colors represent the seven original 
 seceding States in the order of their secession. (The names of the States not to be 
 inscribed on the Flag, but written there in the diagram by way of illustration merely.) 
 These individual colors represent distinct Sovereignty as opposed to Federalism-, yet 
 blend as in the bow — also indicative of Union and Friendship; the stripes to occupy 
 in length about the same proportion as, in 'the diagram, to the body of the Flag. 
 
 The magnolia wreath, typical of the South, to which it is indigenous ; its white 
 buds and flowers, typical of purity of intention and conduct ; its rich leaves, ever green, 
 emblematic of eternal prosperity and vigor : its magnificence as a whole, of the splen- 
 dor and majesty of the Republic. 
 
 If the field be white, the buds and flowers being also white, they would have to be 
 painted as grouped upon the leaves, whose dark, rich green would furnish a truly 
 desirable ground for white flowers ; and this comports well with the wreath .as intended 
 to be — not two branches, but a continuous wreath of uniform size, unbroken and 
 unending ; few stems to be introduced, the leaf, bud, and flower, being the chief 
 features. 
 
 Reverse side: Needs no explanation. 
 
 Special argument. 
 
 The magnolia is the only peculiar Southern symbol sufficiently general, graud, 
 and susceptible of easy execution, that can be adopted. It has never been adopted, 
 and, if now adopted, will be to us what the rose is to England, thistle to Scotland, 
 shamrock to Ireland. It is more worthy of adoption than any of these by native merit — 
 in this respect unsurpassed even by the Grecian acanthus. 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 23 
 
 General argument. 
 
 The first point to avoid in a Flag is elaborateness and complexity of design. These 
 do not show at any distance. A landscape, for instance, however beautiful as a paint- 
 ing, is utterly inapropos in a Flag. Again, elaborate designs are difficult to execute ; 
 hence, the Flag cannot be got up cheaply, quickly, or at all, by the common people. 
 An artist must be sought every time a Flag is wanted ; but every good housewife can 
 make a magnolia wreath. Witness the beautiful quilts which we see among the middle 
 classes. 
 
 ■ Second. A Flag must be a conspicuous object, easily seen and recognized, among 
 other Flags, amid the smoke of battle and the mists of the sea. It is claimed for this 
 that nothing could be more conspicuous and legible, anywhere and at all times, 
 than either section of this Flag. The wreath, which will be massive — nearly a foot 
 broad (or at least natural size of leaf and flower) — will, by its shape (on a white ground 
 especially), be cognizable at a great distance. Again, as to the other section, the colors 
 are as well adapted as imagination can conceive to meet the end now under consider- 
 ation. 
 
 Third. A Flag should be bright, gay, cheerful. These colors are Heaven’s own, 
 and give us all the variety desirable, since they embrace all colors. 
 
 Fourth. It is claimed for this Flag that it comes as near “stars and stripes,” 
 without the least resembling the old stars and stripes, as any thing can. Hence, it 
 would be viewed with pleasure by the good citizens Tvho still feel a warm-heartedness 
 towards the old Flag. 
 
 Of the field. — White is suggested for the field as being less hackneyed than blue ; 
 as more conspicuous ; as affording a rich contrast between the green wreath of the 
 obverse and the gold stars of the reverse ; as being easier to obtain than a good blue ; 
 as affording a finer contrast than blue, with the prismatic stripes, in which there are 
 already three shades of blue, viz., violet or purple, indigo, and blue proper. If the 
 reverse field of the Flag be thought too bare, the circle of stars may have for a centre piece 
 the initial letters of the Republic, or the motto ; or, if these be not advisable, the centre 
 might be filled with the gray eagle. (This I do not myself like, because it is very 
 difficult of execution, and looks too much like imitation of the old United States 
 Flag.) It is thought that the motto or the initials will sufficiently fill the centre. If 
 not, then there might be added, “February 18, 1861,” the inauguration day of the first 
 Executive. 
 
 Of the magnolia wreath. — The magnolia is a laurel ; hence, in addition to what 
 has been said in its favor, it is also tjqpical of Victory and Success. 
 
24 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Should it be thought too difficult of execution, it is urged that, after its adoption 
 as a national emblem, “ magnolia wreaths” will become a staple article of production 
 at the print-works, where it can be handsomely printed on cotton, lawn, silk, &c. 
 France, in especial, will send us splendid ones, on thin silk, which have only to be cut 
 and transferred, or else inserted in the field. At a cost of two or three dollars, they 
 could be furnished of full size required. On-- fine satin, they would be cheap at five to 
 ten dollars. 
 
 Of the motto. — 1 1 Dei gratia" is an old motto. We have often seen it on the 
 British coins — “ Victoria regina, D. G." Still it is a good motto, and will be relieved 
 from the charge of being borrowed by the wider and deeper application, not merely to 
 the reigning power, as in Great Britain, but to the Republic itself. This motto will be 
 peculiarly appropriate should the great revolution which has just transpjred be effected 
 without bloodshed. Such an event would be unparalleled in human history, and would 
 deserve to be attributed to nothing else short of “The favor of God.” But even if 
 blood be the price of our liberty, it is by the favor of a kind Providence that we hope 
 for victory. This motto has one great merit — -brevity. Yet, if not deemed appropriate, 
 because of its occurrence on British coin, we might have the words “Benigno numine" 
 which mean the same thing. Another good motto, expressive of trust in God, is 
 “ Auxilium ab alio ” — “Help from on high.” When Alexander Hamilton returned 
 home, after the formation and adoption of the Constitution, a distinguished clergyman 
 said to him : “ Why, Mr. Hamilton, you have entirely failed to recognize the Supreme 
 Being.” “Sir,” said Hamilton, in a tone that owned the error, “the fact is, we forgot 
 it.” Now, may it please the honorable committee to think of this text in connection — 
 “In the name of our God will we set up our banners.” Unless I am misinformed, the 
 Southern Banner [Confederacy?] will be the first in human history, the wide world over 
 (should “ Dei gratia ” be adopted), thus to set up a banner. 
 
 Of the arrangement of the stars. — Opinions have been given in favor of a 
 Crown and a Cross, after the constellations. 
 
 The Crown is known to astronomers as the “Northern Crown.” Verbum sap. 
 
 The Cross, known as the “Southern Cross,” consists mainly of five stars — one of 
 the first magnitude, two of the second, *one of the third, one of the fourth. It is a 
 heavy tax upon the imagination to make a cross of them. The constellation is not 
 visible north of the equator. These are objections, but the chief objection to a cross 
 is the bareness of the field, right and left, beneath the cross-bar, and also the difficulty 
 of adding new stars as new States come in. Stars in cluster or in circle best answer 
 all the ends to be subserved. 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 25 
 
 All tilings considered, it is deemed best to have both fields adorned with circles — 
 one of magnolia, the other of stars. For centres, these are: Motto, initial letters 
 C. S. A., date of adoption of Constitution, or date of first presidential inauguration. 
 All of which is respectfully submitted. 
 
 [See Plates XLIV, XLV.] 
 
 “A GEORGIAN.” 
 
 Obverse. 
 
 
 RED STRIPE. — South Carolina. 
 
 ☆ 
 
 K _A 
 
 ORANGE STRIPE.— Florida. 
 
 ☆ XT 
 
 YELLOW STRIPE.— Mississippi. 
 
 
 GREEN STRIPE.— Alabama. 
 
 
 BLUE STRIPE.— Georgia. 
 
 ☆ ☆ 
 
 INDIGO STRIPE.— Louisiana. 
 
 
 VIOLET STRIPE.— Texas. 
 
 0 
 
•i 
 
 26 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 16, 1861. 
 
 C. G. Memminger, Esq. 
 
 Dear Sir : I beg leave to band you the above rough sketch for a Southern National 
 Flag. I like the white and red stripes, as it so nobly represents the original thirteen, 
 to whose principles we are firm. I also approve the blue field, with a star for each 
 State as she comes in, with a noble, large S, of sufficient size to designate at a distance 
 the Confederacy. I apologize to you for this liberty, yet feel it a duty to present my 
 views. 
 
 H. 
 
 [See Plate XLVI.] 
 
 Clarksville, February 16, 1861. 
 
 Hon. A. H. Stephens, 
 
 Montgomery , Ala. 
 
 My Dear Sir : I have taken the liberty of sending a design for a National Flag to 
 you. I wish you would examine it, and if in your judgment it has any merit, I wish 
 you would submit it, with the note of explanation, to the appropriate committee. 
 
 I sincerely congratulate you on your elevation to the second place in the new Gov- 
 ernment. Had it been to the first place, I could have congratulated you and the 
 country with still greater cordiality. May you have all the wisdom and grace necessary 
 for the conspicuous and responsible position to which you have been elevated. 
 
 Very truly, your friend, 
 
 R. C. KETCHUM. 
 
 Explanation of the design for a National Flag sent by the Tallulah Institute. 
 
 1. The circle of white stars around a red one, representing the State governments 
 around the General Government. It is red, to denote the war-making power; within 
 the circle, because its sphere is defined ; in the centre, that its influence may extend 
 equally to all around it. All on a blue field, denoting fidelity. 
 
 2. The bow commends itself from the following considerations: 1st. It is a natural 
 object, and can therefore be more readily distinguished, more readily understood, and 
 will be more uniform in construction than a fabulous or mythological device. 2d. 
 Being one of the most beautiful objects in nature, it calls forth admiration, it will 
 attach the affections to it, and it will never lose its interest. 3d. It is the emblem of 
 peace, it appears on the receding cloud, and hence indicates our policy,. and introduces 
 us to the world as a pacific power. 4th. It is the emblem of confederation, which is 
 our chief national characteristic ; it was adopted, if not created, by God as a token of 
 a covenant between Himself and man ; seven colors unite to form this arch. 5th. As 
 we place special reliance on the products of the earth for our future prosperity, this 
 sign of the covenant that insures the regularity of the season and that “ seed-time and 
 harvest shall not cease” (Gen. viii : 21, 22), is peculiarly appropriate to us. 6th. By 
 referring to the 9th chapter of Genesis, it will be perceived that there is a very close 
 historical association between the proclamation of -the covenant and that degradation 
 of Ham, which renders slavery possible, necessary, and beneficent. 7th. The motto, 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 27 
 
 “ In signo foederis confidof has reference to the covenant between God and man, and 
 to the sincerity and fidelity of the States tor this new Confederation, and to the honor 
 with which we expect to fulfill on our part, and exact from others, all obligations 
 arising from treaties with other powers. 
 
 [See Plate XL VII.] 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 16, 1861. 
 
 Hon. R. W. Barnwell. 
 
 Dear Sir : I enclose a design of the Confederacy Flag sent to you yesterday, with 
 a little difference of arrangement and rather better prepared. Hoping that it may 
 prove acceptable, 
 
 Very respectfully, &c., 
 
 A CITIZEN, AND NULLIFIER SINCE 1830. 
 
 Please excuse haste. 
 
 [See Plate XLVIIL] 
 
 New Orleans, La., February 16, 1861. 
 
 His Excellency The President and Members of the Southern Congress. 
 
 Gentlemen : I learn, from an article in the Crescent this morning, that a sugges- 
 tion for an appropriate Flag for our Southern Confederacy would be received, and, 
 also, that one similar to the Flag which has so long waved in peace and war over our 
 beloved country would be most acceptable. I herewith enclose one containing all the 
 peculiarities of our National Flag, arranged so as to symbolize our present Confederacy ; 
 and here let me offer to the honorable members composing your responsible body the 
 suggestion that, in the necessity which has forced upon the South measures for self- 
 protection, she does not necessarily lose any of her rights to the glorious memories of 
 the past. It was not for her to break the compact which bound us in one ; and that 
 Flag which has been carried in triumph, or followed with, valor by many whom I address, 
 and has floated on every sea, will still cause a throb of patriotism and invite to glory 
 as long as we bear the name of Americans. 
 
 Let us not, honored sirs, leave to those who have broken the Constitution and have 
 endeavored to extinguish the Southern stars of that constellation — let us not leave to 
 them the stripes and stars endeared by every association which can inspire patriotism 
 or stimulate to valor. I feel assured that thousands would add their voices to mine 
 entreating you to spare to us at least the semblance of our Flag. 
 
 In the model which I have enclosed I have retained the old thirteen rays on which 
 our fathers gazed. 
 
 The field of blue is changed from a square to a triangle, a symbol of well-known 
 significance and easily recognized at a distance, thereby distinguishing it from the one 
 still retained by the Federal Government. In the blue field I have arranged stars, the 
 present number of our States, in the form of a cross. These can be added to by 
 enlarging the cross or doubling the stars. 
 
28 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Should there be any objections to the form in which the stars are arranged, any 
 other form may be selected, retaining the triangular field as the distinctive feature of 
 our Flag. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 [See Plate XLIX.] 
 
 MARY E. COLLINS BROWN. 
 
 Montgomery, Ala., February 10, 1861. 
 
 Hon. W. P. Miles. 
 
 Respected Sir : In these stirring times it is certainly the privilege, perhaps the 
 duty, of each citizen to cast in his mite in all matters of public interest. Understand- 
 ing you to be chairman of the committee to which is referred the consideration of 
 proper devices for a Flag and Seal for the Confederacy, now so gloriously uprising, I 
 take the liberty of submitting the following for a Seal : 
 
 A female figure standing on a globe ; at her feet the horn of plenty; in her left 
 hand (slightly raised) an olive-branch ; her right arm extended, holding, between her 
 finger and thumb, an eagle (full spread) by the tip of its wing, the tendency of the 
 eagle being upward. 
 
 Explanation. 
 
 The female figure represents the Government; the eagle, the people. As the 
 slight hold on the eagle shows the greatest possible [One entire line illegible.] 
 grants all possible liberty to the people, excepting only restraint from reverting to a 
 state of nature; and as the very slight hold on the bird shows that its restraint is by its 
 own free will, and from which it can at any time, by its own effort, escape, so the 
 Government, being the free and voluntary act of the people, may at any time be altered 
 or abolished at their own will and pleasure. The horn of plenty and the olive-branch 
 speak for themselves. The female figure, standing alone on the globe, may piresent the 
 idea that our Government will yet cover and command the earth, giving Peace, Plenty, 
 and Liberty to the whole world. 
 
 Possessing myself no talent for drawing, I have not made any attempt at it. 
 
 Very respectfully, your fellow-citizen, 
 
 W. 
 
 [See Plate L.] 
 
 Mr. Bartow. 
 
 Savannah, Ga., February 17, 18G1. 
 
 Dear Sir: Enclosed you will find design for a Flag. Hearing that .others were 
 sending them, I take the liberty of sending you this, my idea of a Flag for the South- 
 ern Confederacy. The arrangement of colors in No. 1 I like best. 
 
 Very respectfully, &c., 
 
 ROBERT M. STILES. 
 
 [See Plates LI, LII.] 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 29 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 17, 1861. 
 
 Mr. Miles: We, some of the ladies of Columbia, S. C., entreat, through you, the 
 Southern Congress in selecting our National Flag to adopt neither the “stripes” nor 
 the “cross.” The device presented by “ Southron,” in the Charleston Courier of 
 February loth, is highly approved by many of our citizens. 
 
 We sincerely hope that this design will be approved and adopted as our standard 
 by the Southern Congress. 
 
 With much respect, 
 
 SOME OF THE LADIES OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 [See Plate XXXV.] 
 
 [From a lady of South Carolina, now residing in Augusta.] 
 
 Augusta, Ga., February 17, 1861. 
 
 Hon. Mr. Miles, 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Dear Sir: After reading your reply to Mr. Brooks, of Mississippi, on Flags, 
 and finding ycwr views entirely coinciding with my own on the subject, 1 could not 
 withstand the temptation of placing them before you. I certainly feel as deep an 
 interest in the welfare of our country as any one can possibly have. To prove that to 
 you, sir, I have now two sons at Fort Moultrie — one an officer and the other a private — 
 another ready at a moment’s notice; they were two of the first to hasten to the relief 
 of their country. In regard to the Flags, I have on canvas a drawing of each as they 
 came from you ; there are two from Charleston. I should have been pleased to have 
 had the honor rest with the ladies of Charleston City, but they should have remembered 
 that this contest is not with the Saracens, where the sacred cross would have been very 
 appropriate. It would not do to place the cross on our State-house, arsenals, ships of 
 war, &c. I have still another objection : I presume the ladies intend it to represent 
 the Southern Cross. In the first place, it is too far south to be seen in this latitude; it 
 is nearer South America, and would be better suited to that country. The ladies repre- 
 sent their Flag with six stars, while the Southern Cross contains but four, and all differ- 
 ing in magnitude, when all should be on an equality. Why not take the Northern 
 Crown, forever over our heads, encircled by a wreath? It would be equally appropriate. 
 I have another design of a Flag and Seal, by a native of this city, E. V. Sharpe, an 
 artist, and I understand the best military officer in the city. After studying the design 
 of the Flag, I think it beautifully appropriate, and respectfully recommend it to the 
 consideration of yourself and others of the Flag and Seal Committee. I will call your 
 attention to another, that of Mr. Platt, of this city. You will perceive that his design 
 is altogether unsuited to the Southern States. It would be better adapted to his native 
 home, Liberia, or the Colonization Society, it being an almost exact pattern of their 
 Flag. There is no meaning or sense in it, that I can perceive. I see that Professor 
 Campbell has given him (or rather his Flag) quite a puff, I understand at Mr. Platt’s 
 particular request. The Doctor is affable and obliging to the ladies, but I did not think 
 he would go so far as to puff a Flag he certainly could not have seen. I am not person- 
 ally acquainted with Mr. Platt, but I know he was strongly opposed to the secession 
 movement throughout the whole contest, and his design for a Flag proves that he has 
 not altered his views — in politics at least. I pray that the gentlemen of the Committee 
 
30 CORRESPONDENCE— DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 on the Flag and Seal will give the preference of design to a true Southerner, and that 
 I may have the pleasure of presenting it first to the committee. I trust you will not 
 ascribe this to boldness on the pai-t of myself, but rather to the pure love that I bear 
 towards my country and countrymen. 
 
 Yours, very respectfully. 
 
 “CAROLINIAN.” 
 
 [See Plates XI, XXV.] 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 17, 1861. 
 
 TV 7T 7T 
 
 It has been suggested that the design of the Flag (which goes by Monday’s express) 
 would be suitable for a civic banner, but not for an Army or Navy Flag, which must be 
 made of bunting. A painting will not suit for rough weather, and is not distinguish- 
 able so far as contrasted colors on large .spaces. The design may do for the Seal. 
 These words [The Confederate States of North America] are the name of the 
 Southern Confederacy, as S. P. Q. R. were the initials of the name of the Roman 
 Government, in its own language. No Latin mottoes. Rome had none. They did very 
 well enough w T hen banners were consecrated by churchmen whose language it was. The 
 days of chivalry are gone, and reading and writing pretty general. 
 
 In this, the stripes are badly placed — 
 They were not so designed — 
 
 Th’ engraver, being urged to haste, 
 
 ' T i s right to be resigned. 
 
 'Twill do to show what was intended. 
 
 The square was only sent 
 To him ; the stripes may yet be mended, 
 If Congress should consent. 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 31 
 
 To the Congress of the Confederated States of America ( with the design of a Flag ) : 
 
 Dishonor not our great and ancient Flag ! — 
 
 That banner which, through fields of blood, 
 
 O’er all the States triumphant waved 
 Where Britain’s angry lion raved 
 And Freedom’s noble army braved 
 The storms of war ; where true men stood 
 And Independence’ cause made good — 
 
 Which traitors strive in foul disgrace to drag. 
 
 Its sacred stripes are from our Father’s arms — 
 
 The hero chieftain, good and grand, 
 
 Our great immortal Washington ! 
 
 Who Liberty in battle won, 
 
 And sired a nation as her son! 
 
 Oh ! never from our loyal hand 
 Shall fall that banner of our land — 
 
 And ever it shall shine through war’s alarms. 
 
 Its field of blue — the color of the skies — 
 
 Our souls lifts up the earth above ; 
 
 Though force may beat us down to dust, 
 
 We’ll faithful bear our Flag, and trust 
 In Heaven — all supreme and just! 
 
 True to that ensign of our love, 
 
 Like knight of old to plighted glove, 
 
 And honor win where’er that banner flies. 
 
 Those glorious stars, each separate, bright 
 Emblems of Truth and people free, 
 
 Shall still in constellation shine ; 
 
 Though fallen some, from wrath divine, 
 
 For fraud and wrong, we’ll them entwine 
 With wreath of leaves from laurel tree, 
 
 The symbols of our victory 
 
 And Independence! won from Britain’s might. 
 
 That wreath in glory will together bind 
 Those stars which, true in honor, stand 
 Under our God’s all-seeing eye, 
 
 Set firmly in the azure sky ; 
 
 Nor shall apart in discord fly, 
 
 Sustained by His Almighty hand, 
 
 Invincible o’er sea and land — 
 
 On cross proclaiming peace to all mankind. 
 
 That cross which Malta’s knights in glory bore 
 Through all their holy, valiant fight 
 Against the Saracen and Moor; 
 
 Who, with gross lust and tumult’s roar, 
 
 Did over Southern Europe pour, 
 
 In the war of Christian right 
 With Mahomet’s infernal might — 
 
 Heroes! who did by battle God adore. 
 
 Then all the world our Southern Flag shall see — 
 
 Of sov’reign States confederate, 
 
 To ancient honor faithful, true, 
 
 Giving to God our homage due ; 
 
 Under our stars and stripes and blue 
 Awaiting, calm, the storms of Fate, 
 
 With people warlike, peaceful, great, 
 
 All — Independent, Sovereign, and Free! 
 
 [See Pi.ates LIII, LIV.] 
 
/ 
 
 32 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 This sketch needs some explanation : 
 
 Th' engraver’s block and printer’s types 
 Made their best representation. 
 
 Of white and red should be the stripes. 
 
 The Maltese cross is gilt, and blue 
 The rest of jack ; the stars of bright 
 Red color — quite enough, though few. 
 
 The equilateral is white. 
 
 A Second Thought. 
 
 While we preserve the stars and stripes and blue 
 Of Freedom’s ancient Flag, it will not do 
 To have a picture, with rich colors bright, 
 
 For the stormy sea or a hard-fought fight ; 
 
 It must be made of the sailor’s bunting — 
 
 A loose, and strong, and hardy something — 
 
 With colored pieces, large and in contrast, 
 Distinguishable in the roughest blast, 
 
 And quickly known by all, from distance far, 
 Whether its language be of Peace or War. 
 
 The white triangle which divides the blue 
 Is symbolic of Faith and Justice true; 
 
 Its several sides of the essentials, three, 
 
 Of States — Sovereign, Independent, Free, 
 
 Which by their compact are confederate — 
 
 Equals, as the triangle seems to state. 
 
 Since banners are for war designed, ’tis right 
 The stars should glow with Mars’ red planet light; 
 Their color tells of courage, without fear ; 
 
 The figures equilateral appear, 
 
 On cross, and stars, and field, and everywhere 
 Our fundamental principles declare. 
 
 [See Plate LV.] 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 33 
 
 All the talk about stripes and oppression is a prolonged and tedious pun on a word 
 which is heraldic, and has nothing to do with a whip or lash. Equally absurd and con- 
 trary to history are the objections to the glorious Flag of the AATir of Independence, as 
 belonging to the Union which appropriated what belonged to sovereign States it seduced 
 against the wishes of the people. The white of the large triangle represents Truth or 
 Right ; the triangle equilateral, the three essential attributes of States — Sovereignty, 
 Freedom, Independence. 
 
 The Flag is for the Army and Navy, and the red stars are martial. Red is the 
 emblem of Love and Courage. The stripes represent the origin of the American States 
 from their Father (AVashington) and Liberty. The characteristics of the old Flag are 
 all retained; the azure field, however, is divided. The triangle, which contains the 
 Southern constellation, occupies one half; the rest is starless. It will be distinguish- 
 able at any distance, while its American character is manifestly retained. It is more 
 elegant and expressive than the old Flag, where the unconfined stars have no symbol 
 of union or confederation. The fact is, that that Flag well expressed the imperfect 
 association of the original Confederacy, and if the Union had not been absurd and 
 false, it might have had some device expressive of its principle ; but as its motto was 
 an untruth, “One from many,” instead of “ One for many,” it deluded the people by 
 taking the old Army Flag of the Revolution, putting the imperial eagle on its coin. 
 This Flag can be made of bunting, and is simple. 
 
 This shows the division of the white triangle into sixteen equilateral triangles, in 
 the centre of which may be placed stars of different sizes, according to the number 
 required. The places, if the centres were mathematically observed, as in the specimen 
 central, would constitute, by their centres, an equilateral triangle. 
 
34 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 By always preserving these compartments, in the arrangement of the stars from 
 three to sixteen, the harmony of the design is preserved, in very many combinations 
 which would be confused, except by a separate sketch for each. 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 18, 1801. 
 
 Hon. R. W. Barnwell. 
 
 Dear Sir: Allow me to present to your notice another design, which I trust may 
 prove acceptable. 
 
 Respectfully, &c., 
 
 A CITIZEN, AND NULLIFIER SINCE 1830. 
 Southern Confederacy Flag. 
 
 The centre star represents the Constitution of the Confederacy, around which they 
 all cluster. 
 
 [See Plate LVI.] 
 
 Hon. William Porcher Miles, 
 
 Montgomery , Ala. 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 18, 1861. 
 
 Dear Sir: I take the liberty of enclosing you a rough specimen of a Flag. 
 I copy nature. In the centre of a sky-blue field I put a white crescent, which is 
 emblematic of our sovereignty, our youth and vigor. Around this crescent I place a circle 
 of stars, one for each State that formed the Southern Confederacy. I have six. If 
 Texas is entitled to a place, let her in, .and make the number seven. I color these 
 stars red, the color which best represents the courage that enabled these States to dare 
 and to defy. Around these red stars I have another circle of stars, in which every 
 State in the Confederacy is to be represented by a star. I have made fifteen only, for 
 the effect. We could not put that many now, but may do so ere long. If the crescent 
 is objectionable, I suggest the cotton plant in its place. This is a powerful centre piece 
 truly. 
 
 If my specimen had more artistic merit, and [one entire line illegible] much more 
 advantage. However, as I have not time to make another, I send this. Dispose of it 
 as you please. 
 
 Fort Sumter not yet taken. 
 
 Respectfully, yours, &c., 
 
 A. 
 
 [See Plate LVII.] 
 
 Greensborough Femai.e Academy, 
 
 Greensborougli, Ala., February 18, 1861. 
 
 Hon. J. L. M. Curry. 
 
 Dear Sir : I have taken the liberty of addressing you on the subject of a “National 
 Flag” for our Southern Confederacy. I am induced to do so, having conferred with 
 your brother, Mr. Jackson Curry, also Mr. Jabez Curry, Elder Walthall, and others, 
 who are pleased with my ideas, and have encouraged me to present it. If I am 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 35 
 
 correctly informed, there is a committee appointed for the purpose of deciding upon a 
 Flag, and hoping you will excuse a stranger for intruding upon your time, allow me to 
 present to you, as well as to your associate from this district (himself also a stranger 
 personally), Hon. S. F. Hale, of Eutaw, my ideas respecting a National Southern 
 Confederacy Flag. 
 
 The old American Flag is particularly (in three points of view) entitled to consid- 
 eration: 1st. That, by all nations, it is conceded to be the handsomest. 2d. That, by 
 mariners, it is acknowledged to be more easily discerned at a distance. 3d. That it is 
 most decidedly American in coloring and design. 
 
 It is designed, I believe, to adopt as much of the old Constitution in the Constitu- 
 tion of the new Southern Confederacy as will suit our purpose, and, in like manner, 
 I propose to use the old Flag as far as suits our purpose, on the ground that it is so 
 decidedly American, and, both in song and history, has a celebrity unequaled, founded 
 upon the fame and heroism of men of the South as well as of the North. When we 
 think of the “Star Spangled Banner,” “Columbia, Gem of the Ocean,” and other 
 songs written by Southern men, can we not claim our Stars and Stripes? 
 
 Then, again, we have seceded from the old Union and formed a new Union ; in a 
 similar manner let us do with the Flag, viz : The blue square in the upper corner is 
 termed the union part of the Flag, and contains the stars, representing the several 
 States ; let that be placed in the centre, and, as in olden times the stars were few in 
 number, but surely and gradually increased, so in like manner our galaxy, though few, 
 is bound to fill out and will secede from the corner to the centre ; more than that, the 
 old Flag is often burlesqued by being hoisted upside down, or, in nautical parlance, is 
 termed union down, but by placing the union in the centre we indicate that we have 
 formed a Union that cannot be put down; for_turn the Flag endways, sideways, or 
 whichever way you please, the uniou still remains in the centre. 
 
 The centre may be either square or oval, but by being placed in the centre is more 
 in accordance with rules of design, is handsomer, is as readily distinguished, and is as 
 fully American, and can be readily recognized from the old Federal Flag. 
 
 Thus I have endeavored to explain my ideas, as also in a similar letter to Mr. 
 Hale. I trust you will pardon the liberty I have taken, and also that of soliciting, 
 should you deem it worthy, your interest with the committee appointed to consider the 
 subject. 
 
 Hoping, therefore, I may be excused for trespassing thus far upon your patience, 
 allow me to remain, 
 
 Very truly,- yours, 
 
 H. AUG. POND. 
 
 Greensborough, Ala., February 18, 1861. 
 
 S. F. Hale, Esq. 
 
 Dear Sir : Not having the pleasure of an intimate acquaintance with, still I can 
 claim an introduction to, you, through Mr. C. E. Brame, of the academy at this place, 
 two years since. 
 
 I have been for some time connected with Mr. Brame, at the academy, in the 
 artistical department of music, drawing, painting, &c., and, at his suggestion, have 
 designed a Flag as a National Flag for our Southern Confederation. 
 
36 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 If I mistake not, there is a committee appointed to consider the matter and report, 
 and already, I suppose, many designs have been handed in. I do not wish to encroach 
 upon your time to peruse a lengthy synopsis of my ideas, but if you will indulge me, I 
 will briefly state my views: 1st, it is universally acknowledged that the American Flag 
 is the handsomest of all the National Flags ; 2d, that it is conceded by all mariners 
 discernable at a greater distance than any other, and more readily distinguished; and 
 3d, that it is decidedly American in coloring and design. 
 
 Our Southern Confederacy, if I mistake not, design adopting as much of the Con- 
 stitution as will answer their views and purposes. Why may we then not adopt as 
 much of the old Flag as will answer our purposes, so celebrated in song and history? 
 We have seceded from the old Union and formed a new Union ; let us do in like man- 
 ner with the Flag, viz: — the blue square in the upper corner, containing the stars, 
 representing the States of the Union, and termed the union part of the Flag — let us 
 place that in the centre. Secede from the corner to the centre. We then have a 
 square within a square, or, if preferred, make the centre piece an oval instead of a 
 square ; put in the number of stars corresponding to the number of States, adding 
 thereto as they join our new Confederacy. We then preserve the American design, 
 and the Flag will be at once recognized from the old Flag, and, in an artistical point of 
 view, will be a much handsomer and better proportioned emblem. Also, the old Flag 
 is sometimes burlesqued by exposing, upside down, or, as the old sailors say, union 
 down : but, with the design I propose, we indicate that we have now formed a Union 
 that cannot be put down ; for turn the Flag which way you will the union part of it 
 will be in the centre. 
 
 I have exhibited my design to several of our citizens, who approve and urge me to 
 present it for consideration, and, presuming upon your indulgence in my intruding upon 
 your already preoccupied moments, and soliciting the favor of your presenting the design 
 to the committee on that subject for inspection and consideration, allow me to remain, 
 Very truly, yours, 
 
 [See Pi.ates Lfl, LIX.] 
 
 H. AUG. POND. 
 
 Wateke, S. C., February 18, 1861. 
 
 Hon. W. P. Miles, 
 
 Montgomery , Ala. 
 
 My Dear Sir: I would be glad to suggest to you, while occupied with selecting a 
 Flag for our new Government, to consider the claims of one of our handsomest and 
 largest forest trees peculiar to the South, and perhaps even better known in Texas 
 than with us in South Carolina: I mean the magnolia. Its leaves and flowers woven 
 into a wreath would be a tasteful arrangement and fit to appear on our National 
 Emblem. 
 
 There is no Flag blue and red divided diagonally. With such a one the wreath in 
 white in the centre would look well. In the commercial Flag the wreath may be 
 omitted, and the Flag would continue to be distinguished from all others. On an 
 ornamented Flag the magnolia leaves and flowers, worked in silver or gold thread, 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 37 
 
 would be pretty ; it would be neither too warlike nor too much of the Odd Fellows’ sort, 
 and, as in Great Britain the rose and thistle, &c., are noticed, I think we may very 
 well select the magnolia, being neither shrub nor weed, but one of the largest and hand- 
 somest forest trees in the world, and, I believe, quite as much an exotic in Virginia 
 and north of our State as disunion sentiments have lately proved to be. 
 
 I would wish no stars or stripes or pluribus ununis, but such a motto as Virtus 
 libertatem custodit. On a coin the magnolia wreath would look very pretty. The 
 Roman scudo has an oak wreath, but too large. On the reverse a plow would be 
 appropriate, though I see Mr. Pratt thinks there will be no use for such implements in 
 our country much longer, now that our Congress has had the decency to prohibit the 
 African slave trade. 
 
 I hope you will give the magnolia a share of your attention, and that, in some 
 shape, it may get a place in the picture. 
 
 I am, with esteem, very truly, yours, 
 
 E. BARNWELL HEYWARD. 
 
 [See Plate LX.] 
 
 Hon. C. G. Memminger. 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 18, 1861. 
 
 Dear Sir: I take the liberty of offering a few specimens of Flags, combining the 
 Southern emblems, &c., hoping they may assist you in the selection of a suitable one for 
 our Confederacy. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 JNO. C. C. NOLAND. 
 
 [Designs missing.] 
 
 Greensborough, Ala., February 18, 1861. 
 
 Hon. J. L. M. Curry. 
 
 Dear Sir: If the present Provisional Government intends adopting a National Flag, 
 I beg leave, most respectfully, to submit the following : What is called the union in the 
 old Flag to be placed in the centre ; the seven stars, denoting the seceding States, to be 
 grouped in the form of a sickle on a blue ground, and the stripes to be as they are on 
 the old Flag. As a modification of that design, I would respectfully recommend that 
 the union in which is placed the sickle be of an oval form, and surrounded by seven 
 elliptic curves, alternately red, white, and blue. 
 
 My reasons for submitting the particular designs mentioned are found in the fact 
 that the design is simple, beautiful, suggestive, and original. The idea of the sickle is 
 taken from that figure in the constellation “Leo,” by which I would intimate our origin 
 from Great Britain. It would also convey with it, as an agricultural implement, the 
 peaceful tendencies of the Government established, whilst it might suggest the thought 
 that the Divine Being would employ its power and overrule its grand destiny as a 
 reaper in the great harvest of souls. Besides, from this constellation there emanated 
 that most wonderful phenomena of shooting stars in 1833. This might suggest the idea 
 that from our glorious Confederacy there might go out an influence filling the world 
 with beauty, light, and admiration. The design is original, as no other nation has ever 
 had a sickle for its ensign. 
 
38 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 In regard to the rest of the Flag, it might be composed of red, white, and blue 
 stripes, equaling the number of seceding States forming the Government, or there 
 might be that many ellipses surrounding an oval blue one, which contain the sickle and 
 stars. 
 
 If it is worth while, and you think the matter sufficiently worthy of consideration, 
 you will much oblige one who entertains the warmest sentiments of esteem for yourself 
 if you will bring my suggestions before any committee authorized to consider this 
 matter. 
 
 I should feel very proud of having suggested the design which shall be adopted ; 
 but my anxiety to receive the honor would not preclude my devotion to any Flag which 
 may be adopted by the Confederate States of America. 
 
 If you think it advisable, I can have a model of this Flag forwarded. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 C. E. BRAME. 
 
 [See Plates LXI, LXII.] 
 
 Montgomery, Ala., February 18, 1861. 
 
 Hon. W. P. Miles. 
 
 Dear Sir: You will please submit the accompanying design to the Committee on 
 Flags. It combines the three Republican colors, and is very simple. No regard has 
 been paid to proportion in the drawing, my only object being to submit a rough design. 
 [See Plate LXIII.] 
 
 Canton, Miss., February 19, 1861. 
 
 Mr. Walker Brooke. 
 
 Sir : Allow us to present for your consideration two designs for the Flag of the 
 Confederate States of North America. The eagle is intended to be represented as 
 holding a sheaf of wheat and a stalk of cotton ; the sun, as just rising. 
 
 Respectfully, yours, 
 
 E. 0. GRIGSBY. 
 
 JAS. L. AYE RILL. 
 
 [See Plates LXIV, LXV.] 
 
 Columbia, S. C., February 19. 1861. 
 
 President and Members of Congress of 
 
 Confederate States of America. 
 
 Fellow- patriots : As the ensign of our nationality we should have an embodi- 
 ment of the elements which compose our country, and at the same time express the 
 relative position of different portions of the population in a political aspect. The 
 aboriginal inhabitant of this region was the Indian, familiarly known as the red man, 
 and a portion of this race is still within our domain. The Anglo-Saxon, or white man, 
 came into the country with superior intellectual and social characteristics, and has by 
 the power of mind secured a supremacy throughout the land. They brought with them 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 39 
 
 the negro slave, and the black man has continued in a state of subjection in this 
 Southern latitude, not only in accordance with his physical and mental status, but now 
 recognized by our new organization as the property of the white man. 
 
 As emblematic of these three races of our people, I propose the colors of white, 
 red, and black, as appropriate to our Flag; placing the red, up and down, next the 
 statf, to indicate the primary relation of the Indian ; the black extending at right angles 
 from the former, and below, to indicate subjection ; and the white above, to denote 
 superiority ; while a ci’escent of white stars, representing each State, is arranged at the 
 lower left-hand corner, overrunning the red and black, illustrating the control of the 
 white man over the other races, and his increasing ascendency. 
 
 This tricolor, representing the Republican form of government, affords a fine and 
 distinct contrast, while it is simple and readily distinguished from the Flag of any other 
 nationality. 
 
 Any prejudice that may attach to black and red is dissipated by the white stars 
 spread over portions of each, and the effect of the whole combination is to direct the 
 mind to the progressive feature of our Southern independence. Each star stands forth 
 as the repi'esentative of sovereignty, and yet, associated together in the crescent, they 
 become a union of powers in one grand Confederacy. 
 
 Columbia had the privilege of starting the secession movement, and if she may 
 now suggest a fitting emblem of the greatness of the result, it will be her crowning glory 
 and the highest honor to one of her humble sons. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 J. M. F. GASTON. 
 
 Mr. Boyce will please to do me the favor to present this model of a Flag, with the 
 accompanying paper, to the Congress, and very much oblige, 
 
 Your friend, 
 
 J. M. F. GASTON. 
 
 [See Plate LXVI.] 
 
 Osyka, Pike County, Miss., February 20, 1861. 
 
 Hon. Jefferson Davis, 
 
 President of our beloved Southern Congress. 
 
 Being a daughter of the South, I take the liberty of sending you a model of a 
 Banner, which I only hope may be received with warm feelings. The white ground is 
 an emblem of innocence ; the blue ring, lasting love ; in the red centre is placed 
 a cross, representing us as a Christian nation. The crescent over the cross is our 
 Southern Confederacy, and the seven stars represent the seven States ; all these being 
 placed in the ring, represent our union in the Southern Confederacy — never to be 
 broken. The name I have chosen is “The United Southern Banner.” 
 
 Please to excuse the great liberty I have taken in writing to you, but, like General 
 Washington, you are looked upon as the Father of the South, and I know you will 
 excuse all liberties the Southern daughters take. 
 
 May God bless the Southern Confederacy, and whichever model is chosen for a 
 Banner, may His rich blessings ever rest upon it, is the sincere wish of 
 
 Mrs. AMELIA A. LONGMIRE. 
 
 [See Plate LXVIL] 
 
40 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Lowndesborough, Ala., Febmary 20, 18G1. 
 
 Dear Clitherall: I take the liberty of enclosing to you a design I sketched this 
 morning for our Confederate Flag, with the request that you pass it over to the com- 
 mittee on that subject. The blue circle represents the entirety or sovereignty of each 
 State, which is represented by its star ; the central star, the Confederate Government ; 
 the stripes of course you understand. Any number of stars can be added to the circle. 
 
 I doubt not the committee is in possession of any number of designs. I wish mine 
 there too. 
 
 With sentiments of sincere regard, I am, yours, 
 
 J. M. JENNINGS. 
 
 If my design, or any other embracing my points, that is, mine modified, is adopted, 
 I will insure a large and splendid one from the ladies here instanter, to be unfurled over 
 the State-house. 
 
 [See Plate LXVIII.] 
 
 Cassville, Ga., February 20, 1861. 
 
 Gentlemen: Having seen in the papers several designs for Banners, presented for 
 the consideration of the Committee on Flags, I presume upon the privilege of sending 
 one, designed and completed by myself, for the present use of the military of our vil- 
 lage. I send you a model, though in rather a rude state. The centre star of six points 
 represents the six States now in Congress ; the eight surrounding stars, eight of the 
 border slave-holding States, while the ninth is placed in the farther corner of the stripes, 
 showing the right of single secession. The heart in the centre star means the heart of the 
 people is in the Southern Confederacy ; the dove and olive-branch, our wish for peace- 
 able secession ; but, if necessary, we must resort to the righteous defense of the sword. 
 Under all circumstances, we must remember that the eye of God is upon us, and the 
 cross that we must look to a higher power than the wisdom and arm of man. As the 
 border States come into the Union they may be connected, first to the Congress star, 
 by a chain, and the chain extended from star to star as the States may come in. If any, 
 after a proper time, refuse to join the Southern Confederacy, strike them out; and if 
 any of the non-slaveholding States see proper to unite with us, the circle may be 
 enlarged by adding other stars. 
 
 The motto should be painted on the satin, but, for want of room, I use a piece of 
 paper. The stars might appear to better advantage on a ground of red. 
 
 Yours, with all respect, 
 
 Mrs. E. G. CARPENTER. 
 
 [See Plate L5IX.] 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 20, 1861. 
 
 Colonel Keitt. 
 
 My Dear Sir: Enclosed you will find a sketch of a Flag, which, on account of 
 its simplicity and its embracing the true republican colors, besides avoiding the odious 
 stripes, may possibly meet with some favor. I th'ink all the models that have been 
 described are too complicated for bunting. They doubtless would look well painted. 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 41 
 
 The stars could be placed in the form of a cross, if preferred ; but, to my mind, that 
 symbol is not appropriate for a Flag of an entirely national character. I have only 
 made a rough sketch, to give you the idea. Tf you approve, 1 could easily have a model 
 made and forwarded. It has the advantage of being unique. No nation has anything 
 even remotely similar that I know of. Are you not to be one of the Cabinet? I 
 sincerely trust so, and though, as yet, I am pretty well pleased with the progress of 
 matters in the Congress, I feel that Carolina has not received a full share of honor. I 
 know that our nobles have not borne the burden and heat of the revolution for the sake 
 of reward, but it is just that they should be honored. 
 
 If my dear friend Sue is with you, pray offer my warmest regards. She did not 
 send the baby to see me. 
 
 I think the rings in the Flag might be a little broader. If you approve the idea, 
 send me a telegram to have a model made. Should I not hear from you, I will con- 
 clude either that it is not worthy, or that it is too late. The spirit did not move me 
 until last evening. 
 
 With kind regards, yours, sincerely, 
 
 JULIA BONNETHEAU. 
 
 [Design missing.] 
 
 Columbia, S. C., February 20, 1861. 
 
 Hon. W. P. Miles. 
 
 Dear Sir: Seeing your name on the Committee on Flags, I take the liberty of 
 enclosing the accompanying description of a Flag, taken from this morning’s Carolinian. 
 Designs of this Flag have already been forwarded to Mr. Boyce and Mr. Memminger, 
 through the kindness of my friend, Colonel F. W. McMaster, of this city. The object 
 of the present communication is to call your attention to a significance of the colors 
 composing the Flag, which did not occur to me until after the design had been sent, 
 and which is noticed in the enclosed slip. 
 
 Very respectfully, yours, 
 
 R, B. WADDELL. 
 
 Columbia, S. C., February 20, 1861. 
 
 Hon. C. G. Memminger, 
 
 Montgomery , Ala. 
 
 Dear Sir : Presuming upon the kind manner in which you were pleased to present 
 my design for a Flag, forwarded you through the kindness of my friend, Colonel F. W. 
 McMaster, of this city, I take the liberty of enclosing a slip from this morning’s Caro- 
 linian , which contains a significance of the colors composing the Flag, but which did 
 not occur to me until after the design had been sent. In the hope that it may meet 
 with your approval, 
 
 I am, very respectfully, yours, 
 
 R, B. WADDELL. 
 
42 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 [From the Carolinian, Columbia, S. C., February 20, 1861.] 
 
 An appropriate Flag. 
 
 We publish a very appropriate design of a Flag for the Southern Confederacy. It 
 is the work of a gentleman of this place, and we are pleased to see has been very 
 favorably reported on by Mr. Memminger, to whom it was sent. We hope Columbia 
 taste may have the honor of having devised the Flag for the Confederacy : 
 
 Description. — A tricolor — red, white, and blue. The blue, upright, as shown in 
 the design below, and next to the mast. The red and white running off at right angles 
 to the blue, the white being uppermost ; seven white stars, representing the seven 
 seceded States, placed upon the blue, and one to be added for each State that may 
 come into the Confederacy. 
 
