The MARTIN ROWAN CHAFFIN Collection of Public School Text-Books PRESENTED TO Du\e University Library By his grandchildren in honor of M. R. Chaffin, who taught public school in Davie and Yadkin counties for a number of years beginning in 1850, and in honor of his father, William Owen Chaffin, who first taught a North Carolina public school in 1843, in Yadkin county. For the especial use of the Department of Education and of the Durham county and city teachers. DATE Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Duke University Libraries https://archive.org/details/eightbooksofcaes01caes EIGHT BOOKS CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR Ca. 6 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. ciple that a man is innocent until he is proved guilty should hold in his- tory as in law. 19 . Caesar, Praetor. — During the year of Ids Praetorship (b. c. 62), Caesar had many opportunities of exhibiting the qualities of coolness, courage, and self-reliance. It was in this year that a serious charge brought against the reputation of his wife Pompeia led to the now famous saying, “ Caesar’s wife must be above suspicion.” 20. Caesar, Propraetor (b. C. 61). — On the expiration of his term as Praetor, Caesar was in debt to the extent of two hundred and fifty million sesterces (about ten million dollars). Before he was allowed to leave Rome for Further Spain, he was compelled to pay a considerable part of this debt. This he did with money obtained from Crassus, who had confidence in the political promise of his creditor. In Spain, Caesar found himself for the first time in command of a Roman army, and soon gave evidence of his ability to handle troops and manage provincials. His successes were voted a triumph by the senate, and his soldiers pro- claimed him Imperator. If he sent large sums of money to Rome, he did not forget to keep a considerable amount for his own use. 21 . Caesar, Consul (b. C. 59.) — A poet interprets the spirit of Caesar’s ambition thus, — “ Better be first, he said, in a little Iberian village Than be second in Rome ; ” 1 but manifestly he thought it best to be first in Rome. After an absence of about a year in Spain, Caesar returned and offered himself as candidate for the consulship. He was elected, and entered upon the duties of his office in b. c. 59. His colleague was Marcus Bibulus, who had been associated with him in the Aedileship and Praetorship. 22 . The First Triumvirate. — After his election Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey entered into an alliance for personal, political, and in their 1 Longfellow’s Courtship of Miles Standish. THE LIFE OF CAESAR. 7 thought patriotic purposes, which is commonly known as the “ First Tri- umvirate.” Crassus and Pompey were friends to Caesar but not to each other; Caesar brought them together. Pompey married Caesar’s daughter Julia, which served to strengthen the bond of their common interest. Caesar married Calpurnia, daughter of Calpurnius Piso, his successor in the consulship. During Caesar’s consulship all classes of the people were benefited, abuses at home and abroad were corrected, and his adminis- tration was both successful and popular. Caesar was practically sole consul, for Bibulus’ service consisted chiefly in lending his colleague the “helpful aid of his opposition.” 23 Caesar, Proconsul (b. c. 58). — The senate, in order to limit Caesar’s already too great influence, had assigned the forests and public lands in Italy for proconsular provinces. The people, however, passed the Vatinian law, which gave to Caesar the government of Gallia Cisalpina and Illyricum for five years, with three legions. The senate, in hope of thus getting rid of him, of its own accord added Gallia Transalpina and another legion. 24 Campaigns in Gaul (b. C. 58-51). — Early in the spring of b. c. 58, Caesar set out from Rome and entered upon that career of conquest vividly described in his “Commentaries on the Gallic war,” the study of which we are about to take up. The task before him was not an easy one. Rome had good cause to remember the men of Gaul. Many times since the battle of Allia and the sack of Rome had they FROM BUST IN NATIONAL MUSEUM AT NAPLES. AGE, ABOUT 40. struck terror to Roman hearts. Caesar’s arrival in Gaul happened at a critical time in the historj" of the Gallic tribes, much disturbed among themselves and threatened by the Germans. Caesar by his clearsighted- 8 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. ness, unfaltering confidence in himself, decision of character, and marvel- lous readiness for every emergency, together with the discipline of his armies, made of apparently insuperable difficulties aids to the most bril- liant success. In his first campaign the Helvetians and the Germans under Ariovistus were conquered, and central Gaul brought into subjec- tion. The military and executive ability seen in the governor of Spain were more conspicuous in the governor of Gaul. One of Ins most re- markable traits — that which most amazed the Gauls and in later times most excited the admiration of his distinguished admirer and imitator, Napoleon — was the rapidity with which he resolved and the almost greater rapidity with which he executed his resolves. A good illustra- tion of the character of Caesar in which all the qualities just mentioned are exhibited is thus related by the good Captain in Longfellow’s “ Courtship of Miles Standish.” “ Now do you know what he did on a certain occasion in Flanders, When the rear-guard of his army retreated, the front giving way too, And the immortal Twelfth Legion was crowded so closely together There was no room for their swords'? Why, he seized a shield from a soldier, Put himself straight at the head of his troops, and commanded the captains, Calling on each by his name, to order forward the ensigns ; Then to widen the ranks, and give more room for their weapons ; So he won the day, the battle of something — or other. That’s what I always say ; if you wish a thing to be well done, You must do it yourself, you must not leave it to others.” 1 25. At Lucca (b. c. 56.) — In b. c. 56, Caesar invited Pompey and Crassus to meet him in Lucca. The leading men of Rome were present. Among these were two hundred senators and so large a crowd of distinguished officials that one hundred and fifty lictors are said to have been seen in the streets of the town. The programme here arranged included the following : Pompey and Crassus to be consuls the following year ; Pompey to be governor of Spain for five years ; Crassus to have Syria for his proconsular province; Caesar to have his term of office in Gaul extended to ten years, and thereafter to be consul. 1 For incident here recorded, see De Bel. Gal. ii. 25. THE LIFE OF CAESAR. 9 26 . Organizing Gaul (b. C. 50). For eight years Caesar was busy in Gaul. He found it easier to conquer the Gallic tribes than to keep them in subjection. Finally he succeeded in convincing them that further resistance would be useless, and represented to the chiefs the great advantages of becoming a part of the Roman republic. Admira- tion of Caesar, together with the strength of his personality influenced the chiefs to determine upon peace and friendly terms with Rome. Caesar now busied himself in organizing the new territory, fully ex- pecting on his return to Rome at the expiration of his command to enter upon a second consulship according to the terms of the Lucca agreement. 27 . Ca esar and Pompey. — Crassus perished in a battle against the Parthians (b. g. 53), leaving Caesar and Pompey joint administrators' of the Lucca programme. Caesar’s success in Gaul, however, excited the jealousy of Pom- pey. The senatorial party, too, had gratified Pompey ’s vanity by their attitude toward his appointment as sole consul in B. c. 52. In b. c. 50 matters had gone so far that the con- sul Marcellus, doubtless at Pompey’s instiga- tion, proposed in the senate that Caesar give up his command in November of that year. This the tribune Curio vetoed. Caesar, hear- ing of the movement against him, was not dis- mayed. January 1, b. o. 49, a letter written by him was read in the senate, in which he expressed readiness to lay aside his military power if Pompey would do the same. After a stormy session, a resolu- tion was passed to the effect that unless Caesar disbanded his army he would be declared an enemy of the republic. The tribunes vetoed this resolution, but their veto was disregarded. On January 7 the senate resolved that the consuls provide for the safety of the republic. This was a proclamation of martial law. The crisis had come. Marcus Antonins and Quintus Cassius, the tribunes FROM BUST IN BRITISH MUSEUM. AGE, ABOUT 45. 10 GENERAL INTRODUCTION who advocated Caesar’s interests, were driven from the senate and fled in disguise. Pompey proceeded to hold levies for raising an army, flunk- ing that Caesar’s soldiers were disaffected and that Caesar would not dare to offer resistance. Caesar, however, on learning the decree of the senate, addressed Ids soldiers frankly, protesting that he and his armies had served the State loyally for nine years, and had done much for the safety of the State and nothing to imperil it. The soldiers showed their unbounded affection and enthusiasm for their leader by volunteering to serve without pay. 28 . Beginning of the Civil War. — Caesar forthwith crossed the Rubicon, the boundary of his province, to claim by force of arms the rights of which the senate sought to deprive him. At Rimini he met the expelled tribunes, and also envoys from Pompey who desired to gain time by a proposed conference. Caesar promptly dismissed these latter, throwing the blame of tbe civil war now begun on Pompey and the senate. As Caesar advanced, city after city yielded, and in three months he was master of Italy. 29 . The Feeling at Rome (b. C. 48). — The events of the following year cannot be declared here. A letter from Cicero to Atticus (viii. 13), however, shows the popular feeling of the time : — “ Observe the man into whose hands we have fallen. How keen he is, how alert, how well prepared ! By Jove, if he does not kill any one and spares the property of those who are so terrified, he will be in high favor. I talk with the tradesmen and farmers. They care for nothing but their lands and houses and money. They have gone right round. They fear the man they trusted and love the man they feared ; and all this through our own blunders. I am sick to think of it.” 30 . Battle of Pharsalus. — After various contests, not always in Caesar’s favor, a decisive battle was fougbt at Pharsalus in Thessaly, August 9, b. c. 48. Pompey’s forces far outnumbered Caesar’s; but effeminate nobles, the flower of Pompey’s army, were no match fur Caesar’s veterans. By this victory Caesar became practically master of Rome. TIIE LIFE OF CAESAR, 11 31 . Death of Pompey. — Pompey was soon after murdered in Egypt, whither he had lied after the battle. In the death of his great rival Caesar had no part and took no pleasure. When the head of the mur- dered man was brought to him by those who hoped thus to win his favor, he turned away in horror. Hot unlikely he then recalled Pompey only as Rome’s idol and Caesar’s friend. It may be said here that Caesar seems to have accepted civil war not because he delighted in it, but because it was inevitable. Humanity and self-defence compelled him to the issue. He became master of Rome not by invading the capital and slaughtering his per- sonal enemies, but by meeting hostile forces on the field of battle at a distance from the city. 32 . Caesar in Egypt and Pontus. — Caesar, following Pompey to Egypt, was detained by certain disputes concerning the succession to the throne of that country. He then proceeded into Pontus against Pharnaces, son of Mithri- dates. August 2, b. c. 17, a battle was fought near Zela, where Caesar gained an easy victory. His dispatch to the senate after this battle was the famous “Veni, Vidi, Vici.” 1 33 . Return to Rome. — Returning to Rome, Caesar found great tasks awaiting him. Dictator now and absolute, he did not use office or power for unworthy purposes or for personal ends. His aim was to restore public confidence and credit. 34 . Battle of Thapsus. — While Caesar was thus engaged, his ene- mies Cato and Scipio collected a large army in Africa, which was de- feated in the decisive battle of Thapsus. This battle was fought April 6, B. c. 16, and at once ended the war and the hopes of the senatorial party. FROM BUST IN CAMPO SANTO AT Fisk'. AGE, ABOUT 45. 1 I came, I saw, I conquered. 12 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 35. Caesar’s Triumphs. — Returning from Africa, Caesar celebrated with characteristic lavishness and splendor four triumphs, — one for his victories in Gaul, another for those in Egypt, the third for Zela, and the fourth for the Juba victories in Africa. No triumph of course was given for victories in civil war. To celebrate these triumphs there were splendid banquets, still more splendid entertainments in the circus and amphitheatre, and a generous distribution of corn and money. Caesar furnished “bread and circuses” ( panem et circos) without stint. The forty days of thanksgiving decreed by the senate were made such to the holiday-loving Romans by the seemingly careless but really pur- posed extravagance of the man who had just been made dictator for ten years. 36. Caesar’s Reforms. — Caesar now gave himself to the work ot reform with zeal, energy, and wisdom. The laws which had been passed in his first consulship ( Leges Iuliae) were now enforced. The calendar, heretofore in the hands of the pontifices and now three months in ad- vance of the real time, was corrected. 1 This reform was a benefit not only to his country but to the whole civilized world, and the Julian calendar was in use for nearly sixteen hundred years. He improved the personnel of the senate by removing all persons convicted of bribery or fraud, and by supplying their places with men of merit. The mem- bership of this body was also greatly increased. This increase may have been partly due to a desire on Caesar’s part to reward those who had proved themselves faithful to his interests, but probably more to a wise and really conservative view of “ the needs of the times.’ 1 All ques- tions of importance were -to be submitted to the senate. This careful consideration bestowed upon the calendar and senate he gave to every thing affecting the public welfare. 37. Battle of Munda (March 17, B. c. 45). — While engaged in these plans and measures, Caesar was called to Spain to quell a formid- able insurrection instigated by the two sons of Pompey, Cneius and Sex- 1 For example August 9, the date of the battle of Pharsalus in the corrected calendar is June 6. THE LIFE OF CAESAR. 13 tus. It was the end of the year b. c. 46 when Caesar set out, hut not until March 17 of the following year was the decisive battle at Munda fought. Caesar’s troops in this battle were at first driven back; defeat seemed inevitable, but the day was retrieved when the great Dictator in person rallied the broken lines and led them back to victory. The Pompeian party was now utterly and forever crushed, and Caesar’s military career ended. After settling affairs in Spain, Caesar returned to Italy in October. Many honors were now conferred upon him. He was made Imperator for life, and nominated Pater Patriae ; the month Quinctilis received the new name Iulius (July); his head appeared on the new coinage ; he was proclaimed a god. 38 . Caesar's Ambitions. — Caesar was ambitious, but nobly so. Thus far lie had used his position for the advantage of his country. His great offices were used for large service to the State. His plans for promoting 1 he welfare of the citizens, correcting abuses in legislation and adminis- tration at home and in the provinces, for beautifying the city and ex- tending the Empire were not to be completed in the life-time of any single man, and it did not require the prophet’s vision to see that Caesar’s new order of things would be followed by anarchy if no provision were made for its continuance and completion during his life-time. It was the hereditary element in kingship which was attractive to the statesman of large and enlightened views and purposes. The anarchy following his death and the power seized by a rude and rapacious soldiery under the elective system are proofs alike of the great Dictator’s patriotism and fore- sight in seeUng the kingly office. On the feast of the Lupercalia (Fel). 15, b. c. 44), his colleague Antony publicly offered him a rojml diadem. The disposition of the people, however, was such that Caesar declined it, and saying that the Romans had no King but Jove, ordered it to be placed on the head of the statue of Jupiter Capitolinus. 39 . Conspiracy. — Many great and important changes were wrought by Caesar and in a marvellously short space of time. While busy with these a conspiracy was formed against his life. The leading spirits in this plot were Cassius and Brutus; their associates probably did not number 14 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. a hundred in all. “The conspiracy began in spite,” says Mr. Browning, “ and continued in folly.” 40 . Caesar’s Death (March 15, B. C. 4-1). — The story of his murder is graphically told by Shakspeare, and is familiar. Caesar fell in the senate-house at the feet of the statue of Pompey on the Ides (15th) of March, b. c. 44. His murderers were men on whom he had conferred many and great favors. Men who could receive offices and gifts from the great and generous Caesar and treacherously conspire to murder their benefactor might pretend to, but could never have been animated by, a noble patriotism. So perished the greatest of Romans, - — one of the greatest men, if not the very greatest man, of all antiquity. Caesar was great in planning and accomplishment; great as statesman, orator, soldier, historian ; great by natural power and acquisition ; great in thought and action ; princeliest among his fellows, the admiration of all succeeding times. “ Truly a wonderful man was Cains Julius Caesar.” FROM BUST IN VATICAN. CAESAR REPRESENTED AS PONTIFEX MAXIMUS. AGE, ABOUT 55. THE LIFE OF CAESAR. 15 41. Piincipal Events in the Life of Caesar. b. c. 100. Caesar’s birth (July 12). 1 87. Flamen Dialis. 84. Death of Caesar’s father. 83. Marries Cornelia. 80-78. Serves with the army in Asia. 77. Prosecutes Dolabella unsuccess- fully. 76-75. Studies oratory at Rhodes. 74. Military tribune. 68. Quaestor. 67. Marries Pompeia. 65. Curule Aedile. 63. Pontifex Maximus (Catiline’s Con- spiracy). 62. Praetor. 61. Propraetor in Spain. 60. First Trivtmvirate formed. 59. Consul. Marries Calpurnia. 58. Proconsul in Gaul: First Cam- paign : He conquers the Helvetii and Ariovistus. 57 Second Campaign : He conquers the Belgae, including the Nervii. 56. The Triumvirate meet at Lucca. Third Campaign : He conquers the Veneti and Aquitani. 55. Fourth Campaign : He conquers B. C. the Usipetes, Germans, etc., and crosses into Britain. 54. Fifth Campaign : Second Invasion of Britain. 53. Sixth Campaign : He subdues the rebellious states of Gaul. 52. Seventh Campaign : He checks a second insurrection of the Gauls under Vercingetorix. 51. Eighth Campaign : The whole re- gion is subdued and made subject to Rome. 50. Ninth year of command. He or- ganizes the newly acquired ter- ritory. Breaks openly with Pompey. 49. Crosses the- Rubicon. Civil war begun. 48. Conquers Pompey at Pharsalus 47. Puts down rebellion in Egypt. Subdues Pharnaces. 46. Defeats the senatorial party at Thapsus. Appointed Dictator for ten years. Reforms the calendar. 45. Defeats the sons of Pompey at Munda. Imperator for life. 44. The conspiracy. Assassinated in the senate-house (March 15). “ Julius Caesar, whose remembrance yet Lives in men’s eyes, and will to ears and tongues Be theme and hearing ever.” Shakspeare, Cgmbeline, Act iii. Sc. i. lines 2-4. 1 Mommsen, 102. 1G GENERAL INTRODUCTION. CAESAR AS A WRITER. 42. The style of Caesar is compared by Cicero to the unadorned sim- plicity of an ancient Greek statue. 'Eliis opinion of one who was not in sympathy with Caesar may be regarded as exceed big p'^'sc. Cice also remarks that this exquisite purity was obtained by constant study and a thorough knowledge of the Latin language. Caesar inserts no word but what has an important mission, without any regard to embellishment. A perfect equality of expression pervades his writings. The narrative is clear and easy. 43. The commentaries were doubtless hastily written on the spot where the battles were fought, and were mere outlines which he perhaps hoped some day to fill out. Therefore we admire all the more the purity and neatness of Caesar’s style, which have not been surpassed by any Roman writer, and dhsily pardon a deficiency of vigor. 44. The writings of Caesar which remain are seven books of the Gallic and three of the Civil war. The eighth book of the Gallic war was written by Aulus Hirtius, who was personally present with Caesar. Besides the works that have come down to us Caesar wrote other books, of which only fragments remain. 45. As an orator Cicero places him among the first, and Quintilian says that he spoke with the same spirit with which he fought, adding that if he had given his attention to the arts of peace, he would have rivalled Cicero in eloquence. GAUL. 46. The comparative study of language throws a light upon the origin of the early inhabitants of Gaul. From the great family to which Hindu, Persian, Roman, Greek, and Teuton belonged, the Celts have separated. As the Vedas of India reflect the primitive creed of the DESCRIPTION OF GAUL. 17 Aryans, so the system of the Druids undoubtedly must contain an im- press, however small, of the religious thought of that ancient people. 47. The language of the Celts is not lost, for it lives in literature and is still spoken in the heart of Brittany, Wales, and in the north of Scot- land and in Ireland. Some standing ruins give evidence of monuments that nave passed away. 48. The Celtic race had diffused itself over the valleys and hills of France, including the western districts of Germany and Switzerland, and from thence occupied the southern part of England. In spite of the difference in language and manners (B. G. i. 1), there seems to have been a bond of union which joined the tribes in mutual interest. 49. All ancient writers agree that Gaul was well peopled. Agri- culture undoubtedly was practised. “Gallic oxen especially were of good repute in Italy,” so Varro tells us. Plautus mentions the “ Gallic ponies.” Varro again says : “It is not every race that is suited for the business of herdsmen ; neither the Bastulians nor the Turdulians are fit for it. The Celts are the best, especially as respects beasts for riding and burden.” 50. The art of building vessels had attained great progress among the Celts. They seem to be the first nation that regularly navigated the Atlantic ocean. Although in Caesar’s time they used in the Channel a sort of portable leathern skiff, yet the peoples on the west coast, and especially the Veneti, sailed in large clumsy ships, propelled by leathern siils, and not by oars. 51. Marine fishing and the collection of the eggs of sea-birds were prosecuted on such an extensive scale that it probably gave rise to the statement in Caesar’s time that “certain tribes at the mouth of the Rhine subsisted on fish and birds’ eggs.” The tolls of the river and seaports were important factors of commerce in certain cantons, as those of the Haedui and Veneti. The peculiar skill of the Celts in imitating any model and executing any instructions is observed by Caesar. 2 18 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 52 The implements of the Gauls for a long time were only stone axes bound to wooden handles by leathern bands, flint arrow-heads and GALLIC ARMS OF BROKZE. DESCRIPTION OF GAUL. 19 knives. Arms of bronze and iron are of a later period, and belonged to those tribes which were the nearest to Italy. Specimens of these earliest weapons are given. GALLIC TKUMPET. 53. The art of procuring metals had been developed to such an ex- tent that miners played an important part in the sieges. The character of the country refutes the opinion prevalent among the Romans, that Gaul was one of the richest gold regions in tire world. 54. The arts exhibit a remarkably low state when compared with the mechanical skiil in the use of metals. The party-colored and brilliant ornaments show a lack of proper taste which the Gallic coins confirm with their simple, curious, and rude representations. On a great number is seen a wild boar or a horse without bridle, the symbol of liberty and war. The magnificent staters of Philip II. of Thasos were imitated, but in unskilled hands they lost all beauty of design. These coins of Macedon, however, gave an impulse toward producing varied pieces of curious types on which the likenesses of ambitious chiefs were stamped. Specimens of Gallic coins are given. See Illustrations. 20 general introduction. DESCRIPTION OF GAUL. 21 55. The art of poetry on the other hand was highly valued by the Celts, and was intermingled with the religious ami political institutions. Science and philosophy, although hampered by the theology of the country, received appreciation among them. The knowledge of writing was confined to the priests. In Caesar’s time the Greek writing was made use of, but in the southern districts the Latin was predominant. (B. G. i. 29. “In castris Helvetiorum tabulae repertae sunt litteris Graecis con- fectae.” The documents written were not in the Greek language but in the Greek characters). The coins also show Greek writing. 56. The clan-canton was the basis of the constitution of the State, with its prince, its council of elders, and its freemen capable of bearing arms. In the time of Caesar this cantonal constitution still existed un- altered among the insular Celts, and in the northern cantons of the mainland. We cannot say that this Gallic clanship contained only those descended from a common ancestor, for Caesar (B. G. i. 18) tells us that Dumnorix, by his liberality, gained clients every day, hence introducing a foreign element into the clan. The general assembly held the supreme authority; the prince was bound to conform to its decrees; the common council, which numbered in certain clans six hundred members, appears to have the same importance as the Senate of Borne under the kings. A revolution had occurred, before the time of Caesar, among the Arverni, Haedui, Sequani, and Helvetii, which set aside the royal authority and gave the power into the hands of the nobility. 57. Some words which Caesar uses in his Commentaries would lead us to suppose that in some cases a great council of entire Gaul assem- bled. However, we cannot take this to mean anything more than a con- federate alliance, which Caesar, perhaps, interpreted as national unity. 58. The assemblies take precautions against hasty movements. “In the cantons,” says Caesar, “ which are considered the best regulated, it is a sacred law that he who learns anything of interest to the city should inform the magistrate of it, without telling it to any other person, since experience has shown that imprudent and uneducated men are often 22 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. alarmed by what is false, take extreme measures, and even go into crime. The magistrates conceal what is proper, and reveal to the multitude what they think is good for them to know. It is only in this assembly that public affairs are discussed.” 59. There were two classes, the nobles and the freemen. The nobles compelled the freemen, who were oppressed by debt, to borrow from them, and to give up their freedom, de facto, as debtors. It was the privilege of the nobility to surround themselves with a number of mounted servants called ambacti, and thus to form a state within a state. Resting upon the support of these troops the nobles could over- throw the legal power, and break down the commonwealth. If in a clan which contained eighty thousand men a single chief could muster ten thousand retainers, not counting the bondmen and the debtors, he easily became more powerful than the rest of the nobles. Thus the state could no longer preserve the old cantonal constitution, and the other nobles accordingly gave themselves over as clients to this more powerful one among his fellows. 60. The cavalry was the principal force in the military system of the Celtic people. Among the Belgae, and still more in Britain, the war- chariot appears with great efficiency. These warriors, on horseback and on foot, were formed from the nobility and its vassals. It is character- istic of their mode of fighting that at the moment of beginning a conflict with an enemy of which they made little account, they swore individu- ally that they would keep aloof from house and home if their army should not charge at least twice through the enemy’s line. 61 Caesar calls them equites, and this cavalry was much esteemed among the Roman legions. “ When any war is declared all the nobles take arms and surround themselves with a number of servants and clients in proportion to their birth and their wealth.” Some of these clients dedi- cated their lives to their chief. They were called soldurii among the Aqui- tani. “ The soldurii enjoy all the good things of life with those to whom they have consecrated themselves in friendship. If their chief dies, they DESCRIPTION OF GAUL. 23 are unwilling to survive him, and slay themselves. It never has hap- pened within the memory of man that one of those who had dedicated themselves to a chief by such an agreement refused to die with him.” (B. G. iii. 22). 62. The infantry was far inferior to the cavalry. The large shield was the principal defensive and the long lance was the chief offensive weapon, preferred to the sword. A long line of wagons carried the bag- age of the army, and a barricade of these wagons was made at night which poorly corresponded to the entrenched camp of the Romans. Certain cantons, as the Nervii, had infantry of exceptional efficiency, but these had no cavalry and perhaps were an immigrant German tribe, and not Celtic. “The Celt,” says Caesar, “ dares not face the German in battle.” So unwarlike did Caesar consider the Celtic infantry that after having become acquainted with them in his first campaign, he never employed them again in connection with the Roman infantry. 63. A Spirit of National unity was manifesting itself in various ways and gaining strength with the decline of the individual cantons. Amid the feudal strife there were those who were willing to gain the indepen- dence of the nation at the cost of the independence of the several cantons. 64. A league of the Belgae we find in northeastern Gaul in Caesar’s time. In central Gaul two parties were ambitious for the hegemony, the one. led by the Haedui, the other by the Sequani. These confeder- acies subsisted side by side. The impulse of the nation toward unity found undoubtedly a sort of gratification in such unions as these. 65. The character of this union was of the loosest kind. The Bel- gian confederacy alone seems to have been bound firmly together. The contests for the leadership made disruptions in every other league. 66. The condition of women in Gaul indicates an advance in civiliza- tion. They were free in their choice of a husband, and brought a dowry with them. The man advanced an equal amount. The whole, with 24 GENERAL INTRODUCTION whatever increase there might be, went to the survivor. (R. G. vi. 19). The husband however had the power of life and death over both wife and children. No son could address his father in public until he was of an age to bear arms. 67. “The funerals,” says Caesar, “considering the civilization of the Gauls, are magnificent and costly ; and they cast into the fire all things which they think are dear in this life ; and a little while before this time, slaves and clients, who surely had been loved by the dead, were burned together with them.” (B. G. vi. 19). 68. The estimate of human life was even lower among the Gauls than among the Romans. The stories of the old Gallic customs show the great indifference which the people felt toward their own life and that of others. Tilting by way of sport, lighting for life at feasts, selling themselves to death for a fixed sum of money or a number of casks of wine, accepting the fatal blow with w'illingness on a shield before the eyes of the Gallic people (a practice which outdid even the Roman gladiatorial show's) were frequent among them. 69. In regard to their dress and customs, Diodorus says : “ Some of them wear coats of iron-mail, others fight naked. Instead of swords they wear great sabres suspended on the right side by chains of iron or brass. Some have gold or silver girdles. They also use pikes, the heads of which are a cubit long and about two palms broad. Their swords are scarcely less in size than the javelin of other nations, and the sauniae (heavy javelins) which they hurl have blades longer than their swords. Of these some are straight, others curved in order to tear the flesh and enlarge the wound when drawn out.” 70. The dress of the Gauls differed from that of the Romans. They wore breeches tightly fitting on the legs, called braccae. A tunic covered the upper portion of their bodies, over which was thrown a sagum, a band of cloth light in summer, and thick in winter. On their feet they wore wooden-soled shoes (gallicae). DESCRIPTION OF GAUL. 25 71. The personal appearance of the Gauls Diodorus again describes: “ They are tall, possessing fair skin and light hair. Some of them shave their beard, while others allow it to grow long. They take their meals sitting on the skins of wolves and dogs. By their side are smoking cal- drons and spits, on which are quarters of meat. The brave are honored by being offered the best morsels. Every stranger who comes to them is invited to the feast, and not until after the meal do they ask him who he is and what he wants. Then come long stories, for the Gauls desire to hear as well as see. These feasts, however, are often stained with blood ; words beget quarrels ; and as human life is despised, they chal- lenge one another to single combat. Their aspect is terrifying] they have loud rough voices, say little, and express themselves in riddles. “ A violent race,” say the ancients, “ who make war on mankind, Nature, and the gods. They shoot their arrows against heaven when it thunders; they take arms against the tempest; they march sword in hand upon overflowing rivers, or the ocean in its wrath.” RELIGION. (See Diiuioism.) TOPOGRAPHY OF GAUL. 72. Free Gaul ( Libera Gallia), which Caesar refers to (B. G. i. 1), was that part not yet subdued by the Romans. The southern country had become a Roman province as early as 120 B. c., and to this conquered region Caesar gives the appellation provincia, or provincia nostra. Ancient Gaul was bounded on the west by the Atlantic, on the north by the Rhine, on the east by the Rhine and the Alps, and on the south by the Pyrenees. The greatest breadth was 600 English miles, but much diminished toward each extremity, and its length was from 480 to 620 miles. It corresponds in some degree with the kingdom ot France under Napoleon, which was 650 miles long from east to west and 560 broad from north to south. Three great nations comprised the Gauls, known as the Belgae, the Celtae, and the Aquitani. The Romans applied to the inhabitants of the country the general name Galli. 26 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. The Gauls proper, or Celtae, as they called themselves, occupied the central parts, extending from the Sequana (Seine) on the north to the Garumna (Garonne) on the south. The Belgae were in the north, between the Sequana and Lower Rhine. The Aquitani dwelt in the south, in the territory between the Garumna and Pyrenees, and inter- mingled with the Spaniards. Ot' these nations the Belgae were the bravest, but the Celtae the more numerous and indigenous. The Aqui- tani were of a race cognate to the Spanish tribes, while the Belgae were largely intermixed with the Germans. The entire population of the country may have been about seven million. 73. The Aquitani probably spoke a language of Iberian origin. The Belgae and the Celtae used merely different dialects ol the same language, the former Celtic mixed with German, the latter pure Celtic (B. G. i. 1). GERMANY. 74. The science of language establishes the German races in the great family to which belong the Hindu, Roman, and Celt. The Teu- tonic language lives in its representatives, although the original speech has passed away without a literature. It is with peculiar interest that we study the early history of the Germans, who were our progenitors; and it is a matter of regret that no more writings of Latin authors con- cerning them have come down to us. 75 The Romans first met the Germans in 113 b. c., when they came upon the Roman confirms and made invasions in Gaul and northern Italy, until checked by Marius. At that time they were under the appellation of Teutones and Cimbri. 76. Upon the Celts the Germans had exerted a pressure more violent even than that of the Romans on the south. All the land to the east of the Rhine was lost to the Celts. The Boii were wandering in search of a resting-place, and the land formerly possessed by the Helvetii was claimed by the Germans. DESCRIPTION OF GERMANY. 27 77. They were designated Germans when Caesar began his con- quest of Gaul. It is not strange that the Celts being threatened with danger from two national foes should seek the one as a protection against the other. 78. Ariovistus attempted to establish the power of the nation which dwelt across the Danube in Gaul, but was defeated by Caesar and compelled to cross the Rhine (B. G. i. 53). 79. Caesar crossed the Rhine twice, not with the intention of con- quest, but to prevent the frequent invasions of the Germans into Gaul. 80. Of the German tribes dwelling nearest the Rhine Caesar had an accurate knowledge, but the Suebi, he was told, inhabited the rest of Germany, and were divided into a hundred districts, which sent annu- ally a thousand men each to seek booty. They lived by hunting and fishing, and devastated their borders to prevent foreign invasion. This stratagem was employed by the Germans on an extensive scale, and the neighborhood for miles was laid waste to guard against hostile attacks. 81. The appearance of the Germans, Roman writers declare, was as follows : A people with fierce blue eyes, yellow hair, strong frame, and gigantic height, who are inured to cold and hunger, but not heat and thirst; friendly, faithful, warlike, and ready to sacrifice life for liberty, dwell beyond the Rhine. 82 With the arts of civilization the Germans are represented (o have been unacquainted ; and they were ignorant of agriculture and the use of letters, living in the forests and supporting themselves by the chase. 83. The government was by the people in the majority of tribes, but some obeyed the limited authority of kings without giving up individual rights. 28 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 84. In battle it was the duty of a commander to be as valiant as pos- sible, and the duty of his soldiers not to be inferior to him. It was considered a disgrace to survive the fall of the commander, hut to protect him was the motive of every soldier. 85. The estimate of women was high among the German tribes, and polygamy was permitted only to princes in order to extend their influence in neighboring tribes. 86. They worshipped the sun, moon, earth, fire, and imaginary beings controlling the events of life, whose will the priests divined by mysteries. Their temples were caves of the earth. BRITAIN. 87. In regard to Britain little was known before the time of Caesar, who endeavored to reduce it, but his attempts were ineffectual. Ostorius in the reign of Claudius subjugated the southern part ; and Agricola in the reign of Domitian increased the Roman sway there. Britain remained a Roman province until a. d. 426, when the assistance of the troops was demanded by Valentine II 1. against the Huns. The Britons under the Roman power became so effeminate that they were unable to drive away the inhabitants of the north ; and the Saxons, who were invoked to aid them, subdued the country. Britain abounded in Roman walls, traces of which remain to-day. The race to which the Britons belonged was the Celtic. DRUIDISM. 88 Druidism was an impress of the Indo-European faith. As the sky became the first deification of the Aryans (cf. Jupiter = Dyaus pita , divus — heavenly, hence divine, the old idea lingering on in “sub divo ” out of doors), so the Druids first worshipped the stars, the sun, and the forces of nature, and these phenomena became personified. Bel became the sun-god; Kirk, the wind from the valley of the Rhone] Tarann, the thunder. DRUIPISM. 29 89. The deities of the Sanskrit pantheon lingered on in the system of the Druids. Much importance was attached to kine in both religions. In the Yeda one of the most fertile sources -of metaphors is the cow- stall; and likewise the forms of bulls and oxen obtained a great vogue in Druid worship. Many ceremonies, as religious bathing, etc., exhibit a striking correspondence. 90. The Druids formed a distinct caste by themselves, possessing great authority. They were regarded as the interpreters of the will of heaven and the diviners of the secrets of the earth. • 91. The power of the Druids was supreme in the government of the state. According to Caesar they appointed the chief magistrates, and these acted as was agreeable to the will of the priests. J ustice was administered by them, and whoever opposed their decisions was excom m uuicated. 92. The Druids gave oral instruction to pupils, who learned from them verses of hidden meaning amounting to many thousand; but they wrote nothing, and the songs of the early bards have passed away. 93. A belief in a life beyond the grave was taught by them. This was more clear and definite to them than the Latin faitli in the vague existence of the Manes. The mistletoe was a sacred plant, the rarity of which caused it to become the holiest object in Nature. The oak was also venerated. Human sacrifices were frequently offered to the gods. 94. Such is a brief description of the religious system among the Gauls and Britons. 95. Caesar refers to the Druids in the following passages. Druides, vi. 14; Drnidum, vi. 13 (twice) ; Druidibus, vi. 13; Druides, vi. 21 ; Pruidibus, vi. 16, 18. 30 GENERAL INTRODUCTION, THE ROMAN ART OF WAR. 31 THE ROMAN ART OF WAR. 96. The Organization of the army. — The Roman army of the late republic consisted of (a) legions; ( b ) auxiliary infantry; (c) cavalry; ( d ) artillery ; ( e ) staff and staff troops. 97. The Legions. — It was both the duty and the right of every Roman citizen to serve in the army. But after the social war the number of Ro- man citizens had increased to such an extent that only a part was needed. We find therefore at the end of the republic the armies changing into an organization of professional soldiers who were mostly led by the hope of gain. The higher classes remained at home, unless, indeed, some one was driven by natural inclination or anticipations of ascending to a high rank. The levy ( dilectus ) was held in Italy in the name of the consuls, in the provinces in the name of the proconsuls. 98. Number of soldiers. — The number of soldiers in a legion, at Caesar’s time, may be estimated as amounting to 3,000 or 3,600. It was the custom to form a new legion (legio tironum) rather than to fill out vacancies in the old ones ( legiones veteranae ), unless their number was diminished to an extraordinary degree. (Cf. B. G. vii. 1, 7.) 99. Divisions of the Legions. — Each legion was divided into ten cohorts (300 to 360 men) ; each cohort into three maniples (100 t.o 120 men); each maniple into two platoons (50 to 60 men) [ordines — platoons]. 100. Officers. — The officers of the legion were the six military tribunes ( tribuni militum ). Each maniple was under the command of 32 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. two centurions ( centurio prior in charge of the first platoon and centurio posterior in charge of the second platoon). The centuriones of the first maniple of a cohort were called pili, those of the second principes, those of the third hastati, — names which are an apparent survival of the older organization. The centurio prior ( pilus prior, principilus) of the first maniple of the first cohort of the first legion had the highest rank. The centurions of the first maniple of a legion occupied an exceptional position, and took part in the council of war (B. G. v. 28). 101. The tribuni militum. — The tribuni militum were men of higher social position who, after having served a short time in the cohors praetoria, were appointed military tribunes. The difference between the centurions and the tribuni was the same as that between non-commissioned officers and commissioned officers, — centurions being very rarely promoted to the rank of tribuni militum. SCUTUM. SARCINAE. G I. AD IUS. PILUM. leather (galea), greaves (ocreae), the wooden, iron-plated shield (scutum), and the sword (gladius). Their characteristic weapon was the spear THE ROMAN ART OF WAR. (pilum), the iron of which bent when the missile struck, since only the end was hardened : this made it useless to the enemy and prevented an easy removal. (B. G. i. 25). Besides these each soldier carried entrenching tools (saws, spades, axes, etc.), cooking vessels, and spare clothing, and his ration of food (If pounds for a day). For convenient carrying, the baggage — about 30 to 45 pounds — was packed in bundles ( sarcinae ) and fastened to a small board which rested on the top of a forked pole (furca). AQUILIFER. SIGNUM. 103 . Standards. — Each legion had as a standard an eagle (aquila), entrusted to the principilus, first centurion of the first cohort (aquilifer). Each cohort had a signum (usually an animal). (Aquila therefore sometimes = legio, and signum = cohors.) 3 34 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. BUCCINA. 104. Music. — 1 wo kinds of instruments were used for giving signals to the legionaries : buccina { buccinatores ) = bugle, and tuba { tubicines ) = trumpet, — the latter being more numer- ous than the former. 105. Baggage train. — The heavy bag- gage of the legions was carried by pack- animals, horses, or mules {jumenta sarci- naria, B. G. vii. 45). The first tiling they carried were the leather tents {tentoria, tabernacula). Ten men formed a contubernium, but as trvo were always on guard-duty it was actually occupied by oidy eight. Each centurion had a tent for his own use. Making an allowance of two tents for servants, each maniple (one hundred and twenty men) needed sixteen tents, a cohort forty-eight, a legion four hundred and eighty (twelve tents for the tribuni militum and their servants excluded). Besides this, a great amount of stakes, tools, etc., was required for pitching camp, which justifies us in assuming one more pack-animal for each cohort (48 + 1 = 49). The weight of a tent was about forty pounds, and as a pack-animal’s load can be rated at about two hundred pounds, and as very probably each contubernium (ten men) had one mule or horse, it could convey be- sides the tent sixteen pounds of each soldier’s baggage (food, mills, etc.). To this must be added about five servants and three pack-animals for each tribune, their several horses, etc., so that the sum total of animals hardly fell short of five hundred and twenty, — a real impedimentum for an army. 106. The antesignani. — The antesignani were a detachment from the cohorts (three hundred men for each legion) always ready for battle {expediti), and serving as vanguard and as light infantry in a hand-to- hand battle. THE ROMAN ART OF WAR. 35 107 . The Auxiliary Infantry. — Auxilia were raised by (a) enlistment from allied nations, — «lingers from the Balearic Islands, archers from Nu- midia, and light-armed German troops (B. G. viii. 13) ; ( b ) by conscription from barbarian nations of the provinces, — troops which were seldom to be relied upon, and principally used for a show of strength, or for the con- struction of fortifications (B. G. i. 51 ; vii. 34) , (c) by treaty with allied nations. The number of auxiliary troops is extremely varying. The name for all auxiliary infantry is alarii. 108 . The Cavalry — The cavalry in Caesar’s army was raised in the manner described above. The soldiers came from Germany, Gaul, and Spain (B. G. v. 26, 46 ; vii. 13, 55). As an average its strength was about one-fourth of that of the legions. They doubtless preserved to a certain extent their national organization. Bodies of from two hundred to four hundred were commanded by a praefectus equitum (either a native or a Roman, B. G. i. 18 ; iii. 26 ; iv. 11 ; viii. 12, 48). The whole was always under a Roman com- mander (B. G. i. 52 ; viii. 48). About four hundred horses made up an ala (regiment) ; the tactical unit of the ala was the turma (squadron) (32 men + the decurio = 33) (B. G. vi. 8 ; viii. 16, 18). 109 . The Artillery. — Artillery was used by the Romans only in defending and attacking fortified places. Its organization is unknown to us. Very likely a number of fabri were entrusted with the transpor- tation, construction, and use of the engines. 110 . The Staff. — The general staff consists of : — (a) The general ( imj>erator ). (b) Legates ( legati. ) were men of senatorial rank assigned to the pro- consuls by the senate. They were the lieutenants of the general, placed at the head of detachments of one or more legions. It was Caesar who first placed a legate at the head of each legion (B. G. i. 52). (c) The quaestor, assigned by lot to the pro-consul as superintendent of the finances of the province. He with a numerous body of assistants 36 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. had to provide the army with food, pay, clothing, arms, equipments, and shelter. {d) Aide-de-camps, and the staff of the quartermaster-general. A number of young noblemen followed the general as volunteers ( contuber- nales , comites praetorii, voluntarii). They formed the nobler part of the general’s suite {cohors praetoria) , and served as aides-de-camps, orderly- officers, and were used as aids in the administrative department. If very numerous, they formed platoons by themselves, or joined the body-guard, taking part in the battle. The other part of the cohors praetoria was composed of lictores, scribes, servants, apparitores (orderlies), and specu- latores (scouts, spies). (e) Body-guard. This was not a choice troop, but troops which stood in a nearer personal relation to the general, (a) Small bodies of German cavalry (B. G. vii. 13) used as personal escort {escadrons de service); ( /3 ) evocati were those veteran soldiers who having completed their term of service either remained with the army or returned to it at the solici- tation of the general. Those men who exercised more influence over the common soldier, with whom they were in every respect on the same plane, than officers and centurions, were of priceless value to a general. They formed in Caesar’s army an organized troop divided into centuriae, and were honored by a number of privileges. They had pack-animals and riding-horses, which they used on tlie march, and could therefore be used as orderlies for important communications or as scouts. In battle they fought near the general, protecting his person and the vexillum (standard). They were joined by the voluntarii. (/) Engineers { fabri) stood under the command of the praefectus fa- brorum. They were employed in building bridges, in constructing the winter-quarters, and in repairing the weapons. Thus the pila, which once hurled became useless, had to be collected after battle, and were repaired by the fabri ferrarii. 111. Pay. — Caesar had fixed the pay of the legionaries at 225 denarii ($45), paid by three instalments {stipendia). For food and equipment a reduction was made, which in the provinces however was very low. Be- THE ROMAN ART OF WAR. 37 sides, booty and gifts of tlie general increased the income of the soldier considerably. (The pay of a day -laborer in Rome at that time was about three-fourths of a denarius daily.) The auxiliary infantry very likely received the same pay ; the cavalry three times as much, if they brought their horses with them. 112 . Discipline. — Better than by fear of punishment order was main- tained by constant employment ; such were the daily fortification of the camp, the severe guard-duty, and constant practice in the use of weapons. Courage was rewarded by substantial gifts of money. Military crimes (mutiny, desertion, cowardice, abuse of authority) were always severely punished. Violence to the conquered, robbery and plunder, however, were allowed by generals desirous to attach the soldiers to their person. 113 . Tactics. — Tactics of a troop comprise : its order of arrangement for battle, — with reference to which every movement and formation are made, — its movements during battle, the order of march, the disposition in the camp, and all evolutions in passing from one to the other. Because the order-of-battle of a body of soldiers is that of the tactical unit of this body, we have to consider first the order-of-battle of the cohort, as being the tactical unit of the legion. 114 . The Order of Battle. — The three maniples arrayed side by side formed the order-of-battle of a cohort. The front of each maniple w r as 40, that of the cohort 120 feet : each maniple had twelve files. Each man in the front rank ( ordo , B. G. vii. 62) of the maniple occupied three feet, which were sufficient to throw the pilum.. For the use of the sword four to six feet were needed, which were gained by the stepping forward of the odd numbers ( laxare ordines, B. G. ii. 25). Each file consisted of ten meu ; the maniple had therefore ten ranks ; the distance from breast to breast in the file was four feet. The maniple forms then a square, each side forty feet ; the cohort a rectangle, 120 feet front by forty feet deep. 115 . Offensive order-of-battle of the legion. — The legions formed either two (acies duplex') or three lines (acies triplex) ; if they were arrayed GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 38 in two lines each line consisted of five cohorts ; if in three, the first line of four, each of the two others of three. Between the cohorts of the first line intervals equal to or a little larger than the front of a cohort were left. The front of a legion in order of battle is 840 feet, its depth 600 feet. 116. Attack. — The Roman legions never failed to take the advantage of a higher place ( superioris loci, B. G. i. 22, 24, 25 ; ii. 8 ; iii. 4 ; v. 9 ; vi. 40 ; vii. 51), perhaps the slope of a hill, having thus the enemy below them. Under those circumstances more than one rank coidd hurl the spears (B. G. i. 25). If the distance was greater than about 250 paces to an enemy setting out for attack or greater than 120 paces to an enemy awaiting the onset, the legions first moved forward at an equal pace (certo gradu, B. G. viii. 9). At the proper distance they set out at a run (concur- sus) ; the first rank raised the spears ( infestis pilis), which they hurled at a distance of ten to twenty paces (emissio pilorum, B. G. vi. 45), throwing thus the enemy into confusion. If the right moment had passed, and a rapidly advancing enemy had gotten too near, the soldiers had to drop the spears and use their swords (B. G. i. 52). After they had hurled their spears the soldiers of the first rank drew their swords and rushed forward, taking advantage of the confusion of the enemy ( impetus gladiorum, B. G. i. 25, 52 ; vi. 8). The first ranks were now engaged in single combats, while the other ranks hurled their spears over their comrades’ heads into the enemy and served as a reserve. They also prevented the enemy from pouring into the intervals and attacking the cohorts in flank, especially at the unprotected right side (latera aperta ., B. G. i. 25 ; ii. 23 ; iv. 25, 26 ; v. 35). So that the second line, which followed at a distance of about 200 feet and halted when the first had be- come engaged, could be used as a reserve behind which the exhausted first line after about fifteen minutes could retire. 117. Defensive order-of-battle. — (1) In one line (acies simplex). (2) The circle (orbis). (1) The acies simplex was used for defending the walls of a camp. Where a second line and great depth were superfluous, five banks were THE ROMAM ART OF WAR. 39 enough. In this arrangement a legion would cover 4800 feet without intervals. If this arrangement without intervals was used in the open field, which was done in order to prevent an outflanking or incursions of cavalry, etc., the cohorts retained their normal front and depth, and a legion covered then 1200 feet. (2) The circle was formed in case an attack on all sides was feared. Small divisions (maniples) formed a solid circle, greater ones (cohorts), a solid square, still greater detachments hollow squares. A legion could form such a hollow square by placing the first, second, and third cohort in front, the eighth, ninth, and tenth in the rear, the fifth and sixth on the left, the fourth and seventh on the right side. The front would be 360 feet, the sides 320 feet, the inner square covering 67,200 square feet. 118 . The march of the cohorts. — Order of march (agmen) of the cohorts is twofold. (1) Column of maniples ( manipulation ). (2) Column of centuries (ordinatim centuriatim) . (1) Column of maniples was formed from the order-of-battle by facing to the right or left ; the width of the column was forty feet. (2) Column of centuries. The first maniple (pilani) marched forward and the rest followed successively. Its width was also forty feet. In this order Caesar crossed the Rhine. The width could, if necessary, Ire diminished to twenty feet by doubling the depth. The length of a col- umn of centuries was 120 feet; of a maniple, 144 feet. The order of battle was formed — ■ From' the column of maniples by the commands, Halt ! Front ! From the column of centuries by aligning on the right or left after the leading maniples had halted. 119 . The march of the legions — The legions marched in three forms. (1) In simple form ( agmen pilatum) ; (2) in order-of-battle (acies instructa) ; (3) in square (agmen quadratum). In simple column the legions followed each other according to their number, each cohort in column of centuries. The length of a legion was then 1,400 feet; with double ranks, 2,600 feet. With baggage-ti ain its length was 2,050 feet, or if the road was small 3,900 feet. 40 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. The march in order-of-battle was either by lines or by wings. A legion that marches in order-of-battle by lines formed as many columns as the order-of-battle has lines, — in Caesar’s army generally three. The cohorts marched in columns of maniples and were able to form the order-of-battle by simply facing to the right or left. A legion that marched in order-of-battle by wings formed three col- umns. The cohorts of the right wing (Nos. 1, 5, 8) formed the first, the cohorts of the centre (Nos. 2, 6, 9) the second, the cohorts of the left wing (Nos. 4, 3, 7) the third columns. Each cohort marched in columns of centuries. Order of march in square (corresponding to the orbis) : a division of troops in order-of-battle by wings led, followed by the baggage; a simi- lar division marched at the rear ; on either side marched a division in cohorts in columns of maniples. 120 . Tactics of the cavalry — The tactical unit of the Roman cavalry was the turma (32 horses), arranged in four ranks of eight horses. Front and depth were 40 feet. Twelve turmae formed a regiment (ala). The order-of-battle very likely resembled that of the infantry, and consisted of two or three lines with intervals, the front of a line being 440 feet (B. G. iv. 33 ; viii. 17—19). A detachment of cavalry served as reserve (B. G. vii. 13). Caesar not un frequently strengthened his cavalry by placing German infantry or maniples of antesignani in the intervals between two turmae (B. G. viii. 13). The order-of-march of the regiment was in column of turmae, each turma keeping the order-of-battle. The length of a regiment was then 480 feet, to which the train added about 240 feet. 121 . The camps (castra). — We have to distinguish two kinds of camps. (1) Summer camps ( castra aestiva), which were regularly pitched at the evening of each day’s march, however long and fatiguing it might have been, and frequently were left the next day. (2) Winter-quarters (castra hiberna), where the legions stayed over winter, kept apart from any contact with the inhabitants (B. G. iii. 4), and under a constant THE ROMAN ART OF WAR. 41 training. As regards the form of the latter, they were hardly differ- ent from the summer camps, but they were naturally furnished with more accommodations. The tents ( tabernacula , pelles) of the summer camp, for instance, were replaced by lints ( casae stramenticiae). (B. G. v. 43.) The place for the camp — the slope of a hill where there was an easy supply of water and wood was considered the best situation — was selected by a number of tribunes and centurions sent in advance (B. G. ii. 17). The form of the Roman camp at Caesar’s time was a square or a rectangle, the sides of which were as 2 : 3. Its front faced the enemy. Two streets, running parallel to the front, divided the camp into three parts : th q praetentura, divided from the latera praetorii by the via prin- cipalis ; and the retentura, divided from the latera praetorii by the via quintana. Either extremity of the via principalis was faced by a gate ( porta principalis, dextra, and sinistra) ; and when two gates are mentioned from which a sally is made (B. G. iii. 19; v. 58; vii. 41), these two gates are to be understood. Besides there were two other gates : one facing the enemy in front, porta praetoria ; the other at the opposite side, porta decumana. From the porta praetoria a street (via praetoria) led to the via principalis. Distribution of the troops : In the praetentura, one fourth or one fifth of all the cohorts, one half of the cavalry, and all the milites levis arma- turae (stingers, archers, dartmen). The middle part of the middle camp is occupied by the praetorium (general’s quarter), with the tents for the commander and his staff’, altars, tribunal (B. G. vi. 3, suggestus), etc. The same place which is occupied by the praetorium in the middle camp is taken by the quaestorium, with the tents for the quaestor and his staff in the retentura. Provisions and booty, foreign ambassadors and hostages, are kept here, along with the rest of the cohorts. a. The camp was surrounded by wall and ditch. Between the wall and the encampment there was a street about 120 feet broad. The depth of the ditch was generally about sefen feet, its breadth nine feet. 42 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. It is to be remarked that Caesar expressly states depth and breadth only when they deviate from the common measures. Note. — There are three forms of ditches. (1), scarp (latus interius) and counterscarp (latus exterius ) are inclined (fossa fastirjata). (2), scarp is in- clined; counterscarp, vertical (fossa punica). (3), both scarp and counterscarp vertical (directis lateribus). Of these the first is decidedly the most common. For the third see B. G. vii. 72; viii. 9. b. The ditch yielded the material for the construction of the wall (vallum). Its height was dependent on the depth of the ditch. In the whole the height can be assumed to be two thirds of the upper breadth of the ditch (cf. B. G. ii. 5 ; B. C. iii. G3, erat eo loco fossa pedum XV et vallum contra hostem in altitudinem pedum X). Its outside was gener- ally turfed (B. G. viii. 9). To make it still more firm and strong, fences of hurdle-work running parallel to the length of the wall were used. Inside steps led up to the top. The ordinary upper breadth of the wall in general was six feet. Broader walls had a rampart ( lorica , loricula ) of palisades (valli) (cf. B. G. v. 40; vii. 72; viii. 9), either all of the same height, or with pinnae (as B. G. v. 40; vii. 72), between which intervals were left. Where wall and ditch were of unusual size, or where there were even two ditches, we find the wall crowned with towers (B. G. v. 40; vii. 72; viii. 9). c. The digging out of an ordinary ditch and the construction of an ordinary wall took from three to four hours. d. A number of troops — generally one or two cohorts before each gate, and one turma equitum, but if required stronger forces, as before Avaricum, two legions (B. G. vii. 24) — kept guard (excubari, in statione esse) before the gates of the wall, others on the rampart. The word excubiae denotes guards either by night or by day, while vigiliae those by night only. The night (from 6 o’clock p.m. to 6 o’clock a. si.) was divided into four watches of three hours each. The signal for changing the watches was given by the buccinator. e. Every evening a watchword (tessera) was given by the general, which was made known to the soldiers by the tesserarii. THE ROMAN ART OF WAR. 43 122 . Marches. — Every greater distance was divided into day’s marches ( itinera ) ; two or three days of march were generally followed by a day of rest, the contrary being expressly stated (B. G. i. 41). Every day’s march led from a camp to a camp, so that the days of march are not unfrequently counted by camps (B. G. vii. 63). The armies marched about seven hours (= five Roman hours in sum- mer), from 4 or 5 a.m. to 11 a.m. or 12 m. ( justum iter, B. C. iii. 76, “ normal march ”), at a rate of something less than a hundred paces a minute. But marches at a much more quickened pace were not rare (B. G. vii. 40; v. 46, 47 ; ii. 12). There are to be distinguished two kinds of marches. (1) Perpendicular marches, where the line of march stands perpendicular to the assumed line of the hostile army, divided into two subdivisions, — (a) advance, (6) retreat. (2) Parallel marches, where the line of march runs parallel to the line of the hostile army or to the line of its march. 123 . I. The Advance. When the column is marching forward we have to distinguish, — (1), the van ( primum agmen) ; (2), the main body {exercitus, omnes copiae, agmen legionum) ; (3), the rear-guard {agmen novissimum, agmen extremum) . (1) The van consisted of light infantry and the greater part of the cavalry. Its object was (a) to delay the march of the hostile army {novis- simum agmen capere, demorari ), giving the main body time to deploy. {b) To reconnoitre the country {loci naturam perspicere, iter cognoscere, B. G. i. 15, etc.), and to give news of the enemy. This was done by detachments of cavalry ( exploratores ) sent out in different directions, (c) To select a proper situation for a camp. (2) In some distance after the van the main body followed, marching in one of the following three forms : — {a) In column, each legion followed with its baggage, which divided it from the legion next following. A column of five legions, with a breadth of forty feet, requires 10,250 feet length ; and a sixth legion would need not less than forty minutes to reach the head and join with the other legions in battle. Legions marching in this form were therefore not ready for battle {impeditae, B. G. iii. 24), and the form was only adopted in a 44 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. friendly country. When near the enemy a second form was therefore adopted. (b) In column, but with the baggage of the whole army assembled. Three fourths of the entire number of legions composed the head, followed by the collected baggage; the rest of the legions (one fourth) formed the rear-guard ( claudunt agmen) as guard for the baggage ( praesidio impedi- mentis) . As the legions could in this form more easily deploy, they were called expeditae. Nevertheless the individual soldier was even here not ready for battle, being of course unable to fight sub sarcinis, — i.c., laden with all his personal baggage (sarcinae), etc. If therefore an army marching in this form was attacked, the legionaries had to pile their bag- gage (sarcinas in acervum comportare, sarcinas conferre, B. G. i. 24 ; vii. 18), to draw the shields from their coverings (tegumenta scutis detra- here, B. G. ii. 21), to put on their field-badges (insignia accommodare, B. G. ii. 21), to put on their helmets (galeas induere, B. G. ii. 21), and to get their weapons ready (arma expedire, legio armatur, B. G. vii. 18). Time for this was won by the van. (c.) The advance in order-of-battle (acie instructu) could be adopted only for comparatively short distances (about three hours’ way), provided the ground was suitable and the enemy near (B. G. iv. 14). The baggage was left in the camp. II. The Retreat. (a) The retreat in column, with baggage massed. For this form of the retreat the baggage was sent out of the camp as early as possible, accompanied by a legion which formed the van-guard, and selected the place for a new camp. Then followed the main body, the cohorts in columns of centuries, as in the advance. The rear-guard left the camp last, following at a suitable distance ; it was composed of the greatest part of cavalry and of the milites levis armaturae (archers, slingers), often supported by the antesignani, or even an entire legion. (b) When the enemy had numerous cavalry and were on a march through a rebellious country, the retreat in square (agmen quadratum) was chosen. As a rule, all the legions formed the square, with the united baggage in the centre. The cavalry, remaining outside the square, skir- THE ROMAN ART OF WAR. 45 wished around it ; if it was unable to resist the enemy, the legions formed the orbis. III. Flank marches. They were made in order-of-battle, and there- fore for short distances only, the legions marching in a column of lines (two, acie duplici , or three, acie triplici). The baggage-train marched either on the side opposite the enemy, or followed each legion (P>. G. vii. 34), especially when a considerable obstacle was between the enemy and the Roman army. 124. Crossing a stream. — (1) By fords. This method was preferred by Caesar, as it required no long preparation. When the current was very strong two lines of cavalry were stationed, — one up-stream for breaking its force, one down-stream in order to save men carried from their footing (B. G. vii. 56). (2) By bridges of every kind. Especially noteworthy is the elaborate bridge with which Caesar twice spanned the Rhine (described B. G. iv. 16-18 ; cf. also vi.9). Bridges of boats were used (B. G. vi. 6) ; they were protected by strong fortifications and forces ( praesidia ). 125. The battle. — 1. The offensive, (a) The legions. The normal order for the offensive was the triple line ( acies triplex ), the third line being designed as a reserve. The first line had to attack the enemy and to overthrow them if possible. If it did not succeed, the second line took up the attack, the third line being designed to prevent a flank movement of the enemy (cf. B. G. i. 25), and to be hurled against the hostile army at the crisis of battle (B. G. n 25). In B, G. i. 49 we see it also employed in pitching a camp. Where there was no need of a reserve, as in a coup-de-main, a double line ( acies duplex) was sufficient (B. G. iii. 24-26). Where on the other hand both flank movements of the foe were to be feared and a necessity for a reserve was felt, we find a quadruple line ( acies quadruplex) . (b) The cavalry, which was commonly placed at both the flanks of the legions, had to guard against a flank movement of the enemy, to take 46 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. if circumstances permitted the enemy in flank, and to distress the fleeing foe (B. G. i. 53; iv. 14; viii. 29). Chiefly if the cavalry consisted of troops which could not be relied upon (B. G. i. 24, 25), and also from other reasons (B. G. i. 52), it was placed behind the first cohorts of the legions. (c) The light troops were mostly placed at the wings of the legions. (d) The front of the line-of-battle was divided into the centre ( acies media ) and right and left wing ( cornu dextrum and sinistrum'). The most experienced and reliable troops were placed at the wings, and the best of all (the tenth legion in Caesar’s army) was stationed on the wing which was to begin the attack. ( e ) Before the battle commenced the general personally encouraged each legion (B. G. ii. 20), going through the whole line-of-battle ( acies instructa). 2. The defensive. The fundamental idea of every defensive method is to delay the enemy’s approach by making use of the natural obstacles which the ground affords, to weaken him meanwhile by missiles, and finally to attack him at the weakest point. Now the Roman legions were lit only for a hand-to-hand fight, and their missiles being neither very far-reaching nor very numerous, the principal thing was to select a ground which was most disadvantageous to the approaching battle-line of the enemy, and to increase the natural obstacles by art (as B. G. vii. 56, 62, 63, 64, where we have ditches, pitfalls, etc.). An excellent illus- tration of a Roman defensive method is given in B. G. ii. 5. 126 - The Siege. — Fortified places were assailed — (a) By blockade (obsidio). (I/) By violent assault (oppugnatio repentina). (c) By formal siege (oppugnatio ) . (a) Blockade (obsidio) was used against places of great strength which seemed to be poorly provided with provisions, provided their loca- tion allowed a complete environment. The most famous blockade is that of Alesia (B. G. vii. 69). THE ROMAN ART OF WAR. 47 The besieged town was surrounded by fortifications ( circumvattatio ), consisting of redoubts ( castella ) at convenient places, connected by walls (brachia, munitiones). Behind these fortifications the camps of the be- sieging army were pitched. The stronger the place and the weaker the blockading army the stronger the circumvallation was to be. (Op. the circumvallation of Alesia with threefold ditches, a wall twelve feet high, etc.) If succor was to be feared, a second line of circumvallation facing outwards was to be built. The army camped then between the two lines (B. G. vii. 74). Small garrisons ( praesidia ) held the redoubts (castella), strengthened in day-time by sentries (stationes), in night-time by strong pickets ( excubitores ). (B. G. vii. 69.) ( b ) Violent assault (oppugnatio rejoentina) was used against places with weak fortifications well supplied with provisions ; and against strongly BALLISTA. CATAPULTA. fortified places if time pressed. The principal means for a violent assault were scaling-ladders and breaching-huts (musculf). Behind hurdles (crates) slingers and archers were as near the wall as possible in order to drive the soldiers from the ramparts. After this had been done the legionaries, 48 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. formed in several columns, rushed forward, in order to distract the ene- my’s attention by an attack on several points. At their head were la- borers who carried the ladders and material for filling out the ditch. While a number of soldiers tried to climb up the wall, others tried to make a breach in the wall through which the place might be entered. TESTUDO. AP.IES. (c) The formal siege (oppugnatio) was used against strongly fortified and well-supplied places. It was often combined with (a) blockade (B. G. vii. 11). 127. The Agger. — The principal work for a formal siege was the mound (agger). It was begun at a distance of not less than about four hundred feet, the distance being dependent on the power of the hos- tile missiles. Its height was equal to the wall of the stronghold, or even a little higher. (Before Avaricum it was, for instance, eighty feet.) Its breadth must have been enough for a storming column, — at least fifty feet. Note. — The breadth of the mound before Avaricum (“pedes CCCXXX ) is incredible. The figures seem to be corrupt. For the construction of the agger the ground had to be levelled by workmen protected by musculi (xeXwvr) x w(TT P^)> a S01 '^ vei T s t ron S vineae (movable sheds). Those who built the agger were guarded by plutei (standing shield) against missiles, while others brought the THE ROMAN ART OF AVAR. 49 material in covered galleries composed of a number of vineae. Archers and slingers posted behind plutei and the artillery in moving towers tried to keep the rampart free from soldiers. In a few cases turres ambulatoriae were placed on the mound (agger), (B. O. ii. 30, 31 ; viii. 41). The agger then was intended to give a firm, smooth roadway for the tower. As a rule, one or two (B. G. vii. 17) moving towers accompanied the agger. The agger contained much wood-work. (It was frequently set on fire, B. G. vii. 22, 24.) This wood-work was mainly logs ( arbores , materia). It was not solid, but had holes which admitted draught (cf. B. G. vii. 24, where the mound is set on fire from below). It gradu- ally approached the wall (B. G. vii. 24, cum murum hostium paene contingeret). It was erected story after story. The place near to the enemy’s wall was filled out by pouring out great masses of rubbish, stones, wood, etc., brought through the galleries left in the middle of each story, after the agger had reached the required height. INDUCTIVE STUDIES The studies will contain (1) examples showing the method of Induc- tive Study, and (2) a list of topics for investigation. The topics may be regarded as review work. The purpose of this work is to give the student an impulse to original research. I. The Conjunction cum in First Book of the Gallic War. A. Occurrence. Chaps. 1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13 (twice), 14, 16 (twice), 19, 20 (three times), 22, 23, 25, 26 (four times), 27, 31, 32, 33 (twice), 35, 36, 38, 39,40 (four times), 41, 42 (three times), 43, 47, 50, 52 (twice), 53. In all, forty-six times. B. Classification. a. “ cum — prohibent — gerunt,” 1. “ cum — videbatur,” 40. From a we observe the following: namely, the conjunction cum (1) denotes absolute time: (2) it takes the indicative mood. b. “ cum — conaretur — cogerent,” 4. “ cum — nuntiatum esset,” 7. “ cum — exisset,” 12. “ cum — intellegerent,” 13. “ cum — possent,” 13. “ cum — posset,” 16. “ cum — peteret,” 20. “ cum — posset,” 20. “ cum — teneretur — abesset — cognitus esset,” 22. “ biduum supererat, cum — opor- teret ” = in quo tempore, 23. “ cum — inflexisset,” 25. “ cum — esset pugnatum,” 26. “ cum — possent,” 26. “ cum — convenissent — proiecis- sent — petissent — iussisset,” 27. “ cum — contenderent,” 31. “ cum — quaereret — posset,” 32. “ cum — occupavissent,” 33. “cum — vellet” (in oratio obliqua), 36. “ cum — processisset,” 38 “ cum — iussisset ” (in oratio obli- qua), 39. “ cum — tenuisset — fecisset,” 40. “ cum -- animadvertisset,” 40. “ cum — mitterentur,” 42. “ cum — fleret,” 42. “ cum — conspexisset,” 47. “ cum — quaeretur,” 50. “ cum — animadvertisset,” 52. “ cum — conversa esset,” 52. “ cum — traheretur,” 53. 52 INDUCTIVE STUDY. From b we observe that the subjunctive mood is used without exception. The conjunction cum (1) takes the subjunctive mood, and (2) denotes relative time, — i. e., time present, past, or future, in connection with the time of the action of the principal verb. Or, since in numerous instances the notion of time and cause is mingled, we may say that cum (1 ) expresses the temporal idea with conjoint notion of cause, and (2) takes the subjunctive. We observe furthermore (3) that the tenses employed are the imperfect and pluperfect. c. “ cum — praestarent,” 2. “ cum — possent,” 9. “ cum — possent,” 11. “ cum — accederent,” 19. “ cum — teneretur,” 20. With praesertim. “ praesertim cum — divideret,” 33. “ cum — potuissent,” 26. “ cum — appellatus esset,” 35. “ cum — viderentur,” 40. “ eum — intermitteret,” 41. “ cum — polliceretur,” 42. Perfect subjunctive with praesertim. 11 praesertim cum — susceperit,” 16. From c we observe that the conjunction cum (1) denotes cause, and (2) takes the subjunctive mood when so used. Also it is seen (3) that the causal idea is some- times emphasized by the adverb praesertim. ( l “ cum — haberet,” 43. Perfect subjunctive. Present subjunctive. “ cum — pugnatum sit,” 26. | “ cum — sint,” 14. From d we observe that the conjunction cum (1) denotes concession, — i.e., actions notwithstanding which other events occur, and (2) takes the subjunctive mood when so used. II. Indirect Discourse, illustrated by chapter 20 of the First Book. The exact words of the speaker are as follows : — A. “ Do not pass any very severe sentence upon my brother. I know that these facts are true, and, no one receives more pain on that account than I do. Because, when 1 could do a great deal by my influence at home and in the rest of Gaul, and my brother Dumnorix very little on account of his youth, by my help he rose to author- ity and is now using the power and strength thus gained not only to lessen my influence, but almost for my own ruin. Yet I am moved by affection for my brother and by public opinion. If any very severe punishment is inflicted upon him by you, no one will think that it was done without my own desire, since I hold such a place in your friendship. And for that reason it will happen that the affections of the whole of Gaul will be turned from me.” INDUCTIVE STUDY. 53 In Latin. B. . , “ Ne quid gravius in fratrem statue. Ego scio haec esse vera, nee quisquam ex hoc plus quam ego doloris capio, propterea quod, cum ipse gratia plurimum domi atque in reliqua Gallia, ille minimum propter adolescentiam posset, per me crevit ; quibus opibus ac nervis non solum ad minuendam gratiam, sed paene ad perniciem meam utitur. Ego tamen et amore fraterno et existimatione vulgi commoveor. Q,uod si quid ei a te gravius acciderit, cum ipse hunc locum amicitiae apud te teneam, nemo existimabit non mea voluntate factum. Q/ua ex re fiet, uti totius Galliae animi a me avertantur.” The words of the speaker when indirectly quoted are as follows : — C. Divitiacus began to implore Caesar not to pass any very severe sentence upon his brother, (saying) that he knew that those facts were true, and no one received more pain on that account than he did. Because when he could do a great deal by his influence at home and in the rest of Gaul, and his brother very little on account of his youth, by his help he had risen to authority, which power and streugth he was using not only to lessen his influence, but almost for his ruin. let he was moved by affection for his brother and by public opinion. But if any very severe punishment should be inflicted upon him by Caesar, no one would think that it was done without his own desire, since he held such a place in Caesar’s friendship. And for that reason it would happen that the affections of the whole of Gaul would be turned from him. In Latin. D. Divitiacus obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret. Scire se illa esse vera, nec quemquam ex eo plus quam se doloris capere, propterea quod, cum ipse gratia plurimum domi atque in reliqua Gallia, ille minimum propter adolescentiam posset, per se crevisset ; quibus opibus ac nervis non solum ad minuendam gratiam, sed paene ad per- niciem suam uteretur. Sese tamen et amore fraterno et existimatione vulgi commoveri. Q,uod si quid ei a Caesare gravius accidisset, cum ipse eum locum amicitiae apud eum teneret, neminem existimaturum non sua voluntate factum. Q,ua ex re futurum, uti totius Galliae animi a se averterentur. From a study of the above we observe the following : — 1 . Principal declarative clauses in indirect discourse have their verbs in the in- finitive with subjects in the accusative : scire se ilia esse vera for ego scio ; 54 IXDFCTTVE STUDY. quemquam — se — capere for quisquam — ego — capio : sese commoveri for commoveor; neminem existimaturum for nemo existimabit: futurum (esse) for futurum est. erit, or fiet. _ Unlike the English idiom, which changes the tense of principal verbs in in- oirecT discourse from present tt past after a verb of saying containing a past notion, the Latin language employs the present infinitive, the time of which is relative to that ;.f the verb on which the h 7 . j depends. E.g., He said that he knew that those things were true = Dixit scire (not scivisse) se ilia esse (not fuisse vera. 7. The verb in all sub rdinate clauses is in the subjunctive : posset, crevisset, uteretur, accidisset, teneret, averterentur. Erom B we see which of these verbs would he in the indicative in the direct narrative. 4. The tense of coepit throws the verbs of the subordinate clauses into the secondary tenses, i. e., imperfect and pluperfeer. 5. The imperative bee ernes the subjunctive : statueret for statue. 6. The first person is changed to the third : ego to se l scire se, se eapere, se commoveri, a se averterentur): meus to suus (ad suam perniciem, sua voluntate 1 : ego ipse to is ipse ( ipse posset, ipse teneret ) ; haec to illa i illa esse vera ; hoc to eo ( ex eo plus! ; hunc to eum (eum locum amicitiae). 7. The se :nd person is changed to the third: statue to statueret (quid statueret ; te to Caesare a Caesare accidisset); te to eum (apud eum teneret). S. In B we observe that accidisset would he the future perfect in the direct discourse, denoting the action as completed at the fnture time denoted by existi- mabit, — a nicety of expression which the English language does not exhibit. Notice the tense used in the oratio obliqua. III. The Geruxd and Gerundive in Second Book of the Gallic War. A. Occurrence of the Gerund. Chaps. 1, 6 (twice), 7, 9, 10, 12, 17, 21 (three times . 24. In all twelve times. B. Occurrence of the Gerundive. Chaps. 1. 2 (impersonal construction), 5 (impersonal construction . 7, S, 9, 10 (three times), 17, 19, 20 (nine times), 21 (five times). 2S. In all, twenty-six times. C. Classification. a. Genitive of the gerund. “ conjurandi causas,” 1. consistendi potestas,” 6. finem oppugnandi,” 6. " studium propugnandi,” 7 “ transeundi initium,” 9- “ pugnandi causa,” 10. “ praedandi causa,” 17- “ cohortandi causa,” 21. "pugnandi tempus,” 21. praedandi causa,” 24. INDUCTIVE STUDY. oo 6. Accusative f the gerund. ”ad. oppugnandum." 12. c. No mina tive of the gerundive " Caesari omnia erant agenda," 20. ■■ vexillum proponendnm, ' 20. ‘‘siaum tuba dandum," 20. "revocandi milites. " 20 a Genitive of the gerundive. “ potiundi oppidi, " 7. committendi proelii," 19 e. Accusative of the gerundive. ” non omittendum sibi concilium Nervii existimaverunt, 17 " ad homines conducendos," 1. " ad aciem instruendam," 8. ■• ad bell um gerendum," 9. f A" have of the gerundive. " de expugnando oppido," 10. “ de flumine transeundo,"' 10 g. Impersonal constrnction. ” dubitandum non existimavit," 3. D. Cove IASIO V. From a and d we learn that the genitive of the gerund and gerundive depen & i a no on. hie any other genitive on its noun. The examples in 1 and e exhibit a fon Iness to employ the preposition ad with, the accusative to express purpose, readiness, and ability. In the examples in c and and arse example in ». we see the notion of necessity, duty, or .-'.ligation thrust into the gemndi~e. From first exa m ple A ■_• Caesari ennia erart agenda, and first exam" 'em omittendum sibi, we observe that the nemen agentis, :r the principal actor, is put in the dative case. F rom f it is seen that the ah lafcive with the prepositions de and in is of frequent occurrence. The examples in e and r show that when the gerund would have a direct object, the gerundive f .rmation is preferred , when the gerundive is used, toe noun, ad dimicandum, ’ 11. • milites arcessendi," 20. " acies instruenda," 20. •• milites cohortandi, " 20. - s- w— v dandum. 20. aggeris petendi. 20. eemnuttendi proelii o. ti o 21 . “ ad defendendos eos, " 10. ~ ad insignia adeommedanda, " 21. ‘'ad galeas induendas." 21 '• aa tegimenta detrudenda, " 21 : in quaerendis suis," 21 . 2C emiranda calamitate, " 2S. iogendum sit. " -3. 56 INDUCTIVE STUDY. which would have been the direct object of the gerund, takes the construction which the gerund would have had. From the first example in d and second example in f we notice that even de- ponent verbs and intransitive verbs allow the gerundive formation. In studying the three following topics the student is expected to deduce as many principles as the classifications admit of. IV. The Ablative Case in the Third Book of the Gallic War. Chaps. 16-20. A. Occurrence. Chaps. 16 (six times), 17 (nineteen times), 18 (seventeen times), 19 (nine times), 20 (sixteen times). In all, sixty-seven times. B. Classification. a. “ quo proelio,” 16. “ militum vocibus,” 17. “ magnis praemiis pollicitationi- bus,” 18. Ablative of means. “ quibus angustiis prematur,” 18. “ quibus fossas compleant,” 18. “ quo plurimum valebant,” 20. b. “ a barbaris ius conservaretur,” I “ ab iis erat provisum,” 18. 16. | “ ab his sit concessum,” 18. Ablative of Agency, nomen agentis always takes the preposition ab. c. “cum his copiis,” 17. “cum tanta multitudine” (hostile “ cum Viridovice” (friendly sense), sense), 17. 17. Ablative of accompaniment ; always with the preposition cum. The classical distinction between the ablative of manner and the ablative with cum is, that cum thrusts into the ablative the notion of addition or unexpectedness ; e. g., cum celeritate would denote an additional quality or one which would not be expected. d. Ablative with preposition ab. 1. See b. 2. “ ab agricultura et cotidiano labore,” 17. Ablative of separation. 3 “ a Caesare acceperat,” 17. | “ ab imo adelivis,” 19. Ablative of source. INDUCTIVE STUDY. 57 e. Ablative with preposition ex. 1. “ ex quibus exercitum coegerat,” I “ex iis quos habebat,” 18. 17. I “ ex tertia parte Galliae," 20. Ablative of separation ; often equivalent to a partitive genitive. This substitution of a preposition for the ending of the genitive case (cf. ex his unus for horum unus) is an anticipation of the breaking down of the inflectional system. The substitution of the preposition de in this sense is perpetuated in the Eomauce lan- guages ; cf. French de. 2 . “ ex Gallia,” 17. | “ duces ex concilio dimittunt,” “ ex castris,” 18. I 18. Ablative of place from which. Notice that ex denotes “ from the interior of.” 3. “ ex fuga evaserant,” 19. Ablative of means ; originally an ablative of source, but the source was looked upon as the means. A similar confusion of source and meaus is found in some Greek writers in their use of for uirb. f. Tolosa et Narbone,” 20. Ablative of place from which, without a preposition ; mostly confined to names of towns. g. Ablative with preposition de. 1. “ ea de causa,” 17. Ablative of source ; metaphorically. 2. “ de navali pugna, de victoria,” 19. de, “concerning.” h. “ in Venitis,” 17. “ in iis locis, ’ 20. Ablative with preposition in ; place in i. “ spatio duum milium,” 17. “ idoneo loco,” 17 (like loco are locis, terra marique, dextra, laeva, etc.). Ablative of place in which, without regarded also as the means. j. “ auxilii causa,” 18. “ auxilii ferendi causa,” 18. “ his rebus adducti,” 18. Ablative of cause. I “ in itinere agmen adorti,” 20. “ in convalle in insidiis,” 20. which. “ castris sese tenebat,” 17. “ duabus portis,” 19. a preposition ; chiefly when the place is i “ opportunitate, inscientia, defetiga- tione, virtute, exercitatione,” 19. “ latitudine, et multitudine,” 19. 58 INDUCTIVE STUDY. k. “ his paucis diebus,” 17. “ proxima nocte,” 18. Ablative of time when. “ uno tempore,” 19. “ eodem tempore,” 20. I. “ magno cursu contenderunt,” 19. Ablative of manner. m. “ integris viribus milites,” 19. Ablative of characteristic or quality. The main distinction which can he observed between the ablative of quality and the genitive of quality is, that the genitive de- notes the permanent condition, but the ablative the assumption of a new quality or a temporary state. Notice viribus is a temporary condition, while “omnes gravioris aetatis” (chap. 16) shows a permanent state. n. “ pro perfuga,” 18 (equivalent to a noun in apposition). Ablative with preposition pro. o. “ eo gravius Caesar vindicandum statuit,” 16. “ quo diligentius ius conservare- tur,” 16 for ut with compara- Ablative denoting degree of comparison. p. “ quibus amissis,” 16. “ omni senatu necato,” 16. “ senatu suo interfecto,” 17. “ productis copiis,” 17. “ praesertim eo absente ” (the idea of cause, emphasized by prae- sertim), 17. “ aequo loco ” (with an adjec- tive for a participle; condition strengthened by nisi), 17. “ opportunitate aliqua data,” 17. “ bac confirmata opinione,” 18. “ qua re concessa,” 18. “ ut explorata victoria” (ut as- tive degree to explain the com parison = ut eo. paucis ante annis,” 20. sisting a condition = contrary to fact), 18. “ sarmentis virgultisque collectis,” 18. “ impeditis hostibus,” 19. “ exercitu pulso,” 19. “ impedimentis amissis,” 19. “ re frumentaria provisa, auxihis equitatuque comparato, multis viris evocatis,” 20. “ cuius adventu cognito,” 20. “ magnis copiis coactis equitatu,” 20. “ equitatu suo pulso,” 20 “ insequentibus nostris,” 20. Ablative absolute. Especially common, for the Latin language was handicapped in having no perfect active participle. The present active participle was used with much more exactness than in English, being never employed in the best writers unless the time of the action expressed by it is the same as that of the verb. Hence INDUCTIVE STUDY. 59 to express the past notion conveyed by the present or perfect active participle in English the Latin language must use (1) a clause introduced by cum, postquam, etc. ; or (2) the perfect participle of a deponent verb ; or (3) the ablative absolute. C. Let the student establish as many rules as possible from the above classification. V. The Subjunctive Mood in the Fourth Book of the Gallic War. Chaps. 22-31. A. Occurrence. Chaps. 22 (five times), 23 (seven times), 24 (once), 25 (four times), 26 (once), 27 (five times), 28 (four times), 29 (three times), 30 (once), 31 (twice). In all, thirty-three times. B. Classification а. “ legati qui se excusarent ” (qui = ut ii), 22. “ qui pollicerentur,” 22. “ ut administrarentur,” 23. Subjunctive of purpose. б. “ quo minus venire possent ” (after verb of hindering), 22. “ uti telum adigi posset,” 23. “ ut nulla cursum tenere posset,” 28. “ sed aliae eodem referrentur,” 28. Subjunctive of result. c. “ naves quibus reportari possent,” 29. Subjunctive in relative clause of characteristic. This is a true subjunctive of result, the action of the verb being the result of other actions or qualities belonging to the antecedent of the relative ; e. g., nemo est qui noceat = there is no one who so conducts himself, or is of such a character, that he harms. ~ P TIA.<-i 1 Vn’ &•" CADURtV. ' ' . ' / / i?y \ ^ ~ ^ /toAa* “"T T^losaJ© (Tuulousej . . n Carca-o 5' - 4 0 Longitude 2° West 6°20 # Greenwich SUGAMBRI S^r- \‘ longer n ) Jasirc^Iapi eni D.uroc cVt erqm lunum ? 'r, "A^edincuih 3» OcnuJ infimi Vs) B 7- s 4 * >^bUlQnuia c ' . / f ST* gWcvi _ •; : Oi-wJ'i >'<•>* iilatiseo /v \(Macon± ?rgovia e f r Parizc lc % Chatel ) , .- ' ^tediol&nA {^klan)% ■ T'ictouiu .usTompci^^,^ f - Taurrn< (TuTir^ togoktij <^ s %culis Monocci L? Aquae: Sextia (A ix) : rbo I rbi/nm) CORSICA U itude C. IULII CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLICO COMMENTARIUS PRIMUS. 1. A word which the student meets for the first time is printed in the full- faced type. (The first occurrence of different stems is also treated in the same way, e. g. est and fuit.) 2. After its first occurrence every word is put into ordinary type. The student can therefore, by a glance at a page, realize what words he has met already in his 1. Description or Gaul. 1. 1 Gallia est omnis 2 divisa in partes tres, 3 quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam, qui ipsorum 4 lingua 5 Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. hi oinnes 6 lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. 5 Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Bel- gis Matrona et Sequana 1 dividit. liorum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provin- ciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos 10 commeant atque ea, quae ad 3 effeminandos animos pertinent, important, proximique SUllt 9 Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. 1. 1 Gallia , Iutrod. No. 72, and Geo. Index. 2 divisa , A. & G. 291 b\ G. 439 ; II. 550, n. 2. 3 quarum, A. & G. 216 : G. 366 ; H. 397. 4 A. & G. 243, e; G. 403 ; II. 418. 5 Cellae, Iutrod. No. 48. 6 lingua , A. & G. 253 ; G. 398; H. 424; Iutrod. No. 73. 7 dividit , A. & G. 205 /; G. 202 R. 1 ; 11.463,11,3. 8 effeminandos, A. & G. '600 ; G. 42S ; H. 544. 9 Ger- manis, A. & G. 234«; G. 356’ ; H. 391, 1. Iutrod. No. 74 and Geo. Index. reading. mercatores saspe 66 DE BELLO GALLICO qua de causa Helvetii quoque 10 reliquos Gallos virtute prae- cedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis conten- dunt, cum aut 11 suis 12 finibus eos prohibent, aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt, eorum una pars, quam 13 Gallos 5 obtinere 14 dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano ; con- tinetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum ; attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Ebenum ; vergit ad septentriones. Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur ; pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Ebeni ; spectant in io septentrionem et orientem solem. Aquitania 15 a Garumna 16 flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et ad eam partem Oceani, quae est ad Hispaniam, pertinet ; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones. Topics for Study. (1.) The geography of Gaul. (2?) The partitive genitive. (3.) The ablative of specification. (4.) The dative after adjectives. (5.) The preposition regularly used with the ablative of accompaniment. (fi.) The reflexive pronoun. (7 ) The idiom reliquos Gallos. (8.) The impersonal construction. (9.) The different uses of the preposition ad in the chapter. 2-29. The Helvetian Wail The ambitious designs of the Helvetii under Orgetorix. 2. Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus et ditissimus fuit 15 Orgetorix. is M. Messala et M. Pisone 1 consulibus 2 regni cupiditate inductus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit et ° civi- tati persuasit, 4 ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis 5 exi- 1. 10 reliquos, A. & G. 193; G. 287, it. ; H 440, 2, n. 1, 2. 11 suis, A. & G. 196 ; G. 295 ; Ii. 449, 1. 12 finibus, A. & G. 243 ; G. 38S ; H. 414. 13 Gallos obtinere, A. & G. 272; G. 528, scc. 2; H. 535. 14 dic- tum est, A. & G. 270 ; G. 535 ; Ii. 538. J5 a Garumna, A. & G. 244 ; G. 3S8 ; H. 415. 16 flumine, A. & G. 183 ; G. 319 ; H. 363. 2. 1 consulibus, A. & G. 255 a ; G. 408; H. 431, 4. 2 regni, A. & G. 217; G. 361, 2 ; H. 396, III 3 civitati, A. & G. 227; G 345, 2; H. 385, II. 4. 4 ut — exirent, A & G. 331 ; G. 546; H. 498. 5 exirent, A. & G. 286; 205, c, 1 ; G 510; Ii. 495, II; 461. COMM. I. 2-3. 07 rent: perfacile 6 esse, cum virtute 'omnibus 3 praestarent, totius Galliae 9 imperio potiri, id hoc facilius eis persuasit, quod undique loci natura Helvetii continentur : una ex parte flu- mine Rheno, latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit ; altera ex parte monte lura altissimo, qui 5 est inter Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit, his re- bus 10 fiebat, ut et minus late 11 vagarentur, et minus facile finitimis bellum inferre possent ; qua ex parte homines 12 bel- landi cupidi magno dolore afficiebantur. pro multitudine 10 autem hominum et pro gloria belli atque fortitudinis angustos 13 se finis habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudinem 14 milia 10 passuum CCXL, ili latitudinem CLXXX patebant. Topics for Study. (1) The superlative degree. (2.) The ablative absolute. (3.) The objective geni- tive. (1 ) 'The construction after persuasit. (5.) The omission of the verb which governs the indirect discourse. (6.) The dative after compounds. (7.) The case employed after potior. (8.) The accusative of extent of space. The Helvetii make preparations. Orgetorix is chosen to carry out their plans. 3. His rebus adducti of auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti constituerunt ea, quae ad proficiscendum 1 pertinerent, com- 15 parare, iumentorum et carrorum “ quam maximum numerum coemere, sementes quam maximas facere, ut in itinere copia 2. 6 esse, A. & G. 330, e; G. 653; II. 523. 7 omnibus , A. & G. 228; G 346; H. 386. 8 praestarent , A. & G. 326; G. 587; H. 517. 9 imperio, A. & G. 249; G. 405; H. 421. Wjfcba, t, A. & G. 277; G. 222; H. 468. 11 vagarentur, A. & G 332, a ; G 558, 3; II. 501, I. 12 bellandi. A. V G. 218, a ; 298; G. 429 ; II. 399, T; 542,1. 13 se, A. & G. 196; G 294; II. 449. 14 milia, A. & G. 94, .) The gerundive. (7.) The construction after utor. (8.) Other verb which the student has met in the text that has the same construction after it. The two routes offering an egress from the country. 6. Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus 1 itineribus domo exire 2 possent: 3 unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter montem luram et flumen Rhodanum, vix qua singuli carri 4 ducerentur; mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile per- is pauci prohibere possent: 5 alterum per provinciam nostram, 6 multo facilius atque expeditius, propterea quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant, Rhodanus fluit isque nonnullis 1 locis ' vado transitui'. extremum oppi- 5. 3 munero , A. & G. 253 ; G. 398; H. -124. 4 exsent, A. & G. 31/ ; 2,87 ) Result expressed bv quin. (4.) The dative for the ablative of separation. (5.) The accusatives in this chapter. Discus discloses the treachery of Dumnorix. 18. Caesar hac oratione Lisci Dumnorigem, Divitiaci fratrem, designari sentiebat, sed, quod pluribus praesentibus eas res iactari nolebat, celeriter concilium dimittit, Liscum retinet, quaerit ex solo ea, quae iit conventu dixerat, dicit liberius atque audacius. eadem secreto ab aliis quaerit ; reperit esse io vera : ipsum esse Dumnorigem, summa audacia, magna apud plebem propter liberalitatem gratia, cupidum rerum novarum, complutis 1 annos portoria reliquaque omnia Haeduorum vecti- galia parvo pretio redempta 2 habere, propterea, quod illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo. his rebus et suam rem 15 familiarem auxisse et facultates ad largiendum magnas com- parasse ; magnum numerum equitatus suo sumptu semper alere et circum se habere, neque solum 3 domi, sed etiam apud finiti- mas civitates largiter posse, atque huius potentiae 4 causa matrem in Biturigibus homini illic nobilissimo ac potentissimo collo- 20 casse, ipsum ex Helvetii-; uxorem habere, sororem ex matre et propinquas suas 5 nuptum in alias civitates collocasse, favere et 17. 3 Haeduis, A. & G. 229 ; G. 344, R. 2; II. 385, II, 2. 18. 1 annos, A. & G. 256 ; G. 337 ; H. 379. 2 habere, A. & G. 292, e; G. 230 ; H. 388, 1, n. 3 domi , A. & G. 258, d; G. 412, r. 1 ; H. 426, 2. 4 rausa, A. & G. 245, c ; G. 407 ; H. 416. 5 nuptum , A. & G. 302; G. 436 ; H. 546, 1. 6 82 DE BELLO GALLICO cupere Helvetiis propter earn affinitatem, odisse etiam suo nomine Caesarem et Romanos, quod eormn adventu potentia eius deminuta et Divitiacus frater in antiquum locum gratiae atque honoris sit restitutus, si quid accidat Romanis, summam in 5 spem per Helvetios regni obtinendi venire ; imperio populi Ro- mani non modo de regno, sed etiam de ea, quam habeat, gratia desperare, reperiebat etiam in quaerendo Caesar, quod proelium equestre adversum paucis ante diebus esset factum, initium eius fugae factum a Dumnorige atque eius equitibus (nam equitatui, io quem 6 auxilio Caesari Haedui miserant, Dumnorix praeerat): eorum fuga reliquum esse equitatum perterritum. Topics for Study. (1.) The locative case. (2.) The ablative of cause. (3.) The supine. (4.) Two datives. (5.) The ablative of juice. (6.) The dative with special verbs. (7.) The ablative of characteristic. Caesar summons Diritiacus, brother of Dumnorix 19 . Quibus rebus cognitis, cum ad lias suspiciones certis- simae res accederent, quod per tines Sequanorum Helvetios 1 traduxisset, quod obsides inter eos dandos curasset, quod ea 15 omnia non modo 2 iniussu suo et civitatis, sed etiam inscienti- bus ipsis fecisset, quod a magistratu Haeduorum accusaretur, satis esse causae arbitrabatur, quare in eum aut ipse animad- verteret, aut civitatem animadvertere iuberet. his omnibus rebus unum repugnabat, quod Divitiaci fratris summum in populum 20 Romanum studium, summam in se voluntatem, egregiam fidem, iustitiam, temperantiam cognoverat: nam, 8 ne eius supplicio Divitiaci animum offenderet, verebatur. itaque prius, quam 18. e auxilio Caesari , A. & G. 233 : G. 370 ; Ii. 390, II. 19. 1 traduxisset , A. & G. 341. d ; G. 630 ; II. 516, IT 2 iniussu , A. & G. 714; G. 76, b ; II 134. 3 ne, A & G. 331,/; G. 552 ; II. 498, HI, N. COMM. I. 19-20. 83 quicquam 4 conaretur, Divitiacum ad se vocari iubet et coti- dianis interpretibus remotis, per C. Valerium Procillum, prin- cipem Galliae provinciae, familiarem suum, cui summam omnium rerum fidem habebat, cum eo colloquitur simul commone- facit, quae ipso praesente in concilio Gallorum de Dumnorige sint dicta, et ostendit, quae separatim quisque de eo apud se dixerit, petit atque hortatur, ut sine eius offensione animi vel ipse de eo causa cognita statuat, vel civitatem statuere iubeat. Topics for Study, (1.) Clauses introduced by quod on another’s authority. (2.) The partitive geni- tive. (3.) The construction after verbs of fearing. (4.) Defective nouns. (5.) The subjunctive with priusquam. (6.) Subjunctive of purpose. Divitiacus intercedes for his brother. Caesar pardons Dumnorix. 20. Divitiacus multis cum lacrimis Caesarem complexus ob- secrare coepit, ue quid gravius iu fratrem statueret : scire se illa esse vera, nec quemquam ex eo plus quam se doloris ca- pere, propterea quod, cum ipse 1 gratia plurimum domi atque in reliqua Gallia, ille minimum propter adulescentiam posset, per se crevisset; quibus opibus ac nervis noil solum ad minuendam gratiam, sed paene ad perniciem suam 2 uteretur, sese tamen et amore ° fraterno et existimatione vulgi commoveri. quod si quid ei a Caesare gravius 4 accidisset, cum ipse eum locum amicitiae apud eum teneret, neminem existimaturum, non sua voluntate factum ; qua ex re futurum, uti totius Galliae animi a se averterentur, haec cum pluribus verbis flens a Caesare peteret, Caesar eius dextram prendit ; consolatus rogat, finem orandi 5 faciat ; 6 tanti eius apud se gratiam esse ostendit, uti et 19. 4 conaretur , A. & G. 327; G. 579 ; H 520, TT. 20 1 gratia , A. & G. 245 ; G. 407 ; H. 416. 2 uteretur , A. & G. 336; G. 653; H. 524. 3 fraterno, A & G. 190, b- G. 363, r. ; H. 395, u. 2. 4 accidisset , A. & G. 307, /; G. 659: H 525, 2. 5 faciat,. A. & G. 331,/ r.; G. 546, r. 2; H. 499, 2. 6 tanti , A. & G. 252, a - G. 379; H. 405. 5 10 15 20 84 DE BELLO GALLICO reipublicae iniuriam et suum dolorem eius voluntati ac precibus condonet. Dumnorigem ad se vocat, fratrem adhibet; quae in eo reprehendat, ostendit, quae ipse intellegat, quae civitas que- ratur, proponit; monet, ut in reliquum tempus omnes suspiciones 5 vitet ; praeterita se Divitiaco fratri condonare dicit. Dumnorigi custodes ponit, ut, quae agat, quibuscuin loquatur, scire possit. Topics for Study. (1.) The adjective for the genitive. (2.) Principal clauses in indirect discourse. (3.) Subordinate clauses in indirect discourse. (4.) Change of person in indirect discourse. (5.) The omission of ut. (6.) The periphrastic form futurum esse. The preparations for engaging the Helvetii. 21 . Eodem die ab exploratoribus certior factus hostes sub monte consedisse milia passuum ab ipsius castris octo, qualis esset natura montis et qualis in circuitu ascensus, qui 1 cog- 10 noscerent, misit, renuntiatum est, facilem esse, de tertia vigilia Titum Labienum, legatum pro praetore, cum duabus legionibus et iis ducibus, qui iter cognoverant, summum iugum montis as- cendere nibet; quid sui consilii sit, ostendit. ipse de quarta vigilia eodem itinere, quo hostes ierant, ad eos contendit equita- 15 tum que omnem ante se mittit. P. Considius, qui rei militaris peritissimus habebatur et in exercitu L. Sullae et postea in M. Crassi fuerat, cum exploratoribus praemittitur. Topics for Study. (1.) The powers of praefor. (2.) Relative clauses of purpose. (3.) Th e vigiliae. (4.) The indirect question. These preparations are rendered useless hy the fears of P. Considius. 22. Prima luce, cum summus mons a T. Labieno teneretur, ipse ab hostium castris non longius mille et quingentis passibus 21. 1 cognoscerent , A. & G. 317 ; G. G32 ; IT. 497, 1. COMM. I. 22-23. 85 abesset, neque, ut postea ex captivis comperit, aut ipsius ad- ventus aut Labieni 1 cognitus esset, Considius equo admisso ad eum accurrit, dicit montem, quem a Labieno occupari voluerit, ab hostibus teneri : id se a Gallicis annis atque insignibus cog- novisse. Caesar suas copias in proximum 2 collem subducit, 5 aciem instruit. Labienus, ut erat ei praeceptum a Caesare, ne proelium 3 committeret, nisi ipsius copiae prope hostium castra visae essent, ut undique uno tempore in hostes impetus fieret, monte occupato nostros ; io exspectabat 4 proelioque ab- stinebat. milito denique die per exploratores Caesar cog- novit et montem a suis teneri et Helvetios castra movisse et 15 Considium timore perterritum, quod non vidisset, pro viso sibi renuntiasse, eo die quo consuerat intervallo hostes sequitur et 5 milia passuum tria ab eorum castris castra ponit. Topics for Study. (1) The idiom equo admisso. (2) Substantive clauses. (3.) Dependent clauses in indirect discourse. (4.) Asyndeton. (5.) The idiom multo die. Caesar advances towards Bibracte. 23. Postridie eius 1 diei, quod omnino biduum supererat, cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret, et quod a Bibracte, 20 oppido Haeduorum longe maximo et copiosissimo, non amplius milibus passuum X \ III aberat, rei frumentariae prospiciendum 22. 1 cognitus esset, A. & G. 325 ; G. 5S6 ; H. 521, II, 2. 2 collem , Introd. No. 116. 3 committeret , A. & G. 321,«; G. 546; H. 498, I. 4 proelio, A. & G. 243; G. 388; II. 414, 1. 5 milia , A. & G. 257, b ; G. 335 ; H. 379. 23. i diei, A. & G. 214, g ; G 371, e. 4; H. 398, 5. 86 DE BELLO GALLICO existimavit : iter ab Helvetiis avertit ac Hibracte irc contendit, ea res per fugitivos L. Aemilii, decurionis equitum Gallorum, hostibus nuntiatur. Helvetii, seu quod timore perterritos Ro- manos discedere a se existimarent, 2 eo magis, quod pridie 5 superioribus locis occupatis proelium non commisissent, sive eo, quod re frumentaria intercludi posse confiderent, commutato consilio atque itinere converso nostros a novissimo agmine in- sequi ac lacessere coeperunt. Topics for Study. (L) The genitive with postridie. (2.) The impersonal construction. (3) The powers ol the decurio. (4.) Ablative ol degree ol difference. (5 ) The dative alter compounds. Preparations for battle. 24. Postquam id animum advertit, copias suas Caesar in io proximum collem subducit 1 equitatumque, qui sustineret hos- tium impetum, misit. ipse interim in colle medio triplicem 2 aciem instruxit 3 legionum quattuor veteranarum [ita uti supra] ; sed ili summo iugo duas legiones, quas in Gallia cite- riore proxime conscripserat, et omnia 4 auxilia collocavit ac totum montem hominibus com- plevit ; interea 5 sarcinas in unum locum conferri et eum ab his, qui in superiore acie constiterant, muniri iussit. Helvetii cum omnibus suis carris secuti impedimenta in unum locum contulerunt ; ipsi confertissima 6 acie reiecto nostro equitatu phalange facta sub primam nostram aciem successerunt. Wmm SARCTNA. 23 . 2 eo, A. & G. 250, a; G. 400 ; H. 423. 24 . 1 equitatum. , Introd. No. 108, 2 aciem , Introd. No. 113. 3 le- gionum , Introd. No. 98. 4 auxilia, Iutrod. No, 107. 5 sarcinas — conferri, Introd. No. 123, I, 2) b. 6 acie , A. & G. 24S, a : G. 401 : II. 419, III. COMM. I. 25. 87 i Topics for Study. (1.) The lioiimi legion. (2.) The distinction between sarcinas nnd im- pedimenta. (3.) The Roman cavalry. (4.) Ablative absolute. 15.) The Roman line of battle. The battle. 25. C Aesar primum suo, deinde omnium ex conspectu remolis equis, nt aequato omnium periculo spem fugae tolleret, cohortatus suos proelium commisit, milites e loco superiore pilis missis facile hostium phalangem perfrege- runt. ea disiecta 1 gladiis destrictis in eos impetum fece- runt. Gallis magno ad pugnam erat impedimento, quod pluribus eorum 2 scutis uno ictu 3 pilorum transfixis et colligatis, cum ferrum se 4 inflexisset, neque evellere neque J sinistra impedita satis commode pugnare poterant, multi 1 ut diu iactnto brachio praeoptarent scutum manu emit- 'i tere et nudo corpore pugnare, tandem vulneribus defessi I et pedem referre et, quod mons suberat circiter mille pas- jj suum, eo se recipere coeperunt, capto monte et succedenti- bus nostris Boii et Tulingi, qui hominum 5 milibus circiter I XI, agmen hostium claudebant et novissimis praesidio erant, - i ex itinere nostros latere aperto aggressi circumvenire, et id conspicati Helvetii, qui in montem sese receperant, rursus instare et proelium redintegrare coeperunt. Ro- mani conversa ,J signa bipartito intulerunt : prima ac secunda acies, ut victis ac summotis resisteret, 7 tertia, ut venientes exciperet. Topics for Study. (1.) The ablative of manner. (2.) Roman arms. (3 ) Causal clauses piLirii. with cum. (4 ) The dative of service. (5.) The idiom pedem referre. 25- 1 gladiis destrictis , Iiitrod. No. 116. 2 scutis. Introii No 102. 3 pilorum, Introd. No. 102. 4 inflexisset , A & G. 326; G. 587; H. 517. 0 milibus, A & G. 218 ; G-. 403 ; H 420. 6 signa, Introd. No. 103. 7 ter- tia, Introd. No. 125, 1) a. 5 10 .15 20 88 DE BELLO GALLICO The defeat, of the Helvetii. 26 . Ita ancipiti proelio diu atque acriter pugnatum est. diu- tius cum sustinere nostrorum impetus non possent, alteri se, ut coeperant, in montem receperunt, alteri ad impedimenta et carros suos se contulerunt, nam hoc toto proelio, cum nb hora septima 5 ad vesperum pugnatum sit, aversum hostem videre nemo potuit, ad multam noctem etiam ad impedimenta pugnatum est, propterea quod pro vallo carros obiecerant et e loco superiore in nostros venientes tela coniciebant et nonnulli inter carros rotasque mataras ac tragulas subiciebant nostrosque vulnerabant, diu cum esset io pugnatum, impedimentis castrisq.ue nostri potiti sunt, ibi Orgeto- rigis lilia atque unus e liliis captus est. ex eo proelio circiter milia hominum CXXX superfuerunt eaque tota nocte continenter ie- runt: nullam 1 partem noctis itinere intermisso m fines Lingonum [die quarto] pervenerunt, cum et propter vulnera militum et prop- 15 ter sepulturam occisorum nostri [triduum morati] eos sequi non potuissent. Caesar ad 2 Lingonas litteras nuntiosque misit, ne eos frumento neve alia re iuvarent : qui si iuvissent, se eodem loco, quo Helvetios/habiturum, ipse triduo intermisso cum omnibus copiis eos sequi coepit. Topics for Study. (1.) The impersonal constriction. (2.) Duration of time. (3.) Missive weapons. (4 ) Greek form in accus. plur. The Helvetii surrender. Six thousand try to escape. 20 27 . Helvetii omnium rerum inopia adducti legatos de deditione ad eum miserunt. 1 qui cum eum in itinere convenissent seque ad pedes proiecissent suppliciterque locuti flentes pacem petissent, 26. 1 partem , A. & G. 256 ; G. 337 ; II. 379. 2 G. 73 ; H 68. 27. 1 qui, A. & G. 180,/; G. 612, r. ; II. 453. Lingonas, A. & G. 63,/; COMM. I. 27-28. 89 atque eos in ro loco, quo tum essent, suum adventum exspectare iussisset, paruerunt, eo postquam Caesar pervenit, obsides, arma, servos, qui ad eos perfugissent, poposcit, dum ea conquiruntur et conferuntur, nocte intermissa circiter hominum milia VI eius pagi, qui Verbigenus appellatur, sive timore perterriti, ne armis traditis 5 supplicio 2 afficerentur, sive spe salutis inducti, quod in tanta mul- titudine dediticiorum suam fugam aut occultari, aut omnino igno- rari posse 3 existimarent, prima nocte e castris Helvetiorum egressi ad Rhenum finesque Germanorum contenderunt. Topics for Study. (1.) The relative pronoun taking the place of a conjunction with a demonstrative. (2.) The construction after verbs of fearing. (3.) Causal clauses with quod expressing the thought of some other person than the author. The rettirn of the Helvetii to their territory. 28. Quod ubi Caesar resciit, quorum per fiues ierant, his, uti 10 conquirerent et reducerent, st sibi purgati esse vellent, imperavit : reductos in hostium numero habuit ; reliquos omnes obsidibus, armis, perfugis traditis in deditionem accepit. Helvetios, Tulin- gos, Latovicos in fines suos, unde erant profecti, reverti iussit, et quod omnibus fructibus amissis 1 domi nihil erat, quo famem tol- 15 erarent, Allobrogibus imperavit, ut iis frumenti copiam facerent : ipsos oppida vicosque, quos incenderant, restituere iussit. id ea maxime ratione fecit, quod noluit eum locum, unde Helvetii dis- cesserant, vacare, ne propter bonitatem agrorum Germani, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, e suis finibus in Helvetiorum fines tran- 20 sirent et finitimi Galliae provinciae Allobrogibusque essent. P>oios, petentibus Haeduis, quod egregia virtute erant cogniti, ut in fini- 1 27. 2 afficerentur. A. & G. 331, /*; G 552 ; H. 49S, III. 3 existimarent , A. & G 321 ; G 630 ; H. 516, II. 28. 1 domi, A. & G. 253, d\ G. 412, r. 1 ; H. 426, 2. 90 DE BELLO GALLICO bus suis collucarent, concessit ; quibus illi agros dederunt, quosque postea in 2 parem iuris libertatisque condicionem, atque ipsi erant, receperunt. Topics tor Study. (1.) The loeative case. (.2.) The dative after hnpero. (3.) Compare the con- struction after iubeo with that after impero. (4.) The idiom parem atque. The comparative estimate of the number of Helvetii toko returned home and the number that had gone forth from their country. 