Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/compendiumofanat51fyfe ANATOMY, HUMAN AND COMPARATIVE ; WITH DIRECTIONS FOR DI88BCTING THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY. INTENDED PRINCIPALLY FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS. By ANDREW FYFE, „ FELLOW or THE ROYAJ. COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF EDINBURGH, - &C. &C. NINTH EDITION, REVISED AND CORRECTED BY ANDREW FYFE, M. D. F. R. S. E. &c. &c. h IN FOUR VOL UMES WITH PLA TES. VOL. V. : i EDINBURGH : PRINTED FOR ADAM BLACK, NORTH BRIDGE STREET; AND LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, & GREEN, LONDON." 1826. V.^7 Tab .a. TABLE I Represents a Front View of a Male Skeleton, with some of the Cartilages and Ligaments which connect the Bones to each other. Head and Neck. A, The frontal bone. B, The parietal bone. C, Temporal process of the sphenoid bone. D, Squamous part of the temporal bone. E, Mastoid process of that bone. F, The malar, or cheek-bone. G, The nasal bone, behind which is the nasal process of H, The superior maxillary bone. I, The lower jaw. K, The cervical vertebrae, with their intermediate car- ' tilages and transverse processes. Trunk. A, The sternum. B, The seventh, or last true rib. C, The cartilages of the ribs. D, The twelfth, or last false rib. E, The lumbar vertebrae, with their intervertebral cartilages and transverse processes. F, The os sacrum. G, The os innominatum, composed of, a, The os ilium, b , The os pubis, , c, The os ischium. A % TABLE I. CONTINUED. Upper Extremity. A, The clavicle. B, Inner surface of the scapula. a, The acromion of the scapula. b , The coracoid process of that bone. C, The os humeri. c, The head or ball of the os humeri, articulated with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. d, Internal tubercle of the os humeri, and farther out, the groove for lodging the tendon of the long head of the biceps muscle. e, The inner, and, f The outer condyle of the os humeri. Between e and f the hollow for lodging the coronoid process of the ulna in the flexion of the fore-arm. D, The radius. g , The head of the radius. E, The ulna. h. The coronoid process of the ulna. F, The bones of the carpus. G, The metacarpal bone of the thumb. H, The metacarpal bones of the fingers. I, The two bones of the thumb. K, The three phalanges of the fingers. Under Extremity. A, The os femoris. d, The ball, or head of this bone, lodged in the ace- tabulum. * c, The cervix of the bone. TABLE I. continued. f, The large trochanter. g, The small trochanter. h, The inner condyle. i, The outer condyle. B, The patella, placed upon the trochlea of the os fe- moris. C, The tibia. 7c, The head of the tibia, between which and the con- dyles of the os femoris, the semilunar cartilages ap- pear. l , The tubercle of the tibia. m, The malleolus internus. D, The fibula, the upper end of which is connected with the tibia. n, The malleolus externus. E, The bones of the tarsus. o, The projection of the os calcis. F, The metatarsal bones. G, The phalanges of the toes. TABLE II Represents a Back View of a Male Skeleton* with some of the Cartilages and Ligaments which connect the Bones to each other. Head and Trunk. A, The parietal bone. a, The sagittal suture, and parietal hole. B, The occipital bone. b, b, The lambdoid suture. C, The joining of the temporal and parietal bones. D, The cheek-bone. E, F, The inner or back part of the jaws, with the teeth. i G, The first cervical vertebra. H, The second cervical vertebra. I, The seventh cervical vertebra. c, The spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae. K, The first dorsal vertebra. L, The twelfth dorsal vertebra. d, The spinous processes of the dorsal vertebrae. e, Their transverse processes. M, The first lumbar vertebra. N, The fifth lumbar vertebra. j, Their spinous, and, g. Their transverse processes. Tjub.M. TABLE II. CONTINUED. 0, The os sacrum. h, The uppermost spinous process. Farther out are seen the superior oblique processes of this bone, joined to the inferior oblique of the last lumbar vertebra. 1, i, The lateral parts of the os sacrum, joined to the ossa innominata. Between i and O, the posterior foramina of the os sacrum. Jc, An opening in the under and back parLof this bone, covered in the subject by a ligamentous membrane. P, The os coccygis, joined by its shoulders to the os sacrum at the lower part of the opening Jc. Q, The os ilium. R, The os pubis. S, The os ischium. T, U, The seven true ribs. V, V, The five false ribs. Superior Extremity. A, The clavicle. B, The dorsum scapulse. a, The spine of the scapula. b, The acromion of the scapula. c, A fossa for lodging the supra-spinatus muscle. d, An irregular surface, occupied by the infra-spina- tus muscle. C, The os humeri. e, The ball of the os humeri. J', The external tubercle of the bone. g, The external condyle. h, The internal condyle. i, Cavity for lodging the olecranon of the ulna. TABLE II. CONTINUED. I), The radius. k, The head of the radius, articulated with the troch- lea of the os humeri, l, The under end of the radius, grooved by the ten- dons of muscles. E, The ulna. m, The olecranon of the ulna. n, The under end of the ulna, with its styloid process. F, The bones of the carpus. G, The metacarpal bone of the thumb. H, The metacarpal bones of the fingers. I, The two bones of the thumb. K, The three phalanges of the fingers. Inferior Extremity. A, The os femoris. a, Part of the ball of the os femoris. b, The cervix of the bone. c, The trochanter major. d, The trochanter minor. e, The cavity for lodging the popliteal vessels and nerves. f, The external condyle. g, The internal condyle. h, The semilunar cartilages. B, The tibia. i, The head of the tibia. k, The malleolus internus. C, The fibula. l, The head of the fibula. m, The malleolus externus. TABLE II. CONTINUED. D, The bones of the tarsus. n, The astragalus. o, The os calcis. p, The fore-part of the tarsus. E, The bones of the metatarsus. F, The phalanges of the toes. TABLE III. V iews of the different Bones of the Cranium. FIG. 1. The Outer Surf ace of the Frontal Bone. a, The middle and convex part of the bone. I, Part of the temporal fossa. c, c, c, c, The angular processes. d, The nasal process. e, Eminences and cavities to which the nasal and max- illary bones are fixed. ff The superciliary arches. g, g, The superciliary holes. h, It, The orbitar plates. i, i. The lacrymal fossae. k, k. The internal orbitar foramina. l, l, Inequalities which unite this bone to the os sphe- noides. FIG. 2. The Inner Surface of the F rontal Bone. a, The concave part of the bone. b, The cavity which lodges the anterior lobes of thebrain. c, The frontal spine. d, The furrow where the falx is fixed, and the superior longitudinal sinus is lodged. r, The ragged edge of the bone, which assists in form- ing the coronal suture. ff Other inequalities, which join the frontal to the sphenoid bone. g, g, g, g. Inner surface of the angular processes. h, The posterior surface of the nasal process. i, i , Other inequalities, near the nasal process 'TJLB.lfl. -Fl*j 6 . J a. IF£ 9' //.. A/'t7/ib c y The longissimus dorsi. d, d, The tendons of the sacro-lumbalis. e, The common fleshy head of the longissimus dorsi and sacro-lumbalis. Jy The tendon covering and partly giving origin to this fleshy head. g, Part of this tendon upon the longissimus dorsi. h, The transversalis abdominis. i, iy The intercostales externi. k, k, Portions of the intercostales externi, called by Albi-nus Levatores Costarum. Left Side. a, a, The semi-spinalis dorsi.' b, b. The multifidus spinae. c, Cy The intercostales interni. Tab.J£Z_Z TABLE XII. CONTINUED. d, d, The pleura. e, e, The intertransversales dorsi. The interspinales dorsi. g, The quadratus lumborum. h, h, The intertransversales lumborum. i, i, The interspinales lumborum. TABLE XIII. This Plate contains the Anatomy of the Parts about the Groin in both Sexes, or of the Parts concerned in Inguinal andCRURAL Hernia. — All the Figures, excepting the Third, belong to the Left Side of the Body.— rFig. 2. 5. 6. are taken by the Author from Nature. — Fig 1. 3. 4. 7. 8. are Sketches from the highly finished Work of Mr Cooper on Hernia. FIG. 1. Shews the Formation of the Abdominal Rings in a Male , the Course of the Spermatic Cord through these , and the Form and Situation of some of the Fasciae. a, The external abdominal ring. b, The upper column of the tendon which assists in the formation of this ring. c, The under column of this tendon, extending from, d, The crural arch, or ligament of Poupart, to be fixed to the pubis. e, The ilial, and, ji The pubal portion of the fascia lata femoris. g, The vena saphena perforating the fascia lata, to terminate in the femoral vein. h, The tendon of the external oblique muscle, cut and reflected, to shew parts deeper seated. i, The lower edge of the internal oblique muscle, cut from the crural arch, and also reflected. 7i aFemale, and Parts somewhat corresponding with those seen in the former Figure. a, The symphysis of the pubis. b, The brim of the pelvis. c, d, The crural arch, or ligament of Poupart. The letter d is placed on that part of the ligament that is recommended by Gimbernat to be cut in crural hernia. e , The iliac fascia covering the internal iliac muscle. f The large psoas muscle, with a branch of the lum- bar nerves running along it to the thigh. g, h , i, The round ligament of the uterus ; h , the place where it passes through the fascia transversalis ; i, the ligament descending towards the groin. h, The external iliac artery. l, The epigastric artery. m, The circumflex artery of the os ilium. n , The obturator artery, in this subject arising from the external iliac. o, The external iliac vein, receiving branches corre- sponding with those sent off from the iliac artery. p , The crural ring. q, The third insertion of Poupart’s ligament. TABLE XIII. CONTINUED. FIG. 7. Sketch of the Inner Side of that Part of the Parietes of the Abdomen, which separates this Cavity from the Thigh, and of the Iliac Blood-vessels passing through the Crural Ring, in a Female. a, a, The symphysis of the pubis. b, The rectus abdominis, inserted into the symphysis of the pubis. c, The fascia iliaca. d, e, The fascia transversalis ; e, that part of it which passes from the pubis to join the tendon of the rectus. f The round ligament of the uterus, passing through the fascia transversalis, to get into the inguinal canal. g, The iliac artery. h, The beginning of the epigastric artery, with its as- sociate vein. i, The circumflex artery. Tc, The iliac vein. I, The crural space or ring, through which femoral hernise descend. FIG. 8. The Semicircular Insertion o/Toup art’s Ligament in- to the Pubis, forming a Portion of the Crural Ring, in a Male. a, That part of Poup art’s ligament which forms the crural ring. b, The tendon of the transversalis inserted into the pu- bis behind the external abdominal ring, and pre- venting that opening from being seen. TABLE XIII. CONTINUED. c, c , The fascia transversalis, which here separates, to form the internal abdominal ring. d, The fascia iliaca. e, The place where the two fasciae meet, and shut up the under end of the abdomen. The external iliac artery. g, The epigastric artery, with the corresponding vein. h, The external iliac vein. i, The spermatic artery and vein. k, The vas deferens. TABLE XIV. Represents the Muscles situated on the fore part of the Superior Extremity. FIG 1. A view of the First Layer o/'Muscles on the Fore Part of the Superior Extremity, the Integuments and Aponeurosis being removed. a, The