 Besides being a tricolor, which is the emblem of most republican governments, 
 this Flag possesses the advantages of simplicity and perfect distinctness. It can be 
 seen and recognized at sea at a much greater distance than the United States Flag. It 
 can be made more easily and readily than any other that could be suggested for this 
 purpose, as the pieces of red, white, and blue are of the same length, breadth, and 
 width, and each piece one-half as wide as it is long. 
 
 This Flag possesses a significance which would continually keep before the eyes of 
 our posterity the objects sought in the formation of the Confederacy. It is well known 
 that the blue color signifies firmness, constancy, faithfulness ; white, peace ; and red is 
 emblematic of war. With the seven stars on the blue, this Flag can be read as follows : 
 
 Blue : Seven States have entered into a covenant of good faith. 
 
 White: To promote their general welfare in times of peace. 
 
 Red: To provide a common defense in times of war. 
 
 A design of the above-mentioned Flag was forwarded several days ago to the Con- 
 gress at Montgomery. * 
 
 [See Plate LXX.] 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 43 
 
 Washington, D. C., February 20, 1861. 
 
 *'*.*■** 
 
 Let the Yankees keep their ridiculous tune of “ Yankee Doodle,” but, by all that is 
 sacred, do not let them monopolize the stars and stripes. You have fought well under 
 our glorious banner. Could you fight as well under another? Never! Change it, 
 improve it, alter it as you will, but for Heaven’s sake keep the stars and stripes. 
 
 J. D. P. 
 
 Eutaw, Ala., February 21, 1861. 
 
 Hon. S. F. Hale. 
 
 Dear Sir : I enclose a few models for the Committee on Flags, and would be 
 exceedingly obliged if you will hand it in. 
 
 Trusting you will pardon me for troubling you in the matter, I am, with consider- 
 ations of high esteem, 
 
 Very respectfully, yours, 
 
 WILLIAM T. RIDDLE. 
 
 The Committee on Flags. 
 
 Eutaw, Ala., February 21, 1861. 
 
 Gentlemen : I submit to your consideration two or three models of Flags for the 
 “Confederate States of America.” 
 
 The large one consists of six stripes and half stripes, to represent the first six States 
 which formed the Confederacy; the Shield or Coat of Arms to contain fifteen, or as 
 many stars as there are States to be added as they join the Confederacy. The Shield is 
 surmounted by a golden cotton bale, and the other corners contain cotton plants. 
 
 The other Flags explain themselves, and were designed by Miss Irene Riddle. If 
 you should decline to adopt any of these, do not mention the names attached to them. 
 
 Very respectfully, yours, 
 
 WM. T. RIDDLE. 
 
 [See Plates LXXI, LXXII, LXXIII.] 
 
 * 
 
 Lynchburg, Va., February 21, 1861. 
 
 Hon. Jefferson Davis, 
 
 President Confederate States of North America. 
 
 Dear Sir : I enclose in this a rough sketch of a design of a Flag that I am having 
 made, which I think the most appropriate one the seceded States can adopt as the Flag 
 
44 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 of the Confederacy. I enclose this to give you some idea of it, and will forward the 
 design in a few days. When it is received, please lay it before the proper authorities. 
 With sentiments of the highest regard, 
 
 I am, truly yours, 
 
 C. KIRKWOOD OTEY. 
 
 
 RED STRIPE. 
 
 WHITE STRIPE. 
 
 BLUE STRIPE. 
 
 RED STRIPE. 
 
 WHITE STRIPE. 
 
 BLUE STRIPE. 
 
 RED STRIPE. 
 
 Explanation. 
 
 Stack of muskets, say three, with drum and accoutrements hanging from them. 
 Then, if preferred, have four other muskets resting on the stack, each musket repre- 
 senting one of the seven seceded States. Each star represents a seceded State. Seven 
 stripes, each stripe representing a State, alternately red, white, and blue, or, if there 
 should be only seven States (which God forbid, for I want Virginia with the South or I 
 must individually secede), have the stripes the seven colors. The motto, Nous nous 
 suppoi'tons, is translated: “We support each other,” or, more properly, “ We stand 
 by each other.” 
 
 [See Plate LXXIV.] 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 300 South Eleventh Street, February 22, 1861. 
 
 Jefferson Davis, 
 
 President of the Southern Confederacy. 
 
 Dear Sir: Will you excuse the liberty I take in sending you a model of a Flag? 
 It has been designed by a friend of mine, whose sympathies, like my own, are all with 
 the South. However, as he is an officer on the Coast Survey, and as such serving the 
 Federal Government in this part of the world, he requests me to suppress his name at 
 present. He, as well as myself, thinks the Southern States as much, if not more, enti- 
 tled to the Stars and Stripes than the Northern, a little modification only being neces- 
 sary to distinguish one from the other. 
 
 The large white star, representing the Confederacy itself, would, I think, be very 
 effective and conspicuous. Any number of small stars can be added as States come in. 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 45 
 
 As we calculate upon all the slave-holding States coming into our Confederacy, unless 
 ample guaranties are given, we have the fifteen stripes also to represent them. I see, 
 from the papers, that models of Flags are daily sent into Congress at Mobile. Will 
 you, if you approve of the one enclosed, have the goodness to send it in among others? 
 If so, you will greatly oblige me. Would not a phenix be an appropriate Coat of Arms 
 for our Confederation, as our principles never die? I take the greatest interest in every 
 move at the South — rejoice that you are President and Mr. Stephens Vice President — 
 admire your inaugural, and have every confidence in the success of the Southern Con- 
 federation under your judicious auspices ; yet, I cannot help clinging to the hope that 
 we may all be one again. My own impression is that ere long the South will get all 
 she wishes from the North, in the form of amendments or explanations of the Consti- 
 tution, and one of them must be the right of a State or States to secede peaceably, 
 under certain circumstances. That would be the best possible check upon the growing 
 Northern States to ward off aggression, and would act upon those States as the code of 
 honor does on individuals — fix responsibility. With this check embodied in the Con- 
 stitution, we might have a reasonable hope of the perpetuity of our Union upon terms 
 of perfect equality. I am so fully persuaded that the South will not only get what she 
 demands, but will have it in her power to dictate to the North, that I should be delighted 
 to know you are forming your Constitution with a view to this result. You might then 
 insist upon having a part of your Constitution inserted in the old one. 
 
 The present mode of electing our President is very objectionable, the electoral 
 college having the power to elect a minority President, as in Lincoln’s case. I detest 
 universal suffrage. Would it be possible to require property and educational qualifica- 
 tions? Liberty of speech is a good thing; license of speech, a great evil. Should 
 assemblies be allowed to meet to indulge in this license by speaking against the requisi- 
 tions of the Constitution? When these sanction and protect slavery, should persons be 
 allowed to assemble in churches or elsewhere to decry it? Is it not treason? Can no 
 amendment to the Constitution reach this case? I do not mean directly, but in gen- 
 eral terms. 
 
 I am afraid you think me very officious, but do let the intense interest I take in 
 my country, and particularly in the South, plead my apology. 
 
 When I was at home in Washington, at General Totten’s, about Christmas times, 
 I tried several times to see Mrs. Davis, but she was always out. 
 
 Wishing you every success, I remain, 
 
 Your very sincere friend, 
 
 ANN G. WIGHTT. 
 
 [See Plate LXXV.] 
 
 February 22 , 1861 . 
 
 ChALRMAX OF THE FlAO AXD SEAL COMMITTEE. 
 
 Sir: Enclosed please find two suggestions for a Flag for the Confederate States of 
 America. The design of each explains itself, and is the idea of a native Georgian. 
 Should the committee judge either worthy of being adopted, and desire to know the 
 name of the designer, it will be furnished to them upon the choice being made public. 
 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 [Designs missing.] 
 
46 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 COFFEEVILLE, Cl.ARKE COUNTY, Al,A., 
 
 February 23, 1861. 
 
 
 General Davis : I liave heard with pleasure that you have been elected President 
 of the Provisional Government of the Confederated States of America. My prayer to 
 God is for the prosperity of our young nation, hoping that when we get clear of Northern 
 Abolitionism we shall have peace in our nation. 
 
 Being a true Southerner, I have taken the liberty to send to your care a miniature 
 Flag, the emblems of which I would be glad to see adopted by our Provisional Con- 
 gress as the Ensign of this, our Government of the Confederated States of America. 
 The emblems, as seen on the Flag, were taken from the last scene of the aurora borealis 
 of the 18th September, 1859 (at night). The red portion of the field represents that 
 portion of the northern hemisphere that was covered by the red (and the red receding), 
 and may apply to the ambition of the North against Southern rights. The blue por- 
 tion of the field represents the southern hemisphere (the sky being clear). The white 
 stripes may be numbered to represent the number of States belonging to the Confed- 
 eration, and also the purity of our intentions, since white has been an emblem of inno- 
 cence in all ages of the world. The pale circle, in which the white stripes all seem to 
 unite as their base, may be considered an emblem of the combination of the Southern 
 States. The space within the circle was vacant, and may represent a well-guarded 
 government. The eye is a design of my own, and, first, represents the President 
 watching over the nation for the good of the people ; secondly, that all-seeing eye of 
 God by whose guardian care all nations have their existence. The stars in the blue 
 field were put on for ornament, though they can be suited to the number of States. 
 The red part of the Flag may be left off and have entirely a blue field, for the Flag 
 will look very well without it. You can have the Flag bordered with whatever color 
 suits your fancy. 
 
 General Davis, if you think the emblems on the Flag, as explained, would be suit- 
 able for a National Ensign, you can hand it over to Congress or the Committee on 
 the Flag and Seal ; otherwise, no harm will be done. 
 
 Very respectfully, your humble servant, 
 
 LEWIS MAY. 
 
 Since finishing the Flag I have concluded that a pink border would look the best. 
 
 [See Plates LXXVI, LXXVII.] 
 
 Charleston, S. C., 
 
 242 King Street , February 23, 1801. 
 
 Hon. Wm. Porciier Miles. 
 
 Dear Sir: By the Adams Express Company I send you a model Flag, which I 
 beg you will lay before the committee of which you are a member. It has been 
 approved by all who have seen it, from which I am encouraged to believe that it will 
 meet with some favor with you. In it Freedom’s colors are preserved, and yet so 
 arranged as to entirely differ from any Flag that now floats to the breeze. As new 
 States shall enter with us, a star for each to be add.ed — first, one on the farther blue 
 centre from the staff, and then one on the nearer, and so on continually. The never- 
 ending band of red is to represent the never-ending Confederacy just born. 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 47 
 
 To be the author of the standard for this glorious Confederacy is almost more than 
 an humble citizen like myself could hope for ; yet I lay my idea before you, exercising 
 the individual right which South Carolina and her several sisters, as sovereign States, 
 have exercised. 
 
 Not having the pleasure of a personal acquaintance with either of the members of 
 the delegation from South Carolina, I have none to whom I can apply to advocate it, 
 and therefore must let it stand on its own merits, earnestly hoping that it may find favor 
 with all the gentlemen on the committee and cause you all to be its advocates. 
 
 With much respect, I am, yours, &c., 
 
 ED. EMERICK SELL. 
 
 P. S. — Will you please retain the model until your return to the city, when I shall 
 be pleased to call for it ? 
 
 S. 
 
 [See Plate LXXVIII.] 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 24, 1861. 
 
 Colonel Keitt. 
 
 My Dear Sir : Through your kind attention I received on Friday evening a tele- 
 gram requesting me to forward a model Flag of the design I had submitted to your 
 consideration. Early on Saturday Mr. B. went to the flag-makers, but could not possi- 
 bly have it executed, as they are all under pressing commands for several weeks hence. 
 I determined then to make it at home, and of such materials as I could most promptly 
 procure. The usual material employed is bunting, and the Flag would be lighter and 
 handsomer made of it. It was finished last evening, and I hoped to forward it to-day. 
 I heard, however, that no messenger for the Adams Express travels on Sunday, so 
 that I am forced to delay forwarding it until to-morrow. You will receive it on Tues- 
 day afternoon. The Flag has been much commended by one of the flag-makers, who 
 says that not only is it very conspicuous, and can therefore be distinguished at a great 
 distance, but is perfectly dissimilar to that of any other nation. He thinks it harmonious 
 and of easy fabrication. I place its fortune in your hands, my good friend, if you will 
 allow me the privilege of claiming you as such, and believe, if the possibility of secur- 
 ing my wishes lies in your power, that I will be made happy. I need not speak of the 
 extreme gratification it would afford me were it adopted. A heart so overflowing with 
 patriotism as is yours can readily understand the longing a woman must feel (who is 
 only prevented from leaping to the guns by her sex) to contribute even a mite in aid of 
 the glorious cause; and think, too, of the pride with which my boy would regard his 
 mother were she the designer of the Flag of the Confederacy. But enough. You, I 
 am sure, perceive at a glance all that it would be worth to me could my design be 
 adopted; but let me assure you I am far from expecting or even hoping such a result. 
 With many thanks for your kindness, 
 
 I am, yours sincerely, 
 
 JULIA BONNETHEAU. 
 
 P. S. — My wife being extremely indisposed to-day, I have transcribed the above 
 note at her request. With sincere regards to madame and yourself, 
 
 Respectfully, &c., 
 
 H. B. B. 
 
I 
 
 48 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Charleston, S. C., Febi-uary 25, 18G1. 
 
 Colonel Keitt. 
 
 My Dear Sir : Your very friendly and welcome letter readied me yesterday, only 
 an hour after Mr. IX had mailed one to you. Thank you sincerely for the interest 
 you have taken respecting the Flag. Though I fear it is too late, I will still hope that 
 you will be able to defer the decision until its arrival. I have shown it to several 
 gentlemen, who appear to think it just the thing. The circles could be converted into 
 crescents, joining each other, one of red, the other of white, but probably it would 
 appear less simple. I am truly happy that affairs in Congress are going on with so 
 much unanimity and bind feeling. Only establish the Government as soon as practi- 
 cable, and have us recognized abroad, then I should feel as though we really are a 
 nation. It is to be regretted that Sumter will have to be taken by force : better that 
 than have the enemy in our midst. The policy towards them has served to strengthen 
 them against us ; nor do the officers appear grateful for the past favors granted. They 
 have planted cannon on the parapet (which has been cut down to admit the guns) in 
 such a manner as to command the floating battery, which, by the way, was launched 
 this morning. It is rumored that the attack will take place this week. I cannot 
 believe it, as preparations are as yet incomplete. I see a notice of another Flag to be 
 forwarded to-day. Too complicated I think. It would be next to impossible to work 
 it in bunting. I appreciate deeply your kind offers of service, and shall avail myself 
 of them when necessity compels. I shall not trouble you otherwise. Only keep my 
 long-cherished wishes in remembrance, and when you can aid me, you know with what 
 heartfelt pleasure and gratitude I would take up my abode among pictures and artists. 
 Hope deferred has made me sick, and I dare not dwell on the possibility that at least 
 I might be gratified. Do not forget to say to the gentlemen that, in bunting, my Flag 
 would be a little lighter and softer in effect. 
 
 Yours, with sincere regards, 
 
 J. BONNETHEAU. 
 
 Of course the inner circle can be enlarged at pleasure, so as to admit other stars. 
 
 [Design missing.] 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 25, 1861. 
 
 Sir : This model of a Flag for our Southern Confederacy is respectfully submitted 
 to the committee. We send it in the belief that the officers of the Southern Army and 
 Navy, who bear our Flag over land and sea, will approve of this new arrangement of 
 the old colors. The six stripes represent the six Confederate States. Star after star, 
 we trust, will appear in our blue heaven. 
 
 JASPER. 
 
 [See Plate LXXIX.] 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 26, 1861. 
 
 Hon. Wm. P. Miles. 
 
 Dear Mr. Miles : As we have seen no mention of a Seal for our Confederacy, I 
 send one, in favor of which I think that more might be said than the modesty of the 
 designer has allowed him to express. The emblem of watchfulness and of the gener- 
 osity which does not strike without warning — the rattlesnake — seems well suited to be 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 49 
 
 a national device, though not to be borne aloft in a Flag. Again, the motion is always 
 onward, the scales are not able of retrograding. The position chosen is in exact 
 accordance with nature, and each feature of the design seems to be well carried out. 
 
 Wishing you all success in your new task, I am, yours truly, 
 
 VICTORIA MURDEN. 
 
 Notice the rattles, especially. 
 
 [Design missing.] 
 
 A coiled rattlesnake: Melius non tangere; or, better, Melius non. 
 
 On the obverse, fifteen stars in circle. Ad astra, within the circle of stars, may 
 be translated, “To your colors.” 
 
 [See Plate LXXX.] 
 
 [This short description of a Seal, without date or place, although evidently written 
 by a man, has such an affinity to the design (missing) referred to in Mrs. Murden’s 
 letter of February 26, 1861, that I have placed the two together. — R. P. T.] 
 
 Mobile Medical College, 
 
 Mobile , Ala., February 26, 1861. 
 
 Thirteen stripes — red, white, and blue, alternately. A star in the centre ; deep- 
 blue field, with as many white stars in a circle within as there are States in the Con- 
 federacy. 
 
 All of which is very respectfully submitted. 
 
 SYLVESTER C. LEWIS. 
 
 [See Plate LXXXI.] 
 
 Charleston, S. C., February 27, 1861. 
 
 Hon. Howell Cobb, 
 
 President of Provisional Congress, Montgomery , Ala. 
 
 Dear Sir: Enclosed you will find some designs for a Flag of the Confederate 
 States, which may help to make a Banner for the beloved South. 
 
 Respectfully, your most obedient servant, 
 
 ARTHUR P. FORD. 
 
 [Designs missing.] 
 
 Selma, Ala., February 28,1861. 
 
 Committee on Flags, Southern Congress. 
 
 Gentlemen : I submit for your consideration some models for the Flag of our 
 Union. Significant symbolism and simplicity of design should be the characteristics 
 of a Flag. This I have aimed at in the model I send you. 
 
 A black castle on a blue field, surrounded by seven stars. A castle is a symbol of 
 strength of power to resist and defend ; it also suggests the sacredness of home. Black 
 is typical of our domestic institution of negro slavery. With the castle is also associated 
 baronial life and the age of chivalry. We contend that the most valuable effect of the 
 institution of slavery is that it tends to develop the baronial and chivalrie elements of 
 our nature. 
 
50 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 As for the stars, no exposition is needed. “Forever singing as they shine,” they 
 represent the States that have seceded, and only differ “as one star differeth from 
 another star in glory.” I send four models, all of which are but variations of the 
 same idea. 
 
 All of which is most respectfully submitted, by your obedient servant, 
 
 WM. M. BRANTLY. 
 
 [See Plate LXXXII.] 
 
 Charleston Insurance and Trust Company, 
 
 A To. 8 Broad Street, Charleston , March 2, 1861. 
 
 ITon. W. P. Miles. 
 
 Dear Sir: Herewith I send you two designs for a National Flag for the Confed- 
 erate States of America. 
 
 As you will readily perceive, the seven stars and seven alternate stripes represent 
 the original seven seceding States, whilst the blue field is sufficiently large to admit of 
 a star for every additional State that may hereafter adopt the Constitution. As the 
 Southern States claim to be the strict constructionists of the original Constitution, I 
 hold that we have the best right to the stars and stripes. 
 
 Should you deem them worthy, please place them with the others for the examina- 
 tion of the committee. 
 
 Very respectfully, yours, &c. , 
 
 J. L. HONOUR. 
 
 [See Plates LXXXIII, LXXXIV.] 
 
 Hempstead, Tex., March 12, 1861. 
 
 Hon. Jno. H. Reagan. 
 
 Dear Sir : I ask permission to present for your consideration the enclosed pattern 
 for a National Flag for the Southern Confederacy, by the adoption of which the South 
 will still possess the glorious Stars and Stripes, or at least their rightful portion of 
 them, yet differing materially from the old Flag of the Union, by simply reversing the 
 stripes from a “horizontal” to a “perpendicular.” There are eight stars and eight 
 stripes, to correspond with the eight seceding States, supposing that Arkansas has 
 gone out. 
 
 Ihere are many intelligent and patriotic citizens in the South that still treasure, 
 with feelings of pride and devotion, their attachment to the “ Stars and Stripes ; ” yet 
 it is plain that the North and South cannot maintain the same Flag. As the South has 
 seceded from the Northern States, or at least a portion of them, would it not be proper 
 for the South to make the change in the National Emblem, as she has in her govern- 
 ment? Should a similar Flag have not already been presented to the committee, and 
 this should prove worthy of your consideration, please present it to the Flag Com- 
 mittee for consideration/and oblige, 
 
 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 MARTIN K. SNELL. 
 
 The stars and stripes may be increased as other States come in. 
 
 [See Plate LXXXIVa.] 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 51 
 
 Designs submitted by E. C. Hancock, April — , 1861. 
 
 State Arms, if desired, to be on the upper flag-staff corner. 
 
 No. 1.— Confederation, 35 by 20. 
 
 
 
 
 # 
 
 * 
 
 ^ 4 - # 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Field, crimson ; cross, blue, 3 feet wide ; stars, white. 
 
 No. 2. — Revenue, 20 by 15. 
 
 Field, crimson; cross, blue, 2 feet wide and 2 feet from edge ; stars, white. 
 No. 3. — Union Jack, 20 by 15. 
 
 Form same as No. 2; field, blue, instead of crimson; stars, white. 
 
 No. 4. — Pennant, 40 by 5. 
 
 ☆ 
 
 ☆ ☆☆☆☆☆ 
 
 ☆ 
 
 Field, blue or crimson : stars, white. 
 [See F i. ate LXXXV.] 
 
52 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Mississippi, August 28, 18G1. 
 
 Hon. L. P. Walker, 
 
 Secretary of War, C. S. A., Richmond, Ya. 
 
 Honored Sir: Enclosed you will find a rather daubed model of what I propose 
 as a permanent Flag, in place of the provisional one, for the Confederate States of 
 America. From the close resemblance of the stars and bars of our present Flag to 
 that of the stars and stripes, which the despot Lincoln (and his oligarchists) has appro- 
 priated to his vile purposes, it were preferable to eke out something unique. The 
 ground of the Flag on both sides is to be red — a darker color than my daub; the 
 Southern Cross, composed of eleven blue stars, and the plants of cotton and tobacco, 
 the two great staples of our Confederacy, and the growth of which rules the commerce 
 of the world. On the opposite side, the capitals C. S. A. and the motto “ Excelsior,” 
 in gilt. This, thrown to the breeze, will truly represent our nationality, and never be 
 liable to conflict with the national standard of any other people on either the land or 
 the sea. 
 
 Some time since, 1 wrote the Hon. Jeff. Davis, President C. S. A., in relation to 
 a commission of Surgeon in the Confederate States Army, and he wrote me that he 
 had referred my letter to your consideration. If you have, in future, any communica- 
 tions with me, please address me at Lake Providence, La. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 T. MORTON LYLE. 
 
 Red ground and gilt letters, with the motto “ Excelsior,” in gilt, under the C. S. A. 
 [See Plates LXXXVI, LXXXVIL] 
 
 President of the Congress, C. S. A. 
 
 Richmond, Ya., December 9, 18G1. 
 
 Sir: I take the liberty of enclosing a paper, addressed to the honorable body over 
 which you preside, relative to an alteration of the Confederate Flag, and with it a 
 representation of the substitute I propose. Should you deem them worthy of notice, 
 you will do me the favor of laying them before Congress for consideration ; if other- 
 wise, commit them to the flames. Whatever your determination may be, 1 remain, 
 with sentiments of respect, 
 
 Yours, faithfully, 
 
 JOSEPH MYERS, 
 
 Commander, Virginia Navy. 
 
 Congress of the Confederate States of America : 
 
 With diffidence I submit to your honorable body the following remarks, suggestive 
 of a change in the Confederate Flag, for which several reasons may be urged. The 
 first is, that it is so near a copy of the old Union Flag that, at an inconsiderable dis- 
 tance, they cannot readily be distinguished, and the one may be mistaken for the other. 
 This was exemplified at the battle of Stone Bridge, on the 21st of July. At a critical 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 53 
 
 period of the battle, when our troops were with difficulty maintaining their position, 
 General Beauregard observed a column advancing apparently to outflank him, and, 
 after repeated examinations with a powerful spy-glass to ascertain what Flag they bore, 
 had concluded that it was the enemy’s, and was about giving an order for a retrograde 
 movement, when fortunately, on its nearer approach and being more fully displayed by 
 the breeze, it was revealed to be that of the Confederacy. This discovery changed the 
 nature of the order given, and the result was a total rout of the enemy. This circum- 
 stance has led him to adopt a Flag, to be carried at the head of his regiments in future 
 actions, which he calls the battle-flag, to prevent the recurrence of similar mistakes. 
 In other actions like difficulties have occurred in distinguishing the Flags. 
 
 In the second place, the Black Republicans have claimed the Stars and Stripes (as 
 well as every thing else that appertained to the late Union) as belonging to them, and, 
 under the pretext of defending it as the emblem of that Union, have inaugurated an 
 unjustifiable and barbarous war against the people of the South, who, they pretend, 
 have desecrated it, in which they have ignored all the usages of civilized nations. 
 With it displayed at the head of their mercenary hordes, they have invaded our soil 
 with threats of the subjugation or extermination of our people. Under its folds they 
 have perpetrated enormities and atrocities exceeding in magnitude those of the Thugs 
 and Sepoys of India, and on the wreck and ruins of the Union and Constitution, both of 
 which they have destroyed, they have erected a military despotism more tyrannical than 
 that of any nation of the Old World. The Flag is now, instead of being, as formerly, 
 the emblem of Liberty, that of lawless tyranny and injustice. It is consequently odious 
 in the sight of every true-hearted Southron, and as the people of the two sections of the 
 late Union are completely antagonistical in every thing, there should be no likeness in 
 their National Emblems. 
 
 As under our present Flag many brilliant successes have been achieved, I retain 
 its component parts in the substitute I offer, but so differently arranged that it does not 
 resemble its Black Republican prototype. The following is a description of it : 
 
 The length of the Flag to be twice its width, and composed of four equal-sized bars 
 of different colors, arranged perpendicularly beside each other in the following order : 
 the first bar, next to the staff, to be blue ; the second, red ; the third, white ; and the 
 fourth, red. The length of each bar to be the width of the Flag, and the width of the 
 bar one-half its length. In the middle of the blue bar to be emblazoned a cluster of 
 white stars, composed of one for each State, emblematical of the Union of the Con- 
 federacy composed of the representatives of the respective States. The stars to be 
 arranged in the form of a cross, emblematical of the Southern Cross ; its height to be 
 one-half of the length of the bar, and to occupy its middle section. Annexed is a 
 representation of the foregoing. 
 
 The above is respectfully submitted for consideration by 
 
 JOSEPH MYERS, 
 
 Commander, Virginia Navy. 
 
 [See Plate LXXXVIII.] 
 
54 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Texana, Tex., March 31, 1862. 
 
 Committee on the Flag and Seal, 
 
 Richmond , Va. 
 
 Gentlemen : I enclose you a design for a Flag of the Confederate States of 
 America, suggested to my mind long since. The under portion, of black, denotes not 
 only the richness of our Southern soil, but also its peculiar institution — slavery ; the 
 blue, the sky above; the red, that we have sealed our liberties with our blood; the 
 white, purity and eternal freedom ; the rising central sun denotes the South emphat- 
 ically, and to be of gilt or burnished gold, or of deep orange-yellow. 
 
 Respectfully, yours, &c., 
 
 H. D. STARR. 
 
 [See Plate LXXXIX.] 
 
 Richmond, Va., March 12, 18G4. 
 
 His Excellency Jefferson Davis. 
 
 Your Excellency: I send you in a design for a National Flag. Some two 
 months since, I showed to your Excellency a design for a picture of “The rout at 
 Manassas,” and afterwards made a request to be discharged from the Army, to paint 
 the picture. The case was referred to the Secretary of War, who referred it to the 
 commandant at Camp Lee. I again ask an honorable discharge from the Army, that 
 I may pursue my course as an artist. At present my efforts are paralyzed, and the 
 situation I hold in the service of the Government is too humiliating to be longer borne. 
 
 I have a design for a statue of “ The South,” which I should execute with a frenzy 
 of passion, if encouragement were given me ; but Art is satisfied with nothing less than 
 unrestrained freedom. 
 
 Mr. Volk, a native of Germany — a people whose. brutality and vindictive hatred of 
 the South is well known to your Excellency — has been honored with a large commis- 
 sion for an equestrian statue of “ Stonewall Jackson.” I hold the first requisite for the 
 production of any great work of art is nationality ; hence, I have seen this with regret. 
 
 If your Excellency decides against me, I shall abandon all idea of art, and go at 
 once to the Army and take what fate has in store for me. 
 
 I have the honor to be, 
 
 Your Excellency’s most obedient servant, 
 
 ROBERT NEWMAN. 
 
 [Endorsement.] 
 
 March 12, 1864. 
 
 Secretary of War, for attention. A design for C. S. Flag accompanies. 
 
 J. D. 
 
 [See Plate XC.] 
 
CORRESPONDENCE— DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 55 
 
 Camp Near Richmond, December 21, 1864. 
 
 Colonel W. P. Miles, M. C. 
 
 Dear Colonel : As the present Flag discussion seems to turn much upon what 
 Flags are farthest visible and distinguishable, I beg leave, through your kindness, to 
 lay before the committee in charge of the matter three rough sketches of Flags, which 
 must always be easily distinguishable, whether flying or drooping, since the colors cannot 
 obscure each other. As to their beauty, let every one be his own judge. I prefer No. 
 1, the square Flag, which a good deal of experience with Flags in signaling, both before 
 and during the war, has convinced me is by far the best shape for every use of the Flag. 
 
 The present shape — according to the law (though they are never made to conform 
 to it) — the “fly” twice the length of the “hoist,” is an outrage on taste, as well as 
 utility, sufficient to account almost for the ill luck which seems to have attended it 
 recently. The good luck appears to confine itself entirely to the square battle-flags of 
 the A. N. V. 
 
 Very respectfully, Colonel, your obedient servant, 
 
 E. P. ALEXANDER, 
 
 Brigadier General of Artillery. 
 
 [See Plates XCI, XCII, XCIII.] 
 
 Headquarters Second Corps, 
 
 - Army Northern Virginia , December 27, 1864. 
 
 Hon. James A. Seddon, 
 
 Secretary of War. 
 
 Sir: I have the honor to lay before you the following design of a National Flag 
 for the Southern Confederacy. This design has been forwarded, also, to the Hon. 
 Chairman of the Flag Committee, Congress of the Confederate States ; but fearing 
 that it might not reach its destination, I take the liberty of submitting it to you, hoping 
 that it may meet with your favor. This Flag is emblematic of the Confederate States 
 Government : 
 
 The red color represents the sanguinary nature of the war through which it has 
 passed in order to establish the right of its people to self-government. The white 
 indicates the purity of its foundation, its institutions, and its intentions. The stars, set 
 in a field of blue, represent the individual sovereignties composing the Confederation, 
 which have been enabled by supporting grace from Heaven (represented in the blue) to 
 emerge from the lurid cloud under which it was threatened with destruction (repre- 
 sented in the red) into the pure and bright region of peace and prosperity (represented 
 in the white). 
 
 The Flag is composed of three equal horizontal divisions — the upper third being 
 one-half red, the other white ; the middle division is entirely of blue, in which are 
 placed the stars representing the number of States in the Confederacy; the lower third 
 is similar to the upper one, being one-half red, the other white. 
 
 The dimensions of the Flag are determined by taking three-fourths of the entire 
 length for the width. 
 
56 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Great simplicity in its construction is claimed, and it will be found perfect in its 
 proportions — one entire third being red in color, one-third white, and one-third blue. 
 
 I have the honor to be, sir, most respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 JNO. R. BLEDSOE, 
 
 Sergeant, Co. D, 16th Miss. Begt. 
 
 [Endorsements.] 
 
 Headquarters Second Army Corps, 
 
 December 27, 1864. 
 
 Sergeant Bledsoe is clerk at these headcjuarters. This design for a Flag I consider 
 very beautiful, and ask for it a respectful consideration. 
 
 J. B. GORDON, 
 
 Major General , Commanding. 
 
 Headquarters, December 27, 1864. 
 
 Respectfully forwarded for the consideration of the Secretary of War. This 
 design has the merit of originality and marked difference from the generality of Flags, 
 as far as my knowledge, which is limited, extends ; besides, as far as I can judge from 
 the model, possesses beauty. 
 
 R. E. LEE, 
 
 General. 
 
 January 3, 1865. 
 
 Chief of Engineers: Noted. File. 
 
 J. A. S., 
 
 Secretary of War. 
 
 Engineer Bureau, January 4, 1865. 
 
 Respectfully returned to the Hon. Secretary of War. The Flag within is pleasing 
 to the eye, but as it does not embrace the “ battle-flag” under which our struggle has 
 been made, I cannot recommend its adoption. 
 
 J. F. GILMER, 
 
 Major General, and Chief Engineer Bureau. 
 
 [See Pi. ate XCIV.] 
 
 Flag proposed for the Southern Confederacy. 
 
 Seven blue stripes, for the seven seceding States taking the lead. 
 
 Seven white stars on a red field, and a star to be added for every incoming State. 
 Proposed by a gentleman of Louisville, Ky. 
 
 [See Plate XCV.] 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGN FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 57 
 
 Design of Theophii.us A. Joxes, Lauderdale County, town of Florence, Ala. 
 
 This design is intended as a suitable Ensign for the Confederate States of America, 
 and is allegorical. The ground is of sky-blue. At the bottom is an embankment of 
 clouds, typical of the old Union; rising from their midst is an eagle, our bird of Liberty, 
 winging its flight from them upward toward the starry firmament above, in which is 
 our Southern constellation. The eagle has taken the Cap of Liberty with him and has 
 it in his talons. State sovereignty, being the fundamental idea of our Government, 
 and having been denied us under the former regime , is appropriately, we think, inscribed 
 on the Flag of our new Union. On the same scroll with it is written Sic itur ad astra, 
 meaning that ‘ ‘ State sovereignly is the way to the haven of our destiny,” and is intended 
 for the world, but more especially for the remaining members of the United States. 
 The design is simple and unique; we think it beautiful. The stripes are intentionally 
 discarded, but the stars are retained — “fit emblem of our fame;” also the eagle, as the 
 representative of our nationality, having placed in his mouth the shibboleth of our 
 Union, State sovereignty; and also the point, our destiny — ad astra. In his talons is 
 the Cap of Liberty, torn from the grasp of those unworthy longer to be its custodians. 
 Stripped of its stripes, let the “Star Spangled Banner” still be ours. 
 
 [See Plate XCVI.] 
 
 Design for the National Flag of the Confederate States of America. 
 
 Seven stripes : one for each of the original States forming the Confederacy, namely, 
 South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. 
 
 Seven stars in the blue : one for each of the States in the Confederacy, and one 
 added for each State that may be admitted hereafter ; all the stars with seven rays. 
 
 Proportions: length, two and a half times the breadth ; blue ground, one-fifth the 
 length, and width three stripes. 
 
 The old design of the thirteen stjirs and stripes is preserved, and the new Flag is 
 readily distinguished from the old. It has Liberty and America on it, and the golden 
 number seven throughout. 
 
 Texas is not yet in, but will be in time to vote on the Flag. 
 
 [See Plate XCVIL] 
 
 Our Southern Sun. 
 
 Among the Southern constellations perhaps the “ Phenix” would be more appro- 
 priate and emblematical than the “Southern Cross.” The “Southern Crown” is also 
 suggested in this connection. 
 
 It is submitted that the Flag representing our “ Southern Sun ” would be a brilliant 
 emblem of our Southern political system, and of that harmony and stability which 
 result from an identity of interests and institutions. 
 
58 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGN FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 The design is entirely different from that of any other National Flag known, and 
 can be readily adapted to such modifications as may be required by any future addition 
 of States, &c. The Flag can also be readily made of bunting, and will be distinctly 
 seen at a great distance. Each alternate ray of the central sun may be composed of 
 red, if any partiality is entertained for this color. The number of rays may be made 
 to correspond with the number of States. 
 
 [See Plates XCVIII, XCIX.] 
 
 A blue or red field, with large sun in centre, without any stars, is suggested. 
 
 [See Plate C.] 
 
 No description. 
 
 [See Plate CL] 
 
 A plain blue field, with the stars arranged (as in the design) in three rows, would 
 be a neat and simple device. 
 
 [This suggestion would produce a Flag similar to that submitted by Mr. E. C. 
 Hancock, in April, 1801 , but with reversed colors. (See Plate LXXXV.) — R. P. T.] 
 
 No description. 
 
 The emblazoning may be varied by substituting blue stars for red on the white 
 field, or using red stars altogether. 
 
 [See Plate CII.] 
 
 Cotton plant, or circle of stars around the plant. 
 
 [See Plate CIII.] 
 
 V 
 
 No description. 
 
 [See Plates CIV, CV.] 
 
 The following mottoes, hastily prepared, are submitted: 
 
 Reges sumus omnes, declaratory of the term of the compact and the doctrine of 
 State rights. 
 
 Protedio non possessio, the proper office and the true theory of government. 
 
 Description of a few patterns for Banner for the Confederate States of the South. 
 
 No. 1. The groundwork is striped “red and blue,” in which is an oval having a 
 “sky-blue” ground and containing a “cotton stock;” on the upper inner angle is a 
 “rising sun,” surrounded by a “ blazing star” for each State in the Confederacy. 
 
CORRESPONDENCE— DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 59 
 
 No. 2. Similar to No. 1, except having a “Greek Cross” (a symbol of Chris- 
 tianity) in place of rising sun. 
 
 No. 3. A cobalt blue ground, in the centre of which is a “cotton stock” in full 
 bloom; in the upper inner corner is a “ Greek Cross,” encircled by a blazing star for 
 each State. 
 
 No. 4. A red and blue striped ground, with device in upper corner, same as No. 3. 
 
 No. 5. A light blue ground, with a cotton stock in centre leaning towards the 
 upper flag-staff corner, in which is a “ blazing sun ” amidst a “galaxy of stars,” one 
 for each State. 
 
 No. 6. A red and blue striped ground, in which is a cobalt blue diamond figure, 
 containing a cotton plant in full bloom ; in the upper inner angle is the sun rising on a 
 quarter (circle) of the globe and surrounded by a star for each State. 
 
 No. 7. Similar to No. 5, but having an “all-seeing eye” in place of blazing sun. 
 
 No. 8. The groundwork of red, white, and blue interwoven, in the centre of which 
 is a cotton stock on a green ground. 
 
 No. 9. A “striped ground,” in centre of which is a cobalt blue oval containing a 
 ripe cotton plant, surrounded by a galaxy of “blazing stars.” 
 
 No. 10. An angular-striped red, white, and blue ground, in the centre of which is 
 a figure as No. 9. (N. B. — The centre figure in this drawing is shown too small.) 
 
 No. 11. The ground of three horizontal stripes of red, white, and blue, having a 
 centre figure same as No. 9. 
 
 No. 12. Blue and red angular-striped ground, having a centre figure same as No. 9. 
 
 A “gray eagle” may be very properly used instead of the “Greek Cross” or 
 rising sun, or perhaps a combination from some of those submitted may produce one 
 that will suit. 
 
 All the above submitted, with much respect, by 
 
 P. J. ANDERSON, 
 
 Montgomery , Ala. 
 
 [See Plates CVI to CXVII.] 
 
 Rough design, submitted by Samuel White, of Charleston, S. C. 
 [See Plate CXYIIL] 
 
 Designs. 
 
 No. 1. Scarlet ground ; white cross at right angles ; stars in upper left-hand corner. 
 No. 2. Scarlet ground ; white diagonal cross. 
 
 No. 3. Scarlet ground; purple right-angle cross.; white stars in upper left-hand 
 corner. 
 
 No. 4. Three scarlet stripes, with two white stripes intervening; centre scarlet 
 stripe broader than the others. 
 
60 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 No. 5. Scarlet ground; upper left-hand corner blue, with white diagonal cross, 
 and perhaps white stars between arms of the cross. 
 
 No. 6. Scarlet ground, with one large white star in the centre. 
 
 [Endorsement.] 
 
 Given to me by J. Legare, of S. C., Engineer Corps. 
 [See Plates CXIX to CXXIV.] 
 
 C. R. MILES. 
 
 Designs submitted by McGuigin and Bhaisted, 247 Julia street, New Orleans, La. 
 [See Plates CXXV, CXXVI.] 
 
 Designs submitted by W. P. Hilliard. 
 
 The cross on the second design to be white. 
 [See Plates CXXYII, CXXVIIL] 
 
 Designs submitted by “ West.” 
 
 [See Plates CXXIX to CXXXIX.] 
 
 Design submitted by J. K. Hamilton. 
 
 As many rays to the sun as there are States in the Confederacy ; or without the 
 sun, and a circle of red stars in the centre, a star for each State. 
 
 [See Plate CXL.] 
 
 Designs submitted by . 
 
 No. 1. The field to consist of fifteen stripes, eight red and seven white. The stars 
 (as many as there are States) on blue ground and white centres. 
 
 No. 2. The field to consist of fifteen stripes, eight red and seven white. A circle 
 of blue in the centre, and number of white stars according to number of States. 
 
 No. 3. In this design the original colors are preserved, though the combination of 
 blue and red is not as good as red and white ; to relieve the heavy character of the 
 above combination, the union is white, and will insure its distinctiveness from the 
 United States Flag. 
 
 [See Plates CXLI, CXLII, CXLIII.] 
 
 Designs submitted b^ — — . 
 
 [See Plates CXLIY to CLVI.] 
 
 [The designs are numbered from 0 to 18, inclusive. No. 1 to 5 are missing. Not 
 a word of description, except that opposite No. 16' is the remark, in pencil: “Rather 
 too British.” — R. P. T. ] 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 61 
 
 Designs submitted by . 
 
 [See Plates CLVUto CLXVI.] 
 
 Design submitted by J. Alma Pei.ot, Charleston, S. C. 
 [See Plate CLXVIL] 
 
 Designs submitted by — — 
 
 [See Plates CLXYIII to CLXX.] 
 
 This Flag is designed to represent these Confederate States. The seven white 
 stripes represents the States in friendly relations with the nations of the earth. The 
 red stripes represents the States, if insulted, to fight — that is, they will take blood. 
 The ye^pw stars represent the States in friendly relations with the nations of the earth. 
 The crescent moon represents the stars, and the stars is the States represent the moon, 
 which is all the States combined. The red stars represent the moon in war. The red 
 moon represents the red stars in war, all combined together. The diamond rattle- 
 snake is the people of the Confederate States. The moon is the nation and the snake 
 is the people. The diamond rattlesnake, you may tread all around him ; he will not 
 strike ; if you tread on him he then will sing his rattle and give you full time to leave ; 
 if you don’t, he strikes — it is certain death. The motto over him, “Don’t tread on 
 me; if you do, it is certain death.” This Flag, I think, will suit, and represent us as 
 the Confederate States of America. 
 
 JOHN SANSOM, 
 
 Of Alabama. 
 
 [See Plate CLXXI.] 
 
 [The peculiar phraseology has been faithfully followed. The spelling, of course, 
 is corrected. — R. P. T.] 
 
 Designs submitted by 
 
 [See Plates CLXXII, CLXXI H.] 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 Dear Sir : Proposed Flag for the new Confederation. Do retain the stars and 
 stripes. It belongs to the South as much as to the North. It is not an abolition Flag. 
 Colonel Jefferson Davis (now President Davis) won glory under it in Mexico ; so did 
 the Palmetto Regiment. 
 
 A SOUTHERNER. 
 
 One star and one stripe for each State — South Carolina, Florida, Mississippi, 
 Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas on the 22d instant. 
 
 [See Plate CLXXI V.] 
 
62 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Designs submitted by . 
 
 [See Plates CLXXV, CLXXVI.] 
 
 Design submitted by . 
 
 Six red and six white stripes (being a color of each for each of the six States now 
 in council). In the upper left-hand corner a blue ensign, containing a large six-rayed 
 star to symbolize the Southern Confederacy, said large star encircled by six small stars, 
 being one for each State of the present Confederacy. Other smaller stars to be added 
 to the galaxy as fast as the other Southern States join the Confederacy. The six-rayed 
 stars and six alternate stripes of red and white to be preserved in remembrance of the 
 six States first seceding and forming the new Government. 
 
 [See Plate CLXXVII.] 
 
 Design submitted by 
 
 [See Plate CLXXVIII.] 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 My Dear Sir: Allow me to suggest as a Southern Flag the following, which has 
 these primary merits : 
 
 1. It is symbolical — the white, of Southern right ; and the Cross, of Southern faith 
 and glory. 
 
 2. It is unlike any other Flag in the world, except the Russian, which is easily 
 distinguishable from it as bearing the Cross of St. Andrew, without stars. 
 
 3. It is strictly correct in heraldry — color on metal. 
 
 4. It is extremely handsome, haughty, and brilliant, at once, without being flaunting. 
 
 5. It may be discerned at any distance. 
 
 6. It can be varied in color, so as to be made a revenue Flag, an union, and other 
 modifications, as easily as the English colors themselves. 
 
 7. It is utterly unlike the existing American Banner. 
 
 And here it is : 
 
 On a white field, an azure cross ; the stars in the cross. 
 