29. In castris Helvetiorum tabulae repertae sunt litteris Graecis 5 confectae et ad Caesarem relatae, quibus in tabulis nominatim ratio confecta erat, 1 qui numerus domo 2 exisset eorum, qui arma ferre possent, et item separatim pueri senes mulieresque. quarum omnium rerum summa erat capitum Helvetiorum milia CCLXIII, Tulingorum milia XXXVI, Latovicorum XIIII, Rauracorum io XXIII, Boiorum XXXII ; ex his, qui arma ferre possent, ad milia XCTI. summa omnium fuerunt ad milia CCCLXVIII. eorum, qui domum redierunt, censu habito, ut Caesar impera- verat, repertus est numerus milium C et X. Topics for Study. (1.) The ablative of place. (2.) The form of the interrogative pronoun used adjectively. (3) Subjunctive in indirect questions. (4.) Agreement of a verb with the predicate noun. 28. 2 parent, — atque , A. & G. 156 a ; G. 64-6 ; H. 451, 5. 29. 1 rjui, A. & G. 104, a ; G. 104; H. 188, II. 1. 2 exisset , A. & G. 3'4; G. 469; II. 529, 3. COMM. I. 30-31. 91 30-54. The. War with Ariovistus. Ambassadors from almost all parts of Gaul congratulate Caesar and request a council. 30. Hello Helvetiorum confecto totius fere Galliae legati, prin- cipes civitatum, ad Caesarem 1 gratulatum convenerunt : intellegere sese, tametsi pro veteribus Helvetiorum iniuriis populi Romani ab his poenas bello repetisset, tamen eam rem non minus ex usu terrae Galliae quam populi Romani accidisse, propterea quod eo 5 concilio florentissimis rebus domos suas Helvetii reliquissent, uti toti Galliae bellum inferrent 2 imperioque potirentur locumque domicilio ex magna copia deligerent, quem ex omni Gallia op- portunissimum ac fructuosissimum iudicassent, reliquasque civitates stipendiarias haberent, petierunt, uti sibi concilium totius Galliae io in diem certam indicere idque Caesaris voluntate facere liceret : sese habere quasdam res, quas ex communi consensu ab eo petere vellent, ea re permissa diem concilio constituerunt et iureiurando, ne quis enuntiaret, nisi quibus communi consilio 3 mandatum esset, inter se sanxerunt. Topics for Study. (1 ) Distinction between the subjective and objective Snitive. (2.) The Supine. (3 ) The mood and tense which represent the future perfect indicative in the indirect discourse. (I.) The ablative with special verbs. Complaints made against Ariovistus and the Germans. 31. Eo concilio dimisso idem _ principes civitatum, qui ante fuerant, ad Caesarem reverterunt petieruntque, uti sibi secreto in occulto de sua omniiunque salute cum eo agere liceret, ea re impetrata sese omnes flentes 1 Caesari ad pedes proiecerunt : non minus se id contendere et laborare, ne ea, quae dixissent, enuntia- 20 30 1 gratulatum , A. & G. 302 ; G. 436 ; II. 546 2 imperio, A. & G. 249 ; G. 405 ; H. 421 , I. 3 mandatum esset , A. & G. 336 ; G. 653 ; H. 524. 31. 1 Caesari , A. & G. 235, a ; G. 343, r. 2 ; II . 384, 4, n. 2. 92 DE BELLO GALLICO renting quam uti ea, quae 2 vellent, impetrarent, propterea quod, si enuntiatum esset, summum in cruciatum se venturos viderent, locutus est pro his Divitiacus Haeduus : Galliae totius factiones esse duas : harum alterius principatum tenere Haeduos, alterius 5 Arvernos, hi cum tantopere de potentatu inter se multos annos contenderent, factum esse, uti ab Arvernis Sequanisque Germani 'Gnercede arcesserentur, horum primo circiter milia XV Rhenum transisse : posteaquam agros et cultum et copias Gallorum homines feri ac barbari adamassent, traductos plures : nunc esse in Gallia io ad C et XX milium numerum, cum lns Haeduos eorumque clien- tes semel atque iterum armis contendisse ; magnam calamitatem pulsos accepisse, omnem nobilitatem, omnem senatum, omnem equitatum amisisse, quibus proeliis calamitatibusque fractos, qui et sua virtute et. populi Romani hospitio atque amicitia plurimum 15 ante in Gallia poiuissent, coactos esse Sequanis obsides dare uo- bilissimos civitatis, et iureiurando civitatem obstringere, sese neque obsides repetituros neque auxilium a populo Romano imploraturos neque recusaturos, quo minus perpetuo sub illorum dicione atque imperio 4 essent, unum se esse ex omni civitate Haeduorum, qui 20 adduci non potuerit, ut iuraret aut liberos suos obsides daret, ob eam rem se e\ civitate profugisse et ° Romam ad senatum venisse auxilium postulatum, quod solus neque iureiurando neque obsidi- bus teneretur, sed peius victoribus Sequanis quam Haeduis victis accidisse, propterea quod Ariovistus, rex Germanorum, in eorum 25 finibus consedisset tertiamque partem agri Sequani, qui esset op- timus totius Galliae, occupavisset et nunc de altera parte tertia Sequanos decedere iuberet, propterea quod paucis 6 mensibus ante. Harudum milia hominum XXIIII ad eum venissent, quibus locus ac sedes pararentur, futurum esse paucis annis, uti omnes ex 31. 2 vellent , A. & G. 1336; G. 653; H. 521. 8 mereede, A. & G 252; G. 40-1; H. 422. 4 emat, A. & G. 317,4; G. 545, 2; II. 497, II, 2. 5 Romam. A. & G 25S. b : G. 410; H. 3S0, II. ° mensibus, A. & G. 259, 1; G. 400, it. 3 ; H. 430. COMM. I. 31-32. 93 Galliae hnibus pellerentur atque omnes Germani Rhenum transi- rent : neque enim conterendum esse Gallicum cum Germanorum agro, neque hanc consuetudinem victus cum illa comparandam. Ariovistum autem, ut semel Gallorum copias proelio vicerit, quod proelium factum sit ad Magetobriam, superbe et crudeliter im- 5 perare, obsides nobilissimi cuiusque liberos poscere et in eos omnia exempla cruciatusque edere, si qua res non ad nutum aut ad vo- luntatem eius facta sit. homiuem esse barbarum, iracundum, temerarium : non posse eius imperia diutius sustineri. nisi si quid in Caesare populoque Romano sit auxilii, omnibus Gallis 10 idem esse faciendum, quod Helvetii fecerint, ut domo emigrent, aliud domicilium, alias sedes, remotas a Germanis, petant fortu- namque, quaecumque accidat, experiantur. haec si enuntiata Ariovisto sint, non dubitare, quin de omnibus obsidibus, qui apud eum sint, gravissimum supplicium 8 sumat. Caesarem vel 15 auctoritate sua atque exercitus, vel recenti victoria, vel nomine populi Romani deterrere posse, ne maior multitudo Germanorum 9 Rhenum traducatur, Galliamque omnem ab Ariovisti iniuria posse defendere. Topics for Study. (1.) The idiom Caesari ad pedes. (2.) Subordinate clauses in indirect discourse. (3.) Purpose clauses with quo. (4.) The ablative of price. (5.) Accusative of limit of motion, Row ten ad senatum. (fi.) Construction with oum after verbs of doubting. (7.) Manner of denoting an interval between two events. (S.) The ablative of'time. (9.) The predicate accusative. (10.) The partitive genitive- til.) Hendiadys. (12.) Relative clauses of purpose. The wretched lot of the Sequani. 32 . Hac oratione ab Divitiaco habita omnes, qui aderant, magno 20 fletu auxilium a Caesare petere coeperunt, animadvertit Caesar 31 . 7 nisi si, A. & G. 315, «; G. 520 : H 5078 3, x. 4 . 8 sumat, A & G 332, ff-, G. 551, 2 ; H. 501, II, 2. 9 Rhenum, A. & G. 239, b ; G. 330, n. 1 ; H 376, n. 94 DE BELLO GALLICO unos ex omnibus Sequanos nihil earum rerum facere, quas ceteri ■ facerent, sed tristes capite demisso terram intueri, eius rei causa quae 1 esset, miratus ex ipsis quaesiit, nihil Sequafii respondere, sed in eadem tristitia taciti permanere, cum ab his saepius quaer- 5 eret neque ullam omnino vocem exprimere posset, idem Divitiacus Haeduus respondit : hoc esse miseriorem gravioremque fortunam Sequanorum quam reliquorum, quod soli ne in occulto quidem queri neque auxilium implorare auderent absentisque Ariovisti crudeli- tatem, velut si coranr adesset, horrerent, propterea quod reliquis 10 tamen fugae facultas daretur, 2 Sequanis vero, qui intra fines suos Ariovistum recepissent, quorum oppida omnia in potestate eius essent, omnes cruciatus essent perferendi. Topics for Study. (1.) The ablative absolute. (2. ) The historical infinitive. (3.) Dative oi' agent. (4.) The indirect question. Caesar resolves to remedy their evils. 33 . His rebus cognitis Caesar Gallorum animos verbis confirma- vit pollicitusque est 1 sibi eam rem curae futuram: magnam se 15 habere spem et beneficio suo et auctoritate adductum Ariovistum finem iniuriis facturum, hac oratione habita concilium dimisit, et 2 secundum ea multae res eum hortabantur, quare sibi eam rem cogitandam et, suscipiendam putaret, imprimis quod Haeduos, fratres consanguineosque saepenumero a senatu appellatos, in ser- 20 vitute atque in dicione videbat Germanorum teneri eorumque obsides esse apud Ariovistum ac Sequanos intellegebat ; quod in tanto imperio populi Romani turpissimum sibi et reipublicae esse arbitrabatur. paulatim autem Germanos consuescere Rhenum 32. 1 esset, A. & G. 334; G. 469; H 529 2 Sequanis , A & G. 232: G. 353 ; H. 388. 33. 1 sibi, A. & G- 233; G 350 H. 390 2 secundum , A & G. 153 • G. 417 ; H. 433. COmi. I. 33-34. 95 transire et in Galliam magnam eorum multitudinem venire populo Romano periculosum videbat, neque sibi homines feros ac barbaros temperaturos existimabat, quin, cum omnem Galliam occupavissent, ut ante Cimbri Teutoni pie fecissent, in provinciam exirent atque inde in Italiam contenderent, praesertim cum Sequanos a provincia 5 nostra Rhodanus divideret ; quibus 3 rebus quam maturrime occur- rendum putabat, ipse autem Ariovistus tantos sibi spiritus, tantam arrogantiam sumpserat, ut ferendus uon videretur. Topics for Study. (1.) The dative after compounds. (2.) The dative of service. (3.) The dative with special verbs. (4.) The preposition secumltim. (5.) Relative clauses of result. Caesar demands a conference with Ariovistus. The refusal of Ariovistus. 34. Quamobrem placuit ei, ut ad Ariovistum legatos mitteret, qui 1 ab eo 2 postularent, uti aliquem locum medium utriusque io colloquio diceret : velle sese de republica et summis utriusque rebus cum eo agere, ei legationi Ariovistus respondit : si quid ipsi a Caesare 3 opus esset, sese ad eum venturum fuisse ; si 1 quid ille se velit, illum ad se venire oportere, praeterea se neque sine exercitu in eas partes Galliae venire audere, quas Caesar possideret, 15 neque exercitum sine magno commeatu atque molimento in unum locum contrahere posse, sibi autem mirum videri, quid in sua Gallia, quam bello vicisset, aut Caesari aut omnino populo Romano ° negotii esset. Topics for Study. (1.) The construction with postulo. (2.) The regular construction with opus, and the construction with opus as a predicate noun. (3.) The construction after verbs of asking. (4.) The dative of possession. 33. 3 rebus, A. & G. 228 ; G. 346; II 386. 34. 1 ab eo, A. & G. 239, c, s. 1 ; G. 333, r. ; H. 374, n. 2. 2 postu- larent, A & G. 317 ; G. 632; II. 497, 1. 3 opus, A & G. 243, e, r . , G. 390; II. 414,4, n. 4. 4 quid — se, A & G. 239, c\ G. 333; II. 374. 5 negotii, A. & G. 216 ; G. 371 ; 11. 397. 96 DE BELLO GALLICO The second embassy. 35. IJ is responsis ad Caesarem relatis iterum ad eum Caesar legatos cum his mandatis mittit : quoniam tanto suo populique Romani beneficio affectus, cum in consulatu suo rex atque amicus a senatu appellatus esset, hanc sibi populoque Romano gratiam 5 referret, ut in colloquium venire invitatus gravaretur neque de communi re dicendum sibi et cognoscendum putaret, haec esse, quae ab eo postularet : primum ne quam hominum multitudinem amplius trans Rhenum in Galliam traduceret ; deinde obsides, quos haberet ab Haeduis, redderet Sequanisque permitteret, ut, io quos illi haberent, voluntate eius reddere illis liceret ; neve Hae- duos Hniuria lacesseret, neve his sociisve eorum bellum inferret, si id ita 2 fecisset, sibi populoque Romano perpetuam gratiam atque amicitiam cum eo futuram : si non impetraret, sese, quoniam M. Messala, M. Pisone consulibus senatus censuisset, uti, quicum- 15 que Galliam provinciam obtineret, quod commodo reipublicae facere posset, Haeduos ceterosque amicos populi Romani defenderet, sese Haeduorum iniurias non neglecturum. Topics for Study. (1.) The idiom graham referre. (2) Tile repetition of prepositions. (3.) The ablative of manner. (4.) Conditional sentences' in indirect discourse. The reply of Ariovistus. 36. Ad haec Ariovistus respondit : ins esse belli, ut, qui vicis- sent, iis, quos vicissent, quemadmodum vellent, imperarent : item ■io populum Romanum 1 victis non ad alterius praescriptum, sed ad suum arbitrium imperare consuesse. si ipse populo Romano non praescriberet, quemadmodum suo Hire uteretur, non oportere sese a populo Romano in suo iure impediri. Haeduos sibi, quoniam belli fortunam temptassent et armis congressi ac superati 35. 1 ini, uria. A. & G. 24-8, R. ; G. 401 ; H. 419, III, n. 2. 2 jecisset, A. & G. 337; G 659; H. 527,1 36 1 viciis, A. & G. 118; G. 195, u. 1; H. 441. COMM. I. 36-37. 97 essent, stipendiarios esse factos. magnam Caesarem iniuriam facere, qui suo adventu vectigalia sibi deteriora 2 faceret. Hae- duis se obsides redditurum non esse, neque iis neque eorum sociis iniuria bellum illaturum, si in eo manerent, quod convenissent, stipendiumque quotannis penderent ; si id non fecissent, longe iis fraternum nomen populi Romani afuturum, quod sibi Caesar denuntiaret se Haeduorum iniurias non neglecturum, neminem secuai sine sua pernicie contendisse, cum vellet, ^congrederetur : intellecturum, quid invicti Germani, exercitatissimi in armis, qui inter annos quatuordecim tectum non subissent, virtute possent. Topics for Study. (1.) The substantive use of adjectives and participles. (2.) Relative clauses ex- pressing cause. (3.) The mood which represents the imperative iu indirect discourse. (4.) The idiom longe — afuturum. Caesar hastens against Ariovistus and seizes Vesontio. 37. Haec eodem tempore Caesari mandata referebantur et legati ab Haeduis et a Treveris veniebant: Haedui 1 questum, quod Harudes, qui nuper in Galliam 2 transportati essent, lines eorum 3 popularentur : sese ne obsidibus quidem datis pacem Ariovisti redimere potuisse ; Treveri autem, pagos centum Sue- borum ad ripas Rheni consedisse, qui Rhenum transire conaren- tur ; his praeesse Nasuam et Cimberium fratres, quibus rebus Caesar vehementer commotus maturandum sibi existimavit, ne, si nova manus Sueborum cum veteribus copiis Ariovisti sese coniunxisset, minus facile 4 resisti posset, itaque re frumentaria quam celerrime potuit comparata magnis itineribus ad Ariovis- tum contendit. 36. 2 faceret, A. & G.320, e ; G. 636 ; H. 517. 3 congrederetur, A. & G. 339; G. 655 ; H. 523, III. 37. 1 questum, A. & G. 302; G. 436; H. 546. 2 transportati essent, A. & G. 311, a ; G. 509 ; H. 524. 3 popularentur , A & G. 341, d\ G. 630; H. 516, II 4 resisti, A. & G. 230; G. 203; H. 384, 5. 5 10 15 20 98 1)E BELLO GALLICO Topics for Study. (1.) The idiom eodem tempore — et. (2.) The dative with special verbs. (3.) The impersonal construction. (4.) Clauses introduced by quod expressing the reason of another. 38. Cum tridui 1 viam processisset, nuntiatum est ei Ario- vistum cum suis omnibus copiis ad occupandum Vesontionem, 2 quod est oppidum maximum Sequanorum, contendere triduique viam a suis finibus profecisse, id ne accideret, magnopere sibi 5 praecavendum Caesar existimabat. namque omnium rerum, quae ad bellum usui erant, summa erat in eo oppido facultas, idque natura loci sic muniebatur, ut magnam ad ducendum bel- lum daret facultatem, propterea quod flumen Dubis ut circino circumductum paene totum oppidum cingit ; reliquum spatium, io quod est non amplius pedum DC, qua flumen intermittit, mons continet magna altitudine, ita ut radices montis ex utraque parte ripae fluminis contingant. hunc murus circumdatus arcem efficit et cum oppido coniungit. huc Caesar magnis nocturnis diur- nisque itineribus contendit occupatoque oppido ibi praesidium 15 collocat. Topics for Study. (1.) The accusative of extent of space. (2.) The attraction of the relative. (3.) The gerundive. (1.) The ablative of characteristic. Reports reach the Roman soldiers concerning the huge stature and remarkable skill of the Germans. The army is in a state of panic. 39. Dum paucos dies ad Vesontionem rei frumentariae com- meatusque causa moratur, ex percontatione nostrorum vocibus- que Gallorum ac mercatorum, qui ingenti magnitudine corporum Germanos, incredibili virtute atque exercitatione in armis esse 2 o praedicabant (saepenumero sese cum his congressos ne vultum 38. 1 viam, A. & G. 257 ; G. 355 ; H. 379. G. 616, 3, II; H. 445, 4. 2 quod, A. & G. 119 , COMM. I. 39. 99 quidem atque aciem oculorum dicebant ferre potuisse), tantus subito timor omnem exercitum occupavit, ut non mediocriter omnium mentes animosque perturbaret, hic primum ortus est a 1 tribunis militum, praefectis reliquisque, qui ex urbe amicitiae causa Caesarem secuti non magnum in re militari usum habe- 5 bant : quorum 2 alius alia causa illata, quam sibi ad proficiscen- dum necessariam esse 3 diceret, petebat, ut eius voluntate discedere liceret ; nonnulli pudore adducti, ut timoris suspicionem vitarent, remanebant, hi neque vultum fingere neque interdum lacrimas tenere poterant : abditi in io tabernaculis aut suum fa- tum querebantur, aut cum familiaribus suis commune periculum miserabantur, volgo totis castris tes- 15 tamenta obsignabantur, horum vocibus ac timore, paulatim etiam ii, qui magnum in castris usum habebant, milites centurionesque quique equitatui praeerant, per- 20 turbabantur, qui se ex his minus timidos existimari volebant, non se hostem vereri, sed angustias itineris, magnitudinem sil- varum, quae intercederent inter ipsos atque Ariovistum, aut 4 rem frumentariam, ut satis commode supportari posset, timere dicebant, nonnulli etiam Caesari renuntiabant, cum castra moveri ac signa 25 , ferri iussisset, non fore dicto audientes milites neque propter timorem signa laturos. Topics for Study, (1.) The idiom alius aha. (2.) Clauses which contain a statement on the author- ity of another. (3.) The accusative of anticipation. (4.) The idiom signa laturos. 39. 1 tribunis militum. Int.rod. No. 101. 2 alius alia , A. & G. 203, c ; G. 306; H. 459, c. “ diceret, A. & G. 341, d- G. 630 ; Ii. 528, 1. 4 rem frumentariam, A. & G. 334, c ; II 420 TABERNACULUM. 100 DE BELLO GALLICO Caesar’s speech. 40. Haec cum animadvertisset, convocato consilio oninmmque ordinum ad id consilium adhibitis centurionibus vehementer eos incusavit primum, quod, aut quam in partem aut quo consilio ducerentur, sibi quaerendum aut cogitandum 1 putarent. Ariovis- 5 tum se consule cupidissime populi Romani amicitiam appetisse : cur hunc tam temere quisquam ab officio discessurum 2 iudicaret? sibi quidem 3 persuaderi cognitis suis postulatis atque aequitate condicionum perspecta eum neque suam neque populi Romani gratiam repudiaturum, quod si furore atque amentia impulsus io bellum intulisset, quid tandem vererentur? aut cur de sua vir- tute aut de ipsius diligentia desperarent ? factum eius hostis periculum patrum nostrorum memoria, cum Cimbris et Teutonis a Gaio Mario pulsis non minorem laudem exercitus quam ipse imperator meritus 4 videbatur; factum etiam nuper in Italia 15 servili tumultu, 5 quos tamen aliquid usus ac disciplina, quae a nobis accepissent, sublevarent, ex quo iudicari posse, quantum haberet in se 6 boni constantia, propterea quod, quos aliquamdiu inermos sine causa timuissent, hos postea armatos ac victores superassent. denique hos esse eosdem, quibuscum saepenumero 2 o Helvetii congressi non solum in suis, sed etiam in illorum finibus plerumque superarint, qui tamen pares esse nostro exercitui non potuerint, si quos adversum proelium et fuga Gallorum com- moveret, bos, si quaererent, reperire posse diuturnitate belli defetigatis Gallis Ariovistum, cum multos menses castris se ac 25 paludibus tenuisset neque sui potestatem fecisset, desperantes iam de pugna et dispersos subito adortum* magis ratione et consilio 40. 1 putarent, A. & G. 341, d ; G. 630; H. 516, II. 2 indicaret, A. & G. 338, r. ; G. 654, R. 2 ; H. 523, II, x. 3 persuaderi, A. & G. 230 ; G. 20S ; H. 301, 1. 4 videbatur, A. & G. 336, b\ G. 630, R. 1; H. 524, 2, 2. 6 quos, A. & G. 119, b ; H. 445, 6. 6 boni, A. & G. 1S7; G. 195, R. 2; H. 397, 3. COMM. I. -10-41. 101 quam virtute vicisse, cui 1 rationi contra homines barbaros atque imperitos locus fuisset, hac ne ipsum quidem sperare nostros exercitas capi posse. qui suum timorem in rei frumentariae simulationem angustiasque itineris conferrent, facere arroganter, cum a at de officio imperatoris desperare aut praescribere vide- rentur. haec sibi esse curae ; frumentum Sequanos, Leucos, Lingones subministrare, lainque esse in agris frumenta matura; de itinere ipsos brevi tempore indicaturos, quod non tore dicto audientes milites neque signa 8 laturi 5 dicantur, nihil se ea re commoveri : scire enim, quibuscumque exercitus dicto audiens non fuerit, au male re gesta fortunam defuisse, aut aliquo faci- nore comperto avaritiam esse convictam. suam innocentiam perpetua vita, felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam, itaque se, quod in longiorem diem collaturus fuisset, repraesen- taturum et proxima nocte de quarta vigilia castra moturum, ut quam primum intellegere posset, 1,1 utrum apud eos pudor atque officium, an timor valeret. quod si praeterea nemo sequatur, tamen se cum sola decima legione iturum, de qua non dubitaret, sibi que eam praetoriam cohortem futuram. huic legioni Ci.esar et indulserat praecipue et propter virtutem confidebat maxime. Topics for Study. (1.) The rank of the centurions. (2.) The passive of intransitive verbs. (3.) Parenthetical clauses in indirect discourse. (4.) The antecedent implied in an adjec- tive. (5.) The attraction of the antecedent. (6.) The personal construction with verbs of saying. (7.) Double questions. (8) The dative of service. (9.) The partitive genitive. (10.) The sahjnuetive in interrogative sentences. The ardor of the soldiers. The march. 41. Hac oratione habita mirum in modum conversae suat omnium mentes, suramaque alacritas et cupiditas belli gerendi 40. 7 rationi, A. & G 200 b ; G. 618 ; H 145, 9. 8 laturi, A. & G 272, b ; H. 536, 2. 9 dicantur, A. & G. 330, b ; G. 52S ; H. 534, I, s. 1. 10 utrum — an, A. & G. 211 ; G 160 ; H. 353. 5 10 15 20 102 HE BELLO GALLICO innata est, 1 princepsque decima legio per tribunos militum ei gratias egit, quod de se optimum indicium fecisset, seque esse ad bellum gerendum paratissimam confirmavit, deinde reliquae le- giones per tribunos militum et primorum ordinum centuriones 5 egerunt, uti Caesari satisfacerent : se neque umquam dubitasse neque timuisse neque de summa belli suum indicium, sed 2 im- peratoris esse, existimavisse, eorum satisfactione accepta et itinere exquisito per Divitiacum, quod ex aliis ei maximam fidem habebat, ut milium amplius quinquaginta circuitu locis io apertis exercitum duceret, de quarta vigilia, ut dixerat, profectus est. septimo die, cum iter non intermitteret, ab exploratoribus certior factus est, Ariovisti copias a nostris milibus passuum quattuor et vigiuti abesse. Topics for Study. (1) The idiom princeps egit. (2.) The predicate genitive. (3.) The Subjunctive of result. (4.) The Roman legion. (5.) The Roman method of march. The demands for a conference. 42 . Co gnito Caesaris adventu Ariovistus legatos ad euin mittit : 15 quod antea de colloquio postulasset, id per se fieri licere, quoniam propius accessisset, seque id sine periculo facere posse existimare, non respuit condicionem Caesar iamque eum ad sanitatem reverti arbitrabatur, cum id, quod antea petenti 1 denegasset, ultro pol- liceretur, magnamque in spem veniebat, pro suis tantis populique 20 Romani in eum beneficiis cognitis suis postulatis fore, uti perti- nacia desisteret, dies colloquio dictus est ex eo die quintus, interim saepe ultro citroque cum legati inter eos mitterentur, Ariovistus postulavit, ne quem peditem ad colloquium Caesar 41. 1 princeps, A. & G. 191 ; G. 324, R. 6 ; IT. 443, N. 1. 2 imperatoris, A. & G. 214, c ; G. 365 ; H. 402. 42. 1 denegasset, A. & G. 336; G. 653 ; H. 524. COMM. I. 42-43. 103 adduceret : vereri se, ne per insidias ab eo circumveniretur : uterque cum equitatu veniret : alia ratione se non esse venturum. Caesar, quod neque colloquium interposita causa tolli volebat, neque salutem suam Gallorum equitatui com- 5 mittere audebat, commodissimum esse statuit omnibus equis Gallis 2 equitibus detractis eo legionarios indites legionis decimae, cui quam maxime confidebat, imponere, ut praesidium quam amicissimum, si 3 quid io opus 4 facto esset, haberet, quod cum fieret, non irridicule quidam ex militibus decimae legionis dixit : plus, quam pollicitus esset, Caesarem facere : pollicitum se in cohortis praetoriae loco decimam legionem habiturum ir> ad equum rescribere. VILES LEVIS ARMATURAE. Topics for Study. (1.) The dative instead of the ablative of separation. (2.) The adverbial accusa- tive. (3.) The construction after opus. (4.) The periphrastic future. Caesar’s speech. 43. Planities erat magna et in ea tumulus terrenus satis grandis. hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat, eo, ut erat dictum, ad colloquium venerunt, legionem Caesar, quam equis devexerat, 1 passibus ducentis ab 20 eo tumulo constituit, item equites Ariovisti pari intervallo con- stiterunt. Ariovistus, ex equis ut colloquerentur et praeter se denos ut ad colloquium adducerent, postulavit, ubi eo ventum 42. 2 equitibus , A. & G. 229; G. 346; H. 385, U, 2. 3 quid, A. & G. 240, a ; G. 331, n. 2 ; H. 378. 4 facto , A. & G. 243, e ; G. 390 ; H. 414, u. 3. 43. 1 passibus, A. & G. 257, b ; G. 400, a. 1 ; H. 379. 2. 104 DE BELLO GALLICO est, Caesar initio orationis sna senatusque in eum beneficia com- memoravit, quod rex 2 appellatus esset a senatu, quod amicus, quod munera amplissima missa ; quam rem et paucis hominum con- tigisse et pro magnis officiis consuesse tribui docebat; illum, 5 cum neque aditum neque causam postulandi iustam haberet, beneficio ac liberalitate sua ac senatus ea praemia consecutum, docebat etiam, quam veteres quamque iustae causae necessitu- dinis ipsis cum Haeduis intercederent, quae senatusconsulta quotiens quamque honorifica in eos facta essent, ut omni tem- lo pore totius Galliae principatum Haedui tenuissent, prius etiam, quam nostram amicitiam appetissent, populi Romani hanc esse consuetudinem, ut socios atque amicos non modo sui nihil deper- dere, sed gratia, dignitate, honore auctiores velit esse : quod vero ad amicitiam populi Romani attulissent, id iis eripi quis pati 15 3 posset? postulavit deinde eadem, quae legatis in mandatis de- derat, ne aut Haeduis aut eorum sociis bellum inferret ; obsides redderet; si nullam partem Germanorum domum remittere posset, at ne 4 quos amplius Rhenum transire pateretur. Topics for Study. (1.) The ablative of degree of difference. (2.) Causal clauses introduced by quod. (3.) The deliberative subjunctive in indirect discourse. (4.) The indefinite quis in compounds. The answer of Ariovistus. 44. Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris pauca respondit, de suis 20 virtutibus multa praedicavit : transisse Rhenum sese non sua sponte, sed rogatum et arcessitum a Gallis ; non sine magna 1 spe magnisque praemiis domum propinquosque reliquisse; sedes 43 . 2 appellatus esset, A. & G. 341, d; G. 541; H. 528, 1. 3 posset, A. & G. 338, a ; G. 65,4, r. 1 ; H. 523, II, 1, n. 4 quos, A. & G. 105, d\ G. 302; H. 455, I. 44 . 1 spe — praemiis, G. 695 ; H. 636, III, 2. COMM. I. 44. 105 habere in Gallia ab ipsis concessas, obsides ipsorum voluntate datos ; stipendium capere iure belli, quod victores victis im- ponere consuerint, non sese Gallis, sed Gallos sibi bellum intu- lisse : omnes Galliae civitates ad se oppugnandum venisse ac contra se castra habuisse ; eas omnes copias a se uno proelio pulsas ac superatas esse, si iterum experiri velint, se iterum paratum sese decertare ; si pace uti velint, iniquum esse de sti- pendio recusare, quod sua voluntate ad id tempus pependerint, amicitiam populi Romani 2 sibi ornamento et praesidio, non detri- mento esse oportere, idque se ea spe petisse, si per populunv Romanum stipendium remittatur et dediticii subtrahantur, non minus libenter sese recusaturum populi Romani amicitiam, quam appetierit, quod multitudinem Germanorum in Galliam traducat, id se sui muniendi, non Galliae impugnandae causa facere ; eius rei testimonium esse, quod nisi rogatus non venerit, et quod bel- lum non intulerit, sed defenderit. se prius in Galliam venisse, quam populum Romanum, numquam ante hoc tempus exercitum populi Romani Galliae provinciae fines egressum, quid sibi vel- let ? cur in suas possessiones veniret ? provinciam suam hanc esse Galliam, sicut illam nostram, ut ipsi concedi non oporteret, si in nostros fines impetum faceret, sic item nos esse iniquos, qui in suo iure se interpellaremus. quod fratres a senatu Haeduos appellatos diceret, non se tam barbarum neque tam imperitum esse rerum, ut non sciret neque bello Allobrogum proximo Hae- duos Romanis auxilium tulisse neque ipsos in his contentionibus, quas Haedui secum et cum Sequanis habuissent, auxilio populi Romani usos esse, debere se suspicari simulata Caesarem ami- citia, quod exercitum in Gallia habeat, sui opprimendi causa habere, qui nisi decedat atque exercitum deducat ex his regionibus, sese illum non pro amico, sed hoste habiturum, quod si eum inter- fecerit, multis sese nobilibus principibusque populi Romani gratum 5 10 15 20 25 30 44 . 2 sibi ornamento, A, & G. 233; G. 350: H. 390, X, 106 DE BELLO GALLICO esse facturam : id se ab ipsis per eorum nuntios 3 compertum habere, quorum omnium gratiam atque amicitiam eius morte redimere posset. quod si decessisset et liberam possessionem Galliae sibi tradidisset, magno se illum praemio remuneraturum 5 et quaecumque bella geri vellet, sine ullo eius labore et periculo confecturum. Topics for Study. (1.) Hendiadys. (2.) The dative of service. (3.) The genitive with adjectives. (4.) The impersonal construction. (5.) The ablative of time. Caesar’s reply. The conference broken off by an attack of the Germans. 45. Multa ab Caesare in eam sententiam dicta sunt, quare negotio desistere non 1 posset, et neque suam neque populi Ro- mani consuetudinem pati, uti optime merentes socios desereret, io neque se iudicare Galliam potius esse Ariovisti quam populi Romani, bello superatos esse Arvernos et Rutenos ab Q. Fabio Maximo, quibus populus Romanus ignovisset neque in provin- ciam redegisset neque stipendium imposuisset, quod si 2 antiquis- simum quodque tempus spectari oporteret, populi Romani 15 iustissimum esse in Gallia imperium ; si indicium senatus obser- vari oporteret, liberam debere esse Galliam, quam bello victam suis legibus uti voluisset. Topics for Study. (1 ) The indirect question. (2.) Distinction between ablative of agent and abla- tive of means. (3.) The dative after special verbs. (4.) Quisque with superlatives. 46. Dum haec in colloquio 1 geruntur, Caesari nuntiatum est, equites Ariovisti proprius 2 tumulum accedere et ad nostros ade- 44. 3 compertum habere , A. & G. 292, c. ; G. 230 ; H. 388, 1, sr. 45. 1 posset , A. & G. 334; G. 469; H. 529, I. 2 antiquissimum quodque, A. & G. 93, c; G. 305 ; H. 458, 1. 46. 1 geruntur, A. & G. 276, e; G. 220, K. 1; II. 467, 4. A. & G. 234, e; G. 356, 4 ; H. 437, 1. 2 tumulum, COMM. I. 46-47. 107 quitare, lapides telaque iii nostros conicere. Caesar loquendi finem facit seque ad suos recepit suisque imperavit, ne quod omnino telum in hostes reicerent. nam etsi sine ullo periculo legionis delectae cum equitatu proelium fore videbat, tamen com- mittendum non putabat, ut pulsis hostibus dici posset eos ab se per fidem in colloquio circumventos, posteaquam in volgus mili- tum elatum est, qua arrogantia in colloquio Ariovistus usus 3 omni Gallia Romanis interdixisset, impetumque in nostros eius equites fecissent, eaque res colloquium ut diremisset, multo maior alacritas studiumque pugnandi maius exercitui iniectum est. Topics for Study. (1.) The regular tense used with dam. (2.) The two constructions after propius, projdor, proxime , proximus. (3.) The construction with interdixisset. (4.) The objective genitive. The ambassadors sent to Ariovistus are put in chains. 47. 1 Biduo post Ariovistus ad Caesarem legatos mittit : velle se de his rebus, quae inter eos agi coeptae neque perfectae essent, agere cum eo : uti aut iterum colloquio diem constitueret, aut, si id minus vellet, ex suis [legatis] aliquem ad se mitteret, col- loquendi Caesari causa visa non est, et eo magis, quod pridie eius diei Germani retineri non poterant, quin in nostros tela 2 conicerent. legatum ex suis sese magno cum periculo ad eum missurum- et hominibus feris obiecturum existimabat, commo- dissimum visum est, Gaiurn Valerium Procillum, C. Valeri Caburi filium, summa virtute et humanitate adulescentem, cuius pater a Gaio Valerio Flacco 3 civitate donatus erat, et propter fidem et propter linguae Gallicae scientiam, qua multa iam Ariovistus 46. 3 omni Gallia, A. & G. 243 ; G 3S8 ; H. 413 47. 1 biduo, A. & G. 250; G. 400, r. 3; H. 430. 2 conicerent, A. & G. 319, d , G. 550; H. 504, 4. 3 civitate, A. & G 225, d\ G. 348; H. 384. II, 2. 5 10 15 20 108 DE BELLO GALLICO. longinqua consuetudine utebatur, et quod in eo peccandi Ger- manis causa non esset, ad eum mittere, et M. Metium, qui hospitio Ariovisti utebatur. his mandavit, ut, quae diceret Ariovistus, cognoscerent et ad se referrent, quos cum apud se in castris 5 Ariovistus conspexisset, exercitu suo praesente conclamavit : quid ad se venirent ? an speculandi causa ? conantis dicere prohibuit et in catenas coniecit. Topics for Study. (1.) 'the ablative of degree of difference. (2.) Coepi vvitli a passive infinitive. (3.) The construction after verbs of hindering. (4.) The constructions with donare. The German method of fighting. 48 . Eodem die castra promovit et milibus passuum sex a Caesaris castris sub monte consedit, postridie eius diei praeter io castra Caesaris suas copias traduxit et milibus passuum duobus ultra eum castra fecit eo consilio, uti frumento commeatuque, qui ex Sequanis et Haeduis 1 supportaretur, Caesarem interclu- deret. ex eo die dies continuos quinque Caesar pro castris suas copias produxit et aciem instructam habuit, ut, si vellet 15 Ariovistus proelio contendere, ci potestas non deesset. Ariovis- tus his omnibus diebus exercitum castris continuit, equestri proelio cotidie contendit. Genus hoc erat pugnae, quo se Ger- mani exercuerant, equitum milia erant sex, totidem numero pedites velocissimi ac fortissimi, quos ex omni copia singuli 20 singulos suae salutis causa delegerant : cum his in proeliis ver- sabantur. ad hos se equites recipiebant : hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant : si qui graviore vulnere accepto equo deciderat, circumsistebant ; si quo erat longius prodeundum aut celerius recipiendum, tanta erat horum exercitatione celeritas, ut iubis 25 equorum sublevati cursum adaequarent. 48. 1 supportaretur, A. & G. 342; G. 631 ; H. 529, II AKIOVISTI GRADES CAESAR BELL. GALL. I, 42-54. auctore Alb. v. Kampeii. MILIA PASSUUM Ariovisti equity lo(#sfjES| Igi. t colloqui i IU ' Jgfea A legi^C l lU^Ej KILOMETER tom matin' I^ppp equitai alarit tuse» COMM. I. 49-50. 109 Topics for Study. (1.) The manners of the Germans. (2.) The subjunctive hy attraction. (3.) The ablative of time. (4.) The ablative of specification. Ariovistus attacks the lesser camp of Caesar, but does not dare to contend in battle. 49. Ubi eum 1 castris se tenere Caesar intellexit, ne diutius commeatu prohiberetur, ultra eum locum, quo in loco Germani consederant, circiter passus sexcentos ab iis, castris idoneum locum delegit acieque triplici instructa ad eum locum venit, primam et secundam aciem in armis esse, 2 tertiam castra munire tussit, hic locus ab hoste circiter passus sexcentos, uti dictum est, aberat, eo circiter hominum numero sedecim milia expedita cum omni equitatu Ariovistus misit, qUae copiae nostros perter- rerent et munitione 3 prohiberent, nihilo secius Caesar, ut ante constituerat, duas acies hostem propulsare, tertiam opus perficere lussit. munitis castris duas ibi legiones reliquit et partem auxi- liorum, quattuor reliquas in castra maiora reduxit. Topic for Study. The Roman earnp. 50. Proximo die instituto suo Caesar e castris utrisque copias suas eduxit paulumque a maioribus castris progressus aciem in- struxit, 'hostibus pugnandi potestatem fecit, ubi ne tum quidem eos prodire intellexit, circiter meridiem exercitum in castra re- duxit. tum demum Ariovistus partem suarum copiarum, quae castra minora oppugnaret, misit. acriter utrimque usque ad vesperum pugnatum est. solis occasu suas copias Ariovistus multis et i illatis et acceptis vulneribus in castra reduxit, cum ex captivis quaereret Caesar, quatnobrem Ariovistus proelio non 49. 1 castris, Introd. No. d 21. 2 tertiam, Introd. No. 125, 1) a. 3 pro- hiberent, A. & G. 817 ; G. 632 ; H. 497, 1 . 5 10 15 20 110 DE BELLO GALLICO decertaret, hanc reperiebat causam, quod apud Germanos ea con- suetudo 1 esset, ut matresfamiliae eorum sortibus et vaticination- ibus declararent, 2 utrum proelium committi ex usu esset, necne: eas ita dicere : non esse fas Germanos superare, si ante novam b lunam proelio contendissent. Topics for Study. (1.) The inood used with qnod to assign a reason on another’s authority. (2.) Clauses of result. (3.) Double questions. The battle. 51. Postridie eius diei Caesar praesidio utrisque castris, quod satis esse visum est, reliquit, omnis 1 alarios in conspectu hos- tium pro castris minoribus constituit, quod minus multitudine militum legionariorum pro hostium numero valebat, ut ad spe- 10 ciem alariis uteretur; ipse triplici instructa acie usque ad castra hostium accessit, tum demum necessario Germani suas copias castris eduxerunt generatimque constituerunt paribus intervallis, Harudes, Marcomanos, Triboces, Vangiones, Nemetes, Sedusios, Suebos, omnemque aciem suam redis et carris circumdederunt, ne 15 qua spes in fuga relinqueretur, eo mulieres imposuerunt, quae in proelium proficiscentes milites passis manibus fientes implora- bant, ne se in servitutem Romanis traderent. Topic for Study. The Homan legion. 52. Caesar singulis legionibus singulos legatos et 1 quaestorem praefecit, uti eos testes suae quisque virtutis haberet ; ipse a 20 dextro cornu, quod eam partem minime firmam hostium esse 50 . 1 esset, A. & G. 341, d-, G. 030; H. 510, II 2 utrum — necne, A. & G. 211 ; G. 400 ; H. 353, n. 3 51 . 1 alarios, Introd. No. 108 52 . 1 quaestorem, Introd. No. 110, c . COMM. I. 52-53. Ill animadverterat, proelium commisit, ita nostri acriter in hostes signo dato impetum fecerunt, itaque hostes repente celeriterque procurrerunt, ut spatium pila in hostes colliciendi non daretur, reiectis pilis, comminus gladiis pugnatum est. at Germani, cele- riter ex consuetudine sua phalange facta impetus gladiorum ex- ceperunt. reperti sunt complures nostri milites, qui in 2 phalangas 3 insilirent et scuta manibus revellerent et de supero vulnerarent, cum hostium acies a sinistro cornu pulsa atque in fugam con- versa esset, a dextro cornu vehementer multitudine suorum nos- tram aciem premebant, id cum animadvertisset Publius Crassus adulescens, qui equitatui praeerat, quod expeditior erat quam hi, qui inter aciem versabantur, 4 tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio misit. Topics for Study. (1.) The gerund with direct object. (2.) The Greek accusative plural. (3.) The subjunctive of characteristic. (4.) The idiom a sinistro cornu. (5.) The dative of service. The defeat of the Germans. Caesar leads his army into winter quarters and sets out for Cisalpine Gaul. 53. Ita proelium restitutum est, atque omnes hostes terga verterunt neque prius fugere destiterunt, quam ad flumen Rhe- num milia passuum ex eo loco circiter quinque pervenerunt, ibi perpauci aut viribus confisi tranare contenderunt aut lintribus in- ventis sibi salutem repererunt. in his fuit Ariovistus, qui navi- culam deligatam ad ripam nactus ea profugit : reliquos omnes consecuti equites nostri interfecerunt. duae fuerunt Ariovisti uxores, una Sueba 1 natione, quam domo secutu duxerat, altera Norica, regis Voccionis soror, quam in Gallia duxerat a fratre 52. 2 'phalangas, A. & G. 63,/: G. 73 ; H. 68. 3 insilirent , A. & G. 320, a; G. 633; IT. 503, T. 4 tertiam aciem, Introd. No. 125, 1) a. 53. 1 natione, A. & G 253 ; G. 398 ; H. 124. 5 10 15 20 112 DE BELLO GALLICO missam : utraeque in ea fuga perierunt. duae filiae harum, altera occisa, altera capta est. Gaius Va- lerius Procillus, cum a custodibus in fuga 2 trinis catenis vinctus traheretur, in ipsum Caesarem hostis 3 equitatu persequentem incidit. quae quidem res Caesari non minorem quam ipsa victoria voluptatem attulit, quod hominem honestissimum provinciae Gal- liae, suum familiarem et hospitem, ereptum e man- ibus hostium sibi restitutum videbat, neque eius ca- lamitate de tanta voluptate et gratulatione quicquam fortuna deminuerat, is se praesente de se ter sorti- bus consultum dicebat, utrum igni statim necaretur, an in aliud tempus reservaretur : sortium beneficio se esse incolumem, item M. Metius repertus et ad eum reductus est. Topics for Study. (1) Semi-deponent verbs. (2.) The ablative of specification. (3.) Distributive numerals. 54 . Hoc proelio trans Rhenum nuntiato Suebi, qui ad ripas Rheni venerant, domum reverti coeperunt ; quos Ubii, qui prox- imi 1 Rhenum incolunt, perterritos insecuti, magnum ex his numerum occiderunt. Caesar una aestate duobus maximis bellis 20 confectis maturius paulo, quam tempus anni postulabat, in 2 hiberna in Sequanos exercitum deduxit, hibernis Labienum praeposuit ; ipse in citeriorem Galliam ad conventus agendos profectus est. Topics for Study. (1.) Tbe accusative of limit of motion. (2.) The omission of tbe preposition with this accusative. (3.) The two possible constructions with proximi. (4.) The gerundive construction. 53. ? trinis, A. & G. 95, b ; G. 95 ; H. 172, 3. 3 equitatu, Introd. No. 125, 1) 6 . 54. 1 Rhenum , A. & G. 234, e\ G. 356, 4; H. 391, II, 2. Introd. No. 121. M SIGNUM. 3 hiberna. C. IULII CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLICO COMMENTARIUS SECUNDUS. The Belgian War. The Belgian confederacy . Caesar proceeds against the Belgae. 1 . Cum esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia [in hibernis], ita uti supra de- monstravimus, crebri ad eum rumores afferebantur, litterisque item Labieni certior fiebat omnes Belgas, 1 quam 5 tertiam esse Galliae partem dixeramus, contra populum Romanum coniurare obsidesque inter se dare. 2 coniurandi has esse causas : primum, quod 3 vere- rentur, ne omni pacata Gallia ad eos 10 exercitus noster adduceretur ; deinde, quod ab nonnullis Gallis sollicitaren- tur, partim qui, ut Germanos diutius in Gallia versari noluerant, ita populi Romani exercitum hiemare atque inveterascere in Gallia moleste ferebant, partim qui mo- 15 bilitate et levitate animi 4 novis imperiis studebant, ab non- nullis etiam, quod in Gallia a potentioribus atque iis, qui ad 1. 1 quam, A. & G. 199 ; G. 616, 3 ; H. 445, 4. 2 coniurandi, A. & G 298 ; G. 429 ; H 542. I 3 vererentur, A. & G. 341, d\ G. 541 ; H 516, II. - novis imperiis, A. & G. 227 ; G. 345 ; H. 385. 8 114 DE BELLO GALLICO conducendos homines facultates habebant, vulgo regna occupa- bantur, qui minus facile eam rem imperio nostro consequi poterant. Topics for Study. (1.) The attraction of the antecedent. (2.) The genitive of the gerund. (3.) Q nod assigning a reason on the authority of another. (4.) The idiom moleste fere- bant. (5.) The ablative of cause. (fi.) The dative with special verbs. 2 His nuntiis litterisque commotus Caesar duas legiones in 5 citeriore Gallia novas conscripsit et 1 inita aestate, in interiorem Galliam qui deduceret, Quintum Pedium legatum misit, ipse, cum primum pabuli copia esse 2 inciperet, ad exercitum venit, dat negotium Senonibus reliquisque Gallis, qui finitimi Belgis erant, uti ea, quae apud eos gerantur, cognoscant seque de his io rebus certiorem faciant. hi constanter omnes nuntiaverunt manus cogi, exercitum in unum locum conduci, tum vero dubi- tandum non existimavit, quin ad eos proficisceretur, re frumen- taria comparata castra movet 3 diebusque circiter quindecim ad fines Belgarum pervenit. Topics for Study. (1.1 The ablative absolute. (2.) Relative clause of purpose. (3.) The idiom cum primum. (4.) Cum in temporal clauses. (5.) The impersonal construction. The Ttemi submit to Caesar and inform him of the strength of the confederates. is 3. Eo cum de improviso celeriusque omni Opinione venisset, Remi, qui proximi 2 Galliae ex Belgis sunt, ad eum legatos Iccium et Andecumborium, primos civitatis, miserunt, qui 3 dicerent se suaque omnia in fidem atque in potestatem populi Romani per- 2 1 inita aestate, A. & G. 255 ; G. 403 ; H. 431. 2 inciperet, A. & G. 325 ; G. 5S6 ; H. 521, II, 2 3 diebus, A. & G. 256 ; G. 392 ; H. 429. 3. 1 opinione, A. & G. 247; G. 399; H. 417- " Galliae, A. & G. 234«; G. 356; H. 391, I. 3 dicerent, A. & G. 317 ; G. 632; H. 497, I. COMM. TT. 3-4. 115 mittere, neque se eum Belgis reliquis consensisse neque contra populum Romanum comurasse, paratosque esse et obsides dare et imperata facere et oppidis recipere et frumento ceterisque rebus iuvare ; reliquos omnes Belgas in armis esse, Germanosque, qui cis Rhenum incolant, sese cum his coniunxisse, tantumque esse eorum omnium furorem, ut ne Suessiones quidem, fratres con- sanguineosque suos, qui eodem 4 hire et eisdem legibus utantur, unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant, deterrere potuerint, quin cum his consentirent. Topics for Study. (1.) The idiom celerius omni opinione. (2.) The dative after adjectives. (3.) Adjectives used substantively. (4.) The two possible constructions after paratus. 4. Cum ab his quaereret, quae civitates, quantaeque in armis essent et quid in bello 1 possent, sic reperiebat : plerosque Belgas esse ortos ab Germanis 2 Rhenumque antiquitus traductos prop- ter loci fertilitatem ibi consedisse Gallosque, qui ea loca inco- lerent, expulisse, solosque esse, qui patrum nostrorum memoria omni Gallia vexata Teutonos Cimbrosque intra fines suos ingredi prohibuerint - qua ex re fieri, uti earum rerum memoria magnam sibi auctoritatem magnosque spiritus in re militari sumerent, de numero eorum omnia se habere explorata Remi dicebant, prop- terea quod propinquitatibus affinitatibusque coniuncti, quantam quisque multitudinem in communi Belgarum concilio ad id bel- lum pollicitus sit, cognoverint, plurimum inter eos Bellovacos et virtute et auctoritate et hominum numero valere : hos posse conficere armata milia centum : pollicitos ex eo numero electa LX, totius belli imperium sibi postulare. Suessiones suos esse finitimos ; latissimos feracissimosque agros possidere, apud eos 3. 4 lure, A. & G. 249 ; G. 405 ; H 421, I. 4. 1 possent , A. & G. 334 ; G 469 ; H. 529, I. 2 Rhenum , A. & G. 237, b ; G. 330, k. 1 ; H. 376, n. 5 10 15 20 25 116 DE BELLO GALLICO fuisse regem nostra etiam memoria Divitiacum, totius Galliae potentissimum, qui 3 cum magnae partis harum regionum, tum etiam Brittaniae imperium obtinuerit : nunc esse regem Galbam: ad hunc propter iustitiain prudentiamque totius belli summam 5 omnium voluntate deferri : oppida habere numero XII, polliceri milia armata quinquaginta; totidem Nervios, qui maxime feri ititer ipsos habeantur longissimeque absint; XV milia Atrebates, Ambianos X milia, Morinos XXV milia, Menapios VII milia, Caletos X milia, Veliocasses et Viromanduos totidem, Aduatucos 10 decem et novem milia ; Condrusos, Eburones, Caeroesos, Pae- manos, qui uno nomine Germani appellantur, arbitrari ad XL milia. Topics for Study. (1.) The adverbial accusative. (2.) The indirect question. (3.) The two accu- satives with transitive verbs compounded with a preposition. (-T) The idiom plurimum valere. (5.) Correlatives. Caesar encamps on Ike banks of Cie Axona. 5 . Caesar Remos .cohortatus liberaliterque oratione prosecutus omnem senatum ad se convenire principumque liberos obsides 15 ad se adduci iussit. quae omnia ab his diligenter ad diem facta sunt. ipse Divitiacum Haeduum magnopere cohortatus docet, quanto opere rei publicae communisque salutis 1 intersit manus hostium distineri, ne cum tanta multitudine uno tempore confligendum sit. id fieri posse, si suas copias Haedui in fines 20 Bellovacorum introduxerint et eorum agros J populari coeperint, his mandatis eum ab se dimittit, postquam omnes Belgarum copias in unum locum coactas ad se venire vidit, neque lam longe abesse ab iis, quos miserat, exploratoribus et ab Remis cognovit, flumen Axonam, quod est in extremis Remorum fini- 4. 3 cum — tum, A. & G. 155 a ; G. 589 ; H. 551, 1, 5. 5. 1 intersit, A. & G. 222 ; G. 381 ; H. 406, III. 2 populari , A. & G. 271; G. 424 ; H. 533, I, 2. COMM. IT. 5-6. 117 bus, exercitura traducere maturavit atque ibi castra posuit, quae res et latus unum castrorum ripis fluminis 3 muniebat et post eum quae essent, tuta ab hostibus reddebat et, commeatus ab Eemis reliquisque civitatibus ut sine periculo ad eum portari possent, efficiebat, in eo flumine pons erat, ibi praesidium 5 ponit et in altera parte fluminis Q. Titurium Sabinum legatum cum sex 4 cohortibus relinquit; castra in altitudinem pedum duo- decim 5 vallo 6 fossaque duodeviginti pedum munire iubet. Topics for Study. (1.) The complementary irumitive. (2.) The intensive pronoun. (3.) The con- struction with interest. (4.) The ablative of manner. (5.) Substantive clauses of result. (6.) The Roman method of fortifying the camp. Bibrax, a town of the Bern/, attached by the Belgae. Caesar relieves the siege and fortifies a camp. 6. Ab his castris oppidum Remorum 1 nomine Bibrax aberat milia passuum octo, id ex itinere magno impetu Belgae oppu- io gnare coeperunt, aegre eo die sustentatum est. Gallorum eadem atque Belg arum oppugnatio est haec. ubi circumiecta 15 multitudine hominum to- tis 2 moenibus undique in murum lapides iaci 3 coepti sunt murusque defensoribus nudatus 20 est, testudine facta [portas i succedunt murumque subruunt. 5. 3 muniebat , Introd. No. 125, 2). 4 cohortibus, Introd. No. 99. 5 vallo, Introd. No. 121, b. 6 fossa, Introd. No. 121, a, and note. 6 1 nomine, A. & G. 253; G. 398; II. 421. 2 moenibus, A. & G. 258 f\ G. 387 ; H 125, II, 2. 3 coepti sunt, A. & G. 143, d ; G. 424, u. 1 ; H. 297, 1,-1. TESTUDO. 118 DE BELLO GALLICO quod tum facile fiebat, nam cum tanta multitudo lapides ac tela conicerent, in muro consistendi potestas erat nulli. cum finem oppugnandi nox fecisset, Iccius Itemus, summa nobilitate et gratia inter suos, qui tum oppido praefuerat, unus ex iis, 5 qui legati de pace ad Caesarem venerant, nuntium ad eum mit- tit, nisi subsidium sibi submittatur, sese diutius sustinere non posse. Topics for Study. (1.) The ablative of specification. (2.) The ablative of place. (3.) The ablative of time. (4.) The voice of coepi when used with a passive infinitive. (5.) The ablative of separation. 7. Eo de media nocte Caesar 1 isdem ducibus usus, qui nuntii ab Iccio venerant, Numidas et Cretas sagittarios et, funditores io Baleares 2 subsidio oppidanis mittit; quorum adventu et Remis cum spe defensionis studium propugnandi accessit, et hostibus eadem de causa spes potiundi oppidi discessit, itaque paulisper apud oppidum morati agrosque Remorum depopulati omnibus vicis aedificiisque, 3 quos adire potuerant, incensis ad castra Gae- ls saris omnibus copiis contenderunt et ab milibus passuum minus duobus castra posuerunt ; quae castra, ut fumo atque ignibus significabatur, amplius 4 milibus passuum octo in latitudinem patebant. Topics for Study. (1.) The construction after utor. (2) The dative of purpose. (3.) The treat- ment of potior in the gerundive construction. (4.) The idiom de media nocte. 8 . Caesar primo et propter multitudinem hostium et propter 20 eximiam opinionem virtutis proelio supersedere statuit ; cotidie 7. 1 isdem , A. & G. 249; G. 405; II. 421, 1. 2 subsidio oppidanis , A. & G. 233; G 350; H. 390. 3 quos , G. 616, a. 5; H. 445, 3, n. 1. 4 milibus, A. & G. 247 ; G. 399 ; H. 417. [Vieux Laonj AD AXOMM PUCTSTA CAESAR BELL. GALL. II, 6—10 auctore Alb. v. Kampen. StJThoinas 2 MILIA PASSUAM [mifantaiiie wm i\ i \Juvincourt proelia equestria lUaucliamp ^ pastel I urn VPPP’ .Pont avert / in flumin< COMM. II. 8. 119 tamen equestribus proeliis, quid hostis virtute 1 posset et quid nostri auderent, periclitabatur, ubi nostros non esse inferiores intellexit, loco pro castris ad aciem instruendam natura oppor- tuno atque idoneo, quod is collis, ubi castra posita erant, paulu- 5 lum ex planitie editus tantum adversus in latitudinem patebat, quantum 2 loci acies instructa occupare poterat, atque ex utra- que parte lateris deiectus habe- 10 bat et frontem leniter fastigatus paulatim ad planitiem redibat, ab utroque latere eius collis transversam fossam obduxit circiter passuum CD, et ad 15 3 extremas 4 fossas castella con- catapulta. stituit ibique tormenta collo- cavit, ne, cum aciem instruxisset, hostes, quod tantum multitu- dine poterant, ab lateribus pugnantes suos circumvenire possent, hoc facto duabus legionibus, quas proxime conscripserat, in cas- 20 tris relictis, ut, si quo opus esset, subsidio duci possent, reliquas sex legiones pro castris in acie constituit. hostes item suas copias ex castris eductas instruxerant. Topics for Study. (1.) The indirect question. (2.) The gerundive construction. (3.) The par- titive genitive. (4.) Cum in temporal clauses. (5.) The use of participles. (6.) The adverbial accusative. (7.) The difference of construction after ubi and cum, as illustrated in this chapter. (8.) The Roman engines of war. 8 . 1 posset, A. & G. 334; G. 469 ; H. 529, 1. 2 loci, A. & G. 216; G. 371 ; H. 397, 3. 3 extremas fossas, A. & G. 193 ; G. 287, a. ; H. 440, 2, n. 1. 4 fossas, Introd. No. 121, a, and note. 120 DE BELLO GALLICO The Belgae try to cross the Axona. The Homans attach them in the rear and pursue them with great slaughter. 9. Palus erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostium exer- citum. hanc 1 si nostri transirent, hostes exspectabant; nostri autem, si ab illis initium transeundi fieret, ut impeditos 2 ad- grederentur, parati m armis erant, interim proelio equestri 5 inter duas acies contendebatur, ubi neutri transeundi initium faciunt, 3 secundiore equitum proelio nostris Caesar suos in castra reduxit, hostes protinus ex eo loco ad flumen Axonam conten- derunt, quod esse post nostra castra demonstratum 'est. ibi vadis repertis partem suarum copiarum traducere conati sunt eo io consilio, ut, si possent, castellum, cui praeerat Quintus Titurius legatus, expugnarent pontemque interscinderent ; si minus po- tuissent, agros Remorum popularentur, qui magno nobis usui ad bellum gerendum erant commeatuque nostros prohiberent. Topics for Study. (1.) Clauses of purpose. (2.) 'the ablative absolute construction with a noun and adjective. (3.) The ablative of separation. 10. Caesar certior factus ab Titurio omnem equitatum et levis 15 armaturae Numidas, funditores sagittariosque pontem traducit atque ad eos contendit, acriter in eo loco pugnatum est. hostes impeditos nostri in flumine adgressi magnum eorum numerum occiderunt : per eorum corpora reliquos audacissime transire conantes multitudine telorum repulerunt; primos, qui transierant, 20 equitatu circumventos interfecerunt, hostes ubi et 1 de expug- nando oppido et de flumine transeundo spem se fefellisse intel- lexerunt neque nostros in locum iniquiorem progredi pugnandi 9. 1 si, A. & G. 334,/; G. 462, 2; H. 529, II, I, n. 1. 2 adgr ederentur, A. & G. 317 ; G. 545 ; II. 497, II- 3 secundiore proelio , A. & G. 255, a\ G. 408; H. 431, 4. 10. 1 de expugnando oppido , A. & G. 301 ; G. 434 ; H. 544, 2. COMM. II. 10-11. 121 causa viderunt, atque ipsos res frumentaria deficere coepit, concilio convocato constituerunt optimum esse, 2 domum suam quemque reverti et, quorum iu fines primum Romani exercitum introdux- issent, ad eos defendendos undique convenirent, ut potius in suis quam in alienis finibus decertarent et domesticis copiis rei fru- mentariae uterentur. ad eam sententiam cum reliquis causis haec quoque ratio eos deduxit, quod Divitiacum atque Haeduos finibus Bellovacorum adpropinquare cognoverant, his 3 persua- deri, ut diutius morarentur neque suis auxilium ferrent, non poterat. Topics for Study. (1.) The idiom certior factus. (2.) The ablative of the gerundive with de. (3.) The accusative of limit of motion. (4.) The dative with compounds. (5.) The impersonal construction. 11. Ea re constituta secunda vigilia magno cum strepitu ac tumultu castris egressi nullo certo ordine neque imperio, cum sibi quisque primum itineris locum 1 peteret et domum pervenire properaret, 2 fecerunt, ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur, iiac re statira Caesar per speculatores cognita insidias veritus, quod, qua de causa discederent, nondum perspexerat, exercitum equita- tumque castris continuit, prima luce confirmata re ab explora- toribus omnem equitatum, qui novissimum agmen 3 moraretur, praemisit, his Quintum Pedium et Lucium Aurunculeium Cot- tam legatos praefecit. Titum Labienum legatum cum legionibus tribus subsequi iussit. hi novissimos adorti et multa milia pas- suum prosecuti magnam multitudinem eorum fugientium conci- derunt, cum ab extremo agmine, ad quos ventum erat, consisterent 10. 2 domum , A. & G. 258 b ; G. 410 ; H. 380, II, 2, 1. 3 persuaderi , A. & G. 230; G. 208; H. 2S4, 5. 11. 1 peteret, A. & G. 326 ; G. 5S7 ; H. 517. 2 fecerunt , ut, A. & G. 332, e : G. 557 ; H. 49S, II, n. 2. 3 moraretur, A. & G. 317 ; G. 632; H. 497, I 5 10 15 20 122 DE BELLO GALLICO fortiterque impetum nostrorum militum sustinerent, priores, quod abesse a periculo 4 viderentur neque ulla necessitate neque imperio continerentur, exaudito clamore perturbatis ordinibus omnes in fuga sibi praesidium ponerent, ita sine ullo periculo tantam 5 eorum multitudinem nostri interfecerunt, quantum fuit diei spa- tium, sub occasumque solis destiterunt seque in castra, ut erat imperatum, receperunt. Topics for Study. (1.) gum in causal clauses. (2.) The idiom prima luce. (3.) Relative clauses of purpose. (4.) The subjuuetive by attraction. Caesar marches against the Suessiones and the Bellovaci. Divitiacus pleads for the latter. 12 . Postridie eius 1 diei Caesar, priusquam se hostes ex terrore ac fuga 2 reciperent, in tines Suessionum, qui proximi liem is io erant, exercitum duxit et magno itinere [confecto] ad oppidum agger (perspective view). 11. 4 viderentur , A. & G 342 ; G. 631 ; H. 529, II. 12. 1 diei, A & G. 214, g G. 371, n. 4 ; H. 398, 5. A.. & G. 327 ; G. 579 ; H. 520, II. reciperent, COMM. II. 12. 123 Noviodunum contendit, id ex itinere oppugnare conatus, quod vacuum ab defensoribus esse audiebat, propter latitudinem fossae murique altitudinem paucis defendentibus expugnare non potuit, castris munitis vineas agere quaeque ad oppugnandam usui erant comparare coepit, interim omnis ex fuga Suessionum multitudo 5 in oppidum proxima nocte convenit, celeriter vineis ad oppidum actis, 3 aggere lacto turribusque constitutis magnitudine operum, quae neque viderant ante Galli neque audierant, et celeritate Eomanorum permoti legatos ad Caesarem de deditione mittunt et petentibus Remis, ut conservarentur, impetrant. 10 Topics for Study. (1 ) The genitive after postridie. (2.) The two possible constructions after proximi. (3.) The dative of purpose. (4.) The construction of the agger. 12 . 3 aggere. Introd. No. 127. 124 DE BELLO GALLICO 13 . Caesar obsidibus acceptis primis civitatis atque ipsius Galbae regis duobus filiis armisque omnibus ex oppido traditis in deditionem Suessiones accepit exercitumque in Bellovacos ducit, qui cum se suaque omnia in oppidum Bratuspantium 5 contulissent, atque ab eo oppido Caesar cum exercitu circiter milia passuum quinque abesset, omnes 1 maiores natu ex oppido egressi manus ad Caesarem tendere et voce significare coeperunt, sese in eius fidem ac potestatem venire neque contra populum Romanum armis contendere, item cum ad oppidum accessisset to castraque ibi poneret, pueri mulieresque ex muro passis manibus suo more pacem ab Romanis petierunt. Topics for Study. (1.) The adjective used substantively. (2.) The idiom maiores natu. (3.) The accusative of extent of space. 14 . Pro his Divitiacus (nam post discessum Belgarum dimissis Haeduorum copiis ad eum reverterat) facit verba : Bellovacos omni tempore in fide atque amicitia civitatis Haeduae fuisse : impulsos 15 ab suis principibus, qui 1 dicerent Haeduos a Caesare in servitu- tem redactos omnes indignitates contumeliasque perferre et ab Haeduis defecisse et populo Romano bellum intulisse, qui eius consilii principes fuissent, quod intellegerent, quantam calamita- tem civitati intulissent, in Britanniam profugisse, petere non 20 solum Bellovacos, sed etiam pro his Haeduos, ut sua clementia ac mansuetudine in eos utatur, quod si fecerit, Haeduorum auctoritatem apud omnes Belgas amplificaturum ; quorum auxiliis atque opibus, si qua bella inciderint, sustentare consuerint. Topic for Study. The changes in moods, tenses, and persons in the indirect discourse. 13 . 1 maiores natu , A. & G. 253 ; G. 398 ; H. 424. 14 . 1 dicerent , A. X G. 336 ; G. 653 ; H. 524. COMM. II. 15-16. 125 Caesar’s repli/. Account of the Nervii. 15. Caesar honoris Divitiaci atque Haeduorum causa sese eos in tidem recepturum et conservaturum dixit ; quod erat civitas magna inter Belgas 1 auctoritate atque hominum multitudine praestabat, sexcentos obsides poposcit, his traditis omnibusque armis ex oppido collaris ab eo loco in fines Ambianorum per- 5 venit, qui se suaque omnia sine mora dediderunt, eorum fines Nervii attingebant ; quorum de natura moribusque Caesar cum quaereret, sic reperiebat : nullum aditum esse ad eos mercatori- bus ; nihil pati 2 vini reliquarumque rerum [ad luxuriam pertinen- tium] inferri, quod iis rebus relanguescere animos [eorum] et io remitti virtutem existimarent : esse homines feros magnaeque virtutis : increpitare atque incusare reliquos Belgas, qui se po- pulo Romano dedidissent patriamque virtutem proiecissent ; con- firmare sese neque legatos missuros neque ullam condicionem pacis accepturos. 15 Topics for Study. 1 1.) The ablative of cause. (2.) The objective genitive. (3.) The partitive genitive. (4.) The ablative of quality. (5.) The genitive of quality. Caesar marches against the Nervh. - Some Gauls and Bel- gians desert to the Nervii and give information. 16. Cum per eorum fines 1 triduum iter fecisset, inveniebat ex captivis 2 Sabim flumen ab castris suis non amplius* 3 milia pas- suum decem abesse : trans id flumen omnes Nervios consedisse adventumque ibi Romanorum exspectare una cum Atrebatis et Viromanduis, finitimis suis (nam his utrisque persuaserant, uti 20 15. 1 auctoritate , A. & G. 351; G. 402; H. 419, III. 2 vini, A. & G. 216; G. 371 ; H. 397, 1. 16 1 triduum , A. & G. 256 ; G. 337 ; H. 379. 2 Sabim , A. & G. 56, a, 1 ; G. 60, 2, a ; H. 62, II, 2. 3 milia, A. & G. 247, c ; G. 311, k. 4 ; H 417, 1, x. 2. 126 DE BELLO GALLICO eandem belli fortunam experirentur) • exspectari etiam ab Ids Aduatucorum copias atque esse in itinere : mulieres quique per aetatem ad pugnam inutiles viderentur in eum locum eoniccisse, quo propter paludes exercitui aditus non esset. Topics for Study. (1.) The accusative of duration of time. (2.) The idiom Her fecisset. (3.) The two possible constructions after amplius. (4.) The dative with special verbs. 5 17 . II is rebus cognitis, exploratores centurionesque praemittit, qui locum 1 idoneum castris deligant, cum ex dediticiis Belgis reliquisque 2 Gallis complures Caesarem secuti una iter facerent, quidam ex his, ut postea ex captivis cognitum est, eorum dierum consuetudine 3 itineris nostri exercitus perspecta nocte ad Nervios io pervenerunt atque Itis demonstrarunt inter singulas legiones im- pedimentorum magnum numerum intercedere, neque esse quic- quam negotii, cum prima 4 legio in castra venisset reliquaeque legiones magnum 5 spatium abessent, hanc sub sarcinis adoriri; qua pulsa impedimentisque direptis futurum, ut reliquae contra is consistere non auderent, adiuvabat etiam eorum consilium, qui rem deferebant, quod Nervii antiquitus, cum equitatu nihil pos- sent (neque enim ad hoc tempus ei rei student, sed, quicquid possunt, pedestribus valent, copiis), quo facilius finitimorum equitatum, si praedandi causa ad eos venisset, impedirent, 20 teneris arboribus incisis atque inflexis crebrisque in latit udinem ramis enatis et rubis sentibusque interiectis effecerant, ut instar muri hae sepes munimenta praeberent, quo non modo non in- trari, sed ne perspici quidem posset, his rebus cum iter agminis nostri impediretur, non omittendum sibi consilium Nervii 25 existimaverunt. 17. i idoneum castris, Introd. No. 121. 2 ex Gallis, A, & G, 216, c\ G- 371- it. 2: IT. 397, n. 3. f if ineris. Introd. No. 122. 4 legio, Introd. No. 98. 5 spatium. A. & G- 257 ; G- 335. 2 ; IT. 379. COMM. II. 18-19. 127 Topics for Study. (1.) Cum in temporal clauses. (2.) The idiom quicquam negotii. (3.) The accusative of extent of space. (4.) The impersonal construction. (5.) The Roman legion. (G.) The Roman method of march. The character of the ground. The assault of the Nervii. 18. Loci natura erat haec, quem 1 locum nostri castris dele- gerant. collis ab summo aequaliter declivis ad flumen Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, vergebat, ab eo flumine pari adclivi- tate collis nascebatur adversus huic et contrarius, passus circiter ducentos infimus apertus, ab superiore parte silvestris, ut non facile introrsus perspici posset, intra eas silvas hostes in occnlto sese continebant ; in aperto loco secundum flumen paucae sta- tiones equitum videbantur, fluminis erat altitudo circiter pedum trium. Topics for Study. (1.) The subjective genitive in nil its divisions. (2.) The repetition of the ante- cedent in the relative clause. (3.) The substantive use of adjectives. 19. Caesar equitatu praemisso subsequebatur omnibus copiis ; sed ratio ordoque agminis aliter se habebat, ac Belgae ad Nervios detulerant, nam quod ad hostis adpropmquabat, consuetudine sua Caesar sex legiones expeditas ducebat ; post eas totius exer- citus impedimenta collocarat ; inde duae legiones, quae proxume consciip f ae erant, totum agmen claudebant praesidioque impedi- mentis erant. equites nostri cum funditoribus sagittariisque flumen transgressi cum hostium equitatu proelium commiserunt, cum se illi identidem in silvas ad suos reciperent ac rursus ex silva in nostros impetum facerent, neque nostri longius, quam quem ad finem porrecta loca aperta pertinebant, cedentes inse- qui auderent, interim legiones sex, quae ^ primae venerant, opere 18. 1 tocuni, A. & G. 200, a ; G, 618; H. 445, 9. 19. 1 primae , A & G 191 ; G. 324, r. 6; H. 443. 5 10 15 20 128 DE BELLO GALLICO 2 dimenso castra munire coeperunt, ubi prima impedimenta nostri exercitus ab iis, qui in silvis abditi latebant, visa sunt, quod tempus inter eos committendi proelii convenerat, ita ut intra silvas aciem ordinesque constituerant atque ipsi sese confirmave- 5 rant, subito omnibus copiis provolaverunt impetumque in nostros equites fecerunt. his facile pulsis ac proturbatis incredibili celeritate ad flumen decucurrerunt, ut paene uno tempore et ad silvas et in flumine et iam in manibus nostris hostes viderentur, eadem autem celeritate 3 adverso colle ad nostra castra atque eos, io qui in opere occupati erant, contenderunt. Topics for Study. (1.) The ablative of accompaniment. (2.) Contract forms. (3.) Two datives. (4.) Deponent verbs in passive sense. The generals/tip and courage of Caesar. 20 . Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda : vexillum proponendum, quod erat insigne, cum ad arma concurri oporteret, signum 1 tuba dandum, ab opere revocandi milites, qui 2 paulo longius aggeris petendi causa processerant, arces- sendi, acies instruenda, 3 milites cohortandi, signum dandum. quarum rerum mag- nam partem temporis brevitas et suc- cessus hostium impediebat, his difficul- tatibus duae res erant subsidio, scientia atque usus militum, quod superioribus proeliis exercitati quid fieri oporteret, non minus commode ipsi sibi praescri- 19. 2 dimenso, A & G. 135, b\ II. 231, 2. 3 adverso colle , A & G. 258, i/; G 387 : H. 431. 20 . 1 tuba. Introii. No. 104. 2 paulo longius , A. & G. 93, a-, G. 312, 2; II. 44. 3 milites cohortandi, Introd. No. 125, 1) e. COMM. II. 20-21. 129 bere, quam ab aliis doceri poterant, et quod ab opere singu- lisque legionibus singulos legatos Caesar discedere nisi munitis castris vetuerat, hi propter propinquitatem et celeritatem hos- tium i nihil iam Caesaris imperium exspectabant, sed per se, quae videbantur, administrabant. 5 Topics for Study. (1.) The gerundive construction. (2.) The significations of the comparative. (3.) Distributive numerals. (4.) The dative of agency. 21. Caesar necessariis rebus imperatis, ad cohortandos milites, quam [in] partem fors obtulit, decucurrit et ad legionem deci- mam devenit, milites non longiore oratione cohortatus, quam uti suae pristinae virtutis memoriam 1 retinerent neu perturbarentur ani- io mo hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinerent, quod non longius hostes aberant, quam quo telum adici 2 posset, proelii committendi sig- num dedit, atque in alteram partem item cohortandi causa profectus pugnantibus oc- 15 currit, temporis tanta fuit exiguitas hostium- que tam paratus ad dimicandum animus, ut non modo ad insignia accommodanda, sed etiam ad galeas induendas 3 scutisque tegimenta detrudenda tempus defuerit, quam quisque ab opere in partem casu devenit, quaeque prima 20 signa conspexit, ad haec constitit, ne in quaerendis suis pugnandi tempus dimitteret. Topics for Study. (1.) A resuit clause with ut after quam. (2.) The dative after compounds. (3 ) Relative clause of result after quam. (4.) The ablative of separation. 20 . 4 nihil, A. & G 240, a ; G. 331, r. 3; H. 378, 2. 21 . 1 retinerent , A. & G. 332, h ; G. 554; H. 502, 2. 2 posset, A. & G. 320, c ; G. 313; H. 502, 2. 3 scutisque tegimenta detrudenda, Introd. No. 123, I, 2) l. scimnr. 130 DE BELLO GALLICO The various fortune of the battle. 22 . Instructo exercitu, magis ut loci natura deiectusque collis et necessitas temporis, quam ut rei militaris ratio atque ordo postulabat, cum diversis legionibus 1 aliae alia in parte hostibus resiste- 5 rent, sepibusque densissimis, ut ante demonstravimus, interiectis prospectus impediretur, neque certa subsidia col- ARIES. 1 ± locari neque, quid in quaque parte opus esset, provideri neque ab uno omnia imperia administrari :o poterant. itaque in tanta rerum iniquitate fortunae quoque eventus varii sequebantur. Topics for Study. (1 ) The ablative absolute. (2.) The idiom altae alia. (3.) The indirect question. 23. Legionis nonae et decimae milites, ut in sinistra parte : acie constiterant, pilis emissis cursu ac lassitudine exanimatos vulneribusque confectos Atrebates (nam his ea pars obvenerat) 15 celeriter ex loco superiore in flumen compulerunt et transire conantes insecuti gladiis magnam partem eorum impeditam in- terfecerunt. ipsi transire flumen non dubitaverunt et in locum iniquum progressi rursus resistentes hostes redintegrato proelio in fugam coniecerunt. item alia in parte diversae duae legiones, 20 undecima et octava, profligatis Yiromanduis, quibuscum erant t congressi, ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis proeliabantur, at totis fere a fronte et ab sinistra parte nudatis castris, cum in dextro cornu legio duodecima et non magno ab ea intervallo septima constitisset, omnes Nervii confertissimo agmine duce 22. 1 aliae alia , A. & G. 203, c ; G. 301); H. 459, I. 23. i acie, A. & G. 74, a\ G. 09, m2; H. 120. COMM. II. 23-24. 131 Boduognato qui summam imperii tenebat, ad eum locum con- tenderunt ; quorum pars 2 aperto latere legiones circumvenire, pars summum castrorum locum petere coepit. Topics for Study. (1.) The position of preposition cum with relative pronouns. (2) The ablative of degree of ditfereuce. (3.) Two nouns in the ablative absolute construction. (4 ) ’the ablative of place. 24 . Eodem tempore equites nostri levisque armaturae pedites, qui cum iis una fuerant, quos primo hostium impetu pulsos dixeram, cum se in castra reciperent, adversis hostibus occurre- bant ac rursus aliam in partem fugam petebant, et calones, qui ab decumana porta ac summo iugo collis nostros victores flumen transisse conspexerant, praedandi causa egressi, cum respexissent et hostes in nostris castris versari vidissent, praecipites fugae sese mandabant, simul eorum, qui cum impedimentis veniebant, clamor fremitusque oriebatur, 1 aliique aliam in partem perterriti ferebantur, quibus omnibus rebus permoti equites Treveri, quo- rum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis, qui auxilii causa ab civitate ad Caesarem missi venerant, cum multitudine hos- tium castra compleri nostra, legiones premi et paene circumven- tas teneri, calones, equites, funditores, Numidas diversos dissipa- tosque in omnes partes fugere vidissent, desperatis nostris rebus domum contenderunt ; Bomanos pulsos superatosque, castris im- pedimentisque eorum hostes potitos civitati renuntiaverunt. Topics for Study. (1.) Cum in temporal clauses. (2.) The ablative of cause. (3 ) The idiom alii aliam in partem. (4.) Agreement of a verb with compound subject. 5 10 15 20 23. 2 aperto latere, Introd. No. 116. 24. 1 alii aliam , A. & G. 203, r; G. 321 ; H. 461, 3. 132 DE BELLO GALLICO 25. Caesar ab decimae legionis 1 cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus, ubi suos urgeri signisque in unum locum col- lutis duodecimae legionis confertos milites sibi ipsos ad pugnam esse impedimento vidit, quartae cohortis omnibus centurionibus 5 occisis signiferoque interfecto, signo amisso, reliquarum cohortium omnibus fere centurionibus aut vulneratis aut occisis, in his 2 pri- mipilo P. Sextio Baculo, fortissimo viro, multis gravibusque vulneribus confecto, ut iam se sustinere non posset, reliquos esse tardiores et nonnullos ab novissimis deserto proelio excedere io ac tela vitare, hostis neque a fronte ex inferiore loco subeuntes intermittere et ab utroque latere instare et rem esse in angusto vidit, neque ullum esse subsidium, quod summitti 3 posset, scuto ab novissimis uni i militi detracto, quod ipse eo sine scuto vene- rat, in primam aciem processit centurionibusque nominatim ap- is pellatis reliquos cohortatus milites signa inferre et 5 manipulos 6 laxare iussit, quo facilius gladiis uti possent, cuius adventu spe illata militibus ac redintegrato animo, cum pro se quisque m conspectu imperatoris etiam in extremis suis rebus operam navare cuperet, paulum hostium impetus tardatus est. Topics for Study. (1.) The periodic structure. (2.) The relative clause of characteristic. (3.) The dative to supply the place of the ablative of separation. Labienus sends the tenth legion as a relief to the Homans. The defeat and excessive losses of the Nervii. •20 26. Caesar, cum septimam legionem, quae iuxta constiterat, item urgeri ab hoste vidisset, tribunos militum monuit, ut pau- latim sese legiones coniungerent et 1 conversa signa in hostes 25. 1 'cohortatione, Tutrod. No. 125, 1) e. 2 primipilo, Introd. No. 100. 3 posset, A. & G. 320, «; G. 633, 634; II. 503, 1. 4 militi, A & G. 229; G. 344, R 2; H. 3S5, II, 2. 6 manipulos, Introd. No. 99. 6 laxare, Introd. No. 114. 26 1 conversa signa , A. & G. 292, R. ; G. 671 ; II. 549, 5. XTeuf-HIesnil • # >>k,. : V B -2 gar . u 'j. ■;■'• r^"4\ castra JZoussf'eres- •I SgWTW NERVIORUM CLARES CAES.BELL.GALL.il, 16-28, auctore A1I>. v. Kampcn . 1 MILIA PASSUUM COMM. II. 2G-27. 133 inferrent. quo facto cum alius alii subsidium ferret, neque timerent, ue aversi ab hoste circumvenirentur, audacius resistere ac fortius pugnare coeperunt, interim milites legionum duarum, quae in novissimo agmine praesidio impedimentis luerant, proelio nun- tiato cursu incitato in summo colle ab hostibus conspiciebantur, 5 et T. Labienus, castris hostium potitus et ex loco superiore, quae res in nostris castris gererentur, conspicatus decimam legio- nem subsidio nostris misit, qui cum ex equitum et calonum fuga, quo in loco res esset, quantoque in periculo et castra et legiones et imperator versaretur, cognovissent, nihil ad celerita- 10 tem sibi reliqui fecerunt. Topics for Study. (1.) The predicate use of the participle. (2.) The indirect question. (3) The partitive genitive. 27 . Horum adventu tanta rerum commutatio est facta, ut nostri etiam qui vulneribus confecti procubuissent, scutis innixi proe- lium redintegrarent, tum calones perterritos hostes conspicati etiam inermes armatis occurrerent, equites vero, ut turpitudinem 15 fugae virtute delerent, omnibus in locis pugnarent, 1 quo se legio- nariis militibus praeferrent. at hostes etiam in extrema spe salutis tantam virtutem praestiterunt, ut, cnm primi eorum ceci- dissent, proximi iacentibus insisterent atque ex eorum corpori- bus pugnarent ; Ilis deiectis et coacervatis cadaveribus, qui 20 superessent, ut ex tumulo tela in nostros conicerent et pila in- tercepta remitterent : ut non nequiquam tantae virtutis homines iudicari deberet ausos esse transire latissimum flumen, ascendere altissimas ripas, subire iniquissimum locum ; quae facilia ex difficillimis animi magnitudo redegerat. 21 Topics for Study. (1.) The locative ablative. (2.) clauses introduced by quo. (3) The dative with compounds. 27. 1 quo — praeferrent., A. & G. 317, b ; G. 545, 2 ; H. 497, 2. 134 DE BELLO GALLICO 28. Hoc proelio facto et prope ad internecionem gente ac nomine Nerviorum redacto maiores natu, quos una cum pueris mulieribusque in aestuaria ac paludes couiectos dixeramus, hac pugna nuntiata, cum victoribus nihil impeditum, victis nihil tu- 5 tum arbitrarentur, omnium, qui supererant, consensu legatos ad Caesarem miserunt seque ei dediderunt et in commemoranda civitatis calamitate ex DC ad tres senatores, ex hominum mili- bus LX vix ad quingentos, qui arma ferre 1 possent, sese redac- tos esse dixerunt, quos Caesar, ut in miseros cie supplices usus io misericordia videretur, diligentissime conservavit suisque finibus atque oppidis uti iussit et finitimis imperavit, ut ab iniuria et maleficio se suosque prohiberent. Topics for Study. (1.) The idiom maiores nata. (2.) The ablative absolute. (3.) The gerundive construction. The Aduatuci withdraw io a, town fortified by nature. 29. Aduatuci, de quibus supra scripsimus, cum omnibus copiis auxilio Nerviis venirent, hac pugna nuntiata ex itinere domum 15 reverterunt ; cunctis oppidis castellisque desertis sua omnia in unum oppidum egregie natura munitum contulerunt, quod cum ex omnibus in circuitu partibus altissimas rupes despectusque haberet, una ex parte leniter acclivis aditus in latitudinem non amplius ducentorum pedum relinquebatur; quem locum duplici 20 altissimo muro munierant : tum 1 magni ponderis saxa et prae- acutas trabes in muro collocabant, ipsi erant ex Cimbris Teu- tonisque prognati, qui, cum iter in provinciam nostram atque Italiam facerent, iis impedimentis, quae secum agere ac portare non poterant, citra flumen Rhenum depositis custodiam ex suis 25 ac praesidium sex milia hominum una reliquerunt, hi post 28. 1 possent, A. & G. 336, 2 ; G- 653 ; H. 524. 29. 1 magni ponderis, A. & G 215, b\ G. 364; H. 396, V. METER iithcrt 'wm castellum wm, mm Pte. Wanzq : castellum ante oppidum Aduatucorum Mont Falli ize caste 1 1 m H ADUATUCORUM OPPIDUM lib. II. 29-33. COMM. II. 29-31 135 eorum obitum multos annos a finitimis exagitati, cum alias bel- lum inferrent, alias illatum defenderent, consensu eorum omnium pace facta hunc sibi domicilio locum delegerunt. Topics for Study. (1.) The ablative of accompaniment. (2.) The two possible constructions after amplius. (3.) The genitive of measure. (4.) The dative of purpose. They show contempt for the Homan engineering . 30 . Ac primo adventu exercitus nostri crebras ex oppido excursiones faciebant parvulisque proeliis cum nostris contende- 5 bant; postea vallo pedum XII, in circuitu XV milium crebnsque castellis circummuniti oppido sese continebant. ubi vineis actis aggere exstructo turrim procul constitui viderunt, primum irri- dere ex muro atque increpitare vocibus, quod tanta machinatio ab tanto spatio instrueretur : quibusnam manibus aut quibus 10 viribus praesertim homines tantulae staturae (nam plerumque hominibus Gallis prae magnitudine corporum suorum brevitas nostra 1 contemptui est) tanti oneris turrim moturos sese confiderent ? Topics for Study. (1.) The ablative in ab tanta spatio. (2.) The dative of service. (3.) The genitive of quality. They pretend, to submit, to the Romans. 31 . Ubi vero moveri et appropinquare moenibus viderunt, 15 nova atque inusitata specie commoti legatos ad Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad hunc modum locuti : non existimare Ro- manos sine ope divina bellum gerere, qui tantae altitudinis machinationes tanta celeritate promovere 1 possent, se suaque 30. 1 contemptui , A. & G. 233, n. 1 ; G. 350 ; H 390. 31. 1 possent, A. & G. 320, e ; G. 636 ; H. 517. 136 DE BELLO GALLICO oinnia eorum potestati permittere dixerunt. unum petere ac deprecari : si forte pro sua clementia ac mansuetudine, quam ipsi ab aliis audirent, statuisset Aduatucos esse conservandos, ne se armis 2 despoliaret, sibi omnes fere finitimos esse inimicos ac 5 suae virtuti invidere ; a quibus se defendere traditis armis non possent, sibi praestare, si in eum casum deducerentur, quamvis fortunam a populo Romano pati, quam ab his per cruciatum interfici, inter quos dominari consuessent. Topics for Study. (1 ) Relative clause expressing cause. (2.) The imperative in indirect discourse. (3.) Omitted subjects of infinitives. Caesar receives them into surrender. They treacherously attack the Romans, but many are cut to pieces and the rest reduced to slavery. 32. Ad liaec Caesar respondit : se magis consuetudine sua io quam merito eorum civitatem conservaturum, si prius, quam aries murum attigisset, se dedidissent : sed deditionis nullam esse condicionem nisi armis traditis, se id, quod in Nerviis fecisset, facturum finitimisque imperaturum, ne quam dediticiis populi Romani iniuriam inferrent. re nuntiata ad suos, quae 15 imperarentur, facere dixerunt, armorum magna multitudine de muro in fossam, quae erat ante oppidum, iacta, sic ut prope summam muri aggerisque altitudinem acervi armorum adaequa- rent, et tamen circiter parte tertia, ut postea perspectum est, celata atque in oppido retenta portis patefactis eo die pace 20 sunt usi. Topics for Study. (1.) The future perfect iu the indirect discourse (2.) Subjunctive of result. (3.) Construction after utor. 31 . 2 despoliaret, A. & G. 339 ; G. 655 ; H. 523, III. COMM. II. 33-34. 137 33 . Sab vesperum Caesar portas claudi militesque ex oppido exire i ussit, ne quam noctu oppidani ab militibus iniuriam acci- perent. illi ante inito, ut intellectum est, consilio, quod deditione facta nostros praesidia deducturos aut denique indiligentius ser- vaturos crediderant, partim cum his, quae retinuerant et celave- 5 rant, armis, partim scutis ex cortice factis aut viminibus intextis, quae subito, ut temporis exiguitas postulabat, pellibus induxe- rant, tertia vigilia, qua minime arduus ad nostras munitiones ascensus videbatur, omnibus copiis repentino ex oppido erup- tionem fecerunt. celeriter, ut ante Caesar imperarat, ignibus io significatione facta ex proximis castellis eo concursum est, pug- natumque ab hostibus ita acriter est, ut a viris fortibus in ex- trema spe salutis iniquo loco contra eos, qui ex vallo turribusque tela iacerent, 1 pugnari debuit, cum in una virtute omnis spes salutis consisteret, occisis ad hominum milibus quattuor reliqui is in oppidum reiecti sunt, postridie eius diei refractis portis, cum lam defenderet nemo, atque intromissis militibus nostris, sectio- nem eius oppidi universam Caesar vendidit, eb iis, qui emerant, capitum numerus ad eum relatus est milium quinquaginta trium. 20 Topics for Study. (1.) Sui with the accusative in temporal expressions. (2.) The impersonal con- struction. (3.) The present infinitive after a past tense of debeo. Mnn>/ maritime states are subdued. 34 . Eodem tempore a Publio Crasso, quern cum legione una miserat ad Venetos, Venellos, Osismos, 1 Curiosolitas, Esubios, Aulercos, Redones, quae sunt maritimae civitates Oceanumque attingunt, certior factus est omnes eas civitates in dicionem potes- tatemque populi Romani esse redactas. ‘>j 33. 1 pugnari debuit , A. & G. 2S8, a ; H. 537, I. 34. 1 Curiosolitas, A. & G. 63, b ; G. 73 ; H. 68. 138 DE BELLO GALLICO Topics for Study. (1.) The idiom certior factus. (2.) The time indicated by the tenses of the infinitive. The Germans send ambassadors to Caesar on account of the high opinion of the war. Caesar returns to Italy. A thanks- giving is decreed at Home. 35 . Ilis rebus gestis omui Gallia pacata tanta Imius belli aci bar- baros opinio perlata est, uti ab iis nationibus, quae trans Rhenum incolerent, mitterentur legati ad Caesarem, qui se obsides daturas, imperata facturas pollicerentur, quas legationes Caesar, quod in 5 Italiam Illyricumque properabat, inita proxima aestate ad se reverti iussit. ipse in Carnutes, Andes, Turonesque, quae civitates pro- pinquae his locis erant, ubi bellum gesserat, legionibus in hiber- nacula deductis in Italiam profectus est. ob easque res ex litteris Caesaris dies quindecim supplicatio decreta est, quod ante id io tempus accidit nulli. Topics for Study. (1.) The idiom inita proxima aestate. (2.) The intensive pronoun. (3) The accusative of duration of time. (4.) The relative in agreement with the idea contained in a clause. C. IULII CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLICO COMMENTARIUS TERTIUS. 1-G. War with the Alpine tribes. Servius Galba is sent against the Nantuates, Veragri, and the Seduni. Galba goes to winter-quarters at Octodurus. 1. Cum in Italiam 1 proficisceretur Caesar, Servium Galbam cum legione duodecima et parte equitatus in Nan- tuatis, Veragros Sedunosque misit, qui ab finibus Allobrogum et lacu 5 Lemanno et flumine Rhodano ad summas Alpes pertinent, causa mittendi fuit, quod iter per Alpes, quo magno cum periculo magnisque cum portoriis mercatores ire consuerant, patefieri volebat, huic permisit, si opus esse arbitraretur, uti in his locis legionem hiemandi causa collocaret. Galba secundis aliquot io proeliis factis castellisque compluribus eorum expugnatis, missis ad eum undique legatis obsidibusque datis et pace facta, con- stituit cohortes duas in Nantuatibus collocare et ipse cum reli- quis eius legionis cohortibus in vico Veragrorum, qui appellatur Octodurus, hiemare ; qui vicus positus in valle non magna 15 adiecta planitie altissimis montibus undique continetur. cum hic in duas partes flumine divideretur, alteram partem eius vici 1. 1 proficisceretur, A. & G. 325 ; G. 586 ; II. 521, II, 2. 140 DE BELLO GALLICO Gallis [ad hiemandum] concessit, alteram vacuam ab illis relic- tam cohortibus attribuit, eum locum vallo fossaque munivit. Topics for Study. (1.) Cum introducing temporal clauses. (2.) The idiom summas Alpes. (3.) The ablative absolute. (4.) The conditional sentence. (5.) The Roman legion. The Seduni and Veragri form a design of cutting off the legion. Galba calls a council. 2 . Cum dies hibernorum complures transissent frumentum que eo comportari iussisset, subito per exploratores certior factus est 5 ex ea parte vici, quam Gallis concesserat, omnes noctu discessisse montesque, qui impenderent, a maxima multitudine Sedunorum et Veragrorum teneri, id aliquot de causis acciderat, ut subito Galli belli renovandi legionisque opprimendae consilium caperent : pri- mum, quod legionem neque eam plenissimam detractis cohortibus io duabus et compluribus cingillatim, qui commeatus petendi causa missi erant, [absentibus] propter paucitatem despiciebant; tum etiam, quod propter iniquitatem loci, cum ipsi ex montibus in vallem decurrerent et tela conicerent, ne primum quidem posse impetum suum sustineri existimabant, accedebat, quod suos ab 15 se liberos abstractos obsidum nomine dolebant et Romanos non solum itinerum causa, sed etiam perpetuae possessionis culmina Alpium occupare conari et ea loca finitimae provinciae adiungere sibi 1 persuasum habebant. Topics for Study. (1.) The indirect, discourse. (2 ) Substantive clauses. (3 ) The expression sibi persuasion habebant. 3. Ilis nuntiis acceptis Galba, cum neque opus hibernorum 20 munitionesque plene essent 1 perfectae, neque de frumento reli- 2. 1 persuasum habebant , A. & G. 292, r; G. 230 ; H. 388, 1, N, 3. 1 perfectae, A. & G. 187, a ; H. 439, COMM. III. 3-4. 141 quoque commeatu satis esset provisum, quod deditione facta obsidibusque acceptis nihil de bello timendum existimaverat, consilio celeriter convocato sententias exquirere coepit, quo in consilio, cum tantum repentini periculi praeter opinionem acci- disset, ac iam omnia fere superiora loca multitudine armatorum completa conspicerentur, neque 2 subsidio veniri neque commeatus supportari interclusis itineribus possent, prope iam desperata salute nonnullae huiusmodi sententiae dicebantur, ut impedimen- tis relictis eruptione facta isdem itineribus, quibus eo perve- nissent, ad salutem contenderent, maiori tamen parti placuit, hoc reservato ad extremum consilio interim rei eventum experiri et castra defendere. Topics for Study. (1.) The agreement of an adjective with two nouns of different gender. (2.) The impersonal construction. (3.) The dative of purpose. The Romans are attached. The battle rages for six hours without cessation. 4. Brevi spatio interiecto, vix ut his rebus, quas 1 constituis- sent, collocandis atque administrandis tempus daretur, hostes ex omnibus partibus signo dato 2 decurrere, lapides gaesaque in vallum conicere. nostri primo integris viribus fortiter repugnare neque ullum frustra telum ex loco superiore mittere, ut quaeque pars castrorum nudata defensoribus premi videbatur, eo occurrere et auxilium ferre, sed hoc superari, quod diuturnitate pugnae hostes defessi proelio excedebant, alii integris viribus succede- bant ; quarum rerum a nostris propter paucitatem fieri nihil poterat, ac non modo defesso ex pugna excedendi, sed ne saucio quidem eius loci, ubi constiterat, relinquendi ac sui recipiendi facultas dabatur. 3. 2 subsidio, A. & G. 233; G. 350; H. 3S4, 1, 3 4. 1 constituissent, A. & G. 342 ; G. 631 ; H. 529, II. 2 decurrere, A. & G. 275 ; G. 650 ; H. 536, I. 5 10 15 20 142 DE BELLO GALLICO Topics for Study. (1.) The subjunctive by attraction. (2.) The historical infinitive. (3.) A noun and adjective in ablative absolute construction. 5. Cum iam amplius horis sex continenter 1 pugnaretur, ac non solum vires, sed etiam tela nostros deficerent atque hostes acrius instarent languidioribusque nostris vallum scindere et fossas complere coepissent, resque esset iam ad extremum perducta 5 casum, Publius Sextius Baculus, pili primi centurio, quem Ner- vico proelio compluribus confectum vulneribus diximus, et item Gaius Volusenus, tribunus militum, vir et consilii magni et vir- tutis, ad Galbam adearrunt atque unam esse spem salutis docent, si eruptione facta extremum auxilium experirentur, itaque con- io vocatis centurionibus celeriter milites certiores facit, paulisper intermitterent proelium ac tantummodo tela missa exciperent seque ex labore reficerent, post dato signo ex castris erumperent atque omnem spem salutis in virtute ponerent. Topics for Study. (1) The use of the imperfect tense. (2.) The historical present. (3.) Purpose clauses. The enemy is defeated in a sally. Galba hastens to return to the province. 6. Quod iussi sunt, faciunt ac subito omnibus portis erup- ts tione facta neque cognoscendi, quid fieret, neque 1 sui colligendi hostibus facultatem relinquunt, ita commutata fortuna eos, qui in spem potiundorum castrorum venerant, undique circumventos interficiunt et ex hominum milibus amplius triginta, quem numerum barbarorum ad castra venisse constabat, plus tertia 5. 1 pugnaretur , A. & G. 277, t> ; G. 225 ; H. 4G9, II, 2. 6. 1 sui colligendi, A. & G. 298, a ; G. 429, R. ; H. 542, I, n. 1. COMM. III. 6-7. 143 parte interfecta relicpios perterritos in fugam coniciunt ac ne in locis quidem superioribus consistere patiuntur, sic omnibus hostium copiis fusis 2 armisque exutis se in castra munitionesque suas reci- piunt. quo proelio facto, quod saepius fortu- 5 nam tentare Galba nolebat atque alio se in hiberna consilio venisse meminerat, aliis occur- risse rebus viderat, maxime frumenti commeatus- que inopia permotus postero die omnibus eius vici aedificiis incensis in provinciam reverti io contendit, ac nullo hoste prohibente aut iter demorante incolumem legionem in Nantuatis, inde in Allobroges perduxit ibique hiemavit. Topics for Study. (1.) The gerund and gerundive construction. (2.) The ablative of separation. (3.) The use of the participle. (4.) Asyndeton. 7-16. War with the Veneti. An unexpected tear breaks out in Gaul. The Veneti are the instigators. 7 . His rebus gestis cum omnibus de causis Caesar pacatam Galliam existimaret, superatis Belgis, expulsis Germanis, victis 15 in Alpibus Sedunis, atque ita inita hieme in Illyricum profectus esset, quod eas quoque nationes adire et regiones cognoscere volebat, subitum bellum in Gallia coortum est. eius belli haec fuit causa. Publius Crassus adulescens cum legione septima proximus 'mare Oceanum in Andibus hiemarat. is, quod in his 20 locis inopia frumenti erat, praefectos tribunosque militum com- 6. 2 armis, A. & G. 225, d\ G. 343; H. 414, I. 7. 1 mare, A. & G. 261, a ; G. 356, r. 4 ; H. 391, 2. 144 DE BELLO GALLICO plures in finitimas civitates frumenti commeatusque petendi causa dimisit; quo in numero erat Titus Terrasidius, missus in Esubios, Marcus Trebius Gallus in Curiosolitas, Quintus Velanius cum Tito Silio in Venetos. Topic for Study. The two possible constructions alter proximus. 5 8. H uius est civitatis longe amplissima auctoritas omnis orae maritimae regionum earum, quod et naves habent Veneti pluri- mas, quibus in Britanniam navigare consuerunt, et scientia atque usu nauticarum rerum reliquos antecedunt et in magno impetu maris atque aperto paucis portibus interiectis, quos tenent ipsi, io omnes fere, qui eo mari uti consuerunt, habent vectigales, ab his fit. initium retinendi Silii atque Velanii, quod per eos suos se obsides, quos Crasso dedissent, recuperaturos existimabant, horum auctoritate finitimi adducti (ut sunt Gallorum subita et repentina consilia) eadem de causa Trebium Terrasid i unique re- is tin cut, et celeriter missis legatis per suos principes inter se coniurant, nihil nisi communi consilio acturos, eundeinque omnis fortunae exitum esse laturos, reliquasque civitates sollicitant, ut in ea libertate, quam a maioribus 1 acceperant, permanere quam Romanorum servitutem perferre mallent. omni ora maritima l>o celeriter ad suam sententiam perducta communem legationem ad Publium Crassum mittunt, si velit suos recipere, obsides sibi remittat. Topics for Study. (1 ) Subordinate clauses in indirect discourse. (2.) The imperative form of speech in indirect discourse. (3.) The use of the indicative mood in indirect discourse. 8. 1 acceperant, A. & G. 336, b ; G. 630 u. 1; H. 521, 2. COMM. III. 9. 145 Caesar prepares for ihe war. The Veneti iMite allies to them- selves. The motives that urged Caesar to the war. 9. Quibus de rebus Caesar ab Crasso certior factus, quod ipse aberat longius, naves interim longas aedificari in flumine Ligere, quod influit in Oceanum, remiges ex provincia institui, nautas gubernatoresque comparari ' iubet. Ilis rebus celeriter adminis- tratis ipse, cum primum per anni tempus potuit, ad exercitum contendit. Yeneti reliquaeque item civitates cognito Caesaris adventu, simul quod, quantum in se facinus admisissent, intel- legebant, legatos, quod nomen ad omnes nationes sanctum invio- latumque semper fuisset, retentos ab se et in vincula coniectos, pro magnitudine periculi bellum parare et maxime ea, quae ad usum navium pertinent, providere instituunt, hoc maiore spe, quod multum natura loci confidebant. pedestria esse itinera concisa aestuariis, navigationem impeditam propter inscientiam locorum paucitatemque portuum sciebant, neque nostros exercitus propter frumenti inopiam diutius apud se morari posse confide- bant : ac iam 1 ut omnia contra opinionem acciderent, tamen se plurimum navibus posse, Romanos neque ullam facultatem habere navium, neque eorum locorum, ubi bellum gesturi essent, vada, portus, insulas novisse ; ac longe aliam esse navigationem in concluso mari atque in vastissimo atque apertissimo Oceano perspiciebant. his initis consiliis oppida muniunt, frumenta ex agris in oppida comportant, naves in Venetiam, ubi Caesarem primum esse bellum gesturum constabat, quam plurimas possunt, cogunt, socios sibi ad id bellum Osismos, Lexovios, Namnetes, Ambiliatos, Morinos, Diablintres, Menapios adsciscunt ; auxilia ex Britannia, quae contra eas regiones posita est, arcessunt. Topics for Study. (1.) Ut with the subjunctive expressing concession. (2.) The idiom 'plurimum posse. (3.) The idiom a/iam — atque. 9. 1 tit — acciderent, A. & G. 266, c; G. 610 ; H. 515, III. 10 5 10 15 20 25 146 DE BELLO GALLICO 10 . Erant hae difficultates belli gerendi, quas supra ostendi- mus, sed multa Caesarem tamen ad id bellum incitabant : iniuriae 1 retentorum equitum Romanorum, rebellio facta post deditionem, defectio datis obsidibus, tot civitatum conjuratio, imprimis, ne 5 hac parte neglecta reliquae nationes sibi idem licere arbitraren- tur. itaque cum intellegeret omnes fere Gallos novis rebus studere et ad bellum mobiliter celeriterque excitari, omnes autem homines natura libertati studere et condicionem servitutis odisse, priusquam plures civitates conspirarent, partiendum sibi ac latius distribuen- io dum exercitum putavit. Topic for Study. The participle containing the main idea. Labienus is sent to the north, Crassus into Aquitania. Brutus is given command of the fleet. 11 . Itaque Titum Labienum legatum in Treveros, qui proximi flumini Rheno sunt, cum equitatu mittit, huic mandat, Remos reliquosque Belgas 1 adeat atque in officio contineat Germanosque, qui auxilio a Belgis arcessiti dicebantur, si per vim navibus 15 flumen transire conentur, prohibeat. Publium Crassum cum co- hortibus legionariis XII et magno numero equitatus in Aquita- niam proficisci iubet, ne ex his nationibus auxilia in Galliam mittantur ac tantae nationes coniungantur. Quintum Titurium Sabinum legatum cum legionibus tribus in Venellos, Curiosolites 20 Lexoviosque mittit, qui eam manum distinendam curet, Deci- mum Brutum adulescentem classi Gallicisque .navibus, quas ex Pictonibus et Santonis reliquisque pacatis regionibus convenire iusserat, praeficit et, cum primum posset, in Venetos proficisci iubet. ipse eo pedestribus copiis contendit. 10. 1 retentorum equitum , A. & G. 292, a; G. 667, e. 2 ; H. 549, 5, n. 2. 11. 1 adeat, A. & G. 331,/ e. ; G. 547, k. 3; H. 499, 2. COMM. III. 12-1:5. 147 Topics for Study. (1.) The two possible constructions with proximus. (2.) The omission of ut. (3.) The relative clause of purpose. The advantageous situation of the towns of the Veneti. Descrip- tion of their maritime power. 12. Erant eiusmodi fere situs oppidorum, ut posita in extre- mis lingulis promonturiisque neque pedibus aditum haberent, cum ex alto se aestus incitavisset, quod bis accidit semper horarum XXIIII spatio, neque navibus, quod rursus minuente aestu naves in vadis afflictarentur. ita utraque re oppidorum 5 oppugnatio impediebatur ; ac si quando magnitudine operis forte superati, extruso mari 1 aggere ac molibus, atque his oppidi moenibus adaequatis, suis fortunis desperare coeperant, magno numero navium appulso, cuius rei summam facultatem habebant, sua deportabant omnia seque in proxima oppida recipiebant : io ibi se rursus isdem opportunitatibus loci defendebant, haec eo facilius magnam partem aestatis faciebant, quod nostrae naves tempestatibus detinebantur, summaque erat 2 vasto atque aperto mari, magnis aestibus, raris ac prope nullis portibus, difficultas navigandi. 5 Topics for Study. (1 ) Hendiadys (2.) The ablative of degree of difference. (3 ) A noun and adjective in the ablative absolute construction. 13. Namque ipsorum naves ad hunc modum factae armataeque erant : carinae aliquanto planiores quam nostrarum navium, 1 quo facilius vada ac decessum aestus excipere possent ; prorae admodum erectae atque item puppes ad magnitudinem fluctuum 12. 1 aggere ac molibus , A. & G. 3S5, n. 13; G. G95 ; H. 636, III. 2. 2 vasto — mari, A. & G. 255, a ; G. 4-08 ; H. 431, I, 4. 13. i quo — possent , A. & G. 317, l ; G. 545, 2 ; H. 497, 2. 148 DE BELLO GALLICO tempestatumque accommodatae ; naves totae factae ex robore ad quamvis vim et contumeliam perferendam; transtra pedalibus in altitudinem trabibus confixa clavis ferreis digiti pollicis cras- situdine ; ancorae pro funibus ferreis catenis revinctae ; pelles 5 pro velis alutaeque tenuiter confectae, hae sive propter lini inopiam atque eius usus inscientiam, sive eo, quod est magis verisimile, quod tantas tempestates Oceani tantosque impetus ventorum sustineri ac tanta onera navium regi velis non satis commode posse arbitrabantur, cum bis navibus nostrae 2 classi io eiusmodi congressus erat, ut una celeritate et pulsu remorum praestaret, reliqua pro loci natura, pro vi tempestatum illis essent aptiora et accommodatiora. neque eilim his nostrae rostro nocere poterant (tanta in iis erat firmitudo), neque propter alti- tudinem facile telum adiciebatur et eadem de causa minus com- is mode copulis continebantur. accedebat, ut, cum saevire ventus coepisset et se vento dedissent, et tempestatem ferrent facilius et in vadis consisterent tutius et ab aestu relictae nihil saxa et cautes timerent; quarum rerum omnium nostris 3 navibus casus erat extimescendus. Topics for Study. (1.) The ablative quo in final clauses. (2.) The dative of possession. (3.) The dative of agent. A naval engagement. The Veneti, defeated. The war terminated. 20 14 . Compluribus expugnatis oppidis Caesar, ubi intellexit Lus- tra tantum laborem sumi, neque hostium fugam captis oppidis reprimi neque 1 iis noceri posse, statuit exspectandam classem, quae ubi convenit ac primum ab hostibus visa est, circiter CCXX 13. 2 classi, A. & G. 231 ; G. 319 ; Ii. 387- 3 navibus, A. & G. 232; G. 353 ; Ii. 38S. 14. 1 iis noceri , A. & G. 230 ; G. 208 ; Ii. 384, 5. COMM. III. 14-15. 149 naves eorum paratissimae atque omni genere armorum ornatis- simae profectae ex portu nostris adversae constiterunt; neque satis Bruto, qui classi praeerat, vel tribunis militum centurioni- busque, quibus singulae naves erant attributae, constabat, quid agerent aut quam rationem pugnae insisterent, rostro enim noceri non posse cognoverant; turribus autem excitatis tamen lias altitudo puppium ex barbaris navibus superabat, ut neque ex inferiore loco satis commode tela adiei possent et missa ab Gallis gravius acciderent, una erat magno usui res praeparata a nos- tris, falces praeacutae insertae affixaeque longuriis, non absimili forma muralium falcium. Ilis cum lunes, qui antemnas ad malos destinabant, comprehensi adductique erant, navigio retnis incitato praerumpebantur. quibus abscisis antemnae necessario concidebant, ut, cum omnis Gallicis 2 navibus spes in velis arma- mentisque consisteret, his ereptis omnis usus navium uno tem- pore eriperetur, reliquum erat certamen positum in virtute, qua nostri milites facile superabant, atque eo magis, quod in con- spectu Caesaris atque omnis exercitus res gerebatur, ut nullum paulo fortius factum latere posset ; omnes enim colles ac loca superiora, unde erat propinquus despectus in mare, ab exercitu tenebantur. Topics for Study. (1.) The passive of intransitive verbs. (2.) The dative of purpose. (3.) The dative of reference. (4.) The ablative of degree of reference. 15. Disiectis, ut diximus, antemnis, cum singulas binae ac ternae naves circumsteterant, milites summa vi transcendere m hostium naves contendebant. quod postquam barbari fieri ani- madverterunt, expugnatis compluribus navibus, cum ei rei nullum reperiretur auxilium, fuga salutem petere contenderunt, ac iam conversis in eam partem navibus, quo ventus ferebat, tanta subito 14 2 navibus , A. & G. 235 ; G. 343 ; H. 3S4, II, 4, n. 2. 5 10 15 20 25 150 DE BELLO GALLICO malacia ac tranquillitas exstitit, ut se ex loco commovere non possent, (piae quidem res ad negotium conficiendum maxime fuit opportuna : nam singulas nostri consectati ex- pugnaverunt, ut perpaucae ex omni numero noctis interventu ad terram pervenerint, cum ab hora fere quarta usque ad solis occasum pugnaretur. Topics for Study. (1.) Distributives. (2.) The use of the imperfect tense. 16 . Quo proelio bellum Venetorum totiusque orae maritimae confectum est. nam 1 cum omnis iuventus, omnes etiam gravioris aetatis, in quibus aliquid con- silii aut dignitatis fuit, eo convenerant, tum navium quod ubique fuerat in unum locum coegerant ; quibus amissis reliqui neque quo se reciperent, neque quemadmodum oppida defenderent, habebant, itaque se suaque omnia Caesari dediderunt, in suos eo gravius 15 Caesar vindicandum statuit, quo diligentius in reliquum tempus a barbaris ius legatorum conservaretur. itaque omni senatu necato reliquos sub corona vendidit. Topics for Study. (1.) Correlatives. (2.) The partitive genitive. 17 - 19 . War with the Venelli. Q. Titurius Sabinus by stratagems defeats the Venelli. 17 . D um haec in Venetis 1 geruntur, Quintus Titurius Sabinus cum iis copiis, quas a Caesare acceperat, in fines Venellorum 20 pervenit, his praeerat Viridovix ac summam imperii tenebat earum omnium civitatum, quae defecerant, ex quibus exercitum 16. 1 cum — tum, A. & G. 155, a; G. 589; H. 554, I, 5. 17. 1 geruntur, A. & G. 276, e; G. 220, li. ; H. 467, III, 4. GLADIUS. COMM. III. 17-18 151 magnasque copias coegerat ; atque his paucis diebus Aulerci Eburovices Lexoviique senatu suo interfecto, quod auctores belli esse nolebant, portas clauserunt seque cum Viridovice coniunxe- runt ; magnaque praeterea multitudo undique ex Gallia perdito- rum hominum latronumque convenerat, quos spes praedandi studiumque bellandi ab agricultura et cotidiano labore revocabat. Sabinus idoneo omnibus rebus loco castris sese tenebat, cum Yiridovix contra eum duum milium spatio consedisset cotidieque productis copiis pugnandi potestatem faceret, ut iam non solum 2 hostibus in contemptionem Sabinus veniret, sed etiam nostro- rum militum vocibus nonnihil carperetur ; tantamque opinionem timoris praebuit, ut iam ad vallum castrorum hostes accedere auderent, id ea de causa faciebat, quod cum tanta multitudine hostium, praesertim eo absente, qui summam imperii teneret, nisi aequo loco aut opportunitate aliqua data legato dimicandum non existimabat. Topics for Study. (1 ) Dum with the present indicative. (2.) The dative of reference. (2.) The adverbial accusative. (4) The dependent clause in indirect discourse. 18. H ac confirmata opinione timoris idoneum quendam homi- nem et callidum delegit, Gallum, ex iis, quos auxilii causa secum habebat, huic magnis praemiis pollicitationibusque persuadet, uti ad hostes transeat et, qui fieri velit, edocet, qui ubi pro perfuga ad eos venit, timorem Romanorum proponit, quibus angustiis ipse Caesar a Venetis prematur, docet, neque longius abesse, quin proxima nocte Sabinus clam ex castris exercitum educat et ad Caesarem auxilii ferendi causa proficiscatur, quod ubi auditum est, conclamant omnes occasionem negotii bene gerendi amittendam non esse, ad castra iri oportere, multae res ad hoc consilium Gallos hortabantur : superiorum dierum Sabini cunctatio, perfugae confirmatio, inopia cibariorum, cui rei parum 17. 2 hostibus , A. & G. 235, a ; G 343; H. 384, II, 4, x. 2. 5 10 15 20 25 152 DE BELLO GALLICO diligenter ab iis erat provisum, spes Venetici belli et quod fere libenter homines id, quod volunt, credunt, his rebus adducti non prius Viridovicem reliquosque duces ex concilio dimittunt, quam ab his 1 sit concessum, arma uti capiant et ad castra con- 5 tendant, qua re concessa 2 laeti, ut explorata victoria, sarmentis virgultisque collectis, quibus fossas Romanorum compleant, ad castra pergunt. Topics for Study. (1.) Indirect question. (2.) The impersonal construction (3 ) Prius quam with the subjunctive. (4.) The use of the ablative absolute. 19 . 1 jocus erat castrorum editus et paulatim ab imo acclivis circiter passus mille, huc magno cursu contenderunt, ut quam io minimum spatii ad se colligendos armandosque Romanis daretur, exanimatique pervenerunt. Sabinus suos hortatus cupientibus signum dat. impeditis hostibus propter ea, quae ferebant, onera subito duabus portis eruptionem fieri inbet. factum est oppor- tunitate loci, hostium inscientia ac defatigatione, virtute militum 15 et superiorum pugnarum exercitatione, ut ne unum quidem nos- trorum impetum ferrent ac statim terga verterent, quos impe- ditos integris viribus milites nostri consecuti magnum numerum eorum occiderunt ; reliquos equites consectati paucos, qui ex fuga evaserant, reliquerunt. sic uno tempore et de navali 20 pugna Sabinus et de Sabini victoria Caesar certior factus est, civitatesque omnes se statim Titurio dediderunt. nam ut ad bella suscipienda Gallorum alacer ac promptus est animus, sic mollis ac minime resistens ad calamitates perferendas mens eorum est. Topic for Study. The various uses of the genitive. 18. 1 sit concessum, A. & G 327 ; G. 579 ; II 520, I, 2. ' l lueli , A. & G. 191 ; G. 324, K. G; H. 443 COMM III. 20-21. 153 20 - 27 . Expedition of Crassus into Aquitania. Crassus defeats the Sontiates. The, “ Soldurii.” 20. Eodem fere tempore P. Crassus, cum in Aquitaniam per- venisset, quae pars, ut ante dictum est, et regionum latitudine et multitudine hominum ex tertia parte Gallia est aestimanda, cum intellegeret in iis locis sibi bellum gerendum, ubi 1 paucis ante annis L. Valerius Praeconius legatus exercitu pulso inter- fectus esset, atque unde L. Mallius proconsul impedimentis amissis profugisset, non mediocrem sibi diligentiam adhibendam intellegebat, itaque re frumentaria provisa, auxiliis equitatuque comparato, multis praeterea viris fortibus Tolosa et Narbone, quae sunt civitates Galliae provinciae finitimae his regionibus, nominatim evocatis in Sontiatum fines exercitum introduxit, cuius adventu cognito Sontiates magnis copiis coactis equitatu- que, quo plurimum valebant, in itinere agmen nostrum adorti primum equestre proelium commiserunt, deinde equitatu suo pulso atque insequentibus nostris subito pedestres copias, quas in convalle in insidiis collocaverant, ostenderunt, hi nostros disiectos adorti proelium renovarunt. Topics for Study. (1.) The ablative of degree of difference. (2.) The dative after adjectives. 21 . Pugnatum est diu atque acriter, cum Sontiates superioribus victoriis freti in sua virtute totius Aquitaniae salutem positam putarent, nostri autem, quid sine imperatore et sine reliquis legio- nibus adulescentulo duce efficere possent, perspici cuperent : tandem confecti vulneribus hostes terga verterunt. quorum magno numero interfecto Crassus ex itinere oppidum Sontiatum oppugnare coepit, quibus fortiter resistentibus vineas turresque egit, illi alias eruptione temptata, alias cuniculis ad aggerem 20 1 paucis ante annis, A. & G- 259, d ; G 400, r. 3 ; H 430 5 10 15 20 25 154 DE BELLO GALLICO vineasque actis, cuius rei sunt longe peritissimi Aquitani, prop- tcrea quod inultis locis apud eos 1 aerariae secturaeque suut, ubi diligentia nostrorum nihil his rebus profici posse intellexerunt, legatos ad Crassum mittunt seque in deditionem ut recipiat, 5 petunt, qua re impetrata arma tradere iussi faciunt. Topics for Study. (1.) Cum with the subjunctive. (2.) Description of the vineae and turres. (3.) The idiom alias — alias. (4.) Hendiadys. 22. Atque in ea re omnium nostrorum intentis animis alia ex parte oppidi Addatunnus, qui summam imperii tenebat, cum sexcentis devotis, quos illi 1 soldurios appellant, quorum haec est condicio, uti omnibus in vita commodis una cum his fruan- 10 tur, quorum se amicitiae dediderint, si quid iis per vim accidat, aut eundem casum una ferant aut sibi mortem consciscant ; neque adhuc hominum memoria repertus est quisquam, qui eo interfecto, cuius se amicitiae 2 devovisset, mortem recusaret : cum his Adiatunnus eruptionem facere conatus clamore ab ea parte 15 munitionis sublato, cum ad arma milites concurrissent vehemen- terque ibi pugnatum esset, repulsus in oppidum, tamen, uti eadem deditionis condicione uteretur, ab Crasso impetravit. Topics for Study. (1.) The idiom mortem consciscant. (2.) The relative clause of characteristic. (3.) The subjunctive by attraction. Crassus advances against the Vocates and Tarusates. He invites the enemy to battle. They decline. 23 Armis obsidibusque acceptis Crassus in fines Vocatium et Tarusatium profectus est. tum vero barbari commoti, quod 20 oppidum et natura loci et manu munitum paucis diebus, quibus 21. 1 aerariae secturaeque , A. & G. 385, no. 13; G. 695 ; H. 636, III, 2. 22. 1 soldani, lntrod. No. 60. 2 devovisset, A. & G. 342 ; G. 631 , H. 529, II. COMM. III. 23-24. 155 eo Ventum erat, expugnatum cognoverant, legatos quoqueversum dimittere, coniurare, oblides inter se dare, copias parare coepe- runt. mittuntur etiam ad eas civitates legati, quae sunt citerioris Hispaniae, finitimae Aquitaniae : inde auxilia ducesque arcessun- tur. quorum adventu magna cum auctoritate et magna cum 5 hominum multitudine bellum gerere conantur, duces vero ii deliguntur, qui una cum Q. Sertorio omnes annos fuerant sum- mamque scientiam rei militaris habere existimabantur, hi con- suetudine populi Homan i loca capere, castra munire, commeatibus nostros intercludere instituunt, quod ubi Crassus animadvertit, 10 suas copias propter exiguitatem non facile diduci, hostem et vagari et vias obsidere et castris satis praesidii relinquere, ob eam causam minus commode frumentum commeatumque sibi sup- portari, in dies hostium numerum augeri, non cunctandum exis- timavit, quin pugna decertaret, hac re ad consilium delata, ubi 15 omnes idem sentire intellexit, posterum diem pugnae constituit. Topics for Study. (1.) The predicate genitive of possession. (2.) The relative taking the place of a demonstrative pronoun and a conjunction. (3.) The impersonal construction. 24 . Prima luce productis omnibus copiis 1 duplici acie instituta, auxiliis in mediam aciem coniectis, quid hostes consilii caperent, exspectabat, illi, etsi propter multitu- dinem et veterem belli gloriam paucitatemque nostrorum 20 se tuto dimicaturos existimabant, tamen tutius esse arbi- trabantur obsessis viis commeatu intercluso sine ullo vulnere victoria potiri et, si propter inopiam rei frumen- i; tariae Romani sese recipere coepissent, 2 impeditos in agmine et sub sarcin.s 3 infirmiore animo adoriri cogita- 25 , | , bant, hoc consilio probato ab ducibus productis R<>- tuba. manorum copiis sese castris tenebant, hac re perspecta 24 . 1 duplici acie, Introd. No. 125, 1 1 a. 2 impeditos, Introd. No. 60. s infirmiore animo, A. & G. 179 ; G. 402 ; H. 419, II. 156 DE BELLO GALLICO Crassus, cum sua cunctatione atque opinione timoris hostes rtos- tros milites alacriores ad pugnandum effecissent, atque omnium voces audirentur, exspectari diutius non oportere, quin ad castra iretur, cohortatus suos omnibus cupientibus ad hostium castra 5 contendit. Topics for Study. (1.) The uses of the participle. (2.) The ablative of quality. (3.) The partitive genitive. Crassus attacks the enemy in tlieir camp and is victorious. The greater part of Arpiitania surrenders to Crassus. 25. Ibi cum alii fossas complerent, alii multis telis coniectis defensores vallo munitionibusque depellerent, auxiliaresque, qui- bus ad pugnam non multum Crassus confidebat, lapidibus telisque subministrandis et ad aggerem cespitibus comportandis speciem io atque opinionem pugnantium praeberent, cum item ab hostibus constanter ac non timide pugnaretur telaque ex loco superiore missa non frustra acciderent, equites circumitis hostium castris Crasso renuntiaverunt non eadem esse diligentia ab 1 decumana porta castra munita facilemque aditum habere. Topics for Study. (1.) The idiom alii — alii. (2.) The ablative of separation. (3.) Position of the decumana porta. 15 26. Crassus equitum praefectos cohortatus, ut magnis praemiis pollicitationibusque suos excitarent, quid fieri velit, ostendit, illi, ut erat imperatum, eductis iis cohortibus, quae praesidio castris relictae intritae ab labore erant, et longiore itinere circumductis, ne ex hostium castris conspici possent, omnium oculis mentibus- 20 que ad pugnam intentis celeriter ad ens, quas diximus, muni- tiones pervenerunt atque his prorutis prius in hostium castris 25. 1 decumana porta. Introd. No. 121. COMM. III. 26-28. 157 constiterunt, quam plane ab his videri aut, quid rei gereretur, cognosci 1 posset, tum vero clamore ab ea parte audito nostri redintegratis viribus, quod plerumque in spe victoriae accidere consuevit, acrius impugnare coeperant, hostes undique circum- venti desperatis omnibus rebus se per munitiones deicere et fuga salutem petere intenderunt, quos equitatus apertissimis campis consectatus ex milium L numero, quae ex Aquitania Cantabris- que convenisse constabat, vix quarta parte relicta multa nocte se in castra recepit. Topics for Study. (1.) Prius quam with the subjunctive. (2.) The idiom multa nocte. 27. Hac audita pugna maxima pars Aquitaniae sese Crasso dedidit obsidesque ultro misit ; quo in numero fuerunt Tarbelli, Bigerriones, Ptianii, Vocates, Tarusates, Elusates, Gates, Ausci, Garumni, Sibuzates, Cocosates, paucae ultimae nationes anili tempore confisae, quod hiems suberat, hoc facere neglexerunt. Topic for Study. The semi-depouent verb. 28-29. Expedition of Caesae, against the Morini and the Menapii. Caesar advances against the Morini and Menapii , who are defeated with great loss. 28. Eodem fere tempore. Caesar, etsi prope exacta iam aestas erat, tamen, quod omni Gallia pacata Morini Menapiique supere- rant, qui in armis essent neque ad eum umquam legatos de pace misissent, arbitratus id bellum celeriter confici posse, eo exerci- tum adduxit ; qui longe 1 alia ratione ac reliqui Galli bellum gerere coeperunt. nam quod intellegebant maximas nationes, 26 . 1 posset, A. & G. 327; G. 579 ; H. 520. 28. 1 alia — ac, A. & G. 156, a\ G. 616; II. 459, 2. 5 10 15 20 158 DE BELLO GALLICO quae proelio contendissent, pulsas superatasque esse, contineu- tesque silvas ac paludes habebant, eo se suaque omnia contule- runt. ad quarum initium silvarum cum Caesar pervenisset castraque munire instituisset, neque hostis interim visus esset, 5 dispersis in opere nostris subito ex omnibus partibus silvae evolaverunt et in nostros impetum fecerunt. nostri celeriter arma ceperunt eosque in silvas repulerunt et compluribus in- terfectis longius impeditioribus locis secuti paucos ex suis deperdiderunt. Topics for Study. (1 ) The idiom longe alia, — ac. (2.) Cum with the subjunctive. (3.) The signification of the comparative degree. The complete subjugation prevented by the inclemency of the season. Caesar leads Ids army into winter-quarters. io 29. Reliquis deinceps diebus Caesar silvas caedere instituit, et ne quis inermibus imprudentibusque militibus ab latere im- petus fieri posset, omnem earn materiam, quae erat caesa, con- versam ad hostem collocabat et pro vallo ad utrumque latus exstruebat, incredibili celeritate magno spatio paucis diebus 1 5 confecto, cum iam pecus atque extrema impedimenta ab nostris tenerentur, ipsi densiores silvas peterent, eiusmodi sunt tempes- tates consecutae, uti opus necessario intermitteretur et continua- tione imbrium diutius sub pellibus milites contineri non pos- sent. itaque vastatis omnibus eorum agris, vicis aedificiisque : o incensis, Caesar exercitum reduxit et in Aulercis Lexoviisque, reliquis item civitatibus, quae proxime bellum fecerant, in hibernis collocavit. Topics for Study. (1.) The ablative absolute. (2.) The subjunctive of resuit. C. IULII CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLICO COMMENTARIUS QUARTUS. 