deltoides. b, The insertion of the pectoralis major. c, The biceps flexor cubiti. d, The aponeurosis of the biceps cut off. e , The round tendon of the biceps cut off 1 . f The long head of the triceps extensor cubiti. g, g, The brachialis internus. h, The third head of the triceps, called Brachialis Externus. i, The supinator radii longus. Jc, The pronator radii teres. l, The flexor carpi radialis. m, The palmaris longus. n, n, Part of the flexor digitorum sublimis. o, The under end of the flexor carpi ulnaris. p, Part of the flexor longus pollicis. q, The tendons of the extensores ossis metacarpi et primi internodii pollicis, with their annular ligament- r, The abductor pollicis, at the outer edge of which is a small portion of the flexor ossis metacarpi pollicis- s, That portion of the abductor pollicis, called by Al- binus Abductor Brevis Alter. TABLE XIV. continued. t, The tendon of the flexor longus pollicis, bound by a ligament. u, The ligamentum carpi annulare anterius. v, The aponeurosis palinaris, extending from the annu- lar ligament of the wrist to the transverse ligaments at the roots of the fingers, and the adjacent edges of the metacarpal bones. w, The palmaris brevis, covering part of the abductor, and flexor parvus minimi digiti. Upon the fingers are seen the annular ligaments retain- ing the tendons of the flexor sublimis, and flexor profundus, in their places. FIG. 2. The Second Layer of Muscles on the Fore Part of the Superior Extremity. a, The biceps flexor cubiti. b, Its long head. c, Its short head. d, A section of the aponeurotic tendon of the biceps. e, The round tendon of the biceps. f, Part of the coraco-brachialis. g, The subscapularis. h, The teres major. i, The long head of the triceps extensor cubiti. Tc , Its short head. l, The brachialis externus of the triceps. m, m. The brachialis internus. n, The extensor carpi radialis longior. o, The extensor carpi radialis brevior. p, The supinator radii brevis. q, The insertion of the flexor carpi ulnaris. TABLE XIV. CONTINUED. r, The flexor digitorum sub! imis; its tendons dividing near their insertion in the second phalanx of the bones of the fingers, for the passage of the tendons of the flexor profundus. s, The extensor ossis metacarpi, and extensor primi internodii pollicis. t, Part of the flexor pollicis longus ; u , Its tendon. v, The ligamentum carpi annulare. w, The flexor ossis metacarpi pollicis. x, The abductor pollicis brevis alter of Albinus. y, Part of the flexor brevis pollicis. z, Part of the adductor pollicis. 1, The abductor indicis. 2, The adductor minimi digiti. 3, The flexor parvus minimi digiti. 4, 4, The four lumbricales. FIG. 3. The Third Layer o/’Muscles on the Fore Part of the ' Superior Extremity. «, The subscapularis ; b, Its tendon. c, The teres major ; d, Its tendon. e , The coraco-brachialis. J ] The brachialis internus. g, The brachialis externus of the triceps. h , The extensor carpi radialis longior. i, Part of the extensor carpi radialis brevior. k, The supinator radii brevis. TABLE XIV. CONTINUED. I , The flexor digitorum profundus. vi, The tendons of that muscle passing under the li- gamentum carpi annulare, to be inserted into the third phalanx of the fingers. n, The ligamentum carpi annulare. o, o, The four lumbricales. p, The flexor longus pollicis. q, A slip which it sometimes receives from the inner condyle of the os humeri. r, The tendon of the flexor longus pollicis inserted into the last joint of the thumb. s, The flexor brevis pollicis. t, The interosseous muscle of the fore finger. u , The adductor minimi digiti. FIG. 4, The Fourth Layer o/'Muscles on the Fore Part of the Superior Extremity. a, The subscapularis. b, The supinator radii brevis. c, The pronator radii quadratus. d, The flexor brevis pollicis, with its insertion into the ossa sesamoidea. e , The adductor pollicis. f, f The seven interossei, — the first placed at the outer side of the metacarpal bone of the fore-finger, — the rest of them between the metacarpal bones. Tajbs.XK TABLE XY. Represents the Muscles on the back part of the Superior Extremity. FIG. 1. A View of the First Layer of Muscles on the Bach Part of the Superior Extremity. a, The deltoides, with its insertion into the os humeri, h. The infra-spinatus, c , The teres minor. d, The teres major. e , The triceps extensor cubiti. f, The long, and, g, The short head of the triceps. h, The third head, called Brachialis Externus. i, The common tendon of the three heads, h, Part of the brachialis internus. l, Part of the anconeus. m, The supinator radii longus. n, The extensor carpi radialis longior. o, The extensor carpi radialis brevior. p, Part of the flexor profundus, which comes from the ulna. q, Part of the palmaris longus. r, Part of the flexor digitorum sublimis. s, The flexor carpi ulnaris. t, The extensor carpi ulnaris. u, The extensor digitorum communis, in which are seen, Its passage under v, the ligamentum carpi annulare posterius ; The portion re, which sends it to the little finger ; TABLE XV. CONTINUED. Its flat tendons, running along the metacarpal bones ; The aponeurotic slips, which join these tendons toge- ther near the first joint of the fingers ; The tendons upon the back of the fingers, forming broad expansions which cover and adhere to the first and second, and are inserted into the base of the third phalanges ; and The splitting and rejoining of the tendons, between the first and second phalanges, for facilitating the motion of the joints. x , The extensor ossis metacarpi, and, y. The extensor primi internodii pollicis, with their annular ligament. z, The tendon of the extensor secundi internodii pollicis. FIG. 2. The Second Layer'ofM. u s c l e s on the Back Part of the Superior Extremity. a, The supra-spinatus. b, The infra-spinatus. c, The teres minor. d, The teres major. e, The triceps extensor cubiti. Its long head. g , Its short head. h , Part of the third head, named Brachialis Externus. i, The common tendon of the triceps inserted into the olecranon. k, Part of the brachialis intemus. l , The anconeus. m, The extensor carpi radialis longior. n , The extensor carpi radialis breyior. TABLE XV. CONTINUED. 0, The supinator radii brevis. p, The extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. q , The extensor primi internodii pollicis. r, The extensor secundi internodii pollicis. s, The conjoined tendons of the three extensors of the thumb. t, The indicator. u, The flexor digitorum profundus. v, The flexor carpi ulnaris. w, A small portion of the flexor sublimis. x, x, The cut tendons of the extensor digitorum com- munis. y, y, The tendinous slips of the extensor communis, fixed to the second phalanx. z> The adductor pollicis. 1, The abductor indicis. 2, The abductor minimi digiti. 3, 4, 5, The posterior interossei, consisting of, 3, The prior medii digiti, 4, The posterior medii digiti, and, 5, the posterior annularis. FIG. 3. The Third Layer of Muscles upon the hack part of the Superior Extremity. a. The teres major. h, Part of the subscapularis. c, Part of the coraco-brachialis. d, Part of the brachialis internus. e, The brachialis externus. f, The extensor carpi radialis longior. g, The extensor carpi radialis brevior. TABLE XV. CONTINUED. h, The flexor profundus perforans. i, The supinator radii brevis. k, Part of the flexor longus pollicis. l, The pronator radii quadratus. m, m, The cut tendons of the extensor digitorum. n, The flexor brevis pollicis. o, The adductor pollicis. p, p, The interossei intend, with portions of the inter- ossei externi, the rest of the interossei externi being cut off. At the lateral part of the roots of the fingers, in this and the two former figures, are seen the joining of the tendons of the extensor digitorum, and of the lumbricales and interossei. F I G. 4. The Fourth Layer 0/“ Muscles on the Back Part of the Superior Extremity. a, The subscapularis. b, The supinator radii brevis. c, The pronator radii quadratus. d, The flexor brevis pollicis. e, The adductor pollicis. TAM.Jtn,. TABLE XYI. Represents the Muscles on the Fore Part of the Inferior Extremity* * FIG. 1. The First Layer of Muscles on the Fore Part of the Inferior Extremity. a, The tensor vaginae femoris. b, The anterior edge of the gluteus medius. c, The under end of the iliacus internus, and of, , d, The psoas magnus. e, The pectinalis. f, The adductor longus femoris. g, The gracilis. h, The sartorius. i, The rectus femoris. h, The vastus externus. l, The vastus internus. m, The ligament common to the extensors of the leg, fixed to the patella. n, The ligament fixing the patella to the tibia. o, The tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semi- membranosus. p, The under end of the biceps flexor cruris. q, The tibialis anticus. r, Its tendon. s, The peroneus longus. v t, The extensor longus digitorum pedis. u, The tendons of the extensor longus. TABLE XVI. CONTINUED. v, The extensor proprius pollicis. w, The gastrocnemius externus. x, x. The gastrocnemius internus. y, The flexor longus digitorum pedis. z, The tibialis posticus. 1, The tendo Achillis, and tendon of the plantaris. 2, The upper and under portions of the ligamentum tarsi annulare. 3, Ligaments retaining the tendons at the inner ankle. 4, The abductor pollicis. I C, FIG. 2. The Second Layer o/*Muscles on the Fore Part of the Inferior Extremity. a, The under end of the iliacus internus. b, The under end of the psoas magnus. c, The pectinalis. d, The cut end of the rectus femoris. e, The anterior edge of the gluteus medius. f, The gluteus minimus. g , The cruralis, with its tendinous fascia. h, The vastus internus. i, The vastus externus. Jc, The cut edge of the rectus fixed to the patella. l, The adductor longus femoris. m, A small portion of the adductor magnus. n, The gracilis. o, The tendons of the gracilis and semi-tendinosus. p, The tendon of the biceps flexor cruris. q, The peroneus longus. r, The peroneus brevis. TABLE XVI. CONTINUED. t s , The extensor longus digitorum pedis ; t, The tendons of that muscle. u, The peroneus tertius. v, The extensor proprius pollicis. w, Its tendon. x, A branch of that tendon not constant. y , y, The edges of the gastrocnemius internus. z, The edge of the flexor longus digitorum pedis. 1, The tendons of the tibialis posticus and flexor lon- gus digitorum. 