Cf in- in June, struction and discipline into the IJii' No action wnl taken npon thi (lie Board, but members of the bod; informally. their .• information regarding it : and, not long afterwards the Legislature of the State passed a resolution recommending the mat- ter to the careful attention of this body. These circumstances combined to induce the on- r .... dersigned to commence the labor of informing q f infbr- himself in regard to the essential features of the ma fciotii system of Military education, as it exists in con- comman- temporary military schools within the limits of the ced - Confederacy ; with a view of being able to re- spond intelligently to the inquiries which he nat- urally presumed might be addressed to him by your Honorable body, on their re-assembling in adjourned session in October. To this end, he made it convenient to visit Tuscaloosa during the yisit to final week of the session of the University of Al- Tusc»1oq ' = abama (into which institution the Military system ss. 4 REPORT OF DR. BARNARD has been successfully introduced within the post two years,) and there to make a personal inspec- tion of the operation of the plan of discipline, of the arrangement of quarters, and of the mode of management of the fiscal concerns of the Univer- sity, — in all which particulars the regulations of military institutions differ totally from those of or- dinary colleges ; and in which, accordingly, in the institution visited, there has been a complete and. sweeping revolution since the time when the under- signed was officially connected with it. From the Superintendent and Commandant of cadets in that institution, the undersigned received every facility for informing himself in regard to the matters to- ward which his inquiries were directed ; and he obtained from them the promise to furnish him with such documents as might be necessary to con- vey to a legislative body like this 'Board, distinct notions of the exact measures required, in order most promptly and successfully to engraft the sys- Delay of tem upon any other educational institution. Un- Aocum'ts. fortunately — owing mainly, as it has since appear- ed, to delays in printing— these documents were not received in time to be thoroughly examined during the session of the Board ; nor did the pos- session of them alone suffice to furnish all the in- Farther formation desired. It seemed, therefore, to your inquiry honorable body, expedient to direct further inquiry directed, to be made ; and the authority to carry out this determination was conferred on the undersigned in the following resolution : Letter of n s t rue "Besolved, That Rev. F. A. F. Barnard, or some other suitable person, be appointed to report to the Board, at their next meeting, a plan, inclu- tionV* '" ding the necessary buildings, rooms, &c, and course of instruction, for a military school to be added to the University." The only instructions given to the undersigned, were the general ones conveyed in this resolution. Be port The views presented in this report were accord- tFonal?" in £ty forme ^ and its conclusions were reached conflict'Dg without a knowledge of the fact that an outline with pro- of the plan of future organization for the Univer- MILITARY SCHOOLS. sity had been sketched by a committee of your own ject before body, and referred for consideration to the meeting the Voxrd in November. If any differences therefore should be found to exist between the projects thus sepa- rately originate.], they are not the rcsultof any in- tentional antagonism. Preliminary to pr< the results of the in- quiries made by the undersigned in accordance with the foregoing instructions, it may be proper to observe, that, amongthe educational institutions Gla ssifi- which assume to be more or less military in their catl h on ° f character are at least / ™ distinctly callcdmU separable, differing from each other in the degree itary. to which the military feature enters into their sys- tem of operations. In the first, the manual exer- cise of the soldier in the use of arms, and the Schools of held tactics of infantry, are taught by means of a the first daily drill ; but the regimen and discipline of or- class. dinary academic institutions remain unaltered. To this extent* any college may become military, with- out any necessary alteration in the general plan of its operations, in the structure or furniture of its buildings, or in the organization of its academic stair ; —without, therefore, any necessary expendi- ture, either original or permanently continued, be- yond that to which it had been subjected before. N ° "*■ It is not even necessary, in an institution which aims crease of at no more than this, that it should embrace in its ^ x P endi " academic staff a single man of military education, ^ired **" Any civilian professor may become, with a few weeks practice in a camp "of instruction or in a military school, a drill-master competent to all the exigencies of this simple service:— and according- ly we observe, at this very time that a large pro- portion of those colleges which, in spite of the re- duction of their numbers, still continue their oper- ations, announce that military instruction has been made a part of their system. In the second class of institutions of which we - are speaking, the ordinary course of academic in- XT,* strudioa in colleges continues to be undisturbed ;. c i^. but the ordinary system of academic government and discipline is entirely discarded ; and in its place is substituted the code of military law pro- vided for the government of the army." In these 6 ftKPORT OF DR. BARNARD institutions, the student is constrained to eoniorm himself, in all particulars, to the rigorous rules which govern the garrison or the camp ; the un- bending exactions of a military police follow him through all the details of daily occupation and duty ; and the unslumbering eye of military vigi- lance is on him even in the retirement of his pri- vate quarters. The comprehensive and uncompro- mising principle of absolute control, reaches and modifies every habit of his life, and moulds him to that severity of method, and that mechanical ex- actness in the discharge of duty, which character- ize the actual soldier. Between institutions of the two classes which have just been distinguished, Differs d - the difference is evidently very wide ; and in re- ces. gard to the extent to which the education they impart may with propriety be called military, it is no less so. Into the one -the military element en- ters so superficially, as to constitute little more than an external show ; into the other it penetrates so deeply, as to give character to the whole, and to effect it vitally in every part. Student life in the one no more resembles that in the other, than the idle pageantries of a holiday parade resemble the severe realities of actual service. Schools Institutions in which this thorough training of of the Se- youth to all the personal habits essential to the cond class e ffi c i cn t professional soldier is attempted, require require ^ j ]ave amon g their instructors and governors v j C g S s? ^ men who have themselves been educated to the Military military life. Civilian Professors need not, on men. this account, be excluded from their academic staff; but it cannot be expected of such, that they will be able to carry out and enforce a regimen uncongenial to the habits in which they have them- selves been trained ; though to military men it is one which has become so familiar as to be easy and natural. The third of the three classes of military insti- Schools tutions which have been above defined, embraces ?v i/] h G taosc * n which not only the government but also third class ^ course f instruction is determined in reference to the exactions of a purely military education. From these, the study of the ancient classics and of English Belles Lettres is to a great degree ex- IflLlTAUY SHOOLfe. 