1-15. War with the Usipetes and the Tenchtheri. The Usipetes and Tenchtheri, disturbed by the Suebi, cross over into Gaul. Description of the Suebi. 1. Ea, quae secuta est, hieme, 2 qui fuit annus Gneo Pompeio, Marco Crasso consulibus, Usi- petes Germani et item Tencteri magna cum multitudine hominum flumen Rhenum transie- runt, non longe a mari, quo Rhenus influit. 5 causa transeundi fuit, quod ab Suebis com- plures annos exagitati bello premebantur et agricultura prohibebantur. Sueborum gens est longe maxima et bellicosissima Germanorum omnium, hi centum pagos habere 2 dicuntur, io ex quibus quotannis 3 singula milia armatorum bellandi causa ex finibus educunt, reliqui, qui domi manserunt, se atque illos alunt, hi rursus in vicem anno post in armis sunt, illi domi remanent, sic neque agricultura nec ratio atque usus belli intermittitur, sed privati ac separati 15 agri apud eos nihil est, neque longius anno remanere uno in 1. 1 qui, A. & G. 199 ; G. 616, 3, II; H. 445, 4. 2 dicuntur, A. & G. 330, h ; G. 528 ; H. 534, I, n. 1. 3 singula milia, A. & G. 95, a ; G 95 ; H. 174, 2, I. DE BELLO GALLICO 160 loco incolendi causa licet, neque multum frumento, sed maxi- mam partem lacte atque pecore vivunt multumque sunt in venationibus ; quae res et cibi genere et cotidiana exercitatione et libertate vitae, cum a pueris nullo officio aut disciplina assue- 5 facti nihil omnino contra voluntatem faciant, et vires alit et immani corporum magnitudine homines efficit, atque in eam se consuetudinem adduxerunt, ut locis frigidissimis neque vestitus praeter pellis haberent quicquatn, quarum propter exiguitatem magna est corporis pars aperta, et lavarentur in fluminibus. Topics for Study. (1.) The agreement of the relative with an appositivc iu its own clause. (2.) TLie ablative of separation. (3.) The personal construction with verbs of saying. (4.) The partitive genitive. io 2 . Mercatoribus est adifus magis eo, ut, quae bello ceperint, quibus vendant, habeant, quam quo ullam rem ad se importari ] desiderent, quin etiam iuinentis, quibus maxime Gallia delec- tatur quaeque impenso parant pretio, Germani importatis non utuntur, sed quae sunt apud eos nata, parva atque deformia, 15 haec cotidiana exercitatione summi ut sint 2 laboris efficiunt, equestribus proeliis saepe ex equis desiliunt ac pedibus proelian- tur, equosque eodem remanere vestigio assuefecerunt, ad quos se celeriter, cum usus est, recipiunt ; neque eorum moribus tur- pius quicquam aut inertius habetur, quam ephippiis uti. itaque 20 ad quemvis numerum ephippiatorum equitum quamvis pauci adire audent, vinum ad se omnino importari non sinunt, quod ea re ad laborem ferendum remollescere homines atque effeminari arbitrantur. Topics for Study. (1.) Quo with an implied negative. (2.) The ablative of price. (3.) The pre- dicate genitive. 2. 1 desiderent , A. & G. 341, d ; G. 541, R. 1 ; H. 516, II, 2. 2 laboris , A. & G. 214, c; G. 365; II. 402. COMM. IV. 3-4. 161 3. Publice maximam putant esse laudem, quam latissime a suis finibus vacare agros : hac re significari, magnum numerum civitatium suam vim sustinere non posse, itaque una ex parte a Suebis circiter milia passuum sexcenta agri vacare dicuntur, ad alteram partem succedunt Ubii, quorum fuit civitas ampla atque florens, ut est captus Germanorum, et paulo sunt eiusdem generis ceteris humaniores, propterea quod Ebenum attingunt, multumque ad eos mercatores ventitant, et ipsi propter propin- quitatem Gallicis sunt moribus assuefacti, hos cum Suebi multis saepe bellis experti propter amplitudinem gravitatemque civita- tis finibus expellere non potuissent, tamen 1 vectigales sibi lecerunt ac multo humiliores iufirmioresque redegerunt. Topics for Study. (1.) The idiom una er partu. (2.) The accusative of extent ot' space. (3.) The ablative of degree of difference. The Menapii are distressed. 4. In eadem causa fuerunt Usipetes et Tencteri, quos supra diximus, qui complures annos Sueborum vim sustinuerunt; ad extremum tamen agris expulsi et multis locis Germaniae trien- nium vagati ad Ebenum pervenerunt ; quas regiones Menapii incolebant et ad utramque ripam fluminis agros, aedificia vicosque habebant, sed tantae multitudinis aditu perterriti ex iis aedi- ficiis, quae trans flumen habuerant, demigraverunt et cis Ebenum dispositis praesidiis Germanos transire prohibebant, illi omnia experti, cum neque vi contendere propter inopiam navium neque clam transire propter custodias Menapiorum possent, reverti se in suas sedes regionesque simulaverunt et tridui viam progressi rursus reverterunt atque omni hoc itinere una nocte equitatu confecto inscios inopinantesque Menapios oppresserunt, qui de Germanorum discessu per exploratores certiores facti sine metu 3. 1 vectigales, A. & G. ISfr, c ; G. 334 ; H. 373, 1. 11 5 10 15 20 25 162 DE BELLO GALLICO trans Rhenum in suos vicos remigraverant. his interfectis navibusque eorum occupatis, priusquam ea pars Menapiorum, quae citra Rhenum quieta in suis sedibus erat, certior 1 fieret, flumen transierunt atque omnibus eorum aedificiis occupatis reliquam 5 partem hiemis se eorum copiis aluerunt. Topics for Study. (1 ) The difference between the construction after prohibere and that after other verbs of hindering. (2.) The construction with priusquam. Caesar resolves to make war upon the Usipetes and Tenchtheri. 5. 11 is de rebus Caesar certior factus et infirmitatem Gallorum veritus, quod sunt in consiliis capiendis mobiles et novis ple- rumque rebus student, nihil his committendum existimavit, est enim hoc Gallicae 1 consuetudinis, uti et viatores etiam invitos io consistere 2 cogant et, quod quisque eorum de quaque re audierit aut cognoverit, quaerant, et mercatores in oppidis vulgus circum- sistat, quibusque ex regionibus veniant quasque ibi res cognove- rint, pronuntiare cogant, his rebus atque auditionibus permoti de summis saepe rebus consilia ineunt, 3 quorum eos e vestigio 15 paenitere necesse est, cum incertis rumoribus serviant, et ple- rique ad voluntatem eorum ficta respondeant. Topics for Study. (1) The predicate genitive (2.) Singular subject with plural verb. (3.) The construction after paenitere. (4.) The ablative of the gerundive construction with in. 6. Qua consuetudine cognita Caesar, ne 1 graviori bello occur- reret, maturius, quam consuerat, ad exercitum proficiscitur, eo cum venisset, ea, quae fore suspicatus erat, facta cognovit : 4. 1 fieret , A. & G. 327 ; G. 579 ; H. 520, II. 5. 1 consuetudinis, A. & G. 214, d\ G. 365, it. 1; H. 401. 2 cogant , A. & G. 205, c.\ G. 202, ex. 1 ; H. 461, 1. 3 quorum , A. & G. 221, b\ G. 376 ; H 409, III. 6. 1 graviori, A. & G. 93, a ; H. 444. COMM. IV. G-7. 163 missas legationes nb nonnullis civitatibus ad Germanos invitatos- que eos, uti ab Eheno discederent, omniaque, quae 2 postulassent, ab se fore parata, qua spe adducti Germani latius vagabantur et in tines Eburonum et Condrusorum, qui sunt Treverorum clientes, pervenerant, principibus Galliae evocatis Caesar ea, quae cognoverat, dissimulanda sibi existimavit eorumque animis per- mulsis et confirmatis equitatuque imperato bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit. Topics for Study (1.) The significations of the comparative. (2.) The future perfect in indirect discourse. (3.) The ablative absolute. The Germans send ambassadors to Caesar. 7 Ee frumentaria comparata equitibusque delectis iter in ea loca facere coepit, quibus in locis esse Germanos audiebat, a quibus cum paucorum dierum 1 iter abesset, legati ab his vene- runt, quorum haec fuit oratio : Germanos neque priores populo Eomano bellum inferre neque tamen recusare, si lacessantur, quin armis contendant, quod Germanorum consuetudo sit a maioribus tradita, quicumque bellum inferant, resistere neque deprecari, haec tamen dicere, venisse invitos, eiectos domo, si suam gra- tiam Bomani velint, posse iis utiles esse amicos ; vel sibi agros 2 attribuant vel patiantur eos tenere, quos armis possederint : sese unis Suebis concedere, quibus ne dii quidem immortales pares esse possint ; reliquum quidem in terris esse neminem, quem non superare possint. Topics for Study. (1.) The accusative of extent of space. (2.) The repetition of the antecedent- is.) The mood which represents the imperative in indirect discourse. 6. 2 postulassent, A. & G. 336, 2 ; G. 510; IT. 525, 2. 7. 1 iter, A. & G. 237 ; G. 335, 2 ; II. 379. 2 attribuant, A. & G. 339; G. 655 ; H. 523, III. 5 10 15 20 164 DE BELLO GALLICO 8. Ad haec Caesar quae visura est respondit ; sed exitus fuit orationis : sibi nullam cura his amicitiam esse posse, si in Gallia remanerent ; neque verum esse, qui suos fines tueri non potuerint, alienos occupare ; neque ullos in Gallia vacare agros, qui dari 5 tantae praesertim multitudini sine iniuria possint ; sed licere, si velmt, in Ubiorum finibus considere, quorum sint legati apud se et de Sueborum ini uriis querantur et a se auxilium petant: hoc se Ubiis imperaturum. Topic for Study. The moods and tenses of oratio obliqua. 9 . Legati haec se ad suos relaturos dixerunt et re deliberata io post diem tertium ad Caesarem reversuros : interea ne propius 1 se castra moveret, petierunt, ne id quidem Caesar ab se im- petrari posse dixit, cognoverat enim, magnam partem equitatus ab iis aliquot diebus ante praedandi frumentandique causa ad Ambivaritos trans Mosam missam : hos exspectari equites atque 15 eius rei causa moram interponi arbitrabatur. Topic for Study. The two possible constructions alter propius, proxime , propior, and proximus. Description of the Meuse arid the Rhine. 10 . Mosa profluit ex monte Vosego, qui est in finibus Lin- gonum, et parte quadam ex Rheno recepta, quae appellatur Vacalus, insulam efficit Batavorum, neque longius ab Rheno mili- bus passuum LXXX in Oceanum influit. Rhenus autem oritur 20 ex Lepontiis, qui Alpes incolunt, et longo spatio per fines Nan- tuatium, Helvetiorum, Sequanorum, Mediomatricum, Tribocorum, Treverorum 1 citatus fertur et, ubi Oceano appropinquavit, in 9. 1 se, A. & G 234, e- G. 356, 4; H. 437, 1. 10. 1 citatus, A. & G. 191 ; Ci. 324, it. 6 ; H. 443. COMM. IV. 10-12. 165 piares defluit partes inultis ingentibusque insulis effectis, quarum pars magna a feris barbarisque nationibus incolitur, ex quibus sunt, qui piscibus atque ovis avium vivere existimantur, multis- que capitibus in Oceanum influit. Topic for Study. The different uses of the ablative in the chapter. The perfidy of the Germans. 11 . Caesar cum ab hoste non amplius passuum XII milibus abesset, ut erat constitutum, ad eum legati revertuntur ; qui in itinere congressi magnopere, ne longius progrederetur, orabant, cum id non impetrassent, petebant, uti ad eos equites, qui agmen 1 antecessissent, praemitteret eosque pugna prohiberet, sibique uti potestatem faceret in Ubios legatos mittendi ; quorum si prin- cipes ac senatus sibi iureiurando fidem fecissent, ea condicione, quae a Caesare ferretur, se usuros ostendebant : ad has res con- ficiendas sibi tridui spatium daret, haec omnia Caesar eodem illo pertinere arbitrabatur, ut tridui mora interposita equites eorum, qui abessent, reverterentur ; tamen sese non longius mili- bus passuum quattuor aquationis causa processurum eo die dixit : huc postero die quam frequentissimi convenirent, ut de eorum postulatis cognosceret, interim ad praefectos, qui cum omni equitatu antecesserant, mittit qui nuntiarent, ne hostes proelio lacesserent et, si ipsi lacesserentur, sustinerent, quoad ipse cum exercitu propius accessisset. Topics for Study. (1.) The subjunctive by attraction. (2.) Relative clauses of purpose. (3.) The gerund with direct object. 12 . At hostes ubi primum nostros equites conspexerunt, quorum erat quinque milium numerus, cum ipsi non amplius 11. 1 antecessissent, A & G. 342 ; G. 631 ; II. 529, II. 5 10 15 20 166 DE BELLO GALLICO octingentos 1 equites haberem, quod ii, qui frumentandi causa ierant trans Mosam, nondum redierant, nihil timentibus nostris, quod legati eorum paulo ante a Caesare discesserant atque is dies indutiis erat ab his petitus, impetu facto celeriter nostros per- 5 turbaverunt ; rursus resistentibus consuetudine sua ad pedes desiluerunt, subfossis equis compluribusque nostris deiectis reli- quos in fugam coniecerunt atque ita perterritos egerunt, ut non prius fuga desisterent, quam in conspectum agtninis nostri venis- sent. in eo proelio ex equitibus nostris interficiuntur quattuor io et septuaginta, in his vir fortissimus, Piso Aquitanus, amplis- simo genere natus, cuius avus in civitate sua regnum obtinuerat amicus ab senatu nostro appellatus, hic cum fratri intercluso ab hostibus. auxilium ferret, illum ex periculo eripuit: ipse equo vulnerato deiectus, quoad potuit, fortissime restitit : cum circurn- 15 ventus multis vulneribus acceptis cecidisset, atque id frater, qui iam proelio excesserat, procul animadvertisset, incitato equo se hostibus obtulit atque interfectus est. Topics for Study. (1.) The idiom ubi primum. (2.) The ablative of source. (3.) The various significations of the participle. Caesar resolves to attach them at once. 13 . Hoc facto proelio Caesar neque iam sibi legatos audiendos neque condiciones accipiendas arbitrabatur ab iis, qui per dolum 20 atque insidias petita pace ultro bellum intulissent : exspectare vero, dum hostium copiae augerentur equitatusque reverteretur, summae dementiae esse iudicabat, et cognita Gallorum infirmi- tate, quantum iam apud eos hostes uno proelio auctoritatis essent consecuti, sentiebat , quibus ad consilia capienda nihil spatii dan- as dum existimabat, his constitutis rebus et consilio cum legatis 12. 1 equites , A. & G. 247, c ; G. 311, it. 4 ; II. 417, 1, N. 2. COMM TV. 13 - 14 . 167 et quaestore communicato, ne quem diem pugnae praetermit- teret, opportunissima res accidit, quod postridie eius 1 diei mane eadem et perfidia et simulatione usi Germani frequentes omni- bus principibus maioribusque natu adhibitis ad eum in castra venerunt, simul, ut dicebatur, sui purgandi causa, quod contra, atque esset dictum et ipsi petissent, proelium pridie commisis- sent, simul ut, si quid possent, de indutiis fallendo impetrarent, quos sibi Caesar oblatos gavisus illos retineri iussit ; ipse omnes copias castris eduxit equitatumque, quod recenti proelio perter- ritum esse existimabat, agmen subsequi iussit. Topics for Study. (1.) The different uses of the genitive in this chapter. (2.) The expression sui ■purgandi. (3.) Semi-deponent verbs. The enemy are defeated with great slaughter and betake them- selves into the territories of the Sigambri. 14 . 1 Acie triplici instituta et celeriter octo milium itinere confecto prius ad hostium castra pervenit, quam, quid ageretur, Germani sentire 2 possent, qui omnibus rebus subito perterriti, et celeritate adventus nostri et discessu suorum, neque consilii habendi neque arma capiendi spatio dato perturbantur, copiasne adversus hostem educere, 3 an castra defendere, an fuga salutem petere praestaret, quorum timor cum fremitu et concursu significaretur, milites nostri pristini diei perfidia incitati in castra irruperunt, quo loco, qui celeriter arma capere potuerunt, paulisper nostris restiterunt atque inter carros impedimentaque proelium commise- runt : at reliqua multitudo puerorum mulierumque (nam cum omnibus suis domo excesserant Hhenumque transierant) passim fugere coepit ; ad quos consectandos Caesar equitatum misit. 13. i diei, A. & G. 214, g\ G. 371, n. 4 ; H. 398, 5. 14. 1 acie triplici instituta , Introd. 123, I, 2), c. 2 possent , A. & G. 327 ; G. 579; H. 520, II. 3 ne — an — an, A. & G. 221 ; G. 4G0 ; H. 353. 5 10 15 20 168 DE BELLO GALLICO Topics for Study. (1.) Tlic line of battle. (2.) The construction after prius — quam. (3) Cor- relatives. (4.) Double questions. 15. Germani post tergum clamore audito, cum suos interfici viderent, armis abiectis signisque militaribus relictis se ex cas- tris eiecerunt, et cum ad confluentem Mosae et Rheni pervenis- sent, reliqua fuga desperata magno numero interfecto reliqui se 5 in flumen praecipitaverunt atque ibi timore, lassitudine, vi fluminis oppressi perierunt, nostri ad unum omnes incolumes perpaucis vulneratis ex tanti belli timore, cum hostium numerus capitum CCCCXXX milium fuisset, se in castra receperunt. Caesar iis, quos in castris retinuerat, discedendi potestatem fecit, io illi supplicia cruciatusque Gallorum veriti, quorum agros vexa- verant, remanere se apud eum velle dixerunt, his Caesar liber- tatem concessit. Topics for Study. (1.) The idiom ad unum omnes. (2.) The various significations of the ablative absolute 16-19. Caesar’s crossing into Germany. Caesar determines to cross into Germany. 16. Germanico bello confecto multis de causis Caesar statuit sibi Rhenum esse transeundum j quarum illa fuit iustissima, 15 quod, cum videret Germanos tam facile impelli, ut in Galliam venirent, suis quoque rebus eos timere voluit, cum intellegerent et posse et audere populi Romani exercitum Rhenum transire, accessit etiam, quod illa pars equitatus Usipetum et Tenctero- rum, quam supra commemoravi praedandi frumentandique causa 20 Mosam transisse neque proelio interfuisse, post fugam suorum se trans Rhenum in fines Sugambrorum receperat seque cum iis coniunxerat. ad quos cum Caesar nuntios misisset, qui postula- rent, eos, qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent, sibi 1 dederent, 16. 1 dederent, A. & G 331,/, R. ; G. 546, R. 3 ; H. 499, 2. COMM. IV. 16. 169 responderunt : populi Romani imperium Rhenum finire : si se invito Germanos in Galliam transire non aequum existimaret, cur sui quicquam esse imperii aut potestatis trans Rhenum pos- tularet ? Ubii autem, qui uni ex Transrhenanis aci Caesarem legatos miserant, amicitiam fecerant, obsides dederant, magnopere 5 orabant, ut sibi auxilium ferret, quod graviter ab Suebis pre- merentur ; vel, si id iacere occupationibus reipublicae prohibe- retur, exercitum modo Rhenum transportaret : id sibi ad auxilium spemque reliqui temporis satis futurum. tantum esse nomen atque opinionem eius exercitus Ariovisto pulso et hoc novissimo io proelio facto etiam ad ultimas Germanorum nationes, uti opi- 170 DE BELLO GALLICO nione et amicitia populi Romani tuti esse possint. navium magnam copiam ad transportandum exercitum pollicebantur. Topics for Study. (1.) The omission ol ut. (2.) I he use ot the relative at the beginning of a sentence. (3.) The possessive genitive in the predicate. Description of the bridge which Caesar builds across the Rhine. 17 . Caesar his de causis, cptas commemoravi, Rhenum transire decreverat ; sed navibus transire neque satis tutum esse arbitra- 5 batur, neque suae neque populi Romani dignitatis esse statuebat, itaque, etsi summa difficultas laciendi pontis proponebatur propter latitudinem, rapiditatem altitudinemque fluminis, tamen id sibi contendendum aut aliter non transducendum exercitum existima- bat. rationem pontis hanc instituit. tigna bina sesquipedalia, io paulum ab imo praeacuta dimensa ad altitudinem fluminis inter- vallo pedum duorum inter se iungebat. haec cum machinationi- quomodo sublicae ac defensores cum trabibus bipedalibus contuncta sint. bus immissa in flumen defixerat fistucisque adegerat, non sublicae modo directe ad perpendiculum, sed prone ac fasti- gate, ut secundum naturam fluminis procumberent, his item 15 contraria duo ad eundem modum iuncta intervallo pedum 1 qua- dragenum ab inferiore parte contra vim atque impetum fluminis 17. 1 quadragenum, A. & G. 40, e ; G. 29, u. 3 ; H. 52, 3. COMM. IV. 17. 171 conversa statuebat, haec utraque insuper bipedalibus trabibus immissis, quantum eorum tignorum iunctura distabat, binis utrimque fibulis ab extrema parte distinebantur ; quibus dis- clusis atque in contrariam partem revinctis tanta erat operis firmitudo atque ea rerum natura, ut, quo maior vis aquae se 2 in- 5 citavisset, hoc artius illigata tenerentur, haec ° directa materia iniecta contexebantur et longuriis cratibusque consternebantur ; ac nihilo secius sublicae et ad inferiorem partem fluminis obli- que agebantur, quae pro ariete subiectae et cum omni opere coniunctae vim fluminis 4 exciperent, et aliae item supra pontem 10 mediocri spatio, ut, si arborum trunci sive naves 5 deiciendi operis essent a barbaris missae, his defensoribus earum rerum vis minueretur, neu ponti nocerent. PONTIS IVGUM SUPERNE VISUM. Topics for Study. (1.) The structure of the bridge (see plan ) . (2.) The indicative inond after cum. (3.) The ablative of degree of difference,. (4.) The uses of the participle. (5.) Purpose clauses. (6.) The genitive of the gerundive. (7 ) Distributive numerals. 17. 2 incitavisset, A. & G. 312 ; G. 631 ; H. 529, TT. 3 directa , A. & G. 191 ; G. 324, r. 6 ; H. 443. 4 exciperent, A. & G. 317 ; G. 632 ; H. 497, 1. 5 deiciendi operis , A. & G. 29S r. ; G. 429, r. 2 ; H. 544, n. 2. 172 DE BELLO GALLICO Caesar enters the territories of the Sugambri, ami proceeds into the country oj the V bit, from whom he gains information regarding the Suebi. He returns to Gaul. 18 . Diebus decem, quibus materia coepta erat comportari, omni opere effecto exercitus traducitur. Caesar ad utramque partem pontis firmo praesidio relicto in fines Sugambrorum con- tendit. interim a compluribus civitatibus ad eum legati veniunt ; 5 quibus pacem atque amicitiam petentibus liberaliter respondit obsidesque ad se adduci iubet. Sugambri ex eo tempore, quo pons institui coeptus est, fuga comparata hortantibus iis, quos ex Tencteris atque Usipetibus apud se habebant, finibus suis excesserant suaque omnia exportaverant, seque in solitudinem io ac silvas •abdiderant. Topic for Study. The voice of coepi when used with a passive infinitive. 19 . Ca esar paucos dies in eorum finibus moratus omnibus vicis aedificiisque incensis frumentisque succisis, se in fines Ubiorum recepit atque iis auxilium suum pollicitus, si ab Suebis premerentur, haec ab iis cognovit : Suebos, posteaquam per ex- is ploratores pontem fieri comperissent, more suo concilio habito nuntios in omnes partes dimisisse, uti de oppidis demigrarent, liberos, uxores suaque omnia in silvas deponerent, atque omnes, qui arma ferre possent, unum in locum convenirent : hunc esse delectum 1 medium fere regionum earum, quas Suebi obtinerent : 20 hic Romanorum adventum exspectare atque ibi decertare consti- tuisse. quod ubi Caesar comperit, omnibus his rebus confectis, quarum rerum causa traducere exercitum constituerat, ut Ger- manis metum iniceret, ut Sugambros ulcisceretur, ut Ubios obsi- dione liberaret, diebus omnino decem et octo trans Rhenum 19. 1 medium, A. & G. 193; G. 321, it. 6; II. 410, n. 2, COMM. IV. 19-21. 173 consumptis satis et ad laudem et ad utilitatem profectum arbi- tratus se in Galliam recepit pontemque rescidit. Topic for Study. Appositive clauses. 20 - 26 . War in Britain. Caesar resolves to proceed into Britain. 20. Exigua parte aestatis reliqua Caesar, etsi in bis locis, quod omnis Gallia ad septentriones vergit, maturae sunt hiemes, tamen in Britanniam proficisci contendit, quod omnibus fere Gallicis bellis hostibus nostris inde subministrata auxilia intellegebat et, si tempus anni ad bellum gerendum deficeret, tamen magno sibi usui fore arbitrabatur, si modo insulam 1 adisset et genus homi- num perspexisset, loca, portus, aditus cognovisset ; quae omnia fere Gallis erant incognita, neque enim temere praeter merca- tores illo adit quisquam, neque iis ipsis quicquam, praeter oram maritimam atque eas regiones, quae sunt contra Gallias, notum est. itaque evocatis ad se undique mercatoribus neque quanta esset insulae magnitudo, neque quae aut quantae nationes inco- lerent, neque quem usum belli haberent aut quibus institutis uterentur, neque qui essent ad maiorum navium multitudinem idonei portus, reperire poterat. Topics for Study. (1) Conditional sentences. (2.) Sequence of tenses. Volusenus is sent to examine the state of affairs on the island. Ambassadors come from Britain. 21. Ad haec cognoscenda, priusquam periculum faceret, ido- neum esse arbitratus Gaium Volusenum cum navi longa prae- mittit. huic mandat, ut exploratis omnibus rebus ad se quam 20. adisset, A & G. 307,/; G. 598, r. 3 ; H. 509, n. 6. 5 10 15 20 174 DE BELLO GALLICO primum revertatur, ipse cum omnibus copiis in Morinos pro- ficiscitur, quod inde erat brevissimus in Britanniam traiectus. huc naves undique ex finitimis regionibus et 1 quam superiore aestate ad Veneticum bellum effecerat classem iubet convenire. 5 interim consilio eius cognito et per mercatores perlato ad Bri- tannos a compluribus eius insulae civitatibus ad eum legati veniunt, qui polliceantur obsides 2 dare atque imperio populi Ro- mani obtemperare. 'quibus auditis liberaliter pollicitus horta- tusque, ut in ea sententia permanerent, eos domum remittit et io cum iis una Commium, quem ipse Atrebatibus superatis regem ibi constituerat, cuius et virtutem et consilium probabat et quem sibi fidelem arbitrabatur, cuiusque auctoritas in bis regionibus 3 magni habebatur, mittit, huic imperat, quas possit, adeat civi- tates horteturque, ut populi Romani fidem sequantur, seque 15 celeriter eo venturum nuntiet. Yolusenus perspectis regionibus omnibus, quantum ei facultatis dari potuit, qui navi egredi ac se barbaris committere non auderet, quinto die ad Caesarem reverti- tur quaeque ibi perspexisset, renuntiat. Topics for Study. (1.) The verbal nomi traiectus. (2.) The genitive of price. (3.) The idiom fidem sequantur. (4.) The omission of at. Caesar’s passage across, and his arrival. 22. Dum in his locis Caesar navium parandarum causa inora- 20 tur, ex magna parte Morinorum ad eum legati venerunt, qui se de superioris temporis consilio excusarent, quod homines barbari et nostrae consuetudinis imperiti bellum populo Romano 1 fecis- sent, seque ea, quae impera.sset, facturos pollicerentur, hoc sibi satis opportune Caesar accidisse arbitratus, quod neque post ter- 21. 1 quam classem , A. & G. 200, h ; G. 618 ; H. 445, 9. 2 dare, A. & G. 330, /; G. 527, R. 2 ; H. 537, n. 3 magni, A. & G. 215, c ; G. 399 ; H. 404. 22. 1 fecissent, A. & G. 341, d ; G. 541 ; H. 516, II. COMM. LY. 22-23. 175 gum hostem relinquere volebat neque belli gerendi propter anni tempus facultatem habebat neque has 2 tantularum rerum occu- pationes sibi Britanniae anteponendas iudicabat, magnum his obsidum numerum imperat, quibus adductis eos in fidem rece- pit. navibus circiter LXXX onerariis coactis constratisque, quot satis esse ad duas transportandas legiones existimabat, quod praeterea navium longarum habebat, quaestori, legatis praefectis- que distribuit, huc accedebant XVIII onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo vento tenebantur, quo minus in eundem portum pervenire possent : has equitibus distribuit, reliquum exercitum Quinto Titurio Sabino et Lucio Auruncu- leio Cottae legatis in Menapios atque in eos pagos Morinorum, ab quibus ad eum legati non venerant, deducendum dedit. Pub- lium Sulpicium Rufum legatum cum eo praesidio, quod satis esse arbitrabatur, portum tenere iussit. Topics for Study. (1.) Relative clauses of purpose. (2.) Diminutives. (3.) Quod expressing cause on the authority of another. (4.) The gerundive construction. 23. His constitutis rebus nactus idoneam ad navigandum tempestatem tertia fere vigilia solvit equitesque in ulteriorem portum progredi et naves conscendere et se sequi iussit. a qui- bus cum paulo tardius esset administratum, ipse hora diei circiter quarta cum primis navibus Britanniam attigit atque ibi in omni- bus collibus expositas hostium copias armatas conspexit, cuius loci haec erat natura, atque ita montibus angustis mare contine- batur, uti ex locis superioribus in litus telum adigi posset, hunc ad egrediendum nequaquam idoneum locum arbitratus, dum reliquae naves eo 1 convenirent, ad horam nonam in ancoris exspectant, interim legatis tribunisque militum convocatis et 22. 2 tantularum , A. & G. 164, a; G. 786, 9, l\ H. 332. 23 1 concenirent, A. & G. 328 ; G 574; H. 519. 5 10 15 20 25 176 DE BELLO GALLICO quae ex Yoluseno cognOsset, et quae fieri vellet, ostendit monuit- que, ut rei militaris ratio, maxime ut maritumae res postularent, ut quae celerem atque instabilem motum 2 haberent, ad nutum et ad tempus omnes res ab iis administrarentur, bis dimissis et 5 ventum et aestum uno tempore nactus secundum dato signo et sublatis ancoris circiter milia passuum septem ab eo loco pro- gressus aperto ac plano litore naves constituit. Topics for Study. (1) Dum with the subjunctive. (2.) Kelative clause expressing cause. (3 ) The omission of ut. 24. At barbari consilio. Romanorum cognito praemisso equitatu et essedariis, quo plerumque genere in proeliis uti consuerunt, io reliquis copiis subsecuti nostros navibus egredi prohibebant, erat ob has causas summa difficultas, quod naves propter magni- tudinem nisi in alto constitui non poterant, 1 militibus autem ignotis locis, impeditis manibus magno et gravi armorum onere oppressis simul et de navibus desiliendum et in lluctibus con- 15 sistendum et cum hostibus erat pugnandum, cum illi aut ex arido aut paulum in aquam progressi omnibus membris expedi- tis, notissimis locis audacter tela conicerent et equos insuefactos incitarent, quibus rebus nostri perterriti atque huius omnino 2 generis pugnae imperiti non eadem alacritate ac studio, quo in 20 pedestribus uti proeliis consuerant, nitebantur. Topics for Study. (1.) The difference between the construction after prohibere and that after other verbs of hindering. (2.) The dative of agent. (3.) The use of conjunctions. (4 ) The genitive after adjectives. 23. 2 haberent, A. & G. 320, * ; G. 637 ; II. 517, 3, I. 24. 1 militibus, A. & G. 232 ; G 353 ; H. 388. 2 generis, A. & G. 218,» ; G. 373; H. 399. COMM. IV. 25-26. 177 Engagement with the Britons. 25 . Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, naves longas, quarum et species erat barbaris inusitatior et motus ad usum expeditior, paulum removeri ab onerariis navibus et remis incitari et ad latus apertum hostium constitui atque inde fundis, sagittis, tor- mentis hostes propelli ac submoveri iussit ; quae res magno usui nostris fuit, nam et navium figura et remorum motu et inusi- tato genere tormentorum permoti barbari constiterunt ac paulum modo pedem retulerunt, atque nostris militibus cunctantibus, maxime propter altitudinem maris, qui decimae legionis Aquilam ferebat, contestatus deos, ut ea res legioni feliciter eveniret : ‘ desilite/ inquit, ‘ milites, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prodere: ego certe meum reipublicae atque imperatori officium 2 praesti- tero/ hoc cum magna voce dixisset, se ex navi proiecit atque in hostes aquilam ferre coepit, tum nostri cohortati 3 inter se, ne tantum dedecus admitteretur, universi ex navi desiluerunt ; hos item ex proximis primis navibus cum conspexissent, subse- cuti hostibus appropinquarunt. Topics for Study. (1.) The dative of service. (2.) The idiom pedem retulerunt. (3.) The future perfect. (4.) Condensed expressions. 26. Pugnatum est ab utrisque acriter, nostri tamen, quod neque ordines servare neque firmiter insistere neque signa sub- sequi poterant, atque 1 alius alia ex navi, quibuscumque signis occurrerat, se aggregabat, magnopere perturbabantur : hostes vero notis omnibus vadis, ubi ex htore aliquos singulares ex navi egredientes conspexerant, incitatis equis impeditos adorie- bantur, plures paucos circumsistebant, abi ab latere aperto in 25. 1 aquilam, Introd. No. 103. 2 praestitero , A. & G. 381, r. ; G. 236 ; H. 473. 3 inter se, A. & G. 196,/; G. 212; H. 448, x. 26. 1 alius alia, A. & G. 203, c; G. 306; H. 429. I. 12 5 10 15 20 178 DE BELLO GALLICO universos tela con. ciebant, quod cum animadvertisset Caesar, scaphas longarum navium, item speculatoria navigia militibus compleri iussit et, quos laborantes conspexerat, his subsidia submittebat, nostri, simul in arido constiterunt, suis omnibus 5 consecutis in hostes impetum fecerunt atque eos in fugam dede- runt neque longius prosequi potuerunt, quod equites cursum tenere atque insulam capere non potuerant, hoc unum ad pris- tinam fortunam Caesari defuit. Topics for Study. (1.) The i in personal construction. (2.) The idiom alias alia. (3 ) The adjective used substantively. (3.) 'the dative after compounds. The Britons surrender. 27. Hostes proelio superati, simul atque se ex fuga recepe- io runt, statim ad Caesarem legatos de pace miserunt, obsides datu- ros quaeque imperasset facturos sese polliciti sunt, una cum his legatis Commius Atrebas venit, quem supra demonstraveram a Caesare in Britanniam praemissum, hunc illi e navi egressum, cum ad eos oratoris modo Caesaris mandata deferret, compre- j henderant atque in vincula coniecerant : tum proelio facto remi- serunt et in petenda pace eius rei culpam in multitudinem contulerunt et propter imprudentiam ut ignosceretur, petiverunt. Caesar questus, quod, cum ultro in continentem legatis missis pacem ab se petissent, bellum sine causa intulissent, ignoscere 20 imprudentiae dixit obsidesque imperavit; quorum illi partem statim dederunt, partem ex longinquioribus locis arcessitam paucis diebus sese daturos dixerunt, interea suos remigrare in agros iusserunt, principesque undique convenire et se civitatesque suas Caesari commendare coeperunt. Topic for Study. The passive of the intransitive verb. COMM. IV. 28-29. 179 A severe storm assails the Roman f eet. 28 . His rebus pace confirmata post diem quartum, quam est in Britanniam ventum, naves XVIII, de quibus supra demon- stratum est, quae equites sustulerant, ex superiore portu leni vento solverunt, quae cum appropinquarent Britanniae et ex castris viderentur, tanta tempestas subito coorta est, ut nulla carum cursum tenere posset, sed aliae eodem, unde erant pro- fectae, referrentur, aliae ad inferiorem partem insulae, quae est propius solis occasum, magno 1 sui cum periculo deicerentur ; quae tamen ancoris iactis cum fluctibus complerentur, necessario adversa nocte in altum provectae continentem petierunt. Topics for Study (1.) The two possible constructions after propius, proxime , propior , proximus. (2.) The reflexive pronoun. (3.) The objective genitive. 29. Eadem nocte accidit, ut esset luna plena, qui dies mari- timos aestus maximos in Oceano efficere consuevit, nostrisque id erat incognitum, ita uno tempore et longas naves, quibus Cae- sar exercitum transportandum curaverat quasque in aridum sub- duxerat, aestus compleverat, et onerarias, quae ad ancoras erant deligatae, tempestas afflictabat, neque ulla nostris facultas aut administrandi aut auxiliandi dabatur. compluribus navibus fractis reliquae cum essent funibus, ancoris reliquisque arma- mentis amissis ad navigandum inutiles, magna, 1 id quod necesse erat accidere, totius exercitus perturbatio facta est. neque enim naves erant aliae, quibus reportari possent, et omnia deerant, quae ad reficiendas naves erant usui, et, quod omnibus consta- bat hiemari in Gallia oportere, frumentum bis in locis in hiemem provisum non erat. Topics for Study. (1.) The gerundive construction. (2.) A neuter pronoun in apposition witha clause. 28. 1 sui, A. & G. 217 ; G. 361 ; H. 396, III 29. 1 id quod, A. & G. 200, r? ; G. 616, n. 2 ; IT. 145 7 5 10 15 20 180 DE BELLO GALLICO The Britons take advantage of this opportunity. Caesar’s provision against emergencies. 30 . Quibus rebus cognitis principes Britanniae, qui post proe- lium ad Caesarem convenerant, inter se collocuti, cum equites et naves et frumentum Romanis deesse intellegerent et paucitatem militum ex castrorum exiguitate cognoscerent, quae 1 hoc erant 5 etiam angustiora, quod sine impedimentis Caesar legiones trans- portaverat, optimum tactu esse duxerunt rebellione facta frumento commeatuque nostros prohibere et rem in hiemem producere, quod his superatis aut reditu interclusis neminem postea belli inferendi causa in Britanniam transiturum confidebant. Topic for Study. The ablative of degree of difference. io 31 . Itaque rursus coniuratione facta paulatim ex castris dis- cedere ac suos clam ex agris deducere coeperunt, at Caesar, etsi nondum eorum consilia cognoverat, tamen et ex eventu navium suarum et ex eo, quod obsides dare intermiserant, fore id, quod accidit, suspicabatur, itaque ad omnes casus subsidia coinpara- 15 bat. nam et frumentum ex agris cotidie in castra conferebat et 1 quae gravissime afflictae erant naves, earum materia atque aere ad reliquas reficiendas utebatur et quae ad eas res erant usui ex continenti comportari iubebat. itaque, cum summo studio a militibus administraretur, duodecim navibus amissis, reliquis ut 20 navigari commode posset, effecit. Topics for Study. (1.) The antecedent in the relative clause. (2.) The signification of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect of cognosco. 30. 1 hoc. A. & G. 250 ; G. 400 ; H. 423. 31. 1 quae — naves. A. & G. 200. h ; G. 618 ; H. 445, 9. COMM. IV. 32-33. 181 The stratagem of the Britons. 32. Dum ea 1 geruntur, legione ex consuetudine una frumen- tatum missa, quae appellabatur septima, neque ulla ad id tempus belli suspicione interposita, cum pars hominum in agris rema- neret, pars etiam in castra 2 ventitaret, ii, qui pro portis castro- rum in statione erant, Caesari nuntiaverunt pulverem maiorem, quam consuetudo ferret, in ea parte videri, quam in partem legio iter fecisset. Caesar id, quod erat, suspicatus, aliquid novi a barbaris initum consilii, cohortes, quae in stationibus erant, secum in eam partem proficisci, ex reliquis duas in sta- tionem succedere, reliquas 3 armari et confestim sese subsequi iussit. cum paulo longius a castris processisset, suos ab hosti- bus premi atque aegre sustinere et conferta legione ex omnibus partibus tela conici animadvertit, nam quod omni ex reliquis partibus demesso frumento pars una erat reliqua, suspicati hostes huc nostros esse venturos noctu in silvis delituerant; tum dispersos depositis armis in metendo occupatos subito adorti paucis interfectis reliquos incertis ordinibus perturbaverant, simul equitatu atque essedis circumdederant. Topics for Study. (1.) Bum with the present indicative. (2 ) The partitive genitive. (3.) The reflexive use of verbs. (4.) Frequentative verbs. Their mode of fighting from chariots. 33. Genus hoc est ex essedis pugnae : primo per omnes partes perequitant et tela coniciunt atque ipso terrore equorum et strepitu rotarum ordines plerumque perturbant, et cum se inter equitum 1 turmas insinuaverunt, ex essedis desiliunt et 32. 1 geruntur, A. & G. 270, e\ G. 220, R. 1 ; H. 407, III, 4. 2 venti- taret, A. & G. 167, b ; H. 330. 3 armari , A. & G. Ill, b, N. 1; G. 209; H. 405. 33. 1 turmas, Introd. No. 120. 5 10 15 20 182 L)E BELLO GALLICO pedibus proeliantur, aurigae interim paulatim ex proelio exce- dunt atque ita currus collocant, ut, si illi a multitudine hostium premantur, expeditum ad suos receptum habeant, ita mobilita- tem equitum, stabilitatem peditum in proeliis praestant ac 5 tantum usu cotidiano et exercitatione efficiunt, uti in declivi ac praecipiti loco incitatos equos sustinere et brevi moderari ac flect- ere et per temonem percurrere et in iugo insistere et se inde in currus citissime recipere consuerint. Topics for Study. (1.) The objective genitive. (a) The reflexive pronoun. (3.) Subjunctive of result. (4.) The use of the participles. They advance upon the Roman camp. 34 . Quibus r ebus perturbatis nostris novitate pugnae tempore io opportunissimo Caesar auxilium tulit : namque eius adventu hos- tes constiterunt, nostri se ex timore receperunt, quo facto ad lacessendum et ad committendum proelium alienum esse tempus arbitratus suo se loco continuit et brevi tempore intermisso in castra legiones reduxit, dum haec geruntur, nostris omnibus 15 occupatis qui erant in agris reliqui discesserunt, secutae sunt continuos complures dies tempestates, quae et nostros in castris 1 continerent et hostem a pugna prohiberent, interim barbari nuntios in omnes partes dimiserunt paucitatemque nostrorum militum suis praedicaverunt et, quanta praedae faciendae atque 20 in perpetuum sui liberandi facultas daretur, si Romanos castris expulissent, demonstraverunt, his rebus celeriter magna multitu- dine peditatus equitatusque coacta ad castra venerunt. Topics for Study. (1.) The various uses of the ablative in this chapter. (2.) Asyndeton. (3.) The gerund and gerundive constructions. (4.) Relative clauses of result. (a) Indirect question. 34 . 1 continerent, A. & G. 319 ; G. G33 ; II. 500, 1. COMM. IV. 35-37. 183 Caesar defeats them and returns to Gaul. 35. Caesar, etsi idem, quod superioribus diebus acciderat, fore videbat, ut, si esseut hostes pulsi, celeritate periculum effugerent, tamen nactus equites circiter XXX, quos Commius Atrebas, de quo ante dictum est, secum transportaverat, legiones in acie pro castris constituit, commisso proelio diutius nostrorum militum 5 impetum hostes ferre non potuerunt ac terga verterunt, quos tanto 1 spatio secuti, quantum cursu et viribus efficere potuerunt, complures ex iis occiderunt, deinde omnibus longe lateque aedi- ficiis incensis se in castra receperunt. Topics for Study (1 ) Conditional sentences in indirect discourse. (2.) The reflexive pronoun. 3S. Eodem die legati ab hostibus missi ad Caesarem de pace 10 venerunt, his Caesar numerum obsidum, quem antea imperave- rat, duplicavit eosque in continentem adduci iussit, quod pro- pinqui die aequinoctii infirmis navibus hiemi navigationem subiciendam non existimabat, ipse idoneam tempestatem nactus paulo post mediam noctem naves solvit; quae omnes incolumes 15 ad continentem pervenerunt; sed ex iis onerariae duae eosdem, quos reliqui, portus capere non potuerunt et paulo infra delatae sunt. Topics for Study. (1.) Tue idiom mediam nodem. (2 ) The gerundive construction. (3.) Deponent verbs. (4 ) The idiom portus capere. 37-38. War with the Morini and Menapii. The Morini attack a detachment of the Romans. 37. Quibus ex navibus cum essent expositi milites circiter trecenti atque in castra contenderent, Morini, quos Caesar in 20 Britanniam proficiscens pacatos reliquerat, spe praedae adducti primo non ita magno suorum numero circumsteterunt ac, si sese 35 1 spatio, A. & G. 25 7, h ; G 387 ; H 379, 2. 184 DE BELLO GALLICO interfici nollent, arma ponere iusserunt. cum illi ! orbe facto sese defenderent, celeriter ad clamorem hominum circiter milia sex convenerunt. qua re nuntiata Caesar omnem ex castris equitatum 2 suis auxilio misit, interim nostri milites impetum 5 hostium sustinuerunt atque amplius horis quattuor fortissime pugnaverunt et paucis vulneribus acceptis complures ex his occiderunt, postea vero quam equitatus noster in conspectum venit, hostes abiectis armis terga verterunt magnusque eorum numerus est occisus. Topics for Study. (1.) Cum with the subjunctive. (2.) The ablative absolute. (3.) The dative of service. (T) The two possible constructions after amplius, plus, etc. (5.) Tmesis as illustrated in posteu — quam. Labienus subdues them. Titurius and Cotta lay waste the territo- ries of the Menapii. Caesar fixes his winter-quarters among the Belgae. A thanksgiving is decreed at Rome. io 38. Caesar postero die T. Labienum legatum cum iis legioni- bus, quas ex Britannia reduxerat, in Morinos, qui rebellionem fecerant, misit, qui cum propter 1 siccitates paludum, quo se reciperent, non haberent, quo superiore anno perfugio fuerant usi, omnes fere in potestatem Labieni venerunt, at Q,. Titurius 15 et L. Cotta legati, qni in Menapiorum fines legiones duxerant, omnibus eorum agris vastatis, frumentis succisis, aedificiis incen- sis, quod Menapii se omnes in densissimas silvas abdiderant, se ad Caesarem receperunt. Caesar in Belgis omnium le’gionum hiberna constituit, eo duae omnino civitates ex Britannia obsi- 20 des miserunt, reliquae neglexerunt, his rebus gestis ex litteris Caesaris dierum viginti supplicatio a senatu decreta est. Topics for Study. (1 ) The relative pronoun used for a demonstrative and a conjunction. (2.) Re- lative clause of characteristic. (3 ) The construction after utor. 37. 1 oebe facto, Introd. No. 117, 2). 2 suis auxilio, A. & G. 233 ; G- 330; H. 390, 11. 38. 1 siccitates, A. & G- 73, c : G. 193, 5; H. 130, 2. C. IULII CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLICO COMMENTARIUS QUINTUS. 1 — 23 . Caesar’s second expedition into Britain. Caesar orders a fleet to be built. He subdues the Pirustae. 1. L. Domitio, Ap. Claudio consulibus dis- cedens ab hibernis Caesar in Italiam, ut quo- tannis facere consuerat, legatis imperat, quos legionibus praefecerat, uti quam plurimas pos- sent hieme naves aedificandas veteresque refi- 5 ciendas curarent. earum modum formamque demonstrat. ad celeritatem onerandi subduc- tionesque paulo facit humiliores, quam quibus in nostro mari uti consuevimus, atque id eo magis, quod propter crebras commutationes aes- io tuum minus magnos ibi fluctus fieri cognoverat, ad onera ac multitudinem iumentorum transportandam paulo latiores, quam quibus in reliquis utimur maribus, lias omnes actuarias im- perat fieri, quam ad rem humilitas multum adiuvat. ea, quae sunt usui ad armandas naves, ex Hispania apportari iubet. ipse 15 conventibus Galliae citerioris peractis in Illyricum proficiscitur, quod a Pirustis finitimam partem provinciae incursionibus vas- 186 DE BELLO GALLICO tari audiebat, eo cum venisset, civitatibus milites imperat cer- tumque in locum convenire iubet. qua re nuntiata Pirustae legatos ad eum mittunt, qui doceant nihil earum rerum publico factum consilio, seseque paratos esse demonstrant omnibus 5 rationibus de iniuriis satisfacere. percepta oratione eorum Caesar obsides imperat «que ad certam diem adduci iubet ; nisi ita fecerint, sese bello civitatem persecuturum demonstrat, iis ad diem adductis, ut imperaverat, arbitros inter civitates dat, qui litem aestiment poenamque constituant. He returns to Gaul ; marches against the Treveri. 10 2 . His confectis rebus conventibusque peractis in citeriorem Galliam revertitur atque inde ad exercitum proficiscitur, eo cum venisset, circuitis omnibus hibernis singulari militum studio in summa omnium rerum inopia circiter sexcentas eius generis, cuius supra demonstravimus, naves, et longas XXVIII invenit 15 instructas neque multum abesse ab eo, quin paucis diebus deduci possint, collaudatis militibus atque, iis, qui negotio praefuerant, quid fieri velit, ostendit atque omnes ad portum Itium convenire iubet, quo ex portu commodissimum in Britanniam traiectmn esse cognoverat, circiter milium passuum XXX [transmissum] a 20 continenti : huic rei quod satis esse visum est militum reliquit, ipse cum legionibus expeditis IIII et equitibus DG'CC in fines Treverorum proficiscitur, quod hi neque ad concilia veniebant neque imperio parebant Germanosque Transrhenanos sollicitare dicebantur. Indutiomarus and. Cingetorix. 25 3 . Haec civitas longe plurimum totius Galliae equitatu valet magnasque habet copias peditum, Rhenumque, ut supra demon- stravimus, tangit. in ea civitate duo de principatu inter se contendebant, Indutiomarus et Cingetorix ; ex quibus alter, COMM. y. 3-4. 187 simul atque de Caesaris legiouutnque adventu cognitum est, ad eum venit, se suosque omnes in officio futuros neque ab amicitia populi Romani defecturos confirmavit quaeque in Treveris gere- rentur ostendit, at Indutiomarus equitatum peditatumque cogere iisque, qui per aetatem in armis esse non poterant, in silvam Arduennam abditis, quae ingenti magnitudine per medios lines Treverorum a flumine Rheno ad initium Remorum pertinet, bel- lum parare instituit ; sed posteaquam nonnulli principes ex ea civitate et familiaritate Cingetorigis adducti et adventu nostri exercitus perterriti ad Caesarem venerunt et de suis privatim rebus ab eo petere coeperunt, quoniam civitati consulere non possent, veritus, ne ab omnibus desereretur, [Indutiomarus] legatos ad Caesarem mittit : sese idcirco ab suis discedere atque ad eum venire noluisse, quo facilius civitatem in officio con- tineret, ne omnis nobilitatis discessu plebs propter imprudentiam laberetur : itaque esse civitatem in sua potestate, seque, si Caesar permitteret, ad eum in castra venturum, suas civitatisque fortunas eius fidei permissurum. 4 . Caesar, etsi intellegebat, qua de causa ea dicerentur, quaeque eum res ab instituto consilio deterreret, tamen, ne aestatem in Treveris consumere cogeretur, omnibus ad Britannicum bellum rebus comparatis, Indutiomarum ad se cum CC obsidibus venire iussit. his adductis, in iis filio propinquisque eius omnibus, quos nominatim evocaverat, consolatus Indutiomarum hortatus- que est, uti in officio permaneret ; nihilo tamen secius principi- bus Treverorum ad se convocatis hos singillatim Cingetorigi conciliavit, quod cum merito eius ab se fieri intellegebat, tum magni interesse arbitrabatur eius auctoritatem inter suos quam plurimum valere, cuius tam egregiam in se voluntatem perspex- isset. id tulit factum graviter Indutiomarus, suam gratiam inter suos minui, et, qui iam ante inimico in nos animo fuisset, multo gravius hoc dolore exarsit. 5 10 15 20 25 30 188 DE BELLO GALLICO Caesar goes to port, Ilius. Dumnorix shows treachery and is slain. 5 . His rebus constitutis Caesar ad portum Itium cum legioni- bus pervenit, ibi cognoscit LX naves., quae in Meldis factae erant, tempestate reiectas cursum tenere non potuisse atque eodem, unde erant profectae, revertisse ; reliquas paratas ad 5 navigandum atque omnibus rebus instructas invenit. eodem totius Galliae equitatus convenit numero milium quattuor prin- cipesque omnibus ex civitatibus ; ex quibus perpaucos, quorum in se lidem perspexerat, relinquere in Gallia, reliquos obsidum loco secuin ducere decreverat, quod, cum ipse abesset, motum io Galliae verebatur. 6. Erat una cum ceteris Dumnorix Haeduus, cie quo ante ab nobis dictum est. hunc secuin habere in primis constituerat, quod eum cupidum rerum novarum, cupidum imperii, magni animi, magnae inter Gallos auctoritatis cognoverat, accedebat 15 huc, quod iam in concilio Haeduorum Dumnorix dixerat sibi a Caesare regnum civitatis deferri ; quod dictum Haedui graviter ferebant neque recusandi aut deprecandi causa legatos ad Cae- sarem mittere audebant, id factum ex suis hospitibus Caesar cognoverat, ille omnibus primo precibus petere contendit, ut in 20 Gallia relinqueretur, pari i m, quod insuetus navigandi mare timeret, partim, quod religionibus impediri sese diceret, postea- quam id obstinate sibi negari vidit, omni spe impetrandi adempta principes Galliae sollicitare, sevocare singulos hortari - que coepit, uti in continenti remanerent ; metu territare : non 25 sine causa fieri, ut Gallia omni nobilitate spoliaretur, id esse consilium Caesaris, ut, quos in conspectu Galliae interficere vere- retur, hos omnes in Britanniam traductos necaret; fidem reliquis interponere, iusiurandum poscere, ut, quod esse ex usu Galliae intellexissent, communi consilio administrarent, haec a eoinplu- 30 ribus ad Caesarem deferebantur. COMM. V. 7-8. 189 7 . Qua re cognita Caesar, quod tantum civitati Haeduae dig- nitatis tribuebat, coercendum atque deterrendum, quibuscumque rebus posset, Dumnorigem statuebat ; quod longius eius arneu- tiarn progredi videbat, prospiciendum, ne quid sibi ac reipublicae nocere posset, itaque dies circiter XXV in eo loco commoratus, 5 quod Corus ventus navigationem impediebat, qui magnam par- tem omnis temporis in his locis flare consuevit, dabat operam, ut in officio Dumnorigem contineret, nihilo tamen secius omnia eius consilia* cognosceret : tandem idoneam nactus tempestatem milites equitesque conscendere in naves mbet. at omnium im- 10 peditis animis Dumnorix cum equitibus Haeduorum a castris insciente Caesare domum discedere coepit, qua re nuntiata Caesar intermissa profectione atque omnibus rebus postpositis magnam partem equitatus ad eum insequendum mittit retrahi- que imperat; si vim faciat neque pareat, interfici iubet, nihilis hunc se absente pro sano facturum arbitratus, qui praesentis imperium neglexisset, ille enim revocatus resistere ac se manu defendere suorumque fidem implorare coepit, saepe clamitans liberum se liberaeque esse civitatis, illi, ut erat imperatum, circumsistunt hominem atque interficiunt; at equites Haedui ad 20 Caesarem omnes revertuntur. Caesar crosses into Britain. 8 . His rebus gestis Labieno in continente cum tribus legioni- bus et equitum milibus duobus relicto, ut portus tueretur et rem frumentariam provideret quaeque in Gallia gererentur cog- nosceret coiisiliumque pro tempore et pro re caperet, ipse cum 25 quinque legionibus et pari numero equitum, quem in continenti reliquerat, ad solis occasum naves solvit et leni Africo provectus media circiter nocte vento intermisso cursum non tenuit et lon- gius delatus aestu orta luce sub sinistra Britanniam relictam conspexit. tum rursus aestus commutationem secutus remis 30 190 DE BELLO GALLICO contendit, ut earn partem insulae caperet, qua optimum esse egressum superiore aestate cognoverat, qua in re admodum luit militum virtus laudanda, qui vectoriis gravibusque navigiis non intermisso remigandi labore longarum navium cursum adae- 5 (piarunt, accessum est ad Britanniam omnibus navibus meridiano fere tempore, neque m eo loco hostis est visus; sed, ut postea Caesar ex captivis comperit, cum magnae manus eo convenissent, multitudine navium perterritae, quae cum annotinis privatisque, quas sui quisque commodi fecerat, amplius octingentae uno erant 10 visae tempore, a litore discesserant ac se in superiora loca abdiderant. The Britons make a hold resistance hut are defeated. 9. Caesar exposito exercitu et loco castris idoneo capto, ubi ex captivis cognovit, quo m loco hostium copiae consedissent, cohor- tibus decem ad mare relictis et equitibus trecentis, qui praesidio 15 navibus essent, de tertia vigilia ad hostes contendit eo minus veritus navibus, quod iu litore molli atque aperto deligatas ad ancoram relinquebat, et praesidio navibus Quintum Atrium prae- fecit. ipse noctu progressus milia passuum circiter XII hostium copias conspicatus est. illi equitatu atque essedis ad flumen 20 progressi ex loco superiore nostros prohibere et proelium com- mittere coeperunt, repulsi ab equitatu se in silvas abdiderunt locum uncti egregie et natura et opere munitum, quem domes- tici belli, ut videbatur, causa iam ante praepara verant : nam cre- bris arboribus succisis omnes introitus erant praeclusi, ipsi ex 25 silvis rari propugnabant nostrosque intra munitiones ingredi prohibebant. at milites legionis septimae testudine facta et aggere ad munitiones adiecto locum ceperunt eosque ex silvis expulerunt paucis vulneribus acceptis, sed eos fugientes longius Caesar prosequi vetuit, et quod loci naturam ignorabat, et quod 30 magna parte diei consumpta munitioni castrorum tempus relinqui volebat. COAIM. V. 10-11. 191 The Roman fleet suffer from a storm. Labienus is ordered to build more ships. 10. Postridie eius diei maue tripartito milites equitesque in expeditionem misit, ut eos, qui fugerant, persequerentur, his aliquantum itineris progressis, cum iam extremi essent in pros- pectu, equites a Quinto Atrio ad Caesarem venerunt, qui nuntia- rent superiore nocte maxima coorta tempestate prope omnes naves afflictas atque in litore eiectas esse, quod neque ancorae funesque subsisterent, neque nautae gubernatoresque vim pati tempestatis possent : itaque ex eo concursu navium magnum esse incommodum acceptum. 11 - His rebus cognitis Caesar legiones equitatumque revocari atque in itinere resistere iubet ; ipse ad naves revertitur ; eadem fere, quae ex nuntiis literisque cognoverat, coram perspicit, sic ut amissis circiter XL navibus reliquae tamen refici posse magno negotio viderentur, itaque ex legionibus fabros deligit et ex continenti alios arcessi iubet ; Labieno scribit, ut, quam pluri- mas posset, iis legionibus, quae sunt apud eum, naves instituat, ipse, etsi res erat multae operae ac laboris, tamen commodis- simum esse statuit omnes naves subduci et cum castris una munitione coniungi. in his rebus circiter dies X consumit ne nocturnis quidem temporibus ad laborem militum intermissis, subductis navibus castrisque egregie munitis easdem copias, quas ante, praesidio navibus reliquit, ipse eodem, unde redierat, pro- ficiscitur. eo cum venisset, maiores iam undique in eum locum copiae Britannorum convenerant, summa imperii bellique admin- istrandi communi consilio permissa Cassivellauno, cuius fines a maritimis civitatibus flumen dividit, quod appellatur Tamesis, a mari circiter milia passuum LXXX. huic superiore tempore cum reliquis civitatibus continentia bella intercesserant; sed nostro ad- ventu permoti Britanni hunc toti, bello imperioque praefecerant. 5 io 15 20 25 192 DE BELLO GALLICO A description of Britain and its inhabitants. 12. B ritanniae pairs interior ab iis incolitur, quos natos in insula ipsi memoria proditum dicunt, maritima pars ab iis, qui praedae ac belli inferendi causa ex Belgio transierant (qui omnes fere iis nominibus civitatum appellantur, quibus orti ex ci vitati - 5 bus eo pervenerunt) et bello illato ibi permanserunt atque agros colere coeperunt, hominum est infinita multitudo creberrimaque aedificia fere Gallicis consimilia, pecorum magnus numerus, utuntur aut aere [aut nummo aereo] aut taleis ferreis ad cer- tum pondus examinatis pro nummo, nascitur ibi plumbum io album in mediterraneis regionibus, in maritimis ferrum, sed eius exigua est copia ; aere utuntur importato, materia cuius- que generis ut in Gallia est, praeter fagum atque abietem, leporem et gallinam et anserem gustare fas non putant ; haec tamen alunt animi voluptatisque causa, loca sunt temperatiora 15 quam in Gallia remissioribus frigoribus. 13. Insula natura triquetra, cuius unum latus est contra Gal- liam. huius lateris alter angulus, qui est ad Cantium, quo fere omnes ex Gallia naves appelluntur, ad orientem solem, inferior ad meridiem spectat, hoc pertinet circiter milia passuum quin- 20 genta. alterum vergit ad Hispaniam atque occidentem solem ; qua ex parte est Hibernia, dimidio minor, ut aestimatur, quam Britannia, sed pari spatio transmissus atque ex Gallia est in Britanniam. in hoc medio cursu est insula, quae appellatur Mona ; complures praeterea minores obiectae insulae existiman- 25 tnr, de quibus insulis nonnulli scripserunt, dies continuos XXX sub bruma esse noctem, nos nihil de eo percontationibus re- periebamus, nisi certis ex aqua mensuris breviores esse quam in continenti noctes videbamus, huius est longitudo lateris, ut fert illorum opinio, septingentorum milium, tertium est contra sep- 30 tentriones, cui parti nulla est obiecta terra, sed eius angulus COMM. V. 13-15. 193 lateris maxime ad Germaniam spectat, hoc milia passuum octin- genta in longitudinem esse existimatur, ita omnis insula est in circuitu vicies centum milium passuum. 14 . Ex his omnibus longe sunt humanissimi, qui Cantium incolunt, quae regio est maritima omnis, neque multum a Gal- lica differunt consuetudine. interiores plerique frumenta non serunt, sed lacte et carne vivunt pellibusque sunt vestiti, omnes vero se Britanni vitro inficiunt, quod caeruleum efficit colorem, atque hoc horridiore sunt in pugna aspectu ; capillo- que sunt promisso atque omni parte corporis rasa praeter caput et labrum superius, uxores habent deni duodenique inter se communes et maxime fratres cum fratribus parentesque cum liberis; sed si qui sunt ex his nati, eorum habentur liberi, quo primum virgo quaeque deducta est. Cassivellaunus, the leader of the Bn tons, is defeated. Caesar advances as far as the Thames. 15 . Equites hostium essedariique acriter proelio cum equitatu nostro in itinere condixerunt, tamen ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint atque eos in silvas collesque compulerint ; sed compluribus interfectis cupidius insecuti nonnullos ex suis amise- runt. at illi intermisso spatio imprudentibus nostris atque oc- cupatis in munitione castrorum subito se ex silvis eiecerunt im- petuque in eos facto, qui erant in statione pro castris collocati, acriter pugnaverunt duabusque missis subsidio cohortibus a Cae- sare atque his primis legionum duarum, cum hae perexiguo in- termisso [loci] spatio inter se constitissent, novo genere pugnae perterritis nostris per medios audacissime perruperunt seque inde incolumes receperunt, eo die Quintus Laberius Durus, tribunus militum, interficitur, illi pluribus submissis cohortibus repel- luntur. 5 io 15 20 25 13 194 DE BELLO GALLICO 16 . Toto hoc in genere pugnae, cum sub oculis omnium ac pro castris dimicaretur, intellectum est nostros propter gravita- tem armorum, quod neque insequi cedentes possent neque ab signis discedere auderent, minus aptos esse ad huius generis 5 hostem, equites autem magno cum periculo proelio dimicare, propterea quod illi etiam consulto plerumque cederent et, cum paulum ab legionibus nostros removissent, ex essedis desilirent et pedibus dispari proelio contenderent, equestris autem proelii ratio et cedentibus et insequentibus par atque idem periculum io inferebat, accedebat huc, ut numquam conferti, sed rari magnis- que intervallis proeliarentur stationesque dispositas haberent, atque alios alii deinceps exciperent, integrique et recentes defatigatis succederent. 17 . Postero die procul a castris hostes in collibus constite- 15 runt rarique se ostendere et lenius, quam pridie, nostros equites proelio lacessere coeperunt, sed meridie, cum Caesar pabulandi causa tres legiones atque omnem equitatum cum Gaio Trebonio legato misisset, repente ex omnibus partibus ad pabulatores advolaverunt, sic uti ab signis legionibusque non absisterent. 20 nostri acriter in eos impetu facto repulerunt neque finem sequendi fecerunt, quoad subsidio confisi equites, cum post se legiones viderent, praecipites hostes egerunt magnoque eorum numero interfecto neque sui colligendi neque consistendi aut ex essedis desiliendi facultatem dederunt. ex hac fuga protinus, 25 quae undique convenerant, auxilia discesserunt, neque post id tempus utnquam summis nobiscum copiis hostes contenderunt. 18 . Caesar cognito consilio eorum ad flumen Tamesim in fines Cassivellauni exercitum duxit ; quod flumen uno omnino loco pedibus, atque hoc aegre, transiri potest, eo cum venisset, ani- so mum advertit ad alteram fluminis ripam magnas esse copias hostium instructas. ripa autem erat acutis sudibus praefixis COMM. Y. 18-20. 195 munita, eiusdemque generis sub aqua defixae sudes flumine tegebantur. his rebus cognitis a captivis perfugisque Caesar praemisso equitatu confestim legiones subsequi iussit. sed ea celeritate atque eo impetu milites ierunt, cum capite solo ex aqua exstarent, ut hostes impetum legionum atque equitum sustinere non possent ripasque dimitterent ac se fugae man- darent. 19. Cassivellaunus, ut supra demonstravimus, omni deposita spe contentionis dimissis amplioribus copiis, milibus circiter quattuor essedariorum relictis itinera nostra servabat, paulumque ex via excedebat locisque impeditis ac silvestribus sese occulta- bat atque iis regionibus, quibus nos iter facturos cognoverat, pecora atque homines ex agris in silvas compellebat et, cutn equitatus noster liberius praedandi vastandique causa se in agros eiecerat, omnibus viis semitisque essedarios ex silvis emittebat et magno cum periculo nostrorum equitum cum iis confligebat, atque hoc metu latius vagari prohibebat. relinquebatur, ut neque longius ab agmine legionum discedi Caesar pateretur et tantum in agris vastandis incendiisque faciendis hostibus noce- retur, quantum labore atque itinere legionarii milites efficere poterant. The Trinobantes and several other tribes surrender. The return to Gaul. 20. Interim Trinobantes, prope firmissima earum regionum civitas, ex qua Mandubracius adulescens Caesaris fidem secutus ad eum in continentem Galliam venerat, cuius pater in ea civi- tate regnum obtinuerat interfectusque erat a Cassivellauno, ipse fuga mortem vitaverat, legatos ad Caesarem mittunt pollicentur- que, sese ei dedituros atque imperata facturos ; petunt, ut Mnn- dubracium ab iniuria Cassivellauni defendat atque in civitatem 5 io 15 20 25 196 DE BELLO GALLICO mittat, qui praesit imperiumque obtineat. his Caesar imperat obsides quadraginta frumeutumque exercitui Mandubraciumque ad eos mittit, illi imperata celeriter fecerunt, obsides ad nume- rum frumeutumque miserunt. 5 21 . Trinobantibus defensis atque ab omni militum . iniuria prohibitis Cenimagni, Segontiaci, Ancalites, Bibroci, Cassi lega- tionibus missis sese Caesari dedunt, ab his cognoscit non longe ex eo loco oppidum Cassivellauni abesse silvis paludibusque munitum, quo satis magnus hominum pecorisque numerus con- io venerit, oppidum autem Britanni vocant, cum silvas impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt, quo incursionis hostium vitandae causa convenire consuerunt. eo proficiscitur cum legionibus : locum reperit egregie natura atque opere munitum ; tamen hunc duabus ex partibus oppugnare contendit, hostes paulisper mo- 15 rati militum nostrorum impetum non tulerunt seseque alia ex parte oppidi eiecerunt. magnus ibi numerus pecoris repertus, multique in fuga sunt comprehensi atque interfecti. 22. D um haec in his locis geruntur, Cassivellaunus ad Can- tium, quod esse ad mare supra demonstravimus, quibus regioni- 20 bus quattuor reges praeerant, Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus, Segovax, nuntios mittit atque his imperat, uti coactis omnibus copiis castra navalia de improviso adoriantur atque oppugnent, ii cum ad castra venissent, nostri eruptione facta multis eorum interfectis, capto etiam nobili duce Lugotorige, suos incolumes 25 reduxerunt. Cassivellaunus hoc proelio nuntiato, tot detrimentis acceptis, vastatis finibus, maxime etiam permotus defectione civi- tatum, legatos per Atrebatem Commium de deditione ad Caesa- rem mittit. Caesar, cum constituisset hiemare in continenti propter repentinos Galliae motus, neque multum aestatis super- •30 esset, atque id facile extrahi posse intellegeret, obsides imperat et, quid in annos singulos vectigalis populo Bomano Britannia COMM. V. 22-24. 197 penderet, constituit ; interdicit atque imperat Cassivellauno, ne Mandubracio neu Trinobantibus noceat. 23. Obsidibus acceptis exercitum reducit ad mare, naves in- venit refectas. his deductis, quod et captivorum magnum numerum habebat, et nonnullae tempestate deperierant naves, duobus commeatibus exercitum reportare instituit, ac sic acci- dit, uti ex tanto navium numero tot navigationibus neque hoc neque superiore anno ulla omnino navis, quae milites portaret, desideraretur ; at ex iis, quae inanes ex continenti ad eum remitterentur et prioris commeatus expositis militibus et quas postea Labienus faciendas curaverat numero LX, perpaucae locum caperent, reliquae fere omnes reicerentur quas cum aliquamdiu Caesar frustra exspectasset, ne anni tempore a navi- gatione excluderetur, quod aequinoctium suberat, necessario an- gustius milites collocavit ac summa tranquillitate consecuta, secunda inita cum solvisset vigilia, prima luce terram attigit onmesque incolumes naves perduxit. 24-51. War with Ambiorix. The Toman army is more widely scattered than usual on account of a scarcity of provisions. There is a sudden revolt of Ambiorix and Cativolcus. 24. Subductis navibus concilioque Gallorum Samarobrivae peracto, quod eo anno frumentum in Gallia propter siccitates angustius provenerat, coactus est aliter ac superioribus annis exercitum in hibernis collocare legionesque in plures civitates distribuere, ex quibus unam in Morinos ducendam Gaio Labio legato dedit, alteram in Nervios Quinto Ciceroni, tertiam in Esubios Lucio Roscio, quartam in Remis cum Tito Labieno in confinio Treverorum hiemare i ussit ; tres in Belgis collocavit’: his Marcum Crassum quaestorem et Lucium Munatium Plancum 5 io 15 20 25 198 DE BELLO GALLICO et Gaium Trebonium legatos praefecit, unam legionem, quam proxime trans Padum conscripserat, et cohortes V in Eburones, quorum pars maxima est inter Mosam ac Ebenum, qui sub im- perio Ambiorigis et Catuvolci erant, misit. Ilis militibus Quin- 5 tum Titurium Sabinum et Lucium Aurunculeium Cottam legatos praeesse iussit. ad hunc modum distributis legionibus facillime inopiae frumentariae sese mederi posse existimavit, atque harum tamen omnium legionum hiberna praeter eam, quam Lucio Eoscio in pacatissimam et quietissimam partem ducendam dederat, mili- 10 bus passuum centum continebantur, ipse interea, quoad legiones collocatas munitaque hiberna cognovisset, in Gallia morari constituit. 25. Erat in Carnutibus summo loco natus Tasgetius, cuius maiores in sua civitate regnum obtinuerant, huic Caesar pro 15 eius virtute atque in se benevolentia, quod in omnibus bellis singulari eius opera fuerat usus, maiorum locum restituerat, tertium iain hunc annum regnantem inimicis multis palam ex civitate et iis auctoribus eum interfecerunt, defertur ea res ad Caesarem, ille veritus, quod ad plures pertinebat, ne civitas 20 eorum impulsu deficeret, Lucium Plancum cum legione ex Bel- gio celeriter in Carnutes proficisci iubet ibique hiemare, quorum- que opera cognoverat Tasgetium interfectum, hos comprehensos ad se mittere, interim ab omnibus legatis quaestoreque, quibus legiones tradiderat, certior factus est in hiberna perventum 25 locumque hibernis esse munitum. 26. Diebus circiter XY, quibus in hiberna ventum est, initium repentini tumultus ac defectionis ortum est ab Ambiorige et Catuvolco ; qui cum ad fines regni sui Sabino Cottaeque praesto fuissent frumentumque in hiberna comportavissent, Indutiomari 30 Treveri nuntiis impulsi suos concitaverunt subitoque oppressis lignatoribus magna manu castra oppugnatum venerunt, cum COMM. Y. 26—27 199 celeriter nostri arma cepissent vallumque adscendissent atque una ev parte Hispanis equitibus emissis equestri proelio superiores fuissent, desperata re hostes ab oppugnatione suos reduxerunt, tum suo more conclamaverunt, uti aliqui ex nostris ad collo- quium prodirent : habere sese, quae de re communi dicere vellent, quibus rebus controversias minui posse sperarent. The camp of Sabinus and Cotta is attacked. Sabinus is treacher- ously persuaded to leace the camp, and is slain together with the troops. 27. Mittitur ad eos colloquendi causa Gains Arpineius, eques Itoni mus, familiaris Quinti Titurii, et Quintus Iunius ex His- pania quidam, qui iarn ante missu Caesaris ad Ambiorigem ventitare consueverat ; apud quos Ambiorix ad hunc modum locutus est : sese pro Caesaris in se beneficiis plurimum ei con- fiteri debere, quod eius opera stipendio liberatus esset, quod Aduatucis finitimis suis pendere consuesset, quodque ei et filius et fratris filius ab Caesare remissi essent, quos Aduatuci obsidum numero missos apud se in servitute et catenis tenuissent ; neque id, quod fecerit de oppugnatione castrorum, aut indicio aut vo- luntate sua fecisse, sed coactu civitatis, snaque esse eiusmodi imperia, ut non minus haberet iuris in se multitudo, quam ipse in multitudinem, civitati porro hanc fuisse belli causam, quod repentinae Gallorum coniurationi resistere non potuerit, id se facile ex humilitate sua probare posse, quod non adeo sit im- peritus rerum, ut suis copiis populum Romanum se superare posse confidat, sed esse Galliae commune consilium : omnibus hibernis Caesaris oppugnandis hunc esse dictum diem, ne qua legio alterae legioni subsidio venire posset, non facile Gallos Gallis negare potuisse, praesertim cum de recuperanda communi libertate consilium initum videretur, quibus quoniam pro pie- tate satisfecerit, habere nunc se rationem officii pro beneficiis 5 10 15 20 25 200 DE BELLO GALLICO Caesaris : monere, orare Titurium pro hospitio, ut suae ac mili- tum saluti consulat. magnam manum Germanorum conductam Rhenum transisse ; hanc adfore biduo, ipsorum esse consilium, velintne prius, quam finitimi sentiant, eductos ex hibernis milites 5 aut ad Ciceronem aut ad Labienum deducere, quorum alter milia passuum circiter quinquaginta, alter paulo amplius ab his absit, illud se polliceri et iureiurando confirmare tutum iter per fines suos daturum, quod cum faciat, et civitati sese con- sulere, quod hibernis levetur, et Caesari pro eius meritis gratiam 10 referre, hac oratione habita discedit Ambiorix. 28. Arpineius et I unius, quae audierunt, ad legatos deferunt, illi repentina re perturbati, etsi ab hoste ea dicebantur, tamen non neglegenda existimabant, maximeque hac re permovebantur, quod civitatem ignobilem 'atque humilem Eburonum sua sponte 15 populo Romano bellum facere ausam vix erat credendum, itaque ad consilium rem deferunt magnaque inter eos exsistit contro- versia. Lucius Aurunculeius cornpluresque tribuni militum et primorum ordinum centuriones nihil temere agendum, neque ex hibernis iniussu Caesaris discedendum, existimabant : quantasvis 20 copias etiam Germanorum sustineri posse munitis hibernis doce- bant : rem esse testimonio, quod primum hostium impetum mul- tis ultro vulneribus illatis fortissime sustinuerint : re frumentaria non premi ; interea et ex proximis hibernis et a Caesare conven- tura subsidia : postremo quid esse levius aut turpius, quam 25 auctore hoste de summis rebus capere consilium ? 29. Contra ea Titurius sero facturos clamitabat, cum maiores hostium manus adiunctis Germanis convenissent, aut cum aliquid calamitatis in proximis hibernis esset acceptum, brevem consu- lendi esse occasionem. Caesarem arbitrari profectum in Italiam ; 30 neque aliter Carnutes interficiundi Tasgetii consilium fuisse cap- turos, neque Eburones, si ille adesset, tanta contemptione nostri COMM. V. 29-31. 201 ad castra venturos esse, non hostem auctorem, sed rem spec- tare : subesse Ebenum ; magno esse Germanis dolori Ariovisti mortem et superiores nostras victorias ; ardere Galliam tot con- tumeliis acceptis sub populi Romani imperium redactam, supe- riore gloria rei militaris exstincta. postremo quis hoc sibi persuaderet, sine certa re Ambiorigem ad eiusmodi consilium descendisse ? suam sententiam in utramque partem esse tutam : si nil esset durius, nullo periculo ad proximam legionem per- venturos ; si Gallia omnis cum Germanis consentiret, unam esse in celeritate positam salutem. Cottae quidem atque eorum, qui dissentirent, consilium quem habere exitum? in quo si. non praesens periculum, at certe longinqua obsidione fames esset pertimescenda. 30 . Hac in utramque partem disputatione habita, cum a Cotta primisque ordinibus acriter resisteretur 'vincite/ inquit, ' si ita vultis/ Sabinus, et id clariore voce, ut magna pars militum exaudiret: 'neque is sum/ inquit, 'qui gravissime ex vobis mortis periculo terrear : hi sapient ; si gravius quid acciderit, abs te rationem reposcent ; qui, si per te liceat, perendino die cum. proximis hibernis coniuncti communem cum reliquis belli casum sustineant, nec reiecti et relegati longe ab ceteris aut ferro aut fame intereant.’ 31 . Consurgitur ex consilio ; comprehendunt utrumque et orant, ne sua dissensione et pertinacia rem in summum pericu- lum deducant : facilem esse rem, seu maneant, seu proficiscantur, si modo unum omnes sentiant ac probent ; contra in dissen- sione nullam se salutem perspicere, res disputatione ad mediam noctem perducitur, tandem dat Cotta permotus manus : superat sententia Sabini. pronuntiatur prima luce ituros, consumitur vigiliis reliqua pars noctis, quum sua quisque miles circumspi- ceret, quid secum portare posset, quid ex instrumento lnberno- 5 io 15 20 25 30 202 DE BELLO GALLICO rum relinquere cogeretur, omnia excogitantur, quare nec sine periculo maneatur, et languore militum et vigiliis periculum augeatur, prima luce sic ex castris proficiscuntur, ut quibus esset persuasum non ab hoste, sed ab homine amicissimo 5 Ambiorige consilium datum, longissimo agmine maximisque impedimentis. 32. At hostes, postea quam ex nocturno fremitu vigiliisque de profectione eorum senserunt, collocatis insidiis bipartito in silvis opportuno atque occulto loco a milibus passuum circiter duobus io Roaymorum adventum exspectabant, et cum se maior pars agminis in magnam convallem demisisset, ex utraque parte eius vallis subito se ostenderunt novissimosque premere et primos prohi- bere ascensu atque iniquissimo nostris loco proelium committere coeperunt. 15 33. T um demum Titurius, ut qui nihil ante providisset, trepi- dare et concursare cohortesque disponere, haec tamen ipsa timide atque ut eum omnia deficere viderentur ; quod plerumque iis accidere consuevit, qui in ipso negotio consilium capere cogun- tur. at Cotta, qui cogitasset haec posse in itinere accidere atque 20 ob eam causam profectionis auctor non fuisset, nulla in re com- muni saluti deerat et in appellandis cohortandisque militibus imperatoris et in pugna militis officia praestabat, cum propter longitudinem agminis minus facile omnia per se obire et, quid quo- que loco faciendum esset, providere possent, iusserunt pronuntiare, 25 nt- impedimenta relinquerent atque in orbem consisterent, quod consilium etsi in eiusmodi casu reprehendendum non est, tamen incommode accidit : nam et nostris militibus spem minuit et hostes ad pugnam alacriores effecit, quod non sine summo timore et desperatione id factum videbatur, praeterea accidit, 30 quod fieri necesse erat, ut vulgo milites ab signis discede- rent, quae quisque eorum carissima haberet, ab impedimentis COMM. V. 33-35. 203 petere atque arripere properaret, clamore et fletu omnia com- plerentur. 34. At barbaris consilium non defuit, nam duces eorum tota acie pronuntiare iusserunt, ne quis ab loco discederet : illorum esse praedam atque illis reservari, quaecumque Romani reliquis- sent : proinde omnia in victoria posita existimarent, erant et virtute et numero pugnando pares nostri ; tametsi ab duce et a fortuna deserebantur, tamen omnem spem salutis in virtute pone- bant, et quotiens quaeque cohors procurrerat, ab ea parte magnus hostium numerus cadebat, qua re animadversa Ambiorix pro- nuntiari iubet, ut procul tela coniciant neu propius accedant et, quam in partem Romani impetum fecerint, cedant (levitate armo- rum et cotidiana exercitatione nihil iis noceri posse), rursus se ad signa recipientes insequantur. 35. Quo praeceplo ab iis diligentissime observato, cum quae- piam cohors ex orbe excesserat atque impetum fecerat, hostes velocissime refugiebant, interim eam partem nudari necesse erat et ab latere aperto tela recipi, rursus, cum in eum locum, unde erant egressi, reverti coeperant, et ab iis, qui cesserant, et ab iis, qui proximi steterant, circumveniebantur ; sin autem locum tenere vellent, nec virtuti locus relinquebatur, neque ab tanta multitu- dine coniecta tela conferti vitare poterant, tamen tot incom- modis conflictati, multis vulneribus acceptis resistebant et magna parte diei consumpta, cum a prima luce ad horam octavam pugnaretur, nihil, quod ipsis esset indignum, committebant, tum Tito Balventio, qui superiore anno primum pilum duxerat, viro forti et magnae auctoritatis, utrumque femur tragula trai- citur ; Quintus Lucanius, eiusdem ordinis, fortissime pugnans, dum circumvento filio subvenit, interficitur ; Lucius Cotta lega- tus omnes cohortes ordinesque adhortans in adversum os funda vulneratur. 5 io 15 20 25 30 204 DE BELLO GALLICO 36 . His rebus permotus Quintus Titurius, cum procul Am- biorigem suos cohortantem conspexisset, interpretem suum Gneum Pompeium ad eum mittit rogatum, ut sibi militibus- que parcat, ille appellatus respondit : si velit secum colloqui, 5 licere ; sperare, a multitudine impetrari posse, quod ad militum salutem pertineat ; ipsi vero nihil nocitum iri, inque eam rem se suam fidem interponere, ille cum Cotta saucio communicat, si videatur, pugna ut excedant et cum Ambiorige una colloquantur: sperare ab eo de sua ac militum salute impetrare posse. Cotta io se ad armatum hostem iturum negat atque in eo perseverat. 37 . Sabinus quos in praesentia tribunos militum circum se habebat et primorum ordinum centuriones se sequi iubet et, cum propius Ambiorigem accessisset, iussus arma abicere, impe- ratum facit suisque, ut idem faciant, imperat, interim, dum de 15 condicionibus inter se agunt longiorque consulto ab Ambiorige instituitur sermo, paulatim circumventus interficitur, tum vero suo more victoriam conclamant atque ululatum tollunt impetuque in nostros facto ordines perturbant, ibi Lucius Cotta pugnans interficitur cum maxima parte militum, reliqui se in castra reci- 20 piunt, unde erant egressi, ex quibus Lucius Fetrosidius aquilifer, cum magna multitudine hostium premeretur, aquilam intra val- lum proiecit, ipse pro castris fortissime pugnans occiditur, illi aegre ad noctem oppugnationem sustinent ; noctu ad unum omnes desperata salute se ipsi interficiunt, pauci ex proelio 25 elapsi incertis itineribus per silvas ad Titum Labienum legatum in hiberna perveniunt atque eum de rebus gestis certiorem faciunt. The Eburones attack Cicero. Caesar marches to his aid and relieves the siege. The enemy is defeated. 38 . Hac victoria sublatus Ambiorix statim cum equitatu in Aduatucos, qui erant eius regno finitimi, proficiscitur; neque iioctem neque diem intermittit peditatumque se subsequi iubet. COMM. Y. 38-40. 205 re demonstrata Aduatucisque concitatis postero die in Nervios pervenit hortaturque, ne sui in perpetuum liberandi atque ulcis- cendi Romanos pro iis, quas acceperint, iniuriis, occasionem dimittant : interfectos esse legatos duos magnamque partem ex- ercitus interisse demonstrat ; nihil esse negotii subito oppressam legionem, quae cum Cicerone hiemet, interfici; se ad eam rem profitetur adiutorem. facile hac oratione Nerviis persuadet. 39. Itaque confestim dimissis nuntiis ad Ceutrones, Grudios, Levacos, Pleumoxios, Geidumnos, qui omnes sub eorum imperio sunt, quam maximas manus possunt, cogunt et de inproviso ad Ciceronis hiberna advolant nondum ad eum fama de Titurii morte perlata, huic quoque accidit, quod fuit necesse, ut non- nulli milites, qui lignationis munitionisque causa in silvas discessissent, repentino equitum adventu interciperentur. his circumventis magna manu Eburones, Nervii, Aduatuci atque horum omnium socii et clientes legionem oppugnare incipiunt, nostri celeriter ad arma concurrunt, vallum conscendunt, aegre is dies sustentatur, quod omnem spem hostes in celeritate pone- bant atque hanc adepti victoriam in perpetuum se fore victores confidebant. 40. Mittuntur ad Caesarem confestim ab Cicerone litterae magnis propositis praemiis, si pertulissent, obsessis omnibus viis missi intercipiuntur, noctu ex materia, quam munitionis causa comportaverant, turres admodum CXX excitantur incredi- bili celeritate ; quae deesse operi videbantur, perficiuntur, hostes postero die multo maioribus coactis copiis castra oppugnant, fos- sam complent, eadem ratione, qua pridie, ab nostris resistitur, hoc idem deinceps reliquis fit diebus, nulla pars nocturni tem- poris ad laborem intermittitur ; non aegris, non vulneratis facul- tas quietis datur, quaecumque ad proximi diei oppugnationem opus sunt, noctu comparantur ; multae praeustae sudes, magnus 5 10 15 20 25 30 206 DE BELLO GALLICO muralium pilorum numerus instituitur ; turres contabulantur, pinnae loricaeque ex cratibus attexuntur, ipse Cicero, cum tenuissima valetudine esset, ne nocturnum quidem sibi tempus ad quietem relinquebat, ut ultro militum concursu ac vocibus 5 sibi parcere cogeretur. 41. Tunc duces principesque Nerviorum, qui aliquem sermonis aditum causamque amicitiae cum Cicerone habebant, colloqui sese velle dicunt, lacta potestate eadem, quae Ambiorix cum Titurio egerat, commemorant : omnem esse in armis Galliam ; io Germanos Rhenum transisse ; Caesaris reliquorumque hiberna oppugnari, addunt etiam de Sabini morte : Ambiorigem osten- tant fidei faciundae causa, errare eos dicunt, si quicquam ab his praesidii sperent, qui suis rebus diffidant ; sese tamen hoc esse in Ciceronem populumque Romanum animo, ut nihil nisi 15 hiberna recusent atque hanc inveterascere consuetudinem nolint : licere illis incolumibus per se ex hibernis discedere et, quas- cumque in partes velint, sine metu proficisci. Cicero ad haec unum modo respondit : non esse consuetudinem populi Romani, accipere ab hoste armato condicionem : si ab armis discedere 20 velint, se adiutore utantur legatosque ad Caesarem mittant ; sperare pro eius iustitia, quae petierint, impetraturos. 42. Ab hac spe repulsi Nervii vallo pedum IX et fossa pedum XV hiberna cingunt, haec et superiorum annorum con- suetudine a nostris cognoverant, et quos de exercitu habebant 25 captivos, ab his docebantur ; sed nulla ferramentorum copia, quae esset ad hunc usum idonea, gladiis cespites circumcidere, manibus sagulisque terram exhaurire nitebantur, qua quidem ex re hominum multitudo cognosci potuit : nam minus horis tribus milium passuum XX in circuitu munitionem perfecerunt, reli- 30 quisque diebus turres ad altitudinem valli, falces testudinesque, quas idem captivi docuerant, parare ac facere coeperunt. COMM. V. 43 - 44 . 207 43. Septimo oppugnationis die maximo coorto vento ferventes fusili ex argilla glandes fundis et fervefacta iacula in casas, quae more Gallico stramentis erant tectae, iacere coeperunt, liae celeriter ignem comprehenderunt et venti magnitudine in omnem castrorum locum distulerunt. hostes maximo clamore sicuti parta iam atque explorata victoria turres testudinesque agere et scalis vallum ascendere coeperunt, at tanta militum virtus atque ea praesentia animi fuit, ut, cum undique flamma torrerentur maximaque telorum multitudine premerentur suaque omnia impedimenta atque omnes fortunas conflagrare intellege- rent, non modo demigrandi causa de vallo decederet nemo, sed paene ne respiceret quidem quisquam, ac tum omnes acerrime fortissimeque pugnarent, hic dies nostris longe gravissimus fuit; sed tamen hunc habuit eventum, ut eo die maximus hos- tium numerus vulneraretur atque interficeretur, ut se sub ipso vallo constipaverant recessumque primis ultimi non dabant, paulum quidem intermissa flamma et quodam loco turri adacta et contingente vallum tertiae cohortis centuriones ex eo, quo stabant, loco recesserunt suosque omnes removerunt, nutu voci- busque hostes, si introire vellent, vocare coeperunt ; quorum progredi ausus est nemo, tum ex omni parte lapidibus coniectis deturbati turrisque succensa est. 44. Erant in ea legione fortissimi viri, centuriones, qui primis ordinibus' appropinquarent, Titus Pulio et Lucius Vorenus. hi perpetuas inter se controversias habebant, quinam anteferretur, omnibusque annis de locis summis simultatibus contendebant, ex his Pulio, cum acerrime ad munitiones pugnaretur, ‘'quid dubitas/ inquit, ‘ Yorene ? aut quem locum probandae virtutis tuae exspectas ? hic dies de nostris controversiis indicabit. haec cum dixisset, procedit extra munitiones, quaque parte hos- tium confertissima est vis, ea irrumpit, ne Vorenus quidem tum vallo sese continet, sed omnium veritus existimationem subsequitur. 5 io 15 20 25 30 208 DE BELLO GALLICO mediocri spatio relicto Pulio pilum in hostes immittit atque unum ex multitudine procurrentem traicit ; cpio percusso et exanimato hunc scutis protegunt, in hostem tela universi colli- ciunt neque dant regrediendi facultatem, transfigitur scutum 5 Pulioni et verutum in balteo defigitur, avertit hic casus vagi- nam et gladium educere eonanti dextram moratur manum, im- peditumque hostes circumsistunt, succurrit inimicus illi Vorenus et laboranti subvenit, ad hunc se confestim a Pulione omnis multitudo convertit : illum veruto arbitrantur occisum, gladio 10 comminus rem gerit Vorenus atque uno interfecto reliquos paulum propellit; dum cupidius instat, in locum deiectus inferiorem con- cidit. huic rursus circumvento fert subsidium Pulio, atque ambo incolumes compluribus interfectis summa cum laude sese intra munitiones recipiunt, sic fortuna in contentione et certa- 15 mine utrumque versavit, ut alter alteri inimicus auxilio saluti- que esset, neque diiudicari posset, uter utri virtute anteferendus videretur. 45. Quanto erat in dies gravior atque asperior oppugnatio, et maxime quod magna parte militum confecta vulneribus res ad 20 paucitatem defensorum pervenerat, tanto crebriores litterae nun- tiique ad Caesarem mittebantur ; quorum pars deprehensa in conspectu nostrorum militum cum cruciatu necabantur, erat unus intus Nervius, nomine Vertico, loco natus honesto, qui a prima obsidione ad Ciceronem perfugerat suamque ei fidem 25 praestiterat, hic servo spe libertatis magnisque persuadet prae- miis, ut litteras ad Caesarem deferat, has ille in iaculo illigatas effert et Gallus inter Gallos sine ulla suspicione versatus ad Caesarem pervenit. ab eo de periculis Ciceronis legionisque cognoscitur. 3o 46. Caesar acceptis litteris hora circiter undecima diei statim nuntium m Bellovacos ad M. Crassum quaestorem mittit, cuius COMM. V 46 - 48 . 209 hiberna aberant ab eo milia passuum XXV. iubet media nocte legionem proficisci celeriterque ad se venire, exit cum nuntio Crassus, alterum ad Gaiurn Fabium legatum mittit, ut in Atre- batium fines legiouem adducat, qua sibi iter laciendum sciebat, scribit Labieno, si rei.publicae commodo facere posset, cum legione ad fines Nerviorum veniat. reliquam partem exercitus, quod paulo aberat longius, non putat exspectandam ; equites circiter quadringentos ex proximis hibernis cogit. 47 Hora circiter tertia ab antecursoribus de Crassi adventu certior factus, eo die milia passuum XX progreditur. Crassum Samarobrivae praeficit legionemque ei attribuit, quod ibi im- pedimenta exercitus, obsides civitatum, litteras publicas frumen- tumque omne, quod eo tolerandae hiemis causa devexerat, relinquebat. Fabius, ut imperatum erat, non ita multum inora- tus in itinere cum legione occurrit. Labienus interitu Sabini et caede cohortium cognita, cum omnes ad eum Treverorum copiae venissent, veritus, si ex hibernis fugae similem profectionem fecisset, ut hostium impetum sustinere posset, praesertim quos recenti victoria efferri sciret, litteras Caesari remittit, quanto cum periculo legionem ex hibernis educturus esset, rem gestam in Eburonibus perscribit, docet, omnes equitatus peditatusque copias 1 reverorum tria milia passuum longe ab suis castris consedisse. 48. Caesar consilio eius probato, etsi opinione trium legionum deiectus ad duas redierat, tamen unum communis salutis auxi- lium in celeritate ponebat, venit magnis itineribus in Nervio- rum fines. ibi ex captivis cognoscit, quae apud Ciceronem gerantur, quantoque in periculo res sit. tum cuidam ex equiti- bus Gallis magnis praemiis persuadet, uti ad Ciceronem episto- lam deferat, hanc Graecis conscriptam litteris mittit, ne intercepta epistola nostra ab hostibus consilia cognoscantur, si adire non possit, monet, ut tragulam cum epistola ad amentum deligata l 5 io 15 20 25 30 210 DE BELLO GALLICO intra munitiones castrorum abiciat. in litteris scribit se cum legionibus profectum celeriter adfore ; hortatur, ut pristinam virtutem retineat. Gallus periculum veritus, ut erat praeceptum, tragulam mittit, haec casu ad turrim adhaesit neque ab nos- 5 tris biduo animadversa tertio die a quodam milite conspicitur, dempta ad Ciceronem defertur, ille perlectam in conventu militum recitat maximaque omnes laetitia afficit, tum fumi incendiorum procul videbantur ; quae res omnem dubitationem adventus legionum expulit. 10 49. Galli re cognita per exploratores obsidionem relinquunt, ad Caesarem omnibus copiis contendunt, hae erant armata cir- citer milia LX. Cicero data facultate Gallum ab eodem Yerti- cone, quem supra demonstravimus, repetit, qui litteras ad Caesarem deferat ; hunc admonet, iter caute diligenterque faciat : 15 perscribit in litteris hostes ab se discessisse omnemque ad eum multitudinem convertisse. quibus litteris circiter media nocte Caesar allatis suos facit certiores eosque ad dimicandum animo confirmat, postero die luce prima movet castra et circiter milia passuum quattuor progressus trans vallem et rivum multitudinem 20 hostium conspicatur, erat magni periculi res, tantulis copiis iniquo loco dimicare ; tum, quoniam obsidione liberatum Cicero- nem sciebat, aequo animo remittendum de celeritate existimabat : consedit et, quam aequissimo loco potest, castra communit atque haec, etsi erant exigua per se, vix hominum milium septem 25 praesertim nullis cum impedimentis, tamen angustiis viarum, quam maxime potest, contrahit, eo consilio, ut in summam con- temptionem hostibus veniat. interim speculatoribus in omnes partes dimissis explorat, quo commodissime itinere vallem transire possit. 3o 50. Eo die parvulis equestribus proeliis ad aquam factis utrique sese suo loco continent : Galli, quod ampliores copias, COMM. Y. 50-52 211 ([une nondum convenerant, exspectabant , Caesar, si forte timoris simulatione hostes in suum locum elicere posset, ut citra vallem pro castris proelio contenderet ; si id efficere non posset, ut ex- ploratis itineribus minore cum periculo vallem rivumque tran- siret. prima luce hostium equitatus ad castra accedit proeliumque cum nostris equitibus committit. Caesar consulto equites cedere seque in castra recipere iubet, simul ex omnibus partibus castra altiore vallo muniri portasque obstrui atque in his adminis- trandis rebus quam maxime concursari et cum simulatione timoris agi iubet. 51. Quibus omnibus rebus hostes invitati copias traducunt aciemque iniquo loco constituunt, nostris vero etiam de vallo deductis propius accedunt et tela intra munitionem ex omnibus par- tibus colliciunt praecouibusque circummissis pronuntiari iubent, seu quis Gallus seu Romanus velit ante horam tertiam ad se tran- sire, sine periculo licere ; post id tempus non fore potestatem : ac sic nostros contempserunt, ut obstructis in speciem portis singulis ordinibus cespitum, quod ea non posse introrumpere videbantur, alii vallum manu scindere, alii fossas complere in- ciperent. tum Caesar omnibus portis eruptione facta equitatuque emisso celeriter hostes in fugam dat, sic uti omnino pugnandi causa resisteret nemo, magnumque ex eis numerum occidit atque omnes armis exuit. 52. Longius prosequi veritus, quod silvae paludesque interce- debant neque etiam parvulo detrimento illorum locum relinqui videbat, omnibus suis incolumibus copiis eodem die ad Cicero- nem pervenit, institutas turres, testudines munitionesque hostium admiratur ; legione producta cognoscit non decimum quemque esse reliquum militem sine vulnere : ex his omnibus iudicat re- bus, quanto cum periculo et quanta cum virtute res sint admin- istratae. Ciceronem pro eius merito legionemque collaudat ; 5 io 15 20 25 30 212 DE BELLO GALLICO centuriones singillatim tribunosque militum appellat, (piorum egregiam fuisse virtutem testimonio Ciceronis cognoverat, de casu Sabini et Cottae certius ex captivis cognoscit, postero die contione habita rem gestam proponit, milites consolatur et con- 5 firmat : quod detrimentum culpa et temeritate legati sit accep- tum, hoc aequiore animo ferundum docet, quod beneficio deorum immortalium et virtute eorum expiato incommodo neque hosti- bus diutina laetatio neque ipsis longior dolor relinquatur. 53 - 58 . Insurrections among the Senones and Treveri. Indutiomarus retreats amour/ the Treveri. Disturbance caused by the Senones. 53 . Interim ad Labienum per Remos incredibili celeritate de io victoria Caesaris fama perfertur, ut, cum ab hibernis Ciceronis milia passuum abesset circiter LX, eoque post horam nonam diei Caesar pervenisset, ante mediam noctem ad portas castro- rum clamor oriretur, quo clamore significatio victoriae gratula- tioque ab Remis Labieno fieret, hac fama ad Treveros perlata io Indutiomarus, qui postero die castra Labieni oppugnare decreve- rat, noctu profugit copiasque omnes in Treveros reducit. Caesar Labium cum sua legione remittit in hiberna, ipse cum tribus le- gionibus circum Samarobrivam trinis hibernis hiemare constituit et, quod tanti motus Galliae exstiterant, totam hiemem ipse ad exerci- 20 tum manere decrevit, nam illo incommodo de Sabini morte per- lato omnes fere Galliae civitates de bello consultabant, nuntios legationesque m omnes partes dimittebant et, quid reliqui con- silii caperent atque unde initium belli fieret, explorabant noc- turnaque in locis desertis concilia habebant, neque ullum fere 25 totius hiemis tempus sine sollicitudine Caesaris intercessit, quin aliquem de consiliis ac motu Gallorum nuntium acciperet, in his ab Lucio Roscio [quaestore], quem legioni tertiae decimae prae- fecerat, certior factus est, magnas Gallorum copias earum COMM. V. 53-55. 213 civitatum, quae Aremoricae appellantur, oppugnandi sui causa convenisse neque longius milia passuum octo ab hibernis suis afuisse, sed nuntio allato de victoria Caesaris discessisse, adeo ut fugae similis discessus videretur. 54. At Caesar principibus cuiusque civitatis ad se evocatis alias territando, cum se scire, quae fierent, denuntiaret, alias cohortando magnam partem Galliae in officio tenuit, tamen Senones, quae est civitas in primis firma et magnae inter Gallos auctoritatis, Cavarinum, quem Caesar apud eos regem constitu- erat, cuius frater Moritasgus adventu m Galliam Caesaris cuius- que maiores regnum obtinuerant, interficere publico consilio conati, cum ille praesensisset ac profugisset, usque ad fines insecuti, regno domoque expulerunt, et missis ad Caesarem satisfaciundi causa legatis, cum is omnem ad se senatum venire iussisset, dicto audientes non fuerunt. tantum apud homines barbaros valuit, esse aliquos repertos principes belli inferendi tantamque omnibus voluntatum commutationem attulit, ut prae- ter Haeduos et Remos, quos praecipuo semper honore Caesar habuit, alteros pro vetere ac perpetui erga populum Romanum fide, alteros pro recentibus Gallici belli officiis, nulla fere civitas fuerit non suspecta nobis, idque adeo haud scio mirandumne sit, cum compluribus aliis de causis, tum maxime, quod ei, qui virtute belli omnibus gentibus praeferebantur, tantum se eius opinionis deperdidisse, ut a populo Romano imperia perferrent, gravissime dolebant. The enemy is overcome by Labienus. Gaul in a more peaceful state. 55. Treveri vero atque Indutiomarus totius hiemis nullum tempus intermiserunt, quin trans Rhenum legatos mitterent, civi- tates sollicitarent, pecunias pollicerentur, magna parte exercitus nostri interfecta multo minorem superesse dicerent partem. 5 io 15 20 25 214 DE BELLO GALLICO neque tamen ulli civitati Germanorum persuaderi potuit, ut Rhenum transiret, cum se bis expertos dicerent, Ariovisti bello et Tencterorum transitu : non esse amplius fortunam tempta- turos. hac spe lapsus Indutiomarus nihilo minus copias cogere, 5 exercere, a finitimis equos parare, exsules damnatosque tota Gallia magnis praemiis ad se allicere coepit, ac tantam sibi iam his rebus in Gallia auctoritatem comparaverat, ut undique ad eum legationes concurrerent, gratiam atque amicitiam publice privat irnque peterent. 10 56 Ubi intellexit ultro ad se veniri, altera ex parte Senones Carnutesque conscientia facinoris instigari, altera Nervios Adua- tucosque bellum Romanis parare, neque sibi voluntariorum copias defore, si ex finibus suis progredi coepisset, armatum concilium indicit, hoc more Gallorum est initium belli : quo 15 lege communi omnes puberes armati convenire consuerunt; qui ex iis novissimus venit, in conspectu multitudinis omnibus cru- ciatibus affectus necatur, in eo concilio Cingetorigem, alterius principem factionis, generum suum, quem supra demonstravi- mus Caesaris secutum fidem ab eo non discessisse, hostem iudi- 20 cat bonnque eius publicat. his rebus confectis in concilio pronuntiat arcessitum se a Senonibus et Carnutibus aliisque compluribus Galliae civitatibus ; huc iter facturum per fines Remorum eorumque agros populaturum ac, priusquam id faciat, castra Labieni oppugnaturum. 25 57. Quae fieri velit, praecipit. Labienus, cum et loci natura et manu munitissimis castris sese teneret, de suo ac legionis periculo nihil timebat ; ne quam occasionem rei bene gerendae dimitteret, cogitabat, itaque a Cingetorige atque eius propinquis oratione Indutiomari cognita, quam in concilio habuerat, nuntios 30 mittit ad finitimas civitates equitesque undique evocat : his certum diem conveniendi dicit, interim prope cotidie cum omni equitatu COMM V. 57-58. 215 Indutiomarus sub castris eius vagabatur, alias ut situm castro- rum cognosceret, alias colloquendi aut territandi causa : equites plerumque omnes tela intra vallum coniciebant. Labienus suos intra munitionem continebat timorisque opinionem, quibuscumque poterat rebus, augebat. 58 . Cum maiore in dies contemptione Indutiomarus ad castra accederet, nocte una intromissis equitibus omnium finitimarum civitatum, quos arcessendos curaverat, tanta diligentia omnes suos custodiis intra castra continuit, ut nulla ratione ea res enun- tiari aut ad Treveros perferri posset, interim ex consuetudine cotidiana Indutiomarus ad castra accedit atque ibi magnam par- tem diei consumit ; equites tela colliciunt et magna cum con- tumelia verborum nostros ad pugnam evocant, nullo ab nostris dato responso, ubi visum est, sub vesperum dispersi ac dissipati discedunt. subito Labienus duabus portis omnem equitatum emittit ; praecipit atque interdicit, proterritis hostibus atque in fugam coniectis (quod fore, sicut accidit, videbat) unum omnes peterent Indutiomarum, neu quis quem prius vulneret, quam illum interfectum viderit, quod mora reliquorum spatium nactum illum effugere nolebat ; magna proponit iis, qni occiderint, prae- mia : suramittit cohortes equitibus subsidio, comprobat hominis consilium fortuna, et cum unum omnes peterent, in ipso fluminis vado deprehensus Indutiomarus interficitur, caputque eius refertur in castra : redeuntes equites, quos possunt, consectantur atque occidunt, hac re cognita, omnes Eburonum et Nerviorum, quae convenerant, copiae discedunt, pauloque habuit post id factum Caesar quietiorem Galliam. 5 10 15 20 25 C. 1ULII CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLICO COM M ENTA El US SEXTUS. 1-8. C'OMMOTtONS IN GaUL. Caesar levies additional forces. 1. Multis tie causis Caesar maiorem Galliae motum exspectans, per Marcum Silanum, Gnium Antia- tium Reginum, Titum Sextium legatos delectum ha- bere instituit : simul ab Gneo Pompeio proconsule petit, quoniam ipse ad urbem cum imperio reipub- licae causa remaneret, quos ex Cisalpina Gallia consulis sacramento rogavisset, ad signa convenire et ad se proficisci iuberet, magni interesse etiam in reliquum tempus ad opinionem Galliae existimans tantas videri Italiae facultates, ut, si quid esset in bello detrimenti acceptum, non modo id brevi tem- pore resarciri, sed etiarn maioribus augeri copiis posset, quod cum Pompeius et reipublicae et amicitiae tribuis- set, celeriter confecto per suos delectu tribus ante exactam hie- 15 mem et constitutis et adductis legionibus duplicatoque earum cohortium numero, quas cum Q. Titurio amiserat et celeritate et copiis docuit, quid populi Romani disciplina atque opes possent. COMM. VI. 2-4. 217 The Nervii, Senones, Carnutes, and Menapii are subdued. 2 . Interfecto Indutiomaro, ut docuimus, ad eius propinquos a Treveris imperium defertur, illi finitimos Germanos sollicitare et pecuniam polliceri non desistunt, cum ab proximis impe- trare nou possent, ulteriores temptant, inventis nonnullis civi- tatibus iureiurando inter se confirmant obsidibusque de pecunia cavent : Ambiorigem sibi societate et foedere adi ungunt, qui- bus rebus cognitis Caesar, cum undique bellum parari videret, Nervios, Aduatucos [ac] Menapios adiunctis Cisrhenanis omni- bus Germanis esse in armis, Senones ad imperatum non venire et cum Carnutibus finitimisque civitatibus consilia communicare, a Treveris Germanos crebris legationibus sollicitari, maturius sibi de bello cogitandum putavit. 3 . Itaque nondum hieme confecta proximis quattuor coactis legionibus de improviso in fines Nerviorum contendit et, prius- quam illi aut convenire aut profugere possent, magno pecoris atque hominum numero capto atque ea praeda militibus concessa vastatisque agris in deditionem venire atque obsides sibi dare coegit, eo celeriter confecto negotio rursus in hiberna legiones reduxit, concilio Galliae primo vere, ut instituerat, indicto, cum reliqui praeter Senones, Carnutes Treverosque venissent, initium belli ac defectionis hoc esse arbitratus, ut omnia post- ponere videretur, concilium Lutetiam Parisiorum transfert, confines erant hi Senonibus civitatemque patrum memoria con- lunxerant, sed ab hoc consilio afuisse existimabantur, hac re pro suggestu pronuntiata eodem die cum legionibus in Senones proficiscitur magnisque itineribus eo pervenit. 4 . Cognito eius adventu Acco, qui princeps eius consilii fue- rat, mbet in oppida multitudinem convenire, conantibus, prius- quam id effici posset, adesse Romanos nuntiatur, necessario 5 10 15 20 25 218 DE BELLO GALLICO sententia desistunt legatosque deprecandi causa ad Caesarem mittunt : adeunt per Haeduos, quorum antiquitus erat in fide civitas, libenter Caesar petentibus Haeduis dat veniam excusa- tionemque accipit, quod aestivum tempus instantis belli, non 5 quaestionis esse arbitratur, obsidibus imperatis centum hos Haeduis custodiendos tradit, eodem Carnutes legatos obsides- que mittunt, usi deprecatoribus Remis, quorum erant in clien- tela : eadem terunt responsa, peragit concilium Caesar equitesque imperat civitatibus. 10 5 - Hac parte Galliae pacata totus et mente et animo in bel- lum Treverorum et Ambiorigis insistit. Cavarinum cum equitatu Senonum secum proficisci iubet, ne quis aut ex huius iracundia, aut ex eo, quod meruerat, odio civitatis motus exsistat, his rebus constitutis, quod pro explorato habebat Ambiorigem proe- 15 lio non esse concertaturum, reliqua eius consilia animo circum- spiciebat. erant Menapii propinqui Eburonum finibus, perpetuis paludibus silvisque muniti, qui uni ex Gallia de pace ad Cae- sarem legatos numquam miserant, cum his esse hospitium Ambiorigi sciebat; item per Treveros venisse Germanis in ami- 20 citiam cognoverat, haec prius illi detrahenda auxilia existima- bat, quam ipsum bello lacesseret, ne desperata salute aut se in Menapios abderet aut cum Transrhenanis congredi cogeretur, hoc inito consilio totius exercitus impedimenta ad Labienum in Treveros mittit duasque legiones ad eum proficisci iubet ; 25 ipse cum legionibus expeditis quinque in Menapios proficiscitur, illi nulla coacta manu loci praesidio freti in silvas paludesque confugiunt suaque eodem conferunt. 6. Caesar partitis copiis cum Gaio Fabio legato et Marco Crasso quaestore celeriterque effectis pontibus adit tripartito, 30 aedificia vicosque incendit, magno pecoris atque hominum numero potitur. quibus rebus coacti Menapii legatos ad eum pacis COMM. VI. 6-7. 219 peteadae causa mittunt, die obsidibus acceptis hostium se habi- turum numero confirmat, si aut Ambiorigem aut eius legatos finibus suis recepissent, his confirmatis rebus Commium Atre- batem cum equitatu custodis loco in Menapiis relinquit ; ipse in Treveros proficiscitur. Labienus defeats the Treveri. 7. Dum haec a Caesare geruntur, Treveri magnis coactis peditatus equitatusque copiis Labienum cum una legione, quae in eorum finibus hiemaverat, adoriri parabant, iarnque ab eo non longius bidui via aberant, cum duas venisse legiones missu Caesaris cognoscunt, positis castris a milibus passuum W auxilia Germanorum exspectare constituunt. Labienus hostium cognito consilio sperans, temeritate eorum fore aliquam dimicandi facultatem praesidio quinque cohortium impedimentis relicto cum XXV cohortibus magnoque equitatu contra hostem proficiscitur et mille passuum intermisso spatio castra communit, erat inter Labienum atque hostem difficili transitu flumen ripisque prae- ruptis. hoc neque ipse transire habebat in animo neque hostes transituros existimabat. augebatur auxiliorum cotidie spes, loquitur in concilio palam, quoniam Germani appropinquare dicantur, sese suas exercitusque fortunas in dubium non devo- caturum et postero die prima luce castra moturum, celeriter haec ad hostes deferuntur, ut ex magno Gallorum equitum numero nonnullos Gallicis rebus favere natura cogebat. Labie- nus noctu tribunis militum primisque ordinibus convocatis, quid sui sit consilii, proponit et, quo facilius hostibus timoris det suspicionem, maiore strepitu et tumultu, quam populi Bomani fert consuetudo, castra moveri iubet. his rebus fugae similem profectionem effecit, haec quoque per exploratores ante lucem in tanta propinquitate castrorum ad hostes deferuntur. 5 io 15 20 25 220 DE BELLO GALLICO 8 . \ ix agmen novissimum extra munitiones processerat, cum Galli cohortati inter Se, ne speratam praedam ex manibus dimit- terent : longum esse perterritis Romanis Germanorum auxilium exspectare, neque suam pati dignitatem, ut tantis copiis tam exi- 5 guam manum, praesertim fugientem atque impeditam, adoriri non audeant, flumen transire et iniquo loco proelium committere non dubitant, quae fore suspicatus Labienus, ut omnes citra flumen eliceret, cadein usus simulatione itineris, placide progre- diebatur. tum praemissis paulum impedimentis atque in tumulo io quodam collocatis, ‘ habetis/ inquit, ‘ milites, quam petistis, facultatem : hostem impedito atque iniquo loco tenetis : praestate eandem nobis ducibus virtutem, quam saepenumero imperatori praestitistis, atque illum adesse et haec coram cernere existi- mate/ simul signa ad hostem converti aciemque dirigi iubet et 15 paucis turmis praesidio ad impedimenta dimissis reliquos equites ad latera disponit, celeriter nostri clamore sublato pila in hos- tes immittunt, illi, ubi praeter spem (pios fugere credebant infestis signis ad se ire viderunt, impetum modo ferre non potuerunt ac primo concursu in fugam coniecti proximas silvas 20 petiverunt, quos Labienus equitatu consectatus magno numero interfecto, compluribus captis paucis post diebus civitatem recepit ; nam Germani, qui auxilio veniebant, percepta Treve- rorum fuga sese domum contulerunt, cum his propinqui Indu- tiomari, qui defectionis auctores fuerant, comitati eos ex civitate 25 excessere. Cingetorigi, quem ab initio permanisse in officio demonstravimus, principatus atque imperium est traditum. 0 - 28 . Second Expedition into Germany. Caesar crosses the Rhine a second time and marches against the Suebi. 9. Caesar, postquam ex Menapiis in Treveros venit, duabus de causis Rhenum transire constituit ; quarum una erat, quod COMM. VI. 9-10. 221 auxilia contra se Treveris miserant, altera, ne ad eos Ambiorix receptum haberet, his constitutis rebus paulum supra eum lo- cum, (pio ante exercitum traduxerat, facere pontem instituit, nota atque instituta ratione magno militum studio paucis diebus opus efficitur, firmo in Treveris ad pontem praesidio relicto, ne quis ab his subito motus oriretur, reliquas copias equitatumque traducit. Ubii, qui ante obsides dederant atque in deditionem venerant, purgandi sui causa ad eum legatos mittunt, qui doceant neque auxilia ex sua civitate in Treveros missa, neque ab se fidem laesam : petunt atque orant, ut sibi parcat, ne communi odio Germanorum innocentes pro nocentibus poenas pendant ; si amplius obsidum velit, dare pollicentur, cognita Caesar causa reperit ab Suebis auxilia missa esse ; Ubiorum satisfactionem accipit, aditus viasque in Suebos perquirit. 10. Interim paucis post diebus fit ab Ubiis certior Suebos omnes in unum locum copias cogere atque iis nationibus, quae sub eorum sint imperio, denuntiare, ut auxilia peditatus equita- tusque mittant, his cognitis rebus rem frumentariam providet, castris idoneum locum deligit ; Ubiis imperat, ut pecora dedu- cant suaque omnia ex agris in oppida conferant, sperans barbaros atque imperitos homines inopia cibariorum adductos ad iniquam pugnandi condicionem posse deduci ; mandat, ut crebros explora- tores in Suebos mittant quaeque apud eos gerantur cognoscant, illi imperata faciunt et paucis diebus intermissis referunt : Sue- bos omnes, posteaquam certiores nuntii de exercitu Ptomanorum venerint, cum omnibus suis sociorumque copiis, quas coegissent, penitus ad extremos fines sese recepisse : silvam esse ibi infinita magnitudine, quae appellatur Bacenis ; hanc longe introrsus per- tinere et pro nativo muro obiectam Cheruscos ab Suebis Sue- bosque ab Cheruscis iniuriis incursionibusque prohibere : ad eius initium silvae Suebos adventum Romanorum exspectare constituisse. 5 io 15 20 25 30 090 1)E BELLO GALLICO The customs of the Gauls. Druidism , etc. 11 . Quouiam ad huuc locum perventum est, non alienum esse' videtur de Galliae Gennauiaeque moribus et quo differant hae nationes inter sese, proponere, in Gallia non solum in omnibus civitatibus atque iu omnibus pagis partibusque, sed paene etiam 5 iu smgulis domibus factiones sunt, earumque factionum principes sunt qui summam auctoritatem eorum iudicio habere existiman- tur, quorum ad arbitrium iudiciumque summa omnium rerum consiliorumque redeat, itaque eius rei causa antiquitus institu- tum videtur, ne quis ex plebe contra poteutiorem auxilii egeret : io suos enim quisque opprimi et circumveniri non patitur, neque, aliter si faciat, ullam inter suos habet auctoritatem, haec eadem ratio est in summa totius Galliae : namque omnes civitates iu partes divisae sunt duas. 12 . C um Caesar in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes ia erant Haedui, alterius Sequani, hi cum per se minus valerent, quod summa auctoritas antiquitus erat in Haeduis magnaeque eorum erant clientelae, Germanos atque Ariovistum sibi adiunxe- rant eos ue ad se magnis iacturis pollicitationibusque perduxe- rant. proeliis vero compluribus factis secundis atque omni 20 nobilitate Haeduorum interfecta tantum potentia antecesserant, ut magnam partem clientium ab Haeduis ad se traducerent obsi- desque ab iis principum filios acciperent et publice iurare coge- rent nihil se contra Sequanos consilii inituros ; et partem finitimi agri per vim occupatam possiderent Galiiaeque totius principatum 25 obtinerent, qua necessitate adductus Divitiacus auxilii petendi causa Romam ad senatum profectus imperfecta re redierat, adventu Caesaris facta commutatione rerum, obsidibus Haeduis redditis, veteribus clientelis restitutis, novis per Caesarem com- paratis, quod hi, qui se ad eorum amicitiam aggregaverant, 30 meliore condicione atque aequiore imperio se uti videbant, reliquis COMM. YI. 12-13. rebus eorum gratia dignitateque amplificata Sequani principatum dimiserant. iu eorum locum Bemi successerant : quos quod adaequare apud Caesarem gratia intellegebatur, ii, qui propter veteres inimicitias nullo modo cum Haeduis couiuugi poterant, se Bemis in clientelam dicabant, bos illi diligenter tuebantur : 5 ita et novam et repente collectam auctoritatem tenebant, eo tum statu res erat, ut longe principes haberentur Haedui, secun- dum locum dignitatis Bemi obtinerent. 13 . In omni Gallia eorum hominum, qui aliquo sunt numero atque honore, genera sunt duo ; nam plebes paene servorum 10 habetur loco, quae nihil audet per se, nullo adhibetur consilio, plerique, cum aut aere alieno aut magnitudine tributorum aut iuiuria potentiorum premuntur, sese in servitutem dicant nobili- bus : in hos eadem omnia sunt iura, quae dominis in servos, sed de his duobus generibus alterum est druidum, alterum equi- 15 tum. illi rebus divinis intersunt, sacrificia publica ac privata procurant, religiones interpretantur : ad eos magnus adulescen- tium numerus disciplinae causa concurrit, magnoque hi snnt apud eos honore, nam fere de omnibus controversiis publicis privatisqne constituunt, et, si quod est admissum facinus, si 20 caedes facta, si de hereditate, si de finibus controversia est, idem decernunt, praemia poenasque constituunt ; si qui ant privatu? aut populus eorum decreto non stetit, sacrificiis interdicunt, haec poena apud eos est gravissima, quibus ita est interdic- tum, hi numero impiorum ac sceleratorum habentur, his omnes 25 decedunt, aditum sermonemque defugiunt, ne quid es contagione incommodi accipiant, neque his petentibus ius redditur neque honos ullus communicatur, his autem omnibus druidibus praeest unus, qui summam inter eos habet auctoritatem, hoc mortuo aut, si qui es reliquis excellit dignitate, succedit, aut, si sunt 30 plures pares, suffragio druidum, nonnumquam etiam armis de principatu contendunt, hi certo anni tempore iu finibus Carnutum, 224 DE BELLO GALLICO quae regio totius Galliae media habetur, considunt in loco con- secrato. huc omnes undique, qui controversias habent, con- veniunt eorumque decretis iudiciisque parent. disciplina in Britannia reperta atque inde in Galliam translata esse existima- 5 tur, et nunc, qui diligentius eam rem cognoscere volunt, plerum - que illo discendi causa proficiscuntur. 14. D ruides a bello abesse consuerunt neque tributa una cum reliquis pendunt, militiae vacationem otnniumque rerum habent immunitatem, tantis excitati praemiis et sua sponte multi in io disciplinam conveniunt et a parentibus propiiiquisque mittuntur, magnum ibi numerum versuum ediscere dicuntur : itaque annos nonnulli vicenos in disciplina permanent, neque fas esse existi- mant ea litteris mandare, cum in reliquis fere rebus, publicis privatisque rationibus Graecis litteris utantur, id mihi duabus 15 de causis instituisse videntur, quod neque in vulgum discipli- nam efferri velint neque eos, qui discunt, litteris confisos minus memoriae studere ; quod fere plerisque accidit, ut praesidio litterarum diligentiam in perdiscendo ac memoriam remittant, inprirnis hoc volunt persuadere, non interire animas, sed ab aliis 20 post mortem transire ad alios, atque hoc maxime ad virtutem excitari putant metu mortis neglecto, multa praeterea de sid- eribus atque eorum motu, de mundi ac terrarum magnitudine, de rerum natura, de deorum immortalium vi ac potestate dis- putant et inventuri tradunt. 25 15. Alterum genus est equitum, hi, cum est usus atque aliquod bellum incidit (quod fere ante Caesaris adventum quo- tannis accidere solebat, uti aut ipsi iniurias inferrent aut illatas propulsarent), omnes in bello versantur, atque eorum ut quisque est genere copiisque amplissimus, ita plurimos circum se am- 30 bactos clientesque habet, hanc unam gratiam potentiamque noverunt. COMM. VI. 16-18. 225 16 . Natio est omnis Gallorum admodum dedita religionibus atque ob eam causam, qui sunt allecti gravioribus morbis quique in proeliis periculisque versantur, aut pro victimis homines im- molant aut se immolaturos vovent administrisque ad ea sacri- ficia druidibus utuntur, quod, pro vita hominis nisi hominis vita reddatur, non posse aliter deorum immortalium numen placari arbitrantur, publiceque eiusdem generis habent instituta sacrificia, alii immani magnitudine simulacra habent, quorum contexta viminibus membra vivis hominibus complent : quibus succensis circumventi flamma exanimantur homines, supplicia eorum, qui in furto aut in latrocinio aut aliqua noxia sint comprehensi, gratiora dis immortalibus esse arbitrantur ; sed, cum eius generis copia deficit, etiam ad innocentium supplicia descendunt. 