2, Part of the flexor brevis digitorum. FIG. 3. The Third Layer of Muscles upon the Fore Part of the Superior Extremity. а, The gluteus minimus. б, The iliacus internus. c, The psoas magnus. d, The obturator externus. e, The adductor brevis. ff The adductor magnus. g , The gracilis. h, The semi-membranosus, with its insertion in the tibia. i, The short head of the biceps flexor cruris. k, The peroneus longus. l, The peroneus brevis. m, m, The tibialis posticus, the interosseous ligament being removed. n, The flexor longus digitorum pedis. o, The tendon of the tibialis posticus. p, The tendon of the flexor longus digitorum. / E TABLE XVI. CONTINUED. q, The tendon of the flexor longus pollicis pedis. r, The extensor brevis digitorum pedis. FIG. 4. The Fourth Layer of Muscles on the Fore Part of the Inferior Extremity. a, The psoas magnus. b, The iliacus internus. c, The obturator externus. d, d. The adductor magnus. e, The tibialis posticus ; y, Its tendon. g, The peroneus brevis. h. The interossei externi. I TABLE XVII Represents the Muscles situated on the Back Part of the Inferior Extremity. FIG. 1, A view of the First Layer o/*Muscles on the Back Part of the Inferior Extremity. a, The gluteus maximus. b, Part of the gluteus medius. c, The vastus externus. d, Part of the adductor magnus femoris. e, The gracilis. f Part of the sartorius. g, The long head of the biceps flexor cruris ; h, Its short head. i, The semi-tendinosus. k, The semi-membranosus. l, Part of the vastus internus. m, The edge of the plantaris. n, The gastrocnemius externus. o, o, The edge of the gastrocnemius internus. p, The tendo Achillis. q , The peroneus longus. r, The peroneus brevis. s, The flexor longus pollicis pedis. t, The tendon of the peroneus. u, The tendon of the peroneus longus, in its passage to the sole. TABLE XVII. CONTINUED. V, The tendons of the extensor longus digitorum pedis. w, The tendon of the peroneus tertius. x , The abductor minimi digiti pedis. y, A ligament common to the long and short peronei muscles, and one proper to each of them. z, The ligamentum tarsi annulare. FIG. 2. The Second Layer o/’Muscles on the Back Part of the Inferior Extremity. a, The gluteus medius. b, The pyriformis. c, The gemini. d, The tendon of the obturator internus passing be- tween the gemini. e , The quadratus femoris. f The vastus externus. g. The adductor magnus femoris. h. The semi-tendinosus. i. The gracilis. k, The semi-membranosus. l, The biceps flexor cruris. i n, The long head of the biceps. n, The short head. • o, The common tendon of the two heads. p, Part of the vastus internus. q, q. The cut heads of the gastrocnemius externus. r, The popliteus. s, The soleus. t, The plantaris. u, The cut tendon of the gastrocnemius externus. TABLE XVII. CONTINUED. v, The tendo Achillis, with the tendon of the plantaris adhering to it. zei, The peroneus longus. x , The peroneus brevis. y , The flexor pollicis longus. z, The tendons of the extensor digitorum longus. 1, The extensor brevis digitorum. SI, The flexor brevis digitorum. FIG. 3. The Third Layer of Muscles on the Back Part of the Inferior Extremity. a, The gluteus minimus. b, The obturator internus. c, The tendon of the obturator externus. d, The gracilis. e, The semi-membranosus. ff, The adductor magnus femoris. g, The short head of the biceps. h, h, The cut heads of the gastrocnemius externus, with a view of the semilunar cartilages. i, The popliteus. k, The tibialis posticus. l, The flexor longus digitorum pedis. m, The flexor longus pollicis pedis. n, The peroneus longus, with the passage of its tendon to the sole. o, The peroneus brevis. p, The extensor brevis digitorum pedis. q, The flexor digitorum accessorius. TABLE XVII. CONTINUED. FIG. 4. The Fourth Layer of Muscles on the Back Part of the Inferior Extremity. a, Part of the iliacus interims. b, Part of the psoas magnus. c, Their insertion into the trochanter minor. d, The obturator externus. e, e, The adductor magnus femoris. f, The tibialis posticus. g, The peroneus brevis, with the insertion of its tendon. FIG. 5. Represents the First Layer of Muscles on the Sole of the Foot, after removing the Common Integuments, the Aponeurosis Plantaris, and the Vaginal Liga- ments of the Toes. a , The flexor brevis digitorum, the tendons of which are perforated by the tendons of the flexor longus, and inserted into the second phalanx of the four small toes. b, The tendon of the flexor longus pollicis, at the sides of which the flexor brevis pollicis appears. c, The adductor pollicis. d, d, The abductor minimi digiti. e, e, The transversalis pedis. TABLE XVII. CONTINUED. FIG. 6. The Muscles which appear in the Sole, after those re- presented in the former Figure have been removed. a, The tendon of the flexor longus digitorum. b, b, The flexor digitorum accessorius, with its inser- tion into the tendon of the flexor longus digitorum. c, The connexion of the flexor longus digitorum and flexor longus pollicis. d, d, The insertion of the tendons of the flexor longus digitorum into the last phalanx of the four small toes. e, e, e, e, The four lumbricales. f, f, The tendon of the flexor longus pollicis. g, The insertion of the tibialis posticus. h, The insertion of the tibialis anticus. i, i. The two portions of the flexor brevis pollicis. Jc, A small portion of the adductor pollicis. l, The insertion of the peroneus brevis. m, The tendon of the peroneus longus passing to the sole. n, The flexor brevis minimi digiti. o, o, Two of the interossei, the insertions of which, and of the other interossei, are seen at the lateral parts of the roots of the toes. p, p, The transversalis pedis. •aatmi > .J r/ "" j (f y r i ; )' \ ".Hi ■,i' 1 r V - ' '■ ^ i oI.Mi ■; iV , -lafetfi adr ifarw t euno*33:x)B il loxoft sdT .& <:■: ' ' . ii)jj f uiii r ‘ ;!T V. ftb foq tin rxf •xo.zsR sdt to nol •?} '• ’ ^ ./•. • jiitii . i - ; : c- vn i' r - ' .■ ii ; •) rr • f ' . t .fv .?i * v : •> ;.wij-.tor (fv/i jv ,? » ' • jsi; 5 -Xt} lo an’ri< A ,•£ ' / \?! ; '.i f .'•! Of; T ,\ ■ ' 1 : T •<} : : >*•;•".' c s ; .: .■:Ujo • : : I i-_ ‘ t. J ; 1 ,o { o T [ JftlyJxn : : . >• . j'c.ijo c;fr 'io v j J j'' ■ : o .?• / '1 ^ ri : ‘L> ■ [i. 'J/i 15 9ii'-" • K* TABLE XVIII. Views of the Brain and its Membranes. FIG 1. After turning down the Integuments, and raising the Skull-Cap, the Dura Mater is shewn at the Upper Part of the Figure. On the Right Side, that Mem- brane is raised to shew the Pia Mater, with the Convolutions of the Brain shining through it. a, a. The cut edge of the cranium. b, b, Part of the dura mater which covers the left he- misphere of the brain. c, c, A portion of the dura mater covering the right hemisphere. d, Some of the small pits commonly occupied by the glands of Pacchioni. e, e, The course of the superior longitudinal sinus. f, f. The third hemisphere of the brain, covered by the tunica arachnoidea and pia mater, and divided into convolutions, which appear of different sizes and lengths in different parts of the figure. FIG. 2. A Section of the Cranium, giving a View of the Prin- cipal Processes and Sinuses of the Dura Mater. a, a, The cranium cut in a vertical direction, a little to the right side of the falx. TABLE XVIII. continued. b, b, The right side of the cranium cut horizontally, a little above the tentorium. c, c. The foramina optica, behind which are the cut ends of the carotid arteries. d, d, The falx adhering at its anterior extremity to the spine of the frontal bone, and crista galli of the ethmoid one. e, e, The right side of the tentorium. f The left side of that membrane. Between the two sides of the tentorium the foramen ovale appears, where the tuber annulare was chiefly seated. g , g, The superior longitudinal sinus. . h , The torcular Herophili, or fourth sinus, at its an- terior extremity receiving the inferior longitudinal sinus, which runs along the under end of the falx. i, The right lateral sinus, the left being concealed. A - , The circular sinus, surrounding the sella Turcica. l, The seat of the right cavernous sinus. m, The superior petrosal sinus. n, The inferior petrosal sinus, in its way to the end of the lateral sinus. F I G. 3. Gives a View of a Transverse Section of the Brain upon a level with the Corpus Callosum, or near the Middle Height of the Brain. a, a, The cranium, sawed at its greatest diameter. b, The dura mater turfied. c, c, c, c, The cortical or cineritious part of the convo- lutions of the brain, with fissures running between the convolutions. TABLE XVIII. CONTINUED. d, d, The medullary part of the brain forming the centrum ovale. e, e, The corpus callosum, with a rajplie in its middle, on each side of which is a longitudinal cord, and far- ther out, transverse streaks of medullary matter. Arteries which were placed upon the corpus callo- sum, now drawn towards the fore part of the brain. TABLE XIX. Views of the Brain. FIG. 1. The Right Side exhibits a deeper Section than that shewn in Tab. XVII. Fig. 3. and the Left one a Sec- tion still deeper than that of the Right Side. The Cerebellum is cut in a vertical direction from be- fore backwards, and the Lateral Parts turned a little outwards. Right Side. a, a, The cut edges of the cranium. b, The frontal sinus, with its opening into the nose. c, c, The cut edges of the convolutions of the brain, with the fissures between them. d, The fissure which separates the anterior lobes of the brain. e, The corpus striatum, placed in the fore part of the lateral ventricle. f The anterior cornu of the lateral ventricle. g, The septum lucidum. h, The posterior pillar of the fornix, the anterior being concealed by the septum lucidum. i, The back part of the corpus callosum, joined to the fornix and septum lucidum. k, The choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle, placed over, and concealing a large share of, the thalamus nervi optici. / h The taenia, or centrum semicirculare geminum. . s» v* TABLE XIX. CONTINUED. m, The beginning of the inferior cornu of the lateral ventricle. n, The posterior cornu of that ventricle. o, The hippocampus minor, or small elongation placed in the posterior cornu. Left Side. a, b , c, As on the right side. d, d, The medullary part of the brain, which surrounds,, e, The corpus striatum. A section of the anterior pillar of the fornix. The taenia semicircularis. The thalamus opticus, i, The cavity of the third ventricle, at the fore and back parts of which are observed two white lines, representing the anterior and posterior commissures of the brain. Jc, The left half of the pineal gland, with its corre- sponding peduncle passing forwards at the inner edge of the thalamus opticus. l , One of the nates. m, The corresponding testis. n, A medullary lamina between the testes and valve of Vieussens, which covers the passage to the fourth ventricle. o, One of the two medullary tracts, called Processus ad Testes, or Columnce Valvulce Vieussenii. p, p, The medullary part of the cerebellum, termed Arbor Vitae. q, The fourth ventricle, in the bottom of which is the furrow called Calamus Scriptorius. TABLE XIX. CONTINUED. r. The choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle. s, s, The surface of the cerebellum ; the dark lines re- presenting the sulci between the convolutions. i, A perpendicular section of the brain. u, The cornu Ammonis, or great hippocampus. v, The corpus fimbriatum. FIG. 2. The Head cut in a perpendicular direction from before backwards, close to the Right Side of the Falx Cere- bri and Septum Narium. a, a, A section of the cranium. b, Part of the right frontal sinus. c, Part of the right sphenoid sinus. d, The septum narium, composed above of the nasal plate of the ethmoid bone, below of the vomer, and before of cartilage. e, The opening from the left nostril into the throat. f The roof of the mouth, and teeth of the left side of the upper jaw. g. The cancelli of the cuneiform process of the occipi- tal bone. h. The root of the falx, the rest being removed, to shew the convolutions of the inner side of the left hemisphere of the brain. i. Part of the tentorium cerebelli, and the situation of the torcular Herophili. k, The termination of the superior longitudinal sinus. l, A section of the corpus callosum. m, The septum lucidum, and situation of the right lateral ventricle. TABLE XIX. CONTINUED. n, The body of the fornix. o, The two anterior crura of the fornix, one of which is cut and turned forwards. - p, A section of the anterior commissure of the brain. q, The passage by which the two lateral ventricles com- municate with each other, and with the third ventricle. r, The right side of the third ventricle, situated under the right thalamus nervi optici. s, The infundibulum, at the bottom of the third ven- tricle. t, Theglandula pituitaria, lodged in the sella Turcica. u, A section of the right optic nerve. v, A section of the right corpus albicans. w, Part of the choroid plexus. x, A vein running upon the right side of the septum lucidum, to terminate in the choroid plexus. y , The pineal gland, at the root of which is a section of the posterior commissure of the brain. z, A section of the nates. 