7 eluded — the space occupied by these subjects in the ordinary collegiate course being filled with the severer mathematics and physics, industrial and topographical drawing, military and civil engineer- ing, artillery and ordnance studies, the science of gunnery, pyroteehny, strategy, &c., &c., — all which descriptions of knowledge, though not essen- tial to the soldier in the ranks, or to officers of inferior grades, arc indispensable to those upon* whom devolve the responsibilities of higher com- mand, or the direction of the operations of actual warfare. If we would distinguish IV other, in the Oistinc- briefest manner, the three classes of institutions tive fea- ofwhich mention hasbeen made, confining ourselves tures of to the mosl prominent military characteristic of tne tnree . each, weshould say thai they arc institutions for cl ^ se ? ol training in military tactics, training i vy . and training in military science, ^ th - Few probably could be found, who ^ n edby would advocate the transformation of all our high- conver- er < Lai institutions, into schools of this ting col- third clas-. While it is of the last importance to leges gen- the public saf( mid be men, and a. orally into sufficient number of men. most thoroughly educa- Stools of ted in the hig .iiitary science, yet it by no tne third means follows that the public would be the gainer. c were all our youth to be educated in the same wi The mere statement of the cas< i< snt to shi that the greater part of the cost of such education, for any practical application of its results on the public service, would be thrown away. It is only the comparatively few, wh«>. as engineers* or artil- lerists, or general or who find the opportunity, to apply in practice the more difficult or abstruse principles of military science. In mod- m ™™i em times, it has been the usage of all,' or at least sc hools of most, civilived nations, to provide, by special usually schools, for the public exigency in this particular ; suffice for but nowhere, and among no people, has it been education proposed to make all schools, or even many schools, ° f * niF - military, in this peculiar and highest sense. If sra among our own people, at present, there is a pre- valent feeling in favor of the infusion into our high- er schools of learning of the military element, this 8 REPORT OF DR. BARNARD. feeling caimot be justly interpreted into a choice that all these schools shall become purely military. The Uni- The undersigned feels warranted, therefore, in versity of coming to the conclusion, that it cannot be any Mississip- part of the design or anticipation of the Board pi will f Trustees of the University of Mississippi hardly be or f ^ Legislature in recommending this m U itary su "kject to their attention, that this institution school of should in any event be transformed into a school the third so purely military as the Military Institute at class. Lexington in Virginia; or the Citadel Academy at Charleston in South Carolina. So far as the men- tal culture of the youth here educated is concerned, it cannot be doubted that it will continue to be esteemed hereafter, as it has been hitherto, the wisest aim, to endeavor to produce scholars profi- cient in elegant learning to adorn our literary annals, or men of science to prosecute investigation in all the varied fields which nature presents, rath- er than to constrain all minds to run in a single channel, and thus, by a species of unnecessary and Choice art ifi c i a l fetter, to check the progress of general lies be- intellectual advancement among us. Whatever tween the change, therefore, may be introduced into the plan other two of operation of the University of Mississippi, it is classes. j- } oe presumed that it will consist in the adoption of the distinctive characteristic of one or the other of the two classes of military, or quasi military, institutions first named. In regard to the plan of the first of these classes, Compari- i n which it is proposed to teach Tactics, and usual- son of the ly Infantry Tactics only, without adopting the two plans, military regimen, the conclusions to which the inquiries and the reflection of the undersigned have led him, are decidedly unfavorable. The plan has one rather seductive feature of recommenda- A r e u- ^ on — ^ ma ^ ^ c adopted and put into operation in ments^i n little time, with little trouble, and at little expense, favor of It has also another, which is hardly less so: — the first when adopted, it presents to the superficial obser- ver or to the casual visitor, so much that externally resembles a more thorough-going system, that it contents, at least for the moment, the popular de- mand for change. The principal objection to it is, that it is not what it seems, nor what it is common- MIIITARY SCHOO&S. 9 ly taken to be. It imparts, in no proper sense of Objections the word, a military education. It does not make soldiers. Instruction in a simple system of mechan- ical movements can with no sort of propriety be called education. Education is something which reaches and modifies the nature — draws forth and gives bent to the capacities mental or physical, and leaves its permanent impress on the habits. Place youth under military government, and they become Whatcon- educated to military life and military rule. We s y tu t° e do not say that they become inst in those e ucatl0n things. There is no propriety in such language. They are educated. Their modes of thinking, their views of subordination, their notions of duty, are all tinctured with the spirit of the system un- der which they have grown up. These things have become so inwrought into their moral natures, that Schools they can no more be divested of them. And in their of the se- personal and daily habits of life, they have become cond class so completely trained to system, that order and e(iucate ' method are to them as easy and natural, as if such instincts had been implanted in them at their birth. Thus, while the mental culture is going forward, which may fit them for positions of command and responsibility in coming life, a silent and simul- taneous moulding of their