17. Deum maxime Mercurium colunt : huius sunt plurima simulacra, hunc omnium inventorem artium ferunt, hunc viarum atque itinerum ducem, hunc ad quaestus pecuniae mercaturas- que habere vim maximam arbitrantur, post hunc Apollinem et Martem et Iovem et Minervam ; de his eandem fere, quam reliquae gentes, habent opinionem : Apollinem morbos depellere, Minervam operum atque artificiorum initia tradere, Iovem im- perium caelestium tenere, Martem bella regere, huic, cum proe- lio dimicare constituerunt, ea, quae bello ceperint, plerumque devovent, cum superaverunt, animalia capta immolant reliquas- que res in unum locum conferunt, multis iti civitatibus harum rerum exstructos tumulus locis consecratis conspicari licet ; neque saepe accidit, ut, neglecta quispiam religione aut capta apud se occultare aut posita tollere auderet, gravissimumque ei rei supplicium cum cruciatu constitutum est. 18. Galli se omnes ab Dite patre prognatos praedicant idque ab druidibus proditum dicunt, ob eam causam spatia omnis temporis non numero dierum, sed noctium finiunt ; dies natales 15 5 10 15 20 25 30 226 DE BELLO GALLICO et mensium et annorum initia sic observant, ut noctem dies subsequatur, in reliquis vitae institutis hoc fere ab reliquis differunt, quod suos liberos, nisi cum adoleverunt, ut munus militiae sustinere possint, palam ad se adire non patiuntur 5 filiumque puerili aetate in publico in conspectu patris adsistere turpe ducunt. 19. Viri, quantas pecunias ab uxoribus dotis nomine accepe- runt, tantas ex suis bonis aestimatione facta cum dotibus com- municant. huius omnis pecuniae coniunctim ratio habetur io fructusque servantur : uter eorum vita superavit, ad eum pars utriusque cum fructibus superiorum temporum pervenit, viri in uxores, sicuti in liberos, vitae necisque habent potestatem ; et cum paterfamiliae illustriore loco natus decessit, eius propinqui conveniunt et, de morte si res in suspicionem venit, de uxori- is bus in servilem modum quaestionem habent et, si compertum est, igni atque omnibus tormentis excruciatas interficiunt, funera sunt pro cultu Gallorum magnifica et sumptuosa ; omniaque, quae vivis cordi fuisse arbitrantur, in ignem inferunt, etiam animalia, ac paulo supra hanc memoriam servi et clientes, 20 quos ab iis dilectos esse constabat, iustis funeribus confectis una cremabantur. The manners of the Germans. 20. Quae civitates commodius suam rempublicam administrare existimantur, habent legibus sanctum, si quis quid de re publica a finitimis rumore aut fama acceperit, uti ad magistratum de- 25 ferat neve cum quo alio communicet, quod saepe homines teme- rarios atque imperitos falsis rumoribus terreri et ad facinus impelli et de summis rebus consilium capere cognitum est. magistratus quae visa suut occultant, quaeque esse ex usu indicaverunt, multitudini produnt, de re publica nisi per con- 30 cilium loqui non conceditur. COMM. VI. 21-23. 227 21. Germani multum ab hac consuetudine differunt. nam neque druides habent, qui rebus divinis praesint, neque sacri- ficiis student, deorum numero eos solos ducunt, quos cernunt et quorum aperte opibus iuvantur, Solem et Vulcanum et Lu- nam, reliquos ne fama quidem acceperunt. vita omnis in 5 venationibus atque in studiis rei militaris consistit : ab parvulis labori ac duritiae student, qui diutissime impuberes permanse- runt, maximam inter suos ferunt laudem : hoc ali staturam, ali vires nervosque confirmari putant, intra annum vero vicesimum feminae notitiam habuisse in turpissimis habent rebus; cuius 10 rei nulla est occultatio, quod et promiscue in fluminibus per- luuntur et pellibus aut parvis rhenonum tegimentis utuntur magna corporis parte nuda. 22 . Agriculturae non student; maiorque pars victus eorum in lacte, caseo, carne consistit, neque quisquam agri modum 15 certum aut fines habet proprios ; sed magistratus ac principes in annos singulos gentibus coguationibusque hominum, qui una coierunt, quantum et quo loco visum est agri attribuunt atque anno post alio transire cogunt, eius rei multas -afferunt causas : ne assidua consuetudine capti studium belli gerendi agricultura 20 commutent ; ne latos fines parare studeant potentioresque humi- liores possessionibus expellant ; ne accuratius ad frigora atque aestus vitandos aedificent ; ne qua oriatur pecuniae cupiditas, qua ex re' factiones dissensionesque nascuntur ; ut animi aequi- tate plebem contineant, cum suas quisque opes cum potentissimis 25 aequari videat. 23 . Civitatibus maxima laus est quam latissimas circum se vastatis finibus solitudines habere, hoc propium virtutis exi ti- mant, expulsos agris finitimos cedere, neque quemquam prope audere consistere ; simul hoc se fore tutiores arbitrantur repen- 30 tinae incursionis timore sublato, cum bellum civitas aut illatum 228 DE BELLO GALLICO defendit- aut infert, magistratus, qui ei bello praesint, ut vitae necisque habeant potestatem, deliguntur, in pace nullus est communis magistratus, sed principes regionum atque pagorum inter suos ius dicunt controversiasque minuunt. Latrocinia nul- 5 lam liabeut infamiam, quae extra fines cuiusque civitatis fiunt, atque ea iuventutis exercendae ac desidiae minuendae causa fieri praedicant, atque ubi quis ex principibus in concilio dixit, se ducem fore, qui s^qui velint, profiteantur, consurgunt ii, qui et causam et hominem probant suumque auxilium pollicentur atque 10 ab multitudine collaudantur : qui ex iis secuti non sunt, in deser- torum ac proditorum numero ducuntur omniumque his rerum postea fides derogatur, hospites violare, fas non putant ; qui qua- cumque de causa ad eos venerunt, ab iniuria prohibent, sanctos habent, bisque omnium domus patent victusque communicatur. 15 24 . Ac f uit antea tempus, cum Germanos Galli virtute supe- rarent, ultro bella inferrent, propter hominum multitudinem agrique inopiam trans Rhenum colonias mitterent, itaque ea, quae fertilissima Germaniae sunt, loca circum Hercyniam silvam, quam Eratostheni et quibusdam Graecis fama notam esse video, 20 quam illi Orcyniam appellant, Volcae Tectosages occupaverunt atque ibi consederunt ; quae gens ad hoc tempus his sedibus sese continet summamque habet iustitiae et bellicae laudis opinionem, nunc, quod in eadem inopia, egestate patientiaque Germani permanent, eodem victu et cultu corporis utuntur, 25 Gallis autem provinciarum propinquitas et transmarinarum rerum notitia multa ad copiam atque usus largitur, paulatim assuefacti superari multisque victi proeliis ne se quidem ipsi cum illis virtute comparant. The Tlercynian forest and the remarkable animals found there. 25 . Huius Hercyniae silvae, quae supra demonstrata est, 30 latitudo novem dierum iter expedito patet : non enim aliter COMM. VI. 25-28. 229 finiri potest, neque mensuras itinerum noverunt, oritur ab Hel- vetiorum et Nemetum et Rauracorum finibus, rectaciue fluminis Danuvii regione pertinet ad fines Dacorum et Anartium : hinc se flectit sinistrorsus diversis ab flumine regionibus multarum- que gentium fines propter magnitudinem attingit ; neque quis- quam est huius Germaniae, qui se aut adisse ad initium eius silvae dicat, cum dierum iter LX processerit, aut, quo ex loco oriatur, acceperit : multaque in ea genera ferarum nasci constat, quae reliquis in locis visa non sint ; ex quibus quae maxime differant ab ceteris et memoriae prodenda videantur, haec sunt. 26. Est bos cervi figura, cuius a media fronte inter aures unum cornu exsistit excelsius magisque directum his, quae nobis nota sunt, cornibus, ab eius summo sicut palmae rami- que late diffunduntur. eadem est feminae marisque natura, eadem forma magnitudoque cornuum. 27. Sunt item, quae appellantur alces, harum est consimilis capris figura et varietas pellium, sed magnitudine paulo antece- dunt mutilaeque sunt cornibus et crura sine nodis articulisque habent, neque quietis causa procumbunt, neque, si quo afflictae casu conciderint, erigere sese aut sublevare possunt, his sunt arbores pro cubilibus : ad eas se applicant atque ita paulum modo reclinatae quietem capiunt, quarum ex vestigiis cum est animadversum a venatoribus, quo se recipere consuerint, omnes eo loco aut ab radicibus subruunt aut accidunt arbores, tantum ut summa species earum stantium relinquatur, huc cum se consuetudine reclinaverunt, infirmas arbores pondere affligunt atque una ipsae concidunt. 5 10 15 20 25 28. Tertium est genus eorum, qui uri appellantur, hi sunt magnitudine paulo infra elephantos, specie et colore et figura tauri. 30 230 DE BELLO GALLICO magna vis eorum est et magna velocitas, neque homini neque ferae, quam conspexerunt, parcunt, hos studiose foveis captos interficiunt, hoc se labore durant homines adulescentes atque hoc genere venationis exercent, et qui plurimos ex his interfece- 5 runt, relatis in publicum cornibus, quae siut testimonio, magnam ferunt laudem, sed assuescere ad homines et mansuefieri ne parvuli quidem excepti possunt, amplitudo cornuum et figura * et species multum a nostrorum boum cornibus differt, haec studiose conquisita ab labris argento circumcludunt atque in io amplissimis epulis pro poculis utuntur. 29-44. War against Ambiorix and the Eburones. Caesar returns to Gaul. Ambiorix is defeated. The territories of the Eburones are laid waste. 29 . Caesar, postquam per Ubios exploratores comperit Suebos sese in silvas recepisse, inopiam frumenti veritus, quod, ut supra demonstravimus, minime omnes Germani agriculturae student, constituit non progredi longius ; sed, ne omnino metum reditus 15 sui barbaris tolleret, atque ut eorum auxilia tardaret, reducto exercitu partem ultimam pontis, quae ripas Ubiorum continge- bat, in longitudinem pedum CC rescindit, atque in extremo ponte turrim tabulatorum quattuor constituit praesidiumque cohortium duodecim pontis tuendi causa ponit magnisque eum 20 locum munitionibus firmat, ei loco praesidioque Gaium Volca- tium Tullum adulescentem praefecit, ipse, cum maturescere frumenta inciperent, ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus, per Arduen- nam silvam, quae est totius Galliae maxima atque ab ripis Rheni finibusque Treverorum ad Nervios pertinet milibusque amplius 25 quingentis in longitudinem patet, Lucium Minucium Basilum cum omni equitatu praemittit, si quid celeritate itineris atque opportunitate temporis proficere possit ; monet, ut ignes fieri in COMM. YI. 29-31. 231 castris prohibeat, ne qua eius adventus procul significatio fiat : sese confestim subsequi dicit. Basilus, ut imperatum est. facit. 30. Celeriter contraque omnium opinionem confecto itinere multos in agris inopinantes deprehendit : eorum indicio ad ipsum 5 Ambiorigem contendit, quo in loco cum paucis equitibus esse dicebatur, multum cum in omnibus rebus, tum in re militari potest fortuna. nam sicut magno accidit casu, ut in ipsum incautum atque etiam imparatum incideret, priusque eius adven- tus ab omnibus videretur, quam fama ac nuntiis afferretur, sic io magnae fuit fortunae omni militari instrumento, quod circum se habebat, erepto, redis equisque comprehensis ipsum effugere mortem, sed hoc quoque factum est, quod aedificio circumdato silva, ut sunt fere domicilia Gallorum, qui vitandi aestus causa plerumque silvarum ac fluminum petunt propinquitates, comites 15 familiaresque eius angusto in loco paulisper equitum nostrorum vim sustinuerunt, his pugnantibus illum in equum quidam ex suis intulit : fugientem silvae texerunt, sic et ad subeundum periculum et ad vitandum multum fortuna valuit. 31. Ambiorix copias suas iudicione non conduxerit, quod 20 proelio dimicandum non existimarit, an tempore exclusus et re- pentino equitum adventu prohibitus, cum reliquum exercitum subsequi crederet, dubium est ; sed certe dimissis per agros nuntiis sibi quemque consulere iussit. quorum pars in Arduen- nam silvam, pars in continentes paludes profugit ; qui proximi 25 Oceanum fuerunt, hi insulis sese occultaverunt, quas aestus efficere consuerunt : multi ex suis finibus egressi se suaque omnia alienissimis crediderunt. Catuvolcus, rex dimidiae partis Eburonum, qui una cum Ambiorige consilium inierat, aetate iam confectus, cum laborem belli aut fugae ferre 11011 posset, omni- 30 232 DE BELLO GALLICO bus precibus detestatus Ambiorigem, qui eius consilii auctor fuisset, taxo, cuius magna in Gallia Germaniaquc copia est, se exanimavit. 32 . Segni Condrusique, ex gente et numero Germanorum, qui 5 sunt inter Eburones Treverosque, legatos ad Caesarem miserunt, oratum, ne se in hostium numero duceret neve omnium Germa- norum, qui essent citra Ebenum, unam esse causam indicaret : nihil se de bello cogitavisse, nulla Ambiorigi auxilia misisse. Caesar explorata re quaestione captivorum, si qui ad eos Eburo- io nes ex fuga convenissent, ad se ut reducerentur, imperavit ; si ita fecissent, fines eorum se violaturum negavit, tum copiis in tris partes distributis impedimenta omnium legionum Aduatucam contulit, id castelli nomen est. hoc fere est in mediis Eburo- num finibus, ubi Titurius atque Aurunculeius hiemandi causa 15 consederant, hunc cum reliquis rebus locum probarat, tum quod superioris anni munitiones integrae manebant, ut militum labo- rem sublevaret, praesidio impedimentis legionem quartamdeci- mam reliquit, unam ex his tribus, quas proxime conscriptas ex Italia traduxerat, ei legioni castrisque Quintum Tullium Cice- 20 1 ’onem praeficit ducentosque equites attribuit. 33 . Partito exercitu Titum Labienum cum legionibus tribus ad Oceanum versus in eas partes, quae Menapios attingunt, proficisci iubet ; Gaium Trebonium cum pari legionum numero ad eam regionem, quae Aduatucis adiacet, depopulandam mittit; 25 ipse cum reliquis tribus ad flumen Scaldem, quod influit in Mosam, extreinasque Arduennae partis ire constituit, quo cum paucis equitibus profectum Ambiorigem audiebat. discedens post diem septimum sese reversurum confirmat : quam ad diem ei legioni, quae in praesidio relinquebatur, frumentum deberi 30 sciebat. Labienum Treboniumque hortatur, si reipublicae com- COMM. VI. 33-34. 233 modo facere possint, ad eum diem revertantur, ut rursus com- municato consilio exploratisque hostium rationibus aliud belli initium capere possint. 34 . Erat, ut supra demonstravimus, inanus certa nulla, non oppidum, non praesidium, quod se armis 5 defenderet, sed in omnes partis dispersa multitudo, ubi cuique aut valles abdita aut locus silvestris aut palus impedita spem praesidii aut salutis aliquam offerebat, consederat, haec loca vicinitatibus erant nota, mag- namque res diligentiam requirebat, non in summa io exercitus tuenda (nullum enim poterat universis ab perterritis ac dispersis periculum accidere), sed in singulis militibus conservandis ; quae tamen ex parte res ad salutem exercitus pertinebat, nam et praedae cupiditas multos longius evocabat, et silvae incertis 15 occultisque itineribus confertos adire prohibebant, si negotium confici stirpemque hominum sceleratorum interfici vellet, dimittendae plures manus diducendique manipulus. eran (. HjiPfceg . s i continere ad signa manipulos vellet, ut instituta ratio et consuetudo exercitus Romani postulabat, 20 locus ipse erat praesidio barbaris, neque ex occulto insidiandi et dispersos circumveniendi singulis deerat audacia, at in eiusmodi difficultatibus, quantum diligentia provideri poterat, providebatur, ut potius- in nocendo aliquid praetermitteretur, etsi omnium animi ad ulciscendum ardebant, quam cum aliquo militum detri- 25 mento noceretur, dimittit ad finitimas civitates nuntios Caesar : omnes ad se evocat spe praedae ad diripiendos Eburones, ut potius in silvis Gallorum vita quam legionarius miles periclitetur, simul ut magna multitudine circumfusa pro tali facinore stirps ac nomen civitatis tollatur, magnus undique numerus celeriter 30 convenit. 234 DE BELLO GALLICO The Sugambri cross the Rhine, but change their design and attach the camp of Cicero. Caesar arrives and repels the enemy. 35. Haec in omnibus Eburonum partibus gerebantur, diesque appetebat septimus, quem ad diem Caesar ad impedimenta legio- nemque reverti constituerat, hic quantum in bello fortuna pos- sit et quantos afferat casus, cognosci potuit, dissipatis ac 5 perterritis hostibus, ut demonstravimus, manus erat nulla, quae parvam modo causam timoris afferret, trans Rhenum ad Ger- manos pervenit fama, diripi Eburones atque ultro omnes ad praedam evocari, cogunt equitum duo milia Sugambri, qui sunt proxuini Rheno, a quibus receptos ex fuga Tencteros atque Usi- io petes supra docuimus. transeunt Rhenum navibus ratibusque triginta milibus passuum infra eum locum, ubi pons erat perfec- tus praesidiumque ab Caesare relictum : primos Eburonum fines adeunt ; multos ex fuga dispersos excipiunt, magno pecoris numero, cuius sunt cupidissimi barbari, potiuntur. invitati 15 praeda longius procedunt, non hos palus in bello latrociniisque natos, non silvae morantur, quibus in locis sit Caesar, ex cap- tivis quaerunt ; profectum longius reperiunt omnemque exercitum discessisse cognoscunt, atque unus ex captivis, ‘quid vos,’ in- quit, ‘ hanc miseram ac tenuem sectamini praedam, quibus licet 20 iam esse fortunatissimis ? tribus horis Aduatucam venire potes- tis : huc omnes suas fortunas exercitus Romanorum contulit : praesidii tantum est, ut ne murus quidem cingi possit, neque quisquam egredi extra munitiones audeat.’ oblata spe Ger- mani quam nacti erant praedam in occulto relinquunt ; ipsi 25 Aduatucam contendunt, usi eodem duce, cuius haec indicio cognoverant. 36. Cicero, qui per omnes superiores dies praeceptis Caesaris summa diligentia milites in castris continuisset ac ne calonem quidem quemquam extra munitionem egredi passus esset, sep- COMM. vr. 3G-37. 235 timo die diffidens de numero dierum Caesarem fidem servaturum, quod longius eum progressum audiebat, neque ulla de reditu eius fama afferebatur, simul eorum permotus vocibus, qui illius patientiam paene obsessionem appellabant, siquidem ex castris egredi non liceret, nullum eiusmodi casum exspectans, quo no- 5 vein oppositis legionibus maximoque equitatu dispersis ac paene deletis hostibus in milibus passuum tribus offendi posset, quinque cohortes frumentatum in proximas segetes mittit, quas inter et castra unus omnino collis intererat, complures erant in castris ex legionibus aegri relicti ; ex quibus qui hoc spatio dierum 10 convaluerant, circiter CCC, sub vexillo una mittuntur ; magna praeterea multitudo calonum, magna vis iumentorum, quae in castris subsederat, facta potestate sequitur. 37. Hoc ipso tempore et casu Germani equites interveniunt protinusque eodem illo, quo venerant, cursu ab decumana porta 15 in castra irrumpere conantur, nec prius sunt visi obiectis ab ea parte silvis, quam castris appropinquarent, usque eo, ut qui sub vallo tenderent mercatores recipiendi sui facultatem non habe- rent. inopinantes nostri re nova perturbantur, ac vix primum impetum cohors in statione sustinet, circumfunduntur ex reli- 20 quis hostes partibus, si quem aditum reperire possent, aegre portas nostri tuentur, reliquos aditus locus ipse per se munitio- que defendit, totis trepidatur castris, atque alius ex alio cau- sam tumultus quaerit; neque quo signa ferantur, neque quam in partem quisque conveniat, provident, alius iam castra capta 25 pronuntiat, alius deleto exercitu atque imperatore victores bar- baros venisse contendit ; plerique novas sibi ex loco religiones fingunt Cottaeque et Titurii calamitatem, qui in eodem occiderint castello, ante oculos ponunt. tali timore omnibus perterritis confirmatur opinio barbaris, ut ex captivo audierant, nullum esse 30 intus praesidium, perrumpere nituntur seque ipsi adhortantur, ne tantam fortunam ex manibus dimittant. 236 DE BELLO GALLICO 38. Erat aeger in praesidio relictus Publius Sextius Baculus, qui primum pilum ad Caesarem duxerat, cuius mentionem supe- rioribus proeliis fecimus, ac diem iam quintum cibo camerat, bic diffisus suae atque omnium saluti inermis ex tabernaculo 5 prodit : videt imminere hostes atque in summo rem esse dis- crimine : capit arma a proximis atque in porta consistit, con- sequuntur hunc centuriones eius cohortis, quae in statione erat : paulisper una proelium sustinent, relinquit animus Sextium gravi- bus acceptis vulneribus : aegre per manus tractus servatur, hoc io spatio interposito reliqui sese confirmant tantum, ut in munitioni- bus consistere audeant speciemque defensorum praebeant. 39. Interim confecta frumentatione milites nostri clamorem exaudiunt : praecurrunt equites ; quanto sit res in periculo, cognoscunt, hic vero nulla munitio est, quae perterritos reci- 15 piat: modo conscripti atque usus militaris imperiti ad tribunum militum centurionesque ora convertunt : quid ab his praecipia- tur, exspectant, nemo est tam fortis, quin rei novitate pertur- betur. barbari signa procul conspicati oppugnatione desistunt : redisse primo legiones credunt, quas longius discessisse ex 20 captivis cognoverant ; postea despecta paucitate ex omnibus partibus impetum faciunt. calones in proximum tumulum procurrunt : hinc celeriter deiecti se in signa manipulosque coniciunt : eo magis timidos perterrent milites. 40. Alii, cuneo facto ut celeriter perrumpant, censent, quoniam 25 tam propinqua sint castra, et si pars aliqua circumventa ceciderit, at reliquos servari posse confidunt ; alii, ut in iugo consistant atque eundem omnes ferant casum, hoc veteres non probant milites, quos sub vexillo una profectos docuimus, itaque inter se cohortati, duce Gaio Trebonio, equite Romano, qui eis erat .so praepositus, per medios hostes perrumpunt incolumesque ad unum omnes in castra perveniunt, hos subsecuti calones equi- COMM. VI. 40-42. 237 tesque eodem impetu militum virtute servantur, at ii, qui in iugo constiterant, nullo etiam nunc usu rei militaris percepto neque in eo, quod probaverant, consilio permanere, ut se loco superiore defenderent, neque eam, quam prodesse aliis vim cele- ritatemque viderant, imitari potuerunt, sed se in castra recipere conati iniquum in locum demiserunt, centuriones, quorum non- nulli ex inferioribus ordinibus reliquarum legionum virtutis causa m superiores erant ordines huius legionis traducti, ne ante partam rei militaris laudem amitterent, fortissime pugnantes conciderunt. militum pars horum virtute submotis hostibus praeter spem incolumis in castra pervenit, pars a barbaris cir- cumventa periit. 41. Germani desperata expugnatione castrorum, quod nostros iatn constitisse in munitionibus videbant, cum ea praeda, quam in silvis deposuerant, trans Ebenum sese receperunt, ac tantus fuit etiam post discessum hostium terror, ut ea nocte, cum Gaius Yolusenus missus cum equitatu ad castra venisset, fidem non faceret adesse cum incolumi Caesarem exercitu, sic omnino animos timor praeoccupaverat, ut paene alienata mente deletis omnibus copiis equitatum tantum se ex fuga recepisse dicerent neque incolumi exercitu Germanos castra oppugnaturos fuisse contenderent, quem timorem Caesaris adventus sustulit. 42. Eeversus ille eventus belli non ignorans unum, quod cohortes ex statione et praesidio essent emissae, questus — ne minimo quidem casu locum relinqui debuisse — multum fortu- nam in repentino hostium adventu potuisse iudicavit, multo etiam amplius, quod paene ab ipso vallo portisque castrorum barbaros avertisset, quarum omnium rerum maxime admiran- dum videbatur, quod Germani, qui eo consilio Ehenum transie- rant, ut Ambiorigis fines depopularentur, ad castra Eoinanorum delati optatissimum Ambiorigi beneficium obtulerunt. 5 io 15 20 25 30 238 DE BELLO GALLICO A council is held respecting the conspiracy. Acco receives capital punishment. Caesar departs for Italy. 43. Caesar rursus ad vexandos hostes profectus magno coacto numero ex finitimis civitatibus iu omnes partes dimittit, omnes vici atque omnia aedificia, quae quisque conspexerat, incende- bantur; praeda ex omnibus locis agebatur; frumenta non solum 5 a tanta multitudine lumentorum atque hominum consumebantur, sed etiam anni tempore atque imbribus procubuerant, ut, si qui etiam in praesentia se occultassent, tamen his deducto exercitu rerum omnium inopia pereundum videretur, ac saepe in eum locum ventum est tanto in omnis partis diviso equitatu, ut modo io visum ab se Ambiorigem in fuga circumspicerent captivi nec plane etiam abisse ex conspectu contenderent, ut spe conse- quendi illata atque infinito labore suscepto, qui se summam ab Caesare gratiam inituros putarent, paene naturam studio vince- rent, semperque paulum ad summam felicitatem defuisse videre- 15 tur, atque ille latebris aut saltibus se eriperet et noctu occultatus alias regiones partesque peteret non maiore equitum praesidio quam quattuor, quibus solis vitam suam committere audebat. 44. Tali modo vastatis regionibus exercitum Caesar duarum cohortium damno Durocortorum Remorum reducit concilioque 20 in eum locum Galliae indicto de coniuratione Senonum et Car- nutum quaestionem habere instituit et de Acco ne, qui princeps eius consilii fuerat, graviore sententia pronuntiata more maiorum supplicium sumpsit, nonnulli iudicium veriti profugerunt, qui- bus cum aqua atque igni interdixisset, duas legiones ad fines 25 Treverorum, duas in Lingonibus, sex reliquas in Senonum fini- bus Agedinci in hibernis collocavit frumentoque exercitui proviso, ut instituerat, in Italiam ad conventus agendos profectus est. C. IULII CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLICO COMMENTARIUS SEPTIMUS. 1_90. War with Vercingetorix. of the Gallic -nations for freedom. 1. Quieta Gallia Caesar, ut consti- tuerat, in Italiam ad conventus agendos proficiscitur, ibi cognoscit de Clodii caede senatusque consulto certior factus, ut omnes iuniores Italiae coniurarent, 5 delectum tota provincia habere instituit, eae res in Galliam Transalpinam cele- riter perferuntur, addunt ipsi et affin- gunt rumoribus Galli, quod res poscere videbatur,, retineri urbano motu Caesarem neque in tantis dis- 10 sensionibus ad exercitum venire posse, hac impulsi occasione, qui iam ante se populi Romani imperio subiectos dolerent, libe- rius atque audacius de bello consilia inire incipiunt, indictis inter se principes Galliae conciliis silvestribus ac remotis locis queruntur de Acconis morte ; posse hunc casum ad ipsos recidere 15 demonstrant ; miserantur communem Galliae fortunam ; omnibus pollicitationibus ac praemiis deposcunt, qui belli initium faciant et sui capitis periculo Galliam in libertatem vindicent, in primis The conspiracy 240 DE BELLO GALLICO rationem esse habendam dicunt, priusquam eorum clandestina consilia efferantur, ut Caesar ab exercitu intercludatur, id esse facile, quod neque legiones audeant absente imperatore ex hiber- nis egredi, neque imperator sine praesidio ad legiones pervenire 5 possit ; postremo in acie praestare interfici, quam non vete- rem belli gloriam libertatemque, quam a maioribus acceperin' recuperare. 2. His rebus agitatis profitentur Carnutes se nullum periculum communis salutis causa recusare principesque ex omnibus bellum io facturos pollicentur et, quoniam in praesentia obsidibus cavere inter se non possint, ne res efferatur, ut iureiurando ac fide sanciatur, petunt, collatis militaribus signis, quo more eorum gravissima caerimonia continetur, ne facto initio belli ab reliquis deserantur. tum collaudatis Carnutibus dato iureiurando ab 15 omnibus, qui aderant, tempore eius rei constituto ab concilio disceditur. 3. Ubi ea dies venit, Carnutes Gutruato et Conconnetodumuo ducibus, desperatis hominibus, Cenabum dato signo concurrunt civesque Romanos, qui negotiandi causa ibi constiterant, in his 20 Gaium Fufium Citam, honestum equitem Romanum, qui rei frumentariae iussu Caesaris praeerat, interficiunt bonaque eorum diripiunt, celeriter ad omnes Galliae civitates fama perfertur, nam ubicumque maior atque illustrior incidit res, clamore per agros regionesque significant ; hunc alii deinceps excipiunt et 25 proxumis tradunt, ut tum accidit. nam quae Cenabi oriente sole gesta essent, ante primam confectam vigiliam in finibus Arvernorum audita sunt, quod spatium est milium circiter CLX. 4. Simili ratione ibi Vercingetorix, Celtilli filius, Arvernus, 30 summae potentiae adulescens, cuius pater principatum Galliae COMM. VII. 4-5. 241 totius obtinuerat et ob eam causam, quod regnum appetebat, ab civitate erat interfectus, convocatis suis clientibus facile incendit, cognito eius consilio ad arma concurritur. prohibetur ab Gobannitione, patruo suo, reliquisque principibus, qui hanc temptandam fortunam non existimabant, expellitur ex oppido Gergovia ; non destitit tamen atque in agris habet delectum egentium ac perditorum, hac coacta manu, quoscumque adit ex civitate, ad suam sententiam perducit ; hortatur, ut communis libertatis causa arma capiant, magnisque coactis copiis adver- sarios suos, a quibus paulo ante erat eiectus, expellit ex civitate, rex ab suis appellatur. dimittit quoqueversus legationes ; obtestatur, ut in fide maneant, celeriter sibi Senones, Parisios, Pictones, Cadurcos, Turonos, Aulercos, Lemovices, Andos reli- quosque omnes, qui Oceanum attingunt, adiungit ; omnium consensu ad eum defertur imperium, qua oblata potestate om- nibus his civitatibus obsides imperat, certum numerum militum ad se celeriter adduci iubet, armorum quantum quaeque civitas domi quodque ante tempus efficiat, constituit : in primis equita- tui studet. summae diligentiae summam imperii severitatem addit : magnitudine supplicii dubitantes cogit, nam maiore commisso delicto igni atque omnibus tormentis necat, leviore de causa auribus desectis aut singulis effossis oculis domum remit- tit, ut sint reliquis documento et magnitudine poenae perter- reant alios. 5. His suppliciis celeriter coacto exercitu Lucterium Cadurcum, summae hominem audaciae, 'cum parte copiarum in Kutenos mittit; ipse in Bituriges proficiscitur, eius adventu Bituriges ad Haeduos, quorum erant in fide, legatos mittunt subsidium rogatum, quo facilius hostium copias sustinere possint. Haedui de consilio legatorum, quos Caesar ad exercitum reliquerat, co- pias equitatus peditatusque subsidio Biturigibus mittunt, qui cum ad flumen Ligerim venissent, quod Bituriges ab Haeduis io 5 io 15 20 25 30 242 DE BELLO GALLICO dividit, paucos dies ibi morati neque flumen transire ausi domum revertuntor legatisque nostris renuntiant se Biturigum perfidiam veritos revertisse, quibus id consilii fuisse cognoverint, ut, si flumen transissent, una ex parte ipsi, altera Arverni se 5 circumsisterent, id eane de causa, quam legatis pronuntiarunt, an perfidia adducti fecerint, quod liiliil nobis constat, non vide- tur pro certo esse proponendum. Bituriges eorum discessu, statim cum Arvernis iunguntur. Caesar returns to Gaul. The Averni are overcome. Caesar marches against Vercingetorix. 6. His rebus in Italiam Caesari nuntiatis, cum iam ille urbanas io res virtute Cn. Pompei commodiorem in statum pervenisse intel- legeret, in Transalpinam Galliam profectus est. eo cum venisset, magna difficultate afficiebatur, qua ratione ad exercitum pervenire posset, nam si legiones in provinciam arcesseret, se absente in itinere proelio dimicaturas intellegebat ; si ipse ad exercitum 15 contenderet, ne iis quidem eo tempore, qui quieti viderentur, suam salutem recte committi videbat. 7 . Interim Lucterius Cacurcus in Rutenos missus eam civita- tem Arvernis conciliat, progressus in Nitiobriges et Gabalos ab utrisque obsides accipit et magna coacta manu in provinciam 20 Narbonem versus eruptionem facere contendit, qua re nuntiata Caesar omnibus consiliis antevertendum existimavit, ut Nar- bonem proficisceretur. eo cum venisset, timentes confirmat, praesidia in Rutenis provincialibus, Yolcis Arecoinicis, Tolosati- bus circumque Narbonem, quae loca hostibus erant finitima, con- 25 stituit, partem copiarum ex provincia supplementumque, quod ex Italia adduxerat, in Helvios, qui fines Arvernorum contingunt, convenire iubet. COMM. VII. 8-9. 243 8 . His rebus comparatis, represso iam Lucterio et remoto, quod intrare intra praesidia periculosum putabat, in Helvios pro- ficiscitur. etsi mons Cevenna, qui Arvernos ab Helviis discludit, durissimo tempore anni altissima nive iter impediebat, tamen dis- cussa nive sex in altitudinem pedum atque ita viis patefactis summo militum sudore ad fines Arvernorum pervenit, quibus oppressis inopinantibus, quod se Cevenna ut muro munitos exis- timabant, ac ne singulari quidem umquam homini eo tempore anni semitae patuerant, equitibus imperat, ut quam latissime pos- sint vagentur et quam maximum hostibus terrorem inferant, celeriter haec fama ac nuntiis ad Vercingetorigem perferuntur ; quem perterriti omnes Arverni circumsistunt atque obsecrant, ut suis fortunis consulat, neve ab hostibus diripiantur, praesertim cum videat omne ad se bellum translatum, quorum ille preci- bus permotus castra ex Biturigibus movet in Arvernos versus. 9. At Caesar biduum in his locis moratus, quod haec de Vercingetorige usu ventura opinione praeceperat, per causam supplementi equitatusque cogendi ab exercitu discedit, Brutum adulescentem his copiis praeficit ; hunc monet, ut in omnis partes equites quam latissime pervagentur : daturum se operam, ne longius triduo ab castris absit, his constitutis rebus suis inopinantibus quam maximis potest itineribus Viennam pervenit, ibi nanctus recentem equitatum, (piem multis ante diebus eo praemiserat, neque diurno neque nocturno itinere intermisso per fines Haeduorum in Lingones contendit, ubi duae legiones hiemabant, ut, si quid etiam de sua salute ab Haeduis iniretur consilii, celeritate praecurreret, eo cum pervenisset, ad reliquas legiones mittit priusque omnes in unum locum cogit, quam de eius adventu Arvernis nuntiari posset, hac re cognita Vercinge- torix rursus in Bituriges exercitum reducit atque inde profectus Gorgobinam, Boiorum oppidum, quos ibi Helvetico proelio victos Caesar collocaverat Haeduisque attribuerat, oppugnare instituit. i 5 10 15 20 25 30 244 DE BELLO GALLICO 10 . Magnam haec res Caesari difficultatem ad consilium capiendum afferebat, si reliquam partem hiemis uno loco legiones contineret, ne stipendiariis Haeduorum expugnatis cuncta Gallia deficeret, quod nullum amicis in eo praesidium videret positum sesse; sin maturius ex hibernis educeret, ne ab re frumentaria duris subvectionibus laboraret. praestare visum est tamen omnes difficultates perpeti, quam tanta contumelia accepta omnium suorum voluntates alienare, itaque cohortatus Haeduos de sup- portando commeatu praemittit ad Boios, qui de suo adventu 10 doceant hortenturque ut in fide maneant atque hostium impetum magno animo sustineant. duabus Agedinci legionibus atque impedimentis totius exercitus relictis ad Boios proficiscitur. Caesar takes Vellaunodunum and several other towns, and marches against Avaricum. 11 . Altero die cum ad oppidum Senonum Vellaunodunum venisset, ne quem post se hostem relinqueret, quo expeditiore re 15 frumentaria uteretur, oppugnare instituit idque biduo circum- vallavit ; tertio die missis ex oppido legatis de deditione arma conferri, iumenta produci, sexcentos obsides dari iubet. ea qui conficeret, Gaium Trebonium legatum relinquit, ipse, ut quam primum iter faceret, Cenabum Carnutum proficiscitur ; qui tum 20 primum allato nuntio de oppugnatione Vellaunoduni, cum lon- gius eam rem ductum iri existimarent, praesidium Cenabi tuendi causa, quod eo mitterent, comparabant, huc biduo pervenit, castris ante oppidum positis diei tempore exclusus in posterum oppugnationem differt quaeque ad eam rem usui sint militibus 25 imperat et, quod oppidum Cenabum pons fluminis Ligeris con- tinebat, veritus, ne noctu ex oppido profugerent, duas legiones in armis excubare iubet. Genabenses paulo ante mediam noc- tem silentio ex oppido egressi flumen transire coeperunt, qua re per exploratores nuntiata Caesar legiones, quas expeditas esse COMM. VII. 11-13. 245 i usserat, portis incensis intromittit atque oppido potitur perpaucis ex hostium numero desideratis, quin cuncti vivi caperentur, quod poutis atque itinerum angustiae multitudinis fugam intercluse- rant. oppidum diripit atque incendit, praedam militibus donat, exercitum Ligerem traducit atque in Biturigum fines pervenit. 12. Vercingetorix, ubi de Caesaris adventu cognovit, oppugna- tione destitit atque obviam Caesari proficiscitur, die oppidum Biturigum, positum in via, Noviodunum oppugnare instituerat, quo ex oppido cum legati ad eum venissent oratum, ut sibi ignosceret suaeque vitae consuleret, ut celeritate reliquas res con- ficeret, qua pleraque erat consecutus, arma conferri, equos pro- duci, obsides dari iubet. parte iam obsiduin tradita, cum reliqua administrarentur, centurionibus et paucis militibus intromissis, qui arma iumentaque conquirerent, equitatus hostium procul visus est, qui agmen Vercingetorigis antecesserat. quem simul atque oppidani conspexerunt atque in spem auxilii venerunt, clamore sublato arma capere, portas claudere, murum complere coeperunt, centuriones in oppido, cum ex significatione Gallo- rum novi aliquid ab iis iniri consilii intellexissent, gladiis destrictis portas occupaverunt suosque omnes incolumes re- ceperunt. 13. Caesar ex castris equitatum educi iubet proeliumque equestre committit : laborantibus iam suis Germanos equites cir- citer CCCC submittit, quos ab initio secum habere instituerat, eorum impetum Galli sustinere non potuerunt atque in fugam eoniecti multis amissis se ad agmen receperunt, quibus profliga- tis rursus oppidani perterriti comprehensos eos, quorum opera plebem concitatam existimabant, ad Caesarem perduxerunt seseque ei dediderunt, quibus rebus confectis Caesar ad oppidum Ava- ricum, quod erat maximum munitissimumque in finibus Bituri- gum atque agri fertilissima regione, profectus est, quod eo 5 io 15 20 25 30 246 DE BELLO GALLICO oppido recepto civitatem Biturigum se iu potestatem redacturum confidebat. 14 . Vercingetorix tot continuis incommodis Vellaunoduni, Cenabi, Novioduni acceptis suos ad concilium convocat, docet 5 longe alia ratione esse bellum gerendum, atque antea sit gestum, omnibus modis huic rei studendum, ut pabulatione et commeatu Romani prohibeantur, id esse facile, quod equitatu ipsi abun- dent et quod anni tempore subleventur, pabulum secari non posse ; necessario dispersos hostes ex aedificiis petere : hos io omnes cotidie ab equitibus deleri posse, praeterea salutis causa rei familiaris commoda neglegenda : vicos atque aedificia incendi oportere hoc spatio [a Boia] quoqueversus, quo pabulandi causa adire posse videantur, harum ipsis rerum copiam suppetere, quod, quorum in finibus bellum geratur, eorum opibus subleven- 15 tur : Romanos aut inopiam non laturos aut magno cum periculo longius ab castris processuros; neque interesse, ipsosne inter- ficiant, impedimentisne exuant, quibus amissis bellum geri non possit, praeterea oppida incendi oportere, cpiae non munitione et loci natura ab omni sint periculo tuta, neu suis sint ad de- 20 tractandam militiam receptacula neu Romanis proposita ad copiam commeatus praedamque tollendam, haec si gravia aut acerba videantur, multo illa gravius aestimare, liberos, coniuges iu servitutem abstrahi, ipsos interfici, quae sit necesse accidere victis. 25 15 . Omnium consensu hac sententia probata uno die amplius XX urbes Biturigum incenduntur. hoc idem fit in reliquis civitatibus, in omnibus partibus incendia conspiciuntur ; quae etsi magno cum dolore omnes ferebant, tamen hoc sibi solatii proponebant, quod se prope explorata victoria celeriter amissa •30 recuperaturos confidebant, deliberatur de Avarico in communi concilio, incendi placeret, an defendi. procumbunt omnibus COMM. VII. 15-17. 247 Gallis ad pedes Bituriges, ne pulcherrimam prope totius Galliae urbem, quae et praesidio et ornamento sit civitati, suis manibus succendere cogerentur; facile se loci natura defensuros dicunt, quod prope ex omnibus partibus flumine et palude circumdata unum habeat et perangustum aditum, datur petentibus venia, dissuadente primo Vercingetorige, post concedente et precibus ipsorum et misericordia vulgi, defensores oppido idonei deli- guntur. 16 . Vercingetorix minoribus Caesarem itineribus subsequitur et locum castris deligit paludibus silvisque munitum, ab Avarico longe milia passuum XVI. ibi per certos exploratores in sin- gula diei tempora, quae ad Avaricum agerentur, cognoscebat et, quid fieri vellet, imperabat, omnis nostras pabulationes frumen- tationesque observabat, dispersosque, cum longius necessario procederent, adoriebatur magnoque incommodo afficiebat, etsi, quantum ratione provideri poterat, ab nostris occurrebatur, ut incertis temporibus diversisque itineribus iretur. 17 . Castris ad eam partem oppidi positis Caesar, quae inter- missa a flumine et a palude aditum, ut supra diximus, angustum habebat, aggerem apparare, vineas agere, turres duas constituere coepit : nam circumvallare loci natura prohibebat, de re fru- mentaria Boios atque Haeduos adhortari non destitit; quorum alteri, quod nullo studio agebant, non multum adiuvabant, alteri non magnis facultatibus, quod civitas erat exigua et infirma, celeriter, quod habuerunt, consumpserunt, summa difficultate rei frumentariae affecto exercitu tenuitate Boiorum, indiligentia Haeduorum, incendiis aedificiorum, usque eo ut complures dies milites frumento caruerint et pecore e longinquioribus vicis adacto, extremam famem sustentarent, nulla tamen vox est ab iis audita populi Bomani maiestate et superioribus victoriis indigna, quin etiam Caesar cum in opere singulas legiones appellaret et, 5 io 15 20 25 30 248 DE BELLO GALLICO si acerbius inopiam ferrent, se dimissurum oppugnationem diceret, universi ab eo, ne id faceret, petebant : sic se com- plures annos dio imperante meruisse, ut nullam ignominiam acciperent, nusquam infecta re discederent : hoc se ignominiae 5 laturos loco, si inceptam oppugnationem reliquissent : praestare omnes perferre acerbitates, quam non civibus Romanis, qui Cenabi perfidia Gallorum interissent, parentarent, haec eadem centurionibus tribunisque militum mandabant, ut per eos ad Caesarem deferrentur. 10 18. Cum iam muro turres appropinquassent, ex captivis Caesar cognovit, Vercingetorigem consumpto pabulo castra movisse propius Avaricum atque ipsum cum equitatu expeditisque, qui inter equites proeliari consuessent, insidiarum causa eo profectum, quo nos- tros postero die pabulatum venturos arbitraretur, quibus rebus 15 cognitis media nocte silentio profectus ad hostium castra mane pervenit, illi celeriter per exploratores adventu Caesaris cognito carros impedimentaque sua in artiores silvas abdiderunt, copias omnis in loco edito atque aperto instruxerunt, qua re nuntiata Caesar celeriter sarcinas conferri, arma expediri iussit. 20 19- Collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis, hunc ex omnibus fere partibus palus difficilis atque impedita cingebat non latior pedibus quinquaginta, hoc se colle interruptis pontibus Galli fiducia loci continebant gene rati mqu e distributi m civitates omnia vada ac * saltus eius paludis* obtinebant sic animo parati, ut, 25 si eam paludem Romani perrumpere conarentur, haesitantes pre- merent ex loco superiore, ut, qui propinquitatem loci videret, paratos prope aequo Marte ad dimicandum existimaret, qui ini- quitatem condicionis perspiceret, inani simulatione sese ostentare cognosceret, indignantes milites Caesar, quod conspectum suum 30 hostes ferre possent tantulo spatio interiecto, et signum proelii exposcentes edocet, quanto detrimento et quot virorum fortium COMM. VII. 10-20. 249 morte necesse sit constare victoriam ; quos cum sic animo para- tos videat, ut nullum pro sua laude periculum recusent, summae se iniquitatis condemnari debere, nisi eorum vitam sua salute habeat cariorem, sic milites consolatus eodem die reducit in castra reliquaque, quae ad oppugnationem pertinebant oppidi, administrare instituit. Vercingetorix vindicates himself from the charge of treachery. 20. V ercingetorix, cum ad suos redisset, proditionis insimu- latus, quod castra propius Romanos movisset, quod cum omni equitatu discessisset, quod sine imperio tantas copias reliquisset, quod eius discessu Romani tanta opportunitate et celeritate venissent : non haec omnia fortuito aut sine consilio accidere potuisse ; regnum illum Galliae malle Caesaris concessu quam ipsorum habere beneficio : tali modo accusatus ad haec respon- dit : quod castra movisset, factum inopia pabuli etiam ipsis hortantibus ; quod propius Romanos accessisset, persuasum loci opportunitate, qui se ipse ut munitione defenderet : equitum vero operam neque in loco palustri desiderari debuisse et illic fuisse utilem, quo sint profecti : summam imperii se consulto nulli discedentem tradidisse, ne is multitudinis studio ad dimi- candum impelleretur ; cui rei propter animi mollitiem studere omnes videret, quod diutius laborem ferre non possent. Romani si casu intervenerint, fortunae, si alicuius indicio vocati, huic habendam gratiam, quod et paucitatem eorum ex loco superiore cognoscere, et virtutem despicere potuerint, qui dimicare non ausi, turpiter se in castra receperint, imperium se ab Caesare per proditionem nullum desiderare, quod habere victoria posset, quae iam esset sibi atque omnibus Gallis explorata : quin etiam ipsis remittere, si sibi magis honorem tribuere, quam ab se salu- tem accipere videantur, ‘haec ut intellegatis/ inquit, ( a me sincere pronuntiari, audite Romanos milites/ producit servos, quos in pabulatione paucis ante diebus exceperat et fame vincu- 5 io 15 20 25 30 250 DE BELLO GALLICO lisque excruciaverat, hi iaui ante edocti, quae interrogati pro- nuntiarent, milites se esse legionarios dicunt ; fame et inopia adductos clam ex castris exisse, si quid frumenti aut pecoris in agris reperire possent : simili omnem exercitum inopia premi, 5 nec iain vires sufficere cui usquam nec ferre operis laborem posse : itaque statuisse imperatorem, si nihil in oppugnatione oppidi profecissent, triduo exercitum deducere, ‘haec/ inquit, ‘ a me/ Vercingetorix, ‘ beneficia habetis, quem proditionis insimu- latis, cuius opera sine vestro sanguine tantum exercitum victorem 10 fame consumptum videtis ; quem turpiter se ex fuga recipientem ne qua civitas suis finibus recipiat, a me provisum est.’ 21 . Conclamat omnis multitudo et suo more armis concrepat, quod facere in eo consuerunt, cuius orationem approbant ; sum- mum esse Vercingetorigem ducem, nec de eius tide dubitandum, 15 nec maiore ratione bellum administrari posse. statuunt, ut decem milia hominum delecta ex omnibus copiis in oppidum mittantur, nec solis Biturigibus communem salutem committen- dam censent, quod paene in eo, si id oppidum retinuissent, summam victoriae constare intellegebant. of Avaricum. 22. Singulari militum nostrorum virtuti consilia cuiusque modi Gallorum oc- currebant, ut est summae genus solertiae atque ad omnia imitanda et efficienda, quae ab quoque traduntur, aptissimum, nam et laqueis falces avertebant, quas cum destinaverant, tormentis introrsus reducebant, et aggerem cuni- 30 culis subtrahebant, eo scientius, quod apud eos magnae sunt The able defence COMM. VII. 22-23. 251 ferrariae atque omne genus cuniculorum notum atque usitatum est. totum autem murum ex omni parte turribus contabulave- rant atque has coriis intexerant, tum crebris diurnis noctur- nisque eruptionibus aut aggeri ignem inferebant .aut milites occupatos in opere adoriebantur et nostrarum turrium altitudi- 5 nem, quantum has cotidianus agger expresserat, commissis suarum turrium malis adaequabant, et apertos cuniculos praeusta et praeacuta materia et pice fervefacta et maximi ponderis saxis morabantur moenibusque appropinquare prohibebant. 23 . Muri autem omnes Gallici hac fere forma sunt, trabes io directae perpetuae in longitudinem paribus intervallis distantes inter se binos pedes, in solo collocantur, hae revinciuntur in- trorsus et multo aggere vestiuntur : ea autem, quae diximus, intervalla grandibus in fronte saxis effarciuntur. his collocatis et coagmentatis alius insuper ordo additur, ut idem illud inter- 15 vallum servetur, neque inter se contingant trabes, sed paribus intermissae spatiis singulae singulis saxis interiectis arte conti- neantur. sic deinceps omne opus contexitur, dum iusta muri altitudo expleatur. hoc cum in speciem varietatemque opus deforme non est, alternis trabibus ac saxis, quae rectis lineis 20 suos ordines servant, tum ad utilitatem et defensionem urbium summam habet opportunitatem, quod et ab incendio lapis et ab ariete materia - defendit, quae perpetuis trabibus pedes quadragenos plerumque introrsus revincta neque perrumpi neque distrahi potest. DE BELLO GALLICO 252 24 . His tot rebus impedita oppugnatione milites, cum toto tempore frigore et assiduis imbribus tardarentur, tamen con- tinenti labore omnia haec superaverunt et diebus XXV aggerem *latum pedes CCCXXX*, altum pedes LXXX exstruxerunt. 5 cum is murum hostium paene contingeret, et Caesar ad opus consuetudine excubaret militesque hortaretur, ne quod omnino tempus ab opere intermitteretur, paulo ante tertiam vigiliam est animadversum fumare aggerem, quem cuniculo hostes succen- derant, eodemque tempore toto muro clamore sublato duabus io portis ab utroque latere turrium eruptio fiebat : alii faces atque aridam materiem de muro in aggerem eminus iaciebant, picem reliquasque res, quibus ignis excitari potest, fundebant, ut, quo primum occurreretur aut cui rei ferretur auxilium, vix ratio iniri posset, tamen, quod instituto Caesaris semper duae 15 legiones pro castris excubabant pluresque partitis temporibus erant in opere, celeriter factum est, ut alii eruptionibus resis- terent, alii turres reducerent aggeremque interscinderent, omnis vero ex castris multitudo ad restinguendum concurreret. COMM. VII. 25-26. 253 25 . Cnui in omnibus locis consumpta iam reliqua parte noctis pugnaretur, seinperque hostibus spes victoriae redintegraretur, eo magis, quod deustos pluteos turrium videbant nec facile adire apertos ad auxiliandum animadvertebant, seinperque ipsi recentes defessis succederent omnemque Galliae salutem in illo vestigio 5 temporis positam arbitrarentur, accidit inspectantibus nobis, quod dignum memoria visum praetereundum non existima- vimus. quidam ante portam oppidi Gallus, qui per manus sevi ac picis traditas glebas in ignem e regione turris proiciebat : scorpione ab latere dextro traiectus exanimatusque conci- io dit. hunc ex proximis unus iacentein transgressus eodem illo munere fungebatur ; eadem ratione ictu scorpionis exanimato alteri successit tertius et tertio quartus, nec prius ille est a propugnatoribus vacuus relictus locus, quam restincto aggere atque omni ex parte submotis hostibus finis est pugnandi 15 factus. 26 . Omnia experti Galli, quod res nulla successerat, postero die consilium ceperunt ex oppido profugere hortante 6t iubente Vercingetorige, id silentio noctis conati non magna iactura suorum sese effecturos sperabant, propterea quod neque longe 20 ab oppido castra Vercingetorigis aberant, et palus, quae perpetua intercedebat, Romanos ad insequendum tardabat. iamque hoc facere noctu apparabant, cum matresfamiliae repente in publicum procurrerunt fleutesque proiectae ad pedes suorum omnibus pre- cibus petierunt, ne se et communes liberos hostibus ad sup- 25 plicium dederent, quos ad capiendam fugam naturae et virium infirmitas impediret. ubi eos in sententia perstare viderunt, quod plerumque in summo periculo timor misericordiam non recipit, conclamare et significare de fuga Romanis coeperunt, quo timore perterriti Galli, ne ab equitatu Romanorum viae 30 praeoccuparentur, consilio destiterunt. 254 DE BELLO GALLICO 27. Postero die Caesar promota turri directisque operibus, quae facere instituerat, magno coorto imbre non inutilem hanc ad capiendum consilium tempestatem arbitratus est, quod paulo incautius custodias m muro dispositas videbat, suosque languidius 5 in opere versari iussit et, quid fieri vellet, ostendit, legionibus- que intra vincas in occulto expeditis cohortatus, ut aliquando pro tantis laboribus fructum victoriae perciperent, iis, qui primi murum ascendissent, praemia proposuit militibusque signum dedit, illi subito ex omnibus partibus evolaverunt muruinque io celeriter compleverunt. munimenta intercisa oblique conspecta The capture of the town. The war continued by Vercingetorix. 28. Hostes re nova perterriti muro turribusque deiecti in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt, hoc aniuio, ut, si qua ex parte obviam contra veniretur, acie instructa depugnarent, ubi neminem in aequum locum sese demittere, 15 sed toto undique muro circumfundi viderunt, veriti, ne omnino spes fugae tolleretur, abiectis armis ultimas oppidi partes con- tinenti impetu petiverunt, parsque ibi, cum angusto exitu por- tarum se ipsi premerent, a militibus, pars iam egressa portis ab equitibus est interfecta, nec fuit quisquam, qui praedae stude- 20 ret. sic et Cenabi caede et labore operis incitati non aetate COMM. VII. 28-30. 255 confectis, non mulieribus, non infantibus pepercerunt, denique omni ex numero, qui fuit circiter milium XL, vix DCCC, qui primo clamore audito se ex oppido eieeerunt, incolumes ad Vercingetorigem pervenerunt, quos ille multa iam nocte silentio ex fuga excepit veritus, ne qua in castris ex eorum concursu 5 et misericordia vulgi seditio oriretur, ut procul in via dispositis familiaribus suis principibusque civitatum disparandos deducen- dosque ad suos curaret, quae cuique civitati pars castrorum ab initio obvenerat, 29. Postero die concilio convocato* consolatus coliortatusque 10 est, ne se admodum animo demitterent, ne perturbarentur in- commodo. non virtute neque in acie vicisse Romanos, sed arti- ficio quodam et scientia oppugnationis, cuius rei fuerint ipsi imperiti, errare, si qui in bello omnis secundos rerum proven- tus exspectent : sibi numquam placuisse, Avaricum defendi, cuius 15 rei testes ipsos haberet ; sed factum imprudentia Biturigum et nimia obsequentia reliquorum, uti hoc incommodum acciperetur. id tamen se celeriter maioribus commodis sanaturum, nam quae ab reliquis Gallis civitates dissentirent, lias sua diligentia adiunc- turum atque unum consilium totius Galliae effecturum, cuius 20 consensu ne orbis quidem terrarum possit obsistere ; idque se prope iam effectum habere, interea aequum esse, ab iis com- munis salutis causa impetrari, ut castra munire instituerent, quo facilius repentinos hostium impetus sustinerent. 30. Fuit haec oratio non ingrata Gallis, et maxime, quod ipse 25 animo non defecerat tanto accepto incommodo, neque se in occultum abdiderat et conspectum multitudinis fugerat; plusque animo providere et praesentire existimabatur, quod re integra primo incendendum Avaricum, post deserendum censuerat. ita- que ut reliquorum imperatorum res adversae auctoritatem mimi- 30 unt, sic huius ex contrario dignitas incommodo accepto in dies 256 DE BELLO GALLICO augebatur, simul iu spem vomebant eius affirmatione de reliquis adiungendis civitatibus j primumque eo tempore Galli castra munire instituerunt et sic sunt animo consternati, homines insueti laboris, ut omnia, quae imperarentur, sibi patienda et 5 perferenda existimarent. 31 . Nec minus, quam est pollicitus, Vercingetorix animo laborabat, ut reliquas civitates adiungeret, atque eas donis pol- licitationibusque alliciebat, huic rei idoneos homines deligebat, quorum quisque aut oratione subdola aut amicitia facillime io capere posset, qui Avarico expugnato refugerant, armandos ves- tieudosque curat ; simul ut deminutae copiae redintegrarentur, imperat certum numerum militum civitatibus, quem et quam ante diem in castra adduci velit, sagittariosque omnes, quorum erat permagnus numerus in Gallia, conquiri et ad se mitti iubet. 15 his rebus celeriter id, quod Avarici deperierat, expletur, inte- rim Teutomatus, Olloviconis filius, rex Nitiobrigum, cuius pater ab senatu nostro amicus erat appellatus, cum magno equitum suorum numero et quos ex Aquitania conduxerat ad eum pervenit. Caesar quelling the commotions among the Haedui lags siege to Gergovia. 20 32 . Caesar Avarici complures dies commoratus summamque ibi copiam frumenti et reliqui commeatus nanctus exercitum ex labore atque inopia refecit, iam prope hieme confecta cum ipso anni tempore ad gerendum bellum vocaretur et ad hostem pro- ficisci constituisset, sive eum ex paludibus silvisque elicere sive 25 obsidione premere posset, legati ad eum principes Haeduorum veniunt oratum, ut maxime necessario tempore civitati subveniat : summo esse in periculo rem, quod, cum singuli magistratus anti- quitus creari atque regiam potestatem annum obtinere consuessent, COMM. VII. 32 - 34 . 257 duo magistratum gerant et se uterque eorum legibus creatum esse dicat, horum esse alterum Couvictolitavem, florentem et illustrem adulescentem, alterum Cotum, antiquissima familia natum atque ipsum hominem summae potentiae et magnae cog- nationis, cuius frater Valetiacus proximo anno eundem magis- tratum gesserit. civitatem omnem esse in armis ; divisum senatum, divisum populum, suas cuiusque eorum clientelas, quod si diutius alatur controversia, fore, uti pars cum parte civitatis confligat, id ne accidat, positum in eius diligentia atque auctoritate. 33 . Caesar, etsi a bello atque hoste discedere detrimentosum esse existimabat, tamen non ignorans, quanta ex dissensionibus incommoda oriri consuessent, ne tauta et tam coniuncta populo Romano civitas, quam ipse semper aluisset omnibusque rebus ornasset, ad vim atque ad arma descenderet, atque ea pars, quae minus sibi confideret, auxilia a Vercingetorige arcesseret, huic rei praevertendum existimavit et, quod legibus Haeduorum iis, qui summum magistratum obtinerent, excedere ex finibus non liceret, ne quid de iure aut de legibus eorum deminuisse videretur, ipse in Haeduos proficisci statuit senatumque omnem et quos inter controversia esset ad se Decetiam evocavit, cum prope omnis civitas eo convenisset, docereturque, paucis clam convocatis alio loco, alio tempore, atque oportuerit, fratrem a fratre renuntia- tum, cum leges duo ex una familia vivo utroque non solum magistratus creari vetarent, sed etiam in senatu esse prohiberent, Cotum imperium deponere coegit, Couvictolitavem, qui per sacer- dotes more civitatis intermissis magistratibus esset creatus, potestatem obtinere iussit. 34 . Hoc decreto interposito cohortatus Haeduos, ut contro- versiarum ac dissensionum obliviscerentur atque omnibus omissis rebus huic bello servirent eaque, quae meruissent, praemia ab se, 17 5 10 15 20 25 30 258 DE BELLO GALLICO devicta Gallia, exspectarent, equitatumque omnem et peditum milia decem sibi celeriter mitterent, quae in praesidiis rei fru- mentariae causa disponeret, exercitum in duas partes divisit : quattuor legiones in Senones Parisiosque Labieno ducendas 5 dedit ; sex ipse in Arvernos ad oppidum Gergoviam secundum tiumen Elaver duxit ; equitatus partem illi attribuit, partem sibi reliquit, qua re cognita Vercingetorix omnibus interruptis eius fluminis pontibus ab altera fluminis parte iter facere coepit. 35 . Cum uterque utrimque exisset exercitus, in conspectu io fereque e regione castris castra ponebant, dispositis exploratori- bus, necubi effecto ponte Romani copias traducerent, erat in magnis Caesaris difficultatibus res, ne maiorem aestatis partem flumine impediretur, quod non fere ante autumnum Elaver vado transiri solet, itaque, ne id accideret, silvestri loco castris posi- lo tis e regione unius eorum pontium, quos Vercingetorix rescin- dendos curaverat, postero die cum duabus legionibus in occulto restitit ; reliquas copias cum omnibus impedimentis, ut consue- verat, misit, captis* quibusdam cohortibus, uti numerus legio- num constare videretur, his quam longissime possent progredi 20 iussis, cum iam ex diei tempore coniecturam ceperat in castra perventum, isdem sublicis, quarum pars inferior integra remane- bat, pontem reficere coepit, celeriter effecto opere legionibusque traductis et loco castris idoneo delecto reliquas copias revocavit. Vercingetorix re cognita, ne contra suam voluntatem dimicare 25 cogeretur, magnis itineribus antecessit. 36 . Caesar ex eo loco quintis castris Gergoviam pervenit equestrique proelio eo die levi facto, perspecto urbis situ, quae posita in altissimo monte omnis aditus difficiles habebat, de expugnatione desperavit, de obsessione non prius agendum con- 30 stituit, quam rem frumentariam expedisset. at Vercingetorix castris prope oppidum [in monte] positis mediocribus circum se COMM. VIL 3G-37. 259 intervallis separatim singularum civitatium copias collocaverat, atque omnibus eius iugi collibus occupatis, qua despici poterat, horribilem speciem praebebat principesque earum civitatium, quos sibi ad consilium capiendum delegerat, prima luce cotidie ad se convenire iubebat, seu quid communicandum, seu quid 5 administrandum videretur, neque ullum fere diem intermittebat, quin equestri proelio iuteriectis sagittariis, quid in quoque esset animi ac virtutis suorum, periclitaretur, erat e regione oppidi collis sub ipsis radicibus montis, egregie munitus atque ex omni parte circumcisus ; quem si tenerent nostri, et aquae magna parte 10 et pabulatione libera prohibituri hostes videbantur, sed is locus praesidio ab his non nimis firmo tenebatur, tamen silentio noc- tis Caesar ex castris egressus, priusquam subsidio ex oppido veniri posset, deiecto praesidio potitus loco duas ibi legiones collocavit fossamque duplicem duodenum pedum a maioribus 15 castris ad minora perduxit, ut tuto ab repentino hostium incursu etiam singuli commeare possent. New troubles among fle Haedui . The Romans lake possession of three of the enemy’s camps, but, pressing the attack too im- petuously, are repulsed. 37 . Dum haec ad Gergoviam geruntur, Convictolitavis Hae- duus, cui magistratum adiudicatum a Caesare demonstravimus, sollicitatus ab Arvernis pecunia cum quibusdam adulescentibus 20 260 DE BELLO GALLICO colloquitur ; quorum erat princeps Litavicus atque eius fratres, amplissima familia nati adulescentes. cum his praemium com- municat hortaturque, ut se liberos et imperio natos meminerint, unam esse Haeduorum civitatem, quae certissimam Galliae vic- 5 toriain detineat; eius auctoritate reliquas contineri; qua traducta locum consistendi Romanis in Gallia non fore, esse nonnullo se Caesaris beneficio affectum, sic tamen, ut iustissimam apud eum causam obtinuerit ; sed plus communi libertati tribuere. cur enim potius Haedui de suo iure et de legibus ad Caesarem dis io ceptatorem, quam Romani ad Haeduos veniant? celeriter adu- lescentibus et oratione magistratus et praemio deductis, cum se vel principes eius consilii fore profiterentur, ratio perficiendi quaerebatur, quod civitatem temere ad suscipiendum bellum ad- duci posse non confidebant, placuit, ut Litavicus decem illis 15 milibus, quae Caesari ad bellum mitterentur, praeficeretur atque ea ducenda curaret, fratresque eius ad Caesarem praecurrerent, reliqua qua ratione agi placeat, constituunt. 38 . Litavicus accepto exercitu, cum milia passuum circiter XXX ab Gergovia abesset, convocatis subito militibus lacrimans, 20 ‘ quo proficiscimur/ inquit, ‘ milites ? omnis noster equitatus, omnis nobilitas interiit ; principes civitatis, Eporedorix et Viri- domarus, insimulati proditionis ab Romanis indicta causa inter- fecti sunt, haec ab ipsis cognoscite, qui ex ipsa caede fugerunt : nam ego fratribus atque omnibus meis propinquis interfectis 25 dolore prohibeor, quae gesta sunt, pronuntiare/ producuntur ii, quos ille edocuerat, quae dici vellet, atque eadem, quae Litavi- cus pronuntiaverat, multitudini exponunt : equites Haeduorum interfectos, quod collocuti cum Arvernis dicerentur ; ipsos se inter multitudinem militum occultasse atque ex media caede 30 profugisse. conclamant Haedui et Litavicum obsecrant, ut sibi consulat. ‘ quasi vero/ inquit ille, f consilii sit res, ac non necesse sit nobis Gergoviam contendere et cum Arvernis COMM. VII. 38-40. 261 nosmet coniungere. an dubitamus, quin nefario facinore ad- misso Romani iam ad nos interficiendos concurrant ? proinde, si quid in nobis animi est, persequamur eorum mortem, qui indignissime interierunt atque hos latrones interficiamus/ osten- dit cives Romanos, qui eius praesidii fiducia una erant : ma- 5 gnum numerum frumenti commeatusque diripit, ipsos crudeliter excruciatos interficit : nuntios tota civitate Haeduorum dimit- tit, eodem mendacio de caede equitum et principium permovet ; hortatur, ut simili ratione, atque ipse fecerit,, suas iniurias per- sequantur. io 39. Eporedorix Haeduus, summo loco natus adulescens et summae domi potentiae, et una Viridomarus, pari aetate et gratia, sed genere dispari, quem Caesar ab Divitiaco sibi traditum ex humili loco ad summam dignitatem perduxerat, in equitum nu- mero convenerant nominatim ab eo evocati, his erat inter se 15 de principatu contentio, et in illa magistratuum controversia alter pro Couvictolitavi, alter pro Coto summis opibus pugna- verant. ex his Eporedorix cognito Litavici consilio media fere nocte rem ad Caesarem defert ; orat, ne patiatur civitatem pravis adulescentium consiliis ab amicitia populi Romani deficere ; 20 quod futurum provideat, si se tot hominum milia cum hostibus coniunxerint, quorum salutem neque propinqui neglegere, neque civitas levi momento aestimare posset. 40. Magna affectus sollicitudine hoc nuntio Caesar, quod sem- per Haeduorum civitati praecipue indulserat, nulla interposita 25 dubitatione legiones expeditas quattuor equitatumque omnem ex castris educit, nec . fuit spatium tali tempore ad contrahenda castra, quod res posita in celeritate videbatur; Gaium Fabium legatum cum legionibus duabus castris praesidio relinquit, fratres Litavici cum comprehendi iussisset, paulo ante reperit ad hostes 30 fugisse, adhortatus milites, ne necessario tempore itineris labore 262 DE BELLO GALLICO permoveantur, cupidissimis omnibus progressus milia passuum XXY, agmen Haeduorum conspicatus immisso equitatu iter eorum moratur atque impedit interdicitque omnibus, ne quem- quam interficiant. Eporedorigem et Yiridomarum, quos illi in- 5 terfectos existimabant, inter equites versari suosque appellare iubet. his cognitis et Litavici fraude perspecta Haedui manus tendere, deditionem significare et proiectis armis mortem deprecari incipiunt. Litavicus cum suis clientibus, quibus more Gallorum nefas est etiam in extrema fortuna deserere patronos, Gergoviam io profugit. 41. Caesar nuntiis ad civitatem Haeduorum missis, qui suo beneficio conservatos docerent, quos hire belli interficere potuis- set, tribusque horis noctis exercitui ad quietem datis castra ad Gergoviam movit, medio fere itinere equites ab Fabio missi, 15 quanto res in periculo fuerit, exponunt, summis copiis castra oppugnata demonstrant, cum crebro integri defessis succederent nostrosque assiduo labore defatigarent, quibus propter magnitudi- nem castrorum perpetuo esset iisdem in vallo permanendum, multitudine sagittarum atque omni genere telorum multos vulne- 20 ratos ; ad haec sustinenda magno usui fuisse tormenta. Fabium discessu eorum duabus relictis portis obstruere ceteras pluteos- que vallo addere et se in posterum diem similem ad casum parare, his rebus cognitis Caesar summo studio militum ante ortum solis in castra pervenit. 25 42. Dum haec ad Gergoviam geruntur, Haedui primis nuntiis ab Litavico acceptis nullum sibi ad cognoscendum spatium relin- quunt. impellit alios avaritia, alios iracundia et temeritas, quae maxime illi hominum generi est innata, ut levem auditionem habeant pro re comperta, bona civium Romanorum diripiunt, 30 caedes faciunt, in servitutem abstrahunt, adiuvat rem proclina- tam Convictolitavis plebemque ad furorem impellit, ut facinore La lllnM WM/iW COMM. VII. 42-44. 263 admisso ad sanitatem reverti pudeat. Marcum Aristium, tribu- num militum, iter ad legionem facientem fide data ex oppido Cabillono educunt : idem facere cogunt eos, qui negotiandi causa ibi constiterant, hos continuo in itinere adorti omnibus impedimentis exuunt ; repugnantes diem noctemque obsident j multis utrimque interfectis maiorem multitudinem armatorum concitant. 43 . Interim nuntio allato, omnes eorum milites in potestate Caesaris teneri, concurrunt ad Aristium, nihil publico factum con- silio demonstrant ; quaestionem de bonis direptis decernunt, Litavici fratrumque bona publicant, legatos ad Caesarem sui pur- gandi gratia mittunt. haec faciunt recuperandorum suorum causa : sed contaminati facinore et capti compendio ex direptis bonis, quod ea res ad multos pertinebat, et timore poenae ex- territi, consilia clam de bello inire incipiunt civitatesque reliquas legationibus sollicitant, quae tametsi Caesar intellegebat, tamen quam mitissime potest legatos appellat : nihil se propter in- scientiam levitatemque vulgi gravius de civitate indicare neque de sua in Haeduos benevolentia deminuere, ipse, maiorem Gal- liae motum exspectans, ne ab omnibus civitatibus circumsistere- tur, consilia inibat, quem ad modum ab Gergovia discederet ac rursus omnem exercitum contraheret, ne profectio nata ab timore defectionis similis fugae videretur. 44 . Haec cogitanti accidere visa est facultas bene gerendae rei. nam cum in minora castra operis perspiciendi causa venis- set, animadvertit collem, qui ab hostibus tenebatur, nudatum hominibus, qui superioribus diebus vix prae multitudine cerni poterat, admiratus quaerit ex perfugis causam, quorum magnus ad eum cotidie numerus confluebat, constabat inter omnes, quod iam ipse Caesar per exploratores cognoverat, dorsum esse eius iugi prope aequum, sed hunc silvestrem et angustum, qua 5 io 15 20 25 30 264 DE BELLO GALLICO esset aditus ad alteram partem oppidi : vehementer huic loco illos timere nec iam aliter sentire uno colle ab Romanis occupato, si alterum amisissent, quin paene circumvallati atque omni exitu et pabulatione interclusi viderentur : ad hunc muniendum omnes 5 a Vercingetorige evocatos. 45 . Hac re cognita Caesar mittit complures equitum turmas eodem media nocte : imperat, ut paulo tumultuosius omnibus in locis vagarentur, prima luce magnum numerum impedimentorum ex castris mulorumque produci deque his stramenta detrahi mu- io lionesque cum cassidibus equitum specie ac simulatione collibus circumvehi iubet. his paucos addit equites, qui latius ostenta- tionis causa vagarentur, longo circuitu easdem omnes iubet petere regiones, haec procul ex oppido videbantur, ut erat a Gergovia despectus in castra, neque tanto spatio, certi quid esset, explo- ra rari poterat, legionem unam eodem iugo mittit et paulum pro- gressam inferiore constituit loco silvisque occultat, augetur Gallis suspicio atque omnes illo munitionum copiae traducuntur, vacua castra hostium Caesar conspicatus tectis insignibus suo- rum occultatisque signis militaribus raros milites, ne ex oppido 20 animadverterentur, ex maioribus castris in minora traducit lega- tisque, quos singulis legionibus praefecerat, quid fieri vellet, ostendit : imprimis monet, ut contineant milites, ne studio pug- nandi aut spe praedae longius progrediantur ; quid iniquitas loci habeat incommodi, proponit : hoc una celeritate posse mu- 25 tari : occasionis esse rem, non proelii. his rebus expositis, signum dat et ab dextra parte alio ascensu eodem tempore Haeduos mittit. 46 . Oppidi murus ab planitie atque initio ascensus recta regione, si nullus amfractus intercederet, MCC passus aberat : 30 quidquid line circuitus ad molliendum clivum accesserat, id spatium itineris augebat, a medio fere colle in longitudinem. COMM. VII. 46-47. 265 ut natura montis ferebat, ex grandibus saxis sex pedum murum, qui nostrorum impetum tardaret, praeduxerant Galli atque infe- riore omni spatio vacuo relicto superiorem partem collis usque ad murum oppidi densissimis castris compleverant. milites dato signo celeriter ad munitionem perveniunt eamque trans- gressi trinis castris potiuntur ; ac tanta fuit in castris capiendis celeritas, ut Teutomatus, rex Nitiobrigum, subito in tabernaculo oppressus, ut meridie conquieverat, superiore corporis parte nudata vulnerato equo vix se ex manibus praedantium militum eriperet. 47 . Consecutus id, quod animo proposuerat, Caesar receptui cani iussit legionisque decimae, quacum erat, contionatus signa constituit ; ac reliquarum milites legionum non exaudito tubae sono, quod satis magna valles intercedebat, tamen ab tribunis militum legatisque, ut erat a Caesare praeceptum, retinebantur, sed elati spe celeris victoriae et hostium fuga superiorumque temporum secundis proeliis nihil adeo arduum sibi existimabant, quod non virtute consequi possent, neque finem prius sequendi fecerunt, quam muro oppidi portisque appropinquarunt, tum vero ex omnibus urbis partibus orto clamore qui longius aberant repentino tumultu perterriti, cum hostem intra portas esse exis- timarent, sese ex oppido eiecerunt. matresfamiliae de muro vestem argentumque jactabant et pectore nudo prominentes passis manibus obtestabantur Bomanos, ut sibi parcerent, neu, sicut Avarici fecissent, ne. mulieribus quidem atque infantibus abstinerent : nonnullae de muris per manus demissae sese mili- tibus tradebant. Lucius Fabius, centurio legionis VIII, quem inter suos eo die dixisse constabat excitari se Avaricensibus praemiis neque commissurum, ut prius quisquam murum ascen- deret, tres suos nanctus manipulares atque ab iis sublevatus murum ascendit : hos ipse rursus singulos exceptans in murum extulit. 5 10 15 20 25 30 266 DE BELLO GALLICO 48 . Interim ii, qui ad alteram, partem oppidi, ut supra demonstravimus, munitionis causa convenerant, primo exaudito clamore, inde etiam crebris nuntiis incitati, oppidum ab Romanis teneri, praemissis equitibus magno concursu eo contenderunt. 5 eorum ut quisque primus venerat, sub muro consistebat suorum- que pugnantium numerum augebat, quorum cum magna mul- titudo convenisset, matresfamiliae, quae paulo ante Romanis de muro manus tendebant, suos obtestari et more Gallico passum capillum ostentare liberosque in conspectum proferre coeperunt, io erat Romanis nec loco nec numero aequa contentio : simul et cursu et spatio pugnae defatigati non facile recentes atque inte- gros sustinebant. 49 . Caesar, cum iniquo loco pugnari hostiumque augeri copias videret, praemetuens suis ad Titum Sextium legatum, quem 15 minoribus castris praesidio reliquerat, misit, ut cohortes ex cas- tris celeriter educeret et sub infimo colle ab dextro latere hos- tium constitueret, ut, si nostros loco depulsos vidisset, quo minus libere hostes insequerentur, terreret, ipse paulum ex eo loco cum legione progressus, ubi constiterat, eventum pugnae ex- 20 spectabat. 50 . Cum acerrime comminus pugnaretur, hostes loco et nu- mero, nostri virtute confiderent, subito sunt Haedui visi ab latere nostris aperto, quos Caesar ab dextra parte alio ascensu manus distinendae causa miserat, hi similitudine armorum vehementer 25 nostros perterruerunt, ac tametsi dextris humeris exsertis ani- madvertebantur, quod insigne pacatum esse consuerat, tamen id ipsum sui fallendi causa milites ab hostibus factum existimabant, eodem tempore Lucius Fabius centurio quique una murum ascen- derant circumventi atque interfecti muro praecipitantur. Marcus •30 Petronius, eiusdem legionis centurio, cum portas excidere cona- tus esset, a multitudine oppressus ac sibi desperans multis iam COMM. VII. 50 - 52 . 267 vulneribus acceptis, manipularibus suis, cpii illum secuti erant, f quoniam/ inquit, ‘ me una vobiscum servare non possum, vestrae quidem certe vitae prospiciam, quos cupiditate gloriae adductus in periculum deduxi, vos data facultate vobis consulite/ simul in medios hostis irrupit duobusque interfectis reliquos a porta 5 paulum summovit. conantibus auxiliari suis, ‘ frustra/ inquit, ‘ meae vitae subvenire conamini, quem iam sanguis viresque deficiunt : proinde abite, dum est facultas, vosque ad legionem recipite/ ita pugnans post paulum concidit ac suis saluti fuit. 51 . Nostri, cum undique premerentur, XLVI centurionibus 10 amissi deiecti sunt loco, sed intolerantius (iallos iusequentes legio X tardavit, quae pro subsidio paulo aequiore loco consti- terat. hanc rursus XIII legionis cohortes exceperunt, quae ex castris minoribus eductae cum Tito Sextio legato locum ceperant superiorem, legiones, ubi primum planitiem attigerunt, infestis 15 contra hostes signis constiterunt. Vercingetorix ab radicibus collis suos intra munitiones reduxit, eo die milites sunt paulo minus septingenti desiderati. Caesar reproves the rashness of the soldiers. 52 . Postero die Caesar contione advocata temeritatem cupidi- tatemque militum reprehendit, quod sibi ipsi indicavissent, quo 20 procedendum aut quid agendum videretur, neque signo recipiendi dato constitissent neque ab tribunis militum legatisque retineri potuissent. exposuit, quid iniquitas loci posset, quid ipse ad Avaricum sensisset, cum sine duce et sine equitatu deprehensis hostibus exploratam victoriam dimisisset, ne parvum modo 25 detrimentum in contentione propter iniquitatem loci accideret, quanto opere eorum animi magnitudinem admiraretur, quos non castrorum munitiones, non altitudo montis, non murus oppidi tardare potuisset, tanto opere licentiam arrogantiam que reprehen- 268 DE BELLO GALLICO dere, quod plus se quam imperatorem de victoria atque exitu rerum sentire existimarent ; nec minus se in milite modestiam et continentiam quam virtutem atque animi magnitudinem desiderare. Caesar raises the siege and removes his camp to the territories of the Haedui. 5 53 . Hac habita contione et ad extremam orationem confirmatis militibus, ne ob hanc causam animo permoverentur neu, quod iniquitas loci attulisset, id virtuti hostium tribuerent, eadem de protectione cogitans, quae ante senserat, legiones ex castris eduxit aciemque idoneo loco constituit. cum Vercingetorix nihilo io magis in aequum locum descenderet, levi facto equestri proelio atque eo secundo in castra exercitum reduxit, cum hoc idem postero die fecisset, satis ad Gallicam ostentationem minuen- dam militumque animos confirmandos factum existimans in Haeduos movit castra, ne tum quidem insecutis hostibus tertio 15 die ad flumen Elaver pontes reficit atque exercitum traducit. 54 . Ibi a Viridomaro atque Eporedorige Haeduis appellatus discit cum omni equitatu Litavicum ad sollicitandos Haeduos profectum : opus esse ipsos antecedere ad confirmandam civita- tem. etsi multis iam rebus perfidiam Haeduorum perspectam 20 habebat atque horum discessu admaturari defectionem civitatis existimabat, tamen eos retinendos non constituit, ne aut inferre iniuriam videretur aut dare timoris aliquam suspicionem, dis- cedentibus his breviter sua in Haeduos merita exponit : quos et quam humiles accepisset, compulsos in oppida, multatos agris 25 omnibus ereptis copiis, imposito stipendio, obsidibus summa cum contumelia extortis, et quam in fortunam quamque in amplitu- dinem deduxisset, ut non solum in pristinum statum redissent, sed omnium temporum dignitatem et gratiam antecessisse vide- rentur. his datis mandatis, eos ab se dimisit. COMM. VII. 55-56. 269 55. Noviodunum erat oppidum Haeduorum ad ripas Ligeris opportuno loco positum. huc Caesar omnes obsides Galliae, frumentum, pecuniam publicam, suorum atque exercitus impedi- mentorum magnam partem contulerat ; huc magnum numerum equorum huius belli causa in Italia atque Hispania coemptum 5 miserat. eo cum Eporedorix Viridotnarusque venissent et de statu civitatis cognovissent, Litavicum Bibracti ab Haeduis receptum, quod est oppidum apud eos maximae auctoritatis, Convictolitavim magistratum magnamque partem senatus ad eum convenisse, legatos ad Vercingetorigem de pace et amicitia con- 10 cilianda publice missos, non praetermittendum tantum commo- dum existimaverunt. itaque interfectis Novioduni custodibus quique eo negotiandi causa convenerant, pecuniam atque equos inter se partiti sunt ; obsides civitatum Bibracte ad magistratum deducendos curaverunt ; oppidum, quod a se teneri non posse 15 iudicabant, ne cui esset usui Romanis, incenderunt ; frumenti quod subito potuerunt navibus avexerunt, reliquum flumine atque incendio corruperunt ; ipsi ex finitimis regionibus copias cogere, praesidia custodiasque ad ripas Ligeris disponere equita- tumque omnibus locis iniciendi timoris causa ostentare coeperunt, 20 si ab re frumentaria Romanos excludere aut adductos inopia in provinciam expellere possent, quam ad spem multum eos adiu- vabat, quod Liger ex nivibus creverat, ut omnino vado non posse transiri videretur. 56. Quibus rebus cognitis Caesar maturandum sibi censuit, si 25 esset in perficiendis pontibus periclitandum, ut prius, quam essent maiores eo coactae copiae, dimicaret, nam ne commutato consilio iter in provinciam converteret, ut nemo non tum qui- dem necessario faciundum existimabat, cum infamia atque indi- gnitas rei et oppositus mons Cevenna viarumque difficultas 30 impediebat, tum maxime, quod abiuncto Labieno atque iis legionibus, quas una miserat, vehementer timebat, itaque admo- 270 DE BELLO GALLICO dum magnis diurnis nocturnisque itineribus confectis contra omnium opinionem ad Ligerim venit vadoque per equites in- vento pro rei necessitate opportuno, ut brachia modo atque humeri ad sustinenda arma liberi ab aqua esse possent, disposito 5 equitatu, qui vim fluminis refringeret, atque hostibus primo aspectu perturbatis incolumem exercitum traduxit frumentumque in agris et pecoris copiam nanctus, repleto his rebys exercitu iter in Senonas facere instituit. 57. Dum haec apud Caesarem geruntur, Labienus eo supple- lo mento, quod nuper ex Italia venerat, relicto Agedinci, ut esset impedimentis praesidio, cum quattuor legionibus Lutetiam pro- ficiscitur. id est oppidum Parisiorum, quod positum est in in- sula fiuminis Sequanae, cuius adventu ab hostibus cognito magnae ex finitimis civitatibus copiae convenerunt, summa im- 15 perii traditur Camulogeno Aulerco, qui prope confectus aetate tamen propter singularem scientiam rei militaris ad eum est honorem evocatus, is cum animadvertisset perpetuam esse palu- dem, quae influeret in Sequanam atque illum omnem locum magnopere impediret, hic consedit nostrosque transitu prohibere 20 instituit. The successes of Labi emis. 58. Labienus primo vineas agere, cratibus atque aggere palu- dem explere atque iter munire conabatur, postquam id difficilius confieri animadvertit, silentio e castris tertia vigilia egressus eodem, quo venerat, itinere Melodunum pervenit, id est oppi- 25 dum Senonum in insula Sequanae positum, ut paulo ante de Lutetia diximus, deprehensis navibus circiter quinquaginta cele- riterque coniunctis atque eo militibus iniectis et rei novitate perterritis oppidanis, quorum magna pars erat ad bellum evocata, sine contentione oppido potitur, refecto ponte, quem superiori- COMM. VII. 58-60. 271 bus diebus hostes resciderant, exercitum traducit et secundo flumine ad Lutetiam iter facere coepit, hostes re cognita ab iis, qui a Meloduno fugerant, Lutetiam incendi pontesque eius oppidi rescindi iubent ; ipsi profecti a palude ad ripas Sequanae e re- gione Lutetiae contra Labieni castra considunt. 59. Iaifi Caesar a Gergovia discessisse audiebatur, iam de Haeduorum defectione et secundo Galliae motu rumores affere- bantur, Gallique in colloquiis interclusum itinere et Ligeri Caesarem inopia frumenti coactum in provinciam contendisse confirmabant. Bellovaci autem defectione Haeduorum cognita, qui ante erant per se infideles, manus cogere atque aperte bel- lum parare coeperunt, tum Labienus tanta rerum commutatione longe aliud sibi capiendum consilium, atque antea senserat, intel- legebat neque iam, ut aliquid acquireret proelioque hostes lacesseret, sed ut incolumem exercitum Agedincum reduceret, cogitabat. namque altera ex parte Bellovaci, quae civitas in Gallia maximam habet opinionem virtutis, instabant, alteram Camulogenus parato atque instructo exercitu tenebat ; tum le- giones a praesidio atque impedimentis interclusas maximum flumen distinebat, tantis subito difficultatibus obiectis ab animi virtute auxilium petendum videbat. 60. Itaque sub vesperum consilio convocato cohortatus, ut ea, quae imperasset, diligenter industrieque administrarent, naves, quas Meloduno deduxerat, singulas equitibus Romanis attribuit et prima confecta vigilia quattuor milia passuum secundo flumine silentio progredi ibique se exspectari iubet. quinque cohortes, quas minime firmas ad dimicandum esse existimabat, castris praesidio relinquit ; quinque eiusdem legionis reliquas de media nocte cum omnibus impedimentis adverso flumine magno tumultu pro- ficisci imperat. conquirit etiam lintres : has, magno sonitu remorum incitatas in eandem partem mittit. ipse post paulo 5 io 15 20 25 30 272 DE BELLO GALLICO silentio egressus cum tribus legionibus eum locum petit, quo naves appelli iusserat. 61. Eo cum esset ventum, exploratores hostium, ut omni fluminis parte erant dispositi, inopinantes, quod magna subito 5 erat coorta tempestas, ab nostris opprimuntur : exercitus equita- tusque equitibus Romanis administrantibus, quos ei negotio prae- fecerat, celeriter transmittitur. uno fere tempore sub lucem hostibus nuntiatur in castris Romanorum praeter consuetudinem tumultuari et magnum ire agmen adverso flumine, sonitumque io remorum in eadem parte exaudiri et paulo infra milites navibus transportari. quibus rebus auditis, quod existimabant tribus locis transire legiones atque omnes perturbatos defectione Hae- duorum fugam parare, suas quoque copias in tres partes distri- buerunt. nam praesidio e regione castrorum relicto et parva 15 manu Melodunum versus missa, quae tantum progrediatur, quantum naves processissent, reliquas copias contra Labienum duxerunt. 62. Prima luce et nostri omnes erant transportati, et hostium acies cernebatur. Labienus milites cohortatus, ut suae pristinae 20 virtutis et tot secundissimorum proeliorum retinerent memoriam atque ipsum Caesarem, cuius ductu saepenumero hostes supe- rassent, praesentem adesse existimarent, dat signum proelii, primo concursu ab dextro cornu, ubi septima legio constiterat, hostes pelluntur atque in fugam colliciuntur; ab sinistro, quem 25 locum duodecima legio tenebat, cum primi ordines hostium transfixi pilis concidissent, tamen acerrime reliqui resistebant, nec dabat suspicionem fugae quisquam. ipse dux hostium Camulogenus suis aderat atque eos cohortabatur, incerto etiam nunc exitu victoriae, cum septimae legionis tribunis esset nun- 30 tiatum, quae in sinistro cornu gererentur, post tergum hostium legionem ostenderunt signaque intulerunt, ne eo quidem tempore CO AIM. VII. 62-63. 273 quisquam loco cessit, sed circumventi omnes iuterfectique sunt, eandem fortunam tulit Camulogenus. at ii, qui praesidio contra castra Labieni erant relicti, cum proelium commissum audissent, subsidio suis ierunt collemque ceperunt neque nostrorum mili- tum victorum impetum sustinere potuerunt, sic cum suis fugien- tibus permixti, quos non silvae montesque texerunt, ab equitatu sunt interfecti, hoc negotio confecto Labienus revertitur Age- dincum, ubi impedimenta totius exercitus relicta erant : inde cum omnibus copiis ad Caesarem pervenit. All the Gauls join the Haedui. Vercingetorix' is appointed com- mander. The Gauls attack Caesar, but are put to flight with, great slaughter. 63. Defect ione Haeduorum cognita bellum augetur, legationes in omnes partes circummittuntur : quantum gratia, auctoritate, pecunia valent, ad sollicitandas civitates nituntur ; nancti obsides, quos Caesar apud eos deposuerat, horum supplicio dubitantes territant, petunt a Vercingetorige Haedui, ad se veniat ration- esque belli gerendi communicet. re impetrata contendunt, ut ipsis summa imperii tradatur, et re in controversiam deducta totius Galliae concilium Bibracte indicitur, eodem conveniunt undique frequentes. multitudinis suffragiis res permittitur : ad unum omnes Vercingetorigem probant imperatorem. ab hoc concilio Remi, Lingones, Treveri afuerunt : illi, quod amicitiam Romanorum sequebantur; Treveri, quod aberant longius et ab Germanis premebantur : quae fuit causa, quare toto abessent bello et neutris auxilia mitterent, magno dolore Haedui ferunt se deiectos principatu, queruntur fortunae commutationem et Caesaris in se indulgentiam requirunt ; neque tamen suscepto bello suum consilium ab reliquis separare audent, inviti sum- mae spei adulescentes Eporedorix et Viridomarus Vercingetorigi parent. 5 io 15 20 25 18 274 DE BELLO GALLICO 64 . Ipse imperat reliquis civitatibus obsides diemque huic rei constituit, omnes equites, XV milia numero, celeriter convenire iubet : peditatu, quem ante habuerat, se fore contentum dicit, neque fortunam temptaturum aut in acie dimicaturum ; sed, 5 quoniam abundet equitatu, perfacile esse factu frumentationibus pabulationibusque Romanos prohibere, aequo modo animo sua ipsi frumenta corrumpant aedificiaque incendant, qua rei familiaris iactura perpetuum imperium libertatemque se consequi videant, his constitutis rebus Haeduis Segusiavisque, qui sunt finitimi io provinciae, decem milia peditum imperat: huc addit equites DCCC. his praeficit fratrem Eporedorigis bellumque inferre Allobrogibus iubet. altera ex parte Gabalos proximosque pagos Arvernorum in Helvios, item Rutenos Cadurcosque ad fines Volcarum Are- comicorum depopulandos mittit, nihilo minus clandestinis min- is tiis legationibusque Allobrogas sollicitat, quorum mentes nondum ab superiore bello resedisse sperabat, horum principibus pecunias, civitati autem imperium totius provinciae pollicetur. 65 . Ad hos omnes casus provisa erant praesidia cohortium duarum et viginti, quae ex ipsa provincia ab Lucio Caesare 20 legato ad omnes partes opponebantur. Helvii sua sponte cum finitimis proelio congressi pelluntur et Gaio Valerio Donnotauro, Caburi filio, principe civitatis, compluribusque aliis interfectis intra oppida murosque compelluntur. Allobroges crebris ad Rhodanum dispositis praesidiis magna cum cura et diligentia 25 suos tuentur. Caesar, quod hostes equitatu superiores esse in- tellegebat et interclusis omnibus itineribus, nulla re ex provincia atque Italia sublevari poterat, trans Rhenum in Germaniam mittit ad eas civitates, quas superioribus annis pacaverat, equitesque ab his arcessit et levis armaturae pedites, qui inter eos proeliari 30 consuerant, eorum adventu, quod minus idoneis equis uteban- tur, a tribunis militum reliquisque equitibus Romanis atque evocatis equos sumit Germanisque distribuit. COMM. VII. 66 - 67 . 275 66. Interea, dura haec geruntur, hostium copiae ex Arvernis equitesque, qui toti Galliae erant imperati, conveniunt, magno horum coacto numero, cum Caesar in Sequanos per extremos Lingonum fines iter faceret, quo facilius subsidium provinciae ferri posset, circiter milia passuum decem ab Romanis trinis cas- tris Yercingetorix consedit convocatisque ad concilium praefectis equitum, venisse tempus victoriae demonstrat, fugere in provin- ciam Romanos Galliaque excedere, id sibi ad praesentem obti- nendam libertatem satis esse; ad reliqui temporis pacem atque otium parum profici : maioribus enim coactis copiis reversuros neque finem bellandi facturos, proinde agmine impeditos adori- rentur. si pedites suis auxilium ferant atque in eo morentur, iter facere non posse ; si, id quod magis futurum confidat, relictis impedimentis suae saluti consulant, et usu rerum neces- sariarum et dignitate spoliatum iri. nam de equitibus hostium, quin nemo eorum progredi modo extra agmen audeat, et ipsos quidem non debere dubitare. id quo maiore faciant animo, copias se omnes pro castris habiturum et terrori hostibus futu- rum. conclamant equites, sanctissimo iureiurando confirmari oportere, ne tecto recipiatur, ne ad liberos, ne ad parentes, ne ad uxorem aditum habeat, qui non bis per agmen hostium perequitasset. 67. Probata re atque omnibus iureiurando adactis postero die in tres partes distributo equitatu duae se acies ab duobus late- ribus ostendunt, una a primo agmine iter impedire coepit, qua re nuntiata Caesar suum quoque equitatum tripartito divisum contra hostem ire iubet. pugnatur una omnibus in partibus, consistit agmen ; impedimenta intra legiones recipiuntur, si qua in parte nostri laborare aut gravius premi videbantur, eo signa inferri Caesar aciemque constitui iubebat ; quae res et hostes ad insequendum tardabat et nostros spe auxilii confirmabat, tandem Germani ab dextro latere summum iugum nancti hostes 5 io 15 20 25 30 276 DE BELLO GALLICO loco depellunt ; fugientes usque ad flumen, ubi Vercingetorix cum pedestribus copiis consederat, persequuntur compluresque interficiunt. qua re animadversa reliqui, ne circumvenirentur, veriti se fugae mandant, omnibus locis fit caedes, tres nobil- 5 issimi Haedui capti ad Caesarem perducuntur : Cotus, praefec- tus equitum, qui controversiam cum Convictolitavi proximis comitiis habuerat, et Cavarillus, qui post defectionem Litavici pedestribus copiis praefuerat, et Eporedorix, quo duce ante adven- tum Caesaris Haedui cum Sequanis bello contenderant. Vercingetorix withdraws to Alesia. Caesar lags siege to the town. 10 68. Fugato omni equitatu Vercingetorix copias suas, ut pro castris collocaverat, reduxit protinusque Alesiam, quod est oppi- dum Mandubiorum, iter facere coepit celeriterque impedimenta Alesia a castris a Vercassivellauno oppressis conspecta. ex castris educi et se subsequi iussit. Caesar impedimentis in proximum collem deductis duabus legionibus praesidio relictis 15 secutus, quantum diei tempus est passum, circiter tribus milibus hostium ex novissimo agmine interfectis altero die ad Alesiam COMM. VII. 68-70. 277 castra fecit, perspecto urbis situ perterritisque hostibus, quod equi- tatu, qua maxime parte exercitus confidebant, erant pulsi, adhortatus ad laborem milites Alesiam circumvallare instituit. 69. Ipsum erat oppidum in colle summo admodum edito loco, ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur ; cuius collis 5 radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant. ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant, sub muro, quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat, hunc omnem locum io copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant, eius munitionis, quae ab Ro- manis instituebatur, circuitus XI milium passuum tenebat, cas- tra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella XXIII facta ; quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur, ne qua subito 15 eruptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur. 70. Opere instituto fit equestre proelium in ea planitie, quam intermissam collibus tria milia passuum in longitudinem patere supra demonstravimus, summa vi ab utrisque contenditur. Ia- 20 borantibus nostris Caesar Germanos summittit legionesque pro castris constituit, ne qua subito irruptio ab hostium peditatu fiat, praesidio legionum addito nostris animus augetur : hostes in fugam coniecti se ipsi multitudine impediunt atque angustio- ribus portis relictis coacervantur. Germani acrius usque ad 25 munitiones sequuntur, fit magna caedes : nonnulli relictis equis fossam transire et maceriam transcendere conantur. paulum legiones Caesar, quas pro vallo constituerat, promoveri iubet. non minus, qui intra munitiones erant, perturbantur Galli : veniri ad se confestim existimantes ad arma conclamant ; nonnulli 30 perterriti in oppidum irrumpunt. Yercingetorix iubet portas 278 DE BELLO GALLICO claudi, ne castra nudentur, multis interfectis, compluribus equis captis Germani sese recipiunt. 71 . Vercingetorix, priusquam munitiones ab Romanis per- ficiantur, consilium capit, omnem ab se equitatum noctu dimit- 5 tere, discedentibus mandat, ut suam quisque eorum civitatem adeat omnesque, qui per aetatem arma ferre possint, ad bellum cogant ; sua in illos merita proponit obtestaturque, ut suae salu- tis rationem habeant neu se de communi libertate optime meri- tum hostibus in cruciatum dedant. quod si indiligentiores io fuerint, milia hominum delecta LXXX una secum interitura demonstrat, ratione inita se exigue dierum XXX habere fru- mentum, sed paulo etiam longius tolerari posse parcendo, his datis mandatis, qua opus erat intermissum, secunda vigilia silen- tio equitatum mittit. frumentum omne ad se referri iubet ; 15 capitis poenam iis, qui non paruerint, constituit : pecus, cuius magna erat copia ab Mandubiis compulsa, viritim distribuit ; frumentum parce et paulatim metiri instituit ; copias omnes, quas pro oppido collocaverat, in oppidum recipit, his rationibus auxilia Galliae exspectare et bellum administrare parat. 20 72 . Quibus rebus cognitis ex perfugis et captivis Caesar haec genera munitionis instituit, fossam pe- dum XX directis lateribus duxit, ut eius fossae solum tantundem pateret, quan- tum summa labra distarent ; reliquas omnes munitiones ab ea fossa pedes CCCC reduxit, id hoc consilio, quoniam tantum esset necessario spatium com- plexus, nec facile totum corpus corona militum cingeretur, ne de improviso aut 30 noctu ad munitiones hostium multitudo advolaret, aut interdiu tela in nostros operi destinatos conicere possent, hoc intermisso COMM. VII. 72-73. 279 spatio duas fossas XV pedes latas eadem altitudine perduxit : quarum interiorem, campestribus ac demissis locis, aqua ex flumine derivata complevit, post eas aggerem ac vallum XII pedum exstruxit ; huic loricam pinuasque adiecit grandibus cer- vis eminentibus ad commissuras pluteorum atque aggeris, qui 5 ascensum hostium tardarent, et turres toto opere circumdedit, quae pedes LXXX inter se distarent. 73. Erat eodem tempore et materiari et frumentari et tantas munitiones fieri necesse deminutis nostris copiis, quae longius ab castris progrediebantur ; ac nonnum- 10 quam opera nostra Galli tentare atque eruptionem ex oppido pluribus portis summa vi facere conabantur. quare ad haec rursus opera addendum Caesar putavit, quo minore numero militum 15 munitiones defendi possent. itaque truncis arborum admodum firmis ramis abscisis atque horum delibratis ac praeacutis cacuminibus perpetuae fossae quinos pedes altae ducebantur. huc illi stipites demissi et ab infimo revincti, 20 ne revelli possent, ab ramis eminebant. quini erant ordines, coniuncti inter se atque implicati ; quo qui intraverant, se ipsi acutissimis vallis induebant, hos cippos ap- pellabant. ante quos obliquis ordinibus in quincuncem dispositis scrobes trium in alti- 25 tudinem pedum fodiebantur paulatim angus- tiore ad infimum fastigio, huc teretes stipites feminis crassitudine ab summo praeacuti et praeusti demittebantur, ita ut non amplius digitis quattuor ex terra eminerent ; simul confirmandi et sta- 30 biliendi causa singuli ab infimo solo pedes terra exculcaban- tur, reliqua pars scrobis ad occultandas insidias viminibus ac 280 DE BELLO GALLICO 5 10 virgultis integebatur, huius generis octoni ordines ducti ternos inter se pedes distabant, id ex similitudine floris lilium appellabant. ante haec taleae pedem longae ferreis hamis infixis totae in terram infodiebantur mediocribusque intermissis spatiis omnibus locis dis- serebantur ; quos stimulos lilium. nominabant. 74 . His rebus perfectis regiones secutus quam potuit aequis- simas pro loci natura quattuordecim milia passuum complexus pares eiusdem generis munitiones, diversas ab his, contra exterio- 15 rem hostem perfecit, ut ne magna quidem multitudine, si ita accidat, eius discessu munitionum praesidia circumfundi possent, ac ne cum periculo ex castris egredi cogantur, dierum XXX pabulum frumentumque habere omnes convectum iubet. The Gauls try to relieve the besieged, but are defeated. 75 . Dum haec ad Alesiam geruntur, Galli concilio principum 20 indicto non omnes eos, qui arma ferre possent, ut censuit Ver- cingetorix, convocandos statuunt, sed certum numerum cuique ex civitate imperandum ; ne tanta multitudine confusa nec COMM. YU. 75-76. •281 moderari nec discernere suos nec frumentandi rationem habere possent, imperant Haeduis atque eorum clientibus, Segusiavis, Ambluaretis, Aulercis Brannovicibus, Brannoviis, milia XXXV; parem numerum Arvernis, adiunctis Eleuteris, Cadurcis, Gabalis, Vellaviis, qui sub imperio xYrvernoruiu esse consuerunt ; Sequa- nis, Senonibus, Biturigibus, Santonis, Rutenis, Carnutibus duo- dena milia ; Bellovacis X ; totidem Lemovicibus ; octona Pictonibus et Turonis et Parisiis et Helvetiis ; Senonibus, Ambianis, Mediomatricis, Petrocoriis, Nerviis, Morinis, Nitio- brigibus quina milia ; Aulercis Cenomanis totidem ; Atrebati- bus IIII ; Yeliocassis, Lexoviis et Aulercis Eburovicibus terna ; Rauracis et Boiis . . . ; XXX universis civitatibus, quae Oceanum attingunt, quaeque eorum consuetudine Aremoricae appellantur, quo sunt in numero Curiosolites, Redones, Ambibarii, Caletes, Osismi, Lemovices, Yeneti, Venelli. ex his Bellovaci suum numerum non compleverunt, quod se suo nomine atque arbitrio cum Romanis bellum gesturos dicerent, neque cuiusquam imperio obtemperaturos : rogati tamen ab Commio pro eius hospitio duo milia una miserunt. 76 . Huius opera Commii, ita ut antea demonstravimus, fideli atque utili superioribus annis erat usus in Britannia Caesar ; quibus ille pro meritis civitatem eius immunem esse iusserat, iura legesque reddiderat atque ipsi Morinos attribuerat, tamen tanta universae Galliae consensio fuit libertatis vindicandae et pristinae belli laudis recuperandae, ut neque beneficiis neque amicitiae memoria moverentur, omnesque et animo et opibus in id bcdlum incumberent, coactis equitum VIII milibus et pedi- tum circiter CCXL, haec in Haeduorum finibus recensebantur, numerusque inibatur, praefecti constituebantur : Commio Atre- bati, Yiridomaro et Eporedorigi Haeduis, Vercassivellauno Ar- verno, consobrino Vercingetorigis, summa imperii traditur, his delecti ex civitatibus attribuuntur, quorum consilio bellum 5 10 15 20 25 30 282 DE BELLO GALLICO administraretur, omnes alacres et fiduciae pleni ad Alesiam pro- ficiscuntur, neque erat omnium quisquam, qui aspectum modo tantae multitudinis sustineri posse arbitraretur, praesertim anci- piti proelio, cum ex oppido eruptione pugnaretur, foris tantae 5 copiae equitatus peditatusque cernerentur. The distress in the town. 77 . At ii, qui Alesiae obsidebantur, praeterita die, qua auxilia suorum exspectaverant, consumpto omni frumento inscii, quid in Haeduis gereretur, concilio coacto de exitu fortunarum suarum consultabant, ac variis dictis sententiis, quarum pars deditio- 10 nem, pars, dum vires suppeterent, eruptionem censebat, non praetereunda oratio Critognati videtur propter eius singularem ac nefariam crudelitatem. hic summo in Arvernis ortus loco et magnae habitus auctoritatis, c nihil/ inquit, ‘ de eorum sententia dicturus sum, qui turpissimam servitutem deditionis nomine ap- 15 pellant, neque bos habendos civium loco neque ad consilium adhibendos censeo, cum his mihi res sit, qui eruptionem pro- bant : quorum in consilio omnium vestrum consensu pristinae residere virtutis memoria videtur, animi est ista mollitia, non virtus, inopiam paulisper ferre non posse, qui se ultro morti 20 offerant, facilius reperiuntur, quam qui dolorem patienter ferant, atque ego hanc sententiam probarem (tantum apud me dignitas potest), si nullam praeterquam vitae nostrae iacturam fieri vide- rem ; sed in consilio capiendo omnem Galliam respiciamus, quam ad nostrum auxilium concitavimus. quid hominum milibus 25 LXXX uno loco interfectis, propinquis consanguineisque nostris animi fore existimatis, si paene in ipsis cadaveribus proelio decer- tare cogentur ? nolite hos vestro auxilio exspoliare, qui vestrae salutis causa suum periculum neglexerant, nec stultitia ac temeritate vestra aut animi imbecillitate omnem Galliam pro- 30 sternere et perpetuae servituti subicere. an, quod ad diem non COMM. YU. 77-78. 283 venerunt, de eorum fide constantiaque dubitatis? quid ergo? Bomanos in illis ulterioribus munitionibus animine causa cotidie exerceri putatis ? si illorum nuntiis confirmari non potestis omni aditu praesepto ; his utimini testibus appropinquare eorum adventum ; cuius rei timore exterriti diem noctemque 5 in opere versantur, quid ergo mei consilii est ? facere, quod nostri maiores nequaquam pari bello Cimbrorum Teutonumque fecerunt ; qui in oppida compulsi ac simili inopia subacti eorum corporibus, qui aetate inutiles ad bellum videbantur, vitam tole- raverunt neque se hostibus tradiderunt, cuius rei si exetn- io plum non haberemus, tamen libertatis causa institui et posteris prodi pulcherrimum iudicarem. nam quid illi simile bello fuit? depopulata Gallia Cimbri magnaque illata calamitate fini- bus quidem nostris aliquando excesserunt atque alias terras petierunt ; iura, leges, agros, libertatem nobis reliquerunt. 15 Bornani vero quid petunt aliud, aut quid volunt, nisi invidia adducti, quos fama nobiles potentesque bello cognoverunt, ho- rum in agris civitatibusque considere atque his aeternam iniungere servitutem ? neque enim umquam alia condicione bella gesserunt. quod si ea, quae in longinquis nationibus 20 geruntur, ignoratis, respicite finitimam Galliam, quae in provin- ciam redacta, iure et legibus commutatis, securibus subiecta perpetua premitur servitute."’ The Mandubii are compelled to leave their oivn city. 78 . Sententiis dictis constituunt, ut ii, qui valetudine aut aetate inutiles sunt bello, oppido excedant, atque omnia prius 25 experiantur, quam ad Critognati sententiam descendant : illo tamen potius utendum consilio, si res cogat atque auxilia moren- tur, quam aut deditionis aut pacis subeundam condicionem. Mandubii, qui eos oppido receperant, cum liberis atque uxoribus exire coguntur. hi, cum ad munitiones Bomanorum accessis- 30 284 DE BELLO GALLICO sent, flentes omnibus precibus orabant, ut se in servitutem receptos cibo iuvarent. at Caesar dispositis in vallo custodiis recipi prohibebat. The Gauls make frequent attacks upon the Roman lines, but are driven back. 79. Interea Commius et reliqui duces, quibus summa imperii 5 permissa erat, cum omnibus copiis ad Alesiam perveniunt et colle exteriore occupato non longius mille passibus ab nostris munitionibus considunt, postero die equitatu ex castris educto omnem eam planitiem, quam in longitudinem tria milia passuum patere demonstravimus, complent pedestresque copias paulum ab io eo loco abditas in locis superioribus constituunt, erat ex op- pido Alesia despectus in campum, concurrunt his auxiliis visis; fit gratulatio inter eos atque omnium animi ad laetitiam exci- tantur. itaque productis copiis ante oppidum considunt et prox- imam fossam cratibus integunt atque aggere explent seque ad 15 eruptionem atque omnes casus comparant. 80. Caesar omni exercitu ad utramque partem munitionum disposito, ut, si usus veniat, suum quisque locum teneat et no- verit, equitatum ex castris educi et proelium committi iubet. erat ex omnibus castris, quae summum undique iugum tenebant, 20 despectus, atque omnes milites intenti pugnae proventum exspec- tabant. Galli inter equites raros sagittarios expeditosque levis armaturae interiecerant, qui suis cedentibus auxilio succurrerent et nostrorum equitum impetus sustinerent, ab his complures de improviso vulnerati proelio excedebant, cum suos pugna supe- 25 riores esse Galli confiderent et nostros multitudine premi viderent, ex omnibus partibus et ii, qui munitionibus continebantur, et hi, qui ad auxilium convenerant, clamore et ululatu suorum animos confirmabant, quod in conspectu omnium res gerebatur neque recte ac turpiter factum celari poterat, utrosque et laudis COMM. VII. 80 - 82 . 285 cupiditas et timor ignominiae ad virtutem excitabat. cum a meridie prope ad solis occasum dubia victoria pugnaretur. Ger- mani una in parte confertis turmis in hostes impetum fecerunt eosque propulerunt, quibus in fugam coniectis sagittarii circum- venti interfectique sunt, item ex reliquis partibus nostri cedentes usque ad castra insecuti sui colligendi facultatem non dederunt, at ii, qui ab Alesia processerant, maesti prope victoria desperata se in oppidum receperunt. 81. Uno die intermisso Galli atque hoc spatio magno cratium, scalarum, harpagonum numero effecto, media nocte silentio ex castris egressi ad campestres munitiones accedunt. subito cla- more sublato, qua significatione qui in oppido obsidebantur de suo adventu cognoscere possent, crates proicere, fundis, sagittis, lapidibus nostros de vallo proturbare reliquaque, quae ad oppug- nationem pertinent, parant administrare, eodem tempore clamore exaudito dat tuba signum suis Vercingetorix atque ex oppido educit. nostri ut superioribus diebus, ut cuique locus erat attributus, ad munitiones accedunt; fundis, librilibus sudibusque, quas in opere disposuerant, ac glandibus Gallos proterrent, prospectu tenebris adempto multa utrimque vulnera accipiuntur; complura tormentis tela coniciuntur. at Marcus Antonius et Gaius Trebonius legati, quibus eae partes ad defendendum obve- nerant, qua ex parte nostros premi intellexerant, bis auxilio ex ulterioribus castellis deductos summittebant. 82. Dum longius ab munitione aberant Galli, plus multitudine telorum proficiebant ; posteaquam propius successerunt, aut se stimulis inopinantes induebant aut in scrobes delati transfodie- bantur aut ex vallo ac turribus traiecti pilis muralibus interi- bant. multis undique vulneribus acceptis nulla munitione perrupta, cum lux appeteret, veriti, ne ab latere aperto ex supe- rioribus castris eruptione circumvenirentur, se ad suos recepe- 5 10 15 20 25 30 286 DE BELLO GALLICO ruut. at interiores, dum ea, quae a Vercingetorige ad emp- tionem praeparata erant, proferunt, priores fossas explent, diutius in his rebus administrandis morati prius suos discessisse cogno- verunt, quam munitionibus appropinquarent, ita re infecta in 5 oppidum reverterunt. 83 . Bis magno cum detrimento repulsi Galli, quid agant, consulunt ; locorum peritos adhibent : ex his superiorum cas- trorum situs munitionesque cognoscunt, erat a septentrionibus collis, quem propter magnitudinem circuitus opere circumplecti io non potuerant nostri : necessario paene iniquo loco et leniter declivi castra fecerunt, haec Gaius Antistius Reginus et Gaius Caninius Rebilus legati cum duabus legionibus obtinebant, cognitis per exploratores regionibus duces hostium LX milia ex omni numero deligunt earum civitatum, quae maximam virtutis 15 opinionem habebant ; quid quoque pacto agi placeat, occulte inter se constituunt; adeundi tempus definiunt, cum meridies esse videatur, his copiis Vercassivellaunum Arvernuin, unum ex quattuor ducibus, propinquum Vercingetorigis, praeficiunt. ille ex castris prima vigilia egressus prope confecto sub lucem iti- 20 nere, post montem se occultavit militesque ex nocturno labore sese reficere iussit. cum iam meridies appropinquare videretur, ad ea castra, quae supra demonstravimus, contendit ; eodemque tempore equitatus ad campestres munitiones accedere et reliquae copias pro castris sese ostendere coeperunt. 25 84 . Vercingetorix ex arce Alesiae suos conspicatus ex oppido egreditur ; cratis, longurios, musculos, falces reliquaque, quae eruptionis causa paraverat, profert. pugnatur uno tempore omnibus locis acriter atque omnia temptantur : quae minime visa pars firma est, huc concurritur. Romanorum manus tantis 30 munitionibus distinetur nec facile pluribus locis occurrit. mul- tum ad terrendos nostros valuit clamor, qui post tergum pug- COMM. VTL 84-87. 287 nantibus exstitit, quod suum periculum in aliena vident salute constare : omnia enim plerumque, quae absunt, vehementius hominum mentes perturbant. 85 . Caesar idoneum locum nanctus, quid quaque in parte geratur, cognoscit, laborantibus summittit. utrisque ad animum occurrit, unum illud esse tempus, quo maxime coutendi con- veniat : Galli, nisi perfregerint munitiones, de omni salute despe- rant ; Romani, si rem obtinuerint, tinem laborum omnium exspectant. maxime ad superiores munitiones laboratur, quo Vercassivellaunum missum demonstravimus. iniquum loci ad declivitatem fastigium magnum habet momentum. alii tela coniciunt, alii testudine facta subeunt ; defatigatis in vicem in- tegri succedunt. agger ab universis in munitionem couiectus et ascensum dat Gallis, et ea, quae in terra occultaverant Ro- mani, contegit ; nec iam arma nostris, nec vires suppetunt. 86. His rebus cognitis Caesar Labienum cum cohortibus sex subsidio laborantibus mittit : imperat, si sustinere non posset, deductis cohortibus eruptione pugnaret ; id nisi necessario ne faciat. ipse adit reliquos, cohortatur, ne labori succumbant ; omnium superiorum dimicationum fructum in eo die atque hora docet consistere, interiores desperatis campestribus locis propter magnitudinem munitionum loca praerupta ex ascensu temptant : huc ea, quae paraverant, conferunt : multitudine telorum ex turribus propugnantes deturbant, aggere et cratibus fossas explent, [aditus expediunt] ; falcibus vallum ac loricam rescindunt. 87 . Mittit primo Brutum adulescentem cum cohortibus Caesar, post cum aliL Gaium Fabium legatum ; postremo ipse, cum vehementius pugnarent, integros subsidio adducit, restituto proe- lio ac repulsis hostibus eo, quo Labienum miserat, contendit ; cohortes quattuor ex proximo castello deducit, equitum partem 5 10 15 20 25 30 288 DE BELLO GALLTCO se sequi, partem circumire exteriores munitiones et ao tergo hostes adoriri iubet. Labienus, postquam neque aggeres neque fossae vim hostium sustinere poterant, coactis una XL cohorti- bus, quas ex proximis praesidiis deductas fors obtulit, Caesarem 5 per nuntios tacit certiorem, quid faciendum existimet. The great slaughter of the Gauls. Alesia anci Vercingetorix surrender. The Haedui and Arverni submit. The winter- quarters. 88. Accelerat Caesar, ut proelio intersit, eius adventu ex colore vestitus cognito, quo insigni in proeliis uti consueverat, turmisque equitum et cohortibus visis, quae se sequi iusserat, ut de locis superioribus haec declivia et devexa cernebantur, nostri io proelium committunt, utrimque clamore sublato excipit rursus ex vallo atque omnibus munitionibus clamor. nostri emissis pilis gladiis rem gerunt. repente post tergum equitatus cerni- tur ; cohortes aliae appropinquant, hostes terga vertunt ; fugien- tibus equites occurrunt : fit magna caedes. Sedulius, dux et 15 princeps Lemovicum, occiditur ; Vercassivellaunus Arvernus vivus in fuga comprehenditur ; signa militaria LXXIIII ad Caesarem referuntur : pauci ex tanto numero se incolumes in castra reci- piunt. conspicati ex oppido caedem et fugam suorum desperata salute copias a munitionibus reducunt, fit protinus hac re 20 audita ex castris Gallorum fuga, quod nisi crebris subsidiis ac totius diei labore milites essent defessi, omnes hostium copiae deleri potuissent, de media nocte missus equitatus novissimum agmen consequitur : magnus numerus capitur atque interficitur, reliqui ex fuga in civitates discedunt. 25 89. Postero die Vercingetorix concilio convocato id se bellum suscepisse non suarum necessitatum, sed communis libertatis causa demonstrat, et quoniam sit fortunae cedendum, ad utramque COMM. VII. 89-90. 289 rem se illis offerre, seu morte sua Romanis satisfacere seu vivum tradere velint, mittuntur de his rebus ad Caesarem legati, iubet arma tradi, principes produci, ipse in munitione pro castris con- sedit : eo duces producuntur. Vercingetorix deditur, arma proi- ciuntur. reservatis Haeduis atque Arvernis, si per eos civitates recuperare posset, ex reliquis captivis toto exercitui capita singula praedae nomine distribuit. 90. His rebus confectis in Haeduos proficiscitur ; civitatem recipit, eo legati ab Arvernis missi, quae imperaret se facturos pollicentur, imperat magnum numerum obsidum. legiones in hiberna mittit, captivorum circiter viginti milia Haeduis Arver- nisque reddit. Titum Labienum duabus cum legionibus et equi- tatu in Sequanos proficisci iubet : huic Marcum Sempronium Rutilum attribuit : Gaium Fabium et Lucium Minucium Basilum cum duabus legionibus in Remis collocat, ne quam ab finitimis Bellovacis calamitatem accipiant. Gaium Antistium Reginum in Ambilaretos, Titum Sextium in Bituriges, Gaium Caninium Rebi- lum in Rutenos cum singulis legionibus mittit. Quintum Tul- lium Ciceronem et Publium Sulpicium Cabilloni et Matiscone in Haeduis ad Ararim rei frumentariae causa collocat, ipse Bibracte hiemare constituit, his Mitteris* cognitis Romae dierum viginti supplicatio redditur. 5 io 15 20 A. HIRTII DE BELLO GALLICO COMMENTARIUS OCTAVUS. Letter of Hirtius to Balbus. Coactus assiduis tuis vocibus, Balbe, cum cotidiana mea recusatio non difficultatis excu- sationem, sed inertiae videretur deprecationem habere, rem difficillimam suscepi. Caesaris nostri commentarios rerum gestarum Galliae non cohaerentibus superioribus atque inse- quentibus eius scriptis contexui novissimumque imperfectum ab rebus gestis Alexandriae con- feci usque ad exitum non quidem civilis 10 dissensionis, cuius finem nullum videmus, sed vitae Caesaris, quos utinam qui legent scire possint quam invitus susceperim scribendos, quo facilius caream stultitiae atque arrogantiae crimine, qui me mediis interposuerim Caesaris scriptis, constat enim inter omnes nihil tam operose ab aliis esse perfectum, 15 quod non horum elegantia commentariorum superetur, equi sunt, editi, ne scientia tantarum rerum scriptoribus deesset, adeoque probantur omnium iudicio, ut praerepta, non praebita facultas scriptoribus videatur, cuius tamen rei maior nostra quam reli- quorum est admiratio : ceteri enim, quam bene atque emendate, 20 nos etiam, quam facile atque celeriter eos perfecerit, scimus, erat autem in Caesare cum facultas atque elegantia summa COMM. VIII. 1-2. 291 scribendi, tum verissima scientia suorum consiliorum explicando- rum. mihi ne illud quidem accidit, ut Alexandrino atque Africano bello mteressem ; quae bella quamquam ex parte nobis Caesaris sermone sunt nota, tamen aliter audimus ea, quae rerum novitate aut admiratione nos capiunt, aliter, quae pro testimonio sumus dicturi, sed ego nimirum, dum omnes excusationis causas colligo, ne cum Caesare conferar, hoc ipsum crimen arrogantiae subeo, quod me iudicio cuiusquam existimem posse cum Caesare comparari, vale. Commotions in Gaul. 1. Omni Gallia devicta Caesar cum a superiore aestate nullum bellandi tempus intermisisset militesque hibernorum quiete re- ficere a tantis laboribus vellet, complures eodem tempore civi- tates renovare belli consilia nuntiabantur coniurationesque facere, cuius rei verisimilis causa afferebatur, quod Gallis omnibus cognitum esset neque ulla multitudine in unum locum coacta resisti posse Eomanis, nec, si diversa bella complures eodem tempore intulissent civitates, satis auxilii aut spatii aut copiarum habiturum exercitum populi Romani ad omnia persequenda ; non esse autem alicui civitati sortem incommodi recusandam, si tali mora reliquae possent se vindicare in libertatem. 2 . Quae ne opinio Gallorum confirmaretur, Caesar Marcum Antonium ' quaestorem suis praefecit hibernis ; ipse equitum praesidio pridie Kal. Ianuarias ab oppido Bibracte proficiscitur ad legionem XIII, quam non longe a finibus Haeduorum col- locaverat in finibus Biturigum, eique adiungit legionem XI, quae proxima fuerat, binis cohortibus ad impedimenta tuenda relictis reliquum exercitum in copiosissimos agros Biturigum inducit, qui, cum latos fines et complura oppida haberent, unius legionis hibernis non potuerint contineri, quin bellum pararent coniurationesque facereut. 