1, A section of the testes. 2, The valve of Vieussens. 3, 3, The arbor vitae of the cerebellum, 4, A passage to the fourth ventricle. 5, The cavity of the fourth ventricle, the under end of which is shut by the choroid plexus, and pia mater. 6, A section of the tuber annulare, 7, of the medulla oblongata, 8, of the spinal marrow. 9, The basilar artery. TABLE XIX. CONTINUED. FIG. 3. A View of the Base of the Brain . a, a , The anterior lobes of the brain. b, The division of the anterior lobes, on each side of which is a groove, where the first pair of nerves were situated. c, c , The lateral lobes, separated from the anterior by the fissures of Sylvius. d, d, The posterior lobes. e, The infundibulum, placed behind the union of the optic nerves, and before the corpora albicantia. jT, f, The cerebellum, divided into its two lobes or hemispheres. g, g, The superior and anterior lobules, called also the superior and inferior vermiform processes of the cerebellum. h, h, The crura cerebri. i, i, The crura cerebelli. k. The tuber annulare, in the middle of which is an im- pression made by the basilar artery. Z, The medulla oblongata, composed of two lateral por- tions, with a fissure between them. m, m, The corpora pyramidalia. n, n , The corpora olivaria. TABLE XX. Shews the Brain placed upon its Base. — A Cut is made in a vertical direction through the middle of the Corpus Callosum, as far as the Anterior Com- missure, and continued posteriorly to the Tubercula Quadrigemina. The Hemispheres are separated from each other, and turned to each side. The Sep- tum Lucidum and Fornix are cut and removed. The Cerebellum, in a similar manner, is divided as far as the Fourth Ventricle. In the Left side, a Ver- tical Section is seen ; in the Right, the parts are cut horizontally. A, A, The hemispheres of the brain. B, B, The anterior lobes. C, C, The posterior lobes. D, A vertical section of the fore and inner part of the right hemisphere, to shew the cortical and medul- lary parts. E, E, The cut edges of the corpus callosum, between which parts the lateral ventricles are included. F, F, The corpora striata. In the right corpus, a band of medullary striae are seen. G, G, The thalami nervorum opticorum, on which their eminences or tubercles distinctly appear, and also some medullary striae running in a curved direction. H, H, The centrum semicirculare geminum. I, The commissura mollis of the optic thalami. F TABLE XX. CONTINUED. K, The remains of the septum lucidum. L, Section of anterior commissure of the brain. M, The third ventricle. N, Part of the infundibulum. O, The posterior commissure of the brain. P, P, The peduncles, or superior cords of connexion of the pineal glands with the thalami. Q, The pineal gland. II, R, The nates, or anterior part of the tubercula quadrigemina. S, S, The testes, or posterior pair. T, The commissure of the tubercula quadrigemina. U, U, V, V, The valvula Vieussenii, or mass of con- nexion between the tubercula and the cerebellum. W, W, The tuber annulare. X, X, Y, Z, The fourth ventricle. Y, Z, The linea media of this ventricle. Z, The under part of this, termed Calamus Scriptorius. a, a, Medullary striae in the fourth ventricle, which form the beginning of the auditory nerves. b, b, The outer surface of the cerebellum. c, c, The medullary part of the cerebellum, forming the trunk of the arbor vitae. d, The corpus denticulum vel rhomboideum of the cerebellum. TABLE XXI, Views of the Eye and its Appendages. FIG 1. Represents the Right Eye, with its Muscles, viewed obliquely from its Upper and Outer Side. a , The eye-ball. b, Part of the upper eye-lid. c, The tunica adnata, adhering to the edge of the cornea. d , The integuments of the right side of the nose. e, e, The optic nerve. f The four straight muscles, with the levator palpebrae superioris, and obliquus superior, embracing the op- tic nerve where it enters the orbit. g, The levator palpebrae superioris drawn aside. h, The levator oculi. i, The abductor oculi. k, The adductor oculi. l, The depressor oculi. m, The obliquus superior, vel trochlearis. n, The trochlea of the obliquus superior. o, The insertion of the tendon of the obliquus supe- rior in the eye-ball. p, The obliquus inferior taking its rise from the su- perior maxillary bone. q, The insertion of the tendon of the obliquus inferior in the eye-ball. TABLE XXI. continued. FIG. 2. The Coats of the Eye dissected. a, The optic nerve. b, b , The sclerotic coat, cut and turned outwards. c, The sclerotic coat, cut and turned forwards with, d, The cornea. e, e, Half of the iris in its place, the other half being removed. f, The pupil, with the crystalline lens in its place. g , The ciliary circle. h, h, The choroid coat. i, The ciliary processes seen in their place by cutting off a portion of the iris. k, A portion of the iris, cut and turned back. l, The floating points of the ciliary processes, also turned back. m, The middle smooth part of the retina, seen by cut- ting a bole in the choroid coat. n, The roots of the ciliary processes of the retina, to which the black paint of the ciliary processes of the choroid coat adheres. o, The'ciliary processes of the retina, inserted into the capsule of the crystalline lens, FIG. 3. The Natural Size of the Passages of the Tears. a, The lacrymal gland ; shewing its natural situation with respect to the eye-lids. b , b, The eye-lids widely opened. c, The situation of the puncta lacrymalia. TABLE XXI. CONTINUED. d, d, The ducts continued from the puncta lacrymalia. e, e. The angles the ducts form after leaving the puncta. f, The termination of the lacrymal ducts in, g, g, The lacrymal sac. FIG. 4. Presents a Longitudinal Section of the Left Eye and Oubit. a, The upper eye-lid shut. b, The cornea. c, c, The cut edge of the iris. d , The pupil. e, e, The cut edge of the sclerotic and choroid coats, Avith the retina. f, The crystalline lens. g, g, The ciliary processes, continued from the cho- roid coat. h, The optic nerve running in a waving direction to the ball of the eye. i, The levator palpebrae superioris. 1c, The levator oculi. l, The depressor oculi. m, A section of the obliquus inferior. n, n, A section of the blood-vessels and nerves, with a large quantity of fat surrounding the optic nerve. ' T it k '1 li- 'YV ' Y. 'jiYV Xi > ‘ !■'{ . • " ■ r; Y-J .>• ’ .*»< ■ ;•>> -YSY'! Yi Y i 1 >/’ i > : 5 0 fiT z ■ . i y- i A\ \ /, us r 33 ^ . .1 \ * m ax > »> v,\ivs^ya v \ .TlftifO \>un yy ■ -i r*:w j nT , \ ..WtWM Ois'I t < rj . •/] • ' ' . t 0 . ' Vo '.>vf)r; ’ ij ) : Y ■ r. -vrij'iftx/ - i, 9 jl'i. 19 t)fl -m,' .■>■! c;*} ■ .wiq v'i: i;jh yIT P Y Y ■: f Ymii ; yy !'/!■' ; fj.L tinman ay'HtQ obrp^riT Y • ' Y:Y'!jf.v; 'Kjj sySWfTM ,i * ... ,iy li'i 1 . u 1 yyyy .- <«■ ! ■[% - !d : ■ ' tv- : ‘ > . \ \ ' : tv . ■ \ y — * 4 -- — . . Fy, 6. tab. x x ir i r F Uj/ . 3. TABLE XXII Views of the Eae. All the Figures belong to the Right Side of the Head. FIG. 1. The Eab, seen from its outer and Fore Part , in a dried Preparation. a, A portion of the squamous part of the temporal bone. h. The mastoid, and, c, The styloid processes. d, The under end of the condyloid or articular cavity, concealing the passage of the carotid artery, and in- ternal jugular vein. e, f g, h , The outer ear ; e , the helix ; f The anti- helix ; g, The lobe of the ear ; h, The concha. i, i, i, The meatus auditorius externus, laid open to its bottom. k, The connexion of the cartilage of the ear to the os- seous part of the meatus externus. l, The membrana tympani, fixed in an osseous groove at the inner end of the meatus auditorius, and hollow near its middle, where it is connected to the under end of the malleus, which is seen shining through it. m, A section of the carotie canal. n, The point of the pars petrosa. At the inner side of the membrana tympani, the la- byrinth is exposed, with its passages laid open, of which the following appear in this view ; viz. o, The superior or vertical semicircular canal. p, The external or horizontal semicircular canal. TABLE XXII. CONTINUED. q, The vestibule. r, r, The cochlea. s, The beginning of the canalis Fallopii, or the pas- sage for the portio dura of the seventh pair of nerves. FIG. 2. The Membrana Tympani, with the Small Bones of the Ear, seen from the Inner and Fore Part ; the Pars Petrosa being removed. ✓ b a , a, The ring of bone which incloses the membrana tympani. b, The membrana tympani inclosed in that ring. c, Part of the tympanum. d, e,f, The malleus ; e, Its long process ; f, The point of the manubrium or handle of the malleus, bent to- wards the membrana tympani, and connected with it. g, The incus, connected to the head of the malleus. h, The basis of the stapes, the other parts of the bone being concealed in this fore-shortened view. i, i, The part where the pars petrosa was joined with the pars squamosa. lc, The squamous part. I , The zygomatic process. FIG. 3. Shews the Natural Size of the Small Bones of the Ear, and their Articulation with each other. a, b, c, d, e, The malleus ; a, Its head ; b, Its neck or collar ; c, The short process'; d, The long or slender process; e, Themanubrium, or handle, with’ts point bent outwards and forwards, TABLE XXII. CONTINUED. /, g, h, i, The incus ; f, Its body ; g, The cavity which receives the head of the malleus ; h, Its short crus ; i, Its long crus. k, The os orbiculare, vel subrotundum. l, m, n, The stapes ; l, The apex, or head, with a small cavity, which corresponds with the os orbicu- lare ; m, The crura, of which one is longer than the other ; n, The basis, which was fixed in the fenestra ovalis of the labyrinth. FIG. 4. . The Temporal Bone of a Child, viewed from the Outer, and a little towards the Under Side : — the Membrana Tympani being removed. a, The squamous plate. b, The part which afterwards forms the mastoid process. c, The pars petrosa. d, The zygomatic process. e, The tympanum. f, The handle of the malleus. g, The long process of that bone. h, The long process, or crus of the incus. t, The stapes, with its basis fixed in the fenestra ovalis. k, The fenestra rotunda. l, A groove for lodging the tensor muscle of the tym- panum. m, The foramen stylo-mastoideum, for the passage of the portio dura of the seventh pair of nerves. n, Part of the Eustachian tube. TABLE XXII. CONTINUED. FIG. 5. The Labyrinth shewn , by removing that part of the Temporal Bone which covers it. — This viewed from the Outer Side. a — g, The labyrinth. a, b, c , The three semicircular canals ; a, The superior, or vertical ; b, The exterior, or horizontal ; c, The posterior, or oblique. d, The vestibule. e, The cochlea. f The fenestra ovalis. g, The fenestra rotunda. h, The margin to which the squamous part of the tem- poral bone was connected. i, Part of the tympanum. k, The jugular fossa. l, The canalis caroticus. m, Part of the Eustachian tube. FIG. 6. The Tympanum and Labyrinth viewed from the Upper and Fore Part, after removing the Osseous Substance which covered them. a, a, The membrana tympani, with the light shining through it from the outside ; shewing at the same' time the boundary of the tympanum. b, The incus, with the os orbiculare at its under extre- mity ; the stapes being removed, to procure a view of the vestibule. TABLE XXII. CONTIMUBD. c , The malleus, joined to the incus, and to the mem- brana tympani. d, e, /, The three semicircular canals laid open ; d, The vertical canal. g, The vestibule also laid open. h, h, A section of the meatus auditorius internus. i, The beginning of the canalis Fallopii. k — p, The different turns of the cochlea ; k, k, The scalas ; l, The lamina spiralis, complete behind ; the osseous part only is represented before ; m, The mo- diolus ; n, The partition between the first and se- cond gyri or turns of the cochlea ; o, The second gyrus of the cochlea, in which are seen the two scala?, with the lamina spiralis between them ; p, The infundibulum, with the hamulus, or termination of the lamina spiralis, projecting in it. q, The passage of the internal carotid artery. r, The point of the pars petrosa. s, t. The passage of the lateral sinus ; t, The part where it goes through the cranium. u, u, The cells of the bone. - (,| • II :o ■ JIXX M J a A ■ .in; '!