 A. SOUTHERNER. 
 
 [See Plate CLXXIX.] 
 
 Design submitted by — 
 [See Plate CLXXX.] 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 68 
 
 Design submitted by a S. C. Alabamian. 
 
 Design submitted by 
 
 [See Plate CLXXXII.] 
 
 Committee in the matter of the Coat of Arms 
 
 and Motto for the Southern Republic. 
 
 Gentlemen : The writer, whose respectability is vouched for by the Hon. B. M. 
 Hill, who will hand you this, begs leave to suggest to your consideration the matters 
 set forth in the accompanying slip of newspaper. The article has been extensively 
 copied, and has met with general approbation. There have been or may be some 
 objections raised which the writer begs leave to consider and reply to : 
 
 1. In the first place, it may be said (though it has not been) that both the motto 
 and the device have been used before. To this there are three answers : 1st. If they 
 have been used before, their use has been so limited that very few persons have ever 
 seen them. 2d. It is not certain that they ever have been used before. No one has 
 intimated such a thing, although the article has attracted much attention in the news- 
 papers. The writer has a vague idea that he has seen this motto used in connection 
 with the Phenix, but he has no idea where it was ; if at all, it may have been in some 
 old book of heraldry, musty with age and long since forgotten. 8d. Originality con- 
 sists not in the invention of terms, but in the application of them. Certainly the bird 
 
64 CORRESPONDENCE— DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 #■ 
 
 and the motto together do express the very idea which, of all others, we wish to pro- 
 mulgate and proclaim, and, so far as is known or believed, this use of them has never 
 been made. 
 
 2. Another objection is that the emblem ought to be founded on fact, not on fable. 
 To this it may be replied that if it is a fable it is a classic one, being now three thousand 
 years old, and is thus hoary with antiquity. It is indeed more than classic. It is a 
 fable referred to, and thus dignified and ennobled by Holy Writ. The reference, in 
 Psalm ciii: 5, is doubtless to the fable of the Phenix, although “Eagle” is the word 
 there used. This allusion of the inspired poet raises the fable to the peerage, and the 
 tribute of inspiration itself to its beauty puts it almost on a level with truth. 
 
 3. A third objection is that the Phenix has so often been used in connection with 
 common matters that it has lost its dignity. Thus we have Phenix Cotton Mills, 
 Phenix Guano, &c. To this it may be replied that the same may be said of any other 
 emblem. Have we not Eagle Cotton Mills too ; and Eagle Cooking Stoves; and Eagle 
 Boot Blacking? Does the head of Washington lose its dignity or its majesty because 
 it is seen on a postage-stamp or on a ginger-cake? Is Victoria less a queen because 
 her image and superscription may be seen on a shilling, or handled by a beggar on a 
 half-penny? Is Napoleon less an emperor because we have the “ Napoleon Neck-tie? ” 
 
 It should have been said in reply to the second objection, but was forgotten at the 
 proper time, and is therefore introduced now, that there is no just reason why the 
 emblem should necessarily be founded on fact. There is just one use for an emblem, 
 and only one, and that is to express an idea. This is all that is expected of it, and if 
 it answers this end it is false criticism to complain that it does not answer some other. 
 
 The objections being, as the writer thinks, removed, it may be well now to consider 
 some amendments which have been suggested — 
 
 t 
 
 1. “ Splendidius ” has been suggested instead of “lucidius.” The writer sug- 
 gests, in reply, that the former word is more boastful, and therefore not in as good 
 taste as the latter. Moreover, the English word “splendid” has been used in such a 
 variety of ways that there is an ambiguity in its meaning. Not so with the word 
 “lucid.” 
 
 2. “Lucidior,” the adjective, has been suggested in place of “lucidius,” the 
 adverb. The writer objects that “ lucidior” qualifies the noun — i. e., makes the bird 
 brighter. “Lucidius” qualifies the verb — i. e., makes the rising brighter, the flight more 
 glorious. The former is more boastful and also less poetic, and therefore not in the 
 best taste. Hence the adverb is preferable. 
 
 3. ' Broken pillars have been suggested as an accompaniment to the Phenix. The 
 writer objects that this produces what rhetoricians call a “ mixed metaphor.” Broken 
 pillars could only represent broken States, or republics passed away. The ashes from 
 which the Phenix rises represent our former state, and that, too, without the disa- 
 greeable idea of breakage. One emblem to represent one thing is enough. Stars, 
 also, have been suggested. Stars and pillars, both, would make a horrid mixture 
 of metaphors, and would be literally bringing heaven and earth together. Perhaps, 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 65 
 
 however, a sky of stars might be allowed, the stars representing States, and the bird 
 representing the ism — republicanism; but even this is objectionable, because too com- 
 plex. The simpler the emblem the better. 
 
 With deference to the honorable committee, the writer subscribes himself, 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 T. 
 
 [Newspaper Article.] 
 
 The brief career of the United States of America among the nations of the earth 
 will doubtless be used by many as an argument to prove that free government is a 
 failure, and, so far as the argument may meet with success, it will tend to strengthen 
 thrones and retard the progress of republican principles. While it is the belief of 
 many of our citizens, it is the hope of all, that time will show this argument to be 
 fallacious ; that, though our republic has fallen, another will rise from its ruins, more 
 excellent and more glorious than the first. Nothing could be more appropriate as a 
 National Emblem than something which would embody this idea, and thus proclaim to 
 the world our unshaken faith in the principles of government inaugurated by our 
 revolutionary sires. 
 
 There is a story of a fabulous bird, called the Phenix, which never died, which 
 never could kill, but which, in process of time, took fire by spontaneous combustion, 
 and was so tenacious of life that vitality pertained to its very ashes, from which ashes 
 arose another Phenix, or rather the same in another form, revivified, rejuvenated, and 
 more glorious than before. 
 
 The writer begs leave to suggest to his countrymen that we adopt as a National 
 Emblem the representation of a Phenix, surrounded by flames and rising from the 
 fire, with the motto Surgo lucidius , “ I rise more brightly.” 
 
 By this emblem we shall announce to the nations that our republic came to an end, 
 not from outside causes, there being nothing without having power enough to destroy 
 it — rather that its life never came to an end at all ; that its form only was changed ; 
 that from the fires of revolution it has arisen, endowed with new vitality, with reinvig- 
 orated wing, to take a more sublime flight than the eagle which preceded it. We shall 
 also express our conviction that, though forms may differ, republican principles can 
 never die ; and we shall furthermore express our gratitude to Him who has watched 
 over us thus far, and who “satisfieth our mouth with good things, so that our youth is 
 renewed like the eagle’s.” (Psalm ciii: 5.) 
 
 Thus, wherever our National Emblem is seen, it will not crush, but inspire the 
 hopes of the lovers of freedom, and shake the confidence of monarchs in the founda- 
 tion of their thrones. 
 
 [See Plate CLXXXIII.] 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 The undersigned proposes the following design for a Flag for the “Confederate 
 States of America:” 
 
 In the extreme (upper) left-hand corner of the Flag, upon a blue ground, let there 
 be a large white star (representing the Confederate States of America), and within or 
 
66 CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 without this white star let there be a chain, with a number of links corresponding to 
 the number of States (say seven), and within each link let there be a red star, repre- 
 senting the separate sovereignty of the several States. 
 
 Stripes of alternate red, white, and blue (or, say only crimson and blue, or crimson 
 and white). 
 
 The Flag to be finished with a golden-colored border. 
 
 [See Plate CLXXXIY.] 
 
 “ALABAMA.” 
 
 Design submitted by T. 0. Chestney, Major and Assistant Adjutant General. 
 [See Plate CLXXXV.] 
 
 Design submitted by 
 
 [See Plate CLXXXVI.] 
 
 Design submitted by — - — 
 [See Plate CLXXXVI 1.] 
 
 Hon. W. Porciier Miles. 
 
 Dear Sir: Seeing that you have been appointed one of the “Committee on 
 selecting a Flag for the Confederate States of America,” I beg leave respectfully to 
 submit for your consideration the following design : 
 
 A Flag of blue silk azure, not dark blue. On one side a magnificent golden crown, 
 studded, encircled, or set with seven stars, clearly defined by the azure crown being dis- 
 tinctly seen in the requisite form ; and each star having wrought in gold, upon its surface, 
 the Coat of Arms and motto of the State it represents. 
 
 As star after star rises above the distant horizon, and is added to this brilliant 
 galaxy, it can take its place in due order among the “crown-jewels ” of our diadem, but 
 it must be evident that the “seven,” now fixed and glittering in the broad firmament 
 of the boundless future stretched before us. must ever remain the peerless Pleiades of 
 this illustrious constellation. 
 
 Above and beyond the crown, and half encircling it, I would suggest the words, 
 Dominus Regnavit. 
 
 On the opposite side of the Flag I propose “the rising sun,” golden-orbed, and 
 gilding with its rays the greater portion of the surface of the Flag, room being left, 
 however, for the inscription, Gloria patrice, above and in a half-circular form. 
 
 The destinies of our newborn Government are immeasurably great. Let us then 
 adopt such majestic and gorgeous symbols as are not only fit and beautiful emblems of 
 
CORRESPONDENCE — DESIGNS FOR FLAG AND SEAL. 67 
 
 its present, but grandly typify the power and beneficience, strength, triumph, and 
 expansion of its glorious future under Him and unto whom be all the praise and 
 power, honor, glory, and dominion. 
 
 It seems to me that the fitness and adaptedness of these symbols must be so 
 apparent that it will be unnecessary to explain the application which suggests itself to 
 my mind, and I would only add that I think a very appropriate device for the “ Great 
 Seal of the State,” as well as for the “Arms” and a motto for the Confederacy, might 
 also be found in the design for a Flag which I have the honor of presenting to you. 
 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 A LADY OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 [See Plates CLXXXVIII, CLXXXIX.] 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC., 
 
 RELATING TO THE 
 
 CONFEDEEATE FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 APPENDI :x 1? IR, T III. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
I N DEX. 
 
 Editorials, communications , &c . , relating to Confederate Flag and Seal. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Anderson, L. B., Dr. 
 
 April 6, 1863. — Submits design for a Flag 63 
 
 Baumgarten, J. 
 
 February 15, 1861. — Offers his services as an engraver 1 
 
 Beauregard, G. T., Gen. 
 
 February 3, 1872. — Encloses copy of his letter to Captain Preble, U. S. Navy, on the origin of the 
 
 Battle Flag 93 
 
 June 26, 1872. — Encloses letter of Colonel Miles giving additional information on the origin of the 
 
 Battle Flag 95 
 
 Charleston (S. C.) Mercury. 
 
 December 31, 1861. — The Battle Flag 15 
 
 January 4, 1862. — Richmond news and gossip 16 
 
 January 11, 1862. — The Stars and Bars (poetry) 19 
 
 January 17, 1862. — Richmond news and gossip 20 
 
 January 27, 1862. — The Battle Flag . 22 
 
 February 21, 1862. — Design of the new Confederate Flag 27 
 
 March 6, 1862. — The Flag of the Confederacy 28 
 
 March 7, 1862. — The Flag question 31 
 
 April 7, 1862. — The Flag of the South (poetry) 36 
 
 April 21, 1862. — The new Flag of the Confederacy 39 
 
 April 22, 1862.— Our Flag 42 
 
 May 3, 1862. — Critic on the proposed Flag 43 
 
 October 7, 1862. — The Confederate Seal 52 
 
 Charleston (S. C.) Tri-weekly Mercury. 
 
 April 22, 1862. — Richmond news and gossip v 43 
 
 Gordon, J. T. 
 
 August 23. 1863. — Forwards express company’s receipt for box said to contain a Confederate Seal 85 
 
 Cruger, Lewis. 
 
 , — , 1862. — Submits two designs to the Committee on the Flag 46 
 
 Hancock, E. C. 
 
 February 2, 1872. — Forwards original Flag designed by him at the request of Colonel Walton 95 
 
 La Barre, Francis. 
 
 , — , 1863. — Replies to article on the subject of engraving the Confederate Seal 82 
 
 Miles, William Porcher. 
 
 August 27, 1861. — Gives his views on subject of the Confederate Flag 2 
 
 May 14, 1872. — On question as to who designed the Confederate Battle Flag 96 
 
 Montgomery (Ala.) Advertiser. 
 
 March 5, 1861. — Raising of the first Confederate Flag 1 
 
 July — , 1862. — The Stars and the Bars (poetry) 44 
 
 New Orleans (La.) Times. 
 
 June 25, 1872. — Letter of Colonel Miles on question of origin of the Confederate Battle Flag 96 
 
 Raleigh (N. C.) Register. 
 
 , — , 18—. — The Flag and Seal question 55 
 
ii 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Editorials, communications, &c. — Continued. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Richmond (Va.) Dispatch. 
 
 October 23, 1861. — Proposed change of the Confederate Flag 4 
 
 October 24, 1861. — The Flag of secession (poetry) 5 
 
 November 14, 1861. — The Confederate Flag 5 
 
 December 7, 1861. — The Confederate Flag 6 
 
 December 7, 1861. — Stand by that Flag (poetry) 8 
 
 December 9, 1861. — The Confederate Flag 9 
 
 December 10, 1861. — The Confederate Flag 10 
 
 December 17, 1861. — The Confederate Flag 14 
 
 December 27, 1861. — The Flag 15 
 
 December 31, 1861. — Singular State Flag 15 
 
 January 2, 1862. — The Confederate Flag 16 
 
 January 7, 1862.— A Flag 18 
 
 January 11, 1862. — The Confederate Flag (poetry) 18 
 
 January 23, 1862. — The Confederate Flag and the Southern Cross 20 
 
 January 31, 1862. — The Flag 22 
 
 February 6, 1862. — Another Flag 23 
 
 March 8, 1862. — The Flag 31 
 
 June 30, 1S62. — Freedom’s new Banner (poetry) 43 
 
 April 25, 1863. — The Flag and Seal 71 
 
 May 13, 1863.— Our Flag 79 
 
 Richmond (Va.) Daily Express. 
 
 March 30, 1865. — The Southern Cross (poetry) 91 
 
 Richmond (Va.) Enquirer. 
 
 November 25, 1861. — The tree, the serpent, and the stir (poetry) 6 
 
 January 7, 1862. — Propositions for a Confederate States Flag 17 
 
 March 10, 1862. — The Flag of secession (poetry) 31 
 
 October 1, 1862. — Flag and Seal 50 
 
 March 4, 1863. — Flag and Seal : 56 
 
 March 4, 1863. — Our Flag and Seal 60 
 
 March 12, 1863.— Flag and Seal 63 
 
 April 24, 1863. — Flag and Seal 70 
 
 April 25, 1863. — Flag and Seal 72 
 
 May 15, 1863. — Hoisting of the new Flag on the Capitol 80 
 
 May 16, 1863. — The Confederate Seal 81 
 
 August 17, 1863. — A reminiscence of the raising the first Confederate Flag over the Capitol in 
 
 Montgomery, Ala. (poetry). 1 84 
 
 December 29, 1864. — Hymn to the National Flag (poetry) 87 
 
 Richmond (Va.) Examiner. 
 
 December 13, 1861. — The Flag of the Confederacy 13 
 
 February 11, 1862. — Our National Emblem 23 
 
 February 13, 1862. — The new Flag of the Confederacy 26 
 
 February 22, 1862. — Our Coat of Arms — The Live Oak 27 
 
 February 22, 1862. — The Confederate Flag 28 
 
 March 28, 1862. — The Flag, Seal, and coins of the Confederacy 33 
 
 March 29, 1862. — A National Coat of Arms 34 
 
 April 19, 1862. — The new .Flag 38 
 
 April 21, 1862. — Flag of the Confederate States 40 
 
 September 25, 1862. — The Seal of the Confederate States 47 
 
 October 1, 1862. — Seal of the Confederate States 51 
 
 October 10, 1862. — Seal for the Confederate States 54 
 
 April 17, 1863. — Seal of the Confederate States 64 
 
 April 24, 1863. — Labors of the Committee on Flag and Seal 68 
 
index. iii 
 
 Editorials, communications, &c. — Continued. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Richmond (Va.) Examiner. — (C ontinued.) 
 
 April 27, 18G3. — Flag and Seal 72 
 
 April 28, 1863. — Confederate Seal 73 
 
 May 8, 1863. — Raising of the Flag 78 
 
 May 9, 1863. — The new Flag of the Confederate States 79 
 
 May 14, 1863. — The new Flag 80 
 
 May 15, 1863. — The new Confederate Standard 80 
 
 May 16, 1863.— The Flag 81 
 
 May 18, 1863. — Letter of Mr. La Barre on subject of engraving the Confederate Seal 82 
 
 February 6, 1865. — Display of the new Confederate Flag 88 
 
 Richmond (Va.) Sentinel. 
 
 November 3, 1864. — To the world below and my God above 86 
 
 December 14, 1864. — Improvement in the Flag 87 
 
 Richmond (Va.) Whig. 
 
 April 1, 1862. — The Confederate Flag 36 
 
 April 12, 1862. — The Confederate Flag 36 
 
 April 16, 1S62. — The new Flag 37 
 
 April 19, 1862. — Confederate Flag 38 
 
 April 21, 1862. — The new Flag 42 
 
 August 1, 1862. — The Confederate Flag 44 
 
 August 28, 1862. — Letter of Mr. Lewis Cruger, of South Carolina, to the Committee on the Confed- 
 erate Flag 46 
 
 October S, 1S62. — The Confederate Seal 53 
 
 October 14, 1862. — The Confederate Flag 54 
 
 October 22, 1862. — “Pro aris et focis ” 55 
 
 February 11, 1865. — Letter of Major Rogers advocating his design for a new Confederate Flag 88 
 
 February 13, 1865. — On subject of change in the National Flag 91 
 
 Rogers, Arthur L. 
 
 January 2, 1865. — Submits draft of bill and design for a Confederate Flag 88 
 
 Savannah (G-a.) Daily News. 
 
 February 23, 1863. — Flag presented to the 20th Tennessee Regiment 56 
 
 Savannah (Ga.) Morning News. 
 
 April 23, 1863. — Confederate Flag and Seal 67 
 
 April 28, 1863. — The new Confederate Flag 77 
 
 May 4, 1863. — The new Flag 78 
 
 May 19, 1863. — The new Confederate Flag 82 
 
 May 23, 1863.— Our Flag ; the Flag (R.) 83 
 
 Southern Illustrated News. 
 
 September 27, 1862. — Flags and trophies ; their interest and significance 49 
 
 March 12, 1863. — Our Flag and Seal 61 
 
 April 18, 1863. — “ Turkey Foot ” on the Flag question 66 
 
 May 6, 1863. — Report of the Committee on Flag and Seal 78 
 
 Southern Punch. 
 
 February 20, 1864. — Our beautiful Flag 85 
 
 Unknown Newspaper. 
 
 , — , 18 — . — The Confederate Flag 55 
 
 Walton, J. B. 
 
 January 30, 1872. — Claims his design to have been the original of the Confederate Battle Flag 95 
 

CONFEDERATE FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Washington, D. C., February 15, 1861. 
 President and Members Southern Congress, C. S. A. 
 
 Gentlemen: I have the honor to enclose herein a few impressions of Seals which 
 have been done by me. A few of them have even been done by me for another 
 engraver. You will no doubt find that they are done well, and no one living can beat 
 them in workmanship and taste. You will also see that my name, as a good artist, is 
 widely spread over the whole country, as I have engraved Seals for every State in the 
 Union before it was dissolved. These Seals are all engraved on steel, and are used by 
 large lever presses. I furnish both Seal and press. If you will honor me with the 
 order of a Seal, or more, I should be highly honored with the job, and shall make you 
 a present with one for your patriotic action in selecting such a statesman as the Hon. 
 A. H. Stephens for Vice President and Hon. Jeff. Davis for our President. 
 
 You will therefore cause a copy of the design to be sent to me by express, and I 
 shall send it to you by express also. 
 
 After examination of the enclosed, I would most respectfully ask if you will 
 excuse the liberty and return the same, as I have taken them out of my sample-book, 
 which you will notice also. 
 
 Hoping to hear from you soon, I subscribe, gentlemen, with much respect, 
 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 J. BAUMGARTEN. 
 
 [From the Montgomery (Ala.) Advertiser, March 5, 1861.] 
 
 Yesterday was an eventful day in the provincial capital of the Confederate States 
 of America, as well as in Washington. At 3:30 p. m. the Flag of the Confederate 
 States of America was flung out to the breeze from the staff of the Capitol; and as its 
 proud folds gradually unclosed it seemed to wave defiance to the northern wind that 
 came rushing down from the Potomac laden with threats of abolition coercion. A large 
 concourse of spectators had assembled on Capitol Hill. Miss L. C. Tyler, one of the 
 fair daughters of the Old Dominion, and a granddaughter of the venerable ex-President 
 of the United States, had been selected to perform the principal part upon this occa- 
 sion. When the time had arrived for raising the Banner, Miss Tyler elevated the Flag 
 
2 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 to the summit of the staff, cannon thundered forth a salute, the vast assemblage rent 
 the air with shouts of welcome, and the people of the South had for the first time a 
 view of the Southern Flag. Ere there was time to take one hast}' glance at the 
 National Ensign, the eyes of all were upturned to gaze at what would perhaps at any 
 time have attracted unusual attention, but on this occasion seemed really a providential 
 omen. Scarcely had the first report from the salute died away when a large and 
 beautifully-defined circle of blue vapor arose slowly over the assemblage of Southern 
 spirits there assembled to vow allegiance to the Southern Banner, rested for many 
 seconds on a level with the Flag of the Confederate States, then gradually ascended 
 until lost in the gaze of the multitude. It was a most beautiful and auspicious omen ; 
 and those who look with an eye of faith to the glorious future of our Confederacy 
 could not but believe that the same God that vouchsafed to the Christian Emperor the 
 cross in the heavens as a promise of victory had this day given to a young nation 
 striving for liberty a divine augury of hope and national durability. 
 
 Richmond, Va., August 27, 1861. 
 
 General G. T. Beauregard, 
 
 Fairfax Court House, Va. 
 
 Dear General: I received your letter concerning the Flag yesterday, and 
 cordially concur in all that you say. 
 
 Although I was chairman of the ‘•‘Flag Committee” who reported the present 
 Flag, it was not my individual choice. I urged upon the committee a Flag of this 
 sort : 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 3 
 
 The above is better. The ground, red; the cross, blue (edged with white); 
 stars, white. This was my favorite. The three colors of red, white, and blue were 
 preserved in it. It avoided the religious objection about the cross (from the Jews and 
 many Protestant sects), because it did not stand out so conspicuously as if the cross 
 had been placed upright, thus : 
 
 
 ☆ 
 
 
 ☆ 
 
 ☆ 
 
 ☆ 
 
 
 ☆ 
 
 
 Besides, in the form I proposed, the cross was more heraldic than ecclesiastical, 
 it being the “saltier” of heraldry, and significant of strength and progress (from the 
 Latin salto, to leap). The stars ought always to be white or argent, because they are 
 then blazoned “proper” (or natural color). Stars, too, show better on an azure field 
 than any other. Blue stars on a white field would not be handsome or appropriate. 
 
4 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 The “ white edge"’ (as I term it) to the blue is partly a necessity, to prevent what 
 is called “ false blazonry,” or a solecism in heraldry, viz : blazoning color on color or 
 metal on metal. It would not do to put a blue cross, therefore, on a red field. Hence, 
 the white being metal, argent is put on the red, and the blue put on the white. The 
 introduction of the white between the blue and red adds, also, much to the 'brilliancy 
 of the colors, and brings them out in strong relief. 
 
 But I am boring you with my pet hobby in the matter of the Flag ; I wish, 
 sincerely, Congress would change the present one. Your reasons are conclusive in 
 my mind ; but I fear it is just as hard now as it was at Montgomery to tear people 
 away entirely from the desire to appropriate some reminiscence of the “Old Flag.” 
 We are now so close to the end of the session that, even if we could command votes, 
 upon a fair hearing, I greatly fear we cannot get such hearing. Some think the 
 Provisional Congress ought to leave the matter to the permanent one. This might 
 then be but a provisional Flag. Yet, as you truly say, after a few more victories, 
 association will come to the aid of the present one, and then it will be more difficult 
 than ever to effect a change. 
 
 I fear nothing can be done, but I will try. I will, so soon as I can, urge the matter 
 of the badges. The President is too sick to be seen, at present, by any one. 
 
 Very faithfully, yours, 
 
 WM. PORCHER MILES. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Dispatch, October 23, 1861.] 
 
 Proposed change of the Confederate Flag. 
 
 The Natchez (Miss.) Courier has the following appropriate suggestions in regard 
 to the propriety of changing the Confederate Flag : 
 
 “ It has been said that the Confederate Flag is to be changed. Judge Porter, of 
 Alabama, one of the best men in the South, proposes that we should adopt, in lieu of 
 the present Flag, which, he says, ‘borrows too much from the North, and is associated 
 with stripes,’ the beautiful Flag raised by that lover of freedom, Kosciusko, in his 
 native Poland, after his return from fighting for freedom with Washington. It is a 
 plain, blue field, with the white eagle. There is no other Flag like it now in use. 
 Russia extinguished that splendid blue Flag, and it would be very appropriate for the 
 South. It would be easily distinguished. The only difficulty we can see in the way of 
 adopting such a Flag is that it could not be easily made where there were no artists to 
 paint on the Flag the white eagle. If the lone star in the centre were substituted for 
 the eagle, it would, in our opinion, be more acceptable.” 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 5 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Dispatch, October 24, 1861.] 
 The Flag- of Secession. 
 
 Air — “ The Star Spangled Banner .” 
 
 0, say, can’t you see, by the dawn’s early light, 
 
 What you yesterday held to be vaunting and dreaming? 
 The Northern men routed, Abe Lincoln in flight, 
 
 And the Palmetto Flag over the Capitol streaming. 
 
 The pumpkins for fare, 
 
 And the foul, fetid air, 
 
 Gave proof through the night that the Yankees were there. 
 Now, the Flag of Secession in triumph doth wave 
 O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave. 
 
 ’Midst the dust that is raised by the fugitive’s feet, 
 
 His acts of coercion now bitterly ruing, 
 
 See the rail-splitter running in panting retreat, 
 
 And gallant Virginia in laughter pursuing ; 
 
 Now he catches a beam 
 Of the bayonet’s fierce gleam, 
 
 And he hurries away with a jump and a scream ; 
 
 And the Flag of Secession in triumph doth wave 
 O’er the land of the freed and the home of the brave. 
 
 But where is the despot who came to our soil, 
 
 In the garb of the soldier his minions disguising, 
 
 And shewed them our fields and our homes as their spoils ? 
 We only can say that his speed is surprising. 
 
 O’er the fences he made, 
 
 When that was his trade, 
 
 He has left in his fears from our vision to fade ; 
 
 And the Flag of Secession in triumph shall wave 
 O’er the land of the freed and the home of the brave. 
 
 Oh ! such is the welcome the Southron bestows 
 On the despot who strives to make slaves of a nation ; 
 
 We have a hand for our friends, but the sword for our foes, 
 And the charge of our soldiers in fierce exultation. 
 
 Then again to the fight, 
 
 And God for the right ! 
 
 The Northmen shall shrink from our warriors’ might; 
 
 And the Flag of Secession in triumph doth wave 
 O’er the land of the freed and the home of the brave. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Dispatch, November 14, 1861.] 
 
 The Confederate Flag. 
 
 We cordially sympathize with the desire, so generally expressed, that the present 
 Flag shall not remain the permanent Ensign of the Confederacy. It looks altogether 
 too much like the old concern for the emblem of a separate and independent nation. 
 Whilst we are emerging from the chrysalis, the present Flag may appropriately repre- 
 sent a transition state, but, when we have attained our unquestioned place among the 
 nations, let us have a Flag as different from the United States Flag as it is possible for 
 the wit of man to devise. We want nothing in our insignia any more than in our princi- 
 ples or sentiments to remind us of the hypocritical despotism which we have thrown off. 
 
6 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Enquirer, November 25, 1861.] 
 
 The Tree, the Serpent, and the Star. 
 
 A SONG FOR OUR FLAG. 
 
 From the silver sands of a gleaming shore, 
 
 Where the wild sea-waves were breaking, 
 
 A lofty shoot from a twining root 
 Sprang forth as the dawn was waking, 
 
 And the crest, though fed by the sultry beam, 
 
 And the shaft by the salt wave only, 
 
 Spread green to the breeze of the curling seas, 
 
 And rose like a column lonely. 
 
 All hail to the Tree — the Palmetto Tree — 
 
 Green badge of the loyal, the brave, and the free. 
 
 As the sea-winds rustled the bladed crest, 
 
 And the sun to the noon rose higher, 
 
 A serpent came, with an eye of flame, 
 
 And coiled by the leafy pyre. 
 
 His ward he would keep by the lonely tree, 
 
 To guard it with constant devotion ; 
 
 0 ! sharp was the fang and the armed clang 
 That pierced through the roar of the ocean, 
 
 And guarded the Tree — the Palmetto Tree — 
 
 Green badge of the loyal, the brave, and the free. 
 
 And the day wore down to the twilight close, 
 
 The breeze died away from the billow; 
 
 Yet the wakeful clang of the rattles rang 
 Anon from the serpent’s pillow, 
 
 When I saw through the night a gleaming star 
 O’er the branching summit growing, 
 
 Till the foliage green and the serpent’s sheen 
 In the golden light were glowing, 
 
 That hung o’er the Tree — the Palmetto Tree — 
 
 Green badge of the loyal, the brave, and the free. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Dispatch, December 7, 1861.] 
 
 The Confederate Flag. 
 
 The adoption of our present Flag was a natural but most pernicious blunder. As 
 the old Flag itself was not the author of our wrongs, we tore off a piece of the dear 
 old rag and set it up as a standard. We took it for granted a Flag was a divisible thing, 
 and proceeded to set off our proportion. So we took, at a rough calculation, our share 
 of the stars and our fraction of the stripes, and put them together and called them the 
 Confederate Flag. Even as Aaron of old put the gold into the fire and then came out 
 “this calf, ,? so certain stars and stripes went into committee and then came out “this 
 Flag. ’ All this was honest and fair to a fault. We were clearly entitled to from seven 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 7 
 
 to eleven of the stars, and to three or four of the stripes. Indeed, as we were main- 
 taining the principles it was intended to represent, and the North had abandoned them, 
 we were honestly entitled to the whole Flag. Had we kept it, and fought for it and under 
 it, and conquered it from the North, it would have been no robbery, but all right and 
 fair. And we should either have done this, i. e., kept the Flag as a whole, or else we 
 should have abandoned it as a whole, and adopted another ; but if we did not choose 
 to assert our title to the whole, was it politic and judicious to split the Flag and claim 
 one of the fractions? We had an equal right also to “Hail Columbia” and “ Yankee 
 Doodle.” We might have adopted a part of “Yankee Doodle” (say every third 
 stanza), or else “Yankee Doodle,” with variations, as our national air. In the choice 
 of an air we were not guilty of this absurdity; but we have perpetrated one exactly 
 parallel to it in the choice of a National Flag. There is no exaggeration in the illustra- 
 tion ; it seems supremely ridiculous, yet it scarcely does our folly justice. 
 
 There is but one feature essential to a Flag, and that is distinctness. Beauty, 
 appropriateness, good taste, are all desirable, but the only thing indispensable is dis- 
 tinctness — wide, plain, unmistakable distinction from other Flags. Unfortunately, this 
 indispensable thing is just the thing which the Confederate Flag lacks ; and failing in 
 this, it is a lamentable and total failure, absolute and irredeemable. The failure is in 
 a matter of essence. It is as complete as that of writing which cannot be read, of a 
 gun which cannot be shot, of a coat which cannot be worn. It is the play of “Hamlet” 
 with the part of Hamlet left out. A Flag which does not distinguish may be a very 
 nice piece of bunting; it may be handsomely executed, tasteful, expressive, and a thou- 
 sand other things, but it has no title at all to bear the name of Flag. 
 
 We knew the Flag we had to fight, yet, instead of getting as far from it, we were 
 guilty of the huge mistake of getting as near to it as possible. We sought similarity. 
 Adopting a principle diametrically wrong, we made a Flag as nearly like theirs as could, 
 under favorable circumstances, be distinguished from it. Under unfavorable circum- 
 stances (such as constantly occur in practice), the two Flags are indistinguishable. In 
 the wars of the Roses in Great Britain one side adopted the white and the other the 
 red rose. Suppose that one side had adopted milk white and the other flesh white, or 
 one deep pink and the other a lighter shade of pink, would there have been any end 
 to the confusion? 
 
 When a body of men is approaching in time of war. it is rather an important matter 
 to ascertain, if practicable, whether they are friends or foes. Certainly no question could 
 well be more radical in its influence upon our action, plans, and movements. To solve 
 this important question is the object of a Flag. When they get near us there may be 
 other means of information ; but to distinguish friends from enemies at a distance is 
 the specific purpose of a Flag. Human ingenuity is great, and may conceive some 
 other small purposes — presentations, toasts, speeches, &c. — but that this is the great 
 end of a Flag will not be denied; and it is in this that the Confederate Flag fails. 
 
 There is no ease in history in which broad distinction in the symbols of the com- 
 batants was more necessary than it has been in the present war. Our enemies are of 
 the same race with ourselves, of the same color and even shade of complexion; they 
 speak the same language, wear like clothing, and are of like form and stature. (The 
 more shame that they should make war upon us!) Our general appearance being the 
 
8 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 same, we must rely solely upon symbols for distinction. The danger of mistake is 
 great after all possible precautions have been taken. Sufficient attention has never 
 been paid to this important matter, involving life or death, victory or defeat. Our 
 badges, uniforms, Flags, should be perfectly distinguishable from those of the enemy. 
 Our first and distant information is dependent solely on the Flag. 
 
 To argue this objection further would be a waste of words. And yet this one 
 objection is vital and insuperable. We shall nevertheless add some other considera- 
 tions in another article on the same subject. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Dispatch, December 7, 1861.] 
 
 Stand by that Flag. 
 
 BY J. D. P. 
 
 Stand by that Flag, men of the South, 
 
 Of noble, patriot sires ; 
 
 Your cause is just, you’ll safely pass 
 Through Abolition tires. 
 
 Dim not a single star that decks 
 The Southern Flag o’erhead, 
 
 And let its light ne’er cease to glare, 
 
 But wider let it spread ! 
 
 The white bespeaks a purity 
 Which Northern despots fear ; 
 
 The red, the blood by which we’ll gain 
 Our liberty, so dear. 
 
 The blue shows that we will be free — 
 
 Free as the far, blue sky ; 
 
 The stars, that glory brings for us 
 A bright crown from on high. 
 
 Southrons, there comes a wicked foe 
 Who’d desolate this land 
 
 Of lovely vales and mountains high, 
 
 The work of a bounteous Hand ; 
 
 He then would tear those colors down 
 Now waving o’er the free, 
 
 And say to men o’ercome by arms : 
 
 “Down, rebels — worship me!” 
 
 Men of the South, arise, arise — 
 
 Hurl back th’ invading foe, 
 
 The sunny land must — aye — be free 
 Tho’ blood of thousands flow I 
 
 Shall we, who worship only God, 
 
 To a despot bend our knee? 
 
 No ! no ! men of the South, "arise, 
 
 And swear you will be free. 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 9 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Dispatch, December 9, 1861.] 
 
 The Confederate Flag. 
 
 We referred in our last to the peculiar difficulties, in a war between people of the 
 same race, of distinguishing friends from foes. Numerous and melancholy have been 
 the instances already in the present contest of friends killed by friends. These are the 
 saddest stories of all — sad for the dead, sad for the living. At Manassas a galling fire 
 
 was poured by the Mississippi into the 8th Georgia regiment, already decimated 
 
 by the enemy, and many a gallant fellow bit the dust. Sorely did the former lament 
 their mistake, but too late to recall life or heal wounds. These sad histories must have 
 another depressing and disastrous influence. If soldiers entertain a shadow of doubt as 
 to the character of the columns before them, if there be a remote suspicion that they 
 may be friends, what must be the effect upon their fighting? They cannot half fight; 
 their hands are tied, their nerves unstrung, by the cruel uncertainty. Tears of blood 
 would not suffice could some of the harrowing incidents be here detailed occasioned 
 by such mistakes. 
 
 Numerous well-authenticated instances have occurred of mistakes as to the Flags, 
 growing entirely out of their close resemblance to each other. We intended to refer 
 to some of these, at Charleston, in Western Virginia; to the case of the Minnesota 
 regiment which escaped capture by this means ; to the capture of Colonel Boone ; but 
 the single instance referred to by General Beauregard himself, in a late speech, is 
 evidence enough and to spare. In the decisive battle of the campaign (at Manassas) a 
 body of troops were seen approaching from the rear of our left wing. Were they 
 friends or enemies? The fate of a battle, almost of the country, depended upon the 
 decision of this question. Although but a little over a mile off, the Flag of our rapidly- 
 approaching friends could not be distinguished from that of our foes, even by the aid 
 of powerful glasses. Victory trembled in the balance. How awful the pause of 
 uncertainty ! It might have cost the battle. This single fact, and it is but one of many, 
 is enough to excite one universal outcry against the delusive Flag. We have copied 
 from that of our enemies. We have conquered in spite of it. 
 
 No wonder that loads of these Flags were sent to Richmond by General Joseph E. 
 Johnston to be altered. But, in the name of wisdom, of patriotism, of common sense, 
 let us have a Flag that will do to fight under without patching. This is certainly a 
 reasonable demand. Some even talk of a peace Flag and a war Flag. One Flag is 
 surely enough, and the present is unfit for either peace or war. It is so close to the 
 old United States Flag that one is on thorns in referring to it, lest he be suspected of 
 treason. We have left the “ Stars and Stripes ” to our enemies, and are fighting them 
 as the standard of bloody and implacable foes. So we are fain to talk of ours as 
 “ Stars and Bars. ” How ridiculous we all feel this to be! Shall we perpetuate this 
 nonsense — this mere make-shift? 
 
 Its unfitness for a war Flag is manifest and acknowledged. For what, then, is it 
 fit? In the nature of the case, it can never excite the enthusiasm or devotion of the 
 people. Even victory has not endeared it to them. Our forefathers, wiser than we, 
 when they commenced to fight Great Britain, did not adopt some modification of the 
 British Flag. They did not try to fight under and against the same thing at the same 
 time. All the glorious achievements of our arms have failed to endear this Flag to us. 
 
10 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 And why? There is a philosophy in it. It is because of its inseparable connection 
 with the despotism against which we are struggling a death struggle. It has a taint 
 about it which cannot be removed. It smells of tyranny — of the old body of death. 
 It wants the virgin freshness of a new Flag. It is not the old Flag, and if it were, the 
 associations of the old have become polluted and corrupt. But we repeat, if the old 
 Flag is what we want, we don’t get it. They, our enemies, have the old Flag, and we 
 a mere copy. And just here it may be well to remark that we make as much fuss over 
 this Flag as if it were the revolutionary Flag of our ancestors. But no battle of the 
 Revolution was fought under it. It was never adopted till after peace. It is post 
 revolutionary. 
 
 It is high time to repair the unfortunate mistake. We have endeavored to put our 
 new wine into fragments of old bottles. The bottles have burst, and the wine has been 
 spilled. We have gained glorious victories, and the Flag is no richer for them. It can 
 never be made to hold. We will never get rid of the taint of that old Flag. It is like 
 a marriage ring after a divorce for infidelity. When we hate the marriage, we hate all 
 its mementos. 
 
 There is and can be no enthusiasm for this Flag, and this is the sole reason. Had 
 we adopted a new one, unbounded, independent, already the enthusiastic loyalty of 
 the people to it would have known no bounds. We cannot afford to spill so many 
 victories and gain no love to the Flag. Can we not design a new bottle, without 
 taint, which can hold the loyalty and devotion of the people to the symbol of their 
 country ? 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Dispatch, December 10, 1861.] 
 
 The Confederate Flag. 
 
 A FLAG PROPOSED. 
 
 The two articles that appeared in this paper on Saturday and yesterday, urging 
 objections to the Confederate Flag, -were from the pen of a citizen of Georgia, a man 
 who, the reader must have at once seen, was possessed of very superior talents, and 
 who is, moreover, a devout patriot, enjoying the high esteem of his neighbors. We 
 gave his contributions the position and prominence of editorials, because we most 
 heartily approved every word they contained. We make this explanation now because 
 we are about to publish a description of a new Flag which the author has designed, 
 and we wish it to be in no way affected by individual influence. We desire that it 
 shall be considered upon its independent merits, neither prejudiced nor favored by 
 personal considerations. For ourselves, after reading the glowing argument of our 
 correspondent, we are ready to say, without hesitation, that, if there be no artistic 
 difficulty in the way, we are willing to live and die under the “Flag of the Sun.” 
 
 W e heartily commend the closing article of the series on the Confederate Flag to 
 the public. 
 
 The Confederate Flag. 
 
 It is impossible, by mere description, to give a correct idea of a Flag. There 
 must be a model, or at least a delineation, to make the idea at all complete and 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 11 
 
 adequate. The description we shall give of the proposed Flag is only such as to enable 
 the reader to prepare a model or design of it. We are not word painter enough to 
 make the Flag stand out before the eyes — visible by mere force of language. 
 
 The discussion of the objections to the present Flag has, we hope, elucidated the 
 principles for the selection of another — showing, at least, what a Flag ought not to be, 
 if not what it should be. Distinctness, appropriateness, beauty, are to be consulted in 
 their due order. 
 
 Before presenting his own favorite suggestion, the writer would refer briefly to the 
 proposed “ Southern Cross.V This does not seem to him to be, by any means, a nail in 
 a sure place. Aside from the objections of those who regard with suspicion any symbol 
 of connection of Church or State, or who consider this the symbol of a particular relig- 
 ious denomination, there are graver difficulties. The seeming appropriateness of the 
 Cross is all confined to the name. The Southern Cross itself has no appropriateness 
 north of the equator. Who ever saw it? Not the writer, certainly. Probably not one 
 of his readers. Not one in ten thousand of our people ever saw it. Perhaps a large 
 majority, including all the uneducated, never heard of it. In South America, or Africa, 
 it would be appropriate enough. It might do for Brazil. But we know much more 
 here of the constellation of the Great Bear, near the North pole, than of the Southern 
 Cross, near the South pole. So far from having any hold upon the national heart, it is 
 not even known by sight, or name, to the mass of the people. No solitary endearing 
 association, no lodgment in the affections or regard of the people, furnishes any founda- 
 tion on which to build the loyalty and attachment of the country. In general appear- 
 ance it is, perhaps, not sufficiently distinct from the Flag of Great Britain — the nation 
 with which, next to the United States, we are most likely to be confounded. But were 
 it entirely distinct, it is sufficient to say that any other Flag, adopted at random, would 
 be equally appropriate with the Southern Cross, which has no solitary association in the 
 history of our people, nor root nor fibre in their hearts. 
 
 Our criticisms have perhaps ere this set our readers upon edge, and prepared them 
 to receive, in a very critical spirit, our own suggestion, and to reject it at the first blush. 
 But we have faith in it, if considered with candor; and its obvious appropriateness, 
 we are sure, will grow with reflection. The hypocritical may hesitate and weigh, but 
 the heart of the people will respond to it — the universal heart, cultivated and unculti- 
 vated alike — for it is a big and broad sympathy to which it appeals. The Flag we 
 propose would consist of three belts and two triangular spaces: First, a broad, blue 
 belt, passing diagonally from the lower corner of the Flag, next the staff, to the upper 
 corner farthest from the staff. On each side of the blue belt a narrower belt of white. 
 The remaining triangular spaces red, viz: The corner next the staff above, and the 
 corner most remote from it below. The disposition of the tri-colored belts is both 
 unique and beautiful. In the centre of the broad, blue belt (which represents the 
 zodiac, or track of the sun in the heavens) we would represent the sun in his ascending 
 pathway. This is the appropriate symbol of our country. We dwell in the land of the 
 sun. No other natural feature is so prominent. The sun is dear to us at home and 
 abroad. At home we enjoy and rejoice in it; abroad, in more inhospitable climes, we 
 pine and long for it. The name by which we most love to call our country is the 
 “Sunny South.” It is the predominence of sunshine here which forms the most 
 
 / 
 
12 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 striking feature to strangers who visit us. Let us, then, not in arrogance, as the symbol 
 of affected superiority over others, nor as the token of any political creed or institution, 
 but in grateful acknowledgment and appreciation of this prime blessing of Providence, 
 adopt the “Flag of the Sun” as the symbol of our land — as that which at home and 
 abroad recalls its dearest features, makes us love and cherish it, willing to foster, 
 defend, and, if need be, fight for it. 
 
 The mind may dwell long upon it before finding another symbol so characteristic. 
 We are not afraid to challenge reflection. Indeed, the appropriateness is obvious and 
 recognized by all. But there are deeper reasons which may bear investigation. Adopt 
 this Flag and you have a broad, natural foundation for the loyalty of the people ; they 
 will love it instinctively and at once. The difference between their attachment to it and 
 to one less appropriate will be like that of a parent to an adopted child and to his own. 
 The former is the result of time and habit, the latter of nature and instinct first, and 
 then of time and intercourse. Wherever our people see it, the sight will revive the 
 dearest associations of their native land. Amid the fogs of old England, how would 
 the sight of it stir up deep memories and longings for the sunny land of home? It is 
 our peculiar happiness that an object so grand and beautiful should likewise be appro- 
 priate. It is the emblem of all we would have our country to be — of light, of warmth, 
 of beneficence, of cheerfulness, of glory. 
 