5 io 15 20 25 30 292 DE BELLO GALLICO Caesar receives hostages from the Bituriges and proceeds against the Canutes. 3. Repentino adventu Caesaris accidit, quod imparatis disiec- tisque accidere fuit necesse, ut sine timore ullo rura colentes prius ab equitatu opprimerentur, quam confugere in oppida possent, namque etiam illud vulgare incursionis hostium sig- 5 num, quod incendiis aediliciorum intellegi consuevit, Caesaris erat interdicto sublatum, ne aut copia pabuli frumentique, si longius progredi vellet, deficeretur, aut hostes incendiis terreren- tur. multis hominum milibus captis perterriti Bituriges, qui primum adventum potuerant effugere Romanorum, in finitimas io civitates aut privatis hospitiis confisi aut societate consiliorum confugerant, frustra : nam Caesar magnis itineribus omnibus locis occurrit nec dat ulli civitati spatium de aliena potius quam de domestica salute cogitandi ; qua celeritate et fideles amicos retinebat et dubitantes terrore ad condiciones pacis adducebat. 15 tali condicione proposita Bituriges, cum sibi viderent clementia Caesaris reditum patere in eius amicitiam finitimasque civitates sine ulla poena dedisse obsides atque in fidem receptas esse, idem fecerunt. 4. Caesar militibus pro tanto labore ac patientia, qui brumali- 2o bus diebus itineribus difficillimis, frigoribus intolerandis studio- sissime permanserant in labore, ducenos sestertios, centurionibus *tot milia* nummum praedae nomine condonanda pollicetur legionibusque in hiberna remissis ipse se recipit die XXXX Bi- bracte. ibi cum ius diceret, Bituriges ad eum legatos mittunt 25 auxilium petitum contra Carnutes, quos intulisse bellum sibi querebantur, qua re cognita, cum dies non amplius decem et octo in hibernis esset moratus, legiones XIIII et VI ex hibernis ab Arare educit, quas ibi collocatas explicandae rei frumentariae COMM. VIII. 4-6. 293 causa superiore commentario demonstratum est : ita cum duabus legionibus ad persequendos Carnutes proficiscitur. 5 . Cum fama exercitus ad hostes esset perlata, calamitate ceterorum ducti Carnutes desertis vicis oppidisque, quae tole- randae hiemis causa constitutis repente exiguis ad necessitatem 5 aedificiis incolebant (nuper enim devicti complura oppida dimise- rant), dispersi profugiunt. Caesar erumpentes eo maxime tempore acerrimas tempestates cum subire milites nollet, in oppido Car- nutum Cenabo castra ponit atque in tecta partim Gallorum, par- tior quae coniectis celeriter stramentis tentoriorum integendorum io gratia erant inaedificata, milites compegit. equites tamen et auxiliarios pedites in omnes partes mittit, quascumque petisse dicebantur hostes ; nec frustra : nam plerumque magna praeda potiti nostri revertuntur, oppressi Carnutes hiemis difficultate, terrore periculi, cum tectis expulsi nullo loco diutius consistere 15 auderent nec silvarum praesidio tempestatibus durissimis tegi possent, dispersi magna parte amissa suorum dissipantur in finitimas civitates. 6 . Caesar tempore anni difficillimo, cum satis haberet convenien- tes manus dissipare, ne quod initium belli nasceretur, quantumque 20 in ratione esset, exploratum haberet sub tempus aestivorum nullum summum bellum posse conflari, Gaium Trebonium cum duabus legionibus, quas secum habebat, in hibernis Cenabi col- locavit ; ipse, cum crebris legationibus Remorum certior fieret Bellovacos, qui belli gloria Gallos omnes Belgasque praestabant, 25 finitiinasque his civitates duce Correo Bellovaco et Commio Atre- bate exercitus comparare atque in unum locum cogere, ut omni multitudine in fines Suessionum, qui Remis erant attributi, face- rent impressionem, pertinere autem non tantum ad dignitatem, sed etiam ad salutem suam iudicaret nullam calamitatem socios 30 optime de republica meritos accipere, legionem ex hibernis evocat 294 DE BELLO GALLICO rursus undecimam, litteras autem ad Gaium Fabium mittit, ut in fines Suessionum legiones duas, quas habebat, adduceret, alte- ramque ex duabus ab Labieno arcessit, ita, quantum hiberno- rum opportunitas bellique ratio postulabat, perpetuo suo labore 5 in vicem legionibus expeditionum onus iniungebat. Caesar marches against the Bellovaci, who are compelled to retreat. 7 . His copiis coactis ad Bellovacos proficiscitur castrisque in eorum finibus positis equitum turmas dimittit in omnes partes ad aliquos excipiendos, ex quibus hostium consilia cognosceret, equites officio functi renuntiant paucos in aedificiis esse inven- io tos, atque hos, non qui agrorum colendorum causa remansissent (namque esse undique diligenter demigratum), sed qui speculandi causa essent remissi, a quibus cum quaereret Caesar, quo loco multitudo esset Bellovacorum quodve esset consilium eorum, inveniebat : Bellovacos omnes, qui arma ferre possent, in unum 15 locum convenisse, itemque Ambianos, Aulercos, Caletos, A 7 ellio- cassis, Atrebatas ; locum castris excelsum in silva circumdata palude delegisse, impedimenta omnia in ulteriores silvas con- tulisse. complures esse principes belli auctores, sed multitudi- nem maxime Correo obtemperare, quod ei summo esse odio 20 nomen populi Romani intellexissent, paucis ante diebus ex his castris Atrebatem Commium diseessisse ad auxilia Germanorum adducenda; quorum et vicinitas propinqua et multitudo esset infinita, constituisse autem Bellovacos omnium principum con- sensu, summa plebis cupiditate, si, ut diceretur, Caesar cum 25 tribus legionibus veniret, offerre se ad dimicandum, ne miseriore ac duriore postea condicione cum toto exercitu decertare coge- rentur ; si maiores copias adduceret, in eo loco permanere, quem delegissent, pabulatione autem, quae propter anni tempus cum exigua tum disiecta esset, et frumentatione et reliquo commeatu 30 ex insidiis prohibere Romanos. COMM. VIII. 8-9. 295 8 . Quae Caesar consentientibus pluribus cum cognosset atque ea, quae proponerentur, consilia plena prudentiae longeque a temeritate barbarorum remota isse iudicaret, omnibus rebus inserviendum statuit, quo celerius hostis contempta sua pauci- tate prodiret in aciem. singularis enim virtutis veterrimas legiones YII, VIII, VIIII habebat, summae spei delectaeque iuventutis XI, quae octavo iam stipendio tamen in collatione reliquarum nondum eandem vetustatis ac virtutis ceperat opin- ionem. itaque concilio advocato rebus iis, quae ad se essent delatae, omnibus expositis animos multitudinis confirmat, si forte hostes trium legionum numero posset elicere ad dimican- dum, agminis ordinem ita constituit, ut legio septima, octava, nona ante omnia irent impedimenta, deinde omnium impedimen- torum agmen, quod tamen erat mediocre, ut in expeditionibus esse consuevit, cogeret undecima, ne maioris multitudinis species accidere hostibus posset, quam ipsi depoposcissent, hac ratione paene quadrato agmine instructo iti conspectum hostium celerius opinione eorum exercitum adducit. 9. Cum repente instructas velut in acie certo gradu legiones accedere Galli viderent, quorum erant ad Caesarem plena fiduciae consilia perlata, sive certaminis periculo sive subito adventu sive expectations nostri consilii copias instruunt pro castris nec loco superiore decedunt. Caesar, etsi dimicare optaverat, tamen admiratus' tantam multitudinem hostium valle intermissa magis in altitudinem depressa quam late patente castra castris hostium confert, haec imperat vallo pedum XII muniri, loriculam per aggerationem eius altitudini inaedificari ; fossam duplicem pedum denum quinum lateribus deprimi directis ; turris excitari crebras in altitudinem trium tabulatorum, pontibus traiectis constratis- que coniungi, quorum frontes viminea loricula munirentur : ut ab hostibus duplici fossa, duplici propugnatorum ordine defen- derentur, quorum alter ex pontibus, quo tutior altitudine esset. 5 io 15 20 25 30 iC'iw 296 DE BELLO GALLICO hoc audacius longi'usque permitteret tela, alter, qui propior hos- tern in ipso vallo collocatus esset, ponte ab incidentibus telis tegeretur, portis fores altioresque turres imposuit. a. vallum ped.XII. b. loricula, c. fossa duplex.d.turres.e.pontes.f.porta 10 . Huius munitionis duplex erat consilium. namque et 5 operum magnitudinem et timorem suum sperabat fiduciam bar- baris allaturum, et cum pabulatum frumentatumque longius esset proficiscendum, parvis copiis castra munitione ipsa videbat posse defendi, interim crebro paucis utrimque procurrentibus inter bina castra palude interiecta contendebatur ; quam tamen io paludem nonnumquam aut nostra auxilia Gallorum Germano- rumque transibant acriusque hostes insequebantur, aut vicissim hostes eadem transgressi nostros longius submovebant, accide- bat autem cotidianis pabulationibus (id quod accidere erat necesse, cum raris disiectisque ex aedificiis pabulum conquireretur), ut 15 impeditis locis dispersi pabulatores circumvenirentur; quae res, etsi mediocre detrimentum iuraentorum ac servorum nostris COMM. VIII. 10-12. 297 afferebat, tamen stultas cogitationes incitabat barbarorum, atque eo magis, quod Comimus, quem profectum ad auxilia Germano- rum arcessenda docui, cum equitibus venerat ; qui tametsi numero non amplius erant quingenti, tamen Germanorum adventu barbari nitebantur. 11 . Caesar, cum animadverteret hostem complures dies castris palude et loci natura munitis se tenere neque oppugnari castra eorum sine dimicatione perniciosa nec locum munitionibus claudi nisi a maiore exercitu posse, litteras ad Trebonium mittit, ut quam celerrime posset legionem XIII, quae cum T. Sextio legato in Biturigibus hiemabat, arcesseret atque ita cum tribus legionibus magnis itineribus ad se veniret ; ipse equites in vicem Remorum ac Lingonum reliquarumque civitatum, quorum mag- num numerum evocaverat, praesidio pabulationibus mittit, qui subitas hostium incursiones sustinerent. 12. Quod cum cotidie fieret, ac iam consuetudine diligentia minueretur, quod plerumque accidit diuturnitate, Bellovaci delecta manu peditum cognitis stationibus cotidianis equitum nostrorum silvestribus locis insidias disponunt eodemque equites postero die mittunt, qui primum elicerent nostros, deinde circumventos aggre- derentur. cuius mali sors incidit Remis, quibus ille dies fun- gendi muneris obvenerat. namque hi, cum repente hostium equites animadvertissent ac numero superiores paucitatem con- tempsissent, cupidius insecuti peditibus undique sunt circumdati, quo facto perturbati celerius, quam consuetudo fert equestris proelii, se receperunt amisso Vertisco, principe civitatis, prae- fecto equitum ; qui cum vix equo propter aetatem posset uti, tamen consuetudine Gallorum neque aetatis excusatione in susci- pienda praefectura usus erat neque dimicari sine se voluerat, inflantur atque incitantur hostium animi secundo proelio, principe et praefecto Remorum interfecto, nostrique detrimento admonentur 5 10 15 20 25 30 298 DE BELLO GALLICO diligentius exploratis locis stationes disponere ac moderatius cedentem insequi hostem. 13 . Non intermittunt interim cotidiana proelia m conspectu utrorumque castrorum, quae ad vada transitusque fiebant paludis. 5 qua contentione Germani, quos propterea Caesar traduxerat Rhenum, ut equitibus interpositi proeliarentur, cum constantius universi paludem transissent paucisque resistentibus interfectis pertinacius reliquam multitudinem essent insecuti, perterriti non solum ii, qui aut comminus opprimebantur aut eminus vulnera- io bantur, sed etiam, qui longius subsidiari consuerant, turpiter refugerunt nec prius finem fugae fecerunt saepe amissis supe- rioribus locis, quam se aut in castra suorum reciperent, aut nonnulli pudore coacti longius profugerent. quorum periculo sic omnes copiae sunt perturbatae, ut vix indicari posset, utrum 15 secundis minimisque rebus insolentiores, an adverso mediocri casu timidiores essent. 14 . Compl uri bus diebus iisdem in castris consumptis, cum propius accessisse legiones et Gaium Trebonium legatum cognos- sent, duces Bellovacorum veriti similem obsessionem Alesiae noctu 20 dimittunt eos, quos aut aetate aut viribus inferiores aut inermes habebant, unaque reliqua impedimenta, quorum perturbatum et confusum dum explicant agmen (magna enim multitudo carrorum etiam expeditos sequi Gallos consuevit), oppressi luce copias armatorum pro suis instruunt castris, ne prius Romani per- 25 sequi se inciperent, quam longius agmen impedimentorum suorum processisset, at Caesar neque resistentes aggrediundos tanto collis ascensu iudicabat, neque non usque eo legiones ad- movendas, ut discedere ex eo loco sine periculo barbari militi- bus instantibus non possent, ita, cum palude impedita a castris 30 castra dividi videret, quae transeundi difficultas celeritatem inse- quendi tardare posset, atque id iugum, quod trans paludem paene COMM. VIII. 14-16. 299 ad hostium castra pertineret, mediocri valle a castris eorum intercisum animum adverteret, pontibus palude constrata legiones traducit celent erque in summam planitiem iugi pervenit, quae declivi fastigio duobus ab lateribus muniebatur. ibi legionibus instructis ad ultimum iugum pervenit aciemque eo loco con- stituit, unde tormento missa tela in hostium cuneos conici possent. 15 . Barbari confisi loci natura, cum dimicare non recusarent, si forte Romani subire collem conarentur, paulatim copias distri- butas dimittere non possent, ne dispersi perturbarentur, in acie permanserunt, quorum pertinacia cognita Caesar XX cohortibus instructis castrisque eo loco metatis muniri iubet castra, abso- lutis operibus pro vallo legiones instructas collocat, equites frenatis equis in statione disponit. Bellovaci, cum Romanos ad insequendum paratos viderent neque pernoctare aut diutius per- manere sine periculo eodem loco possent, tale consilium sui recipiendi ceperunt. fasces, ut consueverant [namque in acie sedere Gallos consuesse superioribus commentariis Caesaris de- claratum est], per manus stramentorum ac virgultorum, quorum summa erat in castris copia, inter se traditos ante aciem colloca- runt extremoque tempore diei signo pronuntiato uno tempore incenderunt. ita continens flamma copias omnes repente a conspectu texit Bomanorum. 16 . Quod ubi accidit, barbari vehementissimo cursu refuge- runt. Caesar, etsi discessum hostium animadvertere non poterat incendiis oppositis, tamen id consilium cum fugae causa initum suspicaretur, legiones promovet, turmas mittit ad insequendum ; ipse veritus insidias, ne forte in eodem loco subsistere hostis atque elicere nostros in locum conaretur iniquum, tardius pro- cedit. equites cum intrare summum iugum et flammam densis- simam timerent ac, si qui cupidius intraverant, vix suorum ipsi 5 io 15 20 25 30 300 DE P.ELLO GALLICO priores partes animadverterent equorum, insidias veriti liberam facultatem sui recipiendi Bellovacis dederunt, ita fuga timoris simul calliditatisque plena sine ullo detrimento milia non am- plius decem progressi hostes loco munitissimo castra posuerunt. 5 inde cum saepe in insidiis equites peditesque disponerent, magna detrimenta Romanis in pabulationibus inferebant. 17 . Quod cum crebrius accideret, ex captivo quodam comperit Caesar Correum, Bellovacorum ducem, fortissimorum milia sex peditum delegisse equitesque ex omni numero mille, quos in io insidiis eo loco collocaret, quem in locum propter copiam fru- menti ac pabuli Romanos missuros suspicaretur, quo cognito consilio legiones plures, quam solebat, educit equitatumque, qua consuetudine pabulatoribus mittere praesidio consuerat, praemit- tit : huic interponit auxilia levis armaturae ; ipse cum legionibus 15 quam potest maxime . appropinquat. The Gauls are placeri in ambush. Their defeat. Commius sought by treachery. 18 . Hostes in insidiis dispositi, cum sibi delegissent campum ad rem gerendam non amplius patentem in omnes partes passi- bus mille, silvis undique aut impeditissimo flumine munitum, velut indagine hunc insidiis circumdederunt, explorato hostium 20 consilio nostri ad proeliandum animo atque armis parati, cum subsequ entibus legionibus nullam dimicationem recusarent, turma- tim in eum locum devenerunt. quorum adventu cum sibi Cor- reus oblatam occasionem rei gerendae existimaret, primum cum paucis se ostendit atque in proximas turmas impetum fecit. 25 nostri constanter incursum sustinent insidiatorum neque plures in unum locum conveniunt ; quod plerumque equestribus proeliis cum propter aliquem timorem accidit, tum multitudine ipsorum detrimentum accipitur. COMM. VIII. 19-20. 301 19. Cum dispositis turmis in vicem rari proeliarentur neque ab lateribus circumveniri suos paterentur, erumpunt ceteri Correo proeliante ex silvis, iit magna contentione diversum proelium, quod cum diutius pari Marte iniretur, paulatiin ex: silvis in- structa multitudo procedit peditum, quae nostros coegit cedere equites, quibus celeriter subveniunt levis armaturae pedites, quos ante legiones missos docui, turmisque nostrorum interpositi con- stanter proeliantur. pugnatur aliquamdiu pari contentione ; deinde, ut ratio postulabat proelii, qui sustinuerant primos im- petus insidiarum, hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum ab insi- diantibus imprudentes acceperant detrimentum, accedunt propius interim legiones, crebrique eodem tempore et nostris et hostibus nuntii afferuntur, imperatorem instructis copiis adesse, qua re cognita praesidio cohortium confisi nostri acerrime proeliantur, ne, si tardius rem gessissent, victoriae gloriam communicasse cum legionibus viderentur ; hostes concidunt animis atque itine- ribus diversis fugam quaerunt, nequiquam : nam quibus diffi- cultatibus locorum Romanos claudere voluerant, iis ipsi tenebantur, victi tamen perculsiqne maiore parte amissa consternati profu- giunt partim silvis petitis, partim flumine (qui tamen iu fuga a nostris acriter insequentibus conficiuntur), cum interim nulla calamitate victus Correus excedere proelio silvasque petere aut invitantibus nostris ad deditionem potuit adduci, quin fortissime proeliando compluresque vulnerando cogeret elatos iracundia vic- tores in 'se tela conicere. 20. Tali modo re gesta recentibus proelii vestigiis ingressus Caesar, cum victos tanta calamitate existimaret hostes nuntio accepto locum castrorum relicturos, quae non longius ab ea caede abesse plus minus octo milibus dicebantur, tametsi flumine impeditum transitum videbat, tamen exercitu traducto progre- ditur. at Bellovaci reliquaeque civitates repente ex fuga paucis atque his vulneratis receptis, qui silvarum beneficio casum 5 io 15 20 25 30 802 DE BELLO GALLICO evitaverant, omnibus adversis, * cognita calamitate,* interfecto Correo, amisso equitatu et fortissimis peditibus, cum adventare Romanos existimarent, concilio repente cantu turbarum convocato conclamant, legati obsidesque ad Caesarem mittantur. 5 21 . Hoc omnibus probato consilio Commius Atrebas ad eos confugit Germanos, a quibus ad id bellum auxilia mutuatus erat, ceteri e vestigio mittunt ad Caesarem legatos petuntque, ut ea poena sit contentus hostium, quam si sine dimicatione inferre integris posset, pro sua clementia atque humanitate numquam io profecto esset illaturus, afflictas opes equestri proelio Bellovaco- rum esse ; delectorum peditum multa milia interisse, vix refugisse nuntios caedis. tamen magnum ut in tanta calamitate Bellova- cos eo proelio commodum esse consecutos, quod Correus, auctor belli, concitator multitudinis, esset interfectus, numquam enim 15 senatum tantum iu civitate illo vivo quantum imperitam plebem potuisse. 22. Haec orantibus legatis commemorat Caesar : eodem tem- pore superiore anno Bellovacos ceterasque Galliae civitates sus- cepisse bellum ; pertinacissime hos ex omnibus in sententia 20 permanisse neque ad sanitatem reliquorum deditione esse perduc- tos. scire atque intellegere se causam peccati facillime mortuis delegari, neminem vero tantum pollere, ut invitis principibus, resistente senatu, omnibus bonis repugnantibus infirma manu plebis bellum concitare et gerere posset, sed tamen se contentum 25 fore ea poena, quam sibi ipsi contraxissent. 23. Nocte insequenti legati responsa ad suos referunt, obsides conficiunt, concurrunt reliquarum civitatium legati, quae Bello- vacorum speculabantur eventum ; obsides dant, imperata faciunt excepto Commio, quem timor prohibebat cuiusquam fidei suam 30 committere salutem, nam superiore anno Titus Labienus Caesare COMM. YII1. 23-24. 303 in Gallia citeriore ius dicente, cum Commium comperisset solli- citare civitates et coniurationem contra Caesarem facere, infideli- tatem eius sine ulla perfidia indicavit comprimi posse, quem quia non arbitrabatur vocatum in castra venturum, ne tentando cautiorem faceret, Gaium Voluseuum Quadratum misit, qui eum 5 per simulationem colloqui curaret interficiendum. ad eam rem delectos idoneos ei tradit centuriones, cum in colloquium ven- tum esset, et, ut convenerat, manum Commii Voluseuus arripuis- set, centurio vel insueta re permotus vel celeriter a familiaribus prohibitus Commii conficere hominem non potuit ; graviter tamen 10 primo ictu gladio caput percussit, cum utrimque gladii destricti essent, non tam pugnandi quam diffugiendi fuit utrorumque con- silium : nostrorum, quod mortifero vulnere Commium credebant affectum ; Gallorum, quod insidiis cognitis plura, quam videbant, extimescebant, quo facto statuisse Commius dicebatur numquam 15 in conspectum cuiusquam Romani venire. Caesar lays ivaste the country of Ambiorix. Labienus is sent against the Treveri. 24 . Bellicosissimis gentibus devictis Caesar, cum videret nullam iam esse civitatem, quae bellum pararet, quo sibi resisteret, sed nonnullos ex oppidis demigrare, ex agris diffugere ad praesens imperium evitandum, pluris in partes exercitum dimittere con- 20 stituit. M. Antonium quaestorem cum legione duodecima sibi coniungit. C. Fabium legatum cum cohortibus XXV mittit in diversissimam partem Galliae, quod ibi quasdam civitates in armis esse audiebat neque C. Caninium Rebilum legatum, qui in illis regionibus erat, satis firmas duas legiones habere existimabat. 25 Titum Labienum ad se evocat ; legionem autem XV, quae cum eo fuerat in hibernis, in togatam Galliam mittit ad colonias civium Romanorum tuendas, ne quod simile incommodum acci- deret decursione barbarorum, ac superiore aestate Tergestinis 304 DE BELLO GALLICO acciderat, qui repentino latrocinio atque impetu illorum erant oppressi, ipse ad vastandos depopulandosque fines Ambiorigis proficiscitur; quem perterritum ac fugientem cum redigi posse in suam potestatem desperasset, proximum suae dignitatis esse 5 ducebat, adeo fines eius vastare civibus, aedificiis, pecore, ut odio suorum Ambiorix, si quos fortuna reliquos fecisset, nullum reditum propter tantas calamitates haberet in civitatem. 25 . Cum in omnes partes finium Ambiorigis aut legiones aut auxilia dimisisset atque omnia caedibus, incendiis, rapinis vas- io tasset, magno numero hominum interfecto aut capto Labienum cum duabus legionibus in Treveros mittit ; quorum civitas propter Germaniae vicinitatem cotidianis exercitata bellis cultu et feritate non multum a Germanis differebat neque imperata u inquam nisi exercitu coacta faciebat. Dumnacns while attacking Lemonum is defeated. 15 26 . Interim Gains Caninius legatus, cum magnam multitudinem convenisse hostium in fines Pictonum litteris nuntiisque Durati cognosceret, qui perpetuo in amicitia manserat Romanorum, cum pars quaedam civitatis eius defecisset, ad oppidum Lemonum contendit, quo cum adventaret atque ex captivis certius cognos- 20 ceret multis hominum milibus a Dumnaco, duce Andium, Dura- tium clausum Lemoni oppugnari neque infirmas legiones hostibus committere auderet, castra posuit loco munito. Dumnacus, cum appropinquare Caninium cognosset, copiis omnibus ad legiones conversis castra Romanorum oppugnare instituit, cum complures 25 dies in oppugnatione consumpsisset et magno suorum detrimento nullam partem munitionum convellere potuisset, rursus ad obsi- dendum Lemonum redit, 27 . Eodem tempore C. Fabius legatus complures civitates in fidem recipit, obsidibus firmat litterisque Gai Canini Rebili fit COMM. VIII. 27-28. 305 certior, quae in Pictonibus gerantur, quibus rebus cognitis pro- ficiscitur ad auxilium Duratio ferendum, at Dumuacus adventu Fabii cognito desperata salute, si tempore eodem coactus esset et Romanum externum sustinere liostem et respicere ac timere oppidanos, repente ex eo loco cum copiis recedit nec se satis tutum fore arbitratur, nisi flumine Ligeri, quod erat ponte propter magnitudinem transeundum, copias traduxisset. Fabius, etsi nondum in conspectum venerat hostibus neque se Caninio coniunxerat, tamen doctus ab iis, qui locorum noverant naturam, potissimum credidit hostes perterritos eum locum, quem pete- bant, petituros, itaque cum copiis ad eundem pontem contendit equitatuque tantum procedere ante agmen imperat legionum, quantum cum processisset, sine defetigatione equorum in eadem se reciperet castra. consequuntur equites nostri, ut erat praeceptum, invaduntque Dumnaci agmen et fugientes perterritosque sub sarcinis in itinere aggressi magna praeda multis interfectis potiuntur, ita re bene gesta se recipiunt in castra. 28 . Insequenti nocte Fabius equites praemittit sic paratos, ut confligerent atque omne agmen morarentur, dum consequeretur ipse, cuius praeceptis ut res gereretur, Quintus Atius Varus, praefectus equitum, singularis et animi et prudentiae vir, suos hortatur agmenque hostium consecutus turmas partim idoneis locis disponit, parte equitum proelium committit, confligit au- dacius equitatus hostium succedentibus sibi peditibus ; qui toto agmine subsistentes equitibus suis contra nostros ferunt auxilium, fit proelium acri certamine. namque nostri contemptis pridie superatis hostibus, cum subsequi legiones meminissent, et pudore cedendi et cupiditate per se conficiendi proelii fortissime contra pedites proeliantur, hostesque nihil amplius copiarum accessurum credentes, ut pridie cognoverant, delendi equitatus nostri nacti occasionem videbantur. 5 io 15 20 25 30 20 306 DE BELLO GALLICO 29. Cum aliquamdiu summa contentione dimicaretur, Dumna- cus instruit aciem, quae suis esset equitibus in vicem praesidio : cum repente confertae legiones in conspectum hostium veniunt, quibus visis perculsae barbarorum turmae ac perterritae acies 5 hostium perturbato impedimentorum agmine magno clamore discursuque passim fugae se mandant, at nostri equites, qui paulo ante cum resistentibus fortissime conflixerant, laetitia vic- toriae elati magno undique clamore sublato cedentibus circum- fusi, quantum equorum vires ad persequendum dextraeque ad io caedendum valent, tantum eo proelio interficiunt, itaque amplius milibus XII aut armatorum aut eorum, qui eo timore arma pro- iecerant, interfectis omnis multitudo capitur impedimentorum. Fabius subdues the Carnutes. Caninius besieges Uxellodunum. 30. Qua ex fuga cum constaret Drappetem Senonem, qui, ut primum defecerat Gallia, collectis undique perditis hominibus, 15 servis ad libertatem vocatis, exulibus omnium civitatum ascitis, receptis latronibus impedimenta et commeatus Romanorum inter- ceperat, non amplius hominum milibus ex fuga quinque collectis provinciam petere unaque consilium cum eo Lucterium Cadurcum cepisse, quem superiore commentario prima defectione Galliae 20 facere in provinciam voluisse impetum cognitum est, Caninius legatus cum legionibus duabus ad eos persequendos contendit, ne detrimento aut timore provinciae magna infamia perditorum hominum latrociniis caperetur. 31. Gains Fabius cum reliquo exercitu in Carnutes ceterasque 25 proficiscitur civitates, quarum eo proelio, quod cum Dumnaco fecerat, copias esse accisas sciebat, non enim dubitabat, quin recenti calamitate summissiores essent futurae, dato vero spatio ac tempore eodem instigante Dumnaco possent concitari, qua in re summa felicitas celeritasque in recipiendis civitatibus Fabium COMM. VIII. 31-33. 307 consequitur, nam Carnutes, qui saepe vexati uumquam pacis fecerant mentionem, datis obsidibus veniunt in deditionem, ceteraeque civitates positae in ultimis Galliae finibus, Oceano coniunctae, quae Aremoricae appellantur, auctoritate adductae Carnutum adventu Fabii legionumque imperata sine mora fa- ciunt. Dumnacus suis finibus expulsus errans latitansque solus extremas Galliae regiones petere est coactus. 32. At Drappes unaque Lucterius, cum legiones Caniniumque adesse cognoscerent nec se sine certa pernicie persequente exer- citu putarent provinciae fines intrare posse nec iam libere vagandi UXELLODUNUM AD OCCIDENTEM SPECTANS. latrociniorumque faciendorum facultatem haberent, in finibus consistunt Cadurcorum. ibi cum Lucterius apud suos cives quondam integris rebus multum potuisset, semperque auctor novorum consiliorum magnam apud barbaros auctoritatem habe- ret, oppidum Uxellodunum, quod in clientela fuerat eius, egregie natura loci munitum, occupat suis et Drappetis copiis oppida- nosque sibi coniungit. 33. Quo cum confestim Gains Caninius venisset animadver- teretque omnes oppidi partes praeruptissimis saxis esse munitas, quo defendente nullo tamen armatis ascendere esset difficile, magna autem impedimenta oppidanorum videret, quae si clan- destina fuga subtrahere conarentur, effugere non modo equitatum, sed ne legiones quidem possent, tripartito cohortibus divisis trina 5 10 15 20 308 DE BELLO GALLICO excelsissimo loco castra fecit ; a quibus paulatim, quantum copiae patiebantur, vallum in oppidi circuitum ducere instituit. 34. Qu od cum animadverterent oppidani miserrimaque Alesiae memoria solliciti similem casum obsessionis vererentur, inaxime- 5 que ex omnibus Lucterius, qui fortunae illius periculum fecerat, moneret frumenti rationem esse habendam, constituunt omnium consensu parte ibi relicta copiarum ipsi cum expeditis ad impor- tandum frumentum proficisci, eo consilio probato proxima nocte duobus milibus armatorum relictis reliquos ex oppido Drappes io et Lucterius educunt, hi paucos dies morati ex finibus Cadur- corum, qui partim re frumentaria sublevare eos cupiebant, partim prohibere, quo minus sumerent, non poterant, magnum nume- rum frumenti comparant, nonnumquam autem expeditionibus nocturnis castella nostrorum adoriuntur, quam ob causam Gaius 15 Caninius toto oppido munitiones circumdare moratur, ne aut opus effectum tueri non possit aut plurimis in locis infirma disponat praesidia. 35. Magna copia frumenti comparata considunt Drappes et Lucterius non longius ab oppido X milibus, unde paulatim fru- 20 mentum in oppidum supportarent, ipsi inter se provincias par- tiuntur : Drappes castris praesidio cum parte copiarum restitit ; Lucterius agmen i umento rum ad oppidum ducit, dispositis ibi praesidiis hora noctis circiter decima silvestribus angustisque itineribus frumentum importare in oppidum instituit, quorum 25 strepitum vigiles castrorum cum sensissent, exploratoresque missi, quae gererentur, renuntiassent, Caninius celeriter cum cohortibus armatis ex proximis castellis in frumentarios sub ipsam lucem impetum fecit, ii repentino malo perterriti diffugiunt ad sua praesidia ; quae nostri ut viderunt, acrius contra armatos incitati 30 neminem ex eo numero vivum capi patiuntur, profugit inde cum paucis Lucterius nec se recipit in castra. COMM. VIII. 36-38. 309 Drappes is taken prisoner. 36. Re bene gesta Caninius ex captivis comperit partem copia- rum cum Drappete esse in castris a milibus longe non amplius XII. qua re ex compluribus cognita, cum intellegeret fugato duce altero perterritos reliquos facile opprimi posse, magnae felicitatis esse arbitrabatur neminem ex caede refugisse in castra, qui de accepta calamitate nuntium Drappeti perferret, sed in experiuudo cum periculum nullum videret, equitatum omnem Germanosque pedites, summae velocitatis homines, ad castra hos- tium praemittit ; ipse legionem unam in trina castra distribuit, alteram secum expeditam ducit, cum propius hostis accessisset, ab exploratoribus, quos praemiserat, cognoscit castra eorum, ut barbarorum fere consuetudo est, relictis locis superioribus ad ripas fluminis esse demissa; at Germanos equitesque impruden- tibus omnibus de improviso advolasse proeliumque commisisse, qua re cognita legionem armatam instructamque adducit, ita repente omnibus ex partibus signo dato loca superiora capiun- tur. quod ubi accidit, Germani equitesque signis legionis visis vehementissime proeliantur, confestim cohortes undique impetum faciunt omuibusque aut interfectis aut captis magna praeda potiuntur, capitur ipse eo proelio Drappes. 37. Caninius felicissime re gesta sine ullo paene militis vul- nere ad obsidendos oppidanos revertitur externoque hoste deleto, cuius timore antea dividere praesidia et munitione oppidanos circumdare prohibitus erat, opera undique imperat administrari, venit eodem cum suis copiis postero die Gaius Fabius partemque oppidi sumit ad obsidendum. Caesar puts to death Gutruatus. 38. Caesar interim M. Antonium quaestorem cum cohortibus XV in Bellovacis relinquit, ne qua rursus novorum consiliorum 5 10 15 20 : 25 310 DE BELLO GALLICO capiendorum Belgis facultas daretur, ipse reliquas civitates adit, obsides plures imperat, timentes omnium animos consolatione sanat, cum in Carnutes venisset, quorum in civitate superiore commentario Caesar exposuit initium belli esse ortum, quod 5 praecipue eos propter conscientiam facti timere animadvertebat, quo celerius civitatem timore liberaret, principem sceleris illius et concitatorem belli, Gutruatum, ad supplicium depoposcit, qui etsi ne civibus quidem suis se committebat, tamen celeriter om- nium cura quaesitus in castra perducitur, cogitur in eius sup- 10 plicium Caesar contra suam naturam concursu maximo militum, qui omnia pericula et detrimenta belli Gutruato accepta referebant, adeo ut verberibus exanimatum corpus securi feriretur. Uxellodunum. The capture of the town. 39. Ibi crebris litteris Caninii fit certior, quae de Drappete et Lucterio gesta essent, quoque in consilio permanerent oppidani. 15 quorum etsi paucitatem contemnebat, tamen pertinaciam magna poena esse afficiendam indicabat, ne universa Gallia non sibi vires defuisse ad resistendum Bomanis, sed constantiam putaret, neve hoc exemplo ceterae civitates locorum opportunitate fretae se vin- dicarent in libertatem, cum omnibus Gallis notum esse sciret 20 reliquam esse unam aestatem suae provinciae, quam si sustinere potuissent, nullum ultra periculum vererentur, itaque Q. Cale- num legatum cum legionibus reliquit, qui iustis itineribus subse- queretur ; ipse cum omni equitatu quam potest celerrime ad Caninium contendit. 25 40. Cum contra exspectationem omnium Caesar Uxellodunum venisset oppidumque operibus clausum animadverteret neque ab oppugatione recedi videret ulla condicione posse, magna autem copia frumenti abundare oppidanos ex perfugis cognosset, aqua prohibere hostem temptare coepit. flumen infimam vallem COMM. VIII. 40 - 41 . 311 dividebat, quae totum paene montem cingebat, in quo positum erat praeruptum undique oppidum Ux- ellodunum. hoc avertere loci natura prohibebat : in infimis enim sic radici- bus montis ferebatur, ut nullam in 5 partem depressis fossis derivari pos- set. erat autem oppidanis difficilis et praeruptus eo descensus, ut prohiben- tibus nostris sine vulneribus ac peri- culo vitae neque adire flumen neque io arduo se recipere possent ascensu, qua difficultate eorum cognita Caesar sagit- tariis funditoribusque dispositis, tormentis etiam quibusdam locis contra facillimos descensus collocatis aqua fluminis prohibebat oppidanos. • 15 41 . Quorum omnis postea multitudo aquatorum unum in locum conveniebat sub ipsius oppidi murum, ubi magnus fons aquae prorumpe- bat ab ea parte, quae fere pedum CCC in- 20 tervallo fluminis cir- cuitu vacabat, hoc fonte prohiberi posse oppida- nos cum optarent reliqui, Caesar unus videret, e 25 regione eius vineas agere adversus montem et aggerem instruere coepit magno cum labore et continua dimicatione, oppidani enim loco superiore decurrunt et eminus sine periculo proeliantur mul- tosque pertinaciter succedentes vulnerant ; non deterrentur tamen milites nostri vineas proferre et labore atque operibus locorum 30 vincere difficultates, eodem tempore cuniculos tectos ab vineis agunt ad caput fontis ; quod genus operis sine ullo periculo. 312 DE BELLO GALLICO sine suspicione hostium facere licebat, exstruitur agger in alti- tudinem pedum sexaginfa, collocatur in eo turris decem tabula- torum, non quidem quae moenibus aequaret (id enim nullis operibus effici poterat), sed quae superare fontis fastigium posset. 5 ex ea cum tela tormentis iacerentur ad fontis aditum, nec sine periculo possent aquari oppidani, non tantum pecora atque iumenta, sed etiam magna hostium multitudo siti consumebatur. 42. Quo malo perterriti oppidani cupas sevo, pice, scandulis complent ; eas ardentes in opera provolvunt eodemque tempore io acerrime proeliantur, ut ab incendio restinguendo dimicationis periculo deterreant Romanos, magna repente in ipsis operibus flamma exstitit, quaecumque enim per locum praecipitem missa erant, ea vineis et aggere suppressa comprehendebant id ipsum, quod morabatur. milites contra nostri, quamquam periculoso 15 genere proelii locoque iniquo premebantur, tamen omnia fortis- simo sustinebant animo, res enim gerebatur et excelso loco et in conspectu exercitus nostri, magn usque utrimque clamor oriebatur. ita quisque, ut erat maxime insignis, quo notior testatiorque virtus esset eius, telis hostium flammaeque se 20 offerebat. 43. Caesar cum complures suos vulnerari videret, ex omnibus oppidi partibus cohortes montem ascendere et simulatione moe- nium occupandorum clamorem undique iubet tollere, quo facto perterriti oppidani, cum, quid ageretur in locis reliquis, essent 25 suspensi, revocant ab impugnandis operibus armatos in muris- que disponunt. ita nostri fine proelii facto celeriter opera flamma comprehensa partim restinguunt, partim interscindunt, cum pertinaciter resisterent oppidani, magna etiam parte amissa siti suorum in sententia permanerent, ad postremum cuniculis ,30 venae fontis intercisae sunt atque aversae, quo facto repente perennis exaruit fons tantamque attulit oppidanis salutis despe- COMM. VIII. 43-46. 313 rationem, ut id non hominum consilio, sed deorum voluntate factum putarent, itaque se necessitate coacti tradiderunt. 44 . Caesar, cum suam lenitatem cognitam omnibus sciret n?que vereretur, ne quid crudelitate naturae videretur asperius fecisse, neque exitum consiliorum suorum animadverteret, si tali 5 ratione diversis iu locis plures consilia inissent, exemplo supplicii deterrendos reliquos existimavit, itaque omnibus, qui arma tule- rant, manus praecidit vitamque concessit, quo testatior esset poena improborum. Drappes, quem captum esse a Caninio docui, sive indignitate et dolore vinculorum sive timore gravioris sup- io plicii paucis diebus cibo se abstinuit atque ita interiit, eodem tempore Lucterius, quem profugisse ex proelio scripsi, cum in potestatem venisset Epasnacti Arverni (crebro enim mutandis locis multorum fidei se committebat, quod nusquam diutius sine periculo commoraturus videbatur, cum sibi conscius esset, quam 15 inimicum deberet Caesarem habere), hunc Epasnactus Arvernus, amicissimus populi Eomani, sine dubitatione ulla vinctum ad Caesarem deduxit. The Treveri subdued by Labienus. Commius surrenders to M. Antonius. 45 . Labienus interim in Treveris equestre proelium facit secun- dum compluribusque Treveris interfectis et Germanis, qui nullis 20 adversus Komanos auxilia denegabant, principes eorum vivos redigit in suam potestatem atque in his Surum Haeduum, qui et virtutis et generis summam nobilitatem habebat solusque ex Haeduis ad id tempus permanserat in armis. 46 . Ea re cognita Caesar, cum in omnibus partibus Galliae 25 bene res geri videret iudicaretque superioribus aestivis Galliam devictam subactamque esse, Aquitaniam numquam adisset, per Publium Crassum quadam ex parte devicisset, cum duabus 314 DE BELLO GALLICO legionibus in eam partem Galliae est profectus, ut ibi extremum tempus consumeret aestivorum, quam rem sicuti cetera celeriter feliciterque confecit, namque omnes Aquitaniae civitates legatos ad Caesarem miserunt obsidesque ei dederunt. quibus rebus 5 gestis ipse equitum praesidio Narbonem profectus est, exercitum per legatos in hiberna deduxit : quattuor legiones in Belgio collocavit cum M. Antonio et C. Trebonio et P. Vatinio legatis, duas legiones in Haeduos deduxit, quorum in omni Gallia sum- mam esse auctoritatem sciebat, duas in Turonis ad fines Car- lo nutnm posuit, quae omnem illam regionem coniunctam Oceano continerent, duas reliquas in Lemovicum finibus non longe ab Arvernis, ne qua pars Galliae vacua ab exercitu esset, paucos dies ipse in provincia moratus, cum celeriter omnes conventus percucurrisset, publicas controversias cognosset, bene meritis prae- is mia tribuisset (cognoscendi enim maximam facultatem habebat, quali quisque fuisset animo in totius Galliae defectione, quam sustinuerat fidelitate atque auxiliis provinciae illius), his con- fectis rebns ad legiones in Belgium se recipit hibernatque Nemetocennae. 20 47 . Ibi cognoscit Commium Atrebatem proelio cum equitatu suo contendisse, nam cum Antonius in hiberna venisset, civi- tasque Atrebatum in officio esset, Commius, qui post illam vulnerationem, quam supra commemoravi, semper ad omnes motus paratus suis civibus esse consuesset, ne consilia belli quae- 25 rentibus auctor armorum duxque deesset, parente Romanis civitate cum suis equitibus latrociniis se suosque alebat infestisque itine- ribus commeatus complures, qui comportabantur in hiberna Romanorum, intercipiebat. 48 . Erat attributus Antonio praefectus equitum C. Yolusenus 30 Quadratus, qui cum eo hibernaret, hunc Antonius ad perse- quendum equitatum hostium mittit. Yolusenus ad eam virtutem, COMM. VII r. 48. 315 quae singularis erat in eo, magnum odium Commii adiungebat, quo libentius id faceret, quod imperabatur, itaque dispositis in- sidiis saepius equites eius aggressus secunda proelia faciebat, novissime, cum vehementius contenderetur, ac Yolusenus ipsius intercipiendi Commii cupiditate pertinacius eum cum paucis in- secutus esset, ille autem fuga vehementi Yolusenum produxisset longius, inimicus homini suorum invocat fidem atque auxilium, ne sua vulnera per fidem imposita paterentur impunita, conver- soque equo se a ceteris incautius permittit in praefectum, faciunt hoc idem omnes eius equites paucosque nostros convertunt atque insequuntur. Commius incensum calcaribus equum coniungit equo Quadrati lanceaque infesta magnis viribus medium femur traicit Yoluseni. praefecto vulnerato non dubitant nostri resistere et conversis equis hostem pellere, quod ubi accidit, complures hostium magno nostrorum impetu perculsi vulnerantur ac partim in fuga proteruntur, partim intercipiuntur; quod malum dux equi velocitate evitavit : ac sic proelio secundo graviter ab eo vulneratus praefectus, ut vitae periculum aditurus videretur, refer- tur in castra. Commius autem sive expiato suo dolore sive magna parte amissa suorum legatos ad Antonium mittit seque et ibi futurum, ubi praescripserit, et ea facturum, quae imperarit, obsidibus firmat ; unum illud orat, ut timori suo concedatur, ne in conspectum veniat cuiusquam Romani. cuius postulationem Antonius cum indicaret ab iusto nasci timore, veniam petenti dedit, obsides accepit. Preface of Hirtius. Scio Caesarem singulorum annorum singulos commentarios confecisse ; quod ego non existimavi mihi esse faciendum, prop- tera quod insequens annus, L. Paulo, C. Marcello consulibus, nullas habet magnopere Galliae res gestas, ne quis tamen igno- raret, quibus in locis Caesar exercitusque eo tempore fuissent, pauca esse scribenda coniungendaque huic commentario statui. 5 io 15 20 25 30 316 DE BELLO GALLICO Caesar treats the Gauls with clemency. His honors in Italy. 49 . Caesar in Belgio cum hiemaret, unum illud propositum habebat, continere in amicitia civitates, nulli spem aut causam dare armorum, nihil enim minus volebat, quam sub decessu suo necessitatem sibi aliquam imponi belli gerendi, ne, cum exer- 5 citum deducturus esset, bellum aliquod relinqueretur, quod omnis Gallia libenter sine praesenti periculo susciperet. itaque hono- rifice civitates appellando, principes maximis praemiis afficiendo, nulla onera iniungendo defessam tot adversis proeliis Galliam condicione parendi meliore facile in pace continuit. io 50 . Ip se hibernis peractis contra consuetudinem in Italiam quam maximis itineribus est profectus, ut municipia et colonias appel- laret, quibus M. Antonii, quaestoris sui, commendaverat sacerdotii petitionem, contendebat enim gratia cum libenter pro homine sibi coniunctissimo, quem paulo ante praemiserat ad petitionem, 15 tum acriter contra factionem et potentiam paucorum, qui M. Antoni repulsa Caesaris decedentis gratiam convellere cupiebant, hunc etsi augurem prius factum, quam Italiam attingeret, in itinere audierat, tamen non minus iustam sibi causam municipia et colonias adeundi existimavit, ut iis gratias ageret, quod fre- 20 quentiam atque officium suum Antonio praestitissent, simulque se et honorem suum sequentis anni commendaret, propterea quod insolenter adversarii sui gloriarentur L. Lentulum et 0 . Marcel- lum consules creatos, qui omnem honorem et dignitatem Caesaris spoliarent, ereptum Ser. Galbae consulatum, cum is multo plus 25 gratia suffragiisque valuisset, quod sibi coniunctus et familiaritate et consuetudine legationis esset. 51 . Exceptus est Caesaris adventus ab omnibus municipiis et coloniis incredibili honore atque amore, tum primum enim venie- bat ab illo universae Galliae bello, nihil relinquebatur, quod ad comm. yin. 5i-52. 317 ornatu in portarum, itinerum, locorum omnium, qua Caesar iturus erat, excogitari poterat, cum liberis omnis multitudo obviam procedebat, hostiae omnibus locis immolabantur, tricliniis stratis fora templaque occupabantur, ut vel spectatissimi triumphi laetitia praecipi posset, tanta erat magnificentia apud opulen- tiores, cupiditas apud humiliores. Labienus is made Governor of Gaul. 52 . Cum omnes regiones Galliae togatae Caesar percucurrisset, summa celeritate ad exercitum Nemectocennam rediit legioni- busque ex omnibus hibernis ad fines Treverorum evocatis eo profectus est ibique exercitum lustravit. T. Labienum Galliae togatae praefecit, quo maiore commendatione conciliaretur ad consulatus petitionem, ipse tantum itinerum faciebat, quantum satis esse ad mutationem locorum propter salubritatem existima- bat, ibi quamquam crebro audiebat Labienum ab inimicis suis sollicitari certiorque fiebat id agi paucorum consiliis, ut inter- posita senatus auctoritate aliqua parte exercitus spoliaretur, tamen neque de Labieno credidit quicquam neque, contra senatus auc- toritatem ut aliquid faceret, potuit adduci. indicabat enim liberis sententiis patrum conscriptorum causam suam facile obti- neri. nam 0. Curio, tribunus plebis, cum Caesaris causam dig- nitatemque defendendam suscepisset, saepe erat senatui pollicitus, si quem timor armorum Caesaris laederet, quoniam Pompei dominatio atque arma non minimum terrorem foro inferrent, discederet uterque ab armis exercitusque dimitteret : fore eo facto liberam et sui iuris civitatem, neque hoc tantum pollici- tus est, sed etiam per se discessionem facere coepit ; quod ne fieret, consules amicique Pompei iusserunt, at reliqui tamen omnes eo discesserunt. 5 10 15 20 25 318 DE BELLO GALLICO Caesar suspects the design of his enemies. The beginnings of the civil war. 53. Magnum hoc testimonium senatus erat universi conve- niensque superiori facto. nam Marcellus proximo anno, cum impugnaret Caesaris dignitatem, contra legem Pompei et Crassi retulerat ante tempus ad senatum de Caesaris provinciis, senten- 5 tiisque dictis discessionem faciente Marcello, qui sibi omnem dignitatem ex Caesaris invidia quaerebat, senatus frequens in alia omnia transiit. quibus non frangebantur animi inimicorum Caesaris, sed admonebantur, quo maiores pararent necessitates, quibus cogi posset senatus id probare, quod ipsi constituissent. io 54. Fit deinde senatusconsultum, ut ad bellum Parthicum legio una a Cn. Pompeio, altera a C. Caesare mitteretur ; neque obscure duae legiones uni detrahuntur. nam Cn. Pompeius legionem primam, quam ad Caesarem miserat, confectam ex delectu provinciae Caesaris, eam tamquam ex suo numero dedit. 15 Caesar tamen, cum de voluntate minime dubium esset adversa- riorum suorum, Pompeio legionem remisit et suo nomine quin- tam decimam, quam in Gallia citeriore habuerat, ex senatusconsulto iubet tradi, in eius locum tertiam decimam legionem in Italiam mittit, quae praesidia tueretur, ex quibus praesidiis quinta decima 20 deducebatur. ipse exercitui distribuit hiberna : C. Trebonium cum legionibus quattuor in Belgio collocat, C. Fabium cum totidem in Haeduos deducit. sic enim existimabat tutissimam fore Galliam, si Belgae, quorum maxima virtus, Haedui, quorum auctoritas summa esset, exercitibus continerentur, ipse in Italiam 25 profectus est. 55. Quo cum venisset, cognoscit per C. Marcellum consulem legiones duas ab se remissas, quae ex senatusconsulto deberent COMM. VIII. 55. 319 ad Parthicum bellum duci, Cn. Pompeio traditas atque in Italia retentas esse, hoc facto quamquam nulli erat dubium, quidnam coutra Caesarem pararetur, tameu Caesar omnia patienda esse statuit, quoad sibi spes aliqua relinqueretur iure potius disceptandi quam belli gerundi. contendit ... 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY. CAESAR. Trollope; the Commentaries of Caesar. Phil., 1880. Mommsen, History of Rome, Vol. IV Duruy; History of Rome, Vol. III. Merivale ; Roman Empire, Vols. I., II. Arnold ; Later Roman Commonwealth. Cruttwell ; Roman Literature. Napoleon III. ; Histoire de Jules Ce'sar. Shakspeare ; Julius Caesar Macmillan’s Magazine (F. I). Maurice); Vol. 12, p. 23. Blackwood’s Magazine (T. l)e Quincey) ; Vol. 32, p. 531. Fraser’s Magazine; Vol. 76, p. 1 Character of Caesar. Dublin Review; Vol. 80, p. 127. Fall of Caesar. American Monthly Magazine; Vol. 4, p. 347. Caesar and Cicero. Dublin University Magazine; Vol. 94, p 202. A Sketch of Caesar (.1. A. Fronde). Edinburgh Review; Vol. 150, p. 498. Fronde on Caesar (IV. F. Allen). Nation; Vol. 29, p. 161. Caesar in Gaul. Westminster Review ; Vol. 77, p. 399. Lauding in Britain Archaeologia ; Vol. 34, p. 230. Passage over the Thames (S. Gale) Archaeologia; Vol. 1, p 183. Recent Histories of Caesar (G. F Holmes). Warfare and Writings of Caesar. Atlantic Monthly; Vol. 44, p. 273. THE GALLIC WAR. Kraner. Berlin. Nipperdey. Leipzig. Doberenz. Leipzig. Reinhard ; with plans. Stuttgart. Holder. Tubingen. Long. London. Meusel; Lexicon Caesarianum. Completed as far as hostis. Goler ; Caesars gallischer Krieg, 2 Aufl . 2 Bde. Tubingen. Kerviler; Caesar et les Venetes ; Questions controversies de l’histoire. Par Socie'te bibliographiqne, p. 21. Maissiat; Jules Cesar en Gaule. Paris, Didot, p 377. Braumann ; die Principes d. Gallier u. Germanen. Berlin (Weber). Ranchenstien ; der Feldzug Ciisars gegen die Helvetier. Zeus ; Grammatica Celtica. Leipzig. Wagler; Hilfsbiichlein zu Caesars Bellum Gallicum. Berlin. Riistow ; Ileerwesen und Kriegfiihrung Caesars. Nordhauseu I D I 0 M S. PREPOSITIONAL a dextro cornu, on the right wing. a fronte, in front. a pueris, from boyhood. a sinistro cornu, on the left wing. ab armis discedere, to lay down the arms. ab signis discedere, to leave the ranis. ab officio discedere, to fail in one’s duty ab cohortatione, after exhorting. ab eis defendere, to defend against them. ab milibu» passuum octo, eight miles off. ab re frumentaria laborare, to suffer in respect to provisions. ad equum rescribere, to enroll in the cavalry. ad Caesarem deferre, to lay before Caesar. ad extremum, at last. ad hunc modum, in this way. ad milia decim, about ten thousand. ad speciem, for show. ad unum, to a man. ad urbem, near the city. ad urbem pervenit, he arrived at the city. ad Alpes pertinent, extend as far as the Alps. apud Caesarem, in the presence of Caesar. de ea causa, for this reason. de improviso, suddenly. 9 ex aqua mensurae, measures by the ivater-clocks . ex itinere, on the march. ex navi egredi, to disembark. ex usu Galliae, of advantage to Gaul. ex vestigio, on the spot. e vinculis, in chains. soror ex matre, sister on the mother’s side. unus e filiis, one of the sons. in Caesaris fidem venire, to put one’s self under the protection of Caesar in dies, daily. in flumine pontem facere, to build a bridge across the river. in fugam dare, to put to flight. in itinere, on the march in perpetuum, forever. in praesentia, for the present. in reliquum tempus, for the future. in vicem, in turn. habere in animo, to intend. inter se cohortati, exhorting one an- other inter se dare, to exchange. inter se differunt, they differ from one another. pro beneficiis, in return for favors pro multitudine, in proportion to the large body. pro perfuga, as a deserter. sub corona vendere, to sell as slaves. 322 IDIOMS. ADJECTIVAL. ad extremum, at last. adverso colle, up the hill. adverso flumine, up-stream. aequo animo, with contented mind. alienum aes, debt. alienum tempus, an unfavorable time. alii aliam in partem, some in one direc- tion, others in another aversi ab hosti circumventi, surround ed bp the enemy on the rear. certiorem eum facere, to inform him. certior fieri, to be informed. de improviso, suddenly. extremo oppido, at the end of the town. in arido, on dry land. in perpetuum, forever. loco suo, in a favorable place. medio in colie, on the middle of the hill multa lingua Gallica uti, to speak the Gallic lanyuaye fluently. multa nocte, late at night. multo die, late in the day. primo vere, at the beginning of spring. quisque nobilissimus, all the nobles. rari pugnabant, here and there men were fighting. ADVERBIAL. alias — alias, at one time — at another. contra atque, different than. cum prunum, as soon as. graviter ferre, to be annoyed. largiter posse, to have great influence. multum valere, to have great power. quam maximus, the greatest possible. quam primum, as soon as. PARTICIPIAL. ante exactam hiemem, before the win- \ confectus vulneribus, weakened by ter had passed. I sol oriens, the East. \wounds. VERBAL. accedit ut, moreover. afficere supplicio, to punish. affici beneficio, to receive favors. agere gratias, to thank. capere consilium, to form a plan. capere portum, to reach a harbor. castra movere, to break camp. castra ponere, to pitch camp. causam dicere, to plead a case. causam inferre, to allege a reason. collocare nuptum, to give in marriage. consciscere sibi mortem, to commit suicide. consilium inire, to form a plan. convertere signa, to face about. dare manus, to yield. dare operam, to take pains. defendere bellum, to ward off war. ducere bellum, to prolong a war. ducere uxorem, to marry. facere iter, to march. ferre signa, to advance. gerere bellum, to wage war. gratiam habere, to be grateful. gratias referre, to requite. habere eodem loco, to consider in the same light. habere id compertum, to have learned. habere sibi persuasum, to be per- suaded. IDIOMS. 823 inferre bellum, to make war inferre signa conversa, to face about and charge. laxare manipulos, to open the ranks. memoriam deponere, to forget. naves armare, to ft out ships. naves deducere, to launch ships. naves solvere, to weigh anchor naves subducere, to beach, to draw up ships. praestare virtutem, to show courage. recusare mortem, to shrink from death. referre pedem, to retreat. repetere poenas, to inflict punishment. sententia desistere, to give up a plan. sumere supplicium de eo, to punish him. vertere terga, to flee. vim facere, to use violence. NOMINAL. aliquid consilii, some new plan. Caesare consule, in the consulship of Caesar. celerius opinione, sooner than any one supposed. inita aestate, at the beginning of sum mer. minus dubitationis, less doubt. nihil reliqui, nothing left. nihil vini, no wine. plus doloris, more pain. quantum boni, how much advantage. quid negotii, what business. quod navium, what ships. NOTES. BOOK I. CHAPTER I. omnis, except the Roman province. See Geographical Index. Gaul as a whole is divided into three parts. aliam, another. tertiam, qui — appellantur, (those inhabit) the third, who in their own language are called Celts : in ours, Gauls. The full expression would be, (ii) qui appellan- tur Celtae ipsorum lingua, Galli nostra (lingua, incolunt) tertiam (partem). lingua, institutis, legibus. Observe the Latin usage in regard to the conjunc- tion. The conjunction is either omitted entirely, as here, or connects each individual word ; e. g. lingua et institutis et legibus. inter se, from one another ; literally, among themselves. flumen. Supply dividit. Matrona et Sequana take the singular verb dividit, since the two rivers make only one boundary. cultu, civilization, as shown by manner of life, humanitate, refinement, i. e., mental culture. minime saepe commeant, very seldom penetrate ; literally, least often go back and forth. ad effeminandos animos, toward the weakening of their minds. qui trans Rhenum incolunt. The verb is here used intransitively. Com- pare chap. 5, Boiosque, qui trans Rhenum incoluerunt , also chap. 5-1, qui proximi Rhenum incolunt. Usually the verb governs a direct object ; e. g., unam incolunt above. quoque, also, always follows the emphatic word, because they (just as the Bel- gians) dwell near the Germans. reliquos, the rest of. Observe the Latin idiom ; cf. i 2-1, in colie medio, on the middle of the hill. It was not until a later period that the adjective, becoming hardened into a neuter substantive, admitted of a partitive genitive, e. g , in medio urbis (Tac. An ). The adjectival construction is the classical one , and the student must bear this in mind, especially in translating English into Latin. 326 NOTES. qua de causa, and for this reason. The relative in both English and Latin is equivalent to a conjunction and a demonstrative. The Romans, being fond of con- necting their sentences together like the links of a chain, often used a relative at the beginning of a sentence where in English we usually have the demonstrative alone. fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, then contend in almost daily battles with the Germans. The ablative of accompanimeut regularly takes the preposition cum, both in a friendly and in a hostile seuse. eorum refers back to hi omnes, the people being put for the country, — one •part of these, which it has been said the Gauls occupy. What word is translated occupy ? Note that this word is not translated by its English derivative, continetur, it is bounded ; literally, it is held together. ab Sequanis, on the side of the Sequani and Helvetii. vergit, it tends, inclines, or slopes toward the north. ab extremis Galliae finibus, from the extreme frontier of Gaul (i. e. Celtic Gaul). spectat inter, etc. Translate by one compound English word all that follows spectat in this sentence. CHAPTER II. perfacile esse, (saying) that it was very easy, since they excelled all in valor, to get the power of the whole of Gaul. What is the subject of esse 1 id hoc facilius eis persuasit,, he persuaded them the more easily to this : lite- rally, he persuaded this to them, — hoc, ablative of cause, referring to the clause beginning with quod. loci natura Helvetii continentur, are confined by the character of the country. flumine Rheno, qui. The relative is in agreement with Rheno, his rebus fiebat, from these circumstances it happened . The subject of fiebat is the clause ut — possent. pro multitudine, considering the number of inhabitants ; literally, in propor- tion to. Cf. chap. 29, where the estimate of the Helvetians is given. milia passuum. The passus was 4 feet 10 inches ; hence a thousand paces or the Roman mile was 4,854 feet. How many feet less than our mile 1 The English word “ mile ” is derived from this expression, the passuum having dropped out. CHAPTER III his rebus adducti, induced by these considerations. comparare — confirmare, infinitives after constituerunt, to buy as great a number as possible of beasts of burden and wagons, to make as extensive soivings as possible. NOTES. 327 in tertium annum, etc , they Jix their departure by decree for the third year is — suscepit, he took on himself the embassy. amicos. Distinguished honor given by the Roman Senate, ut — occuparet. A secondary tense, because persuadet is historical present, perfacile factu esse, he proves to them that to accomplish their attempts was a tery easy thing to do. The student meets for the first time the so-called supine. This term is a comparatively recent one to apply to this formation alone. In the Latin grammarians the word included both “gerunds” and “supines.” The student should bear in mind that the supine is nothing more than a verbal noun. The work done by this can be done by verbal nouns of any declension. The cases in common use are the accusative and ablative, although the dative appears rarely ; e. g. istaec lepida sunt memoratui (Plautus, Bacchides, 1. 60). Like other verbal nouns, it may have an active. or passive notion; e. g. faetu, to do or be done. To say that the form in u is passive only is erroneous, as shown from Varro, De Re Rustica, 2, 2, cum redierunt ad stabula a pastu , and Cato, R. R. v, primus cubitu surgat. Galliae potiri, to obtain possession of Gaul. The genitive after this verb is best explained as a genitive depending on the noun idea contained in potior ; potior = dominus sum. In the same way $am\evu> in Greek admits of the geni- tive construction. This genitive is called adnominal genitive. CHAPTER IV ea res — enuntiata, when this design was disclosed . No word in Latin admits of such a variety of meanings as res. The student must always determine bv the context the most suitable word to employ in translating. By what words has it already been translated in these notes ? Why is design more appropriate in this place than either of the other words would have been ? vinculis causam elicere, to plead Ins cause m chains ; literally, out of his chains. A Latin idiom suggesting the direction from which the action proceeds. Cf. chap. 43, ex equis ut colloquerentur. damnatum — cremaretur, poenam is the subject of sequi, and Orgetori gem, supplied from the preceding sentence, its object; the whole clause of which sequi is the verb, is the subject of the impersonal verb oportebat (cf. fiebat ut — possent, chap. 3), and the clause ut — cremaretur is in apposition with poenam. With what must damnatum agree 1 Give the exact literal translation of the sen- tence, following the above suggestions. Now express the idea of this awkward literal sentence in good English. The English sentence United, we stand more fully stated means If united or if we are united, we stand. Use this hint in trans- lating damnatum What idea is. then, often conveyed by a participle both in Enff- lish and Latin 1 This was the usual method of punishing traitors among the Gauls and other barbarous people's. 328 NOTES. omnem suam familiam, all his vassals, i. e , all employed in his private affairs. ad — decem, ad with numerals denotes an approach to the number, to the number of; hence about. It is sometimes used as a preposition in this way, and sometimes as an adverb. Here one cannot tell, for milia may he either the accusa- tive after ad, or in apposition with familiam. A good example, however, of ad having the noun independent is in ii 33, occisis ad millibus quattuor. quin ipse — consciverit, that he determined on death for himself. Observe that ipse is in agreement with the subject. CHATTER V. eius — Orgetorigis. The clause ut — exeant is in apposition with id. facere, cf. eos — conari, chap. 7. oppida sua omnia. Plutarch refers to this incident (Vit. Caes., c. 18). The oppida are strongholds, while the vici are groups of houses, vicus is the word for the street of a city, referring to the rows of houses on either side, ad duodecim. See chap. 4, ad milia. numero, ablative of specification reliqua aedificia. See chap. 1, reliquos Gallos, incendunt, set fire to. comburunt, burn domum reditionis, hope of a return home, domum is the accusative of limit of motion after the verbal noun reditionis. These nouns in tio in early Latin governed a direct object through the influence of the verbal notion ; e.g. quid tibi hunc receptio ad test meum virum ? (PI. Asia. 919) ; manus (probably accusative) infectio esto. ( Laws of Twelve Tables, III.) The “gerund” and “supine” are simple verbal nouns. There is no difference between reditionis spe and re- deundi spe. vicisque exustis. The Latin language was deficient in a perfect active parti- ciple. The means employed to compensate for this part of the verb are : ( 1 ) The perfect participle of a deponent verb ; e g. eodem usi concilio. (2) The ablative absolute, as here (3) A temporal clause Boios. This tribe gave its name to the modern Bohemia and Bavaria. See Geographical Index Of what is this word the object, and what words limit it i CHAPTER YI. omnino, in all quibus itineribus, bi/ which ways. The antecedent is re- peated for the sake of clearness. What part of speech is quibus 7 unum and alterum are in partitive apposition with itinera. singuli carri, wagons one by one, in single file. NOTES. 329 ducerentur. Relative clause of characteristic, the relative adverb qua being equivalent to the conjunction ut and the demonstrative adverb ibi ; cf. note on qua de causa, chap. 1. transitur — transiri potest, it can be crossed by means of a ford. Allobrogum. They had been subdued by C. Pomptinus, 61 b. c. See Geographical Index. Allobrogibus — viderentur, vel — paterentur. Indirect discourse after existimabant. Observe the omission of the object after coacturos. Cf. vii. 81 , dat tuba signum suis atque ex oppido educit , v. 17, nostri, in eos impetu facto, repulerunt. bono animo, of a friendly mind, i. e. well disposed. a. d. v. Kal. Apr., = die quinto ante Kalendas Apriles, on the fifth day before the Kalends of April. The Kalends being the first day of the month, this date would correspond to the 28th of March. The stereotyped expression, ante diem quintum Kalendas Apriles, arose from the conversion of die into the accusative through the influence of the preposition. The phrase perhaps originally was as given above, die quinto ante, etc.; and when ante was put first, — ante die quinto K a 1 en d a s, — the fact that it governed Kalendas was lost sight of. Its influence was then extended to die, which became the accusa- tive, thus leaving Kalendas with no grammatical construction. What part of speech is Apriles i CHAPTER VII. eos — conari, in apposition with id. What other clauses have been already used as nouns in the text ? ab urbe, i e. Rome, which was called by way of distinction “ the city.” So the Athenians often designated their city, Athens, by drrrv alone. quam — itineribus, by as long marches as possible. For the force of quam, see on quam maximum, chap. 3. The Greek paraphrast has us ghvvaro Tayir rra. in Galliam ulteriorem, into farther Gaul. For the location of Farther Gaul, see map. Remember that the Alps form a great natural boundary line, and that a Roman is here writing. To him the Gaul here referred to is farther than what ? Nearer Gaul or Gallia citerior is nearer than what 1 In what modern country is the latter 1 ad Genavam pervenit, into the vicinity of Geneva Cf. vii. 41, castra ad Gergoviam movit. According to Plutarch, Caes , c. 17, he reached the Rhone in eight days. provinciae toti, etc., he orders as great a number of soldiers as possible from the whole province; literally, he imposes upon the whole province a demand for as great a number, etc. pontem — iubet rescind! Observe the omission of the conjunction For a like case of asyndeton, cf i 20, Dumnorigem ad se vocat, fratrem adhibet. 330 NOTES. pontem. The bridge across the l!hone. ad Genavam. For meaning, cf. ad Hispaniam, chap. 1. certiores facti sunt, were informed. What is the literal meaning \ cuius legationis = quorum. The legatio, comprehends the legatos pro ceding. qui dicerent, a relative clause of purpose, literally, who should say, i. e , to say. sibi esse in animo, that they intended : literally, it ivas to them in mind. quod — nullum. Observe the emphatic position of nullum. Cf. i. 18, quod illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo. rogare. The subject se is omitted ; in same construction with esse above, occisum, sc. esse ; and so also after pulsum, missum, and concedendum This defeat occurred in the vicinity of Lake Geneva, 107 b.c. sub iugum. Under this yoke the conquered were compelled to pass without arms, as a sign of complete submission. The iugum consisted of two spears set upright in the ground, and a third one placed across them at the top (Livy, 3, 28, tribus hastis iugum fit, humi fixis duabus, superque eas transversa una deligata). concedendum, sc. id, referring to iter per provinciam facere. data facultate, if an opportunity were to he given them. temperaturos, sc. esse, would refrain from injury and mischief. dum — convenirent, until the soldiers, whom he had ordered, should assemble. dum (until) with the subjunctive refers to an event expected and purposed, imperaverat. Cf. provinciae toti — imperat, ad Id. Apr. See on a. d. v Kal Apr., chap 6 reverterentur. In the direct discourse the imperative was used; what was the form of the conditional sentence, si quid vellent 1 CHAPTER Till, ea legione militibusque. Ablative of means. qui — influit. Caesar imagined that the lake flowed into the river He had in view the point at which the river made its egress from the lake, and where a por tion of the waters would flow into the river Some editors have changed the text to quern in flumen Rhodanus influit, “into which the river Rhone flows,” but this is unsatisfactory and artificial. Cf. vii. 57, perpetuam esse paludem, quae influeret in Sequanam. in altitudinem. For translation, cf. in latitudinem, chap. 2. pedum. Partitive genitive. castella communit, he strongly fortifies the redoubts. The force of com is intensive, he fortifies completely. se invito, against his will ; literally, he (being) unwilling. NOTES. 331 si conarentur — possit. The historical present is here followed by both the imperfect and present. Cf. chap. 7, quod aliud iter haberent nullum rogare, ut eius voluntate id sibi facere liceat. negat se more — dare, he says that he cannot ; literally, he denies that he can give, etc. prohibiturum, sc. se. Notice the omission of the object eos. Cf. chap. 6, vel vi coacturos ea spe deiecti, disappointed in this hope; literally, cast down from this hope. si — possent. Indirect question introduced by si. Cf ii. 9, si nostri trans- irent, expectabant. CHAPTER IX. una — via, only the way. qua, cf. chap. 6, vix qua singuli, sua sponte, by their own means, = per se. Cf. v. 28, sua sponte populo Romano bellum facere. eo deprecatore, by his mediation ; literally, he (being) an intercessor. gratia — plurimum poterat, on account of his popularity and liberality, had very great influence with the Sequani ; literally, was able very much. novis — studebat, was aiming at a revolution ; literally, was eager for new things. in matrimonium duxerat, had married. The husband conducted his wife to his own house as a part of the marriage ceremony ; hence the phrase uxorem ducere. The expression nubere viro, (for nubere se viro), “ to veil herself for a husband,” is used in speaking of the woman. suo beneficio habere obstrictas, to have attached to him by reason of his kindness. This use of habere is an anticipation of the part the verb “to have” was to hold in verbal conjugation. The student will observe that habere obstrictas differs from obstrinxisse in the fact that the notion contained in the participle is looked upon as a possession The transition is shown more clearly in chap 15, quem ex omni provincia — coactum habebat (nearly = coegerat). CHAPTER X. renuntiatur, word is brought back, i e. messengers who had been sent returned with the tidings. Helvetiis esse in animo. See note on sibi esse in animo, chap. 7. quae civitas, which state ; referring to the Tolosates The antecedent is inserted in the relative clause, — a common Latin idiom. id si fieret — futurum, if this be done, he saw that it would be attended with great danger to the province that it should have, etc. The subject of futurum is the clause ut haberet, and the subject of haberet is provincia, to be supplied. 332 NOTES. locis patentibus, in open places. maximeque frumentariis. Adjectives in us preceded by a vowel form their comparison by means of the adverbs magis and maxime. Violations of this rule were undoubtedly common iu the popular language. ( )u one (sepulchral) inscription from Home we read, alvmno : pientissimorvm : piissimo . et : dvlcissimo. Cicero in one of his Philippics speaks of the superlative of pius. Titum Labienum. See Historical Index. in Italiam, into It alp, i e. Cisalpine Gaul. magnis itineribus, by forced marches ; literally, by great journei/s. Cf. chap. 7, quam maximis potest itineribus. Aquileiam. See Geographical Index. qua proximum iter, where the route was shortest ; literally, where the route icas nearest. compluribus — pulsis. In these four words the student has an ablative abso- lute and an ablative of means limited by an adjective. In translating remember the context. extremum, sc. oppidum. CHAPTER XI. per angustias. Cf. chap. 6, angustum et difficile, inter montem luram et flumen Rhodanum ; and chap. 9, propter angustias. se suaque, literally, themselves and their possessions ; sua being the neuter plural, rogatum. This so-called supine is a simple verbal noun in the accusative, to express limit of motion ; cf. factu, chap. 3. The future passive infinitive is built up by means of this verbal noun ; e. g. milites occisum iri dicit iri is the im- personal use of eo, “to go;” occisum, the limit of motion; milites, the object of occisum, which can govern an accusative as other verbal nouns. Cf. note on reditionis, chap. 5. ita se — meritos esse, that they had at all times so deserved of the Roman people that, etc. Indirect discourse after the idea of saying contained in rogatum. agri debuerint, their fields ought not to have been laid waste, etc. Since the English verb ought has no past tense while the Latin debeo has, the force of the tense in debuerint is thus brought out. debeo implies a legal or moral obligation. In Lucretius, however, the word often is synonymous with oportet and necesse est ; e. g. De Re Nat., i. 133, esse aliquid debebit id ipsum, solum. Noun ; except the soil of their land, reliqui. Depends on nihil. non expectandum esse, he must not wait; literally, it must not be waited. sibi is the so-called dative of agent. This dative is nothing more than the simple dative of possession. The gerund being a verbal noun, the origin of this construc- tion may have been as follows : legendum mihi est, “ a reading is to me,” legendum being subject of est (cf. Lucretius, De Re Nat, i. 110, poenas in NOTES. 333 morte timendum est), i. e. “I have a reading;” hence “I must read.” The gerundive construction is perhaps a conversion of the verbal noun into a verbal adjective ; e. g. librum legendum mihi est, “ reading a book is to me,” becoming liber legendus mihi est, “ a book to which the quality of reading belongs is to me; ” hence “ I must read a book.” (Cf. the influence of ante in Roman Calendar, note on a. d. v. Kal., chap. 6.) Whether the gerundive originally had a passive signification is uncertain. Cf. secundus, = “ following hence “second.” CHAPTER XII. quod. The antecedent is flumen. incredibili lenitate, with wonderful smoothness. partes — flumen — traduxisse, partes is object of duxisse, and the prepo- sition governs flumen. cum legionibus. Ablative of accompaniment. For cum in hostile sense, see cum Germanis, chap. 1. eos — aggressus — partem eorum concidit. An object used with both participle and verb. Cf. chap. 5-1, hos adorti, magnum eorum numerum inter- ficiunt ; also ii. 10, hostes — nostri — aggressi magnum eorum numerum occiderunt. On use of these participles, cf. note on vicis exustis, chap. 5 mandarunt = mandaverunt. This contract form shows that there must have been a time in Latin when the accent went farther back than the penult, even i f that was long. If the word had always been accented mandaverunt, the contrac- tion would never have taken place, since it is the accented syllable of a word that is permanent. hic pagus unus. Cf. chap. 13, unum pagum adortus esset. quae pars — ea — persolvit = ea pars — quae — intulerat — persolvit. princeps persolvit, was the first to pay the penalty. quod — interfecerant, because in the same battle in irhich they had slain Cassius, they had slain also his lieutenant Lucius. Cassium, object of interfecerant, to be supplied. CHAPTER XIII. pontem — faciendum curat, literally, cares for a bridge to be built, cares for the building of a bridge. Cf. note on gerundive, chap. 11. Observe the idiom in Arare, “ over the Arar ; ” trans could not be used. cum — intelligerent, when they perceived that he had done in one day that which they themselves had accomplished with the greatest difficulty in twenty days, namely , the crossing of the river, ut flumen transirent is in apposition with id, the object of fecisse Cf chap. 5, id facere — ut — exeant. bello Cassiano, in the Cassian war. i e., in the war with Cassius 334 NOTES. si pacem, etc. Indirect discourse to end of chapter. In the direct narra- tive faceret would be future ; ituros, future ; constituisset, future perfect. Cf. A. & G. 339, for the direct form of the whole chapter, sin perseveraret, sc. Caesar. reminisceretur. Subjunctive for the imperative. Cf. tribueret, despiceret, committeret. Why in the imperfect tense 1 ne ob eam rem — tribueret, on that account; literally, on account oj that thing, he should not ascribe it (i. e. the victor} 7 ) too much to his own valor. didicisse, they had so learned, i. e., been trained. CHAPTER XIV his, to them, i. e., the legati. Cf. chap. 34, ei legationi respondit. For the neuter see chap. 36, ad haec Ariovistus respondit. eo sibi minus dubitationis dari, less doubt was given him on this account The clause quod teneret gives the reason. eo gravius ferre — accidissent, and he felt the more indignant in proportion as it had happened without the desert of the Roman people. qui si — fuisset (the antecedent of qui is populus Romanus), if they had been conscious to themselves of having done any injury, etc. cavere. Subject of fuisse, deceptum, sc. se esse. quare timeret, quare = propter quod, the antecedent of the quod being the omitted subject of commissum. quod — vellet, but if lie should consent to forget their former insult. eo invito. Cf. se invito, chap. 8. quod — gloriarentur, the fact that they boasted so insolently of their victory. eodem pertinere, amount to the same thing; literally, tend to the same place. The subject of pertinere is the preceding clauses. quo — doleant, that men may grieve the more heavily from a change of circum- stances. quos velint. The relative clause is put first. The antecedent of quos is his in line below. facturos (esse), sc. eos as subject. Haeduis (dative after satisfaciant), literally, do enough for them, i. e., satisfy, eius rei. See note on ea res — enuntiata, chap. 4. CHAPTER XV. movent, sc. Helvetii. quem — coactum habebat. See note on habere obstrictas, chap. 9 qui videant. The antecedent of qui is the collective idea contained in equi- tatum, as if equites had been used. Cf. chap. 2, civitati persuasit, ut — exirent. NOTES. 835 quas — faciant. Indirect question. cupidius, too eagerly, novissimum agmen, the part of the line that is “ newest,” i. e. the rear. alieno loco = iniquo loco, in an unfavorable place ; literally, in a place belong- ing to another ; in contrast with suo loco, in a favorable place. pauci de nostris, few of our soldiers, de nostris, = nostrorum. This use of the preposition is an anticipation of the part de was to play in noun inflection in the Romance languages. This preposition, we may say, exerted the strongest influence for the breakdown of the inflectional system, in praesentia, for the present. nostrum primum, sc. agmen, our first line, i. e., van. CHAPTER XVI. flagitare. The historical infinitive. In what case is its subject 1 flagito is to demand with earnestness and importunity. essent polliciti. Subjunctive. The clause is represented as being the state- ment of another, — which (as Caesar said) they had promised, hence it is a subor- dinate clause in indirect discourse. Or the subjunctive may be used because the clause is used to describe or characterize frumentum as well as to state that they had promised it. (Subjunctive of characteristic.) frigora, the cold weather. ut ante dictum est. Chap. 1 . diem ex die ducere Haedui, the Haedui were putting him off from day to dag , and were saying, etc. For omission of the object, cf. chap. 6, coacturos, ducere and dicere are historical infinitives; cf. flagitare. These infinitives are as if the writer did not stop to concern himself about the proper mood and tense, but hurried on, leaving the verb indefinite. metiri. See Introduction ; Roman Art of War. qui summo magistratui praeerat, who held the chief magistracy. necessario tempore, at so critical a time. quod — sublevetur. The cause on the authority of another ; i. e. the subject of accusat. Cf. quod sit destitutus. CHAPTER XVII. privatim plus possint, have more influence in a private capacity. ne conferant. Plural, because of the collective idea in multitudinem, si iam — praeferre, if they cannot any longer hold the leadership of Gaul, they prefer the dominion of the Gauls to that of the Romans. superaverint. For the future perfect of the direct discourse. 336 NOTES. Haeduis. The dative for the ablative of separation. This dative, which occurs with certain compounds of ab, de, ex, is best explained as the dative of disadvan- tage, going with the whole idea of the sentence, and not merely with the verb ; i. e., as far as the Haedui were concerned, their freedom would be wrested away from them. ab iisdem, by these same persons, i. e , the nonnullos above, a se, by himself, as chief magistrate, quill etiam, nay even, moreover. quam diu potuerit, as long as he could. CHAPTER XVIII. quod — nolebat, because he was unwilling that these matters should be discussed in the presence of several, iactari, frequentative of iaeto. Liscum retinet (observe the asyndeton; cf. note on iubet rescindi, chap. 7), but detains Liscus. ex solo, from him in private. summa audacia, sc. virum, a man of the highest daring, or better, greatest daring. portoria (porto, “ to carry”), duties on exports and imports. vectigalia (veho, “to bring”), whatever is brought in. A name for taxes in general; revenues from any source, as from the public pastures, products of the land, etc. vectigalia — redempta habere, he had the purchased revenues, he hcd pur- chased the revenues, etc. What single word with almost the same meaning as re- dempta habere might have been used 1 Cf. quem coactum habebat. The publicani, or farmers of the revenues, bought them of the government and collected them. pretio, at a small cost. Ablative of price. audeat nemo. Cf. note on nullum, chap. 7. illo licente, (from liceor), ivhen he was bidding. This is the first present parti- ciple which has been used in the text with its proper verbal force. About how many perfect passive participles have been used I In the English sentence, The Centrones, seizing the higher places, try to keep the army from the march, how is the English present participle seizing translated into Latin 1 Cf. the Latin for this sentence in chap 10. Why is the tense of the Latin participle occupatis more accurate than that of the English seizing? How is the English present participle crossing trans- lated in they were crossing? Cf. the translation in cnap 12. Give two reasons why the present participle is more common in English than in Latin. comparasse, for comparavisse. See note on mandarunt, chap. 12. domi, at home. ex Helvetiis uxorem habere. Cf. chap. 3, eique filiam suam in matri- monium dat. NOTES. 337 nuptum collocasse, had given in marriage, nuptum, see note on in matri- monium duxerat, chap. 9. favere — Helvetiis, he favored and ivished well to the Helvetians. suo nomine, on his own account; literally, in his own name , — an expression derived from mercantile life. quod proelium equestre adversum — initium eius fugae factum, as to the fact that an unsuccessful engagement of cavalry had taken place, quod may be treated as a conjunction, cf. chap. 13, quod adortus esset ; or it can be re- garded as a relative, proelium — adversum being attracted into the relative clause, and its place being taken in the antecedent clause by e i u s fugae, — i. e., the beginning of the fight in the unsuccessful cavalry battle, which battle, etc. CHAPTER XIX. certissimae res accederent, most undoubted facts were added. quod — traduxisset, quod — curasset, quod — fecisset. These clauses are in apposition with res. Cf. for the facts here stated chap. 9, ut per fines suos Helvetios ire patiantur, obsidesque uti dent, perficit, dandos, sc. esse. iniussu suo et civitatis, without his authority or that of the state. What in the Latin is translated without ? inscientibus ipsis, even without their knowledge, ipsis refers to the Haedui, in eum animadverteret, why he should either punish him himself; literally, direct his attention against him. unum, one consideration. Explained by quod. quod — cognoverat. The present cognosco is inceptive, begin to know ; hence cognovi = I have learned, i. e., I know. voluntatem, = good will ; here used with meaning of benevolentia, cotidianis — remotis, when the ordinary interpreters had been withdrawn. cui — fidem habebat, m whom he was accustomed to repose the highest confidence m all matters. What is it literally 1 apud se, in his presence , i. e., Caesar’s. CHAPTER XX. multis cum lacrimis, cum with the ablative of manner conveys the notion of addition or unexpectedness. Cf. Introduction, “ Inductive Studies,” under the Ablative. obsecrare coepit. The student will find this passage discussed in the “ Induc- tive Studies,” under Indirect Discourse. quid gravius, anything too severe, i. e. no severe measure. plus doloris. Be careful to make good English of this Latin idiom. 22 338 NOTES. opibus ac nervis, and this power and strength he used, nervis = potentia. Cic. Phil., 15. 12, experietur senatus nervos atque vires. si quid — accidisset, J anything very severe should happen to him from Caesar. accidisset = the future perfect indicative of the direct discourse. futurum uti — averterentur, it would happen that, etc. The periphrastic form futurum esse with the subjunctive is used for the future infinitive of verbs which have no “supiue stem,” also for the future passive infinitive, which rarely occurs; and frequently with verbs which have a future infinitive. tanti — ostendit, shows him that his influence with him [Caesar] is so great. Illustrate by the use of the pronouns eius and se in this sentence the rule for the antecedents of these pronouns. vocat, adhibet. For the asyndeton, see note on chap. 18, Liscum retinet, praeterita, things bygone , i. e., the past. CHAPTER XXI. qualis esset, (indirect question after cognoscerent), what was the nature of the mountain. Part of speech and exact meaning of qualis ? qui cognoscerent, to ascertain. pro praetore, in-place-of a praetor, with praetorian powers. Cf. primitive meaning of pro in chap. 48 and its meaning in chaps. 2 and 26. quid consilii sui sit, what his plan is, — quid decreverit. Cf. vi. 7, quid sui sit concilii ; and vii. 77, quid ergo mei consilii est ? CHAPTER XXII. summus mons. See note on reliquos, chap. 1. equo admisso, (his) horse having been let go toward (his destination) , at full speed (with loose reins). Mittere often means to let go, as in the skipper’s order mitte rudentem, let go the rope, and the colloquial mitte me, let me alone. The Greek paraphrast has ISpoSm rw imrw. accurrit, dicit. Observe the omission of the conjunction. Cf. chap. 20 insignibus. The decorations of the Gallic armor ; i. e., devices on the helmets, etc. See Introduction ; Description of Gaul ; Illustrations in the text, erat ei praeceptum. The subject is ne — committeret, etc. multo die, late in the day. What literally ? Cf. prima luce, at daybreak. quo consuerat intervallo. Cf. chap. 15, uti inter novissimum hos- tium agmen et nostrum primum non amplius quinis aut senis milibus interesset. CHAPTER XXIII. postridie eius diei, on the next day. metiri. See Introduction ; Roman Art of War. NOTES. 339 prospiciendum, sc. esse. Cf. note on expectandum, chap. II. fugitivos, fugitive slaves, runaways. The word is used in contempt for trans- fugae, the regular word for deserters. Cf. chap. 27, obsides, arma, servos, qui ad eos profugissent quod — confiderent Romanos, the subject of discedere preceding, is also the subject of pose (intercludi). CHAPTER XXIV. id animum advertit, when he observes this, animum advertit = animad- vertit. in colie medio, on the middle of the kill. See note on reliquos, chap. 1. triplicem aciem. See Introduction ; Roman Art of War. in summo iugo, on the very summit. confertissima acie. Cf. Livy, x. 29, 6, cum Galli structis ante se scutis conferti starent. CHAPTER XXV. suo, sc. equo remoto, having removed first his own horse, then those of all. Pint. Caes., chap. 18 : ai; ’Ittitos avra irpoa^X^V tovtoj piv, erpy, vucycras irpbs ryv Siai((r, vvv 5’ fa tpev eir 1 robs i roAqulous, /cal ire£bs opprjaas ive&aAe. impedimento, it was a great hindrance to the Gauls. What literally 1 Cf. ii. 25, ad pugnam esse impedimento vidit. multi ut praeoptarent, so that not a few chose. Notice the emphatic position of multi. nudo, naked, i. e., without a shield pedem referre, to give way. What literally 1 agmen hostium claudebant, closed the line of the enemy, i. e., brought up the rear. Romani conversa signa intulerunt, the Romans, having faced about, ad- vanced in two divisions ; literally, bore in their standards reversed. CHAPTER XXVI. ancipiti proelio, in a doubtful battle, = dubio marte ; or in a double battle, referring to the two different fronts on which the battle was fought. ab hora septima, from the seventh hour , i. e., about one o’clock. The Romans divided the day into twelve hours, beginning at sunrise. aversum hostem, the back of an enemy : literally, an enemy turned away. ad multam noctem, till late at night. Cf. multo die, chap. 22. 340 NOTES. pro vallo, as a rampart. captus est. Agrees with the nearest subject, unus. Plutarch (Vit. Caes., chap. 18) says that ou this occasion even the women and children fought till they were cut down. qui si iuvissent, for if they should aid them. eodem — habiturum, ivould regard them in the same light as the Helvetii. eodem loco — habere, cf. chap. 28, in hostium numero habuit. CHAPTER XXVII. qui cum — convenissent. Note that qui stands first in its sentence because it is the word most closely connected with the preceding sentence. Cf. note on qua de causa, chap. 1 . convenissent is usually intransitive in Caesar, but here transitive, ad pedes, at his feet. Observe that the idiom faithful to the idea of motion, iussisset, sc. Caesar as subject. ea, neuter. This includes the obsides and servos as well as the arma. nocte intermissa, a night having intervened . occultari — existimarent, they supposed their fight could either he concealed or be entirely unnoticed. prima nocte, in the early part of the night. How does the context show that this cannot mean in the first night ? CHAPTER XXVIII. resciit, discovered Keseiscere, according to Aulus Gellius, 2, 19, refers to knowledge in regard to anything which is unexpected or hidden, quorum. The antecedent is his below. sibi purgati, blameless in his sight. Cf. iv. 13,5, sui purgandi causa; Cic. Fam., 12, 15, quod te mihi purgas. Derivation of purgare ? Cf. “ Purge me with hyssop, and I shall he clean,” Ps. li. 7. reductos — habuit, he treated them , when brought back, as enemies ; i. e., they were put to death or sold as slaves. quos incenderant, i. e., the particular towns in chap. 5 ; hence the indicative, expressing a fact stated by Caesar. vacare, to be empty; cf patere, to lie open, chap. 2; licere, to be permitted, chap. 7 ; cavere, to be on one’s guard, chap. 14; tacere, to be silent, chap. 17. Do these verbs assert action or state 1 Are they transitive or intransitive ? How many English words must be used to express the meaning of each one 1 Boios. Object of collocarent, petentibus Haeduis, dative after concessit, parem atque ipsi erant, same terms of freedom as they themselves had ; liter- ally, same terms and they themselves were (on the same terms). NOTES. 341 CHAPTER XXIX. tabulae, tablets. The word is applied to any flat suhstance used for writing, usually wood covered with wax. litteris Graecis confectae, made out in Greek characters. Some hold that litteris Graecis implies the Greek language, although such an interpretation is not necessary. The general opinion is that the Helvetii used the Greek alphabet merely, having become acquainted with it from the Greek colony at Marseilles, in the south of Gaul. Cf. v. 48, hanc Graecis conscriptam litteris mittit ; and vi. 14, Graecis litteris utantur. See Introduction; Description of Gaul, ratio. Introducing the indirect question, capitum, souls, i. e. Helvetii. Cf. English “ head of cattle.” ad milia. See note on ad milia, chap. 4, near end. fuerunt. Agreeing with the predicate noun milia. ad is an adverb, and does not influence the construction. Cf. note on ad milia. CHAPTER XXX. totius fere Galliae, i. e. Celtic Gaul, the third of the three divisions. See chap. i. Cf. chap. 31, Galliae totius factiones esse duas. Helvetiorum iniuriis populi Romani (two genitives ; Helvetiorum is subjective, populi Romani objective), injuries of the Helvetians toward the Romans. Cf. vii. 26, universae Galliae consensio libertatis vindicandae. ex usu terrae Galliae, to the advantage of the land of Gaul, terrae takes Galliae in apposition with it for terrae Gallicae. Cf. iii. 7, mare Oceanum ; Bell. Afr., chap. 3, terrae Africae , Tac. Annal., i. 9, mari Oceano ; Livy, 35, 7, terra Italia ; Sallust, Fragm. Hist., 4, duae Galliae mulieres ex magna copia, out of a great abundance. ex consensu, in accordance with the common consent. nisi quibus, i. e. nisi ii quibus, unless those ( disclose it) to ichom this duty should be assigned by the common council. CHAPTER XXXI. idem = iidem. qui ante fuerant, ad Caesarem, who had before been (to him), returned to Caesar. With fuerant, sc. apud eum. secreto in occulto, apart from others in a secret place. This is the reading of the common text. Some regard in occulto as a gloss, and reject it. Oudendorp defends the text by making secreto mean “ without witnesses,” and occulto, “ in a secret place.” Caesari ad pedes proiecerunt, threw themselves at Caesar’s feet. The dative taken with the whole idea of the clause, instead of the genitive in close union with pedes. 342 NOTES. non minus — contendere, they no less strove and labored. Galliae totius factiones esse duas (cf. vi. 12, alterius factionis princi- pes erant Haedui, alterius Sequani), there were two parties in the whole of Gaul. factiones refers to the two political parties of Gaul, factio originally contained no bad notion like that in the English word “ faction,” but, according to Festus, is “ honestum vocabulum.” principatum tenere, hold the leadership. factum esse, it came to pass. adamassent, for adamavissent. See note on mandarunt, chap. 12. clientes, dependents, i. e. the subject states. G'f. vi. 12, summa auctoritas erat in Haeduis magnaeque eorum erant clientelae. senatum. Cf. ii. 5, omnem senatum ad se convenire populi Romani hospitio, by the hospitality of the Roman people. The relation of hospitality existed between states as well as between individuals. It was this hospitium on the part of the Roman people that gave to the Haedui their power in Gaul. Cf. vi. 5, cum his esse hospitium Ambiorigi sciebat; also vii. 75, pro eius hospitio duo milia una miserunt. ad senatum — postulatum, had gone to Rome to the senate to ask for aid. Notice that after a verb of motion both nouns are in the accusative. This should be remembered, especially in translating English into Latin. In English we say “ came to the senate at Rome.” He did not succeed in his effort. Cf. vi. 12, Romam ad senatum profectus imperfecta re redierat. peius accidisse. So far as form is concerned, what two parts of speech are possible for peius ? paucis mensibus ante, a few months before. quibus — pararentur, for u-hom a place of abode was to be provided. Subjunctive of purpose, = that a place of abode might be provided for them. futurum esse uti, it would result that. See note on futurum uti — averte- rentur, chap. 20. conferendum esse, tvas not to be compared (in respect to fertility ) with the German land. in eos — edere, inflicted upon them all kinds of torments ; exempla crucia- tusque, all examples and torments, being put by hendiadys for all kinds of tortures. hominem — temerarium, that he was a savage, quick-tempered, and rash man. nisi si. With same force as nisi alone. Cf. Cic. ad Fam., 14, 2, nisi si quis ad me plura scripsit. idem. In apposition with ut — emigrent. quin — sumat, that he would inflict the severest punishment upon. CHAPTER XXXII. oratione habita. What means to make or deliver a speech ? respondere. Historical infinitive. See note on ducere Haedui, chap. 16. NOTES. 343 absentis, even irhen absent. horrerent, with a direct object. The old signification of the word was to bristle or become erect ; then the feeling derived from such action — e. g. in Lucretius, horror refers to the grating sound of a saw. It is connected with English frost. In Latin the word applies always to disagreeable sensations, as fear, dread, etc., although the root originally admitted the idea of both pleasure and pain. Sequanis. Dative of agent, with essent perferendi ; for the literal translation of which, cf. note (on gerundive). CHAPTER XXXIII. sibi eam rem curae futuram, he would attend to the matter; literally, the matter would be for a care to him. beneficio suo, by his kindness, i. e. by the kindness Caesar had done Ariovistus ; referring to the title “king” and “friend” which had been given him. Cf. chap. 35, cum in consulatu suo rex atque amicus a senatu appellatus. secundum, in harmony with ; literally, following (sequor). Cf. note on secun- dus, chap. 1 1 . What part of speech here ? quare putaret, by which thing he should think, i. e. to think. fratres consanguineosque. Cf. chap. 11, necessarii et consanguinei. Germanos consuescere and magnam — multitudinem venire are the subjects of esse to be supplied, periculosum is in agreement with the two clauses. sibi temperaturos — quin, would restrain themselves from going forth into the vrovince. ut — fecissent, subjunctive, because in the indirect discourse. What two meanings has ut as a conjunction and with what difference of mode ? Cf. ut — arbitrantur, chap. 4, and ut — essent, chap 5. Teutonique, — in vii. 77 the plural nominative is Teutones, as shown from the genitive. quibus — occurrendum, and these things he thought he ought to meet as speedily as possible. tantos sibi spiritus — sumpserat. The Greek paraphrast has 6 yap ’Api 6- (3 l the rear, to charge, to wlieel about, to join or begin battle, to draw the sworcl (see chap. 26), to march. 346 NOTES. CHAPTER XL. omniumque ordinum, of all ranks. sibi quaerendum — putarent, thought that it belonged to them to inquire or con- sider. putarent, why iu the subjunctive ? Ariovistum, etc. The indirect discourse depends on the idea of saying implied in incusavit. Explain the inodes and the tenses to end of chapter, se consule. Antecedent of se '? cur — quisquam - iudicaret, why should any one judge. sibi persuaderi, that he was persuaded . Observe that persuadeo in the pas- sive must be used impersonally. Why? Sometimes Latin writers use the passive of intransitive verbs personally, as if to bring an innovation into the language ; e. g., animus auditoris persuasus esse videtur (Corn. i. 6). But such use is exceedingly unclassical, since the conception of an intransitive verb cannot admit of such a construction. quid tamen, what, pray. de ipsius diligentia, ipsius used for sua, referring to Caesar, to avoid con- fusion with sua virtute, which points to the subject of desperarent, factum (esse) periculum, trial had been made. cum — videbatur. See Introduction ; Inductive Studies, under cum. This is the only case in the Gallic War of an imperfect indicative after cum. At this time we may say that the use of cum with the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive had become fixed as a habit. The real cause which thrust the verb into the subjunctive had almost been lost sight of. Of course it was inevitable that the Romans should think there was something in the cum itself that required the subjunctive. A good example of this tendency is the use of quamquam among later writers. In Cicero quamquam never takes the subjunctive unless there be some outside reason, but Tacitus employs the word as if by its own influence it required the subjunctive, quantum — boni constantia, how much advantage resolution has. neque — fecisset, nor had he given them an opportunity to fight with him; liter- ally, no chance at him. desperantes, sc. Gallos. cui rationi — posse (rationi is attracted into the relative clause), by a strata- gem, for which there had been room against savage and unskilled men, — by this stratagem (I say) not even he expected that our armies couUl be entrapped; literally, hac (ratione), eui rationi, by this stratagem, for which stratagem, etc. qui. The antecedent is eos, to be supplied as subject of facere, in rei — simulationem, to a pretended anxiety about provisions. de — desperare, to despair of the commander’s doing his duty. quod — dicantur, as to the report that they would not be obedient to orders nor advance, signa laturi, cf chap. 39, signa laturos. NOTES. 347 CHATTER XLI. oum tribunis — egerunt, arranged with the tribunes. se — existimavisse. Indirect discourse after the idea of saying implied in satisfacerent. Cf. note on Ariovistum, etc., chap. 40. summa belli, conduct of the war. suum — imperatoris. Predicate after esse understood. satisfactione, excuse. ut — duceret (a result clause after the ablative absolute itinere exquisito), the road having been reconnoitred and found to be such that it would lead, etc. locis apertis, through an open country. CHAPTER XLII. per se, with his consent. petenti, to his request ; literalh', to him asking it. ultro polliceretur, he actually promised. pro suis — beneficiis. Cf. chap. 33, beneficio suo. fore uti desisteret, that he would desist. ultro citroque, hither and thither. alia ratione, on any other terms. eo imponere, upon them, = in eos. Cf. chap. 53, eo mulieres imposuerant, si quid — esset, if there should be any need of action. ad equum rescribere, he was transferring them to the cavalry. CHAPTER XLIII. tumulus terrenus, hill free from rocks. Cf. Sail. Jug., 92, 5, mons saxeus, aequo spatio aberat, was at nearly an equal distance. Cf. chap. 41, Ariovisti — xx abesse ex equis, on horseback. Cf. note on ex vinculis, chap. 4. pro officiis, in return for great services. aditum, access, Cf. v. 41, aliquem sermonis aditum causamque. quam veteres — appetissent. Cf. chaps. 11 and 31. sui nihil, nothing of their own. at, at least. amplius. See note on pedum, chap. 38. CHAPTER XLIV. rogatum et arcessitum. Agreeing with sese. Gallis. Tiie Arverni and Sequani, ipsis. Sc. Gallis. ac contra se castra habuisse, had encamped against him. 348 NOTES. uno proelio. Cf. eliap. 31. paratum esse decertare. Notice that the infinitive is used with paratum. Cf. ii. 3, paratosque esse et obsides dare. In chap. 5 paratus took the gerund- ive construction with ad : paratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda, pace uti velint, wish to enjoy peace. amicitiam — esse. Subject of oportere. idque, not eamque, because it refers to the idea contained in amicitiam, admitting of a more general meaning, — that relation. defenderit (sc. bellum as object), had warded it off. Cf. ii. 29, alias illatum defenderent ; also Civil War, ii. 2, ignem defendere, nisi rogatus, without being asked. hanc Galliam, this part of Gaul ; literally, this Gaul. ut oporteret, as it would not be proper to pardon him if etc. Why is concedi in the impersonal construction 1 imperitum rerum, ignorant of affairs. debere — habere, that he had a right to suspect that Caesar, inasmuch as he had an army in Gaul, kept it there, although wider the pretence of friendship, for the sake of crushing him. How does debere differ from oportere ? See note on debuerint, chap. 11. id compertum habere, had ascertained. See note on obstrictas habere, chap. 9. CHAPTER XLY. in eam sententiam, to this effect ; for the purpose of showing ; followed by quare, why. This use of the preposition is an anticipation of the force in was to have in the post-Ciceronian writers to denote result or purpose ; e. g., in liber- tatem pugnare, Livy, xxiv. 2, 4. The phrase in memoriam, which has such a vogue among us to-day, makes the use of in to denote purpose seem by no means strange ; but such a notion in the preposition is entirely unclassieal. Galliam = Celticam Galliam. populus — ignovisset, the Roman people had pardoned. CHAPTER XL VI. propius tumulum accedere, were approaching nearer the mound, tumulum is the accusative with the adverb propius, after the analogy of the preposition prope. Cf Sail. -Tug. 49, ipse propior montem suos conlocat ; also iii. 7, proxi- mus mare — hiemarat. periculo legionis, danger to the legion. Objective genitive, committendum — posset, he did not think that he ought to allow it to be said The subject of committendum (esse) is ut — posset. omni Gallia — interdixisset, had forbidden the Romans all Gaul. NOTES. 349 CHAPTER XL VII. biduo post, two days after. quae — coeptae — perfectae, which had begun to be discussed, but were not yet finished, coeptae essent, the passive of eoepi is regularly used with a passive iufinitive. retineri quin — conicerent, be kept from hurling. civitate donatus erat, had been presented with citizenship. qua multa — utebatur, which he spoke freely. in — esset, the Germans would have no reason for doing wrong in his case. CHAPTER XL VIII. qui supportaretur, which were being conveyed to him from the Sequani and Haedui. ei — deesset, an opportunity might not be wanting to him. hoc erat, was as follows. si quo — recipiendum, if it was necessary to advance to any place farther than usual or to retreat more quickly. cursum adaequarent, equalled their speed. CHAPTER XLIX. castris idoneum, fitted for a camp. castra munire, to fortify the camp. hominum milia expedita, for hominum milia expeditorum (cf. ii 4, armata milia centum), ( sixteen ) thousand light-armed troops. quae copiae — perterrerent, that this force might terrify our men. CHAPTER L. instituto suo, in accordance with his custom. Cf. chap. 48, ex eo die — aciem instructam habuit. tum demum, then at length. acriter — pugnatum est. Diodorus (38, 48) says that Ariovistus almost suc- ceeded in taking the camp of Caesar, and being elated, neglected the prophecies of the women to meet Caesar in battle. solis occasu, at sunset. Cf. chap. 1, inter occasum solis, matres familiae. Tacitus (Ger., chap. 8) states that the women among the Germans were supposed to have prophetic power. sortibus et vaticinationibus, from lots and divination. ex usu, advantageous. 350 NOTES. CHAPTER LI. alarios, the auxiliaries. So called because stationed on the alae or wings of the army. minus — valebat, was not strong in the number of legionary soldiers in com- parison with the enemy. ad speciem, for show. eo mulieres imposuerunt. See note on eo imponere, chap. 42. passis manibus, with outstretched hands ; passis being here from pando, not pateor. Cf. ii. 13, passis manibus suo more; and vii. 47, passis manibus obtestabantur. CHAPTER LII. singulis — quaestorem, lieutenants and a quaestor over each legion. a dextro cornu, on the right wing. minime firmam, weakest. pila. The object of the gerund, conieiendi. phalange facta. Cf. chap. 24, reiecto nostro equitatu phalange facta. complures nostri milites, very many of our soldiers. in phalangas, upon the phalanxes. For the Greek form of accusative, cf. Allo- brogas, chap. 14. a sinistro cornu. See a dextro cornu above. expeditior erat, was more disengaged. CHAPTER LIII. viribus confisi, relying on their strength. duae uxores. The Germans usually had one wife ; but their nobles had more, as we learn from Tacitus (Ger. 18), prope soli barbarorum singulis uxoribus contenti sunt, exceptis admodum paucis, qui — ob nobilitatem plurimis nuptiis ambiuntur. See Introduction, no. 85. duxerat, had married. See note on in matrimonium duxerat, chap. 9. trinis catenis, a triple chain. in ipsum Caesarem — incidit, fell inio the hands of Caesar himself. ter sortibus. Probably three was a sacred and mystical number with the Ger- mans, as it was among several other ancient nations. We know from Tacitus (Ger. 10, ter singulos tollit) that they consulted the lot three times. CHAPTER LIV. perterritos insecuti magnum ex iis numerum occiderunt. For the object with the participle and verb, see note on eos impeditos — aggressus — partem concidit, chap. 12. NOTES. 351 in hiberna in Sequanos, into winter-quarters among the Sequani. Why could not Sequanos be in the ablative ? See note on Romam ad senatum, chap. 3 1 . ad conventus agendos, to hold courts. The Homan governors of provinces held these conventus for regulating taxes and administrating of justice. BOOK II. CHAPTER I. in hibernis. Caesar perhaps had with him a small force, which had gone into winter quarters in Cisalpine Gaul. crebri — afferebantur, frequent reports were brought to him. The imperfect denotes the repeated action suggested by crebri. quam tertiam For the attraction of the antecedent, see note on i. 38, Veson- tionem, quod est oppidum, dixeramus. See chap. 1. omni pacata Gallia, after (Celtic) Gaul was subdued, pacata, cf. i. 6, qui nuper pacati erant. partim qui — partim qui, a part of whom — others of whom. What is the literal translation ? inveterascere, to settle, to gain a footing. novis imperiis, a revolution. Cf. novis rebus. imperio nostro, under our dominion. CHAPTER II. inita aestate, at the beginning of the summer. qui deduceret, to conduct them. cum primum, as soon as. dat negotium, he employs. dubitandum — quin, to hesitate to march. The construction of quin with the subjunctive, after dubitare in this sense, is rare. Cf. Cic. pro Sull , chap. 2, non dubitasse, quin defenderet. The infinitive is the regular construction. CHAPTER III. de improviso, unexpected! y : literally, from the unforeseen. celeriusque omni opinione, and sooner than any one expected. proximi ex Belgis, the nearest of the Belgae. 352 NOTES. se suaque omnia permittere, surrender themselves and all their possessions. For the omission of the subject of permittere, cf. ii. 31, se suaque omnia eorum potestati permittere. in fidem, to the protection. paratos esse dare. Cf. i. 44, paratum esse decertare, oppidis recipere, to receive him into their towns. cis Rhenum, on this side the Rhine. utantur — habeant. Observe the omission of the conjunction, quin — consentirent, from uniting with these. CHAPTER IY. ab his, from these, i. e., the legati. plerosque Belgas, the greater part of the Belgians. Teutonos Cimbrosque. Cf. i. 33, ut ante Cimbri Teutonique fecissent, ingredi prohibuerint, prohibere always takes the infinitive in Caesar ; hut what is the usual construction after verbs of hindering ? magnosque spiritus. Cf. i. 33, tantos sibi spiritus, omnia explorata. See note on habere obstrictas, i. 9. quantam quisque, how great a number each one had promised. armata milia centum, une hundred thousand armed men. electa, picked men. For gender, cf. i. 49, sedecim milia expedita, cum — tum, not only — but also. belli summam, direction of the war. CHAPTER V. liberaliter prosecutus, having addressed kindly. Cf. iv. 18, liberaliter respondit. ad diem, promptly to the day. Cf. v. 1, ad certam diem. quanto opere — intersit, how much it concerns the state and then common interest, that, etc. distineri, be kept apart, manus — distineri, subject of intersit. quae res — muniebat, this position fortified, etc. post — essent, the rear. Literally, what ivas behind him. CHAPTER VI. ex itinere. Cf. i. 25, ex itinere nostros aggressi. aegre — sustentatum est, the attack was sustained with difficulty on that day. Observe the impersonal construction. Cf. v. 39, aegre is dies sustentatur. oppugnatio, mode of besieging. totis moenibus, ablative of place, along the whole of the fortifications. Cf. vii. 72, turres toto opere circumdedit. summa nobilitate, of the highest rank. Cf. i. 18, summa audacia. NOTES. 353 CHAPTER VII. isdem ducibus usus, using the same persons as guides. potiundi oppidi. Cf. iii. 6, potiundorum castrorum. vicis aedificiisque incensis, when they had set fire to all the villages and buildings. Cf. i. 5, vicos — aedificia — incendunt. ab milibus — - duobus, less than two miles off. Eor amplius milibus, cf. i. 15, non amplius quinis — milibus, ab is used adverbially, cf. ii. 30, ab tanto spatio. CHAPTER VIII. eximiam opinionem virtutis, their uncommon reputation for courage. Cf. ii. 24, virtutis opinio est singularis. quid — auderent, periclitabatur, he strove to ascertain what the enemy could do by their valor and what our men dared (to do). tantum — quantum loci, spread over so much space as. ex utraque parte, on each side. et frontem — redibat, and gently sloping in front sank down gradually to the plain, frontem is the acc. of spec, with fastigatus. CHAPTER IX. hanc si nostri transirent, hostes exspectabant, the enemy were waiting to see if our men would cross this. For si, cf. i. 8, si perrumpere possent, conati. ut — aggrederentur, parati, they stood ready (for battle), in order to attack them, ut — aggrederentur is not dependent upon parati. secundiore — nostris, the engagement of the cavalry being more favorable for our soldiers. For the ablative absolute, cf. chap. 8, loco — opportuno. demonstratum est. See chap. 5. si possent — si minus potuissent. Observe the distinction of tense. CHAPTER X. hostes impeditos nostri in flumine aggressi, magnum eorum num- erum occiderunt. For object with participle and verb, cf. i 12, eos impeditos aggressus — partem — concidit, and i. 54, perterritos insecuti — numerum occiderunt. neque nostros — viderunt, and did not see our men advance to worse ground for the purpose, of fighting. optimum esse, that it was best. his persuaderi — non poterat, was not possible to persuade these to stay longer, etc. Why must the impersonal construction be used with the passive of persuadeo* 23 354 NOTES. CHAPTER XL cum sibi — peteret, since each was seeking for himself the first place in the journey. speculatores, spies. Ilis, i. e., equitibus, which is suggested by omnem equitatum. Cf. i. 2, civitati persuasit, ut — exirent. novissimos adorti, attacking the rear. cum — consisterent, while those in the rear, to whom our men had come up, were standing firm. priores, sc. et, and those in advance. quantum — spatium, as the length of the day allowed. sub occasum, about sunset. The same difference that in has with the accusa- tive and ablative is observed by sub. With the accusative sub has a vagueness of meaning, e. g., Livy, xxi. 16, sub idem tempus, about that same time (either before or after). In Livy, xxi. 18, sub hanc orationem, sub = after; but in xxi. 57, sub lucem, sub = before. CHAPTER XII. ex terrore ac fuga reciperent, recovered from their terror and flight . ex itinere, on his march. Cf. i. 25, ex itinere nostros — aggressi; and chap. 6, id ex itinere — Belgae oppugnare coeperunt. paucis defendentibus, though few were defending it. ex fuga. See Inductive Studies, under Ablative. The order of words is the same as in vii. 24, omnis ex castris multitudo concurreret. CHAPTER XIII. obsidibus acceptis primis, having received as hostages the first men Of the state. sese in eius fidem — venire. Cf. vi. 3, in deditionem venire, passis manibus. Cf. i. 51, passis manibus flentes implorabant. CHAPTER XIV. pro his — facit verba, Divitiacus speaks for these. in fide — fuisse, have been on ( terms of) confidence and friendship. civitatis Haeduae, with the Haeduan state. Objective genitive, qui — fuissent, those ivho had been the movers of that plot. The antecedent of qui is eos to be supplied as subject of profugisse. NOTES. 355 consilii principes = consilii auctores. Cf. v. 54, principes belli inferendi , vi. 4, qui princeps eius consilii fuerat ; vii. 37, vel principes eius consilii fore profiterentur. sua clementia, his (accustomed) clemency. quorum — consuerint, by whose aid and resources they have been accustomed to sustain themselves, whatever wars occurred, sustentare, in sense of sustentatum est, chap. 6, without object; or with object bella taken out of si qua bella inciderint. CHAPTER XV. honoris causa, out of respect to. magna — auctoritate, of yr eat influence. For the distinction between genitive and ablative of quality, see Inductive Studies. nullum — mercatoribus, merchants had no access to them. nihil pati vini, they suffered no wine, etc. homines feros magnaeque virtutis, savage men and of great bravery. The genitive of quality limiting homines in conjunction with the adjective, feros. Cf. v. 35, Balventio, viro forti et magnae auctoritatis ; and v. 54, civitas imprimis firma et magnae — auctoritatis. CHAPTER XVI. consedisse, had encamped. cum Atrebatis. Elsewhere this word is treated as a noun of the third declen- sion, e. g. Atrebates, chap. 4 and 23 ; Atrebas, iii. 27 and 35 ; Atrebatibus, iv. 21 ; Atrebatum, v. 46; Atrebatem, v. 22, vi. 6; Atrebatibus, vii. 75; Atrebati, vii. 76. CHAPTER XVII. eorum dierum — exercitus perspecta, having perceived our army’s mode of marching in those days, eorum dierum limits itineris. For the accumulation of genitives, ef. vii. 76, universae Galliae consensio libertatis vindicandae et pristinae belli laudis recuperandae. inter singulas legiones, between the several legions. magnum numerum, a great quantity. neque — negotii, and there would be no difficulty. quod Nervii, etc., subject of adiuvabat. teneris arboribus — posset, by cutting into and bending down young trees and (allowing) their numerous branches to shoot forth laterally (in latitudinem enatis), and by placing among them brambles and thorns, they had caused these hedges to present a fortification like a wall, so (dense) that it was impossible either to go into it or even to see through it. enatis, from enascor. quo = ut eo, and introduces a result clause. 