■ ,vj isncid ;!' r ' • ;i j(fo >J nR) - . r t ‘i -,'iT ,\ ,-j ..I . ') . : .nji[o JjijiJ osIjj alucici.-'itJY oxiT IKS Jalffi - iJi'Uii : h:ii; Si.'liW.. J i!t to ? 1 t i\ .nioaav. ,, ’f eilnao orb ‘io -giriiiorgad adT ; ! ' ‘ ,\\ .« ;j»-jlifoo • ,o»il ‘ sum) ' -n-.'iio, nT ' ; adT ; .'lolad hnUi-jWKp'i . I / Iflc 3'Jnt[ noiih'ififf axIT .« jauloib I )M . ) ; jjaiibir -nit lo i io ir/;; Fmio-j -nit no* oifi r; r t u:-iibtv> vH-. ‘Io ruv/ .« : ' ! : }.. ni f rl.«:\ ft. . £>:•: vll? /..<;! . :.;;trnn ' io ..auln'-onl *,.i‘ r t cr:ijf«di!)i:uui£ ad V [ in nnumJ -nil io . : ■ f i 8%aq . il Io. in • i T _ arJT V ijx/i JtiT a 1,1 , .•'-•■ii'i-,- 1 ; -,/fj rloinof!} sjuo }i /noth/, < I!-, ( o' Tab. xxm. F, 3 .2. TABLE XXIII. Views of the Larynx. FIG. 1. A Front View of the Larynx, with the Upper Part of the Trachea, and the Thyroid Gland. a, h, b, c, c, The os hyoides ; — a, Its body ; — b, b, Its cornua ; — c, c, Its appendices. d, The epiglottis. — The letter is placed upon a liga- ment which ties it to the tongue and os hyoides. e, The ligament which fixes the os hyoides to the thy- roid cartilage. f ./> Round ligaments fixing the cornua of the os hyoi- des to those of the thyroid cartilage. g , The thyroid cartilage ; the letter is placed upon that part of it called Pomum Adami. h, h, The superior cornua of the thyroid cartilage. i, i, The inferior cornua, joined to the cricoid cartilage. k, The cricoid cartilage. l, A ligament fixingthe cricoid to the thyroid cartilage. m, m. The two lobes of the thyroid gland. n, The isthmus of this gland. o, The cartilages of the upper end of the trachea. FIG. 2. A Back Vieiv of the Larynx. a, a, The cornua of the os hyoides. b, b, The broad ligament which fixes the os hyoides to the thyroid cartilage. TABLE XXIII. CONTINUED. c, c, Round ligaments fixing the cornua of the oshyoides to those of the thyroid cartilage. d, The epiglottis. e, e, The lateral ligaments fixing the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages. ff. The hollow cavity of the thyroid cartilage* with its superior and inferior cornua. g, The cricoid cartilage ; h, h, Prints made upon it by the posterior crico-aryte- noid muscles. i, i, The arytenoid cartilage of the glottis. Jc, h, The superior ligaments of the glottis. l, l, The inferior ligaments of the glottis, or ligaments of the glottis vera. m, m, The ventricles of the larynx. n, The rima glottidis. FIG. 3 . Part of the Larynx inclined forwards ; cut longitudi- nally behind , and expanded, to shew the Appendages of the Ventricles of the Larynx. a, a. The upper part of the cricoid cartilage. b, The epiglottis. c, c. The arytenoid cartilages. d, d, The long crura of the arytenoid glands. — The short crura lie under e, e, the superior, and f,f the inferior ligaments of the glottis. g, g , The ventricles of the larynx. TABLE XXIII. CONTINUED. FIG. 4. A Lateral View of the Larynx, the Inferior Cornua of the Thyroid Cartilage being separated from the Cricoid, and turned aside. 0, a, The interior or posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage. b, b, Its inferior cornua, separated from the cricoid cartilage, and the right cornu turned aside. c, d, d, The epiglottis. e, e, Its lateral ligaments ; the right one is separated from the arytenoid cartilage, and turned back along with the corresponding side of the thyroid cartilage. f The anterior narrow part of the cricoid cartilage ; g, Its posterior large and thick part. h, The articulating surface by which it is connected with the right inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage. 1, The articulating surface of the cricoid cartilage, for the connexion of k, the right arytenoid cartilage, the capsular ligament of which is cut, and the cartilage displaced. l, The left arytenoid cartilage in situ. m, m. The superior, and, n, n, The inferior ligaments of the glottis. o, o, The ventricles of the larynx, the right of which is displaced along with the thyroid cartilage. p, A section of the membrane lining the larynx. q, A passage leading down to the trachea. r The trachea. / TABLE XXIII. CONTINUED. FIG. 5. Ligaments of the Outer and Back Part of the Larynx. a, The epiglottis, in which are seen the orifices of many mucous glands, which exist here, as well as in the membrane which covers the other cartilages of the larynx. b, b, The margins of the alas of the thyroid gland. c, c, The cornua of the os hyoides, joined to the supe- rior cornua of the thyroid cartilage. d, The cricoid cartilage. e , e, The posterior concave surface of the arytenoid cartilages. f, f, Ligaments fixing the base of the arytenoid to the Cricoid cartilage. g, g, Ligaments between the cricoid and thyroid carti- lages. h, A ligament fixing the arytenoid cartilages to each other. i, i, The proper posterior ligaments of these cartilages. k, k, An osseous granula between each of the superior cornua of the thyroid cartilage and cornu of the os hyoides. l, l, impressions where the thyroid gland adheres. to, to, Cartilages of the beginning of the trachea. '/'Alii XX IK TABLE XX I Y. Gives a Front View of the Contents of the Thorax and Abdomen, after removing the Parts which cover them. A, The right lung, part of which is cut off, to shew large blood-vessels. B, The left lung. C, The right ventricle of the heart, with the point of the left ventricle. D, The right auricle of the heart. E, The vena cava superior. F, F, The subclavian veins. G, G, The internal jugular veins. H, The aorta ascendens. I, The pulmonary artery. K, K, The diaphragm. L, L, The right and left lobes of the liver, with the vestige of the ligamentum latum between them. M, The ligamentum rotundum. N, The fundus of the gall-bladder. O, The stomach, pressed by the liver towards the left side. P, The spleen. Q, Q, The situation of the kidneys behind the intestines. R, R, R, The convolutions of the small intestines. TABLE XXV. Represents the Cavities of the Heart laid open, to shew its Internal Structure. FIG. 1. A view of the Cavity of the Right Auricle, laid open Anteriorly. a, by c, d, e, The cut edge of the right auricle. fy The vena cava superior. g, The termination of this vein in the right auricle. h, i, The vena cava inferior; — i, its mouth. h. The boundary between the right venous sinus and proper auricle. Z, The boundary between the sinus and right ventricle. m, Uy Fleshy pillars within the auricle, called MuscuU Pectinati. o, o, The Valve of Eustachius, py The valve at the mouth of the coronary vein. q, The vestige of the foramen ovale. r, Ty A tendinous circle, giving origin to the valvula tricuspis. Sy s. Are placed upon the valvula tricuspis, and in the opening between the auricle and its corresponding ventricle. t, t, The beginning of the right ventricle. Uy The pulmonary artery. FIG. 2. Represents the Cavity of the Left Auricle. a, by The cut edge of the left venous sinus. c TABLE XXV. continued. c y Part of the sinus cut and turned do>vn. d, e, The proper auricle laid open on its posterior and left side. f, g, The termination of the superior and inferior pul- monary veins of the right side. h , i, The orifices of the superior and inferior pulmo- nary veins of the left side. k, k, l, The inner surface of the sinus, which is smooth and uniform. m, n, The cavity of the proper auricle, with its co- lumnas carneae. o, The beginning of the valvula mitralis, and opening of the auricle into the corresponding ventricle. p, Part of the left ventricle. q, The vena cava superior. FIG. 3. The Ventricles laid open at their Fore and Left Side , a Portion of the Septum removed, and the Heart turned obliquely forwards and to the Right Side, to exhibit the- Valves of the Ventricles and Ar- teries, with their Relative Situations. a, b, c, d. The cavity and cut edge of the right ventricle. — c, A thick fleshy part of the ventricle. — d, d, The partition between the right and left ventricle. e, e, The fore part of the circular membrane of the tricuspid valve. Tendinous cords from the fore part of the tri- cuspid valve. g, g. Tendinous cords from the back part of the tricus- pid valve, lying flat upon the sides of the ventricle. o 2 I TABLE XXV. continued. h, h, Fleshy columns fixing the valve to the side of the ventricle. i, i, i, The semilunar valves at the mouth of the pul- monary artery, with their corpuscula. Tc , The trunk of the pulmonary artery. l, l , The left pulmonary veins. m, Part of the left auricle. n , o, p, The cut edge of the left ventricle. q, q. The circular membrane which forms the valvula mitralis. r, r, Tendinous cords sent off from the valve. s, s, Columnas carneae, fixing the valve to the side of the ventricle. t, Tendinous cords from the hack part of the valve, resting upon the side of the ventricle. u, u. Fleshy columns fixing the tendinous cords of the back part of the valve to the side of the ventricle. v, v, A few of the many fleshy columns and foveae re- presented, with which the side or wall of the ven- tricle abounds. x. The semilunar valves at the mouth of the aorta. y. The aorta. s, The origin of one of the coronary arteries of the heart from the beginning of the aorta. TAB. JXTJI. TABLE XXYIi Represents the Chylopoietic and Assistant Chy- lopoietic Viscera, removed from the Body. A, A, A, The concave part of the liver turned up. B, The ligamentum rotundum. C, C, Its passage under, D, The isthmus of the liver. E, The vena portae. F, The arteria hepatica. G, The ductus hepaticus. H, The gall-bladder. I, The ductus cysticus. K, The ductus communis choledochus. The rest of the viscera are placed in the same manner as when in the body. L, The great, or left extremity of the stomach. M, M, M, The great curvature of the stomach, and gastro-epiploic vessels, the branches of which are re- presented too large. N, N, The small curvature of the stomach. O, The small extremity of the stomach, and seat of the pylorus. P, The duodenum. Q, The spleen. R, S, S, &c. The convolutions of the jejunum and ilium. T, The intestinum caecum. U, U, &c. The colon, along which one of its muscular ligaments is seen. V, V, V, The mesocolon, with its blood-vessels and glands. I TABLE XXVL continued. W, X, The sigmoid flexure of the colon, with the muscular ligament continued. Y, Y, The intestinum rectum. y, y , y, The three ligaments of the colon expanding upon the rectum. Z, Z, The levatores ani. &, The anus, surrounded by the sphincter ani. The white spot above the sphincter ani points out the seat of the prostate gland. TAB TABLE XXVII. A View of the Abdominal Viscera of a Young A- dult, who suffered a Violent Death during the Sum- mer of 1812. — The parts are in the perfectly sound State, and the natural Situation is preserved as much as circumstances would allow. A Crucial Incision is made through the Integuments, Muscles, and Peritoneum, and the Flaps turned back. The Fore part of the False