 It will be observed that distinctness is attained in an unusual degree. The most 
 conspicuous portion of a Flag is the upper corner, near the staff. This is best sup- 
 ported, and never concealed behind other portions or folds of the Flag. This portion 
 is filled with red, the most conspicuous of colors. The only distinctions possible are 
 those of shape and color. The proposed Flag differs widely from the United States 
 Flag in both. A triangle of red in the one occupies the space filled in the other by a 
 square of blue. The diagonal belts are peculiar also to this Flag, representing the 
 varied bands of light often seen across the heavens. The general effect of the Flag 
 must be seen to be appreciated. It is fine — indeed, we think, imposing. 
 
 To this Flag one or two objections may be urged, already hinted at. One, that it 
 might be interpreted into an assumed superiority over other nations. The other, that 
 it does not symbolize our political institutions. For neither purpose, however, is it 
 intended. We simply adopt a grand, natural feature of our country as an appropriate 
 emblem. If the party objecting to this should chance to be the North, we might 
 toward them afford to indulge a little sauciness. They are of the night, we of the day. 
 It is fit that the stars should disappear when the sun rises. The sunshine of freedom 
 dispels darkness and its emblems. 
 
 As to political institutions, it is not important or usual that a Flag should symbolize 
 a form of government. The Thistle of Scotland, the Irish Shamrock, the British 
 and French Flags, have no political significance. The Flag of the United States once 
 represented States, separate and sovereign, but that principle has been repudiated by 
 them and has lost all its appropriateness. There is no reason why the North should 
 now love its Flag. The old motto, U E Pluribus TJnum ,” they have, in fact, if not in 
 form, rejected. It is all “ unum ” now, without any “ pluribus." Their deified ape 
 has abolished the “ pluribus ,” converting States into mere counties, and making the 
 Flag a stupid solecism. In it they perpetuate the evidence of their own treason to the 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 13 
 
 Constitution and the original principles on which the Government was founded. It is 
 a living rebuke to the traitors who kept the symbol and have abolished the reality. 
 They proclaim it no longer a galaxy of stars; but the stars fade into a pale, nebulous 
 group. The glory has departed. 
 
 Let us not symbolize our form of government, but our land itself, by adopting its 
 grand natural characteristic as the emblem of our nationality. The sun in a peculiar 
 sense is ours : let us claim our heritage, and gladden in all lands the heart of every son 
 of the South who sees his nation’s Flag. It will speak for itself to his heart, and 
 every association will hallow the original impression. No broader foundation could be 
 laid for a nation’s love and loyalty. How would the heart of the people have been 
 knit to it already had it been adopted at the beginning of our brief but already 
 glorious history? But it is not too late. Let us have this new bottle, sound and free 
 from taint, for the new wine still being pressed from us, the blood of the brave spilled 
 in its defense. It is noble in itself— noble in its suggestions, a fit symbol in prosperity, 
 a cheering one in adversity, fit for peace, fit for war — a Flag to live under, to fight 
 under, to conquer under, to die under. The dying soldier, lifting his last expiring 
 glance to the rising sun on its folds, would find the symbol of hope to his country in 
 the “Flag of the Sun.” 
 
 [See Plate I.] 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Examiner, December 13, 1861.] 
 
 The Flag of the Confederacy does not please a large portion of the Southern 
 people. That which was thought its chief recommendation appears to be its scarlet 
 sin. It is and was intended to be nothing more than a happy modification of the 
 former standard of the country. The inventors of it supposed that the quantity of 
 balderdash that has been spoken and written for seventy years about the Stars and 
 Stripes had so much effect on the tastes and attachments of the race that nothing but 
 an alteration of the well-known symbols would give satisfaction. But it appears that 
 even those who have the most vivid idea of the extent and depth of the revolution have 
 failed to comprehend it, or to realize the disposition of this country to become inde- 
 pendent in every part and form of its nationality. There is now but little room for 
 doubt that the resemblance of the Confederate Flag to that of the United States renders 
 it displeasing in the eyes of more than three-fourths of our population. 
 
 But an objection, if not graver, yet certainly more substantial, has been alleged 
 against the new Flag. It is this : The resemblance is so striking and essential that there 
 is great difficulty in distinguishing the one from the other at a distance or in the smoke 
 and dust of a battle. Now, the very aim and object of a standard is to enable men and 
 officers to know their own columns or ships from those of the enemy on these identical 
 occasions. A Flag which cannot render that service is worse than none at all, for it 
 may produce the most disastrous confusion and fatal errors. An instance of the fact 
 nearly occurred at the famous battle of Manassas Plains. 
 
14 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 The desire for a change in the present Banner has been so generally manifested that 
 it is nearly certain that it will be made. The newspapers are filled with the projects 
 and devices for a new Emblem, some of which are ingenious, but most nearly all liable 
 to some radical objection. One of our cotemporaries is quite earnest in advocating a 
 Standard consisting of certain diagonal lines of red and blue, running from one corner 
 to the other, with the triangular spaces of red filling the other two. It does not seem 
 to have occurred to the writer that he had invented the bar sinister! But the more 
 common thought is some arrangement of the crucifix, of stars or of colors ; though at 
 least half the nations of Christendom have and do employ that emblem in some form 
 or other in their escutcheon or on their Flag. If we change the present Flag, the 
 alteration must be final ; hence we should ascertain satisfactorily what things we want 
 in a Flag. Three things are demanded : First, that it shall be unique, so that it may 
 be immediately distinguished from all others ; second, that it can be seen at a great 
 distance; third, that it shall be handsome. To attain the first object, we must sur- 
 render the stars of every kind, and also give up red, white, and blue — the colors of 
 Imperial France, as well as of the Lincoln despotism. To have the latter and most 
 desirable quality, the colors must be as bright and as few as possible. A simple white 
 Flag, for instance, is seen by the naked eye at distances in which the figures of men 
 and horses are imperceptible even with glasses. For the third desideratum, no rule can 
 be laid down save that the colors should be sufficiently broad as to fall in large masses. 
 
 It will be difficult to create the Standard that will meet these exigencies so long as 
 we insist on preserving a tricolor ; and we are unable to perceive why it should be 
 retained at all. The ancient Flag of France was one of the most beautiful and useful 
 that ever existed. It was pure white, with three Fleur-de-lis of gold in the centre. 
 No smoke or fog or distance could obscure or confound it; its beauty and effect was 
 uncontested. As it is no longer used by any nation, we might perhaps take a hint 
 from it, and find that for simplicity, elegance, durability, and utility we could have 
 nothing better than the white ground, with the arms or emblem of the country (when- 
 ever Congress shall find a committee of sufficient taste and knowledge of heraldry to 
 make one) emblazoned in gold or scarlet on the union or in the centre. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Dispatch, December 17, 1861.] 
 
 The Confederate Flag. 
 
 A correspondent expresses his approval of the idea advocated by this paper of the 
 sun as the emblem of the Sunny South, but would discard the stripes altogether. He 
 suggests that the Flag of the Confederacy be a blue ground, with a bright sun in its 
 centre. [See Plate C, Part II.] If anything is needed to relieve the colors, tip the 
 four corners with white. He insists that something should be done immediately, that 
 no other brave man’s life may be taken by his friends, and recommends that white 
 pennants should be sent to all the standard-bearers of the Army, to be attached above 
 the Flag, and a white star be worn near the left shoulder, or some other distinguishing 
 mark, that in close conflict friend may not be taken for foe. The battle Flag already 
 in use on the Potomac renders the first recommendation unnecessary. 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 15 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Dispatch, December 27, 1861.] 
 
 The Flag. 
 
 A Virginia lady correspondent encloses us a design of a Flag which embodies our 
 Georgia correspondent's idea of the sun, but discards other features as being too much 
 like the old one. In this new design, which strikes us very favorably, the field is to be 
 rose-color, with a sun rising along a line of blue hills. The writer says: 
 
 “ Let the body of the sun have as many points as there are States in the Confed- 
 eracy. This will be peculiarly appropriate, because our States, like the sun, give 
 instead of receiving. If a motto be desired, let a white scroll stretch across between 
 the hills and the sun. In grateful acknowledgment of our bright skies and fair land, I 
 thought of Dens dat ( ‘ God giveth ’ ). Remembering how signally he had strengthened 
 us against our enemies, Deus vim dat ( ‘ God giveth strength : ) seemed better. I have 
 made the remainder of the Flag a bright green, with a scarlet band- encircling the field 
 and around the border. The bright sun, blue hills, and green fields which so strikingly 
 mark our Southern land would all be represented.’’ 
 
 The handsome design described above may be seen in the window of the Dispatch 
 counting-room. 
 
 [See Plate II.] 
 
 [From the Bichmond. (Va.) Dispatch, December 31, 1861.] 
 
 Singular State Flag. 
 
 The Flag of the Texas camp at Camp Wigfall, near Dumfries, Va., is made of 
 the bridal dress of Mrs. Wigfall. Says the correspondent of the Austin Gazette : 
 
 “It bears the emblem of the ‘Lone Star,’ and this is of pure white silk, set in 
 blue ground ; the fold is purple and white. The hearts of all are riveted to it. It 
 never will be given up. An old, war-worn warrior approached it, and, as his eyes 
 gazed steadily upon the Banner, he said : ‘ That star was made of the bridal dress of 
 the lady of our gallant Colonel ; she worked it with her fair hands and gave it to us to 
 carry through the battles of our country. How could we fail to protect it with our 
 lives? No, sir: I never failed to meet the enemy when that star was our watch-word, 
 and now, when our whole South is in danger, I feel that my poor life can be given up 
 easily upon that Flag as my shroud.’ The old fellow, with his gray hairs, still stands 
 before my memory. Such is the feeling of every Texan.” 
 
 [From the Charleston (S. C.) Mercury, December 31, 1861.] 
 
 The Battle Flag. 
 
 On the unfurling of the battle Flag in the ranks of the Second Corps, Army of 
 the Potomac, Major General G. W. Smith issued an order, in which he says : 
 
 “This Flag, already hallowed by the hands that made it, will, when victorious, 
 be made the Banner of your country; and a nation’s prayer will rise for your success 
 while fighting beneath its sacred folds. The enemy, whom you have so long desired 
 
16 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 to attack on the north bank of the Potomac, again advances with an invading army. 
 If they dare come here, they will he beaten ; if they attempt to avoid and pass you, 
 their fate is sealed. Be prepared to act in either emergency. Their leaders are 
 determined to destroy our Government and compel our people to submit to theirs. 
 Remember, that the only alternative for your country is victory or abject submission 
 to Northern despotism.” 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Dispatch, January 2, 18G2.] 
 The Confederate Flag. 
 
 Editors Dispatch : The following is proposed : 
 
 Description . — The Flag is divided into three parts, the first and third equal in size, 
 the middle one-third or one-fourth as wide as either of the others, forming a narrow 
 strip between them. The first part next the staff is blue, with a broad, curving belt 
 running diagonally from the lowest corner near the staff to the corresponding opposite 
 corner of the top. This belt is formed by lines or strips of white. It represents the 
 zodiac or path of the sun through the heavens. In the centre is placed a large figure 
 of the sun, formed of white. In the corner spaces, above and below the belt, are 
 white stars equal to the number of the Confederate States. The middle portion of the 
 Flag is a perpendicular belt of white. The part on the right is red. 
 
 Explanation . — -The blue is the color of the sky ; the stars represent the States, 
 while the sun is the symbol, not of any particular idea, but of beneficent influences in 
 general — light, heat, life, quickening energy, fertility, purity, love, joy, elevation, glory, 
 the fervid rays of the natural sun darting on our Southern land the favor of Deity, 
 Christianity, the National Constitutional Government dispensing its blessings to all 
 the States, and forming the centre and bond of unity between them, as the sun holds 
 together, illuminates, warms, and cheers the solar system. The other parts, white and 
 red, are designed simply to give variety of color, distinctness, aud effect to the Flag. 
 The whole, in the writer’s estimation, would constitute a beautiful and striking Banner, 
 eminently appropriate as the Ensign of our Southern Nation. Although the stars are 
 retained, yet, as the sun is the central and most conspicuous figure upon it, it may 
 properly be denominated ‘‘The Flag of the Sun.” It is true that when the sun shines 
 the stars are invisible, but still they are in the heavens, and the track of the sun is 
 among them. Hence, as emblems of the States, considered individually and numeri- 
 cally, they are placed upon the Flag. 
 
 [See Plate III.] 
 
 J. H. M. 
 
 [From the Charleston (S. C.) Mercury, January 4, 1862.] 
 
 Richmond News and fiossip. 
 
 Quite a number of new-fangled Flags are exhibited in the window of the Dispatch 
 office. The latest picture, which is gotten up with great care and neatness, represents 
 a tricolor — three bars of equal width, running horizontally, the lower black, the 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 17 
 
 middle purple, the upper white, with stars in it. The black bar is designed to notify 
 mankind that the Confederacy “ sprung from Black Republicanism.” [See Plate IV.] 
 Ha ! How would a buzzard sitting on a cotton-bale, with a chew of tobacco in his 
 mouth, a little nigger in one claw, and a palmetto tree in the other, answer? Nothing 
 could be more thoroughly and comprehensively Southern. 
 
 * * * -x- * 
 
 HERMES. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Enquirer, January 7, 1862.] 
 
 Propositions for a Confederate States Flag. 
 
 We were much interested in a conversation between three gentlemen, at a business 
 office in this city, on Sunday evening last. We sat a silent listener, noting in our 
 memory, as best we could, some of the principal points in the conversation, and, for 
 the benefit of the Confederate States authorities, we give it publicity. 
 
 To give the above-mentioned authorities the full benefit of any and every thing by 
 which the interests of the Confederacy may be enhanced, we give the stature, propor- 
 tions. and idiosyncrasies of these gentlemen as full as our knowledge of the phrenology, 
 physiognomy, and physique of man will admit. We mention first Mr. A., whom we 
 will represent as being a short, thickset, round, full-faced, rather jolly, good-natured 
 gentleman, with a very large, round head, high forehead, “well balanced” (as phre- 
 nologists have it) ; nose straight and thick, lips rather thin and close together, chin and 
 neck short, and eyes denoting mirth and cheerfulness. Mr. B. we will represent, 
 though born in Virginia, as a regular Yankee in appearance ; in height about five feet 
 eight inches, very spare made, shoulders a little drooped, small head, sharp forehead, 
 long Roman nose, thick lips, short, sharp chin, hazel eyes — and, withal, remarkably 
 gaseous. Mr. C. we will represent, in stature, six feet one and a quarter inches, some- 
 thing on the lath order ; head medium size, low, corrugated forehead ; eyes blue, of 
 good size ; nose very long and broad ; lips thin and tightly compressed ; chin sharp 
 and pointed, and very long, wiry neck. 
 
 Having thus described each of the gentlemen to the best of our ability, we proceed 
 to give the conversation. It appears that Mr. A. had, sometime in the forenoon, been 
 drawing the Flag of the British Government, which was left on a table in the office, 
 near the fire round which the party (we included) were seated. Mr. B. scrutinized 
 very closely the drawing, pronounced it “good,” and then presented a design for our 
 new National Flag, of three bars, black, red, and white, with stars running through the 
 white, similar to a design in the Dispatch office. Mr. A. didn’t like it. He thought 
 black should never constitute a portion of our Flag ; if it contained black, he preferred 
 all black, so the enemy might know what kind of people they were trying to subjugate. 
 He suggested a blue Flag with white union, or blue and orange with white union. Mr. 
 C. suggested blue, red, and white bars, with no stars. Mr. B. then suggested blue, 
 red, and white bars, with a “ nigger ” at each end of the white ; or a black Flag, with a 
 cotton-patch at each end. Mr. A. presented no serious objection to the “ nigger,” but 
 “ didn’t like to be tied to the cotton-patch.” He could stand the “nigger,” and thought 
 it rather good, but would prefer to either the colors blue, red, and white, with an oyster 
 
18 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 “rampant” in centre of white. Just at this moment, when we were thinking 
 some design would be determined upon, a fifth party came in and proposed an adjourn- 
 ment to supper, thus stopping the conversation for the time being. It may at some 
 future day, for aught we know, be resumed ; but if the ideas of the gentlemen given 
 above be of any use to any concerned, we shall congratulate ourselves at having been a 
 listener to the conversation. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Dispatch, January 7, 1862.] 
 
 A Flag. 
 
 A beautiful design for a Confederate Flag has been placed in the window of the 
 Dispatch counting-room by “A Citizen.” It consists of black, purple, and white or 
 silver bars, on the latt er of which (which is the upper bar) are stars of gold. It strikes 
 us as being very rich and gorgeous, as well as simple and durable. The author describes 
 its symbolical character in this manner : The lowest bar represents Black Republican 
 rule, from which we rise through blood (the middle bar of purple) to light and freedom ; 
 the upper, white or silver, in which our States, the golden stars, reign co-equal in light. 
 With the exception of symbolizing Black Republicanism, the propriety of recognizing 
 the existence of which on our Flag in any shape or form we do not perceive, we think 
 the Flag in its attractiveness and purposes highly beautiful. 
 
 [See Plate IV.] 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Dispatch, January 11, 1862.] 
 
 The Confederate Flag. 
 
 BY CORA LIVINGSTON (BUCKLAND, YA.). 
 
 Great Standard of Liberty ! 
 
 Long, long may it wave 
 
 O’er the twelve States of freedom 
 We are fighting to save. 
 
 Let it float on in splendor, 
 
 Our conquest is near; 
 
 While God watches o’er us, 
 
 We have nothing to fear. 
 
 Our sister State, Maryland, 
 
 Stands waiting our call ; 
 
 From oppression and wrath 
 We’ll free her or fall. 
 
 The Union is severed, 
 
 The contest is pending ; 
 
 The homes of the sunny South 
 We’ll die in defending. 
 
 With our three bars of glorj r 
 And blue field of stars 
 
 We will humble the traitors, 
 
 Or die in our cause. 
 
 This great Flag of victory 
 Shall float far and wide, 
 
 With Johnston and Beauregard 
 Standing by its side. 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 19 
 
 [From the Charleston (S. C.) Mercury, January 11, 1862.] 
 
 The Stars and Bars. 
 
 Fling wide the dauntless Banner 
 To every Southern breeze, 
 
 Baptized in flame, with Sumter’s name — 
 
 A patriot and a hero’s fame — 
 
 From Moultrie to the seas ! 
 
 That it may cleave the morning sun, 
 
 And, streaming, sweep the night, 
 
 The emblem of a battle won 
 With Yankee ships in sight. 
 
 Come, huckster's, from your markets, 
 
 Come, bigots, from your caves, 
 
 Come, venal spies, with brazen lies 
 Bewildering your deluded eyes, 
 
 That we may dig your graves ; 
 
 Come, creatures of a sordid clown 
 And driveling traitor’s breath, 
 
 A single blast shall blow you down 
 Upon the fields of Death. 
 
 The very Flag you carry 
 Caught its reflected grace 
 In fierce alarms, from Southern arms, 
 
 When foemen threatened all your farms 
 And never saw your face. 
 
 IIo ! braggarts of New England’s shore, 
 
 Back to your hills, and delve 
 The soil whose craven sons forswore 
 The Flag in eighteen twelve! 
 
 We wreathed around the roses 
 It wears before the world, 
 
 And made it bright with storied light 
 In every scene of bloody fight 
 Where it has been unfurled ; 
 
 And think ye now the dastard hands 
 That never yet could hold 
 Its staff shall wave it o’er our lands, 
 
 To glut the greed of gold? 
 
 No ! by the truth of heaven, 
 
 And its eternal sun, 
 
 By every sire whose altar-fire 
 Burns on to beckon and inspire, 
 
 It never shall be done ; 
 
 Before that day the kites shall wheel 
 Hail-thick on Northern heights, 
 
 And there our bared, aggressive steel 
 Shall countersign our rights ! 
 
 Then spread the flaming Banner 
 O’er mountain, lake, and plain ; 
 
 Before its bars degraded Mars 
 Has kissed the dust with all his stars, 
 
 And will be struck again ; 
 
 For could its triumph now be staid 
 By hell’s prevailing gates, 
 
 A sceptered Union would be made 
 The grave of sovereign States. 
 
20 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 [From the Charleston (S. C.) Mercury, January 17, 1862.] 
 
 Richmond News and Gossip. 
 
 The Dispatch window’ is filled with all manner of attempted improvements on the 
 Confederate Flag, most of them exceedingly ugly. The best yet proposed is a cross, 
 surrounded by stars, on a pure white field, the upright red, the cross-piece blue, and 
 
 the space where the two pieces cross each other white. 
 
 * * * 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 [See Plate V.] 
 
 
 HERMES. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Dispatch, January 23, 1SG2.] 
 
 Tiie Confederate Flair and the Southern Cross. 
 
 Richmond, Ya., January 20, 1862. 
 
 Much has been said, and not a little written, upon the subject of the new Confed- 
 erate Flag. Many designs have been proposed, some of which have, at least, the merit 
 of originality. That the present Flag should be abandoned, we think nearly every one 
 will admit. We propose as a substitute for it the one which we will now describe : 
 
 Dimensions . — The length to be double the width. 
 
 Colors . — Divide the length into twenty-four parts; the first seven parts to be 
 scarlet; the next five parts to be bright grass-green ; the next four parts to be white ; 
 and the remaining eight parts to be a deep sky-blue, which shall be the field. 
 
 The Emblem . — A cross, composed of clustering stars of gold, to be set in the blue 
 field. It may be constructed as follows : Place five stars, one above the other and 
 equidistant, in the middle of the field and parallel with the staff ; divide the width of 
 the field into thirty-two parts, and arrange the stars so that the first one will be nine 
 and one-half parts from its centre to the top of the field, and the fifth one the same 
 number o’f parts from its centre to the bottom of the field. Between the second and 
 third star from the top, place a star each side of a point midway between them, so that 
 the four stars will form equilateral triangles ; then add two stars at the top, two at the 
 bottom, and two at each side, placing them so as to form equilateral triangles, the sides 
 of the angles being the same length as the distance (measured from centre to centre) 
 which separates one from another the stars first arranged, and you will have completed 
 the cross. 
 
 It will be observed there are fifteen stars altogether, which represent the fifteen 
 Southern States. The two stars between the triangles at the sides to be in eclipse, as 
 they are intended to represent the Southern States yet remaining in the old Union. 
 
 The cross has, for more than fifteen centuries, been a military emblem. It is as 
 beautiful as it is significant. Up to the time of Constantine, it was used by the Romans 
 as an instrument of torture, and malefactors suffered death upon it ; but this terrible 
 mode of punishment was abolished by him, and the cross was elevated to a dignity it 
 had never known before. The story of his conversion to Christianity is well known. 
 Eusebius gives it in impressive language. It was during his war with Maxentius, the 
 Roman emperor, that he daily supplicated heaven to aid him in overthrowing his 
 enemies. A beneficent Creator heard his prayers. The sign of the cross appeared in 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 21 
 
 the sky above the declining sun, luminious and beautiful, having over it the words : 
 “ By this conquer.” He and his whole artny were struck with wonder and amazement. 
 Being unable to interpret its significance, Christ, it appears from the historian, came to 
 his relief; for when night came on. and he had retired to rest, the Saviour appeared to 
 him in a vision, holding in His hand the cross he had seen, and told him “ to make a 
 standard resembling the sign which he had seen in the heavens, and to use it as a 
 defense in the battle with his enemies.” The legions of Maxentius were overthrown 
 by the Christian warrior on the plains of Etruria, and the cross floated in triumph 
 beneath the bright Italian skies. 
 
 The cross of Saint Louis, a military order instituted by Louis XIV, is well known. 
 The cross of Saint Andrew, the cross of Saint George, the various crosses used by the 
 different orders of knights, such as Knights of the Red Cross, Knights of Malta (who 
 wore a white cross on their breast, suspended by a black ribbon), and many others we 
 could name, all having some military signification. 
 
 Within the cross we have described there is almost a perfect representation of 
 “ The Cross of the South.” This constellation has some eighteen or twenty stars, but 
 only four principal ones. Around some of these are clusters of minute stars just 
 visible. It is by far the most splendid object in the southern heavens. A traveler in 
 Brazil writes: “We beheld this glorious constellation for the first time in latitude 
 14 deg. 7 min. We all contemplated it with feelings of profound devotion. To the navi- 
 gator it is a token of peace. According to its position, it indicates the hours of the 
 night. We had long wished for this constellation as a guide to the other hemisphere. 
 We therefore felt inexpressible pleasure when we perceived it in the resplendent firma- 
 ment.” 
 
 Humboldt also refers to his first view of this constellation with peculiar feeling. 
 “We saw distinctly,” says the great traveler, “for the first time, the ‘ Cross of the 
 South’ on the nights of the 4th and 5th of July, in the sixteenth degree. of latitude. 
 It was strongly inclined, and appeared from time to time between the clouds, the centre 
 of which, furrowed by uncondensed lightning, reflected a silver light. The pleasure 
 felt in discovering the Southern Cross was warmly shared by such of the crew as had 
 lived in the colonies. In the solitude of the seas, we hail a star as a friend from whom 
 we have been long separated. * * * The two great stars which mark the summit 
 
 and foot of the cross have nearly the same right ascension ; it follows that the constel- 
 lation is almost perpendicular at the moment when it passes the meridian. * * * 
 
 It is known at what hour of the night, in different seasons, the Southern Cross is erect 
 or inclined. It is a time-piece that advances very regularly, nearly four minutes a day. 
 How often have we heard our guide exclaim in the savannas of Venezuela: ‘ Midnight 
 is past ; the Cross begins to bend.’ ” 
 
 We think the cross would be particularly appropriate as an emblem for the Flag of 
 our great republic. We know that its bright stars are ever twinkling in the deep blue 
 vault of the southern sky ; and, as the course of empire with us is toward the south, it 
 would seem to invite us there, and act as a beacon-light to guide us over its mighty 
 mountains and its broad and sunny plains. 
 
 J. B. T. 
 
 [See Plate VI.] 
 
22 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC.— FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 [From the Charleston (S. C.) Mercury, January 27, 1862.] 
 
 The Battle Flag. 
 
 The papers are all discussing what kind of Flag the South ought to adopt as the 
 permanent Ensign of the Confederacy. It seems to be generally agreed that the “ Stars 
 and Bars” will never do for us. They resemble too closely the dishonored Flag of 
 Yankee Doodle. Should the question remain undecided until General Beauregard 
 redeems the pledge which he has given— to plant upon the stately column which towers 
 aloft from Mount Vernon Place, in Baltimore, the Battle Flag given him by a lovely 
 and exiled rebel of Maryland — we imagine that the Battle Flag will become the Southern 
 Flag by popular acclaim. We are indebted to the cunning fingers of a lady friend for a 
 small but very accurate and beautiful model of the Battle Flag under which our brave 
 soldiers on the Potomac will yet march to victory. It may be seen at the Mercury office. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Dispatch, January 3J, 1862.] 
 
 The Flag. 
 
 Near Leesburg, January 20, 1862. 
 
 Editor Dispatch — Dear Sir: In addition to the numerous designs for a Confed- 
 erate Flag already on your table, permit me to offer one embracing both stars and sun, 
 which afford so exact a type of the relations of our State and General Government 
 toward each other that the seeming incongruity in their presence on the same field may 
 be pardoned, especially when we reflect that they are really always present together, the 
 one overshadowing only, not blotting out the others. 
 
 The stars in this design, then, are. intended to represent the individuality of the 
 States, shining, each in its own sphere, with a radiance steady and serene, though pale 
 in comparison with the effulgence of the rising sun, the emblem of their united sover- 
 eignty. The number of stars and (if seen fit) of sun-rays correspond to the number of 
 the States. The red field and dark band of clouds denote the period of blood, dark- 
 ness, and trial through which we are now struggling ; the white, the region of peace 
 and prosperity into which we expect, with the blessing of Heaven, soon to emerge. 
 
 This design is so unlike that of any other Flag that floats, especially the Yankee, 
 as to be unmistakable ; while it enables us still to assert our claim to the “ Star 
 Spangled Banner.” 
 
 For a National Coat of Arms I would suggest a shield ’“argent,” charged with 
 stars, in number as above, upon a blue belt: the crest, arising sun emerging from 
 clouds; and for a motto, the words “In Deo," as expressive, in the fewest possible 
 words, of a sentiment inappropriate to no people or time, but peculiarly appropriate to 
 a people undergoing the baptism of fire that marks the birth of the Southern Con- 
 federacy. [See Plates VII, VIII.] 
 
 Our coins (for we must abolish as speedily as possible the Yankee currency) might 
 show upon the obverse side the crest as above, rimmed with stars equal in number to 
 the number of States, with the motto beneath. On the reverse, the date and value, 
 enclosed in a wreath of foliage and fruits of some of the most important productions 
 of our country — such as wheat, cotton, corn, rice, cane, and tobacco. 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 23 
 
 These hasty suggestions are thrown out for what they are worth, in the hope they 
 may at least lead to something better, and that speedily ; for these outward signs and 
 symbols of nationality, small matter as they seem, are really of vast importance, and 
 a Flag to fight under, and to learn to love, is now almost our greatest need. 
 
 Before closing, let me add a hearty endorsement of the proposition, emanating from 
 a writer in De Bow's Review , that in adopting a new coinage, not only its devices, but 
 its names and values, and indeed our whole system of weights and measures constituting 
 our trade language, should be radically altered, for the sake of the wider and surer 
 separation from the accursed Yankee to which such a change would materially conduce. 
 As we cannot change our mother tongue, nor the color of our skin, let us at least 
 change everything else that we can. 
 
 In haste, yours, &c., 
 
 “ TUERI.” 
 
 [The design alluded to in the above lias been placed in our counting-room window, 
 along with other designs received here. — Editors.] 
 
 [From the Kichmond (Va.) Dispatch, February 6, 1862.] 
 
 Another Flag. 
 
 The large collection of Flags in the Dispatch counting-room has been increased by 
 the addition of a handsome device, which is thus explained by the author : 
 
 “The Southern Cross, on a field of red, is expressive of the present condition of 
 our infant nation, menaced on every side by a barbarous war ; the cause of the South 
 is still pure, spotless, and unharmed. The cross is intended to be purely symbolical of 
 the South, and has no reference to religious sects, and to avoid giving offense to any a 
 ‘ Saint Andrew’s’ cross is adopted. 
 
 “ The sun, on the blue ground, is emblematical of the South itself ; of its climate, 
 its productions, and its oneness of interests. 
 
 “The blue ground, on which the sun is placed, signifies the common cause of all 
 the Southern States centered in the South itself ; it signifies fraternity and fidelity of 
 the States to each other in this their hour of trial. 
 
 “ This Flag is simple in its construction ; it is totally unlike any other in existence, 
 and owing to its conspicuousness, it can be seen and distinguished from all others at a 
 great distance. 
 
 W. L. B.” 
 
 [See Plate III, Part I.] 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Examiner, February 11, 1862.] 
 
 Our National Emblem. 
 
 Editor Examiner : A National Emblem should symbolize the National Govern- 
 ment in its history, nature, office, and fundamental principles. 
 
 The lion of England ascribes the royal character and undisputed supremacy of the 
 king of beasts to that noble government. 
 
24 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Various nations, as Austria, Russia, &c., have assumed the free eagle as typical of 
 the characteristics of their governments. 
 
 It is believed to be susceptible of proof that the single star is our proper National 
 Emblem. 
 
 Inasmuch as there are various orders and classes of stars, it is proper that a ques- 
 tion be first raised in that connection. In this view, we should not think of our star as 
 one of the so-called fixed stars, which are, to human sight, in their order, almost too 
 small to be assigned mere twinkling points, without apparent career, having, as far as 
 men have yet discovered, no influence in creation, unless we accept the conjecture of 
 astronomers, that they are suns, the centres of other systems than our own ; in which 
 case, though these reasons disappear, a yet stronger one arises in the fact that as suns 
 they would shine by inherent rather than borrowed light — which idea will be found 
 inapplicable. But rather should we think of it as a planet, a world in itself, shining 
 steadily, having an evident career, bright and marked, unchangeable, complete, of 
 Almighty design, an essential chord in the universal harmony, of which a single false 
 note, the slightest irregularity, would destroy that harmony and upturn the universe. 
 
 Now for the points of the analogy — 
 
 1. Our Government hath foundations, well laid and sure. The star is created, 
 placed in its relative position, and held there, coursing on through space by an Almighty 
 hand ; we ask no more. Though all the firmament were studded thick as the silver 
 dust that sprinkled the gorgeous milky way, and every star were as thickly inhabited, 
 the universe combined could not affect one tittle in its integrity, nor move one jot from 
 its course, the single star so created, so placed, and so held. The Almighty hand we 
 do not defy ; human hands we do. The star, then, well symbolizes the fact that our 
 Government is durably founded. 
 
 2. The Confederate Government, as the prominent idea of its Constitution, pos- 
 sesses no power of its own, but only exerts such as may have been conferred upon it 
 by the States ; the star has no light of its own, but simply reflects such as it receives, 
 and so symbolizes the nature of our Government. 
 
 3. Inasmuch as the star borrows its light from a source possessing inherent light — 
 the sun — as the emblem of the Confederate Government, it would indicate that the 
 source from which that Government derives its powers possesses itself inherent powers — 
 in other words, that the States are independent sovereigns ; and as this fact is a funda- 
 mental principle of our Government, the star is eminently appropriate as indicative 
 thereof. 
 
 4. This State sovereignty is no new principle, but equally original and eternal ; 
 and as the very right of secession was based upon the fact that this principle was 
 original to the old contract, this fact should be indicated by retaining as our emblem 
 that which originally symbolized this relation, to wit, the single star. 
 
 5. As we are not an unrecorded people, new-sprung from the womb of time, but 
 have a history peculiarly our own, gloriously illustrated by the noble deeds which our 
 great Southern sires have done, it is fit that, as Southerners, we retain some suitable 
 connection with the past ; and the single star, as the symbol of that grand principle 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 25 
 
 (lost by the abomination of despotism, and our peculiar property), which was the source 
 of all that is to be remembered in the system of that past, furnishes that suitable con- 
 nection. 
 
 6. We stand pre-eminent, bordered on either side by nations steeped in political 
 darkness. The stars in their courses, lifted on high, shine amid surrounding darkness, 
 and so illustrate our position and functions. Accordingly, as the star was selected to 
 guide the wise men to the source of human blessedness, so the star of our Confederacy 
 shall be a beacon to the nations to guide them to that utmost of political blessings, 
 pure republican liberty. 
 
 So much for the single star, of itself. Now to view it comparatively. 
 
 The sun and moon are both set by the Almighty ; but — - 
 
 1. The star is a better emblem than the sun, because the sun shines by a light 
 inherent in itself, not borrowed and reflected, like the light of the star, or the powers 
 of our Government. Moreover, the sun puts out of view all other lights within the 
 compass of its power. No State-rights man will agree that such an idea shall be 
 expressed even remotely by the emblem of the Confederate Government. 
 
 2. The star is better than the queen of night, because she, to human sight, is ever 
 changing, waxing or waning, and one no less than the other. The only course of 
 change for us must be onward. 
 
 3. The single star is better than a number of stars, proportioned to the number of 
 States, for if such a number of stars be the emblem of the nation, any change in the 
 number of the States would necessitate a change in the emblem, and this involves the 
 idea that the character, or rather the completeness of the nationality, depends upon the 
 number of States composing it — the very idea which pi-oved so pernicious under the 
 late Union, and which, entirely opposed as it is to our whole system, we should most 
 carefully avoid. This number of stars, each for a State, is further objectionable 
 because the States possess inherent powers, are suns, while a star simply reflects. 
 
 To the “Southern Cross ,’ ' besides what has just been said, an objection is found 
 in the fact that, however “far-sighted ” our statesmen, none of them can make that 
 constellation from even the southernmost point of the Confederacy. It is not ours ; 
 we are not quite far enough from the North, however painful the fact: and for us, a 
 people fighting for our own rights, to assume it, would be exceedingly unbecoming, as a 
 clear violation of the rights of the dwellers in Terra del Fuego, a people weaker than 
 o'urselves. 
 
 The objection to the cross itself, as the prominent feature of our Flag, may be 
 found on inspecting a chart of the Flags of other nations, where it will be found, in 
 every variety of shape and color, endlessly repeated. 
 
 It is right, and certainly desired by every thoughtful man in the nation, that some 
 thankful acknowledgment of the Deity be a feature of our Banner, but the prominent 
 feature of the National Banner should be the National Emblem, and that emblem, for 
 ns, a single star. 
 
 I am, sir, &c. , 
 
 HEREMON. 
 
 [We have printed the foregoing communication, not because we approve the idea, 
 but because the subject is one on which it is well to hear all rational suggestions. 
 
26 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Before we get our National Emblem, we must get rid of stars and stripes in all their 
 variations. So, too, of all arrangements of red, white, and blue. Nothing can be 
 gotton from either but plagiarisms, poor imitations, feeble fancies. Our Coat of Arms 
 must be not only in accord with the higher law of heraldry, but, above all, original — 
 our own, and not another’s. Not one of the thousand writers on this topic has yet 
 presented an original or appropriate idea. Yet there is a thought which starts to the 
 mind’s eye: The National Emblem of the equestrian South is the horse. Its colors 
 are black and white. Its shield is the sable horse of Manassas on a silver field. Its 
 Flag is the white Flag with the black horse. Both colors are already united to make 
 the gray of the Confederate uniform ; and emblem and colors are alike suggestive of 
 the country and its history, and neither belong to any other nation of Christians. — 
 Editor Examiner.] 
 
 [See Plates IX, X.] 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Examiner, February 13, 1862.] 
 
 The New Flag of the Confederacy. 
 
 We learn that the committee of Congress charged with determining and reporting a 
 design for the Flag of the Southern Confederacy have adopted one, which we reproduce 
 in the sketch below : 
 
 It will be seen from this sketch that the Flag is to be a blue “ union ” on a red 
 field, the stars being white ; the national colors of red, white, and blue being thus 
 reproduced. There are four stars, disposed in the form of a square within the union. 
 
 The committee have chosen the design from a great number and variety submitted 
 to them. The collection of the designs offered to the committee is quite curious — bee- 
 hives, snakes, temples of liberty, and all sorts of devices figuring among them. 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 27 
 
 The design adopted, it is understood, is almost unanimously approved by Congress, 
 with the exception of the stars and their arrangement, for which some of the members 
 propose to substitute the constellation of the Southern Cross. It is understood that 
 the other parts of the design will certainly be adopted by Congress. 
 
 [See Pi.ate II, Part I.] 
 
 [From the Charleston (S. C.) Mercury, February 21, 1SG2.] 
 
 The design of the new Confederate Flag may be seen at the recruiting office of the 
 Charleston Light Artillery Company, No. 29 Broad street. The Flag presents two 
 designs : One of a crescent, with the thirteen stars within it ; the other, of the Southern 
 Cross, arranged in the shape of a diamond. This beautiful design was gotten up by 
 several young ladies of this city. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Examiner, February 22, 1862.] 
 
 Our Coat of Arms — The Live Oak. 
 
 Editor Examiner : So much has been said and written about the various quilts 
 and counterpanes and fringed hearth-rugs which have been offered as Flags for our Con- 
 federacy — some of them as motley in their coloring as Joseph’s coat — that very little 
 attention appears to have been paid to our heraldic designation, our Coat of Arms. Per- 
 mit me, then, to propose something in that line. 
 
 Two features strike me as most important in a design in which it was intended to 
 symbolize our chief characteristics or our leading aspirations, and these are, great 
 simplicity and a sufficiency of that historic regard for the period when heraldic emblems 
 had their origin, which would prevent the introduction either of medieval misconcep- 
 tions, or of things and thoughts so recent in their origin as to become highly ridiculous 
 when emblazoned upon a knightly shield. We should neither have unicorns and dragons, 
 nor steam-engines and cotton-bales. 
 
 What I would venture to propose, then, is a live oak, plain and simple. The live 
 oak is peculiarly a Southern tree, and one of the handsomest ; and its perennial verdure 
 is a fit representation of immutability and strict adherence to the principles of our 
 youth. The hardness and durability of its wood is still further illustrative of sturdy 
 manliness, while commerce owes to it her finest ships. There is no reason why we 
 should confine ourselves to animals. The graceful lily, the humble broom-plant, the 
 thistle, the trefoil, the rose — white and red — have all in turn served to designate nations 
 or families of national importance. 
 
 To carryout the suggestion, it is proposed to place the tree upon a Norman shield, 
 as it is termed in heraldry, the tapering grace of which would relieve the robust round- 
 ness of the oak. As a crest, the sun would answer well. The sun in gold, the tree in 
 silver, the shield blue, or, according to heraldic terminology : Shield — a live oak, argent, 
 on a field, azure. Crest — a sun, or a suitable motto to enunciate strength and durability, 
 it would be easy to select. 
 
 
28 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC.— FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 If such an emblem were adopted, it would, at all events, do away with the rapacious 
 eagle, noble only in fiction — the representative of centralized power, from imperial 
 Rome to modern France. It would cast aside the fatal Phrygian cap of Liberty, fit only 
 for a Yankee rabble, and abandon the Chaldean stars, which, were we to resume them 
 on Shield or Flag, we would be forced to share with countries as honorable and deserving 
 of imitation as the United States, Liberia, and the Sandwich Islands. 
 
 I am, sir, &c., 
 
 0. M. L. 
 
 [See Plate XI.] 
 
 The Confederate Flag. 
 
 Camp Wigfai.i,, February 17, 1862. 
 
 Editor Examiner : In an issue of your paper, a few days since, the design of the 
 future Confederate Flag was represented, with some comments thereon. To those you 
 may add the following, if you should so wish : 
 
 The stars are only borrowed lights from the old Federal Flag, and are in nowise 
 suitable to represent our nationality of States, although they may be, to the inhabitants 
 of the Sandwich Islands and Liberia, fitting emblems to adorn their colors. The South- 
 ern Cross, which seems to have been suggested, is not applicable as a design in any 
 part of the Flag, as it is a constellation not visible in any portion of our territory. 
 Another objection would be the fact, that in many other National Flags the cross, in 
 its various forms, is an emblem, and is also symbolical of religious sectarianism. The 
 white in the Flag will not be sufficient to present a contrast to the two colors, red and 
 blue, if represented by the proposed constellation ; but the sun substituted in the place 
 of stars would obviate the objection raised. Our Government, as one whose aim is to 
 approach the highest form of political liberty, and to thus establish the firmest basis of 
 our civil and social systems ; our climate, with our agricultural interests in all its con- 
 nections, in the particular means adapted for giving to the whole civilized world our 
 great staples, and the power, influence, and good exerted by these productions, are well 
 illustrated by this great planet. 
 
 I am. sir, &c. , 
 
 TRIO. 
 
 [From the Charleston (S. C.) Mercury, March 0, 1862.] 
 
 The Flag of the Confederacy. 
 
 There is no mistaking the very general dissatisfaction existing with the “ Stars and 
 Bars,” adopted, in the early stage of this revolution, by the Provisional Congress, as 
 the Confederate Ensign. A cognate variation of the United States Flag, similar in 
 idea, pattern, and color,, squinting strongly at “ reorganization,” and undistinguishable 
 at a distance by sea or land, it is suited neither to the taste for national independence, 
 the sectional feelings, nor the practical uses of the Southern Standard. Congress 
 itself, stimulated, we presume, by the action of the Army of the Potomac, at its last 
 session took the matter again in hand. The committee sat and reported a Flag, which 
 has been erroneously published as adopted by Congress — red field and blue union, 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 29 
 
 flecked with four white stars, intended to indicate the four corners of a St. Andrew's 
 cross. We Are informed that this Flag was not adopted, or any other; but that the 
 body having shown a preference for another Ensign, transferred the whole subject over 
 to the new Congress, now in session. Our readers may have noticed, among the com- 
 mittees of the new House of Representatives, one on the “Flag and Seal.” The 
 matter is, therefore, open for determination. Below we give cuts of four designs : 
 
 The first is that for which the Provisional Congress indicated a preference, without 
 adopting it. Although handsomer than the “Stars and Bars,” and unlike any other 
 Standard, it has a look of singularity of design which we do not fancy. 
 
 The second is the Battle Flag of the Army of the Potomac, adopted by Generals 
 Beauregard and Johnston, to avoid mistakes of troops in future. Though rich and 
 handsome, it is objectionable to some religious denominations — the Israelites, if not the 
 
80 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Roman Catholics — in a country in which Church and State are separate. It therefore 
 is not likely to be chosen. * 
 
 The third is unique and handsome. The division is similar to that of the old 
 Knights Templar Flag, but the colors and centre are different. The sun [gold or yel- 
 low on a blue shield], with a ray for each State, dispenses with the borrowed stars, 
 while emblematic of latitude of our country, source of our agricultural wealth, and 
 also of the warmth and geniality of Southern character. 
 
 The fourth and last is a Flag of peculiar dignity and simplicity. It is altogether 
 unlike the Ensign of any other nation, and especially unlike that of the Yankee nation. 
 Those who imagine that a Flag should be symbolical will find in the colors of this one — 
 white and black — an obvious significance. Such a Standard would typify our faith in 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 31 
 
 the “ peculiar institution,” and be an enduring mark of our resolve to retain that 
 institution while we exist as an independent people. For maritime ,uses, this proposed 
 Flag, although it discards the everlasting Yankee stars and the worn-out combinations 
 of “fed, white, and blue,” would be distinguishable at as great distance as any other 
 that can be devised. 
 