356 NOTES. CHAPTER XVIII. haec, as follows. Cf. i. 48, genus hoc erat pugnae, quem locum. Cf. i. 16, quibus itineribus, aequaliter declivis, with even slope. adversus huic et contrarius, etc., facing this and opposite, clear at its base for about two hundred paces. secundum flumen, etc., along the river a few pickets of cavalry were seen. CHAPTER XIX. aliter se habebat ac, ivas otherwise than. consuetudine sua. Cf. chap. 17, consuetudine itineris — perspecta, legiones expeditas, unencumbered, i. e., without the hindrance of baggage, proxume conscriptae, which had been last levied. The MSS. give both spell- ings, proxime and proxume. In Cicero’s time scholars were in doubt whether to write imus or umus. A character was invented in the time of Claudius and employed for a short season to represent the intermediate sound between i and u. Cicero preferred umus, Caesar imus ; and imus became the fixed form for the superlative. in silvas. The plural denotes the different portions of the forest, quem ad finem = ad finem ad quern. quod tempus — convenerat, which had been agreed on. Cf. i. 36, quod convenisset. adverso colle, up the hill. What is the literal translation ? Is the expression an ablative of place or an ablative absolute ; and where does the idea of up come in 1 CHAPTER XX. paulo longius, a little too far. aggeris petendi causa, for the purpose of seeking (material for) the rampart. successus, approach. his difficultatibus — subsidio, two things were of advantage under these difficulties. scientia atque usus. Cf. iv. 1, ratio atque usus. CHAPTER XXI. quam partem — obtulit, whatever division chance presented to him. What is the translation of the reading quam in partem ? milites — quam uti, etc., having encouraged the soldiers in a speech not longer than (was required to bid them) remember, etc. quam quo telum adici posset, than (the distance) to which a missile could be cast. Cf. iii. 13, neque propter altitudinem facile telum adiciebatur. NOTES. 357 CHAPTER XXII. cum diversis legionibus — resisterent, since the legions were separated , and some were resisting the enemy in one place, and others in another. in tanta rerum iniquitate, in such an unfavorable state of affairs. CHAPTER XXIII. cursu ac lassitudine exanimatos, out of breath from running and weariness, i. e., from their exhausting run. diversae duae legiones. Cf. chap. 22, diversis legionibus, conantes insecuti, sc. eos, i. e., Atrebates, nudatis castris, sc. defensoribus. CHAPTER XXIV. adversis — occurrebant, met the enemy face to face. qui cum impedimentis veniebant. Cf. chap. 19, impedimenta collocarat, aliique aliam in partem, some one way, others another. virtutis opinio. Cf. chap. 8, propter eximiam opinionem virtutis. CHAPTER XXV. Caesar, subject of processit. ab decimae legionis cohortatione (after encouraging the tenth legion) = afo decima legione, quam cohortatus erat. signisque — collatis, and since the standards icere collected together. Cf. Caesars Civil V ar, i. 71, quod collatis in unum locum signis neque ordines neque signa servarent. ad pugnam impedimento. Cf. i. 25, magno ad pugnam erat impedimento, signo amisso. The loss of the standard was considered a great disgrace, proelio excedere. Cf. v. .36, pugna ut excedant; iv. 12, proelio excesserat; vii. 80, proelio excedebant; viii. 19, excedere proelio; but iii. 4, ex pugna ex- cedendi ; iv. 33, ex proelio excedunt, signa inferre, to charge. manipulos laxare. The pupil will find an excellent translation of part of this chapter, as well as several interesting comments upon Caesar’s life, in Longfellow’s “ Courtship of Miles Standish.” CHAPTER XXVI. urgeri ab hoste, was hard pressed by the enemy. . aversi, (while) turned, away, i. e., in their rear. cursu incitato, having quickened their pace. Cf. chap. 11, exaudito clamore — in fuga sibi praesidium ponerent. nihil — fecerunt, made all the haste they could. What is the literal translation 7 358 NOTES. CHAPTER XXYII. quo — praeferrent, in order that they might surpass the legionary soldiers. in extrema spe salutis. Cf. chap. 25, in extremis suis rebus, virtutem praestiterunt, displayed courage. ut ex tumulo, as from a mound. non nequiquam, not in vain. quae facilia redegerat = quae facilia - reddiderat. Cf. iv. .3, multo humiliores infirmioresque redegerunt. CHAPTER XXVIII. quos dixeramus. Cf. chap. 16, mulieres — in eum locum coniecisse. nihil impeditum, nothing icas a hindrance. vix ad quingentos, to scarcely five hundred. ut ~ videretur, videretur in the sense of the true passive of video, not seem, but he seen. In order that it might appear that Caesar used compassion toward, etc. CHAPTER XXIX. de quibus supra scripsimus. Cf. chap. 16. ex itinere. Cf. i. 25, ex itinere nostros — aggressi, ex omnibus in circuitu partibus, on all sides round about. ducentorum pedum qualifies aditus, ex Cimbris Teutonisque. Cf. chap. 4. prognati occurs rarely outside of the poets. Caesar uses the word again in vi. 18, ab Dite patre prognatos. Before this it occurs only in a letter of Coelius in Cic. Earn., 8, 15, 2 (Kr.). agere ac portare, drive and convey. The regular expression for plunder is agere et ferre ; cf. Greek a-yeiv /cal i plpew. alias — alias, at one time — at another. illatum defenderent, warded it off when brought against them. CHAPTER XXX. ab tanto spatio, so far away. Cf. chap. 7, ab milibus passuum minus duobus castra posuerunt. Gallis contemptui, contemptible to the Gauls. CHAPTER XXXI. existimare, sc. se. se suaque — permittere, sc. se as subject. Cf. chap. 3, se suaque omnia in fidem — permittere. sibi praestare, it was better for them. NOTES. 359 CHAPTER XXXII. in Nerviis, in the case of. Cf. i. 47, in eo peccandi causa non esset. ne quam — inferrent, not to inflict any injury. pace usi sunt, they enjoyed peace. CHAPTER XXXIII. sub vesperum, about evening. See note on sub occasum, chap. 11. deducturos, would lead off. pellibus induxerant, had covered with skins. eo concursum est, they rushed thither. in extrema spe salutis. Cf. chap. 25, and chap. 27, in extremis suis rebus. CHAPTER XXXIV. cum legione una, i. e., the seventh. Cf. iii. 7, cum legione septima. in dicionem potestatemque. Cf. i. 31, dicione atque imperio. CHAPTER XXXV. quae incolerent, incolere without object. Cf. i. 1, qui trans Ebenum incolunt. imperata facere. Cf chap. 3, obsides dare et imperata facere. inita proxima aestate, at the beginning of the following summer. Cf. chap. 2, et inita aestate. quod — accidit nulli, an honor which before that time had fallen to the lot of no one. quod refers to the idea contained in the clause dies - decreta est. Observe the emphatic position of nulli. Note that accidit is used in a good sense, although the verb usually implies misfortune. Cf. contigisse, i. 43, and peius accidisse, i. 31. BOOK III. CHAPTER I. mittendi. Cf. hiemandi below, and ii. 1 , coniurandi. magno cum periculo. Observe the position of cum here and in magnis cum portoriis. Cf i. 10. iter, accusative. Subject of patefieri, which depends on volebat, ipse. Agrees with Galba, the subject of constituit to be supplied cum. Causal. 360 NOTES. CHAPTER II. id. Explained by the clause ut — caperent. aliquot de causis. Particularized by (1) primum, first; (2) tum etiam, secondly (then also) ; (3) accedebat, in the third place, finally (it was added). accedebat. The subject is quod — habebant. sibi persuasum habebant, they were persuaded; literally, they had it per- suaded to themselves. persuasum agrees with the clause Romanos — adiungere. CHAPTER III. de frumento reliquoque commeatu. Cf. i. 39, first part of the chapter. satis esse provisum. Impersonal use; literally, had been sufficiently provided, i. e., sufficient provision bad beeu made. neque subsidio veniri (posset), neither could aid be brought; literally, neither could it be come for aid. ad extremum = ad extremum casum. Cf. chap. 5, also summo, ii. 18 ; angusto, ii. 25. Iu these cases we have the substantive use of the adjective. CHAPTER IV. iis rebus collocandis atque administrandis. The dative of the gerun- dive construction to denote purpose. decurrere (et) conicere Asyndeton. These verbs are historical infinitives. Others are repugnare, mittere, occurrere, ferre, superari. ut, as often as. hoc. Explained by the rest of the sentence, quod etc. non modo = non modo non. The order is ac non modo facultas (non) dabatur defesso etc. relinquendi agrees with loci. CHAPTER V. cum. Temporal. Explain the difference in tense in deficerent and coepissent. milites certiores facit, he directs or commands. The meaning here is stronger than in “ he informs his soldiers.” Cf. Civil War, i. 64, ut certior fieret, ne labori suo parceret. CHAPTER VI. cognoscendi. The gerund depends on facultatem and has quid fieret for its object. sui colligendi, to recover themselves, sui is best taken, not as the genitive of the personal pronoun, but as the neuter of the possessive adjective suus, suum = one’s own, one’s interest, one’s self. This is shown by the fact that the same stereo- NOTES. 361 typed expression is employed irrespective of gender. Or sui may be explained as the genitive of the reflexive pronoun limiting colligendi, recovering of themselves The genitive dependent on the gerund we meet with rarely in Latin ; e. g. poenarum sit- solvendi tempus; Lucretius, v. 1225 (the only example in his works), eius vi- dendi, “ of seeing her;” Ter. Hee., 372. The former theory, as remarked above, seems more reasonable. circumventos interficiunt = circumveniunt et interficiunt, fusis and exutis are both in agreement with copiis, armis depends on exutis, saepius, too often. The meaning of the clauses which immediately follow is that he had encountered things different from his expectation when he set out. CHAPTER VII. atque ita, and accordingly. profectus esset cum is to be taken as belonging to this clause as well as to the preceding ; hence the subjunctive. mare Oceanum, i. e. the Atlantic. The Mediterranean was mare internum, and by way of distinction this is called mare Oceanum. Cf. i. 30. CHAPTER VIII. et in magno impetu, etc. The meaning is, that by reason of the great and unbroken violence of the sea, only a few harbors being on the coast and these held by the Veneti, they are naturally the masters of all who trade in that part of the world. retinendi, of detaining, i. e., by detaining. Others follow their example, quos dedissent. See ii 34. ut sunt, etc , since or because. The ut is causal and explanatory, acturos — laturos, sc. se as subject, suos, his. sibi, to them. remittat. In direct discourse what mood was used ? CHAPTER IX. longius, too far. Where was Caesar 1 See beginning of chap. 7. naves longas, ships of war. in se, against themselves. legatos — retentos — coniectos. In apposition with facinus, hoc. with the greater hope on this account, or this ( they do) with greater hope, be- cause etc. pedestria itinera esse concisa and navigationem impeditam. Objects of sciebant. NOTES. nostros exercitus — posse. Object of confidebant, diutius, very long. iam ut, even though. longe aliam — atque, far different from. naves — quam plurimas possunt, as many ships as possible. Cf. i. 7, quam maximis potest itineribus. CHAPTER X. multa. Its appositives are iniuriae, rebellio, defectio, coniuratio, and the clause ne — arbitrarentur. retentorum equitum, in the detention of the knights. The participle retento- rum conveys the leading idea. This thrusting into a participle of the main idea of the clause obtained a great vogue in later Latin , e. g., cum occisus Caesar — facinus videretur; Tac. Ann., i. 8, “when the murder of Caesar seemed,” etc.; augebat metum gnarus Romanae seditionis et — invasurus hostis ; Tac. Ann., i. 36, “ the fact that the enemy were acquainted with the sedition among the Romans and the fact that they would invade, etc., increased the fear.” equitum refers to Silvius, Velanius, and others, mentioned in chap. 8. CHAPTER XI. adeat. Observe the omission of ut. qui curet, to see to it. eo, i. e., among the Veneti. CHAPTER XII. posita. Iu agreement with oppida implied in situs oppidorum. cum, as often as. pedibus, on foot, i e., by land. se incitavisset, had come in ; literally, had roused itself. navibus, by ships, i. e., by sea. afflictarentur, stranded his refers to aggere et mollibus. cuius rei = quarum, i. e., navium. eo, for this reason ; referring to quod — navigandi. CHAPTER XIII. factae et armatae, were built and equipped. planiores, flatter excipere, to meet, to encounter. NOTES. 363 contumeliam, violence, buffeting. quamvis. In agreement with vim and contumeliam. transtra, etc., cross-beams (made) oj timber (trabibus) a foot in thickness (alti- tudinem) were joined together (confixa) by iron bolts of the thickness (crassitudine) of a thumb (digiti pollicis), pro, instead of. alutae tenuiter confectae, thinly dressed leather. posse. Its subjects are tempestates, impetus, onera. It has two comple- mentary verbs, sustineri to be read with the first two subjects, and regi to be lead with onera All depend on arbitrabantur, praestaret, sc. classis as^subject. reliqua, all other things. pro, considering. See i. 2, last sentence, illis refers to the Gauls, nostrae, sc. naves. his and iis refer to the ships of the Gauls. copulis, by grappling hooks. accedebat The subject is ut — timerent. cum governs the verbs coepissent, dedissent. The next three verbs depend on ut. CHAPTER XIV. frustra, without result : explained by the rest of the sentence. neque iis noceri posse, nor could they be injured. What is the literal translation? quae. Subject of convenit and visa est ; its antecedent is classem. paratissimae, thoroughly equipped. ornatissimae, finely provided. nostris, sc. navibus. adversae. In agreement with naves. neque satis Bruto — constabat, nor was it sufficiently clear to Brutus. The subject of constabat is quid agerent — insisterent, noceri non posse, no injury could be inflicted. has, i. e., the turres, neque — et. Cf. ii 25. missa, sc. tela. gravius, with more disastrous effect. falces. In apposition with una res. falcium Governed by absimili, his, i e , mural hooks. cum, as often as. Used here with the indicative ; but cf. chap. 12, first sentence atque eo magis. Cf. i. 47, et eo magis. nullum — factum, no unusually brave deed , literally, no deed a little braver. 364 NOTES. CHAPTER XV. cum, as often as. Cf. chaps. 12, 14. binae ac ternae naves, ships by twos and threes. singulas, one by one. quod. Subject of fieri and refers to last part of previous sentence. ferebat, was bearing, was blowing. malacia ac tranquillitas, calm and stillness. exstitit, stood out, prevailed. quae res, this circumstance, i e., the calm. cum, since; explanatory of noctis interventu. CHAPTER XVI. cum — turn, not only — but also. Cf. ii. 4, near the end. navium quod ubique fuerat, whatever vessels they had anywhere , literally, what of vessels had been anywhere. quibus, these , i. e., the vessels. vindicandum (esse), etc The meaning is, Caesar thought that the more severe punishment ought to be inflicted on these for this reason, that, etc. sub corona, under the crown, i. e. as slaves. Prisoners of war, when about to be sold into slavery, were crowned with chaplets So it has been said, but the real origin of the expression is unknown. CHAPTER XVII quas — acceperat. See chap 11. auctores, authors, i. e., to sanction the war. What is the etymological meaning of the English word “ author ” ? Cf. augeo, idoneo agrees with loco and determines case of castris, cum. Concessive. Cf. i. 14, cum ea ita sint. pugnandi potestatem faceret. Cf. i. 40, near middle, non solum — sed etiam. Cf. chap. 16, cum — turn, in contemptionem veniret. Cf. i. 18, in spem venire, opinionem, impression. ea causa. Explained by rest of the sentence, eo, i. e., Caesar. CHAPTER XVIII. quid fieri velit. Object of edocet, pro perfuga, as if he were a deserter. quibus — proficiscatur. Object-of docet. neque longius abesse quin, it is not further off than the next night that Sabinus, etc, NOTES. 365 quod, this, i. e., the information given above. amittendam esse — oportere. Asyndeton. ad castra iri oportere, they ought to go to the camp ; literally, it ought to be gone ■o the camp. res. Its appositives are cunctatio, confirmatio, inopia, spes, and quod — credunt. superiorum dierum Sabini. Double genitive. Cf. ii. 17, eorum dierum, prius, with quam following, before. ut explorata victoria, as if victory were sure. Cf. v. 43, sicuti parta iam atque explorata victoria. CHAPTER XIX. imo. See note on extremum, chap. 3. ac terga verterent, but turned their backs, i. e., fled, ac after a negative clause is best rendered by but. See note on non potuerunt ac terga, iv. 35. quos, these fugitives. Notice how frequently Caesar uses the relative at the beginning of a sentence where we use the demonstrative, paucos, but few. Object of reliquerunt. Sabinus, sc. certior factus est. animus, disposition. mens, mind. CHAPTER XX. ex tertia parte, as a third part. finitimae. In agreement with civitates. paucis annis. Nothing is known of Valerius. The defeat of Mallius is usually assigned to 78 b. c. during the Sertorian war, in which some of the Gauls participated, non mediocrem diligentiam. Cf. i. 39, non mediocriter, quo plurimum valebant, in which they were very powerful. Cf. ii. 17, nihil possent and pedestribus valent copiis. CHAPTER XXI. nostri. Subject of cuperent. perspici. The subject is the clause quid — possent vertere. The short form of the third person plural of the perfect, which is rarely used in Caesar (Civil War, i. 51, iii. 63). alias — alias, now — again, at one time — at another. Cf. ii. 29. aerariae structurae, copper mines. CHAPTER XXn. condicio, manner of living. amicitiae. Indirect object of dediderint, qui. Subject of recusaret. condicione, terms. 366 NOTES. CHAPTER XXIII. oppidum. Subject of expugnatum esse. ventum erat, they had. come. Impersonal construction. quoqueversum, in every direction. finitimae. In agreement with quae. Which belong to (are of) hither Spain, nearest to Aquitania. cum after magna. Note its position. See note on iii. 1. quod. Explained by the clause suas — augeri. animadvertit. Its object is quod, which is explained by copias diduci ; hos- tem vagari, obsidere, relinquere ; frumentum commeatumque supportari ; numerum augeri, in dies, daily. CHAPTER XXIV. prima luce. See i. 22. esse. Its subject is potiri. infirmiore animo. This ablative of quality is equivalent to an adjective. Cf. Afr. War, 78, integros recentioribusque viribus equites. Eor a like adjective phrase, see note on ex essedis, iv. 33. exspectari — iretur, they should hesitate no longer to go to the camp. CHAPTER XXV. cum — cum. The first cum determines the mood of complerent, depellerent, and praeberent ; the second cum, the mood of pugnaretur and acciderent, ad pugnam, for fighting. pugnaretur. Impersonal. CHAPTER XXVI. quid fieri velit. Object of ostendit, erat imperatum. Impersonal. intritae, from in, negative and terere, to rub. Explain the use of this word ; that of the Eng. trite. prius — quam, before. videri. Complement of possent understood, quid — gereretur. Subject of posset, multa nocte, late at night. Cf. multo die, i. 22. ultro, besides. CHAPTER XXVII. NOTES, 367 CHAPTER XXVIII. longe ac — Galli, in a far different way from the rest of the Gauls. continentes silvas, unbroken forests. Explain the exact force of continentes from its composition, longius, too far. CHAPTER XXIX. deinceps = almost an adjective continuis, successively, one after another. Cf. v. 40, reliquis deinceps diebus, and Civil War, iii. 56, omnibus deinceps diebus. The adverb is inserted between the adjective and the noun as if in imitation of the Greek idiom ol r6re &vdpuirot, the men of that time. For this adjective force of the adverb in an English derivative, see the word peninsula (paene -f- insula), paeninsula occurs first in Latin in poem XXXI. of Catullus, materiam, timber. ab latere, on the flank. sub pellibus, under skins, i. e., in tents which were covered with skins. BOOK IV. CHAPTER I. qui fuit — consulibus. This clause establishes the date. Pompey and Crassus entered upon their consulship on the first of January in the year 55 b. c. Gneo — Crasso. Observe the omission of the conjunction, as in i. 35, M. Mes- sala — consulibus. magna cum multitudine. For the position of the preposition, cf. i. 10, magno cum periculo. exagitati, having been harassed. Cf. ii. 29, a finitimis exagitati. anno post, the year after. ratio atque usus belli, the art and practice of war. Cf. ii. 20, scientia atque usus militum. longius anno = diutius anno, longer than one year. Cf. vii. 9, longius triduo. Hoes longe usually refer to place or time 1 Cf. longe and longius iii. 28, longius i. 22, longissime i. 1. maximam partem, for the most part. lacte atque pecore vivunt Cf. v. 14, lacte et carne vivunt. sunt in venationibus. Cf. vi. 21, vita omnis in venationibus — consistit. quae res, and this fact. 368 NOTES. nullo officio — assuefacti, having been accustomed to no service nor discipline. locis frigidissimis, though their country is very cold. vestitus, partitive genitive with quicquam. CHAPTER II. ut, quae — habeant, so that they have (persons) to whom they may sell those things which they have taken in war. quam quo — desiderent, than because they desire, etc. impenso parant pretio, procure at a great price. Exact meaning of impenso ! haec — efficiunt, by daily exercise they make these capable of great labor. cum usus est, when there is need. Eor this meaning of usus, cf. vi. 15, hi, cum est usus atque aliquod bellum incidit, omnes in bello versantur, vinum — arbitrantur. Cf. ii. 15, nihil pati vini — inferri. CHAPTER III. publice — laudem, they consider it the greatest praise as a community. Cf. vi. 23, civitatibus maxima laus est, quam, etc. una — a Suebis, in one direction from the Suebi. ut est captus Germanorum, as is the capacity (captus being a noun) of the Germans, considering the mode of life among the Germans. redegerunt = reddiderunt. Cf. ii. 27, magnitudo redegerat. CHAPTER IV. in eadem causa, in the same condition. ad extremum tamen, at last however. ad utramque ripam, on each bank. transire prohibebant. Eor the construction with prohibere in this sense, cf. ii. 4, ingredi prohibuerint. CHAPTER V. infirmitatem, fickleness. nihil his committendum existimavit, thought that no confidence should be placed in them. est — consuetudinis, this belongs to Gallic custom, i. e., is a Gallic custom, vulgus circumsistat — cogant. Notice the change in number caused by the collective idea in vulgus Cf. i. 2, civitati persuasit, ut — exirent, his rebus permoti. Cf. i. 37, quibus rebus — commotus, quorum — necesse est, of which they must repent on the spot. Cf. iv. 2. rumoribus serviant, are slaves to idle reports. Cf. vii. 34, bello servire. NOTES. 369 CHAPTER VI. ne graviori — occurreret, that he might not encounter too serious a war. occurreret. Cf iii. 6, in bellum incideret. uti — discederent, to withdraw from the Rhine, i. e , to go farther into Gaul, qua spe adducti, influenced by the hope of this; literally, by which hope, qua spe = huius rei spe, as in i. 9, ea civitate = ex eorum civitate, and i. 10, quae civitas = quorum civitas, and v 19, hoc metu = huius rei metu. constituit, made known his resolve. CHAPTER VII. quibus in locis. Cf. i. 6, quibus itineribus, a quibus refers to ea loea. resistere, sc. iis as antecedent of quicumque. posse, sc. se. possederint, come into possession of. For possidere in sense of potiri, cf. aer omne necessest — possidat inane, Lucret, i. 3S6. concedere, are inferior. neminem. Observe the emphatic position. Cf. i. 3, quod aliud iter — nullum. CHAPTER VIII. quae visum est, what seemed proper, quae object of respondere to be supplied, verum, reasonable, just. Cf. C'ic. Tusc. 3, 29, 73, rectum et verum est, ut amemus. CHAPTER IX. post diem tertium, the third day after. ne propius — moveret, that he should not advance nearer them. hos — equites, they were waiting for this cavalry ; literally, this cavalry ivas being waited for. CHAPTER X. ex monte Vosego = ex ea parte montis; monte means here a long mountain- chain; see map. This reference is not in point considering the whole context in chap. 1. parte quadam, a tributary. neque longius milibus. Cf. i- 15, amplius — senis milibus ; also i. 22, non longius — quingentis passibus. citatus, with a rapid current. sunt qui, there are some who. existimantur, not the subjunctive, because sunt qui is simply equivalent to nonnulli. capitibus, mouths ; elsewhere the word usually signifies sources. 370 NOTES. CHAPTER XL ut — constitutum. See chap. 9. Cf. i. 22, ut erat praeceptum, in itinere congressi = congressi cum eo, qui in itinere erat, praemitteret, to send on. Observe the omission of the object, sibi — faceret, that he would grant them permission. fecisset. For two subjects with singular verb, cf. ii. 26, quantoque in periculo et castra et legiones et imperator versaretur. Many editions have fecissent. In the MSS. the nasal was indicated by a curved mark over the vowel ; lienee confusions were very easy ; e. g. fecisset and fecisset. eodem illo pertinere. Cf. i 14, eodem pertinere. CHAPTER XII. ubi primum = cum primum or simul ac. amplius — equites, more than eight hundred cavalry. What other construction after amplius ? See chap. 10 rursus resistentibus, while our men in their turn made a stand. Supply nostris. subf ossis, from subfodere, stabbed underneath. ita perterritos egerunt. Note the force of per in perterritos. Cf. v. 17, praecipites hostes egerunt. amicus — appellatus. Cf. i. 3, a senatu — amicus appellatus. CHAPTER XIII. per dolum atque insidias. Cf. i. 42, ne per insidias — circumveniretur, exspectare ; subject of esse. cognita — infirmitate, knowing the fickleness of the Gauls. For this meaning of infirmitas, cf. chap. 5, et infirmitatem Gallorum, postridie eius diei. Cf. i. 23. Germani frequentes. Cf. chap. 1, magna cum multitudine, sui purgandi causa, to acquit themselves. For the construction sui purgandi, see note on sui colligendi, iii. 6. contra atque esset dictum, contrary to what had been said . de indutiis impetrarent, might obtain their request for a truce by deceiving (him). Cf. v. 36, de sua ac militum salute impetrari posse. CHAPTER XIV. quid ageretur, what was going on. discessu suorum, by the absence of their chiefs. perturbantur. The word is used in a pregnant sense. It is equivalent to they are so confounded as to be in doubt. NOTES. 371 praestaret. Impersonal, quo loco, in this place. ad quos consectandos, to pursue them. Caesar’s conduct in this matter is a specimen of the barbarity of his age. It shows the little value set upon human life when ambition was to be gratified. Plutarch tells us that this act was severely censured at Rome. CHAPTER XV. clamore audito, hearing the outcry, i. e. of their women and children, who were being slain. suos interfici, that their own families were being massacred. ad confluentem, at the confluence. The word is properly a participle, agreeing originally with some word which has dropped out. Cf. continens (terra), continent, ad unum omnes, all to the last man. ex timore, after the alarm. capitum. Cf. i. 29, capitum Helvetiorum. CHAPTER XVI. Germanico — confecto. Cf. i 30, bello Helvetiorum confecto. quarum illa fuit iustissima. of these the following was the most important. suis quoque — voluit, he desired that they should fear for their own possessions. accessit — quod, moreover; literally, it was added also that, etc. supra commemoravi. See chap. 9, magnam — missam, eos — dederent, to surrender those who, etc. Observe the omission of ut. Cf. iii. 5, certiores facit, paulisper intermitterent, etc. cur — postularet, why did he claim that anything beyond the Rhine was under his sway or power ? occupationibus reipublicae, by the business of the state. opinionem, reputation. CHAPTER XVII. neque — statuebat, nor considered that it was consistent with his own dignity or that of the Roman people. proponebatur, was manifest; literally, u-as presented to him. rationem — instituit, he determined upon this plan of a bridge. tigna, posts or piles, bina, in pairs, sesquipedalia, a foot and a half thick. ab imo praeacuta, sharpened at the lower end. dimensa ad altitudinem, proportioned to the depth. haec cum machinationibus — adegerat, when he had sunk (immissa) these into the river by means of engines and secured them there (defixerat), and had then driven them down (adegerat) with rammers. 372 NOTES. sublicae modo, like a pile. ut — procumberent, so as to incline according to the current. contra — conversa, turned against the force and current of the river. haec utraque — distinebantur, these (two) pairs were kept apart by timbers, two feet thick, laid on above (for two feet was the distance between the piles) with two ties at each end. quibus — revinctis, these being kept apart and secured at opposite ends. hoc artius, so much the more closely. haec contexebantur, these were covered with timbers laid over them lengthwise. ac nihilo secius, and besides all this. et, also. pro ariete, as a buttress. aliae, sc. sublicae. deiciendi operis, for the purpose of throwing down the work. The genitive ex- presses purpose as if causa or gratia had been employed. Such a genitive of the gerundive is best explained as the genitive of quality. This construction is espe- cially common in late Latin. Cf. Tac. Ann. ii. 59, Aegyptum proficiscitur cognoscendae antiquitatis. CHAPTER XVIII. diebus decem, quibus, within ten days. Cf. iii. 2.3, paucis diebus, quibus, firmo praesidio, strong guard. Cf. i. 3, per tres — firmissimos populos, liberaliter respondit. Cf. ii. 5, liberaliterque oratione prosecutus, institui coeptus est. Why is coeptus passive ‘ CHAPTER XIX. vicis aedificiisque. Cf. i. 5, vicos — aedificia incendunt, hunc esse — medium, this had been selected near the centre, medium agrees directly with hune. Cf. vi. 13, regio totius Galliae media. rebus is explained by the clauses ut — iniceret, ut — ulcisceretur, etc. CHAPTER XX. exigua — reliqua. Ablative absolute. Cf. iii. 29, reliquis item civitatibus, tamen in Britanniam — contendit. See description of Britain in Intro- duction. omnibus — intellegebat, because he discovered that help had been furnished to our enemy from that country in nearly all the wars with the Gauls. si tempus — tamen, even if time should fail, yet, etc. Gallis — incognita, i. e. except the Veneti. Cf. iii. 8 , Veneti in Britanniam navigare consuerunt. According to ii 4, Divitiacus once had the government, — tum etiam Britanniae imperium obtinuerit. NOTES. 373 iis ipsis, i. e. mercatoribus. contra Gallias, opposite to Gaul. The plural refers to the several divisions, quem usum, what skill. CHAPTER XXI. Volusenum. See iii. 5; vi. 41 ; viii. 48. idoneum, a suitable person. navi longa, war-ship. ad Veneticum bellum. See iii. 9. qui polliceantur — dare. The present infinitive for the future se daturos esse is a rare construction after polliceor. In chap. 22 the regular tense is employed, facturos pollicerentur. Atrebatibus superatis, i. e. in the battle of the Sambre. See ii. 23. ibi = apud Atrebates. magni habebatur, was estimated highly. fidem sequantur, to embrace the alliance. Cf. v. 20, secutos fidem, seque — venturum, that he (Caesar) would come. For se referring to subject of imperat, cf. ii. 35, ab nationibus — mitterentur — qui se — imperata facturas pollicerentur. CHAPTER XXII. superioris temporis consilio, for their former ( hostile ) purpose. anni tempus. Cf. chap. 20, si tempus anni. has tantularum rerum occupationes, attention to such trifling matters as these. Cf. chap. 16, occupationibus rei publicae. navium longarum. See chap. 21. Cf. Greek pa/cpa n\oia. ducendum dedit, pace to lead, ducendum is in agreement with exercitum. This use of the gerundive to express purpose is common. An early construction, and perhaps the original (cf. note on i. 11), is the gerund as direct object of a verb and itself taking a direct object; e. g. on an old Latin inscription, portas, turreis, moiros, turreisque aequas qum moiro faciundum coiraverunt. CHAPTER XXIII. solvit, sets sail. Supply naves. For the omission of this object, cf. chap. 28, naves (nom.) — leni vento solverunt. In chap. 35 the object is expressed, ipse — naves solvit. hora quarta, about 8.30 o’clock iu the morning. Cf. iii. 15. dum — convenirent, until the rest of the ships should come there. ut — administrarentur, as military science and especially the management of ships require j since these have a rapid and uncertain movement) that all things should be performed by them promptly. Note the omission of ut with administrarentur, 374 NOTES. and that postularent following ut, as, would be the indicative in direct discourse. Cf. ut — ratio — postulabat ii. 22. sublatis ancoris, the anchors having been weighed. CHAPTER XXIV. quo genere = quibus. egredi prohibebant. See note on suos ingredi prohibuerint, ii. 4. Notice the force of the imperfect. ignotis locis. Cf. locis frigidissimis, chap. 1 . militibus — desiliendum, the soldiers had to leap down. simul et — et — et, etc. Observe the repetition of the conjunctions (Poly- syndeton). insuefactos, trained to this. CHAPTER XXV. motus — expeditior. Cf. iii. 13, ut una celeritate et pulsu remorum praestaret. naves -- removeri, to be withdrawn a little. Obj. of iussit. quae res, this manoeuvre. atque, and now. qui — aquilam ferebat = aquilifer. The omitted antecedent of qui is the subject of inquit. contestatus, calling upon. ea res, his act, i. e., what he was about to do. praestitero, T shall have discharged. The future perfect expresses here the promptness of the action. cohortati inter se, exhorting one another. For inter se taking the place of the direct object, cf. vi. 8, cum Galli cohortati inter se ; and vi. 40, itaque inter se cohortati. ex proximis — navibus = ii, qui in proximis navibus erant, ex iis (i. e. navibus) cum conspexissent. The subject of appropinquarunt is ii implied in ex proximis, {those) from the nearest. CHAPTER XXVI. ab utrisque, on both sides ; literally, by those on both sides. ordines servare, keep their ranks. alius alia ex navi, one from one vessel, another from another. quibus signis — se aggregabat, assembled about whatever standards he met. singulares, one by one. in universos, upon our collected forces. See universi — desiluerunt, chap. 25. scaphas longarum navium, the boats belonging to the ships of war. simul = simul atque, as soon as. in arido. Cf. chap. 24, aut ex arido. NOTES. 375 CHAPTER XXVII. simul atque — receperunt. Cf. ii. 12, priusquam — reciperent. miserunt — polliciti sunt. Notice the asyndeton. supra demonstraveram. See chap. 21. oratoris modo, in the character of ambassador . ut ignosceretur, that pardon might be granted. in continentem. See note on confluentem, chap. 16. remigrare in agros, to retire to their country. CHAPTER XXVIII. supra demonstratum est. See chaps. 22 and 23. ex superiore portu. Cf. chap. 23, in ulteriorem portum, solverunt. See note on solvit, chap. 23. aliae — aliae, some — others. quae — solis occasum. Note the use of the adverb propius and the meaning of solis occasum. Eor the latter, cf. i. 1. CHAPTER XXIX. luna plena. Astronomical calculation fixes this time of full moon on the night of the 30th of August, 55 b. c. qui dies, which period (of full moon). Cf. chap. 36, die aequinoctii, aestus maximos, spring tides. transportandum curaverat. See note on ducendum dedit, chap. 22. id quod, a thing which, id is in apposition with the clause magna — facta, quod omnibus constabat, because it was evident to all. CHAPTER XXX. principes, subject of duxerunt. convenerant. See chap. 27, prineipesque undique convenire — coeperunt, quae hoc — angustiora, which was smaller on this account. See below factu. See note on perfacile factu, i. 3. ex — discedere. Cf. chap. 27, remigrare in agros. CHAPTER XXXI. ex eventu navium, from the fate of the ships. Cf. viii. 23, quae Bellovacorum speculabantur eventum. ex eo quod, from the fact that. ad omnes casus, against every emergency. quae — naves, earum, of those ships which, etc. quae — usui, whatever was of use. reliquis ut — effecit, he brought it about that the voyage could be made well enough ivith the rest. 376 NOTES. CHAPTER XXXII. frumentatum, supine. neque ulla -- interposita, no suspicion of war having arisen as i/et. hominum, i. e., the Britons. ventitaret, kept coming again and again. Note that the tense and the derivative ending combine to make this a double imperfect. quam consuetudo ferret, than usual ; literally, than custom brought. id, quod erat, that which was really the case. aliquid — consilii. In apposition with id. armari, to arm themselves, 'ihe verb has a middle or reflexive force. The pas- sive voice is a development of the middle, denoting the action upon the subject. A verb of this kind shows the easy transition to the passive. A survival of the middle voice is met with in the deponent verbs utor, fruor, etc., and the ablative after them is explained as an ablative of means; e. g. vescor carne, / eat meat; literally, I support myself by means of meat. aegre sustinere, to stand their ground with difficulty. For sustinere used absolutely, cf. ii. 6, sustinere non posse, and chap. 11, at end. CHAPTER XXXIII. genus hoc — pugnae, their method of fighting from chariots is as follows, ex essedis is a prepositional phrase which is taken with pugnae almost in the sense of an adjective, ex essedis pugnae, chariot fighting. Cf. v. 13, omnes ex Gallia naves = omnes Gallicae naves. cum se — insinuaverunt, when they have worked themselves in among the troops of cavalry. ita mobilitatem — praestant, thus they display the speed of horse and the firmness of foot in battles. per temonem percurrere, run along the pole. CHAPTER XXXIV. eius adventu. Cf. iii. 23, quorum adventu hostes constiterunt, nostri — receperunt. For the asyndeton, cf. i. 1 8, concilium dimittit, Liscum retinet. ad lacessendum Observe the omission of the object. alienum tempus, an unfavorable time. quae — prohiberent, so as to keep our men in camp and hinder the enemy from fighting. sui liberandi, of freeing themselves. What part of speech is sui ! See note on sui colligendi, iii. 6. quanta — daretur. Indirect question after demonstraverunt. NOTES. 377 CHAPTER XXXV. idem — fore, the same thing would occur which, etc. ut — effugerent. In apposition with idem, de quo ante dictum est. See chap. 21. ferre non potuerunt ac terga verterunt, were not able to bear, but turned their backs. For this use of ac, et, and que after a negative clause, cf. chap. .36, non potuerunt et paulo infra delatae sunt ; also iii. 19, ne unum quidem nostro- rum impetum ferrent ac statim terga verterent ; and vii. 4, non destitit tamen atque in agris habet delectum. Our idiom requires the adversative conjunction, tanto spatio — quantum, as far as ; literally, over as much space as. CHAPTER XXXVI. legati — de pace venerunt. Cf. i. 27, Helvetii — legatos de deditione — mi- serunt ; ii. 6, qui legati de pace — venerant; chap. 27, legatos de pace miserunt. die aequinoctii, the time of the equinox. hiemi navigationem subiciendam, that the voyage should be exposed to foul weather. portus capere, to reach the port. Cf. chap. 26, cursum tenere atque insulam capere et — delatae sunt. See note on ac, chap. .35, ac terga verterunt. CHAPTER XXXVII. quibus ex navibus, i e. the two transports mentioned in chap. 36, onerariae duae. non ita magno, not very large. circumsteterunt, suirounded them. For the omission of an object, cf. i. 48, si qui — deciderat, circumsistebant, ad clamorem, at the cry. postea — quam = posteaquam by tmesis. A fragment of Ennius shows an excessive case of tmesis which is a curiosity, — saxo cere comminuit brum — saxo cerebrum comminuit, he crushed his head ivith a stone. CHAPTER XXXVIII. qui cum, since they. siccitates. The plural of the abstract noun is explained by the plural paludum. Cf vi. 30, silvarum ac fluminum petunt propinquitates, superiore anno. See iii. 28 and 29. quo — reciperent, whither they could betake themselves. supplicatio. Cf. ii. 35, dies quindecim supplicatio. EXERCISES IN LATIN COMPOSITION. The numerals indicate the chapters in the Text, upon which the Vocabulary of the Exercise is based. I. 2. A. & G. 255; G. 40S ; H. 431,4. A. & G. 245, b; G. 407, r. 1 ; H. 416, n. 1. A. & G. 253 ; G. 398 , H. 424. A. & G. 249 ; G. 405 ; H. 421, 1. A. & G. 286 ; G. 510; H. 491. Of the Helvetians, Orgetorix was by far the most wealthy. When Messala was consul, the nobility was incited by his desire for sovereignty to form a conspiracy. He persuades the state to go forth from the territory. 1 “ Will it not be very easy, 0 Helvetians, since you excel all in valor, to get the power of the whole of Gaul P To this I can persuade you the more easily, because the character of the country confines you on every side ; on the one side, the Rhine, a very deep river, sepa- rates our land from the Germans ; on the other side Mt. Jura is between us and the Sequani.” These circumstances caused the Helvetians to range less widely and less easily make war upon all persons. Hence it resulted that the men were affected with great sorrow, since they were fond of war. In the consulship of Marcus Messala and Marcus Piso these Helvetians thought that considering their renown for bravery their territory was too narrow, although it extends 240 miles. 1 Introduce by nonne. I. 3. A. &G. 300; G.433; H. 542, III. A. & G. 317; G. 545, 1; H. 497, II. A. & G. 296 ; G. 428 ; H. 544, 1. A. & G. 303, r. ; G. 437; H. 547, n. 1. By these facts Orgetorix induced them to provide such things as were necessary for their departure. 1 It was necessary that they should buy up as great a number 1 oportere. 380 EXERCISES IN LATIN COMPOSITION. as possible of beasts of burden, make as large sowings as possible, in order that plenty of grain might be on hand, and establish peace with their neighbors. Two years are sufficient to execute their designs. The third year was fixed by them for their departure. Orgetorix, 2 having taken upon himself the embassy to the states, persuades Casticus to seize the power in his own state. Dumnorix was much beloved by the people, and attempts the same, since the daughter of Orgeto- rix had been given him in marriage. It was a very easy thing for the Helvetians to accomplish their attempts, because Orgetorix could obtain the sovereignty of his own state, and there was no doubt that they were the most powerful of Gaul. “I assure you,” 3 says Orgetorix, “that I shall get the power with my own army.” The Helvetians, incited by this speech, and 2 giving a pledge to one another, hope that they can get possession of the whole of Gaul. 2 Ablative absolute. 3 inquit. I. 5, 6. A. & G. 250 ; G. 400 ; H. 417 , 2 . A. & G. 258 ; G 410 ; H. 380 , II, 2 . A. & G. 317 ; G. 545 , 1 ; H. 497 , II. A. & G. 320 ; G. 633 ; H. 503 , I. A. & G. 376 ; G. app. ; H. 642 - 644 . After the death of Orgetorix the Helvetians attempted to do that which had been resolved upon, namely, to go forth from their territory. Thinking that they were ready for this undertaking, they set fire to their towns, about twelve in number. All the grain is burned, except what can be carried with them. The Helvetians take away the hope of a return home, and are ready to undergo all dangers. 1 Eacli one should carry forth from home for himself provisions for three months. 2 The Rauraci are persuaded to adopt the same plan. 3 And so the Rauraci burn down their towns and set out with the Helvetians, who had united to themselves the Boii, dwelling on the other side of the Rhine. Of the two routes by which it was possible to go forth from the country, one was so narrow that scarcely the wagons could be drawn in single file, over which a very high moun- tain hangs. 4 Hence they fear that a very few might hinder them ; the other was much easier, and the Helvetians thought that they could persuade the Allobroges to allow them to pass through their territory. A day was appointed on which they all should meet at the Rhone. This day was not the 18th of April, but 5 without doubt they must meet on the 28th of March. 1 cuique cibaria efferenda. 2 Rauracis persuadetur. 3 itaque. 4 hac de causa vereri ne. 5 sine dubio. EXERCISES IX LATIN COMPOSITION. 381 I. 9, 10. A. & G. 325 ; G. 5S6 ; H. 521, II, 2. A. & G. 227 ; G. 345 , H. 385. A &. G. 336 ; G. 653 , H. 524. A. & G. 228 ; G. 346 , H. 386. If the Sequam were unwilling, the Helvetians could not pass by the way which was left. They send Dumnorix to persuade them, since his popularity had great influence among the Sequani, and since Dumnorix himself was anxious for a revo- lution and wished to have as many states as possible attached to him. There- fore, 1 having undertaken the affair, he persuaded the Sequani not to hinder the Helvetians in their march, but allow them to pass without harm. When it was reported to Caesar that the Helvetians were intending to march through the territory of the Sequam, he saw that it would be attended with great danger to have warlike men iu an open country. For these reasons Titus Labienus is ap- pointed to the command of the fortifications 2 which had been made. By forced marches Caesar proceeded to Italy in order to levy two legions and march with them by the nearest route across the Alpes into Further Gaul. After having routed the Centrones, who attempted to hinder Ins army on the march, and 3 hav- ing arrived in the territory of the Vocontii, he led his army among the Segusiani, who were the first beyond the Province. 1 Ablative absolute. 2 Participle. 3 Introduce by a cum clause. I. 12. A. & G. 334 ; G. 469 ; H. 529. II. A. & G. 319 ; G. 554 ; H. 500, II. A. & G. 191 ; G. 324, R. 6 ; H. 443, N. 1. A. & G. 286 ; G. 510 , H. 491. The Saoue flows through the territories of the Haedui with such incredible slowness that the eye cannot determine in which direction it flows. When spies informed Caesar that the Helvetians were crossing this river by rafts joined to- gether, he sets out from the camp with three legions about the third watch, and comes up with a part of their forces, because all of them had not yet crossed the stream. This division 1 was encumbered with baggage and did not expect that Caesar would attack them. A great part of them was cut to pieces; the rest 2 betaking themselves to flight concealed themselves in the nearest woods. Of the four cantons into which the Helvetian state is divided, this one is called Tigurinus, 8 a canton which having left their home, and 4 having slain Lucius Cassius the 1 Participle 2 Introduce by cum clause. 3 Omit. 4 Ablative absolute. 382 EXERCISES IN LATIN COMPOSITION. consul, sent the Roman army under the yoke. Caesar 5 was uncertain whether 6 it happened by the design of the immortal gods 5 or not that the part of the Helvetian state which had brought calamity upon the Roman people was the first to pay the penalty. Because Lucius Piso had been slain by the Tigurini, Caesar could avenge not only the public but also his private wrongs. 5 nescire utrum — necne. 6 fieri. 1 . 14 . A & G 216; G. 370; H. 397, 3. A. & G. 210, 6; G 458; H 351, 1,n. 3 A. & G. 219', G. 375 ; H. 533, III. A. & G 129; G. 243 ; H. 234. A. & G 232 ; G. 353 , H. 388. A. & G. 308 ; G 599 ; H. 507, III. “ I feel less hesitation,” 1 says Caesar, “ because I remember those things which you have mentioned ; and I feel the more indignant in proportion as they have happened to us undeservedly. We are not conscious of having done any wrong, for if we were conscious, it would not be difficult to be on guard. But we are not aware that we have done anything on account of which w r e should fear; and 2 should we fear without cause ? But even if I were willing to forget your former wrongs, can I also lay aside the remembrance of recent outrages ? You attempted a march through the Province against my will, and you molested the Haedui. 3 Do you insolently boast of your victory and wonder that you have committed wrongs for so long a time with impunity p But remember that the gods are wont to grant to persons a greater prosperity in order that they may suffer the more severely from a reverse of circumstances. Although these things are so, yet, if you give hostages to me in order that I may know that you will do what you 4 promise, I will make peace with you.” 1 inquit. 2 Introduce by mm, implying what answer ? 3 Introduce by ne enclitic. 4 Future perfect. I. 18 . A. & G. 251 ; G. 402 ; H. 419, II. A. & G. 258 ; G. 212, r. I ; 11. 426, 2. A. & G 302; G. 436 ; II. 546, I. A. & G. 233 ; G. 350 ; II. 390, II. Dumnorix, the brother or Divitiacus, was indicated by the speech of Liscus. But very many were present, and Caesar, 1 being unwilling that these matters should be discussed, 2 dismissing the council, detained Liscus When Caesar in- quired from him about those things which he had said, Liscus spoke boldly. 1 Introduce by a quod clause. 2 Ablative absolute or a temporal clause. EXERCISES IX LATIN COMPOSITION. 383 “ Dumnorix, 0 Caesar, is a man of great favor with the people on account of his liberality, and there is no 3 doubt that he is eager for a revolution. For many years no one dared to bid against him when he bid. By these means he increased his own property in order that he might maintain constantly, at his own expense, a great number of cavalry. This man Dumnorix had great influence at home and among the neighbouring states, 4 for he had given his mother in marriage to a most noble man among the Bituriges, and himself had taken a wife from the Hel- vetians. 5 having given his sister in marriage into other states. Since he favors the Helvetians on account of this connection, he hates the Romans, 0 Caesar, because by their arrival they 6 caused his power to become weak, and restored his brother, Divitiacus, to his former position of influence. If anything happens to the Romans, he will entertain the highest hope of gaining the power, but under the rule of the Romans he will despair of royalty.” 3 dubium quin. 4 namque. 5 Ablative absolute or a temporal clause. 6 facere ut. I. 22, 23. A. & G. 193; G. 287, R.; H. 440, 2,n. 1. A. & G. 247 ; G. 399 ; H. 417. A.&G. 325; G. 586; H. 521, II, 2. A. & G. 257 ; G. 335, 2 ; H. 379. A. & G. 214, g ; G. 371, R. 4 ; H. 398, 5. At day-break, when Labienus had possession of the summit of the mountain, and the enemy’s camp was not farther off than a mile and a half, nor had the enemy discovered the arrival of Labienus, Considius at full speed comes up to him. “ The mountain,” he says, “ which you, O Caesar, wished should be seized by Labienus, is in possession of the enemy.” Caesar, 1 leading his forces to the next hill, draws them up in line of battle. He had ordered Labienus not to engage in battle unless he saw his forces near the enemy’s camp, in order that they might make the attack upon the enemy at the same time ; but, having taken possession of the mountain, to wait for our men, and refrain from battle. Late in the day Caesar learns that our men have possession of the mountain, and following the enemy, he pitches his camp three miles from theirs On the next day lie was not more than eighteen miles from Bibracte, the largest town of the Haedui, and since he must serve out grain to his army within two days, he advances to Bibracte in order to provide for a supply of grain. Caesar does not know 2 whether the Hel- vetians thought that he, filled with terror, was retreating, or believed that they could cut him off from provisions. 1 Introduce by a temporal clause Why cannot the present participle be used ? 2 utrum — an. 384 EXERCISES IN LATIN COMPOSITION. I. 26. A. &. G. 146, c; G. 199, r. 1 ; H. 301 A. & G. 326; G. 588; H. 515, III. A. & G. 256; G. 337 ; H. 379. The buttle was fought vigorously. When the Helvetians could not withstand the attack of the Romans, they betook themselves, the one party to the mountain, the other to the baggage. Although no one could see a retreating enemy, yet 1 the battle had lasted until evening. The Helvetians fought also at the baggage till late at night, because their wagons had been placed as a rampart. The Ro- mans were wounded by the weapons thrown from the higher ground against them. Late at night 2 they got possession of the camp of the Helvetians and cap- tured the daughter of Orgetorix. After that battle the enemy marched during the whole of the night, and arriving in the territory of the Lingones delayed there. Caesar had to send messengers to the Lingones because our men were not able to follow them on account of the wounds of the soldiers. If the Lingones had as- sisted them with grain, Caesar would have regarded them in the same light as the Helvetians. 1 Impersonal construction. 2 Sink into a participial construction. I. 31. A. & G. 317,6; G. 545, 2; H. 497,11, 2. A. & G. 320,6; G. 633; H. 503, II, 1. A. & G. 302; G. 436; H. 546. A. & G. 256; G. 392; H. 429. There are two parties in Gaul, the power of which the Haedui and Arverni hold. The Arverni and the Sequani call upon the Germans, because these two parties have been struggling with one another for many years. The Germans, about 15,000, having crossed the Rhine, fell in love with the refinement of the Gauls The Haedul, broken by engagements and calamities, were compelled to give as hostages to the Sequani the nobles of their state. They promised that they would not demand hostages in return, nor refuse to be under their rule. Divitiacus fled from his state and came to the senate 2 at Rome to ask aid. Ario- vistus, the king of the Germans, has settled among the Sequani, and has seized upon a portion of their land, and is providing room and settlement for the Haru- des, who have come a few months before. In a few years all the Germans will cross the Rhine, for the land of Gaul must not be compared with the land of the Germans. Moreover, Ariovistus, having defeated the forces of the Gauls, demdnds hostages ; for he is a savage and his commands ought not to be borne. Unless 1 polliceri. 2 Romam ; whv ? EXERCISES IX LATIN COMPOSITION. 385 there be some aid in Caesar, the Gauls must seek another dwelling-place, remote from the Germans. Divitiacus does not doubt that if these things should be disclosed to Ariovistus, he would punish all the hostages. Moreover, Caesar himself, either by his own influence or the recenl victory, can prevent a greater uumber of Germans from being brought over the Rhine. L 35, 36. A. & G. 320, e; G. 636 ; H. 517. A. & G. 307 ; G. 598 , H. 507, II. A. & G. 30S : G. 599; H. 507, III. A. & G. 306; G. 597; H. 507, I. If Ariovistus had been treated with great kindness by Caesar, 1 why should he make this return ? If he should be invited to a conference, he would not think that he ought to say anything in regard to the common interests. Caesar de- mands of him that he should not bring any body of men across the Rhine. He 2 commands him to restore the hostages which he has from the Haedui. The Ro- man people will entertain a feeling of friendship toward him, if he will do this. But if Caesar does not obtain these desires, he will not overlook the wrongs of the Haedui, because the senate had decreed that whoever should hold the province of Gaul, as far as it coidd be done in the interest of the republic, should defend the friends of the Roman people. But it is the right of war that if the Germans had conquered the Haedui they should govern them in whatever manner they pleased. Because Ariovistus did not dictate to the Roman people as to the manner in which they should use their right, he ought not to be obstructed by the Romans in his right. The Haedui 3 have tried the fortune of war, have engaged in arms, and have been conquered Caesar is doing a great wrong, because lie is making the reve- nues of Ariovistus less valuable to him. Ariovistus said that no one ever came into an encounter with him without ruin to himself. If Caesar should come into an engagement with him, lie would know what the invincible Germans could achieve, for they are trained to arms above all others. 1 cur. 2 iubeo. 3 Use only one principal clause. T. 40. A. & G. 341, d , G. 630 ,- H. 516, II. A. & G. 230 ; G. 208 ; H. 384, II, 5. A. & G. 233 ; G- 350, H. 390, I. A. & G. 211 ; G. 460; H. 353. It is not the duty of centurions to inquire in what direction Caesar is march- ing. Why 1 should any one judge that Ariovistus, having sought the friendship 1 Present subjunctive , deliberative question 25 386 EXERCISES IN LATIN COMPOSITION. of the Romans in the consulship of Caesar, would depart from his duty ? Caesar is persuaded that lie will not reject the favor of the Roman people. If the Ro- mans should have to make war upon him, since he is driven on by madness, they ought not to despair of their own valor because they have made a trial of the same enemy within the memory of their fathers. These same men the Helve- tians conquered, and in the unsuccessful battle of the Gauls Ariovistus fell upon them tired out by the long duration of the war; for he gave them no Opportu- nity for an encounter, but gained the victory more by stratagem than valor. What, therefore, should the Romans fear? It is Caesar’s concern that the Se- quani furnish grain in order I hat they who ascribe their fear to a pretence in regard to provisions may not distrust him. If the soldiers were not obedient to the command of their general, Caesar would go with only the tenth legion. 2 sui potestatem. II. 4. A. & G. 319 ; G. 588, 3 ; H. 501, 1, 1 . A. & G. 336 ; G. 653 ; H. 534. A. & G. 196; G. 295; H. 449, I. The Belgae are sprung from the Germans, and having crossed the Rhine at an early date settled there, and 1 have driven out the Gauls who inhabited that region. They are the only people who prevented the Teutones from entering their terri- tory. The result is that from the remembrance of those events they assume great haughtiness. The Remi say that they have known everything regarding their number, because they are united to them by alliances ; 2 and therefore they know what number each state of the Belgae has promised for that war. The Bellovaci are the most powerful of them in valor. These promised 3 to muster 100,000 armed men, demanding the command of the war. The Suessiones are their neigh- bors, who possess a very fertile country. Divitiacus, who was their king, is the most powerful man of all Gaul, and held the government of a great part of Britain. But their king now is Galba, upon whom they have conferred the direction of the whole war. 1 Ablative absolute. 2 quam ob rem. 3 Future infinitive. TI. 19, 20. A. & G. 1 56, a ; G 646 ,■ H. 554, 1, 2, n. A. & G. 336 ; G. 653 ; H. 524. A. & G. 339 ; G. 655; H. 523, III. Caesar, having sent on his cavalry, follows with all his forces. The plan of march is different from that which the Belgae had reported. The enemy from EXERCISES IN LATIN COMPOSITION. 387 time to time betaking themselves into the woods, and again making an attack upon the Romans, 1 caused them to 2 fear to follow them in their retreat. The six legions having arrived measured out the work in order to fortify the camp. Hav- ing seen the first part of the baggage-train of the Romans, after they had arranged their Hue of battle and encouraged one another, rushing out suddenly with all their troops, they make an attack upon our cavalry. Caesar tells us that he had to do everything at one time; that he 3 gave orders to his soldiers that they should display the standard which is the sign when it is necessary to run to arms; that the signal had to be given by the trumpet ; that the soldiers had to be sum- moned who had proceeded some distance in order to seek materials for the ram- part ; that the line of battle had to be formed ; that he had to encourage the soldiers; that the watchword had to be given. The sudden approach of the enemy prevented a great part of these arrangements, but Caesar said let the soldiers wait for no command from him, but do whatever seemed proper. 1 facere ut. 2 vereri ne. 3 impero. III. 9, 10. A. & G. 334 ; G. 469 ; H. 529, I. A. & G. 342 ; G. 631 ; H. 529, II. A. & G. 320 , G. 633 , II. 503, 1. Caesar says that he was informed of these things by Crassus, although he was far away. He orders ships of war to be built, and sailors to be provided for them. These are matters which can be quickly executed. Caesar hastens to the army as soon as the season of the year permitted. The Veneti, because they knew they had committed a great crime in that they had thrown into prison the ambassadors, a name which among all nations had always been sacred, prepared for war. They relied greatly on the character of their country, for they knew that the marches by land were cut off by estuaries. The Romans are not acquainted with the harbors of those localities where they would carry on the war, for navigation is very dif- ferent in a narrow sea from what it is in the open ocean. Caesar is informed that they are fortifying their towns and conveying grain from the country. There is 1 no doubt that many things were urging Caesar to that war. for if he should overlook this part, the other nations would think that the same thing was per- mitted them. He thought that he ought to divide his army in order that more states might not unite in the conspiracy. non dubium quin. 388 EXERCISES IN LATIN COMPOSITION. III. 24, 25, 26. A. & G. 336-339; G 651-664; H. 523-531. Put in indirect discourse after Crassus dicit : At the break of clay he drew up all his forces and marshalled them in a double line. The auxiliaries he stationed in the centre, and waited to see what plan the enemy would adopt. Although they supposed they might fight safely, yet they thought it safer to gain the victory without a wound by cutting off the provisions. If the Romans should begin to retreat, they intended to attack them, since they would be encumbered in their march. They approved of this plan, and although the leaders led forth the Romans, yet they kept themselves in their camp. When Crassus observed this, he marched to the camp of the enemy to the great satisfaction of all his soldiers, for the enemy by their delay had made the Roman soldiers more eager for light, who thought that delay ought to be made no longer in going to the camp. Some fill the ditch, and others throwing many darts drive the defenders from the fortifications. Crassus did not rely much on the auxiliaries, yet they were supplying stones and presented the appearance of men engaged in battle. The weapons of the enemy did not fall upon the Romans without effect, because they were fighting from their higher position. The cavalry went around the camp of the enemy and reported to Crassus that it had an easy approach at the ducuman gate. Crassus urges the commanders of the cavalry to arouse the men with prom- ises of reward, and shows what he desires to be done. lr .They were commanded to lead forth the cohorts, which had been left as a guard for the camp, by a longer way, in order that the enemy might see them. With these cohorts which I have mentioned they arrived at the fortifications. The Romans hearing a shout began to fight more vigorously. The enemy were surrounded on all sides, and tried to seek safety in flight. The cavalry pursued these, and returned to the camp late at night. 1 impero, impersonal construction. Why ? TY. 13, 14, 15. A. & G. 285-287 ; G. 510-519 1 H. 491-496. Put hi indirect discourse a fter Caesar dixit • After this battle Caesar thought that he ought not to hear the ambassadors nor accept conditions from those who had sued for peace and made war by treachery. The forces of the enemy will be increased, and the cavalry will return. Would it not be the greatest madness to wait ? Caesar knows the fickleness of the Gauls, EXERCISES IX LATIN COMPOSITION. 389 and feels liow much influence the enemy have gained among them. A very oppor- tune event occurred, namely, that a large body of Germans came to the camp practising the same treachery, but as they pretended, 1 for the sake of acquitting themselves for having engaged in battle the day before. Caesar was glad that they had come into his power and detains them. Leading all his forces out of the camp, he commanded the cavalry to follow the line which was in a state of fear in consequence of the late battle. Having completed a march of eight miles, he arrived at the camp of the enemy before the Germans could perceive what was taking place. By all these circumstances they are alarmed and are perplexed as to whether it would be better to defend the camp or seek safety by flight. The sol- diers burst into the camp, aroused by the treachery of the preceding day. Those of the enemy who could get their arms withstood the Romans and engaged in battle among the wagons. The women and boys who had departed from home and ci'ossed the Rhine began to flee in all directions. Caesar sent his cavalry to pursue these The Germans, hearing the noise behind them, saw that their own families were being killed, and throwing away their arms fled out of camp. When they arrived at the Rhine, they despaired of future escape, because a great num- ber of them had been killed Accordingly they threw themselves into the river and perished, for they were overcome by the violence of the stream. The Roman soldiers returned to the camp all safe to a man, and with very few wounded. Caesar gave an opportunity of departing to those whom he had detained in the camp. But they feared torture from the Gauls, and expressed a desire to remain with Caesar. 1 sui purgandi causa. What part of speech is sui ? IY. 33, 34. The student should be especially careful to avoid a wrong use of the present participle in this lesson. The Britons have the following mode of fighting with the chariots. First, after having ridden in all directions, they throw their weapons in order that they may disturb the ranks of the enemy, for oftentimes the very fear of their horses is able to do this. Then after they have worked them in between the troops of cavalry, leaping from their horses, they fight on foot. The charioteers, having withdrawn a little distance, so place the chariots that, if the Britons be overcome by the enemy, they may have an easy retreat. They have acquired so much skill by daily prac- tice that they can check their horses even on a steep place, and are accustomed to guide them at full speed. Running along the pole they quickly return to their chariots. The Romans were disturbed by these circumstances, and Caesar brought 390 EXERCISES IN LATIN COMPOSITION. aid to them at a seasonable time, for although the enemy were provoking them, they would not engage in battle. Caesar thinking that he ought to hold his sol- diers in his own quarter led back the legions to the camp, after a little time had in- tervened. The rest of the Britons departed. For many days in succession storms confined our men to the camp, but did not prevent the enemy from sending mes- sengers to all parts 1 to report how good an opportunity was afforded of freeing themselves forever, if the Romans could be driven from the camp. Collecting a great force of cavalry they came upon (he Roman camp. 1 Relative clause of purpose. VII. 20. Vercingetorix is accused of treason, because he 1 moved his camp nearer the Romans, because he weut away with all the cavalry, because he left so great forces under no command, because the Romans came with such haste after his de- parture. All these circumstances could not happen by chance. He preferred to hold the sovereignty of Gaul by the permission of Caesar rather than by their favor. Vercingetorix, being accused in such a way, replies as follows to these charges : “ I moved the camp on account of a want of provisions, and you yourselves urged me to do this. I approached nearer the Romans because I was persuaded by the favorable location which could defend us. Moreover, the service of the cavalry will be more useful than in marshy ground. When I departed I gave the com- mand to no one designedly, lest he should be driven by the desire of the multitude to an engagement with the Romans. You should give thanks to fortune, if the Romans have come by chance, and if any one has invited them, you should feel grateful to him, because you can see the smallness of their number. I do not de- sire power from Caesar, because I can have it by victory, for victory is assured to us. Listen to the Roman soldiers in order that you may know that I speak these words truly.” Some slaves are brought forward whom Vercingetorix, having cap- tured while they were on a foraging, expedition, had tortured by hunger, in order that they might say that they, being legionary soldiers, had gone forth from camp to find some grain in the fields, that the whole army did not have strength to bear the labor of work, and that the general had decided to lead off his army. “ These are the benefits,” says Vercingetorix, “ that you receive from me.” He said more- over that he had made provision that no state should receive the army in its flight within its territory. 1 Subjunctive. Why? EXERCISES IN LATIN COMPOSITION. 301 De Bello Civili, III. 41. As soon as Caesar knew that Pompey was at Asparagium, setting out 1 for that place with his army, and having captured the town of the Parthinians on his march, in which Pompey had a 2 garrison, lie 3 reached Pompey on the third day, and pitched his camp near him. On the next day, leading forth all his forces, he gave Pompey an opportunity of an engagement. But when he perceived that he 4 kept within 5 his own quarter, leading back his army he thought that he must adopt some other plan. And so on the next day he set out with all his troops through a narrow road to Dyrrachium, 6 hoping that Pompey would be compelled to go to Dyrrachium. It happened that Pompey was 7 cut off from communication with that town, because he thought Caesar was compelled to depart through the scarcity of provisions. When he was informed by scouts in regard to the plan of Caesar, he moved his camp, hoping 8 to meet him 9 by taking a shorter road. Caesar, suspecting that this might happen, arrived in 10 the morning at Dyrra- chium and encamped there. 1 eodem 2 praesidium. 3 pervenire ad. 4 tenere se. 5 suis locis. 6 sperare. 7 intercludi ab. 8 occurrere posse. 9 breviore itinere. 1° mane. WORD LISTS I. — Verbs which occur over 100 times. V. 1. cognosco. 5. iubeo. 9. sum. 2. dico. 6. mitto. 10. venio. 3. facio. 7. possum. 1 1 . video. 4. habeo. 8. relinquo. Verbs which occur from 75- 100 times. 12. constituo. 15. existimo. 18. recipio. 13. contendo. 16. interficio. 14. do. 17. proficiscor. - Verbs ichich occur from 50-75 times 19. accipio. 25. discedo. 31. pugno 20. capio. 26. fero 32. teneo. 21. coepi. 27. gero. 33. transeo. 22. cogo. 28. impero. 34. volo. 23. contineo. 29. pervenio. 35. utor. 24. convenio. 30. peto. - Verbs which occur from 40 -50 times. 36. absum. 40. conficio. 44. intellego 37. accido. 41. consisto. 45. pono. 38. adduco. 42. infero. 46. prohibeo. 39. arbitror. 43. instituo. Verbs which occur from 30- 40 times. 47. ago. 55. consuesco. 63. intermitto 48. appello. 56. deduco. 64. munio. 49. audio. 57. demonstro. 65. paro. 50. committo. 58. dimitto. 66. perterreo. 51. confirmo. 59. duco. 67. reverto. 52. conicio. 60. efficio. 68. sequor. 53. eonloco. 61. expecto. 69. traduco. 54. conor 62. impedio. 394 WORD LISTS. VI. — Verbs ivhich occur from 20-30 times. 70. accedo. 86. despero. 102. perspicio. 71. adeo. 87. educo. 103. persuadeo 72. administro. 88. egredior. 104. pertineo. 73. amitto. 89. eo 105. polliceor. 74. animadverto. 90. incendo. 106. postulo. 75 audeo. 91. ineo. 107. praeficio. 76. circumvenio. 92. moror. 108. praesum. 77. cohortor. 93. nascor. 109. premo. 78. comparo 94. nuntio. 110. progredior 79. compleo 95. occupo. 111 puto 80. confero. 96. oppugno. 112. reduco. 81. confido. 97. obtineo. 113. reperio. 82. consido. 98. orior 114. resisto. 83 defendo. 99. ostendo. 115. tollo. 84. defero. 100. pello. 116 trado. 85. deligo. 101. perfero. 117. vereor. — Vei'bs which occur from 10-20 times. 118. abdo. 144. convoco. 170. fugio. 119. affero. 145. curo. 171. hiemo. 120. afficio. 146. debeo. 172. hortor. 121. adiungo. 147. dedo. 173. impetro. 122. adorior. 148. deficio. 174. incito. 123. appropinquo. 149. deicio. 175. incolo. 124. adsum. 150. desero. 176. inquit. 125 arcesso. 151. desisto. 177. insequor. 126. armo. 152. desum. 178. instruo. 127. attingo. 153. dimico. 179. intercludo. 128. augeo. 154. diripio. 180. iudico. 129. cedo. 155. dispono. 181. laboro. 130. circumsisto. 156. distribuo. 182. lacesso. 131. cogito. 157. divido. 183. licet. 132. communico. 158. dubito. 184. maneo 133. concedo. 159. eripio. 185. moveo. 134. concurro. 160. evoco. 186. nanciscor 135. coniungo. 161. excedo. 187. neglego. 136. colloquor. 162. excipio. 188. noceo. 137. comprehendo. 163. excito. 189. nosco. 138. consequor. 164. exeo. 190. occido. 139. conspicio. 165. expedio. 191. occulto. 140. conspicor. 166. expello 192. occurro. 141. consto. 167. experior. 193. offero 142. consulo. 168. exploro. 194. oportet. 143. consumo. 169. expugno. 195. opprimo. WORD LISTS. 196. oro. 212. pronuntio. 228. scio. 197. pateo. 213. propono. 229. sentio. 19S. patior. 214. provideo 230. servo. 199. perduco 215. quaero. 231. spero. 200. perficio. 216. queror. 232. statuo. 201. permaneo. 217. reddo. 233. studeo. 202. permitto. 218. redeo. 234. subsequor 203. permoveo 219 redigo. 235. succedo. 204. perturbo. 220. refero. 236. tempto. 205. potior 221. reficio. 237. timeo. 206. praemitto. 222. remaneo. 238. transporto. 207. probo. 223. remitto. 239. valeo. 208. procedo. 224. renuntio. 240. vasto. 209. produco. 225. repello. 241. verso. 210. profugio. 226. respondeo. 242. vulnero. 211. proicio. 227. retineo. VIII. — Nouns which occur over 100 times. 1. bellum. 9. equitatus. 17. miles. 2. castra. 10. exercitus. 18. navis. 3, causa. 11. finis. 19. numerus. 4. civitas. 12. flumen. 20. oppidum. 5. consilium. 13. hcstis. 21. pars. 6. copia. 14. legatus. 22. proelium. 7. dies. 15. legio. 23. res. 8. eques. 16. locus. 24. tempus. IX. — Nouns which occur from 75-100 times. 25. arma. 27. multitudo. 28. populus. 26. homo. X. — Nouns ivhich occur from 50-75 times. 29. ager. 34. fuga. 39. periculum. 30. animus. 35. imperium. 40. praesidium. 31. annus. 36. munitio. 41, princeps. 32. auxilium. 37. obses. 42. silva. 33. frumentum 38. passus. 43. spes. XI. — Nouns which occur from 40-50 times. 44. acies. 50. manus. 56. provincia. 45. adventus. 51. murus. 57. ratio. 46. cohors. 52. nihil. 58. regio. 47. hiberna. 53. nox. 59. salus. 48. impedimentum. 54. opus. 60. signum. 49 impetus. 55 pes. 395 396 WORD LISTS. XII. — Nouns which occur from 30-40 times. 61. agmen. 68. fides. 75. nuntius. 62. amieitia. 69. fortuna. 76. pons. 63. barbarus. 70. iniuria. 77. porta. 64. collis. 71. ius. 78. pugna. 65. concilium. 72. labor. 79. victoria. 66. consuetudo. 73. mons. 80. usus. 67. domus. 74. natura. XIII. — Nouns which occur from 20-30 times. 81. aditus. 93. eruptio. 105. opinio. 82. agger. 94. explorator. 106. oratio. 83. altitudo. 95. facultas. 107. ordo. 84. auctoritas. 96. fossa. 108. palus. 85. captivus. 97. frater. 109. pax. 86 casus. 98. inopia. 110. potestas. 87, celeritas. 99. latus. 111. senatus. 88. centurio. 100. littera. 112. subsidium. 89. clamor. 101. magistratus. 113. tribunus. 90. commeatus. 102. magnitudo. 114. turris. 91. dux. 103. modus. 115. via. 92. equus. 104. mors. 116. vulnus. XIV. — Nouns which occur from 10-20 times. 117. adulescens 137. difficultas. 157. mare. 118. aedificium. 138. diligentia. 158. mercator. 119. aestas. 139. discessus. 159. mos. 120. aestus. 140. dolor. 160. motus. 121. aetas. 141. essedarii. 161. natio. 1 22. amicus. 142. fama. 162. noctu. 123. aqua. 143. filius. 163. nomen. 124. beneficium. 144. gladium. 164. oceanus. 125. caedes. 145. hiemps. 165. officium. 126. calamitas. 146. hora. 166. opera. 127. caput. 147. ignis. 167. oppugnatio. 1 28. castellum. 148. imperator. 168. pagus. 129. circuitus. 149. incommodum. 169. pater. 130. cliens. 150. intervallum. 170. pecunia. 131. condicio. 151. iugum. 171. pecus. 132. colloqium. 152. laus. 172. pedes. 1.33. conspectus. 153. legatio. 173. peditatus. 134. controversia. 154. liberi. 174. pilum. 1.35. cursus. 155. libertas. 175. poena. 136. defectio. 156. longitudo. 176. portus. WORD LISTS. 397 177. praeda. 187. silentium. 197. tergum. 178. praemium. 188. socius. 198. terra. 179. principatus. 189. sol. 199. triduum. 180. profectio. 190. species. 200. vadum. 181. regnum. 191. statio. 201. ventus. 182. rex. 192. studium. 202. vigilia. 183. ripa. 193. summa. 203. vir. 184. scutum 194. supplicium. 204. vita. 185. sententia. 195. suspicio. 205. voluntas. 186. servitus. 196. tempestas. 206. vox. TRANSLATION. I. — Verbs which occur over 100 times. 1 . know. 5. command. 9. be. 2. say. 6. send. 10. come. 3. do. 7. be able. 11. see. 4. have. 8. leave. — Verbs which occur from 75-100 times. 12. arrange. 15 suppose. 13. recover. 13. strain. 16. kill. 14. give. 17. set out. \. — Verbs which occur from 50-75 times. 19. receive. 25. depart. 31. fight. 20. take. 26. bear. 32. hold. 21. begin. 27. carry. 33. go across. 22. compel. 28. command. 34. wish. 23. hold together. 29. anive. 35. use. 24. come together. 30. seek. IV. — Verbs which occur from 40-50 times. 36. be away. 40. accomplish. 44. know. 37. fall upon. 41. take a stand. 45. place. 38. lead to. 42. bring in. 46. hold off. 39. think. 43. set in order. Verbs which occur from 30-40 times. 47. drive. 50. join together. 53. place together. 48. caU. 51. strengthen. 54. attempt. 49. hear. 52. throw together. 55. become accustomed. 398 WORD LISTS. VI. 56. lead down. 61. wait for. 66. terrify. 57. show. 62. entangle. 67. return. 58. let go awai/. 63. stop. 68. follow. 59. lead. 64. fortify. 69. lead across. 60. make out. 65. prepare. — Verbs which occur from 20-30 times. 70. approach. 86. despair. 102. see through. 71. go to. 87. lead out. 103. persuade. 72. perform. 88. march out. 104. tend. 73. let slip. 89. go. 105. promise. 74. attend to. 90. burn. 106. demand. 75. dare. 91. go in. 107. put before. 76. surround. 92. delay. 108. be before. 77. encourage. 93. be born. 109. press. 78. get readg. 94. report. 110. advance. 79. fill. 95. seize. 111. think. 80. bring together. 96. attack. 112. lead back. 81. trust. 97. hold. 113. find. 82. settle. 98. arise. 1 1 4. resist. 83. defend. 99. show. 115. raise. 84. carri/ down. 100. drive. 116. handover. 85. select. 101. carry through. 117. fear. — Verbs which occur from 10-20 times. 118. put away. 138. follow. 158. doubt. 119. bring to. 139. espy. 159. snatch away. 120. affect. 140. see. 160. call out. 121. join to. 141. stand together. 161. go out. 122. assail. 142. take counsel. 162. take out. 123. approach. 143. destroy. 163. rouse. 124. be near. 144. call together. 164. go out. 125. summon. 145. take care. 165. disentangle. 126. equip. 146. owe. 166. drive out. 127. touch upon. 147. give over. 167. experience. 128. increase. 148. fail. 168. examine. 129. make way. 149. cast down. 169. attack. 130. stand around. 150. abandon. 170. fly. 131. consider. 151. stand off. 171. pass the winter. 132. communicate. 152. be lacking. 172. encourage. 133. allow. 153. fight. 173. obtain. 134. run together. 154. seize. 174. urge on. 135. join together. 155. place about. 175. dwell. 136. speak together. 156. assign. 176. say. 137. grasp together. 157. divide. 177. follow up. WORD LISTS. 399 ITS. Jit up. 200. complete. 222. remain behind 179. cutoff. 201 . remain. 223. send back. ISO. decide. 202. grant. 224. report. 181. tod. 203. influence. 225. drive back. 1S2. provoke. 204. disturb. 226. reply. 183. it is allowed. 205. become master of. 227. hold back. 184. remain. 206 send forward. 228. know. 1S5. move 207. approve. 229. perceive. 186. pet. 208. go forward. 230. guard. 187. disregard. 209. lead forward. 231. hope. 188. injure. 210. flee forth. 232. establish. 1S9. learn 211. cast forth. 233. be eager for. 190. kill. 212. publish forth. 234. follow on. 191. conceal. 213. place before. 235. come up. 192. run to. 214. foresee. 236. try. 193. offer. 215. search for. 237. fear. 194. it behooves. 216. complain. 238. bring over. 195. overwhelm. 217. give back. 239 be strong. 196. pray. 218 qo back. 240. lay waste. 197. lie open. 219 reduce 241. turn. 198. suffer. 220. bring back. 242. wound. 199. lead through. 221. repair. [I. — Nouns which occur over 100 times. 1 . war. 9. cavalry. 17. soldier. 2. camp. 10. army. 18. ship. 3. cause. 1 1 . end. 19. number. 4. citizenship. 12. river. 20. stronghold. 5. deliberation. 13. enemy. 21. part. 6. abundance. 14. ambassador. 22. battle. 7. day. 15. legion. 23 thing. 8. horseman. 16. place. 24. time. . — Nouns which occur from 75-100 times. 25. arms. 27 multitude. 28. people. 26. human being. — Nouns which occur from 50-75 times. 29. land. 34. flight. 39. danger. 30. spirit. 35. command. 40. garrison. 31. year. 36. fortification. 41 chief. 32. aid. 37 . hostage. 42. forest. 33. grain. 38. pace. 43. hope. 400 WORD LISTS. XI. — Nouns which occur from 40-50 times. 44. Line. 50. hand. 56 province. 45. arrival. 51. wall. 57. reckoning 46. cohort. 52. nothing. 58. direction. 47. winter quarters. 53. night. 59. health. 48. hindrance. 54. work. 60. sign. 49. attack. 55. foot. XII. — Nouns which occur from 30-40 times. 61. army. 68. faith. 75. messenger. 62. friendship. 69. fortune. 76. bridge. 63. foreigner. 70. injustice. 77. gate. 64. hill. 71. justice. 78. fight. 65. meeting. 72. toil. 79. victory. 66. custom. 73. mountain. 80. use. 67. house. 74. nature XIII. — Nouns which occur from 20-30 times. 81. approach. 93. sally. 105 notion. 82. mound. 94. scout. 106. speech. 83. height. 95. ease. 107. series. 84. prestige. 96 ditch. 108. marsh. 85. captive. 97 brother. 109. peace. 86. accident. 98. want. 110. power. 87. swiftness. 99. side. 111. senate. 88. centurion. 100. letter. 112. reserve. 89. shout. 101. magistracy 113. tribune. 90. passage. 102. greatness 114. tower. 91 leader. 103 measure. 115. way. 92. horse. 104 death. 116. wound XIV — Nouns which occur from 10-20 times. 117. youth. 129. circuit 141. charioteers. 118. building. 130. vassal. 142. report. 119. summer. 131 condition. 143. son. 1 20. heat. 132. conference. 144. sword. 121. age 133. sight. 145. winter. 122. friend. 134. dispute . 146. hour. 123. water 135. running. 147. fire. 124. well-doing. 136 defection. 148. commander. 125. massacre. 137. difficulty. 149. disadvantage. 126. disaster. 138. care. 150. interval. 127. head. 139 departure. 151. yoke. 128. fortress. 140 pain. 152. praise. CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. 401 153. embassy. 171. cattle. 189. sun. 154. children. 172. footman. 190. appearance. 155. freedom. 173. infantry. 191. position . 156 length. 174. javelin. 192. zeal. 157. sea. 175. penalty. 193. sum. 158. trader. 176. harbor. 194. punishment 159. custom. 177. booty. 195. suspicion. 160 movement. 178. reward. 196. season. 161. race. 179. first place. 197. back. 162. at night. 180. departure. 198. earth. 163. name. 181. kingdom. 199. three days. 164. ocean. 182. king. 200. ford. 165. service. 183. bank. 201. wind. 166. work. 184. shield. 202. watch. 167. siege. 185. opinion. 203. man. 168. district. 186. slavery. 204. life. 169. father. 187. silence. 205. willingness. 170 money. 188. companion. 206. voice. CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 1 . abundo. 19. afflicto. 37. circumvallo 2. accelero 20. aggrego 38. clamito. 3. accommodo. 21. agito. 39. clamo 4. accuso. 22. alieno. 40. coacervo. 5. adaequo. 23. amplifico. 41. coagmento. 6. adamo. 24. apparo 42. eoarcto. 7. adequito. 25. appello. 43 cogito 8. adhortor. 26. applico. 44. cohortor 9. adiudico. 27. apporto. 45. collaudo. 10. adiuvo. 28. approbo 46. colligo. 1 1 . admaturo. 29. appropinquo. 47. colloco. 12. administro. 30. arbitror. 48 comitor 13. admiror. 31. armo. 49. commemoro. 14. advoco. 32. castigo. 50. commendo. 15. advolo. 33. celo. 51. commeo 16. aedificio. 34. certo. 52. commoror. 17. aequo. 35. circumdo. 53. communico 18. aestimo. 36. circumsto. 54. commuto £6 402 CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. 55. comparo. 56. comporto. 57. comprobo. 58. concerto. 59. concilio 60. contionor. 61. concito. 62. conclamo. 63. concrepo. 64. concurso. 65. condemno. 66. condono. 67. confirmo. 68. conflagro. 69. conflicto. 70. eoniuro. 71. conor. 72. consecro. 73. consector. 74. conservo. 7 5 . consolor. 76. conspicor. 77. conspiro. 78. consterno. 79. constipo. 80. consto. 81. consulto. 82. contabulo. 83. convoco. 84. cremo. 85. creo. 86. cunctor. 87. curo. 88. damno. 89. decerto. 90. declaro. 9 1 . defatigo. 92. delecto. 93. delibero. 94. delibro. 95. deligo 96. demigro. 97. demonstro. 98. demoror. 99. denego. 100. denuncio. 101. depopulor. 102. deporto. 103. depravo. 104. deprecor. 105. depugno. 106. derivo. 107. derogo. 108. deseco. 109. desidero. 110. designo. 111. despero. 112. destino. 113. despolio. 114. detestor. 115. detracto. 116. deturbo. 117. devoco. 118. dico. 119. diiudico. 120'. dimico. 121. discepto. 122. disparo. 123. disputo. 124. dissimulo. 125. dissipo. 126. disto. 127. disturbo. 128. divulgo. 129. do. 130. dominor. 131. dono. 132. dubito. 133. duplico. 134. duro. 135. effemino. 136. emigro. 137. enumero. 138. enuntio. 139. erro. 140. evoco. 141. evolo. 142. exaequo. 143. exagito. 144. exanimo. 145. examino. 146. excepto. 147. excito. 148. excogito. 149. excrucio. 150. excubo. 151. exculco. 152. excuso. 153. exercito. 154. existimo. 155. expio. 156. exploro. 157. expugno. 158. expecto. 159. exsto. 160. fastigo. 161. firmo. 162. flagito. 163. flo. 164. fraudo. 165. frumentor 166. fugo. 167. fumo. 168. glorior. 169. gratulor. 170. gravo. 171. gusto. 172. habito. 173. haesito. 174. hiemo. 175. hortor. 176. ignoro. 177. imitor. 178. immolo. 179. impero. 180. impetro. 181. implico. 182. imploro. 183. importo. 184. impugno. 185. incito. 186. increpito. 187. increpo. 188. incuso. 189. indico. CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. 403 190. indignor. 191. insidior. 192. insimulo. 193. insinuo. 194. inspecto. 195. instigo. 196. insto. 197. interpello. 198. interpretor. 199. interrogo. 200. intro. 201 . invito. 202. iacto. 203. iudieo. 204. iuro. 205. iuvo. 206 laboro. 207. lacrimo. 208. laudo. 209 lavo. 210. laxo. 211. levo. 212. libero. 213. mando. 214. materior. 215. maturo. 216. minor. 217. miror. 218. miseror. 219. moderor. 220. moror. 221. multo. 222. navigo. 223. navo 224. neco 225. nego. 226. negotior. 227. nomino. 228. nudo 229. nuntio 230. nuncupo. 231 obsecro. 232. observo. 233. obsigno 234. obtempero. 235. obtestor. 236. occulto. 237. occupo. 238. occurso. 239. onero. 240. oppugno. 241. orno. 242. oro. 243. ostento. 244. paco 245. papulor. 246. parento 247. paro. 248. pecco. 249. perequito. 250. periclitor. 251. persevero. 252. persto. 253. perturbo. 254. pervagor. 255. placo. 256. populor. 257. porto. 258. postulo 259. praecipito. 260. praecor. 261. praedico. 262. praedor 263. praeoccupo. 264. praeopto. 265. praeparo. 266 probo. 267. proclino 268. procuro. 269. proelior. 270 profligo. 271 pronuntio. 272. propero 273. propulso. 274 proturbo. 275 provolo. 276. publico. 277. pugno. 278. purgo. 279. puto. 280 recito. 281. reclino 282 recupero. 283 recuso. 284. redintegro. 285 regno. 286. relego. 287. remigo. 288. remigro 289. remunero. 290. renuntio. 291. reporto. 292. repudio. 293. repugno. 294. reservo. 295. revoco. 296. rogo. 297. sano. 298. seco. 299. sector. 300. separo. 301. servo. 302. sevoco. 303. significo. 304. simulo. 305. sollicito 306. sono. 307 specto. 308. speculor 309. spero. 3 1 0. spolio 311. sto. 312. sublevo. 313. subministro. 314 supero. 315. supporto 316 suspicor. 317. sustento. 318. tempero. 319 tento. 320. territo 321. tolero 322. transnato 323. transporto. 324 trepido. 404 CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. 325. tumultuo. 330. verso. 335. violo. 326. vaco. 331. versor. 336. vito. 327. vagor. 332. veto. 337. voco. 328. vasto. 333. vexo. 338. vulgo. 329. ventito. 334. vindico. 339. vulnero. VERBS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 1. abstineo. 36. fleo. 71. posthabeo 2. adaugeo. 37. gaudeo. 72. praebeo. 3. adhibeo. 38. habeo. 73. praecaveo. 4. adiaceo. 39. horreo. 74. profiteor. 5. admoneo. 40. impendeo. 75. prohibeo. 6. ardeo. 41. indigeo. 76 promineo. 7. audeo. 42. indulgeo. 77. promoveo. 8. augeo. 43. intueor 78. proterreo. 9. careo. 44- invideo. 79. provideo 10. caveo. 45. irrideo. 80. pudet. 11. censeo 46. iaeeo 81. recenseo. 12. coerceo. 47- iubeo. 82 remaneo. 13. commoveo. 48. lateo. 83. removeo. 14. compleo. 49. liceor 84. repleo. 15. confiteor 50. maneo. 85. resideo. 16. contineo. 51. medeor. 86. respondeo. 17. debeo. 52. mereor. 87. retineo. 18. deieo. 53. moneo. 88. soleo. 19. demoveo. 54. moveo. 89. studeo. 20 deterreo. 55. noceo 90. submoveo 21. detineo 56. obsideo. 91. subsideo 22 devoveo. 57. obtmeo. 92. supersedeo 23. dissuadeo. 58- oportet 93 sustineo 24 distineo. 59 pareo. 94. taceo 25. doceo. 60 pateo 95. teneo. 26. doleo 61- permaneo 96. terreo. 27 edoceo. 62. permisceo. 97- timeo. 28. egeo. 63. permoveo. 98- torreo. 29- emineo 64. persuadeo 99. tueor. 30 exerceo. 65. perterreo. 100. urgeo 31. expleo 66. pertineo. 101- valeo. 32. exterreo 67. placeo. 102. vereor 33 extorqueo. 68. paenitet 103- video. 34. faveo. 69- polliceor. 104. voveo 35. ferveo. 70. possideo. CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. 405 VERBS OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 1. abdo. 2. abduco. 3. abicio. 4. abiungo. 5. abripio. 6. abscido. 7. abscindo. 8. absisto. 9. abstraho. 10. accedo. 11. accido. 12. accido. 13. accipio. 14. accurro. 15. acquiro. 16. addico. 17. addo. 18. adduco. 19. adhaeresco. 20 adicio. 21. adigo. 22. adimo. 23. adipiscor. 24. adiungo. 25. admitto. 26. adolesco. 27. adverto 28. afficio. 29. affigo. 30. affingo. 31. affligo. 32. ago. 33. allicio. 34. alligo. 35. alo. 36. amitto. 37. animadverto. 38. antecedo. 39. antepono. 40. anteverto. 41. appello 42. appeto 43. arcesso 44. ascendo. 45. ascisco. 46 assisto. 47. assuefacio. 48. assuesco. 49. attexo. 50. attingo. 51. attribuo. 52. averto. 53. caedo. 54. cano. 55. capio. 56. carpo. 57. cedo. 58. cerno. 59. cingo. 60. circumcido. 61. circumcludo. 62. circumduco. 63. circumfundo. 64. eircumicio. 65. circummitto. 66. circumplector 67. circumsisto. 68. circumspicio. 69. circumvenio. 70. claudo. 71. coemo. 72. cognosco. 73. cogo. 74. colligo. 75. colloquor. 76. colo. 77. comburo. 78. committo. 79. commonefacio. 80. compello. 81. complector. 82. compono. 83. comprehendo. 84. concedo. 85. concido. 86. concido. 87. concipio. 88. concludo. 89. concurro. 90. conduco. 91. conficio. 92. confido. 93. configo. 94. confligo. 95. confluo. 96. confugio. 97. confundo. 98. congero. 99. congredior. 100. conicio. 101. coniungo. 102. conquiesco. 103. conquiro. 104. conscendo. 105. conscisco. 106. conscribo. 107. consequor. 108. consido. 109. consisto. 110. conspicio. 111. consterno. 112. constituo. 113. consuesco. 114. consulo. 115. consumo. 116 consurgo. 117. contigo. 118. contemno. 119. contendo. 120. contexo. 121. contingo. 122. contraho. 123. convalesco. 124. conveho. 125. converto. 126. corripio. 406 CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. 127. corrumpo. 128. credo. 129. cresco. 130. cupio. 131. curro. 132. decedo 133. decerno. 134. decido. 135. decipio 136. decurro. 137. dedo. 138. deduco. 139. defendo. 140. deficio. 141. defigo. 142. defugio. 143. deicio. 144. deligo. 145. delitesco. 146. demeto. 147. deminuo. 148. demitto. 149. demo. 150. depello. 151. dependo. 152. deperdo. 153. depono. 154. deposco. 155. deprehendo. 156. deprimo. 157. derelinquo. 158. derivo. 159. descendo. 160. desino. 161. desisto 162. despicio. 163. destituo. 164. destringo. 165. detraho. 166. deuro. 167. deveho. 168. devinco. 169. dico. 170. diduco. 171. diffido. 172. diffluo. 173. diffundo. 174. diligo. 175. diminuo. 176. dimitto. 177. dirigo. 178. dirimo. 179. diripio. 180. discedo. 181. discerno. 182. edico. 183. edisco. 184. edo. 185. educo 186. efficio. 187. effodio. 188. effugio 189. effundo. 190 egredior. 191. eicio. 192. elicio. 193. eligo 194. eloquor. 195. emitto. 196. emo. 197, enitor. 198 erigo. 199. eripio. 200. erumpo. 201. evado. 202. evello. 203. evinco. 204. exardesco. 205. excedo. 206. excello. 207. excido. 208. excipio. 209. excludo. 210. exigo. 211. expello. 212. expono. 213. exposco 214. exprimo. 215. exquiro 216. exsequor. 217. exsero. 218. exsisto. 219. exstinguo. 220. exstruo. 221. extendo. 222. extimesco. 223. extollo. 224. extraho. 225. extrudo. 226. exuo. 227. exuro. 228. facio. 229. fallo. 230. fingo. 231. fio. 232. flecto. 23.3. fodio. 234. frango. 235. fruor. 236. fugio. 2.37. fundo. 238. fungor. 239. gero. 240. ignosco. 241. immitto. 242. impello. 243. impono. 244. incedo. 245. incido. 246. incido. 247. incipio. 248. includo. 249. incolo 250. incumbo. 251 indico. 252. induco. 253. induo. 254. inficio. 255. infigo. 256. inflecto. 257. influo. 258. infodio. 259. ingredior. 260. inicio. 261. iniungo. CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. 407 262. innascor. 263. innitor. 264. insequor. 265. insero. 266. insisto. 267. instituo. 268. instruo. 269. insuefaeio. 270. intego. 271. intelligo. 272. intendo 273. intercedo. 274. intercipio. 275. intercludo. 276. interdico. 277. interficio 278. intericio. 279. intermitto. 280. interpono. 281. interrumpo. 282. interscindo. 283. intexo. 284. introduco. 285. intromitto. 286. introrumpo. 287. invado. 288. inveterasco. 289. irrumpo. 290. iacio. 291. iungo 292. labor. 293. lacesso. 294. laedo. 295. lego. 296. loquor. 297. mansuefio. 298. maturesco. 299. meto. 300. minuo. 301. mitto. 302. molo. .303. morior. 304. nanciscor. .305. nascor. 306. negligo. 307. nitor. 308. nosco. 309. nubo. 310. obduco. 311. obicio. 312. obliviscor. 313. obsisto. 314. obstringo 315. obstruo. 316. occido. 317. occido. 318. occurro. 319. offendo. 320. omitto. 321. oppono. 322. opprimo. 32.3. ostendo. 324. pando. 325. parco. 326. pario. 327. pasco. 328. patefacio. 329. patefio. 330. patior. 331. pello. 332. pendo. '333. perago. 334. percipio. 335. percurro 3.36. percutio. 337. perdisco. 3.38. perdo. 339. perduco. 340. perficio. 341. perfringo. 342. perfugio. 343. pergo. 344. perlego. 345. perluo. 346. permitto. 347. perpetior. 348. perquiro. 349. perrumpo. 350. perscribo. 351. persequor. .352. persolvo. 353. perspicio. 354. perveho. 355. peto. 356. pono. .357. porrigo. 358. posco. .359. postpono. 360 praecedo. 361. praecipio. 362. praecludo. 363. praecurro. 364. praeduco. 365. praeficio. 366. praefigo. 367. praemetuo. 368. praemitto. 369. praepono. 370. praerumpo. 371. praescribo. .372. praetermitto. 373. praeterveho. 374. praeuro. 375. praeverto. 376. prehendo. 377. premo. 378. procedo. .379. procumbo. 380. procurro. 381. prodo. 382. produco. 383. proficio. 384. proficiscor. 385. profluo. 386 profugio. 387. profundo 388. progredior. •389. proicio. 390. promitto. 391. propello. 392. propono. 393. proripio. 394. proruo. 395. prosequor. 396. prospicio. 408 CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. 397. prosterno. 430. resido. 462. succedo. 398. protego 431. resisto. 463. succendo. 399. proveho. 432. respicio. 464. succumbo 400. quaero. 433. respuo. 465. succurro. 401. queror. 434. restinguo. 466. sufficio. 402. rado. 435. restituo. 467. suflodio. 403. recedo. 436. retraho. 468. sumo. 404. recido. 437. revello. 469. suppeto. 405. recipio. 438. reverto. 470. suscipio. 406. reddo. 439. sapio, 471. suspicio. 407. redigo. 440. satisfacio. 472. sustollo. 408 redimo 441. scindo. 473. tango. 409. reduco. 442. scribo. 474. tego. 410. reficio. 443. secludo. 475. tendo. 411. refringo. 444. sequor. 476. tollo. 412. refugio. 445. sero. 477. trado. 413. rego. 446. sino. 478. traho. 414. regredior. 447. solvo. 479. traicio. 415. reicio. 448. statuo. 480. transcendo. 416. relanguesco. 449. stringo. 481. transfigo. 417. relinquo. 450. struo. 482. transfodio. 418. reminiscor. 451. subduco 483. transgredior 419. remitto. 452. subigo. 484. transicio. 420. remollesco. 453. subicio. 485. transmitto. 421. repello. 454. subluo 486. transveho. 422. repeto. 455 submitto. 487. tribuo. 423. reposco. 456. subruo. 488. ulciscor. 424. reprehendo. 457. subsequor. 489. vendo. 425. reprimo. 458. subsido. 490. vergo. 426. requiro. 459. subsisto. 491. verto. 427. rescindo. 460. subtraho. 492. vinco. 428. rescisco. 461. subveho 493. vivo. 429. rescribo. VERBS OF THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. 1 . adorior. 9. coorior. 17. exaudio 2. aperio. 10 . definio. 18. exorior. 3, audio. 11. desilio. 19. expedio. 4. circumvenio. 12. devenio. 20. experior. 5. communio. 13. devincio. 21. finio. 6. comperio. 14. dimetior. 22. impedio 7. consentio. 15. dissentio. 23. insilio. 8. convenio. 16 evenio. 24. interven: CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. 409 25. invenio. 33. pervenio. 41. sancio. 26. largior. 34. potior. 42. sarcio. 27. metior. 35. praesentio. 43. scio. 28 . mollio. 36. praesepio. 44. sentio. 29. munio. 37. provenio 45. servio 30. obvenio. 38. reperio. 46. subvenio. 31. orior. 39. revincio. 47. venio. 32. patior. 40. saevio. 48. vestio. IRREGULAR VERBS. (sum, fero, volo, fio, eo, and their compounds ) i. abeo. 14. eo. 27. pereo. o absum. 15. exeo. 28. perfero. 3. adeo 16. fero. 29. possum. 4. adsum. 17. fio. 30. praetereo. 5. affero. 18. ineo. 31. prodeo. 6. antefero. 19. infero. 32. profero. 7. circumeo. 20. intereo. 33. prosum. 8. coeo. 21. intersum. 34. redeo. 9. confero 22. introeo. 35. refero. 10. defero. 23. malo. 36. subeo. 11. desum. 24. nolo. 37. transfero. 12. differo. 25. offero. 38. volo. 13. effero. 26. patefio. FORMATION. VERBAL DERIVATIVES. Nouns derived from Verbs, with the terminations or, ium, tio, tus, tura, forming abstracts ; men and mentum expressing the means or subject of an action ; tor denoting the agent. 1 aditus. 8. antecursor. 15. auxilium. 2. adiutor. 9. aquatio. 16. beneficium 3. adventus. 10. armamentum. 17. certamen. 4. aedificium. 11. armatura. 18. circuitus. 5. aestimatio 12. aspectus. 19. clamor 6. agmen. 13. auctor. 20. cogitatio 7. amfractus. 14. auditio. 21. cognatio. 410 CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. 22. cohortatio. 67. discensio 112. 23. colloquium. 68. documentum 113. 24. comitium. 69. dominatio. 114. 25. commeatus. 70. dubitatio. 115. 26. commissura. 71. ductus. 116. 27. commutatio 72. egressus. 117. 28. compendium. 73. eruptio. 118. 29. complexus 74. eventus. 119. 30. concessus. 75. excursio. 120. 31. concursus. 76. excusatio. 121. 32. conditio. 77. exercitatio 122. 33. confirmatio. 78. exercitus 123. 34. coniectura. 79. existimatio. 124. 35. coniuratio. 80. exitus. 125. 36. consensio 81. explorator. 126. 37. consensus. 82. expugnatio. 127. 38. conspectus. 83. factio. 128. 39. contabulatio. 84. flumen 129. 40. contemptio. 85. fremitus. 130. 41. contemptus. 86. frumentatio 131. 42. contentio. 87. frumentum. 132. 43. continuatio. 88. gratulatio 133. 44. conventus. 89. gubernator. 134. 45. cruciatus. 90. impedimentum. 135. 46. cultus. 91. imperator. 136. 47. cunctatio. 92. imperium. 137. 48. cursus. 93. impulsus. 138. 49. decessus. 94. incendium. 139. 50. deditio 95. incursio. 140. 51. defatigatio. 96. incursus. 141. 52. defectio. 97. initium. 142. 53. defensio. 98. instrumentum. 143. 54. deiectus. 99. interitus. 144. 55. delectus. 100. interventus 145. 56. deprecator. 101. introitus 146. 57. despectus. 102. inventor. 147. 58. desperatio. 103. irruptio. 148. 59. detrimentum. 104. iactura. 149. 60. devexus. 105. iunctura. 150. 61. dictio 106. laetatio. 151. 62. dimicatio. 107- languor. 152. 63. disceptator 108. largitio. 153. 64. discessus. 109. legatio. 154. 65. discrimen. 110. lignatio. 155. 66. disputatio 111. lignator. 156. machinatio. maleficium mentio. mercator. mercatura. molimentum momentum. motus. munimentum munitio. natura. navigatio navigium. negotium. nomen. numen. obitus. obsessio. occasio. occasus. occultatio. occupatio. offensio. officium. oppugnatio. oratio ornamentum ostentatio pabulatio. pabulator. perfugium perturbatio. pollicitatio populatio possessio. procurator proditio proditor. profectio. propugnator. prospectus. proventus. pudor. quaestio quaestor. CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. 411 157. quaestus. 172. statura. 186. tegimentum 158. questus. 173. status. 187. testamentum. 159. ratio. 174. stramentum. 188. timor. 160. receptus. 175. subductio. 189. tormentum. 161. recessus. 176. subsidium. 190. tractus. 162. reditio. 177. subvectio. 191. transiectus. 163. reditus. 178. successus. 192. transmissus. 164. remedium. 179. sudor. 193. ululatus. 165. satisfactio. ISO. suffragium . 194. usus. 166. sectio. 181. suggestus. 195. vacatio. 167. seditio. 182 sumptus. 196. vaticinatio. 168. sepultura. 1 83. supplementum. 197. venatio. 169. significatio. 184. supplicatio- 198. venator. 170. simulatio. 185. tabulatio. 199. vultus. 171. statio. ADJECTIVAL DERIVATIVES. Nouns derived from Adjectives, with the terminations Itas (etas, No. 90; tas, No. 30), ia (itia, No. 9 ; ities, No. 91), itudo (udo, No. 22), itus, denoting the quality possessed by the adjective. 1 . acclivitas. 24. controversia. 47. impunitas. 2 . acerbitas. 25. crassitudo. 48. indignitas. 3. adolescentia. 26. crudelitas 49. indiligentia. 4. aequitas. 27. cupiditas 50. indulgentia. 5. affinitas. 28. declivitas. 51. infamia. 6. alacritas. 29. dementia. 52. infirmitas. 7. altitudo. 30. difficultas. 53. inimicitia. 8. amentia. 31. dignitas. 54. iniquitas. 9. amicitia. 32. diligentia. 55. innocentia. 10. amplitudo. 33. diuturnitas. 56. inopia. 11 . angustiae. 34. duritia. 57. inscientia. 12. arrogantia. 35. exiguitas. 58. invidia. 13. audacia. 36. facultas. 59. iracundia. 14. avaritia. 37. felicitas. 60. iustitia. 15. benevolentia. 38- fertilitas. 61. laetitia. 16. bonitas. 39. firmitudo. 62. lassitudo. 17. brevitas. 40. fortitudo. 63. latitudo. 18. celeritas. 41. gravitas. 64. lenitas. 19. clementia. 42. humanitas. 65. levitas. 20- conscientia. 43. humilitas. 66. liberalitas. 21. constantia. 44. imbecillitas. 67. libertas. 22. consuetudo. 45. immunitas. 68. licentia. 23. continentia. 46. im prudentia. 69. longitudo. 412 CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. 70. magnitudo. 87. perfidia. 104. societas. 71. maiestas. 88. pernicitas. 105. solertia. 72. mansuetudo. 89. pertinacia. 106. solitudo 73. memoria 90. pietas. 107. sollicitudo. 74. misericordia 91. planities. 108. stabilitas. 75. mobilitas. 92. potentia 109. stultitia 76. modestia. 93. praesentia. 110. temeritas. 77. mollities. 94.* propinquitas. 111. temperantia. 78. multitudo 95. prudentia. 112. tenuitas. 79. necessitas. 96. rapiditas. 113. tranquillitas. 80. necessitudo. 97- sanitas. 114. tristitia. 81 nobilitas 98. scientia. 115. turpitudo. 82. notitia. 99. sententia. 116 utilitas. 83. obsequentia. 100. servitus. 117 velocitas 84. opportunitas. 101. severitas. 118. vicinitas. 85. patientia. 102. siccitas. 119. voluntas. 86. paucitas 103. similitudo. 120. voluptas. VOCABULARY. 1. The Arabic numeral after a definition indicates the number of times the Latin word occurs in the text of the first seven books : e. g. ab occurs 366 times. 2 . In the case of words occurring not over three times, references to all the places of occurrence are given : e. g. abies occurs only in v. 12. 3 . The times of occurrence of many derivatives (especially participial and ad- verbial ) are included under their primitives, and are not therefore affixed : e. g. abditus is included in the times of occurrence of abdo. A. A. (1) An abbreviation for praenomen Aulus. (2) a d., ante diem. i. 6. a, ab, abs, prep., with the ablat. a is used before consonants, ab before vowels and consonants, abs before te, — from, bi/, on account of, on, among, on the side of; a dextro cornu, on the right wing, a, 172 ; ab, 366 ; abs, v. 30. abditus, partic., (abdo), concealed, hid- den, secret, remote. abdo, ere, didi, ditum, (ab + do), to hide, conceal, put away. 11. abduco, ere, uxi, uctum, (ab + duco), to lead away, withdraw, take by force. i. 11. abeo, Ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, (ab -f eo), to go away, depart, vi. 43, vii. 50. ablcio, §re, ieci, iectum, (ab + iacio), to throw away, throw down, cast. 5. abies, etis, f., a fir-tree. v. 12. abiungo, ere, nxi, nctum, (ab + iungo), to separate, loose from the yoke, remove. vii. 56. abripio, ere, ripui, reptum, (ab -f- ripio), to carry off by force, tear away, snatch, v. 33. abscido, ere, cidi, cisum, (abs -f- caedo), to cut off, cut, cut away. iii. 14, vii. 73. abscisus. See abscido. absens, entis, adj., (absum), absent, remote. 5. absimilis, e, adi., unlike, dissimilar. iii. 14. absisto, ere, stiti, — , to keep away from, withdraw, depart, v. 17. abstineo, ere, ui, tentum, (abs + teneo), to abstain from, keep aloof from, decline, i. 22, vii 47. abstraho, ere, xi, ctum, to drag away, carry away by force, iii. 2, vii. 14, 42. absum, esse, fui, — , to be absent, dis- tant, remote ; to take no part in ; to stand aloof 43. abundo, are, avi, atum, (ab + unda), to overflow, abound, be rich in. vii. 14, 64. ac, eonj., and. (After aliter, contra, iuxta, simul, etc., than, as.) 190. 414 VOCABULARY. accedo — adimo accedo, gre, essi, essum, (ad + cedo), to approach, draw near to, arrive at, come to; to be added ; accedebat, it was added. 27. accglero, are, avi, atum, (ad + eglero), to hasten, make haste, vii. 87. acceptus, a, um, adj., (accipio), pleasant, agreeable, welcome, i. 3. accido, gre, Idi, — , (ad + cado), to fall ; to happen ; to come to pass ; accidit, it happens, 43. accido, gre, eidi, cisum, (ad + caedo), to cut off, cut down; to fell. vi. 27. accipio, gre, epi, eptum, (ad + capio), to receive, take, hear, acquire, suffer, endure. 59 . acclivis, e, adj , (ad + clivus), ascending, rising, steep, ii. 29, iii. 19, vii. 19. acclivitas, atis, f., an ascent, acclivity, a rising, ii. 18. accommodatus, a, um, adj., (accom- modo), suitable, adapted. iii. 13 (twice). accommSdo, are, avi, atum, (ad + com- modo), to adjust, adapt, suit, accom- modate. ii. 21. accurate, adv., (ad + cura), carefully, attentively, exactly ; comp, accuratius, vi. 22. accurro, gre, curri and cucurri, cur- sum, (ad + curro), to run to, hasten to. i. 22, iii. 5. accuso, are, avi, atum, (ad + causa), to accuse, blame, censure, i. 16, i. 19, vii- 20. aeer, cris, ere, adj., sharp, pungent, vio- lent, severe. 18. acerbe, adv., harshly, sharply, bitterly, keenly ; comp, acerbius, sup. 3-cer- bissime, vii 17. Scerbitas, atis, f., harshness, sharpness, bitterness, severity, vii. 17. acerbus, a, um, adj., (aeer), sour, sharp, fierce, severe, vii. 14. acerrime, adv., sup. of acriter. 3-cervus, i, m., a heap, store, pile. ii. 32. acies, ei, f., a sharp edge ; an army in line of battle, a line of battle ; in 5,cie in line of battle. 42. acquiro, gre, sivi, situm, (ad + quaero), to acquire, obtain, procure, vii. 59. acriter, adv., (aeer), sharply, vehemently, courageously , eager! v : comp, acrius, sup. accerrlme. actuarius, a, um, adj., (ago), easily moved, light, v. 1 . actus, a, um. See ago. acutus, a, um, adj , (Scuo), sharp, pointed, vii. 7.3. ad, prep, with the acc., to, towards, in, among, near, about (with numerals), after, according to. 702. adactus, a, um. See adigo, adaequo, are, avi, atum, to equal, make equal. 6. ad&mo, are, avi, atum, to love greatly , desire greatly, take pleasure in. i. 31 . addo, gre, didi, ditum, (ad + do), to add, mingle with, join. 9 . adduco, gre, xi, ctum, to bring, convey to, conduct, induce, draw towards. 41. ademptus, a, um. See adimo, adeo, adv., (ad -\- is), so, so far, to such a degree. 4. adeo, Ire, ivi or ii, Itum, to go to, ap- proach, encounter. 20. gdeptus, a, um. See adipiscor, adgquito, are, avi, atum, to ride up to or towards, i. 46. adhaereo, ere, haesi, haesum, to adhere, cleave to, stick, v. 48. adhibeo, ere, ui, Itum, (ad h2.beo), to bring in, receive, call in, admit, use. 7 . adhortor, ari, atus, dep., to exhort, en- courage. 5 . adhuc, adv., until now, thus far, still, as yet. iii. 32. adigo, gre, egi, actum, (ad + ago), to drive in, impel, force, compel. 8. adimo, gre, emi, emptum, (ad + emo), to take away, deprive of, remove, v. 6 vii. 18. adipiscor — aequus VOCABULARY. 415 Sdlpiscor, ci, eptus, dep., (ad + api- scor), to obtain, acquire, attain, v. 39. Sdltus, us, m., (adeo), approach, en- trance, access. 20 . adiaeeo, ere, cui, — , to lie adjacent, border upon, be near. vi. 33. adieio, ere, ieei, iectum, (ad + iaeio), to cast, add or join to. 6. adiudleo, are, avi, atum, to adjudge, assign, award, vi. 37. adiungo, ere, nxi, nctum, to join, unite to, annex. 10 . adiutor, oris, m., (adiuvo), a helper, an assistant, v. 38, 41. adiiivo, are, iuvi, iutum, to assist, help, succor, aid. 5. admaturo, are, avi, atum, to mature, quicken, ripen, vii. 54. administer, tri, m., (ad + manus), a servant, attendant, assistant, vi. 16. administro, are, avi, atum, to serve, attend, wait upon, manage, guide. 23. admiror, ari, atus, dep., to admire, won- der at, be surprised. 5. admitto, ere, misi, missum, to admit, allow, receive; equo admisso, with horse at full speed. 6 . admodum, adv., (ad + modus), very, ex- ceedingly ; with numerals, about, at least. 8 . admoneo, ere, ui, Itum, to admonish, warn, advise, suggest, put in mind. v. 49. addlescens, tis, m. and f., a youth, a young man or woman. 18. adolescentia, ae, f., youth, i. 20. adoleseentulus, i, m., a young man. iii. 21. adolesco, ere, olevi, ultum, (ad + olesco), to grow up, mature, increase. vi. 18. adorior, Iri, ortus, dep., (ad + orior), to attack, assail; to begin, attempt. 17. adsciseo, ere, scivi, seltum, (ad + scisco), to take, receive, admit, unite. i. 5, iii. 9. adsisto, gre, stlti, — , to stand by, be present, appear, vi. 18. adsum, esse, tui or affui, — , irreg., to be present or at hand, to be near ; to aid, assist. 12. adventus, us, in., arrival, a coming, an approach. 46. adversarius, a, um, adj., hostile, con- trary to. adversarius, i, in., an op- ponent, enemy, vii. 4. adversus, a, um, adj., (adverto), oppo- site, facing, fronting, opposed, hostile ; adverso flumine, up stream. 12. adversus, prep, with the acc., against, toward, opposite to. iv. 14. adverto, ere, ti, sum, (ad + verto), to turn to or towards, with animum, to turn one’s mind to, observe, notice, i. 24, v. 18. advoco, are, avi, atum, to call to, sum- mon. vii. 52. advolo, are, avi, atum, to fly to, hasten to, rush upon, run to. v. 17,39, vii. 72. aedificium, i, n., (aedifico), an edifice, a building. 18. aedifico, are, avi, atum, (aedes -f- facio), to build, construct, erect, iii. 9, v. 1, vi. 22. aeger, gra, grum, adj., sick, feeble , faint, weary, v. 40, vi. 36, 38. aegre, adv., (aeger), hardly, with diffi- culty, scarcely ; comp, aegrius, sup. aegerrime. 8. aequaliter, adv., (aequalis), equally, uniformly, ii. 18. aequinoctium, i, n., (aequus -f nox), the equinox, i. e. when the day and night are of equal length, iv. 36, v. 23. aequitas, atis, f., equality, justice, even- ness ; animi aequitas, evenness of temper, contentment, i. 40. vi. 22. aequo, are, avi, atum, to make equal; to level, i. 25, vi. 22. aequus, a, um, adj., even, level, favor- able, just, right. 16. 416 VOCABULARY. aerarius — aliquanto aerarius, a, um, adj., (aes), of copper, brass, or bronze, iii. 21. aereus, a, um, adj., (aes), of copper, copper, v. 12. aes, aeris, n., brass, copper, money, bronze ; aes alienum, debt. iv. 36, v. 12, vi. 13. aestas, atis, f., summer. 11. aestimatio, onis, f., valuation, estimate, vi. 19. aestimo, are, avi, atum, (aes), to esti- mate, value, regard, determine, esteem. 4. aestivus, a, um, adj., (aestas), of sum- mer. vi. 4. aestuarium, i, u., (aestus), an estuary, inlet, ii. 28, iii. 9. aestus, us, m., heat; the tide. 14. aetas, atis, f., age; life. 11. aeternus, a, um, adj., eternal, perpetual. vii. 77. affero, afferre, attuli, allatum, irr , (ad + fero), to bring to, offer, present; to afford, produce. 16. afficio, 6re, feci, fectum, (ad + faclo), to affect, influence, move ; to show, treat, visit. 11. affigo, ere, si, xum, (ad + figo), to fix to, fasten to, attach to. iii. 14. affingo, Sre, inxi, ictum, (ad + fingo), to form, devise, invent; to add falsely. vii. 1. affinitas, atis, f., (affinis), relationship by marriage, connection, i. 18, ii. 4. affirmatio, onis, f., (affirmo), affirma- tion, declaration, assertion, vii. 30. affixus, a, um. See affigo, afflicto, are, avi, atum, (affligo), to agi- tate, toss, vex, torment, iii. 12, iv. 29. afflictus, a, um. See affligo, affligo, gre, xi, ctum, (ad + fligo), to strike, beat or dash against ; to shatter, destroy. 4. affdre, affuturus, afforem. See ad- sum. Africus, i, m., (sc. ventus), the south- west wind. v. 8. ager, gri, m., a field, land, territory, country. 64. agger, Sris, m., (ad + gSro), a mound, rampart. 25. aggredior, i, essus, dep., ( ad + gradior), to go to, go against ; to attack, meet. 4. aggrego, are, avi, atum, (ago), to col- lect, join, attach, ally. iv. 26, vi. 12. agito, are, avi, atum, (ago), to drive; to follow; to debate, discuss, deliberate. vii. 2. agmen, Inis, n., (ago), an army on the march, a march, line of march, troop ; primum agmen, the van, front ; no- vissimum agmen, the rear. 33. ago, ere, egi, actum, to drive, conduct, lead, carry off; to do, live, treat, plead ; gratias agere, to thank, return thanks. 38. agricultura, ae, f., (ager + colo), agri- culture. 6. alacer, cris, ere, adj., lively, brisk, cheer- ful, animated, joyous. 4. alacritas, atis, f., liveliness, alacrity, ardor, i. 41, 46, iv. 24. alarii, orum, m. pi., the auxiliaries who were stationed on the wings, alarius, a, um, adj., (ala), of a wing, stationed on the wings, i. 51 (twice), albus, a, um, adj., white, v. 12. alces, is, f., the elk. vi. 27. alias, adv., (alius), at another time, other- wise ; alias — alias, at one time — at another time, or sometimes — sometimes. 4. alieno, are, avi, atum, (alienus), to aliena te, estrange, vi. 41, vii. 10. alienus, a, um, adj., (alius), of another, another’s; unfavorable ; foreign. 8. alio, adv., (alius), in another place, else- where. vi. 22. Aliquamdiu, adv., for some time. i. 40, v. 23. aliquando, adv., at some time, sometimes ; at length, vii. 27, 77. aliquanto, adv., somewhat ; a little, iii. 13. aliquantus — antea VOCABULARY. 417 aliquantus, a, um, adj., (alius + quan- tus), somewhat, a little, some. v. 10. Sliquis, qua, quod or quid, iudef. pron., (alius + quis), some one, any one, some, any, something. 26. aliquot, indef. num. adj., (alius + quot), some, several, a few iii. 1, 2; iv. 9. aliter, adv., (alius), otherwise, in a diffe- rent manner ; aliter ac, otherwise than. 7. Slius, a, ud, gen., alius, adj., another, other ; alius — alius, one — another ; alii — alii, some — others. 85. allatus, a, um. See affero, allicio, ere, lexi, lectum, (ad + lacio), to allure, entice, attract, v. 55, vii. 31. alo, ere, alui, alitum or altum, to nour- ish, support, sustain, maintain. 9. Alpes, ium, f. pi., the Alps. 6. alter, era, erum, gen., alterius, adj., one of two, the other, the second ; alter — alter, the one — the other. 55. alternus, a, um, adj., one after another, mutual, alternate, vii. 23. altitudo, inis, f., height, depth. 24. altum, i, n., (sc. mare), the deep, the sea. iii. 12, iv. 24, 28. altus, a, um, adj., (alo), high, tall, lofty ; deep. 15. aluta, ae, f , soft leather, iii. 13. ambactus, i, m., a vassal, vi. 15. ambo, ae, o, num. adj., both. v. 44. amentia, ae, f.,. (a + mens), madness, folly, i. 40, v. 7. amentum, i, n., a strap or thong, by means of which javelins and other mis- siles were thrown with greater force, v. 48. amfractu 3. See anfractus, amicitia, ae, f., friendship, alliance. 30. amicus, a, um, adj., (amo), friend! 1 /. 13. amicus, i, m., a friend, ally. amitto, ere, misi, missum, (a -f- mitto), to send away, dismiss ; to lose. 20. amor, oris, m., love, affection, i. 20. ample, adv., (amplus), amply, abun- dantly, largely. 23. amplifico, are, avi, atum, (amplus + facio), to enlarge, increase, extend, ii. 14, vi. 12. amplitudo, Inis, f., greatness, extent, grandeur, iv. 3, vi. 28, vii. 54. amplus, a, um, adj., large, great, ample, extensive. 8. an, conj., or, whether. It is chiefly used in introducing the second member of an alternative question. 9. anceps, ipitis, adj., (am+caput), double, twofold; doubtful, dangerous. i. 26, vii. 76. ancora, ae, f., an anchor. 8. anfractus, us, m., (am -|- frango), a turning or winding of a way, circuit, circuitous route, vii. 46. angiilus, i, m., a corner, an angle, v. 13. anguste, adv., closely, narrowly; spar- ingly. v. 23. angustiae, arum, f. pi., narrowness, nar- row pass ; difficulty, perplexity. 7. angustus, a, um, adj., (ango), narrow, close, contracted ; steep. 13. anima, ae, f., air, breath ; life, soul, spirit, vi. 14. animadverto, ere, ti, sum, (animus + ad verto), to turn the mind to; to notice; to punish. 22. Snlmal, alis, n., (anima), an animal. vi. 17, 19. animus, i, m., the mind, the soul, life, con- sciousness ; will, design, intention; cour- age, heart. 66. annotinus, a, um, adj., (annus), of a year, a year old. v. 8. annus, i, m., a year. 52. annuus, a, um, adj., yearly, annual. i. 16. anser, gris, m., a goose, v. 12. ante, prep, with the aec., before , beyond, above. 35. ante, adv., before, previously. 30. antea, adv., before, aforetime, formerly . 8 . 418 VOCABULARY. antecedo — arma antScedo, Sre, cessi, cessum, to <70 be- fore, outdo, precede ; to excel, surpass. 9. antScursor, oris, m., a forerunner, ad- vanced guard, pioneer, v. 47. antefero, ferre, tuli, latum, to bear before, set before, place before, v. 44 (twice). antemna, ae, f., a sail-yard. iii. 14, (twice), 15. antepono, Sre, pdsui, positum, to place before, present, prefer, iv. 22. anteverto, Sre, ti, sum, to precede, an- ticipate, place before, prefer, forestate. vii. 7. antiquitus, adv., anciently, of old time, formerly. 6. antiquus, a, urn, adj., (ante), old, ancient, antique, i. 18, 45; vii. 32. Sperio, ire, Srui, ertum, (ab+ pario), to open, uncover, reveal, disclose. 24. aperte, adv., openly, publicly, vi. 21, vii. 59. apertus, a, um, adj., (aperio), uncovered, unprotected, open, exposed, naked, lying open. Apollo, Inis, m., son of Jupiter and Latona, and god of music, poetry, and archery, vi. 17 (twice). apparo, are, avi, atum, (ad + paro), to prepare, place in order, furnish, equip, procure, vii. 17, 26, 41. appello, are, avi, atum, (ad + pello), to call, name ; to accost, entitle, accuse. 38. appello, Sre, puli, pulsum, (ad + pello), to drive to, steer to, approach, bring to, direct, vii. 60. appeto, Sre, ivi or ii. Itum, (ad + peto), to seek for, strive for, covet, catch at, aim at. i. 43, vii. 4. applico, are, avi, atum, (ad + plico), to join, attach ; to apply, bring in con- tact with. vi. 27. apporto, are, avi, atum, (ad + porto), to carry, conduct, convey, v. 1. approbo, are, avi, atum, (ad + probo), to approve, applaud, praise, commend. vii. 21. appropinquo, are, avi, atum, to ap- proach, draw nigh, come on. 16. appulsus, a, um. See appello. Aprilis, e, adj., (aperio), of April ; Aprilis, is, m., the month of April, i. 6, 7. aptus, a, um, adj., suitable, proper, fitted, adapted, iii. 13, v. 16, vii. 22. apud, prep, with acc., at, with, near, be- fore, among, in the presence of. 43. aqua, ae, f., water. 