moral and physical na- tures is proceeding parallel with it, which makes them capable at length, when duty requires, of subsiding into purely animated machines, obeying with mechanical exactness the voice of authority. That such a military education is of value, and Value of may be of value to youth of all classes, can hardly military be denied. It can never, like much of the educa- education: tion to the higher military scienco already spoken of. be lost to its subjects, or to the world in which they live, .even on supposition that, after leaving the schools, they become absorbed in the occupa- tions of civil life, and are never called upon to bear arms in their country's defence, still the habits of order and method in the transaction of business which they have learned as part of their milita- ry training, will contribute much to their useful- ness as citizens ; while the lessons of self-depen- dence, and the power and the willingness to use their own hands, which are inculcated in the 10 HMO ti'T OB DR. BARNARD. discipline of the school-barracks, will add greatly to their ability, under all vicissitudes, to secure their own comfort and happiness. Should the oc- casion arise, however, for the specific display of the soldierly qualities which their education has furnished them, in consequence of the outbreaking of war, the great advantage which they will pos- sess over volunteers whose early training has been different, will become strikingly manifest. They will enter the Held soldiers ready made, and adapt themselves to the usages of military life without an effort. And it is a consideration of no small importance that the regular and methodical habits which their early education has taught them to be an essential part of the discipline of the camp, will constitute a protection against disease of the most efficacious kind. It is notorious that, as a general rule, armies of volunteers, during their first campaign, suffer far more from the ravages of 1 Value of sickness than from the casualities of the battle- in ilitaiy field. The sanitary statistics of regular armies education, exhibit results widely different ; and the difference can only be rationally explained by considering the dissimilarity of personal habits between these different classes of troops. Could we suppose a volunteer army to be made up entirely of men who had been thoroughly educated in military schools, we might reasonably look for a mortality from natural disease among them, hardly greater, even from the beginning, than is observed to occur in the regular service. But though a volunteer army composed wholly of such material is a thing ^ that can never be looked for, yet it is obvious that any body of citizen soldiery, called suddenly into active service, may be greatly benefitted by the presence in it and the influence oveMt of even a scattered few of the well educated graduate; of our military schools. And thus it appears that a military education which is substantial and real to the extent of imbuing its subjects with the spirit of military subordination, accustoming them to military discipline, and moulding their habits to a soldier-like method and exactness, though it may stop short of that elevated order of military sci- ence which is necessary to the engineer, the ord- tion. mUTARY SCHOOLS. 11 nance officer, or the eonnnander of armies, will still be of eminent value to those who receive it, whatever may be the situation? which they may afterwards fill in life. Such an education is, however, not given by the institutions which confine themselves to in- t h£°iirsJ struction in tactics merely, devoting an hour or classfailto two daily to drill in marching, maneuvering and eudcate. the manual exercise. Tt is an objection, therefore, to the plan which those institutions pursue, that it "holds out a promise to the public which is not ful- filled. And accordingly it can hardly fail to hap- . pen that, if any of the patronage which such an que ^' institution receives, is drawn to it in the hope of the benefit which a genuine military education can confer, it will presently be lost again it is discovered that this hope is unfounded. That a discrimination like this is actual]., by the public, will very manifestly appear, if wo Examples compare any two existing institutions chosen sc- " verally from the first and the second of the classes into which we have distinguished the military schools of our country. Most of our colleges hith- erto'purely civilian have assumed for the present the character of military schools of the first cli that we may take any one of these as an illustration of the popular favor which such schools are capa- ble of securing. Hardly one of them, it is be- lieved, can wast, at the present time, a tithe of the numbers it was able to draw together without any aid from the attractive military feature, a year ago. A very few other institutions, however. have gone so far as to make the promised military education a reality ; and the silent verdict of the public in favor of the superiority of the system. which they have adopted, appears in their unre- duced, or their actually extended ranks. The University of Alabama furnishes a remarkable example of this kind. Two years ago, the roll of its students did not combine more than seventy or eighty names. One year ago — a thorough system of military regimen having been in the meantime introduced — it had grown to about one hundred and twenty. At the present time, when all the colleges and schools in that and the neighboring 12 REPORT 0(r DR. BARNARD. Stales beside, have fallen away — some of them almost or quite to extinction — that institution ex- hibits for the first time a total greater than has appeared on its catalogue for twenty years — the number of its students now exceeding one hundred P blic es- ail( ^ *^ ' timate cTf ^ * 3 evident then, that the public soon learn to schools of understand the promise held out by institutions of the first the first class to be illusive ; and that the military class. semblance which they assume soon cease3 to attract. But if this is the effect upon the public who ob- Effecton serve it from without, there is, another produced members U p n those within whose task it is to maintain the t^t-" 1 " semblance, which is not much more satisfactory. them- Both students and instructors are conscious that it selves. is but a semblance which they maintain after all ; and it very shortly ceases to interest. While it is a novelty, thedaily drill is entered into with spirit; but when the novelty has passed by, it becomes a disagreeable and irksome duty. The temptation to the student is great, to escape from this con- stantly recurring and monotonous task, by with- drawing from the institution and seeking some other where similar usages do not exist : and against such proceedings there is no such obstacle, as in the schools where military law prevails, and where discharge is granted not on the mere ap- plication of the student, but at the option of the authorities Considerations of this