Ribs is cut and removed, and l^ieir remaining Portions gently drawn outward, to obtain a more complete View of the Viscera at the upper end of the Abdomen. The Stomach and In- testines are slightly distended, by Air blown in at the Esophagus. A, The outlines of the cartilago ensiformis. B, C, A portion of the upper convex»part of the liver ; B, the right ; and C, the left lobe. D, E, The stomach, lying nearly in the horizontal si- tuation ; D, the great ; E, the small extremity. F, A portion of the omentum majus, the rest of it be- ing separated, to give a view of the parts which it covered. G, The spleen, brought a little forward from its natu- ral situation. H, H, H, The convolutions of the jejunum. I, I, I, Those of the ilium. TABLE XXVII. continued. K, The appendix vermiformis pulled outward. L, L, L, The intestinum caecum, with one of its longi- tudinal muscular bands. M, The right portion of the colon. N, N, The great arch of the colon, with its appendi- culae pinguedinosae. O, One of the longitudinal muscular bands of the colon, tucking it up in'o cells. P, The sigmoid flexure of the colon, with its fatty ap- pendages. Q, One of the bands of the sigmoid flexure. R, S, The bladder of urine distended. R, shews how far the peritoneal coat descends on the fore part of that viscus; S, the muscular coat of the bladder. TAM XXiPWT. TABLE XXVIII. Exhibits the Viscera in the Upper, Back, and Under Parts of the Abdomen. A, A, The hollow, or inferior surface of the liver, turned upwards and to the right side. B, The lobulus Spigelii. — Between B and C, The porta. D, The ligamentum rotundum. E, The gall-bladder. F, The beginning of the cystic duct. G, The pancreas. H, The spleen. I, The ribs. K, K, The kidneys. L, L, The renal veins. M, M, The ureters. N, The aorta. O, The spermatic arteries. P, The beginning of the inferior mesenteric artery. Q, Q, The common iliac arteries. R, The inferior vena cava. S, s, The spermatic veins. T, T, The spermatic arteries and veins, closely em- bracing each other, in their way to the testes. U, U, The common iliac veins. V, The end of the colon. X, The beginning of the rectum. Y, y, y, The bladder of urine. TABLE XXVIII. continued Y, That part of the bladder which is covered only by cellular substance. y, y, z, Shews how far the peritoneum reaches down upon the fore part of the bladder, when this viscus is moderately distended. Z, The urachus. s TABLE XXIX. The Thoracic and Abdominal Viscera, seen from the Left Side. The Lateral Portion of the Diaphragm over the Liver, Stomach, and Spleen, is cut off. The Left Lung is turned towards the Spine, that its concave Surface, which accommodates itself to the Pericardium, the bare Surface of the latter, and the Vessels proceed- ing from the Heart, may appear. The Kidney is raised from its place. The Iliac and Spermatic Ves- sels, the Ureter and Sciatic Nerve, and the Perito- neum covering this side of the Intestines, are dis- sected away, by which the Intestines and Omentum are brought into view. A, B, C, The pericardium, containing the heart and origins of the vessels ; — A, the apex and left ventricle of theheart appearing through the pericardium; — B, the left auricle also somewhat conspicuous ;■ — C, the pulmonary artery. D, The arch of the aorta, after emerging from the pe- ricardium. E, The arteria innominata Loweri, and, F, The left carotid artery arising from the aorta. G, H, The arteria and vena subclavia. I, One of the four pulmonary vessels which terminate in the left auricle of the heart. K, The left lung turned towards the spine' in such’a manner, that what is naturally concave and embrac- ing the pericardium, appears here convex. 2 g v» TABLE XXIX. continued. L, A portion of the diaphragm left in situ, after re- moving its lateral part ; shewing how far it ascends into the cavity of the thorax. The left part of the liver lying over the stomach. O, The stomach a little distended with aliment ; — N, the saccus caecus, vel fundus ventriculi; — O’ the great arch or curvature. P, The spleen, the figure of which in this subject was almost quadrangular. It is convex externally, and concave internally where it is accurately applied to the stomach. Q, R, S, T, The omentum maj us ; S, T, that part of it called the gastro-colicum, descending from the great arches to the stomach and colon over the small intestines, — very thin and without fat. Q, R, U, V, V, W, X, The great intestines ; — Q, R, U, the transverse part of the great intestine, termed colon transversum , and zona coli, running under the stomach and spleen to the transverse pro- cesses of the last vertebra of the back, and first of the loins ; — V, V, the left part of the great intes- tine, or the colon sinistrum , descending near the lum- bar vertebrae and os ilium ; — W, the inferior part of the colon sinistrum, or the bottom of the sigmoid flexure, ascending a little, and reaching the middle of the upper part of the os sacrum ; — X, the extre- mity of the colon termed rectum, proceeding along the os sacrum and os coccygis to the anus. Y, Y, Y, One of the three ligaments which extend along the colon, from the intestinum caecum as far as the beginning of the rectum. TABLE XXIX. continued. Z, Part of the meso-colon through which the small intestines appear. S, T, a, a, The convolutions of the small intestines partly covered by the omentum. b, The vesica urinaria somewhat distended with fluid, placed between the ossa pubis and intestinum rectum. c, The prostate gland, situated at the lower part of the bladder of urine. d, The vesicula seminalis of the left side. e, The ureter dissected a little from the bladder. f, The left crus penis separated from the correspond- ing crus of the os ischium. g, The place which the kidney of this side occupied, partly filled by the colon, though the true situation of it still appears. '! • / I • . , . ; /_ .1 :1 /., L If .v ' ’ . - :j 1 1 j : ■; • : \ -::i 1 ■ •) -j : I ‘ j ' t y, /[■ ; : ;>.! I; >7;.o vii*; / r f :• ' .. . . i . : . ■ - : ^ J , ; , . - ' : . ■ ■- i;l liitaouj , ionilii lo Tibhs-M . !>;!{ riofUVf’ 3nT ; 01 .tj ; ■ . . .■ I, if ■ JtJ't.J.fJ ■!; ; ■ If TAB.XtX. JL .. j '.'A /X H .1 B i. TABLE XXX. Gives a Side View of the Contents of a Male Pelvis, in the distended state, after removing the Left Os Innominatum and Thigh. A, The symphysis of the pubis. B, The joint of the os sacrum with the os ilium. C, c. The bladder of urine inflated, rising a consider- able way above the pubes, c, The extent of the pe- ritoneum upon the bladder, in the distended state of that viscus. D, The ureter, with its termination in the bladder. E, E, e , The intestinum rectum, e, The peritoneum descending to the bottom of the pelvis. F, The levator ani turned aside. G, The fore part of the anus. H, H, The fleshy parts of the loins, with the integu- ments. I, The right thigh. K, The spermatic blood-vessels. L, The left testicle, covered by the scrotum. M, The vas deferens. N, The vas deferens enlarging and becoming cellular towards its extremity. O, The left vesicula seminalis. P, The beginning of the ductus communis seminiferis. Q, The prostate gland, surrounding the neck of the bladder. R, The membranous part of the urethra. S, One of Cowper’s glands. TABLE XXX. CONTINUED. T, T, A section of the corpora cavernosa penis. U, A section of the corpus spongiosum urethrae. V, The cut end of the vena magna penis. W, A section of the left crus of the penis. X, The bulb of the urethra. Y, A catheter introduced through the urethra into the bladder. ./a r.r i i sil7 ’ . , > •t ;f 1 . I !j i . ' ; f ’ :*/ !«■ . !l Ul : ' il 4 1 . ' . it oif ' fun :i:' o ■ .( . . 1 ■. f ’! • ” y.'r • o'o i ' : .liii Lj.I \ ■ I . : . . . ■. ' -..o> 1 >Jk'fr OW'i' , . J'VO fs &V :<£• i) . IKK. ! .0 vo . ’ ■ ■ i i H r » TABLE XXXY. Gives a General View of the Arterial and Venous Systems. FIG. 1. Head and Neck. a, The frontal vein. b, The facial vein. c, The temporal vein. d , The trunk of the temporal vein, where it lies behind the parotid gland, an d receives the transversalis faciei- e , The common trunk formed by the facial and tem- poral veins, opening into, B, B, The internal jugulars. f, The occipital veins. g, The external jugular, arising from the temporal vein. h, The interior external jugular vein. A, A, The external jugular veins, descending, and communicating by, i, A cross branch at the bottom of the neck. k , k, The termination of the external jugulars in the subclavian veins. 2, The left carotid artery ascending at the inner side of the internal jugular vein, and at the place of its division sending off the superior laryngeal artery. Superior Extremity. l, ' The trunk common to the right carotid and subcla- vian arteries. TABLE XXXV. continued. 3, 3, The subclavian artery on the left, and humeral artery on the right side. 4, The radial, and, 5, The ulnar artery. 6, The superficial palmar arch, the radial part of which in this figure larger than usual. a , b, d, The median veins, c, The superficial ulnar vein. B, The cephalic vein. D, The basilic vein. C, The mediana longa, divided into, E, The mediana cephalica, and, F, The mediana basilica. e, e , The cephalic vein, ascending and getting between the pectoral and deltoid muscles. G, The basilic vein passing along the inner side of the arm, and terminating in the axillary vein. 'f g, The venae concomites of the humeral artery. h, The axillary vein. i, The termination of the cephalic. A, The subclavian vein. Trunk. A, The heart, with the coronary vessels. B, The right, and, C, The left auricle. D, E, The pulmonary blood-vessels. F, The arch of the aorta. G, The aorta descendens. 7, The origin of the diaphragmatic, 8, Of the coeliac, TABLE XXXV. continued 9, Of the superior mesenteric, 10, Of the spermatic, and, 11, Of the inferior mesenteric arteries. 12, The division of the aortaintothe two common iliacs. 13, The sacra media, passing behind the intestinum rectum. 14, 14, The common iliac arteries. H, H, The external iliacs. 15, 15, The internal iliacs. I, The vena cava superior. K, The vena cava inferior. k, The termination of one of the internal mammary veins. L, M, The great subclavian veins, the left longer than the right. N, The termination of the hepatic veins. O, O, The renal veins, with their corresponding arte- ries. P, P, The spermatic veins. Q, Q, The common iliac veins. Qa, Qa, The external iliac veins. R, R, The internal iliac veins. 19, The vena magna penis, forming a plexus of veins at the neck of the bladder. — At the sides of the vein the arteries appear. S, S, &c. The intercostal vessels. Inferior Extremity. A, A, The femoral arteries, the left one cut. 1 6, The circumflexa externa. 17, The profunda femoris. „ 18, The circumflexa interna. TABLE XXXV. continued. a, The vena saphena major. b, The femoral vein. . FIG. 2. 20, The continuation of the femoral artery. 