10. aquatio, onis, f., watering, the act of getting water, iv. 11. aquila, ae, f., an eagle ; the Roman ensign. 4. aquilifer, Sri, in., (Squlla -|- fero), a standard-bearer, v. 37. Aquitanus, a, um, adj., Aquitanian. 4. arbiter, tri, in., an arbitrator, a judge, an umpire, v. 1. arbitrium, i, n., the decision of an arbi- trator, a determination, a decision ; pleasure, will. i. 36, vi. 11, vii. 75. arbitror, ari, atus, dep., (arbiter), to think, judge, imagine, suppose. 40. arbor and arbos, oris, f., a tree. 7. arcesso, Sre, Ivi, Itum, to call, invite, send for. 10. ardeo, ere, si, sum, to burn, blaze, be on fire : to be impatient ; to be excited, v. 29, 34. arduus, a, um, adj., high, steep, lofty, arduous, difficult to reach, ii. 33, vii. 47. argentum, i, n ., silver, vi. 28, vii. 47. argilla, ae, f., white clay, argil, potter’s clay. v. 43. aridus, a, um, adj., (areo), dry, and, parched, thirsty; ex arido, on dry land. 4. aries, Stis, in., a ram, a battering-ram. ii. 32, iv. 17, vii. 23. arma, orum, n. pi., arms ; war, warfare ; rigging, tackling ; the implements for all uses. 80. armamenta — auxiliaris Vocabulary. 419 armamenta, orum, n. pi., implements, utensils for all purposes ; cordage, ca- bles, rigging of a ship. iii. 14, iv. 29. armatura, ae, f., armor; soldiers, sol- diery. 4. armatus, a, um, partio, adj., (armo), armed ; armatus, i, m., a soldier, an armed man. armo, are, avi, atum, to arm, equip ; to fortify, strengthen. 17. arripio, Sre, Ipui, eptum, (ad + rapio), to seize, lay hold of appropriate. v. 33. arroganter, adv., (arrogans), arrogantly, proudly, haughtily, i. 40. arrogantia, ae, f., arrogance, insolence, presumption, pride, i. 33, 46 ; vii. 52. ars, artis, f., art, method, quality ; skill, contrivance, stratagem, vi. 17. arte, adv., (artus), closely, tightly, strictly. iv. 17, vii. 23. articulus, i, m., (artus), a joint, knot, juncture, vi. 27. artificium, i, n., (artifex), art, work- manship, skill ; craft, artifice, vi. 17, vii. 29. artus, a, um, adj., (arceo), close, nar- row, confined, dense, vii. 18. Arvernus, a, um, adj., Arvernian. 29. Arvernus, i, m., an Arvernian. arx, arcis, f., a height, lofty place, cita- del, stronghold, i. 38, vii. 84. ascendo, ere, di, sum, (ad + scando), to ascend, mount, go up. 8. ascensus, us, m., an ascent, accliv- ity. 9. ascisco, ere. See adseiseo. aspectus, us, (aspicio), a seeing, be- holding ; appearance, looks, aspect, v. 14, vii. 56, 76. asper, era, erum, adj., rough ; severe, harsh, wild, cruel, v. 45. assiduus, a, um, adj., (assideo), con- tinual, incessant, diligent, vi. 22, vii 24, 41. assisto, ere. See adsisto. assuefacio, Sre, feci, factum, (assuetus + facio), to accustom. 4. assuesco, ere, evi, etum, (ad + suesco), to accustom one’s selj\ habituate, be ac- customed. vi. 28. at, conj., but, yet. 31. atque, conj., and, as, than. 427. attexo, ere, xui, xtum, (ad + texo), to weave on, unite, add, join. v. 40. attingo, ere, tlgi, tactum, (ad + tango), to touch, border on, come in contact with ; to arrive at, reach. 10. attribuo, ere, ui, utum, (ad + tribuo), to assign, bestow, give, impute, ascribe. 8. attiili. See affero. auctor, oris, m. , (augeo), an author, originator, a maker, an adviser, a direc- tor. 4. auctSrltas, atis, f., authority, influence, power, reputation. 29. auctus, a, um, partic. adj., (augeo), increased, i. 43. audacia, ae, f., (audax), boldness, pre- sumption. i. 18, vi. 34, vii. 5. audacter and audaclter, adj., boldly, au- daciously, confidently, courageously. 7. audeo, ere, ausus, intr. semi-dep., to dare, attempt. 28. audio, Ire, Ivi, Itum, to hear, listen, per- ceive, obey. 30. auditio, onis, f., hearing ; report, rumor. iv. 5, vii. 42. augeo, ere, auxi, auctum, to increase, enlarge, improve, advance, command. 14. Aulus, i, m., a praenomen, i. 6. auriga, ae, m., a charioteer, iv. 33. auris, is, f., the ear. vi. 26, vii. 4. ausus, a, um. See audeo, aut, conj., or, or else, or at least. 42. autem, conj., but ; moreover. 29. autumnus, i, m., (augeo), autumn. vii. 25. auxi. See augeo. auxiliaris, (adj.), e, auxiliary, aiding. iii. 25. 420 VOCABULARY. auxilior — Caius auxilior, ari, atus, dep., to assist, help, aid. iv. 29, vii. 25, 50. auxilium, i, n., (augeo), assistance, aid, help; remedy, auxiliary force. 71. Avaricensis, e, adj., (avarieum), of Avaricum, vii. 47. avaritia, ae, f., (avarus), avarice, greed y desire, covetousness, i. 40, vii. 42. aveho, Sre, vexi, vectum, to carry or convey away. vii. 55. aversus, a, um, partic. adj., (averto), turned away, put to flight, i. 26, ii. 26. averto, Sre, ti, sum, (a + verto), to turn away, remove, alienate. 6. avis, is, f., a bird. iv. 10. avus, i, m., a grandfather, i. 12, iv. 12. B. Balearis, e, adj., Balearic, ii. 7. balteus, i, m., a belt, a sword belt. v. 44. barbarus, a, um, adj., barbarous, wild, uncultivated, savage. 31. bellicosus, a, um, adj., warlike, i. 10, 33 ; iv. 1 . bellicus, a, um, adj., of war, warlike. vi. 24. bello, are, avi, atum, to wage war, carry on war. 4. bellum, i, n., war. 171. bene, adv., well, prosperously, happily ; comp, melius, sup. optime. iii. 18, v. 57, vii. 44. beneficium, i, n., (bene + facio), a kind- ness, benefit , favor, service. 15. beng volentia, ae, f., (bene + volo), be- nevolence, good will, kindness, v. 25, vii. 43. biduum, i, n , (bis + dies), two days. 8. biennium, i, n., (bis + annus), two years, i. 3. blni, ae, a, distr. num. adj., (bis), two by two, two. 5. bipartito, adv., (bis + partio), in two di- visions or lines, i. 25, v. 32. blpgdalis, e, adj., (bis + pes), two feet long, wide, or thick, iv. 17. bis, num. adv., twice, v. 55, 66; vii. 73. bonitas, atis, f., goodness, advantage, favor, excellence, i. 28. bonus, a, um, adj., good, friendly, well- disposed ; comp, melior, sup op- timus ; bonum, i, n., an advantage, a good ; bona, orum, u. pi., property, effects, goods. 9. bos, bbvis, m. and f., an ox or cow. vi. 26, 28. brachium, i, n., the arm. i. 25, vii. 56. brevis, e, adj., short, transitory, brief. 8. brSvItas, atis, f., shortness, ii. 20, 30. breviter, adv., shortly, briefly, summarily. vii. 54. Britannicus, a, um, adj., (Britannia), of Britain, v. 4. bruma, ae, f., (brevis), the winter sol- stice ; winter, v. 13. C. C., for Gaius. 4. cacumen, Inis, n., the top, extremity, point, vii. 73. cadaver, 6ris, n., (cado), a dead body, a corpse, ii. 27, vii. 77. c&do, ere, cecidi, casum, to fall, perish, die. 5. caedes, is, f., (caedo), a cutting, murder, slaughter. 12. caedo, ere, cecidi, caesum, to cut down, cut, fell ; to beat, destroy, kill. iii. 29 (twice). caelestis, e, adj., heavenly; plur., the gods. vi. 17. caerimonia, ae, f., a religious ceremony, sacred rites, vii. 2. caeruleus, a, um, adj., blue, azure, dark blue. v. 14. caesus, a, um. See caedo. Caius, i, m. See Gaius. calamitas — certus VOCABULARY. 421 calamitas, atis, f., calamity, injury, loss. 13 calendae, arum, f. pi., the Jirst day of the month, the Calends, i. 6. callidus, a, um, adj., (calleo), skilful, cunning, shrewd, experienced, iii. 18. calo, cinis, m , a soldier’s servant. 8. campester, tris, tre, adj., (campus), of a plain ; level, flat. 4. campus, i, m., a plain, field, iii. 26, vii. 79. cano, 6re, cgclni, cantum, to sing, play upon an instrument ; to sound, foretell. vii. 47. capillus, i, m., the hair. v. 14, vii. 48. capio, ere, cepi, captum, to take ; to seize, captivate, take prisoner ; to choose, select ; consilium capere, to adopt a plan. 64. capra, ae, f., a she-goat, a roe. vi. 27. captivus, a, um, adj., (capio), captive, taken prisoner, enslaved. 22. captus, us, m., capacity, understanding , notion, iii. 3. captus, a, um. See eapio. caput, Itis, n., the head ; person, man ; mouth of a river, fountain, source. 11. cared, ere, ui, — , to be without, in want, free from ; to be deprived of. vi. 38, vii. 17. carina, ae, f., the keel of a ship. iii. 13. caro, carnis, f., flesh, v. 14, vi. 22. carpo, Sre, psi, ptum, to pull, pluck; to blame, upbraid, slander, revile. iii. 17. carrus, i, m., carrum, i, n., a wagon. 9. carus, a, um, adj., dear, beloved, v. 33, vii. 19. casa, ae, f., a hut, a cabin of turf or straw, v. 43. caseus, i, m., cheese, vi. 22. Cassianus, a, um, adj., (Cassius), with Cassius, i. 13. cassis, Idis, f., a helmet, vii. 45. castellum, i, n., (castrum), a castle, fort, redoubt. 13, castigo, are, avi, atum, to punish, re- prove, correct, chastise, ii 8. castra, orum, n- pi., (castrum), a camp, an encampment. 273. casus, us, m., (cado), a fall; accident, misfortune, chance ; danger, extremity. 23. catena, ae, f., a chain ; fetter. 4. causa, ae, f., a cause, reason ; pretext, pretence; situation, condition; causa, for the sake, on account. 147. caute, adv., (caveo), cautiously, pru- dently, warily, v. 49. cautes, is, f., a cliff, a rock. iii. 13. cautus, a, um, partic. adj., (caveo), cautious, wary, careful. caveo, ere, cavi, cautum, to he on one’s guard, take care ; to take security, i. 14, vi. 2, vii. 2. cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, to yield, with- draw, retreat, retire. 12. celer, eris, ere, adj., swift, speedy, iv. 23, vii. 47. celdritas, atis, f., swiftness, speed, celer- ity. 28. cSldriter, adv., swiftly, rapidly, quickly. 65. celo, are, avi, atum, to conceal, keep se- cret, hide. ii. 32, 33 ; vii. 80. censeo, ere, ui, sum, to think, judge ; to decree, ordain, determine. 8. census, us, m., (censeo), a census; trib- ute, tax. i. 29. centum, lium. adj. indecl., a hundred. 9. centurio, onis, m., a centurion. 25. cepi. See capio. cerno, ere, crevi, cretum, to see, per- ceive ; to understand ; to decide, deter- mine. 7. certamen, Inis, n., (eerto), a contest, a battle, an engagement, iii. 14, v. 44. certe, adv., (certus), certainly, assur- edly ; at least. 5. certus, a, um, adj., (cerno), certain, established, determined, trusty, definite. I 46. 422 VOCABULARY. cervus — claudo cervus, i, m., a stag ; stakes resembling stag’s horns, vi. 26, vii. 72. cespes, Itis, m., a turf or sod. iii. 25, v. 42, 51. ceterus, a, um, adj., the rest, residue, re- mainder. 8. cibarius, a, um, adj., (cibus), of or for food ; cibaria, orum, u. pi., food, pro- visions. i 5, iii. 18, vi. 10. cibus, i, m., food, victuals, provender. iv. 1, vi. 38, vii. 78. cingo, ere, nxi, nctum, to gird, encom- pass, environ, surround. 6. cippus, i, in., a sharp stake, a palisade. vii. 73. circinus, i, m., a pair of compasses, i. 38 circiter, adv., about, near. 57. circueo, ire. See circumeo, circuitus, us, m., a circuit, revolution ; circumference ; a wag around. 10. circum, prep, with acc., around, about. 10 . circumcido, Sre, cidi, clsum, (circum + caedo), to cut around, v. 42, vii. 36. circumcisus, a, um, partic. adj., (cir- cumcido), cut around; steep, craggy. vii. 36. circumcludo, ere, si, sum, to shut in, hem in, surround, invest, vi. 28. circumdo, dhre, dSdi, datum, to place around: to encompass, draw around. 6. circumduco, ere, xi, ctum, to lead or draw around, i. 38, iii. 26. circumeo, ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, to go around ; to surround , encompass. 4. circumfundo, ere, fudi, fusum, to pour around ; to encompass, surround ; (pass., to collect, flock together ). 4. circumlcio, Sre, ieci, iectum, to cast around; to compass, ii. 6. circummitto, ere, misi, missum, to send around, v. 51, vii. 63. circummunio, Ire, Ivi, Itum, to fortify all around, ii. 30. circumplector, i, plexus, dep , to em- brace ; to surround, clasp round, vii. 83, circumsisto, Sre, stSti, — , to stand around ; to surround, beset. 10. circumspicio, Sre, exi, ectum, to look around, weigh, ponder, consider, v. 31, vi. 5, 43. circumvallo, are, avi, atum, to surround with a rampart, circumvallate; to be- siege, invest. 4. circumvehor, i, vectus, dep., to be car- ried round ; to ride around, sail around. vii. 45. circumvSnio, Ire, veni, ventum, to come around, surround, invest ; to en- compass ; to circumvent. 27. cis, prep, with acc , on this side of. ii. 3, iv. 4. cisalpinus, a, um, adj., on this side of the Alps ; cisalpine, vi. 1. cisrhenanus, a, um, adj., (Rhenus), on this side of the Rhine, vi. 2. citatus, a, um, partic. adj., (clto), urged; rapid, iv. 10. cltSrior, us, gen. oris, adj., hither, nearer. 9. clto, are, avi, atum, to rouse, excite; to hasten, summon, iv. 10. cltra, prep, with acc., (cis), on this side of. 6. cltro, adv., (cis), hither ; ultro citroque, to and. fro. i. 42. clvis, is, m. and f., a citizen. 5. civitas, atis, f , a state, the privilege of citizenship. 182. clam, adv., secretly, privily. 6. clamito, are, avi, atum, (clamo), to cry out, shout, exclaim, v. 7, 29. clamor, oris, m., a loud cry, clamor, noise. 24. clandestinus, a, um, adj., (clam), secret, private, hidden, vii. 1, 64. clarus, a, um, adj., clear, manifest, evi- dent ; illustrious; distinct, loud . v. 30. classis, is, f., a fleet. 5. claudo, Sre, si, sum, to shut, encompass, conclude; agmen claudere, to bring up the rear. 6. clavus — commemoro VOCABULARY. 423 clavus, i, m., a nail. iii. 13. clementia, ae, f., mildness, merci/, clem- - encg. ii. 14, 31. cliens, tis, m. and f., a client, vassal, re- tainer. 10 . clientela, ae, f., clientship, protection, patronage. 5 . clivus, i, m., an ascent, elevation, a steep, vii. 46, 47. Cn. (= Gnaeus), m., a praenomen. 5. coacervo, are, avi, atum, (con + acer- vo), to heap tip, accumulate, amass, pile up. ii. 27, vii. 70. coactus, a, um. See cogo. coagmento, are, avi, atum, (cogo), to join together, connect ; to construct. > ii. 23. coegi. See cogo. coemo, ere, emi, emptum (con + emo), to bug up, purchase various articles . i. 3, vii. 55. coeo, ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, (con + eo), to no or come together, meet, assemble, col- lect. vi. 22. coepi, coepisse, defect, v., I began, com- menced. 64 . coeptus, a, am, from eoepi. coerceo, ere, ui, Itum, (con -f arceo), to embrace, confine; to surround, check, curb. i. 17, v. 7. cogitatio, onis, f., a thinking, reflection, thought, design, project. vi. 22, vii. 32. cogito, are, avi, atum, (con -f- aglto), to think ,' reflect upon, ponder, meditate. 10 . jognatio, onis, f., (con + nascor), re- lationship bg blood, kindred, relatives. vi. 22, vii 32. cognosco, ere, ovi, Itum, (con + nosco), to ascertain, learn, investigate, discover. 130 . cogo, ere, coegi, coactum, (con + ago), to drive together, collect, assemble ; to compel , force, urge. 67 . cohors, tis, f., a cohort. 45. cohortatio, onis, f., an exhortation, en- couraging. ii. 25. cohortor, ari, atus, dep., ( con + hortor), to exhort, encourage. 25. colre. See coeo. collatus, a, um. See confSro. collaudo, are, avi, atum, (con + laudo), to praise, extol, commend. 4. colligo, are, avi, atum, (con + llgo), to bind together, connect, i. 25. colligo, ere, egi, ectum, (con 4- lego), to collect, gather together, assemble ; to acquire, obtain. 8 . collis, is, m., a hill, hillock, ascent. 36. colloco, are, avi, atum, (con 4- loco), to put, place, erect, set up ; to arrange. 34. colloquium, i, n., conference, interview, conversation. 15. colloquor, i, cutus, dep., (con+loquor), to converse, speak with, confer. 11 . colo, ere, ui, cultum, to cultivate, attend to ; to honor, worship, reverence, v. 12, vi. 17. colonia, ae, f., (cdlonus), a colong, settle- ment. vi. 24. color, oris, m., color, complexion, hue, tint v. 14, vi. 28, vii. 88. comburo, ere, bussi, bustum, (con + uro), to burn up. i. 5. comes, Itis, m. and f., (con + eo), a companion, fellow, associate, comrade. vi. 30. comitia, orum, n. pi , the comitia; i. e. an assembly of the Roman people for electing magistrates, comitium, i, n., (con + eo), a part of the Roman forum, vii. 67. comitor, ari, atus, dep., (comes), to accompang, follow, attend, wait upon. vi. 8. commeatus, us, m., (commeo), a pas- sage ; provisions, victuals, supplies ; a furlough. 21 . commemoro, are, avi, atum, (con + mSmoro), to call to mind, mention, re- mind ; to relate. 6 . 424 VOCABULARY. commendo — concilium commendo, are, avi, atum, (con + mando), to commit, intrust, commend. iv. 27. commeo, are, avi, atum, (con + meo), to go, come and go, resort, frequent. i. 1, vii- 36. comminus, adv., (con -f manus), hand to hand, in close combat, i. 52, v. 44, vii. 50. commissura, ae, f., (ccmmitto), a join- ing, fjint, juncture. vii 72. committo, 6re, misi, missum, (con + mitto), to join together; to intrust, com- mit ; to risk, permit ; committere proe- lium, to join or commence battle. 35. commode, adv., (commddus) , ftly, suit- ably, conveniently . 10. comm<5dum, i, n., (commddus), advan- tage, convenience ; profit, utility . 8. commSdus, a, um, adj., (con+ mc5dus), convenient, suitable, advantageous; ag e- ame, favorable. 5. commonefacio, Sre, feci, factum, (con -f moneo + facio), to remind, admon- ish, warn. i. 19. commoror, ari, atus, dep., (con + mSror), to stop, pause, linger, stay. v. 7, vii. 32. commSveo, ere, movi, motum, (con + moveo), to move, disturb, excite; to affect, influence. 9. communico, are, avi, atum, (com- munis), to communicate, share, impart: to plan, concert. 11. communio, Ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, (con 4- munio), to fortify, fence about, secure. i. 8, v. 49, vi. 7. communis, e, adj., (con + munus), common, ordinary, general, belonging to the public. 31. commutatio, onis, f., a change. 8. commuto, are, avi, atum, (con + muto), to change, exchange, alter. 5. comparo, are, avi, atum, (con + paro), to compare, i. 31, vi. 24, comparo, are, avi, atum, (con + paro), to prepare, provide, get ready; to ac- quire. 19. compello, Sre, puli, pulsum, (con + pello), to drive together, assemble, col- lect ; to force, compel, constrain. 7. compendium, i, n., (con + pendo), gain, profit, advantage, vii. 43. compgrio, Ire, p6ri, pertum, (con + p5rIo), to learn, discover, ascertain. 8. complector, i, exus, dep., (con ■+- plecto), to embrace, encircle, enclose. i. 20, vii. 72, 74. compleo, ere, evi, etum, (con pleo), to Jill, finish, complete. 20. complures, a or ia, gen. ium, adj., (con + plus), several, many, a great many. 39. comporto, are, avi, atum, (con + porto), to bring together, collect, bring. 8. comprehendo, ere, di, sum, (con + prghendo), to seize, bring together, ar- rest ; to include, embrace. 11. comprfibo, are, avi, atum, (con -f pr6bo), to approve, confirm, sanction, make good, v, 58. compulsus, a, um. See compello, conatum, i, n., (conor), an attempt, effort, endeavor, i. 3. conatus, us, m., (cSnor), an attempt, endeavor, undertaking, effort, i. 8. concedo, Sre, cessi, cessum, to retire ; to grant, yield ; to allow, permit. 14. concerto, are, avi, atum, to contend, strive, vi. 5. concessus, us, m., (concedo), permis- sion, leave, allowing, vii 20. concido, ere, cldi, clsum, ( con + caedo), to cut to pieces, destroy ; to divide, slay. i. 12, ii. 11, iii. 9. concido, ere, cldi, — , (eon + c3.do), to fall, die, perish. 8. concilio, are, avi, atum, to gain over, obtain, reconcile. 4. concilium, i, n., (concieo), an assembly, a council , a meeting. 35, concisus — coniuratio VOCABULARY. 425 concisus, a, um. See concido, concito, are, avi, atum, (con + cito), to excite, stir up, rouse, provoke, urge. 5. conclamo, are, avi, atum, to erg out, proclaim, call out, shout. 9. concludo, ere, si, sum, to shut up, en- close, confine, iii. 9. concrepo, are, ui, itum, to make a noise, rattle, ring, clash, vii. 21. concurro, §re, curri or cucurri, cur- sum, to run or rush together, meet, charge, engage in fight; to concur, hap- pen together. 14. concurso, are, avi, atum, to run to and fro, run up and down. v. 33, 50. concursus, us, m , a running together, an engagement, collision. 8. condemno, are, avi, atum, (con + da mn o), to condemn, charge with. vii. 19. condicio, onis, f., (condico), condition, quality, state ; terms, stipulation. 17. condono, are, avi, atum, to pardon, for- give; to bestoio. i. 20 (twice), conduco, Sre, xi, ctum, to bring together, assemble, conduct ; to hire. 6. confectus, a, um. See conficio, confercio, ire, fersi, fertum, (con 4- farcio), to stuff, cram, press together, crowd . 9. confero, ferre, contuli, collatum, to bring together, gather; to compare; to ascribe, impute. 26. confertus, a, um, partic. adj., (con- fercio), dense, crowded, full, thick, close. 9. confestim, adv., immediately. 7. conficio, ere, feci, fectum, (con + facio), to accomplish, make, perform, compose, finish execute ; to weaken, ex- haust ; to collect, furnish. 48. confido, ere, fisus, semi-dep., to confide in, trust, rely' on. 23. configo, ere, fixi, fixum, to fasten to- gether ; to stab, pierce, iii. 13. confinis, e, adj., contiguous, adjoining, bordering upon. vi. 3. confinium, i, n., a boundary, confine, border, limit, frontier . v. 24. confio, fieri, factus, irr. pass, of con- ficio, to be accomplished, performed. vii. 58. confirmatio, onis, f., proof, assurance, confirmation, iii. 18. confirmo, are, avi, atum, to strengthen, establish, confirm, encourage ; to secure, affirm. 32. confisus, a, um. See configo, confiteor, eri, fessus, dep., (con + fateor), to acknowledge, confess, own, admit, grant, concede, v. 27. confixus, a, um. See configo, conflagro, are, avi, atum, to be on fire, burn. v. 43. conflicto, are, avi, atum, (confligo), to strike or dash together ; to trouble, distress, v. 35. confligo, ere, flixi, flictum, to strike or dash together, engage, fight. 4. confluens, entis, m., the confluenc:. iv. 15. confluo, ere, xi, — , to flow together ; to flock together, vii. 44. confugio, ere, fugi, fugitum, to flee for succor, have recourse to. vi. 5. confundo, ere, fudi, fusum, to pour together, blend , join, mix. vii. 75. congredior, i, gressus, dep, (con -+- gradior), to move with ; to accost, meet ; to contend fight, engage. 8. congressus, us, m., a meeting, iii. 13. conicio, ere, ieci, iectum, (eon + iacio), to throw or hurl together, discharge, cast ; to divine, conjecture. 36. confectura, ae, f., (conicio), conjec- ture, conclusion, vii. 35. coniunctim, adv., (coniungo), con- jointly, together, vi. 19. coniungo, ere, xi, ctum, to join together, associate, unite, connect. 19. coniunx, figis, m. and f., (coniungo), husband ; wife. vii. 14. coniuratio, onis, f., a conspiracy, con- federacy, combination. 5, 426 VOCABULARY. coniuro — consuetus ccniuro, are, avi, atum, to conspire , j swear together, plot, combine. 5. cdnor, ari, atus, dep., to undertake, strive, attempt, endeavor. 33. conquiesco, ere, evi, etum, to repose, rest., be at rest. vii. 46. conquiro, ere, sivi, sltum, (con -j- quaero), to search for, seek after, col- lect, procure. 6. conquisitus, a, um. See conquiro, consanguineus, a, um, adj., (con + 1 sanguis), kindred, related by blood. 4. consanguineus, i, m., a relation, a rela- tive. conscendo, ere, di, sum, (con + scando), to ascend, mount, embark, iv. 23, v. 7, 39. conscientia, ae, f., (con + scio), joint knowledge ; conscience, consciousness, feeling, v. 56. conscisco, Sre, scivi, scitum, to deter- mine, resolve on, decree, execute, i. 4, iii. 24. conscius, a, um, adj., (con+ scio), con- scious, privy to, witness of, accessory, accomplice, i. 14. conscribo, ere, scripsi, scriptum, to write together, enlist, enroll, levy. 9. consecro, are, avi, atum, (con + sacro), • to make sacred, consecrate, hallow, vi. 13, 17. consector, ari, atus, dep., to follow after eagerly, pursue. 6. consScIitus, a, um. See consequor, consensio, onis, f., consent, agreement, unanimity . vii. 76. consensus, us, m., agreement, consent. 7. consentio, Ire, sensi, sensum, to agree, accord, be of the same opinion ; to con- spire, combine, ii. 3 (twice), v. 29. consSqnor, i, cutus, dep., to follow, over- take, pursue, acquire, obtain, attain. 16. conservo, are, avi, atum, to preserve, defend, protect, maintain ; to observe ; to save. 8. consido, ere, sedi, sessum, to sit down, settle, encamp ; to stop, delay. 24. consilium, i, u., deliberation, advice, counsel, wisdom, purpose, plan, design, judgment, determination ; a council. 123. consimilis, e, adj., very similar, like. ii. 11, v. 12, vi. 27. consisto, Sre, stlti, stltum, to stand, halt, stop, stay, remain ; to consist. 46. consobrinus, i, m., a cousin, vii. 76. consolor, ari, atus, dep., to console, sol- ace, comfort, encourage, cheer 5. conspectus, tis, m., look, sight, presence, view. 17. conspicio, Sre, spexi, spectum, (con + specio), to see, observe, behold, discern. 17. conspicor, ari, atus, dep., to see, descry, observe, discern. 11. conspiro, are, avi, atum, to blow to- gether; to agree, unite, conspire, iii. 10. constanter, adv., frmly, consistently, steadily, ii. 2, iii. 25. constantia, ae, f., firmness, consistency , resolution, i. 40, vii. 77. consterno, are, avi, atum, to alarm, terrify, dismay, vii. 30. consterno, ere, stravi, stratum, to strew over, lay, spread over. iv. 17. constipo, are, avi, atum, to press or crowd together, thicken, pack, cram. v. 43. constituo, Sre, ui, utum, (con + statuo), to place, put, set down, sta- tion ; to appoint, determine, fix ; to build, create, construct. 89. consto, are, stiti, statum, to stand, ex- ist, remain, continue ; to persist, agree, depend upon ; constat, it is evident. 14. constratus, a, um. See consterno, consuesco, Sre, suevi, suetum, to be accustomed, accustom one’s self, be wont. 38. consuetudo, Inis, f., (consuesco), cus- tom, habit., use, intimacy. 31. consuetus, a, um. See consuesco. consul — convalesco VOCABULARY. 427 consul, vilis, m., a consul, 9. consulatus, us, m., consulship, i. 35. constvlo, Sre, ui, ultum, to consult, de- liberate, take counsel, provide for; to respect. 12. consulto, are, avi, atum, to considt, deliberate, take counsel, v. 53, vii. 77. consulto, adv., (consultum), designedly, on purpose. 5. consultum, i, n., (consulo), decree, de- liberation, decision, statute, i. 43. consumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum, to consume, eat up, waste, destroy ; pass. spend. 14. consurgo, ere, surrexi, surrectum, to rise together, pay respect, rise up. v. 31. vi. 23. contabulo, are, avi, atum, (con tabula), to cover with board, plank, floor, v. 40, vii. 22. contagio, onis, f., (contingo), contact ; contagion, infection, vi. 13. contamino, are, avi, atum, (eon + tango), to pollute, stain, defile, contami- nate. vii. 43. contSgo, ere, texi, tectum, to cover, conceal, vii. 85. contemno, ere, mpsi, mptum, to de- spise, slight, contemn, v. 57. contemptio, onis, f., contempt, scorn, disdain. 4. contemptus, us, m., contempt, disdain, scorn, ii. 30. contendo, ere, di, turn, (con + tendo), to stretch, endeavor, draw, exert one’s self; to maintain, contend; to go to, hasten. 75. contentio, onis, f., straining, endeavor, contest, zeal, dispute. 7. contentus, a, um, adj., (contineo), con- tent, satisfied, vii. 64. contestor, ari, atus, dep., to call to wit- ness, conjure, invoke, iv. 25. contexo, ere, xui, xtum, to weave, join together, connect, construct, iv. 17, vi. 16, vii. 23. contigi. See contingo. continens, entis, partic. adj., (contineo), bordering upon, adjoining; uninterrupt ed, continual. continens, entis, f., (sc. terra), the con- tinent. 10. continenter, adv., (contineo), continu- ally, uninterruptedly . i. 1, 26; iii. 5. continentia, ae, f., moderation, self-con- trol. vii. 52. contineo, ere, tinui, tentum, (con + teneo), contain, hold together, restrain; to occupy, keep, hold. 53. contingo, ere, tigi, tactum, (con + tango), to touch, border on; to occur, happen. 8. continuatio, onis, f., (continuo), con- tinuance, connection, continuation, iii. 29. continuo, adv., (continuus), at once, immediately, vii. 42. continuus, a, um, adj., (contineo), continuous, successive. 4. contio, onis, f., (conventio, con + venio), an assembly, a council, a meet- ing. v. 52, vii. 52, 53. contionor, ari, atus, dep., (contio), to harangue, address the people, make a speech, vi. 47. contra, prep, with acc., contrary to, against, opposite to. 4. contra, adv., on the contrary, on the other hand. 53. contraho, ere, traxi, tractum, to draw together, collect, unite, contract, draw in. 5 contrarius, a, um, adj., (contra), con- trary, opposite ; ex contrario, on the contrary. 4. controversia, ae, f., contention, contro- versy, dispute, debate. 14. conthli. See confero, contumelia, ae, f., disgrace, insult, vio- lence, rudeness, outrage. 7. convalesco, ere, lui, — , to become strong ; to gain strength, convalesce, vi- 36. 428 VOCABULARY. convallis — cupiditas convallis, is, f., a valley inclosed on all sides, iii. 20, v. 32. conveho, 6re, vexi, vectum, to collect, bring together, vii. 74. convSnio, Ire, veni, ventum, to assem- ble, meet : to be agreed upon, suit ; to dock ; convenit, it is agreed upon ; it is Jit, right. 61. conventus, us, m , a court, assembly, meeting, assizes. 7. converto, ere, ti, sum, to turn about, direct, alter, change. 13. convinco, Sre, vici, victum, prove, over- come, convince, i, 40. convoco, are, avi, atum, to sutntnon, call together, assemble. 17. coorior, iri, ortus, dep., (con + orior), to rise, rise in muting, break out, appear ; to intervene, conk to pass, occur. 5. copia, ae, f.. (con + ops), abundance, plenty, number, supply, resources ; pro- visions ; copiae, f. pi., troops, forces. 14S. copiosus, a, um, adj., copious, rich, well supplied, i. 23. eophla, ae, f.. a grapnel, iii. 13. eor, cordis, n., the heart : cordi esse, to be dear. vi. 19. coram, adv., in person, in presence of, before, i. 32. vi. S. corium, i, n., skin or hide of a beast, leather, vii. 22. cornu, us, n, a horn, trumpet, cornet; wing of an armi/. 14. corona, ae, f., chaplet, crown, wreath. iii. 16, vii. 72. corpus, oris, n., a body, person. 13. corrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, (con + rumpo), to damage, injure, destroy, corrupt, waste, vii. 55, 64. cortex, leis, m. and f., bark. ii. 33. Corus, i, m., the northwest wind. v. 7. cotidianus. See quotidianus, cotidie. See quotidie, crassitudo, Inis, f., thickness, iii. 13, vii. 73, crates, is, f., a hurdle, fascine, wicker- work. S. creber, bra, brum, adj., repeated, fre- quent, crowded. 14. crebro, adv., often, frequently, vii. 41. credo, ere, didi, dltum, to trust, believe, suppose, imagine, give credit to, think ; to commend. 7. cr6mo, are, avi, atum, to burn. i. 4, vi. 19. creo, are, avi, atum, to make, produce, create, elect, appoint. 5. Cres, etis, adj., Cretan, ii. 7. cresco, ere, crevi, cretum, to increase, grow, thrive, become greater, come forth ; to rise in influence, i 20, vii. 55. cruciatus, us, in., torture, torment, dis- tress. 9. crudelitas, atis, f., cruelty, i. 32, vii. 77. crudeliter, adv., cruelly, i. 31, vii. 38. crus, cruris, n., the leg. vi. 27. cfiblle, is, n., a couch, a bed. vi. 27. culmen. Inis, n., the summit, top of a thing, iii. 2. culpa, ae, f., an offence, fault, iv. 27, v. 52 cultus, us, m., (colo), refinement, culture, cultivation, dress, mode of living. 4 cum, prep, with the ablat., with, among, along with. 250. cum, conj., since, when, because, although. 289. cunctatio, onis, f., lingering, delay, hesi- tation. iii. 18, 24. cunctor, ari, atus, dep., to linger, delay ; to doubt, hesitate, iii. 23, iv. 25. cunctus, a, um, adj., all together, all, entire, the whole, ii. 29, vii. 10, 11. cbneatim, adv., in form of a wedge. vii. 28. etineus, i, nr, a tcedge. vi. 40. cunicQlus, i, nr, a rabbit; mine, bur- row. 5. cupide, adv., eagerly. 4. cupiditas, atis, f., eagerness, desire, ava- rice, cupidity. 6- cupidus — defatigatio VOCABULARY. 42y cupidus, a, um, adj., eager, desirous, fond. 5 . cupio, Sre, Ivi or ii, itum, to wish, de- sire, long for ; to favor, wish well to ; to covet. 5. cur, adv., why, wherefore. 5. cura, ae, f., attention, diligence, care. i. 32, 40; vii. 65. euro, are, avi, atum, attend to, take care, care for ; to regard. 12. curro, ere, cucurri, cursum, to run, flow. vii. 24. currus, us, m., a chariot, car, wagon. iv. 33. cursus, us, m., a running, speed, race, course, voyage. 13. custodia, ae, f., guard, custody, charge, care, the act of keeping. 5. custodio. Ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, to watch, keep, guard, observe, vi. 4. custos, odis, m. and f.. a keeper, watch, guard, preserver, spy. 5. D. damno, are, avi, atum, to sentence, con- demn, doom. i. 4, v. 55. damnum, i, n., damage, loss, injury. vi. 44. de, prep, with the ablat., of from, con- cerning, after, in regard to, on account offer, by, in, during. 205. debeo, ere, ui. Itum, (de + habeo), to owe, be in debt ; debet, ought ; pass., to be due. 13. decedo, ere, cessi, cessum, to go away, depart, retire, withdraw. 5. dSeem, num. adj. indecl., ten. 11. decerno, ere, crevi, cretum, to decide, judge, deterinine, resolve, decree, deliber- ate ; to fight, contend, engage. 8. decerto, are, avi, atum, to strive, con- tend for, fight. 6. decessus, us, m., (decedo), a going, away, departure, withdrawal, iii. 13. deeldo, £re, Idi, — , (de + cado), to fall from, fall down. i. 48. dSelmus, a, um, num. adj., the tenth. 15. decipio, Sre, cepi, ceptum, (de -j- ca- pio), to ensnaie, catch, deceive, beguile. i. 14. declaro, are, avi, atum, (de-f- claro), to proclaim, declare, manifest, evince. i. 50. declivis, e, adj., (de clivus), descend- ing, sloping. 4. deelivlt s, atis, £., a declivity, a descent. vii. 85. decretum, i, n., (decerno), a resolution, decree, decision, vi. 13 (twice), vii. 34. decretus, a, um. See decerno, decumanus, a, um, adj., (decern), of or belonging to the tenth, ii. 24, iii. 25, vi. 37. decurio, onis, f., the commander of a dSeurla or ten horsemen ; a decurion. i. 23. deeuror, Sre, cucurrior curri, cursum, to run down, to hasten. 4. dedecus, oris, n., (de -(- decus), dis- honor, disgrace, infamy, shameful ac- tion. iv. 25. dedi. See do. dedidi. See dedo. dediticius, a, um, adj., (dedo), having surrendered. 4. dediticius, i, m.. one who has surren- dered, a prisoner. deditio, onis, f., (dedo), capitulation, surrender. 19. deditus. See dedo. dedo, ere, didi, dltum, to surrender, give up, deliver, devote, submit, give. 16. deduco, Sre, xi, etum, to bring or pull down, conduct, remove, withdraw; to influence, induce, lead, move ; to ac- company, conduct; e. g. a bride to her husband. 31. deest. See desum. defatigatio, onis, f., exhaustion, weari- ness. iii. 19. 430 VOCABULARY. defatigo — denique defatigo, are, avi, atum, to fatigue, ex- haust, wean/. 5. defectio, onis, i., (deficio), revolt, de- fection ; failure, want. 12. defendo, Sre, di, sum, to keep off, ward off, repel ; to protect, defend, keep. 28. defensio, onis, f., defence, ii. 7, vii. 23. defensor, oris, m., a defender, protector ; defence, advocate. 8. defero, ferre, tuli, latum, to carri/ or bring away, convey; to report, inform, confer, offer. 26. defessus, a, um, adj., (defetiscor), fatigued, wearied. 6. deficio, ere, feci, feetum, (de +faeio), to be wanting , fail ; to withdraw, revolt, forsake, leave ; animo deficere, to be disheartened. 13. defigo, ere, fixi, fixum, to drive down, fasten, plant, fix, thrust, iv. 17, v. 18,44. definio, Ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, to limit, define, determine, prescribe, resolve, ex- plain. vii. 83. defixus, a, um. See defigo, defluo, Sre, fluxi, fluxum, to flow down, flow apaii.. iv. 10. defore = defuturum esse, to be about, to be wanting, v. 5, 6. deformis, e, adj., (de + forma), de- formed, ugly, misshapen, unsightly, iv. 2, vii. 23. defugio, Sre, fugi, ftigitum, to shun, flee, avoid, vi. 13. defui. See desum. deicio, ere, ieci, iectum, (de + iaeio), to dislodge, throw down, overthrow , pros- trate, kill, stay ; to disappoint. 12. deiectus, us, m., (deicio), a declivity, depression, steep place, descent, ii. 8, 22 29. dSinceps, adv., (dein + capio), succes- sively, besides, next in succession, after that, moreover. 6. deinde, adv., (de+inde), afterwards, then, next. 7. delatus, a, um. See defSro. delecto, are, avi, atum, (de + lacio), to please, delight, allure, iv. 2. delectus, us, m., (deligo), a levy, con- scription. vi. 1 (twice), vii. 1, 3. deleo, ere, evi, etum, to efface, destroy, overthrow ; to blot out. 6. delibero, are, avi, atum, (de + libra), to deliberate, consider, advise, deter- mine. i. 7, iv. 9, vii. 15. delibro, are, avi, atum, (de+ liber), to peel, take off the hark. vii. 73. delictum, i, n., (delinquo), an offence, crime, sin, fault, vii. 4. deligo, are, avi, atum, (de + ligo),fo tie, fasten, bind. 4. deligo, Sre, legi, Iectum, (de + lSgo), to select, choose, pick out, detach, cull. 26. delitesco, ere, litui, — , (de + latesco), to be concealed, lie hid, lurk. iv. .32. dementia, ae, f., (demens), folly, mad- ness. iv. 13. demSto, Sre, messui, messum, to cut down, reap. iv. 32. demigro, are, avi, atum, to depart, mi- grate, remove, iv. 4, 19 ; v. 43. deminuo, Sre, ui, utum, to lessen, di- minish, abate, withdraw. 6. demissus, a, um, partic. adj., (demitto), drooping, dejected. demitto, Sre, misi, missum, to send down, cast, sink, lower, let f all, thrust. 9. demo, Sre, dempsi, demptum, (de -f Smo), to remove, take off', take away. v. 48. demonstro, are, avi, atum, to show, point out, demonstrate, declare, mention, name, state. 37. demoror, ari, atus, to detain, hinder, de- lay, stop, abide, remain, iii. 6. demum, adv., finally, at length. 4. denSgo, are, avi, atum, to deny, refuse, not, suffer, i. 42. deni, ae, a, dist. num. adj., ten by ten, ten. i. 43, v. 14. denique, ad y., finally, at last, at least. 5. densus — detractus VOCABULARY. 431 densus, a, um, adj., dense, close, crowded, thick. 7. denuntio, are, avi, atum, to declare, announce; to denounce, threaten, i. 36, v. 54, vi. 10. depello, ere, puli, pulsum, to drive down, drive away, dislodge, avert, re- move. 4. deperdo, ere, didi, ditum, to lose. i. 43, iii. 28, v. 54. depSreo, Ire, ii, — , to he lost, perish, be undone, go to ruin. v. 23, vii. 31. depono, ere, pdsui, positum, to lay aside, put down, place, station ; to give up, lose. 8. depop llor, ari, atus, dep., to ravage, lay waste, plunder. 6. deporto, are, avi, atum, to convey away, carry, transfer from one place to an- other. iii. 12. deposco, ere, poposci, — , to require, demand, request earnestly, vii. 1. depositus, a, um. See depono. deprScator, oris, m., an intercessor, i. 9, vi. 4. deprecor, ari, atus, dep., to avert by prayer, supplicate,- beg, implore, depre- cate, excuse. ,5. deprehendo, ere, di, sum, to seize, catch, detect, discover, surprise. 5. depugno, are, avi, atum, to contend, fight it out. vii. 28. depulsus, a, um. See depello, derivo, are, avi, atum, (de + rivus), to derive, draw off. vii. 72. derogo, are, avi, atum, to diminish, de- tract from, take away. vi. 23. descendo, ere, di, sum, (de + scando), to come down, descend. 5. deseco, are, ui, turn, to cut off. vii. 4. desero, ere, ui, turn, to abandon, desert, leave, forsake. 10. desertor, oris, m , a deserter, vi. 23. desertus, a, um, partic. adj., (desero), solitary, deserted, lonely , uninhabited. ii. 29, v. 53. deslddro, are, avi, atum, to long for ; to desire, miss, need, regret. 7. desidia, ae, f., (desideo), inactivity, idleness, vi. 23. designo, are, avi, atum, to designate, mark out, specify, denote, i. 18. desilio, Iri, ui or ii, ultum, (de -j- salio), to leap down. 8. desisto, ere, stiti, stltum, to discontinue, stand still, give over , cease, desist. 13. despectus, us, m., (despicio), prospect, height, elevation. 5. desperatus, a, um, partic. adj., (de- spero), desperate. 12. desperatio, onis, f., (despero), despera- tion, despair, v. 33. despero, are, avi, atum, to despair. 20. despicio, ere, spexi, spectum, (de + specio), to despise, look down on, dis- regard, disdain ■ 7. despolio, are, avi, atum, to deprive of, despoil, plunder, strip, ii 31. destlneo, ere, tlnui, tentum, (de + teneo), to detain, stay, stop, hinder. iii. 12, vii. 37. destino, are, avi, atum, to make fast, fasten, design ; to resolve, determine ; to send, appoint, iii. 14, vii. 22, 72. destiti. See desisto, destituo, ere, ui, utum, (de + statuo), to leave, forsake, abandon, i. 16. destringo, ere, inxi, ictum, to tear off, pluck, strip, draw, unsheathe. i. 25, vii. 12. desum, esse, fui, — , to be wanting, fail. 12. desuper, adv., above, from above, i. 52. deterior, us, adj. comp., worse, inferior. i. 36. deterreo, ere, ui, Itum, to prevent, de- ter, hinder, frighten. 5. detestor, ari, atus, dep., to imprecate, execrate, curse ; to detest, vi. 31 . detraeto, are, avi, atum, to decline, re- fuse, avoid, vii. 14. detractus, a, um. See detraho. 432 VOCABULARY. detraho — directus detraho, Sre, xi, ctum, to take off, re- move, withdraw. 5. detrimentosus, a, um, ad j , injurious, detrimental, vii. 33. detrimentum, i, n., (detero), damage, loss, harm. 9. detrudo, Sre, trusi, trusum, to remore, thrust off. ii. 21. dethli. See defSro. deturbo, are, avi, atum, to drive or cast down, beat, overthrow, drive awag, dis- lodge. v. 43, vii. 86. deuro, ere, ussi, ustum, to consume, burn up, set on fire. vii. 25. deus, i, m., a god, divinitg, deity. 10. deustus, a, um. See deuro, deveho, ere, xi, ctum, to carrg or bring down, convey, remove, v. 47, vii. 88. devenio, Ire, veni, ventum, to come down or go down, reach, arrive at. ii. 21. devexus, a, um, adj., (deveho), inclin- ing downward, sloping, vii. 88. devinco, Sre, vici, vietum, to subdue, conquer completely, vii. 34. devoco, are, avi, atum, to call, call away. vi. 7. devotus, a, um, partio, adj., (devoveo), attached, devoted, iii. 22. devoveo, Sre, vovi, votum, to devote, vow, promise; to doom. iii. 22, vi. 7. dexter, Sra, Srum, and tra, trum, adj., right, on the right; dextra, ae, f., (sc. manus), the right hand. 13. dicio, onis, f., dominion, power, authority, rule. i. .31, 33; ii. 34. dleo, are, avi, atum, to consecrate, dedi- cate, offer, devote, vow. vi. 12, 13. dico, Sre, dixi, dictum, speak, say, name, appoint, determine, agree to, promise, mention. 107. dietio, onis, f., a pleading, i. 4. dictum, i, n., a word, command, saying. v. 6. diduco, ere, xi, ctum, to draw aside, separate, divide, disperse, iii. 23, vi. 34. dies, ei, in. and f., a day, time, length of time; in dies, daily; diem ex die, day after day. 186. diffSro, ferre, distuli, dilatum, to carri/ hither and thither, disperse, scatter ; de- lay, protract ; to differ, be different. 9. difficilis, e, adj., (dis + facilis), diffi- cult. 7. difficultas, atis, f., difficulty. 14. difficulter, adv., with difficulty, vii. 58. diffido, ere, flsus sum, semi-dep., (dis + fldo), to mistrust, distrust, despair, fear, despair of. v. 41, vi. 36, 38. diffundo, Sre, fudi, fusum, (dis -f fundo), to pour out, scatter, spread out, extend, diffuse, vi. 26. digitus, i, m., a finger. iii. 13, \ii. 73. dignitas, atis, f., merit, dignity, worth, standing. 13. dignus, a, um, adj., worthy, vii. 25. dii. See deus. diiudlco, are, avi, atum, to decide, judge, distinguish, determine, v. 44. diligenter, adv., attentively, diligently, carefully, accurately. 9. diligentia, ae, f., attention, diligence, carefulness, industry, caution. 13. diligo, Sre, lexi, lectum, (dis -f lSgo), to love. vi. 19. dimetior, Iri, mensus, dep., to measure off. ii. 19, iv. 17. dimicatio, onis, f., a fight, contest, skir- mish, struggle, risk. vii. 86. dimico, are, avi, atum, (dis+mlco), to contend , fight. 18. dimidium, i, n., the half. v. 13. dimidius, a, um, adj., (dis + mSdius), half. vi. 31. dimitto, Sre, misi, missum, to dismiss, send away, discharge, let go ; to release, reject, leave, abandon, renounce. 36. directe, (directus), adv., straight, iv. 17 . directus, a, um, partic. adj., (dirigo), direct, straight, level, upright, steep. 4. dirigo — divinus VOCABULARY. 433 dirigo, ere, rexi, rectum, (dis + rSgo), to arrange , direct, guide, dispose, steer, regulate, vi. 8. dirimo, ere, emi, emptum, (dis + emo), to part, divide, separate, interrupt, break off. i. 46. diripio, ere, ripui, reptum, (dis + ra- pio), to snatch different ways, tear asunder ; to plunder, lay waste, ravage. 10 . Dis, Ditis, m., Pluto, the god of the infer- nal regions, vi. 18. discedo, Sre, cessi, cessum, to with- draw, depart, go away. 50. disceptator, oris, m., an umpire, arbi- trator, mediator, judge, vii. 37. discerno, ere, crevi, cretum, distin- guish, discern, judge, determine ; to sep- arate. vii. 75. discessus, us, m., (discedo), separation, departure. 11. disciplina, ae, f., (disco), learning, in- struction, discipline, system. 8. discludo, Sre, si, sum, to divide, sepa- rate, keep apart, iv. 17, vii. 8. disco, ere, didici, — , to learn, study, un- derstand. 4. discrimen, Inis, n., (discerno), separa- tion, difference, distinction ; danger, peril, hazard, vi. 38 discutio, ere, cussi, cussum, (dis + quatio), to scatter, remove, disperse, shatter, vii. 8. disieio, Sre, ieci, iectum, (dis + iaeio), to disperse, rout, scatter, i. 25, iii. 15, 20 . dispar, aris, adj., unlike, unequal, differ- ent. v. 1 6, vii. 39. disparo, are, avi, atum, to divide, sepa- rate. vii. 28. dispergo, ere, si, sum, (dis + spargo), to disperse, scatter, distribute. 11. dispono, ere, posui, positum, to arrange, distribute, dispose, station. 17- disputatio, onis, f., dispute, discussion, debate, v. 30, 31. disputo, are, avi, atum, to debate, argue, discuss, vi. 14. dissensio, onis, f., disagreement, discord, variance, strife. 6. dissentio, Ire, sensi, sensum, to dissent, disagree, differ in opinion or in senti- ment. v. 29, vii. 29. dissero, Sre, sevi, situm, to plant, sow, put into the ground, vii. 73. dissimulo, are, avi, atum, to conceal, disguise, dissemble, iv. 6. dissipo, are, avi, atum, to disperse, scat- ter, throw asunder, ii. 24, v. 58, vi. 35. dissuadeo, ere, suasi, suasum, to dis- suade. vii. 15. distineo, ere, tinui, tentum, (dis + teneo), to keep separate, divide, keep apart, hinder, detain, prevent. 6. disto, are, — , to stand apart, be dis- tant. 5. distraho, ere, xi, ctum, to draw apart, divide, separate, vii. 23. distribuo, ere, ui, utum, to divide, dis- tribute. 12. distuli. See differo, ditissimus. See dives, diu, adv., long, for a long time ; by day. 21. diurnus, a, um, adj., (dies), by day, daily, in the daytime. 4. diutinus, a, um, adj., (diu), lasting, long. v. 52. diuturnitas, atis, f., long duration, i. 40, iii. 4. diuturnus, a, um, adj., (diu), lasting long, of long duration, i. 14. diversus, a, um, adj., (diverto), sepa- rate, turned in different directions, re- mote, different. 6. dives, itis, adj., rich ; comp, divitior or ditior, sup. divitissimus or ditissi- mus. i. 2. divido, .ere, visi, visum, to divide, sepa- rate. 16. divinus, a, um, adj., (divus), divine. ii. 31, vi. 13, 21. 2s 434 VOCABULARY. do — effarcio do, d&re, dSdi, datum, to give, afford, grant, make, cause, occasion, perform, concede. 95. d<5ceo, ere, ui, turn, to instruct, teach, inform. 22. dScumentum, i, n., (doceo), a lesson, example, warning, essay, trial, vii. 4. doleo, ere, ui, itum, to regret, grieve, be pained. 4. dolor, oris, m., pain, grief, mortification, vexation, resentment . 10. ddlus, i, m., fraud, deceit, stratagem. i. 13, iv. 13. domesticus, a, um, adj., (domus), pri- vate, domestic, of a house or family. ii. 10, v. 9. domicilium, i, u., (domus), a home, dwelling, abode. 4. dominor, ari, atus, dep., (dominus), to rule, govern, ii. 31. dominus, i, m., (domus), a master, lord, owner, proprietor, vi. 13. ddmus, us and i, f., a house, home, habitation ; domi, at home ; domum, homeward, home ; domo, from home. 33. dono, are, avi, atum, to give, confer, present ; to pardon, forgive, i. 47, vii. 11 . donum, i, n., a present, gift, reward. vii. 31. dorsum, i, n., the back; dorsum iugi, the slope or rid e of a lull. vii. 44. dos, dotis, f., (do), a dowry, vi. 19 (twice). Druldes, um, m. pi , the Druids, the priests of the Gauls. 7. dubitatio, onis, f., uncertainty, doubt. i. 14, v. 48, vii. 40. dubito, are, avi, atum, to hesitate, doubt.. 13. dfibius, a, um, adj., (duo), uncertain, doubtful, hesitating ; dubium, i, n., doubt, uncertainty. 4. ducenti, ae, a, num. adj., (duo -+- cen- tum), two hundred. 7. duco, 8re, duxi, ductum, to draw, lead, convey, conduct ; to think, consider, ac- count ; to construct, build. 37. ductus, us, m., lead, command, conduct. vii. 62. dum, adv., while, until. 27. duo, ae, o, num. adj., two. 77. duodSeim, num. adj., twelve, i. 5, vi. 29. duodScImus, a, um, num. adj., the twelfth, ii. 23, 25; vii. 62. duodeni, ae, a, dist. num. adj., twelve by twelve, twelve, twelve each. v. 14, vii. 36, 75. duodeviginti, num. adj., eighteen. 4. duplex, Icis, adj., (duo + pllco), two- fold, double, ii. 29, iii. 24, vii. 36. duplico, are, avi, atum, (duplex), to double, iv. 36, vi. 1. duritia, ae, i., hardness, endurance, hard- iness, roughness, severity . vi. 21. duro, are, avi, atum, to harden, to en- dure. vi. 28. durus, a, um, adj. , hard, severe, harsh. 4. dux, ducis, m. and f., a guide, a leader. 27. E. e or ex, prep, with the ablat., from, out of, after, on account of, among; e is used only before consonants, ex before vowels and consonants, e 20, ex 447. edisco, Sre, didici, — , to commit to memory, learn by heart, vi. 14. editus, a, um, partic. adj., (edo), raised, high, lofty, elevated. 4. edo, ere, didi, dltum, (e + do), to utter, put forth, publish, make known, exhibit. i. 31. edoceo, ere, ui, ctum, to instruct, in- form, relate, teach. 4. educo, ere, xi, ctum, to draw out, bring out, lead forth. 22. effarcio, Ire, si, tum, (ex + farcio), to cram, stuff, fill. vii. 23. effemino — ergo VOCABULARY. 435 effemino, are, avi, atum, (ex femina) , effeminate, enervate, i. 1, iv. 2. effero, ferre, extftli, elatum, to produce, bring forth, raise, lift up, elate ; to pro- claim, divulge. 9. efficio, ere, feci, fectum, (ex + facio), to accomplish, effect, occasion, bring to pass, produce, render. 32. effodio, ere, fodi, fossum, (ex + fodio), to tear out, dig out. vii. 4. effugio, ere, fiigi, fugitum, (ex+fugio), to flee away, avoid, shun, escape, iv. 35, v. 58, vi. 30. Sgens, entis, partic. adj , (egeo), in want, needy, destitute, vii. 4. egeo, ere, ui, — , to be destitute, needy, in want. vi. 11, vii. 4. Sgestas, atis, f., poverty, need, want. vi. 24. egi. See ago. ego, mei, pers. pron., I. 10. egredior, i, gressus, dep., (e + gradior), to depart from, go out, go beyond, leave ; to disembark. 27. egregie, adv., (egrSgius), excellently, admirably, eminent!)/. 6. egregius, a, um, adj., (e + grex), ex- cellent, eminent, remarkable, admirable, distinguished, surpassing. 4. egressus, us, m., (egredior), a landing, departure, going out, egress, v. 8. eleio, Sre, ieci, ieetum, (e + iacio), to cast or drive out, banish, expel; se eicere, to rush out. 9. eiusmodi, adv., (is -f modus), of that nature, such. 8. elabor, i, lapsus, dep., to slip away, escape, get off. v. 37. elatus, a, um. See efKro. electus, a, um, partic. adj., (ellgo), selected, picked , chosen, ii. 4. glephantus, i, m , an elephant, vi. 28. elicio, Sre, licui, licitum, (e + lacio), to draw out , elicit, lure forth, entice, v. 50, vi. 8, vii. 32. eligo, ere, legi, Ieetum, (e + lego), to pick out, select, ii. 4. emigro, are, avi, atum, to remove, emi- grate, depart, i. 31. emineo, ere, ui, — , to stand out, project. vii. 72, 73 (twice). eminus, adv., (e + manus), from a dis- tance, at a distance, vii. 24. emitto, ere, misi, missum, to send out, let go, dismiss, throw, cast aside, hurl, discharge. 7. emo, gre, emi, emptum, to buy, pur- chase. i. 16, ii. 33. enascor, i, natus, dep., to spring or grow up, sprout out, spring from. ii. 17. enim, eouj.,ybr, now, indeed. 19. enuntio, are, avi, atum, to disclose, di- vulge, reveal, declare. 8. eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum, to go, proceed, pass. 27. eo, adv., (is), thither, there, to that place, to such an extent, on that account, there- fore. 67. eSdem, adv., (idem), to the same place, purpose, end, or thing. 9. ephippiatus, a, um, adj., using saddles. iv. 2. Sphippium, i, n., a saddle, horse-cloth. iv. 2. Spistola, ae, f., a letter, epistle, v. 48 (three times). Sptilae, arum, f. pi., banquets, feasts. vi. 28. eques, itis, m., (equus), a horseman , cav- alry ; knight, a member of equestrian order in rank between the patricians and plebeians. 119. equester, tris, tre, adj., (eques), of the cavalry, equestrian. 14. Squitatus, us, m., cavalry. 110. equus, i, m., a horse. 28. erectus, a, um, partic. adj., (erigo), elevated, erect, high, upright, iii. 13. erga, prep, with acc. towards, v. 54. ergo, conj., therefore, then. vii. 77 (twice). 436 VOCABULARY. erigo — exemplum erigo, Sre, rexi, rectum, (e + rego), to raise, elevate, erect, iii. 13, vi. 27. eripio, ere, ripui, reptum, (e -f- rapio), to snatch away, tear or take away, wrest; to rescue, liberate. 11. erro, are, avi, atum, to wander, err, be mistaken, v. 41, vii. 29. erumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, to burst forth, break out, sally forth , rush forth. iii. 5. eruptio, onis, f., (erumpo), a breaking, bursting forth, a sally, a sortie. 23. essedarius, m., one who fought from a war-chariot. 4. essedum, i, n., a war-chariot of the Gauls and Britons. 6. et, conj., and, even, also ; et — et, both — and. 890. Stiam, conj., also, likewise ; yet, even, still. 94. etsi, conj., even if, althouqh. 18. evado, ere, si, sum, to escape, come out, go out, go forth or from. iii. 19. evello, ere, velli, vulsum, to pluck or pull out. i. 25. evenio, ire, veni, ventum, to come out, happen, result, iv. 25. eventus, us, (evSnio), an event, issue, occurrence. 6. evocati, orum, m pi., old soldiers who after having served out their time were called upon to serve as volunteers evocatus, a, um, part , (evoco), called out. evoco, 5,re, avi, atum, to call forth, chal- lenge, summon, entice, invite. 15. evolo, are, avi, atum, to fly out, sally out, rush forth, iii. 28, vii 27. ex. See e. exactus, a, um See exlgo. exagito, are, avi, atum, to harass, dis- turb, persecute, vex, annoy, ii. 19, iv 1. examino, are, avi, atum, (examen), to weigh, ponder, examine, v. 12. exanimo, are, avi, atum, to exhaust, weaken ; to destroy, kill. 7. exardesco, ere, arsi, arsum, to blaze out, kindle; to be excited, inflamed; to break out. v. 4. exaudio, Ire, Ivi or ii, itum, to listen to, hear, regard. 6. excedo, ere, cessi, cessum, to depart, withdraw, go out, retire. 16. excello, ere, ui, — , to excel, surpass, be eminent, vi. 13 excelsus, a, um, adj , (excello), lofty, high, elevated, vi 26. excepto, are, avi, atum, (excipio), to pick or take up. vii. 47 excido, ere, eidi, cisum, (ex + caedo), to cut out, banish, remove, destroy, de- molish. vii 50. excipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, (ex + capio), to take out, incur, receive, sus- tain, meet ; to succeed, follow after ; to undergo. 12. excito, are, avi, atum, to arouse, excite, call forth, incite, impel, stimulate, spur on; to construct, raise, erect ; to kindle. 10 . excludo, ere, si, sum, to exclude, shut out, cut off; to prevent, hinder. 4. excogito, are, avi, atum, to contrive, devise, consider, v. 31. excrucio, are, avi, atum, to torment, torture, vi 19, vii 20, 38. excubitor, oris, m., a sentinel, guard, watch, vii. 69. excubo, are, eubui, ciibltum, to lie out on guard, watch, vii. 11, 24 (twice), exculco, are, avi, atum, (ex ealco), to tread down. vii. 73 excursio, onis, f., an excursion, attack, sally, incursion, ii 30. excusatio, onis, f., an excuse, apology, defence, vi. 4. excuso, are, avi, atum, to excuse, plead in excuse, defend iv. 22 exemplum, i, n., (exlmo), example, pat- tern, model; manner, way, kind ; copy, sample, precedent; purport, i. 8, 31; vii. 77. exeo — exspecto VOCABULARY. 487 exeo, ire, ivi or ii, Itum, to go out or away, depart, march oat, leave. 10. exerceo, ere, ui. Itum, (ex + arceo), to exercise, drive on, keep busy, occupy, employ, practise, train. 5. exercitatio, onis, f., exercise, practice. 7. exercitatus, a, um, partic. adj., (exer- cito), exercised, practised, versed, trained, i. 36, ii 20. exercito, are, avi, atum, (exerceo), to practise, exercise, i. 36, ii. 20. exercitus, us, m., an army. 131. exhaurio, ire, hausi, haustum, to drain, dra w out, remove, v. 42. exlgo, gre, egi, actum, (ex + ago), to drive out ; to complete, finish ; to exact, demand ; to spend, pass ; to ponder, consider, iii 28, vi. 1. exigue, adv , hardly, scarcely, briefly, slightly, shortly, vii. 71. exiguitas, atis, f., scantiness, smallness, scarcity, poverty, shortness, small num- ber. 5 exiguus, a, um, adj , (exlgo), scanty, small, little, short, mean, sliyht. 5. eximius, a, um, adj., (exlmo), distin- guished, uncommon, excellent, select. ii. 8. existimatio, onis, f., judgment, opinion; reputation , good name, i 20, v. 44. existimo, are, avi, atum, (ex + aesti- mo), to judge, consider, suppose, think, esteem. 78. exitus, us, m., (exeo), departure ; outlet, passage '; close, end, conclusion. 8. expedio. Ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, (ex + pes), to extricate, free, liberate; to ex- pedite, facilitate ; to arrange, prepare, make ready to procure. 18. expeditio, onis, f., an expedition, v. 10. expeditus, a, um, partic. adj., (expe- dio), unimpeded, free, easy, ready at /•and, light-armed. 15 expello, ere, puli, pulsum, to drive away, banish, expel. 13 expgrior, Iri, pertus, dep., to make trial of, try, prove, put to test, know by expe- rience, wait. 10. expio, are, avi, atum, to make complete satisfaction, atone for, expiate, make good, make amends for. v. 52. expleo, ere, evi, etum, to fill up, com- plete, finish, satisfy, suit, appease, sup- ply 6. explorator, oris, m., a spy, scout. 23 exploratus, a, um, partic. adj., (ex- ploro), certain, ascertained, sure. 11. exploro, are, avi, atum, to search out, seek, discover, explore; to examine, in- vestigate, ascertain ; to reconnoitre, spy out. 14. expono, ere, posui, pdsltum, to expose ; to land, disembark ; to explain, expound , set forth ; to draw up, marshal. 9. exporto, are, avi, atum, to export, carry out, convey away. iv. 18. exposco, ere, pdposci, — , to ask earn- estly, beg, request, entreat, vii. 19. exprimo, ere, pressi, pressum, (ex + premo), to press or squeeze out, extort, wrest ; to express, declare, represent ; to raise up, elevate, i. 32, vii. 22. expugnatio, onis, f., the storming of a place; storming, assault, vi. 41, vii. 36 expugno, are, avi, atum, to take by assault, reduce, subdue, storm. 12. exquiro, ere, sivi, situm, (ex + quaero), to search diligently; to make inquiry, ask, investigate, examine, i. 41, iii. 3. exsequor, i, eutus, dep., to follow, pur- sue, execute, perform, accomplish, i. 4. exsero, gre, sgrui, sertum, to thrust out ; to bare, uncover, vii 50. exsisto, gre, stlti, stitum, to step out or forth, appear, emerge ; to proceed, become, arise, be, exist. 5. exspecto, are, avi, atum, to await, wait for ; to long for , desire, anticipate ; to dread; to wait to see. 34. 438 VOCABULARY. exspolio — fatum exspOlio, are, avi, atum, to spoil, strip, plunder, vii. 77. exstinguo, §re, nxi, netum, to extin- guish, put out, extirpate, destroy, anni- hilate. v. 29. exsto, are, stlti, — , to stand out or above ; to appear, exist ; to project, v. 18. exstruo, ere, xi, ctum, to pile or heap up thoroughly ; to raise, build, erect, construct. 5 . exsul, ulis, m. and f., (ex + solum), an exile, v. 55. exter or exterus, a, um, adj., outward, external, outer, foreign ; comp, exte- rior, sup. extremus or extimus, ex- treme, outermost, last, farthest, most remote, end of. 27- exterreo, ere, ui, itum, to disma y, ter- rify. vii. 43, 77. extimesco, §re, tlmui, — , to dread, fear greatly, iii. 13. extorqueo, ere, torsi, tortum, to extort, wrest, vii. 54. extra, prep, with the aec., without, out of, outside of, besides, except, beyond. 7. extraho, Sre, traxi, tractum, to draw out or forth, withdraw, release, spend, waste, v. 22. extremus, a, um. See exter, extrudo, 8re, trusi, trusum, to thrust out, exclude, keep bac/c. iii. 12. extuli. See effero. exuo, Sre, ui, utum, to divest, deprive, despoil, strip off, draw out or off. 4. exuro, 6re, ussi, ustum, to burn up. i. 5. exutus, a, um. See exuo. P. faber, bri, m., a workman, artisan, ar- tificer, smith, v. 11. facile, adv., readily, easily. 39. facilis, e, adj , (facio), easy, ready, courteous, affable. 7. facinus, 5ris, n., (f&cio), a deed, action, exploit, crime ; daring deed. 9. facio, ere, feci, factum, to make, per- form, do, bring to pass ; to construct, prepare, render, cause ; to give, furnish ; castra facere, to pitch a camp. 324. factio, Snis, f., (factio), a party, side, faction. 5. factum, i, n., a deed, act, exploit. 5. factus, a, um. See fio. facultas, atis, f., (facilis), ability, power, abundance, number, stock, resources, means, opportunity. 27. fagus, i, f., a beech-tree. v. 12. fallo, 6re, fefelli, falsum, to deceive, cheat, trick, dupe, mislead, disappoint, escape notice, elude observation, ii. 10, iv. 13, vii. 50. falsus, a, um, adj., (fallo), unfounded, false, deceitful, vi. 20. falx, falcis, f., a sickle ; a military im- plement shaped like a sickle used in sieges to pull down walls. 6. fama, ae, f., report., fame, rumor ; renown, reputation, character. 12. fames, is, f., famine, hunger. 6. familia, ae, f., a household, family ; the slaves of a family. 8. familiaris, e, adj., of a family, private, intimate ; res familiaris, family estate, private property. 9. familiaris, is, m., a friend. 4. familiaritas, atis, f., familiarity, inti- macy, friendship, acquaintance, v. 3. fas, n. indecl , divine law, the will of heaven; right, duty, justice. 4. fastigatus, a, um, partie. adj., (fastigo), sloping to a point, descending, sloping. ii. 8, iv. 17. fastigium, i, n., summit, top, height, emi- nence, slope, descent, declivitu. vii. 69, 73, 85. fastigo, are, avi, atum, to make pointed ; to slope or incline, ii. 8, iv. 17. fatum, i, n., (fari), fate, destiny, an oracle, i. 39. faveo — flo VOCABULARY. 439 faveo, ere, favi, fautum, to favor, coun- tenance. i. 18, vi. 7. fax, facis, f , firebrand, torch, vii. 24. felicitas, atis, f., happiness, felicit y , good fortune, success, i. 40, vi. 43. feliciter, adv., happily, successfully, aus- piciously. iv. 25. femina, ae, f., a female, a woman, vi. 21, 26; vii. 73. femur, oris, a., the thigh, v. 35. fgra, ae, f., a wild beast, vi. 25, 28. ferax, acis, adj., (fero), fruitful, fertile, productive, ii. 4. fere, adv., almost, nearly, about, for the most part, generally. 45. fero, ferre, tiili, latum, to bear, carry, bring, move ; to get, obtain, acquire ; to suffer, tolerate, endure ; to report, relate, make known ; to go, hasten ; fer- tur, it is said. 66. ferramentum, i, n., (ferrum), a tool, implement, v. 42. ferraria, ae, f., (ferrum), an iron mine. vii. 22. ferreus, a, um, adj., of iron, iron. 4. ferrum, i, n., iron: sword, i. 25, v. 12, 30. fertilis, e, adj., fertile, fruitful, vi. 24, vii. 13. fertilitas, atis, f., fertility, fruitfulness. ii. 4. ferus, a, um, adj wild, rude, cruel, bar- barous. 5. fervefacio, ere, feci, factum, (ferveo + facio), to make hot, heat, melt. v. 43, vii. 22. ferveo, ere, bui and vi, — , to be boiling or red hot, glow with heat. v. 43. fibula, ae, f., a clasp, brace, iv. 17. fictus, a, um, partic. adj., (fingo), feigned , fictitious, fal se. iv. 4. fidelis, e, adj., (fides ), faithful, trusty, sure. iv. 21, vii 76. fldes, ei, f., faith, confidence: reliance, belief, protection, security : promise, en- gagement, pledge, word. 35. fiducia, ae, f., (fido), confidence, reli- ance, assurance, courage, vii. 19, 38, 76. figura, ae, f., (fingo), form, shape ; kind, quality, species, nature. 5. lllia, ae, f., a daughter. 4. filius, i, m., a son. 13. fingo, ere, finxi, fictum, to form, shape, fashion, frame, make; to contrive, de- vise, invent; to feign. i. 39, iv. 4, vi. 37. tlnio, ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, (finis), to limit, bound, determine, fix, appoint ; to finish, terminate, compute, iv. 16, vi. 18, 25. finis, is, m. and f ., an end, limit ; boun- dary, territory. 126. finitimus, a, um, adj., (finis), bordering upon, adjoining, neighboring ; finitimi, orum, m. pi , neighbors. 40. fio, fieri, factus, irreg. pass, of faeio, to be made, done ; to become, occur, hap- pen ; certior fieri, to be informed; fit, it happens. See facio, firmiter, adv., firmly, resolutely, iv. 26. firmitudo, Inis, f., firmness, strength, solidity, iii. 13, iv. 17. firmo, are, avi, atum, to make firm, strengthen, support., establish ; to encour- age, animate, vi. 29. firmus, a, um, adj., strong, solid, firm, durable ; brave, valiant. 11. fistuca, ae, f., a rammer, pile-driver . iv. 17 flagito, are, avi, atum, to demand earn- estly, entreat, importune, i. 16. flamma, ae, f., flame, blaze, glow. v. 43 (twice), vi. 16. flecto, ere, xi, xum, to bend, bow, turn: to persuade, move, guide, direct, iv. 33, vi. 25. fleo, ere, evi, etum, to weep, cry, la- ment. 6. fletus, us, m., (fleo), a weeping, lamen- tation. i. 32, v. 33. flo, are, avi, atum, to flow. v. 7. 440 VOCABULARY. florens — funus florens, entis, partic. adj., (floreo), flourishing , prosperous, fine, excellent, influential, i. 30, iv. .3, vii. 32. flos, floris, m., a flower, vii. 73. fluctus, us, m., (fluo), a wave. 4. flumen, Inis, n., (fluo), a river, stream; flumine secundo, down stream ; flu- mine adverso, up stream. 102. fluo, ere, xi, xum, to flow. i. 6, 12. fSdio, 6re, fodi, fossum, to dig, dig up, dig out. vii. 73. foedus, gris, n., a league, treatg, com- pact. vi. 2. forem = essem, fore = futurus esse, foris, adv., without, abroad, outside, out of doors, vii. 76. forma, ae, f., form, figure, shape ; nature, kind; beauty. 4. fors, fortis, f., (fero), chance, hap, haz- ard, fortune ; forte, abl., by chance. 5. fortis, e, adj., strong, brave. 9. fortiter, adv., bravely, firmly. 13. fortitudo, Inis, f., (fortis), courage, bravery, fortitude, i. 2. fortuito, adv., (fors), by chance, acci- dentally. vii. 20. fortuna, ae, f., (fors), chance, fortune, fate, lot. 39. fortunatus, a, um, adj., fortunate, pros- perous, rich. vi. 35. fSrum, i, n., (foris), a market-place, public place, forum, vii. 28. fossa, ae, f., (fodio), a trench, ditch, fosse. 27. fdvea, ae, f., a pitfall, pit. vi. 28. frango, ere, fregi, fractum, to break, dash to pieces, crush, subdue, discour- age. i. 31, iv. 29. frater, tris, m., a brother. 27. fraternus, a, um, adj., brotherly, frater- nal, of a brother, i. 20, 36, fraus, fraudis, f., deceit, guile, fraud, treachery, vii. 40. frSmltus, us, m., (fremo), a murmuring, resounding noise, clamor, ii. 24, iv. 14, v. 32. frgquens, tis, adj., frequent, repeated , numerous, crowded. iv. 11. 13; vii 63. fretus, a, um, adj., relying on, depend- ing on, iii. 21. vi. 5. frigidus, a, um, adj., cold. iv. 1 j frigus, oris, n., cold, coolness. 4. frons, frontis, f., the forehead, brow, front ; a fronte, in front. 6. fructuosus, a, um, adj., fruitful, fertile, productive, i. 30. fructus, us, m., (fruor), fruit, produce, profit, employment, result, effect. 4. frumentarius, a, um, adj., of corn, fer- tile in corn ; res frumentaria, corn, a supply of corn, provisions. 26. frumentatio, onis, f., a procuring of corn, foraging, vi. 39, vii. 16, 64. frumentor, ari, atus, dep., to fetch corn, forage. 7. frumentum, i, u., (fruor), corn, grain, 55. fruor, i, frultus and fructus, dep., to enjoy, iii. 22. frustra, adv., in a deceived manner, with- out effect, to no purpose, in vain. 4. fuga, ae, f., flight. 70. fiigio, ere, fugi, fugitum, to flee ; to take to flight, run away, flee from, avoid, shun. 18. fugitivus, a, um, adj., fugitive ; fugi- tivus, i, m., a deserter, i. 23. fugo, are, avi, atum, to cause to flee; to put to flight, rout. vii. 68. fumo, are, — , — , to smoke, vii. 24. fumus, i, m., smoke, ii. 7, v. 48. funda, ae, f., a sling. 5. funditor, oris, m., a slinger. 4. fundo, ere, fudi, fusum, to pour, shed, cast ; to found ; to scatter, throw, rout, prostrate, iii. 6, vii. 24. fungor, i, functus, dep., to perform, dis- charge, execute, vii. 25. funis, is, m., a cable, rope. 4. funus, eris, n., a funeral, funeral rites vi. 19 (twice). furor — hamus VOCABULARY. 441 furor, 5ris, m., rage, madness, i. 40, ii. 3, vii. 42. furtum, i, n., (fur), theft, vi. 16. fusilis, e, adj., (fundo), melted, liquid, pliant, molten, y. 43. futurus, a, urn, serves as future partic. to sum. G. gaesum, i, n., a long heavy javelin of the Gauls, iii. 4. galea, ae, f., a helmet, ii. 21. Gallia, ae, f., Gaul. 160. Gallicus, a, um, adj., Gallic. 16. gallina, ae, f., a hen. v. 12. Gallus, a, um, adj., Gallic; Gallus, i, m., a. Gaul. 101. gaudeo, ere, gavisus sum, semi-dep., to be glad, rejoice, iv. 13. gavisus, a, um. See gaudeo. Genabensis, is, m., an inhabitant of Genabum, vii. 11. gSner, Sri, m., son-in-law. v. 56. gSneratim, adv., (genus), by kinds, classes, tribes, nations; generally, in general, i. 51, vii. 19. gens, gentis, f., a tribe, nation, race, kind, class, clan. 8. gSnus, eris, n., birth, descent, origin, race, people ; class, sort, species, kind, style, nature. 33. Germania, ae, f., Germany. 7. Germanicus, a, um, adj , German, Ger- manic. iv. 16. Germanus, a, um, adj., German, of Germany. 88. gero, ere, gessi, gestum, to bear, carry ; to manage, regulate, rule, govern, carry on, accomplish ; to wage, perform, con- duct. 69. gladius, i, m., a sword. 10. glans, glandis, f., an acorn ; an acorn- shaped ball, bullet, v. 43, vii. 81. gleba, ae, f., a clod, lump, piece, vii. 25. gloria, ae, f., glory, fame, renown. 5. glorior, ari, atus, dep., to glory, boast, pride one’s self. i. 14. Graecus, a, um, adj., Greek, i. 29, v. 48, vi. 14. Graecus, i, m., a Greek, vi. 24. grandis, e, adj., great, large. 4. gratia, ae, f., esteem, regard, love, friend- ship, influence, popularity , gratitude, acknowledgment ; gratia, for the sake of, on account of; gratias agere, to thank; gratiam referre, to recompense, return a favor. 25. gratulatio, onis, f., rejoicing, congratula- tion, joy. i. 53 v. 53, vii. 79. gratulor, ari, atus, dep., (gratus), to manifest one’s joy, congratulate, rejoice, wish joy, thank, i. 30. gratus, a, um, adj., pleasing, agreeable, thankful, grateful, i. 44, vi. 16. gravis, e, adj., heavy, weighty, grave, important, dignified; grievous, severe, oppressive. 17. gravitas, atis, f., weight, heaviness, dig- nity, importance, power, influence, iv. 3, v. 16. graviter, adv., heavily, strongly, griev- ously, severely, with displeasure, ill. 18. gravo, are, avi, atum, (gravis), to bur- den, weigh down, oppress ; pass., to be burdened, feel vexed, be reluctant, i. 35. gubernator, oris, m., a pilot, iii. 9, v. 10. gusto, are, avi, atum, to taste, partake of. v. 12. H. habeo, ere, ui, Itum, to have, possess, hold, keep, consider, regard ; gratiam habere, to feel grateful. 176. Haeduus, a, um, adj., Haeduan ; Hae- duus, i, m., an Haeduan. 122. haesito, are, avi, atum, (haero), to remain fixed, stick fast, be rooted. vii. 19. hamus, i, m., a hook. vii. 73. 442 VOCABULARY. harpago — ignominia harpago, onis, m., a grappling hook, grapple, drag. vii. 81. haud, adv., not. v. 54. Helveticus, a, um, adj., Helvetian, vii. 9. Helvetius, a, um, adj., Helvetian. 67. Hercynius, a, um, adj., Hercynian ; Hercynia silva, the Hercynian forest, in ancient Germany, vi. 24, 25. hereditas, atis, f., (heres), heirship, inheritance, vi. 13. hiberna. See hibernus, hibernaculum, i, n., winter tent, winter quurters. ii. 35. Hibernia, ae, f., Ireland, v. 13. hibernus, a, um, adj , (hiems), of win- ter, winter ; hiberna, orum, n. pl., (sc. castra), winter quarters. 46. hic, haec, hoc, dem. adj. pron., this, this one, this man, the latter, such, that ; hoc, on this account ; hoc with com- paratives, the more, the. 655 hie, adv., here, in this place. 4. hiemo, are, avi, atum, (hiems), to pass the winter, winter. 17- hiems, emis, f., winter. 17. hinc, adv., hence, from this place, vi. 25, 40. Hispania, ae, f., Spain. 6. Hispanus, a, um, adj., Spanish, v. 26. homo, inis, m. and f., a man, woman, human being. 88. honestus, a, um, adj., (honor), respect- able, honorable, esteemed, distinguished, noble, i. 53, v. 45, vii. 3. hdnor, oris, m., honor, respect, esteem, official duty, post of honor ; honoris causa, out of respect. 8. honorificus, a, um, adj., (honor facio), honorable, i. 43. hora, ae, f., an hour. 16. horreo, ere, ui, — , to dread, tremble at. i. 32. horribilis, e, adj., to be dreaded, dread- ful, horrible, terrible, vii. 36. horridus, a, um, adj., horrid, dire, rough, rugged, v. 14. hortor, ari, atus, dep., to exhort, en- courage, cheer, urge, move. 18. hospes, Itis, m. and f., a stranger, guest, visitor, host. i. 53, v. 6, vi. 23. hospitium, i, n., hospitality , friendship. 5. hostis, is, m. and f., an enemy. 285. hue, adv., (hie), hither, to this place ; thus far, to this. 22. huiusmfidi, adv., (hie + modus), of such a nature, of this kind, such. iii. 3, vii. 22. humanitas, atis, f., humanity ; culture, refinement, i. 1, 47. humanus, a, um, adj., (homo), human, humane; civilized, polished, iv. 3, v. 14. humgrus, i, m , the shoulder, vii. 50, 56. hhmllis, e, adj , (humus), tow, humble, poor, abject, base, vile. 6. humilitas, atis, f., lowness, weakness, insignificance, meanness, v. 1, 27. I (vowel). Ibi, adv., there, in that place; then. 51. ictus, us, in., (ico), a blow, stroke, i. 25, vii, 25. idcirco, adv., therefore, for this reason v. 3. idem, eadem. Idem, dem. adj. pron , (is -f- dem), the same, at once, also. 113. Identidem, adv., (idem + idem), re- peatedly, at intervals, now and then. ii. 19. Idoneus, a, um, adj., suitable, fit, proper, worthy, capable. 20. Idus, uum, f. pl., the Ides ; the 13th day of the month, but the 15 th of March, May, July, and October, i. 7. ignis, is, m.,fire. 13. ignobilis, e, adj., (in -f nobilis), un- known, obscure, humble, mean, of low birth, v. 28. ignominia, ae, f., (in + nomen), dis- honor, disgrace, ignominy. vii. 17 (twice), 80. ignoro — imploro VOCABULARY. 443 ignoro, are, avi, atum, not to know, be ignorant of. 5. ignosco, ere, novi, notum, (in + nosco), to forgive, pardon, excuse. 4. igndtus, a, um, adj., (in + notus), un- known. iv. 24. illatus, a, um. See infero, ille, illa, illud, dem. adj. pron., that, he, she. that man, that woman, that thing. 120 . illic, adv., there, in that place, i. 18, vii 20. illigo, are, avi, atum, (in + ligo), to bind on, fasten, connect, iv. 17, v. 45. illo, adv., thither, to that place, to that thing or purp.se. vi. 13, vii. 45. illustris, e, adj., light, clear, bright, lu- minous ; plain, evident ; illustrious, vi. 19, vii. 3, 32. imbecillitas, atis, f., (imbecillus), fee- bleness, weakness, imbecility, vii. 77. imber, bris, m., a shower, rain. 4. Imitor, ari, atus, dep., imitate, copy after, resemble, counterfeit, vi. 40, vii. 22. immanis, e, adj., enormous, immense ; wild, savage, cruel, iv. 1, vi. 16. immineo, ere, — , — , (in + mlneo), to hang over, project ; to be near. vi. 38. immitto, ere, misi, missum, (in + mitto), to send or let in ; to hurl, cast, throw, let loose upon ; to introduce. 5. immolo, are, avi, atum, (in + mola), to sacrifice, immolate, offer, vi. 16 (twice), 17. immortalis, e, adj., immortal. 7. immunis, e, adj., (in + munus), exempt from public service or taxation ; free from. vii. 76. immunitas, atis, f., immunity , exemption from public service, freedom, vi. 14. imparatus, a, um, adj., unprepared, not ready, vi. 30. impgdlmentum, i, n., (impedio), im- pediment, hindrance, burden, obstacle; plur., baggage of an army. 48. impgdio, Ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, (in + pes), to entangle, hamper, embarrass, perplex ; to bind, tie ; to obstruct, hinder, impede. 39. impeditus, a, um, partic. adj., (im- pedio), obstructed, difficult, trouble- some. impello, ere, puli, pulsum, (in + pello), to push, drive against, drive forward, urge onward, impel ; to persuade, in- duce, incite. 9. impendeo, ere, — , — , (in + pendeo), to hang over, overhang, impend, threaten. i. 6, iii. 2. impendo, ere, di, sum (in + pendo), to expend, employ, iv. 2. impensus, a, um, partic. adj., (im- pendo), expensive, dear ; la’rge, great. iv. 2. impgrator, oris, ill., (impgro), a com mander-in-chief general ; a chief, leader 16 . imperatum, i, n , order, command. 9. imperfectus, a, um, adj., imperfect, un- finished. vi. 12. impgrltus, a, um, adj., (in + peritus), inexperienced, unskilled, ignorant, un- acquainted with. 9. imperium, i, n., direction, command, government, power, order. 57. impgro, are, avi, atum, (in + paro), to command, order, enjoin, require, de- mand, order to be provided. 67. impetro, are, avi, atum, (in + patro), to accomplish, effect, procure, obtain. 18 . impgtus, us, m., (impeto), attack, as- sault, charge, onset ; impetuosity, force. 49. impius, a, um, adj., (in + pius), irreve- rent, ungodly, vi. 13. implico, are, avi, atum, or ui, Itum, (in + plleo), to unfold; to involve, en- tangle, entwine, interlace, vii. 73. imploro, are, avi, atum, (in + ploro), to implore, entreat. 4. 444 VOCABULARY. impono — indictus impono, gre, posui, positum, (in 4- pono), to place upon, set over ; to im- pose, impose upon ; to embark. 5. importo, are, avi, atum, (in + porto), to import. 5. imprdbus, a, um, adj., (in -f prdbus), shameless, wicked, unprincipled, i. 17. improviso, adv., (improvisus), suddenly, unexpected I t/ . improvisus, a, um, adj , unexpected, un- foreseen, sudden. 7. imprudens, tis, adj., nut foreseeing, im- prudent, unaware, ignorant, unsuspect- ing. iv. 29, v. 15. imprudentia, ae, f., imprudence, inad- vertence, want of foresight. iv. 27 (twice), v. 3. impubes,- gris, adj., (in + pubes), under age, youthful; unmarried ; chaste, con- tinent. vi. 21. impugno, are, avi, atum, to assail, attack, oppose, charge, invade, i. 44, iii. 26. impulsus, a, um. See impello, impulsus, us, ni., (impello), instigation, impulse, v. 25. impune, adv., (in + poena), with impu- niti/, without punishment, i. 14. impunitas, atis, f., impuniti/, i. 14. Imus, a, um. See inferus, in, prep, with acc. or ablat., in, into, to, at, during ; among, with ; on, about, concerning; against, towards; in with ablat., 543 ; in with acc., 542 Inanis, e, adj , empti/, void ; useless, vain, idle. v. 23, vii. 19. incaute, adv., unwarily, inconsiderately , incautiously, vii. 27. incautus, a, um, adj., (in + caveo), unwary, heedless, inconsiderate, off one's guard, vi. 30. incendium, i, n., (incendo), a confla- gration, f re. 6. incendo, ere, di, sum, (in -f candeo), to kindle, set on Jire, burn ; to inflame, excite. 21. incertus, a, um, adj , doubtful, uncertain. not sure, not to be relied upon 6. incido, gre, eidi, casum, (in -\- cado), to fall into or upon, fall among, meet ; to fall out, occur, happen 5. incido, ere, cidi, cisum, (in -f caedo), to cut into. ii. 17. incipio, gre, cepi, ceptum, ( in + capio), to commence, take ; to attempt, under- take. 8. incito, are, avi, atum, to incite, urge on. encourage, rouse. 15. incognitus, a, um, adj., unknown, iv. 20, 29. incolo, 6re, colui, cultum, to abide or dwell in a place, inhabit. 15. incolumis, e, adj., safe, uninjured, unim- paired, sound, whole. 19. incommode, adv., unfortunately, v 33. incommodum, i, u., disadvantage, loss, defeat, harm. incommodus, a, um, adj., inconvenient, unfortunate, troublesome , hurtful. 14 incredibilis, e, adj., incredible, wonder- ful, astonishing, strange. .6. incrgplto, are, avi, atum, (increpo), to reprove, rebuke, taunt, blame, ii. 15, 30. incumbo, gre, ciibui, cubitum, to re- cline or lean upon ; to apply one’s self to, attend to. vii 76. incursio, onis, i'., an incursion, invasion ; an attack, assault, charge. 4. incursus, us, m., attack, onset, charge, assault, vii. 36. meuso, are, avi, atum, (in + causa), to blame, complain of, accuse, i. 40, ii. 15. inde, adv., thence, from that place; after that, next, then. 15. indicium, i, n., (index), discovery, in- formation, proof, token, mark. 4. indico, gre, dixi, dictum, to declare, disclose, reveal, show, tell. 8. indictus, a, um, adj., (in + dico), un- said, unpleaded, vii. 38. indigne — inieio VOCABULARY. 445 indigne, ailv., undeservedly, unworthily, basely, vii. 38. indignitas, atis, f., indignity, insult, un- worthiness. ii. 4, vii. 56. indignor, ari, atus, dep., to scorn, dis- dain ; to be enraged at, angry with, dis- pleased. vii. 19. indignus, a, nm, adj., unworthy, dishon- orable, shameful, unbecoming, base, inde- cent. v. 35, vii. 17, 38. indiligens, tis, adj., careless, negligent. ii. 33, vii. 71. indiligenter, adv., carelessly, negligently. ii. 33. indiligentia, ae, f., negligence, careless- ness. vii. 17. induciae, arum, f. pi., (induo), armis- tice, truce. See indutiae, induco, ere, xi, ctum, to conduct, intro- duce ; to induce, influence; to cover, draw on. 4. indulgentia, ae, f., favor, indulgence. vii. 63. indulgeo, ere, si, turn, (in 4- dulcis), to favor, indulge, gratify, i. 40, vii. 40. induo, ere, ui, utum, to put on, clothe, furnish with ; se induere, to fall into or 'upon; to be entangled in. vii. 73, 82. industrie, adv., (industrius), diligently, industriously, vii. 60. indutiae, arum, f. pi., (induco), armis- tice, truce. iv. 12, 13. ineo, ire, ivi or ii, itum, to go into, enter; to begin, commence, enter upon, form. 21. Inermis, e, or Inermus, a, um, adj., (in + arma), unarmed, defenceless, without arms. 4. iners, tis, adj., (in 4- ars), sluggish, indo- lent, inactive, lazy, spiritless, iv. 2. infamia, ae,. f., (in + fama), dishonor, disgrace, infamy, vi. 23, vii 56. infans, tis, adj., (in-j-fari), that cannot speak. See noun. infans, tis, in, and f., an infant, child. vii. 28, 47. infectus, a, um, adj., (in facio), unac- complished, unfinished, vii. 17. infero, ferre, intuli, illatum, to bring or carry into, bring on, inflict ; to introduce, interpose ; signa inferre, to attack ; to advance the standards. 19. inferus, a, um, adj., below, underneath, low ; comp, inferior, lower, inferior ; sup. infimus or imus, the lowest, last, deepest, lowest part of. 19. infestus, a, um, adj., unsafe, insecure; hostile, dangerous ; embittered, vi. 8, 51. inficio, ere, feci, feetum, (in + fScio), to color, stain, dye, v. 14. infidelis, e, adj , unfaithful, treacherous, faithless, vii. 59. infigo, ere, fixi, fixum, to fasten in, fix in. vii. 73. infimus, a, um. See inferus, infinitus, a, um, adj., without bounds, limitless, vast, infinite, v. 12, vi. 10, 43. infirmitas, atis, f., infirmity, weakness, feebleness, inconstancy, fickleness, iv. 5, 13 ; vii. 26. infirmus, a, um, adj., weak, inconstant, fickle, light-minded. 5. inflecto, gre, xi, xum, to bend, curve ; to change, alter, i. 25, ii. 17. influo, ere, xi, xum, to empty into, flow into. 8. infodio, ere, fodi, fossum, to dig in ; to bury. vii. 73. infra, prep, with acc., aud adv., under, below, underneath , smaller than. 4. ingens, tis, adj., enormous, huge, vast. i. 39, iv. 10, v. 3. ingratus, a, um, adj., unpleasant, disa- greeable, unthankful , ungrateful , unac- ceptable. vii. 30 ingrSdior, i, gressus, (in + gradior), to get into ; to enter, advance ; to engage in, commence, ii. 4, v. 9. inicio, Sre, leei, ieetum, (in 4- iacio), to cast into, inspire, bring into; to occa- sion, cause. 5. 446 VOCABULARY. inimicitia — insto Inimicitia, ae. f., (inimicus), enmity, hostility, vi. 1 2. Inimicus, a, um, adj., (in -f amicus), unfriendly, hostile, inimical. 7. Iniquitas, atis, f., unevenness, unfavora- ble position, difficulty, injustice, unfair- ness. 8. Iniquus, a, um, adj., (in + aequus), uneven , unequal; disadvantageous, un- favorable, unjust. 16. Initium, i, n., (ineo), commencement, beginning; element. 23. iniungo, 6re, iunxi, iunctum, to attach, fasten on; to inflict, occasion, impose, bring upon. vii. 77. iniuria, ae, f., (in + ius), injustice, injury, damage, wrong. 32. iniussu, ablat., uiitmut command, i. 19, v. 28. innascor, i, natus, dep., to be born in ; to arise, have its origin, grow in. i. 41, vii. 42. innatus, a, um, partic. adj., (innascor), innate, inborn, natural, i. 41, vii. 42. innitor, i, nixus, dep., to lean or rest upon ; to support one’s self by. ii. 27. innocens, tis, adi , innocent, harmless. vi. 9, 16. innocentia, ae, f., innocence ; upright- ness, integrity, blamelessness. i. 40. Inopia, ae, f., (inops), scarcity, poverty, want. 24. Indplnans, tis, adj., (in + opinor), not expecting, unawares, ignorant. 8. inquam, def., I say. 13. insciens, tis, adj., (in + scio), unaware, ignorant, not knowing, i. 19, v. 7. inscientia, ae, f., (insciens), inexpe- rience, ignorance. 4. inscius, a, um, adj., (in + scio), not knowing, ignorant, unaware, iv. 4, vii. 77. insequor, i, cutus, dep., to follow, pur- sue, harass. 18. insero, ere, ui, turn, to put in, insert, ingraft, iii. 14. insidiae, arum, f. pi., (insideo), an ambush, ambuscade ; artifice, stratagem, treachery. 8. insidior, ari, atus, dep., to wait for, watch for, lie in wait, form an ambus- cade. vi. 34. insigne, is, n., (insignis), a distinctive mark, badge, decoration. 4. insignis, e, adj., (in + signum), re- markable, distinguished, extraordinary. i. 12, ii. 20, vii. 50. insilio, Ire, ui or ii, — , (in+ s&lio), to leap or spring into ; to leap upon, spring upon. i. 52. inslmiilo, are, avi, atum, to charqe, accuse, blame, vii. 20 (twice), 38. insinuo, are, avi, atum, to work one’s way into; to arrive at, reach, come among, iv 33. insisto, 6re, stiti, — , to set foot upon, stand; to begin, adopt, press hard upon. 5. insolenter, adv., (insolens), in an un- usual manner, haughtily, insolently, ex- cessively. i. 14. inspecto, are, avi, atum, to look at, view, behold, vii. 25. instabilis, e, adj., (in + sto), variable, uncertain, unsteady, iv. 23. instar, n. indecl., likeness, image, ii 17. instigo, are, avi, atum, to incite, stimu- late. v. 56. instituo, ere, ui, utum, (in -f statuo), to put, set, place into, rear, construct, build, erect ; to prepare, make ready, furnish, provide, arrange, institute, estab- lish, appoint; to determine, resolve; to educate; to fix upon. 49. institutum, i, n., (instituo), a plan, purpose, design ; habit, custom ; institu- tion 9. insto, are, stiti, statum, to stand on or upon ; to follow closely up, pursue ; to be near at hand, present ; to draw near, approach; to press on; to threaten. 7. instrumentum — interventus "N ()C A BULARY. 447 instrumentum, i, n., (instruo), an im- plement, tool, utensil, instrument, v. 31, vi. 30. instruo, ere, xi, etum, to put into; to build into; to arrange, draw up ; to fur- nish, equip, prepare ; to erect. 19. insuefactus, a, um, adj., (m + sues- co -f- facio), accustomed, habituated, trained, iii. 24. insuetus, a, um, adj., (in + suesco) un- accustomed, unused, unwonted. v. 6, vii. 30. insfila, ae, f„ an island. 18. insuper, adv., above, upon, besides, more over. iv. 1 7, vii. 23. integer, gra, gram, adj., fresh, new, vigorous ; entire, whole, untouched, unim- paired. 11. intego, ere, xi, ctum, to cover, vii. 22, 73, 79. intelllgo, ere, lexi, lectum, (inter + lego), to perceive, discern, understand , perceive. 45. intendo, ere, di, turn and sum, to direct towards, stretch out, endeavor, strive. 4 intentus, a, um, partic. adj., (intendo), attentive, intent upon, on the alert, fixed upon, intent, iii. 22, 26 ; vii. 80 inter, prep, with the acc., among, between, amid, with, during. 81. intercedo, Sre, cessi, cessum, to come between, intervene, intercede, plead for. 10 . intercipio, Sre, cepi, eeptum, (inter + capio), to seize, capture, intercept. 4. intercludo, Sre, si, sum, to shut or cut off, prevent, hinder, debar. 13. interdico, ere, xi, ctum, to interdict, forbid, prohibit, exclude. 7. interdiu, adv., in the daytime; bi/ day. i. 8, vii. 69, 72. interdum, adv., sometimes, i. 14, 39. interea, adv., in the meantime, mean- while. 9. intereo, ire, ii, Itum, to be lost, undone ; to perish. 8. interesse. See intersum, interficio, Sre, feci, feetum, (inter + facio), to slay, kill, destroy. 83. interlcio, ere, ieci, iectum, (inter + iacio), to throw or put between; pass., to intervene. 9. interim, adv., meanwhile, in the mean time. 31. interior, us, comp, adj., inner, interior ; sup. intimus. 6. interiores, those in the interior. interitus, us, m., (intSreo), destruction, ruin, annihilation , death, v. 47. intermitto, ere, misi, missum, to place between, interjtose, interrupt, neglect, break off; to cease. 33. internSeio, onis, f., (inter + neco), a slaughter, massacre ; destruction, i. 13, ii. 28. interpello, are, avi, atum, to disturb, interrupt, hinder, prevent, i. 44. interpono, ere, pdsui, positum, to in- terpose, place between, allege, adduce, propose, apply. 8. interpres, etis, m. and f., mediator, inter- preter. i. 19, v. 36. interprStor, ari, atus, dep., to expound, explain, interpret, vi. 13. interrogo, are, avi, atum, to inquire, ask; to accuse, vii. 20. interrumpo, Sre, rupi, ruptum, to inter- rupt, break down. vii. 19, 34. interscindo, Sre, Idi, issum, to tear down, destroy, cut down. ii. 9, vii. 24. intersum, esse, fui, — , to be between ; to be present ; to be occupied with ; in- terest, imps., it concerns; it is impor- tant. 9. intervallum, i, n., (inter + vallus), dis- tance, interval. 10. intervenio, Ire, veni, ventum, to come between ; to intervene, arrive, happen, occur, vi. 37, vii. 20 interventus, us, m., interposition, inter- vention. iii. 15. 448 VOCABULARY. intexo — iaeeo intexo, ere, xui, xtum, to weave into ; to cover, interlace, ii. 33. intoleranter, adv., (in + tolero), exces- sively, immoderately, vii. 51. intra, prep, with ace., in, within, during. 19. intritus, a, urn, adj., (in + tero), not exhausted ; not worn out. iii. 26. intro, adv., within. intro, are, avi, atum, to go into, enter, penetrate, ii. 17, vii. 8, 73. introduco, ere, xi, ctum, to introduce, lead into. ii. 5, 10; iii. 20. introeo, Ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, to enter, go into. v. 43. introitus, us, m., access, entrance, v. 9. intromitto, ere, misi, missum, to let in or send ; to introduce. 4. introrsus, adv., (introversus), inwardly, within, into the interior, inland. 5. introrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, to break or burst into ; to enter by force ; to break, v. 51. intueor, eri, tuitus, dep., to regard, be- hold, look at. i. 32. intus, adv., on the inside, within, v. 45, vi. 37. Inusitatus, a, um, adj., uncommon, un- usual, unwonted, extraordinary, strange. ii. 31, iv. 25 (twice). Inutilis, e, adj., unprofitable, useless. 5. invenio, Ire, veni, ventum, to come upon, find, meet with ; to find out, dis- cover, contrive. 6. inventor, oris, m., author, inventor, origi- nator. vi. 17. inveterasco, ere, ravi, — , to grow old ; to become established; to settle, ii. 1, v. 41. invicem, adv., (in + vieis), one after another, by turns, mutually, alternately. iv. 1, vii. 85. invictus, a, um, adj., unconquered, un- vanquished, invincible, i. 36. invideo, ere, vidi, visum, to grudge ; to envy. ii. 31. invidia, ae, f., envy, jealousy, grudge, ill-will, hatred, malice, vii. 77. inviolatus, a, um, adj., (in + violo), inviolate, inviolable, iii. 9. invito, are, avi, atum, to allude, entice, invite. 4. invitus, a, um, adj., unwilling, reluctant, against one’s will. 7. ipse, a, um, intens. pers. pron., himself, itself, herself; adj. pron., very, pre- cisely, exactly. 190. Iracundia, ae, f., rage, anger, passion. vi. 5r, vii. 42. Iracundus, a, um, adj., passionate, angry, irascible, i. 31. irrideo, ere, risi, rlsum, (in + rldeo), to laugh at, ridicule, ii. 30. irridicule, adv., unwittily. i. 42. irrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, to break into, rush into, invade ; to storm, force one’s way into. 5. irruptio, onis, f., an invasion, attack, irruption, vii. 70. Is, ea, Id, dem. adj. pron., this, that, such; eo, ablat., on that account, for this reason ; ea, ablat., in that way ; pers. pron., he, she, it. 962. iste, a, ud, deni. adj. pron., this of yours ; that, this, such ; pers. pron., he, she, it. vii. 77. Ita, adv., in this way, thus, so, in such a manner. 42. Itaque, conj., therefore, so, thus, to such a degree. 29. Item, adv., likewise, also, in like manner. 28. Iter, Itineris, n., (eo), a march, journey, way. 112. ItSrum, adv., again. 4. Iturus, a, um. See eo. I (consonant). iaceo, ere, ui, Itum, to he, lie down, lie dead ; to extend, ii. 27, vii. 25. iaeio — languor VOCABULARY. 449 iaeio, ere, leei, iaetum, to cast, throw, hurl, fling : to throw up, construct. 7. iacto, are, avi, atum, (iaeio), to throw, fling, toss, cast, hurl ; to speak or make mention of; to discuss, examine, talk about, i. IS, 25 ; vii. 47. iactura, ae, f., (iaeio), a throwing away ; loss, damage, hurt, sacrifice, vi. 12, vii. 26, 77. iaeulum, i, n., a dart, javelin, v 43, 45. iam, adv., already, now, soon. 67. iuba, ae, f., a mane. i. 48. iubeo, ere, iussi, iussum, to order-, com- mand, bid. 112. iudieium, i, n., a judging, trial, judg- ment, decision, sentence, opinion, 10. iudleo, are, avi, atum, (ius + dieo), to judge, determine, decide, declare ; to deem, consider, think. 19. iugum, i, n., a yoke ; the yoke (formed by a spear fastened to the top of two other spears set upright in the ground, under which the vanquished force was made to pass in token of subjection) ; height, ridge, summit. 13. iumentum, i, n., a beast of burden, draught-animat, ox, horse, etc. 7. iunctura, ae, f., (iungo), a junction, joint, union, iv. 17. iungo, ere, iunxi, iunetum, to join, unite, bind, fasten. 5. j uni or. See invents. vii. 1. Iupiter, Iovis, m . son of Saturn, and king of the gods. vi. 17. iuro, are, avi, atum, to swear, i. 31, vi. 12. ius, iuris, n., law. right, justice, power, authority. 10. iusiurandum, iurisiurandi, n., (ius + iuro), an oath. 21. iussu, ablat,, by command ; by order. vii. 3. iustitia, ae, f , equity, justice, upright- ness, 4. iustrus, a, um, adj., (ius), right, fair, just, customary, appropriate. 7. iuvenis, e, adj., young ; iuvenis, is, m., a youth ; comp., iunior. vii. 1. iuventus, utis, f., uouth ; uounq persons. iii. 16, vi. 14, 23. iuvo, are, iuvi, iutum, to aul, help, assist. 5. iuxta, adv., near by, close to, by, next to, near to, near. ii. 26. K. Kalendae, arum, f. pi , tiie first day of the Roman month, i. 6. L. labor, i, lapsus, dep., to fall down, slip down : to err, commit a fault, make a mistake, fail. v. 3, 55. labor, oris, m., toil, labor, exertion, work : f atigue, hardship, trouble, distress. 31. laboro, are, avi, atum, to toil, labor ; to suffer, be distressed : to be in danger or difficulty. 12. labrum, i, n., a Up. the edge or rim. v. 14, vi. 28, vii. 72. lae, lactis, n., milk. iv. 1, v. 14. vi 22. lacesso, ere, Ivi or ii, Itum, (Iaeio), to attack, assail, provoke, irritate, chal lenge. 10. lacrima, ae, f., a tear. i. 20, 39. laerimo, are, avi, atum, to weep, vii 38. lacus, us, m., a lake. i. 2, 8 : iii. 1 . laedo, ere, laesi, laesum, to strike, in- jure, violate, harm. vi. 9. laetatio, onis, f., gladness, joy. v. 22. laetitia, ae, f., gladness, joy, exultation, delight, v. 48, vii. 79. laetus, a, um, adj., glad, joyful, iii. IS languide, ad \, feebly, faintly, languidly. vii. 27. languidus, a, um, adj , feeble, faint, sluggish, languid, iii. 5. languor, oris, m., faintness, languor, weariness, listlessness. v. 31. 29 450 VOCABULARY. lapis — lis l&pis, Idis, m., a stone. 8. laqueus, i, m , a snare, noose, vii. 22. largior, iri, itus, dep., to give bounti- fully, bestow, distribute, supply, impart. i. 18, vi. 24. largiter, adv., liberally, largely, i. 18. largitio, onis, f., liberal giving, i. 9. lassitudo. Inis, f., (lassus), fatigue , weariness, lassitude, ii. 23, iv. 15. late, adv., extensively, widely. 8. latebra, ae, f., a lurking place, hiding place, retreat, covert, vi. 43. lateo, ere, ui, — , to skulk, lurk, lie hid- den, concealed, ii. 19, iii 14. latitudo, Inis, f., width, breadth, extent. 9. latro, onis, m., a robber, bandit, iii. 17, vii. 38. latrocinium, i, n., robbery, vi. 16,23, 35. latus, a, urn, adj , wide, broad, spacious, extensive. 10. latus, a, urn. See fero. latus, 6ris, n., the flank, side. 25. laudo, are, avi, atum, (laus), to com- mend, praise, v. 8. laus, laudis, f., fame, praise, renown, merit. 13. ravo, are, and ere, lavi, lavatum, lautum, and lotum, to bathe, wash. iv. 1. laxo, are, avi, atum, to widen, open, loosen, extend, ii. 25. legatio, onis, f., a deputation, legation, embassy. 15. legatus, i, m., (lego), an ambassador, lieutenant, deputy, delegate. 123. legio, onis, f , (16go), a legion. 188. legionarius, a, um, adj., of a legion, legionary. 7. Lemannus, i, m., the lake of Geneva. i . 2, 8 ; iii. 1 . lenis, e, adj., mild, gentle, soft, smooth ; gradually rising, sloping. 7. lenitas, atis, f., smoothness, mildness, gentleness, i 12. leniter, adv., mildly, gently. 5. lepus, oris, m , a hare. v. 12. lgvis, e, adj., light, trifling, trivial, slight, fickle. 11. levitas, atis, f., fickleness, inconstancy , lightness, ii. 1, vii. 43. levo, are, avi, atum, (levis), to alle- viate, relieve, aid, lighten, v. 27. lex, legis, f., a law. 14. libenter, adv., (libens), cheerfully, wil- lingly. i. 44, iii. 18, vi. 4. liber, era, erum, adj., unrestrained, free. 11. libSralltas, atis, f., (libSralis ), liberality, generosity, i. 18, 4.3. liberallter, adv., liberally, graciously, kindly, ii. 5, iv. 18, 21. libSre, adv., (liber), frankly, boldly, freely. 4. liberi, orum, m. pi., children. 15. lib6ro, are, avi, atum, to release, liber- ate, free. 5. libertas, atis, f., (liber), liberty, free- dom. 19. librilis, e, adj., (libra), weighing a pound. vii. 81. licentia, ae, f., (licet), license, freedom, liberty ; boldness, lawlessness, presump- tion. vii. 52. liceor, eri, lleltus, dep , to bid at auction. i. 18 (twice). licet, ere, licuit or licitum est, impers., it is allowed, it is permitted ; one may or can. 17. lignatio, onis, f., procuring wood. v. 39. lignator, oris, m., a woodman, wood- cutter v. 26. lilium, i, n., a lily ; a military work in the form of a lily. vii. 73. linea, ae, f., a string, a line. vii. 23. lingua, ae, f., the tongue ; speech, lan - guage. i. 1 (twice), 47. lingula, ae, f., a tongue of land iii 12. linter, tris, f., a skiff, boat. i. 12, 53 ; vii. 60. linum, i, n., linen, flax, iii 13. lis, litis, f., dispute, strife, damages, law- suit. v. 1. littera — maritimus VOCABULARY. 451 littera, ae, f., n letter of the alphabet; pi., an epistle, letter, despatches. 22. iitus, oris, n., the bank, shore, coast, strand. 6. ldcus, i, m, (pi. Idea and loci), a spot, place, position, condition, rank, station. 277. longe, adv., at a distance, far. 65. longinquus, a, urn, adj., remote, long, removed, of long duration, long contin- ued. 5. longitudo, Inis, f., length. 11. longurius, i, m., a long pole, iii 11, iv. 17, vii. Si. longus, a, urn, adj., long, distant. 83. loquor, i, cutus, dep., to declare, sag, speak. 8. lorica, ae, f., a coat of mail, corselet , breastwork, parapet, v. 40, vii. 72, 86. luna, ae, f , the moon. i. 50, iv. 29, vi. 21 lux, lucis, f., daylight, light. 18. luxuria, ae, f., (luxus), luxury ; extrava- gance, excess, ii. 15. M maceria, ae, f., an inclosure, a wall, vii 69, 7-0. machinatio, onis, f., a machine, ii 30, 31, iv. 17. maestus, a, um, adj., mournful, sail, sorrowful, dejected, vii. 80. magis, comp, adv., rather, more ; sup. maxime. 15. magistratus, us, m.,a magistracy, officer, magistrate. 21. magnificus, a, um, adj., (magnus + facio), magnificent, splendid, vi. 19. magnitudo. Inis, f., size, magnitude, ex- tent. 28. magnopere, .adv., (magnus -f opus), greatly, very much, exceedingly, strong- ly. 7. magnus, a, um, adj., great, large, ex- tensive, spacious ; powerful, important: comp, maior, sup. maximus. 353. maiestas, atis, (maius), honor, dignity, excellence, splendor, majesty, vii. 17 maior, comp, of magnus. maiSres, um, m. pi., (maior), ancestors, forefathers. 16. malacia, ae, f., a calm at sea, dead culm. iii. 15. male, adv., dl, badly, unfortunate, ad- versely, unsuccessfully ; comp, peius, sup. pessime, i. 40. maleficium, i, n , (male + facio), an offence, evil deed, damage, mischief, harm. 4. malo, malle, malui, (magis + volo), to choose rather; to prefer, be more will- ing. iii. 8, 20. malus, i, m., a pole, must. iii. 14, vii. 22 . malus, a, um, adj., evil, bad, injurious, mischievous, destructive; comp, peior, eup pessimus, i. 40. mandatum, i, u., order, commission, command, charge. 7. mando, are, avi, atum, (manus + do), to enjoin, order, command ; to commis- sion, bid. 19. mane, adv., in the morning, iv. 13, v. 10, vii. 18. maneo, ere, mansi, mansum, to stay, continue, remain. 9. manipularis, e, adj., of or belonging to a compan y, manipular ; in pin. as noun, soldiers of same company, vii. 47, 50. manipulus, i, m., (manus + plenus), a bundle, handful ; a company of soldiers. ii 25, vi. 34, 40. mansuefio, fleri, factus, irr. pass., (manus A suetus + flo), to be lamed. vi. 28. mansuetudo, Inis, f., gentleness, clem- ency, mildness, ii. 14, 31. manus, us, f., a hand, an armed force, band of troops ; art, power. 47. mare, is, n., the sea. 16. maritimus, a, um, adj., maritime, of or on the sea. 11 . 452 VOCABULARY. Mars — minime Mars, Martis, in., the god of war ; battle, war, strij'e. vi. 17 (twice), vii. 19. mas, maris, ill., a male. vi. 26. matara, ae, f., a pike, javelin, i. 26. mater, tris, f., a mother. 6. materfamiliae. See mater and familia, materia, ae, f , and materies, ei, f., (mater), matter, material, wood, tim- ber; materia, 8; materies, vii 24. materior, ari, atus, to Jell or procure timber, vii. 73. matrimonium, i, n., marriage, i. 3, 9. mature, adv., early, seasonably ; speedily, soon, quickly. 5. maturesco, ere, urui, — , to become ripe, ripen, vi. 29. maturo, are, avi, atum, to make ripe ; to hasten, make haste. 4. maturus, a, um, adj , ripe, mature ; timely, seasonable, right, suitable, proper, Jit. 7. maxime, adv., in the highest degree, very, most, especially, vii. 68. maximus, a, um, sup. of magnus, medeor, eri, dep., to heal, cure, remedy ; to correct, relieve, take care. v. 24. mediocris, e, adj., (medius), ordinary, middling, moderate. 7. mSdiocriter, adv., ordinarily, in an ordi- nary degree, moderately, i. 39. mediterraneus, a, um, adj., (medius + terra), inland, remote from the sea. v. 12. medius, a, um, adj., in the middle, in the midst, middle, intermediate. 29. melior, us, comp, of bfinus. melius, comp, of bene, membrum, i, n., a limb, member, iv. 24, vi. 16. m§mlni, isse, defect., to recollect, remem- ber. iii 6, vii. 37. mSmoria, ae, f., recollection, memory. 21 . mendacium, i, n , a falsehood. vii. 38 . mens, mentis, f., the soul, mind ; feel- ings, disposition, intellect, judgment, reason ; heart, soul, courage. 8. mensis, is, in., a month. 4. mensura, ae, f., (metior), measurement, measure, v. 13, vi. 25. mentio, onis, f., mention, vi. 38. mercator, oris, m., (mercor), a trader, merchant. 11. mercatura, ae, f., (mercor), traffic, com- merce, trade, vi. 17. merces, edis, f., (mSreo), hire, pay, wages, salary, reward, i. 31. MercQrius, i., m., Mercury, son of Jupi- ter and Maia, and messenger of the gods. vi. 17. mereo, ere, ui, itum, and mSreor, eri, itus, dep., to get, gain, acquire, obtain ; to deserve, merit, serve. 15. meridianus, a, um, adj., of midday, noon. v. 8. meridies, ei, m., (mSdius + dies), noon, midday, the south. 7. merito, adv., justly, deservedly, accord- ing to desert. 4. meritum, i, n , desert, merit, favor, kind- ness, service. 5. metior, Tri, mensus, dep., to measure out, measure, deal out. i. 16, 23 ; vii. 71. meto, 6re, messui, messum, to mow, reap, gather in, harvest, iv. 32. metus, us, ill., dread, fear. 8. meus, a, um, poss. adj. pron., my, of mine, mine. 4. miles, Itis, m. and f., a soldier. 169. mllia. See mille. militaris, e, adj., warlike, military, soldierly. 18. militia, ae, f., war, warfare, military service, vi. 14, vii. 14. mille, mini. adj. and subs., a thousand; pin. milia, ium. 115. minime, adv. (sup. of parum), least of all, least, by no means, not in the least, not at all. 7. minimus — multo VOCABULARY. 453 minimus, a, um, adj., (sup. of parvus), the smallest, least.. 4. minor, us, adj., (comp, of parvus), less, smaller, inferior. 19. mlnuo, ere, ui, utum, to diminish, im- pair ; to remove, settle, put an end to ; to weaken, grow small. 10. minus, adv., (comp, of parvum), less, not. 33. mlror, ari, atus, dep., to admire, won- der. i. 32, v. 54, vii. 44. mlrus, a, um, adj., wonderful, i. 34, 41. miser, era, erum, adj., unfortunate, piti- able, wretched, lamentable, i. 32, ii. 28, vi. 35. mlsSrlcordia, ae, f., compassion, pity, mercy. 4. miseror, ari, atus, dep., to lament, de- plore, bewail, pity, commiserate, i. 39, vii. 1. missus, us, m., a dispatching, sending. v. 27, vi. 7. mite, adv., gently, mildly, vii. 43. mitto, ere, misi, missum, to let go, send, dispatch, dismiss, break up, cast, hurl, throw, launch. 160. mdbllis, e, adj., (moveo), movable; fickle, changeable, iv. 5. mobilitas, atis, f., changeableness ; speed, rapidity, ii. 1, iv. 33. mobiliter, adv., quickly, rapidly, easily. iii. 10. modSror, ari, atus, dep., (modus), to restrict, moderate, manage, direct, regulate, govern, iv. 33, vii. 75. modestia, ae, f., modesty, unassuming conduct, moderation, discretion, vii. 52. modo, adv., (modus), only, merely, but, just, even, lately ; non modo, not only ; modo — modo, sometimes — some- times, now — now. 23. modus, i, m., extent, measure, way , man- ner, mode. 26. moenia, ium, n. pi., (munio), defensive walls, ramparts, bulwarks, fortifications, defences, a walled town. 4. moles, is, f., a huge mass ; a mole, clam, dike. iii. 12'. moleste, adv., with trouble, in a trouble- some way, annoying/ y ; moleste fero, I take it ill, I am displeased, ii. 1. molimentum, i, n., efi'ort, exertion, en- deavor. i. 34. mSlItus, a, um. See molo. mollio, Ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, to make soft, soften ; to make gentle ; to lighten, ease. vii. 46. mollis, e, adj., mild, gentle, soft, weak, feeble, sloping, iii. 19, v. 9. mollitia, ae, f., weakness, effeminacy. vii. 77. mollities, ei, f. irresolution, effeminacy, timidity, iveakness. vii. 20. molo, ere, ui, Itum, to grind, i. 5. momentum, i, n., weight, influence, moment, importance, vii. 39, 85. moneo, ere, ui, Itum, to warn, admon- ish, advise, instruct, teach, tell, in- form. 8. mons, tis, m., a mountain. 33. m5ra, ae, f., hindrance, delay, obstacle. 4. morbus, i, m., sickness, disease, vi. 16, 17. morior, i, mortuus, dep., to die. i. 4, iii. 22, vi. 13. moror, ari, atus, to stay, tarry, delay, linger, hinder, detain. 20. mors, mortis, f., death. 20. mos, moris, m., custom, manner, usage, character, practice. 18. motus, us, m., movement, motion, rising, rebellion, disturbance, commotion. 14. moveo, ere, movi, m5tum, to move, set in motion; to influence, affect; to excite, occasion, remove, break up. 17. mulier, dris, f., a woman, wife. 8. mulio, onis, m., a muleteer, vii. 45. multitudo, Inis, f., a great number, mul- titude, crowd, populace, the common people. 83. multo, are, avi, atum, to fine, punish, deprive of impose a fine. vii. 54. 454 VOCABULARY. multo — nefarius multo, adv., by far, much. 12. multum, adv., greatly, much, far, espe- cially. 17. multus, a, um, adj., many, much; comp. plus, sup. plurimus. 70. mulus, i, m., a mule. vii. 45. mundus, i, m , the universe ; the heavens, world, vi. 14. munimentum, i, n., a fortification, de- fence, rampart, bulwark, ii. 17. munio, ire, ivi or ii. Itum, to fortify, protect, secure. 37. munitio, onis, f., a rampart, defence, fortification. 73. munitus, a, um, partic. adj., (munio), secured, fortified. 20. munus, eris, n., a gift, present ; func- tion, office, charge, i. 43, vi. 18, vii. 25. muralis, e, adj., mural, iii. 14, v. 40, vii. 82. murus, i, m., a wall. 48. musculus, i, m., (mus), a little mouse ; a warlike machine, vii. 84. mutilus, a, um, adj., mutilated, maimed. vi. 27. muto, are, avi, atum, to alter, change ; to avoid ; to improve, vii. 45. N. nactus, a, um. See nanciscor, nam or namque, conj., for. nam, 46 ; namque, 5. nanciscor, i, nactus, dep., to meet with, acquire, find, obtain. 17. nascor, i, natus, dep., to arise, proceed ; to be born, be produced. 20. natalis, e, adj., natal, of birth, vi. 18. natio, onis, i., (nascor), a people, nation, race. 16. nativus, a, um, adj., natural, vi. 10. natu, m., ablat., by birth, in age ; maio- res natu, the older persons (ancestors). ii. 13, 28, iv. 13. natura, ae, f., (nascor), nature ; charac- ter, disposition. 30. natus, a, um. See nascor, nauta, ae, in., a sailor, iii. 9, v. 10. nauticus, a, um, adj , (nauta), naval, nautical, iii. 8. navalis, e, adj., naval , iii. 19, v. 22 navicula, ae, f., (navis), a skiff, little boat. i. 53. navigatio, onis, f., (navigo), a sailing, navigation, voyage. 6. navigium, i, n , a vessel, iii. 14, iv. 26, v. 8. navigo, are, avi, atum, (navis + ago), to steer or navigate a ship, navigate, sail over. 7. navis, is, f., a ship, bark, vessel ; navis longa, a ship of war. 115. navo, are, avi, atum, to perform vigor- ously or diligently, ii. 25. ne, conj., that not, lest ; ne — quidem, not even. 153. nS, enclit. conj., whether; ne — ne, whether — or (in direct questions often omitted in translating). 10. nec, conj., neither, nor, and not, but not ; nee — nec, or neque — neque, neither — nor. nee, 31 ; lieque, 263. necessario, adv., necessarily, of neces- sity. 15. nScessarius, a, um, adj., necessary, pressing. 20. necessarius, i, m., a relative, friend, kinsman, i. 11. necesse, adj., iudecl., necessary. 9. necessitas, atis, f., necessity. 6. necessitudo, inis, f., necessity, need, want; relationship, intimacy, friend- ship. i. 43. necne, conj., (nec -|- ne), or not. i. 50. neeo, are, avi, atum, to kill, destroy, slay. 6. necubi, adv., lest anywhere, that nowhere. vii. 35. nefarius, a, um, adj ., wicked, impious, base, abominable, vii. 38, 77. nefas — nox VOCABULARY. 455 nSfas, n., indecl., criminal, impious ; a disgrace, impiety, abomination, vil- lam/. vii. 40. negllgo, ere, lexi, lectum, (nec + lego), to disregard, slight, neglect. 12. nego, are, avi, atum, to refuse, deny, say no. 5. neg5tior, ari, atus, dep., to trade, carry on a business, traffic, vii. 3, 42, 55. nSgotium, i, n., (nee + otium), occupa- tion, business ; matter, affair, difficulty, fact. 14. nemo. Inis, m. and f., (ne + homo), no one, nobody, no man. 14. nequaquam, adv., in no wise, by no means, iv. 23, vii. 77. neque, conj., (ne + que). See nee. nequiquam, adv., in vain, to no purpose. ii. 27. nequis is more properly written ne quis. See quis. Nervicus, a, um, adj., Nervian, ii. 27. nervus, i, m., a nerve, sinew ; strength, vigor, force, i. 20, vi. 21. neu or neve, conj., and not, nor, neither. neu, 11 ; neve, 4. neuter, tra, trum, adj., (ne + uter), neither of two, neither, ii. 9, vii. 63. nex, necis, f., death, murder, slaughter. i. 16, vi. 19, 23. nihil, n., indecl., nothing, nought ; nihilo secius, nevertheless ; nihilo minus, nevertheless. 54. nlmis, adv., very, too much, exceedingly. vii. 36. nimius, a, um, adj., too much, too great, excessive, immoderate, vii. 29. nisi, conj., if not, except, unless. 24. nitor, i, nisus or nixus, dep., to en- deavor, strive, exert one’s self, attempt. i. 13, vi. 37, 63. nix, nivis, f., snow. vii. 8 (twice), 55. nobilis, e, adj., (nosco), noted, re- nowned, famous, illustrious, noble. 10. nobilitas, atis, f , reputation, renown, fame, worth, nobleness. 7. nocens, tis, partie. adj., hurtful, per- nicious, guilty, criminal, vi. 9. noceo, ere, ui, Itum, to hurt, injure, harm. 12. noctu, adv., by night. 16. nocturnus, a, um, adj., of night, noctur- nal. 10. nodus, i, in , a joint ; knot, tie, bond. vi. 27. nolo, nolle, nolui, — , irr., (non volo), to be unwilling ; to dislike, not to wish well to. 11. nomen, Inis, n., (nosco), a name ; rea- son, account, excuse, pretence. 18. nomlnatim, adv., (nomino), by name, expressly. 4. ndmlno, are, avi, atum, to call by name; to appoint, nominate. ii. 18, vii. 39, 73. non, adv., not, no. 313. nonaginta, num. adj., ninety, i. 29. nondum, adv., not yet. 9. nonnihil, adv., something , somewhat, iii. 17. nonnullus, a, um, adj., some. 24. nonnumquam, adv., sometimes. 4. nonus, a, um, num. adj., the ninth. ii. 23, iv. 23, v. 53. Noricus, a, um, adj., Norican, i. 5, 53. nosco, Sre, novi, ndtum, to learn, be- come acquainted with, know. 12. noster, tra, trum, poss. adj. pron., ours, of ours, our. 233. notitia, ae, f., knoivledqe, acquaintance. vi. 21, 24. notus, a, um, partie. adj., (nosco), known, well known, noted. 7. novem, num. adj., indecl., nine. 4. novitas, atis, f., newness, novelty, strange- ness. iv. 34, vii. 58. novus, a, um, adj , new, strange, recent, unusual; sup. novissimus, the latest, last, newest ; agmen novissimum, the rear ; novissimi, the rear, rear men. 34. nox, noctis, f., night. 46. 456 VOCABULARY. noxia — obtineo noxia, ae, f., (noceo), crime, offence, fault, vi. 16. nubo, gre, nupsi, nuptum, to veil ; to marry, be married, i. 18. nudo, are, avi, atum, to uncover, bare, strip, expose ; to deprive. 7. nudus, a, um, adj., naked, bare, unpro- tected, uncovered, i. 25, vi. 21, vii. 47. nullus, a, um, adj., (ne + ullus), none, no, not am/. 56. nnm, iuterrog. adv., whether, i. 14. numen. Inis, u., (nuo), the will of the gods; command, deity, divinity, vi. 16. numgrus, i, m., quantity, number, position, rank, estimation, account. 105. Niimlda, ae, m., a Nitmidian. ii. 7, 10, 24. nummus, i, m., a piece of money, coin. v. 12 (twice). nunc, adv., at present, now. 8. nuntio, are, avi, atum, to announce, bring news, report, inform, warn. 28. nuntius, i, m., tidings, news, message, order ; messenger, courier. 34. nuper, adv., recently, lately, not long ago. 4. nusquam, (ne + usquam), adv., nowhere, in no case. vii. 17. nutus, us, m., (nuo), a nod, beck, will; command, pleasure ; gravity, weight, i. 31, iv. 23, v. 43. O. 5b, prep with aec., on account of for, for the sake of. 15. obaeratus, a, um, adj , (ob + aes), involved in debt. i. 4. Sbaeratus, i, m., a debtor, i. 4. obduco, gre, duxi, duetum, to lead against or to, draw forward, draw out ; to construct, ii. 8. 5beo, Ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, to traverse, go through, come to, go against ; to exe- cute, perform, do. v. 33. obitus, us, m., (obeo), death, ii. 29. oblcio, ere, ieei, iectum, (ob + iacio), to throw before, throw up, expose, oppose; to present, offer. 6. obiectus, a, um, partic. adj., (obicio), lying before or opposite, open to, ex- posed, intervening, vi. 10, 37 , vii. 59. oblatus, a, um. See offero, oblique, adv., obliquely, iv. 17. obliquus, a, um, adj., oblique, slanting, sidewise, vii. 73. obliviscor, i, oblitus, den., to forget. i. 14, vii. 34. obsgcro, are, avi, atum, (ob + sScro), to implore, entreat, beseech, i. 20, vii. 8, 38. obsgquentia, ae, f , (obsgquens), obse- quiousness, compliance, vii. 29. observo, are, avi, atum, to observe, watch, regard, notice . to obey. 4. obses, Idis, m. and f , (ob + sgdeo), a pledge, security, hostage. 71. obsessio, onis, f., (obsideo), a siege. vi. 36, vii. 36. obsideo, eri, sedi, sessum, (ob + sgdeo), to besiege, blockade, 6. obsidio, onis, f., (obsideo), a blockade, siege; imminent pen!. 7. obsigno, are, avi, atum, to seal, sign, execute, make, i 39. obsisto, gre, stlti, stltum, to resist, op- pose, withstand, stop, hinder, vii. 29. obstinate, adv., firmly, resolutely, v. 6. obstringo, ere, inxi, ictum, to tie, bind, fetter ; to oblige, put under obligation. i. 9, 31. obstruo, 6re, xi, ctum, to barricade, stop up, block up. v. 50, 51, vii. 41. obtempgro, are, avi, atum, to submit to, comply ivith, obey. iv. 12. obtestor, ari, atus, dep., to call solemnly to witness, protest ; to supplicate, adjure, beseech. 4. obtineo, ere, tlnui, tentum, (ob + teneo), to possess, hold, retain, obtain, accomplish, effect, preserve. 25. obtuli — opportune VOCABULARY. 457 obtuli. See offero. obvenio, ire, veni, ventum, to meet ; to occur, happen, befall, ii. 23, vii. 28, 81. obviam, adv., (obvius), in the way, against, towards, vii. 12, 28. occasio, onis, 1'., (occido), opportunity, occasion. 6. occasus, us, m., (occido), a setting, going down ; the west ; destruction, downfall, end. 7. occidens, tis, partic. adj , (occido), going down, setting, v. 13. occido, ere, eidi, occasum, (ob + cado), to perish, fall ; to set, go down. vi. 37. occido, ere, cidi, eisutn, (ob + eaedo), to kill, cut down, slay ; to beat severely. 18 . occultatio, onis, f., conceal ment. vi. 21. occulte, adv., secretly, privately, vii 83. occulto, are, avi, atum, (occulo), to se- crete, cover, conceal, hide. 13. occultus, a, um, part, adj., (occulo), concealed, hidden, secret. 9. occupatio, onis, f., (occupo), a seizing, occupying ; employment, occupation, iv. 16, 22. occupo, 'are, avi, atum, (ob -f- capio), to occupy, seize upon, attack, invade ; to engross, employ. 28. occurro, Sre, curri or cucurri, cursum, (ob + curro) to go, come or run to meet, fall in with ; to resist, oppose ; to occur, present itself. 14. oceanus, i, in., the ocean. 16. octavus, a, um, num. adj., the eighth. ii. 23, v. 35. octigenti, ae, a, num. adj., (octo + cen- tum), eight hundred, iv. 12, v. 8, 13. octo, num. adj., eight. 7. octodecim, num. adj., eighteen. 4. octoginta, num. adj., eighty. 7 octoni, ae, a, distr. num. adj., eight by eight, eight each, eight, vii. 73, 75. oeulus, i, m., the eye. 6. odi, odisse, defect., I hate, detest i. IS, iii. 10. odium, i, n., enmity, odium, hatred, ill- will, dislike, detestation, vi. 5, 9. offendo, ere, di, sum, to run or hit against ; to offend, take offence ; to blame, displease, i. 19, vi. 36. offensio, onis, 1'., harm, offence; aver- sion, dislike, i. 19. offSro, ferre, obtuli, oblatum, to bring before, offer, give, present ; to expose ; to promise. 10. officium, i, n., (officio), a favor, service, kindness ; honor, respect, deference ; employment, office, charge. 16. omitto, ere, misi, missum, (ob 4- mit- to), to omit, let go, lay aside; to post- pone; to slight, cease, disregard, ii. 17, vii. 34, 88. omnino, adv., entirely, ivholly, altogether, utterly, only. 21. omnis, e, adj., every, all, the whole, of every kind. 519. dnerarius, a, um, adj., (onus), fitted for burdens, transport ; navis oneraria, a transport ship. 4. onero, are, avi, atum, to load, lade, fill. v. 1. onus, eris, n., a load, burden ; freight, cargo ; trouble. 5. opera, ae, f., labor, work , pains; help, assistance ; operam dare, to take pains. 11. opinio, onis, f., belief opinion, suppo- sition; rumor, fame. 25. oportet, ere, uit, — , impers., it is prop- er, it behooves, it ought, it must be, it is necessary. 18. oppidani, orum, m. pi., citizens, towns- people. oppidanus, a, um, adj., of a town. 5. oppidum, i, n , a town. 130. oppono, Sre, posui, positum, (ob 4- pono), to place against or opposite, station, place, vi. 36, vii. 56, 65. opportune, adv., seasonably, fitly, oppor- tunely, suitably, properly, conveniently. iv. 13,22. 