kind have led the under- Institu- gig, 1C( j to the conclusion, therefore, that the insti- th^first tutions Placed, in these dismissions, in the first class de- class of military schools, derive no important ad- riveno vantage from the military clement in their consti- benefit tution ; and that they may possibly, sometimes, be from the injuriously affected " by it. Accordingly, if the feature University of Mississippi is to be hereafter rank- ed among military schools, it seems to be greatly desirable, that it should adopt a thoroughly mili- tary system of government. And such may fairly be presumed to be the sense of your honorable body ; since anything less than such an expecta- tion, would have rendered the inquiry which the undersigned has been commissioned to make an I MILITARY SCHOOLS. IS unnecessary laber. For, as has been already observed above, in an institution which proposes to be military only, to the extent of instructing in infantry tactics, there is no need of any mod- ification in the system of academic police, or the plan of fiscal management, or the structure or furniture of quarters, or even in the personel of the academic staff. Hence, those of our colleges which, at an hour's notice, have announced them- selves prepared to commence o aerations, on a mili- tary plan, have eelves to do so without the elalx u ination of the subject which it has seemed fitting to your honorable body to make, before taking any decisive action. It will be observed that, thus far, our compar- ison of the two classes of military institutions which we have been considering, has been con- fined to an estimate ol their relative merits in a point of view purely educational. The aim has Compat- been to discover what should be the legitimate ison of th« effect of their differing plans of operation, in ^JLjL* 1 ? 8 forming tire character and determining the ruling ^ C j e ™ habits of thought and action of the student, and i n thepre- thus giving color to his whole future life. It servation seems fitting that if a choice is to be made be- of order, tween them, it should be made in view of these fundamental and most radically important con- siderations : for certainly no considerations of immediate convenience or momentary advantage ought to be permitted to outweigh such as seri- ously affect the great original purpose and main object of the institution itself. There can be no doubt, however, that the military regimen has been introduced into some of our colleges, for a reason quite apart from its educational merits ; yet one which possesses an importance sufficient to entitle it to a moment's attention. The most serious evils which embarrass the man- agement of our higher educational institutions, which shake the public confidence in them as schools of moral training, and tend thus, without doubt, measurably to limit their usefulness, are evils which grow out of the thoughtlessness and frivolity of youth, constantly outbursting in ebullitions of frolic and mischief, and resulting 14 RKPORT OF DK. BARtfARD, occasionally in grave disturbances or total inter- ruptions of the peace and good order of the academic community. In some institutions these evils, in their moet vexatious lorm, have been so persistent and so annoying, as quite to discourage the ordinary academic authorities, whose utmost efforts for their suppression they have successfully defied and baffled. It is not, therefore, to be wondered at, if, in an institution so afflicted, the military rule has been called in, not so much with reference to its educational value, as for its admitted competency to deal with disorders of this description, however deeply sealed and how- ever chronic. t Prcven- The efficiency of the military regimen in the tive char- preservation of order, springs in great measure j^*^.^ from its preventive character. It opposes itself tary Reel" to t]je ver ^ beginnings of disorder, and takes men. away, to a great extent, the opportunity to offend. This important end is secured in part, by the per- petual surveillance which it keeps up over the entire academic community; and in part by the round of duties with which it occupies muck of the time, that, in ordinary colleges, is too often abandoned to that idleness which is rarely the parent of good. But to some extent the secret of the restraining power of the military regimen is to be sought in its manner of dealing with of- Treatme't fences actually committed. These, when serious, ces° arc tnct ^ as ,n tne arm y> ky courts-martial (cadet officers as well as officers of the staff sitting as members of the court) and the testimony of wit- nesses to the facts is taken on oath. The military regimen repudiates totally the principle, so long tacitly admitted in colleges as to have passed into common law, that no student shall give testimony against another. The principle is an absurd one, anywhere : since it confounds and makes equally odious, testimony given in open court, on the de- mand of the legal authorities sitting in the capa- city of triers of an alleged offense, with informa- tion volunteered unasked for, and given in secret. it is hardly necessary to say that much of the reckless daring with which infractions of the public peace are perpetrated, in our ordinary col- MILITARY SCHOOLS. 15 legiate institutions, is a consequence of the secu- rity against conviction, which the recognition of this principle affords. If military law did noth- ing but simply to strike down the shield, which has thus so often effectually screened offenders even when they were publicly known, its adoption would impose a more powerful restraint upon the spirit of disorder, than all the legislative pro- visions of all the collegiate ^odes existing, are at present able to afford. If it were proposed to the University of Mis sissippi to subject itself to the considerable ex- pense which must attend the adoption of the system of military rule, for no other reason but that which is to be found in the considerations just presented, the question might fairly be raised whether, for us, the object pioposed would jus- tify the outlay. Had this institution been subject to the continual internal agitations which have g ' te ar ^ disquieted others, had its history been marked by no t neces- constantly recurring conflicts or by any conflicts sary for at all between the governors and the governed, the p re- had the course of study here beeu^eriously inter- s c nation rupted, or the public confidence in the University r[ °ke TJ- as a school of learning or of' morals been im- n i V ersity. paired by causes such as have elsewhere produced results so injurious, then perhaps it might reason- ably be said that no expenditure which the sources at the command of the Board might permit, or which the legislature might be pleased to grant, would be too great to secure the re- moval of these grave evils. But nothipg what- ever of this sort is true. No college in the country — no college in the world — can present a more satisfactory history than the University of Mississippi ; and, if we confine our attention to the past four years, no 'military institution even, anywhere, can boast to have enjoyed a more unin- terrupted internal tranquility, or to have display- ed a healthier tone of morals, than may be justly claimed for this institution. If the military re- gimen is to be adopted here, it will not therefore be under the pressure of an uncompromising ne- cessity, or as a last refuge against anarchy and ruin. And it is a ciroumstance peculiarly favor- 16 REPORT OF DR. BARNARD. able to the exercise of an unbiased judgment, and to the formation of a wise decision, upon the question presented, that there is nothing in the condition of the University to-day, to distract at- tention from the points of strictly educational interest, in which the plans submitted for compar- ison differ from each other. The decision having been made, however, in view of these superior considerations, there can Conserva- ^ e n0 narm » m case '* should be favorable to the tive char- military regimen, in recognizing the value of that acter of conservative principle inherent in the military the sys- system, which has just foamed the subject of re- tem never mar k v a tranquil past in a collegiate institution aluabi SS ma y a ff° rc * a reasonable ground lor hoping for a Y tranquil future ; but it has been justly remarked that' no equilibrium is more unstable than that of a community of impulsive youth. The University of Mississippi might possibly still go on for a century, in the enjoyment of that same internal peace which has distinguished it during its past brief history of thirteen years ; but it would be something to feel that an organization had been given to it, which establishes the certainty that it must do so. And this feeling might perhaps con- tribute to conciliate to it the confidence of some yet hesitating parents, who have hitherto withheld from it their patronage, not from a special dis- trust of this institution, but from a general doubt of all institutions of the class of ordinary col- leges — a doubt engendered by the insubordina- tion and turbulence and vice of which those institutions are so often the scenes. It will be understood from the foregoing remarks, that the object of the undersigned in this inquiry has been to ascertain precisely what are those matters which require the action of your Order of honorable body, or of the Legislature of the State the forego- j n orc i er that the University of Mississippi may, if 1 n k/ G " tnou c nfc advisable, be transformed into a thorough mar ' school of military education of the second of the classes above defined. In the prosecution of this inquiry, he has availed .himself of the authority conferred in his lelter of instruction, to visit the Arsenal Academy at Columbia. S. C, and the Mill- MILITARY SCH001 17 tary Institute at Lexington, Va.; to the authorities of both which institutions he is indebted for courtesies, which it gives him pleasure here to ac- knowledge. In order that the results arrived at may be mo?t clearly and succinctly presented, it will be most convenient to consider them under different heads. ORGANIZATION. In i _ schools belonging to the class we -ome differences may 1 in the organization of the academic and n staff. In all of these, however, the cl thority in the institution is vested in a superin- Superin- tendent, who bears the same relation to the in- tendent. structors / and students and all other persons con- nected with the institution, which the commander of a fortress sustains to the officers and soldiers of the garrison, and all others within the limits of his command. The superintendent may be a civi- lian, as in the University of Alabama ; where the gentleman presiding over the institution at the time of the adoption of the new organization has been continued in authority under a double title. The superintendent has the exclusive direction of all the scholastic exercises, renders all estimates s and communications to the Board of Trustees, and reports annually to the Governor of the State up- on the condition of the institution in all its de- partments. The immediate command of the student, or ca- det, body considered as a military corps, is commit- Com- ted to a Commandant of Cadets, who should take ™ an "^ ant rank and hold authority next to the Superintendent. ° It is the duty of the Commandant to see that the cadets are properly instructed in Infantry and Ar- tillery drill, to direct the arrangement of all mili- tary duti to act as chief of the military police. The Commandant will need assistance in the f i 'S of military instructor and govc: ordinate officers required being dependent on the numbers of the corps. The academic staff to be associated with the B— 2 lg REPORT OF DH. BARNARD. Academic two principal officers just specified, may be more st&flf. or less numerous, according to the number and variety of the branches of science or letters taught in the institution, and the number of learners to be instructed. The instructors in military tactics may, of course, be members, at the same time, of the academic staff. It is the opinion of the mili- itary officers of other institutions who have been consulted, that, in schools of the character wc are considering, all the members of the aca- demic staff should be — if not themselves men of All in- military education — at least commissioned as mil atr'uetors itary officers by the Governor of the State. The to be com- Superintendent may thus, properly, hold the com- lmssioncd m j S g-- on f Colonel, the Commandant, of Lieut. Colonel, the Professors, of Major ; and the Assist- ant Professors, of Lieutenant. In regard to the number of professorships "which ought to be provided for in the Uuiversity of Mis- Numberof sissippi, it may not perhaps be strictly a part of p rofessor- the duty of the undersigned, under the present in- ships. structions, to offer an opinion. The subject com- ing up however naturally in this place, there can be no impropriety in observing that, should the number of students or cadets hereafter become as great as it lias been heretofore, there seems to be no necessity for a reduction in the number of chairs : though possibly advantage might be taken of the existing vacancy of all of them, to adjust the distribution of duties somewhat differently from what it has been made heretofore. Since, however, there is no great probability that the University will be largely attended before the re- turn of peace, there can be no doubt that your honorable body will feel it to be a duty to consider how to reduce the academic staff in such a manner as least to impair its efficiency as a corps of instruc- tion. By referring to the organization of the Faculty during the earlier period of the history of the University, it will be seen that the two chairs of Latin and Greek were then combined in one. The chairs of English embraced also then the subject of Ethics, Metaphysics and Political Economy. The chair of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy were likewise united ; and the chair of MILITANT SCHOOLS. 