 The Union-jack of all these Flags is similar to the Ensign itself, as in the French, 
 Spanish, and other naval service. The Pennant, streaming to the wind, could readily 
 be made. 
 
 [See Plates XII, XIU, XIV.] 
 
 [From the Charleston (S. C.) Mercury, March 7, 1802.] 
 
 The Flag Question. . 
 
 A new and rich design for our National Flag can be seen at our office : Scarlet 
 field ; Maltese cross, blue ; stars, white. 
 
 [See P late XV.] 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Dispatch, March 8, 1862.] 
 
 The Flag. 
 
 It is rumored that a committee of Congress has agreed upon a National Flag, to take 
 the place of the present abominable parody on the Stars and Stripes. We very much 
 apprehend that upon the mere question of taste the Congress will not devise a proper 
 Flag ; but we trust that, whatever the device chosen, it may have the merit of being 
 wholly unlike either the Federal Flag or that we now have. With respect to Flags and 
 pictures, we put little faith in the decisions of a legislative body, or any large number 
 of men. It would be better to trust the whole matter to two or three gentlemen who 
 are competent in the premises. But, nevertheless, we would be willing to compromise 
 on anything that is novel, and entirely unlike the Federal and present Confederate Flag. 
 We would like to add that it shall have no “ stars ” in it. We sympathize somewhat 
 with a distinguished Southern Senator, who declared that no man who talked about 
 “ stars” had the faintest conception of the present revolution. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Enquirer, March 10, 1862.J 
 
 The Flag of Secession. 
 
 At the “ Old Church ” in Hanover 
 A noble deed was done 
 Upon the sixth of April, 
 
 In eighteen sixty-one. 
 
 By the hand of graceful woman, 
 
 Good angels thus to please, 
 
 A signal of Secession 
 
 Was given to the breeze. 
 
32 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Amid the cheers of honest men 
 And smiling faces fair, 
 
 Who, from their love of liberty, 
 In numbers large were there, 
 The Flag of Freedom gently rose 
 Some sixty feet or more, 
 Awaking in each heart around 
 Emotions still before. 
 
 Connections of our Washington, 
 
 That true man, great and good. 
 
 In the blush of youth and beauty 
 Beneath that Banner stood, 
 
 Whilst peal on peal of musketry, 
 liesounding in the air, 
 
 Bespoke the “ Gray’s ” allegiance 
 To the Flag that floated there. 
 
 Newton, Jones, and Tucker, too, 
 
 Were there to tell how oft 
 Their anxious hearts had yearned to see 
 That Ensign raised aloft ; 
 
 How gladly then they greeted it — 
 
 How willingly they would, 
 
 If called upon the deed to do, 
 
 Baptize it with their blood. 
 
 O’er thirteen States that Flag now floats, 
 In bold and brave defiance 
 Of Northern will the South to bind 
 In union or alliance ; 
 
 And ’neath its folds in conflict fierce 
 Our hero bands have fought, 
 
 And won, by valor, honor bright 
 As Fame’s fair hand e’er wrought. 
 
 Oh, still in triumph may it wave 
 Above the brave and true, 
 
 Till to the breeze the “ sun ” is thrown 
 Upon a “ field of blue,” 
 
 Which Heaven grant ! may never set 
 In dismal clouds of black, 
 
 But burst therefrom more brilliant still. 
 Like sun on night’s dark track. 
 
 Let its disc be never dimmed 
 By deeds of darkness done 
 Among a people who with prayer 
 Our glorious work begun, 
 
 But let us, for our country’s cause, 
 
 A Nation’s sin eschew, 
 
 That we may have approving smiles 
 Of God and angels too. 
 
 Artillery Camp near Centreville, Va., March 1, 18G2. 
 
 WINFRED. 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 33 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Examiner, March 28, 1862.] 
 
 The Flag, Seal, and Coins of the Confederacy. 
 
 The committee of Congress charged with the subject is yet considering the model 
 of a Flag and devices for a Seal and the coins of the Confederate States. Mr. Boteler, 
 of Virginia, is chairman of the standing Committee on the Flag and Seal. From what 
 we can learn, there are no special ideas favored by Congress with reference to these 
 insignia of our nationality, and the subject is immaterial beyond a general preference 
 among members of Congress that the Flag should be as unlike as possible the Stars 
 and Stripes of the United States. 
 
 The present Confederate Flag was balloted for in the Provisional Congress, and 
 was selected by a majority of votes out of four different models. At the time of the 
 early session of Congress at Montgomery, the popular sentiment was almost unanimous, 
 and very urgent, that the main features of the old Federal Constitution should be copied 
 into our new Government, and that to follow out and give expression to this idea our 
 Flag should be as close a copy as possible of the Federal Ensign. A resolution, we 
 believe, was introduced in the Provisional Congress to the effect that our Flag should 
 be as little different as possible from that of the Federal Government ; which resolution 
 was vigorously opposed by Mr. Miles, of South Carolina, who was then chairman of 
 the Flag Committee. The design recommended by Mr. Miles, but voted down, has 
 since been adopted as the Battle Flag of Generals Johnston and Beauregard. It is a 
 blue saltier (or Maltese cross), with inner rows of stars, on a red field — the emblem of 
 the saltier ( saltere , to leap) being appropriately that of progress and power. The two 
 other competing designs, from which our present Flag was selected, were one and 
 almost exact reproductions of the Federal Stars and Stripes, the only variation being 
 that of a blue stripe, and the other a simple blue circle or rim on a red field. The 
 consideration that determined the selection of the present Flag was its similarity to 
 that of the old Government. 
 
 We are glad to learn that there is a decided improvement of ideas in the present 
 Congress with respect to our National Flag and Coat of Arms. The ideas conceded 
 on this subject seem to be that the considerations to be consulted in the remodeling of 
 our Flag are that it should contain a proper element of beauty ; that it should be simple 
 in design, and also striking to the eye; that “the union’’ is no essential part of the 
 design, the only argument for it, which is the convenience of signaling distress by 
 reversing it, not applying in our improved methods and codes of signals, and that the 
 representations of natural objects on the Flag are subject to the serious objection that, 
 unless they have the advantage of the skill of an artist, they are likely, in nine cases 
 out of ten, to be caricatures. 
 
 [N. B. — Few Americans are capable of comprehending that the birds and beasts 
 of heraldry are not intended to be representations of natural objects, but arbitrary and 
 fixed signs, having a beauty of their own.] 
 
 The design of the Flag offered by Mr. Miles was accompanied by that of a Coat of 
 Arms, which is said to be most popular. A sketch has been made of it, which we may 
 rudely describe. The design is a shield divided by the saltier, the four quarters being 
 ornamented by representations of our four great staples — cotton, tobacco, sugar, and 
 
34 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Indian corn — the figures of agriculture and commerce on the sides uniting their hands, 
 with the Latin motto beneath: 11 Addenda juvant .” The reverse is a scroll, inscribed 
 with the words “ Constitutional Liberty,” and beneath it the motto from Cicero : “Nulla 
 potestas super leges." [This design may seem to many a very pretty fancy; and it 
 would look well on a country bank-note. But, when we attempt the construction of a 
 Coat of Arms, we enter the province of heraldry, and it would be easy to show that 
 Mr. Miles’ design is a sin against every canon of taste and faith* established by that 
 science.] 
 
 Our Coat of Arms, and the device for our coins, should bear, in signification at 
 least, a certain relation to our Flag, the design of which will readily suggest those of 
 our other insignia of nationality. Our country must be sadly lacking in invention and 
 genius if it cannot produce some design for our Flag in which there shall be in no form 
 whatever either stars or stripes, which the Government that oppresses us has forever 
 polluted. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Examiner, March 29, 1862.] 
 
 A National Coat of Arms, like a National Flag, is not, as some suppose, a super- 
 fluous ornament. One is a necessity of war, the other of civil relations, both with 
 foreign governments and our own people. Every nation now in the world, or recorded 
 in history, has been known by an emblem or significant device. The armorial insignia 
 of the tribes of Israel are clearly given in the oldest of books ; the asp of Egypt, the 
 royal archer of Persia, the horse of Carthage, the owl of Athens, the eagle of Rome, 
 the dragon of China, served their purpose two thousand years before the earliest inven- 
 tions of modern heraldry ; and the universal fact abundantly proves the actual utility 
 and imperative need of a fixed national type or signal for many of the most ordinary 
 acts of every organized government. 
 
 The Southern Confederacy will find itself compelled to choose an emblem, and 
 arrange it in the heraldic form now common to other nations. It is important that an 
 object which must appear on many solemn occasions, and around which will cluster the 
 dearest associations of patriotism, should be creditable to the country and fitting to its 
 purposes. If such a choice could be well executed at once, it would be a convenience 
 to the Government and a pleasure to the people. In a country where the heraldic 
 science is generally understood by educated men, and where there are able professors 
 of the art in every large city, the work of that Congressional Committee on Flag and 
 Seal, which so often reappears in the reports, could be done in a morning. But this 
 is not the case in any part of North America. Few, very few, persons here have any 
 other than the most vague ideas on the laws and spirit of blazonry ; and even those few 
 have learned their smattering knowledge from the books of English heraldry, which is 
 the worst in taste, the most complicated and ignoble, as it is also the least esteemed in 
 the civilized world. Hence the Coats of Arms adopted by the States of the late Union 
 are nearly all bad, and, from their artificial and complicated character, have entirely 
 failed to attract popular affection. Indeed, the figures on their various seals scarcely 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 35 
 
 deserve the name of blazon. Not only are they destitute of heraldic arrangement, but, 
 instead of the figures of heraldry, which are arbitrary types, not intended to be repre- 
 sentations of real things, but having a beauty peculiar to themselves, they have deline- 
 ated a number of familiar objects entirely unsuitable to that science, which might look 
 well in a painting, if executed by the hand of a great artist, but which make a poor 
 and paltry show in the form of a Coat of Arms. Some have an allegory on their shield, 
 others a landscape some have fancy pictures relating to some story or theory. Hence 
 they are condemned alike by the taste of those who have studied such subjects, and by 
 the indifference of the multitude, who are oblivious of what makes no single and easily 
 recollected image of the memory. 
 
 Yet the eagle of the Union has made as deep and powerful impression on our 
 people as the bears of Berne, the lion of England, on the inhabitants of those countries ; 
 for that device was well chosen, probably by those who had taken the pains to get good 
 information on the matter intrusted to them, or perhaps employed the assistance of 
 some professional hand. 
 
 Considering the numberless failures already made by American States in their 
 ignorant and premature attempts to devise proper insignia, it is hoped that the Con- 
 gressional committee will not be in too great a hurry to fix another abortion on us. 
 Especially is it desirable that they should make the plan which they think most appro- 
 priate known to the public before it was established by law. The fate of the Flag invented 
 at Montgomery should be a warning to them against secrecy and haste. 
 
 Public taste cannot be compelled, and the Flag has been found so objectionable to 
 it, and is opposed by so many solid arguments, that it has become necessary to change 
 it. It would be unfortunate if the Congress should adopt a Coat of Arms with a like 
 result ; and the only means of avoiding such mishaps is to subject its project to general 
 examination before it is finally decided on. 
 
 The scheme said to be at present most popular with the committee — a shield, being 
 representations of cotton, corn, tobacco, and wheat — would better serve for the vignette 
 of a counterfeit note on a rural bank than the escutcheon of a nation. Without entering 
 into technicalities, we may remind its inventor that there are certain plain principles of 
 common sense, as well as heraldry, against which it offends : 
 
 1. That simplicity and unity are the first requisites of a device that is intended to 
 impress itself on the eye of a multitude ; and that one figure on a Shield is better than 
 several. 
 
 2. That the national device is part of a Coat of Arms ; its signification should be 
 warlike, and should express the power and courage, some capacity for offense or defense 
 of a nation, rather than any other class of ideas. 
 
 3. That the objects chosen should be such as can be easily and clearly represented 
 in the style or mannerism usual in blazonry, without which only can armorial insignia 
 be long tolerable to the eye and taste. 
 
 The vegetables which are proposed for the Shield of the Southern Confederacy are 
 undoubtedly valuable — so are carrots and turnips — but they are not the figures likely to 
 recur in imagination excited by patriotism, nor to be associated with the dignity of the 
 country or its power of defense or punishment. 
 
36 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Whig, April 1, 1862.] 
 
 The Confederate Flag. 
 
 The suggestion has been made that the Joint Committee on Flag and Seal, in 
 Congress, shall, instead of adopting a design for the National Flag, select three or 
 four of the best designs from the number before the committee, and submit them to 
 the taste and judgment of the people before making their final decision. The sugges- 
 tion is a good one, and we trust will meet the approval of the committee. 
 
 [From the Charleston (S. C.) Mercury, April 7, 1862.] 
 
 The Flag of the South. 
 
 BY PILLUM. 
 
 0 tell me no more that our soldiers are hunting 
 The country all over for fragments of “ hunting,” 
 While plenty as birds in the forests surrounding 
 The tints of our National Flag are abounding. 
 
 Say where is the streamer that ever displayed 
 A crimson so rich as the lip of the maid 
 That blushed when you kissed her, and wishes again 
 The time for reviving the roseate stain ? 
 
 Or show me a white so devoid of a speck 
 As the arms last lovingly hung on your neck ; 
 
 And as the sweet mist of her breath filled the air, 
 
 You fancied that lilies were clustering there. 
 
 Then where upon earth a more heavenly blue 
 Than those mimic firmaments melting for you ? 
 
 And when the clouds flash from those miniature skies 
 A “ system ” of stars will be found in her eyes. 
 
 Rosy lips to encourage, blue eyes to invite, 
 
 White arms to encircle us after the fight ; 
 
 When such are the colors we gather about us, 
 
 There is not an enemy living can rout us. 
 
 Each heart is a breastwork, the foeman will find, 
 
 When these are the Ensigns unfurled to the wind ; 
 
 And while a pulse beats, we should never despair. 
 
 But remember the Flag of our country is there. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Whig, April 12, 1862.] 
 
 The Confederate Flag. 
 
 The Joint Committee on Flag and Seal have had two or three meetings this week, 
 but have not yet, we understand, agreed upon any design for a National Flag. We 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 37 
 
 had “ a look ” yesterday at some of the numerous designs submitted to the committee, 
 and contemplated giving a description of them, but found that the undertaking would 
 involve the consumption of more time and space than we could devote to the matter. 
 Among the designs were four silken miniature Flags, evidently prepared by ladies. 
 These we will describe : 
 
 Blue union, with four golden stars, equidistant, in diamond shape — red fly. [Same 
 design, except as to arrangement of stars, as Plate II, Part I,] Same design — white 
 fly. [See Plate XVI.] 
 
 Blue union, with narrow white diamond in centre, and a white star in the diamond- 
 red fly. [See Plate XVII.] 
 
 Blue fly, with red border — in union corner of blue ground, thirteen white stars. 
 [See Plate XVIII.] 
 
 Among the various designs are — ■ 
 
 Red fly, blue union, and golden sun in the union — one ray for each State. [See 
 Plate XIX.] 
 
 One red and one blue bar, large white star in centre — thirteen blue stars within 
 white star. [See Plate XX.] 
 
 Red border, and white interval surrounding blue parallelogram, with twelve stars 
 in a circle and in centre, in union, corner of blue. [See Plate XXI.] 
 
 Blue and red bars, white stars in form of a cross in the centre. Sun in union 
 corner. [See Plate XXII.] 
 
 Quadrated Flag — upper bar, half blue, half white; lower bar, half white, half red- 
 thirteen stars in union. (Very unique.) [See Plate XXIII.] 
 
 Yellow fly, red union, with blue cross, on white ground. [See Plate XXIV.] 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Whig, April 16, 1802.] 
 
 The New Flag. 
 
 We learn that the Joint Committee on Flag and Seal have agreed upon a design 
 for a Confederate Flag, which will probably be submitted to the respective houses 
 to-day. The design consists of a red fly and blue union. In the centre of the union 
 is a golden (yellow) sun, with thirteen rays, corresponding to the number of the States. 
 Seven of the rays, alternately arranged, are somewhat longer than the others. “The 
 fly,” or body of the Flag, is ornamented with an argent (white) saltire, or St. Andrew’s 
 cross, the feet resting within the sides of the Flag, and the lower line of the upper sin- 
 istral bar striking the corner of the union. This design meets the wishes of those who 
 favor the expressive symbol of the sun, as well as of those who prefer the cross. The 
 two symbols are combined, perhaps, as happily as it was possible to unite them on the 
 same design ; but the cross, by contact with the union, presents an incompleteness which 
 strikes the eye at once, and two irregular unsymmetrical angles are formed below and 
 to the right of the union, which do not present a pleasing appearance. 
 
 [See Plate III, Part I.] 
 
38 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC.— FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Whig, April 19, 1862.] 
 
 Confederate Flag. 
 
 A design is about to be submitted to Congress which is in some danger of being 
 adopted. The Flag of the Sun and the Southern Cross are combined in this design. 
 The cross cuts the Flag into all sorts of triangles, and the sun is represented by a pic- 
 ture, such as we see in the geographies and spelling-books. Is there no taste in Con- 
 gress? The Flag of the Sun needs no likeness. It might be represented in the color 
 of the body of the Flag ; let this be a rich golden hue, or, if that color fades, let it be a 
 deep red, the color of fire, of which the sun is the central source. Nor need the cross 
 straggle all across the Flag, splitting it into triangles. Dispense with the “union” 
 entirely, and let the cross be of medium size, and in the centre of the Flag. Its color 
 should be white. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Examiner, April 19, 18G2.] 
 
 The New Flag. 
 
 We are informed that Congress has definitely adopted a Flag. The bad wood-cut 
 will give the reader a clear conception of it, though a very moderate standard of the art 
 of wood engraving in Richmond. As will be perceived, the maker has taken pains to 
 inscribe his name beneath it, and we will volunteer a statement of his terms, which 
 were five dollars for what the reader sees. 
 
 The Flag is thus described in the terms of English heraldry (the worst of all the 
 schools) : 
 
 On a field gules (red), a saltier argent (white) ; a Norman shield, azure (blue), 
 charged with a sun or (yellow). 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 39 
 
 This Flag answers several requisites. It is sufficiently original ; it is brilliant ; it 
 is easily discernable. The chosen emblem, the sun, is tolerably characteristic of a 
 southern country. These are the main wants, and the Flag complies with them. 
 
 There are also objections to it. The chief is the fact that the sun is difficult to 
 represent at all, and almost impossible in heraldic style. It has been tried. The sun 
 was the chosen emblem of Louis XIV. It is still to be seen on his innumerable monu- 
 ments, in bronze, marble, granite, gold, and silver, and the effect is always poor. The 
 glory and beauty of the sun is its light, which cannot be represented, and the armorial 
 type of it is nothing better than a sunflower. 
 
 We are not disposed to quarrel with the Flag decided on, but think that the com- 
 mittee would have done better had they selected a simpler and less difficult emblem. 
 A horse rampant would have nobly designated the equestrian South ; a bull lowering 
 his horns would have fitly characterized its courage, strength, and defensive temper; 
 either would have become a beloved and peculiar national type. As to the colors, red, 
 white, and blue belong to everybody. We still retain the opinion that black and white 
 are not only our national colors, familiar to the eye from the common dress of the 
 people, unappropriated by any other Christian nation, but are the most elegant, simple, 
 and dignified that we could have chosen. Not one of the objections urged against 
 them — such as the difficulty of distinguishing the National Banner from the Flags of 
 truce on land, or the foam of a wave at sea — will bear examination. We fear that the 
 true reason why they have occurred to the reflections of few, and have found favor with 
 the taste of a still less number of persons, is the fact that they are not gaudy. 
 
 [From the Charleston (S. C.) Mercury, April 21, 1862.] 
 
 The New Flag of the Confederacy. 
 
 The committee appointed by Congress to choose a suitable Flag for the Confederate 
 States has at last closed its labors, and recommended for adoption the design given 
 above. [See Plate III, Part I.] The Flag is thus described in the terms of English 
 heraldry : 
 
 On a field gules (red), a saltier argent (white); a Norman shield, azure (blue), 
 charged with a sun or (yellow). 
 
 The new ensign is certainly rich, brilliant, and easily distinguishable. The sun has 
 been very frequently urged as the proper emblem for the South, and the rays, which are 
 to be alternately long and short, will suffice to represent the separate sovereignty of the 
 States. Many would have preferred a more simple arrangement, to consist of two 
 colors only; but, inasmuch as the committee’s device in nowise resembles the Flag of 
 the Yankees, we suppose that it will be generally well relished by the people. The new 
 Flag, however, has yet to receive the sanction of Congress, and may be rejected alto- 
 gether by that body. 
 
40 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Examiner, April 21, 1862.] 
 
 Flag of the Confederate States. 
 
 House of Representatives, April 19, 1802. 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 Mr. Boteler, of Virginia, offered the following report from the Joint Committee on 
 Flag and Seal of the Confederacy : 
 
 To the Honorable the Senate and House of Representatives of the Confederate States : 
 
 The Joint Committee on Flag and Seal submit to the judgment of Congress the 
 accompanying design for a Flag, and recommend its adoption as the Flag of the Con- 
 federate States of America. 
 
 The considerations which influenced the committee in selecting the proposed design 
 were : 
 
 1. The want of resemblance to the Flag of any other nation. 
 
 2. The distinctness of its colors rendering it discernible at a distance. 
 
 3. Its simplicity and consequent facility of fabrication for an emergency. 
 
 4. Its conformity to the proprieties of heraldry. 
 
 5. Its symbolization of the characteristics of a free and prosperous people. 
 
 Ancient heralds, in their quaint language, would describe this Flag : On a field 
 
 gules (red), saltier argent (white), with a shield azure (blue), charged with a sun in his 
 glory, or (yellow). 
 
 The red field denotes nautical powers, boldness, courage, valor. 
 
 The saltier, an ‘‘honorable ordinary” in heraldry, is the emblem of progress and 
 strength ; its white indicating purity, innocence, and gentleness. 
 
 The blue of the shield represents justice and faith, perseverance and vigilance. 
 
 The sun manifests the dominion, generosity, and stability of the Confederacy. 
 
 Nearly all the designs submitted to the committee contained a combination of 
 stars. This heraldic emblem, however, has been discarded as a manifestation of our 
 entire and absolute severance from the United States, at the complete annihilation of 
 every sentiment indicating the faintest hope of reconstruction. 
 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 
 T. J. SEMMES, 
 
 Chairman of the Committee on the part of the Senate. 
 
 ALEXANDER R. BOTELER, 
 
 Chairman on the part of the House. 
 
 Mr. Boteler offered the following joint resolution on the part of the committee : 
 
 JOINT RESOLUTION adopting the Flag of the Confederate States of America. 
 
 Resolved by the Congress of the Confederate States of America. That the Flag of 
 the Confederate States shall be as follows: A red field charged with a white saltier, 
 having in the centre the device of a sun in its glory on an azure ground, the rays of the 
 sun corresponding with the number of the States composing the Confederacy. [See 
 Plate III, Part I.] 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 41 
 
 Mr. Boteler, the chairman of the committee, said that it might be a matter of sur- 
 prise to those who had always been so enthusiastic on the subject of the beauty of the 
 Stars and Stripes that there never was a single star emblazoned on any Flag of the old 
 United States. They were nothing but mullets, or imitations of the rowels of the 
 spurs of the knight, and five-pointed. But the committee had fallen upon these heraldic 
 emblems, and had adopted the device of the great luminary of day, before which all 
 stars shall pale and fade into obscurity. 
 
 Mr. Miles, of South Carolina, said that he had been upon the committee of the 
 Provisional Congress which was appointed to adopt a design for a Flag. He had 
 strenuously opposed the adoption of the present Flag used by our Confederacy, and in 
 consequence of that had drawn down upon himself the severest censure of not only 
 members of the Provisional Congress, but of the press in all portions of the Confed- 
 eracy, and he was glad that a Flag had been adopted so dissimilar to the old. 
 
 Mr. Holt would amend the resolution, by fixing the time when the new Flag should 
 become the Flag of the Confederacy at ninety days from the time of its adoption by 
 Congress. 
 
 Mr. Boteler said that there was now in use a Battle Flag which was somewhat 
 similar to this recommended by the committee, and the substitution would occasion no 
 inconvenience. 
 
 Mr. Boyce, of South Carolina, hoped that further consideration of the matter 
 would be postponed for the present. 
 
 Mr. Conrad, of Louisiana, was not all-pleased with the Flag. It was not to his 
 eye a beautiful one, nor could it be reversed as a signal of distress, so as to make any 
 distinct appearance of reversion. Every Flag, in his opinion, ought to have a union, 
 as it is called. 
 
 Mr. Miles called the attention of the gentleman to the fact that most of the mari- 
 time nations had no union. 
 
 Mr. Chilton said that any Flag which should be adopted as the Flag of his country 
 would be beautiful in his eyes ; but he wanted a Flag to be an honor to us on sea and 
 land, now that we had gotten rid of the old gridiron. 
 
 The House refused to postpone, by a vote of 30 yeas, 31 nays. 
 
 Mr. Swan moved to reconsider the vote by which the House refused to postpone. 
 
 Mr. Ralls thought it would be illiberal to force this matter on the House at this 
 time. 
 
 Mr. McRae, of Mississippi, hoped that the House would reconsider the vote. It 
 was very evident that the country would not be united on this Flag, because the repre- 
 sentatives were not united. For his part, he preferred the present Battle Flag; there- 
 fore he hoped the matter would be postponed. 
 
 Mr. Gardenhier, of Tennessee, said he did not think that the House ought to adopt 
 this Flag now. He would like the committee to submit some of the many designs to 
 the House which had been submitted to them. There were no reasons why this Flag 
 should ber adopted immediately, and he hoped the House would reconsider the vote. 
 
 The vote was reconsidered, and the subject postponed — yeas, 39 ; nays, 21. 
 
 # -K - * ■X' ^ 
 
42 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Whig, April 21, 1862.] 
 
 The New Flag. 
 
 The country is indebted to the enterprise of the Examiner for a representation of 
 the new Confederate Flag. [See Plate III, Part I.] A red field is bestraddled with 
 a long-legged white cross, in the centre of which (the cross) there is a blue Norman 
 shield, and in the centre of that again a Lord Ross’s telescope may discover a star of 
 the fifth magnitude, which is intended to represent a sun. Our generous neighbor, in 
 patronizing the arts, has been unable to find an Albrecht Durer ; for the best engraver 
 in the Confederacy has given us a sun so lamentably eclipsed that Phoebus himself 
 could not recognize it. 
 
 What the Committee on the Flag and Seal were thinking about when they selected 
 the sun as a Confederate emblem, passes conjecture. If McClellan had been at Rock- 
 etts with a half million of Yankees at his heels, he could not have seared the committee 
 into a more objectionable selection. Human ingenuity could not have devised anything 
 more inappropriate. The sun is the type par excellence of centralization ; yet the com- 
 mittee not only chose the sun to represent the Government as the central source of power 
 in the Confederacy, but they elevated themselves to a misconception which would have 
 seemed inaccessible to anybody but a Yankee or a Russian. Refusing to represent the 
 States as planets revolving obediently around the central luminary, they have actually 
 made thirteen rays emanating immediately from the sun itself, as if to intimate that the 
 sovereignties of which this Confederacy is composed have no existence whatever apart 
 from the agency at Richmond. The annals of the world will be searched in vain for 
 a parallel to this perverse misrepresentation of the theory and structure of our Govern- 
 ment, as indicated in the symbolic Flag of the associated nations which constitute it, 
 lend it certain powers, withdrawable at will, with or without cause — a Government 
 which has, in fact, only a borrowed existence. 
 
 As a matter of taste and of common sense, we hope yet to see a beautiful and appro- 
 priate Flag for the Agency. As Virginians, as citizens of a separate, distinct, inde- 
 pendent nation — a Republic complete in itself and all its parts — we have a Flag with 
 which we are quite content. We presume the same is the case with the citizens of the 
 Republics of North and South Carolina, and all the other nations with which the Republic 
 of Virginia has entered into copartnership. They also, we doubt not, will scout the absurd 
 symbol which misinterprets, and, in fact, obliterates, the whole theory of State rights — a 
 theory which is the foundation stone of the Confederacy, and for the maintenance of which 
 we have parted with the Yankees and endured all the hardships of the tremendous war < 
 which we are now waging. Let the absurd sun, with its thirteen rays, be pitched into 
 the fire, and let the committee study the rudiments of State rights, and begin again. 
 
 [From the Charleston (S. C.) Mercury, April 22, 1862.] 
 
 Our Flag. 
 
 As Congress has not yet taken final action on the subject of the Confederate Flag, 
 we make room for the following suggestion : 
 
 Yorkvilt.e, April 19. 
 
 Editor Mercury : A suggestion, if not too late. A committee of sage Congress- 
 men spend weeks devising a Flag for the Southern Confederacy, and when produced 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 43 
 
 there is little doubt that it will be neither emblematic nor tasteful. Why not place this 
 matter in the hands of the women of the South? Their ingenious heads and true 
 hearts will devise a Flag original, emblematical, and tasteful, under the folds of which 
 any Southern man will fight with enthusiasm. 
 
 OLD YORK. 
 
 [From the Charleston (S. C.) Tri-weekly Mercury, April 22, 1S62.] 
 
 Richmond News and Gossip. 
 
 ***** 
 
 It would seem that the talent of the country, or the taste of Congress, is quite in 
 fault in regard to the Confederate Flag. The badly botched engraving of the new Flag, 
 as given in this morning’s Examiner, represents a rare abortion of shields, crosses, 
 triangles, and an eclipsed sun. The adoption of this concoction would be a grave 
 mistake, if for no other reason than that the sun is the type of centralization. We need 
 a new Flag, it is true, but we had better wait five years before making a definite selection 
 than present to the world the concatenation which I have described. 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 “HERMES.” 
 
 [From the Charleston (S. C.) Mercury, May 3, 1862.] 
 
 A critic says that the Flag proposed by the joint committee of Congress, as repre- 
 sented in the newspaper cuts, is suggestive of the pirate’s flag — bones a la saltier and 
 skull in centre. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Dispatch, June 30, 1862.] 
 
 Freedom’s New Banner. 
 
 BY DAN. E. TOWNSEND. 
 
 When clouds of oppression o’ershaded 
 The Banner that Liberty bore, 
 
 Bright stars from the galaxy faded, 
 
 The day of its splendor was o’er. 
 
 Those stars in a fresh constellation 
 A sky in the South now adorn, 
 
 And blazon throughout all creation 
 That Freedom’s new Banner is born 
 
 For the land that’s richest in beauty, 
 
 The homestead of justice and right, 
 
 Whose sons are the foremost in duty, 
 
 Whose daughters are peerless and bright ; 
 
 For brave hearts in battle defending 
 The honor and truth of our cause ; 
 
 For our trust in victorious ending, 
 
 The welkin rings out its huzzas. 
 
 Our lives and our fortunes enlisted, 
 
 Our honor, our hopes, and our prayers, 
 
 Upholding the act that resisted 
 The wrongs of a series of years. 
 
 May the Father in heaven approve us 
 In this the most sacred of wars ; 
 
 May His hand to protect be above us. 
 
 While cheering the Stars and the Bars. 
 
44 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — ELAG AND SEAL. 
 
 [From the Montgomery (Ala.) Advertiser, July — , 1862.] 
 The Stars and the Bars. 
 
 BY JOHN BLACK (F.UFAULA, ALA.). 
 
 Above us our Banner is waving, 
 
 The hope of the brave and the free; 
 
 We must watch, must guard, and defend it, 
 
 ’Till the minions of tyranny flee. 
 
 With swords and good rifles we’ll meet them, 
 
 On the hill, the vale, and the plain, 
 
 And though they may come like the locusts, 
 
 We’ll fatten our land with their slain. 
 
 Then shout for the Stars and the Bars ! 
 
 Three cheers for the Bars and the Stars ! 
 
 A nation has sworn to defend them, 
 
 They’ll die for the Stars and the Bars. 
 
 Brave sons of the South are now ready, 
 
 Each bosom is burning to save 
 
 Our land of bright sunshine and flowers 
 From the tread of the Northern slave ; 
 
 And mothers, though bending in anguish, 
 
 Thus nobly cry out to their sons : 
 
 “ Go, meet the invader with firmness, 
 
 And true be the aim of your guns.” 
 
 Then shout, &c. 
 
 Far better to live in a desert, 
 
 The blue sky ©ur canopy, too, 
 
 Than wearing the chains of these demons, 
 
 The selfish, fanatical crew. 
 
 Far better to perish with honor, 
 
 Far better to go to the grave, 
 
 And better to die as a freeman 
 Than live as a Northerner’s slave. 
 
 Then shout, &c. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Whig, August 1, 1862.] 
 
 The Confederate Flag. 
 
 As Congress will shortly reassemble, we suggest that the editors of the Southern 
 press give some expression of public opinion in respect to the new National Flag 
 recommended by a joint committee for the adoption of Congress. Let us not have a 
 National Ensign which will fail to meet with popular favor. We do not say that the 
 design proposed by the committee will prove unpopular, nor do we expect a general 
 approval of any design that may be proposed, but intelligent criticism may avert the 
 adoption of inappropriate features, and contribute, perhaps, to the perfection of the 
 design for our country’s Flag. The following expressions of opinion on the subject — 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 45 
 
 the only two which we found in our exchanges — were laid aside for publication several 
 weeks ago, with the expectation that others would follow : 
 
 “The design for a Confederate Flag, recently adopted by the Committee on Flag 
 and Seal in Congress, we are compelled, in all candor, to say, does the gentlemen who 
 compose that committee very little credit, either for originality, taste, or fitness. As 
 for the colors employed — the red, white, and blue — we suppose they are too deeply 
 engraven on the hearts and minds of some officials to be eradicated, and it is therefore 
 useless to think of the adoption of any other combination of colors. It may be said 
 that those colors are employed in some shape or other in the Flag of many of the 
 nations of Europe, and that the retention of them by the committee is no evidence that 
 the members were not anxious to adopt something as unlike the emblem of the Northern 
 despotism as possible. This may be true, but the people, we believe, would rejoice 
 to have a Confederate Banner on which there was absolutely nothing to remind them 
 of their detested foeman of the North. 
 
 “ The committee interpret the Flag as follows : ‘The red field denotes martial 
 prowess, boldness, courage, valor. The saltier (an honorable ordinary in heraldry) is 
 the emblem of progress and strength — its white indicating purity, innocence, and gen- 
 tleness. The blue of the shield represents justice, faith, perseverance, and vigilance. 
 The sun manifests the dominion, generosity, and stability of the Confederacy.’ The 
 considerations which influenced its adoption were its want of resemblance to the Flag 
 of any other nation ; the distinctness of its colors, rendering it discernible at a dis- 
 tance ; its simplicity, and consequent facility of fabrication for an emergency ; its 
 conformity to the proprieties of heraldry, and its symbolization of the characteristics 
 of a free and prosperous people. We think the committee are correct as to the want 
 of resemblance of their model to the Flag of any other nation ; but as for its simplicity, 
 we think the less said about it the better. The field, saltier, and shield might be made 
 with very little trouble, but the novice in the construction of Flags would find it a 
 somewhat difficult matter to make a creditable sun to adorn the shield. We are glad 
 the committee were sensible enough to leave off the stars, but we are wholly unable to 
 see any propriety in the adoption of the sun instead. The sun is par excellence the 
 symbol of centralization, and will, if placed upon our Banner, convey to the mind of 
 the beholder the very idea which we wish most to avoid. Instead of an emblem indi- 
 _ eating that the Confederate Government is the source and the centre of all power, we 
 should have one more nearly approaching the truth, representing the several States as 
 the source from which the Confederate Government derives all of its powers and 
 functions. 
 
 “ Congress adjourned, we believe, without taking any action on the report of the 
 committee, and before that body meets again to legislate on the subject we hope some 
 one will devise a Flag eminently appropriate for the country. In the meantime, let 
 our generals agree upon some Battle Flag which can be used on all occasions, and in 
 such an event it is not impossible that the Banner thus adopted will become so endeared 
 to the people by the baptism of blood through which it will be compelled to pass, that 
 by common consent it will be adopted as the National Flag .” — Montgomery (Ala.) 
 Advertiser. 
 
46 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 “The new Ensign is certainly rich, brilliant, and easily distinguishable. The sun 
 has been very frequently urged as the proper emblem for the South, and the rays, which 
 are to be alternately long and short, will suffice to represent the separate sovereignty of 
 the States. Many would have preferred a more simple arrangement, to consist of two 
 colors only; but, inasmuch as the committee’s device in nowise resembles the Flag of 
 the Yankees, we suppose that it will be generally well relished by the people. The 
 new Flag, however, has yet to receive the sanction of Congress, and may be rejected 
 altogether by that body.” — Charleston ( S . C.) Mercni'y. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Whig, August 28, 1862.] 
 
 To the Committee of Congress on the Confederate Flag : 
 
 I respectfully submit for your selection two designs for our Confederate Flag, each 
 of which is studded over with stars to represent the true “ Star Spangled Banner” of 
 the glorious old ballad composed by that whole-souled Southerner and slaveholder, 
 Francis S. Key, whose utter contempt of the Yankee character was so admirably 
 expressed in his terse definition of the genus Yankee as being “ in commerce a cheat — 
 in politics a snake — in religion a hypocrite.” To allow the swindling Yankees to filch 
 from us this grand Southern ballad, and its appropriate Flag, would amount to a dere- 
 liction of duty to the noble dead. The indignant spirit of the departed author would 
 rise up to protest against the sacrilege. I therefore implore you to rescue from the 
 unhallowed grasp of the Yankees these long-cherished stanzas by adopting some 
 Standard to whose folds they may be appropriately applied. The South should never 
 allow the Yankees to usurp either that ballad or its corresponding Banner. The Flag 
 of the Yankee is most properly the despotic Flag of the stripes, whilst that of the South 
 is the Banner of the stars. 
 
 “ When clouds of oppression o’ershaded 
 The Banner that Liberty bore, 
 
 The stars from its galaxy faded, 
 
 The day of its splendor was o’er. 
 
 Those stars in a new constellation 
 The sky of the South now adorn, 
 
 And proclaim to each civilized nation 
 That Freedom’s true Banner is born.” 
 
 Then, indeed, may be sounded, in truth and sincerity, that noble refrain — 
 
 “ The Star Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave 
 O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.” 
 
 In the first design presented, the field is blue, with a diagonal cross of stars equal 
 in number to the Confederate States ; the union is red, with a circle of stars, also equal 
 in number to our Confederate States. In the second design, the field is red, with a 
 simple (or straight) cross of stars conforming in number to the Confederate States ; 
 the diagonal cross is blue, studded with stars, also equal in number to our States. 
 
 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 LEWIS CRUGER, of S. C. 
 
 [See Plates XXV, XXVI.] 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 47 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Examiner, September 25, 1862.] 
 
 The Senate yesterday passed a bill furnishing the Confederacy with a Seal, or Coat 
 of Arms: “In the foreground, a Confederate soldier, in the position of ‘charge bayo- 
 net;’ in the middle distance, a woman with a child in front of a church, both with 
 hands uplifted in the attitude of prayer; for a background, a homestead on the plain, 
 with mountains in the distance, beneath the meridian sun ; the whole surrounded by a 
 wreath composed of the stalks of the sugar-cane, the rice, the cotton, and the tobacco 
 plants ; the margin inscribed with the words, 1 Seal of the Confederate States of 
 America’ above, and 1 Our Homes and Our Constitution ’ beneath.” 
 
 Pray, did the Senate fancy it was manufacturing a vignette for a counterfeit bank- 
 note while sketching this extraordinary landscape on the National Shield? Is this all 
 that taste and common sense can do for the Southern Confederacy? The bill is still to 
 pass the House of Representatives, and therefore it is well to say plainly and at once, 
 that if we are to make our appearance among nations with this Yankee Doodle appa- 
 ratus for a Seal, we shall be very much ridiculed. It is said that the Government needs 
 a Seal for business. That is easily understood. It is said that Congress has not time 
 to waste on small matters. That is readily admitted. But it is at least desirable that 
 Congress should not render it and the country the laughing-stock of the whole official 
 world. That body can make itself a Seal in half an hour which will satisfy both taste 
 and common sense, beyond a peradventure, if it will only go to work on the simple 
 plan followed by every nation on similar occasions since the tribes of Israel were 
 endowed by Moses with their several Coats of Arms. It is, to choose from the vege- 
 table or animal kingdom some single noble object, and declare it to be the emblem of 
 their nation. Whatever it may be, the affections of the nation will soon cluster around 
 it by the force of association, which they can never do over an absurd allegorical pic- 
 ture of many figures. France has the eagle, England a lion, the United States a firma- 
 ment ; but an abundance of types remain equally suggestive of force, dignity, or 
 courage. A lofty pine would do ; a strong oak would be better ; a horse would be noble, 
 and a bull lowering his horns would be popular in the extreme. At least let us have 
 some one thing easily expressed, comprehended, and described, when our object is to 
 get a distinctive mark of our official and national existence. 
 
 The Seal of the Confederate States. 
 
 Senate, September 24, 1862. 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 Mr. Semmes, of Louisiana, from the Committee on the Flag and Seal, reported 
 the following bill : 
 
 AN ACT establishing the Seal of the Confederate States of America. 
 
 The Congress of the Confederate States of America do enact, That the device on 
 the Seal of the Confederate States shall be : In the foreground, a Confederate soldier, 
 in the position of “ charge bayonets ; ” in the middle distance, a woman with a child 
 by her side in front of a church, both with hands uplifted in the attitude of prayer ; 
 for a background, a homestead on the plain, with mountains in the distance, beneath 
 
48 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 the meridian sun ; the whole surrounded by a wreath composed of the stalk of the 
 sugar-cane, the rice, the cotton and tobacco plants ; the margin inscribed with the 
 words “Seal of the Confederate States of America” above, and the motto “Our 
 Homes and our Constitution ” beneath. 
 
 The bill was passed. 
 
 It was moved to reconsider the vote by which the bill was adopted. 
 
 Mr. Semmes explained the motives which had induced the committee to adopt this 
 device in preference to one borrowed from poetical or Roman history. The history of 
 this revolution was of sufficient dignity to originate symbols. By the bayonets of the 
 Confederate soldier would our liberties be achieved ; woman had acted a more prom- 
 inent part in this than in any previous struggle for liberty, and to the prayers of the 
 righteous to the Almighty should our success be attributed. We were the people of 
 the South, the children of the sun. The wreath was composed of the plants which 
 constituted our peculiar staples. The English motto had been adopted in preference 
 to a Latin one because the Anglo-Saxon was alone the language of Liberty. 
 
 Mr. Yancey approved of the Seal in general, but would make some suggestions. 
 He thought it fit that woman should have a conspicuous position on the Seal, but hoped 
 her attitude would be improved. As now represented, she seemed flying, with hair 
 disheveled, from an enemy who had got behind her husband, the man with the bayonet. 
 He also suggested that other plants than those selected by the committee might have 
 been found more expressive of the character of our staples. Mr. Yancey would also 
 have preferred some other word in the motto to the word “ Constitution” — Liberties, 
 for instance. 
 
 Mr. Clay moved to amend, by substituting the word “ Rights ” for “ Constitution.” 
 
 Mr. Preston hoped the amendment would not prevail. The word “Rights” was 
 indefinite and uncertain in its signification. 
 
 Mr. Semmes would add that this was eminently a constitutional revolution, and 
 therefore the word “ Constitution ” should appear on the Seal of the Confederacy. It 
 would symbolize to posterity the principle which actuated us in this revolution. We 
 are warring for our constitutional liberty. The revolution was brought on by an inva- 
 sion of the constitutional liberties of the States. The private rights of individuals in 
 the States had not been invaded. 
 
 Mr. Clay was not tenacious of his opinion, but still preferred the word “ Rights.” 
 
 Mr. Brown, of Mississippi, thought the Senate was wasting precious time. Our 
 Army was wasting away like snow before an August sun, while the Senate was throwing 
 away a whole day discussing the question of a Seal. 
 
 Mr. Semmes : Is the gentleman aware that the Senate passed the conscription bill ? 
 
 Mr. Brown : Well, where is your committee of conference? 
 
 Mr. Semmes: The bill was passed by the Senate, and sent down to the House. It 
 has not been sent back. I will state, as the gentleman seems to think the adoption of 
 the Seal a matter of so little consequence, that the Secretary of War has represented 
 to the committee the necessity of having a Seal. I will not state for what purpose. 
 
 Mr. Brown : We have got along very well, so far, without a Seal. Let us first get 
 through with the war, and then adopt a Seal. - For my part, I don’t care a sixpence 
 whether we have a Seal or not. 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 49 
 
 Mr. Wigfall objected to the whole Seal. He had seen a very good one — a Roman 
 soldier standing by an altar of Liberty. Under the committee’s Seal it would be neces- 
 sary to write its description, as the bad painter wrote under his picture, “This is a 
 horse.” There was a woman who looked as if she had just escaped from bedlam, 
 while a little boy was standing looking at her carryings-on in evident bewilderment. 
 [Some laughter.] Neither woman nor child had any hats on ; and as the sun was 
 shining, they must be very uncomfortable. There was a two-story building, but 
 whether it was a church or a market-house there was nothing to indicate. 
 