458 VOCABULARY. opportunitas — paluster opportunitas, atis, i., fitness, convenience, advantage, favorableness, opportunity, the right chance. 7. opportunus, a, um, adj., (ob -f- portus), suitable, convenient, ft, proper. 10. oppositus, a, um, adj. See oppono, opprimo, ere, pressi, pressum, (ob + premo), to suppress, press down; to overthrow, overpower, prostrate, fall upon suddenly, surprise. 11. oppugnatio, onis, f., assault, attack, siege, an assaulting 19. oppugno, are, avi, atum, (ob -f pugno), to attack, assail, beset , fight against. 23. ops, opis, f., strength, power, assistance, aid, succor ,- interest, influence. 9. optatus, a, um, partie. adj., (opto), longed for, wished for, dear, desired, wished, vi. 42. optime, adv., (sup. of bSne), most excel- lently, best. i. 45, \ii. 71. optimus, a, um, adj , (sup. of bonus), most excellent, best, very good. 4. opus, Sris, n, a work, labor, art, deed, business; tanto opere, so greatly; quanto opere, how much, how greatly. 46. Spus, n., mdecl., necessity, need. 8. ora, ae, f., the margin, shore, edge, region. 4. oratio, onis, f , (oro), language, speech, oration, harangue. 22. orator, oris, m , (oro), an orator, speaker. iv. 27. orbis, is, m., a circle ; a region of country; a rank or file of soldiers ; orbis ter- rarum, the world, earth. 4. ordo, Inis, m., order, series, row ; method, arrangement. 27. orior, Iri, ortus, dep., to arise, begin, rise ; to spring. 21. ornamentum, i, n., ornament, embellish- ment, honor, i. 44, vii. 15. ornatus, a, um, partie. adj., (orno), furnished, equipped, iii. 14. orno, are, avi, atum, to equip, furnish, ornament, adorn, honor. iii. 14, vii. 33. oro, are, avi, atum, to entreat, implore, beseech, ask. 11. ortus, us, ni , (orior), a rising, vii. 41. os, oris, n., the mouth, countenance, face. v. 35, vi. 39. ostendo, ere, di, sum, (ob + tendo), to display, show, manifest, disclose. 20. ostentatio, onis, f., display, show, pre- tence. vii. 45, 53. ostento, are, avi, atum, (ostendo), to display, show, manifest, exhibit. 4. otium, i, n., ease, quiet, leisure, rest, idleness, vii. 66. ovum, i, n., an egg, iv. 10. P. pabQlatio, onis, f., a foraging. 7. pabfilator, oris, m., a forager, v. 17. pabrlor, ari, atus, dep., to forage, v. 17. vii. 14, 18. pabtilum, i, n., forage, fodder.- 6. pacatus, a, um, partie. adj.. (paco), peaceful, pacified, quiet, calm, serene. 10 . paco, are, avi, atum, to tranquillize, sub- due, conquer. 11 pactum, i, n , (paciscor), a compact, agreement, rule, condition, vii. 83. paene or pene, adv., nearly, almost. 17. paenltet, ere, uit, impers., to repent, be sorry, regret ; me paenitet, 1 repent, am sorry, iv. 5. pagus, i, m., a district, canton. 11. palam, adv., publicly, openly. v. 25, vi. 7, 18. palma, ae, f., the palm of the hand '; the palm-tree ; victory, vi. 36. palus, udis, f., a marsh, swamp, fen, bog. 24. paluster, tris.tre, adj., (palus), marshy, boggy, swampy, vii. 20. pando — pedalis VOCABULARY. 459 pando, Sre, di, passum or pansum, to open, throw open, spread out. 4. par, paris, ad]., equal, like, even, similar, strong. 18. paratus, a, um, partie. ad]., (paro), prepared , ready, furnished , provided, fitted. 13. parce, adv., sparingly, moderately , fru- gally. v. 71. parco, gre, peperci or parsi, parel- tum or parsum, lo abstain, forbear, spare. 7. parens, tis, m. and f., (pario), a parent, mother or father, v. 14, vi. 14, vii. 66. parento, are, avi, atum, (parens), to perform funeral rites of parents or near relatives; to avenge, appease, vii. 17. pareo, ere, ui, Itum, to comply with, submit to, obey. 6. pario, ere, peperi, partum, to bring forth, produce ; to gain, acquire, v. 4.3, vi. 40 pariter, adv., (par), equally. paro, are, avi, atum, to provide, order, dispose, procure, furnish, obtain, acquire. 33. pars, tis, f share, portion, part ; parly, side; region, place ; exparte, in part. 244. partim, adv., partly, in part. 6. partio, ire, Ivi or ii. Itum, partior. In, Itus, dep., to divide, distribute. 5. partus, a, um. See pario, parum, adv., too little, not enough, not much ; comp, minus, sup. minime, iii. 18, vii. 66. parvulus, a, um, adj., (dim. parvus), little, small, slight, puny, trifling. 5. parvus, a, um, adj., small, little, slight ; comp, minor, sup. minimus. 5. passim, adv., (pando), everywhere, here and there, iv. 14. passus, us, m., (pando), a pace, a meas- ure of five Roman feet ; mille pas- suum, a Roman mile. 62. passus, a, um. See pando. passus, a, um. See patior, patgfacio, ere, feci, factum, (pateb + facio), to throw open ; to discover, dis- close, open. ii. 32, vii. 8. patefio, fleri, factus, irreg. pass, of patefacio, iii. 1. patens, tis, partie. adj., (pateo), unob- structed, accessible, open. i. 10, vii. 28. pateo, ere, ui, — , to be. open, accessible, extend ; to be clear, evident or known. 13. pater, tris, m., a father. 14. paterfamiliae. See pater aud familia, patienter, adv., (patior), tamely, pa- tiently. vii. 77. patientia, ae, f., a suffering, enduring, patience, vi. 24, 36. patior, i, passus, dep., to endure, suffer, bear; to permit, allow. 19. patrius, a, um, adj., (pater), paternal, fatherly, native, ii. 15. patronus, i, m., (pater), protector, pa- tron , defender, advocate, champion, vii. 40. patruus, i, m., (pater), father’s brother, uncle, vii. 4. pauci, ae, a, adj., a few, few. 38. paucitas, atis, f., small number, few- ness. 9. paulatim, adv., by degrees, gradually. 11 . paulisper, adv., a short time, for a little while. 7. paulo. See paulum paululum, adv., somewhat, a little, ii. 8. paulum, adv., somewhat, a little ; paulo, ablat. of paulus, a little. 50. pax, pacis, i., peace. 27. pecco, are, avi, atum, to offend, err, injure, transgress, mistake, i. 47. pectus, oris, m., the breast, vii. 47. pecunia, ae, f., money, wealth. 12. pecus, oris, n., a herd, cattle. 13. pedalis, e, adj., (pes), of a foot, a foot long or broad, iii. 13. 460 VOCABULARY. pedes — permaneo p6des, Itis, m., (pes), a font-soldier, infantry. 10. pedester, tris, tre, adj., (pes), infantry; on land ; on foot, pedestrian. 8. peditatus, us, in. infantry. 10. peior, us, adj., (comp, of malus), worse; a worse thiny. i. 31. pellis, is, 1'., a hide, skin; tent. 7. pello, ere, pgpuli, pulsum, to expel, dri ve away, dispossess, discomfort , rout. 20 . pendo, ere, pgpendi, pensum, to weiyh, consider, think upon; to pay ; to under- go. 6. penitus, adv., inwardly, within, vi. 10. per, prep, with the acc., through, through the midst of, throughout, during ; over, along ; on account of, for the sake of, for. 103. pertlgo, gre, egi, actum, to accomplish, finish, end, carry through, complete. 4. perangustus, a, um, adj., very narrow. vii. 15. percipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, (per + capio), to acquire, obtain; to learn, per- ceive, hear of. 4. percontatio, 5nis, f., injury, i. 39, v. 13. percunctatio. See percontatio, percurro, gre, cucurri or curri, cur- sum, to traverse ; to run through and over. iv. 33. percutio, gre, cussi, cussum, (per + quatio), to smite, kill, slay. v. 44. perdisco, gre, dldlei, — , to learn by heart, learn thoroughly, vi. 14. perditus, a, um, partio, adj., (perdo), profligate, abandoned, iii. 17, vii. 4. perdo, gre, didi, dltum, (per + do), to destroy, lose, ruin. iii. 17, vii. 4. perduco, ere, xi, ctum, to convey through , bring, lead; to persuade; to promote, \ advance; to protract, prolong . 13. perendinus, a, um, adj., after to-morrow. v. 30. pereo, Ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, to die, be lost, perish. 4. pgrgqulto, are, avi, atum, to ride around, ride through, iv. 33, vii. 66. perexiguus, a, um, adj., very little, small, v. 15. perfacilis, e, adj., very easy. i. 2, 3, vii. 64. perfgro, ferre, tali, latum, to bear or carry through; to convey, bring; to suffer, support, undergo ; to bring news, report. 20. perficio, gre, feci, fectum,(per+fiIcio), to accomplish, perform, finish, complete, cause. 14. perfidia, ae, f., treachery, perfidi/. 6. perfringo, gre, fregi, fractum, (per + frango), to burst through, break through, rout, shatter ; to infringe, violate, i. 25, vii. 85. perfuga, ae, m., a deserter. 6. perfQgio, gre, fugi, fugitum, to fiee for succor, take refuge; to desert, i 27, v. 45. perfugium, i, n., a shelter, refuge, iv. 38. pergo, gre, perrexi, perrectum, (per + rggo), to continue, go on, proceed. iii. 18. pgrlclltor, ari, atus, dep., (periculum), to prove, try, essay ; to be in danger, risk, hazard, ii. 8, vi. 34, vii. 56. pgriculosus, a, um, adj., perilous, hazard- ous. i. 33, vii. 8. perlcBlum, i, n., experiment, trial ; peril, hazard, danger, risk. 55. pgritus, a, um, adj., acquainted with, experienced, skilled, i. 21, iii. 21, vii. 83. perlatus, a, um. See perfero, perlggo, ere, legi, lectum, to read through, v. 48. perluo, gre, ui, utum, to wash, bathe. vi. 21. permagnus, a, um, adj., very great. vii. 31. permaneo, ere, mansi, mansum, to continue, remain ; to hold out, persist, endure. 10. permisceo — planities VOCABULARY. 461 permisceo, ere, cui, istum or ixtum, to mingle, mix together, blend, confuse. vii. 62. permitto, Sre, misi, missum, to send through ; to entrust, commit, allow, grant, suffer, permit. 10. permixus, a, um. See permisceo, permoveo, ere, movi, mStum, to move through, stir up well; to influence, in- duce: to arouse, excite. 16. permulceo, ere, si, sum or ctum, to ap- pease, allay, soothe, iv. 6. pernicies, ei, f., (perneco), ruin, de- struction, disaster, i. 20, 36. perpauci, ae, a, adj., very few. 7. perpendiculum, i, n., (per + pendo), a plumb-line, plummet, iv. 1 7. perpetior, i, pessus, dep., (per + patior), to suffer patiently, bear, en- dure. vii. 10. perpetuo, adv., perpetually , continuously, i. 31, vii 41. perpetuus, a, um, adj , (per + peto), uninteii'upted , continuous, perpetual. 16. perquiro, §re, sivi, situm, (per + quaero), to search for, ask, inquire; to investigate, vi. 9. perrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, to break through, burst through, enter forcibly . 8. perscribo, ere, psi, ptum, to describe, record, write out. v. 47, 49. persequor, i, cutus, dep., to pursue, press upon, fo’low, avenge, revenge ; to accomplish, perform. 7. persevero, are, avi, atum, to continue, persevere, persist, i. 13, v. 36. persolvo, ere, solvi, solutum, to dis- charge, release ; to pay completely, pay ; poenas persolvere, to suffer punish- ment. i. 12. perspicio, ere, spexi, spectum, (per -f- specio), to see through, look through, observe, perceive, examine, view. 24. persto, are, stiti, statum, to persist, stand fast, continue, persevere, vii. 26. persuadeo, ere, si, sum, to convince, persuade. 20 perterreo, ere, ui, Itum, to terrify, frighten greatly. 33. pertinacia, ae, f., obstinacy, perversity, stubbornness, pertinacity . i. 42, v. 31. pertineo, ere, ui, — , (per + teneo), to extend, stretch out ; to belong, pertain ; to tend. 22. pertiili. See perfero, perturbatio, onis, f., confusion, disturb- ance, trouble, iv. 29. perturbo, are, avi, atum, to disturb greatly, confuse, trouble, embroil, em- barrass. 19. pervagor, ari, atus, dep., to rove about, wander about, vii. 9. pervenio, Ire, veni, ventum, to come to, arrive at, reach, come, arrive. 58. pes, pedis, m., a foot, step ; pedem referre, to draw back, retire. 44. peto, ere, Ivi or ii, Itum, request, seek ; to attack, assail ; to covet ; to repair to, travel to. 66. phalanx, ngis, f., a phalanx. 4. pietas, atis, f., dutiful conduct, piety, de- votion, performance of duty. v. 27. pilum, i, n., clart, javelin. 11 pilus, i, m., a company of the triarii ; a company of soldiers armed with the pilum, iii. 5, v. 35, vi. 38. pinna, ae, f., a feather ; parapet, pin- nacle. v. 40, vii. 72. piscis, is, m., a fish. iv. 10. pix, pleis, f., pitch, vii. 22, 24, 25. placeo, ere, ui, Itum, to be agreeable, please, satisfy, soothe, calm. 7. placide, adv., quietly, calmly, mildly, gently, vi. 8. placo, are, avi, atum, to calm, reconcile, appease, vi. 16. plane, adv., clearly, plainly, distinctly, quite, entirely, iii. 26, vi. 43. planicies. See planities, planities, ei, f., a plain ; aflat surface, level ground. 9. 462 VOCABULARY. planus — postulo planus, a, urn, adj., level, plain, even, smooth, iii 13, iv 23. plebes, ei, f., and plebs, plebis, f., plebeians, the common people, popu- lace. 9. plene, adv., entirely, fully, iii. 3. plenus, a, um, adj., full, entire, complete. iii. 2, iv. 29, vii. 76. plerumque, adv., generally, commonly. 15. plerusque, ilque, umque, adj., the most, most ; pi., very many, most 7. plumbum, i, n., lead ; plumbum al- bum, tin. v. 12. plurimum, adv., (sup. of multum), most of all, especially, exceeding! y . 11. plurimus, a, um, adj., (sup. of multus), most, very much ; pi., very many, most. 8. plus, adv., (comp, of multum), more: 8. plus, pluris, adj , (comp, of multus), more ; plures, more, many, several. 16. pltiteus, i, m., a parapet, breastwork. vii. 25, 41, 72. poculum, i, n., goblet, cup. vi. 28 poena, ae, f., atonement, satisfaction, punishment, penalty. 10. pollex, Icis, m., the thumb, iii. 13. polliceor, eri, Itus, dep., to promise ; to offer one’s self for. 26. pollicitatio, onis, f., a promise. 5. pondus, gris, n., a burden, weight, load, heaviness. 4. pono, ere, pSsui, positum, to place, set; to build, erect ; to lay aside, regard ; to station, post. 43. pons, tis, m., a bridge. 32. poposci. See poseo. populatio, onis, f., (populor), a laying waste, ravaging, depopulating , plunder- ing. i. 15. populor, ari, atus, dep., (populus), to lay waste, ravage, pillage, spoil, plun- der. 5. populus, i, m., a nation, people. 82. porrectus, a, um. See porrigo. porrigo, gre, rexi, rectum, (pro -)- rego), to stretch, spread out, extend; hold out, offer, ii. 19. porro, adv., farther on, forward, besides. v. 27. porta, ae, f., a gate. 34. porto, are, avi, atum, to convey, can't/, conduct, bear. 5. portorium, i, n., (porto), a duty, tax, impost, i. 18, iii 1. portus, us, m., a harbor, port; asylum, shelter. 16. posco, gre, poposci, — , to ask for, de- mand, call for. 5. positus, a, um. See pono. possessio, onis, f., a property, possession, estate. 4. possideo, ere, sedi, sessum, to hold, occupy, own, possess. 4. possum, posse, potui, irr , (potis -f sum), to be able ; to have power, avail, have influence ; plurimum posse, to be very powerful 306 post, adv., and prep, with theacc ., behind, since, after, below, beneath. 41. postea, adv., afterwards. 12. postea quam, adv., after. 9. postgrus, a, um, adj., coming after, fol- lowing, next, ensuing ; postgri, orum, m. pi., descendants, posterity ; comp, posterior, sup. postremus and postu- mus. 29. postpono, gre, posui, positum, to value less ; to postpone, neglect, disregard. v. 7, vi. 3. postquam, conj., after, after that, as soon as. 8. postremo, adv., finally, at last. 4. postremus, a, um, adj., (sup. of postg- rus), the last, latest, hindmost. postridie, adv., the day after, on the fol- lowing day. 7. postulatum, i, n, (postulo), a request, demand. 4. postulo, are, avi, atum, to require, de- mand, ask, bey. 21. potens — praesentia VOCABULARY. potens, tis, adj., (possum), able, power- ful, strong ; rich. 9. potentatus, us, m., dominion, power, rule. i. 31. potentia, ae, f., power. 7. potestas, atis, f., power, ability ; virtue, efficaci/ ; rule, empire, dominion. 27. pStior, iri, itus, dep., (potis), to become master of; to gain, acquire, take, ob- tain. 15. potius, comp, adv , sooner, rather ; sup. potissime and pdtisslmum. 6. prae, prep, with the ablat., for, through, by reason of, on account of. ii. 30, vii. 44. praeacutus, a, um, adj., pointed, sharp- ened, made sharp. 6. praebeo, ere, ui, Itum, (prae + habeo), to offer, afford, furnish; to present; to exhibit, show. 5. praecaveo, ere, cavi, cautum, to take precaution, be on one’s guard against. i. 38. praecedo, ere, cessi, cessum, to go be- fore, precede ; to surpass, excel, be supe- rior to. i. 1. praeceps, clpltis, adj., (prae + caput), rapid, headlong, hastg ; sudden, steep, precipitous, ii. 24, iv. 33, v. 17. praeceptum, i, n., direction, instruction ; precept, counsel. 5.' praecipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, (prae + capio), to anticipate ; to order, instruct, direct. 8. praecipito, are, avi, atuin, (praeceps), to precipitate, plunge, throw headlong. iv. 15, vii. 50. praecipue, adv., particulari u, especially. i. 40, vii. 40. praecipuus, a, um, adj., especial, par- ticular, peculiar, remarkable, v. 54. praecludo, ere, si, sum, to hinder, shut up, close, v.’ 9. praeco, onis, m., a herald, v. 51. praecurro, ere, cucurri or curri, cur- sum, to precede, run before ; to surpass, excel, outstrip, vi. 39, vii. 9, 37. 463 praeda, ae, f., bootg, plunder, spoil, prey. 19. praedico, are, avi, atum, to publish, de- clare, report, assert. 4. praedor, ari, atus, dep., to pillage, rav- age, spoil, rob. 7. praeduco, ere, xi, ctum, to construct; to draw before, vii. 46, 69. praefectus, i, in., (praeficio), a com- mander of cavalry ; overseer. 8. praefero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr., to pre- fer ; to bear before, ii. 27, v. 54. praeficio, gre, feci, fectum, (prae + faeio), to set over, preside over, delegate, depute, constitute. 26. praefigo, gre, xi, xum, to set up in front, fasten before, v. 18. praefui. See praesum, praemetuo, ere, ui, — , to fear before- hand, fear. vii. 49. praemitto, ere, misi, missum, to send in advance ; to dispatch. 15. praemium, i, n., advantage, profit ; rec- ompense, reward. 18. praeocctipo, are, avi, atum, to pre- occupy, seize beforehand, vi. 41, vii. 26. praeopto, are, avi, atum, (prae + opto), to choose rather, wish in prefer- ence. i. 25. praeparo, are, avi, atum, to provide, prepare. 4. praepono, gre, pSsui, positum, to ap- point over, set over ; to place first, i. 54, vi. 40. praerumpo, gre, rupi, ruptum, to tear away, break off. iii. 14, vi. 7, vii. 86. praeruptus, a, um, partie. adj . (prae- rumpo), steep, abrupt, vi. 7, vii. 86. praescribo, gre, psi, ptum, to write be- fore ; to order, appoint, dictate. 4. praescriptum, i, n., direction, order, command, i. 36. praesens, tis, adj., present, in person, at hand. 8. praesentia, ae, f., the present, presence. 5. 464 VOCABULARY. praesentio — procul praesentio, ire, sensi, sensum, to see beforehand., foresee, presage, foretell, foreknow, v. 54, vii. 30. praesepio, ire, psi, ptum, to block up, barricade, vii. 77. praesertim, adv., particularly , especially . . 11 . praesidium, i, n., (prae + sSdeo), pro- tection, defence; guard, reserve, escort; post, station. 64. praesto, are, stiti, stitum, to excel, sur- pass, be superior to ; to afford, furnish , to exhibit, show. 16. praesto, adv., ready, present, at hand. v. 26. praesum, esse, fui, — , irr., to he over, rule over, have command over. 26. praeter, prep, with the acc , beyond, ex- cept, besides ; against, contrary to. 15. praeterea, adv , moreover, besides. 11. praetereo, ire, ivi or ii, itum, to pass or go by, pass over, neglect, omit, leave out. 4. praeteritus, a, um, partic. adj., (prae- tereo), past. praetermitto, ere, misi, missum, to pass over, omit, neglect, let pass by. iv. 1.3, vi. 34, vii. 55. praeterquam, adv., besides, beyond, ex- cept. i. 5, vii. 77. praetor, oris, m , a praetor, leader, chief, commander, magistrate, i. 21. praetorius, a, um, adj., befitting a prae- tor, praetorian, belonging to a general. i. 40, 42. praeuro, §re, ussi, ustum, to burn at the end. v. 40, vii. 22, 73. praevertc, ere, ti, sum, to prewrit ; to prefer ; to get the start of, anticipate. vii. 33. pravus, a, um, adj., crooked, distorted ; bad, wrong, depraved, wicked. vii. 39. preces. See prex. prehendo or prendo, Sre, di, sum, to la y hold of, seize, grasp, i. 20. prSmo, ere, pressi, pressum, to press upon, press, strain, harass, pursue, urge 24. prendo. See prehendo, pretium, i, n., value, worth, price, i. 18, iv. 2. prex, prScis, f., an entreaty, prayer; imprecation. 8. pridie, adv., on the day before. 5. primo, adv., at first. 12. primipilus, m., (primus + pilus), the chief centurion. 4. primum, adv., first, in the beginning; quam primum, as soon as possible ; cum primum, as soon as. 22. primus, a, um, adj., (sup. of prior), first, foremost, principal, excellent, illus- trious ; in the van, in front. 62. princeps, ipis, adj., (primus + capio), foremost, the first. 11. principes, rulers, chiefs, leaders. 39. principatus, us, m., pre-eminence, sove- reignty, rule, dominion. 11. prior, us, gen. oris, adj., first, former, previous, foremost. 4. pristinus, a, um, adj., old, former, ancient, original. 9. prius, adv., sooner, before, vii. 47. priusquam, adv., before. 30. privatim, adv., privately, in private. i. 17, v. 3, 55. privatus, a, um, adj., private. 8. privatus, i, m., a private citizen. 4. pro, prep, with the ablat., before, m front of, right opposite to ; on, in ; according to, for ; in place of instead of as. 79. probo, are, avi, atum, to approve, be satisfied ; to examine, try ; to prove, show, demonstrate. 16. procedo, ere, cessi, cessum, to advance, proceed, go forth. 15. proclino, are, avi, atum, to bend for- ward, incline, vii. 42. proconsul, ulis, m., a proconsul, iii. 20, vi 1. procul, ad y., far, far off, at a distance. 11. procumbo — propono VOCABULARY. 465 procumbo, ere, cubui, cubitum, to fall forward, fall down, Iran. 5. procuro, are, avi, atum, to take care of, attend to. Look after, vi. 13. procurro, ere, cucurri or curri, cur- sum, to rush forward, run forth 5. prodeo, ire, ivi or ii, Itum, to advance, proceed, come forth, go out. 4. proditio, onis, f., treachery ; discov- er!/. 4. proditor, oris, m., a traitor, vi. 23. prodo, ere, didi, dltum, to give or bring forth, divulge, disclose, manifest ; tore- port, relate, hand down ; to betray, aban- don. 7. produco, ere, xi, ctum, to lead forth, bring out ; to draw out, lengthen, pro- long. 14 proelior, ari, atus, dep., to combat, con- tend, fight. 6. proelium, i, u , a battle. 121. profectio, onis, f., a departure 10 profectus, a, um. See proficio, profectus, a, um. See proficiscor profero, ferre, tfili, latum, to bring forth, say, produce ; to defer, put off; to enlarge, prolong, vii. 48, 82, 84. proficio, ere, feci, fectum, (pro + faeio), to advance, gain ground ; to ob- tain, effect, accomplish, bring about. 7. proficiscor, i, fectus, dep., to set out, go, travel, march, depart, proceed. 79. profiteor, eri, fessus, dep., (pro + fa- teor), to declare publicly, acknowledge, confess, avow ; to promise. 4. profligo, are, avi, atum, to throw or dash down ; to overthrow, conquer, over- come, destroy, ii. 23, vii. 13. profluo, Sre, xi, xum, to issue, flow forth. iv. 10 profugio, Sre, fugi, fugitum, to flee, flee from; to escape; to flee for refuge. 12 . profui. See prosum. prognatus, a, um, adj., descended, sprung from, born. ii. 29, vi. 18. progredior, i, gressus, (pro + gra- dior), to go forth, advance, proceed. 27. prohibeo, ere, ui, Itum, (pro -f habeo), to hold back, keep in check, restrain, hinder, keep from ; to preserve, keep, defend. 43. proicio, ere, ieci, iectum, (pro + iacio), to cast forth or forward ; to throw away, fling down; to resign, renounce, reject; to abandon, forsake, neglect. 10. proinde, adv., therefore, then, hence. 4. prolatus, a, um. See profero, promineo, ere, ui, — , to stand or jut out, overhang , project, vii. 47. promiscue, adv., promiscuously, vi. 21. promitto, ere, misi, missum, to prom- ise; to let clown, v. 14. promontorium, i, u., (pro -j- mons), a lieaidlland, promontory, iii. 12. promoveo, ere, m5vi, motum, to move forwards, advance, push awa /. 4. promptus, a, um, adj., quick, active, prompt, iii. 19. prone, adv., in an inclined position, lean- ing forward, iv. 17. pronuntio, are, avi, atum, to make known publicly, announce, proclaim, re- port, tell, narrate. 15. prope, prep, with the acc. and adv., near. 23. propello, ere, pCili, pulsum, to drive or push forward , propel, impel, urge on ; to put to flight, rout. 4. propero, are, avi, atum, to make haste, hasten, be quick, ii. 1 1 , 35 ; v. 33. propinquitas, atis, f , nearness, proxim- ity ; relationship. 7. propinquus, a, um, adj., neighboring , near, not far off, related ; propinquus, i, m., a kinsman, relative. 18. propior, ius, gen. oris, comp, adj., nearer; sup. proximus. 12. propono, ere, posui, positum, to put, place or set forth ; to present, expose ; to explain, represent ; to make known, declare, say, relate. 17. 30 466 VOCABULARY. 1 roprius — Pyrenaeus proprius, a, um, ad]., one’s own, peculiar, special, particular, vi. 22, 23. propter, prep, with the ace., bp reason of; on account of; for, because of. 58. propterea, conj., therefore, on that ac- count. 20. prdpugnator, oris, m., a defender, vii. 25. propugno, are, avi, atum, to go forth to fght; to defend; to make sorties; to defend one’s self. ii. 7, v. 9, vii. 86. propuli. See propello, propulso, are, avi, atum, to repel, re- pulse, drive buck. i. 49, vi. 15. prora, ae, f., the prow. iii. 13. proruo, ere, ui, utum, to demolish, pull down. iii. 26. prosSquor, i, cutus, dep., to follow, ac- company ; to pursue, attack, assail. 4. prospectus, us, m., a sight, view, pros- pect. ii. 22, v. 10, vii. 81. prospicio, ere, spexi, spectum, (pro + spScio), to look forward ; to take care of, provide for. i. 23, v. 7, vii. 50. prosterno, ere, stravi, stratum, to throw down, prostrate, overthrow, vii. 77. prosum, prodesse, profui, — , to be of use, do good ; to benefit, profit ; to avail: to conduce, vi. 40. protfigo, Sre, xi, ctum, to shelter, pro- tect, defend, v. 44. proterreo, ere, ui, Itum, to frighten away, terrify, v. 58, vii. 81. protinus, adv., right on ; continually , constantly ; immediately , instantly. 5. proturbo, are, avi, atum, repel, repulse, drive off. ii. 19, vii. 81. proveho, Sre, vexi, vectum, to carry forwards, convey away ; to drive away ; provehor as dep., to sail, ride, drive. iii. 28, v. 8. provenio, Ire, veni, ventum, to appear, come forth ; to turn out. v. 24. proventus, us, m., a fortunate issue; com- ing forth ; success ; result, vii. 29, 80. provideo, ere, vldi, visum, to see be- fore ; to discern; to look out for, take care of ; to foresee. 19. provincia, ae, f., u province. 47 provincialis, e, adj., provincial, of a province, vii. 7. provolo, are, avi, atum, to fly forth, hasten forth, rush out. ii. 19. proxime, adv., last, lately. 6. proximus, a, um, adj., (sup. of prS- pior), next, nearest, last. 47. prudentia, ae, f., foresight, wisdom, pru- dence, discretion, ii. 4. pubes and puber, eris, adj., adult, grown up. puberes, um, m. pi., adults, men v. 56. publice, adv., publicly; by the state, in the name of the state. 6. publico, are, avi, atum, to confiscate, make public property, v. 56, vii. 43. publicus, a, um, adj., public, common, of the state. 27. phdet, ere, uit or pQdltum est, im- pers., to be ashamed ; me phdet, I am ashamed, vii. 42. pudor, oris, m., modesty, shame ; re- spect, regard ; disgrace, ignominy, i. 39, 40. puer, Sri, m., a boy. 5. puerilis, e, adj., boyish, childish, youth- ful. vi. 18. pugna, ae, f., fight, battle. 34. pugno, are, avi, atum, to combat, con- tend, fight. 58. pulcher, chra, ehrum, adj., fair, beauti- ful; noble, glorious, vii. 15, 77. pulsus, a, um. See pello, pulsus, us, m., a stroke, iii. 13. pulvis, eris, m., dust. iv. 32. puppis, is, f., the stern, iii. 13, 14. purgo, are, avi, atum, to cleanse, make clean ; to excuse, exculpate, clear. 4. phto, are, avi, atum, to suppose, think ; to count-, to hold; to judge, decide. 20 . Pyrenaeus, a, um, adj., Pyrenean, i. 1. qua — quis VOCABULARY. 467 Q. qua, adv., in which place ; where, where- ever ; how; on which side. 9. quadrageni, ae, a, dist. num. adj., forty each. iv. 17, vii. 23. quadraginta, num. adj., forty. 5. quadringenti, ae, a, num. &&]., four hun- dred. i. 5, v. 46, vii. 72. quaero, ere, sivi, situm, to seek, search for; to get, procure, obtain ; to need, ask, require ; to investigate, examine into. 15. quaestio, onis, f., inquiri/, investigation, examination; question; trial. 5. quaestor, oris, m., a quaestor. 8. quaestus, us, m., (quaero), prof t, gain , acquisition, vi. 17. qualis, e, adj., of what nature, of what sort, what ; as, such as. i. 21 (twice), quam, adv. and conj., how, how much, in what manner ; as, than ; with sup., as possible ; quam maximus, as large as possible. 113. quamdiu, adv., as long as, how long. i. 17. quamobrem, conj., wherefore. 8. quamvis, adv., as much as you will; as you will; however, although, though, very. iv. 2. quando, adv., when ; si quando, if ever. iii. 12. quantopere, adv, (quantus + opus), how much, how greatly, ii. 5, vii. 52. quantus, a, um, adj , how great, how much, so much ; quanto — tanto, the — the. 40. quantusvis, tavis, tumvis, adj., as much as you will ; however much, how- ever great ; any. v. 28. quare, conj., wherefore, why. 8. quartus, a, um, num. adj., fourth. 13. quasi, conj., as if, as it were, just as if; nearly, vii. 38. quStuor, num. adj., four. 20. que, conj., and ; que — que, or que — — et, both — and. 892. quemadmodum, adv., after the manner of, just as, how, as. See quis and modus. queror, i, questus, dep., to lament, com- plain of, bewail. 10. qui, quae, quod, rel. and adj. prom, who, which, what, that. 1214. quieumque, quaecumque, quodeum- que, indef. prom, whoever, whatever, whosoever; all that, every, all. 12. quidam, quaedam, quoddam and quid- dam, indef. prom, a certam one* some one, some, something, somebody. to r 7. quidem, adv., truly, indeed, at least, as- suredly, in truth ; ne — quidem, not even. 43. quies, etis, f., quiet, rest, repose. 5. quietus, a, um, adj., at rest, calm, quiet, peaceful. 4. quin, conj., (qui + ne), but that; that not; that, but; quin etiam, moreover, nay even. 25. quinam, quaenam, quodnam, interrog. adj. prom, who? which? what? nam has the force of pray. ii. 30, v. 44. quincunx, uncis, m., (quinque + uncia, a twelfth), five twelfths ; the five spots on dice ; in quincuncem, after the manner of these spots, — vii. 73. quindecim, num. adj., fifteen. 8. quinetiam. See quin quingenti, ae, a, num. adj., (quinque + centum), five hundred. 5. quini, ae, a, dist. num. adj., five each, five. 4. quinquaginta, num. adj., fifty. 6. quinque, num. adj., five. 10. quintus, a, um, num. adj , fifth. 4. quis, quae, quid, interrog. prom, who? which? what? quid, adv., why? how? indef. pron., any one, one: somebody, something. After ne, si, nisi, the fem. sing, is qua, as nequa, etc. 158. 468 VOCABULARY. quisnam — reclino quisnam, quaenam, quidnam, interrog. pron., who, pray? which, pray? what, pray ? The nam has the force of pray. See quinam, quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam or quidpiam, or quippiam, inclef, prou., some, any ; some one, any one ; some- thing, anything, v. 35, vi. 17. quisquam, quaequam, quidquam or quicquam, indef. pron., some, any, any one, anything. 26. quisque, quaeque, quodque or quid- que, or quicque, indef. prou., each, every , every one, all, everything. 45. quis< ’is, quaequae, quodquod or qu| Auid, or quicquid, indef. pron., whit ver, whatever, each, all. ii. 17, vii. 46. quivis, quaevis, quodvis or quidvis, indef. pron., any one you please; every one, any one ; whoever ; anything, ii. 31, iii. 13, iv. 2. quo, adv. and conj. ; as aclv., old dat. of qui, whither, where ; to what place ; after si, to any place, anywhere, quo as a conj. is the ablat. of qui, that, in order that (usually with comparatives). 42. quoad, adv., as long as, as far as ; till, until. 4. quod, conj., because, that, in that, in so far as; quodsi, and if but if 299. quominus, conj., (see quo), that not, so that not. iv. 22, vii. 19. quoniam, conj , because, since. 15. quoque, conj., too, also. 10. quoqueversus, adv., in every direction. iii. 23. quot, indeed, adj., as, as many as ; how many. vii. 19. quotannis, adv., (quot + annus), year- ly, every year. 4. quotidianus, a, um, adj., every day, daily; usual. 8. quotidie, adv., every day, daily. 11. quotiens, adv., as often as ; how often. i. 43, v. 34. R. radix, leis, f., a root; the base of a moun- tain. 5. rado, ere, rasi, rasum, to smooth, scrape, shave, v. 14. ramus, i, m., a bough, branch. 4. rapiditas, atis, f., velocity, swiftness, rapidity, iv. 17. rapina, ae, f., (rapio), robbery, rapine, plundering, i. 15. rarus, a, um, adj., far apart, scattered, thin, scanty, dispersed ; single; few. 6. ratio, onis, f., account, calculation, reckon- ing, computation; transaction, affair; regard, respect, concern, care, considera- tion ; judgment, understanding, reason ; method, manner, fashion ; motive. 41. ratis, is, f., a raft, i. 8, 12; vi. 35. rSbellio, onis, f., a rebellion, revolt, iii. 10, iv. 30, 38. recedo, ere, cessi, cessum, to retreat, withdraw, depart, retire, v. 43. recens, tis, adj., recent, fresh, new, vigor- ous. 9. recenseo, ere, ui, Itum or sum, to reckon up, enumerate, review, count over. vii. 76. receptaculum, i, n., a shelter; a recep- tacle; a lurking place, vii. 14. receptus, a, um. See rScipio. receptus, us, m., a retreat, shelter, ref- uge. iv. 33, vi. 9, vii. 47. recessus, us, m., a retreat, v. 43 rSeldo, 6re, eidi, casum, (re + cado), to fall back, recoil; to occur, happen; to fall upon, light upon. vii. 1. rScipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, (re + capio), to receive, take back ; to recover, get again ; to take, capture ; to engage, undertake; se recipere, to withdraw, betake one’s self. 76. recito, are, avi, atum, to read aloud. v. 48. reclino, are, avi, atum, to lean back- wards, recline, vi. 27 (twice). recte — remollesco VOCABULARY. 460 recte, adv., in a straight line ; correctly, well. vii. 6, 80. rectus, a, um, adj , direct, exact, straight. vi. 25, vii. 23, 46. rgcupgro, are, avi, atum, (re + capio), to recover, regain, v. 27, vii. 1, 76. rScuso, are, avi, atum, (re + causa), to object, refuse, decline, reject. 9. reda, ae, f., a wagon, i. 51, vi. 30. redactus, a, um. See redigo, reddo, gre, didi, ditum, to give bach, return, restore ; to yield, give up, sur- render ; to grant ; to cause! 11. rgdemptus, a, um. See rSdimo. rgdeo, ire, ivi or ii, Itum, to return, come back ; to be reduced ; to descend. 10 . rgdlgo, ere, egi, actum, (re + ago), to drive or bring back ; to render ; to re- duce, diminish; to make, compel, force. 10 . rSdimo, gre, emi, emptum, (re + emo), to buy back; to release, redeem, ran- som; to hire, procure, farm, acquire, purchase, i. 18, 37, 44 redintegro, are, avi, atum, to restore, renew, revive, recruit. 9. rSditio, onis, f., a return, i. 5. reditus, us, m., a return, iv. 30, .'i. 29, 36. reduco, gre, xi, ctum, to bring or con- duct back, remove, draw back, withdraw. 28 . rgfero, ferre, tQli, latum, to carry, bring, draw, or give back ; referre pe- dem, to retreat. 16. reficio, ere, feci, fectum, to make anew, repair, restore, rebuild; to refresh, re- invigorate, reassure, recruit. 11 refringo, ere, fregi, fractum (re + frango), to break, break open ; to de- stroy ; to repress, ii. 33, vii. 56. refugio, ere, fugi, fugitum, to escape, flee away ; to retreat, flee back. v. 35, vii. 31. regio, onis, f., (rego), course, direction ; territory, region; e regione, opposite. 41. regius, a, um, adj., (rex), kingly, royal, regal, vii. 32. regno, are, avi, atum, to rule, reign, govern, v. 25. regnum, i, n., dominion, sovereignty ; kingdom ; royal power. 19. rego, ere, xi, ctum, to govern, rule, di- rect, conduct, iii. 13, vi. 17. regredior, i, gressus, dep., (re gra- dior), to return, v. 44. relcio, ere, ieei, iectum, (re + iaeio), to hurl, back, drive back, repel ; to fling down, cast off, reject. 6. relanguesco, ere, gui, — -, to grow weak, languid; to become enfeebled, ii. 15. relatus, a, um. See refero, relego, are, avi, atum, to remove, send a. way. v. 30. rSlictus, a, um. See relinquo, religio, onis, f., piety, religion, plighted faith ; religious rites ; superstition. 5. relinquo, Sre, liqui, lictum, (re lin- quo), to leave behind, abandon, leave. 78. reliquus, a, um, adj., remaining, the rest of ; future, to come; reliquum, i, n., the rest, remainder. 173. remaneo, ere, mansi, mansum, to con- tinue, remain, last, endure. 10. remex, Igis, m., a rower, iii. 9. remigo, are, avi, atum, (remus + ago), to row. v. 8. remigro, are, avi, atum, to return, re- move back. iv. 4, 27. reminiscor, i, — , dep., to remember, i. 13. remissus, a, um, partic. adj., (remitto), remiss, relaxed, loose, slack, v. 12. remitto, ere, misi, missum, to hurl back, send back ; to abate, slacken, relax, re- lieve. 16. remollesco, gre, — , — , to become ener- vated. iv. 2. 470 VOCABULARY. remotus — retineo rgmotus, a, um, partic. adj., (rgmoveo), distant, remote. 4. rgmoveo, ere, movi, motum, to with- draw, remove, take away. 8. remuneror, ari, atus, dep., to reward, remunerate, i. 44. remus, i, m , an oar. 8. reno, onis, m., a reindeer, vi. 21. rSnovo, are, avi, atum, to review, re- new. iii. 2, 20. rSnuntio, are, avi, atum, to bring back word; to announce, report. 9. repello, ere, puli, pulsum, to repel, re- pulse, drive back. 10. rgpente, adv., suddenly. 5. repentino, adv., suddenly, ii. 33. repentinus, a, um, adj., unexpected, sudden. 14. rgpgrio, ire, peri, pertum, to discover, ascertain, find ; to devise, invent. 27. rgpgto, gre, ivi, itum, to claim, demand. i. 30, 31. rgpleo, ere, evi, etum, to furnish, refill, supply, vii. 56. rgporto, are, avi, atum, to carry or bring back, convey, if. 29, v. 23. reposco, ere, — , — , to exact, demand back. v. 30. rgpraesento, are, avi, atum, to perform immediately , do. i. 40. rgprehendo, ere, di, sum, to censure, rebuke, reprove. 4. rgprimo, gre, pressi, pressuin, (re + premo), to restrain, check, prevent. iii. 14, vii. 8. repudio, are, avi, atum, to refuse, reject, decline, i. 40. rSpugno, are, avi, atum, to oppose, fight against, disagree with, be contrari/ to, be inconsistent ; to stand opposed, i. 19, iii. 4, vii. 42. rSpuli. See repello, rgpulsus, a, um. See rgpello. rSquiro, ere, sivi, situm, (re + quaero), to seek again ; to seek after, search for ; to demand, require ; to miss, look in vain for. vi. 34, vii. 63. res, rei, f., a thing, affair, business, pur- pose, circumstance, event, fact. 394. resarcio, ire, si, sartum, to restore, re- pair. vi. 1. rescindo, ere, scidi, scissum, to destroy, tear down. 7. rescisco, gre, ivi or ii, itum, to learn, ascertain, i. 28. rescribo, ere, psi, ptum, to write again, transfer, i. 42. rSservo, are, avi, atum, to retain, re- serve, preserve. 4. rgsideo, ere, sedi, sessum, (re + sg- deo), to rest, remain, abide; to be left. vii. 77. resido, gre, sedi, sessum, (re + sido), to settle, sit down, subside, grow calm. vii. 64. rgsistens, tis, partic. adj., (rgsisto), resolute, firm. 4. rgsisto, gre, stiti, stitum, to halt, stop, stand still; to withstand, oppose; to continue, remain. 21. respicio, gre, spexi, spectum, (re -f spgcio), to look back; to have a care for, be mindful of. 4. respondeo, ere, di, sum, to reply, an- swer. 16. responsum, i, n., a reply, answer. 4. respublica, reipublleae, f., the republic, commonwealth , state ; the public affairs. 15. respuo, ere, ui, utum, to spit out ; to re- pel, reject, refuse, i. 42. restinguo, gre, nxi, ctum, to quench, extinguish, put out. vii. 24, 25. restiti. See rgsisto. restituo, gre, ui, utum, (re + stStuo), to replace, restore, reinstate ; to deliver up, give up ; to renew. 7. retineo, ere, tinui, tentum, (re + tgneo), to keep back, detain, retain ; to hinder, restrain, check, keep, hold fast, maintain. 18. retraho — scelus VOCABULARY. 471 retraho, gre, traxi, tractum, to draw or bring back ; to recover, v. 7. r§tuli. See refero. rgvello, gre, velli, vulsum, to tear away, pluck away. i. 52, vii. 73. reverto, ere, ti, sum, and revertor, i, sus, dep., to turn back, return. 34. revincio, ire, vinxi, vinctum, to tic, fasten, bind. 5. revoco, are, avi, atum, to recall, call back. 5. rex, regis, m., a king. 14. rheda, ae, f., a carriage. See reda rheno, onis, m., a reindeer. See reno. Rhenus, i, in., the Rhine. 62. Rhodanus, i, m., the Rhone. 13. ripa, ae, f., the bank of a river. 18. rivus, i, m., a brook, stream, v. 49, 50. robur, oris, n., hard oak; strength, power. iii. 13. rogo, are, avi, atum, to ask, question ; to request, solicit, inquire; rogare mili- tes Sacramento, to bind soldiers by an oath. 9 Roma, ae, f., Rome. i. 31, vi. 12, vii. 90. Romanus, a, um, adj., Roman. 172. Romanus, i, m., a Roman. rostrum, i, n., the beak or bill of a bird ; the beak of a ship. iii. 13, 14 rota, ae, f., a wheel, i 26, iv. 33. riibus, i, m., a bramble-bush, bramble, ii. 17. rumor, oris, m., report, rumor, talk. 6. rupes, is, f., a rock or cliff, ii. 29. rursus, adv., again, anew; back, back- wards. 24. S. sacerdos, otis, m. and f., a priest or priestess, vii. 33. sacramentum, i, n , an oath. vi. 1. sacrificium, i, n., a sacrifce. 5. saepe, adv., often, frequently. 12. saepgniimgro, adv., often, frequently, time and again. 5. saevio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, to be cruel or fierce, iii. 13. sagitta, ae, f., an arrow, iv. 25, vii. 41, 81. sagittarius, i, m., a bowman, archer. 7- sagllum, i, n., a small military cloak. v. 42. saltus, us, m., a woodland pasture ; a forest ; a mountain-pass. vi. 43, vii. 19. salus, utis, f., security, safety ; welfare, deliverance, prosperity. 48. sancio, ire, nxi, ctum, to render sacred or inviolable ; to appoint, establish, de- cree, ordain, i. 30, vi. 20, vii. 2. sanctus, a, um, adj., (sancio), holy, sacred, inviolable, iii. 9, vi. 23, vii. 66. sanguis, Inis, in., blood, vii. 20, 50. sanitas, atis, f., health, soundness ; good sense, discretion, i. 42, vii. 42. sano, are, avi, atum, to cure, restore, heal, repair, allay ; to obviate, vii. 29. sanus, a, um, adj., sensible, sound, sober, discreet, v. 7. sanxi. See sancio. sapio, gre, ivi or ii, — , to understand, know. v. 30. sarcina, ae, f., a pack, bundle, load ; bag- gage. 4. sarmentum, i, n., brushwood, twigs, iii. 1 8. satis, adv., sufficiently, enough. 24. satisfacio, gre, feci, factum, to give satisfaction, satisfy, content; to apolo- gize, ask pardon for. 6. satisfactio, onis, f., reparation, satisfac- tion, excuse, apology, i. 41, vi. 9 satus, a, um. See sero. saucius, a, um, adj., ivounded. iii. 4, v. 36. saxum, i, n., a rock, stone. 7 scala, ae, f., a scaling-ladder, v. 43, vii. 81. scapha, ae, f., a boat, skiff, iv. 26. seglgratus, a, um, adj., accursed, im- pious, wicked, vicious, vi. 13, 34. scelus, eris, n , an evil deed; crime, guilt, sin. i. 14. 472 VOCABULARY. scienter — sero scienter, adv., expertly, skilfully, vii. 22. scientia, ae, f., skill, knowledge, science, experience. 6. scindo, ere, scidi, scissum, to cut, tear, rend, split, divide; to destroy, demolish, break down. iii. 5, v. 51. scio, ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, to know, under- stand, perceive. 12. scorpio, onis, m., a scorpion, a military engine for throwing darts, stones, etc. vii. 25 (twice). scribo, gre, ipsi, iptum, to write. 5. scrobis, is, m. and f , a ditch, pit, trench. vii. 73 (twice), 82. scutum, i, n., a buckler, shield. 10. sScius, adv., (comp, of secus), differ- ently, less, otherwise. 4. seeo, are, cui, etum, to cut off, cut down; to mow. vii. 14. secreto, adv., apart, separately, secretly. i. 18, 31. sectio, onis, f., division, lot ; spoils, booty. ii. 33. sector, ari, atus, dep., to follow, pursue, hunt after, pursue eagerly, vi. 35. sectura, ae, f., a digging, cutting, iii. 21. secundum, prep, with acc., along, after, near; according to ; close to, next. 4. secundus, a, um, adj., (sequor), next, following ; successful, prosperous, favor- able. IS. securis, is, f., (sSco), an axe. vii. 77. secus, adv., otherwise, differently. See secius secutus, a, um. See sequor, sed, conj., but , now. 101. sedecim, mini, adj., sixteen, i. 18, 49. sedes, is, f., a seat; a home, dwelling- place, habitation. 5. seditio, onis, f., insurrection, sedition, dissension, civil discord, vii. 28. seditiosus, a, um, adj., turbulent, se- ditious, factious, i. 17. seges. Itis, f., a cornfield ; a crop. vi. 36. sSmel, nnm. adv., once. i. 31. sementis, is, f., a sowing, i. 3. semita, ae, f., a footpath, path. v. 19, vii. 8. semper, adv., ever, always. 10. senator, oris, m., a senator, ii. 28. sSnatus consultum, i, n., a. decree of the senate, i. 43. senex, sgnis, adj., old, aged, sgnex, senis, m., an old man. i. 29. seni, ae, a, dist. mini, adj., six each, six in six. i. 15, vii. 75. sententia, ae, f., (sentio), a purpose, in- tention, design ; a judgment, decision, sentence; a resolution. 18. sentio. Ire, sensi, sensum, to discern by the senses ; to be sensible of, perceive, discover, observe ; to imagine, suppose. 12 . sentis, is, m., a bramble, briar, ii. 17. separatim, adv., apart, separately. i. 19, 29; vii. 36. separatus, a, um, partic. adj., (separo), distinct, separate, iv. 1. separo, are, avi, atum, separate, divide. iv. 1, vii. 63. sepes, is, f., a hedge, fence, ii 17, 22. septem, nnm. adj., seven, iv. 23, v. 49. septemtriones, um, m. pi., the Great Bear, the Little Bear; Charles’s 1 Vain; the north ; the North Pole. 7. septimus, a, um, nnm. adj., the seventh. 14. septingenti, ae, a, num. adj., seven hun- dred. v. 13, vii. 51. septuaginta, num. adj., seventi/. iv. 12. sepultura, ae, f , the act of burying ; a funeral, funeral rites, obsequies, burial. i. 26. Sequana, ae, f., the Seine. 6. Sequanus, a, um, adj., Sequanian. 40. sSquor, i, cutus, dep., to go or come after; to follow, attend, accompany ; to follow after, pursue; to aim at, seek for. 31. sermo, onis, m., a discourse, talk, conver- sation. . v. 37, 41 ; vi. 13. sero, adv., late, too late. v. 29. sero — societas VOCABULARY. 473 sero, Sre, sevi, satum, to sow, plant. v. 14. servilis, e, adj., servile, of slaves, i. 40, vi. 19. servio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, to be a slave: ; to be subject to, devote one’s self to, give heed to. iv. 5, vii. 34. servitus, utis, f., servitude, slavery. 15. servo, are, avi, atum, to keep, preserve, watch, guard ; to observe. 11. servus, i, m., a bondman, slave, ser- vant. 6. sesquipedalis, e, adj., (sesqui, half as much +pes), a foot and a half in length, breadth, or diameter, iv. 17. seu, conj., whether. 8. severitas, atis, f., severity, harshness, rigor, vii. 4. sevoco, are, avi, atum, to call off or aside ; to draw aside, v. 6. sevum, i, n., tallow, fat. vii. 25. sex, mim. adj., six. 16. sexaginta, num. adj., sixty, ii. 4. sexcenti, ae, a, num. adj., six hun- dred. 8. sexdecim, num. adj., sixteen, vii. 16. si, conj., whether ; if. 172. sic, adv., in this manner ; thus. 29. siccitas, atis, f., dryness, drought, iv. 38, v. 24. sicut or slcuti, adv., as if, just as, as it were, like, sicut, 6 ; sicuti, 4. sidus, eris, n., star, constellation, vi. 14. signifer, eri, m, (signum + fero), a standard-bearer . ii. 25. significatio, onis, f., intimation, expres- sion, declaration ; sense, import. 5 significo, are, avi, atum, (signum + facio), to make a sign ; to signify, indi- cate, show, intimate, declare. 7- signum, i, n , a sign, mark, a watchword, signal; an ensign, a standard. 46. silentium, i, n., stillness, silence. 10. silva, ae, f., forest, wood. 54. silvestris, e, adj., wooded, woody. 6. similis, e, adj., resembling, like, similar. 11 . similitudo, Inis, f., likeness, resemblance, affinity, similarity, vii. 50, 53. simul, adv., together, at once, at the same time ; simul — simul, partly — partly ; simul ac, as soon as. 22 simulacrum, i, n., a likeness or repre- sentation; a picture, image, effigy, figure. id. 16, 17. simulatio, onis, f , pretence, disguise, counterfeiting , deceit, hypocrisy. 7. simulo, are, avi, atum, to feign, pre- tend, counterfeit, i 44, iv. 4. simultas, atis, f., enmity, hatred, jealousy, rivalry, v. 44. sin, conj., but -if ; if however, i. 13, v. 35. sincere, ad x., frankly, sincerely, candidly. vii. 20 sine, prep, with ablat , without. 41. singillatim, adv., one by one, singly, iii. 2, v. 4, 52. singularis, e, adj., single, one only ; ex- traordinary, excellent, remarkable, singu- lar. 8. singuli, ae, a, dist. num. adj., separate, single, individual, each, every. 34. sinister, tra, trum, adj., left, on the left ; adverse, contrary ; pernicious, bad. 7. sinistrorsus, adv., towards tlielefi hand ; on the left. vi. 25. sino, ere, sivi, sltum, to permit, allow, suffer; to give one leave, iv 2. siquando, adv., if ever. iii. 12. slquis, slqua. See quis. sisto, ere, stiti, statum, to set, place ; to stand still, stop. See circumsisto, situs, us, m., position, situation, site. 5. slve, conj., or, whether ; if , either ; slve — slve, whether — or. 9. socer, eri, m., a father-in-law. i. 12. societas, atis, f., a company, union, con- junction, alliance, league, confederacy. vi. 12. 474 VOCABULARY. socius — subactus socius, a, um, comrade, partner, associ- ate. 11 . sol, solis, m., the sun. 14. solatium, i, u., comfort, consolation, vii. 15. soldurii, orum, m. pi., retainers (Celtic word), iii. 22. s61eo, ere, itus, semi-dep., to be wont ; to be accustomed, vi. 15, vii. 35. solertia, ae, f., adroitness, shrewdness ; expertness, shill, vii. 22. solitudo, Inis, f., wilderness, desert ; soli- tude. iv. 18, vi. 23. sollicito, are, avi, atum, to rouse, move, urge, induce, incite ; to investigate. 12. sollicitudo. Inis, f., anxietij, disquiet, trouble, uneasiness, v. 53, vii. 40. solum, i, n., the soil, ground ; foundation, bottom. 4. solum, adv., alone, only. 12. solus, a, um, adj., alone, only, single, sole. 9. solvo, Sre, solvi, solutum, to untie, un- bind, loose. 5. sonitus, us, m., a noise, sound, vii. 60, 61 . sonus, i, m., noise, sound, vii. 47. sQror, oris, f., a sister, i. 18, 53. sors, sortis, f., chance, lot, fate, desting. i. 50, 53 (twice). spatium, i, n., distance, space; an inter- val. 43. species, ei, f., a form, figure, fashion, shape, appearance; a spectacle, sight; pretence, semblance. 12. specto, are, avi, atum, to see, observe ; to endeavor : to tend ; to examine, prove; to look, face, lie towards; to expect, wait for. 6. speculator, oris, m , spg, scout, ii. 11, v. 49. spgculatorius, a, um, adj., for scouting, of observation, iv. 26. spSciilor, ari, atus, dep., to watch, ob- serve, reconnoitre, wait for. i. 47. spero, are, avi, atum, to trust, hope, ex- pect. 12. spes, ei, f., expectation, hope. 52. spiritus, us, m., spirit, breath ; haughti- ness, arrogance, i. 33, ii. 4. spolio, are, avi, atum, to spoil, strip, plunder, deprive, v. 6, vii. 66. sponte, ablat., of one’s own will, volun- tarily . 5. stabilio, ire, ivi, itum, to fix, settle ; to make firm. vii. 73. stabilitas, atis, f., stability, firmness, steadiness, iv. 33. statim, ad v., forthwith, immediately . 9. statio, onis, f., a post, station; outpost, picket, guard, sentinel, sentry. 11. statuo, Sre, ui, utum, to raise, erect, set up, place, station, establish ; to decide, conclude. 18. statura, ae, f., stature, ii. 30, vi. 21. status, us, m., condition, state, posture, vi. 12, vii. 54, 55. stimulus, i, m., spur, goad ; pointed stake. vii. 73, 82. stipendiarius, a, um, adj , tributary. i. 30, 36, vii. 10. stipendium, i, n , tribute, tax. 7. stipes, Itis, m., qwst, log, stake, vii. 73 (twice). stirps, stirpis, f., stock, stem, stalk, Unc- age. vi. 34 (twice). sto, are, steti, statum, to continue, stand ; to persist, remain. 4. stramentum, i, n., (sterno), straw, thatch ; covering, coverlet, v. 43, vii 45. strepitus, us, m., a din, noise, uproar, tumult, ji. 11, iv. 33, vi. 7. stQdeo, ere, ui, — , to pay attention to, cultivate, strive after, be eager for. 16. studiose, adv , zealously, eagerly, alien tivelij. vi. 28 (twice), stddium, i, n., zeal, eagerness ; attach- ment , devotion ; vocation; exertion. 15. stultitia, ae, f., foolishness, folly, vii. 77. sub, prep, with acc., below, under, be- neath; by, at the base of; about, towards, during, on, in ; within. 10. subactus, a, um. See subigo. subdolus — sui VOCABULARY. 475 subdolus, a, um, adj., cunning, crafty. vii. 31. subduco, ere, xi, ctum, to withdraw, draw off, take away, remove. 6. subductio, onis, f., a hauling ashore, a drawing up. v. 1. subeo, ire, Ivi or ii, itum, to come or go under ; to advance, proceed ; to endure, encounter, undergo. 7. subesse. See subsum. subfodio, ere, fodi, fossum, to dig under, undermine, dig below, iv. 12. sublcio, ere, ieci, iectum, (sub -f- ia- cio), to throw under, place under, sub- ject. 8. sQblgo, ere, egi, actum, (sub + ago), to force, compel, constrain, oblige ; to drive ; to subdue, reduce, vii. 77. sQblto, adv., quickly, suddenly. 30. subitus, a, um, adj., (subeo), unex- pected, sudden, iii. 7, 8. sublatus, a, um, partic. adj., (tollo), proud, elated. 11. sublevo, are, avi, atum, to lift, support, lessen, diminish ; to relieve, ease. 9. sublica, ae, f., a pile, stake, iv. 17 (twice), vii. 35. subluo, gre, ui, utum, to wash beneath ; to flow near. vii. 69. subministro, are, avi, atum, to afford , furnish, supply. i. 40, iii. 25, iv. 20 . submitto, ere, misi, missum, to send after; to send, furnish, dispatch. 9. submoveo, ere, movi, m5tum, to dis- place, remove, dislodge, drive back. 5. subruo, ere, ui, utum, to dig under, undermine; to pull down, demolish, over- turn. ii. 6, iv. 27. subsgquor, i, cutus, dep., to follow after, follow immediately. 15. subsidium, i, n., a reinforcement ; help, defence, remedy. 27. subsldo, gre, sedi, sessum, to sink down, remain, stay behind, vi. 36. subsisto, ere, stlti, — , to halt, stand still ; to hold out, withstand, i. 15, v. 10 subsum, esse, fui, — , to be under ; to be near. 4. subtraho, ere, xi, ctum, to remove, withdraw; to take away secretly . i. 44, vii. 22. subvectio, onis, f., transportation, con- veyance. vii. 10. subveho, gre, vexi, vectum, to convey, carry or bring up. i. 16. subvenio. Ire, veni, ventum, to come up; to help, assist, aid, succor. 4. succedo, ere, cessi, cessum, (sub + cedo), to go under ; to go towards, ap- proach ; to come behind, follow after, succeed; to be successful, to prosper. 14. succendo, ere, di, sum, to kindle, set on fire, burn. 5. successus, us, m., approach, advance, success, ii. 20. succido, gre, cldi, clsum, (sub + cae- do), to cut off, mow, cut down. iv. 19, 38, v. 9. succumbo, gre, cubui, ctibltum, (sub -)- cumbo), to sink under, yield, sur- render, succumb, be overcome. vii. 86 . succurro, gre, cucurri or curri, cur- sum, (sub + curro), to run to one’s assistance ; to help, aid, succor, assist. v. 44, vii. 80. sudes, is, f., a pile, stake. 4. sudor, oris, m., toil, sweat, vii. 8. sufficio, gre, feci, fectum, (sub + fa- cio), to give, supply; to he sufficient, supplied with ; to hold out. vii. 20. suffragium, i, n., (sub + frango), a vote, voice, suffrage, vi. 13, vii. 63. suggestus, us, m., (suggero), a raised place ; a stage, platform, tribunal. vi. 3. sui, sibi, se, refl. pron., of himself, her- self, itself, or themselves. 639. 476 VOCABULARY. sum — tacitus sum, esse, fui, — , to be, exist, remain, continue; to happen, take place. 999. summa, ae, f., the main thing, chief point; sum, amount, sum total, aggregate, whole. 18. summus, a, um, adj., (sup. of superus), the highest, greatest, very great; most important, consummate; the summit of , surface of. 84. sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum, to take up or away ; to arrogate, assume, claim, appropriate ; to undertake, begin. 8. sumptudsus, a, um, adj., costly, expen- sive. vi. 19. sumptus, us, m., (sumo), cost, expense, charge, i. 18. sumptus, a, um. See sumo, superbe, adv., haughtily, proudly, inso- lently, arrogantly, i. 31. siiperfui. See supersum, superior, us, adj., (comp, of siipgrus), higher, upper ; superior, greater, strong- er, more powerful ; past, preceding. 64. sQpgro, are, avi, atum, (supero), to ex- cel, surpass, overcome, outstrip, subdue, conquer; to remain, survive. 26. sQpersedeo, ere, sedi, sessum, to ab- stain, forbear, restrain from ; to omit, pass, desist from. ii. 8. sfipersum, esse, fui, — , to be left, re- main, exist still, survive. 7- superus, a, um, adj., above, upper, over. See superior. suppSto, ere, ivi or ii, Itum, (sub -f- peto), to be present, be in store, be at hand. 5. supplementum, i, n , a filling up, sup- ply, recruiting, reinforcements, supplies. vii. 7, 9, 57. supplex, Icis, adj., (sub 4- pllco), hum- ble, submissive, suppliant, supplicant. ii. 28. supplicatio, onis, f., a prayer, supplica- tion ; a thanksgiving : a day set apart for prayer, ii. 35, iii. 38, vii. 90. suppliciter, adv., humbly, submissive! i/, suppliantly. i. 27. supplicium, i, n., (supplex), penally, punishment. 12. supporto, are, avi, atum, (sub -f- por- to), to carry, bring, convey up or to. 5. supra, prep, with ace., and adv., over, on the top, above ; formerly, before, pre- viously. 26. suscipio, Sre, cepi, ceptum, (sub + capio), to take up, lift up; to under- take, assume, enter upon ; to undergo, suffer; to engage in, begin. 11. suspectus, a, um, partic. adj , (sus- picio), mistrusted, suspected, suspici- ous. v. 54. suspicatus, a, um See suspicor, suspicio, onis, f., mistrust, distrust, sus- picion. 11. suspicor, ari, atus, dep., to mistrust ; to surmise, suppose, believe, apprehend. 6. sustento, are, avi, atum, (sustineo), to hold up, support, sustain, maintain; to hold out, endure, suffer. 4. sustineo, ere, tlnui, tentum, (sub + tSneo), to hold up, keep up, support, sustain, restrain, check ; to undergo, withstand, endure, make a stand, hold out. 38. suus, a, um, poss. adj. prom, one’s own; belonging or relating to him, her, it, or them. 357. T. tabernaculum, i, n., a tent. i. 39, vi 38, vii. 46 tabula, ae, f., a plank, board; a pic- ture, painting ; a tablet, register i. 29 (twice). tabulatum, i, n., a story in a building ; a boarded floor, vi. 29. taceo, ere, ui, — , to be silent, say noth- ing ; to keep secret, disregard, i. 17 I twice). tacitus, a, um, adj., silent, i. 32. talea — terni VOCABULARY. 1 l " Tr 7’ 47 i talea, ae, f., staff, stick ; rod, bar. v. 12, vii. 73. talis, e, adj., such, of this or that kind, such like. 5. tam, adv., so much, so very, so. 14. tamen, conj , nevertheless, yet, however, at least. 76. tametsi, con j , (tamen + etsi), though, although, notwithstanding. 4. tandem, adv., at last, at length, finally, however, yet, still. 6. tango, ere, tStlgi, tactum, to border upon, touch, v. 3. tantopere, adv., so greatly, so much. i. 31. tantulus, a, um, adj. dim., (tantus), so little, so small, so trifling. 4. tantum, adv., so far, so much ; only, alone, merely; non tantum — sed etiam, not only — but also. 5. tantummodo, adv., merely, only. iii. 5 tantundem, adv., just, as far, so far, just as much. vii. 72. tantus, a, um, adj., so great, so much, such ; so little, so small ; quanto — tanto, the the. 92. tarde, adv., slowly, tardily, iv. 23. tardo, are, avi, atum, to hinder, retard, impede, delay. 9 tardus, a, um, adj., tardy, slow. ii. 25. taurus, i, m., a bull. vi. 28. taxus, i, f., the yew-tree. vi. 31. tectum, i. n., (tego), the covering or roof of a house ; a house, dwelling, i. 36, vii. 66.- tectus, a, um. See tSgo. tegimentum, i, n., a covering, ii. 21, vi 21. tego, ere, texi, tectum, to cover, conceal, disguise; to protect, defend. 5. telum, i, n., a weapon; a javelin, dart, spear. 40. temerarius, a, um, adj., inconsiderate, rash, imprudent, i. 31, vi. 20. temere, adv , without reason, thought- lessly, at random ; readily , easily . 4. temeritas, atis, f., inconsiderateness, 7'ashness, indiscretion. 5. temo, onis, m., the beam, pole, or tongue of a carriage, etc. iv. 33. temperantia, ae, f., moderation, temper- ance, abstinence, self-control . i. 19. temperatus, a, um, partic. adj., (tem- pero), temperate, moderate, sober, mild. v. 12. tempero, are, avi, atum, (tempus), to temper, moderate, restrain ; to forbear, refrain from, abstain, i. 7, 33. tempestas, atis, f., (tempus), time; a period, season ; weather ; storm, tem- pest. IS tempto, are, avi, atum, to handle, try. 1L tempus, oris, n., season ; time. 111. tendo, ere, tetendi, tensum or ten- turn, to stretch, stretch out; to go, ad- vance; to encamp, tent 4. tenebrae, arum, f pi , darkness, vii. 81 teneo, ere, ui, turn, to hold, hold fast , to keep , have, occupy, possess ; to con- tinue, keep on ; to defend ; to keep hack, detain. 50. tener, era, erum, adj., tender, soft; young, ii. 17. tento, are, avi, atum, to feel, examine; to try, attempt, put to the test, prove, tam- per with, sound; to incite, urge. See tempto. tenuis, e, adj., slender, thin ; mean, low, poor ; feeble, delicate, v. 40, vi. 35. tenuitas, atis, f., fineness, thinness; pov- erty. vii. 17. tenuiter, adv., thinly, slightly, iii. 13. ter, mini, adv., three times, i. 53. tgres, etis, adj., (tero), slender, smooth , rounded, long. vii. 73. tergum, i, n., the hack of men or ani- mals; the rear ; ab tergo, in the rear ; post tergum, in the rear. 12. terni, ae, a, dist. mini, adj , three each, every three, three, iii. 15, vii. 73, 75. 478 VOCABULARY. terra — ti’ansitus terra, ae, f , the earth; ground, land, dis- trict ; a region; orbis terrarum, the earth , the world. 14. terrenus, a, um, adj., (terra), earth;/, of the earth, i. 43. terreo, ere, ui, Itum, to frighten, alarm, terrify ; to deter. 4. territo, are, avi, atum, to frighten, ter Tify, affright. 4. terror, oris, m., fear, terror, affright. 5. tertius, a, um, num adj., (ter), third, the third. 34. testamentum, i, n., a will. i. 39. testimonium, i, n., (testis), testimony, proof, evidence. 4. testis, is, m. and f , a witness 4. testudo, Inis, a tortoise; a wooden cover- ing or shed, under which the besiegers stood and applied the battering-ram ; a shelter of shields. 6. texi See tego. tignum, i, n., a log, stick, beam. iv. 17 (twice). tlmeo, ere, ui, — , to fear, be afraid of; to dread, fear for 16 timide, adv., fearfully, timidly, iii. 25, v. 33. timidus, a, um, adj , fearful, cowardly, afraid, timid, i. 39, iii. 24, vi 40. tlmor, oris, m., dread, fear. 34. tolero, are, avi, atum, to bear, bear patiently ; to support, tolerate, endure ; to nourish, maintain ; to hold, keep. 4. tollo, ere, sustuli, sublatum, to raise, lift up, set up, send up ; to carry off, remove; to kill, destroy, break off. 20. tormentum, i, n., (torqueo), a hurling- engine for throwing stones, darts, etc. ; a cord, rope ; torture, torment. 8. torreo, ere, ui, tostum, to dry, roast, scorch, bake, burn, parch, v. 43. tot, indeed, adj., so many. 7. totidem, indeed, adj., just as many, as many. 7. totus, a, um, gen. totius, adj., all, the whole, total, the entire. 63. trabs, trabis, f., rafter, beam. 6 traetus, a, um. See traho, trado, ere, didi, ditum, (trans 4- do), to give, consign, deliver; to pass from hand to hand ; to surrender; to trans- mit.; to commend, intrust. 28. tradueo. See transduco. tragfila, ae, f., a dart, javelin. 4. traho, ere, xi, ctum, to drag along, drag away; to protract, put off , detain, spin out. i. 53, vi. 38. tralcio. See translcio. traiectus, us, m., (tralcio), crossing over; a passage, iv. 21, v. 2. trano, are, avi, atum, (trans + no), to swim across or over i. 53 tranquillitas, atis, f., a calm ; stillness, calmness, rest, quiet, tranquillity, iii. 15, v. 23. trans, prep, with acc , across, over , be- yond. 23. transalpinus, a, um, adj., transalpine, beyond the Alps, vi i. 1, 6. transcendo, ere, di, sum, (trans + scando), to climb or mount over, pass, surmount, cross, iii. 15, vii. 70. transduco, ere, xi, ctum, to carry or bring over, transport, transfer, lead, con- vey. 32. transeo, Ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, to go, cross, or pass over; to elapse, pass away 64. transfSro, ferre, tiili, latum, to carry or bring over ; to transport, transfer. vi. 3, 13 ; vii. 8. transfigo, ere, xi, xum, to pierce or thrust through ; to pierce, transfx. i 25, v. 44, vii. 62. transfodio, ere, fodi, fossum, to thrust through, pierce ; to transfix, vii. 82. transgredior, i, gressus, dep., (trans + gradior), to go or pass over ; to cross ii. 19, vii. 25, 46. transitus, us, m., (transeo), a passing or going over ; crossing, passage, v. 55. vi. 7, vii. 57. transieio — tuus VOCABULARY. 479 transieio, ere, ieci, iectum, (trans + iacio), to throw or cast over; to transport across; to thrust or pierce through, trans- fix. ^ 4. translatus, a, urn. See transfero, transmarinus, a, um, adj., beyond the sea ; foreign ; transmarine, vi. 24. transmissus, fis, m., a passage, v. 2, 13. transmitto, ere. misi, missum, to send over, transmit, vii. 61. transporto, are, avi, atum, to carry over, convey, transport. 10. transrhenanus, a, um, adj., across the Rhine, iv. 16, v. 2, vi. 5. transrhe- nani, 5rum, m. pi., those living beyond the Rhine. transtrum, i, n., a cross-beam. iii. 13. transversus, a, um, adj., (trans + ver- to), lying across, crosswise, athwart, oblique, ii. 8. trecenti, ae, a, nnm. adj., (tres + cen- tum), three hundred, iv. 37, v. 9, vi. 36. tredecim, num. adj., thirteen, vii. 51. trepido, are, avi, atum, to hurry with alarm ; to be in a state of trepidation and alarm; to run up and down in fear and confusion ; to hasten about ; to be alarmed, agitated, v. 33, vi. 37. tres, tria, num. adj., three. 36. Trevir, Iri, m., a Trevirian. 38. tribunus, i, m., (tribus), a tribune. tribunus militum, a tribune of the soldiers, an officer of the army ; each legion had six. 20. tribuo, ere, ui, fitum, to assign, distrib- ute, give ; to impute, attribute ; to grant, allow. 7. tributum, i, n., (tribuo), tribute, impost, tax. vi. 13, 14. triduum, i, n , three days. 10. triennium, i, n., three years, iv. 4 triginta, num. adj., thirty, vi. 35. trini, ae, a, dist. num. adj., three each, every three, three. 4. tripartito, adv., in three parts, m three divisions. 4. triplex, Icis, adj., (tres + pllco), triple, three, threefold. 4. triquetrus, a, um, adj., triangular, three- cornered. v. 13. tristis, e, adj., sorrowful, sad. i. 32. tristitia, ae, f., sadness, sorrow, i. 32. truncus, i, m., the trunk or stock of a tree. iv. 17, vii. 73. tu, tui, pers. pron., m. and f., you, thou. v. 30 (twice). tuba, ae, f., a trumpet, ii. 20, vii. 47, 81. tueor, eri, tuitus or tutus, to behold, look at, watch, guard, defend, protect ; to support, keep, maintain. 8. tiili. See fero. turn, adv., at that time, then. 48. tumultuor, ari, atus, dep., to make a disturbance, raise a tumult; to be in confusion, vii. 61. tumultuose, adv., tumultuously, vii. 45. tumultus, us, m., a tumult, broil, disturb- ance, uproar; sedition, mutiny, insur- rection. 7. tfimulus, i, m., (tumeo), a hillock, hill, mound. 6. tunc, adv., at that time, then. v. 41. turma, ae, f., a squadron of thirty horse- men. 5. turpis, e, adj., ugly, deformed, unseemly; dishonorable, infamous, scandalous 6. turpiter, adv., disgracefully, basely, shamefully, vii. 20 (twice), 80. turpitudo, Inis, f., dishonor, shame, dis- grace. ii. 27. turris, is, f., a tower. 29. tuto, adv., safely, securely, without dan- ger. iii. 13, 24 ; vii. 36. tutus, a, um, adj., (tueor), secure, safe, out of danger, protected. 9. tuus, a, um, poss. adj. pron., thy, thine, of thee ; yours, your, of you. v. 44. 480 VOCABULARY. ubi — vagof u. ubi, adv., where, when. 58. ubicumque, adv. wherever, vii. 3. ubique, adv., everywhere ; wherever ; anywhere, iii. 16. ulciscor, i, ultus, dep., to avenge, re- venge. 5. ullus, a, um, gen. ullius, adj., any, any one. 25. ulterior, us, gen. oris, comp, adj., far- ther, on the farther side ; more distant, more remote. 8. ultimus, a, um, adj., (sup. of ulterior), the most distant, last, the most remote, farthest. 5. ultra, prep and adv., beyond, past, far- ther. i. 48, 49. ultro, adv., beyond ; on both sides, to and fro; moreover, besides, further; actu- ally, 'voluntarily, spontaneously. 11. ultus, a, um. See ulciscor, ululatus, us, m., a yelling, howling, shout. v. .37, vii. 80. umquam. See unquam, una, adv., together; at the same time, along with. 31. unde, adv., whence, from which, from whom. 10. undecim, num. adj., eleven, vii. G9, 87. undecimus, a, um, num. adj., the elev- enth. ii. 23, v. 46. undique, adv , from all parts, from every part; on all sides, everywhere. 26. universus, a, um, adj., whole, entire ; all together. 9. unquam, adv., ever, at any time. 4. unus, a, um, gen. unlus, num. adj., one, single, one alone, one only ; the same, one and the same. 115. urbanus, a, um, adj., of a city ; of the city (Rome), vii 1, 6. urbs, urbis, f., a city ; the citi/ (Rome). 9. urgeo, ere, ursi, — , to press upon, urge, drive, impel; to press hard, weigh down, oppress, ii. 25, 26. urus, i, m., a kind of ox. vi. 28. usitatus, a, um, adj., usual, accustomed, ordinary, common, customary, vii. 22. usque, adv., even, quite, as far as ; with eo, to such a degree. 10. usus, a, um. See utor. usus, us, m., use, practice, exercise ; skill; advantage, benefit, profit ; occa- sion ; necessity, need ; usu venire, to happen, occur. 34. ut or iiti, conj. and adv., that ; so that, in order that ; so as to, to; as; though, although; that not (after verbs of fear- ing). ut, 380 ; uti, 56. titer, tra, trum, gen. utrlus, adj., which, which of the two. 4. bterque, traque, trumque, gen. utrlus- que, adj., both, each. 36. Uti. See ut. utllis, e, adj., (utor), useful, profitable, advantageous, iv. 7, vii. 20, 76 utilitas, atis, f , usefulness, profit, ad- vantage. iv. 19, vii. 23. utor, i, usus, dep., to use, make use of, enjoy • to exercise, practise ; to employ ; to show ; to manage. 52. utrimque, adv., on both sides. 5. utrum, conj., whether , in indirect ques- tions ; in direct questions it is not translated, i. 40, 50, 53. uxor, oris, f., a wife. 9. V. vacatio, oms, f., (vaeo), exemption, re- spite, immunity , freed om . vi 14. vaco, are, avi, atum, to be empty, free from, without, vacant, without a posses- sor. 4. vSeuus, a, um, adj , free from; empty; destitute ; vacant. 5. vadum, i, n., a ford, a shallow place. 13. vagina, ae, f., scabbard, sheath, v. 44 vagor, ari, atus, dep., to wander about, roam, ramble. 9. valeo — verutum VOCABULARY. valeo, ere, ui, — , to enjoy health , to be powerful, strong ; to have interest, ight, or influence ; to have force. 13. valetudo. Inis, f., (valeo), good health; ill health, disease, v. 40 ; vii. 78. vallis or valles, is, f., a valley. 9. vallum, i, n., (vallus), a rampart set with stakes or palisades; intrenchments, earthworks. 35. vallus, i, m., a stake, palisade. See vallum varietas, atis, f , variety, in respect to colors ; variety, diversity, vi. 27, vii. 23. varius, a, um, adj., variegated, chang- ing, changeable ; different, ii. 22, vii. 77. vasto, are, avi, atum, to lay waste, rav- age, desolate, devastate. 10. vastus, a, um, adj., vast, huge, enor- mous, immense, iii. 9, 12. vaticinatio, onis, f., a foretelling , pro- phecy, divination, i. 50. vS, enclit. conj., = vel, or; either. See vel. vectigal, alis, n . . a tax, impost, duty ; revenue, i. 18, 36; v. 22 vectigalis, e, adj., tributary. iii. 8, iv. 3. vectdrius, a, um, adj., (ve ho), for carry- ing or transportation, v. 8. vghementer, adv., exceedingly, eagerly, impetuously, ardently, vehementh/, strong- ly. 9. veho, ere, vexi, vectum, to bear, carry, convey, i. 43. vel, conj., or, even ; vel — vel, either — or. 12. velocitas, atis, f., fleetness, swiftness, velocity, speed, rapidity, vi. 28. velociter, adv., swiftly, rapidly, quickly, speedily, v. 35. velox, ocis, adj., quick, swift, fleet, rapid, speedy, i. 48. velum, i, n., a sail, iii. 13 (twice), 14. velut, adv., as, like as, just as. l. 32. 481 venatio, dnis, f., the chase, hunting, iv. 1, vi. 21, 28. venator, oris, m , a hunter, vi. 27. vendo, Sre, didi, ditum, to sell. ii. 33, iii. 16, iv. 2 Veneticus, a, um, adj., of the Venetian, Venetian, iii. 18, iv. 21. venia, ae, f., indulgence, favor, forgive- ness, pardon, forbearance, vi. 4, vii. 15. venio, Ire, veni, ventum, to come, arrive. 133. ventito, are, avi, atum, to resort ; to come often, iv. 3, 32 ; v 27. ventus, i, m., the wind. 11. ver, veris, n., the spring, vi. 3. verbum, i, n., a word, expression, remark, saying. 4. vereor, eri, Itus, dep., to fear. 25. vergo, ere, — , — , to He ; to face ; to in- cline. 4. vergobretus, i, m , the title of the chief magistrate among the Haeduans. i. 10. verisimilis, e, adj., (verus + similis), likely, probable. See verum, veritus, a, um. See vereor, vero, adv, (verus), indeed, in truth, assuredly. 24. verso, are, avi, atum, (verto), to turn often, twist, change; to agitate, exercise; to employ ; to exert ; to occupy ; to be busy. v. 44. versor, ari, atus, dep., to remain, dwell, stay ; to be engaged in, busy one’s self with ; to be associated with ; to occupy. 11 . versus, adv. and prep., (verto), towards. 5. versus, us, m., (verto), a line, verse. vi. 14. verto, ere, ti, sum, to turn, turn round ; to alter, change, transform. 6. verum, i, n , the truth. 4. verus, a, um, adj., real; true; reasonable; right. See verum. verutum, i, n., a javelin, dart. v. 44 (twice). 3 482 VOCABULARY. vesper — vita vesper, 6ris and Sri, m., evening; the evening star. 5 . vester, tra, trum, poss. adj. prou ., yours, your; of you, of yours. 5 vestigium, i, n., the print of a footstep ; a track, trace ; a place, spot ; an instant, a inornent ; e vestigio, immediately, on the spot. 4. vestio, Ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, to attire, clothe, cover, array, v. 14, vii. 23, 31. vestis, is, f., clothing, garment, vii. 47. vestitus, us, m., dress, clothing, iv. 1, vii. 88. veteranus, a, um, adj., (vetus), veteran, old. i. 24. vSto, are, avi, atum, to forbid, prevent, prohibit, ii. 20, v. 9, vii. 33. vStus, eris, adj., old, former, ancient 12 . vexillum, i, n., (veho), a military en- sign, standard, banner, flag. A red flag displayed from tire general’s tent as a signal for marching or for battle ii 20, vi. 36, 40. vexo, are, avi, atum, to harass, distress, annoy, molest, trouble, agitate. 4. via, ae, f., a road, way , passage. 20. viator, oris, m., a traveller iv 5 vicesimus, a, um, num. adj., the twenti- eth. vi. 21. vlei. See vineo. vicies, num adj., twentj/ times, v 13. vicinitas, atis, f., neighborhood , vicinity , the neighbors, vi. 34. vlcis, (gen.), f., succession, change, alter- nation; in vicem, by turns, alternately ; mutually, iv. 1, vii. 85. victima, ae, f., a victim, sacrifice, vi. 16. victor, oris, m., a conqueror ; adj., vic- torious. 9. victoria, ae, f., victory. 9. victus, a, um. See vinco, vietus, us, m., (vivo), sustenance, food, provisions; mode of living. 4. vicus, i, m., a village, hamlet. 18. video, ere, vldi, visum, to see, behold, observe, perceive; videor, eri, vlsus, pass., to seem, appear ; to seem good or fit. 144. vigflia, ae, f., a watching, being awake ; guard, watch ; the ivatch, sentinels. A watch among the Romans was equal to one fourth of the night. 19. vlginti, num. adj., twenty, i 31, iv. 38. vlmen, Inis, n., a twig, osier, ii. 33, vi. 16, vii. 73. vincio, Ire, nxi, nctum, to bind, fasten. i. 53. vinco, Sre, vici, victum, to conquer, overcome, subdue, vanquish, prevail, suc- ceed. 18 vinctus, a, um See vincio, vinculum, i, n , (vincio), a fetter, chain, bond ; in vincula, into prison. 4. vindico, are, avi, atum, (vim dlco), to lay claim to, maintain, assert ; to liberate, rescue, free ; to revenge, punish, avenge, iii. 16, vii. 1, 76. vinea, ae, f A shed, built like an ar- bor, under which soldiers assailed the walls of towns. 8. vlnum, i, n., wine. ii. 15. violo, are, avi, atum, to violate, injure, hurt ; to lay waste, vi. 23, 32. vir, vlri, m., a man, husband. 10. vires See vis. virgo, Inis, A-, a maiden, maid, virgin. v. 14. virgultum, i, n., a copse, bush, shrub. iii. 18. vlrltim, adv., man by man, singly, indi- vidually. vii. 71. virtus, utis, f., (vir), manhood, manli- ness, bravery ; firmness, constancy ; ex- cellence, worth ; virtue. 70. vis, vis, f., power, strength, force, energy, vigor ; influence ; efficiency ; number, multitude : pi. vires. 44 vlsus, a, um See video or videor, vita, ae, f., life. 19 vito — vultus VOCABULARY. vito, are, avi, atum, to shun, seek to escape, avoid, beware of. 9. vitrum, i, n., woad, a plant used for dyeing blue. v. 14. vivo, ere, vixi, victum, to live on, live. iv. 1,10; v. 14. vivus, a, um, adj., living, alive. 5. vix, adv., hardly, scarcely, with difficulty. 12 . voeo, are, avi, atum, to invite, summon, call; to name. 7. volgus. See vulgus, volo, velle, volui, — , to be willing ; to wish, desire ; to intend, purpose ; to or- dain, appoint ; to command. 66. voluntarius, a, um, adj., willing, volun- tary, spontaneous ; voluntarius, i, m., a volunteer, v. 56. voluntas, atis, f., will, wish, choice, de- sire, inclination; favor, affection, good- 483 will; approbation; willingness, consent. 18. voluptas, atis, f., enjoyment, pleasure, delight, joy. i. 53 (twice), v. 12. vos. See ego. 7. voveo, ere, vovi, votum, to promise solemnly, vow. vi. 16. vox, vocis, f., word ; voice ; saying ; speech. 13. Vulcanus, i, in., Vulcan, the god of fire, vi. 21. vulgo, adv., commonly, generally ; every- where ; here and there, i. 39, ii. 1, v. 33. vulgus, i, n., the multitude, people, public ; the populace ; a throng, crowd. 8. vulnSro, are, avi, atum, to wound. 12. vulnus, eris, u., a wound. 21. vultus, us, m., the countenance, looks, features, aspect, mien, expression, vis- age. i. 39 (twice). VOCABULARY TO BOOK VIII. The numerals indicate all the chapters where each word occurs, and not the number of occurrences as in the previous Vocabulary^: e. g. advento occurs in chapters 20 and 26. A LIST OF WORDS FOUND IN HIRTIUS WHICH ARE NOT CONTAINED IN CAESAR A. absolutus, a, urn, (part, ab-solvo), set free from, brought to a conclusion, end- ed. 15. acer, cris, ere, adj., violent, severe, sharp, fierce. 5, 28. admiratio, onis, f., (admiror), sur- prise, astonishment, admiration. Fref. (twice). advento, are, avi, atum, (advenio), to come nearer ; to arrive at ; to come to. 20, 26 Africanus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Africa; African. Pref. aggeratio, onis, f., a heaping up, a mole, dike. 9. Alexandrinus, a, um, adj , pertaining to Alexandria ; Alexandrian. Pref. aquator, oris, m., a water-carrier. 41. aquor, an, atus, dep., (aqua), to bring water. 41. ascitus, a, um, (part, ascisco), taken, appropriated , received. 30. augur, firis, m. or f., an augur, a diviner, seer. 50. B. brumalis, e. adj., pertaining to the winter solstice ; wintry. 4. C. calcar, aris, n., a spur, stimulus, incite- ment. 48. calliditas, atis, f., shrewdness, craft, cun- ning. 16. cantus, us, m., sound, tone. 20. cautus, a, um, (part caveo), careful, wary, safe, cautious. 23. cogitatio, onis, f., meditation, thought; design, plan 10. cohaereo, ere, si, sum, to be united with ; to adhere to, cleave to. Pref. collatio, onis, f., collection ; union. 8. commendatio, onis, f., a commendation, recommendation. 52. commentarius, ii, m., a note-book; memo- randum ; commentary. Pref. (twice), 4. 15, 30, 38, 48 (twice), compingo, ere, pegi, pactum, to unite together ; to compose, frame 5. comprimo — inaedifico _ VOCABULARY. comprimo, Sre, essi, essum, to press together, make more dense, compress ; to hold hack, repress ; to suppress. 23. concitator, oris, m., he who excites, an exciter. 21. conflo, are, avi, atum, to kindle, stir up; to accomplish, produce, effect. 6. consolatio, onis, f., a consoling, comfort. 38. convello, ere, velli' vulsum, to tear. pull, destroy. 26, 50. crebro, adv., oftentimes, frequently. 10, 17, 44, 52. crimen. Inis, n., judgment ; accusation ; reproach. Pref. (twice), eupa, ae, f , a tub, cask. 42. D. decursio, onis, f., a running down, incur- sion. 24. deprecatio, onis, f., prayer for pardon ; an imprecation. Pref. deprimo, ere, pressi, pressum, to press down, depress ; to suppress 9 (twice), 40. derivo, are, avi, atum, to lead off ; to divert. 40 descensus, us, m., descent. 40 (twice). diffQgio, ere, fugi, to fly in different directions ; to disperse. 23, 24, 35. discepto, are, avi, atum, to dispute, dis- cuss : to decide. 55. discessio, onis, f., a departure ; separa- tion. 52, 53 discursus, us, m., a running to and fro. 29. dominatio., onis, f., ride; dominion • lord- ship. 52. duceni, ae, a, dist nnm, two hundred each. 4. E. elegantia, ae, f., refinement, grace, ele- gance Pref. (twice), emendate, adv., faultlessly , perfectly. Pref. 485 evlto, are, avi, atum, to avoid, shun. 20, 24, 48. exaresco, ere, rui, to dry up, become dry. 43. expectatio, onis, f., an awaiting, expec- tation. 9, 40. explico, are, avi, atum, to unfold, dis- play. Pref., 4, 14. extruo, fre, xi, ctum, to heap up, build. 41. P. fascis, is, m., a bundle ; the rods and axe carried before the highest magis- trates. 1 5. ferio, ire, to strike ; to cut. 38. feritas, atis, f., wildness, savageness. 25. fons, fontis, m., a spring, fountain ; source. 41 (five times), 43 (twice). foris, is, f., a door ; pi. two leaves of a door, door. 9. freno, are, avi, atum, to furnish with a bridle ; to bridle. 15. frequentia, ae, f., a multitude, crowd, concourse. 50. G. gradus, us, m., a step, pace. 9. H. hiberno, are, avi, atum, to pass the winter ; to spend the winter in quarters 46, 48. hostia, ae, f., an animal sacrificed, a victim. I. impressio, onis, f., an impressing ; an assault, onset. 6. impunitus, a, um, adj., unpunished ; un- restrained. 48. inaedifico, are, avi, atum, to build up, erect. 5, 9. 486 VOCABULARY. indago — protero indago, inis, f., an inclosing, a surround- ing. 1 8. inertia, ae, f., inactivity, laziness. I ’ref. infidelitas, atis, f., faithlessness. 23. inflo, are, avi, atum, to blow into; to puff up. 12. inservio, ire, ivi, itum, to be submissive to; to be .devoted, to. 8. insolens, tis, adj., immoderate ; un- usual ; haughty, arrogant. 13. inso- lenter, 50. intercido, ere, idi, isum, to cut to pieces. H, 43. intolerandus, a, um, adj., (intolero), insupportable, intolerable. 4. invado, ere, si, sum, to go into, enter, assail. 27. invoco, are, avi, atum, to call upon, in- voke. 48. L. laneea, ae, f., a spear, lance . 48 latito, are, avi, atum, to lie hid. 31. lego, gre, legi, lectum, to gather; to peruse, read. Pref. lorictila, ae, f., a small breastwork. 9 (twice). lustro, are, avi, atum, to purify ; to re- view ; exercitum lustravit. 52. M. magnificentia, ae, f., grandeur, splen- der, eminence. 51. metor, ari, atus, dep., to measure ; to erect., pitch ; metatis with passive sense. 15. moderate, adj., with moderation 12. mortiferus, a, um, adj., death-bringing, deadly. 23. municipium, ii, n., a town; a. free town. 50 (twice), 51. mutatio, onis, f., a changing, alteration, change. 52. mutuor, ari, atus, to borrow. N. nimirum, adv., without doubt, sure! //. Pref. O. obscure, adv., darkly, obscurely. 54. obsideo, ere, edi, essum, to besiege, blockade; to beset. 26,37 (twice), operose, adv., with' great labor, laborious- ly. Pref. opto, are, avi, atum, to wish for, desire. 9, 41. opulentus, a, um, adj., rich, wealthy. 51. P. patientia, ae, f., patience ; quality of en- during. 4. percello, ere, euli, culsum, to beat down; to strike ; to destroy. 19,29,48. perennis, e, adj., everlasting, perennial. 43. perniciosus, a, um, adj., ruinous, per- nicious. 1 1 . pernocto, are, avi, to pass the night. 15. pertinaciter, adv., very firmly, tena- ciously. 13, 22, 41, 43, 48. petitio, onis, f., solicitation; candidate ship. 50 (twice), 52. polleo, ere, to be strong ; to prevail ; to avail. 22. postulatio, onis, f., a demand ; request ; desire. 48. praecido, ere, Idi, Isum, to cut off in front ; to cut to pieces. 44. praefectura, ae, f., the office of overseer ; prefecture. 12. praeripio, ere, ripui, reptum, to snatch away. Pref. profecto, adv., truly, indeed, certainly. 21. prorumpo, Sre, rupi, ruptum, to cast forth, burst forth . 41. protero, ere, trivi, tritum, to tread under foot, crush. 48. provolvo — vulneratio VOCABULARY. 487 provolvo, §re, volvi, volutum, to roll forth, roll away. 42. Q quadratus, a, urn, squared ; square, in regular order of battle. 8. quamquam, conj., although. Pref , 42, 52, 55. quia, conj., because. 23. quondam, adv., once, at a certain time; heretofore. 32. R. recusatio, onis, f., refusal. Pref. rus, ruris, n., the country; lands ; felds. 3. s sacerdotium, ii, n., the priesthood . 50. salubritas, atis, f , healthfulness, salu- brity. 52. scandula, ae, f., a shingle. 42. scriptor, oris, m., writer. Pref. (twice), sedeo, ere, sedi, sessum, to sit, remain. 15. sestertius, ii, m , a sesterce. sollicitus, a, um, adj., disturbed , stirred up. 34. spectatus, a, um, (part, specto), tested ; respected . excellent. 51. sterno, ere, stravi, stratum, to spread out; to strew. 51. stultus, a, um, adj , foolish. 10. submoveo, ere, m5vi, motum, to re- move; to withhold. 10. subsidior, ari, atus, to stand in reserve. 13. summissus, a, um, (part, submitto), letdown; calm; humble. 31. suppressus, a, um, (part, subprimo), held back. 42. suspensus, a, um, (part, suspendo), raised ; wavering, doubtful. 43. T. tamquam, adv., so as, just as, as it were, like as. 54. templum, i, n., an open place for observa- tion ; a sacred place, a temple. 51. tentorium, ii, n., a tent. 5. testatus, a, um, (part, testor), shown; proved ; public. 42, 44. togatus, a, um, adj., wearing a garb of peace. 24, 52 (twice), triclinium, ii, n., a table-couch. triumphus, i, m., triumph. 51. turmatim, adv., by troops. 18. V. vena, ae, f., a vein. 43. verber, eris, n., a lash ; scourqing. 38. vetustas, atis, f., old age. 8. vicissim, adv., in turn; again. 10. vigil, His, adj., wakeful , active. 35. vimineus, a, um, adj , made oj osiers , of wicker-work. 9. vulgo, are, avi, atum, to spread among the people ; to publish. 3. vulneratio, onis, f., a wounding. 47. GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Admagetobriga, a town in Celtic Gaul. Situation unknown, i. 31. Aduatuca, a stronghold in the territory of the Eburones, perhaps near the modern Limburg.- vi. 32, 36-40. AduatGei, a tribe of Germanic origin on the left side of the river Maas. They were later called Tongri. ii. 4, 16,29, 31 ; v. 27, 38 seq., 56; vi. 2, .33. Aduatucorum oppidum, ii. 29, 2 (differ- ent from Aduatuca), situated (accord- ing to Goler) on the hill which bears now the name Falhize, opposite the modern town Huy, — according to Na- poleon, at the modern Namur. Agedincum, capital of the Senones in Celtic Gaul, the modern Sens in the Champagne. (The modern name of the city corresponds to the old name of the tribe. Cf. Ambiani, Avari- cum, Bellovaci, Cadurci, Curiosolites, Durocortorum, Lemovices, Lexovii, Lingones, Lutetia, Namnetes, Novio- dunum (1 ), Petrocorii, Redones, Remi, Ruteni, Samarobriva, Santones, Se- duni, Segni, Senones, Suessiones, Ta- rusates, Turones.) vi. 44; vii 10,57, 59, 62. Alesia, a fortified town of the Mandubii, the modern -St. Reine d’Alise, near Se- mur, between the two rivers Loze ( Oze) and Ozerain. vii. 68, seq.; viii. 14,34. Alexandria, a city in northern HEgypt. Under the Ptolemies capital of the land. viii. praef. Allobroges (sing Allobrox), astrong Cel tic tribe between Rhodanus (Rhone), Isara (Isere), and Lacus Lemanus (Lake Geneva) in the modern Dau- phinee and Savoy. Subdued in 121 b.c. by Q. Fabius Maximus, i. 6, 10, 11, 14, 28; iii. 1 , 6; vii. 64, 65. Capital- Vienna, q. v. Alpes, the Alps. i. 10, iii 1,2,7 ; iv. 1 0. Ambarri, a Celtic tribe, on the banks of the Arar (Saone). i. 11 (necessarii et consanguinei Haeduorum), 14 Ambiani, a Belgic tribe near the sea-coast, inhabiting the modern De'partement de Somme. Their capital . Samarobriva (the modern Amiens [cf. note to Age- dincum]). ii. 4, 15; vii. 75; viii. 7. Ambibarii, a Celtic tribe in the modern Normandie, where a town Ambieres still exists ; belonged to the civitates Aremoricae, vii. 75. Ambiliati, a small Celtic tribe, on the banks of the Samara (Somme), iii. 9 (perhaps not different from the pre- ceding). Ambivareti, a Celtic tribe, Haeduorum clientes, vii 75, 90. Ambivariti, a Belgic tribe, on the left side of the river Maas, near the mod- ern Breda, iv. 9. Anartes, a tribe in Dacia, at the banks of the Tibiscus (modern Theiss) in the modern Siebenbiirgen. vi. 25. Anealites, a Britannic tribe, in the mod- ern Oxford, v. 21. 490 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Andes Andes or Andi, a Celtic tribe in the mod- ern Anjou, northward from the modern Loire. Capital. Juliom&gus (modern Angers sur la Mayenne). Andes, ii. 35 ; iii. 7 ; viii. 26. Audi, vii. 3. Chieftain : Dumnacus. Aquileia, town in pallia transpadana, bearing its old name to the present day. i. 10. Aquitania, one of the three main parts of Gaul between Garumna (Garonne) and the Pyrenees, i. 1 ; iii. 11,20,27 ; vii. 31; viii. 46. See Gallia (h. 1), Ausci, Bigerriones, Cocosates, Elusa- tes, Garumni, Gates, Nitiobroges, Pti- anii(i), Sibuzates, Sontiates, Tarbelli, Tarusates, Vocates. Aquitani, the inhabitants of Aquitania, i. 1 ; iii. 21. Arar (later name Saueonua, modern name Saone), a river flowing through the land of the Sequani and Haedui. Empties into the Rhodanus (Rhone). Arduenna silva, a ridge of mountains from the Rhenus (Rhine) to the Scaldis (Schelde), through the land of the Remi and Nervii, v. 3 ; vi. 29, 31, 33. Modern name : les Ardennes. Arecomlci, see Volcae. Aremoricae civitates, the tribes which border on the sea-coast between Liger (Loire) and Sequana (Seine) in the modern Bretagne and Normandie. A Celtic word composed of are — ‘ ad ’ and mor = ‘ mare.’ v. 5.3 ; vii. 75 ; viii. 31. The nations which compose the Aremoricae civitates are given at ii. 34 without that name being added. Arverni, a powerful Celtic tribe in the modern Auvergne ; city . Gergovia. They claimed to have descended from the Trojans (Lucan., i. 427 : Arverni- que ausi Latio se fingere fratres, san- guine ab Iliaco populi). i. 31,45. vii. 3, 4, 5 seq., 34 seq., 64 seq., 75, 89 seq. ; viii. 44, 46 (Arvernus sing.). See Vercassivellauuus, Vercingetorix, Cel- tillus, Gobannitio, Epasnactus, Crito- gnatus. Atrebates, a Belgian tribe. Capital . Nemetocenna (the modern Arras in the province of Artois) ; sing., AtrSbas, iv. 35 ; vi. 6 ; viii. 6, 47. Nom. plur., Atrebates, ii. 4, 23; iv. 21; vii. 75. Dat. plur., Atrebat/s, ii. 16. Acc. plur., Atrebatas, viii. 7. Chieftain . Commius. Aulerci, a great Celtic tribe; vii. 57. Divided into four B'ts : (a) Aulerci Brannovices between Sabne and Loire , vii. 75. (h) Aulerci Diablintes in the modern province la Maine; iii. 9. (c) Aulerci Cenomani in the Departement de Sarthe ; vii. 4, 75; viii. 7. (cl) Au- lerci Eburovices in the modern Nor- mandie; capital. Mediolanum (modern Evreux) ; ii 34 ; iii. 17 ; vii. 75. Chief- tain . Camulogenus. Ausci, a powerful tribe in Aquitania in the modern Departement des Gers. Capital . Climberrum or Augusta (the modern Audi.), iii. 27. Avaricum (modern Bourges), a strong- hold of the Biturigi on the banks of the Avara (modern Eore). vii. 13, 15, 1 8, 29, yf! 47, 52. [For the modern name Bourges = Biturigi cf. note to Age- dincum.] — adj. Avaricensis, vii. 47. Axona (modern Aisne), a river in Belgic Gaul, which empties into the Isara (modern Oise) ii. 5, 9. Bacenis silva, the western part of the modern Thiiringer Wald (forming a part of the Hercynia silva), divides the land of the Cherusci and Suebi, vi. 10. Baleares, inhabitants of the Balearic. Islands in the Mediterranean sea, near the Spanish coast. Skilful slingers (funditores), ii. 7. Batavorum GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 491 Batavorum insula, “ the island of the Batavi,” formed by the Vaeanus (the northern hill of the Rhine) and the North Sea, the modern Beturve or Betau in Geldern. iv. 10. Belgae, the inhabitants of northern Gaul between Sequana (Seine), Matrona (Marne), and Rhenus (Rhine), of chiefly Germanic origin, i. 1 ; ii. 1 seq., H seq., 38; iii. 7, 11, iv. 38; v. 24; viii. 6, 38, 54. Cf. Ambiani, Am- bivariti, Atrebates, Bellovaci, Caeroesi, Caleti, Ceutrones, Condrusi, Eburones, Geidumni, Grudii, Levaci, Menapii, Morini, Nervii, Paemani, Pleumoxii, Remi, Segni, Suessiones, Viromandui. It seems as if Belgae was also the name of a tribe (v. 12, 1). Belgium, the laud of the Belgae, v. 12, 24, 25 ; viii. 46, 49, 54. Bellovaci, a Belgic tribe between Sequana (Seine), Samara (Somme), and Isara (Oise). The modern city Beauvais de- rives its name from it. Th^jr town Bratuspantium (ii. 13) is the ruin Bratuspante near the modern Breteuil ii 4, 5, 10, 13, 14; v. 56; vii. 59, 75 ; viii. 6, 7, 12, 14 seq., 20, 38. Chieftain : Correus. Bibracte, capital of the Haedui, situated between Arar (Aisne) and Liger (Loire), the modern Autun in Bour- gogne. (Locative: Bibracti, vii. 55, Bibracte, vii. 90.) i. 23; vii. 55, 63, 90 ; viii. 2, 4. Later name : Augus- todunum. Bibrax, a town of the Remi, either the modern Beaurieux, or situated on the top of the modern hill Vieux Laon. ii. 6. Bibroci, a tribe in the southeastern part of Britain (modern Bray t). v. 21. Bigerriones, a tribe in Aquitania. Mod- ern Bigorre near the Pyrenees on the banks of the A dour iii. 27. Bituriges, a Celtic tribe. (1) Bituriges Vibisci on the banks of the Garumna (Garonne), in the modern Medoc. Capital: Burdigala (Bordeaux). (2) Bituriges Cubi in the modern Berry, Bourbonnais, and Touraine. Towns Noviodunum (Nouan), and Avaricum (Bourges). i. 18; vii. 5,8,9,15; viii. 2 seq., 11. Boia, the land of the Boii. vii. 14. Boii, a Celtic tribe, which emigrated from Gaul into Germany (Bohemia). A part of them associated themselves with the Helvetii, i. 5, 25, 28, 29 ; vii. 9,10,17,57. Capital: Gorgobina, vii. 9. Brannovices, see Aulerci. Brannovii, a Celtic tribe, clients of the Haedui, vii. 75. Bratuspantium, a town of the Bello- vaci, q. v. ii. 13. Britanni, the inhabitants of Britannia, iv. 21 ; v. 11, 14, 21. Britannia, Britain (England and Scot- land inhabited by Celts and an abor- iginal tribe, Caledones), iii. 9 ; iv. 20 seq.; v. 8, 12; vi. 13. Cf. Ancalit.es, Bibroci, Cassi, Ceuimagni, Segontiaci, Trinobantes. River: Tamesis. Chief- tains : Taximagulus, Segovax, Mandu- bracius, Cingetorix, Carvilius, Cassi- velaunus. Cf. Lugotorix. Town : Cantium. CabillSnum, a town of the'Haedui, mod- ern Chalons-sur-Saone (Arar). vii. 42, 90. Cadurci, a Celtic tribe in Aquitania (in the modern Quercy). The modern Cahors is very likely identical with their old town. Cf. Lucterius, Divona, vii. 4, 64, 75 ; viii. 30, 32, 34. Town : Uxellodunum. Caeroesi, a Belgic tribe, near the mod- ern Luxemburg or Liittich. ii. 4. Caleti or Caletes, a Belgic tribe in the modern Normandie on both sides of the Sequana (Seine), which belonged to the civitates Aremoricae, q. v. Ca- leti, ii. 4; viii. 7. Caletes, vii. 75. 492 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Cantabri Cantabri, a tribe in Hispania Tarracon- nensi, in the modern Biscaya. Sub- dued by Augustus in a war from 25 to 19 b. c. iii. 26. Cantium, the modern Kent in Britain, v. 13, 14, 22. Carnutes, a tribe on both sides of the Liger (Loire), in the modern Orleans and Chartrain. Capital • Cenabum (later civitas Aureliauarum, hence modern name Orleans), ii 35; v. 25, 29, 56; vi 2 seq., 13, 44 ; vii. 2, 3, 11, 75 ; viii. 4, 5, 31, 38, 46. Their chief- tains . Tasgetius, Gutruatus, Concon- netodumnus. Cassi, a tribe in the southeast of Brit- ain (modern Caishou ? ). Caturiges, a tribe in Gallia Provincia, in the modern Dauphine (now Departe- ment des Hautes Alpes), i. 10. Celtae, the inhabitants of Gaul between Sequana (Seine) and Garumna (Ga- ronne). See Introduction, i. 1. Cenabenses, the inhabitants of Cena- bum, q. v. ; vii. 11. Cenabum, capital of the Carnutes, q. v., the modern Orleans (according to Na- pole'on, however, the modern Gien). vii. 3, 11, 17, 28; viii 5, 6. Cenimagni, a Britannic tribe in the mod- ern Suffolk, v. 21. Cenomani, see Aulerci. Centrones, see Ceutrones (2). Ceutrones. (1 ) A Belgic tribe in the west- ern part of Flandern, near the modern Courtray or Briigge. v. 39. (2) A tribe in Gallia Provincia. Their capital . Darantasia (modern Ceutron in Sa- voy). i. 10. Cevenna mons, a mountain ridge in the southern part of Gaul, in the south- west connected with the Pyrenees, sep- arating the lands of the Arverni and Helvii. Modern name : les Ce'vennes. vii. 8, 56. Cberusei, a German tribe between We- ser, Elbe, Harz, and Aller, near the modern Hildesheim and Paderborn. vi. 10. Cimbri, a Germanic tribe, emigrating from their original seats in Jutland and on the shore of the North Sea. They were about to invade Italy, but were conquered by Marius (101 b. c.), near Vercellae, i. 33, 40 ; ii. 4, 29 ; vii. 77. Cisalpina Gallia, vi. 1. See Gallia. Cisrhenani Germani, vi. 2. Cocosates, a tribe in Aquitania in the modern Gascogne, iii. 27. Condrusi, a Belgic tribe on the right side of the Mosa (Maas), near Liittich. ii. 4 ; iv. 6 ; vi. 32. Confluens Mosae et Rheni, see Mosa. Cretes, (sing. Cres), inhabitants of the island Creta, skilful bownnen. (Accus., Cretas), ii. 7. Curiosolltes, a tribe in the modern Bre- tagne near Corseult (near St. Malo). vii. 75. Accus., Curiosilitas. ii. 34; iii. 7 (civitas Aremorica). Daci, a Thracian tribe in Dacia (mod- ern Ilungaria, Siebenbiirgen, Bukowi- na, Galizien, southern part). Homan province since 105 b. c. vi. 25. Danhvius, the Danube (Donau). vi. 25. Decetia, a town of the Haedui on the Liger (Loire), the modern Decize vii .33. Diablintes, see Aulerci. Dubis (modern Doubs), a river which empties into the Arar (Sabue). Durocortorum, capital of the Bcmi in Belgic Gaul, the modern Rheims. vi. 44. Eburones, a Belgic tribe on the right side of the Maas between the modern Liit- tich and Aacheu. ii. 4; iv. 6; v. 24, 28, 39 ; vi. 5, 31, 34, 35, 43. See Adu- atuca. Chieftain : Catuvolcus, Ambi- orix. Eburovices, see Aulerci. Elaver GEOGRAPHICAL, INDEX. 493 Elaver (modern Allier), coming from the mons Cevenna (les Cevennes), and emptying into the Liger (Loire), vii. 34, 35, 53. Eleuteti, a tribe in Celtic Gaul, subject to the Arverni, vii. 75. Elusates, a tribe in Aquitania, in the northwest of the modern De'partement des Gers. Capital: Elusa (near the modern Eauze). Esubii, a Celtic tribe in the modern Nor- mandie. ii. 34 ; iii. 7 ; v. 24. Gabali, a Celtic tribe in the modern Ge- vaudan. vii. 7, 64, 75. Galli, inhabitants of Gaul. Gallia, Gaul, divided into (a) Gallia citerior or cisalpina or togata (viii. 24, 52), (i. 24, 54; ii. 1; v. 1 ; viii. 23), the plain of the Po, in northern Italy. (b) Gallia ulterior or transalpina, being the greatest part of the modern Prance, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and the part of Germany on the left side of the Rhine. Subdivisions: (1) Aqui- tania, between Pyrenees, Garumna, the Ocean, and the Provincia, inhabited by Iberian tribes ; only the Bituriges were Celtic. Visited once by Caesar (viii. 46). (2) Gallia Celtica (sometimes,- i. 1, 30, 31 ; ii. 3, called simply Gallia) (= Gallia Lugdunensis, later), between Garumna and Sequana, between Ocean- us, and Alpes, inhabited by Celts. (3) Gallia Belgica, chiefly inhabited by Germans, from the Sequana to the Rhine, (c) Gallia provincia (i. 19, 28, 35, 44), the modern Provence, in- cluding the land of the Allobroges ; called also simply provincia (i. 1, 2, 6, 7,33; ii. 29; vii. 55), or ulterior provincia, i: 10, (later) Gallia Narbon- ensis. See Volcae, Vocontii, Ceutrones, Caturiges. Garumna, modern Garonne. This river forms the boundary line between Aqui- tania and Celtic Gaul. i. 1. Garumni, a tribe in Aquitania, iii. 27. Gates, a tribe in Aquitania in the mod- ern Gaure, iii. 27. Geidumni, a Belgic tribe, v. 39. Genava, a town of the Allobroges on the shore of the lacus Lemannus, the modern Geneva, i. 6, 7. Gergovia, a town (perhaps capital) of the Arverni, situated on a hill, not far from the river Elaver (Allier), with steep slopes towards the north, and east, while it is gentle towards the south. Between this height and the modern brook Auzon there is a small hill on which the smaller camp of Cae- sar was pitched, vii. 36, 49. The larger camp was situated east-southeast from Gergovia, near the modern vil- lage Greet. Germania, means with Caesar, the land between Rhine, Danube, Weichsel, and Ocean. Description of inhabi- tants, iv. 1 ; vi. 21, ff. See Suebi, Cherusci, Ubii, Sugambri, Marco- manni, Usipetes, Tencteri, Harudes, Nemetes, Triboces, Vangiones, Lato- vici, Tulingi, Sedusii, Cimbri, Teutoni. Gorgobina, a town of the Boii, who with Caesar’s permission had settled in the land of the Haedui (according to Na- pole'on the modern St. Parize-le- Chatel, according to Goler the modern Guerche). Also identified with the modern Charlieu or Gergeau, near Orleans, vii. 7. Graioceli, a Gallic tribe somewhere around the Mons Cenis, i. 10. Town: Ocelum. Grudii, a Belgic tribe in the east of Plandern. v. 39. Haedui, a mighty Celtic tribe, between Liger (Loire) and Arar (Saone). They were allies of the Roman people. Their capital was Bibracte. Towns: Cabil- lonum, Decetia, Matisco, Noviodunum, i 10, 11, 16, 31, 32, 33, 43, 48; ii. 5, 494 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Harudes 14; v. 54; vi. 4, 12 ; vii. 5, 17, 32, 33, 37, 40, 43, 54, 55, 63, 75, 89, 90; vp. 46. See also Ambarri. Chieftains: Divitiacus, Cavarillus. Persons : Viri- domarus, Valetiacus, Cotus, Liscus, Litaviccus, Dumnorix, Convictolitavis. Harudes, a Germanic tribe, relic of the Cimbriau invasion, between the Rhine, Main, and Danube, i. 31, 37, 51. Helvetii, a Celtic tribe between Iura, lacus Lemannus, Rhodanus, and Rhe- nus, divided into four clans (pagi), of which Caesar mentions two, ( 1 ) pa- gus Verbigenus. i. 27 ; (2) pagus Tigurinus, i. 12. Cf. Yerucloebius, Nammeius, Orgetorix, Divico. Helvii, a Celtic tribe in the modern Vivarez or Languedoc (Ce'venues). vii. 8, 64. Hercynia silva, collective name for the German mountain ridges from the sources of the Danube to the frontiers of Dacia, comprising the modern Schwarzwald, Odenwald, Bohmerwald, Mahrische Berge, Karpathen. vi. 24, 25. Hibernia, Ireland, v. 13. Hispania, Spain, divided by the Hiberus (Ebro), into Hispania citerior (eastern part), and ulterior (western part), i. 1 ; iii. 23 ; v. 1, 13 ; vii. 55. Illyricum, a land in the southeast of Italy bordering on the Adriatic Sea, be- longing to Caesar’s province, ii. 35 ; iii. 7 ; v. 1. Itius portus, a Gallic port in the land of the Morini opposite the Brittanic coast, perhaps the port of the modern Boulogne (Gesoriacum). If Caesar started from here also in his first ex- pedition, we have to take Ambleteuse near Boulogne as portus ulterior, iv. 23, 1 ; or superior, iv. 27, 1. Iura, the modern Jura, mountain ridge from Rhone to Rhine, forming the boundary line between the Sequani and the Helvetii. Latovici, a Germanic tribe in the south of the modern Baden, i. 5, 28, 29. Lemannus, lacus L., the Lake of Geneva, lake Leman, i. 2, 8, iii. 1. Lemonum, a town of the Pictones, in Cel- tic Gaul, the modern Loitiers. viii. 26. Lemovices, a Celtic tribe in the modern Departement de la hauteVienne. Their capital, Augustoritum, = the modern Limoges, vii. 4, 75, 88; viii. 46. Chieftain : Sedulius. Lepontii, a Celtic tribe in the Alpes, be- tween St. Gotthart and Lago Maggiore. iv. 10. Leuci, a Celtic tribe in the south of Laur- raine. i. 40. Levaci, a Belgic tribe near the modern Ghent, v. 39. Lexovii, atribe in the modern Normandie, near the mouth of the Sequaua (Seine). They belonged to the civitates Aremo- ricae. Their capital, Noviomagus, = the modern Lisieux. iii. 9, 11, 17, 29 ; vii. 75. Llger, the modern river Loire, forming the boundary line between the Haedui and Bituriges, vii. 55. Ace., Ligerem, vii. 11, 56; Ligerim, vii. 5. Abl., Ligere, iii. 9 ; Ligeri, vii. 59 ; viii. 27. Lingones, a Celtic tribe near the sources of Maas and Marne ; the Arar divides their land from that of the Sequani. Capital: Andematunnum = modern Langres. i. 40; iv. 10; vi. 44; vii. 9, 66; viii. 11. Acc., Lingonas. i. 26. Lutetia, a town of the Parisii, on an island of the Sequana (Seine), the modern Paris, vi. 3; vii. 57, 58. Mandubii, a Celtic tribe between the Haedui and Lingones, in the modern Departement Cote d’Or. Capital : Alesia, vii. 68, 71, 78. Marcomanni, a Germanic tribe on the upper Main. i. 51. Mare nostrum, the Mediterranean, v. 1. Matisco 495 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Matisco, a town of the Haedui, on the Arar ; modern Maqon. vii. 90. Matrona, modern Marne, has its source in the Land of the Lingones, and emp- ties into the Sequana, i. 1. Mediomatriees, iv. 10 , or Mediomatrici, vii. 75. Celtic tribe on the upper Mosel. Capital : Divodurum, later Metis, modern Metz. Meldi, a Celtic tribe between the modern Meaux and Meluu on both sides of the Matrona, v. 5. Melodunum, a town of the Sequani, on an island of the Sequana (Seine), mod- ern Melun. vii. 58, 60, 61. Menapii, a Belgic tribe between Maas and Schelde. The modern Cassel is the old Castellum Menapiorum, ii. 4; iii. 9, 28 ; iv. 4, 22, 38; vi. 2, 5, 6, 9, 33. Mona, the island Anglesey between England and Ireland, v. 13. Morini, a Belgic tribe, near the shore be- tween Schelde and Lys, in the modern De'partement Pas de Calais. Mosa, the modern river Maas, coming from the Vosges, it empties into the Vacalus (modern Waal), a kill of the Rhine, hence iv. 15, confluens Mosae et Rheni, iv. 9, 10, 12, 15; v. 24; vi. 33. Namnetes, a Celtic tribe north of the Liger (Loire). Capital. Condivincum = modern Nantes, iii. 9. Nantuates, a Celtic tribe in the Alpes, iii. 1,6; iv. 10 Narbo, a town of the Volcae Arecromici in Gallia Provincia, the modern Nar- bonne. iii. 20; vii. 7 ; viii. 46. Nemetes, a Germanic tribe on the left side of the Rhine, near the modern city Speier. . i. 51 ; vi. 25. Nemetocenna, capital of the Atrebates, the modern Arras, viii. 46, 52. Nervii, a Belgic tribe, between the (mod- ern) Sambre and Schelde, in Namur and Hennegau. Capital : Bagacum (Bavay). ii. 4, 15 ff.\ v. 24, 38 ff. Chieftain : Boduognatus. Nitiobroges, a tribe in Aquitania, about the Garonne (Lat. : Garumna). Capi- tal : Aginum, modern Agen. vii. 7, 31, 46,75. King: Teutomatus. Noreia, a town of the Norici, where in 113 b. c. the Roman consul, C. Carbo, was defeated by the Cimbri ; the mod- ern Neumarkt in Steiermark. i. 5. Noricus ager, the land of the Norici. (Norici, Latin. The Celtic name is Taurisci.) At the time of Caesar a kingdom comprising the modern Kiirn- then, Steiermark, and Austria. King: Voccio, q. v. Noviodunum, (1) a town of the Suessio- nes, on the Axona (Aisne), the mod- ern Soissons. ii. 12. (2) a town of the Haedui, on the left side of the Liger (Loire), the modern Nevers. vii. 55. (3) a town of the Biturigis Cubi, west of the Liger (Loire), between Cenabum and Avaricum. It has been identified with the modern (a) Sancerre (Napo- le'on), (b) Nouau le Fuzelier (Goler). Numidae, a tribe of North Africa. They served as auxiliaries in Caesar’s army. ii. 7, 24. Oceanus, the ocean ; ( 1 ) the Atlantic. iii. 7, mare Oceanus. (2) North Sea, i. 1 ; iii. 9 ; iv. 10 ; vi. 33. Ocelum, a town of the Graioceli in the cisalpine Gaul, modern Oulx in Pied- mont. i. 10. Octodurus, a town of the Veragri, mod- ern Martigny, on the river Dranse, in Wallis, iii 1. Oreynia silva, Greek name for Hercynia silva, vi. 24. Osismi, a tribe belonging to the civitates Aremoricae, in the northwest of Gaul, (modern Departement Finistere). ii. 34 ; iii. 9 ; vii. 75. Padus, the river Po in upper Italy v. 24. 496 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Paemani Paemani, a Belgic tribe east of the river Maas, near the modern Liittich. ii 4. Parisii, a tribe in Celtic Gaul. Capital . Lutetia, modern Paris, vi. 3 ; vii. 4, 34, 57, 75. Parthicus, adj. from Parthi, a Scythian tribe in Asia in the modern Khorassan. Petroedrii, a tribe in Celtic Gaul on the right side of the Garumna (Garonne'. Capital : Vesunna, modern Perigueux. vii. 75 Pictones, a Celtic tribe on the left side of the Liger (Loire) neighbors of the Santones, in the modern Poitou, iii. 11 ; vii. 4, 75 ; viii. 26 Town Lemo- num. Chieftain Duratius. Prustae, an Illyrian tribe, v. 1. Pleumoxii, a Belgic tribe in the west of Flandern. v. 39. Provincia. See Gallia. Pitanii.C?) a tribe in Aquitania. Pyrenaei montes, the Pyrenees between France and Spain i. 1. Raurici, a Celtic tribe, neighbors of the Helvetii from the mouth of the Arar to Basel, i 5, 29 ; vi. 25 ; vii. 75. Redones, a Celtic tribe in the Bretagne, about the modern Rennes, ii 34 ; vii. 75. Remi, a Belgic tribe between Matrona (Marne) and Axona (Aisne). Cf Ic- cius, Andecumborius. Capital Duro- cortorum, modern Rlieims. ii. 3 ff, 6; iii. 11 ; v. 3, 24, 53 f. 56 , vi. 4, 12, 44, vii. 63,90; viii. 6, 11 Their chieftain ■ Vertiscus. Rhenus, Rhine, the boundary line be- tween Gallia and Germania ; Caesar crossed it twice; (a) iv. 17, near the modern Neuwied; (ft) vi. 9 ff., near the modern Andernaeh. In the land of the Batavi it divides itself into two kills (multis capitibus, iv. 10, 5, is wrong; Vergil JEn., viii. 727, calls the Rhenus bicornis) of which the Vacalus (modern Waal), receives the Maas near the modern Workum. i. 1 , ii 4 ; iii. 11 ; iv. 10, 15; v. 3 ; vi. 9 ; vii. 65; viii. 13. Rhodanus (modern Rhone), the bound- ary line between Allobroges and Hel- vetii. i. 1, 2, 6, 8, 10 ff., 33 , iii. 1 ; vii 65. Roma, Rome. i. 31 ; vi. 12. Ruteni, a tribe in Celtic Gaul Capital : Segodunum (modern Rhodes), i. 45 ; vii. 5, 75, 90 Sabis, modern Sambre, empties into the Mosa. ii. 16, 18. Samarobriva, capital of the Ambiani, i/.v. modern Amiens, v 24, 47, 53. Santones, Santoni, a tribe in Celtic Gaul on the north side of the Garumna. Cap- ital: Mediolanum = modern Saintes. i. 10, 11 , iii. 11 ; vii. 75 Scaldis, the modern Schelde vi 33 It is exceedingly probable that Caesar meant here the Sabis (modern Sam- bre), which empties into the Maas, near modern Namur. Seduni, a tribe in the Alpes, in the mod- ern Wallis, where the town Sitten pre- serves the name. iii. 1, 2, 7. Sedusii, a Germanic tribe between Main and Neckar. i. 51. Segni, a Belgic tribe between Eburones and Treveri. (Boiirg- Segne, a village near Givet, perhaps preserves the name.) Segontiaci, a tribe in the south of Britain (modern Hampshire and Berkshire). Segusiavi, a Celtic tribe between Rho- danus (Rhone), Arar (Aisne), and Liger (Loire). Capital Lugdunum (modern Lyon), founded 44 n. c. i. 10 ; vii. 64, 75. Sendnes, a mighty and powerful tribe in Celtic Gaul between Loire and Marne. Town : Vellaunodunum. Capital • Agedincum = modern Sens, ii 2 ; v. 54, 56 ; vi. 2.ff ; vii. 4, 1 1 . 34, 56, 58 75; viii. 30. Their chieftains: Mori- tasgus, Drappes, Cavarinus, Acco. Sequana GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 497 Sequana, modern Seine, i. 1, 7, 57, 58. Sequani, a tribe in Celtic Gaul, between the Saone, Rhone, and Jura. Town : Melodunum. Capital: Vesontio = mod- ern Besan^on. i. 1 ff>, 3, 6, &ff., 19, 31 ff, 38, 40, 44, 48, 54 ; iv. 10 ; vi. 12 ; vii. 66 75, 90. Cp. Castious. Chief- tain Catamantaloedes. Sibuzates, a tribe in Aquitania, near the Pyrenees (modern Saubusse, between Dax and Bayonne). Sontiates, a tribe in Aquitania (modern towti . Sos, iu the Departement Lot et Garonne). iii. 20, 21. Chieftain: Adiatunnus. Suebi, collective name for the Germanic tribes between Thtiringerwald, Boh- merwald, and Schwarzwald, in the modern Sachsen-Meiniugen, Coburg, Bavaria, and Wurtemberg (modern name English, Suebia; and German, Schwaben). i. 37, 51, 53, 54 ; iv. 1 ff., 7, 8, 16, 19; vi. 9, 10, 29. Chieftains: Cimberius, Ariovistus. Suessiones, a Belgic tribe between the modern Marne and Isere. Capital : Noviodunum = modern Soissons. ii. 3 f , 12 ; viii. 6. Chieftains: Galba, Divitiacus. Sugambri, a Germanic tribe from the river Sieg to the river Lippe, iv 16, 18; vi 35. Tamgsis, the Thames in England, v. 11, 18. Tarbelli, a tribe in Aquitania, between the Pyrenees and the river Aturis (Adour). iii 27. Tarusates, a tribe in Aquitania, in the modern Departement des Landes. Name preserved in modern town Tar- tas on the Adour. iii. 23, 29 Tectosages, see Volcae. Tencteri, a Germanic tribe near the mouth of the Rhine, iv. 1, 4, 16, 18; v 55 ; vi. 35. Tergestini, the inhabitants of Tergeste (modern Triest). viii 24 Teutoni, a Germanic tribe on the shores of the East Sea (Ost See), who united with the Cimbri. They invaded Italy in 113 b. c , but were defeated by Ma- rius in 102 b. c. near Aquae Sextiae i. 33, 40; ii. 4, 29; gen. plur Teuto- num, vii. 77. Tigurini, one of the four Helvetian dai s in the modern cantons Freiburg and Waadt. i. 12; pagus Tigurinus, i. 12. Tolosa, capital of the Volcae Tectosages in Gallia Provincia, the modern Tou- louse. iii. 20 Tolosates, the inhabitants of Tolosa, q. v. i. 10, vii. 7. Transalpina Gallia, transalpine Gaul. vii. 1 , 6 Transrhenani, the tribes on the left side of the Rhine, iv. 16; vi. 5; trans- rlienani Germani, v. 2. TrevSri, a tribe of Germanic origin in Celtic Gaul on both sides of the Mo- sel. Capital: Angusta Treverorum = modern Trier. Cp. Nasua. i. 37 ; iii. 11 ; iv. 6, 10 ; v. ‘Iff., 24, 26, 47, 5.3 ; vi. 2/, 5 ff., 29, 32, 44 ; vii. 63 ; viii. 25, 45, 52 , equites Treveri, ii. 24. Their chieftains Indutiomarus, Cin getorix. Triboci or Triboces, a German tribe on both sides of the Rhine about the mod- ern Strassburg. i. 5 1 ; iv. 10 Trinobantes, a tribe in the south of Britain. Capital ; Camalodunum = modern Colchester, v. 20 /7. Tulingi, a Germanic tribe in the southern part of the modern Baden, i. 5, 25, 28, 29. Turones or Turoni, a Celtic tribe on both sides of the Liger (Loire). Capital: Caesarodunum = modern Tours. Ubii, a German tribe on the right side of the Rhine ; later under Augustus they emigrated to the left side. In 50 is. c. 32 498 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Unelli their capital received the name Colonia Agrippina = modern Coin. i. 54; iv. 3, 8, 11, 16, 10 ; vi. 9 f, 29. Unelli, see Venelli Usipetes, a German tribe, driven out of their seats by the Suebi. They settled near the mouth of the Rhine, iv. 1, 4, 16, 18; vi. 35. Uxellodunum, a town of the Cadurci ou au isolated steep rock near the river Oltis (modern Lot). Vacalus, the western kill of the Rhenus, Rhine, q. v., modern name Waal. iv. 10 . Vangiones, a German tribe on the left side of the Rhine near the modern Worms, i. 51. Vellaunodunum, a town of the Senones between Agedincum and Cenabum, vii. 1 1, 14. Vellavi, a Celtic tribe iu the Ce'vennes. vii. 75. Veliocassi or Veliocasses, a tribe on the right side of the Sequana (Seine). Capital : Rotomagus = modern Rouen (Normandie), ii. 4; vii. 75; viii. 7. Venelli, a tribe in the northwest of the modern Normandie, ii. 34 ; iii. 11,17;* vii. 75. (Civitas Aremorica.) Their chieftain : Viriduvix, q. v. Veneti, a Celtic tribe iu the modern Bre- tagne. Capital : Venetae = modern Vannes, ii. 34; iii. 7 Jf'., 11, 16 ff.\ iv. 21 ; vii. 75. (Civitas Aremorica.) Venetia, the land of the Veneti, q. v. iii. 9. Veragri, a Celtic tribe near the union of Dranse and Rhone, iii. 1,2. Town: Octodurus. Verbigenus pagus, one of the four Hel- vetian clans, probably between the Rhine and Jura. i. 27. Vesontio, capital of the Sequani, modern Besangon. i. 38, 39. Vienna, capital of the Allobroges in Gal- lia Provincia, modern Vienne, vii 9. Viromandui,a Belgic tribe in the modern Vermandois (Picardie). ii. 4, 16, 23. Vocates, a tribe in Aquitania about the Garumna, iii. 23, 27. Vocontii, a tribe in Gallia Provincia, be- tween Isara (Isere) and Druentia (Du- rance). i. 10. Volcae, a tribe in Gallia Provincia, be- tween the Rhone and Garonne. ( 1 ) Vol- cae Tectosages, with capital, Tolosa (Toulouse). (2) Volcae Arecomici, with capital, Nemansus (Nismes). vii. 7, 64. See also Narbo. Vosggus, the Vosges, French, les Vosges, German, Wasgenwald. iv. 10. INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. Aceo, chieftain of the Senones, and head of their conspiracy vi. 4, 44; vii. 1. Adiatunnus, chieftain of the Sontiates, iii 22. L Aemilius, decurio equitum Gallorum. i. 23. Ambiorix, chieftain of the Eburones v. 24, 26, 27, 32-37, 38; vi. 2, 5, 9, 30, 31, 33, 43 : viii. 24, 25. Andeeumborius, an ambassador of the Remi. ii. 3. C. Antistius Reginus, one of Caesar’s legates, vi. 1 ; vii. 83, 90 M. Antonius, one of Caesar’s legates vii. 31 ; viii. 2, 24, 36, 4S, 50. Ariovistus, king of the Suebi, i. 31, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 41-47, 50, 52, 53 ; v. 29 , vi. 12. M. Aristius, one of Caesar’s military tribunes, vii. 42. C. Arpineius, a Roman knight, v. 27, 28 Q. Atius- Varius, praefectus equitum. viii. 28. Q. Atrius, navibus praefectus, v. 9. L Aurunculeius Cotta, one of Caesar’s legates, ii. 11 : iv. 22, 23-37. Bacillus, see Sextius (2). Balbus, see Cornelius. T. Balventius, centurio Caesaris v. 35. Basllus, see Minucius. Boduognatus, chieftain of the Nervii. ii. 23. C. Brutus, commander of Caesar’s fleet iii. 11, 14; vii. 9, 87. Caburus, see Valerius. Caesar. (1) C. Julius, the author of the Commentarii, cf. introduction. (2) L., relative of (1) and his legate, vii. 65. Calenus, see Eufius. Camulogenus, chieftain of the Aulerci, vii, 57, 59, 62. Canimus Rebilus, one of Caesar’s leg- ates. vii, 83, 90, viii. 24, 27, 30, 33. Carvilius, a king of the Britains. v. 22. L. Cassius Longinus, Roman consul, defeated in 107 is c. in an expedition against the Helvetii, i. 7, 12. Cassivelaunus, a chieftain of the Bri- tains, v. 11, 18-22. Casticus, a noble Sequanan i 3 'Catamantaloedes, a chieftain of the Se- quani i. 3. Catuvolcus, chieftain of the Eburones, v. 24, 26; vi 31. Cavarillus, chieftain of the Haedui, vii. 67. Cavarinus, chieftain of the Senones, v. 54; vi. 5. Celtillus, father of Vercingetorix, vii. 4. Cicero, Q. Tullius, one of Caesar’s leg- ates, the brother of M. Tullius Cicero, the orator, v. 24, 38 seq.; vi. 36; vii 90. Cimberius, chieftain of the Suebi, i. 37. Cingetorix, ( 1 ) a chieftain of the Tre- veri. v. 3, 56; vi. 8. (2) a chieftain of the Britains v. 22. Cita, see Fufius. Appius Claudius, consul in 54u.c. v. 1. 500 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES, P. Clodius Pulcher, Cicero’s enemy, assassinated by Milo in 52 n. c. vii. 1. Commius, chieftain of the Atrebates, iv. 21, 27, 35; v. 22; vi. 6; vii. 75, 76; viii. 6, 7, 10, 24, 23, 47. Conconnetodumnus, chieftain of the Carnutes, vii. 3. Considius P., a soldier in Caesar’s army. i. 21, 22. Convictohtavis, a noble Haeduau. vii. 32, 33, 37, 42, 55, 07. Cornelius Balbus, an intimate friend of Caesar, viii. praef. Correus, chieftain of the Bellovaci viii. 6, 7, 17, seij. Cotta, see Aurunculeius Cotus, a noble Haeduau. vii 32, 33, 39, 67. Crassus. (1) M. Licinius, triumvir, with Caesar and Pompeius, died 53 n c. on expedition against the Parthae, i. 21 ; iv. 1 ; viii. 53. (2) P. Licinius, the son of (1 ), one of Caesar’s legates, i. 52 ; ii. 34; iii. 7, 8, 20, ff. ; viii. 46. (3) M. Licinius, son of ( 1 ) and brother of (2), Caestfr’s quaestor, v. 24, 46 ; vi. 6. Critognatus, a noble Arvernian. vii. 77. Curio, C. Scribonius, tribunus plebis, viii. 52. Dis, god of the under-world vi 18. Divico, a noble Helvetian, i. 13, 14. Divitiacus, (1) chieftain of the Haedui i 3, 16, 18, 20, 31, 41 , ii. 5, 10, 14,se