19 Pare Mathematics was charged with the allied subjects of Astronomy and Civil Engineering. Nu mber Some of these arrangements might, with advantage, and duties be resumed. A single chair ol clasical learning ° f profes- might take the place of the two existing ones, and S0TS ' the Chair of English might be restored to its ori- ginal form. For the rest, Mathematics and Natu- ral Philosophy, with their kindred studies, might best be associated, and Chemistry, Mineralogy, Geology, Physiology and Natural History be as- signed to a fourth department. The academic Faculty would thus, for the present, embrace only four professorships. Two of these may beholden by the Superintendent and the Commandant ; the incumbents of the remaining two, if the prope: men can be found, may aid in giving instruction in Tactics, alter having fulfilled their own scho- lastic duties. It is obvious, however, that, in one or two of the departments of instruction, as above arranged, As distant assistant professors will be needed, unless the ca- r det corps should be exceedingly small : and it may further be observed that, as no provision has been made in the programme for the modern languages, an instructor in those branches must be employ should they continue to be taught. Any reduction of the academic staff below what ineqpe- is here indicated could hereby be made without diency o destroying the character of the University as a greater re- collegiate institution : and even such a reduction ductior.. as this ought only to be acceded to under the :ire of necessi.y. A D Ml S S [jO N OF I'nder the military system, every cadet shoul be appointed by the Governor of the State, on the recommendation of the Superintendent, found- , \L aaets ed upon the evidence of written testimonials of pointedly good moral character laid before him, on or be- the Gtor- fore a given day designated by law. Cadets so ernor.^ appointed are to be assigned to the classes which they are qualified to join, without any reference to their personal aspirations. They should sign an obligation to serve as cadets for at least two 20 - REPORT OE DR. BARNARD. years ; and the father or guardian should sign a Obliga- corresponding obligation relinquishing the right tions to be to withdraw them during that period. Should taken by they aim to be graduaten'as Bachellors of Arts, alscfbv ^ cv must complete the entire course at present parent. required to attain that distinction ; and to this end, they must, if necessary, renew their obligations, after the period of the first has expired. _ f A blank form of the warrant or commission Cadet i ssne d t0 the cadets of the University of Alabama Com mis- hy the Governor of that State, is herewith com- sion. municated. Admissions should, as far as possible, be made A'! m is- at the same period of the year. Exceptions may sionstobe be allowed in particular cases, where satisfactory made at reasons are assigned for want of punctuality ; but one ime. t ] lcgc cascg slioulcl be looked to with som'e.severity. Under these arrangements, it will probably be expedient to make the qualifications for admission lower than at present — requiring only the elements of a good common school education : but at the Qualifica- same time it will be necessary to extend the period tions fo r covered by the entire course to five or even six Admissi'n y ears . j\r countenance ought to be given to the dis- position to make graduation cheap. No - cadet is compelled to follow up the course to the end. On the other hand, no one need be compelled, if pre- pared on entrance to assume an advanced position, to begin at tlic beginning. All such candidates as are qualified to enter what is called at present the Freshman class, will have precisely the same scholastic labor, and the same period of academic confinement before them, in order to attain a de- gree, as they have under existing arrangements, and no more. The' extension of time proposed, is in the downward and not in the upward direction ; and it is designed to give the benetfis of military education to such as could not, under present reg- ulations, enter the University at all ; and as may have not so much the wish to graduate, as to se- cure the benefit of this valuable species of educa- tion. Most of the military institutions of the country embrace two classes of cadets — those who are sup- ported by the State, and those who bear their own MILITARY |GHOOLS. 21 expenses,. The State Univc. td college?, also, have usually a similar distinction : though State ca- the State scholarships secure exemption only from Jets and tuition foes, without providing for the sustenance paycadts of the student. In perhaps in most, the public aliiy tin: ' in- iperience least in our c provi- p reseu t sioii -11 intended, pro ry little provisions effect. The idea of becoming a n of pub- for State charity— fpr in thi is very cadets in- gene aether justly or not, of- effectual, tensive to the'pri ac- cord : ?ned for the benefit rarely idled. It is somewhat different when - case with the .University of Mississippi, public scholarships arc provided to be conferred as the reward of mer- it, But the fact that tuition, which is the only charge from which exemption is secured by the possession of the scholarship, constitutes but a small fraction of the expenses of a student in the Scholar - Uni while the examinations winch the law ships con- exacls as a condition for securing the rccommen- ^s^issi^ elation of a Board of Police have something for- pi a ^ s ,£ midablc to the imaginations of aspirants ; renders war d of successful competition for these distinctions an ob- merit, not ject of too little consequence to most, to induce sufficient- them to make the effort necessary to obtain them. ly desira- A very different result would undoubtedly be ob- ' e> served to take place, if the State scholarship en- titled the holder to immunity not merely from tai- nt from all charges whatever. It is upon this footing that the State cadets the Virginia Military Institute, ai Arsenal and Citadel Academies in South Carolina, arc placed : and it is worth the consideration of Provisoes your Honorable body, whether the same provision P *^f g" might not be wisely introduced into the Uni- Carolina,' versity of Mississippi. In such a case, con eringVhat the expenses of cloth - 'nance. fuel, lights, books, stationery, licv actually receive. — from c a- The South Carolina schools form an exception to dets. this rule — the amount required from pay cadets MILITARY SHOOLS. 