 Mr. Preston was sorry the gentleman objected to the Seal. But suppose we glance 
 at some objections that may be urged to the Seal which suited the gentleman’s fancy — 
 the Roman soldier standing by the altar of Liberty, with a wreath of the cotton-plant 
 above. What would one of the brave soldiers from the gentleman’s own State say to 
 this Seal? “What is that fellow doing standing there with that iron pot [helmet] on 
 his head? What’s that [the short, two-edged Roman sword] he has in his hand — -an 
 Arkansas toothpick? [Considerable laughter.] What is that written at the bottom — 
 Pro focis et arisV ’ But subject the same to the man of classic learning, and he will 
 object to the anachronism of having a wreath of the cotton-plant around a Roman sol- 
 dier's head. The scholar would immediately point you to the absurdity of having upon 
 the same Seal with the Roman soldier the cotton-plant, which bad not been brought into 
 use for seven hundred years after the former had disappeared from the earth. 
 
 After some further remarks by Messrs. Preston and Wigfall, the question was called, 
 and the Senate refused to reconsider the vote by which the bill had been adopted. By 
 unanimous consent, the bill was then immediately sent to the House. 
 
 [See Plates IV, Y, Part I.] 
 
 [From the Southern Illustrated News, September 27, 1S62.] 
 
 Flags and Trophies — Their Iuterest and Significance. 
 ***** 
 
 And it is an honest pride, a generous joy, altogether distinct from empty vainglory 
 or unworthy exultation over a fallen foe. What, after all, is a Flag? Considered as a 
 work of art — as a combination of stuffs and colors to please the eye — the costliest 
 Standard, with its embroideries and mountings of gold, is but a childish bauble, of no 
 more worth than the gaudy heraldic bearings of feudalism : but, as the symbol of a 
 sentiment, the token of a great principle, the meanest Flag that ever was hung from a 
 hickory pole becomes a holy thing for which men will lay down their lives. There is 
 but little (we think much too little) difference, in the outward appearance, between the 
 Flag of the Confederate States and the old “Stars and Stripes” of the Federal Union. 
 To change the “ Stars and Stripes” into the “ Stars and Bars” is an easy matter — a 
 few minutes’ work with the sewing-machine. You have only to obliterate a certain 
 number of the stars, and to gather the white stripes in the middle of the field ; but to 
 substitute the one for the other, what sacrifices have we not been called upon to endure — ■ 
 what an immense price in human life and human suffering have we not been compelled 
 to pay? And how differently do we not regard, henceforth and forever, the two Ban- 
 ners? The one is the emblem of honor and hope — the other the badge of servitude 
 
50 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 and degradation ; we hail the one as the inspiration of victory and the pledge of free- 
 dom — the other we reject with loathing as the disgraced Ensign of a vulgar tyranny. 
 
 There is a great propriety in preserving the captured Banners of a campaign, and 
 displaying them to the people as trophies and memorials, not so much of the national 
 valor, as of good conduct in the hour of trial. Since the opening of the present 
 unhappy war, our gallant troops have taken almost as many colors from the enemy as 
 were taken in the wars of the Empire. We have the Flags of nearly all the Yankee 
 States, decorated with their motley Coat of Arms, and bearing their ambitious mottoes. 
 The “Excelsior” Standard of New York ; the “ E rise petit placidam'' of Massachu- 
 setts; the Banner of Michigan, over which so much fuss was made at Detroit; the 
 cavalry guidons of the Vermont marauders, besides numberless copies, large and small, 
 in silk, in bunting, in flannel, of the “blessed Flag” — all these are here — the trophies 
 of Bethel, Manassas, Shiloh, Kernstown, the Seven Pines, White Oak Swamp, of fifty 
 or more victories over the Yankee generals. Why should they not be gathered together 
 and displayed to the public sight? In the State Library, in the Capitol, a few colors 
 presented to the State, by special permission of the War Department, may be seen, 
 but the rest lie piled up in the office of the Adjutant General as so much useless lum- 
 ber. Might they not be profitably arranged in some hall or room, where the sight of 
 them would stimulate the soldier to yet greater efforts in his country’s cause? 
 
 We would not have our Government manifest any unseemly bravado in parading 
 the Flags of the foe, as did the Yankee Congress in shouting over the exhibition of the 
 Confederate colors taken at Hatteras and Donelson ; but surely there is a becoming as 
 well as an improper manner of disposing of such trophies, so that the patriotism of 
 our people would be healthfully excited by them. 
 
 In making such an arrangement for their preservation, we should also have care 
 for our own Flags which have waved over scenes of carnage and glory. At Drury’s 
 Bluff may still be seen flying from the color-staff of the post the little Confederate Flag 
 which flaunted in the face of the Yankee fleet upon the memorable day of May, 1862, 
 when, with the strongest of their iron-clad ships, the enemy endeavored to ascend the 
 river to Richmond. It is blackened with the smoke of the conflict, and bears the 
 marks of having been penetrated by two round shot from the Yankee guns, and is 
 already fraying out with exposure to the weather. Let this memorial be preserved ; it 
 is associated with the heroic defense of our capital, with the defeat of the enemy upon 
 the water, with the martyrdom of brave men. In after times, when the new Capitol of 
 the Confederate States shall have arisen in all the majesty of its proportions, this little 
 piece of bunting should be hung out on gala days, from the topmost stone, as a souvenir, 
 not the least touching and suggestive, of our struggle for independence. 
 
 [Courtesy of Capt. J. F. Mayer, Richmond, Ya. — R. P. T.] 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Enquirer, October 1, 1862.] 
 
 Flag and Seal. 
 
 We have received a neat design for the Confederate Flag, the peculiarity of which 
 consists in a circle of white links in a blue ground. The links are themselves circles, 
 
and interlock so as to make a circle ; their number is equal to that of the States. Each 
 link being complete, symbolizes the State sovereignty, while their union represents the 
 confederation. [See Plate CLXXXIV, Part II.] 
 
 The questions of Flag and Seal, like all others of taste, excite great differences of 
 judgment. In reference to the Seal, we agree with the opinion that it ought to be 
 simple, and have but a single central figure. There has been a great desire to use the 
 image of the sun in some way on our Confederate Ensigns, as symbolical of our climate 
 and productions. We do not know where it could be better introduced than as the 
 central figure of the Confederate Seal. Its form would suit that of the Seal, while it 
 is easy of artistic execution. It would, besides, accommodate various partialities better 
 than any production, whether animal or vegetable, that should be confined to a portion 
 of the States. We certainly could not have a nobler emblem. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Examiner, October 1, 1862.] 
 
 Seal of the Confederate States. 
 
 Petersburg, September 26, 1862. 
 
 Editor Examiner : Permit a citizen to make a suggestion with respect to the 
 appropriate device for a Seal for the Confederacy. Your suggestion that it should be 
 a simple, intelligible emblem is the dictate of such obvious consideration of propriety 
 and expediency that the only wonder is that the Senate could even have condescended 
 to examine the dramatic tableau that seems to challenge their particular admiration as 
 designs for the National Coat of Arms. 
 
 1. A Seal should be simple. 
 
 2. It should have one noble idea, and not a congeries of sentiments. 
 
 3. It should be, if possible, representative. 
 
 4. It should be distinctive. 
 
 Upon these requisites all National Seals or insignia are based. An eagle, a bee, a 
 bunch of lilies, a lion, a serpent, a thistle — all the emblems of great powers fulfill 
 these conditions more or less fully. Now let us ask what American object can be 
 found which exemplifies strength and courage, the “noble idea” of a young State, 
 which is single and simple in itself, which is representative of America, which is unap- 
 propriated by any nation in the world, and which is liable to be confounded with no 
 other national emblem. 
 
 To my apprehension, no one thing so entirely answers all these conditions as the 
 buffalo. It is noble in form, powerful in make, is American, and is distinct in form 
 from any other animal, therefore liable to be mistaken for none. A simple buffalo, with 
 threatening head, subscribed with the single word “ Forward,” or some legend equally 
 simple, would answer every demand of an appropriate national emblem. 
 
 Iv. 
 
 [See Plate XXVII.] 
 
52 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Editor Examiner — Sir : I liave read your remarks on the subject of a Seal for the 
 Confederate States with interest and approval. Let me suggest, through your columns, 
 the following for consideration : 
 
 A horse fully caparisoned, with the figure of General Washington, either standing 
 beside him, as in Stuart's great picture, or bestriding him, as may be thought best, with 
 the words above “Seal of the Confederate States,” and between the motto “Justice, 
 Mercy, Truth.” This Seal would represent the highest type of man and beast, of both 
 of which we claim to possess in the Confederate States the highest development, and 
 of which (among men) General Washington was the noblest specimen. The symbol of 
 the Seal is power and usefulness ruled by virtue and intelligence. It is eminently 
 proper that the Southern Confederacy should perpetuate in some enduring form their 
 reverence for and claim to this man, the greatest and best of her sons ; and none could 
 be more appropriate than this, by which she would stamp his image on her national 
 acts. The motto expresses the highest attributes which should govern a nation. 
 
 [See Plate XXVIII.] 
 
 SIGILLUM. 
 
 [From the Charleston (S. C.) Mercury, October 7, 1862.] 
 
 The Confederate Seal. 
 
 It is said to be absolutely necessary that the Departments in Richmond should 
 have, without delay, a distinctive Confederate Seal, and Congress and the newspapers 
 are all agog on the question of a design. A fortnight ago one of the Houses of Con- 
 gress adopted a very elaborate and fanciful picture as the Coat of Arms of the South ; 
 but so prompt and general was the verdict of popular disapproval, that the Seal, like 
 the Flag which Congress devised last spring, is now almost forgotten. Meantime, the 
 newspapers have been agitating the subject of the Seal, and several very tasteful and 
 appropriate suggestions have been elicited. A correspondent of the Richmond Exam- 
 iner lays down the following as the principles which should guide us in the choice of a 
 device: 1. A Seal should be simple. 2. It should have one noble idea, and not a 
 congeries of sentiments. 3. It should be, if possible, representative. 4. It should be 
 distinctive. 
 
 These principles would certainly seem to be founded on the most obvious consid- 
 erations of good taste and expediency, and their propriety is generally admitted. 
 Among the devices suggested which accord more or less closely with these conditions, 
 we notice the magnolia, the plow, the sun, and others ; but decidedly the most 
 unique emblem that we have seen is that proposed by the Examiner' s correspondent, 
 as the perfect embodiment of the requisites for the Seal of the Confederacy. We quote 
 the conclusion of his communication : 
 
 “Now let us ask what American object can be found which exemplifies strength 
 and courage, the ‘noble idea’ of a young State, which is single and simple in itself, 
 which is representative of America, which is unappropriated by any nation in the 
 world, and which is liable to be confounded with no other national emblem. To my 
 apprehension, no one thing so entirely answers all these conditions as the buffalo. It 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 53 
 
 is noble in form, powerful in make, is American, and is distinct in form from any other 
 animal, therefore liable to be mistaken for none. A simple buffalo, with threatening 
 head, subscribed with the single word £ Forward,’ or some legend equally simple, would 
 answer every demand of an appropriate national emblem.” 
 
 [Courtesy of Mrs. W. E. Moore, Helena, Ark. — R. P. T.J 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Whig, October 8, 1862.] 
 
 The Confederate Seal. 
 
 A correspondent of the Columbia (S. C.) Guardian (“ R. W. B.”) recommends 
 the adoption of the plow as the emblem for the Confederate States, for the following 
 reasons : 
 
 1. It is eminently characteristic of our Southern States, where tobacco, wheat, 
 rice, sugar, and cotton — the great world staples — are chiefly produced. 
 
 2. It is simple ; its form, however varied, is everywhere at once recognized, and is 
 everywhere suggestive of the same ideas. 
 
 3. It is emblematical of peace, civilization, and prosperity. 
 
 4. It is everywhere held in honor. 
 
 5. It has the advantage over cotton-bales, cotton-stalks, rice-sheaves or barrels, 
 sugar-cane and the like, because the forms of these are not everywhere familiar or 
 uniform, nor are they sufficiently distinct from other plants. Besides, all the States are 
 not cotton, rice, or sugar-growing States. 
 
 0. It has the advantage over the rose (England), the lily (France), the thistle 
 (Scotland), or any of the vegetable kingdom, inasmuch as it is the emblem of industry 
 and utility. 
 
 7. It is better than the eagle or birds of prey, inasmuch as honest acquisition is 
 better than rapacious conquests. 
 
 8. It is better than an ox, or horse, or any of the animal tribe, as it is indicative of 
 human invention and enterprise, of moral rather than brute force. 
 
 9. Nor is its peaceful significance incompatible with national hardihood and mili- 
 tary strength, for its construction is of iron, and the “ plowshare ” is readily “ beaten 
 into the sword.” 
 
 10. It is scriptural, antique, classic, and modern in its associations. Reminding 
 us of the primeval curse, it is associated with man’s best efforts to ameliorate his con- 
 dition, and to lessen the sweat of his brow. It carries us back to the days of Cincin- 
 natus and the stern virtues of the Roman republic. It will embalm for future genera- 
 tions the striking feature of this war — •“ for homes and firesides” — where our armies 
 have been mainly composed of farmers ; and the plow has furnished the Confederacy 
 with its best soldiers. 
 
 For a motto, I would suggest the well-known words, familiar to every nation, 
 “ Gratia Dei ” (‘‘Through the blessing of God — by the grace of God ”). 
 
 1. It is peculiarly true of the labors of the plow that they depend upon God’s 
 gifts — His rain, and sunshine, and genial seasons. 
 
54 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 2. It is strikingly characterestic of this struggle that we based it upon the Divine 
 succor, and ever repose our hopes of success there. 
 
 3. The phrase has been used by most of our generals in announcing their victories ; 
 and it conveys a delicate allusion to the stereotype form in which our most successful 
 general, Jackson, heralds his successes. 
 
 4. It is already associated with national formulas in the oft-recurring phrases : “ Dei 
 gratia Gulielmus rex” “ Dei gratia Maximilianus imperator. ’ ’ 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Examiner, October 10, 1862.] 
 
 Editor Examiner : With your penchant for medals, I am not surprised at your 
 taking some interest in the selection of the Confederate Seal. I concur in your strict- 
 ures on the confused pictorial allegory of the Senate’s committee, and agree that some 
 single idea, embodied by a simple, natural object, peculiar, if possible, to the country, 
 should be presented. What say you to the honeypod tree, or, if the fruit seem of too 
 little worth, the orange tree, laden with fruit, but armed with its strongest spines or 
 thorns, as a central object, and around the margin Cultori ferax — Raptori ferox. If 
 this be deemed too savage an inscription, the words might be Cultori uber — Raptori 
 asper. 
 
 Should further emblematic device — illustrating the same idea — be desired, on the 
 one side of the tree (the side whose margin had the first part of the inscription) a 
 husbandman, with his spade or plow ; on the other side, the armed soldier, on guard, 
 with his bayonet or sword advanced. What say you to this suggestion ? If you deem it 
 worthy of notice, let it be the contribution of an idle, but not uninterested, “looker 
 on,” upon all that worthily illustrates our grand cause. 
 
 I am, sir, &c., 
 
 S. 
 
 [See Plate XXIX.] 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Whig, October 14, 1862.] 
 
 The Confederate Flag. 
 
 The following paragraph appears in several of our exchanges : 
 
 “ Congress has at last adopted a design for the National Flag. Its peculiarity con- 
 sists in a circle of white links in a blue ground. The links are themselves circles, and 
 interlocked so as to form a large circle. Their number is equal to that of the States. 
 Each link being in itself complete, is symbolic of State sovereignty, while their union 
 represents the Confederation.” [See Plate CLXXXIY, Part II.] 
 
 This is a mistake. Congress has not yet adopted any design for a National Flag. 
 The Joint Committee on Flag and Seal presented a report at the last session recom- 
 mending the adoption of a Confederate Flag, inferior in beauty and design to that 
 above described, but the report has not been adopted, unless it was done in secret 
 session. 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 55 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Whig, October 22, 1862.] 
 
 “ Pro Aris et Focis.” 
 
 The Augusta Chronicle says the motto “Pro aris et focis, 1 ' which was adopted by 
 the House of Representatives as the motto for the Confederate Seal, “ has been trans- 
 lated by a graduate of Franklin College, who is fond of hunting. He says it means 
 ‘ Hurra for the hares and foxes.’ He is delighted with the motto. An English friend, 
 who took his degree at a place he calls Hoxford Huniversity, says we have been 
 umbugged by our fox-hunting friend, and that the motto signifies ‘ For omes hand 
 halters.’ We cannot decide when such learned doctors disagree.” 
 
 The Confederate Flag. 
 
 [From the , , 186-.] 
 
 “Congress has at last adopted a design for the National Flag. Its peculiarities 
 consist in a circle of white links in a blue ground. The links are themselves circles, 
 and interlocked so as to form a large circle. Their number is equal to that of the 
 States. Each link being in itself complete, is symbolic of State sovereignty, while 
 their union represents the Confederation .” — Savannah Republican. 
 
 It is impossible to please everybody with any kind of a Flag, and we will claim the 
 privilege of being dissatisfied with this one. The device would suit some benevolent 
 association very well, and, indeed, was probably suggested by some of the insignia of 
 the Odd Fellows ; but is wholly unbefitting a National Ensign. In point of significance, 
 it is neither very clear nor forcible. A chain of any kind of links is not a good emblem 
 of republican freedom ; and although each link is perfect as a symbol “ of State sov- 
 ereignty,” observe that they can’t be parted, except you break them. Wherein, then, 
 is the right of secession indicated by such a chain ? On the contrary, does it not clearly 
 symbolize the very doctrine of our enemies, that the States cannot resume their isola- 
 ted and independent condition without violence ? Most clearly it does. The stars on 
 the Federal Flag are the representatives of our doctrine, while this chain of links inter- 
 locked seems to us (if we understand the description of it) a correct symbol of the 
 Federal idea of an inseparable Union. Lastly, the Flag has no beauty or gorgeousness. 
 Its plain blue and white reminds one of an old-fashioned bandana handkerchief. It 
 is poor as skimmed milk, and cold as a snow-bank. We should look for such a Flag 
 in Iceland or the North Sea, but in the bright and glowing regions of the South, never. 
 
 Is it not wonderful that the genius of the South cannot, in two years, elaborate a 
 pleasing and appropriate Flag? This one will never stand long, although Congress has 
 adopted it. 
 
 [Contributed by Mrs. Dr. W. E. Moore, Helena, Ark. — R. P. T.] 
 
 [From the Raleigh (N. C.) Register, , 186-.] 
 
 The Flag and Seal question is settled at last. The Flag is a pure white field, with- 
 out blue bar, and without red border ; all over radiant white, with only the square 
 
56 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Battle Flag occupying the upper corner next the flag-staff. It is a noble and beautiful 
 Banner, and, with God’s blessing upon its snow-white fold, we will rear it high and bear 
 it bravely among the proudest of the nations. May it never fly out upon the breeze 
 save in a righteous cause. 
 
 “ A nation’s Flag, a nation’s Flag, 
 
 If wickedly unrolled, 
 
 May foes, in adverse battle, drag 
 Its every fold from fold. 
 
 But in the cause of Liberty 
 
 Guard it ’gainst earth and hell ; 
 
 Guard it till death or victory — 
 
 Look you, you guard it well ! 
 
 No king, no saint, hath tomb so proud 
 As he whose Flag becomes his shroud.” 
 
 [Courtesy of Mrs. L. O’B. Branch, widow of Gen. B. — R. P. T.] 
 
 [From the Savannah (Ga.) Daily News, February 23, 1863.] 
 
 The wife of General John C. Breckinridge has had prepared a magnificent stand 
 of colors, constructed from the silk of the wedding dress worn by herself upon the day 
 of her marriage, and designed, through her distinguished husband, to be presented to 
 the most gallant and brave regiment in his division. We understand that this appro- 
 priate and valued present has been bestowed upon the 20th Tennessee Regiment, com- 
 manded by Colonel Tom Smith, and well known as the famous “ Battle’s Regiment” 
 that did such gallant service in the disastrous battle of Fishing Creek. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Enquirer, March 4, 1863.] 
 
 Flag and Seal. 
 
 The symbol or device to be set up by the Confederate States as the distinctive type 
 of their sovereignty is a matter of some importance, if it were only that we may be 
 saved from the sin of bad taste in the emblems or mottoes we may select. Indeed, it 
 might be said that almost any Flag and any Seal, and any motto, would answer our 
 purpose, provided, first, that it be distinctive ; and, second, that it contain no anomaly 
 or stupidity. At the present moment, indeed, it is only the more frivolous and dilet- 
 tante portion of our community which can concern itself very much about the Flag and 
 Seal question. A good currency, a just and large measure of taxation, an efficient 
 Quartermaster’s Department, and the abundant planting of corn, are of infinitely more 
 consequence than heraldic symbols. Yet Flag and Seal— visible symbol and motto — 
 we must have, if it were only to sign and seal those treaties of alliance and of com- 
 merce which some sanguine persons hope soon to see effected between ourselves and 
 the English, or the French, or those outside barbarians, the hoosiers of the Northwest. 
 Man always seeks and needs a symbol to rally Found, and it becomes to him somewhat 
 mystic and divine, as the emblem of his country’s might and glory, for which he will 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 57 
 
 proudly fight and die. Even those devices which belong to a cause lost and long buried 
 live long in the memory of its faithful adherents, as we see now in the case of those 
 respectable old Bourbonists of the Faubourg St. Germain, in whose very hearts the 
 white lily still blow's and blossoms. Herein is one main test of a great people, that 
 they will do and dare all for their sacred Flag. 
 
 “Have not I myself known,” says Carlyle, “five hundred living soldiers sabred 
 into crow’s-meat for a piece of glazed cotton, which they called their Flag, which, had 
 you sold it at any market-cross, would not have brought over three groshens? Did not 
 the whole Hungarian nation rise, like some tumultuous moon-stirred Atlantic, when 
 Kaiser Joseph pocketed their iron crown, an implement, as was sagaciously observed, 
 in size and commercial value, little differing from a horseshoe? It is in and through 
 symbols that man consciously or unconsciously lives, works, and has his being ; those 
 ages, moreover, are accounted the noblest which can best recognize symbolical worth 
 and prize it the highest. For is not a symbol ever to him who has eyes for it some 
 dimmer or clearer revelation of the godlike?” 
 
 After all, however, the States of this Confederacy and the citizens thereof do not 
 stand in need of, and probably will never admit or cherish, so deep and exclusive a 
 reverence for the mere symbol of their central Federal agency. Each State has, thank 
 God, its owm Flag and Seal ; and these are the true insignia of its national life and 
 power. The trampled tyrant and liberating angel, with its heartfelt Sic semper of 
 Virginia, will be for ages, as we trust, the real National Flag of every true Virginian. 
 To a South Carolinian, it is probable that no Confederate Banner, be it classic as the 
 Roman eagles and radiant as the rainbow, will ever take the place of the old palmetto. 
 Yet, for the outside world, we need a symbol which all mankind must learn to respect 
 on sea and land as the visible sign of our sovereignty ; and, therefore, the labors of 
 our Flag and Seal Committees are not to be passed by as matter of no significance. 
 
 As for the Flag, there is a general prejudice against the Stars and Bars ; though 
 in itself a handsome Banner, it is said to be too like the old Yankee concern which has 
 become so hateful. Fortunately, it is not the Flag under which our armies have won 
 their most signal successes ; and many believe that it will be hard now to supersede 
 the crimson Battle Flag with its starred St. Andrew’s cross of blue. It has claims upon 
 us now; for was not this the Banner that waved along the line of the Confederates 
 when they pressed so fiercely upon McClellan’s hosts through the woods and marshes 
 of the Peninsula, until its crimson flutter was a vision of terror and vengeance to the 
 flying foe? Was not this the glorious rag that struck panic into the legions of Pope 
 when they saw it flash upon their rear like a crimson star ? It has waved defiance from 
 the heights of Fredericksburg ; and the Potomac, from the mountains to the sea, has 
 fondly reflected its blood-red gleam. Under its shadow great soldiers have died with 
 one last look upon its dear cross ; and in the hour of victory it has seemed transfigured 
 into something godlike, when the rapturous shouts of our Southern soldiery shook its 
 folds like a storm. It will be hard to supersede this Battle Flag, and many will sympa- 
 thize with the sentiments of our correspondent, “Alabama.” 
 
 His warm approval of Senator Clay’s device for a Seal may be more questionable. 
 If the “cavalier” of Mr. Clay be a copy simply of the Washington statue, we see no 
 objection to it. Washington was essentially our Southern hero of the Revolution, and 
 
58 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 it is right to assert and vindicate our right in him and his fame. But Mr. Clay seems 
 to involve, along with the simple idea of General Washington on horseback, some 
 allusion to an English political party known to us chiefly by their devotion to an English 
 dynasty. It is alleged, in support of this notion, that the Southerners are mainly 
 descended from those English cavaliers, which is historically a mistake. Some families 
 in Virginia are doubtless descended from a cavalier stock, but they are far from repre- 
 senting the whole State even of Virginia, to say nothing of the other States. Taking 
 the whole Confederacy together, there is much more of the Celtic blood than of that 
 which calls itself, erroneously, the “Anglo-Saxon,’’ and it is undesirable to adopt a 
 device which either raises a historical disputation or expresses affiliation to a foreign 
 party, or sets up for a small number of families the pretension to give us a symbol of 
 the pride and power of our Confederacy. As to the “ cavaliers ” being good horsemen, 
 and therefore a suitable emblem of a nation of horsemen, they never were such horse- 
 men as the Apaches. 
 
 Our facetious correspondent enlarges upon mottoes. That is his specialty. Some 
 readers may not be very sure that the classical wit is so perfectly serious as the solemnity 
 of his subject demands. However, he runs along pleasantly enough, and suggests good 
 ideas. He might have carried on the same Latin badinage much further. For 
 example, when he objects (very properly) to the old E pluribus unum as utterly cen- 
 tralizing, why not have suggested as a State-rights motto Nos numerus sumus ? His 
 objection to all emblems expressive of trade or of staple productions is in perfect good 
 taste. As a sign and symbol of a proud people, we are wholly averse to cotton (whether 
 in plant or bale), tobacco (whether in hogsheads or in pipes), rice, sugar, turpentine, 
 corn-stalks, and hog-meat. 
 
 It is time now to let our correspondent speak : 
 
 Seal of the Confederate States.— In the present lull of the storm which has 
 been raging with but few intermissions for the last two years, permit a homo umbratilis 
 to say a few words concerning the Seal of the Confederate States. While it is abso- 
 lutely essential that the justice of our cause, the wisdom of our policy, and the single- 
 heartedness of our patriotism be fully vindicated, it is eminently desirable that the taste 
 and scholarship of the South be properly represented. Many may regard this as a 
 matter of minor importance ; and so it is, in comparison with the other momentous 
 issues which are before us. But no educated citizen of the Confederate States is indif- 
 ferent to the style of our State papers, and many feel as honest, if not so intense, a 
 pride in the nervous, classic language of our Chief Magistrate as in the strategy of our 
 great generals. Abraham Lincoln suffers a Bull Run defeat whenever he enters the 
 rhetorical lists with Jefferson Davis, and we all laugh to see the ungainly backwoods- 
 man floundering helplessly in the entanglements of his uncouth armor. The gentleman 
 of the South has a native advantage in language over his Yankee antagonist, and 
 although the Northerners have written more grammars and put forth more editions of 
 the classics, with notes pilfered from European sources and spoiled in the pilfering, it 
 is hardly to be doubted that, in proportion to the population, there is as much of taste 
 and scholarship in the South as in the North. Still, it must be admitted that there is 
 but a scant display of taste and scholarship in the design and motto for the Seal of the 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 59 
 
 Confederate States, as presented by the committee of the last Congress. The motto is 
 school-boyish ; the design is modeled after the pattern of a bank-note vignette. Any 
 dictionary of Latin quotations would furnish a hundred less threadbare and equally 
 appropriate phrases. Any book of emblems, from Alciatus down, would supply a 
 better design. We shall have next a Confederate soldier surrounded by a rampart of 
 cotton-bales, with the novel quotations In medio tutissimus ibis and Hie murus aheneus 
 esto, or a Southron with fixed bayonet confronting a Yankee armed with a nutmeg 
 grater of the last pattern, the whole encircled by the memorable words Timeo danaos 
 et dona ferentes. If we cannot hunt up a new motto in the whole range of Latin prose 
 and verse, let us steal a good one. The Domine, dirige nos of the city of London 
 would express very well the firm reliance on God which makes this struggle of ours a 
 holy war in the true sense of the word ; Nec pluribus -impar would be a proud offset to 
 E pluribus unum ; and even the ostrich of Richelieu, with its legend Fortis dura coquit, 
 would not be unwelcome as the emblem of the ‘‘hard times” through which we are 
 passing, and shall yet have to pass. But I cannot think that we are so far behind our 
 colonial ancestors, behind the Biblical Crescite et midtiplicamini of Maryland, the Vir- 
 gilian Animis opibusque parati (Aen. ii, 799) of South Carolina, the revolutionary Sit 
 semper tyrannus of Virginia, which afterwards assumed its present form, Sic semper 
 tyrannis, as if in anticipation of the many-headed tyranny of our Northern foes. 
 
 Allow me, then, through your paper, to call the attention of Southern scholars to 
 this matter, and at the same time to suggest the proper conditions of our motto. 
 Brevity and simplicity are indispensable. If the motto is Latin, it should be metrical ; 
 if formed by the closing feet of a hexameter, so much the better. Compare the familiar 
 legends : Nec aspera terrent, Post nubila Phcebus, Per aspera ad astra. It should not 
 allude to the character of our league, as it is impossible to represent correctly compli- 
 cated political relations in two or three words. This is the error of the motto of the 
 United States, a genuine Federalist motto, which has given a popular sanction to false 
 views of the old Union. This is a fatal objection to the verse, once so often quoted, 
 which has been suggested as the motto of our new Confederacy : 
 
 Distinct as the billows, but one as the sea, 
 
 a verse which may be put in Latin thus : 
 
 Unum diver si sic efficiunt mare fluctus. 
 
 And the same objection may be urged, and has been urged, against the device of 
 the sun, if its rays are intended to represent the different States. But against the sun 
 as the emblem of our Southern character and climate there is no objection ; and if we 
 borrow a hint from Ovid, we can make a tolerable point against the Star Spangled 
 Banner. 
 
 ( Solis ad ortum ) Diffugiunt stellce (Met. ii, 124). The following line from Caesar’s 
 speech in Lucan (Pharsal. i, 348) seems to combine the two elements which we need — 
 the proud assertion of our right, the humble acknowledgment of God: 
 
 Omnia dat qui justa negat; nec numina desunt. 
 
 The principle asserted in the former clause may have been wrong for Caesar as an 
 individual ; it is right for us as States. Individuals are not to judge their own cause ; 
 States must. Hence the refusal of the North to grant our rights (qui justa negat ) 
 
60 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 releases us from all obligations ( omnia dot). Besides, the words would deal a little 
 side blow at the European powers for their unfair attitude. As for the latter clause, 
 the Christian might object to the plural numina for the one God, but the name of God 
 is plural in the sacred books of the Old Testament, and if I might be allowed to give 
 rabbinical reasons, numina is a trinity, containing, as it does, three syllables, three 
 consonants, and three vowels, and those three vowels the primitives. The former part 
 would answer for the obverse, the latter for the reverse of our coins when the reign of 
 paper is over. While ou this topic I may be pardoned for adding a Latin pentameter, 
 suggested by the foregoing verse : 
 
 Justa negant homines omnia dat Dominus. 
 
 Biblical mottoes abound ; for instance (if we adopt the sun), Deus illuminatio 
 nostra (Ps. xxvii, 1). But I will not trespass further on your valuable space, as my 
 only desire in making this communication is to urge the propriety of care in this matter. 
 Better to use for six months [c. s. ] , or the Confederate (their w mark) States, than to 
 fix on some puerile or insignificant Seal ; better, perhaps, than to adopt the Ensign of 
 a “cavalier,” under which some taunting enemy may write: 
 
 Fallax equus ad salutem (Ps. xxiii, 17). 
 
 x. 
 
 Our Flag and Seal. 
 
 Editors Enquirer — Gentlemen: I fully concur in your earnest remonstrances 
 against Congress concerning itself about minor matters so long as the Yankees are 
 thundering at our gates; but, inasmuch as the Flag and the Seal continue to be talked 
 and written about, a little more newspaper discussion of the same may not be out of 
 place. Allow me to give my opinion. 
 
 As to the Flag, I feel persuaded that our present Battle Flag would make, in all 
 respects, a more suitable permanent Banner for our country than any which has been 
 proposed. The three elements required for a Flag are conspicuity, simplicity, and good 
 taste. As to the first, no color is more conspicuous than red ; as to the second, what 
 could be more simple than a plain field illuminated by a star-spangled cross; and as to 
 the third, let any one look at the Battle Flag as it floats in the sunshine, and say where 
 he has seen a prettier Banner. 
 
 After having been in many parts of the world, and seen the Flags of all the civil- 
 ized and some of the partly civilized nations, I am free to say that I know of few, if 
 any, which have struck me as more comely. 
 
 The great objection to most of those proposed is. they are too complicated. They 
 undertake to signify too much artistically. Every one familiar with painting knows 
 how difficult, if not impossible, it is to represent the sun. What great master ever put 
 a full-orbed sun in one of his pictures? Sunsets and sunrises we have in abundance, 
 but then it is only the departing or coming rays and the glories shed over clouds and 
 sky, and not the sun himself which we see upon the canvas. Yet our Flag designers, 
 many of them, at least, seem bent on fixing this impossible thing as the most conspic- 
 uous object on our country’s Flag. Some of them, too, propose a blue field. Shock- 
 ing ! Blue is a very lovely color in its place, but not for a Flag. It lacks the gay, 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 61 
 
 conspicuous element indispensable for this purpose. Who that has seen the Flag of 
 Greece ever would wish to see a blue Flag again? 
 
 No, Messrs. Editors, let us have our bright, simple, appropriate, defiant Battle 
 Flag to float over our young Confederacy ; all the more becoming, too, from its having 
 floated over many a battle-field through which that Confederacy has been working its 
 way to independence and a place among the nations of the earth. 
 
 As to the Seal, it seems to me that the honorable Mr. Clay, in his recent proposi- 
 tion, has hit the nail upon the head at last. What could be a more beautiful device 
 for a Seal than a “cavalier?” And what object could be more appropriate than 
 Washington ? An equestrian figure — a copy of your own Virginia statue of the “ Father 
 of his Country” would be the very thing. We don’t intend to abandon Washington 
 to the Yankees, I hope. Never ! Let us, then, put him on our Seal, and on our coin, 
 too, whenever we shall be blessed with such a thing. 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 [From the Southern Illustrated News, March 12, 1863. J 
 
 Our Flag ami Seal. 
 
 The question of a Confederate Flag and Seal has again begun to excite attention. 
 It might perhaps be thought that while matters of absolutely vital importance to the 
 Confederacy were forcing themselves upon the notice of Congress, the adoption of a 
 Flag and Seal should be deferred until there was time for the indulgence of an esthetical 
 taste. The currency — the life-blood of the country — is disordered; food, the staff of 
 life of the people, is scarce, and until some remedy for the financial malady can be 
 supplied, and some means for obtaining a larger supply of provisions can be hit upon, 
 it might seem idle to be troubling ourselves with heraldic studies and the beauty of a 
 Banner. Still, the Secretary of State must have a Seal, and our people are tired of 
 looking at the poor imitation of the “ Stars and Stripes” which floats from our public 
 buildings and military posts. We may call it “ Stars and Bars,” but the “union” is 
 the same -with that of the United States Flag, and the bars are only wider stripes of 
 the same color, and the whole thing is suggestive of the detested Federal Government 
 and its oppressions. 
 
 We have always thought that General Joseph E. Johnston settled the question of 
 a National Flag when he selected the blue spangled saltier upon a red field as his Battle 
 Ensign. It may be recollected that the choice was made in consequence of the diffi- 
 culty, that had been seriously felt in the first battle of Manassas, in distinguishing 
 between the Yankee colors and our own, and at a time when the two hostile armies 
 were confronting each other on the plains of Fairfax, with the prospect ot a renewal of 
 the bloody fight at any moment. Haste was necessary in the preparation of the Flags, 
 and secrecy was also desirable lest the enemy should discover our change of colors, and 
 provide themselves with counterfeits to be basely used for our own destruction. General 
 Johnston’s pattern was thereupon sent to Richmond, and seventy-five ladies from each 
 one of four or five churches were set to work making the Battle Flags. Their fair 
 fingers rapidly wrought silk and bunting into the prescribed shape and arrangement of 
 
62 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC.— FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 colors; but despite the injunction of inviolable confidence, the device was known the 
 subsequent day all over the capital. How could General Johnston expect four or five 
 hundred female tongues to be silent on the subject? No harm was done by the disclo- 
 sure, however, and when next the brave troops of the Confederacy went into the fight 
 those Flags were seen dancing in the bj^eze, the symbol of hope to the defenders of 
 our country, wherever the fire was the deadliest over the crimson field, borne always 
 aloft where follower and foe might behold it, ever the chosen perch of victory ere the 
 fight was done. Could these gay little pieces of the handiwork of the women of Rich- 
 mond be collected now, what emotions would not the sight of them awaken, blackened 
 as they are with the smoke of powder, riddled with bullets, many of them stained with 
 the blood, the last drops, that welled up from the heart of a patriot hero. We repeat, 
 that the baptism of blood and fire has made the Battle Flag of General Johnston our 
 National Ensign. It is associated with our severest trials and our proudest achieve- 
 ments. The device is simple, and is striking. The colors are readily distinguished at 
 a great distance. In heraldry, the saltier is emblematic of strength, and it is quite 
 unlike any other Flag now borne among the nations of the earth. There is but one 
 difficulty that can present itself — the impossibility of indicating, by a reversal of the 
 Flag, distress of ships upon the high seas. This might be obviated by the adoption of 
 a special Flag of distress, with the saltier or the St. Andrew’s cross as a union, to be 
 hoisted union down when the occasion demanded. 
 
 With regard to the Seal, we understand that the committee of Congress is ready 
 to report for the obverse the device suggested by Mr. Clay, of Alabama, of the cavalier. 
 If by this is meant the figure of a man on horseback simply, nothing, it seems to us, 
 could be in better taste or more appropriate as expressive of the habits of our people. 
 The device is not new ; indeed, it is one of the oldest ever employed in this manner. The 
 man on the back of the horse has ever been a favorite emblem to denote mastery of the 
 human over the highest type of the brute creation. It appears in sculptured majesty 
 upon the glorious friezes of the Parthenon. It was used by the Roman emperors upon 
 their coins and Seals, and constituted the sole image upon the Great Seals of the sov- 
 ereigns of England, with the single exception of Henry VI, from the time of William 
 the Conqueror down to the sway of the House of Hanover. William and Mary 
 appeared together on the Seal, d cheval — thus introducing two horses. Cromwell 
 discarded the horseman from the Seal of the Commonwealth, but placed a representa- 
 tion of himself, mounted on a charger, upon the Seal of Scotland. 
 
 The Southern people are eminently an equestrian people. The horseman, there- 
 fore, is the best of all symbols to be placed upon their Seal of State ; but if by the 
 cavalier is meant any political character — anything more than a Southern gentleman on 
 horseback — the device is objectionable, as false to history, and as conveying ideas of 
 caste. We were not all cavaliers, and we have no patrician orders. Far better were 
 it to let the horseman be the well-known and revered image of George Washington, as 
 the loftiest development of the Southern gentleman. The whole design might be taken 
 from Crawford’s marble statue in the Capitol square. A Seal representing horse and 
 rider, as there seen in relief against the sky, would be one of the simplest and most 
 beautiful that the art of the die-sinker has ever given to cabinet or people. 
 
 [Courtesy of Captain J. F. Mayer, Eichmond, Va. — B. P. T.] 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 63 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Enquirer, March 12, 18G3.] 
 
 Flag: and Seal. 
 
 Here is a suggestion from Charleston : 
 
 Editors Enquirer : Allow me to suggest for the Seal of the Confederate States 
 the following : 
 
 In the foreground, a mule, plow, and negro driver, whip in hand ; in the back- 
 ground, a cavalry soldier, with hunting-shirt, slouch hat, and heavy boots, sabre drawn, 
 horse rampant. 
 
 As to the inscription, I am not particular, so long as it is expressive. It might 
 be well to adopt an idea that has been frequently alluded to by a gentleman of this 
 State, which is just the opposite of “Liberty, equality, and the rights of man,” i. e., 
 “Slavery, inequality, and the rights of masters.” 
 
 I am, sir, &c., 
 
 A SUBSCRIBER. 
 
 Charleston, S. C. 
 
 We object to the mule and negro driver, as conveying too low an idea. It might 
 do well enough for a vignette to a bank-note, because money is the medium and instru- 
 ment of commerce and trade ; but there is something higher in the life of a State than 
 trade and money and mules and negroes, and of that higher and highest our national 
 cognizance should be the symbol and expression. The design of the Seal once con- 
 demned, the motto falls to the ground. “Liberty, equality, and the rights of man” — 
 “ Slavery, inequality, and the rights of masters ” — each of these phrases convey a truth ; 
 but the truth is partial in both cases. There is such a thing as liberty, we hope, and it 
 is a good thing. There is such a thing as slavery, and it is also a good thing ; each 
 being good for those whom it fits. Equality and inequality — both these are right, each 
 in its place ; and the formula of Spratt reconciles them, viz : “ Between equals equality 
 is right.” So, also, there are rights of man, and also, specifically, rights of masters. 
 In short, neither of these two mottoes excludes the other. 
 
 Elon, Ya. , April 6, 1863. 
 
 Hon. J. L. M. Curry. 
 
 My Dear Sir : I sent a few months since a rough design for a Confederate Flag to 
 a member of Congress, of which, so far as I know, he has taken no notice. I have 
 recently had an opportunity of suggesting it to several Army officers and soldiers from 
 various portions of the South, and all, without exception, most heartily approve it, and 
 I have been urged to press it upon the consideration of Congress. I have concluded, 
 in consideration of your high character as a man, legislator, and Christian to submit 
 it to you, with the hope it will meet your approbation and support. At all events, it 
 will be a gratification to know one has it in possession who will honestly dispose of it 
 as his best judgment may dictate. 
 
 I regret it is out of my power to send you a drawing, but hope a brief description 
 will suffice for a clear understanding of it : 
 
 The Flag. — A blue bunting of proper dimensions, an oval of white near the 
 centre, leaving a margin of blue above and below ; a full-length likeness of General 
 
64 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC.— FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 George Washington, dressed in full uniform, standing erect in the centre of the oval, 
 with a sword in the right and an olive-branch in the left hand, all in bronze or gilt; a 
 circle of stars within the blue surrounding the white oval corresponding to the number 
 of States in the Confederacy, the stars to be white ; “ Our Washington,” in bronze or 
 gilt, within the oval and above the figure. 
 
 It were a useless task to call your mind to the fact that Washington symbolized in 
 his leading characteristics the predominant traits of Southern character. He was a 
 warrior, a farmer, a man of the highest sense of honor and the loftiest morals. He 
 was a son of the South, and the acknowledged father of the great principles of self- 
 government for which we are contending. His person, a life-like portrait, on our Ban- 
 ners would inspire our troops on every field and amid every privation. Who so fitly 
 symbolizes a fearless execution of law and implicit obedience to it? Whose name sug- 
 gests at once great endurance of hardships, reverses, sufferings, privations, and an 
 unyielding, uncompromising spirit amid them all, as his? He is our Washington. He 
 is beloved and revered by all. Such a Banner would be a bond of union strong as his 
 own inestimable virtues are enshrined in the hearts of his countrymen. It would take 
 away from our enemies one of the most constantly inspiring themes with which they 
 arouse the passions of their people. The face of Washington is unlike the face of any 
 man living or dead, and can be recognized by all at a glance. He lived and fought for 
 and died enjoining on his countrymen the great principles of law, order, and constitu- 
 tional government. He was, is, and ever must be “ first in war, first in peace, and first 
 in the hearts of his countrymen.” That there is much in the aesthetic influences of a 
 suitable Flag, no one can doubt ; hence the propriety of having one symbolical and 
 calculated to arouse our respect, veneration, and love. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 L. B. ANDERSON, M. D. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Examiner, April 18, 1863.] 
 
 Seal of* the Confederate States. 
 
 House of Representatives, April 17, 1863. 
 ***** 
 
 Mr. Boteler, of Virginia, from the Committee on Flag and Seal, reported the fol- 
 lowing joint resolution : 
 
 “ That the Seal of the Confederate States shall consist of a device representing an 
 equestrian portrait of Washington (after the statue which surmounts his monument in 
 the Capitol Square at Richmond), surrounded with a wreath composed of the principal 
 agricultural products of the South (cotton, tobacco, sugar-cane, corn, wheat, and rice), 
 and having around its margin the words ‘ Seal of the Confederate States of America, 
 22d February, 1862,’ with the following motto: ‘Deo duce vincemns.' ” 
 
 Mr. Boteler favored the adoption of the report, which he said was the unanimous 
 conclusion of the committee’s deliberations. The motto had been the great source of 
 difficulty with the committee, but they had adopted, as peculiarly appropriate to our 
 present position, Deo duce vinccmus (“ God being our leader, we will conquer”). 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 65 
 
 Mr. Jones, of Tennessee, approved of the device, but objected to the motto. He 
 did not know what it meant, and he doubted if any two gentlemen on this floor would 
 render it alike. 
 
 Mr. Conrad asked if the gentleman knew what E pluribus iinum meant. 
 