21, The corresponding vein. 22, The anterior tibial artery. A, A, A, The vena saphena major. Aa, The beginning of the saphena minor. — Upon the foot and toes a plexus of veins appears, which termi- nates in both the saphenae. — — — ^ TABLE XXXVI. Gives a General View of the Absorbent System’ after the Lymphatics and L actuals had been In- jected with Quicksilver, the Blood-vessels with Wax, and the Preparation dried. A, A section of the upper end of the sternum, and of the inner end of the clavicles, which are turned up. B, B, The internal jugular veins, between which are represented the muscles, fat, &c. which cover the trachea. C, The cavity of the right side of the thorax. D, The pericardium cut. E, The heart. F, F, The convex surface of the diaphragm. G, G, A flap formed by the integuments and abdo- minal muscles turned up. H, Part of the liver. I, The stomach and part of the colon shrivelled. K, K, The descending aorta. L, The right common iliac artery. M, M, The inferior vena cava. N, N, The mesentery and small intestines collected into folds, and turned to the left side. O, The cavity of the pelvis. P, The pubes. Q, R, The spermatic cord and testicle. S, S, S, The inguinal glands distended with quick- silver, and in part assuming a cellular appearance. T, T, T, Branches of the vena saphena major. Absorbents. The course of many of the absorbents represented in i 4 T ABLE XXXVI. continued. this figure is so obvious, as to supersede the neces- sity of letters ; viz. Those upon the upper part of the feet, which take their origin from the toes. Trunks behind the inner ankles, which ascend from the soles. Lymphatics from the outside of the feet and ankles, running across the under part of the tibiae, to the inside of the legs. The principal lymphatics of the legs, running near the great venae saphenae. Lymphatic trunks, going obliquely across the upper part of the tibiae, to the inside of the legs. The course of the principal lymphatics of the legs, running at the inner side of the knees. A trunk from the inside of the right knee. The principal lymphatics from the legs, passing along the inside of the thighs. An irregular plexus formed by the lymphatics, in their course along the inside of the limbs in general. The inguinal glands, receiving the lymphatics from the inside of the thighs, &c. In the Right Side: — The inguinal glands, receiving lymphatics which run in a radiated manner from the fore part of the thigh upwards and inwards, — from the outer part of the pelvis inwards, and — from the under end of the superficial parts of the abdomen downwards. Upon the Right Side of the Dorsum Penis: — Two lymphatic trunks, one of which, at the pubes, splits into branches, which terminate partly in the uppermost, and partly in the under- most inguinal glands. TABLE XXXVI. continued. A few of many lymphatics injected from the testicle, passing along the spermatic cord. At the Right Side of the Pelvis : — The iliac plexus of lymphatics, formed by trunks which ascend, some of them from the inguinal glands, behind Poupakt’s Ligament , others from the spermatic cord, through the abdominal rings, and some from the contents of the pelvis, along with the iliac blood-vessels. At the Bifurcation of the Aorta: — Lymphatics which come up from the surface of the os sacrum. At the Sides of the Inferior Cava, and over the Aorta : — The vessels and glands which form the lumbar plexus. U pon the Mesentery:- — A few of many injected lacteals, directing their course towards the beginning of the thoracic duct. U, Trunks descending from the under part of the liver, and from other viscera situated at the upperpartof the abdomen, meeting with the lactealsand lumbar plexus, and terminating at this place in the thoracic duct. V, A very large lymphatic gland upon the convex sur- face of the diaphragm, appearing as if formed of con- voluted branches. Large lymphatic vessels entering this gland, which per- forate the diaphragm from the right side of the liver. W, W, Lymphatics and glands placed at the under end of the anterior mediastinum, the vessels passing from the ligamentum hepatis latum, through the fore and middle part of the diaphragm. X, X, &c. The anterior thoracic plexus of lymphatic vessels and glands, which accompany the internal mammary blood-vessels, receiving the lymphatics from the convex part of the liver and diaphragm ; thelym- i 2 TABLE XXXVI. continued. phatics of the right plexus running to the right general termination of the absorbent system, and those of the left plexus to the upper end of the thoracic duct. Y, A lymphatic trunk from the mamma and adjacent parts of the thorax, entering glands near the axilla. Upon the Superior Extremities : — An extensive plexus formed by the superficial lymphatics, which pass from the anterior side of the extremity upwards, and re- ceive many branches which ascend in an oblique di- rection, from the opposite sides of the arm. At the Axilla? : — The lymphatic? of the superior ex- tremities entering the axillary glands. a, a, Principal trunks proceeding from the glands of the axilla*. b, The principal trunk of the left arm, terminating a- long with the thoracic duct. c, The thoracic duct receiving a lymphatic belonging to the neck, and terminating in the angle formed by the left internal jugular, and left subclavian veins. In the Right Side of the Neck : — Some of the lymphatic vessels and glands which form the jugular plexus. d, The general termination of the lymphatic vessels of the right side of the head and neck, right arm, &c. in the angle formed by the right internal jugular, and right subclavian vein;. N. B. — A much greater number of Absorbents were in- jected in the Preparation from which this Figure was alien, than are here represented , — none having been drawn excepting what could be distinctly seen, after the Preparation had been lcept a considerable time in the dried state, and, (f ‘ course, many Lymphatics so shrivell- ed as not to admit (f accurate delineation. PART VII. OF THE NERVES. TAB. XXXV 7/ TABLE XXXVII. A View of the Base of the Brain, and Trunks of its Principal Arteries, with the Origin of the Nerves which go through the Cranium. — The Arteries are lettered on the one side, and the Nerves on the other. A, A, The anterior lobes of the brain. B, The division of the anterior lobes. C, C, The lateral lobes. D, D, The posterior lobes. E, The infundibulum, supported upon the union of the optic nerves. F, The corpora albicantia. G, G, H, H, The cerebellum. G, G, Its superior anterior lobules, I, The tuber annulare. K, The medulla oblongata, and beginning of the spinal marrow. o, A section of the internal carotid artery, after it has entered the cranium. b, The anterior branch of the internal carotid, ap- proaching its fellow of the opposite side. c, A cross branch, by which the two anterior branches communicate. d, The lateral branch of the internal carotid, disap. pearing in the fossa of Sylvius. e, The branch by which the internal carotid communi- cates with a branch of the basilar artery, to form part of the circle of Willis. TABLE XXXVII. continued. y, The vertebral artery, sending branches to the cere- bellum and spinal marrow. g, The basilar artery, formed by the union of the ver- tebral arteries, and sending branches to the tuber annulare, and a large branch on each side to the cerebellum. h, The division of the basilar artery into four branch- es ; the two posterior going chiefly to the cerebel- lum, and the two anterior, after communicating with the internal carotids, dispersed upon the brain. i, The olfactory, or first pair of nerves, having differ- ent roots behind, and a bulbous extremity before. it, The optic nerve, united before the infundibulum to its fellow of the other side. l, The third pair. m, The fourth pair. n, The fifth pair, formed of fasciculi. o, The sixth pair. p, The seventh pair, composed of the portio dura be- fore, and the portio mollis behind ; with some small communicating threads between them. q, The eighth pair, formed before of the nervus glosso- pharyngeus, and behind of the par vagum, composed of small fasciculi. r, The ninth pair, arising in fasciculi. s, The accessory nerve of the eighth pair. \ . ■ TABLE XXXY1IL Views of the Spinal Marrow. FIG. 1. Presents a Posterior View of the Production of the Du- ra Mater, investing the Spinal Marrow and its Nerves ; together with the Direction, Situation, and proportional Size, of the Vertebral Nerves in the Specus of the Spine. A, A portion of the first vertebra, and the processus dentatus of the second. B, B, The covering of the spinal marrow, produced from the dura mater, continued from the foramen magnum of the occipital bone to the middle of the os sacrum. C, A ligament continued from the spinal marrow to the os eoccygis. D, A section of the spinal marrow at its origin. On each side of the spinal marrow are seen the thirty pair of spinal nerves with their ganglia, also covered with the dura mater. FIG. 2. Gives a Posterior View of Part of the Medulla Oblon- gata, and the whole of the Spinal Marrow produced from it, lying in its natural Situation within the Sheath of the Vertebrae, which is concealed by the Sheath of the Dura Mater being laid open longi- tudinally, and pinned back. A, A, Portions of the os petrosum and os occipitis covered with the dura mater. TABLE XXXVIII. continued. B, The vermiform process of the cerebellum. C, C, Part of the medulla oblongata. D, The calamus scriptorius, in the bottom of the fourth ventricle. E, The beginning of the spinal marrow. F, The termination of the spinal marrow in two little eminences. G, A ligament running from the under end of the spinal marrow, through the dura mater, to be fixed to the os coccygis. H, H, &c. The dura mater cut and pinned back. I, I, The seventh pair of nerves. K, K, The eighth pair. L, L, The nervus accessorius, arising by different roots from the upper end of the spinal marrow. M, M, The ninth pair of nerves. N, The upper end of the ligamentum denticulatum of this side, adhering to the dura mater. In the inter- stices of the spinal nerves the teeth of this ligament are seen inserted into the dura mater, as far as the under end of the spinal marrow. O, The under part of the spinal marrow, sending off the nerves which form the cauda equina. P, P, &c. The posterior origins of the thirty pair of spinal nerves, and their situation within the dura mater; together with the appearance of the filaments which form them. TABLE XXXVIII. continued FIG. 3. Represents a Portion of the Spinal Marrow, taken from the Upper Part of the Back viewed anteriorly. A, A ligament produced about the pia mater, inserted into the medullary substance. B, B, The anterior origins of the spinal nerves, formed of fasciculi of filaments. C, A section of the spinal marrow, shewing the medul- lary circumference and crucial figure of the cineri- tious centre. TABLE XXXIX. Represents the Blood-Vessels and Nerves seen on the Fore Part of the Superior Extremity. The Figures belong to the Right Side. FIG. 1. The Arm of a Young Subject, with the Arteries in- jected, and the Musclks dried. Muscles. A, The deltoid. B, The pectoralis major. C, The coraco-brachialis. D, The biceps. E, The triceps. F, The supinator longus. G, The extensores carpi radiales. H, The pronator teres. I, The flexor carpi radialis and palmaris longus pulled towards the radius. K, The flexores digitorum sublimis et profundus drawn towards the ulna. L, The flexor carpi ulnaris. M, The pronator radii quadratus. N, The ligamentum carpi annulare. Arteries. a, The axillary artery. b, The subscapularis interna. Tab.xxkix TABLE XXXIX. continued. c, The dorsalis scapulae inferior, turning round the under edge of the scapula. d, The circumflexa anterior. e, The circumflexa posterior. f, f. The trunk of the humeral artery, sending branches to the biceps and other muscles of the arm. g, The profunda, or spiralis. h, The profunda minor. i, The ramus anastomoticus magnus. Jc, The division of the humeral artery into radial and ulnar arteries. l, The radial artery, sending numerous branches to the muscles next the radius. m, The recurrent branch of the radial artery. n, The under end of the radial artery, after giving off the superficial volar branch, turning between the metacarpal bones of the thumb and fore finger, to form, o, The deep arch of the palm. p, The ulnar artery, pulled