25 being never sufficient to pay their actual expenses. This amount is $200 only, and is paid in quarterly instalments of $50 each/ The loss falls upon the State. The deposit demanded in advance of every pay cadet in the University of Alabama, is si! 5, which is designed to cover the expenses of the entire year. In the Military Institute of Virginia, the fees for tuition and medical attendance arc re- quired in advance for the whole year, and a de- posit to cover other expenses for six months only. D The total of the first payment will therefore be rC quired, about s220, and of the second, about $150. In the report of the Board of Directors of this Institute, made to the Governor in July, 18G0, copies of which arc Herewith furnished, there will be found an exact statement of the total expense on all ac- counts, of the entire education of each member of the graduating class of that year, from the begin- ning to the end of the course, of the annual expense of each, and of the average annual expense of an individual cadet ; as deduced from these data. — [See page 40.] This average is $357, 98. Cadets are not allowed to make use of money, ~ . or to have it in their possession, unless by special mone yand permission of the Superintendent. They are al- cre dit pro- lowed to make no purchases either with money or hibitcd to upon credit without the same permission ; and any cadets, cadet whose parent or guardian discharges any debt contracted in violation of this regulation, is forthwith discharged. In order to secure the greatest economy of ex- Quarter- penditure on the part of each individual, and to Master confine purchases to articles which are useful, or and Q. M, at least innocent, in their nature, a Quartermaster store - is appointed whose duty it is to provide a stock of all such articles, as cadets are likely to need ; and ordinarily no purchases whatever are allowed by the cadets from any other source but the Quarter- master's store. Moreover, as a security, against extravagance even in this quarter, no cadet is al- lowed to purchase from the Quartermaster without a permit from the Superintendent. And that the Superintendent may know the state of the indivi- dual's account at thcQuartermastcr's store, when- 26 EKPOET OF 1>K. JiABXIKD ever a permit is sought, each cadet is required to Control of keep a check book, in which he writes the namo cadet's ex- of the article required, and the permit is indicated penditure. by the name of the Superintendent written oppo- site. The check book therefore serves as a con- stant record of the state of the account. The articles provided in the Quarter-master's department are sold at an advance which serves M. to pay the expense of transportation, interest on stock* and the investment and management of the business j sales. but without any view to profit. The amount which it would be necessary to advance at present, in the purchase of such a stock, may be put at Estimates from $10,000 to §12,000. In order that some idea may be formed of the nature and variety of the articles which experience shows to be required in this department, an inventory of the stock in the Quarter-master's Department of the Virginia Military Institute, kindly furnished to the under- JnveQ to- signed by the Treasurer of that institution, is here- stock^ in witn transmitte( *. Tnis inventory, it is to be ob- theVa. M. served, is made near the close of the session, at Institute. ' which period the stock is low. FISCAL SYSTEM. In order to secure the most exact accountabili- ty in pecuniary matters, on the part of all persons connected with the institution, and to keep the accounts of expenditure in every department en- tirely distinct from each other, the fiscal system of the military school must be transplanted into Treasurer ^ ne University, incase the changes already consid- ' ered should be thought advisable. Under this system a Treasurer is appointed by the Board, who gives bond with security for the faithful perfor- mance of his duties and who resides at the institu- tion. The offices of Treasurer and Quarter-mas- ter may very conveniently be held by the same person. All moneys belonging to the institution, and all deposits made by cadets as above described, are deposited to the credit of the Treasurer with a fiscal Fiscal Agent, the certificates of deposit being filed agent/ in the Superintendent's office. No money can be drawn from this depositary, on any account, with- MILITARY SCHOOLS, 27 out the order of the Superintendent; and only Mode of then, by means of a cheek drawn by the Treasurer drawing and countersigned by the Superintendent. moneys. The Treasurer keeps distinct accounts with the institution proper, with the Quarter-master's De- c r?*? 1 ^ partment, the Commissary, &c, &c, and with each coun ts. individual cadet, and with all other persons hav- ing pecuniary transactions with the Institution. — In the accounts of the cadets, he keeps separate from each other, the sums paid for Quarter-Mas- ter's supplies, for board, for tuition, for Surgeon's fees, society taxes, &<*., \ A Surgeon, appointed by the supervisory power, is one of the indispensable officers of every milita- ry school. His duty is to visit the institution Surgeon, daily, and make an inspection of its Sanitary con- ^ nd . n i s dition. He is required also to report frequently dut,es * to the Superintendent. His certificate is neces- sary to render valid any plea for exemption from any academic or military duty on the score of ill health. In case of the appearance of symptoms of serious illness in any cadet, he is required to cause the patient to be promptly removed to the hospital provided for such exigencies, and there to receive such attendance as the nature of his disease may de- mand. The compensation of the Surgeon is usually provided for, by a regular annual charge assessed upon each cadet. ' RECAPITULATION. The undersigned has thus endeavored, as con- cisely as possible, to present the essential points of difference between educational institutions oi the ordinary collegiate character, and those 2 3 REPORT OF DR. BARNARD. which are subjected to a thorough military regi- men. Should it be thought advisable to trans- form the University of Mississippi, from its pre- sent shape to that which lias been proposed by the Legislature of the State, concurring, as it is presumed with the popular choice, the subjects which will require some legislative action on the part of your honorable body, may be briefly re- capitulated as follows : 1. The organization of the Staff of academic and military instruction. 2. The conditions of the admission or appoint- Matters ment of Cadets. act?on m by 3 * Modifications in the construction of the the Board, buildings. 4. Furniture of the quarters. 5. The introduction of gas-illumination, and Furnace or Steam Heating. 6. The arrangement of a Commissariat. 7. The establishment of a Quarter-master's store. 8. The adoption of a system of severe fiscal control. 9. The appointment of a Surgeon. It will furthermore be necessary to adopt an entirely new code of regulations for the govern- ed new f ment of the University : but as, in the prepara- reffula- ^ on °^ tms ' *ho coa 111 ^ anc ^ assistance of the tions to Superintendent and Commandant may probably be adopted be of advantage, it may perhaps suffice in the be- ginning to adopt provisionally the regulations of the Virginia Military Institute, so far as they may be found applicable to the circumstances of this institution. Copies of these Regulations arc herewith communicated. Several of the points enumerated in the fore- going recapitulation will be found to involve questions of expenditure. In regard to some of these, conjectural estimates have already been thrown out. The whole may be brought together in the following succinct statement, in which the several sums are placed as low as it will probably be safe to assume them. MILITAKY SCHOOLS. 