 Mr. Jones said that he did not. He never knew any two persons to agree in their 
 rendition of it. About as sensible a rendition as he had ever heard was — 
 
 “The eagle’s flight 
 Is out of sight.” 
 
 [Laughter.] He should move to strike out the motto proposed, and insert “ Liberty 
 and Independence.” 
 
 Mr. Foote asked if the gentleman would take Libertas et Independentia. 
 
 Mr. Jones: No, nothing whatever in Latin. He wanted a motto which all who 
 were fighting for liberty and independence could understand when they saw it upon the 
 Seal. 
 
 Mr. Boyce, of South Carolina, was in favor of the device proposed by the com- 
 mittee as peculiarly appropriate. He would desire that the example of Washington 
 should be put forth as the type of our country, that all now on the stage, and those to 
 come hereafter, might profit by it. 
 
 Mr. Foote eulogized Washington, and warmly approved the perpetuation of his 
 great example proposed by the committee. In all his relations, social and domestic, 
 his life was a model of justice, and commanded the love and respect of all nations 
 where his name was known. Mr. Foote, however, was not in favor of the motto, and 
 urged the adoption of that suggested by his colleague (Mr. Jones). 
 
 Mr. Gray, of Texas, contended that no nation ever succeeded in a career of honor, 
 glory, and prosperity that did not have some great idea, some great principle in view ; 
 heuce he wanted Faith adopted as our motto, and offered Fide fortis as a substitute 
 for that reported by the committee. 
 
 Mr. Conrad, of Louisiana, was opposed to the adoption of a motto like that pro- 
 posed by the committee, which conveyed the idea of a thirst of conquest or dominion. 
 
 Mr. Boteler congratulated the committee upon the fact that there was no difference 
 of opinion as to the device, and that the only subject of controversy was in regard to 
 the motto. The controlling influence which led the committee to the selection of a 
 Latin motto was that it was a dead language, a language which could never change, 
 and was understood by all the nations of the world. The motto on the Seal would be 
 sent to countries beyond the sea, where our language was almost unknown. When 
 Zeuxis, the painter, had completed a fine work, he exhibited it to his friends, some of 
 whom proceeded to make criticisms, when he remarked : “Those of you who don’t 
 like it had better try to make another.” The committee had considered this subject 
 for two years, and had endeavored to decide upon a suitable motto. They believed the 
 Confederacy was willing to acknowledge God as its leader, and would conquer under 
 His lead. The device he considered in every sense appropriate, and especially since 
 our first President was inaugurated under the shadow of the statue. He, however, was 
 not entirely wedded to the Latin ; he only hoped that the House would come to some 
 conclusion, and not send it back to the committee, for he was heartily tired of it. 
 
66 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 The question was first taken on Mr. Gray’s amendment, and it was not agreed to. 
 Mr. Jones’ amendment was voted down — yeas, 37 ; nays, 43. 
 
 The joint resolution was then ordered to its engrossment, read a third time, and 
 passed. 
 
 [See Plate VI, Part I.] 
 
 [From the Southern Illustrated News, April 18, 1863.] 
 
 fc ‘ Turkey Foot” on the Flag Question. 
 
 Our valued contributor, “ Turkey Foot,” who of late has been taking a “Rip 
 Van Winkle ” snooze, has at last opened his eyes. The idea of changing the Flag of 
 the South has roused him from his lethargy. Hear how he discourseth : 
 
 Camp on Blackwater, March 28, 1863. 
 
 Editors News — Gentlemen: I sympathize most heartily with you in the article in 
 your last number relative to the Confederate Battle Flag. A new Flag ! What, in the 
 name of Moses, do we want with a new Flag? We have had new ones enough already. 
 
 I was originally in favor of retaining the old Flag. That “ Star Spangled Banner,” 
 at whose very name our hearts were wont to thrill ; over decks where the haughty 
 cross of St. George and the vaunted tri-color had been humbled ; on fields whose 
 names will live forever in song and story, that Flag had floated triumphantly. And 
 who shall say that its victories were less the rewards of Southern than Northern valor? 
 The blood of our fathers had been shed for it ; a Southerner had hymned it in a strain 
 which had become a national anthem ; we were as much the original Government as 
 the North, and as much entitled to retain the original Flag. So I thought, but others 
 thought differently ; and before the infant Confederacy had yet a Flag or a Government, 
 we belted on our weapons and gave to the winds of Mississippi the cross of Carolina. 
 
 Then the “ Stars and Bars ” became our Flag, and waved over the heads of our 
 regiments when we first marched to guard the borders of Virginia. It retained most of 
 the distinctive features of the old Flag, but was still thought to differ from it sufficiently ; 
 but the first field of Manassas proved that it was a mistake. The union was the same, 
 the colors were all the same ; and when the Flags drooped around the staff in that 
 sultry July day, it was impossible to distinguish them. There was no difficulty, how- 
 ever, when the Flags were spread by the breeze ; and I see no reason why the “ Stars 
 and Bars” should not still float above all forts, ships, and arsenals of the Confederacy. 
 But we needed another Battle Flag. Glorious “ Old Joe” willed it, and the Southern 
 Cross rose brightly in the bloody field among the constellations of war. It fulfilled all 
 the desiderata of a Battle Flag ; its brilliant colors made it visible at a great distance, 
 and there was no danger of mistaking it for the Flag of any other nation. Since that 
 time it has become historic. Displayed on an hundred stricken fields, it has never 
 been dishonored. It were sacrilege to change it — treason to the memory of the thou- 
 sands of brave men who “ have seen it fly in triumph o’er each closing eye.” 
 
 Certainly, no soldier desires that Congress should do what the Yankees have never 
 been able to do — take that Flag from us. For mjr part, I would rather fight under my 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 67 
 
 lady’s handkerchief as a Banner, if they force us to lay down the azure cross which 
 we have borne so often through the rolling smoke into the light of victory. 
 
 Yours, indignantly, 
 
 TURKEY FOOT. 
 
 [Courtesy of Capt. J. F. Mayek, Richmond, Va. — R. P. T.] 
 
 [From the Savannah (Ga.) Morning News, April 23, 1863.] 
 
 Confederate Flag and Seal. 
 
 The Confederate Congress has at length adopted a Great Seal, which, we think, 
 is both appropriate and in good taste. The Seal is thus described : “An equestrian 
 portrait of Washington (after the statue which surmounts his monument in the Capitol 
 square at Richmond), surrounded with a wreath composed of the principal agricultural 
 products of the South (cotton, tobacco, sugar-cane, corn, wheat, and rice), having 
 around its margin the words ‘Seal of the Confederate States of America, 23d Feb., 
 1862,’ together with the motto, '‘Deo duce vincemus ’ (‘With God for our leader, we 
 will conquer’).” 
 
 This device and motto will be approved by the good taste and moral sentiment of 
 our people, and it now only remains for Congress to adopt an appropriate Flag for the 
 Confederacy, in order that we may present to the world the symbols, as well as the 
 power and substance, of a great and glorious nationality. During the first session of 
 the Provisional Congress, the subject of a Flag occupied much of the attention of that 
 body. Designs were invited, and numerous model Flags were received from all por- 
 tions of the Confederacy and submitted to the Committee on the Flag and Seal, but 
 for various reasons the committee were unable to adopt any of the designs presented, 
 and Congress was on the eve of adjourning without a Confederate Flag, when necessity 
 compelled them, almost impromptu, to adopt our present Flag. Since then the subject 
 has been frequently discussed in Congress and by the press, but neither have been able 
 to agree upon a substitute for the Flag, to which all object on account of its resem- 
 blance to that of the abolition despotism against which we are fighting. To avoid the 
 evil consequences growing out of a confusion of Flags on the battle-field, General 
 Beauregard, we believe, adopted the Southern Cross or Battle Flag, which has so 
 grown in favor with the Army as to be now almost universally substituted in the field 
 for the “ Stars and Bars.” This Flag has been consecrated by the best blood of the 
 nation ; it is hallowed by the memory of glorious victories — it is sanctified by the 
 symbol of our religious faith and illuminated by the constellated emblems of our Con- 
 federate States, but it is, in some important respects, unsuited for a National Ensign. 
 Extended to the proper dimensions, the symmetry of its design would be destroyed, 
 and having no reverse (no union down), it cannot be used as a signal of distress. The 
 objects to be attained in the adoption of a Flag are simplicity, distinctness, .significancy, 
 and beauty. To combine the liberty colors — red, white, and blue— so as to accomplish 
 these ends, and yet to avoid too great resemblance to the Flag of some other nation, 
 is the difficulty to be overcome. By a very simple arrangement all these ends may be 
 attained, and, to our taste, a very appropriate and beautiful Flag formed. Our idea 
 
68 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 is simply to combine the present Flag with a pure white standard sheet — our Southern 
 Cross, blue, on a red field, to take the place in the white Flag that is occupied by the 
 blue union in the old United States Flag, or the St. George’s Cross in the British Flag. 
 As a people, we are fighting to maintain the heaven-ordained supremacy of the white 
 man over the inferior or colored race. A white Flag would thus be emblematical of 
 our cause. Upon a red field would stand forth our Southern Cross, gemmed with the 
 stars of our Confederacy — all combined, preserving in beautiful contrast the red, white, 
 and blue. Such a Flag would be chaste, beautiful, and significant, while it would be 
 easily made of silk or bunting, and would be readily distinguished from the Flags of 
 other nations. 
 
 It may be objected that a Flag in which white prevails might be mistaken for a 
 Flag of Truce ; that it could not be seen so distinctly as red or blue ; that it would be 
 easily soiled, &c. The first objection is not good, for the reason that the red field and 
 blue cross would be a prominent feature of the Flag, and from its position at the top, 
 against the staff, could not be hidden by the folds of the Flag. In the smoke of battle, 
 or at sea against the blue sky, the white would stand out as vividly as either the Stars 
 and Stripes of Abolitiondom, the tri-color of France, or the red Flag of England. As 
 for the other objection, we have always observed that white stripes have stood the 
 battle and the breeze as well, and looked as fresh and bright, as the red. 
 
 Since the above was in type we have received a dispatch announcing that the 
 Senate has adopted a Flag. It will be seen that, with the exception of a blue stripe 
 in the centre of the white field, the new Flag is the same as we have suggested above, 
 the present Battle Flag having been adopted as the union. We like the new Flag, but 
 would have preferred a pure white field. 
 
 [Courtesy of Colonel C. C. Jones, jr., Augusta, Ga. — R. P. T.] 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Examiner, April 24, 1863.] 
 
 Let us congratulate the Committee on Flag and Seal that they have completed 
 their labors, though they have invented the ugliest Banner that ever flapped over flood 
 or field. The chief object of the proposed change in the actual Confederate Flag was 
 to get rid of those bars which so strongly resemble stripes ; but the imagination of the 
 committee has been insufficient to body forth the form of the unknown Flag without 
 the ancient figure. The present Standard consists of two red and one white stripe ; 
 the committee’s manufacture will consist of two white and one blue stripe. We are 
 not certain whether the stars will remain in their sphere or not. The report says that 
 the union or square at the upper corner of the new Banner shall be what is known as 
 the Battle Flag— a red ground with a blue cross on it. This cross is sometimes deco- 
 rated with stars, and is supposed to indicate a constellation, not visible in our heavens, 
 called the Southern Cross. But the striking feature of the model is the blue stripe 
 between two white stripes. The present Flag is a modification of that formerly borne 
 by the country ; the new one is a modification of the modification, and a most hideous 
 development it will prove to be. 
 
 It is not believed that the report will be adopted. Congress has two well-known 
 Flags before it, either of which is more agreeable than this scarecrow. One is the 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 69 
 
 actual Confederate Flag — pretty, but objectionable from its resemblance to that dis- 
 graced by the United States. The other is the Banner adopted by the Army without 
 authority, but by common consent, as its Standard and signal in battle. It is St. 
 Andrew's cross, blue, on a red field, and has its advantages. It is handsome (when 
 the cross is not disfigured with attempts at stars) ; it can be seen at a great distance ; 
 it cannot, in any confusion, or at any distance, be confounded with the Flag of the 
 United States, Mexico, Spain, England, or France ; it is the spontaneous creation of 
 the war, chosen without an advocate by the soldiers, and has been consecrated in all 
 the battles since the first Manassas. But it is objected that it neither has nor can have 
 the square in the corner called the union. The necessity of this feature has been 
 strongly impressed on the Congress by one of its members, a Mr. Conrad. This worthy 
 person was called out the void of nature, when General Taylor became the brief Pres- 
 ident of the United States, to preside over the Naval Department of .that Administra- 
 tion. He is reported to have been, when he entered on the duties of his station, almost 
 as much at sea as Mr. Mallory ; and several of the officers and clerks of his Depart- 
 ment were heard to express the opinion that he would never reach the shore of mari- 
 time knowledge. But Mr. Conrad applied himself with commendable diligence to 
 remedy the defects of his early education by the study of ships. Commencing his 
 investigations of the machine at the highest point of the tallest mast, he found there a 
 Flag, and in the first corner of the Flag a union. After due labor, he arrived at the ■ 
 recondite truth that the union could be used as a signal of distress in case of need. 
 Unfortunately, General Taylor then died, and Mr. Conrad was debarred from the 
 further pursuit of naval knowledge. Had he gone further, he might have ascertained 
 that other signals of distress, equally convenient, were known in the Navy. But he 
 has rested on the one idea he brought away from the Department, and has impressed 
 many of this respectable Congress with the belief that a union is necessary to the Flag 
 so deeply, it appears useless to argue that few National Banners are burdened with that 
 appendage, or that it destroys the grace and symmetry of its form. A union we must 
 have, evil omen, in every sense, though it is. Is the Confederate ship already sinking? 
 Must the emblem of our cause and country be a signal of distress? 
 
 The committee has also reported a Seal. It is a great improvement on their former 
 abortion. It is due to the suggestion of Senator Clay, of Alabama, who proposed that 
 the device of the Confederate States should be a cavalier, and that the figure should 
 be drawn from the equestrian statue of Washington before the doors of the Capitol. 
 The idea is apparently excellent. The Southern people are an equestrian race, and 
 the instinct should be encouraged so long as they are masters of slaves. Washington 
 himself is the noble type all Confederate citizens should strive to imitate. The statue 
 also has its place in the history of the nation. The Constitution was declared and the 
 Government inaugurated on the day that monument commemorates, and at its feet. 
 Congress has assembled under its shadow during the struggle for independence. Stated 
 in words, no happier device could be conceived. It is, however, open to the objection 
 against the employment of all pictures representing life in heraldic compositions. 
 Unless every copy of the Seal is executed by a first-rate artist, it will frequently pre- 
 sent a poor and ludicrous appearance. Now a good artist cannot be procured when- 
 ever an office Seal is required. A Cellini comes once in a century, at most ; but the 
 
70 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 conventional types of heraldry are as easily reproduced as the letters of the alphabet, 
 and their effect is always good if the original choice is happy. It is, however, quite 
 useless to make objection to the Seal. It will probably be adopted, and it is the best 
 that Congress is likely to find by its own light. Its members, who are not heralds, 
 have attempted to do the work of the college of heralds, and have done it as amateurs 
 always do professional work. In Paris, Rome, &c. , there are men whose business it 
 is to contrive and arrange armorial insignia. If Congress had set aside all amateur 
 suggestions, and paid the most distinguished of these professors to make us arms, it is 
 probable that we would have been better satisfied in the end ; but the Washington Seal 
 will please many, and is certainly the best we can get under present circumstances. 
 
 Not so with the motto, or legend, which is to go with it. Congress can surely 
 afford a more worthy morsel of Latinity than Deo diice vincemus. “Mr. Jones” 
 objects to all Latin whatever — he wants something that our common soldiers can under- 
 stand ; but as the dispatches of the Government are not addressed to the soldiers, and 
 are addressed to the rulers and representatives of foreign nations who speak other 
 tongues than ours, it is advisable that the legend should be in the language which still 
 is, most nearly, the universal language. Yet it may justly be objected to these words 
 that they are not classical and are canting. The legend may be grammatical Latin, but 
 certainly is not elegant Latin. The committee, with all the books at their command, 
 might certainly have found some more expressive phrase than that. Nor would it have 
 been the worse because used b} r some person or persons before. All the celebrated 
 mottoes have been borrowed or begged from hand to hand. That of the United States 
 has been much admired, but it was once the well-known property of another ; it was 
 stolen from the cover of the oldest and most widely circulated magazine in the English 
 language, which bore a wood-cut representing a bunch of flowers, with the words 
 E pluribus iinum beneath it. They constitute now the war-cry of our adversary. The 
 Confederacy might find a haughty and appropriate equivalent in the lofty and once 
 famous, though now forgotten, inscription on a certain medal : Nec pluribus impar. 
 
 It would apposite both to Washington, whose portrait it will accompany, and to 
 the situation of the Confederacy, alone against odds but proudly equal to them all. 
 At least, no objection could be made either to the elegance of the Latin or to our 
 present right of adoption, as it was originally borrowed from the Roman poet, and has 
 relapsed into the open domain since two hundred years. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Enquirer, April 24, 1SG3.] 
 
 Flag and Seal. 
 
 These two matters, we hope, are in a fairway of being settled. The Senate com- 
 mittee has reported a bill to determine that the Confederate Flag shall be a white field, 
 with the w r ell-known Battle Flag for an “union” in its upper corner next the staff, and 
 a blue bar running horizontally through the white field, and occupying one-third of the 
 whole width. In other words, the Flag is to bp white, blue, and white, instead of red, 
 white, and red: and instead of the too Yankee-like “union,” with its firmament of 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 71 
 
 stars, it is to lift on high our blood-baptized, victory-crowned, regimental Battle Flag, 
 burning like a star. 
 
 As for the colors of the field, we are told that the snow-white is to typify our 
 extreme purity and innocence ; the true blue, our strength and the nobility of our blue 
 blood, sangre azul; in all which we pay ourselves a very handsome and appropriate 
 compliment. This Flag, however, has yet to be approved by the House ; and it is said 
 that they will expunge the bar of blue, leaving a pure white field with a red border. 
 In any case, the present Battle Flag is to be retained as the “ union.” 
 
 The design for the Seal is adopted by the House, and will probably be passed in 
 the Senate. It represents George Washington on horseback, as he appears on the 
 monument in Capitol Square ; in the background, a landscape, with what seems to be 
 a planter’s house. Around all this runs a wreath made up of corn-stalks, sugar-cane, 
 tobacco leaves, &c.; the whole very tasteful and elegant. We are aware that the 
 Yankee nation will dispute our title to display the figure of Washington as our emblem, 
 on tbe ground that our Washington was a thorough-bred Yankee, and that Virginians 
 are no longer the countrymen of the hero ; but this ethnographical theory is not generally 
 adopted by the learned of the Confederacy. The design of the Seal has been drawn 
 by M. Labarre, of Richmond. If it be well cut, the impression will be a highly credit- 
 able signet to affix to our first treaty- — so soon as we shall have foreign relations. 
 
 [See Plates VI, VII, Part I.] 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Dispatch, April 25, 18G3.] 
 
 The Flag and Seal. 
 
 The Senate committee, it is understood, have completed their designs of the Flag 
 and Seal for the Confederacy. The Flag is a white field, with the well-known Battle 
 Flag of the Army of the Potomac (General Johnston’s Flag) in a square of blue at the 
 upper corner, near the staff, and a blue horizontal bar across the centre. Willing to 
 accept almost anything in preference to the present despised parody upon the Yankee 
 Flag, we should yet prefer the Battle Flag itself to the modification of it proposed by 
 the committee. At the beginning of the war, owing to the close resemblance between 
 the Confederate and Federal Flags, each party often accused the other of the fraud of 
 hoisting its antagonist’s Flag for the purpose of deception. Both parties were mistaken, 
 and each was possibly deluded by the mistake into some unfortunate movement. General 
 Johnston was so thoroughly convinced of the danger of going into battle with a Flag 
 so much like that of the enemy, that he caused to be adopted in the field the well-known 
 Battle Flag — illustrious for the many victories won beneath its folds. It is simple, neat, 
 and very distinct from a long distance. It answers the purpose of a Flag very well, is 
 easily made, and is not obnoxious to any serious objection. AYe are sure the conflicting 
 counsels of a body of men not deeply skilled in heraldry will not produce anything so 
 appropriate and likely to engross so much the public approval and love as the Potomac 
 Battle Flag. A great many battles must be fought, and a great many victories must be 
 won under another, to make it so famous. The change made by the committee is no 
 
72 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 improvement of it. We trust that at least the blue bar across the committee’s Flag may 
 be stricken out by Congress. Let us be done with the bars, at all events. It would be 
 grateful to the nation, we are sure, if all parties would compromise on the glorious 
 Battle Flag. It is already consecrated by our best blood, and many of the most bril- 
 liant victories in the annals of war. It should, therefore, be cherished with affection. 
 How can we discard it ? With what feelings can we lay it away in the archives as a 
 memento of the nation’s glory? Can we hide it away from the eyes of the people? 
 Do what we will w T ith it, it is hardly probable that the Army will give it up. Congress- 
 men may suggest variations upon it, or may dictate a new Banner to the veterans of so 
 many bloody fields, but they will not abandon the Flag they have fought and conquered 
 under, and which they have learned to love as the emblem of their triumphs. It must, 
 indeed, be something better than any yet devised that could seduce them from this 
 invincible Battle Flag. 
 
 The Seal represents the equestrian statue of Washington, after that on the Capitol 
 Square, with appropriate bordering and background, and the motto “ Deo duce vince- 
 inus,“ which, in English, freely rendered, is “God being with us, we will conquer.” 
 The people care less about the Seal than the Flag ; and we suppose there will be no 
 objection to this. It will certainly be satisfactory in so far as it contains the figure of 
 Washington. 
 
 The Congress has been too long in the making of the Flag, certainly. It is to be 
 hoped that they will now settle both questions of Flag and Seal, and end debate about 
 them. 
 
 [See Pi.ates VI, VII, Part I.] 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Enquirer, April 25, 18G3.] 
 
 Flag and Seal. 
 
 We have many letters, with innumerable suggestions, for this is a subject which 
 greatly excites the dilettante public ; but we are unwilling to perplex the affair by new 
 ideas, which would necessitate new bills, new conferences, new speeches, and thus, per- 
 haps, keep us for another Congress without either Flag or Seal. The affair, we hope, 
 is almost settled, and, on the whole, satisfactorily. The motto for the Seal is still 
 open, and presents the difficulty of an “ embarras de richesses.” “Nee pluribus 
 impar ” will not do, if it were only that it contains one of the words of our enemy’s 
 motto, and would be regarded as an allusion to that. We hope the motto that is to be 
 adopted will imply plurality, not unity, and thus symbolize the State sovereignties of 
 our Confederacy. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Examiner, April 27, 1803.] 
 
 Stars and stripes — stripes and stars ! Shall we never see the end of them ? Is 
 that committee over which Mr. Boteler presides composed of secret reconstructionists 
 and old submissionists, who cannot avoid the .exhibition of their secret inclinations 
 even while making a Flag for rebels? All their propositions are disguises of “the 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 73 
 
 Flag.” The last detestable invention is the worst of all. They have turned the stripes 
 blue, probably to indicate their opinion of our chances. The House has adopted their 
 report, stars, blue bars, union, and all, and to-day it comes up for the final decision 
 of the Senate- Let us hope it will there be sent to join its Yankee prototype and the 
 tune of “ Yankee-Doodle.” 
 
 The committee's report of the Seal was also adopted by the House, and has gone 
 to the Senate. The suggestion of this Seal, which has found more general favor than 
 anything else that has come from the committee, originated in the Senate, and we hope 
 that body will not permit its bright idea to be spoilt by the absurd appendage which the 
 committee has attached to it. The Senate resolution declared that the device on the 
 Seal should be a cavalier or horseman, and that the figure of the horseman should be 
 drawn from the equestrian statue which adorns the square of the Capitol. To this, 
 according to a drawing in circulation, the committee has had the taste and sense to add 
 a landscape — a planter’s house in the background, with mountains, villages, &c. The 
 whole drawing bore a painful resemblance to the back of a Yankee watch, and we were 
 not surprised to learn that so soon as the report was confirmed by the Senate, the 
 drawing was to be forwarded to New York, where the Seals were to be engraved in 
 brass and steel, and a pretty penny put into the pocket of the enterprising runner who 
 has his eye on the “job.” 
 
 If the Senate has not sufficient taste and instruction to perceive the injury which 
 will be done to the effect of its device by the ridiculous and impossible attempt at a 
 landscape in the background, this invention will not long give satisfaction even to those 
 who make it. The ground they tread on is not new. They meddle with an established 
 science. All things have been tried in it, and experience has proven that the intro- 
 duction of pictures into such compositions does not produce a good effect or give 
 pleasure. Unity of impression is best produced by a single object. It is hoped that 
 the Senate will choose for the Standard of the Confederacy its brilliant Battle Flag of 
 scarlet and blue, pure and simple, without star or stars, and that it will adhere to its 
 original device for the Seal. As to the mechanical execution, there is in this town an 
 engraver (Baumgarten) at least equal to any in the United States, who can do as good 
 work, when paid for the time, as any we have ever seen from New York. For some- 
 thing better, the Confederacy must send to Paris, London, or Rome, where only artists 
 of the first class — who demand, it may be mentioned, mints of money for their work — 
 are to be found. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Examiner, April 28, 1SG3.] 
 
 Confederate Seal. 
 
 Senate, April 27, 1863. 
 
 ***** 
 
 The doors having been opened, on motion of Mr. Semmes, the House resolution 
 establishing a Seal for the Confederate States was taken up. 
 
 Mr. Semmes moved to amend the resolution, by striking out the words “ Seal of,” 
 and substituting for the words “ Deo duce vincemus" the legend “Z>eo vindiee majores 
 cemulamur .” 
 
74 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 Mr. Senimes said : Mr. President, I am instructed' by the committee to move to 
 strike out the words “ duce vincemus ” in the motto, and insert in lieu thereof the 
 words “vinclice majores cemulamur, ’ ’ so that the motto will read : “Deo vinclice majores 
 cemulamur (“ Under the guidance and protection of God, we endeavor to equal and 
 even to excel our ancestors ”). Before discussing the proposed change in the motto, 
 
 I will submit to the Senate a few remarks as to the device on the Seal. The committee 
 have been greatly exercised on this subject, and it has been extremely difficult to come 
 to any satisfactory conclusion. This is a difficulty, however, incident to the subject, 
 and all that we hope to do is to avoid what Visconti calls “an absurdity in bronze.” 
 The equestrian statue of Washington has been selected in deference to the current of 
 popular sentiment. The equestrian figure impressed on our Seal will be regarded by 
 those skilled in glyptics as to a certain extent indicative of our origin. It is a most 
 remarkable fact that an equestrian figure constituted the Seal of Great Britain from the 
 time of Edward the Confessor down to the reign of George III, except during the short 
 interval of the Protectorate of Cromwell, when the trial of the king was substituted 
 for the man on horseback. Even Cromwell retained the equestrian figure on the Seal 
 of Scotland, but he characteristically mounted himself on the horse. In the reign of 
 William and Mary the Seal bore the impress of the king and queen, both mounted on 
 horseback. 
 
 Washington has been selected as the emblem for our shield as a type of our ances- 
 tors, in his character of princeps majorum. In addition to this, the equestrian figure 
 is consecrated in the hearts of our people by the local circumstance that on the gloomy 
 and stormy 22d of February, 1862, our permanent Government was set in motion by 
 the inauguration of President Davis under the shadow of the statue of Washington. 
 
 The committee are dissatisfied with the motto on the Seal as proposed by the House 
 resolution. The motto proposed is as follows : “ Deo duce vincemus'' (“Under the 
 leadership of God we’will conquer”). 
 
 The word “ duce" is too pagan in its signification, and is degrading to God, because 
 it reduces him to the leader of an army; for scarcely does the word “duce" escape 
 the lips before the imagination suggests “ exercitus ,” an army for a leader to command. 
 
 It degrades the Christian God to the level of pagan gods, goddesses, and heroes, 
 as is manifest from the following quotation: “ Nil desperandum Teucro duce." This 
 word “duce" is particularly objectionable, because of its connection with the word 
 
 II vincemus," we will conquer. This connection makes God the leader of a physical 
 army, by means of which we will conquer, not must conquer. If God be our leader, 
 we must conquer, or he would not be the God of Abraham, and of Isaac, and of Jacob, 
 nor the God of the Christian. This very doubt implied in the word “ vincemus ” so 
 qualifies the omnipotence of' the God who is to be our “leader,” that it imparts a 
 degrading signification to the word “ duce" in its relation to the attributes of the Deity. 
 
 The word “ vincemus ” is equally objectionable, because it implies that war is to be 
 our normal stale ; besides, it is in the future tense, “ we will conquer.” The future is 
 always uncertain, and therefore it implies doubt. What becomes of our motto when 
 we shall have conquered? The future becomes an accomplished fact, and our motto 
 thus loses its significance. In addition to this, -there are only two languages in which 
 the words “ will ” and “shall ” are to be found, the English and the German, and in 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 75 
 
 those they are used to qualify a positive condition of the mind, and render it uncertain ; 
 they are repugnant to repose, quiet, absolute and positive existence. 
 
 As to the motto proposed by us, we concur with the House in accepting the word 
 “ Deo ” (God). We do so in conformity to the expressed wishes of the framers of our 
 Constitution, and the sentiments of the people and of the Army. The preamble of the 
 Provisional Constitution declares that “We, the deputies of the sovereign and inde- 
 pendent States of South Carolina,” &c., “invoking the favor of Almighty God, do 
 hereby ordain,” &c. 
 
 The preamble of the Permanent Constitution is more explicit still ; it declares 
 that “ We, the people of the Confederate States,” &c., “ invoking the favor and guidance 
 of Almighty God, do ordain,” &c. • 
 
 In this respect both our Constitutions have deviated in the most emphatic manner 
 from the spirit that presided over the construction of the Constitution of the United 
 States,’ which is silent on the subject of the Deity. 
 
 Having discarded the word “ duce" the committee endeavored to select in lieu of 
 it a word more in consonance with the attributes of the Deity, and therefore more 
 imposing and significant. They think success has crowned their efforts in the selection 
 of the word “ vindex ,” which signifies an asserter, a defender, protector, deliverer, 
 liberator, a mediator, and a ruler or guardian, as may be seen from the following 
 examples : 
 
 1. A defender : “ Habet sane populus tabellam quasi vindicem libertatis." [Livy.] 
 The people hold a bond, the defender, as it were, of their liberty. 
 
 2. A protector: “Vindicem penculi Curium res suppeditat." [Livy.] The cir- 
 cumstances suggest or afford Curius as a protector against danger. 
 
 3. A mediator : “ Nec Devs intersit nisi dignus vindice nodus incident." [Horace 
 Ars. Pcetica. ] Let not God intervene unless the catastrophe be worthy of such a 
 mediator or interpositor. 
 
 4. Ruler or guardian : “Vindicem eum regni reliquit." [Justin’s History.] He 
 left him ruler or guardian of the kingdom. 
 
 Vindex also means an avenger or punisher. 
 
 1. “Furice vindices facinorum." [Cicero.] The furies the avengers of crime. 
 
 2. “Me vindicem conjurationis odervnt." [Cicero.] They hate me, the punisher 
 of their conspiracy. 
 
 No word appeared more grand, more expressive or significant than this. Under 
 God as the asserter of our rights, the defender of our liberties, our protector against 
 danger, our mediator, our ruler and guardian, and as the avenger of our wrongs and 
 the punisher of our crimes, we endeavor to equal or even to excel our ancestors. 
 What word can be suggested of more power, and so replete with sentiments and thoughts 
 consonant with our idea of the omnipotence and justice of God? 
 
 At this point the committee hesitated whether it were necessary to add anything 
 further to the motto “ Deo vindice." These words alone were sufficient and impres- 
 sive, and, in the spirit of the lapidary style of composition, were elliptical, and left 
 much to the play of the imagination. Reflection, however, induced us to add the 
 words “ majores cemulamur," because without them there would be nothing in the 
 
76 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 motto referring to the equestrian figure of Washington. It was thought best to insert 
 something elucidating or adoptive of the idea intended to be conveyed by that figure. 
 Having determined on this point, the committee submit to the judgment of the Senate 
 the words “ major es cemulamur ,” as best adapted to express the ideas of which the 
 emblem is suggestive. A question arose as to the selection of the proper words to 
 express the ideas of “ our ancestors.” “ Patres ” was at first suggested, but abandoned, 
 because “ majores" signifies ancestors absolutely, and is also more suggestive than 
 “ patres." The latter is a term applied to our immediate progenitors who may be 
 alive, whereas “ majores" conveys the idea of a more remote generation that has 
 passed away. This distinction is well marked in the following quotation from Cicero 
 against Caecilius : “ Patres majoretque nostri ” — ■“ Our fathers and our forefathers.” 
 
 That being disposed of, the question arose as to the proper signification of the 
 word “ cemulamur .” Honorable emulation is the primary signification of the word ; 
 in its secondary sense, it is true, it includes the idea of improper rivalry or jealousy, 
 but it is used in its primary and honorable sense by the most approved authors, as may 
 be seen from the following examples : 
 
 1. Quoniam cemulari non licet nunc invides. [Plautus — The Boastful Soldier.] 
 “ Since you cannot equal, you now envy him.” 
 
 2. Omnia ejus instituta laudare facilius possunt quarn cemulari. [Cicero.] “It 
 is easier for all to praise than to equal his precepts.” 
 
 3. Pindarum quis-quis studet cemulari, &c. [Horace, Odes, 4th Book, 2d verse, 
 
 15.] “ Whoever endeavors to equal Pindarus is sure to fall.” 
 
 4. Yirtutes majorum cemulari. [Tacitus: Life of Agricola. 1 “ To equal, to come 
 up to the virtues of their ancestors.” 
 
 This last example is an exact application of the word in the manner proposed by 
 the committee. 
 
 The secondary and improper sense of the word cemulari is excluded in the proposed 
 motto, by the relation it bears to u Deo vindice." This relation excludes the idea of 
 envy or jealousy, because God, as the asserter of what is right, justifies the emulation, 
 and, as a punisher of what is wrong, checks the excess, in case the emulation runs into 
 improper envy or jealousy. 
 
 In adopting the equestrian figure of Washington, the committee desire distinctly to 
 disavow any recognition of the embodiment of the idea of the “ cavalier.” We have 
 no admiration for the character of the cavalier of 1640, any more than for that of his 
 opponent, the Puritan. We turn with disgust from the violent and licentious cavalier, 
 and we abhor the acerb, morose, and fanatic Puritan of whom Oliver Cromwell was 
 the type. In speaking of Cromwell and his character, Guizot says “ that he possessed 
 the faculty of lying at need, with an inexhaustible and unhesitating hardihood which 
 struck even his enemies with surprise and embarrassment.” This characteristic seems 
 to have been transmitted to the descendants of the Pilgrims, who settled in Massachusetts 
 Bay to enjoy the liberty of persecution. If the “cavalier” is to carry us back to 
 days earlier than the American Revolution, I prefer to be transported in imagination to 
 the fields of Runnymede, where the Barons extorted Magna Charta from the unwilling 
 John. But I discard all reference to the cavaliers of old, because it implies a division 
 of society into two orders, an idea inconsistent with Confederate institutions. 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 77 
 
 The committee have discharged their duty, and submit the result to the consider- 
 ation of the Senate. It is true they have labored more than a year, and perhaps critics 
 may say “ parturiunt monies nascitur ridiculus mus .” 
 
 AEsthetical critics, who claim to be versed in glyptics, have, however, failed to 
 suggest anything better than the proposition of the committee ; and if this proposition 
 be not satisfactory to the Senate, it is hoped the matter will be intrusted to other and 
 more learned hands. 
 
 Mr. Semmes’ amendment to strike out the words “ Seal of” was agreed to. 
 
 Mr. Davis moved to amend the original text by striking out the word “ vincemus." 
 Agreed to. 
 
 Mr. Semmes’ motion to strikeout “ duce” and insert “ vindice majores cemula- 
 mur ” was rejected. 
 
 Mr. Semmes then moved to amend by substituting “ vindice ” for “duce.” 
 Agreed to. 
 
 The resolution, as amended, was then read a third time, passed, and sent to the 
 House. 
 
 The Seal, as adopted by the Senate, will be as follows: 
 
 “A device representing an equestrian portrait of AVashington (after the statue 
 which surmounts his monument in the Capitol Square at Richmond), surrounded with 
 a wreath composed of the principal agricultural products of the Confederacy, and 
 having around its margin the words “ Confederate States of America, 22d February, 
 1862,” with the following motto: “X>eo vindice.” 
 
 On motion, the Senate adjourned. 
 
 [See Plate VI, Part I.] 
 
 [From the Savannah (Ga.) Morning News, April 28, 1863.] 
 
 The New Confederate Flag. 
 
 It appears that the House of Representatives have yet to act upon the new Flag 
 adopted by the Senate, and we learn from the Richmond papers that it is probable that 
 the House will amend it by striking out the blue bar in the centre of the white field. 
 It is to be hoped that they will do so, as the bar is objectionable on several accounts, 
 and is a deformity to what would otherwise be a most beautiful, significant, and appro- 
 priate Flag. Let any one make a drawing of the Flag, in colors, on paper, and they 
 will at once discover that the blue bar running up the centre of the white field and 
 joining with the right lower arm of the blue cross is in bad taste, and utterly destructive 
 of the symmetry and harmony of the design. The broad, horizontal blue bar, forming 
 on the end of the smaller blue bar belonging to the cross, and which extends up to the 
 upper corner of the red union at an angle of about forty-five degrees, presents to the 
 eye a disproportionate, awkward, and unmeaning figure, not unlike a blue-handled jack- 
 knife or razor with the blade not quite opened to the full extent. Another objection is 
 the disproportion which the lower white bar, extending the full length of the bar, bears 
 to the shorter blue and white bars above. Still another objection is that the large blue 
 bar detracts from the conspicuousness of the blue cross. And still another objection 
 
78 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC.— FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 is the resemblance which the bars will still have to the Yankee Flag. If for no other 
 reason than this, we should discard the bars and everything that resembles or is sug- 
 gestive of the old stripes. While we consider the Flag which has been adopted by the 
 Senate as a very decided improved imitation of the old United States Flag, we still 
 think the Battle Flag on a pure white field would be more appropriate and decidedly 
 handsomer. 
 
 We sincerely hope that the House will have the good taste to strike out the blue 
 bar, and give us our glorious Battle Flag on a pure white field. Such a Flag would be 
 a suitable emblem of our young Confederacy, and, sustained by the brave hearts and 
 strong arms of the South, it would soon take rank among the proudest Ensigns of the 
 nations, and be hailed by the civilized world as “ the white man’s Flag.” 
 
 [Courtesy of Colonel C. C. Jones, jr., Augusta, Ga. — R. P. T.] 
 
 [From the Savannah (Ga.) Morning News, May 4, 1863.] 
 
 The New Flag. 
 
 We are pleased to learn by our dispatch from Richmond that Congress has had 
 the good taste to adopt for the Flag of the Confederacy the Battle Flag on a plain 
 white field, in lieu of the blue and white bars proposed by the Senate. The Flag which 
 has been adopted is precisely the same as that suggested by us a short time since, and 
 is, in our opinion, much more beautiful and appropriate than either the red and white 
 bars or the white field and blue bar adopted by the Senate. As a National Emblem 
 it is significant of our cause — the cause of a superior race and a higher civilization 
 contending against ignorance, infidelity, and barbarism. Another merit in the new 
 Flag is that it bears no resemblance to the now infamous Banner of the Yankee vandals. 
 
 [Courtesy of Colonel C. C. Jones, jr., Augusta, Ga. — R. P. T.] 
 
 [From the Southern Illustrated News, May 6, 1863. J 
 
 We have heretofore neglected to mention that the Committee on the Flag and Seal, 
 after two years of herculean labor, have reported. The Seal is the equestrian figure of 
 Washington on the monument at Richmond, and the motto, as amended by the Senate, 
 is Deo vindice. The Flag is the present Confederate Flag, altered by putting a bar of 
 blue on a white field, in place of the red bars, and substituting, as the union, the Con- 
 federate Battle Flag in place of the circle of stars. The Seal meets with general favor ; 
 the Flag remains to be tested by actual observation, after it shall have been made up 
 and given to the breeze. 
 
 [Courtesy of Captain J. F. Mayer, Richmond, Ya. — R. P. T.] 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Examiner, May 8, 1863.] 
 
 “ Raising the Standard,” whether royal or national, is a ceremony frequently men- 
 tioned in history, and in all countries is performed on significant occasions, with some 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 79 
 
 mark of honor, by a representative of the civil or military power appointed for the 
 purpose. The Confederate Congress lately passed a law for the permanent regulation 
 of our Ensign. It has been announced that the authorities were preparing a Standard 
 in accordance with the law, and as soon as possible would set up the same on the old 
 Capitol of Virginia, th^ present Senate House of the nation, with the decencies which 
 its first solemn display demand. Hence it was remarked with displeasure, on yesterday 
 evening, that the manager of a theatre in the city had made haste to get before the 
 Government and hoist his edition of the Flag over his place of amusement. The first 
 view, therefore, of the new Banner is in the form of a clap-trap advertisement of a 
 showman. This exhibition is a most presumptuous impertinence; but it is somewhat 
 alleviated by the fact that the Flag hoisted is not the Flag decreed by law, but an 
 abortive misconception. In the true National Standard the Battle Flag is not a mere 
 scrap, like the union of the? Federal Banner; it occupies two-thirds (not one-third) of 
 the whole width of the Flag. When properly constructed and displayed with honors 
 due by the civil and military authorities of the Southern Confederacy, it will, we hope, 
 present a very noble and splendid appearance. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Examiner, May 9, 1863.] 
 
 The New Flag of the Confederate States. 
 
 The first Flag of the new design adopted as the Standard of the Confederate States 
 of America is now being prepared at the Confederate States Clothing Bureau. A small 
 Flag of the same design was raised on the Capitol on Wednesday, and the governor and 
 some citizens, accidentally assembled, pronounced its aspect aloft as beautiful, and 
 quite suggestive of cheers. The monster Standard in course of preparation will be 
 raised to the staff on the Capitol early next week, the elements permitting. God and 
 our victorious arms hasten on the day when the new Standard of the Confederacy will 
 take its allotted place among the “ Flags of all nations,” and peace with independence 
 perched upon its folds. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Dispatch May 13, 1863.] 
 
 Our Flag. 
 
 The new Flag of the Confederate States is a favorite design with one of the greatest 
 leaders of our Army, as will be seen from the following dispatch to the honorable Mr. 
 Villere, of Louisiana: 
 
 Charleston, S. C., April 24, 1863. 
 
 Hon. C. J. Villere: Why change our Battle Flag, consecrated by the best blood 
 of our country on so many battle-fields? A good design for the National Flag would 
 be the present Battle Flag as union-jack, and the rest all white or all blue. 
 
 G. T. BEAUREGARD. 
 
 [See Plate VIII, Part I.] 
 
80 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATION'S, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Examiner, May 14, 1863.] 
 
 The New Flag. 
 
 The new Standard of the Confederate States was given to an auspicious breeze 
 yesterday afternoon from the flag-staff of the Capitol. In dimensions the Flag is 
 eighteen feet by twenty-four. A number of persons were present and watched the Flag 
 as its folds were given to the breeze. It looked and floated well. All hail to the Flag ! 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Enquirer, May 15, 1863.] 
 
 Hoisting of tlie New Flag on the Capitol. 
 
 On yesterday forenoon, about 10 o’clock, the new Confederate Flag was hoisted 
 upon the flag-staff on the southern end of the Capitol building. The operation was 
 unattended with any appropriate demonstration, as anticipated, and as should have 
 been the case ; and it is to be regretted that there was not, since we may have some 
 day to number among the incidents of our history the hoisting of that Flag for the 
 first time over the Capitol of the Confederacy, and it will read very prosily that it was 
 drawn up and let loose when nobody was looking at or dreaming about it. It just 
 slipped quietly into the place of the other old Flag. It was not an event, as it should 
 have been ; not a cannon bade it welcome, not a voice Said “ hurra 1 ” not a drum beat. 
 Only the little birds that twittered among the trees of the square beheld the beautiful 
 rag as it fluttered to the breeze. And there it floats, like a cloud dyed in one corner 
 with the gorgeous coloring of the red sunshine, without the prestige of a “ bravo” of 
 welcome in its infancy, or the recollection of a brass-band to hang round its folds in 
 the great days of its futurity. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Examiner, May 15, 1863.] 
 
 The Ne>v Confederate States Standard. 
 
 The new design of a National Flag, adopted by the Confederate Congress, was 
 again displayed from the Capitol yesterday, and met the approving gaze of thousands. 
 We have received from Mr. D. S. Morrison, the superintendent of the manufacture of 
 Flags for the Government, the following dimensions of the Flag, which dimensions have 
 been approved by the Committee on the National Ensign. They may be regarded as 
 the standard measurement for all similar Flags hereafter: Length, twenty- four feet; 
 width, sixteen feet, or two-thirds of the length ; union, ten feet eight inches square, or 
 two-thirds of the width ; saltier, eighteen inches wide ; white edging, two and a quarter 
 inches in width ; stars, fifteen inches from point to point, placed twenty inches apart 
 from centre to centre ; bending, six inches in width ; rope, two inches in diameter, and 
 sixteen feet six inches long. 
 