a little towards the inner side of the arm, to shew the branches it sends to the corresponding muscles. q, The superficial palmar arch, formed by the ulnar artery. r, The deep palmar branch of the ulnar artery, anasto- mosing with the arcus profundus of the radial artery, behind the tendons of the flexors of the fingers. s, A branch to the inner side of the little finger. t, t, t, The three lai’ge digital branches of the ulnar artery, sending branches to the fingers. u, A branch from the conjoined radial and ulnar ar- teries to the radial side of the fore-finger. TABLE XXXIX. continued. v, A similar branch from these arteries to the thumb, w, Another branch to the thumb from the ulnar artery. FIG. 2. Represents the First Layer of Muscles, with the Sub\ cutaneous Blood-Vessels and Nerves of the Su- perior Extremity. A, The pectoralis major. B The deltoides covered with cellular membrane. C, The latissimus dorsi. D, Part of the intercostales. E, The biceps flexor cubiti. F, The round tendon of the biceps, with its aponeuro- sis extending to the inside of the fore-arm. < G, The coraco-brachialis. H, The triceps extensor cubiti. I, The pronator teres. K, The supinator radii longus, L, The flexor carpi radialis, and, M, The palmaris longus, lying over the flexor digito- rum sublimis. N, The flexor carpi ulnaris. O, The ligamentum carpi annulare. P, The abductor pollicis. Q, The abductor minimi digiti. R, The flexor parvus minimi digiti. S, The adductor pollicis. T, The abductor indicis. Upon the palm of the hand, and corresponding side of the fingers, the tendons of the flexores digitorum ap- TABLE XXXIX. continue. pear, with the lumbricales, and part of the sheath of the tendons. Blood-vessels. a , The brachial artei’y, appearing near the inner edge of the tendon of the biceps, where it may always be felt. b, b, Superficial radial veins passing to the cephalic vein. c, c, Superficial ulnar veins running to the basilic. d, The mediana longa. e, The mediana cephalica. f, f, Two median basilic veins, found in the subject the figure was taken from. g , The vena cephalica. h, The basilica. i, i, Deep humeral veins accompanying the artery. Nerves. k , The musculo-cutaneus. l, The trunk of this nerve getting from behind the bi- ceps, and dividing into branches, which extend along the fore-arm as far as the wrist. m, m, The trunk of the radialis, covering part of the humeral artery. , n , The cutaneus. o, o, The branches of the cutaneus passing partly over, and partly under, the cutaneous veins, some of its twigs proceeding as far as the wrist. p, p, Branches of that nerve to the inner and back part of the fore-arm. q, The ulnaris. r, A branch from the second intercostal nerve. s, A branch of that nerve to the inner side of the arm. TABLE XXXIX. continued. t, Another branch of that nerve which gives branches to the mamma. u, The volar branch of the spiral nerve running to the muscles of the thumb. v, The trunk of the radial nerve, passing under the an- nular ligament of the wrist, and afterwards sending two branches to the thumb, two to the fore-finger, and one branch to the radial side of the ring-finger. w, The trunk of the ulnar nerve, sending branches to the inner side of the palm, and afterwards two branches to the little finger, and one to the ulnar side of the ring finger. FIG. ‘3. Shews the Brachial Plexus o/'Nerves, and the Union of the Intercostals with the Great Sympathetic Nerve. Muscles. A, The scalenus anticus. B, The scalenus medius. C, The scalenus posticus. D, D, The intercostales. E, E, The longus colli. F, The subscapularis. G, The teres major. H, The latissimus dorsi. I, The supra-spinatus. K, The long head, and, L, The short head of the biceps M, The coraco-brachialis. N, The long, and, O, The short head of the triceps. TABLE XXXIX. continued. Nerves. a, a, The trunk and middle cervical ganglion of the great sympathetic nerve, with its connexion to the cervical nerves. b, The inferior cervical, and first dorsal ganglia of the great sympathetic nerve, conjoined in this figure. c, The trunk of the great sympathetic nerve within the thorax, with its connexions to the intercostals. d, The trunk of the fifth intercostal nerve. e, The trunk of the phrenic nerve, which is here turned aside, arising from, or connected with, the third and fourth cervicals. f, The fourth, g , The fifth, h, The sixth, and, i, The seventh cervical nerve. k, The first dorsal nerve, joined to the seventh cervical. From the four inferior cervical nerves and first dorsal, the axillary plexus is formed, which sends off the following nerves to the superior extremity, viz. Z, The scapularis. m, The articularis. n, The cut trunk of the cutaneus. o, o, The musculo-cutaneus, perforating the coraco- brachialis muscle. p, The spiralis. q, The radialis cut across. r, The ulnaris also cut across. s, A branch to the teres major and latissimus dorsi. TABLE XL. Shews the Muscular Nerves of the Inferior Ex- tremity of the Right Side. FIG. 1. Gives a View of the Principal Muscular Nerves seen on the Fore part of the inferior Extremity. A, The iliacus interims. B, The psoas magnus. C, The psoas parvus. D, The quadratus lumborum. E, Part of the gluteus medius. F, The gluteus minimus. G, The cruralis. H, The vastus externus. I, The vastus internus. K, The tendon of the rectus inserted into the patella. L, The pectineus. M, The adductor longus femoris, divided to shew the nervus obturatorius. N, The gracilis. O, The adductor magnus femoris. o, The femoral artery. P, The biceps flexor cruris. Q, The tendon of the gracilis, inserted into the tibia. R, The peroneus longus. S, The peroneus brevis. T, Part of the fibula. U, The tibialis posticus. TLB XL Fy. 2. iy. 3 : TABLE XL. CONTINUED , V, The tibia. W, The soleus. X, The anterior tibial artery Nerves. a, A branch of the first lumbar nerve. b, A branch of the second lumbar nerve. c, The external cutaneous nerve. cl, The crural nerve, with its division into the branches which supply the muscles on the fore part of the thigh. e, e, The nervus saphenus, sent from the crural nerve to the inner parts of the leg. f, The anterior portion of the obturator nerve. g , Branches of the crural nerve, terminating upon the knee. h, The trunk of the fibular nerve. / i, The superficial fibular nefve. k, The deep fibular nerve. l, A branch of the tibial nerve to the outer part of the foot. F i G. 2. The principal Muscular Nerves seen in the Back Part of the Inferior Extremity. Muscles and Arteries. A, B, The gluteus maximus. B, Part of the muscle cut from its origin, and turned aside. C, The gluteus medius. D, The vastus externus. E, The obturator internus. x TABLE XL. continued. E, The biceps flexor cruris. G, H, Sections of the senii-tendinosus. Contiguous to G, is a section of the long head of the biceps cruris. I, The semi-membranosus. K, The adductor magnus femoris. L, The gracilis. M, M, The two heads of the gastrocnemius externus. N, The tendo Achillis. O, The popliteus. P, The flexor longus digitorum pedis. Q, The flexor longus pollicis pedis. R, The peroneus longus. S, The peroneus brevis. T, The tibialis posticus. U, The crural artery. V, The posterior tibial artery. Nerves. a, The posterior-superior cutaneous nerve. b, The sciatic nerve, passing out of the cavity of the pelvis. c, The trunk of this nerve, sending branches to the muscles in the back part of the thigh. d, The division of the sciatic nerve into, e, The tibial nerve, and, f The fibular nerve. g, The fibular nerve, dividing into the superficial and deep fibular nerves. h , The tibial nerve, sending branches to the muscles in the upper and back part of the leg. i, The tibial nerve passing to the sole. TABLE XL. CONTINUED. FIG. 3. a, The division of the tibial nerve into external and in- ternal plantar nerves, and these again into several branches. b, The internal plantar artery. c, The external plantar artery. d, The arch formed by the external plantar artery. TABLE XLL Represents part of the Muscles, with the Subcuta- neous Vessels and Nerves, on the anterior Part of the Right Joint of the Elbow. A, A, The integuments cut and reflected from the muscles on the upper arm, and from the fat on the fore arm. B, The biceps flexor cubiti. C, The tendon of the biceps. D, Part of the triceps extensor cubiti. E, Part of the brachialis internus. I', The humeral artery. G, Trunk formed by the deep radial veins. H, Trunk formed by the deep ulnar veins. I, The vena mediana longa. K, The mediana cephalica. L, A deep vein in the median cephalic. M, The vena mediana basilica, receiving different venae medianae longae minores. N, The vena cephalica. O, The vena basilica. P, A deep humeral vein. Q, The nervus cutaneus, dividing into branches, some of which pass over the cutaneous veins, and others under them. R, The nervus musculo-cutaneus, passing under the median cephalic vein. S, The same nerve descending behind the beginning of the long median vein. TABLE XLII. Gives a View of some of the Blood-vessels of the Liver, and of the Trunks of the Biliary and Pancreatic Ducts. FIG 1. Represents the Branches of the Vena: Hepatica, with their termination in the Vena Cava. a, a , a , The branches of the venae hepaticae, where they arise from those of the vena portae. b, The vena cava inferior. c, c, The trunks of the venae hepaticae, termed Fence Cavce Hepaticae. cl, The vena cava inferior, near that part where it per- forates the diaphragm, receiving the venae cavae he- paticae. e, Part of the right auricle, with the cava terminating in it. FIG. 2. ' Gives a View of the Gall-Bladder, with the Termi- nation of the Biliary and Pancreatic Ducts. a, The ductus hepaticus, formed by a branch from the right, and one from the left lobe of the liver. b, The fundus. c, The body, and, d, The cervix of the gall-bladder. TABLE XLII. continued. e, The ductus cysticus. J ] The ductus communis choledochus. g, g, The trunk and branches of the ductus pancreati- cus. h, The termination of the ductus communis choledo- chus, and ductus pancreaticus, in i, The duodenum, which is slit open. TABLE XLIII. Shews the System of the Vena Portarum. «, The trunk formed by the inferior mesenteric, sple- nic, and some of the gastric veins. b, b, Branches of the superior mesenteric veins, run- ning nearly in straight lines, where they arise from the intestines. c, c, Areolae, or meshes, of different sizes, formed by these veins. d, d, The trunks of the superior mesenteric veins, joining to form, e, The vena porta abdominalis. f The vena porta hepatica, where it is about to enter the liver. g, g. The branches of the vena portae, as they are dis- tributed in the substance of the liver. h, h, The extreme branches of the vena portae, where they terminate in the venae hepaticae. TAB .XLIMo tabxlik TABLE XLIV. Exhibits Part of the Aorta, with the Vena Cava Superior, Vena Azygos, and Thoracic Duct. a, The arch of the aorta. b, The left carotid, and, # c, The left subclavian artery. d, The aorta descendens. e, The left subclavian, and, f, The left internal jugular veins, joining to form the great left subclavian vein. g , The right great subclavian vein. h, The vena cava superior. i, The vena azygos. Tc, The termination of the vena azygos in the superior vena cava. l, Absorbents of the inferior extremities, pelvis, and loins, and, m, Lacteals entering, n, The receptaculum chyli. o, The thoracic duct. p, A division in this duct. q, The duct passing behind the arch of the aorta. r, Another division of the duct. s, The termination of the duct in the angle formed by the joining of the left subclavian, and left internal jugular veins. *