29 ESTIMATES. 1. Alterations of the three dormitories, at $1500 each, - $4,500 2. Furniture of rooms for 100 Cadets, at . $25 each, 2,500 Estimat « 3 3. Quarter-master's Stock, - - 10,000 4. Gas Illumination, - - - 5,000 Total, - ,000 The advances to the Commissariat \ so immediately repaid from the deposits of the Ca- Commis- dets, that they need not be included in these sariat. estimates. If, for the present, gas-illumination be deducted, the sum of about $17,000 will appa- rently suffice to enable the new system to be put Minimum into operation. Even such a sum may possibly sum ne- not be at the immediate command of the Board ; cessary. and legislative aid may be necessary to secure the realization of the scheme. It is, however, to be considered, that some time must necessarily be consumed in making the needful alterations of the Time buildings, and that ; to open the University on the neces sary proposed plan so early as has been contemplated to mako by your honorable body— that is to say, by the chan S es - first of January — will on this account be imprac- ticable ; while serious difficulty will unquestion- ably just now be found, in the way of organizing a military staff. These considerations would seem to suggest the employment of the permanent Changes income of the University for the current year ex- m * y he clusively in preparation for a re-opening at a Jjftheper- somewhat later day— say not sooner than Sep- manent tember next — by the adoption of which plan it income, may be practicable to accomplish nearly every- thing embraced in the foregoing programme, without asking any additional legislative aid. Allusion having just been made to the difficulty p rese nt of obtaining, at the present time, competent mili- difficulty tary officers to fill the positions in which the of obtain- services of such men will be required here, it ing a Mil- may be proper to mention, in evidence of the cor- itai 7 Staff, reciness of this statement, that the officers of the Virginia Military Institute, some twelve or fifteen 30 REPORT Or I>R. BARSTARD. in number, have all of them taken service in the army, the operations of the Institute having been entirely suspended : and that, although the Board of Visitors have resolved to re-open the Institute on the first of January, little hope is entertained that any of these officers will return at that time to their posts, except the Superintendent. The alumni of the Institute are also generally in the war ; and all the inquiries which the undersigned was able to make in Virginia, during his recent visit, were unsuccessful in obtaining the name of a single individual among these men of military *f ^feS?^ 'Mu'ation who could be frankly recommended to ine a Mil- $ ouv consideration us a Commandant of Cadets, UarySHfT ^h6 would now consent to accept the appoint- ment. Similar inquiries in South Carolina, and at the Military Institute at Nashville, Tennessee, were equally without result. It has, furthermore, within the past few days, come to the knowledge of the undersigned, that the Commandant of Ca- dets in the University of Alabama is about aban- doning his position for the army — the same insti- tution having already previously lost one Commandant and other members of its military staff ; so that the indications in every direction are discouraging to the hope of being able at this crisis, to secure for the purposes of the Uni- versity, military talent of high order, if indeed it is possible, for the moment, to make any appoint- ment at all. It seems impossible that the causes which ap- pear to forbid the formation of a satisfactory G'ndidates military organization just at this time, should be will pre- of long continuance. Should your honorable sent them- j^y conclude to defer elections until the ensuing hereafter 3 s P r i u £> or until your annual meeting in June next, ' the probabilities arc that instead of finding a dearth of candidates, or of finding candidates of only questionable pretensions, you will have many eminently qualified gentlemen and accomplished soldiers from among whom to make your selec- tions. The undersigned has thus, according to his op- portunities and his ability, accomplished the task assigned him in your resolution of the 2d Octo- yiLITjLRY SCHOOLS. 31 ber. Tu concluding this report, and thus com- pleting- the last official communication which it Conclusi'a will be his privilege to address to your honorable body, he cannot refrain from expressing the deep solicitude he feels for the future prosperity of an institution which, for the seven best years of his life, has absorbed all his thoughts, engrossed all his energies, and constituted the only thing on earth for which he has seemed to himself to de- sire to live. The ambitions which he has enter- tained for its growtli in reputation and usefulness, for the enlargement of its scope, the expansion of the field of its operations, the elevation of its aims, and its ultimate recognition as one among the honored agencies whose function is to be, not merely by education to diffuse knowledge among men, but by original investigation to add to the priceless mass, — these things have all been known to you, and to the few who like you have closely marked the history and watched the progress of the University. But the fond dreams of so many anxiously hopeful years have been at length rudely dissipated, and the convulsions which have shaken and are still shak- ing the country to its centre, have removed afar off the prospect of that distinguished pre-eminence in science, which seemed but recently to be open- ing up before the University of Mississippi. But the celebrity which the undersigned has so earn- estly labored to insure to the University, though postponed, is still in store, and it will yet be re- alized. To another generation it may be reserved to behold the fulfillment of the brilliant destiny which awaits this noble institution; but it is a destiny which will be fulfilled — and it is this un- doubting conviction which enables the undersign- ed, after so protracted a period of honest though possibly fruitless labor in its service— years sad- dened by many a wantonly inflicted and unpro- voked annoyance, but illuminated also by many a bright ray of encouragement from sources wor- thiest of regard, and especially by many well remembered testimonials of kindness and confp 32 REPORT OF DR. BARNARD. dence received from this honorable body — to bid it now a cheerful and a hopeful farewell. All which is respectfully submitted, By your obedient servant, F. A. P. BARNARD. University of Mississippi, Nov. 11,1861. 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