 Henceforth, down with the Stars and Stripes, and up with the cross and white field. 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 81 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Examiner, May 16, 1S63.] 
 
 The Flag. 
 
 The new Flag, which was displayed from the Capitol on Thursday, it is gratifying 
 to say, gives universal satisfaction. Almost any sort of a Flag, to take the place of 
 the detested parody upon the “ Stars and Stripes,” for so long the lawful Ensign of the 
 Confederacy, would have been hailed with pleasure, but the one we now have is not only 
 acceptable on this ground, but on account of its own appropriateness : and more than this, 
 again, because in it is preserved that immortal Banner — the Battle Flag — which has 
 been consecrated on so many battle-fields, and has been followed by our soldiers to so 
 many glorious victories. We had not anticipated, from the action of Congress upon 
 the subject, a result so sensible, so generally satisfactory. The counsels of many on 
 such a topic rarely produce anything but an abortion, such as the “-Stars and Bars,” 
 for instance. Let us have no more of that, but hereafter know only that appropriate 
 and beautiful Banner hallowed by our victories and now established by law. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Enquirer, May 16, 1863.] 
 
 The Confederate Seal. 
 
 After two years of delay and halting of opinion, Congress eventually adopted a 
 design for a Confederate Seal — a design, simplex munditiis , comprehensive in all par- 
 ticulars, and thoroughly emblematic of our nation. 
 
 As yet, however, no steps whatever have been taken towards having the Seal 
 engraved. There are very many applications not to do the work, but have it done, 
 thus endeavoring to make the job a matter of speculation. One man, however, an 
 engraver, living in Richmond, offers to do the work for a nominal value rather than it 
 should be sent out of the country. This engraver is J. C. Baumgarten, who has done 
 nearly all the Government engraving since the commencement of the war. To the 
 writer’s personal knowledge, he was offered the position of “ engraver of coin” to the 
 public authorities of Berlin, in Europe, but refused to leave America. When the war 
 broke out, although he had done a great portion of the engraving for the Washington 
 Government, he immediately left and cast his fortunes with the South. That the man 
 is a good engraver, there is no doubt, and yet the Secretary of State hesitates to allow 
 him even to make a temporary Seal, but thinks seriously of having it done in England. 
 
 It is, however, a small matter as to who does the work, so it is well done, but it 
 will be a stigma on Southern talent and Southern enterprise to so lower ourselves in 
 the eyes of nations as to send far across the water, to those who hate us for our assertion 
 of independence, to have engraved a Seal for the Confederate States. It would be just 
 as sensible to send over a pattern for a Flag, and wait six months before the National 
 Ensign could float from our Capitol, simply because we wanted it made in Europe. 
 Then let us have the work done here, when and where it can be done, and done well ; 
 for if we once begin this farce of sending to Europe, there will be no end to it, and 
 instead of gaining an independence, we shall be dependent forever. 
 
82 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Examiner, May 18, 1863.] 
 
 Editor Examiner : In your widely- circulated journal of the 29th ultimo is an 
 editorial which, however indirectly, friends have judged to allude to me. I have not, 
 however, deemed it proper to notice the ungenerous and groundless strictures which 
 look to me until after the matter to which they refer had been finally settled by Con- 
 gress. In reference to the executed design of the Seal of the Confederate States, it is 
 said : “We were not surprised to learn that so soon as the report was confirmed by the 
 Senate, the drawing was to be forwarded to New York, where the Seals were to be 
 engraved in brass and steel, and a pretty penny put in the pocket of the enterprising 
 runner who has an eye to the job.” In another part of the same article we read : 
 “As to the mechanical execution, there is in this town an engraver (Baumgarten) at 
 least equal to any in the United States, who can do as good work, when paid for the 
 time, as any we have ever seen from New York.” 
 
 Being, so far as informed, the only competitor of Mr. Baumgarten in the matter 
 of a Seal, and believing that the injurious suggestion respecting the runner “who has 
 an eye to the job ” came from that gentleman, I desire the privilege of saying, briefly : 
 
 First. I have always said, and I still believe, that the “job” must and should be 
 executed in Europe, say in France, which has at least evinced some sympathy for our 
 cause. In this original conception, I am glad to find that I am sustained by your own 
 judgment, which a long residence abroad and a mature taste in such things authorized 
 you to express. * 
 
 Second. I beg you to be assured that I am no ninner, and never was, unless running 
 after the Yankees in the first battle of Manassas, in which I endeavored to do my duty 
 as a soldier of the Confederacy, should have given me a right to the title. I left family, 
 home, and pursuits in the District of Columbia, when the war was forced upon the 
 South, cheerfully to join the Confederate Army, in which I served and fought for fifteen 
 months. 
 
 FRANCIS LA BARRE. 
 
 [From the Savannah (Ga.) Morning News, May 19, 18G3.] 
 
 The New Confederate Flag. 
 
 We are pleased to observe that the new Confederate States Standard, wherever it 
 has been given to the breeze, elicits the admiration of the press and people. Noticing 
 its display from the Capitol at Richmond, the Examiner says : “ It met the approving 
 gaze of thousands.” 
 
 The Dispatch says: “The new Flag, which was displayed from the Capitol on 
 Thursday, it is gratifying to say, gives universal satisfaction. Almost any sort of a 
 Flag, to take the place of the detested parody upon the ‘ Stars and Stripes,’ for so long 
 the lawful Ensign of the Confederacy, would have been hailed with pleasure, but the 
 one we now have is not only acceptable on this ground, but on account of its own 
 appropriateness; and more than this, again, because in it is preserved that immortal 
 Banner — the Battle Flag — which has been consecrated on so many battle-fields, and has 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 88 
 
 been followed by our soldiers to so many glorious victories. We had not anticipated, 
 from the action of Congress upon the subject, a result so sensible, so generally satis- 
 factory. The counsels of many on such a topic rarely produce anything but abortion, 
 such as the ‘Stars and Bars,’ for instance. Let us have no more of that, but hereafter 
 know only that appropriate and beautiful Banner hallowed by our victories and now 
 established by law.” 
 
 The Charleston Mercury of yesterday says: “The new Confederate Flag was yes- 
 terday thrown to the breeze from the ramparts of Fort Sumter, and was admired by 
 crowds on the battery.” 
 
 [Courtesy of Colonel C. C. Jones, jr., Augusta, Ga. — K. r. T.] 
 
 [From the Savannah (Ga.) Morning News, May 23, 1863.J 
 
 Our Flag. 
 
 The Atlanta Intelligencer says : “The design for a Flag for the Confederate States 
 has justly been left a mooted question for more than two years ; at last it is decided, 
 and the whole South is satisfied. In the new Flag is preserved the Battle Flag, the 
 invention of Beauregard and Johnston — an invention which necessity forced upon these 
 Confederate commanders soon after the first battle of Manassas. In addition to this, 
 there is nothing but the white Flag. 
 
 “ Our old Flag always awakens unpleasant reminiscences; it bears too striking a 
 resemblance to the emblem of tyranny, the ‘ StTars and Stripes.’ As it was this 
 resemblance which caused it at first to be adopted, so also it was this that caused it to 
 be rejected, and in actual use on the battle-field it has never been employed, except in 
 the very first battles. 
 
 “ We therefore hail our new Flag with joy. Every star, every color, is sacred and 
 endeared to our heart and to the hearts of our whole people. The people will rally to 
 it ; it will awaken emotions far beyond the power of utterance when this cruel and 
 iniquitous war is over. It was a creature itself of the revolution, born amidst strife 
 and bloodshed, and it will remain an emblem to coming generations of the valor and 
 the virtue of our people. The large predominance of the color — white — can never be 
 mistaken, as alluding to the Christian leniency with which we have treated our enemies 
 at all times ; the red Battle Flag will tell a tale of the heroism of our soldiers on which 
 the nations of the earth will hang with breathless attention.” 
 
 [Communicated.] 
 
 The Flag. 
 
 Mr. Editor: You are one of the admirers of the new Flag, and you copied into 
 yesterday’s News a very enthusiastic panegyric of it from the Richmond Examiner. 
 But I doubt if either you or the editor of the Examiner has yet seen the Flag which 
 was established by law. The picture in your office (which is very beautiful) is not cor- 
 rect, nor have I seen one of the several which are in use in and around this city which 
 
84 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 is proportioned according to the law. If there was such a one it would be an absurdity. 
 The law (as published in the Savannah Republican ) makes the Flag twice as long as it 
 is wide. Well, if the Flag is three feet wide, it must, then, be six feet long. In this the 
 union would be two feet square, and would occupy two-thirds of the width and two- 
 thirds of the length. This would leave a very large field of white and give good grounds 
 for the objection urged against the Flag, that it looks like a Flag of truce. I think that 
 large field of white was the result of an accident. The Senate placed through the 
 middle of the white a horizontal bar of blue, and the Flag was made long in order to 
 exhibit this blue bar to advantage. When the blue bar was stricken out, the Flag 
 should have been shortened, but in the haste consequent upon the near approach of the 
 close of the session it was overlooked. All we can do, under the circumstances, is to 
 make our Flags in the proper proportion (like the one in your picture), and trust to the 
 next Congress either to restore the blue bar or curtail the quantity of white. 
 
 R. 
 
 Our correspondent’s objections to dimensions or proportions of the Flag as defined 
 by the law, as published, are well founded. His suggestion, as an alternative, to 
 “restore the blue bar,” is, we think, in bad taste. The intention of the law was not 
 so much to prescribe the dimensions of the new Flag as to determine its combinations. 
 The design of Congress was to establish by law as the Confederate Ensign the “ Battle 
 Flag” on a white field, which we think is significant, appropriate, and beautiful. The 
 proportion of the union to the width of the Flag is very properly defined, but the 
 length of the Flag, like that of any other Flag, will be determined by good taste. 
 
 Speaking of the new Flag, we omitted to mention that it has been displayed by 
 Captain Cercopuly on the steamer “Beauregard” for several days. If our corre- 
 spondent, R., will take a look at the well-proportioned Flag now flying from the flag- 
 staff of that steamer, we think he will at once ground all objections to the new Ensign, 
 which is tasteful as it is unique, and significant as it is simple. As the symbol of the 
 white man’s cause, long may it float in triumph over a virtuous, free, and chivalric 
 people. 
 
 In this connection, we may mention that Captain Cercopuly has been presented by 
 General Beauregard with a handsome union-jack or Battle Flag, we presume in 
 acknowledgment of the compliment paid the latter by Captain Cercupoly in naming 
 his steamer the “ Beauregard.” This beautiful union flies at the stern of the “ Beau- 
 regard,” and will be borne as proudly and bravely by Captain Cercopuly on his new 
 steamer as was the first Confederate Flag borne by him on the little “ Ida ” in defiance 
 of the shot and shells of the Yankees. 
 
 [Courtesy of Colonel C. C. Jones, jr., Augusta, Ga. — E. P. T.J 
 
 [From the Bichmond (Va.) Enquirer, August 17, 1863.] 
 
 A Reminiscence of tlie Raising the First Confederate Flag over the Capitol, in Montgomery, Ala. 
 
 “ God bless our Flag !” I heard this whisper low 
 Come from the lips of one in earnest prayer, 
 
 Who stood beneath its folds, while, firm and slow, 
 
 She loosed its streaming beauties to the air. 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 85 
 
 The eyes of the vast multitude below 
 
 Were fixed upon “our Flag,” as one by one 
 Its soft folds open’d in the noonday glow 
 And floated in the radiance of the sun. 
 
 Loud roar’d the cannon as the silk unfurl’d, 
 
 While hills and valleys back the echo throw, 
 
 Speaking a nation’s freedom to the world, 
 
 And proud defiance to an abject foe. 
 
 Each patriot eye gleam’d wildly at the sight, 
 
 Each patriot voice rang wildly on the air, 
 
 As the proud symbol of a nation’s right 
 Was borne upon the breeze in beauty rare. 
 
 And there * Virginia’s child ! I see thee now, 
 
 With the bright tresses of thy golden hair 
 Like a soft halo round thy radiant brow, 
 
 Thine eye upturn’d in supplicating prayer. 
 
 To thee by Freedom’s messenger ’twas given 
 To raise that Standard with thy virgin hand, 
 
 Thy lips imploring from our God in Heaven 
 A blessing on our Flag, our cause, our land. 
 
 Culpeper County, Va. * 
 
 Steamer “ Cornubia,” 
 
 Wilmington, N. C., August 20, 1863. 
 
 Hon. C. G. Memminger, 
 
 Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 Sir: Herewith please find express company’s receipt for a box, covered with 
 canvas, said to contain a Confederate States Seal, brought over in steamer “ Cornubia ” 
 from Bermuda, in charge of Lieutenant Wm. C. Whittle, C. S. N., who left it to be 
 sent by express. I would be pleased to be advised of its safe arrival. 
 
 I have the honor to be, your obedient servant, 
 
 J. T. GORDON, 
 
 Purser Confederate States Steamer “Cornubia." 
 
 [From the Southern Punch, February 20, 18G4.J 
 
 Our Beautiful Flag. 
 
 Mr. Henry, of Tennessee, introduced a bill to amend the act to establish the Flag 
 of the Confederate States. Mr. H. remarked that he did not desire action upon the 
 bill at this session. It had been framed by an officer of the Army, who believed that 
 the beauty and heraldic significance of the Flag would be improved by an outer border 
 or bar of blue to the white field. [Report of Congressional proceedings.] 
 
 We trust Congress will refuse to add any gingerbread decorations to the Flag. This 
 “blue outer border” man-millinery is on a par with the “blue bar” suggested while 
 the Flag was under consideration. 
 
 * Miss Letitia Tyler, granddaughter of the honored and lamented ex-President Tyler. 
 
86 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 As the Flag flies, it is simple, beautiful, and imposing. 
 
 The proposition of an “officer in the Army,” if carried into effect, would make 
 the Flag resemble those sentimental Banners presented by young ladies to volunteer 
 companies at the commencement of the war. Let the B’lag alone. 
 
 [Courtesy of Ca.pt. J. F. Mayer, Richmond, Ya. — R. P. T.] 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Sentinel, November 3, 1SG4.] 
 
 To the World Below and My God Above. 
 
 I have traveled through both Northern and Southern camps, since this war com- 
 menced, as impartially as the sun has shone upon them, and I see now a great restless- 
 ness among the soldiers, on both sides, to be at home with father, mother, sister, wife, 
 or to join sweetheart in matrimony. 
 
 Will those in high places agree to let them return, if I will submit a just and an 
 equal compromise? Well, I will suggest this : That each President shall resign his 
 position ; then I will take the place of both, and forthwith disband both armies and 
 send every living negro home to his Southern master, and then proceed to settle up 
 the affairs of the Government, both Federal and State. 
 
 I propose to sell all internal improvements, and let them fall into the hands of 
 individuals, and then change the banking system, basing it on real estate ; do away 
 with all national and State legislation, and thereby free the country from all future 
 curses; throw open our ports, and thereby connect the world by free commerce, and 
 bring about a universal brotherhood. 
 
 I have a new Flag to present to both sections, which will, ere long, be adopted by 
 the world, to wit : One to be painted on the most beautiful sky-blue silk, the bright 
 morning sun appearing on one corner, the silver moon on the other, the intervening 
 span dotted with the brightest stars, a beautiful virgin standing on the bottom, repre- 
 senting Virginia, the Eden of this globe, now almost desolate, but will, ere long, like 
 Lazarus, be called up to preside at the love-feast. 
 
 The Scriptures are now fulfilled, with one exception. The time will come when 
 the battle-blade shall be beaten into the plowshare and pruning-hook. One spirit shall 
 pervade every bosom, not one having to say to another “ Know ye the Lord?” for we 
 shall all know him, from the smallest to the greatest. Let it speedily set in. If there 
 is a man on either side that wishes this inglorious, unholy, and cruel war to last any 
 longer, he will please give his name to the public and call on me for a fight. His time, 
 place, and weapon shall be mine. 
 
 Very respectfully, L. L. LEE, 
 
 Of Prince George, Ya. 
 
 P. S. — If the two Presidents, with their respective Cabinets, will meet between 
 the fortifications below Petersburg, Va., I will lecture them on the subjects of Abolition 
 and Secession, and show them that the God of Heaven and a majority of the people 
 are opposed to both. 
 
 L. L. LEE. 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 87 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Sentinel, December 14, 1864.] 
 
 Improvement to the Flag. 
 
 We have before us an engraved copy of the “proposed Confederate Flag,” pro- 
 vided for by the bill introduced into the Senate, on yesterday, by Senator Semmes. It 
 differs from the Flag, as now existing, chiefly in having a bar of red at the edge of the 
 Flag. The effect is to relieve the Flag of its excess of white, and impart to it more 
 warmth and richness of expression. The proposed model is the design of an officer in 
 the Army, and is highly approved by many officers of taste and position, whose letters 
 we have seen. It is particularly commended by naval officers, whose judgment in such 
 matters is always considered entitled to peculiar consideration. 
 
 [See Plate XI, Part I.] 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Enquirer, December 29, 18G4.] 
 
 Hymn to the National Flag. 
 
 Air — “Harwell.” 
 
 BY MRS. M. J. PRESTON, OF LEXINGTON, YA. 
 
 Float aloft, thou stainless Banner, 
 
 Azure cross and field of light ; 
 
 Be thy brilliant stars the symbol 
 Of the pure and true and right. 
 
 Shelter Freedom’s holy cause, 
 
 Liberty and sacred laws ; 
 
 Guard the youngest of the nations — 
 
 Keep her virgin honor bright. 
 
 From Virginia’s storied border 
 Down to Tampa’s farthest shore ; 
 
 From the blue Atlantic’s flashings 
 To the Rio Grande’s roar ; 
 
 Over many a crimson plain, 
 
 Where our martyr’d ones lie slain, 
 
 Fling abroad thy blessed shelter — 
 
 Stream and mount and valley o’er. 
 
 In thy cross of heavenly azure 
 Has our faith its emblem high ; 
 
 In thy field of white, the hallow’d 
 Truth for which we’ll dare and die ; 
 
 In thy red the patriot blood — 
 
 Ah ! the consecrated flood. 
 
 Lift thyself, resistless Banner ! 
 
 Ever fill our Southern sky ! 
 
 Flash with living, lightning motion, 
 
 In the sight of all the brave, 
 
 Till the price at which we purchased 
 Room and right for thee to wave 
 Freely in our God’s free air. 
 
 Pure and proud and stainless, fair — 
 
 Banner of the youngest nation, 
 
 Banner we would die to save ! 
 
 Strike Thou for us, King of armies; 
 
 Grant us room in Thy broad world ; 
 
 Loosen all the despot’s fetters — 
 
 Back be all his legions hurled ! 
 
 Give us peace and liberty ! 
 
 Let the laud we love be free — 
 
 Then, oh ! bright and stainless Banner, 
 
 Never shall thy folds be furled. 
 
88 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC.- — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Examiner, February G, 1865.] 
 
 The Confederate Flag of the new design, now before Congress for its adoption as 
 the National Ensign, was displayed from the south end of the Capitol on Saturday. 
 The feature distinguishing it from the old design is a bar of red which edges the long 
 table-cloth like field of white. 
 
 [See Plate XI, Part I.] 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Whig, "February 11, 1SG5.] 
 
 The New Confederate Flag. 
 
 We give below an interesting letter from Major Rogers, the designer of the new 
 Confederate Flag which has been floating over the Capitol for a day or two past. We 
 give it not only for the interesting character of the document, but also as a page in the 
 history of our country’s struggle. The bill adopting the new design has passed the 
 Senate unanimously, and is now before the Committee on Flag and Seal of the House, 
 composed of Messrs. Chilton, of Alabama; Rives, of Virginia; and Chambers, of 
 Mississippi : 
 
 Chaffin’s Bluff, January 2, 1865. 
 
 Hon. Edward Sparrow, 
 
 Chairman Committee on Military Affairs , C. S. Senate. 
 
 General : While disabled for active service, I have employed a portion of my 
 leisure in trying to improve our National Flag, and, after much attention to the subject 
 and the laws of heraldry, have submitted a design to Congress, which was introduced 
 into the Senate on the 13tli ultimo, by Mr. Semmes, of Louisiana. The bill which I 
 have drawn is as follows : 
 
 “A BILL to establish the Flag of the Confederate States. 
 
 “The Congress of the Confederate States of America do enact, That the Flag of 
 the Confederate States shall be as follows : The width two-thirds of its length, with the 
 union (now used as the Battle Flag) to be in width three-fifths of the width of the 
 Flag, and so proportioned as to leave the length of the field on the side of the union 
 twice the width below it ; to have the ground red, and a broad, blue saltier thereon, 
 bordered with white and emblazoned with mullets or five-pointed stars, corresponding 
 in number to that of the Confederate States ; the field to be white, except the outer 
 half from the union, which shall be a red bar extending the width of the Flag.” 
 
 Before offering the bill, that gentleman addressed a letter to the commander of 
 the Army of Northern Virginia, requesting his views in regard to the proposed altera- 
 tion. General Lee replied that he thought it “ very pretty,” and that it certainly added 
 distinctness to the Flag; but, with his usual modesty, said he mistrusted his own judg- 
 ment in such matters, and that the “ naval gentlemen ” were the proper persons to be 
 consulted. The bill was accordingly referred to the Committee on Naval Affairs, and, 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 89 
 
 after various plans were submitted and the opinions of leading officers of our Navy 
 obtained, said committee unanimously recommended its adoption. On your suggestion 
 that it would be well to have the opinions of other officers of the Army on the subject, 
 the bill was, on motion of Mr. Brown, of Mississippi, referred to the Committee on 
 Military Affairs, and I now have the honor to submit herewith to your consideration 
 the letters I have received from General Joseph E. Johnston, General S. Cooper, 
 Lieutenaut General Ewell, Lieutenant General Longstreet’s inspector general; Major 
 Generals Fitz Lee, Rosser, and Lomax, of cavalry, Brigadier Generals Pendleton and 
 Long, of artillery; Colonel Crutchfield, Stonewall Jackson’s chief of artillery; Major 
 General Heth, Major General Smith, governor of Virginia, and Major General Smith, 
 superintendent of Virginia Military Institute ; Captain N. W. Barker, acting chief of 
 Signal Bureau, and Captain Wilbourn, of Signal Corps ; Brigadier General Wharton, 
 Colonel J. S. Mosby, and many other distinguished officers of the Army, all approving 
 this design, which, with such letters as have been addressed to you on the subject, will 
 furnish your committee with the desired information. Allow me, General, to add a 
 few words on the merits of the proposed alteration. Under the present act of Con- 
 gress, the proportions of the Flag are incorrect, the length being double the width, 
 which is against all rule, and a Flag so made will not float. The one now used over 
 the Capitol is not according to law ; but it is correctly proportioned, having the width 
 two-thirds of the length. So that the proportions, at least, will have to be changed, 
 and while under amendment, it is proposed to improve the field of the Flag also. It 
 has been ascertained by practical use in the Army and Navy that our Flag is very easily 
 soiled, from its excessive whiteness, and it is especially liable to this objection on steam- 
 vessels, which are rapidly superseding all other ships of war. The portion of the Flag 
 proposed to be changed to a red bar is the part, too, most readily defaced. It is 
 strongly urged by naval officers of high standing that our Flag is liable to be mistaken 
 for a Flag of truce, particularly in a calm, when it hangs dead against the mast, and 
 the union is obscured by the white bunting. When seen at a distance, Flags are gen- 
 erally displayed against the white clouds beyond, and hence want of distinctness is a 
 great defect in the present Flag, the union being the only portion seen. Besides these 
 capital objections to it, the Flag is so tame looking that it excites no emotion in the 
 hearts of our people, and looks more like a white table-cloth, with a colored patch in 
 one corner, than the Ensign of a great nation such as ours is destined to be. Conse- 
 quently, we have not become attached to it, as we should have done by this time had 
 the colors been more striking. It was hurriedly adopted, at the very close of a session 
 of the last Congress, as the best they could do under the multiplicity of plans submitted, 
 and when the contest really was whether the Battle Flag should form part of it. See 
 accompanying letter from Colonel A. R. Boteler, chairman of the Committee on Flag 
 and Seal of last Congress, in favor of this amendment, I respectfully submit that the 
 bill before the Senate removes all the objections urged against the Confederate Flag. 
 It gives it correctness of proportion, distinctness, and character; renders it fit for 
 practical use, and presents a beautiful Standard, which, under no circumstances, can 
 be mistaken for a Flag of truce or the Flag of any other nation on earth. It relieves 
 the Flag of its pale-faced appearance, and makes it look more martial. The Battle 
 Flag, selected by General Johnston and recommended by himself and General Beaure- 
 
90 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 gard, and under which so much blood has been spilled in our struggle for independence, 
 is fully displayed as the union in the proposed Flag, which can only be done by sur- 
 rounding it with white, and the red bar, forming the outer half of the field from the 
 union, is suggested as the best design for its improvement. I am opposed to all stripes, 
 many or few, red or blue ; for, besides the resemblance, they would make our Flag 
 answer to the common description of the now degraded badge of the basest of tyran- 
 nies, “the Stars and Stripes.” 
 
 The colors of the new Flag would be chiefly white and red, with as little as possible 
 of the Yankee blue. The heraldic significance of these colors is deemed especially 
 appropriate for the Confederate States, the white (argent) being emblematic of purity 
 and innocence, and the red (gules) of fortitude and courage. In the adoption of 
 Ensigns by the principal nations of the world, it is noticed by Captain Hamilton, in his 
 History of the United States Flag, that they generally imitate the Ensigns of the nations 
 from which they sprung. This rule is complied with in the Flag as proposed, for our 
 people are chiefly descended from the British and French, and we get the union and 
 the cross of St. Andrew from the former, and the red bar from the Flag of the latter 
 nation, while the idea of having stars to represent the States respectively is taken from 
 the Flag of the old Union, mainly founded by our forefathers. The new Flag is easily 
 made, and is without the complication of any painting, which, besides the difficulty of 
 correct execution, soon rots the bunting. The proportions, while most pleasing to the 
 eye, possess the virtue of simplicity, the white below and on side of the union being 
 same width as the red bar. They have been approved by some of the best artists in 
 the Confederacy, and, after careful examination, have been pronounced correct by 
 some of the most experienced officers of the Navy, such as Commodore Forrest, 
 Captain Raphael Semmes, Captain 8. S. Lee, Captain Mason, Captain W. H. Parker 
 (the latter being at the head of the Confederate States Naval Academy). Your com- 
 mittee has been furnished by the Quartermaster General with a model Flag, made in 
 strict accordance therewith. It may be proper to add, that this improvement of the 
 Flag is advocated by almost the entire Richmond press. I hope it will be the pleasure 
 of your committee to recommend the passage of the bill, and that it will be adopted 
 by Congress in time for the signature of the President — who has expressed his approval 
 of it — on the 22d of February, 1865, in order that it may become a law on the anni- 
 versary of the birthday of the great Virginian who was the father of his country and 
 the chief author of his country’s Flag,* and the anniversary of the day which gave 
 birth to the permanent Government of the Confederate States. 
 
 I am, General, most respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 ARTH. L. ROGERS, 
 
 Major C. S. Artillery. 
 
 [See Plate XI, Part I.] 
 
 * The basis of the Flag of the United States was “ the great Union Flag ” displayed by General Washing- 
 ton on Prospect Hill, “in compliment,” as he said, “to the United Colonies,” on the 2d day of January, 1776, 
 the day of forming the new Continental Army. On the evacuation of Boston by the British this Standard was 
 carried into the city by the American troops. It was the union of the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew, 
 with thirteen stripes through the field of the Flag, alternate red and white. — Hamilton's History U. S. Flag , 
 p. 59 ; American Archives , 4 th series, vol. 5, p. 423. 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATION'S, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 91 
 
 [From the Richmond (Ya.) Whig, February 13, 1865.] 
 
 The Proposed Flag. 
 
 Camp, February 9, 1865. 
 
 Editor Whig: I don’t see the papers regularly, and don’t understand whether 
 there has been final and definite action taken on the subject of the change in our 
 National Flag. If not, can you not say something or write something that will check 
 Congress in doing such a foolish thing? By great good luck (I suppose on the broad 
 principle that the “blind hog” does sometimes “ find an acorn ”) Congress had given us 
 a most beautiful and appropriate Ensign, and I have had the opportunity, in the past year 
 or so, of hearing it praised and admired by persons of many nations. It is our old and 
 honored “ Battle Flag,” borne on a pure white field, indicative of the peace and purity 
 to be achieved by the triumphs of the “ Battle Flag.” By what incredible folly they 
 have determined to spoil this beautiful Banner, by tacking on a meaningless vertical 
 red stripe or bar, or what possible reason they have for interfering with it at all, is 
 more than I can conjecture. Even if a change were desirable, how puerile and ridicu- 
 lous it is to see Congress, in such a crisis as this, debating for the third time a change 
 in the National Flag, when the question really is, are we to have a nationality at all. 
 The proposed alteration is altogether for the worse ; it spoils the symmetry ; it is 
 utterly unmeaning as an heraldic device, and, in my opinion, could only have been 
 devised by a man devoid of taste. 
 
 Probably it is not very wise in me to trouble myself about such a small matter ; 
 but you know I am more than usually sensitive in matters of taste, and it frets me to 
 see what I consider such unredeemed folly. Do pray try and see if something cannot 
 be done to have the matter reconsidered. 
 
 B. L. B. 
 
 We fully concur in the views presented by our correspondent. The attempt to 
 change our Flag, for the third time during the war, is mere childishness, and should 
 not be encouraged, even though a manifest improvement should be suggested ; but 
 when the proposed alteration detracts alike from appearance and the principles of art 
 and the rules of heraldry, we cannot too much wonder that a grave body like the 
 Senate should have thought it worth while to pause in the consideration of the most 
 momentous and pressing subjects ever confided to a deliberative assembly to amuse 
 themselves with such bawbling work. We look to the House of Representatives to 
 give this inopportune trifling a quietus. 
 
 [See Plates VIII, XI, Part I.} 
 
 [From the Richmond (Va.) Daily Express, March 30, 18G5.] 
 
 The Southern Cross. 
 
 The following stanzas were written by Miss Clerk, of Queenstown, Ireland. They 
 have never been published in the Confederacy. A Baltimore paper ventured to give 
 them an insertion in its columns, the consequence of which was its prompt suppression 
 by the Lincoln authorities of that enslaved city. They are quite a handsome tribute to 
 
92 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 our young republic, and the more appreciable from the circumstance of their being a 
 free-will offering from a whole-souled Irish lady : 
 
 Wave forth each fold, brave Flag unroll’d 
 In all thy breadth and length ! 
 
 Wave forth unfurl’d and show the world 
 A new-born nation’s strength ! 
 
 Thou dost not wave, all bright and brave, 
 
 In holiday attire ; 
 
 ’Mid cannon chimes a thousand times 
 Baptiz’d in blood and fire. 
 
 No silken toy to flaunt in joy 
 
 Where careless shouts are heard ; 
 
 Where thou art borne, all scath’d and torn, 
 
 A nation’s heart is stirr’d. 
 
 When half-clad groups of toil-worn troops 
 Are marching to the wars, 
 
 What grateful tears, what heartfelt cheers 
 Salute thy cross of stars ! 
 
 Thou hast not seen the pomp and sheen, 
 
 The pageant of a court, 
 
 Or masquerade of war’s parade, 
 
 Where fields are fought in sport ; 
 
 But thou know’st well the battle yell 
 From which the foemen reel, 
 
 When down the steeps resistless leaps 
 A sea of Southern steel. 
 
 Thou know’st the storm of balls that swarm 
 In dense and hurtling flight 
 
 When thy cross bars, a blaze of stars, 
 
 Plunge headlong through the fight ; 
 
 For thou dost flood the land with blood, 
 
 And sweep the seas with fire ; 
 
 And all the earth applauds the worth 
 Of deeds thou dost inspire. 
 
 For thee is told the merchant’s gold, 
 
 The planter’s harvest fall ; 
 
 Thine is the gain of hand and brain, 
 
 And the heart’s wealth of all. 
 
 For thee each heart hath borne a part 
 With all it holds most dear; 
 
 Thro’ all thy land no woman’s hand 
 Hath stay’d one volunteer. 
 
 Thy glorious field shall empire wield 
 Supreme from sea to sea, 
 
 And proudly shine the favor’d sign 
 Of peoples yet to be. 
 
 When thou shalt grace the hard-won place 
 The nations grudge thee now, 
 
 No land shall show to friend or foe 
 A nobler Flag than thou. 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 93 
 
 Office New Orleans and Carrollton Railroad Company, 
 
 New Orleans , February 3, 1872. 
 
 Rev. B. M. Palmer, 
 
 President Southern Historical Society , New Orleans, La. 
 
 Dear Sir : A few weeks since I received a letter from Captain Geo. H. Preble, 
 U. S. N., making some inquiries relative to the origin of the Confederate “Battle 
 Flag” used during the late war by our Southern forces, and to the device of the Seces- 
 sion Flag of Louisiana. 
 
 Supposing that the information contained in my answer of the 24th ultimo might 
 be of historical interest hereafter, I take the liberty of enclosing you, for preservation 
 in the archives of the Southern Historical Society, a copy of my letter to Captain 
 Preble, accompanied by the original “ Flag” design, prepared by Mr. E. C. Hancock, 
 of this city, and presented for examination and adoption by Colonel J. B. Walton, then 
 commanding the New Orleans Washington Artillery Battalion, to General Joseph E. 
 Johnston, at Fairfax C. H., Ya., in September, 1861. [See Plate LXXXV, Part II.] 
 
 I enclose you, also, the letter of Mr. Hancock donating said design to the Southern 
 Historical Society, and one from Colonel Walton, identifying that drawing as the one 
 offered to General Johnston ; also, a letter to me from Colonel Wm. Porcher Miles, 
 chairman of the House Military Committee, dated August 27, 1861 [see page 2], 
 relative to the change, recommended by me, of our first Confederate National Flag, and 
 submitted by me to General Johnston and G. W. Smith before we adopted the well- 
 known “Battle Flag of the Army of the Potomac,” which became, after having been 
 consecrated by many a hard-fought battle, the “ union” of the second and third Con- 
 federate National Flags. 
 
 I remain, dear sir, yours, most truly, 
 
 G. T. BEAUREGARD. 
 
 New Orleans, La., January 24, 1872. 
 
 Capt. George H. Preble, 
 
 U. S. Navy, Naval Rendezvous, Boston Navy- Yard. 
 
 Dear Sir: In answer to the inquiries contained in your letter of the 3d instant, 
 relative to the origin of the Confederate “ Battle Flag ” and the devices of the Louisiana 
 State Flag flying on the City Hall of New Orleans when Commodore Farragut appeared 
 before this city in April, 1862, I give you with pleasure the following information : 
 
 At the battle of Manassas, on the 21st July, 1861, I found it difficult to distinguish 
 our then Confederate Flag from the United States Flag (the two being so much alike), 
 especially when General Jubal A. Early made the flank movement -which decided the 
 fate of the day, and I resolved then to have ours changed, if possible, or to adopt for 
 my command a “ Battle Flag” which would be entirely different from any State or 
 Federal Flag. 
 
 After the battle, it was found that many persons in both armies firmly believed 
 that each side had used, as a stratagem, the Flags of his opponent. General Joseph 
 
94 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 E. Johnston, commanding the Confederate States forces, determined to have the 
 troops furnished with their State Flags, and I entered into correspondence with Colonel 
 Wm. Porcher Miles, chairman of the House Military Committee, to have our National 
 Flag changed ; but that was found to be impracticable at the time, and none of the 
 States, except Virginia, having furnished Flags to their troops, General Johnston, on 
 consultation at Fairfax Court-House, Va., with General G. W. Smith, commanding the 
 Army of the Shenandoah (2d corps), and myself, commanding the Army of the 
 Potomac (1st corps), decided to adopt a Battle Flag for our forces. 
 
 Many designs were presented, and we gave the preference to one of those offered 
 by Colonel J. B. Walton, commanding the Louisiana Washington Artillery, which 
 corresponded closely to the one recommended by Colonel Miles to Congress, as cur 
 first National Flag. Both were oblong, the field was red, the bars blue, and the stars 
 white, but Colonel Walton’s had the Latin cross and Colonel Miles’ the St. Andrew’s, 
 which removed the objection that many of our soldiers might have to fight under the 
 former symbol. General Johnston preferred a square Flag, to render it more con- 
 venient to carry, and we finally adopted, in September, 1861, the well-known “Battle 
 Flag of the Army of the Potomac” (as it was first called), to which our soldiers 
 became so devoted. Its field was red or crimson, its bars were blue, running diagonally 
 across from one corner to the other, and the stars on them were white or gold, their 
 number being equal to the number of States in the Confederacy ; the blue bars were 
 separated from the red field by a small white fillet. [See Plate X, Part I.] 
 
 The size of the Flag for infantry was fixed at 4x4 feet, for artillery at 3x3 feet, and 
 for cavalry at 2£x2J feet. It had the merit of being small and light, and of being very 
 distinct at great distances, but it was not accepted by the Confederate Government until 
 it had been consecrated by many a hard-fought battle, when it became the “union” 
 of our second and third Confederate National Flags. When I assumed command 
 of the troops in Western Tennessee, February, 1862, I found that General Polk had 
 adopted for his forces a Flag nearly similar to the one I had adopted for the Army of 
 the Potomac, i. e., a blue field with a white St. Andrew’s cross, and blue or gold 
 stars. General Hardee had for his division a blue field, with a full white circle in its 
 centre. I gave orders to have them replaced as soon as practicable by the Battle Flag 
 of the Army of the Potomac. In September, 1862, when I returned to Charleston, I 
 submitted the same Banner for the State Flags then principally used in the Department 
 of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. It became thus in our armies the emblem 
 of Southern valor and patriotism. 
 
 Should we ever be compelled to have a foreign war, I trust that this Standard will 
 be adopted as our National Battle Flag, to which Southern soldiers will always gladly 
 rally in a just cause. 
 
 The State Flag, referred to by you, was adopted by the secession convention, and 
 contained thirteen stripes — four blue, six white, and three red, commencing at top with 
 colors as written. The “union” was red, with its sides equal to the width of seven 
 stripes ; in its centre was a single pale yellow star, with five points. 
 
 I remain, yours, very truly, 
 
 G. T. BEAUREGARD. 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 95 
 
 Gen. Beauregard, New Orleans. 
 
 New Orleans, January 30, 1872. 
 
 Dear Sir : The Flag design referred to by you in your communication to Captain 
 Preble, U. S. Navy, as having been submitted for adoption at the consultation held at 
 Fairfax Court-House, Ya., subsequent to the Battle of Manassas, was, at my request, 
 designed and executed by Mr. Edward C. Hancock (now associate editor of the New 
 Orleans Times), sometime during the month of April, 1861. On leaving New Orleans 
 with my command for Richmond, in May, 1861, I carried with me the design to that 
 city, where it was freely exhibited and generally approved. Among others, it was 
 shown to Colonel Porcher Miles, member of the Flag Committee. 
 
 In regard to its adoption by the conference of officers and subsequent modification 
 to correspond with Colonel Miles’ draft, I beg leave to confirm the statement made by 
 yourself to Captain George H. Preble, U. S. Navy. The original design remained in 
 my possession until about a year ago, when, recognizing its probable historic value, I 
 returned it to Mr. Hancock, who now transmits it to your care. In conclusion, I have 
 only to state that there can be no doubt in regard to the design forwarded having been 
 the original of the Confederate Flag, and as such it is entitled to careful preservation. 
 
 I am, General, very respectfully, yours, 
 
 J. B. WALTON. 
 
 [See Plate LXXXY, Part II.] 
 
 Office of the New Orleans Times, 
 
 No. 70 Camp Street, New Orleans, Febniary 2, 1872. 
 
 Gen. G. T. Beauregard. 
 
 Sir: In response to your expressed wishes, I herewith transmit, for donation to 
 the Historical Society, the original Flag design prepared by me in the month of April, 
 1861, at the request of Colonel J. B. Walton. 
 
 Colonel Walton returned the document to me about one year ago, advising its care- 
 ful preservation as an historical memento. Believing that this end can be best achieved 
 in the manner proposed, I cheerfully intrust it to your care. 
 
 With the highest considerations of esteem, 
 
 I remain, General, respectfully, yours, 
 
 E. C. HANCOCK. 
 
 Office New Orleans and Carrollton Railroad Company, 
 
 New Orleans, June 26, 1872. 
 
 Dr. J. W. Caldwell, Secretary Southern Historical Society, 
 
 No. 63 Prytania Street, New Orleans. 
 
 Dear Sir: Enclosed please find the printed copy of a letter from Colonel Wm. 
 Porcher Miles, formerly of South Carolina, but now of Virginia, in which he gives 
 additional information relative to the origin of the Confederate Battle Flag. May I 
 
96 EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 
 
 request that this letter of Colonel Miles should he filed with the other communications 
 on the same subject I had the honor of enclosing to the Southern Historical Society in 
 February last. 
 
 I remain, yours, very truly, 
 
 G. T. BEAUREGARD. 
 
 [From the New Orleans Times, June 25, 1872.] 
 
 The Confederate Battle Flag. 
 
 Oak Ridge, Nelson Co., Va., May 14, 1872. 
 Gen. G. T. Beauregard, New Orleans , La. 
 
 Mr Dear General: A friend has shown me an article, copied from the New 
 Orleans Times, containing letters from yourself and Colonel Walton touching the origin 
 of the Confederate Battle Flag. It is certainly not worth while for us vanquished 
 Confederates to contend among ourselves for the honor (if there be any honor in it) of 
 having designed it, and cheerfully would I yield my own pretensions to any merit what- 
 ever in the matter to the gallant Colonel who, with his noble battalion, so bravely upheld 
 it until the overwhelming hosts of our invaders compelled us to furl it in sorrow, but not 
 in shame. But, as I have many times said to many persons that the Battle Flag was my 
 design, and that I had been instrumental in its adoption, and never until now supposed 
 that the fact had ever been called in question, I feel some sensitiveness, since Colonel 
 Walton’s letter and yours have been published, lest my reputation for veracity may 
 suffer somewhat ; and, although I hope that, those who know me will not believe that 
 from any petty motive of vanity 1 would falsify facts, still there may be others who will 
 think that, like the jackdaw in iEsop, I have had a borrowed feather plucked from me 
 by the publication aforesaid. Let me beg, therefore, that you will do me the favor of 
 giving the same publicity to my statement that Colonel Walton’s has received. 
 
 At the Provisional Congress which met in Montgomery I was chairman of the 
 committee on devising a Flag. We had hundreds of designs submitted to us from all 
 parts of the country. Not one of them in the least resembled the Battle Flag. The 
 committee could not agree upon a Flag. They finally determined to submit four 
 designs to Congress, from which they should, by vote, select one. One of the four was 
 the Flag that was adopted, the first Flag of the Confederacy — a field of three horizontal 
 bars or stripes, red, white, and red, with blue union and stars. Another of the four 
 was a red field, with a blue ring or circle in the centre. Another was composed of a 
 number of horizontal stripes (I forget bow many) of red and blue (none white), with 
 blue union and stars like the first. The fourth was a saltier, as it is called in heraldry, 
 the same as a St. Andrew’s cross, of blue, with white margin or border, on a red field, 
 with white stars, equal to number of States, on the cross. This was my design, and 
 urged upon the Congress earnestly by me. Now, the only difference between this and 
 the Confederate Battle Flag is that the latter was made square, for greater lightness and 
 portability, -while the one submitted to Congress was, of course, of the usual proportions 
 of a Flag — i. e., oblong. Models, of considerable size, of the four Flags submitted were 
 made of colored cambric, and hung up in the hall where Congress sat, and they were 
 
EDITORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. — FLAG AND SEAL. 97 
 
 afterwards long in my possession, as was also the first Confederate Flag, made of merino 
 (there being no bunting at hand), that, within an hour or two of its adoption (thanks 
 to fair and nimble fingers), floated over the State Capitol of Alabama, where Congress 
 held its sessions. Unfortunately, they were all lost or destroyed during the war. If 
 they could be produced, they would settle the question as to the “ origin of the Con- 
 federate Battle Flag:” but there must be many members of the Provisional Congress 
 who remember and cau testify to the correctness of the above statements. Now all 
 this happened before you captured Fort Sumter — before April, 1861 — sometime during 
 which month. Colonel Walton says, Mr. Hancock, at his request, designed his Flag. 
 Excuse me, dear General, this long epistle, which possibly may suggest “ monies partu- 
 riunt .” But if Colonel Walton is right in supposing that his design is worthy of careful 
 preservation as a historical memento, and as, in your letter to Dr. Palmer, president 
 of the Southern Historical Society, you say that information concerning the Flag in 
 question “might be of historical interest hereafter,” and enclose him a copy of your 
 letter to Captain Preble “for preservation in the archives of the Society,” I hope my 
 vindication of the “truth of history,” even in a matter so unimportant in itself, may 
 be considered worthy of publication in the Times, and of being filed away, also, with 
 your and Colonel Walton’s letters, in the archives of the same society. 
 
 With sentiments of the highest regard, 
 
 I am. my dear General, very faithfully, yours, 
 
 WM. PORCHER MILES. 
 
 New Orleans, June 3, 1872. 
 
 I take pleasure in complying with the above request of Colonel Miles, whose letter 
 throws additional light on the origin of the Confederate Battle Flag. 
 
 G. T. BEAUREGARD. 
 

ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 TO 
 
 PART I. 
 
w maz 
 
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